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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 19:59:18 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 19:59:18 -0700 |
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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Selections from Viri Romae + +Author: Charles François L'Homond + +Editor: Robert Arrowsmith + Charles Knapp + +Release Date: August 1, 2010 [EBook #33311] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS FROM VIRI ROMAE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Juliet Sutherland and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class = "mynote"> +<p><a name = "start" id = "start">This text</a> includes characters that +require UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding, mainly vowels with macron (“long” +mark):</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū<br> +ā ē ī ō ū ȳ (long y is rare)</p> + +<p>If any of these characters do not display properly—in +particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the +letter—or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph +appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable +fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file +encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your +browser’s default font.</p> + +<p>There is no Greek in this book.</p> + +<p>For this e-text, the Selections are given twice, in “stripped” and +as-printed form. In the stripped form, all footnote anchors, page and +line numbers have been omitted, along with macrons, illustrations and +sidenotes, leaving only the original <i>Viri Romae</i> text.</p> + +<p>The book as printed includes several hundred cross-references to +footnotes identified by page number, and to text passages identified by +line number. Line numbers (by multiples of 5) are shown in the left +margin; footnote numbering starts from 1 on each page. Words split +across line or page breaks may appear on either the first or second +line, depending on space.</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<a href = "#contents">Contents</a><br> +<a href = "#preface">Introduction</a><br> +<a href = "#stripped">Viri Romae</a> (“stripped” text)<br> +<a href = "#viri">Viri Romae</a> (as printed)<br> +<a href = "#exercises">Exercises</a><br> +<a href = "#vocab">Vocabulary</a><br> +<a href = "#ads">Publisher’s Advertising</a></p> + +<p>The map of the Mediterranean area, shown here at the end of the +Exercises, was printed as a foldout facing page 68 (middle of selection +XXIII).</p> +</div> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/frontis_thumb.jpg" width = "453" height = "655" +alt = "map of Italy"></p> + +<p class = "center"> +<span class = "mynote"> +<a href = "images/frontis_large.jpg" target = "_blank"> +larger view</a></span></p> + +<div class = "section titlepage"> + +<h2>SELECTIONS</h2> + +<h2 class = "six">FROM</h2> + +<h1><span class = "extended">VIRI ROMAE</span></h1> + +<h3 class = "five">EDITED BY</h3> + +<h3 class = "smallcaps">ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D.</h3> + +<h4 class = "six">LATE PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND LATIN, TEACHERS +COLLEGE</h4> + +<p> </p> + +<h3 class = "six">AND</h3> + +<h3 class = "smallcaps">CHARLES KNAPP, Ph.D.</h3> + +<h4 class = "six">INSTRUCTOR IN LATIN, BARNARD COLLEGE</h4> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline2.png" width = "84" height = "11" +alt = "----"></p> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<h5 class = "smaller">NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO</h5> + +<h5 class = "four">AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY</h5> + + +</div> + + +<h6 class = "smallcaps">Copyright, 1896, by</h6> + +<h6>AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.</h6> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<h6>VIRI ROMAE.</h6> + +<h6>W. P. 18</h6> + + +<div class = "section intro"> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_iii" id = "page_iii">iii</a> + +<h3><a name = "preface" id = "preface">PREFACE</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline1.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<p><span class = "firstword">Upon</span> the reviving perception of the +true scope of Latin teaching has followed a return to some of the +methods of former times, which, with all their faults, were yet imbued +with the true spirit of the Classics. Since for many years the study of +Latin lay in bondage to the spirit which regarded the language merely as +a <i>corpus vile</i> for grammatical dissection, and ignored the rich +literature lying beyond the classical trinity of authors, it is not +surprising that it fell into disfavor as unsuited to the requirements of +the times. The revival upon which the study has now entered is due +largely to a recognition of the fact that mental culture rather than +mere mental training is its true aim, and that, with this aim kept +steadily in view, the study of Latin is not a barren waste of time and +energy, but a most potent agency in securing that broad and sympathetic +culture which must ever remain the mark of the educated man. The results +of classical study most valuable to the character are surely not to be +found in the ability, usually lost after a few years, to recite +paradigms faultlessly, to give the principal parts of verbs, and to +enumerate the various kinds of <i>cum</i>-constructions and the +subdivisions of the ablative. Of far greater worth are the mental +breadth and sympathy, the weakening of prejudice and Philistinism, and +the increased power of entering into higher forms of enjoyment which +must inevitably flow from the study of the life of a great people as +revealed in its literature and art.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_iv" id = "page_iv">iv</a> +<p>This conception of the sphere of Latin study has brought with it some +modifications of the initial steps and a return to some of the texts in +use fifty years since. In the traditional sequence of authors, and +particularly in the selection of a purely military work as the means by +which to introduce the student to the language, the entrance into the +fields of Latin literature has frequently been made so distasteful as to +destroy the desire for further exploration. More attractive paths, +however, are opening to the beginner; and of these the <i>Viri Romae</i> +offers in a notable degree material of real interest to the young, and, +from the very outset, gives a foretaste of the contents of the +literature.</p> + +<p>The history of this work is of interest, as showing an early +recognition of the correctness of the standpoint to which we are now +returning. It was compiled by a Professor of the University of Paris, +Charles François Lhomond, who lived from 1727 to 1794, and enjoyed an +enviable reputation as a successful teacher, especially of younger +pupils. His experience taught him the need of an introductory text +combining interest of story with simplicity of style. The best proof of +the excellence of his work is the fact that it has ever since remained a +favorite with teachers of Latin. The material is taken from the works of +various authors, chiefly Livy and Eutropius, but was simplified by +Lhomond in vocabulary and construction wherever necessary to fit it to +the requirements of beginners. As its title indicates, it deals with the +early stories of Rome, so fascinating in any dress to the young, and it +is therefore eminently fitted to arouse a desire for further +reading.</p> + +<p>The present edition has been prepared with reference to the +difficulties most likely to embarrass the young pupil at the outset of +the new study. One of the most perplexing of these difficulties is the +inability to discover in an alphabetical vocabulary the inflected forms +encountered in the text. This is met, in part at least, by giving in +italics in the footnotes the vocabulary form of verbs not easily +recognizable. For a similar reason grammatical +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_v" id = "page_v">v</a> +constructions are, on their first occurrence, explained in simple +language, or their nature briefly indicated, in order that the student +may more intelligently consult the grammatical references which follow. +For purposes of comparison, and as a means of helping the pupil to form +proper habits of study and observation, subsequent occurrences are +referred to previous instances, or to the tables of constructions on +pages xvi-xxvi.</p> + +<p>Although the compiler of the <i>Viri Romae</i> greatly simplified the +language of his authorities, there yet remain in the early part of the +book many constructions which the beginner is not fitted to discuss. It +is strongly recommended, therefore, that the treatment of the more +difficult and complex of these constructions be postponed to a later +period. At the outset the attention of the pupil should be centered upon +matters of primary importance and upon the simplest and most common +usages, such as the form of the sentence, the relation of its parts to +one another, the significance of terminations, and the modes of +expressing the constantly recurring relations of time, place, cause, +means, purpose, and result. Even these should be treated as simply as +possible and with constant regard to English usage. It is the experience +of many teachers that reference to a Latin grammar to explain a +construction possessed by English as well as by Latin frequently creates +a difficulty where the student, if left to his own devices, would have +experienced none.</p> + +<p>The notes on matters of Roman custom have been made intentionally +full with the aim of adding reality to the stories, and of inducing the +pupil, under the teacher’s guidance, to discover for himself further +details. The use of other accounts, whether in ancient or modern +authors, of photographs, plates, and other graphic aids can not be too +strongly encouraged, in accordance with the dictum of Horace:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Segnius irritant animos demissa per aures</p> +<p>Quam quae sunt oculis subiecta fidelibus.</p> +</div> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_vi" id = "page_vi">vi</a> +<p>All vowels known to be long have been carefully marked. The text of +this edition is, in the main, that of C. Holzer (tenth edition, +Stuttgart, 1889). In orthography, however, Brambach has been followed. +In the vocabulary compound verbs are given under the simple verbs as an +aid to the fuller appreciation of the methods by which they are formed +and their meanings derived. The exercises in prose composition have been +made simple in order that they may occupy their legitimate place as +subordinate and auxiliary to the development of the more important +reading power.</p> + +<p>The thanks of the editors are due to Mr. E. G. Warner, of the +Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, for his hearty coöperation in the work, +and particularly for the labor which he has expended upon the +exercises.</p> + +<p class = "rightside"> +ROBERT ARROWSMITH.<br> +CHARLES KNAPP.</p> + +<p class = "smallcaps">August, 1895.</p> + + + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_vii" id = "page_vii">vii</a> + +<h3><a name = "contents" id = "contents">CONTENTS</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline1.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<table class = "toc" summary = "contents"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class = "right smallest">PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "dots" colspan = "2"> +<span class = "opaque">Suggestions to the Student</span></td> +<td class = "number plain"><a href = "#page_ix">ix</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "dots" colspan = "2"> +<span class = "opaque">Plan of Rome</span></td> +<td class = "number plain"><a href = "#page_xxviii">xxviii</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_I">I.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Rōmānī Imperiī +Exōrdium</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page1">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_II">II.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Rōmulus</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page4">4</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_III">III.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Numa Pompilius</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page8">8</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_IV">IV.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Tullus Hostīlius</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page10">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_V">V.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Ancus Mārcius</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page15">15</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_VI">VI.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Lūcius Tarquinius +Prīscus</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page17">17</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_VII">VII.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Servius Tullius</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page19">19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_VIII">VIII.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Tarquinius +Superbus</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page22">22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_IX">IX.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Iūnius Brūtus</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page25">25</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_X">X.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Mūcius Scaevola</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page26">26</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XI">XI.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Fabiī Trecentī Sex</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page27">27</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XII">XII.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Lūcius Virgīnius</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page29">29</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XIII">XIII.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Titus Mānlius +Torquātus</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page30">30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XIV">XIV.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Pūblius Decius</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page35">35</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XV">XV.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Mānius Curius</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page36">36</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XVI">XVI.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Gāius Duīlius</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page38">38</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XVII">XVII.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Mārcus Atīlius +Rēgulus</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page39">39</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XVIII">XVIII.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Appius Claudius +Pulcher</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page42">42</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XIX">XIX.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Quīntus Fabius +Māximus</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page43">43</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_viii" id = "page_viii">viii</a> +<a href = "#selection_XX">XX.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Aemilius Paulus et Terentius +Varrō</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page48">48</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXI">XXI.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpio +Āfricānus</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page52">52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXII">XXII.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius +Gracchus</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page63">63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXIII">XXIII.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Gāius Marius</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page68">68</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXIV">XXIV.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Lūcius Cornēlius +Sulla</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page74">74</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXV">XXV.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Lūcius Lūcullus</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page77">77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXVI">XXVI.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Gnaeus Pompēius +Māgnus</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page80">80</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXVII">XXVII.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Gāius Iūlius +Caesar</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page86">86</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXVIII">XXVIII.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Mārcus Tullius +Cicerō</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page96">96</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXIX">XXIX.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Mārcus Brūtus</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page102">102</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#selection_XXX">XXX.</a></td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Octāviānus Caesar +Augustus</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page103">103</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "dots" colspan = "2"> +<span class = "opaque">Exercises for Translation</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page112">112</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "dots" colspan = "2"> +<span class = "opaque">Vocabulary</span></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#page131">131</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_ix" id = "page_ix">ix</a> + +<h3><a name = "suggestions" id = "suggestions"> +SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline2.png" width = "84" height = "11" +alt = "----"></p> + +<p><span class = "firstword">To</span> read Latin quickly and +intelligently, and to enjoy the reading properly, we must possess +(1) a vocabulary, <i>i.e.</i> a collection of Latin words with +whose meanings, whether used singly or in combination, we are thoroughly +familiar; (2) a knowledge of the inflectional system of the +language, <i>i.e.</i> its declensions and conjugations; +(3) a knowledge of its syntax; and (4) a knowledge +of the plan upon which the Latin sentence is constructed, or, in other +words, we must be able to overcome the difficulties arising out of the +peculiar order of the words and clauses that form a Latin sentence.</p> + +<p><b>Vocabulary.</b>—Words are the material out of which +sentences are constructed. Hence it is of prime importance to know their +meanings. The best way, in fact the only way, to acquire a vocabulary, +is by constant reading, and by noting carefully the force of individual +words as they occur. It soon becomes evident that certain words are very +frequently used, especially verbs which denote actions that have to do +with everyday life, such as <i>dīcō</i>, <i>eō</i>, <i>faciō</i>, +<i>habeō</i>, <i>veniō</i>, <i>sum</i>, and their compounds. These at +least must be mastered at the very outset. It is worth while to notice +what prefixes are used in forming compound verbs, and the modifications +of meaning which they produce. If the force of the simple verb is +mastered, a little practice will enable the student to detect at +sight the meaning of any of its compounds without reference to any +dictionary.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_x" id = "page_x">x</a> +<p>It is useful also to group together in memory words derived from the +same stem, <i>e.g.</i> <i>canō</i>, <i>cantus</i>; <i>certō</i>, +<i>certāmen</i>; <i>dūcō</i>, <i>dux</i>; <i>regō</i>, <i>rēx</i>, +<i>rēgius</i>; <i>caedō</i>, <i>caedēs</i>. A specially interesting +study consists in noting the English words which go back to Latin +originals. From various causes a large part of our English vocabulary is +borrowed from Latin. Cf. <i>donate</i> with <i>dōnō</i> and +<i>dōnum</i>, <i>lucid</i> with <i>lūx</i>, <i>regent</i> with +<i>rēx</i> and <i>regō</i>.</p> + +<p>Finally, it will be found very helpful constantly to read Latin +aloud, for thus the <i>ear</i> will help the <i>eye</i> and words will +have meaning when <i>heard</i> as well as when <i>seen</i>. Indeed, we +ought to use our ears far more than our eyes in acquiring a Latin +vocabulary, in order that Latin words, when heard, shall suggest at once +to our minds the same pictures which they suggested to the minds of +Roman boys.</p> + +<p><b>Inflections and Syntax.</b>—It is not enough, however, to be +familiar with the meanings of individual words, however many we may +succeed in mastering. We must possess a knowledge also of +<i>inflections</i>, <i>i.e.</i> of the declensions and conjugations, +which tell us how individual words may be altered in form in order to +express different relations to other words, and of <i>syntax</i>, which +tells us how words are combined together into sentences. +A knowledge of inflections and an understanding of syntax are the +tools by which we arrive at the meaning of sentences as a whole. As the +wise workman uses the best and most efficient tools, so one who +undertakes to read Latin with speed and pleasure must make his mastery +of inflections and syntax as complete as possible. It is assumed that +students of this book have already had some drill in the commoner +inflections. The principles of syntax can best be studied as they occur +in actual reading. The commonest, and therefore most important, are +discussed in the notes and illustrated by appropriate references to the +grammars in common use and by the tables of constructions on pages xvi +to xxvi. A very practical way of fixing the principles of syntax +firmly in mind is +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xi" id = "page_xi">xi</a> +by frequent translation from English into Latin. It should be +remembered, however, that we study syntax simply because such study +enables us to read and enjoy the great works of Latin literature.</p> + +<p><b>The Order of Words.</b>—The greatest difficulty that +confronts the student of Latin literature is the fact that the order of +the words in a Latin sentence is widely different from that which he +ordinarily finds in an English sentence. This difference is due mainly +to two causes. (1) Every Latin sentence is a kind of word picture, +in which the meaning is developed stroke by stroke, <i>the separate +parts being introduced in the order of their importance</i>. (2) It +is a principle of Latin to keep the meaning in suspense until the very +end, so that the last word completes not only the form, but also the +meaning of the sentence. Both these principles may be seen at work in +lines 1 to 5 of <a href = "#selection_I">selection I</a>, page 1. +<i>Proca</i> naturally stands first, partly because the whole work is a +story of the deeds of men, partly because at this point he is especially +important, as being the reigning king, with power to choose his own +successor. The phrase <i>rēx Albānōrum</i> very properly follows, as +defining the scene of the action. <i>Numitor</i> and <i>Amūlius</i> are +next mentioned because the Latin loves to emphasize contrasts of +persons. The sense of the whole is not complete till we reach the very +last word, <i>habuit</i>. In the next sentence <i>Numitōrī</i> is first, +because now Numitor is more important, as being Proca’s successor. The +relative clause <i>quī . . . erat</i> not only states a fact, +but also gives the reason why Proca bequeathed his kingdom (<i>rēgnum +relīquit</i>) to Numitor. So in the words <i>ut . . . +fēcit</i>, the <i>ut</i>-clause tells why Amulius performed the act +indicated by the words <i>Rhēam Silviam . . . fēcit</i>, so +that by the time we know <i>what</i> the act was we know also exactly +<i>why</i> it was performed. The Latin thus pictures the parts of the +scene in their true order, for the motive in every case precedes the +act. We see therefore that, however strange at times the Latin order may +seem to be, there is +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xii" id = "page_xii">xii</a> +always good reason for it. It is our task at the outset, as it soon will +be our pleasure, to determine just what this reason is.</p> + +<p>Now this freer order of words in the Latin sentence is rendered +possible by the fact that Latin possesses an elaborate inflectional +system, whereas English does not. Note, however, that one familiar with +Latin declensions would know at once that in the first sentence +discussed above Proca was actor (<i>i.e.</i> subject), and Numitor and +Amulius acted upon (<i>i.e.</i> object). So in the sentence <i>ut +. . . fēcit</i> it is clear that Amulius is the actor and that +Rhea Silvia is acted upon. Thus the inflectional system serves to +relieve, in part at least, the very difficulty which it creates.</p> + +<p><b>How to Read.</b>—By far the best way for the beginner to +make himself familiar with the Latin order and its meaning is to <i>make +a practice from the very outset of reading the sentence aloud from +beginning to end before attempting to translate at all</i>. If the +meaning is not clear at once, a repetition of such reading will +often serve to make it clear, provided the student knows the force of +the individual words and constructions. If he does not, he must seek the +aid of the vocabulary or the notes. Then let him read the sentence once +more aloud, slowly and carefully. He should not, however, look into +either vocabulary or notes until he has read the Latin through at least +once. Progress at first will necessarily be slow, but it will be sure. +By every page read in the manner indicated above the pupil is preparing +himself to read with more and more intelligence and pleasure the pages +that remain. Besides, in this way he reads his Latin precisely as he +reads English, word after word, in the order in which it is written, and +precisely as a Roman boy 1800 years ago read his Latin story or poem. He +will gain further the advantage of training his ear as well as his eye +and of making it do its fair share of the work. In translating, too, it +will be wise to follow as closely as possible the Latin order. Often it +will be found that the resulting English +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xiii" id = "page_xiii">xiii</a> +order, even if not very common, is none the less intelligible. So the +sentence <i>ut . . . fēcit</i> discussed above may be +translated almost exactly in the Latin order.</p> + + +<h4 class = "smallcaps">Latin Composition</h4> + +<p><b>Its Value.</b>—An exercise which is very practical and +helpful, and which may also become extremely delightful, is the +rendering into Latin of English sentences based upon that portion of the +Latin text which has already been carefully studied. This exercise is +helpful, because it calls upon us to put into practice the knowledge +which we have acquired in reading; it may become delightful because it +shows us accurately the measure of our advance and thus affords us the +pleasure which comes from the feeling that one is making sure progress +in a given line of study.</p> + +<p><b>Essentials.</b>—To write Latin well one needs precisely the +things which we found necessary in reading (page ix). The words and +constructions required in the sentences for translation given on pages +112 to 129 are illustrated by the corresponding pages of the Latin text. +The pupil should always endeavor to recall the word, inflectional form, +phrase, or construction for himself before referring to his text or to +his grammar. In other words, he should make the exercise one of thought +rather than of mere mechanical copying from a printed model.</p> + +<p><b>The Object.</b>—We read the Latin text in order to +understand the thoughts of the writer. So in turning English sentences +into Latin our chief object is to clothe the <i>thoughts</i> which such +sentences convey in proper Latin dress, not merely to substitute Latin +<i>words</i> for English <i>words</i>. Every language has its own +peculiar expressions, which are called <i>idioms</i>. Such expressions +can never be literally translated from one language into another. Hence +in attempting to turn an English sentence into Latin, we must begin by +noting carefully the thought which it expresses, +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xiv" id = "page_xiv">xiv</a> +and then consider how the Romans gave expression to that thought.</p> + +<p><b>Choice of Expression.</b>—In Latin, just as in English, it +often happens that the same thought may be expressed in several ways, +which differ greatly in the words used as well as in the form and +expression. In English it is often impossible to give a reason for the +choice of one form of expression in preference to others. Sometimes the +choice is made consciously for the sake of variety, or because there is +a very slight shade of difference in meaning,—so slight that we +can perhaps feel it, but cannot put it into words; sometimes +unconsciously, because every one falls into the habit of using certain +phrases and manners of speech with no deeper reason than the habit. The +same is true of Latin writers. Their various forms of expression have +been noted and collected, and we find them laid down in the grammars as +<i>rules</i>. Some of these expressions are found to be used by the best +writers more frequently than others, and these are considered the best +models. But the student must avoid the error of confining himself +absolutely to one iron-bound form because most stress is laid upon it by +the grammars, if he finds other modes of expression in the writings of +good authors. By searching out the greatest variety of forms in which an +idea may be expressed, by trying to discover the differences in meaning +between them, and by placing yourself as far as possible in the writer’s +place, you will gain a far greater grasp and appreciation of the +language than by learning a single rigid rule and forcing it to fit +every case.</p> + +<p>One of the central ideas of the following exercises, then, should be +to render the thought in as many ways as possible, drawing your +authority from the text on which the exercise is based, as well as from +your grammar.</p> + +<p>Examine the tables on pages xvi to xxvi, where you will find several +of the most important constructions treated. Compare the examples given +and try to trace out the reasons for the different +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xv" id = "page_xv">xv</a> +forms. In many cases you will not be able to do so, and are free to +choose one of several modes of expression. In others the meaning of the +sentences and the aid of the grammar will give the reason for your +choice.</p> + +<p><b>Caution.</b>—The pupil should note that all the words and +constructions necessary to enable him to write in Latin the sentences +given below, pages 112 to 129, are to be found on the pages of the Latin +text upon which the exercises are based. <i>An English-Latin vocabulary +or dictionary is, therefore, wholly unnecessary.</i> Additional +sentences based on the text may be made up by student or teacher as +required.</p> + + +<h4 class = "smallcaps">Tables of Constructions</h4> + +<p>The following tables have been prepared for the purpose of affording +the pupil material for study and comparison, by grouping together under +appropriate heads examples of certain constructions as they actually +occur in this book. It is expected that they will be helpful to the +student in two ways: (1) by supplementing and illustrating the +notes, and (2) by affording him guides which he may follow in his +writing of Latin. No attempt whatever has been made to include under any +given head all the examples that are to be found in the text. The pupil +will find it both interesting and instructive to add to the lists +himself as he finds new instances in his own reading.</p> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xvi" id = "page_xvi">xvi</a> + +<h4><i>A.</i> EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE</h4> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps"> +1. Place at or near which:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>Rōmae</b>, <a href = "#line_vii_26">VII, 26</a>, and often; +<b>Tarentī</b>, <a href = "#line_xv_30">XV, 30</a>; salūbriōra +<b>mīlitiae</b> quam <b>domī</b> esse iuvenum corpora, <a href = +"#line_iv_70">IV, 70</a> (locative: chiefly used with names of +towns);—<b>in siccō</b>, <a href = "#line_i_10">I, 10</a>; <b>in +iīs locīs</b>, <a href = "#line_i_11">I, 11</a>; <b>in</b> (on) +<b>sinistrīs manibus</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_21">II, 21</a>; <b>in +colle Quirīnālī</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_54">II, 54</a>; <b>in ārā</b>, +<a href = "#line_iii_4">III, 4</a>; <b>in mediā urbe</b>, <a href = +"#line_v_23">V, 23</a>; ponte . . <b>in</b> (over) <b>Tiberī</b> +factō, <b>in</b> (at) <b>ōre</b> Tiberis, <a href = "#line_v_27">V, +27</a>;—<b>multīs locīs</b>, <a href = "#line_xxv_17">XXV, 17</a>; +<b>terrā marīque</b>, <a href = "#line_xxi_125">XXI, +125</a>;—<b>apud Tīcīnum</b> amnem . . <b>apud Trebiam</b>, +<a href = "#line_xix_16">XIX, 16</a>;—<b>ad</b> Caprae +<b>palūdem</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_44">II, 44</a>; <b>ad</b> tertium +<b>lapidem</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_12">XIII, 12</a>; <b>ad flūmen</b> +Bagradam, <a href = "#line_xvii_18">XVII, 18</a>.</p> + + +<h4><i>B.</i> EXPRESSIONS OF MOTION</h4> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps"> +1. Place from which:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>Curibus</b> . . accītus est, <a href = "#line_iii_2">III, 2</a>; +<b>Tarquiniīs</b> . . profectus, <a href = "#line_vi_1">VI, 1</a> +(simple abl., especially with names of towns);—<b>ā portā</b> +. . pergit, <a href = "#line_xiii_5">XIII, 5</a>; <b>ab urbe</b> +profectus, <a href = "#line_xiii_13">XIII, 13</a>; <b>ā lūdīs</b> +pūblicīs revertēns, <a href = "#line_xviii_17">XVIII, +17</a>;—dēlābitur <b>ē caelō scissō</b> scūtum, <a href = +"#line_iii_15">III, 15</a>; <b>ex eō locō</b> . . aufūgerat, +<a href = "#line_iv_20">IV, 20</a>; dōnec novae cōpiae <b>ex Āfricā</b> +advenīrent, <a href = "#line_xvii_3">XVII, 3</a>; <b>ex angustiīs</b> +ēvāsit, <a href = "#line_xix_38">XIX, 38</a>.</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps"> +2. Place towards which:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>Albam</b> properāvit, <a href = "#line_i_25">I, 25</a>; Quī cum +<b>Rōmam</b> vēnisset, <a href = "#line_iii_3">III, 3</a>; <b>Rōmam</b> +also in <a href = "#line_iv_64">IV, 64</a>, <a href = "#line_v_20">V, +20</a>, and often; Pergunt inde <b>Collātiam</b>, <a href = +"#line_viii_21">VIII, 21</a>; Profectus <b>Delphōs</b>, <a href = +"#line_ix_4">IX, 4</a>; <b>Carthāginem</b> rediit, <a href = +"#line_xvii_54">XVII, 54</a>; <b>domum</b> dēdūcunt, <a href = +"#line_iv_31">IV, 31</a>; <b>domum</b> refugiēns, <a href = +"#line_vii_45">VII, 45</a>; cum . . <b>domum</b> redīret, <a href = +"#line_vii_48">VII, 48</a> (simple accusative, chiefly with names of +towns);—Cum lupa saepius <b>ad parvulōs</b> . . reverterētur, +<a href = "#line_i_16">I, 16</a>; Remum . . <b>ad Amūlium</b> rēgem +perdūxērunt, <a href = "#line_i_27">I, 27</a>; <b>ad Gabīnōs</b> sē +contulit, <a href = "#line_viii_4">VIII, 4</a>;—<b>in Āfricam</b> +. . trāiēcit, <a href = "#line_xvii_15">XVII, 15</a>; <b>in +Ītaliam</b> vēnit, <a href = "#line_xix_15">XIX, 15</a>; abiēcit <b>in +Tiberim</b>, <a href = "#line_i_7">I, 7</a>; Sabīnōs <b>in urbem</b> +recēpit, <a href = "#line_ii_38">II, 38</a>; aciem <b>in</b> (to) +<b>collem</b> subdūxit, <a href = "#line_iv_58">IV, 58</a>; cum +<b>in</b> (upon) +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xvii" id = "page_xvii">xvii</a> +<b>tribūnal</b> ēscendisset, <a href = "#line_xii_20">XII, 20</a>; +<b>In</b> (against) <b>eum</b> . . rediit, <a href = +"#line_iv_22">IV, 22</a>; ausae sunt sē <b>inter tēla</b> . . +īnferre, <a href = "#line_ii_36">II, 36</a>.</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps"> +3. Way by which:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>portā</b> (abl. of means) <b>quā</b> profectī erant, <a href = +"#line_xi_19">XI, 19</a>; <b>Per</b> (over) <b>loca alta</b> āgmen +dūcēbat, <a href = "#line_xix_23">XIX, 23</a>; Quī cum . . <b>per +montēs, per silvās</b> hūc illūc discurrerent, <a href = +"#line_xix_35">XIX, 35</a>.</p> + + +<h4><i>C.</i> EXPRESSIONS OF TIME<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_1" +id = "tag_intro_1" href = "#note_intro_1">1</a></h4> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps"> +1. Time at which:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>Posterō diē</b>, <a href = "#line_iv_61">IV, 61</a>, <a href = +"#line_viii_24">VIII, 24</a>; <b>Prīmō impetū</b>, <a href = +"#line_ii_29">II, 29</a>; <b>Kalendīs Mārtiīs</b>, <a href = +"#line_iii_20">III, 20</a>; <b>eā tempestāte</b>, <a href = +"#line_vi_17">VI, 17</a>; <b>nocte mediā</b>, <a href = +"#line_xix_68">XIX, 68</a>.</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps"> +2. Time within which or in the course of which:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>Annō trecentēsimō</b> ab urbe conditā, <a href = "#line_xii_1">XII, +1</a>; <b>eōdem annō</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_11">XIII, 11</a>; +<b>bellō Latīnō</b>, <a href = "#line_xiv_11">XIV, 11</a>; <b>hōc +bellō</b>, <a href = "#line_xiv_12">XIV, 12</a>; <b>in proeliō</b>, +<a href = "#line_vi_26">VI, 26</a>; <b>In proeliō quōdam, in quō</b>, +<a href = "#line_vii_8">VII, 8</a>; <b>In quō bellō</b>, <a href = +"#line_xv_2">XV, 2</a>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_2" id = +"tag_intro_2" href = "#note_intro_2">2</a></p> + + +<h5 class = "smallcaps"> +3. Age:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +fīlium <b>tredecim annōrum</b>, <a href = "#line_vi_25">VI, 25</a>; +Hannibal . . <b>novem annōs nātus</b>, <a href = +"#line_xix_1">XIX, 1</a>.</p> + + +<h4><i>D.</i> DURATION OF TIME AND EXTENT OF SPACE</h4> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps"> +1. Duration of time:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +Rōmulus <b>septem</b> et <b>trīgintā</b> rēgnāvit <b>annōs</b>, <a href += "#line_iii_38">III, 38</a>; rēgnāvit <b>annōs duōs</b> et +<b>trīgintā</b>, <a href = "#line_iv_75">IV, 75</a>; rēgnāvit <b>annōs +quattuor</b> et <b>quadrāgintā</b>, <a href = "#line_vii_52">VII, +52</a>; <b>per tōtum bīduum</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_87">XIII, 87</a>; +<b>omnī deinde vītā</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_60">XIII, 60</a>. (This +last form should not be imitated.)</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps"> +2. Extent of space:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +Iam <b>aliquantum</b> spatiī . . aufūgerat, <a href = "#line_iv_20">IV, +20</a>; centum et vīgintī <b>pedēs</b> longum, <a href = +"#line_xvii_27">XVII, 27</a>; quīnque diērum <b>iter</b> . . abest, +<a href = "#line_xxi_163">XXI, 163</a>.</p> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xviii" id = "page_xviii">xviii</a> +<h4><i>E.</i> EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE</h4> + +<h5>1. Pure purpose: <b>ut</b> or <b>nē</b> with the subjunctive:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>ut</b> eum subole <b>prīvāret</b>, <a href = "#line_i_3">I, 3</a>; +<b>ut</b> populum ferum religiōne <b>mītigāret</b>, <a href = +"#line_iii_3">III, 3</a>; <b>ut esset</b> index pācis et bellī, <a href += "#line_iii_25">III, 25</a>;—<b>nē</b> fūrtō auferrī +<b>posset</b>, <a href = "#line_iii_16">III, 16</a>; <b>nē</b> duo +violenta ingenia mātrimōniō <b>iungerentur</b>, <a href = +"#line_vii_38">VII, 38</a>.</p> + +<h5>2. Relative clause:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +mīsit <b>quī</b> societātem . . <b>peterent</b>, <a href = +"#line_ii_5">II, 5</a>; Centum . . ēlēgit, <b>quōrum</b> cōnsiliō +omnia <b>ageret</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_40">II, 40</a>; sacerdōtēs +lēgit, <b>quī</b> ancīlia . . <b>cūstōdīrent</b> et . . +<b>ferrent</b>, <a href = "#line_iii_19">III, 19</a>; Rōmam missus, +<b>ubi</b> (= ut ibi) . . <b>interesset</b>, <a href = +"#line_xxviii_8">XXVIII, 8</a>.</p> + +<h5>3. <b>Quō</b><a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_3" id = +"tag_intro_3" href = "#note_intro_3">3</a> (whereby) with +subjunctive:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>quō frequentius habitārētur</b>, <a href = "#line_iv_66">IV, 66</a> +(see note); <b>quō minor</b> turba Rōmae <b>foret</b>, <a href = +"#line_xviii_21">XVIII, 21</a>; <b>quō diūtius</b> in magistrātū +<b>esset</b>, <a href = "#line_xix_46">XIX, 46</a>.</p> + +<h5>4. Gerundive:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +coniugī dedit <b>ēducandōs</b>, <a href = "#line_i_19">I, 19</a>; īgnem +. . perpetuō <b>alendum</b> virginibus dedit, <a href = +"#line_iii_4">III, 4</a>; agellum <b>colendum</b> locāvit, <a href = +"#line_xvii_36">XVII, 36</a>; <b>ad exercitum lūstrandum</b>, <a href = +"#line_ii_44">II, 44</a>; mīlitēs <b>ad vindicandum</b> facinus +accendit, <a href = "#line_xii_26">XII, 26</a>.</p> + +<h5>5. Future participle:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +quasi dē pāce <b>āctūrus</b>, rē vērā ut tempus extraheret, <a href = +"#line_xvii_2">XVII, 2</a> (see note).</p> + +<h5>6. Supine:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +aquam . . <b>petītum</b> ierat, <a href = "#line_ii_17">II, 17</a>; ē +suīs ūnum . . mittit <b>scīscitātum</b>, <a href = "#line_viii_8">VIII, +8</a>; Cum . . lēgātī Rōmam vēnissent <b>conquestum</b>, <a href = +"#line_xiii_81">XIII, 81</a>; pecora . . quae <b>pāstum</b> +prōpulsa essent, <a href = "#line_xix_63">XIX, 63</a>.</p> + +<h5>7. Substantive clauses:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +adfīrmāns . . Rōmulum . . praecipere <b>ut</b> sēditiōnibus +<b>abstinērent</b> et rem mīlitārem <b>colerent</b>, <a href = +"#line_ii_51">II, 51-53</a>; Latīnōrum populīs suāsit <b>ut</b> . . +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xix" id = "page_xix">xix</a> +fānum Diānae . . in Aventīnō monte <b>aedificārent</b>, <a href = +"#line_vii_25">VII, 25</a>; optāvit <b>ut</b> frāter . . +<b>revīvīsceret</b> atque iterum classem <b>āmitteret</b>, <a href = +"#line_xviii_19">XVIII, 19</a>; ēdīxit <b>nē</b> quis . . in hostēs +<b>pūgnāret</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_42">XIII, 42</a>; Veritus autem +<b>nē</b> . . poenās <b>daret</b>, <a href = "#line_xvi_21">XVI, +21</a>; petiit ā patribus cōnscrīptīs <b>nē</b> quid dē eā rē +<b>statuerent</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_83">XIII, 83</a>.</p> + + +<h4><i>F.</i> EXPRESSIONS OF RESULT</h4> + +<h5>1. Pure result: <b>ut</b> or <b>ut nōn</b> with the +subjunctive:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +ita omnium animōs eā pietāte imbuit <b>ut</b> fidēs . . cīvēs +<b>continēret</b>, <a href = "#line_iii_33">III, 33</a>; adeō frāctī +. . sunt spīritūs . . <b>ut</b> nūllī reī posthāc nisi sacrīs +operam <b>daret</b>, <a href = "#line_iv_72">IV, 72</a>; ita eōs +adliciēns <b>ut</b> apud omnēs plūrimum <b>posset</b>, <a href = +"#line_viii_6">VIII, 6</a>.</p> + +<p class = "notation"> +Note that in the main clause there is usually some word like <b>ita</b>, +<b>adeō</b>, <b>tam</b>, <b>tālis</b>, <b>is</b>, which paves the way +for the result clause.</p> + +<h5>2. Relative (characteristic):</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +invenīrī potuit nēmō, <b>quī . . peteret</b>, <a href = +"#line_xxiii_119">XXIII, 119</a>; Ūnus adulēscēns fuit, <b>quī +audēret</b> querī, <a href = "#line_xxiv_50">XXIV, 50</a>. Here too +belongs <b>quīn</b> with the subjunctive: haud procul erat <b>quīn +. . āgnōsceret</b>, <a href = "#line_i_33">I, 33</a>; nōn esse +dubium <b>quīn . . oportēret</b>, <a href = "#line_xvi_27">XVI, +27</a>; Nēminī dubium est <b>quīn . . restituerit</b>, <a href = +"#line_xix_105">XIX, 105</a>.</p> + +<h5>3. Substantive:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +(Rōmulus dīxit) <b>futūrum ut</b> omnium gentium dominī +<b>exsisterent</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_53">II, 53</a>; <b>oportet</b> +dīsciplīnam, quam solvistī, . . <b>restituās</b>, <a href = +"#line_xiii_54">XIII, 54</a>; <b>concessum est ut</b> . . +praecinente tībīcine ā cēnā <b>redīret</b>, <a href = +"#line_xvi_16">XVI, 16</a>.</p> + + +<h4><i>G.</i> TEMPORAL CLAUSES<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_4" id = +"tag_intro_4" href = "#note_intro_4">4</a></h4> + +<h5>1. <b>Ubi</b>, <b>ut</b>, or <b>postquam</b> with the indicative +mood, especially the perfect tense:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>Ubi</b> spectāculī tempus <b>vēnit</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_11">II, +11</a>; <b>Ut . . increpuēre</b> arma micantēsque +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xx" id = "page_xx">xx</a> +<b>fulsēre</b> gladiī, <a href = "#line_iv_13">IV, 13</a>; Is +<b>postquam adolēvit</b>, <a href = "#line_vii_7">VII, 7</a>; Quī +<b>postquam</b> frequentēs <b>convēnēre</b>, <a href = +"#line_xiii_52">XIII, 52</a>.</p> + +<h5>2. <b>Dum</b> (while) with the indicative (the tense employed is +generally the present):</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +Ea rēs <b>dum</b> Numitōris animum anxium <b>tenet</b>, <a href = +"#line_i_36">I, 36</a>; <b>dum</b> Albānus exercitus <b>inclāmat</b> +Cūriātiīs, <a href = "#line_iv_23">IV, 23</a>; Latīnus <b>dum</b> ad +Tiberim <b>dēscendit</b>, sacerdōs bovem immolāvit, <a href = +"#line_vii_34">VII, 34</a>.</p> + +<h5>3. <b>Dum</b>, <b>dōnec</b> (until) with the subjunctive:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>dum convalēsceret</b> (indirect discourse also), <a href = +"#line_vii_17">VII, 17</a>; ut tempus extrāheret, <b>dōnec</b> novae +cōpiae ex Āfricā <b>advenīrent</b>, <a href = "#line_xvii_3">XVII, +3</a> (partly purpose).</p> + +<h5>4. <b>Antequam</b> and <b>priusquam</b> with the subjunctive:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +Alterum . . <b>priusquam</b> tertius <b>posset</b> cōnsequī, interfēcit, +<a href = "#line_iv_24">IV, 24</a>; <b>priusquam</b> eīs bellum +<b>indīceret</b>, lēgātum mīsit quī rēs repeteret, <a href = +"#line_v_7">V, 7</a>; petiit . . nē quid . . statuerent +<b>antequam</b> ipse <b>īnspexisset</b> Macedonum . . causam, +<a href = "#line_xiii_83">XIII, 83</a> (indirect discourse).</p> + +<h5>5. <b>Cum</b> with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>cum</b> iīs <b>īnsidiātī essent</b> latrōnēs, <a href = +"#line_i_22">I, 22</a>; <b>cum</b> Numitor . . <b>comparāret</b>, +<a href = "#line_i_30">I, 30</a>; <b>cum</b> (as) Rōmae +<b>appropinquārent</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_15">II, 15</a>; cum (while) +. . cōntiōnem . . <b>habēret</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_44">II, +44</a>; Quī <b>cum</b> Rōmam <b>vēnisset</b>, <a href = +"#line_iii_2">III, 2</a>. This form of temporal clause is extremely +common.</p> + + +<h4><i>H.</i> CAUSAL CLAUSES<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_5" id = +"tag_intro_5" href = "#note_intro_5">5</a></h4> + +<h5>1. Relative clause with the subjunctive:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +quīppe <b>quī cerneret</b> ferrum ante oculōs micāns, accūsātiōnem +dīmīsit, <a href = "#line_xiii_8">XIII, 8</a>; cum in eam cīvitātem +animadvertere dēcrēvisset <b>quae</b> (= cum ea) sibi <b>adversāta +fuisset</b>, <a href = "#line_xxvii_37">XXVII, 37</a>.</p> + +<h5>2. <b>Cum</b> with the subjunctive:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>Cum</b> vērō uxōrēs . . nōn <b>habērent</b>, lēgātōs circā vīcīnās +gentēs mīsit, +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxi" id = "page_xxi">xxi</a> +II, 3; <b>cum</b> sē invidiōsum . . <b>vidēret</b>, Vēientēs . . +adversus Rōmānōs concitāvit, <a href = "#line_iv_55">IV, 55</a>; +<b>Cum</b> . . facinora clandestīna <b>fierent</b>, Ancus carcerem +. . aedificāvit, <a href = "#line_v_21">V, 21-25</a>.</p> + +<h5>3. <b>Quod</b>,<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_6" id = +"tag_intro_6" href = "#note_intro_6">6</a> <b>quia</b>, <b>quoniam</b>, +or <b>quandō</b>, with the indicative:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>quia</b> tribus impār <b>erat</b>, . . fugam capessīvit, <a href = +"#line_iv_18">IV, 18</a>; <b>quandōquidem . . pūgnāvistī</b>, +<a href = "#line_xiii_53">XIII, 53</a>; <b>quia</b> nōn <b>pāruistī</b>, +<a href = "#line_xiii_77">XIII, 77</a>.</p> + +<h5>4. <b>Quod</b> with the subjunctive:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +cum sē invidiōsum apud cīvēs vidēret, <b>quod</b> bellum ūnō paucōrum +certāmine <b>fīnīsset</b>, <a href = "#line_iv_55">IV, 55-56</a> (see +note); Tarquinius fīlium . . <b>quod</b> in proeliō hostem +<b>percussisset</b>, praetextā . . dōnāvit, <a href = +"#line_vi_25">VI, 25-27</a>.</p> + +<h5>5. <b>Quasi</b> with the subjunctive (assumed reason):</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +eum accūsantēs, <b>quasi</b> Numitōris agrōs īnfēstāre <b>solitus +esset</b>, <a href = "#line_i_28">I, 28</a>; Is cum īrātus ad mortem +dūcī iussisset mīlitem, <b>quasi</b> (because, as was supposed,) +<b>interfēcisset</b> commīlitōnem, <a href = +"#line_xiii_65">XIII, 65</a>.</p> + +<p class = "notation"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Note.</span>—These clauses resemble +those in 4, as giving the reason ascribed to some one other than the +writer. They show also that the reason is fictitious, and invented by +the person who advances it.</p> + + +<h4><i>I.</i> CONCESSIVE OR ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES</h4> + +<h5>1. <b>Cum</b> (although) with the subjunctive:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>cum retinērētur</b> ā propinquīs et amīcīs, tamen Carthāginem rediit, +<a href = "#line_xvii_53">XVII, 53</a>.</p> + +<h5>2. <b>Quamquam</b> with the indicative:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>quamquam . . pellēbātur</b>, <a href = "#line_xxi_242">XXI, +242</a>.</p> + +<h5>3. <b>Quamvīs</b> with the subjunctive:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>quamvīs sīs</b> molestus, <a href = "#line_xxvi_158">XXVI, +158</a>.</p> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxii" id = "page_xxii">xxii</a> +<h4><i>J.</i> CUM CLAUSES</h4> + +<p class = "header"> +The temporal, causal, and concessive uses of <b>cum</b> have already +been given separately. <b>Cum</b> was originally a temporal conjunction. +From the temporal idea were developed its other meanings. So the English +<i>when</i> frequently contains the ideas of time and cause, or time and +concession combined, and <i>while</i> also is frequently at once +temporal and concessive. So <b>cum</b> also may represent these ideas in +combination as well as separately. In many cases, indeed, it is +difficult, if not impossible, to decide which meaning is more +prominent: cf.</p> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>Cum</b> (<i>when</i> and <i>since</i>) lupa saepius ad parvulōs +. . <b>reverterētur</b>, <a href = "#line_i_16">I, 16</a>; Hīs +artibus <b>cum</b> (<i>when</i> and <i>although</i>) Hannibalem Fabius +. . <b>clausisset</b>, ille . . sē expedīvit, <a href = +"#line_xix_31">XIX, 31</a>.</p> + + +<h4><i>K.</i> THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE</h4> + +<h5 class = "runin smallcaps">1. Form.—</h5> + +<p class = "header"> +The ablative absolute consists usually of a noun and a participle. The +participle is generally passive, but often active: <b>Eō rēgnante</b>, +<a href = "#line_iv_3">IV, 3</a>; <b>relābente flūmine</b>, <a href = +"#line_i_9">I, 9</a>.</p> + +<p class = "header"> +2. Often, however, the ablative absolute consists of a noun and +adjective, or of two nouns, or a noun and pronoun. In such cases there +is an ellipsis of the lost present participle of <b>sum</b>:</p> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>māgnā glōriā</b> bellī, <a href = "#line_iv_75">IV, 75</a>; +<b>parī</b> ferē <b>ōrnātū</b>, <a href = "#line_x_6">X, 6</a>; <b>Appiō +iūdice</b>, <a href = "#line_xii_15">XII, 15</a>; <b>Valeriō</b> et +<b>Cossō cōnsulibus</b>, <a href = "#line_xiv_1">XIV, 1</a>.</p> + +<h5><a name = "K3" id = "K3">3.</a> <span class = +"smallcaps">Meaning.</span>—The ablative absolute may denote</h5> + +<p class = "header"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Time</span>; compare Temporal Clauses, +<i>G</i> 1, 2, and 5.</p> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>pulsō frātre</b>, rēgnāvit, <a href = "#line_i_3">I, 3</a>; <b>Eā rē +cōgnitā</b>, parvulōs . . abiēcit in Tiberim, <a href = +"#line_i_5">I, 5</a>; <b>armātīs pāstōribus</b>, Albam properāvit, +<a href = "#line_i_25">I, 25</a>.</p> + +<p class = "notation"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Note.</span>—This is the original and +most frequent use of the ablative absolute.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxiii" id = "page_xxiii">xxiii</a> + +<h5><a name = "K4" id = "K4">4.</a> <span class = +"smallcaps">Cause:</span> compare Causal Clauses, <i>H</i> 2 and 3.</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>ortā</b> inter eōs <b>contentiōne</b>, <a href = "#line_i_40">I, +40</a>; dūrissimā squāmārum <b>lōrīcā</b> omnia tēla facile +<b>repellente</b>, <a href = "#line_xvii_22">XVII, 22</a>; in cōnfertā +multitūdine aegrē <b>prōcēdente carpentō</b>, <a href = +"#line_xviii_17">XVIII, 17</a>.</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">5. Concession:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +agrum ēius, <b>omnibus</b> circā <b>vāstātīs</b>, intāctum relīquit, +<a href = "#line_xix_39">XIX, 39</a>.</p> + +<p class = "header"> +6. Often time and cause together: compare note on Cum Clauses, <i>J</i>. +Examples are:</p> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>mīlitibus</b> sēgnius <b>dīmicantibus</b>, raptum sīgnum in hostem +mīsit, <a href = "#line_vii_9">VII, 9</a>; <b>occīsō Tatiō</b>, ad +Rōmulum potentātus omnis recidit, <a href = +"#line_ii_40">II, 40</a>.</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">7. Condition:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>rē</b> male <b>gestā</b> (if he fails), <a href = "#line_xvi_31">XVI, +31</a>; nē, <b>dēsertō</b> agrō, nōn esset (lest, if he neglected his +farm, he might not have), <a href = +"#line_xvii_34">XVII, 34</a>.</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">8. Means:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>advectīs ballistīs</b> et <b>catapultīs</b> (by bringing up, etc.) +. . dēiciendus hostis fuit, <a href = +"#line_xvii_23">XVII, 23</a>.</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">9. Attendant circumstance:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>crīnibus passīs</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_36">II, 36</a>; <b>māgnā +glōriā</b> bellī rēgnāvit, <a href = "#line_iv_75">IV, 75</a>; scrībā +cum rēge <b>parī ferē ōrnātū</b> sedēbat, <a href = +"#line_x_6">X, 6</a>.</p> + +<p class = "header"> +10. The ablative absolute is often best translated by the English +perfect active participle with an object: <b>armātīs pāstōribus</b>, +<a href = "#line_i_25">I, 25</a>, <i>having armed</i> the shepherds. +A combination of an abl. abs. and a finite verb is often best +rendered by two verbs in the same mood and tense: <b>interēmptō +Amūliō</b>, Numitōrem in rēgnum <b>restituit</b>, <a href = +"#line_i_37">I, 37</a>, <i>he killed</i> Amulius <i>and restored</i> +Numitor to the throne.</p> + + +<h4><i>L.</i> PARTICIPLES</h4> + +<p>In Latin the participles, especially the perfect passive participle, +are used far more frequently than in English, and with a +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxiv" id = "page_xxiv">xxiv</a> +much larger variety of meanings. The use of the participle tends to +produce brevity of expression. Thus the Latin participle may be +equivalent to</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">1. A relative clause:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>raptae</b> mulierēs, <a href = "#line_ii_35">II, 35</a>; Rōmānus . . +male <b>sustinentem</b> (= quī male sustinēbat) arma Cūriātium cōnficit, +<a href = "#line_iv_29">IV, 29</a>; ab laniō cultrō <b>adreptō</b> (with +a knife <i>which he caught up</i> from a butcher’s stall), <a href = +"#line_xii_24">XII, 24</a>; <b>volentibus</b> (= eīs quī volēbant) +cōnsulere sē dē iūre praebuit, <a href = +"#line_xiii_97">XIII, 97</a>.</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">2. A causal clause:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +necessitāte <b>compulsus</b> indicāvit, <a href = "#line_i_24">I, +24</a>; nōmina mūtāre nōn potuit <b>dēterritus</b> . . Nāviī +auctōritāte, <a href = "#line_vi_16">VI, 16</a>; Hōc terrōre cēterī +<b>adāctī</b> nōmina prōmptius dedērunt, <a href = +"#line_xv_25">XV, 25</a>.</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">3. A concessive clause:</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +<b>victus</b> (though beaten) crucis supplicium effūgit, <a href = +"#line_xvi_30">XVI, 30</a>.</p> + +<p class = "header"> +4. Latin often uses a perfect passive participle in agreement with a +noun, where, judging from English usage, we should expect a noun with a +limiting genitive:</p> + +<p class = "hanging"> +ob <b>virginēs</b> raptās (on account of the <i>seizure of</i> the +maidens), <a href = "#line_ii_14">II, 14</a>; Annō trecentēsimō ab +<b>urbe conditā</b> (from the <i>founding of</i> the city), <a href = +"#line_xii_1">XII, 1</a>.</p> + +<p class = "header"> +5. English is fond of coördinated verbs, that is, verbs in exactly the +same mood, tense, and construction, <i>e.g.</i> ‘They took the ass and +saddled him.’ Latin, however, objects to such constructions, and prefers +to replace the former of the two verbs by some other form of expression, +<i>e.g.</i> a passive or deponent participle. We have to notice here two +classes of sentences:</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +(<i>a</i>) Such sentences as fulmine <b>īctum cōnflagrāsse</b>, <a href += "#line_iv_74">IV, 74</a>, which = fulmine <b>īctum esse et +cōnflagrāsse</b>, <i>i.e.</i> ‘he <i>was struck</i> by lightning <i>and +burned</i>,’ etc.</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +(<i>b</i>) such sentences as the following: parvulōs alveō <b>impositōs +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxv" id = "page_xxv">xxv</a> +abiēcit</b>, <a href = "#line_i_6">I, 6</a> = parvulōs alveō <b>imposuit +et abiēcit</b>; <b>ēlatam</b> secūrim in ēius caput <b>dēiēcit</b>, +<a href = "#line_vi_37">VI, 37</a> = <b>extulit</b> secūrim <b>et</b> in +ēius caput <b>dēiēcit</b>; cōniugem ē Cūriā <b>ēvocātum</b> . . +rēgem <b>salūtāvit</b>, <a href = "#line_vii_47">VII, 47</a> = cōniugem +ē Cūriā <b>ēvocāvit et</b> eum rēgem <b>salūtāvit</b>.</p> + + +<h4><i>M.</i> INDIRECT DISCOURSE</h4> + +<h5 class = "runin smallcaps">1. Indirect Discourse defined.—</h5> + +<p class = "header"> +The terms <i>Direct Discourse</i> and <i>Indirect Discourse</i> denote +the two distinct ways in which a writer may quote the statement or +represent the thought of another person. If the writer gives the exact +words in which the statement was made, or in which the thought was +formulated (if put into words at all), he is said to use the +<i>direct</i> discourse. If, on the other hand, he gives merely the +substance or the gist of his own or another’s statements or thoughts, he +is said to use the <i>indirect</i> discourse. In Latin, as in English, +the indirect discourse is more common than the direct.</p> + +<p class = "header"> +2. In passing from the direct discourse to the indirect, numerous +changes become necessary. These may, however, be readily grouped under +two heads: (<i>a</i>) those which occur in principal clauses, and +(<i>b</i>) those which occur in subordinate clauses.</p> + +<h5 class = "runin smallcaps">3. Changes in Principal +Clauses.—</h5> + +<p class = "header"> +Principal clauses may be declarative, interrogative, or imperative; that +is, they may make a statement, ask a question, or give expression to a +command. We thus have to consider three forms of principal clauses: +(<i>a</i>) Statements, (<i>b</i>) Questions, (<i>c</i>) Commands.</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">4. Statements in Indirect Discourse.</h5> + +<p class = "header"> +All Statements of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, +fall into the infinitive mood, because they become objects of verbs of +saying:</p> + +<p class = "hanging"> +adfīrmāns <b>vīsum</b> (sc. <b>esse</b>) ā sē Rōmulum . . eundemque +<b>praecipere</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_51">II, 51</a> (direct form, +<b>vīsus est</b> ā mē Rōmulus . . īdemque <b>praecipit</b>); +prōclāmābat fīliam suam iūre <b>caesam esse</b>, <a href = +"#line_iv_43">IV, 43</a> (direct +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxvi" id = "page_xxvi">xxvi</a> +form, fīlia mea iūre <b>caesa est</b>); minātur sē vī +<b>abstrāctūrum</b>, <a href = "#line_xii_12">XII, 12</a> (direct form +(ego) vī tē <b>abstraham</b>).</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">5. Questions in Indirect Discourse.</h5> + +<p class = "header"> +All Questions of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, +fall into the subjunctive mood, because they are in reality dependent on +a verb of asking. No example of a question in formal indirect discourse +occurs in the selections contained in this book. Indirect questions +(cf. p. 3, n. 2), however, fall under this general head +as giving some one’s thoughts without quoting his exact words.</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">6. Commands in Indirect Discourse.</h5> + +<p class = "header"> +All Commands of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, fall +into the subjunctive, because they are in reality dependent on some verb +like <i>imperāvit</i>, to be supplied in thought:</p> + +<p class = "hanging"> +proinde <b>nē gravārētur</b> sē spectandum praebēre, <a href = +"#line_xxi_289">XXI, 289</a> (direct form, <b>Nōlī gravārī</b> tē +spectandum praebēre); satis cōnstat Sullam . . prōclāmāsse, +<b>vincerent</b>, dummodo scīrent, <a href = "#line_xxvii_12">XXVII, +12-15</a> (direct form, <b>Vincite</b>, dummodo sciātis).</p> + +<h5 class = "smallcaps">7. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect +Discourse.</h5> + +<p class = "header"> +All Subordinate Clauses of the Indirect Discourse have their verbs in +the subjunctive mood:</p> + +<p class = "hanging"> +Tatius . . Tarpēiae optiōnem mūneris dedit, <b>sī . . perdūxisset</b>, +<a href = "#line_ii_19">II, 19-21</a> (direct form, dō or dabō optiōnem +mūneris, <b>sī . . perdūxeris</b>: see note); Illa petiit quod +<b>gererent</b>, <a href = "#line_ii_21">II, 21</a> (direct form, Petō +quod . . <b>geritis</b>).</p> + + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a class = "tag" name = "note_intro_1" id = "note_intro_1" href = +"#tag_intro_1">1</a> +See also below, Ablative Absolute, <a href = "#K3"><i>K</i> 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a class = "tag" name = "note_intro_2" id = "note_intro_2" href = +"#tag_intro_2">2</a> +The form with <b>in</b> is the more exact.</p> + +<p><a class = "tag" name = "note_intro_3" id = "note_intro_3" href = +"#tag_intro_3">3</a> +This is merely a special form of (2), but its importance entitles it to +separate treatment.</p> + +<p><a class = "tag" name = "note_intro_4" id = "note_intro_4" href = +"#tag_intro_4">4</a> +Cf. also Ablative Absolute, <a href = "#K3"><i>K</i> 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a class = "tag" name = "note_intro_5" id = "note_intro_5" href = +"#tag_intro_5">5</a> +Cf. also Ablative Absolute, <a href = "#K4"><i>K</i> 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a class = "tag" name = "note_intro_6" id = "note_intro_6" href = +"#tag_intro_6">6</a> +These conjunctions are regularly used with the indicative. They are +employed with the subjunctive only when the writer is indirectly quoting +the reason given by some one else.</p> +</div> + +</div> + +<!-- end div intro --> + +<div class = "section"> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxvii" id = "page_xxvii">xxvii</a> + +<p>The grammatical references in the footnotes are to the Latin Grammars +in most common use; H = Harkness’ Complete Latin Grammar, +references to Harkness’ Standard Grammar being inclosed in parentheses; +M = Lane & Morgan; A = Allen & Greenough; G = +Gildersleeve; B = Bennett.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page_xxviii" id = "page_xxviii">xxviii</a> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/pic_xxviii.png" width = "542" height = "543" +alt = "THE HILLS OF ROME" title = "THE HILLS OF ROME"></p> + +<p class = "notation"> +The original Latin city comprised only the Palatine and a small portion +of the surrounding territory. The Etruscans inhabited the Caelian Hill, +and extended toward the Esquiline. The Sabine town occupied the +Quirinal, which was originally connected with the Capitoline, on which +was the Sabine citadel, by a ridge sloping toward the Forum and the +Campus Martius. Ancus Marcius added to the city the Aventine, and built +a fortress on the Janiculum. Servius Tullius added the Viminal and +Esquiline, and inclosed the seven hills with a line of fortifications, +of which one portion is still traceable. The ridge connecting the +Capitoline and Quirinal was a barrier which cut the town in two. The +only means of communication between the two halves of the city, when its +population had reached nearly two million inhabitants, were the narrow +strip of land between the Capitoline and the river and a lane ten feet +wide crossing the ridge. To relieve the pressure, this ridge was cut +away by the Emperor Trajan, in whose Forum on the site of the +excavations stands the well-known ‘Trajan’s Column,’ 140 feet high, +‘erected to show to posterity how high was the mountain leveled by the +Emperor.’ The business portion of the modern city occupies the Campus +Martius, its main artery, the famous ‘Corso,’ following the line of the +ancient street shown on the plan. See Lanciani, <i>Ancient Rome</i>, +p. 86.</p> + +</div> + + +<div class = "section maintext"> + +<h2><a name = "stripped" id = "stripped">URBIS ROMAE VIRI +INLUSTRES</a><br> +<span class = "subhead">“Stripped” text</span></h2> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline2.png" width = "84" height = "11" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_I">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_I" id = "stripped_I">I.</a> +Romani imperii exordium</h4> + +<p>Proca, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium filios habuit. Numitori, +qui natu maior erat, regnum reliquit; sed Amulius, pulso fratre, +regnavit et, ut eum subole privaret, Rheam Silviam, eius filiam, Vestae +sacerdotem fecit, quae tamen Romulum et Remum geminos edidit. Ea re +cognita Amulius ipsam in vincula coniecit, parvulos alveo impositos +abiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus; sed, +relabente flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Vastae tum in iis locis +solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum accurrit, +infantes lingua lambit, ubera eorum ori matremque se gessit.</p> + +<p>Cum lupa saepius ad parvulos veluti ad catulos reverteretur, +Faustulus, pastor regius, re animadversa eos tulit in casam et Accae +Larentiae coniugi dedit educandos. Adulti deinde hi inter pastores primo +ludicris certaminibus vires auxere, deinde venando saltus peragrare et +latrones a rapina pecorum arcere coeperunt. Quare cum iis insidiati +essent latrones, Remus captus est, Romulus vi se defendit. Tum +Faustulus, necessitate compulsus, indicavit Romulo quis esset eorum +avus, quae mater. Romulus statim <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘armatis’">armatis</ins> pastoribus Albam properavit.</p> + +<p>Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, eum accusantes, +quasi Numitoris agros infestare solitus esset; itaque Remus a rege +Numitori ad supplicium traditus est; at cum Numitor, adulescentis vultum +considerans, aetatem minimeque servilem indolem compararet, haud procul +erat quin nepotem agnosceret. Nam Remus oris lineamentis erat matri +simillimus<!-- he had a wolfish look --> aetasque expositionis +temporibus congruebat. Ea res dum Numitoris animum anxium tenet, repente +Romulus supervenit, fratrem liberat, interempto Amulio avum Numitorem in +regnum restituit.</p> + +<p>Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis, ubi expositi ubique +educati erant, condiderunt; sed orta inter eos contentione, uter nomen +novae urbi daret eamque imperio regeret, auspicia decreverunt adhibere. +Remus prior sex vultures, Romulus postea duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus, +victor augurio, urbem Romam vocavit. Ad novae urbis tutelam sufficere +vallum videbatur. Cuius angustias inridens cum Remus saltu id +traiecisset, eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his increpans verbis: “Sic +deinde, quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea!” Ita solus potitus est +imperio Romulus.</p> + + +<h4><a class = "float" href = "#selection_II">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_II" id = "stripped_II">II.</a> +Romulus, Romanorum rex primus<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +753-715 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat; incolae deerant. +Erat in proximo lucus; hunc asylum fecit. Et statim eo mira vis latronum +pastorumque confugit. Cum vero uxores ipse populusque non haberent, +legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem conubiumque novo +populo peterent. Nusquam benigne audita legatio est; ludibrium etiam +additum: “Cur non feminis quoque asylum aperuistis? Id enim compar foret +conubium.” Romulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos parat; indici +deinde finitimis spectaculum iubet. Multi convenere studio etiam +videndae novae urbis, maxime Sabini cum liberis et coniugibus. Ubi +spectaculi tempus venit eoque conversae mentes cum oculis erant, tum +signo dato iuvenes Romani discurrunt, virgines rapiunt.</p> + +<p>Haec fuit statim causa belli. Sabini enim ob virgines raptas bellum +adversus Romanos sumpserunt, et cum Romae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam +virginem nacti sunt, quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Huius +pater Romanae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae +optionem muneris dedit, si exercitum suum in Capitolium perduxisset. +Illa petiit quod Sabini in sinistris manibus gererent, videlicet aureos +anulos et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabinos in arcem +perduxit, ubi Tatius scutis eam obrui iussit; nam et ea in laevis +habuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri poena vindicata est.</p> + +<p>Deinde Romulus ad certamen processit, et in eo loco, ubi nunc Romanum +Forum est, pugnam conseruit. Primo impetu vir inter Romanos insignis, +nomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit; cuius interitu +consternati Romani fugere coeperunt. Iam Sabini clamitabant: “Vicimus +perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Nunc sciunt longe aliud esse +virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris.” Tunc Romulus, arma ad caelum +tollens, Iovi aedem vovit, et exercitus seu forte seu divinitus +restitit. Itaque proelium redintegratur; sed raptae mulieres crinibus +passis ausae sunt se inter tela volantia inferre et hinc patres, hinc +viros orantes, pacem conciliarunt.</p> + +<p>Romulus, foedere cum Tatio icto, et Sabinos in urbem recepit et +regnum cum Tatio sociavit. Verum haud ita multo post, occiso Tatio, ad +Romulum potentatus omnis recidit. Centum deinde ex senioribus elegit, +quorum consilio omnia ageret, quos senatores nominavit propter +senectutem. Tres equitum centurias constituit, populum in triginta +curias distribuit. His ita ordinatis, cum ad exercitum lustrandum +contionem in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito coorta est +tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque et Romulus e conspectu ablatus +est. Ad deos transisse vulgo creditus est; cui rei fidem fecit Iulius +Proculus, vir nobilis. Orta enim inter patres et plebem seditione, in +contionem processit, iureiurando adfirmans visum a se Romulum augustiore +forma, eundemque praecipere ut seditionibus abstinerent et rem militarem +colerent; futurum ut omnium gentium domini exsisterent. Aedes in colle +Quirinali Romulo constituta, ipse pro deo cultus et Quirinus est +appellatus.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_III">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_III" id = "stripped_III">III.</a> +Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +716-673 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclita iustitia et religione. +Is Curibus, ex oppido Sabinorum, accitus est. Qui cum Romam venisset, ut +populum ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima instituit. Aram Vestae +consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum virginibus dedit. Flaminem +Iovis sacerdotem creavit eumque insigni veste et curuli sella adornavit. +Dicitur quondam ipsum Iovem e caelo elicuisse. Hic, ingentibus +fulminibus in urbem demissis, descendit in nemus Aventinum, ubi Numam +docuit quibus sacris fulmina essent procuranda, et praeterea imperii +certa pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promisit. Numa laetus rem +populo nuntiavit. Postridie omnes ad aedes regias convenerunt +silentesque exspectabant quid futurum esset. Atque sole orto delabitur e +caelo scisso scutum, quod ancile appellavit Numa. Id ne furto auferri +posset, Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta eadem forma fabricare iussit. +Duodecim autem Salios Martis sacerdotes legit, qui ancilia, secreta illa +imperii pignora, custodirent et Kalendis Martiis per urbem canentes et +rite saltantes ferrent. Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum lunae +descripsit; nefastos fastosque dies fecit; portas Iano gemino +aedificavit ut esset index pacis et belli; nam apertus, in armis esse +civitatem, clausus, pacatos circa omnes populos, significabat.</p> + +<p>Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut vero maiorem +institutis suis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit sibi cum dea Egeria +esse conloquia nocturna eiusque monitu se omnia, quae ageret, facere. +Lucus erat, quem medium fons perenni rigabat aqua; eo saepe Numa sine +arbitris se inferebat, velut ad congressum deae; ita omnium animos ea +pietate imbuit, ut fides ac iusiurandum non minus quam legum et poenarum +metus cives contineret. Bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus +civitati profuit quam Romulus. Morbo exstinctus in Ianiculo monte +sepultus est. Ita duo deinceps reges, ille bello, hic pace, civitatem +auxerunt. Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, Numa tres et +quadraginta.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_IV">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_IV" id = "stripped_IV">IV.</a> +Tullus Hostilius, Romanorum rex tertius<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +673-641 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Mortuo Numa Tullus Hostilius rex creatus est. Hic non solum proximo +regi dissimilis, sed ferocior etiam Romulo fuit. Eo regnante bellum +inter Albanos et Romanos exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio et Fufetio +placuit rem paucorum certamine finiri. Erant apud Romanos trigemini +fratres Horatii, tres apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum eis agunt reges ut pro +sua quisque patria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege, ut, unde +victoria, ibi imperium esset.</p> + +<p>Icto foedere trigemini arma capiunt et in medium inter duas acies +procedunt. Consederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum, infestique +armis terni iuvenes, magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. Ut +primo concursu increpuere arma micantesque fulsere gladii, horror ingens +spectantes perstringit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim duo Romani +alius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt; tres Albani vulnerati. Ad +casum Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exercitus Albanus. Romanos iam spes +tota deserebat. Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte is +integer fuit; sed quia tribus impar erat, ut distraheret hostes, fugam +capessivit, singulos per intervalla secuturos esse ratus. Iam aliquantum +spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, cum respiciens videt +unum e Curiatiis haud procul ab sese abesse. In eum magno impetu redit, +et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis ut opem ferant fratri, iam +Horatius eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset +consequi, interfecit.</p> + +<p>Iam singuli supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus pares. Alter erat +intactus ferro et geminata victoria ferox; alter fessum vulnere, fessum +cursu trahebat corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans male +sustinentem arma Curiatium conficit, iacentem spoliat. Romani ovantes ac +gratulantes Horatium accipiunt et domum deducunt. Princeps ibat +Horatius, trium fratrum spolia prae se gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror, +quae desponsa fuerat uni ex Curiatiis, visoque super umeros fratris +paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, flere et crines solvere +coepit. Movet ferocis iuvenis animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio +publico; itaque stricto gladio transfigit puellam, simul eam verbis +increpans: “Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum, oblita fratrum, +oblita patriae. Sic eat, quaecumque Romana lugebit hostem.”</p> + +<p>Atrox id visum est facinus patribus plebique; quare raptus est in ius +Horatius et apud iudices condemnatus. Iam accesserat lictor iniciebatque +laqueum. Tum Horatius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex +proclamabat filiam suam iure caesam esse; et iuvenem amplexus spoliaque +Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum ne se, quem paulo ante cum egregia +stirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis faceret. Non tulit populus patris +lacrimas iuvenemque absolvit admiratione magis virtutis quam iure +causae. Ut tamen caedes manifesta expiaretur, pater quibusdam +sacrificiis peractis transmisit per viam tigillum et filium capite +adoperto velut sub iugum misit; quod tigillum <i>Sororium</i> appellatum +est.</p> + +<p>Non diu pax Albana mansit; nam Mettius Fufetius, dux Albanorum, cum +se invidiosum apud cives videret, quod bellum uno paucorum certamine +finisset, ut rem corrigeret, Veientes Fidenatesque adversus Romanos +concitavit. Ipse, a Tullo in auxilium arcessitus, aciem in collem +subduxit, ut fortunam belli exspectaret et sequeretur. Qua re Tullus +intellecta magna voce ait suo illud iussu Mettium facere, ut hostes a +tergo circumvenirentur. Quo audito hostes territi et victi sunt. Postero +die Mettius cum ad gratulandum Tullo venisset, iussu illius quadrigis +religatus et in diversa distractus est. Deinde Tullus Albam propter +ducis perfidiam diruit et Albanos Romam transire iussit.</p> + +<p>Roma interim crevit Albae ruinis; duplicatus est civium numerus; mons +Caelius urbi additus et, quo frequentius habitaretur, eam sedem Tullus +regiae cepit ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum virium fiducia elatus +bellum Sabinis indixit. Pestilentia insecuta est; nulla tamen ab armis +quies dabatur. Credebat enim rex bellicosus salubriora militiae quam +domi esse iuvenum corpora, sed ipse quoque diuturno morbo est +implicitus. Tunc vero adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi +feroces, ut nulli rei posthac nisi sacris operam daret. Memorant Tullum +fulmine ictum cum domo conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit +annos duos et triginta.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_V">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_V" id = "stripped_V">V.</a> +Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +641-616 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Tullo mortuo Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit. Numae Pompilii +nepos Ancus Marcius erat, aequitate et religione avo similis. Tunc +Latini, cum quibus Tullo regnante ictum foedus erat, sustulerant animos, +et incursionem in agrum Romanum fecerunt. Ancus, priusquam eis bellum +indiceret, legatum misit, qui res repeteret, eumque morem posteri +acceperunt. Id autem hoc modo fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit +a quibus res repetuntur, capite velato “Audi, Iuppiter,” inquit “audite, +fines huius populi. Ego sum publicus nuntius populi Romani; verbis meis +fides sit.” Deinde peragit postulata. Si non deduntur res quas exposcit, +hastam in fines hostium emittit bellumque ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea +de re mittitur, <i>Fetialis</i> ritusque belli indicendi <i>Ius +Fetiale</i> appellatur.</p> + +<p>Legato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum est a Latinis; quare +bellum hoc modo eis indictum est. Ancus, exercitu conscripto, profectus +Latinos fudit et compluribus oppidis deletis cives Romam traduxit. Cum +autem in tanta hominum multitudine facinora clandestina fierent, Ancus +carcerem in media urbe ad terrorem increscentis audaciae aedificavit. +Idem nova moenia urbi circumdedit, Ianiculum montem ponte sublicio in +Tiberi facto urbi coniunxit, in ore Tiberis Ostiam urbem condidit. +Pluribus aliis rebus intra paucos annos confectis; immatura morte +praereptus obiit.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_VI">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_VI" id = "stripped_VI">VI.</a> +Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Romanorum rex quintus<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +616-578 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Anco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, Tarquiniis, ex Etruriae urbe, +profectus, cum coniuge et fortunis omnibus Romam commigravit. Additur +haec fabula: advenienti aquila pilleum sustulit et super carpentum, cui +Tarquinius insidebat, cum magno clangore volitans rursus capiti apte +reposuit; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil coniux, caelestium prodigiorum +perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa +et alta sperare eum iussit. Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes +urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato Tarquinius pecunia et +industria dignitatem atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus +est; a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum intercepit et ita +administravit, quasi iure adeptus esset.</p> + +<p>Tarquinius Priscus Latinos bello domuit; Circum Maximum aedificavit; +de Sabinis triumphavit; murum lapideum urbi circumdedit. Equitum +centurias duplicavit, nomina mutare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, +Atti Navii auctoritate. Attus enim, ea tempestate augur inclitus, id +fieri posse negabat, nisi aves addixissent; iratus rex in experimentum +artis eum interrogavit, fierine posset quod ipse mente concepisset; +Attus augurio acto fieri posse respondit. “Atqui hoc” inquit rex +“agitabam, num cotem illam secare novacula possem.” “Potes ergo” inquit +augur, et rex secuisse dicitur. Tarquinius filium tredecim annorum, quod +in proelio hostem percussisset, praetexta bullaque donavit; unde haec +ingenuorum puerorum insignia esse coeperunt.</p> + +<p>Supererant duo Anci filii, qui, aegre ferentes se paterno regno +fraudatos esse, regi insidias paraverunt. Ex pastoribus duos +ferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. Ei simulata rixa in +vestibulo regiae tumultuantur. Quorum clamor cum penitus in regiam +pervenisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque vociferari coepit et +certatim alter alteri obstrepere. Cum vero iussi essent in vicem dicere, +unus ex composito rem orditur; dumque intentus in eum se rex totus +avertit, alter elatam securim in eius caput deiecit, et relicto in +vulnere telo ambo foras se proripiunt.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_VII">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_VII" id = "stripped_VII">VII.</a> +Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +578-534 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili +femina, captiva tamen et famula. Qui cum in domo Tarquinii Prisci +educaretur, ferunt prodigium visu eventuque mirabile accidisse. Flammae +species pueri dormientis caput amplexa est. Hoc visu Tanaquil summam ei +dignitatem portendi intellexit coniugique suasit ut eum haud secus ac +suos liberos educaret. Is postquam adolevit, et fortitudine et consilio +insignis fuit. In proelio quodam, in quo rex Tarquinius adversus Sabinos +conflixit, militibus segnius dimicantibus, raptum signum in hostem +misit. Cuius recipiendi gratia Romani tam acriter pugnaverunt, ut et +signum et victoriam referrent. Quare a Tarquinio gener adsumptus est; et +cum Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil, Tarquinii uxor, mortem eius +celavit, populumque ex superiore parte aedium adlocuta ait regem grave +quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse, eumque petere, ut interim dum +convalesceret, Servio Tullio dicto audientes essent. Sic Servius Tullius +regnare coepit, sed recte imperium administravit. Sabinos subegit; +montes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum urbi adiunxit; fossas +circa murum duxit. Idem censum ordinavit, et populum in classes et +centurias distribuit.</p> + +<p>Servius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere volebat. Iam tum inclitum +erat Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id communiter a civitatibus Asiae factum +fama ferebat. Itaque Latinorum populis suasit ut et ipsi fanum Dianae +cum populo Romano Romae in Aventino monte aedificarent. Quo facto, bos +mirae magnitudinis cuidam Latino nata dicitur, et responsum somnio datum +eum populum summam imperii habiturum, cuius civis bovem illam Dianae +immolasset. Latinus bovem ad fanum Dianae egit et causam sacerdoti +Romano exposuit. Ille callidus dixit prius eum vivo flumine manus +abluere debere. Latinus dum ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bovem +immolavit. Ita imperium civibus sibique gloriam adquisivit.</p> + +<p>Servius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, mitem alteram habens, cum +Tarquinii filios pari esse animo videret, ferocem miti, mitem feroci in +matrimonium dedit, ne duo violenta ingenia matrimonio iungerentur. Sed +mites seu forte seu fraude perierunt; feroces morum similitudo +coniunxit. Statim Tarquinius a Tullia incitatus advocato senatu regnum +paternum repetere coepit. Qua re audita Servius dum ad Curiam contendit, +iussu Tarquinii per gradus deiectus et domum refugiens interfectus est. +Tullia carpento vecta in Forum properavit et coniugem e Curia evocatum +prima regem salutavit; cuius iussu cum e turba ac tumultu decessisset +domumque rediret, viso patris corpore, cunctantem et frena mulionem +inhibentem super ipsum corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde vicus ille +Sceleratus dictus est. Servius Tullius regnavit annos quattuor et +quadraginta.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_VIII">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_VIII" id = "stripped_VIII">VIII.</a> +Tarquinius Superbus, Romanorum rex septimus et ultimus<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +534-510 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Tarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste occupavit. Tamen bello strenuus +Latinos Sabinosque domuit. Urbem Gabios in potestatem redegit fraude +Sexti filii. Is cum indigne ferret eam urbem a patre expugnari non +posse, ad Gabinos se contulit, patris saevitiam in se conquerens. +Benigne a Gabinis exceptus paulatim eorum benevolentiam consequitur, +fictis blanditiis ita eos adliciens, ut apud omnes plurimum posset, et +ad postremum dux belli eligeretur. Tum e suis unum ad patrem mittit +sciscitatum quidnam se facere vellet. Pater nuntio filii nihil +respondit, sed velut deliberabundus in hortum transiit ibique inambulans +sequente nuntio altissima papaverum capita baculo decussit. Nuntius, +fessus exspectando, rediit Gabios. Sextus, cognito silentio patris et +facto, intellexit quid vellet pater. Primores civitatis interemit +patrique urbem sine ulla dimicatione tradidit.</p> + +<p>Postea rex Ardeam urbem obsidebat. Ibi cum in castris essent, +Tarquinius Collatinus, sorore regis natus, forte cenabat apud Sextum +Tarquinium cum iuvenibus regiis. Incidit <ins class = "correction" title += "text reads ‘de’">de</ins> uxoribus mentio; cum suam unusquisque +laudaret, placuit experiri. Itaque citatis equis Romam avolant; regias +nurus in convivio et luxu deprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collatiam; +Lucretiam, Collatini uxorem, inter ancillas lanae deditam inveniunt. Ea +ergo ceteris praestare iudicatur. Paucis interiectis diebus Sextus +Collatiam rediit et Lucretiae vim attulit. Illa postero die, advocatis +patre et coniuge, rem exposuit et se cultro, quem sub veste abditum +habebat, occidit. Conclamat vir paterque et in exitium regum coniurant. +Tarquinio Romam redeunti clausae sunt urbis portae et exsilium +indictum.</p> + +<p>In antiquis annalibus memoriae haec sunt prodita. Anus hospita atque +incognita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum regem adiit, novem libros +ferens, quos esse dicebat divina oracula: eos se velle venumdare. +Tarquinius pretium percontatus est: mulier nimium atque immensum +poposcit. Rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet, derisit. Tum illa foculum +cum igni apponit et tres libros ex novem deurit; et, ecquid reliquos sex +eodem pretio emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed Tarquinius id multo +risit magis, dixitque anum iam procul dubio delirare. Mulier ibidem +statim tres alios libros exussit; atque id ipsum denuo placide rogat, ut +tres reliquos eodem illo pretio emat. Tarquinius ore iam serio atque +attentiore animo fit; eam constantiam confidentiamque non neglegendam +intellegit: libros tres reliquos mercatur nihilo minore pretio quam quod +erat petitum pro omnibus. Sed eam mulierem tunc a Tarquinio digressam +postea nusquam loci visam constitit. Libri tres in sacrario conditi +Sibyllinique appellati. Ad eos, quasi ad oraculum, Quindecemviri adeunt, +cum dii immortales publice consulendi sunt.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_IX">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_IX" id = "stripped_IX">IX.</a> +Iunius Brutus, Romanorum consul primus</h4> + +<p>Iunius Brutus, sorore Tarquinii Superbi natus, cum eandem fortunam +timeret, in quam frater inciderat, qui ob divitias et prudentiam ab +avunculo erat occisus, stultitiam finxit, unde Brutus dictus est. +Profectus Delphos cum Tarquinii filiis, quos pater ad Apollinem +muneribus honorandum miserat, baculo sambuceo aurum inclusum dono tulit +deo. Peractis deinde mandatis patris, iuvenes Apollinem consulunt +quisnam ex ipsis Romae regnaturus esset. Responsum est eum Romae summam +potestatem habiturum, qui primus matrem osculatus esset. Tunc Brutus, +velut si casu prolapsus cecidisset, terram osculatus est, scilicet quod +ea communis mater omnium mortalium esset.</p> + +<p>Expulsis regibus duo consules creati sunt, Iunius Brutus et +Tarquinius Collatinus Lucretiae maritus. At libertas modo parta per +dolum et proditionem paene amissa est. Erant in iuventute Romana +adulescentes aliquot, sodales adulescentium Tarquiniorum. Hi cum +legatis, quos rex ad bona sua repetenda Romam miserat, de restituendis +regibus conloquuntur, ipsos Bruti consulis filios in societatem consilii +adsumunt. Sermonem eorum ex servis unus excepit; rem ad consules +detulit. Datae ad Tarquinium litterae manifestum facinus fecerunt. +Proditores in vincula coniecti sunt, deinde damnati. Stabant ad palum +deligati iuvenes nobilissimi; sed a ceteris liberi consulis omnium in se +oculos avertebant. Consules in sedem processere suam, missique lictores +nudatos virgis caedunt securique feriunt. Supplicii non spectator modo, +sed et exactor erat Brutus. qui tunc patrem exuit, ut consulem +ageret.</p> + +<p>Tarquinius deinde bello aperto regnum reciperare conatus est. +Equitibus praeerat Aruns, Tarquinii filius: rex ipse cum legionibus +sequebatur. Obviam hosti consules eunt; Brutus ad explorandum cum +equitatu antecessit. Aruns, ubi procul Brutum agnovit, inflammatus ira +“Ille est vir” inquit “qui nos patria expulit; ipse en ille nostris +decoratus insignibus magnifice incedit.” Tum concitat calcaribus equum +atque in ipsum consulem dirigit; Brutus avide se certamini offert. Adeo +infestis animis concurrerunt, ut ambo hasta transfixi caderent; fugatus +tamen proelio est Tarquinius. Alter consul Romam triumphans rediit. +Bruti conlegae funus, quanto potuit apparatu, fecit. Brutum matronae, ut +parentem, annum luxerunt.</p> + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_X">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_X" id = "stripped_X">X.</a> +Mucius Scaevola</h4> + +<p>Cum Porsena Romam obsideret, Mucius, vir Romanae constantiae, senatum +adiit et veniam transfugiendi petiit, necem regis repromittens. Accepta +potestate cum in castra Porsenae venisset, ibi in confertissima turba +prope tribunal constitit. Stipendium tunc forte militibus dabatur et +scriba cum rege pari fere ornatu sedebat. Mucius, ignorans uter rex +esset, illum pro rege occidit. Apprehensus et ad regem pertractus +dextram accenso ad sacrificium foculo iniecit, velut manum puniens, quod +in caede peccasset. Attonitus miraculo rex iuvenem amoveri ab altaribus +iussit. Tum Mucius, quasi beneficium remunerans, ait trecentos adversus +eum sui similes coniurasse. Qua re ille territus bellum acceptis +obsidibus deposuit. Mucio prata trans Tiberim data, ab eo Mucia +appellata. Statua quoque ei honoris gratia constituta est.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XI">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XI" id = "stripped_XI">XI.</a> +Fabii trecenti sex<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +479-477 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Cum adsiduis Veientium incursionibus vexarentur Romani, Fabia gens +senatum adit; consul Fabius pro gente loquitur: “Vos alia bella curate; +Fabios hostes Veientibus date: id bellum privato sumptu gerere nobis in +animo est.” Gratiae ei ingentes actae sunt. Consul e Curia +egressus, comitante Fabiorum agmine, domum rediit. Manat tota urbe +rumor; Fabium ad caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabii postero die arma capiunt. +Numquam exercitus neque minor numero neque clarior fama et admiratione +hominum per urbem incessit. Ibant sex et trecenti milites, omnes +patricii, omnes unius gentis. Ad Cremeram flumen perveniunt. Is +opportunus visus est locus communiendo praesidio. Hostes non semel fusi +pacem supplices petunt.</p> + +<p>Veientes pacis impetratae cum brevi paenituisset, redintegrato bello +inierunt consilium insidiis ferocem hostem captandi. Multo successu +Fabiis audacia crescebat. Cum igitur palati passim agros popularentur, +pecora a Veientibus obviam acta sunt; ad quae progressi Fabii in +insidias delapsi omnes ad unum perierunt. Dies, quo id factum est, inter +nefastos relatus est; porta, qua profecti erant, Scelerata est +appellata. Unus omnino superfuit ex ea gente, qui propter aetatem +impuberem domi relictus erat. Is genus propagavit ad Quintum Fabium +Maximum, qui Hannibalem mora fregit.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XII">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XII" id = "stripped_XII">XII.</a> +Lucius Virginius</h4> + +<p>Anno trecentesimo ab urbe condita pro duobus consulibus decemviri +creati sunt, qui adlatas e Graecia leges populo proponerent. Duodecim +tabulis eae sunt perscriptae. Ceterum decemviri sua ipsorum insolentia +in exitium acti sunt. Nam unus ex iis Appius Claudius virginem plebeiam +adamavit. Quam cum Appius non posset pretio ac spe perlicere, unum e +clientibus subornavit, qui eam in servitutem deposceret, facile victurum +se sperans, cum ipse esset et accusator et iudex. Lucius Virginius, +puellae pater, tunc aberat militiae causa. Cliens igitur virgini +venienti in Forum (namque ibi in tabernis litterarum ludi erant) iniecit +manum, adfirmans suam esse servam. Eam sequi se iubet; ni <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘faciat’">faciat</ins>, minatur se vi +abstracturum. Pavida puella stupente, ad clamorem nutricis fit +concursus. Itaque cum ille puellam vi non posset abducere, eam vocat in +ius, ipso Appio iudice.</p> + +<p>Interea missi nuntii ad Virginium properant. Is commeatu sumpto a +castris profectus prima luce Romam advenit, cum iam civitas in Foro +exspectatione erecta stabat. Virginius statim in Forum lacrimabundus et +civium opem implorans filiam suam deducit. Neque eo setius Appius, cum +in tribunal escendisset, Virginiam clienti suo addixit. Tum pater, ubi +nihil usquam auxilii vidit, “Quaeso,” inquit “Appi, ignosce patrio +dolori; sine me filiam ultimum adloqui.” Data venia pater cum filiam +seduxisset, ab lanio cultro adrepto pectus puellae transfigit. Tum vero +sibi viam facit et respersus cruore ad exercitum profugit et milites ad +vindicandum facinus accendit. Concitatus exercitus montem Aventinum +insedit; decem tribunos militum creavit; decemviros magistratu se +abdicare coegit eosque omnes aut morte aut exilio multavit; ipse Appius +Claudius in carcerem coniectus mortem sibi conscivit.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XIII">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XIII" id = "stripped_XIII">XIII.</a> +Titus Manlius Torquatus</h4> + +<p>Titus Manlius ob ingenii et linguae tarditatem a patre rus relegatus +erat. Qui cum audivisset patri diem dictam esse a Pomponio, tribuno +plebis, cepit consilium rudis quidem et agrestis animi, sed pietate +laudabile. Cultro succinctus mane in urbem atque a porta confestim ad +Pomponium pergit: introductus cultrum stringit et super lectum Pomponii +stans se eum transfixurum minatur, nisi ab incepta accusatione desistat. +Pavidus tribunus, quippe qui cerneret ferrum ante oculos micans, +accusationem dimisit. Ea res adulescenti eo maiori fuit honori quod +animum eius acerbitas paterna a pietate non avertisset, ideoque eodem +anno tribunus militum factus est.</p> + +<p>Cum postea Galli ad tertium lapidem trans Anienem fluvium castra +posuissent, exercitus Romanus ab urbe profectus in citeriore ripa fluvii +constitit. Pons in medio erat: tunc Gallus eximia corporis magnitudine +in vacuum pontem processit et quam maxima voce potuit “Quem nunc” inquit +“Roma fortissimum habet, is procedat agedum ad pugnam, ut eventus +certaminis nostri ostendat utra gens bello sit melior.” Diu inter +primores iuvenum Romanorum silentium fuit. Tum Titus Manlius ex statione +ad imperatorem pergit: “Iniussu tuo,” inquit, “imperator, extra ordinem +numquam pugnaverim, non si certam victoriam videam; si tu permittis, +volo ego illi beluae ostendere me ex ea familia ortum esse, quae +Gallorum agmen ex rupe Tarpeia deiecit.” Cui imperator “Macte virtute,” +inquit “Tite Manli, esto: pergeet nomen Romanum invictum praesta.”</p> + +<p>Armant deinde iuvenem aequales: scutum capit, Hispano cingitur +gladio, ad propiorem pugnam habili. Exspectabat eum Gallus stolide +laetus et linguam ab inrisu exserens. Ubi constitere inter duas acies, +Gallus ensem cum ingenti sonitu in arma Manlii deiecit. Manlius vero +inter corpus et arma Galli sese insinuans uno alteroque ictu ventrem +transfodit et in spatium ingens ruentem porrexit hostem; iacenti torquem +detraxit, quem cruore respersum collo circumdedit suo. Defixerat pavor +cum admiratione Gallos; Romani alacres obviam militi suo progrediuntur +et gratulantes laudantesque ad imperatorem perducunt. Manlius inde +Torquati cognomen accepit.</p> + +<p>Idem Manlius, postea consul factus bello Latino, ut disciplinam +militarem restitueret, edixit ne quis extra ordinem in hostes pugnaret. +T. Manlius, consulis filius, cum propius forte ad stationem hostium +accessisset, is, qui Latino equitatui praeerat, ubi consulis filium +agnovit, “Visne” inquit “congredi mecum, ut singularis certaminis eventu +cernatur, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet?” Movit ferocem animum +iuvenis seu ira seu detrectandi certaminis pudor. Itaque oblitus imperii +paterni in certamen ruit et Latinum ex equo excussum transfixit +spoliisque lectis in castra ad patrem venit. Extemplo filium aversatus +consul milites classico advocat. Qui postquam frequentes convenere, +“Quandoquidem” inquit “tu, fili, contra imperium consulis pugnasti, +oportet disciplinam, quam solvisti, poena tua restituas. Triste +exemplum, sed in posterum salubre iuventuti eris. I, lictor, deliga ad +palum.” Metu omnes obstupuere; sed postquam cervice caesa fusus est +cruor, in questus et lamenta erupere. Manlio Romam redeunti seniores +tantum obviam exierunt: iuventus et tunc eum et omni deinde vita +exsecrata est.</p> + +<p>Operae pretium erit aliud severitatis disciplinae Romanae exemplum +proferre, simul ut appareat quam facile severitas in crudelitatem et +furorem abeat. Cn. Piso fuit vir a multis vitiis integer, sed pravus et +cui placebat pro constantia rigor. Is cum iratus ad mortem duci +iussisset militem, quasi interfecisset commilitonem, cum quo egressus +erat e castris et sine quo redierat, roganti tempus aliquod ad +conquirendum non dedit. Damnatus miles extra castrorum vallum ductus est +et iam cervicem porrigebat, cum subito apparuit ille commilito, qui +occisus dicebatur. Tunc centurio supplicio praepositus condere gladium +carnificem iubet. Ambo commilitones alter alterum complexi ingenti +concursu et magno gaudio exercitus deducuntur ad Pisonem. Ille +conscendit tribunal furens et utrumque ad mortem duci iubet, adicit et +centurionem, qui damnatum militem reduxerat, haec praefatus: “Te morte +plecti iubeo, quia iam damnatus es; te, quia causa damnationis +commilitoni fuisti; te, quia iussus occidere militem imperatori non +paruisti.”</p> + +<p>Ceterum Manlianae gentis propriam fere fuisse illam in filios +acerbitatem alius Manlius, illius de quo supra diximus nepos, ostendit. +Cum Macedonum legati Romam venissent conquestum de Silano, Manlii +Torquati filio, quod praetor provinciam expilasset, pater, avitae +severitatis heres, petiit a patribus conscriptis ne quid de ea re +statuerent, antequam ipse inspexisset Macedonum et filii sui causam. Id +a senatu libenter concessum est viro summae dignitatis, consulari +iurisque civilis peritissimo. Itaque, instituta domi cognitione causae, +solus per totum biduum utramque partem audiebat ac tertio die +pronuntiavit filium suum videri non talem fuisse in provincia, quales +eius maiores fuissent, et in conspectum suum deinceps venire vetuit. Tam +tristi patris iudicio perculsus lucem ulterius intueri non sustinuit et +proxima nocte vitam suspendio finivit. Peregerat Torquatus severi et +religiosi iudicis partes, satisfactum erat rei publicae, habebat +ultionem Macedonia, at nondum erat inflexus patris rigor. Igitur ne +exsequiis quidem filii interfuit, ut patribus mos erat apud Romanos, et +eo ipso die, quo funus eius ducebatur, aures, ut solebat, volentibus +consulere se de iure praebuit.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XIV">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XIV" id = "stripped_XIV">XIV.</a> +Publius Decius</h4> + +<p>P. Decius, Valerio Maximo et Cornelio Cosso consulibus, tribunus +militum fuit. Exercitu Romano in angustiis Gauri montis clauso Decius +editum collem conspexit imminentem hostium castris. Accepto praesidio +verticem occupavit, hostes terruit, consuli spatium dedit ad subducendum +agmen in aequiorem locum. Ipse, colle, quem insederat, undique armatis +circumdato, intempesta nocte per medias hostium custodias somno +oppressas incolumis evasit. Qua re ab exercitu donatus est corona +civica, quae dabatur ei, qui cives in bello servasset. Consul fuit bello +Latino cum Manlio Torquato. Hoc bello cum utrique consuli somnio +obvenisset eos victores futuros, quorum dux in proelio cecidisset, +convenit inter eos uti, utrius cornu in acie laboraret, is diis se +Manibus devoveret. Inclinante sua parte Decius se et hostes diis Manibus +devovit. Armatus in equum insiluit ac se in medios hostes immisit: +corruit obrutus telis et victoriam suis reliquit.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XV">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XV" id = "stripped_XV">XV.</a> +Manius Curius</h4> + +<p>Manius Curius contra Samnites profectus eos ingentibus proeliis +vicit. In quo bello cum permultum agri hominumque maximam vim cepisset, +ipse inde ditari adeo noluit, ut, cum interversae pecuniae argueretur, +catillo ligneo, quo uti ad sacrificia consueverat, in medium prolato +iuraret se nihil amplius de praeda hostili in domum suam convertisse. +Curio ad focum sedenti in agresti scamno et ex ligneo catillo cenanti +cum magnum auri pondus Samnites attulissent, repudiati ab eo sunt +dixitque non aurum habere sibi praeclarum videri, sed iis qui haberent +aurum imperare. Quo responso Curius Samnitibus ostendit se neque acie +vinci neque pecunia corrumpi posse. Agri capti septena iugera populo +viritim divisit; cumque ipsi senatus iugera quinquaginta adsignaret, +plus accipere noluit quam singulis civibus erat datum, dixitque +perniciosum esse civem, qui eo, quod reliquis tribueretur, contentus non +esset.</p> + +<p>Postea consul creatus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque in +Capitolio delectum haberet et iuniores taedio belli nomina non darent, +coniectis in urnam omnium tribuum nominibus primum nomen urna extractum +citari iussit et cum adulescens non responderet, bona eius hastae +subiecit, deinde cum is questus de iniuria consulis tribunos plebis +appellasset, ipsum quoque vendidit, nihil opus esse rei publicae eo +cive, qui nesciret parere, dicens. Neque tribuni plebis adulescenti +auxilio fuerunt; posteaque res in consuetudinem abiit, ut delectu rite +acto, qui militiam detrectaret, in servitutem venderetur. Hoc terrore +ceteri adacti nomina promptius dederunt.</p> + +<p>His copiis Curius Pyrrhi exercitum cecidit deque eo rege triumphavit. +Insignem triumphum fecerunt quattuor elephanti cum turribus suis, tum +primum Romae visi. Victus rex relicto Tarenti praesidio in Epirum +revertit. Cum autem bellum renovaturus putaretur, Manium Curium iterum +consulem fieri placuit. Sed inopinata mors regis Romanos metu liberavit. +Pyrrhus enim, dum Argos oppugnat, urbem iam ingressus a iuvene quodam +Argivo lancea leviter vulneratus est. Mater adulescentis, anus +paupercula, cum aliis mulieribus e tecto domus proelium spectabat; quae +cum vidisset Pyrrhum in auctorem vulneris sui magno impetu ferri, +periculo filii sui commota protinus tegulam corripuit et utraque manu +libratam in caput regis deiecit.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XVI">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XVI" id = "stripped_XVI">XVI.</a> +Gaius Duilius</h4> + +<p>Gaius Duilius Poenos navali pugna primus devicit. Qui cum videret +naves Romanas a Punicis velocitate superari, manus ferreas sive corvos, +machinam ad comprehendendas hostium naves tenendasque utilem, +excogitavit. Quae manus ubi hostilem apprehenderant navem, superiecto +ponte transgrediebatur Romanus et in ipsorum ratibus comminus +dimicabant, unde Romanis, qui robore praestabant, facilis victoria fuit. +Celeriter sunt expugnatae naves Punicae triginta, in quibus etiam +praetoria septiremis capta est, mersae tredecim.</p> + +<p>Duilius victor Romam reversus primus navalem triumphum egit. Nulla +victoria Romanis gratior fuit, quod invicti terra iam etiam mari +plurimum possent. Itaque Duilio concessum est, ut per omnem vitam +praelucente funali et praecinente tibicine a cena rediret.</p> + +<p>Hannibal, dux classis Punicae, e navi quae iam capiebatur, in scapham +saltu se demittens Romanorum manus effugit. Veritus autem, ne in patria +classis amissae poenas daret, civium odium astutia avertit, nam ex illa +infelici pugna priusquam cladis nuntius domum perveniret quendam ex +amicis Carthaginem misit. Qui postquam curiam intravit, “Consulit” +inquit “vos Hannibal, cum dux Romanorum magnis copiis maritimis +instructis advenerit, num cum eo confligere debeat?” Acclamavit +universus senatus non esse dubium quin confligi oporteret. Tum ille +“Conflixit” inquit “et superatus est.” Ita non potuerunt factum damnare, +quod ipsi fieri debuisse iudicaverant. Sic Hannibal victus crucis +supplicium effugit: nam eo poenae genere dux re male gesta apud Poenos +adficiebatur.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XVII">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XVII" id = "stripped_XVII">XVII.</a> +Marcus Atilius Regulus</h4> + +<p>Marcus Regulus cum Poenos magna clade adfecisset, Hanno +Carthaginiensis ad eum venit, quasi de pace acturus, re vera ut tempus +extraheret, donec novae copiae ex Africa advenirent. Is ubi ad consulem +accessit, exortus est militum clamor auditaque vox, idem huic faciendum +esse, quod paucis ante annis Cornelio consuli a Poenis factum esset. +Cornelius enim, velut in conloquium per fraudem evocatus, a Poenis +comprehensus erat et in vincula coniectus. Iam Hanno timere incipiebat, +sed periculum astuto responso avertit: “Hoc vero” inquit “si feceritis, +nihilo eritis Afris meliores.” Consul tacere iussit eos, qui par pari +referri volebant, et conveniens gravitati Romanae responsum dedit: “Isto +te metu, Hanno, fides Romana liberat.” De pace, quia neque Poenus serio +agebat et consul victoriam quam pacem malebat, non convenit.</p> + +<p>Regulus deinde in Africam primus Romanorum ducum traiecit. Clypeam +urbem et trecenta castella expugnavit, neque cum hominibus tantum, sed +etiam cum monstris dimicavit. Nam cum ad flumen Bagradam castra haberet, +anguis mira magnitudine exercitum Romanorum vexabat; multos milites +ingenti ore corripuit; plures caudae verbere elisit; nonnullos ipso +pestilentis halitus adflatu exanimavit. Neque is telorum ictu perforari +poterat, durissima squamarum lorica omnia tela facile repellente. +Confugiendum fuit ad machinas advectisque ballistis et catapultis, velut +arx quaedam munita, deiciendus hostis fuit. Tandem saxorum pondere +oppressus iacuit, sed cruore suo flumen corporisque pestifero adflatu +vicina loca infecit Romanosque castra inde submovere coegit. Corium +beluae, centum et viginti pedes longum, Romam misit Regulus.</p> + +<p>Huic ob res bene gestas imperium in annum proximum prorogatum est. +Quod ubi cognovit Regulus, scripsit senatui vilicum suum in agello, quem +septem iugerum habebat, mortuum esse et servum, occasionem nactum, +aufugisse ablato instrumento rustico ideoque petere se ut sibi successor +in Africam mitteretur, ne, deserto agro, non esset unde uxor et liberi +alerentur. Senatus, acceptis litteris, res quas Regulus amiserat publica +pecunia redimi iussit, agellum colendum locavit, alimenta coniugi ac +liberis praebuit. Regulus deinde multis proeliis Carthaginiensium opes +contudit eosque pacem petere coegit. Quam cum Regulus nollet nisi +durissimis condicionibus dare, a Lacedaemoniis illi auxilium +petierunt.</p> + +<p>Lacedaemonii Xanthippum, virum belli peritissimum, Carthaginiensibus +miserunt, a quo Regulus victus est ultima pernicie: nam duo tantum milia +hominum ex omni Romano exercitu refugerunt et Regulus ipse captus et in +carcerem coniectus est. Inde Romam de permutandis <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘captivis’">captivis</ins> missus est +dato iureiurando. ut, si non impetrasset, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Qui +cum Romam venisset, inductus in senatum mandata exposuit; sententiam ne +diceret recusavit; quamdiu iureiurando hostium teneretur, se non esse +senatorem. Iussus tamen sententiam dicere, negavit esse utile captivos +Poenos reddi, illos enim adulescentes esse et bonos duces, se iam +confectum senectute. Cuius cum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti +sunt, ipse, cum retineretur a propinquis et amicis, tamen Carthaginem +rediit: neque vero tunc ignorabat se ad crudelissimum hostem et ad +exquisita supplicia proficisci, sed iusiurandum conservandum putavit. +Reversum Carthaginienses omni cruciatu necaverunt: palpebris enim +resectis aliquamdiu in loco tenebricoso tenuerunt: deinde cum sol esset +ardentissimus, repente eductum intueri caelum coegerunt; postremo in +arcam ligneam, undique clavis praeacutis horrentem et tam angustam, ut +erectus perpetuo manere cogeretur, incluserunt. Ita dum fessum corpus, +quocumque inclinabat, stimulis ferreis confoditur, vigiliis et dolore +continuo interemptus est. Hic fuit Atilii Reguli exitus, ipsa vita +clarior et inlustrior.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XVIII">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XVIII" id = "stripped_XVIII">XVIII.</a> +Appius Claudius Pulcher</h4> + +<p>Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritatis, consul adversus Poenos +profectus priorum ducum consilia palam reprehendebat seque, quo die +hostem vidisset, bellum confecturum esse iactitabat. Qui cum, antequam +navale proelium committeret, auspicia haberet pullariusque ei +nuntiasset, pullos non exire e cavea neque vesci, inridens iussit eos in +aquam mergi, ut saltem biberent, quoniam esse nollent. Ea res cum, quasi +iratis diis, milites ad omnia segniores timidioresque fecisset, commisso +proelio magna clades a Romanis accepta est: octo eorum milia caesa sunt, +viginti milia capta. Qua re Claudius postea a populo condemnatus est +damnationisque ignominiam voluntaria morte praevenit. Ea res calamitati +fuit etiam Claudiae, consulis sorori: quae a ludis publicis revertens, +in conferta multitudine aegre procedente carpento, palam optavit ut +frater suus Pulcher revivisceret atque iterum classem amitteret, quo +minor turba Romae foret. Ob vocem illam impiam Claudia quoque damnata +gravisque ei dicta est multa.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XIX">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XIX" id = "stripped_XIX">XIX.</a> +Quintus Fabius Maximus</h4> + +<p>Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, novem annos natus, a patre aris admotus +odium in Romanos perenne iuravit. Quae res maxime videtur concitasse +secundum Punicum bellum. Nam, mortuo Hamilcare, Hannibal causam belli +quaerens Saguntum, civitatem Hispaniae Romanis foederatam evertit. +Quapropter Roma missi sunt Carthaginem legati, qui Hannibalem, mali +auctorem, exposcerent. Tergiversantibus Poenis Quintus Fabius, +legationis princeps, sinu ex toga facto “Hic” inquit “vobis bellum et +pacem portamus; utrum placet, sumite.” Poenis daret utrum vellet +succlamantibus, Fabius, excussa toga, bellum se dare dicit. Poeni +accipere se responderunt et, quibus acciperent animis, iisdem se +gesturos.</p> + +<p>Hannibal superatis Pyrenaei et Alpium iugis in Italiam venit. Publium +Scipionem apud Ticinum amnem, Sempronium apud Trebiam, Flaminium apud +Trasumenum profligavit.</p> + +<p>Adversus hostem totiens victorem missus Quintus Fabius dictator +Hannibalis impetum mora fregit; namque, priorum ducum cladibus edoctus +belli rationem mutare et adversus Hannibalem, successibus proeliorum +insolentem, recedere ab ancipiti discrimine et tueri tantummodo Italiam +constituit Cunctatorisque nomen et laudem summi ducis meruit. Per loca +alta agmen ducebat modico ab hoste intervallo, ut neque omitteret eum +neque cum eo congrederetur; castris, nisi quantum necessitas cogeret, +miles tenebatur. Dux neque occasioni rei bene gerendae deerat, si qua ab +hoste daretur, neque ullam ipse hosti dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus +proeliis superior discederet, militem minus iam coepit aut virtutis suae +aut fortunae paenitere.</p> + +<p>His artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agro Falerno locorum angustiis +clausisset, ille sine ullo exercitus detrimento se expedivit. Namque +arida sarmenta in boum cornibus deligata principio noctis incendi +bovesque ad montes, quos Romani insederant, agi iussit. Qui cum accensis +cornibus per montes, per silvas huc illuc discurrerent, Romani miraculo +attoniti constiterunt; ipse Fabius, insidias esse ratus, militem extra +vallum egredi vetuit. Interea Hannibal ex angustiis evasit.</p> + +<p>Dein Hannibal, ut Fabio apud suos conflaret invidiam, agrum eius, +omnibus circa vastatis, intactum reliquit. At Fabius, misso Romam Quinto +filio, inviolatum ab hoste agrum vendidit eiusque pretio captivos +Romanos redemit.</p> + +<p>Haud grata tamen Romanis erat Fabii cunctatio: eumque pro cauto +timidum, pro cunctatore segnem vocitabant. Augebat invidiam Minucius, +magister equitum, dictatorem criminando: illum in ducendo bello sedulo +tempus terere, quo diutius in magistratu esset solusque et Romae et in +exercitu imperium haberet. His sermonibus accensa plebs dictatori +magistrum equitum imperio aequavit. Hanc iniuriam aequo animo tulit +Fabius exercitumque suum cum Minucio divisit. Cum autem Minucius temere +proelium commisisset, ei periclitanti auxilio venit Fabius. Cuius subito +adventu repressus Hannibal receptui cecinit, palam confessus ab se +Minucium, se a Fabio victum esse. Redeuntem ex acie dixisse eum ferunt +tandem eam nubem, quae sedere in iugis montium solita esset, cum +procella imbrem dedisse. Minucius autem periculo liberatus castra cum +Fabio iunxit et patrem eum appellavit idemque facere milites iussit.</p> + +<p>Postea Hannibal Tarento per proditionem potitus est. Hanc urbem ut +Poenis traderent, tredecim fere nobiles iuvenes Tarentini coniuraverant. +Hi, nocte per speciem venandi urbe egressi, ad Hannibalem, qui haud +procul castra habebat, venerunt. Cui cum quid pararent exposuissent, +conlaudavit eos Hannibal monuitque ut redeuntes pecora Carthaginiensium, +quae pastum propulsa essent, ad urbem agerent et veluti praedam ex hoste +factam aut praefecto aut custodibus portarum donarent. Id iterum ac +saepius ab iis factum eoque consuetudinis adducta res est, ut, quocumque +noctis tempore sibilo dedissent signum, porta urbis aperiretur. Tunc +Hannibal eos nocte media cum decem milibus hominum delectorum secutus +est. Ubi portae appropinquarunt, nota iuvenum vox et familiare signum +vigilem excitavit. Duo primi inferebant aprum vasti corporis. Vigil +incautus, dum beluae magnitudinem miratur, venabulo occisus est. +Ingressi proditores ceteros vigiles sopitos obtruncant. Tum Hannibal cum +suo agmine ingreditur: Romani passim trucidantur. Livius Salinator, +Romanorum praefectus, cum iis, qui caedi superfuerunt, in arcem +confugit.</p> + +<p>Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidione +cinxit. Leve dictu momentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam eum adiuvit. +Praefectus praesidii Tarentini deperibat amore mulierculae, cuius frater +in exercitu Fabii erat. Miles iussus a Fabio pro perfuga Tarentum +transiit ac per sororem praefectum ad tradendam urbem perpulit. Fabius +vigilia prima accessit ad eam partem muri, quam praefectus custodiebat. +Adiuvantibus recipientibusque eius militibus, Romani in urbem +transcenderunt. Inde, proxima porta refracta, Fabius cum exercitu +intravit. Hannibal nuntiata Tarenti oppugnatione, cum ad opem ferendam +festinans captam urbem esse audivisset, “Et Romani” inquit “suum +Hannibalem habent: eadem, qua ceperamus, arte Tarentum amisimus.”</p> + +<p>Cum postea Livius Salinator coram Fabio gloriaretur, quod arcem +Tarentinam retinuisset, dixissetque eum sua opera Tarentum recepisse, +“Certe” inquit Fabius ridens, “nam nisi tu amisisses, ego numquam +recepissem.”</p> + +<p>Quintus Fabius iam senex filio suo consuli legatus fuit; cumque in +eius castra veniret, filius obviam patri progressus est, duodecim +lictoribus pro more antecedentibus. Equo vehebatur senex neque +appropinquante consule descendit. Iam ex lictoribus undecim verecundia +paternae maiestatis taciti praeterierant. Quod cum consul +animadvertisset, proximum lictorem iussit inclamare Fabio patri ut ex +equo descenderet. Pater tum desiliens “Non ego, fili,” inquit “tuum +imperium contempsi, sed experiri volui num scires consulem te esse.” Ad +summam senectutem vixit Fabius Maximus, dignus tanto cognomine. Cautior +quam promptior habitus est, sed insita eius ingenio prudentia ei bello, +quod tum gerebatur, proprie apta erat. Nemini dubium est quin rem +Romanam cunctando restituerit. Ut Scipio pugnando, ita hic non dimicando +maxime civitati Romanae succurrisse visus est. Alter enim celeritate sua +Carthaginem oppressit, alter cunctatione id egit, <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘ne’">ne</ins> Roma opprimi posset.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XX">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XX" id = "stripped_XX">XX.</a> +Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro</h4> + +<p>Hannibal in Apuliam pervenerat. Adversus eum Roma profecti sunt duo +consules, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro. Paulo Fabii cunctatio +magis placebat; Varro autem, ferox et temerarius, acriora sequebatur +consilia. Ambo consules ad vicum, qui Cannae appellabatur, castra +communiverunt. Ibi deinde Varro, invito conlega, aciem instruxit et +signum pugnae dedit. Hannibal autem ita constituerat aciem, ut Romanis +et solis radii et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflans adversi essent. +Victus caesusque est Romanus exercitus; nusquam graviore vulnere +adflicta est res publica. Aemilius Paulus telis obrutus cecidit: quem +cum media in pugna sedentem in saxo oppletum cruore conspexisset quidam +tribunus militum, “Cape” inquit “hunc equum et fuge, Aemili. Etiam sine +tua morte lacrimarum satis luctusque est.” Ad ea consul: “Tu quidem +macte virtute esto! Sed cave exiguum tempus e manibus hostium evadendi +perdas! Abi, nuntia patribus ut urbem muniant ac prius quam hostis +victor adveniat, praesidiis firment. Me in hac strage meorum militum +patere exspirare.” Alter consul cum paucis equitibus Venusiam perfugit. +Consulares aut praetorii occiderunt viginti, senatores capti aut occisi +triginta, nobiles viri trecenti, militum quadraginta milia, equitum tria +milia et quingenti. Hannibal in testimonium victoriae suae tres modios +aureorum anulorum Carthaginem misit, quos de manibus equitum Romanorum +et senatorum detraxerat.</p> + +<p>Hannibali victori cum ceteri gratularentur suaderentque ut quietem +iam ipse sumeret et fessis militibus daret, unus ex eius praefectis, +Maharbal, minime cessandum ratus, Hannibalem hortabatur ut statim Romam +pergeret, die quinto victor in Capitolio epulaturus. Cumque Hannibal +illud non probasset, Maharbal “Non omnia nimirum” inquit “eidem dii +dedere. Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria uti nescis.” Mora huius diei +satis creditur saluti fuisse urbi et imperio. Hannibal cum victoria +posset uti, frui maluit, relictaque Roma in Campaniam divertit, cuius +deliciis mox exercitus ardor elanguit, adeo ut vere dictum sit Capuam +Hannibali Cannas fuisse.</p> + +<p>Numquam tantum pavoris Romae fuit, quantum ubi acceptae cladis +nuntius advenit. Neque tamen ulla pacis mentio facta est; quin etiam +animo civitas adeo magno fuit, ut Varroni ex tanta clade redeunti obviam +irent et gratias agerent, quod de re publica non desperasset: qui, si +Poenorum dux fuisset, temeritatis poenas omni supplicio dedisset. Non +autem vitae cupiditate, sed rei publicae amore se superfuisse reliquo +aetatis suae tempore approbavit. Nam et barbam capillumque submisit, et +postea numquam recubans cibum cepit; honoribus quoque, cum ei +deferrentur a +populo, renuntiavit. dicens felicioribus magistratibus rei publicae opus +esse. Dum igitur Hannibal segniter et otiose agebat. Romani interim +respirare coeperunt. Arma non erant: detracta sunt templis vetera +hostium spolia. Deerat iuventus: servi manumissi et armati sunt. Egebat +aerarium: opes suas libens senatus in medium protulit, nec praeter quod +in bullis singulisque anulis erat quidquam sibi auri reliquerunt. Patrum +exemplum secuti sunt equites imitataeque equites omnes tribus. Denique +vix suffecere tabulae, vix scribarum manus, cum omnes privatae opes in +publicum deferrentur.</p> + +<p>Cum Hannibal redimendi sui copiam captivis Romanis fecisset, decem ex +ipsis Romam ea de re missi sunt; nec pignus aliud fidei ab iis +postulatum est, quam ut iurarent se, si non impetrassent, in castra esse +redituros. Eos senatus non redimendos censuit responditque eos cives non +esse necessarios, qui, cum armati essent, capi potuissent. Unus ex iis +legatis e castris Poenorum egressus, veluti aliquid oblitus, paulo post +in castra erat regressus, deinde comites ante noctem adsecutus erat. Is +ergo, re non impetrata, domum abiit; reditu enim in castra se liberatum +esse iureiurando interpretabatur. Quod ubi innotuit, iussit senatus +illum comprehendi et vinctum duci ad Hannibalem. Ea res Hannibalis +audaciam maxime fregit, quod senatus populusque Romanus rebus adflictis +tam excelso esset animo.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXI">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XXI" id = "stripped_XXI">XXI.</a> +Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus</h4> + +<p>Publius Cornelius Scipio nondum annos pueritiae egressus patrem +singulari virtute servavit; qui cum pugna apud Ticinum contra Hannibalem +commissa graviter vulneratus in hostium manus iam iam venturus esset, +filius interiecto corpore Poenis inruentibus se opposuit et patrem +periculo liberavit. Quae pietas Scipioni postea aedilitatem petenti +favorem populi conciliavit. Cum obsisterent tribuni plebis, negantes +rationem eius esse habendam, quod nondum ad petendum legitima aetas +esset, “Si me” inquit Scipio “omnes Quirites aedilem facere volunt, +satis annorum habeo.” Tanto inde favore ad suffragia itum est, ut +tribuni incepto desisterent.</p> + +<p>Post cladem Cannensem Romani exercitus reliquiae Canusium +perfugerant; cumque ibi tribuni militum quattuor essent, tamen omnium +consensu ad Publium Scipionem, admodum adulescentem, summa imperii +delata est. Quibus consultantibus nuntiat Publius Furius Philus, +consularis viri filius, nobiles quosdam iuvenes propter desperationem +consilium de Italia deserenda inire. Statim in hospitium Metelli, qui +conspirationis erat princeps, se contulit Scipio, et cum concilium ibi +iuvenum, de quibus adlatum erat, invenisset, stricto super capita +consultantium gladio, “Iurate” inquit “vos neque ipsos rem publicam +populi Romani deserturos, neque alium civem Romanum deserere passuros: +qui non iuraverit, in se hunc gladium strictum esse sciat.” Haud secus +pavidi, quam si victorem Hannibalem cernerent, iurant omnes +custodiendosque semet ipsos Scipioni tradunt.</p> + +<p>Cum Romani duas clades in Hispania accepissent duoque ibi summi +imperatores intra dies triginta cecidissent, placuit exercitum augeri +eoque proconsulem mitti; nec tamen quem mitterent satis constabat. Ea de +re indicta sunt comitia. Primo populus exspectabat ut, qui se tanto +dignos imperio crederent, nomina profiterentur; sed nemo audebat illud +imperium suscipere. Maesta igitur civitas ac prope inops consilii +comitiorum die in campum descendit. Subito P. Cornelius Scipio, +quattuor et viginti ferme annos natus, professus se petere, in +superiore, unde conspici posset, loco constitit. In quem postquam omnium +ora conversa sunt, ad unum omnes Scipionem in Hispania proconsulem esse +iusserunt. At postquam animorum impetus resedit, populum Romanum coepit +facti paenitere: aetati Scipionis maxime diffidebant. Quod ubi +animadvertit Scipio, advocata contione ita magno elatoque animo de +bello, quod gerendum esset, disseruit, ut homines cura liberaret speque +certissima impleret.</p> + +<p>Profectus igitur in Hispaniam Scipio Carthaginem Novam, quo die +venit, expugnavit. Eo congestae erant omnes paene Africae et Hispaniae +opes, ibi arma, ibi pecunia, ibi totius Hispaniae obsides erant: quibus +omnibus potitus est Scipio. Inter captivos ad eum adducta est eximiae +formae adulta virgo. Quam ubi comperit inlustri loco inter Celtiberos +natam principique eius gentis adulescenti desponsam esse, arcessitis +parentibus et sponso eam reddidit. Parentes virginis, qui ad eam +redimendam satis magnum auri pondus attulerant, Scipionem orabant ut id +a se donum acciperet. Scipio aurum ante pedes poni iussit vocatoque ad +se virginis sponso, “Super dotem” inquit “quam accepturus a socero es, +haec tibi a me dotalia dona accedent” aurumque tollere ac sibi habere +iussit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam Scipioni gratiam Celtiberos +Romanis conciliavit.</p> + +<p>Deinde Scipio Hasdrubalem victum ex Hispania expulit. Castris hostium +potitus omnem praedam militibus concessit, captivos Hispanos sine pretio +domum dimisit; Afros vero vendi iussit. Erat inter eos puer adultus +regii generis, forma insigni: quem cum percontaretur Scipio quis et +cuias esset, et cur id aetatis in castris fuisset, “Numida sum” inquit +puer, “Massivam populares vocant: orbus a patre relictus, apud avum +maternum, Numidiae regem, educatus sum. Cum avunculo Masinissa, qui +nuper subsidio Carthaginiensibus venit, in Hispaniam traieci; prohibitus +propter aetatem a Masinissa numquam ante proelium inii. Eo die, quo +pugnatum est cum Romanis, inscio avunculo, clam armis equoque sumpto, in +aciem exii: ibi, prolapso equo, captus sum a Romanis.” Scipio eum +interrogat velletne ad avunculum reverti. Cum, effusis gaudio lacrimis, +id vero se cupere puer diceret, tum Scipio puero anulum aureum equumque +ornatum donat datisque qui tuto deducerent equitibus dimisit.</p> + +<p>Cum Publius Cornelius Scipio se erga Hispanos clementer gessisset, +circumfusa multitudo eum regem ingenti consensu appellavit; at Scipio, +silentio per praeconem facto, “Nomen imperatoris” inquit, “quo me mei +milites appellarunt, mihi maximum est: regium nomen, alibi magnum, Romae +intolerabile est. Si id amplissimum iudicatis, quod regale est, vobis +licet existimare regalem in me esse animum; sed oro vos ut a regis +appellatione abstineatis.” Sensere etiam barbari magnitudinem animi, qua +Scipio id aspernabatur, quod ceteri mortales admirantur et +concupiscunt.</p> + +<p>Scipio recepta Hispania cum iam bellum in ipsam Africam transferre +meditaretur, conciliandos prius regum et gentium animos existimavit. +Syphacem, Maurorum regem, opulentissimum totius Africae regem, quem +magno usui sibi fore speraret, primum tentare statuit. Itaque legatum +cum donis ad eum misit C. Laelium, quocum intima familiaritate +vivebat. Syphax amicitiam Romanorum se accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec +dare nec accipere, nisi cum ipso coram duce Romano, voluit. Scipio +igitur in Africam traiecit. Forte ita incidit, ut eo ipso tempore +Hasdrubal pulsus Hispania ad eundem portum appelleret, Syphacis +amicitiam pariter petiturus. Uterque a rege in hospitium invitatus. +Cenatum simul apud regem est; eodem etiam lecto Scipio atque Hasdrubal +accubuerunt. Tanta autem inerat comitas in Scipione, ut non Syphacem +modo, sed etiam hostem infestissimum Hasdrubalem sibi conciliaret. +Scipio, foedere icto cum Syphace, in Hispaniam ad exercitum rediit.</p> + +<p>Masinissa quoque amicitiam cum Scipione iungere iam dudum cupiebat. +Quare ad eum tres Numidarum principes misit ad tempus locumque conloquio +statuendum. Duos pro obsidibus retineri a Scipione iubet; remisso +tertio, qui Masinissam ad locum constitutum adduceret, Scipio et +Masinissa cum paucis in conloquium venerunt. Ceperat iam ante Numidam ex +fama rerum gestarum admiratio viri, sed maior praesentis veneratio +cepit: erat enim in vultu maiestas summa; accedebat promissa caesaries +habitusque corporis, non cultus munditiis, sed virilis vere ac +militaris, et florens iuventa. Prope attonitus ipso congressu Numida +gratias de filio fratris remisso agit: adfirmat se ex eo tempore eam +quaesivisse occasionem, quam tandem oblatam non omiserit; cupere se illi +et populo Romano operam navare. Laetus eum Scipio audivit atque in +societatem recepit.</p> + +<p>Scipio deinde Romam rediit et ante annos consul factus est. Sicilia +ei provincia decreta est permissumque ut in Africam inde traiceret. Qui +cum vellet ex fortissimis peditibus Romanis trecentorum equitum numerum +complere, nec posset illos subito armis et equis instruere, id prudenti +consilio perfecit. Namque ex omni Sicilia trecentos iuvenes nobilissimos +et ditissimos, qui equis militarent et secum in Africam traicerent, +legit diemque iis edixit, qua equis armisque instructi atque ornati +adessent. Gravis ea militia, procul domo, terra marique multos labores, +magna pericula adlatura videbatur; neque ipsos modo, sed parentes +cognatosque eorum ea cura angebat. Ubi dies quae dicta erat advenit, +arma equosque ostenderunt, sed omnes fere longinquum et grave bellum +horrere apparebat. Tunc Scipio militiam iis se remissurum ait, si arma +et equos militibus Romanis voluissent tradere. Laeti condicionem +acceperunt iuvenes Siculi. Ita Scipio sine publica impensa suos +instruxit ornavitque equites.</p> + +<p>Tunc Scipio ex Sicilia in Africam vento secundo profectus est tanto +militum ardore, ut non ad bellum duci viderentur, sed ad certa victoriae +praemia. Celeriter naves e conspectu Siciliae ablatae sunt conspectaque +brevi Africae litora. Scipio cum egrediens ad terram navi prolapsus +esset et ob hoc attonitos milites cerneret, id, quod trepidationem +adferebat, in hortationem convertens, “Africam oppressi” inquit, +“milites!” Expositis copiis in proximis tumulis castra metatus est. Ibi +speculatores hostium in castris deprehensos et ad se perductos nec +supplicio adfecit nec de consiliis ac viribus Poenorum percontatus est, +sed circa omnes Romani exercitus manipulos curavit deducendos; dein +interrogatos num ea satis considerassent, quae speculari erant iussi, +prandio dato incolumes dimisit.</p> + +<p>Scipioni in Africam advenienti Masinissa se coniunxit cum parva +equitum turma. Syphax vero a Romanis ad Poenos defecerat. Hasdrubal, +Poenorum dux, Syphaxque Scipioni se opposuerunt, qui utriusque castra +una nocte perrupit et incendit. Syphax ipse captus et vivus ad Scipionem +pertractus est. Syphacem in castra adduci cum esset nuntiatum, omnis +velut ad spectaculum triumphi multitudo effusa est; praecedebat ipse +vinctus, sequebatur grex nobilium Maurorum. Movebat omnes fortuna viri, +cuius amicitiam olim Scipio petierat. Regem aliosque captivos Romam +misit Scipio; Masinissam, qui egregie rem Romanam adiuverat, aurea +corona donavit.</p> + +<p>Haec et aliae, quae sequebantur, clades Carthaginiensibus tantum +terroris intulerunt, ut Hannibalem ex Italia ad tuendam patriam +revocarent. Frendens gemensque ac vix lacrimis temperans is dicitur +legatorum verba audisse mandatisque paruisse. Respexit saepe Italiae +litora, semet accusans, quod non victorem exercitum statim ab Cannensi +pugna Romam duxisset. Zamam venerat Hannibal, quae urbs quinque dierum +iter a Carthagine abest, et nuntium ad Scipionem misit ut conloquendi +secum potestatem faceret. Scipio cum conloquium haud abnuisset, dies +locusque constituitur. Itaque congressi sunt duo clarissimi suae aetatis +duces. Steterunt aliquamdiu taciti mutuaque admiratione defixi. Cum vero +de condicionibus pacis inter eos non convenisset, ad suos se receperunt, +renuntiantes armis decernendum esse. Commisso deinde proelio Hannibal +victus cum quattuor equitibus fugit. Ceterum constat utrumque de altero +confessum esse nec melius instrui aciem nec acrius potuisse pugnari.</p> + +<p>Carthaginienses metu perculsi ad petendam pacem oratores mittunt +triginta civitatis principes. Qui ubi in castra Romana venerunt, veniam +civitati petebant non culpam purgantes, sed initium culpae in Hannibalem +transferentes. Victis leges imposuit Scipio. Legati, cum nullas +condiciones recusarent, Romam profecti sunt, ut, quae a Scipione pacta +essent, ea patrum ac populi auctoritate confirmarentur. Ita pace terra +marique parta, Scipio exercitu in naves imposito Romam revertit. Ad quem +advenientem concursus ingens factus est; effusa non ex urbibus modo, sed +etiam ex agris multitudo viam obsidebat. Scipio inter gratulantium +plausus triumpho omnium clarissimo urbem est invectus primusque nomine +victae a se gentis est nobilitatus Africanusque appellatus.</p> + +<p>Ex his rebus gestis virum eum esse virtutis divinae vulgo creditum +est. Id etiam dicere haud piget, quod scriptores de eo litteris +mandaverunt, Scipionem consuevisse, priusquam dilucesceret, in +Capitolium ventitare ac iubere aperiri cellam Iovis ibi solum diu +demorari, quasi consultantem de re publica cum Iove: aedituosque eius +templi saepe esse miratos, quod eum id temporis in Capitolium +ingredientem canes, semper in alios saevientes, non latrarent. Has vulgi +de Scipione opiniones confirmare atque approbare videbantur dicta +factaque eius pleraque admiranda, ex quibus est unum huiuscemodi. +Adsidebat oppugnabatque oppidum in Hispania, situ moenibusque ac +defensoribus validum et munitum, re etiam cibaria copiosum, neque ulla +eius potiundi spes erat. Quodam die ius in castris sedens dicebat Scipio +atque ex eo loco id oppidum procul videbatur. Tum e militibus, qui in +iure apud eum stabant, interrogavit quispiam ex more in quem diem +locumque vades sisti iuberet. Et Scipio manum ad ipsam oppidi, quod +obsidebatur, arcem protendens, “Perendie” inquit “sese sistant illo in +loco,” atque ita factum. Die tertia, in quam vades sisti iusserat, +oppidum captum est. Eodem die in arce eius oppidi ius dixit.</p> + +<p>Hannibal, a Scipione victus suisque invisus, ad Antiochum, Syriae +regem, confugit eumque hostem Romanis fecit. Missi sunt Roma legati ad +Antiochum, in quibus erat Scipio Africanus, qui cum Hannibale Ephesi +conlocutus ab eo quaesivit, quem fuisse maximum imperatorem crederet. +Respondit Hannibal Alexandrum, Macedonum regem, maximum sibi videri, +quod parva manu innumerabiles exercitus fudisset. Quaerenti deinde, quem +secundum poneret, “Pyrrhum” inquit, “quod primus castra metari docuit +nemoque illo elegantius loca cepit et praesidia deposuit.” Sciscitanti +denique quem tertium duceret, semet ipsum dixit. Tum ridens Scipio +“Quidnam tu diceres” inquit “si me vicisses?” “Tum me vero” respondit +Hannibal “et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios +imperatores posuissem.” Ita improviso adsentationis genere Scipionem e +grege imperatorum velut inaestimabilem secernebat.</p> + +<p>Scipio ipse fertur quondam dixisse, cum eum quidam parum pugnacem +dicerent, “Imperatorem me mater, non bellatorem peperit.” Idem dicere +solitus est non solum dandam esse viam fugientibus, sed etiam +muniendam.</p> + +<p>Decreto adversus Antiochum bello cum Syria provincia obvenisset Lucio +Scipioni, quia parum in eo putabatur esse animi, parum roboris, senatus +gerendi huius belli curam mandari volebat conlegae eius C. Laelio. +Surgens tunc Scipio Africanus, frater maior Lucii Scipionis, illam +familiae ignominiam deprecatus est: dixit in fratre suo summam esse +virtutem, summum consilium seque ei legatum fore promisit. Quod cum ab +eo esset dictum, nihil est de Lucii Scipionis provincia commutatum: +itaque frater natu maior minori legatus in Asiam profectus est et tam +diu eum consilio operaque adiuvit, donec triumphum ille et cognomen +Asiatici peperisset.</p> + +<p>Eodem bello filius Scipionis Africani captus est et ad Antiochum +deductus. Benigne et liberaliter adulescentem rex habuit, quamquam ab +eius patre tum maxime finibus imperii pellebatur. Cum deinde pacem +Antiochus a Romanis peteret, legatus eius Publium Scipionem adiit eique +filium sine pretio redditurum regem dixit, si per eum pacem impetrasset. +Cui Scipio respondit “Abi, nuntia regi, me pro tanto munere gratias +agere; sed nunc aliam gratiam non possum referre, quam ut ei suadeam ut +bello absistat et pacis condicionem nullam recuset.” Pax non convenit; +tamen Antiochus Scipioni filium remisit tantique viri maiestatem +venerari quam dolorem suum ulcisci maluit.</p> + +<p>Victo Antiocho cum praedae ratio a L. Scipione reposceretur, +Africanus prolatum ab eo librum, quo acceptae et expensae summae +continebantur et refelli inimicorum accusatio poterat, discerpsit, +indignatus de ea re dubitari, quae sub ipso legato administrata esset. +Quin etiam hunc in modum verba fecit: “Non est quod quaeratis, patres +conscripti, num parvam pecuniam in aerarium rettulerim, qui antea illud +Punico auro repleverim, neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocari. +Cum Africam totam potestati vestrae subiecerim, nihil ex ea praeter +cognomen rettuli. Non igitur me Punicae, non fratrem meum Asiaticae +gazae avarum reddiderunt; sed uterque nostrum invidia quam pecunia est +locupletior.” Tam constantem defensionem Scipionis universus senatus +comprobavit.</p> + +<p>Deinde Scipioni Africano duo tribuni plebis diem dixerunt, quod +praeda ex Antiocho capta aerarium fraudasset. Ubi causae dicendae dies +venit, Scipio magna hominum frequentia in Forum est deductus. Iussus +causam dicere rostra conscendit et, corona triumphali capiti suo +imposita, “Hoc ego die” inquit “Hannibalem Poenum, imperio nostro +inimicissimum, magno proelio vici in terra Africa pacemque nobis et +victoriam peperi insperabilem. Ne igitur simus adversus deos ingrati, +sed censeo relinquamus nebulones hos eamusque nunc protinus in +Capitolium Iovi optimo maximo supplicatum.” A rostris in Capitolium +ascendit; simul se universa contio ab accusatoribus avertit et secuta +Scipionem est, nec quisquam praeter praeconem, qui reum citabat, cum +tribunis remansit. Celebratior is dies favore hominum fuit, quam quo +triumphans de Syphace rege et Carthaginiensibus urbem est ingressus. +Inde, ne amplius tribuniciis iniuriis vexaretur, in Literninum +concessit, ubi reliquam egit aetatem sine urbis desiderio.</p> + +<p>Cum in Liternina villa se contineret, complures praedonum duces ad +eum videndum forte confluxerunt. Quos cum ad vim faciendam venire +existimasset, praesidium servorum in tecto conlocavit aliaque parabat, +quae ad eos repellendos opus erant. Quod ubi praedones animadverterunt, +abiectis armis ianuae appropinquant et clara voce nuntiant Scipioni se +non vitae eius hostes, sed virtutis admiratores venisse, conspectum +tanti viri, quasi caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetentes; proinde ne +gravaretur se spectandum praebere. Haec postquam audivit Scipio, fores +reserari eosque introduci iussit. Illi postes ianuae tamquam +religiosissimam aram venerati, cupide Scipionis dextram apprehenderunt +ac diu deosculati sunt; deinde positis ante <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘vestibulum’">vestibulum</ins> donis laeti, quod +sibi Scipionem ut viderent contigisset, domum reverterunt. Paulo post +mortuus est Scipio moriensque ab uxore petiit ne corpus suum Romam +referretur.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXII">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XXII" id = "stripped_XXII">XXII.</a> +Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus</h4> + +<p>Tiberius et Gaius Gracchi Scipionis Africani ex filia nepotes erant. +Horum adulescentia bonis artibus et magna omnium spe exacta est: ad +egregiam enim indolem optima accedebat educatio. Erant enim diligentia +Corneliae matris a pueris docti et Graecis litteris eruditi. Maximum +matronis ornamentum esse liberos bene institutos merito putabat mater +illa sapientissima. Cum Campana matrona, apud illam hospita, ornamenta +sua, illo saeculo pulcherrima, ostentaret ei muliebriter, Cornelia +traxit eam sermone quousque e schola redirent liberi. Quos reversos +hospitae ostendens, “Haec” inquit “mea ornamenta sunt.” Nihil quidem his +adulescentibus neque a natura neque a doctrina defuit; sed ambo rem +publicam, quam tueri poterant, perturbare maluerunt.</p> + +<p>Tiberius Gracchus, tribunus plebis creatus, a senatu descivit: populi +favorem profusis largitionibus sibi conciliavit; agros plebi dividebat; +provincias novis coloniis replebat. Cum autem tribuniciam potestatem +sibi prorogari vellet et palam dictitasset, interempto senatu omnia per +plebem agi debere, viam sibi ad regnum parare videbatur. Quare cum +convocati patres deliberarent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius +Capitolium petit, manum ad caput referens, quo signo salutem suam populo +commendabat. Hoc nobilitas ita accepit, quasi diadema posceret, +segniterque cessante consule, Scipio Nasica, cum esset consobrinus +Tiberii Gracchi, patriam cognationi praeferens sublata dextra +proclamavit: “Qui rem publicam salvam esse volunt, me sequantur!” Dein +optimates, senatus atque equestris ordinis pars maior in Gracchum +inruunt, qui fugiens decurrensque Clivo Capitolino fragmento subsellii +ictus vitam, quam gloriosissime degere potuerat, immatura morte finivit. +Mortui Tiberii corpus in flumen proiectum est.</p> + +<p>Gaium Gracchum idem furor, qui fratrem, Tiberium, occupavit. +Tribunatum enim adeptus, seu vindicandae fraternae necis, seu +comparandae regiae potentiae causa, pessima coepit inire consilia: +maximas largitiones fecit; aerarium effudit: legem de frumento plebi +dividendo tulit: civitatem omnibus Italicis dabat. His Gracchi consiliis +quanta poterant contentione obsistebant omnes boni, in quibus maxime +Piso, vir consularis. Is cum multa contra legem frumentariam dixisset, +lege tamen lata ad frumentum cum ceteris accipiendum venit. Gracchus ubi +animadvertit in contione Pisonem stantem, eum sic compellavit audiente +populo Romano: “Qui tibi constas, Piso, cum ea lege frumentum petas, +quam dissuasisti?” Cui Piso “Nolim quidem, Gracche” inquit, “mea bona +tibi viritim dividere liceat; sed si facies, partem petam.” Quo responso +aperte declaravit vir gravis et sapiens lege, quam tulerat Gracchus, +patrimonium publicum dissipari.</p> + +<p>Decretum a senatu est ut videret consul Opimius ne quid detrimenti +res publica caperet: quod nisi in maximo discrimine decerni non solebat. +Gaius Gracchus, armata familia, Aventinum occupavit. Consul, vocato ad +arma populo, Gaium aggressus est, qui pulsus profugit et, cum iam +comprehenderetur, iugulum servo praebuit, qui dominum et mox semet ipsum +super domini corpus interemit. Ut Tiberii Gracchi antea corpus, ita Gaii +mira crudelitate victorum in Tiberim deiectum est. Caput autem a +Septimuleio, amico Gracchi, ad Opimium relatum auro repensum fertur. +Sunt qui tradunt infuso plumbo eum partem capitis, quo gravius +efficeretur, explesse.</p> + +<p>Occiso Tiberio Graccho cum senatus consulibus mandasset, ut in eos, +qui cum Graccho consenserant, animadverteretur, Blosius quidam, Tiberii +amicus, pro se deprecatum venit, hanc, ut sibi ignosceretur, causam +adferens, quod tanti Gracchum fecisset, ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi +faciendum putaret. Tum consul “Quid?” inquit “si te Gracchus templo +Iovis in Capitolio faces subdere iussisset, obsecuturusne voluntati +illius fuisses propter istam, quam iactas, familiaritatem?” “Numquam” +inquit Blosius “voluisset id quidem, sed si voluisset, paruissem.” +Nefaria est ea vox, nulla enim est excusatio peccati, si amici causa +peccaveris.</p> + +<p>Exstat Gaii Gracchi e Sardinia Romam reversi oratio, in qua cum alia +tum haec de se narrat: “Versatus sum in provincia, quomodo ex usu vestro +existimabam esse, non quomodo ambitioni meae conducere arbitrabar. Nemo +possit vere dicere assem aut eo plus in muneribus me accepisse aut mea +causa quemquam sumptum fecisse. Zonas, quas Roma proficiscens plenas +argenti extuli, eas ex provincia inanes rettuli. Alii amphoras, quas +vini plenas extulerunt, eas argento repletas domum reportarunt.”</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXIII">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XXIII" id = "stripped_XXIII">XXIII.</a> +Gaius Marius</h4> + +<p>C. Marius, humili loco natus, militiae tirocinium in Hispania duce +Scipione posuit. Erat imprimis Scipioni carus ob singularem virtutem et +impigram ad pericula et labores alacritatem. Cum aliquando inter cenam +Scipionem quidam interrogasset, si quid illi accidisset, quemnam res +publica aeque magnum habitura esset imperatorem, Scipio, percusso +leniter Marii umero, “Fortasse hunc” inquit. Quo dicto excitatus Marius +dignos rebus, quas postea gessit, spiritus concepit.</p> + +<p>Q. Metellum in Numidiam contra Iugurtham missum, cuius legatus erat, +cum ab eo Romam missus esset, apud populum Romanum criminatus est bellum +ducere: si se consulem fecissent, brevi tempore aut vivum aut mortuum +Iugurtham se in potestatem populi Romani redacturum. Itaque creatus est +consul et in Metelli locum suffectus. Bellum ab illo prospere coeptum +confecit. Iugurtha ad Gaetulos perfugerat eorumque regem Bocchum +adversus Romanos concitaverat. Marius Gaetulos et Bocchum aggressus +fudit; castellum in excelsa ripa positum, ubi regii thesauri erant, non +sine multo labore expugnavit. Bocchus, bello defessus, legatos ad Marium +misit, pacem orantes. Sulla quaestor, a Mario ad regem remissus, Boccho +persuasit ut Iugurtham Romanis traderet. Iugurtha igitur vinctus ad +Marium deductus est; quem Marius triumphans ante currum egit et in +carcerem caenosum inclusit. Quo cum Iugurtha detracta veste +ingrederetur, os ridentis in modum diduxisse et stupens similisque +desipienti exclamasse fertur: “Pro! quam frigidum est vestrum balneum!” +Paucis diebus post in carcere necatus est.</p> + +<p>Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum consul creatus bellumque ei +contra Cimbros et Teutones decretum est. Hi novi hostes, ab extremis +Germaniae finibus profugi, novas sedes quaerebant, exclusique Gallia et +Hispania cum in Italiam remigrarent, a Romanis ut aliquid sibi terrae +darent petierunt. Repulsi, quod nequiverant precibus, armis petere +constituunt. Tres duces Romani impetus barbarorum non sustinuerunt. +Omnes fugati, exuti castris. Actum erat de imperio Romano, nisi Marius +fuisset. Hic primo Teutones sub ipsis Alpium radicibus adsecutus proelio +oppressit. Vallem fluviumque medium hostes tenebant: Romanis aquarum +nulla copia. Aucta necessitate virtus causa victoriae fuit. Nam +flagitante aquam exercitu Marius “Viri” inquit “estis, en illic aquam +habetis.” Itaque tanto ardore pugnatum est eaque caedes hostium fuit, ut +Romani victores de cruento flumine non plus aquae biberent quam +sanguinis barbarorum. Caesa traduntur hostium ducenta milia, capta +nonaginta. Rex ipse Teutobochus in proximo saltu comprehensus insigne +spectaculum triumphi fuit: quippe vir proceritatis eximiae super tropaea +ipsa eminebat.</p> + +<p>Deletis Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbros se convertit. Qui cum ex +alia parte Italiam ingressi Athesim flumen non ponte nec navibus, sed +iniectis arborum truncis, velut aggere, traiecissent, occurrit iis +C. Marius. Cimbri legatos ad consulem miserunt, agros urbesque sibi +et fratribus postulantes, Teutonum enim cladem ignorabant. Quaerente +Mario quos illi fratres dicerent, cum Teutones nominassent, ridens +Marius “Omittite” inquit “fratres; tenent hi acceptam a nobis terram +aeternumque tenebunt.” Tum legati se ludibrio haberi sentientes ultionem +Mario minati sunt, simul atque Teutones advenissent. “Atqui adsunt” +inquit Marius “nec sane civile foret vos fratribus vestris non salutatis +discedere.” Tum vinctos adduci iussit Teutonum duces, qui in proelio +capti erant.</p> + +<p>His rebus auditis, Cimbri egrediuntur castris et cum paucis suorum ad +vallum Romanum adequitans Boiorix, Cimbrorum dux, Marium ad pugnam +provocat et diem pugnae a Romanorum imperatore petit. Proximum dedit +consul. Marius cum aciem ita instituisset, ut pulvis in oculos et ora +hostium ferretur, incredibili strage prostrata est illa Cimbrorum +multitudo: caesa traduntur centum octoginta hominum milia. Nec minor cum +uxoribus pugna quam cum viris fuit, cum obiectis undique plaustris, +desuper, quasi e turribus, lanceis contisque pugnarent. Victae tamen cum +missa ad Marium legatione libertatem non impetrassent, suffocatis +elisisque infantibus suis aut mutuis conciderunt vulneribus aut vinculo +e crinibus suis facto ab arboribus pependerunt. Canes quoque defendere, +Cimbris caesis, eorum domos. Marius pro duobus triumphis, qui +offerebantur, uno contentus fuit. Primores civitatis, qui ei aliquamdiu +ut novo homini ad tantos honores evecto inviderant, conservatam ab eo +rem publicam fatebantur. In ipsa acie Marius duas Camertium cohortes, +mira virtute vim Cimbrorum sustinentes contra legem civitate donaverat. +Quod quidem factum et vere et egregie postea excusavit, dicens inter +armorum strepitum verba se iuris civilis exaudire non potuisse.</p> + +<p>Illa tempestate primum Romae bellum civile commotum est. Causam bello +dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla consul contra Mithridatem, regem +Ponti, missus fuisset, Sulpicius, tribunus plebis, legem ad populum +tulit ut Sullae imperium abrogaretur, C. Mario bellum decerneretur +Mithridaticum. Qua re Sulla commotus cum exercitu ad urbem venit, eam +armis occupavit, Sulpicium interfecit, Marium fugavit. Marius hostes +persequentes fugiens aliquamdiu in palude delituit. Sed paulo post +repertus extractusque, ut erat nudo corpore caenoque oblitus, iniecto in +collum loro Minturnas raptus et in custodiam coniectus est. Missus est +ad eum occidendum servus publicus, natione Cimber, quem Marius vultus +auctoritate deterruit. Cum enim hominem ad se stricto gladio venientem +vidisset “Tune, homo,” inquit “C. Marium audebis occidere?” Quo audito +attonitus ille ac tremens abiecto ferro fugit, Marium se non posse +occidere clamitans. Marius deinde ab iis, qui prius eum occidere +voluerant, e carcere emissus est.</p> + +<p>Accepta navicula in Africam traiecit et in agrum Carthaginiensem +pervenit. Ibi cum in locis solitariis sederet, venit <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘ad’">ad</ins> eum lictor Sextilii +praetoris, qui tum Africam obtinebat. Ab hoc, quem numquam laesisset, +Marius humanitatis tamen aliquod officium exspectabat; at lictor +decedere eum provincia iussit, nisi in se animadverti vellet: torveque +intuentem et vocem nullam emittentem Marium rogavit tandem ecquid +renuntiari praetori vellet? Marius “Abi” inquit, “nuntia vidisse te +Gaium Marium in Carthaginis ruinis sedentem.” Duobus clarissimis +exemplis de inconstantia rerum humanarum eum admonebat, cum et urbis +maximae excidium et viri clarissimi casum ante oculos poneret.</p> + +<p>Profecto ad bellum Mithridaticum Sulla, Marius revocatus a Cinna in +Italiam rediit, efferatus magis calamitate quam domitus. Cum exercitu +Romam ingressus eam caedibus et rapinis vastavit; omnes adversae +factionis nobiles variis suppliciorum generibus adfecit: quinque dies +continuos totidemque noctes illa scelerum omnium duravit licentia. Hoc +tempore admiranda sane populi Romani abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius +occisorum domos multitudini diripiendas obiecisset, inveniri potuit +nemo, qui civili luctu praedam peteret: quae quidem tam misericors +continentia plebis tacita quaedam crudelium victorum vituperatio fuit. +Tandem Marius, senio et laboribus confectus, in morbum incidit et +ingenti omnium laetitia vitam finivit. Cuius viri si examinentur cum +virtutibus vitia, haud facile sit dictu utrum bello melior, an pace +perniciosior fuerit: namque quam rem publicam armatus servavit, eam +primo togatus omni genere fraudis, postremo armis hostiliter +evertit.</p> + +<p>Erat Marius durior ad humanitatis studia et ingenuarum artium +contemptor. Cum <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘aedem’">aedem</ins> Honoris de manubiis hostium vovisset, +spreta peregrinorum marmorum nobilitate artificumque Graecorum arte, eam +vulgari lapide per artificem Romanum curavit aedificandam. Et Graecas +litteras despiciebat, quod doctoribus suis parum ad virtutem +profuissent. At idem fortis, validus, adversus dolorem confirmatus. Cum +ei varices in crure secarentur, vetuit se adligari. Acrem tamen fuisse +doloris morsum ipse ostendit: nam medico, alterum crus postulanti, +noluit praebere, quod maiorem esse remedii quem morbi dolorem +iudicaret.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXIV">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XXIV" id = "stripped_XXIV">XXIV.</a> +Lucius Cornelius Sulla<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +138-78 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Cornelius Sulla cum parvulus a nutrice ferretur, mulier obvia “Salve” +inquit “puer tibi et rei publicae tuae felix,” et statim quaesita quae +haec dixisset, non potuit inveniri.</p> + +<p>Hic bello Iugurthino quaestor Marii fuit. Qui cum usque ad quaesturae +comitia vitam libidine, vino, ludicrae artis amore inquinatam +perduxisset, C. Marius consul moleste tulisse traditur, quod sibi +gravissimum bellum gerenti tam delicatus quaestor sorte obvenisset. +Eiusdem tamen, postquam in Africam venit, virtus enituit. Bello +Cimbrico, legatus consulis bonam operam navavit. Consul ipse deinde +factus, pulso in exsilium Mario, adversus Mithridatem profectus est. +Mithridates enim, Ponticus rex, vir bello acerrimus, virtute eximius, +odio in Romanos non inferior Hannibale, occupata Asia necatisque in ea +omnibus civibus Romanis, quos quidem eadem die atque hora per omnes +civitates interimi iusserat, Europae quoque Italiaeque imminere +videbatur. Ac primo Sulla illius praefectos duobus proeliis in Graecia +profligavit; dein transgressus in Asiam Mithridatem ipsum fudit; et +oppressisset, nisi ad bellum civile adversus Marium festinans +qualemcumque pacem componere maluisset. Mithridatem tamen pecunia +multavit; Asia aliisque provinciis, quas occupaverat, decedere +paternisque finibus contentum esse coegit.</p> + +<p>Sulla propter motus urbanos cum victore exercitu Romam properavit; +eos, qui Mario favebant, omnes superavit. Nihil autem ea victoria fuit +crudelius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et dictator creatus, vel in eos, qui +se sponte dediderant, iussit animadverti. Quattuor milia deditorum +inermium civium in Circo interfici iussit. Quis autem illos potest +computare, quos in urbe passim, quisquis voluit, occidit, donec +admoneret Fufidius quidam vivere aliquos debere, ut essent, quibus +imperaret. Novo et inaudito exemplo tabulam proscriptionis proposuit, +qua nomina eorum, qui occidendi essent, continebantur; cumque omnium +orta esset indignatio, postridie plura etiam adiecit nomina. Ingens +caesorum fuit multitudo. Nec solum in eos saevivit, qui armis contra se +dimicavissent, sed etiam quieti animi cives propter pecuniae +magnitudinem proscriptorum numero adiecit. Civis quidam innoxius, cui +fundus in agro Albano erat, cum legens proscriptorum nomina se quoque +videret ascriptum, “Vae” inquit “misero mihi! me fundus Albanus +persequitur.” Neque longe progressus a quodam, qui eum agnoverat, +confossus est.</p> + +<p>Depulsis prostratisque inimicorum partibus Sulla Felicem se edicto +appellavit, cumque eius uxor geminos eodem tunc partu edidisset, puerum +Faustum puellamque Faustam nominari voluit. Sed paucis annis post +repente contra omnium exspectationem dictaturam deposuit. Dimissis +lictoribus diu in Foro cum amicis deambulavit. Stupebat populus eum +privatum videns, cuius modo tam formidolosa fuerat potestas; quodque non +minus mirandum fuit, privato ei non solum salus, sed etiam dignitas +constitit, qui cives innumeros occiderat. Unus adulescens fuit, qui +auderet queri et recedentem usque ad fores domus maledictis incessere. +Atque ille, cuius iram potentissimi viri maximaeque civitates nec +effugere nec placare potuerant, unius adulescentuli contumelias patienti +animo tulit, id tantum in limine iam dicens: “Hic adulescens efficiet ne +quis posthac tale imperium deponat.”</p> + +<p>Sulla deinde in villam profectus rusticari et venando vitam agere +coepit. Ibi morbo correptus interiit, vir ingentis animi, cupidus +voluptatum, sed gloriae cupidior; litteris Graecis atque Latinis +eruditus et virorum litteratorum adeo amans, ut sedulitatem etiam mali +cuiusdam poetae aliquo praemio dignam duxerit: nam cum ille epigramma in +eum fecisset eique subiecisset, Sulla statim praemium ei dari iussit, +sed ea lege, ne quid postea scriberet. Ante victoriam laudandus, in iis +vero, quae secuta sunt, numquam satis vituperandus, urbem enim et +Italiam civilis sanguinis fluminibus inundavit. Non solum in vivos +saeviit, sed ne mortuis quidem pepercit: nam Gai Marii, cuius, etsi +postea hostis, aliquando tamen quaestor fuerat, erutos cineres in flumen +proiecit. Qua crudelitate rerum praeclare gestarum gloriam corrupit.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXV">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XXV" id = "stripped_XXV">XXV.</a> +Lucius Lucullus</h4> + +<p>Lucius Lucullus ingenio, doctrina, virtute fuit insignis. In Asiam +quaestor profectus ibi per multos annos admirabili quadam laude +provinciae praefuit, deinde absens factus aedilis, continuo praetor, +inde ad consulatum promotus est, quem ita gessit, ut omnes diligentiam +admirarentur, ingenium agnoscerent. Post ad Mithridaticum bellum missus +a senatu non modo opinionem vicit omnium, sed etiam gloriam superiorum +ducum. Idque eo fuit mirabilius, quod ab eo laus imperatoria non admodum +exspectabatur, qui adulescentiam in forensi opera, quaesturae diuturnum +tempus in Asiae pace consumpserat; sed incredibilis quaedam ingenii +magnitudo non desideravit usus disciplinam. Itaque cum totum iter et +navigationem consumpsisset partim in percontando a peritis, partim in +rebus gestis legendis, in Asiam factus imperator venit, cum esset Roma +profectus rei militaris rudis.</p> + +<p>Lucullus eo bello magnas ac memorabiles res gessit; Mithridatem saepe +multis locis fudit; Tigranem, regum maximum, in Armenia vicit, +ultimamque bello manum magis noluit imponere, quam non potuit; sed +alioqui per omnia laudabilis et bello paene invictus pecuniae cupidini +nimium deditus fuit; quam tamen ideo expetebat, ut per luxuriam +effunderet. Itaque postquam de Mithridate triumphavit, abiecta omnium +rerum cura coepit delicate ac molliter vivere otioque et luxu diffluere: +magnifice et immenso sumptu villas aedificavit atque ad eorum usum mare +ipsum vexavit. Nam in quibusdam locis moles mari iniecit; in aliis, +suffossis montibus, mare in terras induxit, unde eum haud infacete +Pompeius Xerxem togatum vocare adsueverat.</p> + +<p>Habebat Lucullus villam prospectu et ambulatione pulcherrimam. Quo +cum venisset Pompeius, id unum reprehendit, quod ea habitatio esset +quidem aestate peramoena, sed hieme minus commoda videretur; cui +Lucullus “Putasne” inquit “me minus sapere quam hirundines, quae +adveniente hieme sedem commutant?” Villarum magnificentiae respondebat +epularum sumptus. Cum aliquando modica ei, utpote soli, cena esset +posita, coquum graviter obiurgavit, eique excusanti ac dicenti se non +debuisse lautum parare convivium, quod nemo esset ad cenam invitatus, +“Quid ais?” inquit iratus Lucullus. “Nesciebasne Lucullum hodie +cenaturum esse apud Lucullum?”</p> + +<p>Laudanda est Luculli impensa et studium in libris. Nam et multos et +optimos conquisivit eosque liberaliter dedit utendos. Patebat omnibus +bibliotheca, et in porticus ei adiectas velut ad Musarum aedem veniebant +maxime Graeci tempusque ibi iucunde inter se traducebant ab aliis curis +liberi. Saepe cum iis versabatur Lucullus et inter magnam doctorum +virorum turbam ambulabat.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXVI">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XXVI" id = "stripped_XXVI">XXVI.</a> +Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</h4> + +<p>Gnaeus Pompeius, stirpis senatoriae, bello civili se et patrem +consilio servavit. Cum enim Pompei pater exercitui suo ob avaritiam +esset invisus, facta in eum conspiratione, Terentius quidam, Gnaei +Pompei filii contubernalis, hunc occidendum suscepit, dum alii +tabernaculum patris incenderent. Quae res cum iuveni Pompeio cenanti +nuntiata esset, nihil periculo motus solito hilarius bibit et cum +Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus +clam subduxit se tentorio et firmam patri circumdedit custodiam. +Terentius tum destricto ense ad lectum Pompei accessit multisque ictibus +stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione Pompeius se in media coniecit +agmina, militesque tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit ac duci +reconciliavit.</p> + +<p>Eodem bello Pompeius partes Sullae secutus ita se gessit ut ab eo +maxime diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio +veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias conlegit, statimque dux peritus +exstitit. Magnus illius apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio +fuit; nullus ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi +vinique temperans, somni parcus; inter milites corpus exercens cum +alacribus saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis luctando certabat. Tum +ad Sullam iter intendit et in eo itinere tres hostium exercitus aut +fudit aut sibi adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit +egregiamque sub signis iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo Pompeiumque +salutavit imperatorem et postea ei venienti solebat sella adsurgere et +caput aperire et equo descendere, quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio +tribuebat.</p> + +<p>Postea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam a Carbone, Sullae +inimico, occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus et ad Pompeium ductus +est: quem Pompeius, etsi Carbo muliebriter mortem extimescens demisse et +flebiliter mortem deprecabatur, ad supplicium duci iussit. Longe +moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium, Siciliae cuiusdam civitatis +principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset, quae +sibi adversata fuisset, inique eum facturum Sthenius exclamavit, si ob +unius culpam omnes puniret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus +esset, “Ego” inquit Sthenius “qui cives meos ad id induxi.” Tam libera +voce delectatus Pompeius omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.</p> + +<p>Transgressus inde in Africam Iarbam, Numidiae regem, qui Marii +partibus favebat, bello persecutus intra dies quadraginta oppressit et +Africam subegit adulescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Deinde cum +litterae ei a Sulla redditae essent, quibus exercitu dimisso cum una +legione successorem exspectare iubebatur, Pompeius, quamquam aegre id +ferebat, tamen paruit et Romam revertit. Revertenti incredibilis hominum +multitudo obviam ivit; Sulla quoque laetus eum excepit et Magni +cognomine consalutavit. Nihilo minus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit: +neque vero ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius aususque dicere +plures adorare solem orientem quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae +potentiam minui, suam crescere. Ea voce audita Sulla, confidentia +adulescentis perculsus, “Triumphet! triumphet!” exclamavit.</p> + +<p>Metello iam seni et bellum in Hispania segnius gerenti conlega datus +Pompeius adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. Maximum ibi in +proelio quodam periculum subiit: cum enim vir vasta corporis magnitudine +impetum in eum fecisset, Pompeius manum amputavit; sed multis in eum +concurrentibus vulnus in femore accepit et a suis fugientibus desertus +in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: barbari enim equum +eius auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum igitur praedam +inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius eorum manus effugit. Altero +proelio cum Metellus Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, Sertorius +recedere coactus dixisse fertur: “Nisi anus illa supervenisset, ego hunc +puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem.” Metellum anum +appellabat, quia is, iam senex, ad mollem et effeminatam vitam +deflexerat. Sertorio interfecto Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.</p> + +<p>Cum piratae illa tempestate maria omnia infestarent et quasdam etiam +Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos cum imperio +extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant +quidam ex optimatibus et imprimis Quintus Catulus. Qui cum in contione +dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Cn. Pompeium, sed non esse uni +omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: “Si quid huic acciderit, quem in eius +locum substituetis?” summo consensu succlamavit universa contio, “Te, +Quinte Catule.” Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e +contione discessit. Pompeius, dispositis per omnes maris recessus +navibus, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis +locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris +procul a mari conlocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius, nam intra +quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.</p> + +<p>Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra Mithridatem profectus +in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere +cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates +interdiu castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum erat congredi cum +hoste in locis ignotis. Nocte tamen aliquando cum Pompeius Mithridatem +aggressus esset, luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento. Quam cum Romani a +tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque +hostium ordines pertinebant, unde decepti regii milites in umbras, +tamquam in propinquum hostem, tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in +Pontum profugit. Pharnaces filius bellum ei intulit, qui, occisis a +patre fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus +venenum sumpsit; quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis +antea medicamentis corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo, a quo ut adiuvaret +se petierat, interfectus est.</p> + +<p>Tigrani deinde, Armeniae regi, qui Mithridatis partes secutus erat, +Pompeius bellum intulit eumque ad deditionem compulit. Qui cum +procubuisset ad genua Pompei, eum erexit, et benignis verbis recreatum +diadema, quod abiecerat, capiti reponere iussit, aeque pulchrum esse +iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Inde in Iudaeam profectus Romanorum +primus Iudaeos domuit, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, cepit, templumque iure +victoriae ingressus est. Rebus Asiae compositis, in Italiam versus ad +urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed dimisso exercitu, +et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis +inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil inlustrius visum, quam +quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerant: +Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primum ex Africa, iterum ex +Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si, +quem gloriae, eundem vitae finem habuisset neque adversam fortunam esset +expertus iam senex.</p> + +<p>Posteriore enim tempore orta inter Pompeium et Caesarem gravi +dissensione, quod hic superiorem, ille parem ferre non posset, bellum +civile exarsit. Caesar infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Pompeius, +relicta urbe ac deinde Italia ipsa, Thessaliam petit et cum eo consules +senatusque omnis: quem insecutus Caesar apud Pharsalum acie fudit. +Victus Pompeius ad Ptolemaeum, Aegypti regem, cui tutor a senatu datus +erat, profugit, qui Pompeium interfici iussit. Latus Pompei sub oculis +uxoris et liberorum mucrone confossum est, caput praecisum, truncus in +Nilum coniectus. Deinde caput cum anulo ad Caesarem delatum est, qui eo +viso lacrimas non continens illud multis pretiosissimisque odoribus +cremandum curavit.</p> + +<p>Is fuit Pompei post tres consulatus et totidem triumphos vitae +exitus. Erant in Pompeio multae et magnae virtutes ac praecipue +admiranda frugalitas. Cum ei aegrotanti praecepisset medicus ut turdum +ederet, negarent autem servi eam avem usquam aestivo tempore posse +reperiri, nisi apud Lucullum, qui turdos domi saginaret, vetuit Pompeius +turdum inde peti, medicoque dixit: “Ergo, nisi Lucullus perditus +deliciis esset, non viveret Pompeius?” Aliam avem, quae parabilis esset, +sibi iussit apponi.</p> + +<p>Viris doctis magnum honorem habebat Pompeius. Ex Syria decedens, +confecto bello Mithridatico, cum Rhodum venisset, Posidonium cupiit +audire; sed cum audivisset eum graviter esse aegrum, quod vehementer +eius artus laborarent, voluit tamen nobilissimum philosophum visere. Mos +erat ut, consule aedes aliquas ingressuro, lictor fores percuteret, +admonens consulem adesse, at Pompeius fores Posidonii percuti honoris +causa vetuit. Quem ut vidit et salutavit, moleste se dixit ferre, quod +eum non posset audire. At ille “Tu vero” inquit “potes, nec committam ut +dolor corporis efficiat ut frustra tantus vir ad me venerit.” Itaque +cubans graviter et copiose de hoc ipso disputavit: nihil esse bonum nisi +quod honestum esset, nihil malum dici posse, quod turpe non esset. Cum +vero dolores acriter eum pungerent, saepe “Nihil agis,” inquit “dolor! +quamvis sis molestus, numquam te esse malum confitebor.”</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXVII">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XXVII" id = "stripped_XXVII">XXVII.</a> +Gaius Iulius Caesar</h4> + +<p>C. Iulius Caesar, nobilissima Iuliorum genitus familia, annum agens +sextum et decimum patrem amisit. Corneliam, Cinnae filiam, duxit uxorem; +cuius pater cum esset Sullae inimicissimus, is Caesarem voluit +compellere ut eam repudiaret; neque id potuit efficere. Qua re Caesar +bonis spoliatus cum etiam ad necem quaereretur, mutata veste nocte urbe +elapsus est et quamquam tunc quartanae morbo laborabat, prope per +singulas noctes latebras commutare cogebatur; et comprehensus a Sullae +liberto, ne ad Sullam perduceretur, vix data pecunia evasit. Postremo +per propinquos et adfines suos veniam impetravit. Satis constat Sullam, +cum deprecantibus amicissimis et ornatissimis viris aliquamdiu +denegasset atque illi pertinaciter contenderent, expugnatum tandem +proclamasse, vincerent, dummodo scirent eum, quem incolumem tanto opere +cuperent, aliquando optimatium partibus, quas secum simul defendissent, +exitio futurum; nam Caesari multos Marios inesse.</p> + +<p>Stipendia prima in Asia fecit. In expugnatione Mitylenarum corona +civica donatus est. Mortuo Sulla, Rhodum secedere statuit, ut per otium +Apollonio Moloni, tunc clarissimo dicendi magistro, operam daret. Huc +dum traicit, a praedonibus captus est mansitque apud eos prope +quadraginta dies. Per omne autem illud spatium ita se gessit, ut piratis +pariter terrori venerationique esset. Comites interim servosque ad +expediendas pecunias, quibus redimeretur, dimisit. Viginti talenta +piratae postulaverant: ille quinquaginta daturum se spopondit. Quibus +numeratis cum expositus esset in litore, confestim Miletum, quae urbs +proxime aberat, properavit ibique contracta classe invectus in eum +locum, in quo ipsi praedones erant, partem classis fugavit, partem +mersit, aliquot naves cepit piratasque in potestatem redactos eo +supplicio, quod illis saepe minatus inter iocum erat, adfecit crucique +suffixit.</p> + +<p>Quaestori ulterior Hispania obvenit. Quo profectus cum Alpes +transiret et ad conspectum pauperis cuiusdam vici comites per iocum +inter se disputarent num illic etiam esset ambitioni locus, serio dixit +Caesar <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘malle’">malle</ins> +se ibi primum esse, quam Romae secundum. +Dominationis avidus a prima aetate regnum concupiscebat semperque +in ore habebat hos Euripidis, Graeci poetae, versus:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Nam si violandum est ius, regnandi gratia</p> +<p>Violandum est. Aliis rebus pietatem colas.</p> +</div> + +<p>Cumque Gades, quod est Hispaniae oppidum, venisset, animadversa apud +Herculis templum magni Alexandri imagine ingemuit et quasi pertaesus +ignaviam suam, quod nihildum a se memorabile actum esset in ea aetate, +qua iam Alexander orbem terrarum subegisset, missionem continuo +efflagitavit ad captandas quam primum maiorum rerum occasiones in +urbe.</p> + +<p>Aedilis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitolium ornavit +porticibus. Venationes autem ludosque et cum conlega M. Bibulo et +separatim edidit: quo factum est ut communium quoque impensarum solus +gratiam caperet. His autem rebus patrimonium effudit tantumque conflavit +aes alienum, ut ipse diceret sibi opus esse millies sestertium, ut +haberet nihil.</p> + +<p>Consul deinde creatus cum M. Bibulo, societatem cum Gnaeo Pompeio et +Marco Crasso iunxit Caesar, ne quid ageretur in re publica, quod +displicuisset ulli ex tribus. Deinde legem tulit ut ager Campanus plebi +divideretur. Cui legi cum senatus repugnaret, rem ad populum detulit. +Bibulus conlega in Forum venit, ut legi obsisteret, sed tanta in eum +commota est seditio, ut in caput eius cophinus stercore plenus +effunderetur fascesque ei frangerentur atque adeo ipse armis Foro +expelleretur. Qua re cum Bibulus per reliquum anni tempus domo abditus +Curia abstineret, unus ex eo tempore Caesar omnia in re publica ad +arbitrium administrabat, ut nonnulli urbanorum, si quid testandi gratia +signarent, per iocum non, ut mos erat, ‘consulibus Caesare et Bibulo’ +actum scriberent, sed ‘Iulio et Caesare,’ unum consulem nomine et +cognomine pro duobus appellantes.</p> + +<p>Functus consulatu Caesar Galliam provinciam accepit. Gessit autem +novem annis, quibus in imperio fuit, haec fere: Galliam in provinciae +formam redegit; Germanos, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, primus Romanorum +ponte fabricato aggressus maximis adfecit cladibus. Aggressus est +Britannos, ignotos antea, superatisque pecunias et obsides imperavit. +Hic cum multa Romanorum militum insignia narrantur, tum illud egregium +ipsius Caesaris, quod, nutante in fugam exercitu, rapto fugientis e manu +scuto in primam volitans aciem proelium restituit. Idem alio proelio +legionis aquiliferum ineundae fugae causa iam conversum faucibus +comprehensum in contrariam partem detraxit dextramque ad hostem tendens +“Quorsum tu” inquit “abis? Illic sunt, cum quibus dimicamus.” Qua +adhortatione omnium legionum trepidationem correxit vincique paratas +vincere docuit.</p> + +<p>Interfecto interea apud Parthos Crasso et defuncta Iulia, Caesaris +filia, quae, nupta Pompeio, generi socerique concordiam tenebat, statim +aemulatio erupit. Iam pridem Pompeio suspectae Caesaris opes et Caesari +Pompeiana dignitas gravis, nec hic ferebat parem, nec ille superiorem. +Itaque cum Caesar in Gallia detineretur, et, ne imperfecto bello +discederet, postulasset ut sibi liceret, quamvis absenti, alterum +consulatum petere, a senatu, suadentibus Pompeio eiusque amicis, negatum +ei est. Hanc iniuriam acceptam vindicaturus in Italiam rediit et +bellandum ratus cum exercitu Rubiconem flumen, qui provinciae eius finis +erat, transiit. Hoc ad flumen paulum constitisse fertur ac reputans +quantum moliretur, conversus ad proximos, “Etiamnunc” inquit “regredi +possumus; quod si ponticulum transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt.” +Postremo autem “Iacta alea esto!” exclamans exercitum traici iussit +plurimisque urbibus occupatis Brundisium contendit, quo Pompeius +consulesque confugerant.</p> + +<p>Qui cum inde in Epirum traiecissent, Caesar, eos secutus a Brundisio, +Dyrrachium inter oppositas classes gravissima hieme transmisit; +copiisque quas subsequi iusserat diutius cessantibus, cum ad eas +arcessendas frustra misisset, mirae audaciae facinus edidit. Morae enim +impatiens castris noctu egreditur, clam naviculam conscendit, obvoluto +capite, ne agnosceretur, et quamquam mare saeva tempestate intumescebat, +in altum tamen protinus dirigi navigium iubet et, gubernatore +trepidante, “Quid times?” inquit “Caesarem vehis!” neque prius +gubernatorem cedere adversae tempestati passus est, quam paene obrutus +esset fluctibus.</p> + +<p>Deinde Caesar in Epirum profectus Pompeium Pharsalico proelio fudit, +et fugientem persecutus, ut occisum cognovit, Ptolemaeo regi, Pompeii +interfectori, a quo sibi quoque insidias tendi videret, bellum intulit; +quo victo in Pontum transiit Pharnacemque, Mithridatis filium, +rebellantem et multiplici successu praeferocem intra quintum ab adventu +diem, quattuor, quibus in conspectum venit, horis una profligavit acie, +more fulminis, quod uno eodemque momento venit, percussit, abscessit. +Nec vana de se praedicatio est Caesaris ante victum hostem esse quam +visum. Pontico postea triumpho trium verborum praetulit titulum: “Veni, +vidi, vici.” Deinde Scipionem et Iubam, Numidiae regem, reliquias +Pompeianarum partium in Africa refoventes, devicit.</p> + +<p>Victorem Africani belli Gaium Caesarem gravius excepit Hispaniense, +quod Cn. Pompeius, Magni filius, adulescens fortissimus, ingens ac +terribile conflaverat, undique ad eum auxiliis paterni nominis +magnitudinem sequentium ex toto orbe confluentibus. Sua Caesarem in +Hispaniam comitata fortuna est: sed nullum umquam atrocius +periculosiusque ab eo initum proelium, adeo ut, plus quam dubio Marte, +descenderet equo consistensque ante recedentem suorum aciem increpans +fortunam, quod se in eum servasset exitum, denuntiaret militibus +vestigio se non recessurum; proinde viderent, quem et quo loco +imperatorem deserturi essent. Verecundia magis quam virtute acies +restituta est. Cn. Pompeius victus et interemptus est. Caesar, omnium +victor, regressus in urbem omnibus, qui contra se arma tulerant, ignovit +et quinquies triumphavit.</p> + +<p>Bellis civilibus confectis, conversus iam ad ordinandum rei publicae +statum fastos correxit annumque ad cursum solis accommodavit, ut +trecentorum sexaginta quinque dierum esset et, intercalario mense +sublato, unus dies quarto quoque anno intercalaretur. Ius laboriosissime +ac severissime dixit. Repetundarum convictos etiam ordine senatorio +movit. Peregrinarum mercium portoria instituit: legem praecipue +sumptuariam exercuit. De ornanda instruendaque urbe, item de tuendo +ampliandoque imperio plura ac maiora in dies destinabat: imprimis ius +civile ad certum modum redigere atque ex immensa legum copia optima +quaeque et necessaria in paucissimos conferre libros; bibliothecas +Graecas et Latinas, quas maximas posset, publicare; siccare Pomptinas +paludes: viam munire a Mari Supero per Apennini dorsum ad Tiberim usque: +Dacos, qui se in Pontum effuderant, coercere: mox Parthis bellum inferre +per Armeniam.</p> + +<p>Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevenit. Dictator enim in +perpetuum creatus agere insolentius coepit: senatum ad se venientem +sedens excepit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem, irato vultu respexit. +Cum Antonius, Caesaris in omnibus bellis comes et tunc consulatus +conlega, capiti eius in sella aurea sedentis pro rostris diadema, +insigne regium, imposuisset, id ita ab eo est repulsum, ut non offensus +videretur. Quare coniuratum in eum est a sexaginta amplius viris, Cassio +et Bruto ducibus conspirationis, decretumque eum Idibus Martiis in +senatu confodere.</p> + +<p>Plurima indicia futuri periculi obtulerant dii immortales. Uxor +Calpurnia, territa nocturno visu, ut Idibus Martiis domi subsisteret +orabat et Spurinna haruspex praedixerat ut proximos dies triginta quasi +fatales caveret, quorum ultimus erat Idus Martiae. Hoc igitur die Caesar +Spurinnae “Ecquid scis” inquit “Idus Martias iam venisse?” et is “Ecquid +scis illas nondum praeterisse?” Atque cum Caesar eo die in senatum +venisset, adsidentem conspirati specie officii circumsteterunt ilicoque +unus, quasi aliquid rogaturus, propius accessit renuentique ab utroque +umero togam apprehendit. Deinde clamantem “Ista quidem vis est!” Casca, +unus e coniuratis, adversum vulnerat paulum infra iugulum. Caesar Cascae +bracchium adreptum graphio traiecit conatusque prosilire alio vulnere +tardatus est. Dein ut animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti, +toga caput obvolvit et ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est. Cum +Marcum Brutum, quem filii loco habebat in se inruentem vidisset, dixisse +fertur: “Tu quoque, mi fili!”</p> + +<p>Illud inter omnes fere constitit talem ei mortem paene ex sententia +obtigisse. Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophontem legisset Cyrum ultima +valetudine mandasse quaedam de funere suo, aspernatus tam lentum mortis +genus subitam sibi celeremque optaverat, et pridie quam occideretur, in +sermone nato super cenam quisnam esset finis vitae commodissimus, +repentinum inopinatumque praetulerat. Percussorum autem neque triennio +quisquam amplius supervixit neque sua morte defunctus est. Damnati omnes +alius alio casu perierunt, pars naufragio, pars proelio; nonnulli semet +eodem illo pugione, quo Caesarem violaverant, interemerunt.</p> + +<p>Quo rarior in regibus et principibus viris moderatio, hoc laudanda +magis est. C. Iulius Caesar victoria civili clementissime usus est; +cum enim scrinia deprehendisset epistularum ad Pompeium missarum ab iis, +qui videbantur aut in diversis aut in neutris fuisse partibus, legere +noluit, sed combussit, ne forte in multos gravius consulendi locum +darent. Cicero hanc laudem eximiam Caesari tribuit, quod nihil oblivisci +soleret nisi iniurias. Simultates omnes, occasione oblata, libens +deposuit. Ultro ac prior scripsit C. Calvo post famosa eius +adversum se epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cuius versiculis famam suam +laceratam non ignorabat, adhibuit cenae. C. Memmii suffragator in +petitione consulatus fuit, etsi asperrimas fuisse eius in se orationes +sciebat.</p> + +<p>Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, ore paulo pleniore, nigris +vegetisque oculis, capite calvo; quam calvitii deformitatem, quod saepe +obtrectatorum iocis obnoxia erat, aegre ferebat. Ideo ex omnibus +decretis sibi a senatu populoque honoribus non alium aut recepit aut +usurpavit libentius quam ius laureae perpetuo gestandae. Vini +parcissimum eum fuisse ne inimici quidem negaverunt. Verbum Catonis est +unum ex omnibus Caesarem ad evertendam rem publicam sobrium accessisse. +Armorum et equitandi peritissimus, laboris ultra fidem patiens; in +agmine nonnumquam equo, saepius pedibus anteibat, capite detecto, seu +sol, seu imber erat. Longissimas vias incredibili celeritate +conficiebat, ut persaepe nuntios de se praeveniret: neque eum morabantur +flumina, quae vel nando vel innixus inflatis utribus traiciebat.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXVIII">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XXVIII" id = "stripped_XXVIII">XXVIII.</a> +Marcus Tullius Cicero</h4> + +<p>Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, Arpini, quod est Volscorum +oppidum, natus est. Ex eius avis unus verrucam in extremo naso sitam +habuit, ciceris grano similem; inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum. +Suadentibus quibusdam ut id nomen mutaret, “Dabo operam” inquit “ut +istud cognomen nobilissimorum nominum splendorem vincat.” Cum a patre +Romam missus, ubi celeberrimorum magistrorum scholis interesset, eas +artes disceret, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem solet informari, +tanto successu tantaque cum praeceptorum tum ceterorum discipulorum +admiratione id fecit, ut, cum fama de Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad +alios manasset, non pauci, qui eius videndi et audiendi gratia scholas +adirent, reperti esse dicantur.</p> + +<p>Cum nulla re magis ad summos in re publica honores viam muniri posse +intellegeret quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto animo in eius studium +incubuit, in quo quidem ita versatus est, ut non solum eos, qui in Foro +et iudiciis causas perorarent, studiose sectaretur, sed privatim quoque +diligentissime se exerceret. Primum eloquentiam et libertatem adversus +Sullanos ostendit. Nam cum Roscium quendam, parricidii accusatum, ob +Chrysogoni, Sullae liberti, qui in eius adversariis erat, potentiam nemo +defendere auderet, tanta eloquentiae vi eum defendit Cicero, ut iam tum +in arte dicendi nullus ei par esse videretur. Ex quo invidiam veritus +Athenas studiorum gratia petiit, ubi Antiochum philosophum studiose +audivit. Inde eloquentiae causa Rhodum se contulit, ubi Molonem, Graecum +rhetorem tum disertissimum, magistrum habuit. Qui cum Ciceronem dicentem +audivisset, flevisse dicitur, quod per hunc Graecia eloquentiae laude +privaretur.</p> + +<p>Romam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nullius vero quaestura aut +gratior aut clarior fuit; cum magna tum esset annonae difficultas, +initio molestus erat Siculis, quos cogeret frumenta in urbem mittere; +postea vero, diligentiam et iustitiam et comitatem eius experti, maiores +quaestori suo honores quam ulli umquam praetori detulerunt. E Sicilia +reversus Romam in causis dicendis ita floruit, ut inter omnes causarum +patronos et esset et haberetur princeps.</p> + +<p>Consul deinde factus L. Sergii Catilinae coniurationem singulari +virtute, constantia, cura compressit. Catilinae proavum, +M. Sergium, incredibili fortitudine fuisse Plinius refert. +Stipendia is fecit secundo bello Punico. Secundo stipendio dextram manum +perdidit: stipendiis duobus ter et vicies vulneratus est: ob id neutra +manu, neutro pede satis utilis, plurimisque postea stipendiis debilis +miles erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis vinculorum eius profugus, +viginti mensibus nullo non die in catenis aut compedibus custoditus. +Sinistra manu sola quater pugnavit, duobus equis, insidente eo, +suffossis. Dextram sibi ferream fecit eaque religata proeliatus Cremonam +obsidione exemit, Placentiam tutatus est, duodena castra hostium in +Gallia cepit. Ceteri profecto, Plinius addit, victores hominum fuere, +Sergius vicit etiam fortunam.</p> + +<p>Singularem huius viri gloriam foede dehonestavit pronepotis scelus. +Hic enim rei familiaris, quam profuderat, inopia multorumque scelerum +conscientia in furorem actus et dominandi cupiditate incensus +indignatusque, quod in petitione consulatus repulsam passus esset, +coniuratione facta senatum confodere, consules trucidare, urbem +incendere, diripere aerarium constituerat. Actum erat de pulcherrimo +imperio, nisi illa coniuratio in Ciceronem et Antonium consules +incidisset, quorum alter industria rem patefecit, alter manu oppressit. +Cum Cicero, habito senatu, in praesentem reum perorasset, Catilina, +incendium suum ruina se restincturum esse minitans, Roma profugit et ad +exercitum, quem paraverat, proficiscitur, signa inlaturus urbi. Sed +socii eius, qui in urbe remanserant, comprehensi in carcere necati sunt. +A. Fulvius, vir senatorii ordinis, filium, iuvenem et ingenio et +forma inter aequales nitentem, pravo consilio Catilinae amicitiam +secutum inque castra eius ruentem, ex medio itinere retractum supplicio +mortis adfecit, praefatus non se Catilinae illum adversus patriam, sed +patriae adversus Catilinam genuisse.</p> + +<p>Neque eo magis ab incepto Catilina destitit, sed infestis signis +Romam petens Antonii exercitu opprimitur. Quam atrociter dimicatum sit +exitus docuit: nemo hostium bello superfuit; quem quisque in pugnando +ceperat locum, eum amissa anima tegebat. Catilina longe a suis inter +hostium cadavera repertus est: pulcherrima morte, si pro patria sic +concidisset! Senatus populusque Romanus Ciceronem patrem patriae +appellavit. Cicero ipse in oratione pro Sulla palam praedicat consilium +patriae servandae fuisse iniectum sibi a diis, cum Catilina coniurasset +adversus eam. “O dii immortales,” inquit “vos profecto incendistis tum +animum meum cupiditate conservandae patriae. Vos avocastis me a +cogitationibus omnibus ceteris et convertistis ad salutem unam patriae. +Vos denique praetulistis menti meae clarissimum lumen in tenebris tantis +erroris et inscientiae. Tribuam enim vobis, quae sunt vestra. Nec vero +possum tantum dare ingenio meo, ut dispexerim sponte mea in tempestate +illa turbulentissima rei publicae, quid esset optimum factu.”</p> + +<p>Paucis post annis Ciceroni diem dixit Clodius tribunus plebis, quod +cives Romanos indicta causa necavisset. Senatus maestus, tamquam in +publico luctu, veste mutata pro eo deprecabatur. Cicero, cum posset +armis salutem suam defendere, maluit urbe cedere quam sua causa caedem +fieri. Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes prosecuti sunt. Dein Clodius +edictum proposuit ut Marco Tullio igni et aqua interdiceretur: illius +domum et villas incendit. Sed vis illa non diuturna fuit, mox enim totus +fere populus Romanus ingenti desiderio Ciceronis reditum flagitare +coepit et maximo omnium ordinum studio Cicero in patriam revocatus est. +Nihil per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, accidit +iucundius. Obviam ei redeunti ab universis itum est: domus eius publica +pecunia restituta est.</p> + +<p>Gravissimae illa tempestate inter Caesarem et Pompeium ortae sunt +inimicitiae, ut res nisi bello dirimi non posse videretur. Cicero quidem +summo studio enitebatur ut eos inter se reconciliaret et a belli civilis +calamitatibus deterreret, sed cum neutrum ad pacem ineundam permovere +posset, Pompeium secutus est. Sed victo Pompeio, a Caesare victore +veniam ultro accepit. Quo interfecto Octavianum, Caesaris heredem, +fovit, Antonium impugnavit effecitque ut a senatu hostis +iudicaretur.</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Sed’">Sed</ins> +Antonius, inita cum Octaviano societate, Ciceronem iam diu sibi inimicum +proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero transversis itineribus in villam, +quae a mari proxime aberat, fugit indeque navem conscendit, in +Macedoniam transiturus. Unde aliquotiens in altum provectum cum modo +venti adversi rettulissent, modo ipse iactationem maris pati non posset, +taedium tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit regressusque ad villam +“Moriar” inquit “in patria saepe servata.” Satis constat, adventantibus +percussoribus, servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad +dimicandum, ipsum deponi lecticam et quietos pati, quod sors iniqua +cogeret, iussisse. Prominenti ex lectica et immotam cervicem praebenti +caput praecisum est. Manus quoque abscissae; caput relatum est ad +Antonium eiusque iussu cum dextra manu in rostris positum.</p> + +<p>Quamdiu res publica Romana per eos gerebatur, quibus se ipsa +commiserat, in eam curas cogitationesque fere omnes suas conferebat +Cicero et plus operae ponebat in agendo quam in scribendo. Cum autem +dominatu unius C. Iulii Caesaris omnia tenerentur, non se angoribus +dedidit nec indignis homine docto voluptatibus. Fugiens conspectum Fori +urbisque rura peragrabat abdebatque se, quantum licebat, et solus erat. +Nihil agere autem cum animus non posset, existimavit honestissime +molestias posse deponi, si se ad philosophiam rettulisset, cui +adulescens multum temporis tribuerat, et omne studium curamque convertit +ad scribendum: atque ut civibus etiam otiosus aliquid prodesse posset, +elaboravit ut doctiores fierent et sapientiores, pluraque brevi tempore, +eversa re publica, scripsit, quam multis annis ea stante scripserat. Sic +facundiae et Latinarum litterarum parens evasit paruitque virorum +sapientium praecepto, qui docent non solum ex malis eligere minima +oportere, sed etiam excerpere ex his ipsis, si quid insit boni.</p> + +<p>Multa exstant facete ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum suum, exiguae +staturae hominem, vidisset longo gladio accinctum, “Quis” inquit +“generum meum ad gladium adligavit?”—Matrona quaedam iuniorem se, +quam erat, simulans dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere; cui +Cicero “Verum est,” inquit “nam hoc viginti annos audio.”—Caesar, +altero consule mortuo die Decembris ultima, Caninium consulem hora +septima in reliquam diei partem renuntiaverat; quem cum plerique irent +salutatum de more, “Festinemus” inquit Cicero “priusquam abeat +magistratu.” De eodem Caninio scripsit Cicero: “Fuit mirifica vigilantia +Caninius, qui toto suo consulatu somnum non viderit.”</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXIX">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XXIX" id = "stripped_XXIX">XXIX.</a> +Marcus Brutus</h4> + +<p>M. Brutus, ex illa gente, quae Roma Tarquinios eiecerat, oriundus, +Athenis philosophiam, Rhodi eloquentiam didicit. Eius pater, qui Sullae +partibus adversabatur, iussu Pompei interfectus erat, unde Brutus cum eo +graves gesserat simultates. Bello tamen civili Pompei causam, quod +iustior videretur, secutus dolorem suum rei publicae utilitati +posthabuit. Victo Pompeio Brutus a Caesare servatus est et praetor etiam +factus. Postea vero, cum Caesar superbia elatus senatum contemnere et +regnum adfectare coepisset, populus, praesenti statu haud laetus, +vindicem libertatis requirebat. Subscripsere quidam L. Bruti +statuae: “Utinam viveres!” Item ipsius Caesaris statuae: “Brutus, quia +reges eiecit, primus consul factus est; hic, quia consules eiecit, +postremo rex factus est.” Inscriptum quoque est M. Bruti praetoris +tribunali: “Dormis, Brute!”</p> + +<p>Cognita populi Romani voluntate, Brutus adversus Caesarem +conspiravit. Pridie quam Caesar est occisus, Porcia, Bruti uxor, Catonis +filia, consilii conscia, egresso cubiculum Bruto, cultellum tonsorium +quasi unguium resecandorum causa poposcit eoque velut forte elapso se +vulneravit. Clamore deinde ancillarum in cubiculum revocatus obiurgare +eam coepit, quod tonsoris praeripuisset officium. Cui secreto Porcia +“Non est” inquit “hoc temerarium factum meum, sed in tali statu nostro +mei erga te amoris certissimum indicium. Experiri enim volui, si tibi +propositum ex sententia parum cessisset, quam aequo animo me ferro essem +interemptura.” Quibus verbis auditis Brutus ad caelum manus et oculos +sustulisse dicitur et exclamavisse: “Utinam dignus tali coniuge maritus +videri possem!”</p> + +<p>Interfecto Caesare, cum Antonius vestem eius sanguinolentam ostentans +populum veluti furore quodam adversus coniuratos inflammasset, Brutus in +Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem Philippos adversus Antonium et +Octavianum dimicavit. Victus acie, cum in tumulum se nocte recepisset, +audita Cassii morte, ne in hostium manus veniret, uni ex comitibus latus +transfodiendum praebuit. Antonius Bruti corpus liberto suo sepeliendum +tradidit, quoque honoratius cremaretur, inici ei suum paludamentum +iussit, iacentem non hostem, sed civem deposito existimans odio. Cumque +interceptum a liberto paludamentum comperisset, ira percitus protinus in +eum animadvertit, praefatus: “Quid? tu ignorasti cuius tibi viri +sepulturam commisissem?” Non eadem fuit Octaviani erga Brutum moderatio, +is enim avulsum Bruti caput Romam misit, ut Gai Caesaris statuae +subiceretur. Porcia cum victum et interemptum virum suum cognovisset, +quia ferrum non dabatur, ardentes ore carbones hausit, virilem patris +exitum mulier imitata novo mortis genere.</p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#selection_XXX">As printed</a> +<a name = "stripped_XXX" id = "stripped_XXX">XXX.</a> +Octavianus Caesar Augustus</h4> + +<p>Octavianus, Iuliae, Gai Caesaris sororis, nepos, quartum annum agens +patrem amisit. Ab avunculo adoptatus profectum eum in Hispanias adversus +Gnaei Pompei liberos secutus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam missus studiis +vacavit. Utque primum occisum Caesarem heredemque se comperit, in urbem +regressus hereditatem adiit, nomen Caesaris sumpsit conlectoque +veteranorum exercitu opem Decimo Bruto tulit, qui ab Antonio Mutinae +obsidebatur. Cum autem urbis aditu prohiberetur, ut Brutum de omnibus +rebus certiorem faceret, primo litteras misit plumbeis laminis +inscriptas, quas ad bracchium religatas urinatores Scultennam amnem +transnantes ad Brutum deferebant. Quin et avibus internuntiis utebatur. +Columbis enim, quas inclusas ante fame adfecerat, epistulas ad collum +religabat easque a proximo moenibus loco emittebat. Illae, lucis cibique +avidae, altissima aedificiorum petentes excipiebantur a Decimo Bruto, +qui eo modo de omnibus rebus certior fiebat, utique postquam disposito +quibusdam locis cibo columbas illuc devolare instituerat.</p> + +<p>Bellum Mutinense Octavianus duobus proeliis confecit, quorum in +altero non ducis modo, sed militis etiam functus est officio atque in +media dimicatione, aquilifero legionis suae graviter saucio, aquilam +umeris subisse diuque fertur portasse. Postea reconciliata cum Antonio +gratiaiunctisque cum eo copiis, ut Gai Caesaris necem ulcisceretur, ad +urbem hostiliter accessit misitque qui nomine exercitus sibi consulatum +deposcerent. Cunctante senatu centurio, princeps legationis, reiecto +sagulo, ostendens gladii capulum non dubitavit in Curia dicere: “Hic +faciet, si vos non feceritis.”</p> + +<p>Ita cum Octavianus vicesimo aetatis anno consulatum invasisset, pacem +fecit cum Antonio et Lepido, ita ut triumviri rei publicae constituendae +per quinquennium essent ipse et Lepidus et Antonius, et ut suos quisque +inimicos proscriberent. Quae proscriptio Sullana longe crudelior fuit. +Exstant autem ex ea multa vel extremae impietatis vel mirae fidei ac +constantiae exempla. T. Toranius, triumvirorum partes secutus, +proscripti patris sui, praetorii et ornati viri, latebras, aetatem +notasque corporis, quibus agnosci posset, centurionibus edidit, qui eum +persecuti sunt. Alius quidam cum proscriptum se cognovisset, ad clientem +suum confugit; sed filius eius per ipsa vestigia patris militibus ductis +occidendum eum in conspectu suo obiecit.</p> + +<p>Cum C. Plotius Plancus a triumviris proscriptus in regione +Salernitana lateret, servi eius, comprehensi multumque ac diu torti, +negabant se scire ubi dominus esset. Non sustinuit deinde Plancus tam +fideles tamque boni exempli servos ulterius cruciari; sed processit in +medium iugulumque gladiis militum obiecit. Senatoris cuiusdam servus cum +ad dominum proscriptum occidendum milites advenisse cognosset, commutata +cum eo veste, permutato etiam anulo, illum postico clam emisit, se autem +in cubiculum ad lectulum recepit et ut dominum occidi passus est. +“Quanti viri est” addit Seneca, “cum praemia proditionis ingentia +ostendantur, praemium fidei mortem concupiscere!”</p> + +<p>Octavianus deinde M. Brutum, interfectorem Caesaris, bello persecutus +id bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplici proelio transegit; +quorum priore castris exutus vix fuga evasit. Victor acerbissime se +gessit: in nobilissimum quemque captivum non sine verborum contumelia +saeviit. Uni suppliciter sepulturam precanti respondisse dicitur iam +istam in volucrum fore potestate. Alios, patrem et filium, pro vita +rogantes sortiri fertur iussisse ut alterutri concederetur, ac cum, +patre quia se obtulerat occiso, filius quoque voluntaria occubuisset +nece, spectasse utrumque morientem. Orare veniam vel excusare se +conantibus, una voce occurrebat moriendum esse. Scribunt quidam +trecentos ex dediticiis electos ad aram divo Iulio exstructam Idibus +Martiis hostiarum more mactatos.</p> + +<p>Abalienatus postea est ab Antonio, quod is, repudiata Octavia sorore, +Cleopatram, Aegypti reginam, duxisset uxorem: quae quidem mulier cum +Antonio luxu et deliciis certabat. Una se cena centies sestertium +absumpturam aliquando dixerat. Cupiebat discere Antonius, sed fieri +posse non arbitrabatur. Postero igitur die magnificam alias cenam, sed +cottidianam Antonio apposuit inridenti, quod promisso stare non +potuisset. At illa inferri mensam secundam iussit. Ex praecepto ministri +unum tantum vas ante eam posuere aceti, cuius asperitas visque +margaritas resolvit. Exspectante igitur Antonio quidnam esset actura, +margaritam, quam auribus gerebat, detraxit et aceto liquefactam +absorbuit. Victum Antonium omnes, qui aderant, pronuntiaverunt.</p> + +<p>Octavianus cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus est in Epiro, navali +proelio dimicavit. Victum et fugientem persecutus Aegyptum petiit, et +Alexandream, quo Antonius cum Cleopatra confugerat, obsedit. Antonius in +ultima rerum desperatione, cum habitu regis in solio regali sedisset, +mortem sibi ipse conscivit. Cleopatra, quam Octavianus, Alexandrea in +potestatem redacta, magno opere cupiebat vivam comprehendi triumphoque +servari, aspidem sibi adferendam curavit eiusque morsu periit. +Cleopatrae mortuae communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit.</p> + +<p>Tandem Octavianus, hostibus victis solus imperio potitus, clementem +se exhibuit. Omnia deinceps in eo plena mansuetudinis et humanitatis. +Multis ignovit vel iis qui saepe graviter eum offenderant. Reversus in +Italiam triumphans Romam ingressus est. Tum bellis toto orbe compositis +Iani gemini portas sua manu clausit, quae bis tantum antea clausae +fuerant, primum sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Punicum bellum. Tunc +omnes praeteritorum malorum oblivio cepit populusque Romanus praesentis +otii laetitia perfruebatur. Octaviano maximi honores a senatu delati +sunt. Ipse Augustus cognominatus et in honorem eius mensis Sextilis +eodem nomine appellatus est, quod illo mense bellis civilibus finis +esset impositus. Patris patriae cognomen universi maximo consensu +detulerunt ei. Deferentibus lacrimans respondit Augustus his verbis: +“Compos factus votorum meorum, patres conscripti, quid habeo aliud, quod +deos immortales precer, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad ultimum vitae +finem mihi perferre liceat!”</p> + +<p>Dictaturam magna vi offerente populo deprecatus est. Domini +appellationem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribui edicto vetuit. Immo de +restituenda re publica non semel cogitavit, sed reputans et se privatum +non sine periculo fore, et rem publicam plurium arbitrio commissum iri, +summam retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit ne quem novi status +paeniteret. Bene de iis etiam, quos adversarios expertus erat, et +sentiebat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando unum e nepotibus invenit; +cumque puer territus volumen Ciceronis, quod manu tenebat, veste +tegeret, Augustus librum cepit eoque statim reddito, “Hic vir,” inquit +“fili mi, doctus fuit et patriae amans.”</p> + +<p>Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat summaque comitate adeuntes +excipiebat. Convenit aliquando eum veteranus miles, qui vocatus in ius +periclitabatur rogavitque ut sibi adesset. Statim Augustus unum e +comitatu suo elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem commendaret. Tum +veteranus exclamavit: “At non ego, te periclitante bello Actiaco, +vicarium quaesivi, sed ipse pro te pugnavi,” simulque detexit +cicatrices. Erubuit Augustus atque ipse venit in advocationem.</p> + +<p>Cum post Actiacam victoriam Octavianus Romam reverteretur, occurrit +ei inter gratulantes opifex quidam corvum tenens, quem instituerat haec +dicere: “Ave, Caesar, victor, imperator!” Miratus Caesar officiosam avem +viginti milibus nummorum emit. Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex illa +liberalitate pervenerat, adfirmavit Caesari habere illum et alium +corvum, quem ut adferre cogeretur rogavit. Adlatus verba, quae +didicerat, expressit: “Ave, Antoni, victor, imperator!” Nihil +exasperatus Caesar satis duxit iubere illum dividere donativum cum +contubernali. Salutatus similiter a psittaco emi eum iussit.</p> + +<p>Exemplum sutorem pauperem sollicitavit ut corvum institueret ad parem +salutationem. Qui impendio exhaustus saepe ad avem non respondentem +dicere solebat “Opera et impensa periit!” Aliquando tamen corvus coepit +dicere dictam salutationem. Hac audita, dum transit, Augustus respondit: +“Satis domi talium salutatorum habeo.” Superfuit corvo memoria, ut et +illa, quibus dominum querentem solebat audire, subtexeret: “Opera et +impensa periit.” Ad quod Caesar risit emique avem iussit, quanti nullam +ante emerat.</p> + +<p>Solebat Graeculus quidam descendenti e palatio Caesari honorificum +aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id cum frustra saepe fecisset et tamen +rursus eum idem facturum duxisset Augustus, breve sua manu in charta +exaravit Graecum epigramma et Graeculo advenienti obviam misit. Ille +inter legendum laudare mirarique tam voce quam vultu gestuque. Deinde +cum accessisset ad sellam, qua Caesar vehebatur, demissa in pauperem +crumenam manu paucos denarios protulit, quos principi daret, dixitque se +plus daturum fuisse, si plus habuisset. Secuto omnium risu, +dispensatorem Caesar vocavit et satis grandem pecuniae summam numerari +Graeculo iussit.</p> + +<p>Augustus fere nulli se invitanti negabat. Exceptus igitur a quodam +cena satis parca et paene cottidiana, hoc tantum insusurravit: “Non +putabam me tibi esse tam familiarem.” Cum aliquando apud Pollionem +quendam cenaret fregissetque unus e servis vas crystallinum, rapi eum ad +mortem Pollio iussit et obici muraenis quas ingens piscina continebat. +Evasit e manibus puer et ad pedes Caesaris confugit, nihil aliud +petiturus quam ut aliter periret nec esca piscium fieret. Motus est novo +crudelitatis genere Caesar et illum quidem mitti, crystallina autem +omnia coram se frangi iussit complerique piscinam.</p> + +<p>Augustus in quadam villa aegrotans noctes inquietas agebat, rumpente +somnum eius crebro noctuae cantu. Qua molestia cum liberari se +vehementer cupere significasset, miles quidam, aucupii peritus, noctuam +prehendendam curavit, vivamque Augusto attulit, spe ingentis praemii. +Cui cum Augustus mille nummos dari iussisset, ille minus dignum praemium +existimans dicere ausus est: “Malo ut vivat,” et avem dimisit. +Imperatori nec ad irascendum causa deerat nec ad ulciscendum potestas: +hanc tamen iniuriam aequo animo tulit Augustus hominemque impunitum +abire passus est.</p> + +<p>Augustus amicitias neque facile admisit et constantissime retinuit. +Imprimis familiarem habuit Maecenatem, equitem Romanum; qui ea, qua apud +principem valebat, gratia ita semper usus est, ut prodesset omnibus, +quibus posset, noceret nemini. Ius aliquando dicebat Augustus et multos +capite damnaturus videbatur. Aderat tum Maecenas, qui per circumstantium +turbam perrumpere et ad tribunal propius accedere conabatur. Quod cum +frustra tentasset, haec verba in tabella scripsit: “Surge tandem, +carnifex!” eamque tabellam ad Augustum proiecit. Qua lecta is statim +surrexit neque quisquam est morte multatus.</p> + +<p>Habitavit Augustus in aedibus modicis, neque laxitate neque cultu +conspicuis, ac per annos amplius quadraginta in eodem cubiculo hieme et +aestate mansit. Suppellex quoque eius vix privatae elegantiae erat. Raro +veste alia usus est quam confecta ab uxore, sorore, filia neptibusque. +Item tamen Romam, quam pro maiestate imperii non satis ornatam +invenerat, adeo excoluit, ut iure gloriaretur marmoream se relinquere, +quam latericiam accepisset.</p> + +<p>Forma fuit Augustus eximia et per omnes aetatis gradus venustissima. +Erat tamen omnis lenocinii neglegens et in capite comendo tam +incuriosus, ut eo ipso tempore, quo illud tonsoribus committeret, aut +legeret aliquid aut etiam scriberet.</p> + +<p>Paucis annis antequam moreretur, gravissimam in Germania accepit +cladem, tribus legionibus cum duce Varo legatisque et auxiliis omnibus +caesis. Hac nuntiata excubias per urbem indixit, ne quis tumultus +exsisteret, et magnos ludos Iovi optimo maximo vovit, si res publica in +meliorem statum vertisset. Adeo denique consternatum ferunt, ut, per +continuos menses barba capilloque submisso, caput interdum foribus +inlideret, vociferans: “Quintili Vare, legiones redde!” diemque cladis +quotannis maestum habuerit ac lugubrem.</p> + +<p>Tandem adflicta valetudine in Campaniam concessit, ubi, remisso ad +otium animo, nullo hilaritatis genere abstinuit. Supremo vitae die +petito speculo capillum sibi comi iussit et amicos circumstantes +percontatus ecquid iis videretur mimum vitae commode transegisse, +adiecit solitam clausulam: “Edite strepitum vosque omnes cum gaudio +applaudite.” Obiit Nolae sextum et septuagesimum annum agens.</p> + +</div> + +<div class = "section maintext"> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page1" id = "page1">1</a> + +<h2><a name = "viri" id = "viri">URBIS RŌMAE VIRĪ INLŪSTRĒS</a><br> +<span class = "subhead"> +Complete text as printed</span></h2> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline2.png" width = "84" height = "11" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_I">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_I" id = "selection_I">I.</a> +Rōmānī imperiī exōrdium</h4> + +<p>Proca,<a class = "tag" name = "tag1_1" id = "tag1_1" href = +"#note1_1">1</a> rēx Albānōrum, Numitōrem et Amūlium fīliōs habuit.<br> +Numitōrī, quī nātū<a class = "tag" name = "tag1_2" id = "tag1_2" href = +"#note1_2">2</a> māior erat, rēgnum relīquit;<a class = "tag" name = +"tag1_3" id = "tag1_3" href = "#note1_3">3</a> sed Amūlius,<br> +<a name = "line_i_3" id = "line_i_3"> </a> +pulsō<a class = "tag" name = "tag1_4" id = "tag1_4" href = +"#note1_4">4</a> frātre, rēgnāvit et, ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag1_5" +id = "tag1_5" href = "#note1_5">5</a> eum subole<a class = "tag" name = +"tag1_6" id = "tag1_6" href = "#note1_6">6</a> prīvāret,<a class = "tag" +href = "#note1_5">5</a> Rhēam<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page2" id = "page2">2</a> +Silviam, ēius fīliam, Vestae<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_1" id = +"tag2_1" href = "#note2_1">1</a> sacerdōtem fēcit, quae<a class = "tag" +name = "tag2_2" id = "tag2_2" href = "#note2_2">2</a> tamen<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_5" id = "line_i_5">5</a> +Rōmulum et Remum geminōs ēdidit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_3" id = +"tag2_3" href = "#note2_3">3</a> Eā<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_4" id = +"tag2_4" href = "#note2_4">4</a> rē cōgnitā Amūlius ipsam<a class = +"tag" name = "tag2_5" id = "tag2_5" href = "#note2_5">5</a><br> + +<span class = "figfloat left"> +<img src = "images/pic2a.png" width = "100" height = "94" +alt = "see caption"><br> +TEMPLE OF VESTA<br> +<i>From a coin</i></span> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic2b.png" width = "130" height = "260" +alt = "see caption"><br> +A VESTAL</span> + +<a name = "line_i_6" id = "line_i_6"> </a> +in vincula coniēcit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_6" id = "tag2_6" href += "#note2_6">6</a> parvulōs<br> +<a name = "line_i_7" id = "line_i_7"> </a> +alveō<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_7" id = "tag2_7" href = +"#note2_7">7</a> impositōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_8" id = "tag2_8" +href = "#note2_8">8</a> abiēcit in<br> +Tiberim, quī tunc forte super<br> +<a name = "line_i_9" id = "line_i_9"> </a> +rīpās erat effūsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_9" id = "tag2_9" href = +"#note2_9">9</a>; sed, relābente<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_10" id = "line_i_10">10</a> +flūmine, eōs aqua in siccō<br> +<a name = "line_i_11" id = "line_i_11"> </a> +relīquit. Vāstae tum in iīs<br> +locīs sōlitūdinēs erant. Lupa,<br> +ut fāmā<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_10" id = "tag2_10" href = +"#note2_10">10</a> trāditum est, ad vāgītum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag2_11" id = "tag2_11" href = "#note2_11">11</a> accurrit,<br> +īnfantēs linguā<a class = "tag" href = "#note2_10">10</a> lambit, ūbera +eōrum ōrī<a class = "tag" href = "#note2_7">7</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_15" id = "line_i_15">15</a> +mātremque<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_12" id = "tag2_12" href = +"#note2_12">12</a> sē gessit.</p> + +<p><a name = "line_i_16" id = "line_i_16"> </a> +Cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_13" id = "tag2_13" href = +"#note2_13">13</a> lupa saepius<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_14" id = +"tag2_14" href = "#note2_14">14</a> ad<br> +parvulōs velutī ad catulōs reverterētur,<a class = "tag" href = +"#note2_13">13</a> Faustulus, pāstor<br> +<a name = "line_i_18" id = "line_i_18"> </a> +rēgius,<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_15" id = "tag2_15" href = +"#note2_15">15</a> rē<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_16" id = "tag2_16" +href = "#note2_16">16</a> animadversā eōs tulit in casam et<br> +<a name = "line_i_19" id = "line_i_19"> </a> +Accae Lārentiae coniugī dedit<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_17" id = +"tag2_17" href = "#note2_17">17</a> ēducandōs.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag2_18" id = "tag2_18" href = "#note2_18">18</a> Adultī<a class = +"tag" name = "tag2_19" id = "tag2_19" href = "#note2_19">19</a> +deinde<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_20" id = "line_i_20">20</a> +hī inter pāstōrēs prīmō lūdicrīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_20" id = +"tag2_20" href = "#note2_20">20</a> certāminibus vīrēs auxēre,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag2_21" id = "tag2_21" href = "#note2_21">21</a><br> +deinde vēnandō<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_22" id = "tag2_22" href = +"#note2_22">22</a> saltūs peragrāre et latrōnēs ā rapīnā<a class = "tag" +name = "tag2_23" id = "tag2_23" href = "#note2_23">23</a> pecorum<br> +<a name = "line_i_22" id = "line_i_22"> </a> +arcēre coepērunt. Quārē cum<a class = "tag" href = "#note2_13">13</a> +iīs īnsidiātī essent<a class = "tag" href = "#note2_13">13</a> +latrōnēs,<br> +Remus captus est, Rōmulus<a class = "tag" name = "tag2_24" id = +"tag2_24" href = "#note2_24">24</a> vī sē dēfendit. Tum Faustulus,<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page3" id = "page3">3</a> +<a name = "line_i_24" id = "line_i_24"> </a> +necessitāte compulsus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_1" id = "tag3_1" +href = "#note3_1">1</a> indicāvit Rōmulō quis esset<a class = "tag" name += "tag3_2" id = "tag3_2" href = "#note3_2">2</a> eōrum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_25" id = "line_i_25">25</a> +avus, quae māter. Rōmulus statim <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘armātis’">armātīs</ins><a class = "tag" name = "tag3_3" id = +"tag3_3" href = "#note3_3">3</a> pāstōribus Albam<a class = "tag" name = +"tag3_4" id = "tag3_4" href = "#note3_4">4</a><br> +properāvit.</p> + +<p><a name = "line_i_27" id = "line_i_27"> </a> +Intereā Remum latrōnēs ad Amūlium rēgem perdūxērunt,<a class = "tag" +name = "tag3_5" id = "tag3_5" href = "#note3_5">5</a><br> +<a name = "line_i_28" id = "line_i_28"> </a> +eum accūsantēs, quasi<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_6" id = "tag3_6" href += "#note3_6">6</a> Numitōris agrōs īnfēstāre solitus<a class = "tag" +name = "tag3_7" id = "tag3_7" href = "#note3_7">7</a> esset;<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic3.png" width = "160" height = "125" +alt = "see caption"><br> +CASA</span> + +itaque Remus ā rēge Numitōrī ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_8" id = +"tag3_8" href = "#note3_8">8</a> supplicium<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_30" id = "line_i_30">30</a> +trāditus est; at cum Numitor,<br> +adulēscentis vultum cōnsīderāns, aetātem<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_9" +id = "tag3_9" href = "#note3_9">9</a><br> +minimēque servīlem indolem comparāret,<br> +<a name = "line_i_33" id = "line_i_33"> </a> +haud<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_10" id = "tag3_10" href = +"#note3_10">10</a> procul erat quīn nepōtem āgnōsceret.<br> +Nam Remus ōris līneāmentīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_11" id = +"tag3_11" href = "#note3_11">11</a> erat mātrī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag3_12" id = "tag3_12" href = "#note3_12">12</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_35" id = "line_i_35">35</a> +simillimus<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_13" id = "tag3_13" href = +"#note3_13">13</a><!-- he had a wolfish look --> aetāsque expositiōnis +temporibus<br> +<a name = "line_i_36" id = "line_i_36"> </a> +congruēbat. Ea rēs dum Numitōris animum anxium tenet,<a class = "tag" +name = "tag3_14" id = "tag3_14" href = "#note3_14">14</a><br> +<a name = "line_i_37" id = "line_i_37"> </a> +repente Rōmulus supervenit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_15" id = +"tag3_15" href = "#note3_15">15</a> frātrem līberat,<a class = "tag" +href = "#note3_15">15</a> interēmptō Amūliō<br> +avum Numitōrem in rēgnum restituit.<a class = "tag" href = +"#note3_15">15</a></p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>754.</span> + +<p>Deinde Rōmulus et Remus urbem in iīsdem locīs, ubi expositī<a class = +"tag" name = "tag3_16" id = "tag3_16" href = "#note3_16">16</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_40" id = "line_i_40">40</a> +ubique ēducātī erant, condidērunt<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_17" id = +"tag3_17" href = "#note3_17">17</a>; sed ortā<a class = "tag" name = +"tag3_18" id = "tag3_18" href = "#note3_18">18</a> inter eōs<br> +contentiōne, uter nōmen novae urbī daret<a class = "tag" name = +"tag3_19" id = "tag3_19" href = "#note3_19">19</a> eamque imperiō<br> +regeret, auspicia<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_20" id = "tag3_20" href = +"#note3_20">20</a> dēcrēvērunt<a class = "tag" name = "tag3_21" id = +"tag3_21" href = "#note3_21">21</a> adhibēre. Remus prior<a class = +"tag" name = "tag3_22" id = "tag3_22" href = "#note3_22">22</a> sex<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page4" id = "page4">4</a> +vulturēs, Rōmulus posteā duodecim vīdit. Sīc Rōmulus, victor<br> +auguriō,<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_1" id = "tag4_1" href = +"#note4_1">1</a> urbem Rōmam vocāvit. Ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_2" +id = "tag4_2" href = "#note4_2">2</a> novae urbis tūtēlam sufficere<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_i_45" id = "line_i_45">45</a> +vāllum vidēbātur. Cūius<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_3" id = "tag4_3" +href = "#note4_3">3</a> angustiās inrīdēns cum Remus<br> +saltū id trāiēcisset, eum īrātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_4" id = +"tag4_4" href = "#note4_4">4</a> Rōmulus interfēcit, hīs increpāns<br> +verbīs: “Sīc<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_5" id = "tag4_5" href = +"#note4_5">5</a> deinde, quīcumque alius trānsiliet moenia mea!”<br> +Ita sōlus potītus est imperiō<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_6" id = +"tag4_6" href = "#note4_6">6</a> Rōmulus.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +Among the few Trojans who escaped after the fall of Troy was Aeneas, the +son of Venus and the hero Anchises. After many wanderings Aeneas reached +Italy, married there Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, king of the +Latins, and founded a town called Lavinium, from the name of his wife. +He was succeeded by his son Ascanius, who founded a second city, called +Alba Longa, and transferred thither the seat of government. The date +traditionally assigned to the capture of Troy was 1184 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> Hence it is clear that Alba Longa was settled +more than 400 years before the foundation of Rome in 754 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> To fill this gap a list of fourteen Alban +kings, all descendants of Aeneas, was given by the Roman writers. How +Rome itself was founded from Alba Longa is described in the text. It +should be kept constantly in mind that little faith is to be put in +these traditional accounts of Rome’s early history, at least as far as +details are concerned. Latin writers tell us that the oldest records of +the city perished in the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 388 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> The first historical work written by a Roman +was published about 215 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, more +than 500 years after the foundation of the city. Many of the stories +were obviously invented to account for institutions which existed in the +later times, and the traditional narrative is full of inconsistencies +and contradictions.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_II">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note1_1" id = "note1_1" href = "#tag1_1">1.1</a> +<b>Proca</b> was the twelfth king of Alba Longa.</p> + +<p><a name = "note1_2" id = "note1_2" href = "#tag1_2">1.2</a> +<b>nātū māior</b>: ‘greater by birth’ = ‘elder.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note1_3" id = "note1_3" href = "#tag1_3">1.3</a> +from <i>relinquō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note1_4" id = "note1_4" href = "#tag1_4">1.4</a> +<b>pulsō</b> (<i>pellō</i>) <b>frātre</b>: abl. abs.; ‘his brother +having been driven out’ (pass.) = ‘having driven out,’ <i>or</i> ‘when +he had driven out his brother’ (act.): H 489 (431): M 638: +A 255: G 409: B 227.</p> + +<p><a name = "note1_5" id = "note1_5" href = "#tag1_5">1.5</a> +<b>ut prīvāret</b>: purpose: H 568 (497, II): M 893: A 317, 1: +G 545: B 282.</p> + +<p><a name = "note1_6" id = "note1_6" href = "#tag1_6">1.6</a> +abl. of separation: H 462 (414, I): M 601: A 243, <i>a</i>: G 405: +B 214, 1, c.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_1" id = "note2_1" href = "#tag2_1">2.1</a> +See Voc., <i>Vesta</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_2" id = "note2_2" href = "#tag2_2">2.2</a> +<b>quae</b> = <i>sed ea</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_3" id = "note2_3" href = "#tag2_3">2.3</a> +<i>ēdō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_4" id = "note2_4" href = "#tag2_4">2.4</a> +<b>eā rē cōgnitā</b> (<i>cōgnōscō</i>): cf. <a href = "#note1_4">p. 1, +n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_5" id = "note2_5" href = "#tag2_5">2.5</a> +i.e. Rhea Silvia.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_6" id = "note2_6" href = "#tag2_6">2.6</a> +<i>coniciō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_7" id = "note2_7" href = "#tag2_7">2.7</a> +dat. with compound verb: H 429 (386): M 534: A 228: G 347: B 187, +III.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_8" id = "note2_8" href = "#tag2_8">2.8</a> +<b>impositōs</b> (<i>impōnō</i>) <b>abiēcit</b> (<i>abiciō</i>) = +<i>imposuit et abiēcit</i>. English is fond of coördination of clauses; +Latin prefers to subordinate clause to clause. Hence, in general, Latin +avoids two coördinated verbs. See <a href = "#page_xxiv">p. xxiv</a>, +L 5, and H 639 (549, 5): A 292, <span class = +"smallroman">R.</span>: G 664, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span> +1, 2: B 337, 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_9" id = "note2_9" href = "#tag2_9">2.9</a> +<i>effundō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_10" id = "note2_10" href = "#tag2_10">2.10</a> +abl. of means: H 476 (420): M 645: A 248, c, 1: G 401: B 218.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_11" id = "note2_11" href = "#tag2_11">2.11</a> +<b>ad vāgītum</b>: ‘to (their) squalling,’ i.e. to them as they were +crying.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_12" id = "note2_12" href = "#tag2_12">2.12</a> +<b>mātrem sē gessit</b> (<i>gerō</i>): ‘conducted herself, acted like a +mother.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_13" id = "note2_13" href = "#tag2_13">2.13</a> +not only ‘<i>when</i>,’ but also ‘<i>because</i> the wolf kept coming +back.’ See <a href = "#page_xxii">p. xxii</a>, J.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_14" id = "note2_14" href = "#tag2_14">2.14</a> +‘very often.’ The comparative often has this intensive force.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_15" id = "note2_15" href = "#tag2_15">2.15</a> +adj. = the genitive of <i>rēx</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_16" id = "note2_16" href = "#tag2_16">2.16</a> +<b>rē . . . tulit</b> (<i>ferō</i>) = <i>rem animadvertit et eōs +tulit</i>; cf. <a href = "#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K 10.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_17" id = "note2_17" href = "#tag2_17">2.17</a> +<i>dō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_18" id = "note2_18" href = "#tag2_18">2.18</a> += <i>ut ēducārentur</i>. The gerundive expresses purpose here, as often. +See <a href = "#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E 4: H 622 (544, +<span class = "smallroman">N.</span> 2): M 994: A 294, +<i>d</i>: G 430: B 337, 7, <ins class = "correction" +title = "text has superfluous )">2.</ins></p> + +<p><a name = "note2_19" id = "note2_19" href = "#tag2_19">2.19</a> +<b>adultī</b> (<i>adolēscō</i>): ‘having grown’ = ‘when grown.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_20" id = "note2_20" href = "#tag2_20">2.20</a> +<b>lūdicrīs certāminibus</b>: ‘with playful contests,’—such as +running, wrestling, and boxing. For the case, cf. <a href = +"#note2_10">n. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_21" id = "note2_21" href = "#tag2_21">2.21</a> += <i>auxērunt</i> (<i>augeō</i>).</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_22" id = "note2_22" href = "#tag2_22">2.22</a> +The abl. of the gerund here denotes manner.</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_23" id = "note2_23" href = "#tag2_23">2.23</a> +‘from the seizure of’ = ‘from stealing.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note2_24" id = "note2_24" href = "#tag2_24">2.24</a> += ‘<i>but</i> Romulus.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_1" id = "note3_1" href = "#tag3_1">3.1</a> +<i>compellō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_2" id = "note3_2" href = "#tag3_2">3.2</a> +indir. quest.: H 649, II (529, I): M 810: A 334: G 467: B 300.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_3" id = "note3_3" href = "#tag3_3">3.3</a> +See <a href = "#note1_4">p. 1, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_4" id = "note3_4" href = "#tag3_4">3.4</a> +acc. of limit without preposition: H 418 (380, II): M 515: A 258, +<i>b</i>: G 337: B 182, 1, <i>a</i><ins class = "correction" +title = "text has superfluous )">; </ins>cf. English ‘to go +<i>home</i>.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_5" id = "note3_5" href = "#tag3_5">3.5</a> +<i>perdūcō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_6" id = "note3_6" href = "#tag3_6">3.6</a> +‘because, as they said’; <i>quasi</i> often denotes a statement or +thought of some person other than the writer himself. See <a href = +"#page_xxi">p. xxi</a>, H 5.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_7" id = "note3_7" href = "#tag3_7">3.7</a> +<i>soleō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_8" id = "note3_8" href = "#tag3_8">3.8</a> +<b>ad supplicium</b>: ‘to be punished’; <i>ad</i> with its noun often +denotes purpose.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_9" id = "note3_9" href = "#tag3_9">3.9</a> +<b>aetātem . . . comparāret</b>: ‘compared his age with his nature, +(which was) by no means that of a slave’; i.e. his appearance and +demeanor indicated that he belonged to a higher station than the +shepherds.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_10" id = "note3_10" href = "#tag3_10">3.10</a> +<b>haud . . . āgnōsceret</b>: ‘he came very near to recognizing him’; +how literally? In this construction <i>quīn</i> = <i>ut nōn</i>, and the +subjunctive is one of result: H 595 (504): M 913: A 319, +<i>d</i>: G 555: B 284, 3.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_11" id = "note3_11" href = "#tag3_11">3.11</a> +abl. of specification: H 480 (424): M 650: A 253: G 397: B +226, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_12" id = "note3_12" href = "#tag3_12">3.12</a> +<i>similis</i> is construed with both gen. and dat.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_13" id = "note3_13" href = "#tag3_13">3.13</a> +‘very like’; cf. a similar use of the comparative in <a href = +"#line_i_16">l. 16</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_14" id = "note3_14" href = "#tag3_14">3.14</a> +<i>dum</i>, ‘while,’ regularly takes the pres. indic. where English uses +the imperfect: H 533, 4 (467, 4): M 917: A 276, +<i>e</i>: G 570, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span>: +B 293.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_15" id = "note3_15" href = "#tag3_15">3.15</a> +historical presents: H 532, 3 (467, III): M 734: A 276, <i>d</i>: +G 229: B 259, 3.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_16" id = "note3_16" href = "#tag3_16">3.16</a> +<i>expōnō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_17" id = "note3_17" href = "#tag3_17">3.17</a> +<i>condō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_18" id = "note3_18" href = "#tag3_18">3.18</a> +<b>ortā</b> (<i>orior</i>) . . . <b>contentiōne</b> = ‘<i>because</i> a +strife arose’; see <a href = "#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K 4.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_19" id = "note3_19" href = "#tag3_19">3.19</a> +indir. quest. depending on <i>contentiōne</i>; cf. <a href = +"#note3_2">n. 2</a>. The strife centered in the question, “Which of us +shall rule?”</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_20" id = "note3_20" href = "#tag3_20">3.20</a> +Romulus stood on the Palatine Hill, and Remus on the Aventine.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_21" id = "note3_21" href = "#tag3_21">3.21</a> +<i>dēcernō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3_22" id = "note3_22" href = "#tag3_22">3.22</a> +‘first.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note4_1" id = "note4_1" href = "#tag4_1">4.1</a> +‘by virtue of the augury’; abl. of cause: H 475 (416): M 612: +A 245: G 408: B 219.</p> + +<p><a name = "note4_2" id = "note4_2" href = "#tag4_2">4.2</a> +<b>Ad . . . tūtēlam</b>: ‘to guard the new city.’ Cf. <a href = +"#note3_8">p. 3, n. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note4_3" id = "note4_3" href = "#tag4_3">4.3</a> +Render ‘its.’ Latin is fond of closely connecting successive clauses, +and for this purpose often employs a relative pronoun, where English +uses a simple demonstrative, or a demonstrative or personal pronoun with +a conjunction,—generally <i>and</i>, often <i>but</i> or +<i>for</i>: cf. <a href = "#note2_2">p. 2, n. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note4_4" id = "note4_4" href = "#tag4_4">4.4</a> +‘in anger.’ An adjective may often be best rendered by an adverb or +adverbial phrase.</p> + +<p><a name = "note4_5" id = "note4_5" href = "#tag4_5">4.5</a> +Sc. <i>pereat</i> (subjunctive of wish).</p> + +<p><a name = "note4_6" id = "note4_6" href = "#tag4_6">4.6</a> +H 477, I (421, I): M 646: A 249: G 407: B 218, 1.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/pic4.png" width = "269" height = "148" +alt = "see caption"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +TIBER STATUE<br> +<i>Paris</i></p> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_II">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_II" id = "selection_II">II.</a> +Rōmulus, Rōmānōrum rēx prīmus<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +753-715 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Rōmulus<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_7" id = "tag4_7" href = +"#note4_7">7</a> imāginem urbis magis quam urbem fēcerat; incolae<br> +deerant.<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_8" id = "tag4_8" href = +"#note4_8">8</a> Erat in<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_9" id = "tag4_9" +href = "#note4_9">9</a> proximō lūcus<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_10" +id = "tag4_10" href = "#note4_10">10</a>; hunc asȳlum fēcit. Et<br> +statim eō mīra vīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag4_11" id = "tag4_11" href += "#note4_11">11</a> latrōnum pāstōrumque cōnfūgit. Cum<a class = "tag" +name = "tag4_12" id = "tag4_12" href = "#note4_12">12</a> vērō<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page5" id = "page5">5</a> +uxōrēs ipse<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_1" id = "tag5_1" href = +"#note5_1">1</a> populusque nōn habērent, lēgātōs circā vīcīnās<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_5" id = "line_ii_5">5</a> +gentēs mīsit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_2" id = "tag5_2" href = +"#note5_2">2</a> quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_3" id = "tag5_3" href += "#note5_3">3</a> societātem cōnūbiumque<a class = "tag" name = +"tag5_4" id = "tag5_4" href = "#note5_4">4</a> novō populō<br> +peterent.<a class = "tag" href = "#note5_3">3</a> Nūsquam benīgnē audīta +lēgātiō est; lūdibrium etiam<br> +additum<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_5" id = "tag5_5" href = +"#note5_5">5</a>: “Cūr nōn fēminīs quoque asȳlum aperuistis? Id<br> +enim compār foret<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_6" id = "tag5_6" href = +"#note5_6">6</a> cōnūbium.” Rōmulus, aegritūdinem animī<br> +dissimulāns, lūdōs parat; indīcī<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_7" id = +"tag5_7" href = "#note5_7">7</a> deinde fīnitimīs spectāculum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_10" id = "line_ii_10">10</a> +iubet. Multī convēnēre<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_8" id = "tag5_8" +href = "#note5_8">8</a> studiō etiam<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_9" id += "tag5_9" href = "#note5_9">9</a> videndae novae urbis,<br> +<a name = "line_ii_11" id = "line_ii_11"> </a> +māximē Sabīnī cum līberīs et coniugibus. Ubi spectāculī tempus<br> +<a name = "line_ii_12" id = "line_ii_12"> </a> +vēnit eōque<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_10" id = "tag5_10" href = +"#note5_10">10</a> conversae<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_11" id = +"tag5_11" href = "#note5_11">11</a> mentēs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag5_12" id = "tag5_12" href = "#note5_12">12</a> cum oculīs erant, tum +sīgnō<br> +datō iuvenēs Rōmānī discurrunt, virginēs rapiunt.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag5_13" id = "tag5_13" href = "#note5_13">13</a></p> + +<p><a name = "line_ii_14" id = "line_ii_14"> </a> +Haec<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_14" id = "tag5_14" href = +"#note5_14">14</a> fuit statim causa bellī. Sabīnī enim ob<a class = +"tag" name = "tag5_15" id = "tag5_15" href = "#note5_15">15</a> virginēs +raptās<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic5.png" width = "99" height = "82" +alt = "see caption"><br> +ARMILLA</span> + +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_15" id = "line_ii_15">15</a> +bellum adversus Rōmānōs sūmpsērunt,<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_16" id += "tag5_16" href = "#note5_16">16</a> et cum<br> +Rōmae<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_17" id = "tag5_17" href = +"#note5_17">17</a> appropinquārent, Tarpēiam virginem nactī<br> +<a name = "line_ii_17" id = "line_ii_17"> </a> +sunt,<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_18" id = "tag5_18" href = +"#note5_18">18</a> quae aquam forte<a class = "tag" name = "tag5_19" id += "tag5_19" href = "#note5_19">19</a> extrā moenia petītum<a class = +"tag" name = "tag5_20" id = "tag5_20" href = "#note5_20">20</a><br> +ierat. Hūius pater Rōmānae praeerat arcī. Titus<br> +<a name = "line_ii_19" id = "line_ii_19"> </a> +Tatius, Sabīnōrum dux, Tarpēiae optiōnem mūneris<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_20" id = "line_ii_20">20</a> +dedit, sī exercitum suum in Capitōlium<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page6" id = "page6">6</a> +<a name = "line_ii_21" id = "line_ii_21"> </a> +perdūxisset.<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_1" id = "tag6_1" href = +"#note6_1">1</a> Illa petiit quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_2" id = +"tag6_2" href = "#note6_2">2</a> Sabīnī in sinistrīs manibus<a class = +"tag" name = "tag6_3" id = "tag6_3" href = "#note6_3">3</a> gererent,<a +class = "tag" name = "tag6_4" id = "tag6_4" href = "#note6_4">4</a><br> +vidēlicet aureōs ānulōs et armillās. Quibus dolōsē prōmissīs,<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic6.png" width = "106" height = "98" +alt = "see caption"><br> +DEATH OF TARPĒIA</span> + +Tarpēia Sabīnōs in arcem perdūxit, ubi Tatius<br> +scūtīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_5" id = "tag6_5" href = +"#note6_5">5</a> eam obruī iussit; nam et<a class = "tag" name = +"tag6_6" id = "tag6_6" href = "#note6_6">6</a> ea in laevīs<a class = +"tag" name = "tag6_7" id = "tag6_7" href = "#note6_7">7</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_25" id = "line_ii_25">25</a> +habuerant.<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_8" id = "tag6_8" href = +"#note6_8">8</a> Sīc impia prōditiō celerī poenā<a class = "tag" href = +"#note6_5">5</a> vindicāta<br> +est.</p> + +<p>Deinde Rōmulus ad certāmen prōcessit, et in<br> +eō locō, ubi nunc Rōmānum Forum<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_9" id = +"tag6_9" href = "#note6_9">9</a> est, pūgnam<br> +<a name = "line_ii_29" id = "line_ii_29"> </a> +cōnseruit. Prīmō<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_10" id = "tag6_10" href = +"#note6_10">10</a> impetū vir inter<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_11" id += "tag6_11" href = "#note6_11">11</a> Rōmānōs īnsīgnis, nōmine<a class = +"tag" name = "tag6_12" id = "tag6_12" href = "#note6_12">12</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_30" id = "line_ii_30">30</a> +Hostīlius, fortissimē dīmicāns cecidit; cūius interitū<a class = "tag" +name = "tag6_13" id = "tag6_13" href = "#note6_13">13</a> +cōnsternātī<br> +Rōmānī fugere coepērunt. Iam Sabīnī clāmitābant: “Vīcimus<br> +perfidōs hospites,<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_14" id = "tag6_14" href += "#note6_14">14</a> imbellēs hostēs. Nunc sciunt longē<a class = "tag" +name = "tag6_15" id = "tag6_15" href = "#note6_15">15</a> aliud<br> +esse virginēs rapere,<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_16" id = "tag6_16" +href = "#note6_16">16</a> aliud pūgnāre<a class = "tag" href = +"#note6_16">16</a> cum virīs.” Tunc Rōmulus,<br> +arma ad caelum tollēns, Iovī aedem<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_17" id = +"tag6_17" href = "#note6_17">17</a> vōvit, et exercitus seu forte<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_35" id = "line_ii_35">35</a> +seu dīvīnitus restitit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_18" id = "tag6_18" +href = "#note6_18">18</a> Itaque proelium redintegrātur; sed raptae<br> +<a name = "line_ii_36" id = "line_ii_36"> </a> +mulierēs crīnibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_19" id = "tag6_19" href = +"#note6_19">19</a> passīs ausae sunt sē inter tēla volantia īnferre<br> +et hinc patrēs, hinc virōs ōrantēs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_20" id += "tag6_20" href = "#note6_20">20</a> pācem conciliārunt.</p> + +<p><a name = "line_ii_38" id = "line_ii_38"> </a> +Rōmulus, foedere<a class = "tag" name = "tag6_21" id = "tag6_21" href = +"#note6_21">21</a> cum Tatiō īctō, et Sabīnōs in urbem recēpit<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page7" id = "page7">7</a> +et rēgnum<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_1" id = "tag7_1" href = +"#note7_1">1</a> cum Tatiō sociāvit. Vērum haud ita multō post,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_40" id = "line_ii_40">40</a> +occīsō<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_2" id = "tag7_2" href = +"#note7_2">2</a> Tatiō, ad Rōmulum potentātus omnis recidit.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag7_3" id = "tag7_3" href = "#note7_3">3</a> Centum<br> +deinde ex seniōribus ēlēgit, quōrum cōnsiliō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag7_4" id = "tag7_4" href = "#note7_4">4</a> omnia ageret,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag7_5" id = "tag7_5" href = "#note7_5">5</a> quōs<br> +senātōrēs nōmināvit propter senectūtem. Trēs equitum<a class = "tag" +name = "tag7_6" id = "tag7_6" href = "#note7_6">6</a> centuriās<br> +cōnstituit, populum in trīgintā cūriās distribuit. Hīs ita<br> +<a name = "line_ii_44" id = "line_ii_44"> </a> +ōrdinātīs, cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_7" id = "tag7_7" href = +"#note7_7">7</a> ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_8" id = "tag7_8" href = +"#note7_8">8</a> exercitum lūstrandum cōntiōnem in campō<a class = "tag" +name = "tag7_9" id = "tag7_9" href = "#note7_9">9</a> ad<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic7.png" width = "100" height = "101" +alt = "see caption"><br> +RŌMULUS AS QUIRĪNUS<br> +<i>From a coin</i></span> + +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_45" id = "line_ii_45">45</a> +Caprae<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_10" id = "tag7_10" href = +"#note7_10">10</a> palūdem habēret, subitō coorta est<br> +tempestās cum māgnō fragōre tonitribusque et<br> +Rōmulus ē cōnspectū ablātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_11" id = +"tag7_11" href = "#note7_11">11</a> est. Ad deōs<br> +trānsīsse vulgō crēditus<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_12" id = "tag7_12" +href = "#note7_12">12</a> est; cuī<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_13" id = +"tag7_13" href = "#note7_13">13</a> reī fidem<br> +fēcit Iūlius Proculus, vir nōbilis. Ortā<a class = "tag" name = +"tag7_14" id = "tag7_14" href = "#note7_14">14</a> enim<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_50" id = "line_ii_50">50</a> +inter patrēs et plēbem sēditiōne, in cōntiōnem<br> +<a name = "line_ii_51" id = "line_ii_51"> </a> +prōcessit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_15" id = "tag7_15" href = +"#note7_15">15</a> iūreiūrandō adfīrmāns vīsum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag7_16" id = "tag7_16" href = "#note7_16">16</a> ā sē<br> +Rōmulum augustiōre<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_17" id = "tag7_17" href += "#note7_17">17</a> fōrmā, eundemque<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_18" +id = "tag7_18" href = "#note7_18">18</a> praecipere<a class = "tag" name += "tag7_19" id = "tag7_19" href = "#note7_19">19</a> ut sēditiōnibus<br> +<a name = "line_ii_53" id = "line_ii_53"> </a> +abstinērent<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_20" id = "tag7_20" href = +"#note7_20">20</a> et rem mīlitārem colerent<a class = "tag" href = +"#note7_20">20</a>; futūrum<a class = "tag" name = "tag7_21" id = +"tag7_21" href = "#note7_21">21</a> ut<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page8" id = "page8">8</a> +<a name = "line_ii_54" id = "line_ii_54"> </a> +omnium gentium dominī exsisterent. Aedēs in colle Quirīnālī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ii_55" id = "line_ii_55">55</a> +Rōmulō<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_1" id = "tag8_1" href = +"#note8_1">1</a> cōnstitūta,<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_2" id = +"tag8_2" href = "#note8_2">2</a> ipse<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_3" id += "tag8_3" href = "#note8_3">3</a> prō deō cultus<a class = "tag" href = +"#note8_2">2</a> et Quirīnus est<br> +appellātus.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_III">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note4_7" id = "note4_7" href = "#tag4_7">4.7</a> +It has been suggested that the name <i>Rōmulus</i> is derived from +<i>Rōma</i>, and that this in turn was made from an ancient word +<i>Rumon</i>, ‘river.’ <i>Rōma</i> would then be ‘the town by the +river,’ ‘Rivertown’ (cf. English ‘Watertown,’ etc.), and +<i>Rōmulus</i> would be ‘the man from Rivertown.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note4_8" id = "note4_8" href = "#tag4_8">4.8</a> +<i>dēsum</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note4_9" id = "note4_9" href = "#tag4_9">4.9</a> +<b>in proximō</b>: ‘near by.’ Phrases consisting of a preposition and a +neuter adjective are common, and have the force of adjectives or +adverbs.</p> + +<p><a name = "note4_10" id = "note4_10" href = "#tag4_10">4.10</a> +This grove lay between the two summits of the Capitoline Hill.</p> + +<p><a name = "note4_11" id = "note4_11" href = "#tag4_11">4.11</a> +<b>vīs</b> often means ‘number,’ as here, or ‘quantity’; ‘power’ is used +in the same sense in some parts of Great Britain.</p> + +<p><a name = "note4_12" id = "note4_12" href = "#tag4_12">4.12</a> +<b>cum</b>: ‘since’: H 598 (517): M 863: A 326: G 586: B 286, 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_1" id = "note5_1" href = "#tag5_1">5.1</a> += <i>Rōmulus</i>. Cf. <i>ipsam</i>, I, 5.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_2" id = "note5_2" href = "#tag5_2">5.2</a> +<i>mittō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_3" id = "note5_3" href = "#tag5_3">5.3</a> +<b>quī . . . peterent</b>: rel. clause of purpose; see <a href = +"#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E 2, and H 590 (497, I): +M 835: A 317, 2: G 630: B 282, 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_4" id = "note5_4" href = "#tag5_4">5.4</a> +In early times the right of intermarriage did not exist between +neighboring tribes, except by special treaty.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_5" id = "note5_5" href = "#tag5_5">5.5</a> +Sc. <i>est</i>, which, like <i>esse</i>, is often omitted with the +passive, especially in rapid narrative.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_6" id = "note5_6" href = "#tag5_6">5.6</a> += <i>esset</i>: H 205, 2 (204, 2): M 327: A 119, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span>: G 116, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> +1, <i>c</i>: B 100, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_7" id = "note5_7" href = "#tag5_7">5.7</a> +<b>indīcī . . . iubet</b>: ‘he bids a show to be announced.’ Such an +announcement would carry with it an invitation to be present.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_8" id = "note5_8" href = "#tag5_8">5.8</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note2_21">p. 2, n. 21</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_9" id = "note5_9" href = "#tag5_9">5.9</a> +i.e. they were not only interested in the games, but they were also +curious to see the new city.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_10" id = "note5_10" href = "#tag5_10">5.10</a> += <i>in spectāculum</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_11" id = "note5_11" href = "#tag5_11">5.11</a> +<i>convertō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_12" id = "note5_12" href = "#tag5_12">5.12</a> +<b>mentēs cum oculīs</b>: ‘minds and eyes alike.’ The emphasis is on +<i>mentēs</i>; they were thinking only of the show.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_13" id = "note5_13" href = "#tag5_13">5.13</a> +In rapid historical narrative, clauses are often set side by side +without a connective. See also <a href = "#note5_5">n. 5</a> +above.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_14" id = "note5_14" href = "#tag5_14">5.14</a> +<b>Haec</b>, referring to the matters related in the preceding +paragraph, should theoretically be neuter, but is feminine because the +predicate noun <b>causa</b> is feminine. Such attraction is the rule in +Latin. H 396, 2 (445, 4): A 195, <i>d</i>: G 211, 5: +B 246, 5.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_15" id = "note5_15" href = "#tag5_15">5.15</a> +<b>ob virginēs raptās</b>: ‘on account of the stolen maidens’ = ‘on +account of the seizure of the maidens.’ A participle agreeing with +a noun is preferred in Latin to an abstract noun with a dependent +genitive.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_16" id = "note5_16" href = "#tag5_16">5.16</a> +<i>sūmō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_17" id = "note5_17" href = "#tag5_17">5.17</a> +dat.; why?</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_18" id = "note5_18" href = "#tag5_18">5.18</a> +‘they happened upon’ (<i>nancīscor</i>).</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_19" id = "note5_19" href = "#tag5_19">5.19</a> +<b>forte . . . ierat</b>: ‘had gone by chance’ = ‘happened to have +gone.’ <i>Forte</i> is often best rendered by a clause: ‘as it +happened,’ or ‘it so happened.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note5_20" id = "note5_20" href = "#tag5_20">5.20</a> +supine denoting purpose; see <a href = "#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E 6, +and H 633 (546): M 1005: A 302: G 435: B 340, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_1" id = "note6_1" href = "#tag6_1">6.1</a> +The subjunctive here, as in <b>gererent</b>, is due to implied indirect +discourse; <b>sī perdūxisset</b> represents the fut. perf. indic. of +direct discourse <i>sī perdūxeris</i>, ‘if you shall have led’ = ‘if you +(shall) lead’; H 646 (527, I): M 1034, 1038: A 337: +G 656-7: B 319, <span class = "smallroman">B.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note6_2" id = "note6_2" href = "#tag6_2">6.2</a> +‘that which.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_3" id = "note6_3" href = "#tag6_3">6.3</a> +<i>manus</i> often = ‘arm,’ just as <i>pēs</i> = ‘leg.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_4" id = "note6_4" href = "#tag6_4">6.4</a> +<b>gererent</b>: either ‘wore’ or ‘bore.’ Tarpeia meant it in the former +sense; Tatius chose to understand it in the latter.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_5" id = "note6_5" href = "#tag6_5">6.5</a> +Why abl.?</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_6" id = "note6_6" href = "#tag6_6">6.6</a> +<b>et ea</b> = <i>ea quoque</i>: ‘these too,’ as well as the +<i>armillae</i> and <i>ānulī</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_7" id = "note6_7" href = "#tag6_7">6.7</a> +Sc. <i>manibus</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_8" id = "note6_8" href = "#tag6_8">6.8</a> +Note the tense; they <i>had had</i> these, too, on their arms when the +bargain was struck.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_9" id = "note6_9" href = "#tag6_9">6.9</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_forum"><i>Forum</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_10" id = "note6_10" href = "#tag6_10">6.10</a> +<b>Prīmō impetū</b>: ‘in the very first charge.’ The ablative fixes the +time of <b>cecidit</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_11" id = "note6_11" href = "#tag6_11">6.11</a> +<b>inter . . . īnsīgnis</b>: ‘the most conspicuous of the Romans.’ How +literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_12" id = "note6_12" href = "#tag6_12">6.12</a> +abl. of specification.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_13" id = "note6_13" href = "#tag6_13">6.13</a> += <i>morte</i>. The abl. includes the ideas of means and cause.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_14" id = "note6_14" href = "#tag6_14">6.14</a> +‘hosts.’ The relation of host and guest was regarded by the Romans, as +by other ancient peoples, as peculiarly sacred.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_15" id = "note6_15" href = "#tag6_15">6.15</a> +<b>longē aliud . . . aliud</b>: ‘one thing . . . quite another.’ Note +here the difference between the English and the Latin idiom.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_16" id = "note6_16" href = "#tag6_16">6.16</a> +Infinitives, because the clauses in which they stand are subjects of +<b>esse</b>; H 615 (538): M 972: A 270: G 422: +B 377.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_17" id = "note6_17" href = "#tag6_17">6.17</a> +This temple was called the Temple of <i>Iuppiter Stator</i>, i.e. the +‘Stayer,’ the god who had <i>stayed</i> the army’s flight.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_18" id = "note6_18" href = "#tag6_18">6.18</a> +<i>resistō</i>: ‘maintained its ground,’ ‘held its own,’ as contrasted +with its previous flight (<i>fugere coepērunt</i>).</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_19" id = "note6_19" href = "#tag6_19">6.19</a> +<b>crīnibus passīs</b> (<i>pandō</i>): ‘with streaming hair.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_20" id = "note6_20" href = "#tag6_20">6.20</a> +‘<i>by</i> beseeching’; the abl. of the gerund (<i>ōrandō</i>) might +have been used.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6_21" id = "note6_21" href = "#tag6_21">6.21</a> +<b>foedere . . . īctō</b> (<i>īcō</i>): ‘having struck a treaty.’ How +literally? The abl. abs. is one of the regular substitutes in Latin for +the missing perfect active participle. In the phrase <i>foedus +īcere</i>, the verb suggests the striking of the victims in the +sacrifice which accompanied the making of the treaty.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_1" id = "note7_1" href = "#tag7_1">7.1</a> +<b>rēgnum . . . sociāvit</b>: i.e. henceforth there were two kings.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_2" id = "note7_2" href = "#tag7_2">7.2</a> +By the inhabitants of Laurentum, whose ambassadors he had insulted.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_3" id = "note7_3" href = "#tag7_3">7.3</a> +Note the force of the prefix: the sovereignty ‘came <i>back</i>,’ or +‘devolved <i>again</i>’ upon Romulus, precisely as before he shared it +with Tatius.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_4" id = "note7_4" href = "#tag7_4">7.4</a> +abl. of means.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_5" id = "note7_5" href = "#tag7_5">7.5</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_6" id = "note7_6" href = "#tag7_6">7.6</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_eques"><i>eques</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_7" id = "note7_7" href = "#tag7_7">7.7</a> +‘When’: H 600, II (521, II): M 858: A 325: G 585: B 288.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_8" id = "note7_8" href = "#tag7_8">7.8</a> +<b>ad . . . lūstrandum</b> = <i>ut . . . lūstrāret</i>. What does the +gerundive construction express?</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_9" id = "note7_9" href = "#tag7_9">7.9</a> +Sc. <i>Mārtiō</i>. See Vocab., <a href = +"#vocab_campus"><i>campus</i></a>, and map, <a href = "#page_xxviii">p. +xxviii</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_10" id = "note7_10" href = "#tag7_10">7.10</a> +<b>Caprae palūdem</b>: ‘Goat Swamp.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_11" id = "note7_11" href = "#tag7_11">7.11</a> +<i>auferō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_12" id = "note7_12" href = "#tag7_12">7.12</a> +<b>crēditus est</b>: we would say: ‘it was believed that he,’ etc.; +Latin prefers the personal construction, and says: ‘he was believed to +have,’ etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_13" id = "note7_13" href = "#tag7_13">7.13</a> +<b>cuī . . . fēcit</b>: literally ‘for which thing he made (i.e. +secured) belief (i.e. general acceptance).’</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_14" id = "note7_14" href = "#tag7_14">7.14</a> +What does the abl. abs. here express? See <a href = "#page_xxiii">p. +xxiii</a>, K 6.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_15" id = "note7_15" href = "#tag7_15">7.15</a> +<i>prōcēdō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_16" id = "note7_16" href = "#tag7_16">7.16</a> +Sc. <i>esse</i>. <b>vīsum esse</b> and <b>praecipere</b> depend on +<b>adfīrmāns</b>: see H 642 (523, I): M 1023: A 336, +2: G 650: B 314: and <a href = "#page_xxv">p. xxv</a>, +M 4.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_17" id = "note7_17" href = "#tag7_17">7.17</a> +<b>augustiōre fōrmā</b>: ‘of more imposing presence’ (than he was while +on earth); abl. of characteristic, H 473, 2 (419, II): +M 643: A 251: G 400: B 224.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_18" id = "note7_18" href = "#tag7_18">7.18</a> +i.e. <i>Rōmulum</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_19" id = "note7_19" href = "#tag7_19">7.19</a> +Note the change of tense from that in <i>vīsum</i> (<i>esse</i>) above. +Proculus actually said: (<i>Rōmulus</i>) <i>praecipit</i>, i.e. he used +the historical present. Above <i>vīsum</i> (<i>esse</i>) represents +<i>vīsus est</i> of the direct discourse.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_20" id = "note7_20" href = "#tag7_20">7.20</a> +substantive clause of purpose; H 565 (498, I): M 892: A 331: G 546: +B 295, 4.</p> + +<p><a name = "note7_21" id = "note7_21" href = "#tag7_21">7.21</a> +<b>futūrum ut . . . exsisterent</b> gives the statement, not of +Proculus, but of Romulus himself. The inf. <b>futūrum</b> (<i>esse</i>) +depends on a verb of saying implied in <b>praecipere</b>. Romulus said +<i>exsistētis</i>. Since, however, <i>exsistō</i> has no supine and so +no future participle, no direct future infinitive can be formed from it. +Hence the phrase <i>futūrum ut</i> with subjunctive becomes necessary: +‘it would happen that they would become,’ etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8_1" id = "note8_1" href = "#tag8_1">8.1</a> +‘in honor of Romulus’; dat. of advantage.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8_2" id = "note8_2" href = "#tag8_2">8.2</a> +With <b>cōnstitūta</b> and <b>cultus</b> (<i>colō</i>) sc. +<i>est</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8_3" id = "note8_3" href = "#tag8_3">8.3</a> +For the omission of the conjunction before <b>ipse</b>, cf. <a href = +"#note5_13">p. 5, n. 13</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_III">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_III" id = "selection_III">III.</a> +Numa Pompilius, Rōmānōrum rēx secundus<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +716-673 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Successit Rōmulō Numa Pompilius, vir inclitā iūstitiā<a class = "tag" +name = "tag8_4" id = "tag8_4" href = "#note8_4">4</a> et<br> +<a name = "line_iii_2" id = "line_iii_2"> </a> +religiōne.<a class = "tag" href = "#note8_4">4</a> Is Curibus,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag8_5" id = "tag8_5" href = "#note8_5">5</a> ex oppidō +Sabīnōrum, accītus est. Quī cum<br> +<a name = "line_iii_3" id = "line_iii_3"> </a> +Rōmam vēnisset, ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_6" id = "tag8_6" href = +"#note8_6">6</a> populum ferum religiōne mītigāret, sacra<br> +<a name = "line_iii_4" id = "line_iii_4"> </a> +plūrima īnstituit. Āram Vestae cōnsecrāvit, et īgnem<a class = "tag" +name = "tag8_7" id = "tag8_7" href = "#note8_7">7</a> in ārā<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic8.png" width = "105" height = "100" +alt = "see caption"><br> +SELLA CURŪLIS<br> +<i>From a coin</i></span> + +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_5" id = "line_iii_5">5</a> +perpetuō alendum virginibus dedit. Flāminem<a class = "tag" name = +"tag8_8" id = "tag8_8" href = "#note8_8">8</a><br> +Iovis sacerdōtem creāvit eumque īnsīgnī veste<a class = "tag" name = +"tag8_9" id = "tag8_9" href = "#note8_9">9</a><br> +et curūlī<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_10" id = "tag8_10" href = +"#note8_10">10</a> sellā adōrnāvit. Dīcitur<a class = "tag" name = +"tag8_11" id = "tag8_11" href = "#note8_11">11</a> quondam<br> +ipsum Iovem ē caelō ēlicuisse.<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_12" id = +"tag8_12" href = "#note8_12">12</a> Hīc, ingentibus<br> +fulminibus in urbem dēmissīs, dēscendit in nemus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_10" id = "line_iii_10">10</a> +Aventīnum, ubi Numam docuit quibus sacrīs<br> +fulmina<a class = "tag" name = "tag8_13" id = "tag8_13" href = +"#note8_13">13</a> essent prōcūranda,<a class = "tag" href = +"#note8_13">13</a> et praetereā imperiī<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page9" id = "page9">9</a> +certa<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_1" id = "tag9_1" href = +"#note9_1">1</a> pīgnora populō Rōmānō datūrum sē esse prōmīsit. +Numa<br> +laetus rem populō nūntiāvit. Postrīdiē omnēs ad aedēs<a class = "tag" +name = "tag9_2" id = "tag9_2" href = "#note9_2">2</a> rēgiās<br> +convēnērunt silentēsque exspectābant<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_3" id += "tag9_3" href = "#note9_3">3</a> quid futūrum esset.<a class = "tag" +name = "tag9_4" id = "tag9_4" href = "#note9_4">4</a> Atque<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic9a.png" width = "102" height = "98" +alt = "see caption"><br> +ANCĪLIA<br> +<i>From a coin</i></span> + +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_15" id = "line_iii_15">15</a> +sōle ortō dēlābitur ē caelō scissō<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_5" id = +"tag9_5" href = "#note9_5">5</a> scūtum, quod<br> +<a name = "line_iii_16" id = "line_iii_16"> </a> +ancīle appellāvit Numa. Id nē<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_6" id = +"tag9_6" href = "#note9_6">6</a> fūrtō auferrī<br> +posset,<a class = "tag" href = "#note9_6">6</a> Māmurium fabrum ūndecim +scūta eādem<br> +fōrmā fabricāre iussit. Duodecim autem Saliōs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag9_7" id = "tag9_7" href = "#note9_7">7</a><br> +<a name = "line_iii_19" id = "line_iii_19"> </a> +Mārtis sacerdōtēs lēgit, quī ancīlia, sēcrēta<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_20" id = "line_iii_20">20</a> +illa imperiī pīgnora, cūstōdīrent<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_8" id = +"tag9_8" href = "#note9_8">8</a> et Kalendīs<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic9b.png" width = "135" height = "139" +alt = "see caption"><br> +IĀNUS</span> + +Mārtiīs per urbem canentēs et rīte saltantēs<br> +ferrent.<a class = "tag" href = "#note9_8">8</a> Annum in duodecim<a +class = "tag" name = "tag9_9" id = "tag9_9" href = "#note9_9">9</a> +mēnsēs ad<br> +cursum lūnae dēscrīpsit; nefāstōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_10" id = +"tag9_10" href = "#note9_10">10</a> fāstōsque<br> +diēs fēcit; portās Iānō<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_11" id = "tag9_11" +href = "#note9_11">11</a> geminō<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_12" id = +"tag9_12" href = "#note9_12">12</a> aedificāvit<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_25" id = "line_iii_25">25</a> +ut esset index pācis et bellī; nam apertus,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag9_13" id = "tag9_13" href = "#note9_13">13</a> in<br> +armīs esse cīvitātem, clausus,<a class = "tag" href = "#note9_13">13</a> +pācātōs circā<br> +omnēs populōs, sīgnificābat.</p> + +<p>Lēgēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_14" id = "tag9_14" href = +"#note9_14">14</a> quoque plūrimās et ūtilēs tulit<br> +Numa. Ut vērō māiōrem īnstitūtīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag9_15" id = +"tag9_15" href = "#note9_15">15</a> suīs auctōritātem conciliāret,<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page10" id = "page10">10</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_30" id = "line_iii_30">30</a> +simulāvit<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_1" id = "tag10_1" href = +"#note10_1">1</a> sibi<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_2" id = "tag10_2" +href = "#note10_2">2</a> cum deā Ēgeriā esse conloquia nocturna +ēiusque<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_3" id = "tag10_3" href = +"#note10_3">3</a><br> +monitū sē omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lūcus erat, quem<a class = "tag" +name = "tag10_4" id = "tag10_4" href = "#note10_4">4</a> medium<br> +fōns perennī rigābat aquā; eō saepe Numa sine arbitrīs<a class = "tag" +name = "tag10_5" id = "tag10_5" href = "#note10_5">5</a> sē<br> +<a name = "line_iii_33" id = "line_iii_33"> </a> +īnferēbat, velut<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_6" id = "tag10_6" href = +"#note10_6">6</a> ad congressum deae; ita<a class = "tag" name = +"tag10_7" id = "tag10_7" href = "#note10_7">7</a> omnium animōs eā<a +class = "tag" href = "#note10_7">7</a><br> +pietāte imbuit, ut fidēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_8" id = "tag10_8" +href = "#note10_8">8</a> ac iūsiūrandum nōn minus quam lēgum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iii_35" id = "line_iii_35">35</a> +et poenārum metus cīvēs continēret.<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_9" id += "tag10_9" href = "#note10_9">9</a> Bellum quidem<a class = "tag" name += "tag10_10" id = "tag10_10" href = "#note10_10">10</a> nūllum<br> +gessit, sed<a class = "tag" href = "#note10_10">10</a> nōn minus +cīvitātī prōfuit quam Rōmulus.<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_11" id = +"tag10_11" href = "#note10_11">11</a> Morbō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag10_12" id = "tag10_12" href = "#note10_12">12</a><br> +exstīnctus in Iāniculō monte sepultus<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_13" +id = "tag10_13" href = "#note10_13">13</a> est. Ita duo<a class = "tag" +name = "tag10_14" id = "tag10_14" href = "#note10_14">14</a> +deinceps<br> +<a name = "line_iii_38" id = "line_iii_38"> </a> +rēgēs, ille bellō, hīc pāce, cīvitātem auxērunt. Rōmulus septem<br> +et trīgintā rēgnāvit annōs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_15" id = +"tag10_15" href = "#note10_15">15</a> Numa trēs et quadrāgintā.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_IV">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note8_4" id = "note8_4" href = "#tag8_4">8.4</a> +See <a href = "#note7_17">p. 7, n. 17</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8_5" id = "note8_5" href = "#tag8_5">8.5</a> +<b>Curibus . . . Sabīnōrum</b>: ‘from Cures, a town of the Sabines.’ +H 462 (412, II): M 605: A 258, <i>a</i>: G 391: +B 229, 1. ‘<i>At</i> Cures, a town of the Sabines,’ would be +<i>Curibus, in oppidō Sabīnōrum</i>. The two phrases well illustrate the +difference between the treatment of names of towns, and that of common +nouns, in expressions intended to denote rest in a place, or motion from +a given point.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8_6" id = "note8_6" href = "#tag8_6">8.6</a> +<b>ut . . . mītigāret</b>: purpose clause, to be joined with what +follows. Phrases and clauses often thus precede the words which they +modify.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8_7" id = "note8_7" href = "#tag8_7">8.7</a> +<b>īgnem . . . alendum</b>: for the form of expression, see <a href = +"#note2_18">p. 2, n. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8_8" id = "note8_8" href = "#tag8_8">8.8</a> +<b>Flāminem . . . creāvit</b>: ‘he appointed a priest to be Jupiter’s +Flamen.’ See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_flamen"><i>flāmen</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8_9" id = "note8_9" href = "#tag8_9">8.9</a> +The distinctive parts of the dress worn by the <i>Flāminēs</i> were +(1) a close-fitting woolen cap, from which projected a stick of +olive wood, called <i>apex</i>; (2) the <i>toga praetexta</i> (see +Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_toga"><i>toga</i></a>); and (3) a laurel +crown.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8_10" id = "note8_10" href = "#tag8_10">8.10</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_sella"><i>sella</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8_11" id = "note8_11" href = "#tag8_11">8.11</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note7_12">p. 7, n. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8_12" id = "note8_12" href = "#tag8_12">8.12</a> +<i>ēliciō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8_13" id = "note8_13" href = "#tag8_13">8.13</a> +The Romans derived many omens from thunder. <i>Prōcūrāre</i> is the +technical word for ‘caring for’ an omen, i.e. warding off all harmful +effects by sacrifices.</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_1" id = "note9_1" href = "#tag9_1">9.1</a> +‘trustworthy.’ This word never = ‘certain,’ as in the phrase +‘a certain man.’ In that sense <i>quīdam</i> is used.</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_2" id = "note9_2" href = "#tag9_2">9.2</a> +<b>aedēs rēgiās</b>: ‘the palace.’ What two meanings does <i>aedēs</i> +bear?</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_3" id = "note9_3" href = "#tag9_3">9.3</a> +‘waited (to see) what,’ etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_4" id = "note9_4" href = "#tag9_4">9.4</a> +Why subjunctive? See <a href = "#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_5" id = "note9_5" href = "#tag9_5">9.5</a> +<i>scindō</i>. <b>dēlābitur . . . scūtum</b>: ‘the heavens were opened +and a shield descended.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_6" id = "note9_6" href = "#tag9_6">9.6</a> +Negative clause of purpose: H 568 (497, II): M 893: A 317, 1: +G 545, 3: B 282. On the possession of this <i>ancīle</i> +Rome’s power was believed to depend; hence Numa’s care in +guarding it.</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_7" id = "note9_7" href = "#tag9_7">9.7</a> +<b>Saliōs . . . fēcit</b>: ‘he chose twelve Salii as priests of +Mars.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_8" id = "note9_8" href = "#tag9_8">9.8</a> +Why subjunctive? Cf. <a href = "#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_9" id = "note9_9" href = "#tag9_9">9.9</a> +Roman writers say that before Numa’s time the year contained only ten +months, a statement hardly credible.</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_10" id = "note9_10" href = "#tag9_10">9.10</a> +<b>nefāstōs . . . fēcit</b>: ‘he made a distinction between <i>diēs +nefāstī</i> and <i>diēs fāstī</i>.’ See Vocab., <a href = +"#vocab_fastus"><i>fāstus</i></a> and <a href = +"#vocab_nefastus"><i>nefāstus</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_11" id = "note9_11" href = "#tag9_11">9.11</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note8_1">p. 8, n. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_12" id = "note9_12" href = "#tag9_12">9.12</a> +‘two-headed.’ The reference is to a temple of Janus in the Forum, with +two doors opposite each other, so that the whole structure resembled an +arch.</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_13" id = "note9_13" href = "#tag9_13">9.13</a> +Both adjectives = temporal clauses, signifying respectively ‘when open,’ +‘when shut.’ They agree with <i>Iānus</i> understood, which means the +temple, not the god. After Numa’s time the temple remained open till 235 +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> It was opened again in the same +year, and not closed till 29 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note9_14" id = "note9_14" href = "#tag9_14">9.14</a> +<b>Lēgēs quoque</b>: ‘<i>Laws</i> too,’ i.e. laws as well as religious +ceremonies and priestly orders.</p> + +<p><a name = "note9_15" id = "note9_15" href = "#tag9_15">9.15</a> +<b>īnstitūtīs</b>: dative with <b>conciliāret</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_1" id = "note10_1" href = "#tag10_1">10.1</a> +How different in meaning from <i>dissimulāns</i>, II, 9?</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_2" id = "note10_2" href = "#tag10_2">10.2</a> +<b>sibi . . . esse conloquia</b>: ‘that he had conversations.’ +<b>sibi</b> is dat. of the possessor; H 430 (387): M 542: +A 231: G 349: B 190.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_3" id = "note10_3" href = "#tag10_3">10.3</a> +<b>ēius monitū</b>: ‘at her suggestion.’ Cf. <i>quōrum cōnsiliō</i>, +II, 41.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_4" id = "note10_4" href = "#tag10_4">10.4</a> +<b>quem medium</b>: ‘the middle of which.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_5" id = "note10_5" href = "#tag10_5">10.5</a> +Here in its original sense of ‘witness.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_6" id = "note10_6" href = "#tag10_6">10.6</a> +<b>velut . . . deae</b>: ‘giving it out that he was going to meet the +goddess’; <b>velut</b> is used here as <i>quasi</i> is in I, 28. See +<a href = "#note3_6">note there</a>. For <b>ad congressum</b> see <a href = +"#note3_8">p. 3, n. 8</a>. <b>deae</b> is dat. after the +prefix in <b>congressum</b>; cf. H 429 (386): M 532: +A 228: G 347: B 187, III.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_7" id = "note10_7" href = "#tag10_7">10.7</a> +<b>ita</b> and <b>eā</b> reinforce each other. ‘To such a degree +(<b>ita</b>), and with such (<b>eā</b>) piety,’ etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_8" id = "note10_8" href = "#tag10_8">10.8</a> +Here = ‘respect for their oaths (and obligations).’ <b>fidēs ac +iūsiūrandum</b> together = ‘their own moral sense,’ as opposed to the +restraints of the law.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_9" id = "note10_9" href = "#tag10_9">10.9</a> +subjunctive of result: H 570 (500, II): M 905: A 319, 1: G 552, 2: +B 284.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_10" id = "note10_10" href = "#tag10_10">10.10</a> +<b>quidem</b> is concessive, and so = ‘to be sure, it is true.’ Hence +<b>quidem . . . sed</b> = <i>quamquam . . . sed +tamen</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_11" id = "note10_11" href = "#tag10_11">10.11</a> +Sc. <i>prōfuerat</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_12" id = "note10_12" href = "#tag10_12">10.12</a> +<b>Morbō exstīnctus</b> (<i>exstinguō</i>) means that he died a natural +death. We are to feel a contrast here to the miraculous disappearance of +Romulus, as described on page 7.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_13" id = "note10_13" href = "#tag10_13">10.13</a> +<i>sepeliō</i><ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins></p> + +<p><a name = "note10_14" id = "note10_14" href = "#tag10_14">10.14</a> +<b>duo deinceps rēgēs</b>: ‘two <i>successive</i> kings.’ When an adverb +like <i>deinceps</i> stands between an adjective and a noun, it has the +value of an adjective.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_15" id = "note10_15" href = "#tag10_15">10.15</a> +acc. of extent of time: H 417 (379): M 513: A 256, 2: G 336: B 181. +See also <a href = "#page_xvii">p. xvii</a>, D 1.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_IV">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_IV" id = "selection_IV">IV.</a> +Tullus Hostīlius, Rōmānōrum rēx tertius<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +673-641 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Mortuō<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_16" id = "tag10_16" href = +"#note10_16">16</a> Numā Tullus Hostīlius rēx creātus est. Hīc nōn<br> +<a name = "line_iv_2" id = "line_iv_2"> </a> +sōlum proximō<a class = "tag" name = "tag10_17" id = "tag10_17" href = +"#note10_17">17</a> rēgī dissimilis, sed ferōcior etiam Rōmulō<a class = +"tag" name = "tag10_18" id = "tag10_18" href = "#note10_18">18</a> +fuit.<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page11" id = "page11">11</a> +<a name = "line_iv_3" id = "line_iv_3"> </a> +Eō rēgnante<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_1" id = "tag11_1" href = +"#note11_1">1</a> bellum inter Albānōs et Rōmānōs exortum<a class = +"tag" name = "tag11_2" id = "tag11_2" href = "#note11_2">2</a> est.<br> +<a name = "line_iv_4" id = "line_iv_4"> </a> +Ducibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_3" id = "tag11_3" href = +"#note11_3">3</a> Hostīliō et Fūfetiō placuit rem<a class = "tag" name = +"tag11_4" id = "tag11_4" href = "#note11_4">4</a> paucōrum certāmine<a +class = "tag" name = "tag11_5" id = "tag11_5" href = +"#note11_5">5</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_5" id = "line_iv_5">5</a> +fīnīrī. Erant apud Rōmānōs trigeminī frātrēs Horātiī, trēs apud<br> +Albānōs Cūriātiī. Cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_6" id = "tag11_6" +href = "#note11_6">6</a> eīs agunt rēgēs ut prō suā quisque<br> +<a name = "line_iv_7" id = "line_iv_7"> </a> +patriā dīmicent<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_7" id = "tag11_7" href = +"#note11_7">7</a> ferrō. Foedus<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_8" id = +"tag11_8" href = "#note11_8">8</a> īctum est eā<a class = "tag" name = +"tag11_9" id = "tag11_9" href = "#note11_9">9</a> lēge, ut, unde<a class += "tag" name = "tag11_10" id = "tag11_10" href = "#note11_10">10</a><br> +victōria, ibi imperium esset.</p> + +<p>Īctō foedere trigeminī arma capiunt et in medium inter duās<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_10" id = "line_iv_10">10</a> +aciēs prōcēdunt. Cōnsēderant utrimque duo exercitūs. Datur<br> +<a name = "line_iv_11" id = "line_iv_11"> </a> +sīgnum, īnfēstīque<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_11" id = "tag11_11" +href = "#note11_11">11</a> armīs ternī<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_12" +id = "tag11_12" href = "#note11_12">12</a> iuvenēs, māgnōrum<a class = +"tag" name = "tag11_13" id = "tag11_13" href = "#note11_13">13</a> +exercituum<br> +animōs gerentēs, concurrunt. Ut prīmō concursū increpuēre<a class = +"tag" name = "tag11_14" id = "tag11_14" href = "#note11_14">14</a><br> +<a name = "line_iv_13" id = "line_iv_13"> </a> +arma micantēsque fulsēre<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_15" id = +"tag11_15" href = "#note11_15">15</a> gladiī, horror ingēns spectantēs<a +class = "tag" name = "tag11_16" id = "tag11_16" href = +"#note11_16">16</a><br> +<a name = "line_iv_14" id = "line_iv_14"> </a> +perstringit. Cōnsertīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_17" id = "tag11_17" +href = "#note11_17">17</a> deinde manibus, statim duo Rōmānī alius<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_15" id = "line_iv_15">15</a> +super alium exspīrantēs cecidērunt<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_18" id += "tag11_18" href = "#note11_18">18</a>; trēs Albānī vulnerātī. Ad<a +class = "tag" name = "tag11_19" id = "tag11_19" href = +"#note11_19">19</a><br> +cāsum Rōmānōrum conclāmāvit gaudiō exercitus Albānus. Rōmānōs<br> +iam spēs tōta dēserēbat. Ūnum Horātium trēs Cūriātiī<br> +<a name = "line_iv_18" id = "line_iv_18"> </a> +circumsteterant.<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_20" id = "tag11_20" href += "#note11_20">20</a> Forte<a class = "tag" name = "tag11_21" id = +"tag11_21" href = "#note11_21">21</a> is integer fuit; sed quia tribus +impār<br> +erat, ut distraheret hostēs, fugam capessīvit,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag11_22" id = "tag11_22" href = "#note11_22">22</a> singulōs<a class = +"tag" name = "tag11_23" id = "tag11_23" href = "#note11_23">23</a> per +intervālla<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page12" id = "page12">12</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_20" id = "line_iv_20">20</a> +secūtūrōs esse ratus. Iam aliquantum<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_1" id += "tag12_1" href = "#note12_1">1</a> spatiī ex eō locō,<br> +ubi pūgnātum est, aufūgerat, cum respiciēns videt ūnum ē Cūriātiīs<br> +<a name = "line_iv_22" id = "line_iv_22"> </a> +haud procul ab sēsē abesse. In<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_2" id = +"tag12_2" href = "#note12_2">2</a> eum māgnō impetū redit,<br> +<a name = "line_iv_23" id = "line_iv_23"> </a> +et dum Albānus exercitus inclāmat<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_3" id = +"tag12_3" href = "#note12_3">3</a> Cūriātiīs ut opem ferant<br> +<a name = "line_iv_24" id = "line_iv_24"> </a> +frātrī, iam Horātius eum occīderat. Alterum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag12_4" id = "tag12_4" href = "#note12_4">4</a> deinde, priusquam<a +class = "tag" name = "tag12_5" id = "tag12_5" href = +"#note12_5">5</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_25" id = "line_iv_25">25</a> +tertius posset<a class = "tag" href = "#note12_5">5</a> cōnsequī, +interfēcit.</p> + +<p>Iam singulī<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_6" id = "tag12_6" href = +"#note12_6">6</a> supererant,<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_7" id = +"tag12_7" href = "#note12_7">7</a> sed nec spē nec vīribus parēs.<a +class = "tag" name = "tag12_8" id = "tag12_8" href = "#note12_8">8</a> +Alter<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_9" id = "tag12_9" href = +"#note12_9">9</a><br> +erat intāctus ferrō et geminātā victōriā ferōx<a class = "tag" name = +"tag12_10" id = "tag12_10" href = "#note12_10">10</a>; alter fessum<a +class = "tag" name = "tag12_11" id = "tag12_11" href = +"#note12_11">11</a> vulnere,<br> +fessum cursū trahēbat<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_12" id = "tag12_12" +href = "#note12_12">12</a> corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit.<br> +<a name = "line_iv_29" id = "line_iv_29"></a> +Rōmānus exsultāns male sustinentem arma Cūriātium cōnficit,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag12_13" id = "tag12_13" href = "#note12_13">13</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_30" id = "line_iv_30">30</a> +iacentem<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_14" id = "tag12_14" href = +"#note12_14">14</a> spoliat. Rōmānī ovantēs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag12_15" id = "tag12_15" href = "#note12_15">15</a> ac grātulantēs +Horātium<br> +accipiunt et domum<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_16" id = "tag12_16" +href = "#note12_16">16</a> dēdūcunt. Prīnceps ībat Horātius, trium +frātrum<br> +<a name = "line_iv_31" id = "line_iv_31"> </a> +spolia prae sē gerēns. Cuī<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_17" id = +"tag12_17" href = "#note12_17">17</a> obvia fuit soror, quae +dēspōnsa<br> +fuerat ūnī ex Cūriātiīs, vīsōque<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_18" id = +"tag12_18" href = "#note12_18">18</a> super umerōs frātris +palūdāmentō<br> +spōnsī, quod ipsa cōnfēcerat, flēre et crīnēs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag12_19" id = "tag12_19" href = "#note12_19">19</a> solvere coepit. +Movet<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_35" id = "line_iv_35">35</a> +ferōcis iuvenis animum complōrātiō sorōris in tantō gaudiō pūblicō;<br> +itaque strictō<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_20" id = "tag12_20" href = +"#note12_20">20</a> gladiō trānsfīgit puellam, simul eam verbīs<a class += "tag" name = "tag12_21" id = "tag12_21" href = "#note12_21">21</a> +increpāns:<br> +“Abī<a class = "tag" name = "tag12_22" id = "tag12_22" href = +"#note12_22">22</a> hinc cum immātūrō amōre ad spōnsum, oblīta<a class = +"tag" name = "tag12_23" id = "tag12_23" href = "#note12_23">23</a><br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page13" id = "page13">13</a> +frātrum, oblīta patriae. Sīc eat,<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_1" id = +"tag13_1" href = "#note13_1">1</a> quaecumque Rōmāna lūgēbit<br> +hostem.”</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_40" id = "line_iv_40">40</a> +Atrōx id vīsum est facinus<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_2" id = +"tag13_2" href = "#note13_2">2</a> patribus<a class = "tag" name = +"tag13_3" id = "tag13_3" href = "#note13_3">3</a> plēbīque; quārē +raptus<br> +est in iūs<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_4" id = "tag13_4" href = +"#note13_4">4</a> Horātius et apud iūdicēs condemnātus. Iam +accesserat<br> +līctor<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_5" id = "tag13_5" href = +"#note13_5">5</a> iniciēbatque<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_6" id = +"tag13_6" href = "#note13_6">6</a> laqueum. Tum Horātius ad populum +prōvocāvit.<br> +<a name = "line_iv_43" id = "line_iv_43"> </a> +Intereā pater Horātiī senex prōclāmābat fīliam suam iūre<br> +caesam<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_7" id = "tag13_7" href = +"#note13_7">7</a> esse; et iuvenem amplexus<a class = "tag" name = +"tag13_8" id = "tag13_8" href = "#note13_8">8</a> spoliaque +Cūriātiōrum<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic13.png" width = "113" height = "204" +alt = "see caption"><br> +FASCĒS</span> + +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_45" id = "line_iv_45">45</a> +ostentāns, ōrābat populum nē<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_9" id = +"tag13_9" href = "#note13_9">9</a> sē, quem paulō<br> +ante cum ēgregiā stirpe cōnspexissent,<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_10" +id = "tag13_10" href = "#note13_10">10</a> orbum<br> +līberīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_11" id = "tag13_11" href = +"#note13_11">11</a> faceret.<a class = "tag" href = "#note13_9">9</a> +Nōn tulit populus patris lacrimās<br> +iuvenemque<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_12" id = "tag13_12" href = +"#note13_12">12</a> absolvit admīrātiōne<a class = "tag" name = +"tag13_13" id = "tag13_13" href = "#note13_13">13</a> magis<br> +virtūtis quam iūre<a class = "tag" href = "#note13_13">13</a> causae. Ut +tamen caedēs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_50" id = "line_iv_50">50</a> +manifēsta expiārētur, pater quibusdam<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_14" +id = "tag13_14" href = "#note13_14">14</a> sacrificiīs<br> +perāctīs trānsmīsit per viam<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_15" id = +"tag13_15" href = "#note13_15">15</a> tigillum et fīlium<br> +capite adopertō velut sub iugum<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_16" id = +"tag13_16" href = "#note13_16">16</a> mīsit; quod<br> +tigillum <i>Sorōrium</i><a class = "tag" name = "tag13_17" id = +"tag13_17" href = "#note13_17">17</a> appellātum est.</p> + +<p>Nōn diū pāx<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_18" id = "tag13_18" href = +"#note13_18">18</a> Albāna mānsit<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_19" id = +"tag13_19" href = "#note13_19">19</a>; nam Mettius<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_55" id = "line_iv_55">55</a> +Fūfetius, dux Albānōrum, cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag13_20" id = +"tag13_20" href = "#note13_20">20</a> sē invidiōsum apud cīvēs +vidēret,<a class = "tag" href = "#note13_20">20</a><br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page14" id = "page14">14</a> +quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_1" id = "tag14_1" href = +"#note14_1">1</a> bellum ūnō<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_2" id = +"tag14_2" href = "#note14_2">2</a> paucōrum certāmine fīnīsset, ut<a +class = "tag" name = "tag14_3" id = "tag14_3" href = "#note14_3">3</a> +rem corrigeret,<br> +Vēientēs Fīdēnatēsque adversus Rōmānōs concitāvit. Ipse,<br> +<a name = "line_iv_58" id = "line_iv_58"> </a> +ā Tullō in<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_4" id = "tag14_4" href = +"#note14_4">4</a> auxilium arcessītus, aciem in collem subdūxit, ut +fortūnam<br> +bellī exspectāret et sequerētur. Quā<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_5" id += "tag14_5" href = "#note14_5">5</a> rē Tullus intellēctā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_60" id = "line_iv_60">60</a> +māgnā vōce ait<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_6" id = "tag14_6" href = +"#note14_6">6</a> suō illud iussū Mettium facere, ut hostēs ā tergō<br> +<a name = "line_iv_61" id = "line_iv_61"> </a> +circumvenīrentur. Quō audītō hostēs territī et victī sunt. Posterō<br> +diē Mettius cum ad grātulandum Tullō vēnisset, iussū illīus<br> +quadrīgīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_7" id = "tag14_7" href = +"#note14_7">7</a> religātus et in<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_8" id = +"tag14_8" href = "#note14_8">8</a> dīversa distrāctus<a class = "tag" +name = "tag14_9" id = "tag14_9" href = "#note14_9">9</a> est. Deinde +Tullus Albam<br> +<a name = "line_iv_64" id = "line_iv_64"> </a> +propter ducis perfidiam dīruit et Albānōs Rōmam trānsīre iussit.<a class += "tag" name = "tag14_10" id = "tag14_10" href = "#note14_10">10</a></p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_65" id = "line_iv_65">65</a> +Rōma interim crēvit<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_11" id = "tag14_11" +href = "#note14_11">11</a> Albae ruīnīs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag14_12" id = "tag14_12" href = "#note14_12">12</a>; duplicātus est +cīvium<br> +<a name = "line_iv_66" id = "line_iv_66"> </a> +numerus; mōns Caelius urbī additus et, quō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag14_13" id = "tag14_13" href = "#note14_13">13</a> frequentius<br> +habitārētur,<a class = "tag" href = "#note14_13">13</a> eam<a class = +"tag" name = "tag14_14" id = "tag14_14" href = "#note14_14">14</a> sēdem +Tullus rēgiae cēpit ibique deinde habitāvit.<br> +Auctārum<a class = "tag" name = "tag14_15" id = "tag14_15" href = +"#note14_15">15</a> vīrium fīdūciā ēlātus<a class = "tag" name = +"tag14_16" id = "tag14_16" href = "#note14_16">16</a> bellum Sabīnīs +indīxit. Pēstilentia<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page15" id = "page15">15</a> +īnsecūta<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_1" id = "tag15_1" href = +"#note15_1">1</a> est; nūlla tamen ab armīs quiēs dabātur. Crēdēbat<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_70" id = "line_iv_70">70</a> +enim rēx bellicōsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_2" id = "tag15_2" href += "#note15_2">2</a> salūbriōra mīlitiae<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_3" +id = "tag15_3" href = "#note15_3">3</a> quam domī esse<br> +iuvenum<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_4" id = "tag15_4" href = +"#note15_4">4</a> corpora, sed ipse quoque<a class = "tag" name = +"tag15_5" id = "tag15_5" href = "#note15_5">5</a> diuturnō morbō est +implicitus.<br> +<a name = "line_iv_72" id = "line_iv_72"> </a> +Tunc vērō adeō<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_6" id = "tag15_6" href = +"#note15_6">6</a> frāctī<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_7" id = "tag15_7" +href = "#note15_7">7</a> simul cum corpore sunt spīritūs<a class = "tag" +name = "tag15_8" id = "tag15_8" href = "#note15_8">8</a><br> +illī ferōcēs, ut nūllī reī posthāc nisi sacrīs operam daret. +Memorant<br> +<a name = "line_iv_74" id = "line_iv_74"> </a> +Tullum fulmine<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_9" id = "tag15_9" href = +"#note15_9">9</a> īctum cum domō cōnflagrāsse. Tullus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_iv_75" id = "line_iv_75">75</a> +māgnā glōriā bellī rēgnāvit annōs duōs et trīgintā.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_V">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note10_16" id = "note10_16" href = "#tag10_16">10.16</a> +<b>Mortuō Numā</b>: abl. abs. = <i>post Numae mortem</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_17" id = "note10_17" href = "#tag10_17">10.17</a> +<b>proximō rēgī</b>: ‘his predecessor.’ Join with <b>dissimilis</b>, +which has the same constructions as <i>similis</i> (<a href = +"#note3_12">p. 3, n. 12</a>). <i>Proximus</i> may mean +‘nearest (in the past)’ = ‘last,’ or ‘nearest (in the future)’ += ‘next.’ The context must determine the sense.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10_18" id = "note10_18" href = "#tag10_18">10.18</a> +abl. of comparison. H 471 (417): M 615: A 247: G 398: B 217.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_1" id = "note11_1" href = "#tag11_1">11.1</a> +<b>Eō rēgnante</b>: ‘during his reign.’ How does this abl. abs. differ +from those in I, lines <a href = "#line_i_3">3, 5</a>, <a href = +"#line_i_18">18</a>, <a href = "#line_i_37">37</a>, and <a href = +"#line_i_40">40</a>? Cf. <a href = "#page_xxii">p. xxii</a>, +K 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_2" id = "note11_2" href = "#tag11_2">11.2</a> +<i>exorior</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_3" id = "note11_3" href = "#tag11_3">11.3</a> +<b>Ducibus . . . placuit</b>: ‘the leaders agreed that,’ etc. The +subject of <b>placuit</b> is the clause <b>rem . . . +fīnīrī</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_4" id = "note11_4" href = "#tag11_4">11.4</a> +The meanings of <i>rēs</i> are extremely varied. Here <b>rem</b> may be +translated ‘dispute,’ and so practically = <i>bellum</i> above. For the +mood of <i>fīnīrī</i>, see <a href = "#note6_16">p. 6, +n. 16</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_5" id = "note11_5" href = "#tag11_5">11.5</a> +The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner in which +the quarrel was to be ended.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_6" id = "note11_6" href = "#tag11_6">11.6</a> +<b>Cum . . . rēgēs</b>: ‘the kings urge them.’ How literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_7" id = "note11_7" href = "#tag11_7">11.7</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note1_5">p. 1, n. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_8" id = "note11_8" href = "#tag11_8">11.8</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note6_21">p. 6, n. 21</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_9" id = "note11_9" href = "#tag11_9">11.9</a> +<b>eā lēge ut</b>: ‘with the understanding that,’ ‘with the proviso +(<b>lēge</b>) that.’ The clause <b>ut . . . esset</b> +expresses the purpose which the leaders had in mind in striking the +treaty.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_10" id = "note11_10" href = "#tag11_10">11.10</a> +Sc. <i>fuisset</i>. <b>unde</b> = <i>quā ex parte</i>. We would rather +say, ‘<i>on</i> which side.’ Latin often thus prefers to view an idea as +one of <i>motion from</i> a place where the English views it rather as +that of <i>rest at</i> a point. Why?</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_11" id = "note11_11" href = "#tag11_11">11.11</a> +<b>īnfēstī armīs</b>: ‘hostile in (respect of) arms,’ i.e. ‘with hostile +arms.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_12" id = "note11_12" href = "#tag11_12">11.12</a> +‘three on each side.’ Why do we give this meaning to the adjective?</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_13" id = "note11_13" href = "#tag11_13">11.13</a> +<b>māgnōrum . . . gerentēs</b>: ‘breathing the spirit of mighty armies.’ +So we speak of a person as ‘a host in himself.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_14" id = "note11_14" href = "#tag11_14">11.14</a> +<b>increpuēre</b> describes the sound made by the spears as they struck +the shields.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_15" id = "note11_15" href = "#tag11_15">11.15</a> +<i>fulgeō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_16" id = "note11_16" href = "#tag11_16">11.16</a> += <i>spectātōrēs</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_17" id = "note11_17" href = "#tag11_17">11.17</a> +<i>cōnserō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_18" id = "note11_18" href = "#tag11_18">11.18</a> +<i>cadō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_19" id = "note11_19" href = "#tag11_19">11.19</a> +<b>Ad cāsum</b>: we say ‘<i>at</i> the fall,’ but the Latin thinks of +the shout as rising <i>against</i> (i.e. to greet) the fall.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_20" id = "note11_20" href = "#tag11_20">11.20</a> +<i>circumstō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_21" id = "note11_21" href = "#tag11_21">11.21</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note5_19">p. 5, n. 19</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_22" id = "note11_22" href = "#tag11_22">11.22</a> +<b>fugam capessīvit</b>: ‘took (to) flight’; cf. ‘to take to one’s +heels.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note11_23" id = "note11_23" href = "#tag11_23">11.23</a> +<b>singulōs per intervālla</b>: ‘one by one, at intervals.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_1" id = "note12_1" href = "#tag12_1">12.1</a> +<b>aliquantum spatiī</b>: ‘some distance.’ <b>spatiī</b> is a partitive +genitive; <b>aliquantum</b> is an acc. of extent of space: H 417 +(379): M 513: A 257: G 335: B 181.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_2" id = "note12_2" href = "#tag12_2">12.2</a> +<b>In . . . redit</b> (<i>redeō</i>): ‘he turned and made a furious +attack upon him.’ How literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_3" id = "note12_3" href = "#tag12_3">12.3</a> +<b>inclāmat . . . ferant</b>: ‘was shouting . . . (bidding them) to bear +aid.’ For <b>inclāmat</b>, see <a href = "#note3_14">p. 3, +n. 14</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_4" id = "note12_4" href = "#tag12_4">12.4</a> += <i>secundum</i>, as often.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_5" id = "note12_5" href = "#tag12_5">12.5</a> +H 605, II (520, 2): M 880: A 327: G 577: B 292.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_6" id = "note12_6" href = "#tag12_6">12.6</a> +‘one on each side.’ Cf. <i>ternī</i>, <a href = "#line_iv_11">l. 11</a>, +and note there.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_7" id = "note12_7" href = "#tag12_7">12.7</a> +<i>supersum</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_8" id = "note12_8" href = "#tag12_8">12.8</a> +‘equally matched.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_9" id = "note12_9" href = "#tag12_9">12.9</a> +<b>alter . . . alter</b>: ‘the one . . . the other (of the two).’ With +<b>intāctus</b> cf. <i>integer</i>, <a href = +"#line_iv_18">l. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_10" id = "note12_10" href = "#tag12_10">12.10</a> +‘inspirited, emboldened.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_11" id = "note12_11" href = "#tag12_11">12.11</a> +The repetition of <b>fessum</b> gives emphasis by dwelling upon the +fact.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_12" id = "note12_12" href = "#tag12_12">12.12</a> +‘was dragging,’ i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor. We would +rather say, ‘could barely drag his body along.’ So we would render +<b>male sustinentem arma</b>, <a href = "#line_iv_29">l. 29</a>, as +‘barely able to endure (the weight of) his armor.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_13" id = "note12_13" href = "#tag12_13">12.13</a> += <i>occidit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_14" id = "note12_14" href = "#tag12_14">12.14</a> +‘as he lay prostrate.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_15" id = "note12_15" href = "#tag12_15">12.15</a> +<b>ovantēs ac grātulantēs</b>: ‘with rejoicing and congratulations.’ +Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial force.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_16" id = "note12_16" href = "#tag12_16">12.16</a> +accus. of limit of motion; cf. <a href = "#note3_4">p. 3, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_17" id = "note12_17" href = "#tag12_17">12.17</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note4_3">p. 4, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_18" id = "note12_18" href = "#tag12_18">12.18</a> +<b>vīsō . . . spōnsī</b>: ‘when she saw her lover’s cloak,’ etc. Cf. +<a href = "#note1_4">p. 1, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_19" id = "note12_19" href = "#tag12_19">12.19</a> +<b>crīnēs solvere</b>: a common token of grief among the Romans. Cf. +<i>crinibus passīs</i>, II, 36.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_20" id = "note12_20" href = "#tag12_20">12.20</a> +<i>stringō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_21" id = "note12_21" href = "#tag12_21">12.21</a> +<b>verbīs increpāns</b>: cf. <i>hīs increpāns verbīs</i>, I, 46.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_22" id = "note12_22" href = "#tag12_22">12.22</a> +<i>abeō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12_23" id = "note12_23" href = "#tag12_23">12.23</a> +<b>oblīta</b> (<i>oblivīscor</i>) <b>frātrum</b>: ‘you who have +forgotten,’ or ‘since you have forgotten.’ For the genitives +<b>frātrum</b> and <b>patriae</b>, see H 454 (406, II): +M 588: A 219: G 376: B 206, 1. Cf. the English +‘forgetful of.’ For the repetition of <b>oblīta</b> see <a href = +"#note12_11">n. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_1" id = "note13_1" href = "#tag13_1">13.1</a> +‘fare, perish.’ The subject is <i>fēmina</i>, or <i>illa fēmina</i>, as +suggested by <b>quaecumque</b>. How? With the whole sentence cf. <i>Sīc +. . . mea</i>, I, 47, and see note there.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_2" id = "note13_2" href = "#tag13_2">13.2</a> +<b>facinus</b>, by its derivation from <i>faciō</i>, properly = +‘a deed,’ whether good or bad, but generally ‘a crime.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_3" id = "note13_3" href = "#tag13_3">13.3</a> += <i>senātōribus</i>, who were officially styled <i>Patrēs +Cōnscrīptī</i>. <b>patribus plēbīque</b> virtually = <i>omnibus</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_4" id = "note13_4" href = "#tag13_4">13.4</a> +‘court.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_5" id = "note13_5" href = "#tag13_5">13.5</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_lictor"><i>līctor</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_6" id = "note13_6" href = "#tag13_6">13.6</a> +The tense has dramatic force and = ‘was (actually) putting on.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_7" id = "note13_7" href = "#tag13_7">13.7</a> +<i>caedō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_8" id = "note13_8" href = "#tag13_8">13.8</a> +<i>amplector</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_9" id = "note13_9" href = "#tag13_9">13.9</a> +clause of negative purpose: see <a href = "#note9_6">p. 9, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_10" id = "note13_10" href = "#tag13_10">13.10</a> +<i>cōnspiciō</i>. The subjunctive may be explained (1) as caused by +attraction to <b>faceret</b>, H 652, 1 (529, II): M 793: +A 342: G 663: B 324, or (2) as in informal indir. +disc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_11" id = "note13_11" href = "#tag13_11">13.11</a> +abl. of separation (cf. <a href = "#note1_6">p. 1, n. 6</a>), to be +joined with <b>orbum faceret</b>, which = <i>orbāret</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_12" id = "note13_12" href = "#tag13_12">13.12</a> +After a negative clause the Romans often use <i>que</i> or <i>et</i>, +where the English idiom requires <i>but</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_13" id = "note13_13" href = "#tag13_13">13.13</a> +why abl.? see <a href = "#note4_1">p. 4, n. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_14" id = "note13_14" href = "#tag13_14">13.14</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note6_21">p. 6, n. 21</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_15" id = "note13_15" href = "#tag13_15">13.15</a> +‘a (certain) street.’ The street referred to ran up the slope of the +Esquiline Hill.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_16" id = "note13_16" href = "#tag13_16">13.16</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_iugum"><i>iugum</i></a>. The father of +Horatius, by making him pass, as it were, beneath the yoke, symbolically +executed the sentence of death passed by the judges.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_17" id = "note13_17" href = "#tag13_17">13.17</a> +Sc. <i>Tigillum</i>. Livy says that this beam was renewed from time to +time at public expense, even down to his own day. Another memorial of +this fight was the <i>Pīla</i> (‘Column’) <i>Horātia</i>, adjoining the +Forum, on which Horatius is said to have hung the spoils taken from the +Curiatii.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_18" id = "note13_18" href = "#tag13_18">13.18</a> +<b>pāx Albāna</b> = <i>pāx cum Albā īcta</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_19" id = "note13_19" href = "#tag13_19">13.19</a> +<i>maneō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13_20" id = "note13_20" href = "#tag13_20">13.20</a> +<b>cum . . . vidēret</b>: subjunctive of cause. See <a href = +"#note2_13">p. 2, n. 13</a>; <a href = "#note4_12">p. 4, +n. 12</a>; and <a href = "#page_xx">p. xx</a>, H 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_1" id = "note14_1" href = "#tag14_1">14.1</a> +<b>quod . . . fīnīsset</b>: ‘because (as they said),’ etc. The +subjunctive is due to the implied indirect discourse, and expresses the +thought, not of the writer, but of Mettius’ subjects. See <a href = +"#page_xxi">p. xxi</a>, H 4.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_2" id = "note14_2" href = "#tag14_2">14.2</a> +<b>ūnō . . . certāmine</b>: ‘by one contest (only), and that a contest +in which but few fought.’ Cf. <a href = "#line_iv_4">l. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_3" id = "note14_3" href = "#tag14_3">14.3</a> +<b>ut . . . corrigeret</b>: ‘to set the matter straight,’ i.e. to regain +the good will of his people. Join this clause with what follows.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_4" id = "note14_4" href = "#tag14_4">14.4</a> +<b>in auxilium</b>: ‘to give aid,’ an expression of purpose. Cf. <i>ad +supplicium</i>, I, 29, and note. Tullus summoned Mettius in accordance +with the treaty made before the fight between the Horatii and the +Curiatii (<a href = "#line_iv_7">l. 7</a>).</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_5" id = "note14_5" href = "#tag14_5">14.5</a> +<b>Quā rē . . . intellēctā</b> (<i>intellegō</i>): ‘when he noticed this +state of things.’ For <b>quā</b>, see <a href = "#note4_3">p. 4, +n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_6" id = "note14_6" href = "#tag14_6">14.6</a> +<b>ait . . . circumvenīrentur</b>: Tullus’ purpose in making this +statement was partly to frighten the enemy, partly to reassure his own +men. Livy relates that Tullus had stationed his own forces against the +Veientes, the Albans against the Fidenates. The withdrawal of Mettius +exposed the flank of the Romans to attack from the Fidenates, and so was +regarded at once by the Romans as proof of treachery.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_7" id = "note14_7" href = "#tag14_7">14.7</a> +abl. of separation (cf. <a href = "#note1_6">p. 1, n. 6</a>). +<i>ligāre</i> and its compounds are construed with either (1) the +simple ablative, or (2) the ablative with <i>ab</i>, <i>dē</i>, or +<i>ex</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_8" id = "note14_8" href = "#tag14_8">14.8</a> +<b>in . . . est</b>: ‘was torn limb from limb.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_9" id = "note14_9" href = "#tag14_9">14.9</a> +<i>distrahō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_10" id = "note14_10" href = "#tag14_10">14.10</a> +<i>iubeō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_11" id = "note14_11" href = "#tag14_11">14.11</a> +<i>crēscō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_12" id = "note14_12" href = "#tag14_12">14.12</a> +abl. of means.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_13" id = "note14_13" href = "#tag14_13">14.13</a> +<b>quō . . . habitārētur</b>: ‘that it might be more densely inhabited,’ +i.e. that a larger number of people might be induced to live there. In +purpose clauses containing a comparative, <i>quō</i> is used instead of +<i>ut</i>: H 568, 7 (497, 2): M 909: A 317, +<i>b</i>: G 545, 2; B 282, <i>a</i>. This <i>quō</i> is the +abl. sing. neut. of the relative pronoun, and = <i>ut eō</i>, ‘that +thereby.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_14" id = "note14_14" href = "#tag14_14">14.14</a> +<b>eam . . . cēpit</b> (<i>capiō</i>): ‘Tullus chose it (the mountain) +as the site of his palace,’ Why is <b>eam</b> feminine, although +referring to <i>mōns Caelius</i>, which is masculine? Cf. <a href = +"#note5_14">p. 5, n. 14</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_15" id = "note14_15" href = "#tag14_15">14.15</a> +<b>Auctārum . . . fīdūciā</b>: ‘because of the confidence (begotten) of +his increased strength,’ or ‘by his confidence in his increased +strength.’ In the former case the gen. is subjective; in the latter it +is objective; H 440, 1 and 2 (396, II and III): M 553, 571: +A 213, 1, 2: G 363, 1 and 2: B 199, 200.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14_16" id = "note14_16" href = "#tag14_16">14.16</a> +<i>efferō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_1" id = "note15_1" href = "#tag15_1">15.1</a> +<i>īnsequor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_2" id = "note15_2" href = "#tag15_2">15.2</a> +<b>bellicōsus</b> = a causal clause <i>quod ipse bellicōsus +erat</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_3" id = "note15_3" href = "#tag15_3">15.3</a> +<b>mīlitiae quam domī</b>: ‘in war than in peace.’ See H 484, 2 +(426, 2): M 622: A 258, <i>d</i>: G. 411, <span class = +"smallroman">R.</span> 2: B 232, 2; xvi, A 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_4" id = "note15_4" href = "#tag15_4">15.4</a> += ‘the fighting men,’ because <i>iuvenēs</i> (men under 45) were +eligible for military duty.</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_5" id = "note15_5" href = "#tag15_5">15.5</a> +<b>sed ipse quoque</b>: ‘but (i.e. in spite of this statement) he +too.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_6" id = "note15_6" href = "#tag15_6">15.6</a> +‘so completely.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_7" id = "note15_7" href = "#tag15_7">15.7</a> +<i>frangō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_8" id = "note15_8" href = "#tag15_8">15.8</a> +<b>spīritūs illī ferōcēs</b>: ‘that high spirit of his’; <b>illī</b> = +‘that for which he was so famous.’ Cf. <a href = +"#line_iv_2">l. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_9" id = "note15_9" href = "#tag15_9">15.9</a> +<b>fulmine īctum . . . cōnflagrāsse</b> = <i>fulmine īctum esse et +cōnflagrāsse</i>. Instead of using two coördinated verbs with a common +subject, Latin regularly represents the first verb by a perf. pass. +part., or by the past part. of a deponent verb, in agreement with that +common subject. Cf. <a href = "#note2_8">p. 2, n. 8</a>, and +<a href = "#page_xxiv">p. xxiv</a>, L 5.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_V">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_V" id = "selection_V">V.</a> +Ancus Mārcius, Rōmānōrum rēx quārtus<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +641-616 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic15.png" width = "136" height = "126" +alt = "see caption"><br> +NUMA AND ANCUS<br>MĀRCIUS</span> + +<p>Tullō mortuō<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_10" id = "tag15_10" href = +"#note15_10">10</a> Ancum Mārcium rēgem<a class = "tag" name = +"tag15_11" id = "tag15_11" href = "#note15_11">11</a><br> +populus creāvit. Numae Pompiliī nepōs<br> +Ancus Mārcius erat, aequitāte<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_12" id = +"tag15_12" href = "#note15_12">12</a> et<br> +religiōne<a class = "tag" href = "#note15_12">12</a> avō similis. Tunc +Latīnī, cum quibus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_v_5" id = "line_v_5">5</a> +Tullō rēgnante īctum foedus erat,<br> +sustulerant<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_13" id = "tag15_13" href = +"#note15_13">13</a> animōs, et incursiōnem in agrum<br> +<a name = "line_v_7" id = "line_v_7"> </a> +Rōmānum fēcērunt. Ancus, priusquam<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_14" id += "tag15_14" href = "#note15_14">14</a> eīs<br> +bellum indīceret,<a class = "tag" href = "#note15_14">14</a> lēgātum +mīsit, quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag15_15" id = "tag15_15" href = +"#note15_15">15</a> rēs<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page16" id = "page16">16</a> +<a name = "line_v_9" id = "line_v_9"> </a> +repeteret, eumque<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_1" id = "tag16_1" href = +"#note16_1">1</a> mōrem posterī accēpērunt. Id autem hōc<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_v_10" id = "line_v_10">10</a> +modō fīēbat. Lēgātus, ubi ad fīnēs eōrum venit ā quibus rēs<br> +repetuntur, capite<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_2" id = "tag16_2" href += "#note16_2">2</a> vēlātō “Audī, Iuppiter,” inquit<a class = "tag" name += "tag16_3" id = "tag16_3" href = "#note16_3">3</a> “audīte,<br> +fīnēs hūius<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_4" id = "tag16_4" href = +"#note16_4">4</a> populī. Ego sum pūblicus<a class = "tag" name = +"tag16_5" id = "tag16_5" href = "#note16_5">5</a> nūntius populī +Rōmānī;<br> +<a name = "line_v_13" id = "line_v_13"> </a> +verbīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_6" id = "tag16_6" href = +"#note16_6">6</a> meīs fidēs sit.” Deinde peragit pōstulāta. Sī nōn +dēduntur<br> +rēs quās expōscit, hastam in fīnēs hostium ēmittit bellumque<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_v_15" id = "line_v_15">15</a> +ita indīcit. Lēgātus, quī eā dē rē mittitur, <i>Fētiālis</i><a class = +"tag" name = "tag16_7" id = "tag16_7" href = "#note16_7">7</a> rītusque +bellī<br> +indīcendī <i>Iūs Fētiāle</i> appellātur.</p> + +<p>Lēgātō Rōmānō rēs repetentī superbē respōnsum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag16_8" id = "tag16_8" href = "#note16_8">8</a> est ā Latīnīs;<br> +quārē bellum hōc<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_9" id = "tag16_9" href = +"#note16_9">9</a> modō eīs indictum est. Ancus, exercitū<br> + +<span class = "figfloat left"> +<img src = "images/pic16.png" width = "168" height = "156" +alt = "see caption"><br> +CARCER MAMERTĪNUS</span> + +cōnscrīptō, profectus<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_10" id = "tag16_10" +href = "#note16_10">10</a> Latīnōs fūdit et<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_v_20" id = "line_v_20">20</a> +complūribus oppidīs dēlētīs cīvēs Rōmam<br> +<a name = "line_v_21" id = "line_v_21"> </a> +trādūxit<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_11" id = "tag16_11" href = +"#note16_11">11</a>. Cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_12" id = +"tag16_12" href = "#note16_12">12</a> autem in tantā hominum<br> +multitūdine facinora clandestīna<br> +<a name = "line_v_23" id = "line_v_23"> </a> +fierent, Ancus carcerem<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_13" id = +"tag16_13" href = "#note16_13">13</a> in mediā urbe<br> +ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_14" id = "tag16_14" href = +"#note16_14">14</a> terrōrem incrēscentis audāciae aedificāvit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_v_25" id = "line_v_25">25</a> +Īdem nova moenia urbī circumdedit,<br> +Iāniculum montem ponte<a class = "tag" name = "tag16_15" id = "tag16_15" +href = "#note16_15">15</a> subliciō<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page17" id = "page17">17</a> +<a name = "line_v_27" id = "line_v_27"> </a> +in Tiberī factō urbī cōniūnxit, in ōre<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_1" +id = "tag17_1" href = "#note17_1">1</a> Tiberis Ōstiam urbem<br> +condidit. Plūribus aliīs rēbus intrā paucōs annōs cōnfectīs;<br> +immātūrā morte praereptus obiit.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_VI">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note15_10" id = "note15_10" href = "#tag15_10">15.10</a> +What is the force of this abl. abs.?</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_11" id = "note15_11" href = "#tag15_11">15.11</a> +<b>rēgem populus creāvit</b>: This phrase, as it stands, is somewhat +misleading. As a matter of fact, the kingship was neither hereditary nor +elective. On the death of a king an <i>interrēx</i>, or regent, was +chosen, who took the auspices, and the augurs inferred from the signs +that the gods favored a certain candidate. He was then elected by the +Assembly, and the choice was confirmed by the Senate.</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_12" id = "note15_12" href = "#tag15_12">15.12</a> +abl. of specification.</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_13" id = "note15_13" href = "#tag15_13">15.13</a> +<b>sustulerant</b> (<i>tollō</i>) <b>animōs</b>: ‘had plucked up +courage.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_14" id = "note15_14" href = "#tag15_14">15.14</a> +Cf. <i>priusquam . . . posset</i>, IV, 25, and note.</p> + +<p><a name = "note15_15" id = "note15_15" href = "#tag15_15">15.15</a> +<b>quī . . . repeteret</b>: relative clause of purpose. <i>Rēs +repetere</i> = ‘to demand the (stolen) things,’ is a technical phrase of +war, and = ‘to demand restitution or satisfaction.’ The opposite is +<i>rēs reddere</i>, or <i>rēs dēdere</i>, as in <a href = +"#line_v_13">l. 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_1" id = "note16_1" href = "#tag16_1">16.1</a> +<b>eum mōrem . . . accēpērunt</b>: ‘that custom posterity (the Romans of +later times) adopted.’ Traces of the custom appear as late as the reign +of Augustus.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_2" id = "note16_2" href = "#tag16_2">16.2</a> +While praying, the Romans covered their faces with a fold of the toga, +that no untoward sight might interrupt their devotions. The +<i>lēgātus</i> here covers his face, because he is praying to Jupiter +and to the <b>fīnēs</b>, which are personified.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_3" id = "note16_3" href = "#tag16_3">16.3</a> +This word, rather than <i>dīxit</i>, is used with direct discourse, and +regularly stands, as here, <i>within</i> the quotation.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_4" id = "note16_4" href = "#tag16_4">16.4</a> +The <i>lēgātus</i>, of course, said <i>fīnēs Albānōrum</i>, or +<i>Vēientium</i>, as the case might be.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_5" id = "note16_5" href = "#tag16_5">16.5</a> +‘official,’ i.e. duly accredited.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_6" id = "note16_6" href = "#tag16_6">16.6</a> +<b>verbīs . . . sit</b> = <i>verbīs meīs crēdite</i>. Cf. II, 48, <i>cuī +reī fidem fēcit</i>. <b>sit</b> is a hortatory subjunctive; H 559, +1 (484, II): M 713: A 266: G 263: B 274.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_7" id = "note16_7" href = "#tag16_7">16.7</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_fetialis"><i>fētiālis</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_8" id = "note16_8" href = "#tag16_8">16.8</a> +<b>respōnsum . . . Latīnīs</b> = <i>Latīnī respondērunt</i>. The +impersonal passive is common.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_9" id = "note16_9" href = "#tag16_9">16.9</a> +<b>hōc</b>: ‘described <i>above</i>,’ in lines 9-16. In <a href = +"#line_v_9">l. 9</a> <i>hōc</i> = ‘described <i>below</i>.’ +<i>Hīc</i> more often bears the latter sense, i.e. it refers to what +follows.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_10" id = "note16_10" href = "#tag16_10">16.10</a> +<b>profectus . . . fūdit</b> (<i>fundō</i>): cf. <a href = +"#note15_9">p. 15, n. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_11" id = "note16_11" href = "#tag16_11">16.11</a> +‘transferred, removed.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_12" id = "note16_12" href = "#tag16_12">16.12</a> +<b>Cum . . . fierent</b>: a causal clause; cf. <a href = "#note13_20">p. +13, n. 20</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_13" id = "note16_13" href = "#tag16_13">16.13</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_carcer"><i>carcer</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_14" id = "note16_14" href = "#tag16_14">16.14</a> +<b>ad . . . audāciae</b> = <i>ut incrēscentem audāciam terrēret</i>. Cf. +<a href = "#note3_8">p. 3, n. 8</a>, and <i>ad congressum +deae</i>, III, 33. <b>audāciae</b> is objective genitive: cf. <a href = +"#note14_15">p. 14, n. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16_15" id = "note16_15" href = "#tag16_15">16.15</a> +<b>ponte subliciō</b>: abl. abs., with <b>factō</b>, expressing means. +This bridge, the earliest and most famous of the bridges over the Tiber, +derived its name from the circumstance that it was always made of wood +and supported on piles (<i>sublicae</i>). It is this bridge that figures +so largely in Macaulay’s <i>Lays of Ancient Rome</i>, Horatius, stanzas +xxix. ff.</p> + +<p><a name = "note17_1" id = "note17_1" href = "#tag17_1">17.1</a> +<b>in ōre</b>: ‘at the mouth.’ The town Ostia got its name from its +position <i>in ōre Tiberis</i>. It was the port of Rome, and thus +attained great importance. Great harbors were built there in the days of +the Empire, the remains of which, as well as of the warehouses built for +the storage of merchandise from abroad, are still visible.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_VI">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_VI" id = "selection_VI">VI.</a> +Lūcius Tarquinius Prīscus, Rōmānōrum rēx quīntus<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +616-578 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p><a name = "line_vi_1" id = "line_vi_1"> </a> +Ancō rēgnante Lūcius Tarquinius, Tarquiniīs,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag17_2" id = "tag17_2" href = "#note17_2">2</a> ex Etrūriae urbe,<br> +profectus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_3" id = "tag17_3" href = +"#note17_3">3</a> cum coniuge et fortūnīs omnibus Rōmam commigrāvit.<br> +Additur haec fābula: advenientī<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_4" id = +"tag17_4" href = "#note17_4">4</a> aquila pilleum sustulit<a class = +"tag" name = "tag17_5" id = "tag17_5" href = "#note17_5">5</a> et +super<br> +carpentum,<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_6" id = "tag17_6" href = +"#note17_6">6</a> cuī<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_7" id = "tag17_7" +href = "#note17_7">7</a> Tarquinius īnsidēbat, cum māgnō clangōre +volitāns<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_5" id = "line_vi_5">5</a> +rūrsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_8" id = "tag17_8" href = +"#note17_8">8</a> capitī<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_9" id = "tag17_9" +href = "#note17_9">9</a> aptē reposuit; inde sublīmis<a class = "tag" +name = "tag17_10" id = "tag17_10" href = "#note17_10">10</a> abiit. +Tanaquil<br> +coniux, caelestium<a class = "tag" name = "tag17_11" id = "tag17_11" +href = "#note17_11">11</a> prōdigiōrum perīta, rēgnum<a class = "tag" +name = "tag17_12" id = "tag17_12" href = "#note17_12">12</a> eī +portendī<br> +intellēxit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa<a class = "tag" name = +"tag17_13" id = "tag17_13" href = "#note17_13">13</a> et alta<a class = +"tag" href = "#note17_13">13</a> spērāre<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page18" id = "page18">18</a> +eum iussit. Hās spēs cōgitātiōnēsque sēcum portantēs urbem<br> +ingressī<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_1" id = "tag18_1" href = +"#note18_1">1</a> sunt, domiciliōque ibi comparātō Tarquinius pecūniā +et<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_10" id = "line_vi_10">10</a> +indūstriā dīgnitātem atque etiam Ancī rēgis familiāritātem<br> +cōnsecūtus<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_2" id = "tag18_2" href = +"#note18_2">2</a> est; ā quō tūtor līberīs relīctus<a class = "tag" name += "tag18_3" id = "tag18_3" href = "#note18_3">3</a> rēgnum intercēpit et +ita<br> +administrāvit, quasi<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_4" id = "tag18_4" +href = "#note18_4">4</a> iūre adeptus<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_5" +id = "tag18_5" href = "#note18_5">5</a> esset.</p> + +<p>Tarquinius Prīscus Latīnōs bellō domuit; Circum<a class = "tag" name += "tag18_6" id = "tag18_6" href = "#note18_6">6</a> Māximum<br> +aedificāvit; dē<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_7" id = "tag18_7" href = +"#note18_7">7</a> Sabīnīs triumphāvit; mūrum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag18_8" id = "tag18_8" href = "#note18_8">8</a> lapideum urbī<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic18.png" width = "125" height = "202" +alt = "see caption"><br> +AUGUR</span> + +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_15" id = "line_vi_15">15</a> +circumdedit. Equitum centuriās<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_9" id = +"tag18_9" href = "#note18_9">9</a> duplicāvit,<br> +<a name = "line_vi_16" id = "line_vi_16"> </a> +nōmina mūtāre nōn potuit, dēterritus, ut ferunt,<br> +<a name = "line_vi_17" id = "line_vi_17"> </a> +Attī Nāviī auctōritate. Attus enim, eā<br> +tempestāte<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_10" id = "tag18_10" href = +"#note18_10">10</a> augur inclitus, id fierī posse negābat,<br> +nisi<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_11" id = "tag18_11" href = +"#note18_11">11</a> avēs addīxissent<a class = "tag" href = +"#note18_11">11</a>; īrātus rēx in<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_12" id += "tag18_12" href = "#note18_12">12</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_20" id = "line_vi_20">20</a> +experīmentum artis eum interrogāvit, fierīne posset<a class = "tag" name += "tag18_13" id = "tag18_13" href = "#note18_13">13</a><br> +quod ipse mente concēpisset<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_14" id = +"tag18_14" href = "#note18_14">14</a>; Attus auguriō<br> +āctō fierī posse respondit. “Atquī hōc”<a class = "tag" name = +"tag18_15" id = "tag18_15" href = "#note18_15">15</a> inquit<br> +rēx “agitābam, num cōtem illam secāre<br> +novāculā possem.”<a class = "tag" href = "#note18_13">13</a> “Potes<a +class = "tag" name = "tag18_16" id = "tag18_16" href = +"#note18_16">16</a> ergō” inquit<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_25" id = "line_vi_25">25</a> +augur, et rēx secuisse dīcitur. Tarquinius fīlium tredecim<br> +<a name = "line_vi_26" id = "line_vi_26"> </a> +annōrum,<a class = "tag" name = "tag18_17" id = "tag18_17" href = +"#note18_17">17</a> quod in proeliō hostem percussisset,<a class = "tag" +name = "tag18_18" id = "tag18_18" href = "#note18_18">18</a> praetextā<a +class = "tag" name = "tag18_19" id = "tag18_19" href = +"#note18_19">19</a><br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page19" id = "page19">19</a> +bullāque<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_1" id = "tag19_1" href = +"#note19_1">1</a> dōnāvit; unde<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_2" id = +"tag19_2" href = "#note19_2">2</a> haec<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_3" +id = "tag19_3" href = "#note19_3">3</a> ingenuōrum puerōrum īnsīgnia +esse<br> +coepērunt.</p> + +<p>Supererant<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_4" id = "tag19_4" href = +"#note19_4">4</a> duo Ancī fīliī, quī, aegrē ferentēs sē paternō<a class += "tag" name = "tag19_5" id = "tag19_5" href = "#note19_5">5</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_30" id = "line_vi_30">30</a> +rēgnō fraudātōs esse,<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_6" id = "tag19_6" +href = "#note19_6">6</a> rēgī īnsidiās parāvērunt. Ex pāstōribus<br> +duōs ferōcissimōs dēligunt ad patrandum facinus. Eī simulātā<br> +rixā in vēstibulō rēgiae tumultuantur. Quōrum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag19_7" id = "tag19_7" href = "#note19_7">7</a> clāmor cum<a class = +"tag" name = "tag19_8" id = "tag19_8" href = "#note19_8">8</a><br> +penitus in rēgiam pervēnisset, vocātī ad rēgem pergunt. Prīmō<br> +uterque vōciferārī coepit et certātim<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_9" +id = "tag19_9" href = "#note19_9">9</a> alter alterī obstrepere.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vi_35" id = "line_vi_35">35</a> +Cum vērō iussī essent in vicem dīcere, ūnus ex<a class = "tag" name = +"tag19_10" id = "tag19_10" href = "#note19_10">10</a> compositō rem<br> +ōrdītur; dumque intentus in eum sē rēx tōtus āvertit, alter<br> +<a name = "line_vi_37" id = "line_vi_37"> </a> +ēlātam<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_11" id = "tag19_11" href = +"#note19_11">11</a> secūrim in ēius caput dēiēcit, et relīctō<a class = +"tag" name = "tag19_12" id = "tag19_12" href = "#note19_12">12</a> in +vulnere<br> +tēlō ambō forās sē prōripiunt.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_VII">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note17_2" id = "note17_2" href = "#tag17_2">17.2</a> +<b>Tarquiniīs . . . urbe</b>: ‘from Tarquinii, a city of Etruria.’ Cf. +<a href = "#note8_5">p. 8, n. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note17_3" id = "note17_3" href = "#tag17_3">17.3</a> +<i>proficīscor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note17_4" id = "note17_4" href = "#tag17_4">17.4</a> +Sc. <i>Rōmam</i>: ‘while on his way to Rome.’ The participle agrees with +<i>eī</i> understood, which is a dat. of separation, or disadvantage, +with <b>sustulit</b>: H 427 (385, 2): M 539: A 229: +G 345, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span> 1: B 188, 2, +<i>d</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note17_5" id = "note17_5" href = "#tag17_5">17.5</a> +<i>tollō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note17_6" id = "note17_6" href = "#tag17_6">17.6</a> +A two-wheeled carriage, with curtains and an awning.</p> + +<p><a name = "note17_7" id = "note17_7" href = "#tag17_7">17.7</a> +<b>cuī</b>: ‘in which.’ Why dat.?</p> + +<p><a name = "note17_8" id = "note17_8" href = "#tag17_8">17.8</a> +<b>rūrsus . . . reposuit</b>: since <i>repōnō</i> = ‘to put +<i>back</i>,’ or ‘to place <i>again</i>,’ <b>rūrsus</b> is +unnecessary.</p> + +<p><a name = "note17_9" id = "note17_9" href = "#tag17_9">17.9</a> +More often <i>repōnō</i> is followed by <i>in</i> with the abl., or the +acc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note17_10" id = "note17_10" href = "#tag17_10">17.10</a> +<b>sublīmis abiit</b>: ‘flew high up in the air and departed.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note17_11" id = "note17_11" href = "#tag17_11">17.11</a> +<b>caelestium . . . perīta</b>: ‘skilled in (interpreting) portents from +heaven.’ The Romans regarded the Etruscans as exceptionally skillful in +such matters. For the gen., see H 451, 1 (399, I, 2). +M 573: A 218, <i>a</i>: G 374: B 204, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note17_12" id = "note17_12" href = "#tag17_12">17.12</a> +<b>rēgnum eī portendī intellēxit</b>: ‘perceived that the sign indicated +that he was to be king.’ How literally? According to Livy, the +significance of the omen lay in these facts: It came from a favorable +quarter of the sky (which, to the Romans, was the east); it concerned +his <i>head</i>, the <i>supreme</i> part of his being; hence the removal +of his cap by the eagle, the bird of Jupiter, ‘king of gods and men,’ +and its restoration, implied that his <i>cap</i> was to be removed and +replaced by a <i>crown</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note17_13" id = "note17_13" href = "#tag17_13">17.13</a> +neuter plural adjectives, used as nouns: ‘an exalted destiny.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_1" id = "note18_1" href = "#tag18_1">18.1</a> +<i>ingredior</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_2" id = "note18_2" href = "#tag18_2">18.2</a> +<i>cōnsequor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_3" id = "note18_3" href = "#tag18_3">18.3</a> +<i>relinquō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_4" id = "note18_4" href = "#tag18_4">18.4</a> +H 584 (513, II): M 944, 945: A 312, and <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> 1: G 602 and <span class = +"smallroman">R.</span>: B 307.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_5" id = "note18_5" href = "#tag18_5">18.5</a> +<i>adipīscor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_6" id = "note18_6" href = "#tag18_6">18.6</a> +<b>Circum Māximum</b>: see map, <a href = "#page_xxviii">p. xxviii</a>. +In its final form it could accommodate nearly 300,000 spectators. The +Romans of the Empire were passionately devoted to the chariot races of +the circus. For a good description of a Roman circus, see Lew Wallace’s +<i>Ben Hur</i>, Book V, Chap. XII.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_7" id = "note18_7" href = "#tag18_7">18.7</a> +<b>dē Sabīnīs triumphāvit</b>: ‘he triumphed over’; lit., ‘he got a +triumph out of.’ See Vocab., <a href = +"#vocab_triumphus"><i>triumphus</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_8" id = "note18_8" href = "#tag18_8">18.8</a> +<b>mūrum . . . circumdedit</b>: ‘he built a stone wall round the city.’ +According to Livy, the wall was merely begun by Tarquin and finished by +his successor, Servius Tullius.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_9" id = "note18_9" href = "#tag18_9">18.9</a> +Cf. II, 42. Livy says that when Romulus formed the three centuries of +horsemen he called one <i>Ramnēs</i>, after his own name, another +<i>Titiēnsēs</i>, after King Tatius. Tarquin desired to name the new +centuries after himself.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_10" id = "note18_10" href = "#tag18_10">18.10</a> += <i>tempore</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_11" id = "note18_11" href = "#tag18_11">18.11</a> +<b>nisi . . . addīxissent</b>: ‘unless the birds gave consent,’ i.e. +without taking the <i>auspicia</i> and finding them favorable. Cf. I, +42. The subjunctive is due to the indirect discourse. For the tense, see +<a href = "#note6_1">p. 6, n. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_12" id = "note18_12" href = "#tag18_12">18.12</a> +<b>in experīmentum artis</b>: ‘to test his art.’ Cf. <a href = +"#note14_4">p. 14, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_13" id = "note18_13" href = "#tag18_13">18.13</a> +<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘cf.’">Cf.</ins> <a href = +"#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_14" id = "note18_14" href = "#tag18_14">18.14</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note6_1">p. 6, n. 1</a>. The king said ‘<i>Potestne +fierī quod in mente concēpī?</i><ins class = "correction" title = +"’ missing">’</ins> </p> + +<p><a name = "note18_15" id = "note18_15" href = "#tag18_15">18.15</a> +<b>hōc</b> is emphatic, ‘Ah, but what I had in mind was +<i>this</i>.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_16" id = "note18_16" href = "#tag18_16">18.16</a> +<b>Potes ergō</b>: ‘well, you can.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_17" id = "note18_17" href = "#tag18_17">18.17</a> +descriptive gen.: H 440, 3 (396, V): M 558: A 215: G 365: B 203.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_18" id = "note18_18" href = "#tag18_18">18.18</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note14_1">p. 14, n. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18_19" id = "note18_19" href = "#tag18_19">18.19</a> +Sc. <i>togā</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_1" id = "note19_1" href = "#tag19_1">19.1</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_bulla"><i>bulla</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_2" id = "note19_2" href = "#tag19_2">19.2</a> += <i>ex quō</i>: ‘in consequence of this circumstance.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_3" id = "note19_3" href = "#tag19_3">19.3</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note5_14">p. 5, n. 14</a>, and <a href = "#note16_9">p. +16, n. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_4" id = "note19_4" href = "#tag19_4">19.4</a> +‘were still alive.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_5" id = "note19_5" href = "#tag19_5">19.5</a> += <i>patris</i>. Cf. the use of <i>rēgius</i>, I, 17.</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_6" id = "note19_6" href = "#tag19_6">19.6</a> +The infinitive depends on <b>aegrē ferentēs</b>. Phrases expressive of +emotion, whether of joy or of sorrow, are often followed by the +infinitive with subject accus.</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_7" id = "note19_7" href = "#tag19_7">19.7</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note4_3">p. 4, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_8" id = "note19_8" href = "#tag19_8">19.8</a> +The conjunction of the subordinate clause is often preceded by one or +two words, sometimes by a larger number.</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_9" id = "note19_9" href = "#tag19_9">19.9</a> +<b>certātim . . . obstrepere</b>: ‘to (try to) drown each other’s +voices’; lit., ‘in eager rivalry to make noise one against (<i>ob</i>) +the other.’ Why is <i>alterī</i> dative?</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_10" id = "note19_10" href = "#tag19_10">19.10</a> +<b>ex compositō</b>: ‘according to previous agreement.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_11" id = "note19_11" href = "#tag19_11">19.11</a> +<b>ēlātam secūrim . . . dēiēcit</b> = <i>extulit</i> (‘raised’) <i>et +dēiēcit</i>. Cf. <a href = "#note2_8">p. 2, n. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_12" id = "note19_12" href = "#tag19_12">19.12</a> +<b>relīctō . . . tēlō</b>: we say, ‘leaving the weapon—they flee,’ +i.e. we treat the two actions as simultaneous. The Romans say more +exactly: ‘having left—they flee,’ i.e. the act of leaving is +viewed as prior to that of flight.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_VII">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_VII" id = "selection_VII">VII.</a> +Servius Tullius, Rōmānōrum rēx sextus<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +578-534 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Post hunc Servius Tullius suscēpit imperium, genitus ex nōbilī<br> +fēminā,<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_13" id = "tag19_13" href = +"#note19_13">13</a> captīvā tamen et famulā. Quī cum in domō +Tarquiniī<br> +Prīscī ēducārētur, ferunt<a class = "tag" name = "tag19_14" id = +"tag19_14" href = "#note19_14">14</a> prōdigium<a class = "tag" name = +"tag19_15" id = "tag19_15" href = "#note19_15">15</a> vīsū ēventūque +mīrābile<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page20" id = "page20">20</a> +accidisse. Flammae<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_1" id = "tag20_1" href += "#note20_1">1</a> speciēs puerī dormientis caput amplexa est.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_5" id = "line_vii_5">5</a> +Hōc vīsū Tanaquil summam<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_2" id = "tag20_2" +href = "#note20_2">2</a> eī dīgnitātem portendī intellēxit<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic20.png" width = "41" height = "229" +alt = "see caption"><br> +SIGNUM</span> + +coniugīque suāsit ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_3" id = "tag20_3" +href = "#note20_3">3</a> eum haud secus ac suōs līberōs<a class = "tag" +name = "tag20_4" id = "tag20_4" href = "#note20_4">4</a><br> +<a name = "line_vii_7" id = "line_vii_7"> </a> +ēducāret.<a class = "tag" href = "#note20_3">3</a> Is postquam adolēvit, +et fortitūdine et cōnsiliō<br> +<a name = "line_vii_8" id = "line_vii_8"> </a> +īnsīgnis fuit. In proeliō quōdam,<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_5" id = +"tag20_5" href = "#note20_5">5</a> in quō rēx Tarquinius<br> +<a name = "line_vii_9" id = "line_vii_9"> </a> +adversus Sabīnōs cōnflīxit, mīlitibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_6" +id = "tag20_6" href = "#note20_6">6</a> sēgnius<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_10" id = "line_vii_10">10</a> +dīmicantibus, raptum<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_7" id = "tag20_7" +href = "#note20_7">7</a> sīgnum in hostem mīsit. Cūius<a class = "tag" +name = "tag20_8" id = "tag20_8" href = "#note20_8">8</a><br> +recipiendī grātiā Rōmānī tam ācriter pūgnāvērunt, ut et<br> +sīgnum et victōriam referrent. Quārē ā Tarquiniō gener<br> +adsūmptus est; et cum Tarquinius occīsus esset, Tanaquil,<br> +Tarquiniī uxor, mortem ēius cēlāvit, populumque<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_15" id = "line_vii_15">15</a> +ex superiōre<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_9" id = "tag20_9" href = +"#note20_9">9</a> parte aedium adlocūta<a class = "tag" name = +"tag20_10" id = "tag20_10" href = "#note20_10">10</a> ait rēgem +grave<br> +quidem, sed nōn lētāle vulnus accēpisse, eumque petere, ut<br> +<a name = "line_vii_17" id = "line_vii_17"> </a> +interim dum convalēsceret,<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_11" id = +"tag20_11" href = "#note20_11">11</a> Serviō Tulliō<a class = "tag" name += "tag20_12" id = "tag20_12" href = "#note20_12">12</a> dictō audientēs +essent.<br> +Sīc<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_13" id = "tag20_13" href = +"#note20_13">13</a> Servius Tullius rēgnāre coepit, sed rēctē imperium +administrāvit.<br> +Sabīnōs subēgit<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_14" id = "tag20_14" href = +"#note20_14">14</a>; montēs trēs, Quirīnālem, Vīminālem, Ēsquilīnum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_20" id = "line_vii_20">20</a> +urbī adiūnxit; fossās<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_15" id = "tag20_15" +href = "#note20_15">15</a> circā mūrum dūxit. Īdem cēnsum<a class = +"tag" name = "tag20_16" id = "tag20_16" href = "#note20_16">16</a><br> +ōrdināvit, et populum in classēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag20_17" id = +"tag20_17" href = "#note20_17">17</a> et centuriās<a class = "tag" name += "tag20_18" id = "tag20_18" href = "#note20_18">18</a> distribuit.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page21" id = "page21">21</a> +<p>Servius Tullius aliquod urbī decus addere volēbat. Iam<a class = +"tag" name = "tag21_1" id = "tag21_1" href = "#note21_1">1</a> tum<br> +inclitum erat Diānae Ephesiae fānum.<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_2" id += "tag21_2" href = "#note21_2">2</a> Id commūniter<a class = "tag" name += "tag21_3" id = "tag21_3" href = "#note21_3">3</a> ā cīvitātibus<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic21.png" width = "97" height = "198" +alt = "see caption"><br> +DIANA OF EPHESUS</span> + +Asiae factum fāma ferēbat. Itaque Latīnōrum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_25" id = "line_vii_25">25</a> +populīs suāsit ut et<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_4" id = "tag21_4" +href = "#note21_4">4</a> ipsī fānum Diānae<br> +<a name = "line_vii_26" id = "line_vii_26"> </a> +cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_5" id = "tag21_5" href = +"#note21_5">5</a> populō Rōmānō Rōmae in Aventīnō monte<br> +aedificārent. Quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_6" id = "tag21_6" href = +"#note21_6">6</a> factō, bōs mīrae māgnitūdinis<a class = "tag" name = +"tag21_7" id = "tag21_7" href = "#note21_7">7</a><br> +<a name = "line_vii_28" id = "line_vii_28"> </a> +cuīdam Latīnō nāta<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_8" id = "tag21_8" href += "#note21_8">8</a> dīcitur, et respōnsum somniō<br> +datum<a class = "tag" href = "#note21_8">8</a> eum populum summam +imperiī habitūrum,<a class = "tag" href = "#note21_8">8</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_30" id = "line_vii_30">30</a> +cūius cīvis bovem illam Diānae immolāsset.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag21_9" id = "tag21_9" href = "#note21_9">9</a><br> +Latīnus<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_10" id = "tag21_10" href = +"#note21_10">10</a> bovem ad fānum Diānae ēgit et causam<br> +sacerdōtī Rōmānō exposuit. Ille callidus<a class = "tag" name = +"tag21_11" id = "tag21_11" href = "#note21_11">11</a> dīxit<br> +prius eum vīvō flūmine manūs abluere dēbēre.<br> +<a name = "line_vii_34" id = "line_vii_34"> </a> +Latīnus dum ad Tiberim<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_12" id = "tag21_12" +href = "#note21_12">12</a> dēscendit, sacerdōs bovem immolāvit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_35" id = "line_vii_35">35</a> +Ita imperium cīvibus sibique glōriam adquīsīvit.</p> + +<p><a name = "line_vii_36" id = "line_vii_36"> </a> +Servius Tullius fīliam alteram ferōcem, mītem alteram habēns,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag21_13" id = "tag21_13" href = "#note21_13">13</a><br> +cum Tarquiniī fīliōs parī esse animō<a class = "tag" name = "tag21_14" +id = "tag21_14" href = "#note21_14">14</a> vidēret, ferōcem<a class = +"tag" name = "tag21_15" id = "tag21_15" href = "#note21_15">15</a> +mītī,<br> +<a name = "line_vii_38" id = "line_vii_38"> </a> +mītem ferōcī in mātrimōnium dedit, nē duo violenta ingenia<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page22" id = "page22">22</a> +mātrimōniō iungerentur. Sed mītēs seu forte seu fraude periērunt;<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_40" id = "line_vii_40">40</a> +ferōcēs mōrum similitūdō coniūnxit. Statim Tarquinius<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic22.png" width = "167" height = "158" +alt = "see caption"><br> +SACRIFICE</span> + +ā Tulliā<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_1" id = "tag22_1" href = +"#note22_1">1</a> incitātus advocātō<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_2" id += "tag22_2" href = "#note22_2">2</a> senātū rēgnum<br> +paternum repetere coepit. Quā<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_3" id = +"tag22_3" href = "#note22_3">3</a> rē<br> +audītā Servius dum ad Cūriam contendit,<br> +iussū Tarquiniī per gradūs<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_4" id = +"tag22_4" href = "#note22_4">4</a> dēiectus et<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_45" id = "line_vii_45">45</a> +domum refugiēns interfectus est. Tullia<br> +carpentō vecta in Forum properāvit et<br> +<a name = "line_vii_47" id = "line_vii_47"> </a> +cōniugem ē Cūriā ēvocātum prīma rēgem<br> +<a name = "line_vii_48" id = "line_vii_48"> </a> +salūtāvit; cūius iussū cum ē turbā ac<br> +tumultū dēcessisset<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_5" id = "tag22_5" href += "#note22_5">5</a> domumque redīret,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_vii_50" id = "line_vii_50">50</a> +vīsō patris corpore, cunctantem et frēna mūliōnem inhibentem<br> +super ipsum<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_6" id = "tag22_6" href = +"#note22_6">6</a> corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde<a class = "tag" +name = "tag22_7" id = "tag22_7" href = "#note22_7">7</a> vīcus ille<br> +<a name = "line_vii_52" id = "line_vii_52"> </a> +Scelerātus dictus est. Servius Tullius rēgnāvit annōs quattuor et<br> +quadrāgintā.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_VIII">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note19_13" id = "note19_13" href = "#tag19_13">19.13</a> +Livy relates that at the capture of the Latin town Corniculum, Servius’ +father was killed and his mother taken prisoner. Out of respect to her +high rank, Tanaquil set her free and welcomed her to the palace. There +Servius was born, and he was brought up in Tarquin’s household.</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_14" id = "note19_14" href = "#tag19_14">19.14</a> +<b>ferunt . . . accidisse</b>: in English, the verb corresponding to +<b>ferunt</b> would be parenthetical, thus: ‘a prodigy, <i>they +say</i>, happened.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note19_15" id = "note19_15" href = "#tag19_15">19.15</a> +<b>prōdigium . . . mīrābile</b>: ‘a prodigy, strange to look upon, and +marvelously fulfilled.’ <b>vīsū</b> and <b>ēventū</b> are ablatives of +specification to <b>mīrābile</b>: H 480 (424): M 650: +A 253: G 397: B 226, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_1" id = "note20_1" href = "#tag20_1">20.1</a> +<b>Flammae speciēs</b>: ‘the semblance of fire.’ We may render the whole +sentence, ‘Fire seemed to envelop,’ etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_2" id = "note20_2" href = "#tag20_2">20.2</a> +<b>summam . . . intellēxit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note17_12">p. 17, n. +12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_3" id = "note20_3" href = "#tag20_3">20.3</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note1_5">p. 1, n. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_4" id = "note20_4" href = "#tag20_4">20.4</a> +governed by <i>ēducābat</i> understood.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_5" id = "note20_5" href = "#tag20_5">20.5</a> +<i>quīdam</i> and <i>ūnus</i> often have no more force than the English +indefinite article.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_6" id = "note20_6" href = "#tag20_6">20.6</a> +<b>mīlitibus . . . dīmicantibus</b>: causal.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_7" id = "note20_7" href = "#tag20_7">20.7</a> +<b>raptum . . . mīsit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note2_8">p. 2, n. 8</a>. To +lose the standard was as much of a disgrace then as it is now to lose +the flag.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_8" id = "note20_8" href = "#tag20_8">20.8</a> +<b>Cūius . . . grātiā</b>: an expression of purpose = <i>quod ut +reciperet</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_9" id = "note20_9" href = "#tag20_9">20.9</a> +Roman houses in general had no windows on the ground floor.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_10" id = "note20_10" href = "#tag20_10">20.10</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note19_12">p. 19, n. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_11" id = "note20_11" href = "#tag20_11">20.11</a> +H 603, 2 (519, 2): M 921: A 328: G 572: B 293, III, 2, and <a href = +"#page_xx">p. xx</a>, G 3.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_12" id = "note20_12" href = "#tag20_12">20.12</a> +dat. with <b>dictō audientēs essent</b>, which together = +<i>pārērent</i>: H 426 (385, I): M 530: A 227 and +<span class = "smallroman">N.</span> 2: G 346 and <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> 5: B 187, II. <b>dictō</b> is dat. with +<b>audientēs</b>, which here itself = ‘obeying.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_13" id = "note20_13" href = "#tag20_13">20.13</a> +i.e. instead of being formally chosen king by the senate and people (<a +href = "#note15_11">p. 15, n. 11</a>).</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_14" id = "note20_14" href = "#tag20_14">20.14</a> +<i>subigō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_15" id = "note20_15" href = "#tag20_15">20.15</a> +<b>fossās . . . dūxit</b>: this statement harmonizes with VI, 14: see +note there. Remains of the wall and ditch are extant, especially along +the east side of the Esquiline, Viminal, and Quirinal hills.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_16" id = "note20_16" href = "#tag20_16">20.16</a> +The census was not, as with us, a mere enumeration of the inhabitants, +but an enrollment and classification of them according to property for +purposes of taxation and military service. Hence the clause <b>in +. . . distribuit</b> is in part an explanation of <b>cēnsum +ōrdināvit</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_17" id = "note20_17" href = "#tag20_17">20.17</a> +These classes were six in number.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20_18" id = "note20_18" href = "#tag20_18">20.18</a> +According to Livy, there were 193 centuries. At elections each century +cast a single vote, the opinion of the majority of its members being +regarded as the voice of the whole century. The first, or richest class, +contained 98 centuries, and so controlled 98 votes, more than a +majority.</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_1" id = "note21_1" href = "#tag21_1">21.1</a> +<b>Iam tum</b>: ‘even in those early days.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_2" id = "note21_2" href = "#tag21_2">21.2</a> +This temple was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. See Acts +xix, 24 f.</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_3" id = "note21_3" href = "#tag21_3">21.3</a> +<b>commūniter . . . factum</b> (<i>esse</i>): ‘that the states of Asia +had united in building it.’ How literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_4" id = "note21_4" href = "#tag21_4">21.4</a> +<b>et ipsī</b> = <i>etiam ipsī</i>, or <i>ipsī quoque</i>: ‘they too,’ +i.e. as well as the <i>cīvitātēs Asiae</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_5" id = "note21_5" href = "#tag21_5">21.5</a> +‘in conjunction with.’ The whole might have been expressed thus: <i>ut +illī</i> (i.e. the <i>Latīnī</i>) <i>et populus Rōmānus . . . +aedificārent</i>. Cf. lines 23, 24.</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_6" id = "note21_6" href = "#tag21_6">21.6</a> +<b>Quō factō</b> = <i>postquam hōc</i> (i.e. the building of the temple) +<i>factum est</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_7" id = "note21_7" href = "#tag21_7">21.7</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note18_17">p. 18, n. 17</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_8" id = "note21_8" href = "#tag21_8">21.8</a> +Sc. <i>esse</i>. For the personal construction <b>dīcitur</b>, see +H 611, 1 (534, I and <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> 1): M 962: A 330, <i>b</i>, 1: +G 528, 1: B 332.</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_9" id = "note21_9" href = "#tag21_9">21.9</a> +Subjunctive, because in a subordinate clause of indir. disc. For the +tense, cf. <a href = "#note6_1">p. 6, n. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_10" id = "note21_10" href = "#tag21_10">21.10</a> +‘<i>The</i> (aforesaid) Latin,’ mentioned in <a href = "#line_vii_28">l. +28</a>. This is one of the cases where Latin suffers from the lack of +the definite article.</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_11" id = "note21_11" href = "#tag21_11">21.11</a> +‘cunningly.’ Cf. <a href = "#note4_4">p. 4, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_12" id = "note21_12" href = "#tag21_12">21.12</a> +The Tiber ran close to the foot of the Aventine hill on which (<a href = +"#line_vii_26">l. 26</a>) the temple of Diana stood.</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_13" id = "note21_13" href = "#tag21_13">21.13</a> += <i>cum habēret</i>, ‘since he had.’ <b>cum . . . vidēret</b> is also +causal.</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_14" id = "note21_14" href = "#tag21_14">21.14</a> +abl. of quality: H 473, 2 (419, II): M 643: A 251: G 400: B 224.</p> + +<p><a name = "note21_15" id = "note21_15" href = "#tag21_15">21.15</a> +<b>ferōcem . . . ferōcī</b>: note that the order in the second of these +two pairs of words is the reverse of that in the first. Cf. <a href = +"#line_vii_36">l. 36</a>, <i>alteram ferōcem, mītem alteram</i>. +This arrangement is called <i>Chiasmus</i>: H 666, 2 (562): +M 1150: A 344, <i>f</i>, and <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span>: G 682, and <span class = +"smallroman">R.</span>: B 350, II, <i>c</i>).</p> + +<p><a name = "note22_1" id = "note22_1" href = "#tag22_1">22.1</a> +The daughter of Tullius.</p> + +<p><a name = "note22_2" id = "note22_2" href = "#tag22_2">22.2</a> +<b>advocātō . . . coepit</b> = <i>senātum advocāvit et . . . coepit</i>. +Cf. <a href = "#note2_8">p. 2, n. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note22_3" id = "note22_3" href = "#tag22_3">22.3</a> +<b>quā rē . . . contendit</b>: ‘while Servius, after he had heard of +this action, was hastening,’ etc. For the tense of <b>contendit</b>, see +<a href = "#note3_14">p. 3, n. 14</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note22_4" id = "note22_4" href = "#tag22_4">22.4</a> +Sc. <i>Cūriae</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note22_5" id = "note22_5" href = "#tag22_5">22.5</a> +<b>dēcessisset . . . redīret</b>: ‘had departed . . . and <i>was</i> +returning.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note22_6" id = "note22_6" href = "#tag22_6">22.6</a> +<b>super ipsum corpus</b>: ‘over the <i>very</i> body’; <b>ipsum</b> +emphasizes the wickedness of Tullia. Roman feeling usually required that +the utmost respect be shown to the bodies of the dead.</p> + +<p><a name = "note22_7" id = "note22_7" href = "#tag22_7">22.7</a> +Used here as in VI, 27.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_VIII">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_VIII" id = "selection_VIII">VIII.</a> +Tarquinius Superbus, Rōmānōrum rēx septimus et ūltimus<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +534-510 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Tarquinius Superbus rēgnum scelestē<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_8" +id = "tag22_8" href = "#note22_8">8</a> occupāvit.<a class = "tag" name += "tag22_9" id = "tag22_9" href = "#note22_9">9</a> Tamen bellō<br> +strēnuus Latīnōs Sabīnōsque domuit. Urbem Gabiōs in potestātem<br> +redēgit fraude Sextī fīliī. Is cum indīgnē ferret eam urbem<br> +<a name = "line_viii_4" id = "line_viii_4"> </a> +ā patre expūgnārī nōn posse,<a class = "tag" name = "tag22_10" id = +"tag22_10" href = "#note22_10">10</a> ad Gabīnōs sē contulit, patris +saevitiam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_5" id = "line_viii_5">5</a> +in sē conquerēns. Benīgnē ā Gabīnīs exceptus paulātim<br> +<a name = "line_viii_6" id = "line_viii_6"> </a> +eōrum benevolentiam cōnsequitur, fīctīs blanditiīs ita eōs +adliciēns,<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page23" id = "page23">23</a> +ut apud omnēs plūrimum posset,<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_1" id = +"tag23_1" href = "#note23_1">1</a> et ad postrēmum dux bellī<br> +<a name = "line_viii_8" id = "line_viii_8"> </a> +ēligerētur. Tum ē suīs ūnum ad patrem mittit scīscitātum<a class = "tag" +name = "tag23_2" id = "tag23_2" href = "#note23_2">2</a><br> +quidnam sē<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_3" id = "tag23_3" href = +"#note23_3">3</a> facere vellet. Pater nūntiō fīliī nihil respondit, +sed<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_10" id = "line_viii_10">10</a> +velut dēlīberābundus<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_4" id = "tag23_4" +href = "#note23_4">4</a> in hortum trānsiit ibique inambulāns<br> +sequente nūntiō altissima<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_5" id = +"tag23_5" href = "#note23_5">5</a> papāverum capita baculō dēcussit.<br> +Nūntius, fessus exspectandō, rediit Gabiōs. Sextus, cōgnitō<br> +silentiō patris et factō,<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_6" id = +"tag23_6" href = "#note23_6">6</a> intellēxit<a class = "tag" name = +"tag23_7" id = "tag23_7" href = "#note23_7">7</a> quid vellet pater. +Prīmōrēs<br> +cīvitātis interēmit patrīque urbem sine ūllā dīmicātiōne<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_15" id = "line_viii_15">15</a> +trādidit.</p> + +<p>Posteā rēx Ardeam urbem obsidēbat. Ibi cum in castrīs essent,<br> +Tarquinius Collātīnus, sorōre<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_8" id = +"tag23_8" href = "#note23_8">8</a> rēgis nātus, forte cēnābat apud<br> +Sextum Tarquinium cum iuvenibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_9" id = +"tag23_9" href = "#note23_9">9</a> rēgiīs. Incidit<a class = "tag" name += "tag23_10" id = "tag23_10" href = "#note23_10">10</a> <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘de’">dē</ins> uxōribus<br> +mentiō; cum suam ūnusquisque laudāret, placuit experīrī.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_20" id = "line_viii_20">20</a> +Itaque citātīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_11" id = "tag23_11" href = +"#note23_11">11</a> equīs Rōmam āvolant; rēgiās<a class = "tag" name = +"tag23_12" id = "tag23_12" href = "#note23_12">12</a> nurūs in +convīviō<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_13" id = "tag23_13" href = +"#note23_13">13</a><br> +<a name = "line_viii_21" id = "line_viii_21"> </a> +et lūxū dēprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collātiam<a class = "tag" name = +"tag23_14" id = "tag23_14" href = "#note23_14">14</a>; Lucrētiam,<br> +Collātīnī uxōrem, inter ancillās lānae<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_15" +id = "tag23_15" href = "#note23_15">15</a> dēditam inveniunt. Ea<br> +ergō cēterīs praestāre iūdicātur. Paucīs interiectīs diēbus Sextus<br> +<a name = "line_viii_24" id = "line_viii_24"> </a> +Collātiam rediit et Lucrētiae vim<a class = "tag" name = "tag23_16" id = +"tag23_16" href = "#note23_16">16</a> attulit. Illa posterō diē, +advocātīs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_25" id = "line_viii_25">25</a> +patre et coniuge, rem exposuit et sē cultrō, quem sub veste<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page24" id = "page24">24</a> +abditum habēbat, occīdit. Conclāmat vir paterque et in<a class = "tag" +name = "tag24_1" id = "tag24_1" href = "#note24_1">1</a> exitium<br> +rēgum coniūrant. Tarquiniō<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_2" id = +"tag24_2" href = "#note24_2">2</a> Rōmam redeuntī clausae sunt<br> +urbis portae et exsilium indictum.<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_3" id = +"tag24_3" href = "#note24_3">3</a></p> + +<p>In antīquīs annālibus memoriae haec sunt prōdita.<a class = "tag" +name = "tag24_4" id = "tag24_4" href = "#note24_4">4</a> Anus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_30" id = "line_viii_30">30</a> +hospita atque incōgnita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum rēgem<br> +adiit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_5" id = "tag24_5" href = +"#note24_5">5</a> novem librōs ferēns, quōs esse dīcēbat dīvīna ōrācula: +eōs<br> +sē velle<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_6" id = "tag24_6" href = +"#note24_6">6</a> vēnumdare. Tarquinius pretium percontātus est: +mulier<br> +nimium atque immēnsum popōscit. Rēx, quasi<a class = "tag" name = +"tag24_7" id = "tag24_7" href = "#note24_7">7</a> anus aetāte +dēsiperet,<br> +dērīsit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_8" id = "tag24_8" href = +"#note24_8">8</a> Tum illa foculum cum īgnī appōnit et trēs librōs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_35" id = "line_viii_35">35</a> +ex novem deūrit; et, ecquid reliquōs sex eōdem pretiō<a class = "tag" +name = "tag24_9" id = "tag24_9" href = "#note24_9">9</a> emere<br> +vellet, rēgem interrogāvit. Sed Tarquinius id multō rīsit magis,<br> +dīxitque anum iam procul dubiō dēlīrāre. Mulier ibīdem statim<br> +trēs aliōs librōs exūssit<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_10" id = +"tag24_10" href = "#note24_10">10</a>; atque id<a class = "tag" name = +"tag24_11" id = "tag24_11" href = "#note24_11">11</a> ipsum dēnuō +placidē rogat,<br> +ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_12" id = "tag24_12" href = +"#note24_12">12</a> trēs reliquōs eōdem illō pretiō emat. Tarquinius +ōre<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_13" id = "tag24_13" href = +"#note24_13">13</a> iam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_40" id = "line_viii_40">40</a> +sēriō atque attentiōre animō<a class = "tag" href = "#note24_13">13</a> +fit; eam<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_14" id = "tag24_14" href = +"#note24_14">14</a> cōnstantiam cōnfīdentiamque<br> +nōn neglegendam<a class = "tag" name = "tag24_15" id = "tag24_15" href = +"#note24_15">15</a> intellegit: librōs trēs reliquōs mercātur<br> +nihilō minōre pretiō<a class = "tag" href = "#note24_9">9</a> quam quod +erat petītum prō omnibus. Sed<br> +eam mulierem tunc ā Tarquiniō dīgressam<a class = "tag" name = +"tag24_16" id = "tag24_16" href = "#note24_16">16</a> posteā nūsquam +locī<br> +vīsam<a class = "tag" href = "#note24_15">15</a> cōnstitit. Librī<a +class = "tag" name = "tag24_17" id = "tag24_17" href = +"#note24_17">17</a> trēs in sacrāriō conditī Sibyllīnīque<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_viii_45" id = "line_viii_45">45</a> +appellātī. Ad eōs, quasi ad ōrāculum, Quīndecemvirī adeunt, cum<br> +diī immortālēs pūblicē cōnsulendī sunt.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_IX">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note22_8" id = "note22_8" href = "#tag22_8">22.8</a> +Cf. the whole description VII, 40-53.</p> + +<p><a name = "note22_9" id = "note22_9" href = "#tag22_9">22.9</a> +not ‘occupied.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note22_10" id = "note22_10" href = "#tag22_10">22.10</a> +The infinitive depends on <b>indīgnē ferret</b>, an expression of +emotion. Cf. <a href = "#note19_6">p. 19, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_1" id = "note23_1" href = "#tag23_1">23.1</a> +<b>plūrimum posset</b>: ‘he possessed great influence.’ <b>plūrimum</b> +is an accusative of extent.</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_2" id = "note23_2" href = "#tag23_2">23.2</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note5_20">p. 5, n. 20</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_3" id = "note23_3" href = "#tag23_3">23.3</a> +<b>sē</b> refers to Sextus. Sextus asked his father through the +messenger: <i>Quidnam mē facere vīs?</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note23_4" id = "note23_4" href = "#tag23_4">23.4</a> +Adjectives ending in -<i>bundus</i> generally have the force of the +English present participle active.</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_5" id = "note23_5" href = "#tag23_5">23.5</a> +<b>altissima . . . capita</b> = ‘the heads of the tallest poppies.’ How +literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_6" id = "note23_6" href = "#tag23_6">23.6</a> +<b>factō</b> is here a noun.</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_7" id = "note23_7" href = "#tag23_7">23.7</a> +It has been shown that the whole of this story was derived from Greek +sources, and that the incident described in the text is, so far as Gabii +is concerned, without foundation.</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_8" id = "note23_8" href = "#tag23_8">23.8</a> +H 469, 2 (415, II): M 609: A 244: G 395: B 215.</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_9" id = "note23_9" href = "#tag23_9">23.9</a> +<b>iuvenibus rēgiīs</b>: ‘the princes.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_10" id = "note23_10" href = "#tag23_10">23.10</a> +<b>Incidit . . . mentiō</b>: ‘the conversation happened to turn on (the +merits of) their (respective) wives.’ How literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_11" id = "note23_11" href = "#tag23_11">23.11</a> +<b>citātīs equīs</b>: ‘at top speed.’ How literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_12" id = "note23_12" href = "#tag23_12">23.12</a> +<b>rēgiās nurūs</b>: ‘the king’s daughters-in-law,’ i.e. the princes’ +wives.</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_13" id = "note23_13" href = "#tag23_13">23.13</a> +<b>convīviō et lūxū</b>: ‘a banquet and luxury’ = ‘a luxurious +banquet.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_14" id = "note23_14" href = "#tag23_14">23.14</a> +The home of Collatinus.</p> + +<p><a name = "note23_15" id = "note23_15" href = "#tag23_15">23.15</a> +<b>lānae dēditam</b>: ‘wholly intent on spinning.’ In the oldest times +the Roman housewife made all the garments of the household. Hence a +frequent laudatory inscription on the tombstones of Roman ladies is +<i>lānam fēcit</i>. Macaulay had this feature of Roman life in mind when +(<i>Horatius</i>, stanza LXX) he wrote:</p> +<div class = "verse"> +<p>“When the goodwife’s shuttle merrily</p> +<p> Goes flashing through the loom.”</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "note23_16" id = "note23_16" href = "#tag23_16">23.16</a> +<b>vim attulit</b> (<i>adferō</i>): ‘outraged.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_1" id = "note24_1" href = "#tag24_1">24.1</a> +<b>in exitium rēgum</b>: ‘to kill the royal family (<b>rēgum</b>).’ For +<b>in exitium</b> cf. <a href = "#note14_4">p. 14, +n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_2" id = "note24_2" href = "#tag24_2">24.2</a> +dat. of disadvantage. Translate: ‘against T., on his return to +Rome.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_3" id = "note24_3" href = "#tag24_3">24.3</a> +Sc. <i>est</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_4" id = "note24_4" href = "#tag24_4">24.4</a> +<i>prōdō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_5" id = "note24_5" href = "#tag24_5">24.5</a> +<i>adeō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_6" id = "note24_6" href = "#tag24_6">24.6</a> +infin. because dependent on <i>dīxit</i> understood, to be supplied from +<b>dīcēbat</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_7" id = "note24_7" href = "#tag24_7">24.7</a> +<b>quasi . . . dēsiperet</b>: ‘thinking that the old woman’s mind was +failing through age.’ See <a href = "#note3_6">p. 3, +n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_8" id = "note24_8" href = "#tag24_8">24.8</a> +<i>dērīdeō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_9" id = "note24_9" href = "#tag24_9">24.9</a> +abl. of price: H 478 (422): M 652: A 252: G 404: B 225.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_10" id = "note24_10" href = "#tag24_10">24.10</a> +<i>exūrō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_11" id = "note24_11" href = "#tag24_11">24.11</a> +explained by the clause <b>ut . . . emat</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_12" id = "note24_12" href = "#tag24_12">24.12</a> +<b>ut . . . emat</b>: a substantive clause of purpose depending on +<b>rogat</b>: H 565 (498, I): M 894: A 331: +G 546: B 295, 4.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_13" id = "note24_13" href = "#tag24_13">24.13</a> +abl. of quality with <b>fit</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_14" id = "note24_14" href = "#tag24_14">24.14</a> += <i>tālem</i>, as often.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_15" id = "note24_15" href = "#tag24_15">24.15</a> +sc. <i>esse</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_16" id = "note24_16" href = "#tag24_16">24.16</a> +<b>dīgressam</b> (<i>dīgredior</i>) = <i>postquam dīgressa est</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24_17" id = "note24_17" href = "#tag24_17">24.17</a> +<b>Librī . . . appellātī</b>: the <i>Sibyllae</i> were inspired maidens +devoted to the worship of Apollo. The most famous, from whom Tarquin was +believed to have received the Sibylline books, lived at Cumae, on the +coast of Campania, in Italy. The books were placed in a vault beneath +the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. When this temple was burned in 83 +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, the senate sent envoys to Greece +to make a new collection of oracular sayings. These also were deposited +for a time in the temple of Jupiter after its restoration.</p> +</div> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page25" id = "page25">25</a> +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_IX">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_IX" id = "selection_IX">IX.</a> +Iūnius Brūtus, Rōmānōrum cōnsul prīmus</h4> + +<p>Iūnius Brūtus, sorōre<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_1" id = "tag25_1" +href = "#note25_1">1</a> Tarquiniī Superbī nātus, cum<a class = "tag" +name = "tag25_2" id = "tag25_2" href = "#note25_2">2</a> eandem<br> +fortūnam timēret, in quam frāter inciderat, quī ob dīvitiās et<br> +prūdentiam ab avunculō erat occīsus, stultitiam finxit, unde<br> +<a name = "line_ix_4" id = "line_ix_4"> </a> +Brūtus dictus est. Profectus<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_3" id = +"tag25_3" href = "#note25_3">3</a> Delphōs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag25_4" id = "tag25_4" href = "#note25_4">4</a> cum Tarquiniī +fīliīs,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_5" id = "line_ix_5">5</a> +quōs pater ad Apollinem mūneribus honōrandum mīserat, baculō<a class = +"tag" name = "tag25_5" id = "tag25_5" href = "#note25_5">5</a><br> +sambūceō aurum inclūsum dōnō<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_6" id = +"tag25_6" href = "#note25_6">6</a> tulit deō. Perāctīs deinde<br> +mandātīs patris, iuvenēs Apollinem cōnsulunt quisnam ex ipsīs<br> +Rōmae<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_7" id = "tag25_7" href = +"#note25_7">7</a> rēgnātūrus esset.<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_8" id += "tag25_8" href = "#note25_8">8</a> Respōnsum est eum Rōmae<a class = +"tag" href = "#note25_7">7</a> summam<br> +potestātem habitūrum, quī prīmus mātrem ōsculātus esset.<a class = "tag" +name = "tag25_9" id = "tag25_9" href = "#note25_9">9</a> Tunc<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_10" id = "line_ix_10">10</a> +Brūtus, velut sī cāsū prōlāpsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_10" id = +"tag25_10" href = "#note25_10">10</a> cecidisset, terram ōsculātus +est,<br> +scīlicet quod ea commūnis māter omnium mortālium esset.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>509.</span> + +<p>Expulsīs rēgibus duo cōnsulēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_11" id = +"tag25_11" href = "#note25_11">11</a> creātī sunt, Iūnius Brūtus et<br> +Tarquinius Collātīnus<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_12" id = "tag25_12" +href = "#note25_12">12</a> Lucrētiae marītus. At lībertās<br> +modo parta<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_13" id = "tag25_13" href = +"#note25_13">13</a> per dolum et prōditiōnem paene āmissa est.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_15" id = "line_ix_15">15</a> +Erant in iuventūte Rōmānā adulēscentēs aliquot, sodālēs<br> +adulēscentium Tarquiniōrum.<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_14" id = +"tag25_14" href = "#note25_14">14</a> Hī cum lēgātīs, quōs rēx ad bona +sua<br> +repetenda Rōmam mīserat, dē restituendīs rēgibus conloquuntur,<br> +ipsōs Brūtī cōnsulis fīliōs in societātem cōnsiliī adsūmunt. +Sermōnem<br> +eōrum ex servīs ūnus excēpit; rem ad cōnsulēs dētulit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_20" id = "line_ix_20">20</a> +Datae<a class = "tag" name = "tag25_15" id = "tag25_15" href = +"#note25_15">15</a> ad Tarquinium lītterae manifēstum facinus +fēcērunt.<br> +Prōditōrēs in vincula coniectī sunt, deinde damnātī. Stābant ad<br> +pālum dēligātī iuvenēs nōbilissimī; sed ā cēterīs līberī cōnsulis<br> +omnium in sē oculōs āvertēbant. Cōnsulēs in sēdem prōcessēre<a class = +"tag" name = "tag25_16" id = "tag25_16" href = "#note25_16">16</a><br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page26" id = "page26">26</a> +suam, missīque līctōrēs nūdātōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_1" id = +"tag26_1" href = "#note26_1">1</a> virgīs caedunt secūrīque feriunt.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_25" id = "line_ix_25">25</a> +Suppliciī nōn spectātor modo, sed et<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_2" id += "tag26_2" href = "#note26_2">2</a> exāctor erat Brūtus,<br> +<a name = "line_ix_26" id = "line_ix_26"> </a> +quī tunc patrem exuit, ut cōnsulem ageret.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag26_3" id = "tag26_3" href = "#note26_3">3</a></p> + +<p>Tarquinius deinde bellō apertō rēgnum reciperāre cōnātus<a class = +"tag" name = "tag26_4" id = "tag26_4" href = "#note26_4">4</a> est.<br> +Equitibus praeerat Ārūns, Tarquiniī fīlius: rēx ipse cum legiōnibus<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic26.png" width = "142" height = "140" +alt = "Brutus" title = "Brutus"></span> + +sequēbātur. Obviam hostī<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_5" id = "tag26_5" +href = "#note26_5">5</a> cōnsulēs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_30" id = "line_ix_30">30</a> +eunt; Brūtus ad explōrandum cum equitātū<br> +antecessit. Ārūns, ubi procul Brūtum<br> +āgnōvit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_6" id = "tag26_6" href = +"#note26_6">6</a> īnflammātus īrā “Ille est vir” inquit<br> +“quī nōs patriā expulit; ipse<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_7" id = +"tag26_7" href = "#note26_7">7</a> ēn ille nostrīs<br> +decorātus īnsīgnibus māgnificē incēdit.” Tum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_35" id = "line_ix_35">35</a> +concitat calcāribus equum atque in ipsum cōnsulem<br> +dīrigit; Brūtus avidē sē certāminī offert. Adeō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag26_8" id = "tag26_8" href = "#note26_8">8</a> īnfēstīs<br> +animīs concurrērunt, ut ambō hastā trānsfīxī caderent; fugātus<br> +tamen proeliō est Tarquinius. Alter<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_9" id += "tag26_9" href = "#note26_9">9</a> cōnsul Rōmam triumphāns<br> +rediit. Brūtī conlēgae fūnus, quantō<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_10" +id = "tag26_10" href = "#note26_10">10</a> potuit apparātū, fēcit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_ix_40" id = "line_ix_40">40</a> +Brūtum mātrōnae, ut parentem, annum lūxērunt.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag26_11" id = "tag26_11" href = "#note26_11">11</a></p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_X">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note25_1" id = "note25_1" href = "#tag25_1">25.1</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note23_8">p. 23, n. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_2" id = "note25_2" href = "#tag25_2">25.2</a> +<b>cum</b>: causal; cf. <a href = "#note4_12">p. 4, n. 12</a>; also +<a href = "#page_xx">p. xx</a>, H 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_3" id = "note25_3" href = "#tag25_3">25.3</a> +<i>proficīscor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_4" id = "note25_4" href = "#tag25_4">25.4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note3_4">p. 3, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_5" id = "note25_5" href = "#tag25_5">25.5</a> +Join with <b>inclūsum</b>, and cf. <a href = "#note2_7">p. 2, n. +7</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_6" id = "note25_6" href = "#tag25_6">25.6</a> +dat. of purpose or service: H 433 (390): M 548: A 233, <i>a</i>: +G 356: B 191, 2. This dat. is specially common in connection +with another dat., as <b>deō</b> here (dat. of advantage).</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_7" id = "note25_7" href = "#tag25_7">25.7</a> +locative: H 483 (425, II): M 620: A 258, <i>c</i>, 2: G 411: +B 228, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_8" id = "note25_8" href = "#tag25_8">25.8</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>. The whole clause is the object +of <b>cōnsulunt</b>, ‘consult (by asking).’</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_9" id = "note25_9" href = "#tag25_9">25.9</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note6_1">p. 6, n. 1</a>. The oracle said: <i>Is . . . +habēbit, quī . . . erit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_10" id = "note25_10" href = "#tag25_10">25.10</a> +<b>prōlāpsus</b> (<i>prōlābor</i>) <b>cecidisset</b> (<i>cadō</i>) = +<i>prōlāpsus esset et cecidisset</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_11" id = "note25_11" href = "#tag25_11">25.11</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_consul"><i>cōnsul</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_12" id = "note25_12" href = "#tag25_12">25.12</a> +Cf. VIII, 17.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_13" id = "note25_13" href = "#tag25_13">25.13</a> +<i>pariō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_14" id = "note25_14" href = "#tag25_14">25.14</a> +The sons of Tarquin, mentioned above, <a href = "#line_ix_4">l. +4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_15" id = "note25_15" href = "#tag25_15">25.15</a> += <i>quae datae erant</i>. <i>datae</i> = <i>missae</i>, and so is +construed with <i>ad</i> and the accusative.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25_16" id = "note25_16" href = "#tag25_16">25.16</a> += <i>prōcessērunt.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note26_1" id = "note26_1" href = "#tag26_1">26.1</a> +<b>nūdātōs virgīs caedunt</b> = <i>nūdant (eōs) et virgīs +caedunt</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note26_2" id = "note26_2" href = "#tag26_2">26.2</a> += <i>etiam.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note26_3" id = "note26_3" href = "#tag26_3">26.3</a> +What does the subjunctive express?</p> + +<p><a name = "note26_4" id = "note26_4" href = "#tag26_4">26.4</a> +<i>cōnor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note26_5" id = "note26_5" href = "#tag26_5">26.5</a> +dat. after <i>ob</i> in <b>obviam</b>. The rule regarding compound verbs +(<a href = "#note2_7">p. 2, n. 7</a>) holds true often of +nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.</p> + +<p><a name = "note26_6" id = "note26_6" href = "#tag26_6">26.6</a> +<i>āgnōscō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note26_7" id = "note26_7" href = "#tag26_7">26.7</a> +<b>ipse . . . incēdit</b>: the <i>spirit</i> of this dramatic sentence +may be reproduced thus: ‘Look at him (<b>ēn ille</b>)! He is +actually adorned with <i>our</i> insignia! See in what a lordly way he +advances!’</p> + +<p><a name = "note26_8" id = "note26_8" href = "#tag26_8">26.8</a> +<b>Adeō</b>, ‘such,’ in part qualifies <b>īnfēstīs</b>, in part paves +the way for the result clause <b>ut . . . caderent</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note26_9" id = "note26_9" href = "#tag26_9">26.9</a> +<b>Alter</b>: ‘the remaining.’ Why may it be so translated?</p> + +<p><a name = "note26_10" id = "note26_10" href = "#tag26_10">26.10</a> +<b>quantō . . . apparātū</b>: ‘with the greatest possible splendor.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note26_11" id = "note26_11" href = "#tag26_11">26.11</a> +<i>lūgeō</i>.</p> +</div> + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_X">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_X" id = "selection_X">X.</a> +Mūcius Scaevola</h4> + +<p>Cum Porsena<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_12" id = "tag26_12" href = +"#note26_12">12</a> Rōmam obsidēret, Mūcius, vir Rōmānae<a class = "tag" +name = "tag26_13" id = "tag26_13" href = "#note26_13">13</a><br> +cōnstantiae, senātum adiit et veniam<a class = "tag" name = "tag26_14" +id = "tag26_14" href = "#note26_14">14</a> trānsfugiendī petiit, +necem<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>507</span> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page27" id = "page27">27</a> +rēgis reprōmittēns. Acceptā<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_1" id = +"tag27_1" href = "#note27_1">1</a> potestāte cum in castra Porsenae<br> +vēnisset, ibi in cōnfertissimā turbā prope tribūnal cōnstitit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_x_5" id = "line_x_5">5</a> +Stīpendium tunc forte<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_2" id = "tag27_2" +href = "#note27_2">2</a> mīlitibus dabātur et scrība cum<br> +<a name = "line_x_6" id = "line_x_6"> </a> +rēge parī<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_3" id = "tag27_3" href = +"#note27_3">3</a> ferē ōrnātū sedēbat. Mūcius, īgnōrāns uter rēx +esset,<br> +illum prō rēge occīdit. Apprehēnsus et ad rēgem pertrāctus<a class = +"tag" name = "tag27_4" id = "tag27_4" href = "#note27_4">4</a><br> +dextram accēnsō<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_5" id = "tag27_5" href = +"#note27_5">5</a> ad sacrificium foculō iniēcit, velut manum<br> +pūniēns, quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_6" id = "tag27_6" href = +"#note27_6">6</a> in caede peccāsset. Attonitus mīrāculō rēx<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_x_10" id = "line_x_10">10</a> +iuvenem āmovērī ab altāribus iussit. Tum Mūcius, quasi beneficium<br> +remūnerāns, ait trecentōs adversus eum<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_7" +id = "tag27_7" href = "#note27_7">7</a> suī similēs coniūrāsse.<br> +Quā rē ille territus<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_8" id = "tag27_8" +href = "#note27_8">8</a> bellum acceptīs obsidibus dēposuit.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag27_9" id = "tag27_9" href = "#note27_9">9</a><br> +Mūciō prāta trāns Tiberim data,<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_10" id = +"tag27_10" href = "#note27_10">10</a> ab eō Mūcia appellāta. Statua<br> +quoque eī<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_11" id = "tag27_11" href = +"#note27_11">11</a> honōris grātiā cōnstitūta est.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XI">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note26_12" id = "note26_12" href = "#tag26_12">26.12</a> +Tarquinius Superbus had applied to Porsena, king of the Etruscan city of +Clusium, for aid in the recovery of his throne. Porsena gathered a large +army and marched against Rome. For this story, see Macaulay’s <i>Lays of +Ancient Rome, Horatius</i>. Modern authorities on Roman history maintain +that Porsena was so successful in his operations that he compelled the +Romans to submit to a very humiliating treaty.</p> + +<p><a name = "note26_13" id = "note26_13" href = "#tag26_13">26.13</a> +We would say, ‘truly Roman.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note26_14" id = "note26_14" href = "#tag26_14">26.14</a> +<b>veniam trānsfugiendī</b>: ‘permission to go over (to the enemy).’</p> + +<p><a name = "note27_1" id = "note27_1" href = "#tag27_1">27.1</a> +<b>Acceptā</b> (<i>accipiō</i>) <b>. . . vēnisset</b> = <i>Cum +potestātem accēpisset et . . . vēnisset</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note27_2" id = "note27_2" href = "#tag27_2">27.2</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note5_19">p. 5, n. 19</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note27_3" id = "note27_3" href = "#tag27_3">27.3</a> +<b>parī . . . ōrnātū</b>: abl. abs. to denote an attendant circumstance: +H 489, 1 (431, 1): M 640: A 255, <i>d</i>, 5: +G 409, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span>: B 227.</p> + +<p><a name = "note27_4" id = "note27_4" href = "#tag27_4">27.4</a> +<i>pertrahō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note27_5" id = "note27_5" href = "#tag27_5">27.5</a> +<i>accendō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note27_6" id = "note27_6" href = "#tag27_6">27.6</a> +<b>quod . . . peccāsset</b> expresses Scaevola’s thought: see +H 588, II (516, II): M 851: A 321: G 541: +B 286, 1, and cf. <a href = "#note14_1">p. 14, n. 1</a>, +and <a href = "#page_xxi">p. xxi</a>, H 4.</p> + +<p><a name = "note27_7" id = "note27_7" href = "#tag27_7">27.7</a> +<b>eum</b> refers to the king, <b>suī</b> to Scaevola. Scaevola’s speech +was: <i>Trecentī adversus tē meī similēs coniūrāvērunt.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note27_8" id = "note27_8" href = "#tag27_8">27.8</a> +<i>terreō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note27_9" id = "note27_9" href = "#tag27_9">27.9</a> +<i>dēpōnō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note27_10" id = "note27_10" href = "#tag27_10">27.10</a> +Sc. <i>sunt</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note27_11" id = "note27_11" href = "#tag27_11">27.11</a> +dat. of advantage with <b>cōnstitūta est</b>.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XI">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XI" id = "selection_XI">XI.</a> +Fabiī trecentī sex<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +479-477 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_12" id = "tag27_12" href = +"#note27_12">12</a> adsiduīs Vēientium<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_13" +id = "tag27_13" href = "#note27_13">13</a> incursiōnibus vexārentur<a +class = "tag" href = "#note27_12">12</a> Rōmānī,<br> +Fabia gēns senātum adit; cōnsul Fabius prō gente loquitur:<br> +“Vōs alia bella cūrāte; Fabiōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_14" id = +"tag27_14" href = "#note27_14">14</a> hostēs Vēientibus date: id<br> +bellum prīvātō sūmptū<a class = "tag" name = "tag27_15" id = "tag27_15" +href = "#note27_15">15</a> gerere nōbīs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag27_16" id = "tag27_16" href = "#note27_16">16</a> in animō est.” +Grātiae eī<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page28" id = "page28">28</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xi_5" id = "line_xi_5">5</a> +ingentēs āctae sunt. Cōnsul ē Cūriā ēgressus, comitante<a class = "tag" +name = "tag28_1" id = "tag28_1" href = "#note28_1">1</a><br> +Fabiōrum āgmine, domum rediit. Mānat tōtā urbe rūmor; Fabium<br> +ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_2" id = "tag28_2" href = +"#note28_2">2</a> caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabiī posterō diē arma +capiunt.<br> +Numquam<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_3" id = "tag28_3" href = +"#note28_3">3</a> exercitus neque minor numerō neque clārior fāmā et<br> +admīrātiōne hominum per urbem incessit. Ībant sex et trecentī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xi_10" id = "line_xi_10">10</a> +mīlitēs, omnēs patriciī, omnēs ūnīus gentis. Ad Cremeram flūmen<br> +perveniunt. Is opportūnus vīsus est locus commūniendō praesidiō.<a class += "tag" name = "tag28_4" id = "tag28_4" href = "#note28_4">4</a><br> +Hostēs nōn<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_5" id = "tag28_5" href = +"#note28_5">5</a> semel fūsī pācem supplicēs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag28_6" id = "tag28_6" href = "#note28_6">6</a> petunt.</p> + +<p>Vēientēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_7" id = "tag28_7" href = +"#note28_7">7</a> pācis impetrātae cum brevī paenituisset,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag28_8" id = "tag28_8" href = "#note28_8">8</a> +redintegrātō<br> +bellō iniērunt cōnsilium īnsidiīs ferōcem hostem captandī.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xi_15" id = "line_xi_15">15</a> +Multō successū Fabiīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_9" id = "tag28_9" +href = "#note28_9">9</a> audācia crēscēbat. Cum igitur pālātī<br> +passim agrōs populārentur, pecora ā Vēientibus obviam<a class = "tag" +name = "tag28_10" id = "tag28_10" href = "#note28_10">10</a> ācta<br> +sunt; ad quae prōgressī Fabiī in īnsidiās dēlāpsī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag28_11" id = "tag28_11" href = "#note28_11">11</a> omnēs ad<br> +ūnum periērunt. Diēs, quō id factum est, inter nefāstōs relātus<a class += "tag" name = "tag28_12" id = "tag28_12" href = "#note28_12">12</a><br> +<a name = "line_xi_19" id = "line_xi_19"> </a> +est; porta, quā profectī erant, Scelerāta est appellāta. Ūnus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xi_20" id = "line_xi_20">20</a> +omnīnō superfuit ex eā gente, quī propter aetātem impūberem<br> +domī<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_13" id = "tag28_13" href = +"#note28_13">13</a> relīctus<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_14" id = +"tag28_14" href = "#note28_14">14</a> erat. Is<a class = "tag" name = +"tag28_15" id = "tag28_15" href = "#note28_15">15</a> genus propāgāvit +ad Quīntum<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_16" id = "tag28_16" href = +"#note28_16">16</a> Fabium<br> +Māximum, quī Hannibalem morā<a class = "tag" name = "tag28_17" id = +"tag28_17" href = "#note28_17">17</a> frēgit.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag28_18" id = "tag28_18" href = "#note28_18">18</a></p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XII">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note27_12" id = "note27_12" href = "#tag27_12">27.12</a> +The subjunctive expresses both time and cause: cf. <a href = +"#note2_13">p. 2, n. 13</a>, and <a href = "#page_xxii">p. +xxii</a>, J.</p> + +<p><a name = "note27_13" id = "note27_13" href = "#tag27_13">27.13</a> +The Veientes fought almost constantly against Rome from a very early +time (cf. IV, 57; Livy says that they were defeated by Romulus) +till their city was completely destroyed in 396 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note27_14" id = "note27_14" href = "#tag27_14">27.14</a> +<b>Fabiōs . . . date</b>: ‘give the Veientes the Fabii as their +enemies,’ i.e. let the war against the Veientes be the special business +of the Fabii.</p> + +<p><a name = "note27_15" id = "note27_15" href = "#tag27_15">27.15</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note24_9">p. 24, n. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note27_16" id = "note27_16" href = "#tag27_16">27.16</a> +<b>nōbīs . . . est</b>: since <b>nōbīs</b> is a dat. of possession +(H 430 (387): M 542: A 231: G 349: B 190) with +<b>est</b>, the phrase exactly = ‘we have it in mind.’ The subject of +<b>est</b> is the clause <b>id . . . gerere</b>. <b>Fabiōs</b> +is strongly opposed to <b>vōs</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_1" id = "note28_1" href = "#tag28_1">28.1</a> +<b>comitante . . . āgmine</b>: ‘the Fabii accompanying him in a body.’ +How literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_2" id = "note28_2" href = "#tag28_2">28.2</a> +<b>ad . . . ferunt</b>: so we ‘laud a person to the skies.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_3" id = "note28_3" href = "#tag28_3">28.3</a> +<b>Numquam . . . neque . . . neque</b>: in Latin, as in English, two +negatives neutralize each other and make an affirmative. To this law +there are two regular exceptions in Latin: When a general negative like +<i>nōn</i>, <i>numquam</i>, or <i>nēmō</i> is followed (1) by +<i>neque . . . neque</i> or (2) by the emphatic <i>nē +. . . quidem</i>. In the former case the negation is +distributed by the <i>neque . . . neque</i> into two +(or more) clauses or phrases; in the latter, the full weight of the +negation is concentrated upon a single word or phrase. In English a +single negative is always to be employed.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_4" id = "note28_4" href = "#tag28_4">28.4</a> +dat. of purpose: cf. <a href = "#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>. This +construction is especially frequent with phrases consisting of a +gerundive and a noun.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_5" id = "note28_5" href = "#tag28_5">28.5</a> +<b>nōn semel</b>: ‘not once (only),’ i.e. repeatedly.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_6" id = "note28_6" href = "#tag28_6">28.6</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note4_4">p. 4, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_7" id = "note28_7" href = "#tag28_7">28.7</a> +<b>Vēientēs . . . paenituisset</b>: lit., ‘when it had repented the V. +of the peace which they had secured.’ What is our idiom? +<b>paenituisset</b> is wholly impersonal; <b>Vēientēs</b> is acc., +though logically its subject, and <b>pācis</b> is gen., though logically +its object. H 457 (409, III): M 585: A 221, <i>b</i>: +G 377: B 209.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_8" id = "note28_8" href = "#tag28_8">28.8</a> +See <a href = "#note2_13">p. 2, n. 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_9" id = "note28_9" href = "#tag28_9">28.9</a> +dat<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. </ins>of reference: H +425, 4, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> (384, 4, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> 2): M 537: A 235, <i>a</i>: +G 346: B 187, II.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_10" id = "note28_10" href = "#tag28_10">28.10</a> +Sc. <i>eīs</i>: ‘to meet them.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_11" id = "note28_11" href = "#tag28_11">28.11</a> +<i>dēlābor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_12" id = "note28_12" href = "#tag28_12">28.12</a> +<i>refero</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_13" id = "note28_13" href = "#tag28_13">28.13</a> +locative: H 484, 2 (426, 2): M 622: A 258, <i>d</i>: G 411, <span class += "smallroman">R.</span> 2: B 232, 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_14" id = "note28_14" href = "#tag28_14">28.14</a> +<i>relinquō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_15" id = "note28_15" href = "#tag28_15">28.15</a> +<b>Is . . . Māximum</b>: freely ‘he saved the family from extinction and +became the ancestor of Maximus.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_16" id = "note28_16" href = "#tag28_16">28.16</a> +See Selection XIX.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_17" id = "note28_17" href = "#tag28_17">28.17</a> +Fabius, by his ‘policy of masterly inactivity,’ gained the title of +<i>Cunctātor</i>, ‘the Delayer.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note28_18" id = "note28_18" href = "#tag28_18">28.18</a> +<i>frangō</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page29" id = "page29">29</a> +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XII">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XII" id = "selection_XII">XII.</a> +Lūcius Virgīnius</h4> + +<p><a name = "line_xii_1" id = "line_xii_1"> </a> +Annō trecentēsimō<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_1" id = "tag29_1" href = +"#note29_1">1</a> ab urbe<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_2" id = +"tag29_2" href = "#note29_2">2</a> conditā prō duōbus cōnsulibus<br> +decemvirī creātī sunt, quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_3" id = +"tag29_3" href = "#note29_3">3</a> adlātās ē Graeciā lēgēs populō<br> +prōpōnerent.<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_4" id = "tag29_4" href = +"#note29_4">4</a> Duodecim<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_5" id = +"tag29_5" href = "#note29_5">5</a> tabulīs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag29_6" id = "tag29_6" href = "#note29_6">6</a> eae sunt perscrīptae. +Cēterum<br> +decemvirī<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_7" id = "tag29_7" href = +"#note29_7">7</a> suā<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_8" id = "tag29_8" +href = "#note29_8">8</a> ipsōrum īnsolentiā in exitium āctī sunt. +Nam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xii_5" id = "line_xii_5">5</a> +ūnus ex iīs Appius Claudius virginem plēbēiam adamāvit. Quam<a class = +"tag" name = "tag29_9" id = "tag29_9" href = "#note29_9">9</a><br> +cum Appius nōn posset pretiō ac spē perlicere, ūnum ē<br> +clientibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_10" id = "tag29_10" href = +"#note29_10">10</a> +<a name = "line_xii_7" id = "line_xii_7"> </a> +subōrnāvit, quī eam in<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_11" id = "tag29_11" +href = "#note29_11">11</a> servitūtem dēpōsceret,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag29_12" id = "tag29_12" href = "#note29_12">12</a> facile<br> +victūrum<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_13" id = "tag29_13" href = +"#note29_13">13</a> sē spērāns, cum ipse esset et accūsātor et iūdex. +Lūcius<br> +Virgīnius, puellae pater, tunc aberat mīlitiae causā. Cliēns igitur<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xii_10" id = "line_xii_10">10</a> +virginī<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_14" id = "tag29_14" href = +"#note29_14">14</a> venientī in Forum (namque ibi in tabernīs +litterārum<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_15" id = "tag29_15" href = +"#note29_15">15</a><br> +lūdī erant) iniēcit manum, adfīrmāns suam esse servam. Eam<br> +<a name = "line_xii_12" id = "line_xii_12"> </a> +sequī sē iubet; nī <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘faciāt’">faciat</ins>,<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_16" id = +"tag29_16" href = "#note29_16">16</a> minātur sē vī abstrāctūrum. +Pavidā<br> +puellā<a class = "tag" name = "tag29_17" id = "tag29_17" href = +"#note29_17">17</a> stupente,<a class = "tag" href = "#note29_17">17</a> +ad clāmōrem nūtrīcis fit concursus. Itaque cum<br> +ille puellam vī nōn posset abdūcere, eam vocat in iūs, ipsō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xii_15" id = "line_xii_15">15</a> +Appiō<a class = "tag" href = "#note29_17">17</a> iūdice.<a class = "tag" +href = "#note29_17">17</a></p> + +<p>Intereā missī nūntiī ad Virgīnium properant. Is commeātū<br> +sūmptō ā castrīs profectus prīmā lūce Rōmam advēnit, cum iam<br> +cīvitās in Forō exspectātiōne ērēcta stābat. Virgīnius statim in<br> +Forum lacrimābundus et cīvium opem implōrāns fīliam suam<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page30" id = "page30">30</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xii_20" id = "line_xii_20">20</a> +dēdūcit. Neque<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_1" id = "tag30_1" href = +"#note30_1">1</a> eō sētius Appius, cum in tribūnal ēscendisset,<br> +Virgīniam clientī suō addīxit. Tum pater, ubi nihil ūsquam<br> +auxiliī<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_2" id = "tag30_2" href = +"#note30_2">2</a> vīdit, “Quaesō,” inquit “Appī, īgnōsce patriō dolōrī<a +class = "tag" name = "tag30_3" id = "tag30_3" href = +"#note30_3">3</a>;<br> +sine mē fīliam ultimum adloquī.” Datā veniā pater cum fīliam<br> +<a name = "line_xii_24" id = "line_xii_24"> </a> +sēdūxisset, ab laniō cultrō<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_4" id = +"tag30_4" href = "#note30_4">4</a> adreptō pectus puellae +trānsfīgit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xii_25" id = "line_xii_25">25</a> +Tum vērō sibi viam facit et respersus cruōre ad exercitum profugit<br> +<a name = "line_xii_26" id = "line_xii_26"> </a> +et mīlitēs ad vindicandum facinus accendit. Concitātus<br> +exercitus montem Aventīnum īnsēdit; decem tribūnōs<a class = "tag" name += "tag30_5" id = "tag30_5" href = "#note30_5">5</a> mīlitum<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>449.</span> +creāvit; decemvirōs magistrātū sē abdicāre coēgit<a class = "tag" name = +"tag30_6" id = "tag30_6" href = "#note30_6">6</a> eōsque omnēs<br> +aut morte aut exiliō multāvit; ipse Appius Claudius in carcerem<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xii_30" id = "line_xii_30">30</a> +coniectus mortem sibi cōnscīvit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_7" id = +"tag30_7" href = "#note30_7">7</a></p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XIII">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note29_1" id = "note29_1" href = "#tag29_1">29.1</a> +The dating is not exact, as the Decemvirs were elected in 451 <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note29_2" id = "note29_2" href = "#tag29_2">29.2</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note5_15">p. 5, n. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_3" id = "note29_3" href = "#tag29_3">29.3</a> +<b>quī . . . prōpōnerent</b>: i.e. after studying the laws of Greece, +they were to draw up a code and submit it to the people.</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_4" id = "note29_4" href = "#tag29_4">29.4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_5" id = "note29_5" href = "#tag29_5">29.5</a> +From this circumstance the code was known as the <i>Lēgēs XII +Tabulārum</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_6" id = "note29_6" href = "#tag29_6">29.6</a> +abl. of means; we say ‘<i>on</i> tablets.’ The tablets were of bronze. +For many centuries Roman schoolboys had to commit these laws to +memory.</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_7" id = "note29_7" href = "#tag29_7">29.7</a> +The Decemvirs had been elected for one year, at the end of which time +they reported their work still unfinished, and a second board was +chosen. The story that follows concerns the second board. All accounts +agree that the rule of the first board was in all respects just.</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_8" id = "note29_8" href = "#tag29_8">29.8</a> +<b>suā ipsōrum</b>: a strong expression for ‘their own.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_9" id = "note29_9" href = "#tag29_9">29.9</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note4_3">p. 4, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_10" id = "note29_10" href = "#tag29_10">29.10</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_cliens"><i>cliēns</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_11" id = "note29_11" href = "#tag29_11">29.11</a> +<b>in servitūtem</b> expresses purpose (cf. <a href = "#note14_4">p. 14, +n. 4</a>), and so = <i>ut serva esset</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_12" id = "note29_12" href = "#tag29_12">29.12</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_13" id = "note29_13" href = "#tag29_13">29.13</a> +<i>vincō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_14" id = "note29_14" href = "#tag29_14">29.14</a> +Join with <b>iniēcit manum</b>, and cf. <a href = "#note2_7">p. 2, n. +7</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_15" id = "note29_15" href = "#tag29_15">29.15</a> +<b>litterārum lūdī</b>: schools where children were taught their A B +C’s, i.e. what we should call ‘primary schools.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_16" id = "note29_16" href = "#tag29_16">29.16</a> +subjunctive as the subordinate clause of the indirect quotation, which +depends on <b>minātur</b>. The threat was: <i>Nī (id) fēceris, vī (<ins +class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘te’">tē</ins>) +abstraham</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note29_17" id = "note29_17" href = "#tag29_17">29.17</a> +abl. abs.</p> + +<p><a name = "note30_1" id = "note30_1" href = "#tag30_1">30.1</a> +<b>Neque eō sētius</b>: ‘nevertheless.’ How literally? <b>eō</b> = ‘for +that reason.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note30_2" id = "note30_2" href = "#tag30_2">30.2</a> +partitive gen. with <b>nihil</b>: H 441 (397, 1): M 564: A 216, +<i>a</i>, 3: G 369: B 201, 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note30_3" id = "note30_3" href = "#tag30_3">30.3</a> +dat. with <b>īgnōsce</b>: H 426, 2 (385, II): M 531: A 227: G 346: +B 187, II, <i>a</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note30_4" id = "note30_4" href = "#tag30_4">30.4</a> +<b>cultrō . . . trānsfīgit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note2_8">p. 2, n. +8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note30_5" id = "note30_5" href = "#tag30_5">30.5</a> +<b>tribūnōs</b>: two armies were in the field against the Sabines and +Aequians. The eight Decemvirs who commanded them were deposed, and ten +tribunes, or ‘captains,’ were chosen in their place.</p> + +<p><a name = "note30_6" id = "note30_6" href = "#tag30_6">30.6</a> +<i>cōgō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note30_7" id = "note30_7" href = "#tag30_7">30.7</a> +<i>cōnscīscō</i>. With this whole story cf. Macaulay’s <i>Lays</i>, +<i>Virginia</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XIII">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XIII" id = "selection_XIII">XIII.</a> +Titus Mānlius Torquātus</h4> + +<p>Titus Mānlius ob ingeniī et linguae tarditātem ā patre rūs<a class = +"tag" name = "tag30_8" id = "tag30_8" href = "#note30_8">8</a><br> +relēgātus erat. Quī cum audīvisset patrī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag30_9" id = "tag30_9" href = "#note30_9">9</a> diem dictam esse ā<br> +Pompōniō, tribūnō plēbis, cēpit cōnsilium rudis quidem et agrestis<br> +animī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_10" id = "tag30_10" href = +"#note30_10">10</a> sed pietāte laudābile. Cultrō succinctus māne in<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_5" id = "line_xiii_5">5</a> +urbem atque ā portā cōnfēstim ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_11" id = +"tag30_11" href = "#note30_11">11</a> Pompōnium pergit:<br> +intrōductus<a class = "tag" name = "tag30_12" id = "tag30_12" href = +"#note30_12">12</a> cultrum stringit et super lectum Pompōniī stāns sē +eum<br> +trānsfīxūrum minātur, nisi ab inceptā accūsātiōne dēsistat.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag30_13" id = "tag30_13" href = "#note30_13">13</a> +Pavidus<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page31" id = "page31">31</a> +<a name = "line_xiii_8" id = "line_xiii_8"> </a> +tribūnus, quīppe<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_1" id = "tag31_1" href = +"#note31_1">1</a> quī cerneret ferrum ante oculōs micāns, +accūsātiōnem<br> +dīmīsit. Ea rēs adulēscentī<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_2" id = +"tag31_2" href = "#note31_2">2</a> eō<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_3" +id = "tag31_3" href = "#note31_3">3</a> māiōrī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag31_4" id = "tag31_4" href = "#note31_4">4</a> fuit honōrī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_10" id = "line_xiii_10">10</a> +quod animum ēius acerbitās paterna ā pietāte nōn āvertisset,<br> +<a name = "line_xiii_11" id = "line_xiii_11"> </a> +ideōque eōdem annō tribūnus mīlitum factus est.</p> + +<p><a name = "line_xiii_12" id = "line_xiii_12"> </a> +Cum posteā Gallī<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_5" id = "tag31_5" href = +"#note31_5">5</a> ad tertium<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_6" id = +"tag31_6" href = "#note31_6">6</a> lapidem trāns Aniēnem fluvium<br> +<a name = "line_xiii_13" id = "line_xiii_13"> </a> +castra posuissent, exercitus Rōmānus ab urbe profectus in citeriōre<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic31.png" width = "77" height = "192" +alt = "see caption"><br> +MĪLIĀRIUM</span> + +rīpā fluviī cōnstitit. Pōns in mediō<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_7" id += "tag31_7" href = "#note31_7">7</a> erat: tunc Gallus<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>361.</span> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_15" id = "line_xiii_15">15</a> +eximiā corporis māgnitūdine in vacuum pontem<br> +prōcessit et quam<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_8" id = "tag31_8" href = +"#note31_8">8</a> māximā vōce potuit “Quem<br> +nunc” inquit “Rōma fortissimum habet, is prōcēdat<a class = "tag" name = +"tag31_9" id = "tag31_9" href = "#note31_9">9</a><br> +agedum ad pūgnam, ut ēventus certāminis nostrī<br> +ostendat utra gēns bellō sit melior.” Diū inter<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_20" id = "line_xiii_20">20</a> +prīmōrēs iuvenum Rōmānōrum silentium fuit. Tum<br> +Titus Mānlius ex statiōne ad imperātōrem pergit:<br> +“Iniussū<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_10" id = "tag31_10" href = +"#note31_10">10</a> tuō,” inquit, “imperātor, extrā ōrdinem<br> +numquam pūgnāverim,<a class = "tag" name = "tag31_11" id = "tag31_11" +href = "#note31_11">11</a> nōn sī certam victōriam<br> +videam<a class = "tag" href = "#note31_11">11</a>; sī tū permittis, volō +ego illī bēluae ostendere mē ex eā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_25" id = "line_xiii_25">25</a> +familiā ortum esse, quae Gallōrum āgmen ex rūpe Tarpēiā dēiēcit.”<a +class = "tag" name = "tag31_12" id = "tag31_12" href = +"#note31_12">12</a><br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page32" id = "page32">32</a> +Cuī imperātor “Macte<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_1" id = "tag32_1" +href = "#note32_1">1</a> virtūte,” inquit “Tite Mānlī, estō: perge<br> +et nōmen Rōmānum invictum praestā.”</p> + +<p>Armant deinde iuvenem aequālēs: scūtum capit, Hispānō<a class = "tag" +name = "tag32_2" id = "tag32_2" href = "#note32_2">2</a><br> +cingitur<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_3" id = "tag32_3" href = +"#note32_3">3</a> +<a name = "line_xiii_29" id = "line_xiii_29"> </a> +gladiō, ad propiōrem<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_4" id = "tag32_4" +href = "#note32_4">4</a> pūgnam habilī. Exspectābat eum<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic32.png" width = "80" height = "275" +alt = "see caption"><br> +GLADIUS</span> + +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_30" id = "line_xiii_30">30</a> +Gallus stolidē laetus et linguam ab inrīsū exserēns.<br> +Ubi cōnstitēre<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_5" id = "tag32_5" href = +"#note32_5">5</a> inter duās aciēs, Gallus ēnsem cum<br> +ingentī sonitū in arma Mānliī dēiēcit. Mānlius vērō<br> +inter corpus et arma Gallī sēsē īnsinuāns ūnō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag32_6" id = "tag32_6" href = "#note32_6">6</a> alterōque<br> +īctū ventrem trānsfōdit et in spatium ingēns<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_35" id = "line_xiii_35">35</a> +ruentem porrēxit hostem; iacentī<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_7" id = +"tag32_7" href = "#note32_7">7</a> torquem dētrāxit,<br> +quem cruōre respersum<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_8" id = "tag32_8" +href = "#note32_8">8</a> collō<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_9" id = +"tag32_9" href = "#note32_9">9</a> circumdedit<a class = "tag" name = +"tag32_10" id = "tag32_10" href = "#note32_10">10</a> suō.<br> +Dēfīxerat pavor<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_11" id = "tag32_11" href = +"#note32_11">11</a> cum admīrātiōne Gallōs; Rōmānī<br> +alacrēs obviam mīlitī suō prōgrediuntur et grātulantēs<br> +laudantēsque ad imperātōrem perdūcunt. Mānlius<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_40" id = "line_xiii_40">40</a> +inde Torquātī cōgnōmen accēpit.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>340.</span> + +<p>Īdem Mānlius, posteā cōnsul factus bellō Latīnō,<br> +<a name = "line_xiii_42" id = "line_xiii_42"> </a> +ut dīsciplīnam mīlitārem restitueret, ēdīxit nē<a class = "tag" name = +"tag32_12" id = "tag32_12" href = "#note32_12">12</a> quis<br> +extrā ōrdinem in hostēs pūgnāret. T. Mānlius,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag32_13" id = "tag32_13" href = "#note32_13">13</a><br> +cōnsulis fīlius, cum propius forte ad statiōnem hostium<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_45" id = "line_xiii_45">45</a> +accessisset, is, quī Latīnō equitātuī praeerat, ubi cōnsulis fīlium<br> +āgnōvit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag32_14" id = "tag32_14" href = +"#note32_14">14</a> “Vīsne” inquit “congredī mēcum, ut singulāris +certāminis<br> +ēventū cernātur, quantum eques Latīnus Rōmānō praestet?”<br> +Mōvit ferōcem animum iuvenis seu īra seu dētrēctandī<a class = "tag" +name = "tag32_15" id = "tag32_15" href = "#note32_15">15</a><br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page33" id = "page33">33</a> +certāminis pudor. Itaque oblītus<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_1" id = +"tag33_1" href = "#note33_1">1</a> imperiī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag33_2" id = "tag33_2" href = "#note33_2">2</a> paternī in +certāmen<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_50" id = "line_xiii_50">50</a> +ruit et Latīnum<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_3" id = "tag33_3" href = +"#note33_3">3</a> ex equō excussum trānsfīxit spoliīsque lēctīs<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic33.png" width = "103" height = "129" +alt = "see caption"><br> +LĪCTOR</span> + +in castra ad patrem vēnit. Extemplō fīlium āversātus<br> +<a name = "line_xiii_52" id = "line_xiii_52"> </a> +cōnsul mīlitēs classicō advocat. Quī postquam<br> +<a name = "line_xiii_53" id = "line_xiii_53"> </a> +frequentēs convēnēre, “Quandōquidem” inquit “tū,<br> +<a name = "line_xiii_54" id = "line_xiii_54"> </a> +fīlī, contrā imperium cōnsulis pūgnāstī, oportet<a class = "tag" name = +"tag33_4" id = "tag33_4" href = "#note33_4">4</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_55" id = "line_xiii_55">55</a> +dīsciplīnam, quam solvistī, poenā<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_5" id = +"tag33_5" href = "#note33_5">5</a> tuā restituās.<br> +Trīste exemplum, sed in<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_6" id = "tag33_6" +href = "#note33_6">6</a> posterum salūbre iuventūtī<br> +eris. Ī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_7" id = "tag33_7" href = +"#note33_7">7</a> līctor, dēligā<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_8" id = +"tag33_8" href = "#note33_8">8</a> ad pālum.” Metū omnēs<br> +obstupuēre; sed postquam cervīce caesā fūsus est cruor, in questūs<br> +<a name = "line_xiii_59" id = "line_xiii_59"> </a> +et lāmenta ērūpēre.<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_9" id = "tag33_9" href += "#note33_9">9</a> Mānliō Rōmam redeuntī seniōrēs tantum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_60" id = "line_xiii_60">60</a> +obviam exiērunt: iuventūs et tunc eum et omnī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag33_10" id = "tag33_10" href = "#note33_10">10</a> deinde vītā<br> +exsecrāta est.</p> + +<p>Operae pretium erit aliud sevēritātis dīsciplīnae Rōmānae<br> +exemplum prōferre, simul ut appāreat quam facile sevēritās in<a class = +"tag" name = "tag33_11" id = "tag33_11" href = "#note33_11">11</a><br> +crūdēlitātem et furōrem abeat. Cn. Pīsō fuit<a class = "tag" name = +"tag33_12" id = "tag33_12" href = "#note33_12">12</a> vir ā multīs +vitiīs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_65" id = "line_xiii_65">65</a> +integer, sed prāvus et cuī<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_13" id = +"tag33_13" href = "#note33_13">13</a> placēbat prō cōnstantiā rigor. +Is<br> +cum īrātus ad mortem dūcī iussisset mīlitem, quasi<a class = "tag" name += "tag33_14" id = "tag33_14" href = "#note33_14">14</a> +interfēcisset<br> +commīlitōnem, cum quō ēgressus erat ē castrīs et sine quō redierat,<br> +rogantī<a class = "tag" name = "tag33_15" id = "tag33_15" href = +"#note33_15">15</a> tempus aliquod ad conquīrendum<a class = "tag" name += "tag33_16" id = "tag33_16" href = "#note33_16">16</a> nōn dedit.<br> +Damnātus mīles extrā castrōrum vāllum ductus est et iam cervīcem<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_70" id = "line_xiii_70">70</a> +porrigēbat, cum subitō appāruit ille commīlitō, quī occīsus<a class = +"tag" name = "tag33_17" id = "tag33_17" href = "#note33_17">17</a><br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page34" id = "page34">34</a> +dīcēbātur. Tunc centuriō suppliciō praepositus condere gladium<br> +carnificem iubet. Ambō commīlitōnēs alter alterum complexī<br> +ingentī concursū et māgnō gaudiō exercitūs dēdūcuntur ad Pīsōnem.<br> +Ille cōnscendit tribūnal furēns et utrumque ad mortem<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_75" id = "line_xiii_75">75</a> +dūcī iubet, adicit et centuriōnem, quī damnātum mīlitem redūxerat,<br> +haec praefātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_1" id = "tag34_1" href = +"#note34_1">1</a>: “Tē morte plectī iubeō, quia iam damnātus<br> +<a name = "line_xiii_77" id = "line_xiii_77"> </a> +es; tē, quia causa damnātiōnis commīlitōnī fuistī; tē, quia<br> +iussus occīdere mīlitem imperātōrī<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_2" id = +"tag34_2" href = "#note34_2">2</a> nōn pāruistī.”</p> + +<p>Cēterum Mānliānae gentis<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_3" id = +"tag34_3" href = "#note34_3">3</a> propriam ferē fuisse<a class = "tag" +name = "tag34_4" id = "tag34_4" href = "#note34_4">4</a> illam in<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_80" id = "line_xiii_80">80</a> +fīliōs acerbitātem alius Mānlius, illīus dē quō suprā dīximus<br> +<a name = "line_xiii_81" id = "line_xiii_81"> </a> +nepōs, ostendit. Cum Macedonum lēgātī Rōmam vēnissent<br> +conquestum<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_5" id = "tag34_5" href = +"#note34_5">5</a> +<a name = "line_xiii_82" id = "line_xiii_82"> </a> +dē Sīlānō, Mānliī Torquātī fīliō, quod praetor<a class = "tag" name = +"tag34_6" id = "tag34_6" href = "#note34_6">6</a> prōvinciam<br> +<a name = "line_xiii_83" id = "line_xiii_83"> </a> +expīlāsset,<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_7" id = "tag34_7" href = +"#note34_7">7</a> pater, avītae sevēritātis hērēs, petiit ā patribus<a +class = "tag" name = "tag34_8" id = "tag34_8" href = +"#note34_8">8</a><br> +cōnscrīptīs nē quid dē eā rē statuerent, antequam ipse īnspexisset<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_85" id = "line_xiii_85">85</a> +Macedonum et fīliī suī causam. Id ā senātū libenter concessum<br> +est virō summae<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_9" id = "tag34_9" href = +"#note34_9">9</a> dīgnitātis, cōnsulārī iūrisque cīvīlis +perītissimō.<br> +<a name = "line_xiii_87" id = "line_xiii_87"> </a> +Itaque, īnstitūtā domī cōgnitiōne causae, sōlus per tōtum bīduum<br> +utramque partem audiēbat ac tertiō diē prōnūntiāvit fīlium suum<br> +vidērī nōn tālem fuisse in prōvinciā, quālēs ēius māiōrēs fuissent,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_90" id = "line_xiii_90">90</a> +et in cōnspectum suum deinceps venīre vetuit. Tam trīstī patris<br> +iūdiciō perculsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_10" id = "tag34_10" href += "#note34_10">10</a> lūcem<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_11" id = +"tag34_11" href = "#note34_11">11</a> ulterius intuērī nōn sustinuit +et<br> +proximā<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_12" id = "tag34_12" href = +"#note34_12">12</a> nocte vītam suspendiō fīnīvit. Perēgerat<a class = +"tag" name = "tag34_13" id = "tag34_13" href = "#note34_13">13</a> +Torquātus sevērī<br> +et religiōsī iūdicis partēs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_14" id = +"tag34_14" href = "#note34_14">14</a> satisfactum erat reī pūblicae, +habēbat<br> +ultiōnem Macedonia, at nōndum erat īnflexus patris rigor. Igitur<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiii_95" id = "line_xiii_95">95</a> +nē<a class = "tag" name = "tag34_15" id = "tag34_15" href = +"#note34_15">15</a> exsequiīs quidem fīliī interfuit, ut patribus mōs +erat apud<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page35" id = "page35">35</a> +Rōmānōs, et eō ipsō diē, quō fūnus ēius dūcēbātur, aurēs, ut<br> +<a name = "line_xiii_97" id = "line_xiii_97"> </a> +solēbat, volentibus cōnsulere sē dē iūre praebuit.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XIV">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note30_8" id = "note30_8" href = "#tag30_8">30.8</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note3_4">p. 3, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note30_9" id = "note30_9" href = "#tag30_9">30.9</a> +<b>patrī . . . esse</b>: ‘that a day had been set against his father +(for trial),’ i.e. ‘that his father had been summoned to appear for +trial.’ Among the charges against the elder Manlius was that of cruelty +to his son. <b>patrī</b> is a dat. of disadvantage.</p> + +<p><a name = "note30_10" id = "note30_10" href = "#tag30_10">30.10</a> +<b>cēpit . . . laudābile</b>: ‘he formed a plan (which, though it gave +token) of a rough and uncouth temper (was) nevertheless commendable by +reason of the filial devotion (which it showed).’ For <b>quidem +. . . sed</b>, cf. <a href = "#note10_10">p. 10, +n. 10</a>. <b>animī</b> is a genitive of quality or description +with <b>cōnsilium</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note30_11" id = "note30_11" href = "#tag30_11">30.11</a> +<b>ad Pompōnium</b> = ‘to (the house of) Pomponius.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note30_12" id = "note30_12" href = "#tag30_12">30.12</a> += a temporal clause: ‘when he had been ushered in.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note30_13" id = "note30_13" href = "#tag30_13">30.13</a> +For the mood, cf. <a href = "#note29_16">p. 29, n. 16</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note31_1" id = "note31_1" href = "#tag31_1">31.1</a> +<b>quīppe quī</b>: ‘since indeed he,’ etc. <b>quī</b> = <i>cum is</i> +(cf. p. 4, n. 3), and the relative clause has its verb in +the subjunctive because it expresses a reason: H 592, 1 (517, +3, 1)): M 840: A 320, <i>e</i>, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> 1: G 633: B 283, 3, <i>a</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note31_2" id = "note31_2" href = "#tag31_2">31.2</a> +dat. of advantage.</p> + +<p><a name = "note31_3" id = "note31_3" href = "#tag31_3">31.3</a> +<b>eō</b> = ‘for this reason,’ explained by <b>quod . . . +āvertisset</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note31_4" id = "note31_4" href = "#tag31_4">31.4</a> +<b>māiōrī fuit honōrī</b>: ‘was all the more credit’; cf. <a href = +"#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note31_5" id = "note31_5" href = "#tag31_5">31.5</a> +In the fifth century <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> the Gauls +left their homes in northwestern Europe, and, crossing the Alps, gained +control of the fertile valley of the Po. Hence that part of the Italian +peninsula was called Gallia Cisalpina. Thence they made raids into the +lands to the south.</p> + +<p><a name = "note31_6" id = "note31_6" href = "#tag31_6">31.6</a> +With <b>tertium</b> sc. <i>ab urbe Rōmā</i>. On all the roads leading +from Rome milestones were set up to mark the distance from the gate in +the Servian Wall (see map, <a href = "#page_xxviii">p. xxviii</a>), by +which the road issued from the capital.</p> + +<p><a name = "note31_7" id = "note31_7" href = "#tag31_7">31.7</a> +Sc. <i>duōrum exercituum</i>, i.e. ‘between the two armies.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note31_8" id = "note31_8" href = "#tag31_8">31.8</a> +<b>quam . . . potuit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note26_10">p. 26, n. +10</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note31_9" id = "note31_9" href = "#tag31_9">31.9</a> +subjunctive of exhortation or command: H 559, 1 (484, II): M 713: +A 266: G 263, 3: B 274.</p> + +<p><a name = "note31_10" id = "note31_10" href = "#tag31_10">31.10</a> +<b>Iniussū tuō</b>: ‘without your consent.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note31_11" id = "note31_11" href = "#tag31_11">31.11</a> +subjunctive in an ideal condition: H 576 (509): M 936: A 307, <i>b</i>: +G 596: B 303.</p> + +<p><a name = "note31_12" id = "note31_12" href = "#tag31_12">31.12</a> +In 388 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> the Gauls had captured and +destroyed all of Rome save the Capitol, which was commanded by +M. Manlius, the father of Titus. He was aroused one night by the +cackling of the sacred geese, to find that the Gauls had climbed by a +secret path, and had almost effected an entrance. He awoke the garrison, +hurled the foremost Gauls back upon their companions, and thus saved the +Capitol.</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_1" id = "note32_1" href = "#tag32_1">32.1</a> +<b>macte virtūte . . . estō</b>: lit., ‘be glorified in +(respect of) your valor.’ The phrase is in part an expression of +commendation, like our ‘bravo!’ in part a prayer, like ‘success attend +thee!’</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_2" id = "note32_2" href = "#tag32_2">32.2</a> +A straight, two-edged sword, not more than two feet long, used for +thrusting rather than for striking. The Gallic sword was long and +without point.</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_3" id = "note32_3" href = "#tag32_3">32.3</a> += <i>cingit sē</i>, i.e. ‘girds himself,’ not ‘is girded.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_4" id = "note32_4" href = "#tag32_4">32.4</a> +‘nearer,’ i.e. hand to hand.</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_5" id = "note32_5" href = "#tag32_5">32.5</a> +<i>cōnsistō</i>. What tense?</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_6" id = "note32_6" href = "#tag32_6">32.6</a> +<b>ūnō alterōque īctū</b>: ‘with one stroke after the other’; i.e. he +killed him with two quick blows.</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_7" id = "note32_7" href = "#tag32_7">32.7</a> +Sc. <i>eī</i>, and render ‘from him as he lay (dead).’ See <a href = +"#note17_4">p. 17, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_8" id = "note32_8" href = "#tag32_8">32.8</a> +<i>respergō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_9" id = "note32_9" href = "#tag32_9">32.9</a> +What case?</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_10" id = "note32_10" href = "#tag32_10">32.10</a> +In its compounds, <i>dare</i> more often = ‘to put’ than ‘to give.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_11" id = "note32_11" href = "#tag32_11">32.11</a> +<b>pavor cum admīrātiōne</b> = <i>pavor et admīrātiō</i>; cf. <i>mentēs +cum oculīs</i>, II, 12.</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_12" id = "note32_12" href = "#tag32_12">32.12</a> +<b>nē quis . . . pūgnāret</b>: ‘that no one should fight.’ For the +subjunctive, see <a href = "#note9_6">p. 9, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_13" id = "note32_13" href = "#tag32_13">32.13</a> +Subject of <b>accessisset</b>. For its position, see <a href = +"#note19_7">p. 19, n. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_14" id = "note32_14" href = "#tag32_14">32.14</a> +<i>āgnōscō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note32_15" id = "note32_15" href = "#tag32_15">32.15</a> +<b>dētrēctandī . . . pudor</b>: ‘his unwillingness to decline the +fight.’ A literal translation would be impossible. <i>Pudor</i> +implies that he was ashamed to decline lest his refusal should be +attributed to cowardice.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_1" id = "note33_1" href = "#tag33_1">33.1</a> +<i>oblivīscor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_2" id = "note33_2" href = "#tag33_2">33.2</a> +dependent on <b>oblītus</b>: H 454 (406, II): M 588: A 219, 1: +G 376: B 206, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_3" id = "note33_3" href = "#tag33_3">33.3</a> +<b>excussum trānsfīxit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note2_8">p. 2, n. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_4" id = "note33_4" href = "#tag33_4">33.4</a> +<b>oportet restituās</b>: ‘it is fitting that you restore.’ +<i>Oportet</i> is construed either with the infinitive or with the +subjunctive of result with <i>ut</i> omitted.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_5" id = "note33_5" href = "#tag33_5">33.5</a> +Why abl.?</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_6" id = "note33_6" href = "#tag33_6">33.6</a> +<b>in posterum</b> (cf. <a href = "#note4_9">p. 4, n. 9</a>) = ‘for the +future.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_7" id = "note33_7" href = "#tag33_7">33.7</a> +Imperative of <i>eō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_8" id = "note33_8" href = "#tag33_8">33.8</a> +Cf. <i>Stābant ad pālum dēligāti</i>, IX, 21.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_9" id = "note33_9" href = "#tag33_9">33.9</a> +<i>ērumpō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_10" id = "note33_10" href = "#tag33_10">33.10</a> +<b>omnī . . . vītā</b>: ‘throughout his whole subsequent life.’ In this +sense the simple acc., or the acc. with <i>per</i> is far more common. +<b>deinde</b>, standing between an adj. and a noun, may be rendered by +an adj.: cf. <a href = "#note10_14">p. 10, n. 14</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_11" id = "note33_11" href = "#tag33_11">33.11</a> +<b>in . . . abeat</b>: ‘passes over into,’ ‘degenerates into.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_12" id = "note33_12" href = "#tag33_12">33.12</a> +<b>fuit . . . sed</b>: we would say, ‘was, to be sure, . . . but, after +all,’ i.e. ‘although he was . . . yet.’ In this sense +<i>quidem . . . sed</i> is commonly used: cf. <a href = +"#note10_10">p. 10, n. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_13" id = "note33_13" href = "#tag33_13">33.13</a> +H 426 (385, I): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_14" id = "note33_14" href = "#tag33_14">33.14</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note3_6">p. 3, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_15" id = "note33_15" href = "#tag33_15">33.15</a> +Sc. <i>mīlitī</i>, and join with <i>dedit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_16" id = "note33_16" href = "#tag33_16">33.16</a> +Sc. <i>commīlitōnem</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33_17" id = "note33_17" href = "#tag33_17">33.17</a> +Sc. <i>esse</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_1" id = "note34_1" href = "#tag34_1">34.1</a> +<i>praefor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_2" id = "note34_2" href = "#tag34_2">34.2</a> +H 426 (385): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_3" id = "note34_3" href = "#tag34_3">34.3</a> +Join with <i>propriam</i>. <i>Proprius</i>, like <i>similis</i>, is +construed with both the gen. and the dat.</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_4" id = "note34_4" href = "#tag34_4">34.4</a> +dependent on <b>ostendit</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_81">l. 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_5" id = "note34_5" href = "#tag34_5">34.5</a> +supine of <i>conqueror</i>, expressing purpose. Cf. <a href = +"#note5_20">p. 5, n. 20</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_6" id = "note34_6" href = "#tag34_6">34.6</a> +‘when praetor,’ or ‘during his praetorship.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_7" id = "note34_7" href = "#tag34_7">34.7</a> +Many, indeed most, governors of provinces enriched themselves by +extortion.</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_8" id = "note34_8" href = "#tag34_8">34.8</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_conscriptus"><i>cōnscrīptus</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_9" id = "note34_9" href = "#tag34_9">34.9</a> +<b>summae . . . perītissimō</b>: these words contain the reasons why +<b>Id . . . concessum est</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_10" id = "note34_10" href = "#tag34_10">34.10</a> +<i>percellō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_11" id = "note34_11" href = "#tag34_11">34.11</a> +<b>lūcem . . . sustinuit</b>: ‘he refused to live longer.’ How +literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_12" id = "note34_12" href = "#tag34_12">34.12</a> +The context must determine whether <b>proximā nocte</b> = ‘the next +night’ or ‘last night.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_13" id = "note34_13" href = "#tag34_13">34.13</a> +<i>pergō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_14" id = "note34_14" href = "#tag34_14">34.14</a> +‘role.’ This meaning of <i>partēs</i> is borrowed from the theater.</p> + +<p><a name = "note34_15" id = "note34_15" href = "#tag34_15">34.15</a> +<b>nē . . . quidem</b> is a very strong negative, and generally +emphasizes some word or phrase placed between the <i>nē</i> and the +<i>quidem</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XIV">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XIV" id = "selection_XIV">XIV.</a> +Pūblius Decius</h4> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>343.</span> + +<p><a name = "line_xiv_1" id = "line_xiv_1"> </a> +P. Decius,<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_1" id = "tag35_1" href = +"#note35_1">1</a> Valeriō<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_2" id = +"tag35_2" href = "#note35_2">2</a> Māximō et Cornēliō Cossō +cōnsulibus,<br> +tribūnus mīlitum fuit. Exercitū Rōmānō in angustiīs Gaurī<br> +montis clausō<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_3" id = "tag35_3" href = +"#note35_3">3</a> Decius ēditum collem cōnspexit imminentem<br> +hostium castrīs. Acceptō praesidiō verticem<a class = "tag" name = +"tag35_4" id = "tag35_4" href = "#note35_4">4</a> occupāvit, hostēs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiv_5" id = "line_xiv_5">5</a> +terruit, cōnsulī spatium dedit ad subdūcendum āgmen in aequiōrem<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic35.png" width = "139" height = "136" +alt = "see caption"><br> +CORŌNA CĪVICA</span> + +locum. Ipse, colle, quem īnsēderat,<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_5" id += "tag35_5" href = "#note35_5">5</a> undique<br> +armātīs circumdatō, intempestā nocte<br> +per<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_6" id = "tag35_6" href = +"#note35_6">6</a> mediās hostium cūstōdiās somnō oppressās<a class = +"tag" name = "tag35_7" id = "tag35_7" href = "#note35_7">7</a><br> +incolumis ēvāsit. Quā rē ab exercitū<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiv_10" id = "line_xiv_10">10</a> +dōnātus est corōnā cīvicā, quae dabātur eī,<br> +<a name = "line_xiv_11" id = "line_xiv_11"> </a> +quī cīvēs in bellō servāsset. Cōnsul fuit bellō<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>340.</span> +<a name = "line_xiv_12" id = "line_xiv_12"> </a> +Latīnō cum Mānliō<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_8" id = "tag35_8" href = +"#note35_8">8</a> Torquātō. Hōc<br> +bellō cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_9" id = "tag35_9" href = +"#note35_9">9</a> utrīque cōnsulī somniō obvēnisset<br> +eōs victōrēs futūrōs, quōrum dux in proeliō cecidisset,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xiv_15" id = "line_xiv_15">15</a> +convēnit inter eōs utī, utrīus cornū in aciē labōrāret, is diīs<a class += "tag" name = "tag35_10" id = "tag35_10" href = "#note35_10">10</a><br> +sē Mānibus dēvovēret. Inclīnante suā parte Decius sē et hostēs<br> +<a name = "line_xiv_17" id = "line_xiv_17"> </a> +diīs Mānibus dēvōvit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag35_11" id = "tag35_11" +href = "#note35_11">11</a> Armātus in equum īnsiluit ac sē in mediōs<br> +hostēs immīsit: corruit obrutus tēlīs et victōriam suīs relīquit.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XV">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note35_1" id = "note35_1" href = "#tag35_1">35.1</a> +His full name was P. Decius Mus.</p> + +<p><a name = "note35_2" id = "note35_2" href = "#tag35_2">35.2</a> +<b>Valeriō . . . cōnsulibus</b>: ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. For the +abl. abs. consisting of two nouns, see H 489 (431, 4): +M 639: A 255, <i>a</i>: G 409: B 227, 1. For another +method of dating events, cf. XII, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note35_3" id = "note35_3" href = "#tag35_3">35.3</a> +<i>claudō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note35_4" id = "note35_4" href = "#tag35_4">35.4</a> +Sc. <i>collis</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note35_5" id = "note35_5" href = "#tag35_5">35.5</a> +<i>īnsideō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note35_6" id = "note35_6" href = "#tag35_6">35.6</a> +<b>per . . . cūstōdiās</b>: ‘through the <i>midst of</i> the enemy’s +pickets.’ Cf. <a href = "#line_xiv_17">l. 17</a>, <b>in mediōs +hostēs</b>, ‘against the enemy’s center.’ Note the difference between +the Latin and the English idioms. H 497, 4 (440, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> 1-2): M 565: A 193: G 291, <span +class = "smallroman">R.</span> 2: B 241, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note35_7" id = "note35_7" href = "#tag35_7">35.7</a> +<i>opprimō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note35_8" id = "note35_8" href = "#tag35_8">35.8</a> +Cf. XIII, 41.</p> + +<p><a name = "note35_9" id = "note35_9" href = "#tag35_9">35.9</a> +<b>cum . . . obvēnisset</b>: ‘when the two consuls had dreamed.’ How +literally? The subject of <b>obvēnisset</b> is <b>eōs . . . +cecidisset</b>. So the subject of <b>convēnit</b> is <b>utī +. . . dēvovēret</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note35_10" id = "note35_10" href = "#tag35_10">35.10</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_manes"><i>Mānēs</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note35_11" id = "note35_11" href = "#tag35_11">35.11</a> +Decius’ act was called <b>dēvōtiō</b>, and proceeded from the idea that +for the victim which the Manes seemed to be claiming another might be +substituted. According to Livy, Decius used this formula: “As a +substitute for the commonwealth, the army, the legions, and the allies +of the Roman people I devote to the Manes myself and the legions and +allies of the enemy.”</p> +</div> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page36" id = "page36">36</a> +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XV">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XV" id = "selection_XV">XV.</a> +Mānius Curius</h4> + +<p>Mānius Curius contrā Samnītēs profectus<a class = "tag" name = +"tag36_1" id = "tag36_1" href = "#note36_1">1</a> eōs ingentibus +proeliīs<br> +<a name = "line_xv_2" id = "line_xv_2"> </a> +vīcit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_2" id = "tag36_2" href = +"#note36_2">2</a> In quō bellō cum permultum agrī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag36_3" id = "tag36_3" href = "#note36_3">3</a> hominumque<a class = +"tag" href = "#note36_3">3</a><br> +māximam vim<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_4" id = "tag36_4" href = +"#note36_4">4</a> cēpisset,<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_5" id = +"tag36_5" href = "#note36_5">5</a> ipse inde<a class = "tag" name = +"tag36_6" id = "tag36_6" href = "#note36_6">6</a> dītārī adeō<a class = +"tag" name = "tag36_7" id = "tag36_7" href = "#note36_7">7</a> nōluit, +ut, cum<br> +interversae<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_8" id = "tag36_8" href = +"#note36_8">8</a> pecūniae arguerētur, catīllō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag36_9" id = "tag36_9" href = "#note36_9">9</a> līgneō, quō<a class = +"tag" name = "tag36_10" id = "tag36_10" href = "#note36_10">10</a> ūtī +ad<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_5" id = "line_xv_5">5</a> +sacrificia cōnsuēverat,<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_11" id = +"tag36_11" href = "#note36_11">11</a> in medium prōlātō iūrāret sē nihil +amplius<br> +dē praedā hostīlī in domum suam convertisse. Curiō<a class = "tag" name += "tag36_12" id = "tag36_12" href = "#note36_12">12</a> ad focum<br> +sedentī in agrestī scamnō et ex līgneō catīllō cēnantī cum māgnum<br> +aurī pondus Samnītēs attulissent,<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_13" id = +"tag36_13" href = "#note36_13">13</a> repudiātī ab eō sunt dīxitque<br> +nōn<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_14" id = "tag36_14" href = +"#note36_14">14</a> aurum habēre<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_15" id = +"tag36_15" href = "#note36_15">15</a> sibi praeclārum vidērī, sed iīs +quī habērent<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_10" id = "line_xv_10">10</a> +aurum imperāre.<a class = "tag" href = "#note36_15">15</a> Quō respōnsō +Curius Samnītibus ostendit sē<br> +neque aciē vincī neque pecūniā corrumpī posse. Agrī captī septēna<br> +iūgera populō virītim dīvīsit<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_16" id = +"tag36_16" href = "#note36_16">16</a>; cumque ipsī senātus iūgera<br> +quīnquāgintā adsīgnāret, plūs accipere nōluit quam singulīs cīvibus<br> +erat datum, dīxitque perniciōsum esse cīvem,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag36_17" id = "tag36_17" href = "#note36_17">17</a> quī eō,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag36_18" id = "tag36_18" href = "#note36_18">18</a> +quod<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_15" id = "line_xv_15">15</a> +reliquīs tribuerētur, contentus nōn esset.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag36_19" id = "tag36_19" href = "#note36_19">19</a></p> + +<p>Posteā cōnsul creātus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque<br> +in Capitōliō dēlēctum habēret et iūniōrēs taediō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag36_20" id = "tag36_20" href = "#note36_20">20</a> bellī nōmina<a +class = "tag" name = "tag36_21" id = "tag36_21" href = +"#note36_21">21</a><br> +nōn darent, coniectīs in ūrnam omnium tribuum nōminibus<br> +prīmum<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_22" id = "tag36_22" href = +"#note36_22">22</a> nōmen ūrnā extrāctum citārī iussit et cum adulēscēns +nōn<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_20" id = "line_xv_20">20</a> +respondēret, bona<a class = "tag" name = "tag36_23" id = "tag36_23" href += "#note36_23">23</a> ēius hastae subiēcit, deinde cum is<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page37" id = "page37">37</a> +questus<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_1" id = "tag37_1" href = +"#note37_1">1</a> dē iniūriā cōnsulis tribūnōs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag37_2" id = "tag37_2" href = "#note37_2">2</a> plēbis appellāsset, +ipsum quoque<br> +<a name = "line_xv_22" id = "line_xv_22"> </a> +vēndidit, nihil<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_3" id = "tag37_3" href = +"#note37_3">3</a> opus esse reī pūblicae eō cīve,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag37_4" id = "tag37_4" href = "#note37_4">4</a> quī nescīret<br> +pārēre, dīcēns. Neque tribūnī plēbis adulēscentī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag37_5" id = "tag37_5" href = "#note37_5">5</a> auxiliō<a class = +"tag" href = "#note37_5">5</a> fuērunt;<br> +posteāque rēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_6" id = "tag37_6" href = +"#note37_6">6</a> in cōnsuētūdinem abiit, ut dēlēctū rīte āctō,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_25" id = "line_xv_25">25</a> +quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_7" id = "tag37_7" href = +"#note37_7">7</a> mīlitiam dētrēctāret, in servitūtem vēnderētur. Hōc<a +class = "tag" name = "tag37_8" id = "tag37_8" href = "#note37_8">8</a> +terrōre<br> +cēterī adāctī<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_9" id = "tag37_9" href = +"#note37_9">9</a> nōmina prōmptius dedērunt.</p> + +<p>Hīs cōpiīs Curius Pyrrhī exercitum cecīdit<a class = "tag" name = +"tag37_10" id = "tag37_10" href = "#note37_10">10</a> dēque eō rēge<br> +triumphāvit. Īnsīgnem<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_11" id = "tag37_11" +href = "#note37_11">11</a> triumphum fēcērunt quattuor elephantī<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic37.png" width = "175" height = "227" +alt = "see caption"><br> +ELEPHANT</span> + +cum turribus suīs, tum prīmum Rōmae<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_12" id += "tag37_12" href = "#note37_12">12</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_30" id = "line_xv_30">30</a> +vīsī. Victus rēx relīctō Tarentī<a class = "tag" href = +"#note37_12">12</a> praesidiō<br> +in Ēpīrum revertit. Cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_13" id = +"tag37_13" href = "#note37_13">13</a> autem<br> +bellum renovātūrus putārētur, Mānium<br> +Curium iterum cōnsulem fierī placuit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_14" +id = "tag37_14" href = "#note37_14">14</a><br> +Sed inopīnāta mors rēgis Rōmānōs metū<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_35" id = "line_xv_35">35</a> +līberāvit. Pyrrhus enim, dum Argōs<br> +oppūgnat,<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_15" id = "tag37_15" href = +"#note37_15">15</a> urbem iam ingressus ā iuvene<br> +quōdam Argīvō lanceā leviter vulnerātus<br> +est. Māter adulēscentis, anus paupercula,<br> +cum aliīs mulieribus ē tēctō domūs proelium<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xv_40" id = "line_xv_40">40</a> +spectābat; quae cum vīdisset Pyrrhum in auctōrem vulneris<br> +suī māgnō impetū ferrī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_16" id = +"tag37_16" href = "#note37_16">16</a> perīculō fīliī suī commōta +prōtinus tēgulam<br> +corripuit et utrāque manū lībrātam<a class = "tag" name = "tag37_17" id += "tag37_17" href = "#note37_17">17</a> in caput rēgis dēiēcit.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XVI">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note36_1" id = "note36_1" href = "#tag36_1">36.1</a> +<i>proficīscor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_2" id = "note36_2" href = "#tag36_2">36.2</a> +<i>vincō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_3" id = "note36_3" href = "#tag36_3">36.3</a> +partitive gen.: cf. <a href = "#note30_2">p. 30, n. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_4" id = "note36_4" href = "#tag36_4">36.4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note4_11">p. 4, n. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_5" id = "note36_5" href = "#tag36_5">36.5</a> +<i>capiō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_6" id = "note36_6" href = "#tag36_6">36.6</a> +i.e. from the <i>ager</i>, or the money derived from the sale of the +<i>hominēs</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_7" id = "note36_7" href = "#tag36_7">36.7</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note26_8">p. 26, n. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_8" id = "note36_8" href = "#tag36_8">36.8</a> +See <a href = "#note5_15">p. 5, n. 15</a>; cf. also H 456 (409, II): M +582: A 220: G 378: B 208, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_9" id = "note36_9" href = "#tag36_9">36.9</a> +<b>catīllō . . . prōlātō</b> (<i>prōferō</i>) <b>iūrāret</b> = +<i>catīllum prōferret et iūrāret</i>. Cf. <a href = +"#note2_8">p. 2, n. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_10" id = "note36_10" href = "#tag36_10">36.10</a> +H 477, I (421, I): M 253: A 249: G 407: B 218, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_11" id = "note36_11" href = "#tag36_11">36.11</a> +<i>cōnsuēscō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_12" id = "note36_12" href = "#tag36_12">36.12</a> +Join with <b>attulissent</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_13" id = "note36_13" href = "#tag36_13">36.13</a> +<i>adferō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_14" id = "note36_14" href = "#tag36_14">36.14</a> +<b>nōn . . . imperāre</b>: ‘it was not the having gold that seemed to +him glorious, but the ruling over those who had it.’ Give Curius’ exact +words.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_15" id = "note36_15" href = "#tag36_15">36.15</a> +subjects of <b>vidērī</b>: cf. <a href = "#note6_16">p. 6, n. +16</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_16" id = "note36_16" href = "#tag36_16">36.16</a> += <i>distribuit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_17" id = "note36_17" href = "#tag36_17">36.17</a> +We would say, ‘<i>that</i> citizen.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_18" id = "note36_18" href = "#tag36_18">36.18</a> +H 476, 1 (421, III): M 629: A 254, <i>b</i>, 2: G 401, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> 6: B 219.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_19" id = "note36_19" href = "#tag36_19">36.19</a> +Why subjunctive?</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_20" id = "note36_20" href = "#tag36_20">36.20</a> +abl. of cause.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_21" id = "note36_21" href = "#tag36_21">36.21</a> +<i>nōmina dare</i> = to hand in one’s name to a recruiting officer, i.e. +‘to volunteer.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_22" id = "note36_22" href = "#tag36_22">36.22</a> +<b>prīmum nōmen</b>: i.e. the man whose name was first drawn.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36_23" id = "note36_23" href = "#tag36_23">36.23</a> +<b>bona . . . subiēcit</b>: i.e. he sold his goods at auction. At Roman +auctions, especially of booty taken in war, a spear was set in the +ground, just as nowadays a flag is exposed.</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_1" id = "note37_1" href = "#tag37_1">37.1</a> +<i>queror</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_2" id = "note37_2" href = "#tag37_2">37.2</a> +The <i>tribūnī plēbis</i> had been created for the express purpose of +protecting the people from unjust treatment by the patrician +magistrates, especially the consuls. They could veto the acts of any +magistrate.</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_3" id = "note37_3" href = "#tag37_3">37.3</a> +<b>nihil</b> (adv. acc.) <b>. . . cīve</b>: ‘the state had no need of +that citizen.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_4" id = "note37_4" href = "#tag37_4">37.4</a> +abl. with <b>opus</b>: H 477, III (414, IV): M 646: A 243, <i>e</i>: +G 406: B 218, 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_5" id = "note37_5" href = "#tag37_5">37.5</a> +For the two datives see <a href = "#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_6" id = "note37_6" href = "#tag37_6">37.6</a> +<b>rēs . . . ābiit</b>: i.e. it became a regular custom. Cf. +<i>sevēritās . . . abeat</i>, XIII, 63.</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_7" id = "note37_7" href = "#tag37_7">37.7</a> +‘whoever.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_8" id = "note37_8" href = "#tag37_8">37.8</a> +<b>Hōc terrōre</b>: i.e. ‘by the terror occasioned by this (act).’</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_9" id = "note37_9" href = "#tag37_9">37.9</a> +<i>adigō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_10" id = "note37_10" href = "#tag37_10">37.10</a> +At Beneventum, 275 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note37_11" id = "note37_11" href = "#tag37_11">37.11</a> +<b>Īnsīgnem . . . elephantī</b>: ‘this triumph was made notable by the +presence of four elephants.’ How literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_12" id = "note37_12" href = "#tag37_12">37.12</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note25_7">p. 25, n. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_13" id = "note37_13" href = "#tag37_13">37.13</a> +<b>Cum . . . putārētur</b>: with <b>renovātūrus</b> sc. <i>esse</i>. For +the personal construction, see <a href = "#note7_12">p. 7, +n. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_14" id = "note37_14" href = "#tag37_14">37.14</a> +Sc. <i>populō Rōmānō</i>. Its subject is the clause <b>Mānium +. . . fierī</b>; hence the infin. <b>fierī</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_15" id = "note37_15" href = "#tag37_15">37.15</a> +‘<i>was</i> besieging.’ Cf. <a href = "#note3_14">p. 3, n. 14</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_16" id = "note37_16" href = "#tag37_16">37.16</a> +‘rushing.’ How literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note37_17" id = "note37_17" href = "#tag37_17">37.17</a> +<b>lībrātam . . . dēiēcit</b> = <i>lībrāvit et dēiēcit</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page38" id = "page38">38</a> +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XVI">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XVI" id = "selection_XVI">XVI.</a> +Gāius Duīlius</h4> + +<span class = "figfloat left"> +<img src = "images/pic38a.png" width = "100" height = "198" +alt = "see caption"><br> +COLUMNA RŌSTRĀTA<br> +OF DUĪLIUS</span> + +<p>Gāius Duīlius Poenōs nāvālī pūgnā prīmus<a class = "tag" name = +"tag38_1" id = "tag38_1" href = "#note38_1">1</a> dēvīcit.<br> +Quī cum vidēret nāvēs Rōmānās ā Pūnicīs<br> +vēlōcitāte superārī, manūs ferreās sīve corvōs,<br> +māchinam ad comprehendendās hostium nāvēs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvi_5" id = "line_xvi_5">5</a> +tenendāsque ūtilem, excōgitāvit. Quae<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_2" +id = "tag38_2" href = "#note38_2">2</a> manūs ubi<br> +hostīlem apprehenderant nāvem, superiectō ponte<br> +trānsgrediēbātur Rōmānus<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_3" id = "tag38_3" +href = "#note38_3">3</a> et in ipsōrum<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_4" +id = "tag38_4" href = "#note38_4">4</a> ratibus<br> +comminus dīmicābant, unde<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_5" id = +"tag38_5" href = "#note38_5">5</a> Rōmānīs, quī rōbore<br> +praestābant, facilis victōria fuit. Celeriter sunt<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvi_10" id = "line_xvi_10">10</a> +expūgnātae nāvēs Pūnicae trīgintā, in quibus etiam<br> +praetōria<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_6" id = "tag38_6" href = +"#note38_6">6</a> septirēmis<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_7" id = +"tag38_7" href = "#note38_7">7</a> capta est, mersae<a class = "tag" +name = "tag38_8" id = "tag38_8" href = "#note38_8">8</a> tredecim.</p> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic38b.png" width = "151" height = "150" +alt = "see caption"><br> +TĪBĪCEN</span> + +<p><a name = "line_xvi_12" id = "line_xvi_12"> </a> +Duīlius victor Rōmam reversus prīmus<br> +nāvālem triumphum ēgit. Nūlla victōria<br> +Rōmānīs grātior fuit, quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_9" id = +"tag38_9" href = "#note38_9">9</a> invictī terrā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvi_15" id = "line_xvi_15">15</a> +iam etiam marī plūrimum<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_10" id = +"tag38_10" href = "#note38_10">10</a> possent.<a class = "tag" href = +"#note38_9">9</a> Itaque<br> +<a name = "line_xvi_16" id = "line_xvi_16"> </a> +Duīliō concessum est, ut per omnem vītam<br> +praelūcente fūnāli et praecinente tībīcine ā<br> +cēnā redīret.<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_11" id = "tag38_11" href = +"#note38_11">11</a></p> + +<p>Hannibal, dux classis Pūnicae, ē nāvī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvi_20" id = "line_xvi_20">20</a> +quae iam capiēbātur, in scapham saltū sē dēmittēns Rōmānōrum<br> +<a name = "line_xvi_21" id = "line_xvi_21"> </a> +manūs effūgit. Veritus autem, nē<a class = "tag" name = "tag38_12" id = +"tag38_12" href = "#note38_12">12</a> in patriā classis<a class = "tag" +name = "tag38_13" id = "tag38_13" href = "#note38_13">13</a> āmissae<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page39" id = "page39">39</a> +poenās daret, cīvium odium āstūtiā āvertit, nam ex illā īnfēlīcī<br> +pūgnā priusquam<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_1" id = "tag39_1" href = +"#note39_1">1</a> clādis nūntius domum<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_2" +id = "tag39_2" href = "#note39_2">2</a> pervenīret<a class = "tag" href += "#note39_1">1</a> quendam<br> +ex amīcīs Carthāginem<a class = "tag" href = "#note39_2">2</a> mīsit. +Quī postquam cūriam intrāvit,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvi_25" id = "line_xvi_25">25</a> +“Cōnsulit” inquit “vōs Hannibal, cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_3" id += "tag39_3" href = "#note39_3">3</a> dux Rōmānōrum māgnīs<br> +cōpiīs maritimīs īnstrūctīs advēnerit,<a class = "tag" href = +"#note39_3">3</a> num cum eō cōnflīgere<br> +<a name = "line_xvi_27" id = "line_xvi_27"> </a> +dēbeat?” Acclāmāvit ūniversus senātus nōn esse dubium quīn<a class = +"tag" name = "tag39_4" id = "tag39_4" href = "#note39_4">4</a><br> +cōnflīgī oportēret. Tum ille “Cōnflīxit” inquit “et superātus<br> +est.” Ita nōn potuērunt factum damnāre, quod ipsī fierī dēbuisse<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvi_30" id = "line_xvi_30">30</a> +iūdicāverant. Sīc Hannibal victus crucis supplicium effūgit:<br> +<a name = "line_xvi_31" id = "line_xvi_31"> </a> +nam eō<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_5" id = "tag39_5" href = +"#note39_5">5</a> poenae genere dux rē<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_6" +id = "tag39_6" href = "#note39_6">6</a> male gestā apud Poenōs<br> +adficiēbātur.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XVII">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note38_1" id = "note38_1" href = "#tag38_1">38.1</a> +<b>prīmus dēvīcit</b>: ‘was the first (Roman) to conquer.’ Cf. <i>prīmus +ēgit</i>, <a href = "#line_xvi_12">l. 12</a>. H 497, and 1 +(443 and 1): A 191: G 325, <span class = +"smallroman">R.</span> 6: B 239. Such a phrase as <i>prīmus fuit +dēvincere</i> is never used by good writers.</p> + +<p><a name = "note38_2" id = "note38_2" href = "#tag38_2">38.2</a> +‘These’; cf. <a href = "#note4_3">p. 4, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note38_3" id = "note38_3" href = "#tag38_3">38.3</a> +a collective noun: ‘the Romans.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note38_4" id = "note38_4" href = "#tag38_4">38.4</a> +Sc. <i>hostium</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note38_5" id = "note38_5" href = "#tag38_5">38.5</a> += ‘and as a consequence.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note38_6" id = "note38_6" href = "#tag38_6">38.6</a> +Cf. <i>rēgius</i>, I, 17. The Romans applied the term <i>praetor</i> to +the commander of any foreign force.</p> + +<p><a name = "note38_7" id = "note38_7" href = "#tag38_7">38.7</a> +Sc. <i>nāvis</i>. At this time Carthaginian ships generally had five +banks of oars. In building the fleet commanded by Duilius, the Romans, +it is said, took as their model a Carthaginian vessel which had been +wrecked on the coast of Italy.</p> + +<p><a name = "note38_8" id = "note38_8" href = "#tag38_8">38.8</a> +<i>mergō</i>; sc. <i>sunt</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note38_9" id = "note38_9" href = "#tag38_9">38.9</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note14_1">p. 14, n. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note38_10" id = "note38_10" href = "#tag38_10">38.10</a> +‘were supreme’; cf. <a href = "#note23_1">p. 23, n. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note38_11" id = "note38_11" href = "#tag38_11">38.11</a> +In commemoration also of the victory the Columna Rōstrāta was erected in +the Forum.</p> + +<p><a name = "note38_12" id = "note38_12" href = "#tag38_12">38.12</a> +<b>nē . . . daret</b>: a clause of purpose, dependent on <b>veritus</b>: +H 567 (498, III) M 897: A 331, <i>f</i>: G 550: +B 296, 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note38_13" id = "note38_13" href = "#tag38_13">38.13</a> +<b>classis āmissae</b>: ‘for losing the fleet’; see <a href = +"#note5_15">p. 5, n. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note39_1" id = "note39_1" href = "#tag39_1">39.1</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note12_5">p. 12, n. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note39_2" id = "note39_2" href = "#tag39_2">39.2</a> +Why accusative?</p> + +<p><a name = "note39_3" id = "note39_3" href = "#tag39_3">39.3</a> +causal subjunctive.</p> + +<p><a name = "note39_4" id = "note39_4" href = "#tag39_4">39.4</a> +<i>quīn</i> with a subjunctive of result is regularly used after +negative expressions of doubt: H 595, 1 (504, 3, 2<ins class = +"correction" title = "text has )):">):</ins> M 913: A 332, +<i>g</i>, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span>: G 555, 2: +B 298.</p> + +<p><a name = "note39_5" id = "note39_5" href = "#tag39_5">39.5</a> +<b>eō . . . adficiēbātur</b>: ‘in that way . . . was punished.’ How +literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note39_6" id = "note39_6" href = "#tag39_6">39.6</a> +<b>rē male gestā</b>: ‘if unsuccessful.’ How literally?</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XVII">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XVII" id = "selection_XVII">XVII.</a> +Mārcus Atīlius Rēgulus</h4> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>256.</span> + +<p>Mārcus Rēgulus cum Poenōs māgnā clāde<a class = "tag" name = +"tag39_7" id = "tag39_7" href = "#note39_7">7</a> adfēcisset, Hannō<br> +<a name = "line_xvii_2" id = "line_xvii_2"> </a> +Carthāginiēnsis ad eum vēnit, quasi dē pāce āctūrus,<a class = "tag" +name = "tag39_8" id = "tag39_8" href = "#note39_8">8</a> rē<br> +<a name = "line_xvii_3" id = "line_xvii_3"> </a> +vērā ut<a class = "tag" href = "#note39_8">8</a> tempus extraheret,<a +class = "tag" href = "#note39_8">8</a> dōnec<a class = "tag" name = +"tag39_9" id = "tag39_9" href = "#note39_9">9</a> novae cōpiae ex +Āfricā<br> +advenīrent.<a class = "tag" href = "#note39_9">9</a> Is ubi ad cōnsulem +accessit, exortus<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_10" id = "tag39_10" href += "#note39_10">10</a> est mīlitum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_5" id = "line_xvii_5">5</a> +clāmor audītaque vōx, idem<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_11" id = +"tag39_11" href = "#note39_11">11</a> huīc faciendum esse, quod +paucīs<br> +ante annīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag39_12" id = "tag39_12" href = +"#note39_12">12</a> Cornēliō cōnsulī ā Poenīs factum esset. +Cornēlius<br> +enim, velut in conloquium per fraudem ēvocātus, ā Poenīs<br> +comprehēnsus erat et in vincula coniectus. Iam Hannō timēre<br> +incipiēbat, sed perīculum āstūtō respōnsō āvertit: “Hōc vērō” inquit<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page40" id = "page40">40</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_10" id = "line_xvii_10">10</a> +“sī fēceritis,<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_1" id = "tag40_1" href = +"#note40_1">1</a> nihilō<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_2" id = "tag40_2" +href = "#note40_2">2</a> eritis Āfrīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_3" +id = "tag40_3" href = "#note40_3">3</a> meliōrēs.” Cōnsul tacēre<br> +iussit eōs, quī pār<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_4" id = "tag40_4" href += "#note40_4">4</a> parī referrī volēbant, et conveniēns<a class = "tag" +name = "tag40_5" id = "tag40_5" href = "#note40_5">5</a> gravitātī<br> +Rōmānae respōnsum dedit: “Istō tē metū, Hannō, fidēs Rōmāna<br> +<a name = "line_xvii_13" id = "line_xvii_13"> </a> +līberat.” Dē pāce, quia neque Poenus sēriō agēbat et cōnsul<br> +victōriam quam pācem mālēbat, nōn convēnit.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_15" id = "line_xvii_15">15</a> +Rēgulus deinde in Āfricam prīmus<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_6" id = +"tag40_6" href = "#note40_6">6</a> Rōmānōrum ducum trāiēcit.<br> +Clypeam urbem et trecenta<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_7" id = +"tag40_7" href = "#note40_7">7</a> castella expūgnāvit, neque<a class = +"tag" name = "tag40_8" id = "tag40_8" href = "#note40_8">8</a><br> +cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam cum mōnstrīs dīmicāvit. Nam<br> +<a name = "line_xvii_18" id = "line_xvii_18"> </a> +cum ad flūmen Bagradam castra habēret, anguis mīrā māgnitūdine<br> +exercitum Rōmānōrum vexābat; multōs mīlitēs ingentī ōre corripuit;<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_20" id = "line_xvii_20">20</a> +plūrēs caudae verbere ēlīsit<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_9" id = +"tag40_9" href = "#note40_9">9</a>; nōnnūllōs ipsō pēstilentis<br> +hālitūs adflātū exanimāvit. Neque is tēlōrum īctū perforārī<br> +<a name = "line_xvii_22" id = "line_xvii_22"> </a> +poterat, dūrissimā<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_10" id = "tag40_10" +href = "#note40_10">10</a> squāmārum lōrīcā omnia tēla facile +repellente.<br> +<a name = "line_xvii_23" id = "line_xvii_23"> </a> +Cōnfugiendum<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_11" id = "tag40_11" href = +"#note40_11">11</a> fuit ad māchinās advectīsque ballistīs<a class = +"tag" name = "tag40_12" id = "tag40_12" href = "#note40_12">12</a><br> +et catapultīs, velut<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_13" id = "tag40_13" +href = "#note40_13">13</a> arx quaedam mūnīta, dēiciendus hostis +fuit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_25" id = "line_xvii_25">25</a> +Tandem saxōrum pondere oppressus<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_14" id = +"tag40_14" href = "#note40_14">14</a> iacuit, sed cruōre suō flūmen<br> +corporisque pēstiferō adflātū vīcīna loca īnfēcit Rōmānōsque castra<br> +<a name = "line_xvii_27" id = "line_xvii_27"> </a> +inde submovēre coēgit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_15" id = "tag40_15" +href = "#note40_15">15</a> Corium bēluae, centum et vīgintī pedēs<a +class = "tag" name = "tag40_16" id = "tag40_16" href = +"#note40_16">16</a><br> +longum, Rōmam mīsit Rēgulus.</p> + +<p>Huīc ob rēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag40_17" id = "tag40_17" href = +"#note40_17">17</a> bene gestās imperium in annum proximum +prōrogātum<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page41" id = "page41">41</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_30" id = "line_xvii_30">30</a> +est. Quod ubi cōgnōvit Rēgulus, scrīpsit senātuī vīlicum<br> +suum in agellō, quem septem iūgerum<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_1" id += "tag41_1" href = "#note41_1">1</a> habēbat, mortuum esse et<br> +servum, occāsiōnem nactum,<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_2" id = +"tag41_2" href = "#note41_2">2</a> aufūgisse ablātō īnstrūmentō<a class += "tag" name = "tag41_3" id = "tag41_3" href = "#note41_3">3</a><br> +rūsticō ideōque petere sē ut sibi<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_4" id = +"tag41_4" href = "#note41_4">4</a> successor in Āfricam mitterētur,<br> +<a name = "line_xvii_34" id = "line_xvii_34"> </a> +nē, dēsertō agrō, nōn esset unde<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_5" id = +"tag41_5" href = "#note41_5">5</a> uxor et līberī alerentur.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag41_6" id = "tag41_6" href = "#note41_6">6</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_35" id = "line_xvii_35">35</a> +Senātus, acceptīs litterīs, rēs quās Rēgulus āmīserat pūblicā +pecūniā<br> +<a name = "line_xvii_36" id = "line_xvii_36"> </a> +redimī iussit, agellum colendum<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_7" id = +"tag41_7" href = "#note41_7">7</a> locāvit, alimenta<a class = "tag" +name = "tag41_8" id = "tag41_8" href = "#note41_8">8</a> coniugī ac<br> +līberīs praebuit. Rēgulus deinde multīs proeliīs Carthāginiēnsium<br> +opēs contudit<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_9" id = "tag41_9" href = +"#note41_9">9</a> eōsque pācem petere coēgit. Quam cum<br> +Rēgulus nōllet nisi dūrissimīs condiciōnibus<a class = "tag" name = +"tag41_10" id = "tag41_10" href = "#note41_10">10</a> dare, ā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_40" id = "line_xvii_40">40</a> +Lacedaemoniīs illī auxilium petiērunt.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>255</span> + +<p>Lacedaemoniī Xanthippum, virum bellī perītissimum, +Carthāginiēnsibus<br> +mīsērunt, ā quō Rēgulus victus est ūltimā perniciē<a class = "tag" href += "#note41_10">10</a>:<br> +nam duo tantum mīlia hominum ex omnī Rōmānō<br> +exercitū refūgērunt et Rēgulus ipse captus et in carcerem<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>251</span> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_45" id = "line_xvii_45">45</a> +coniectus est. Inde Rōmam dē permūtandīs <ins class = "correction" title += "text reads ‘captīvis’">captīvīs</ins> missus<br> +est datō iūreiūrandō. ut,<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_11" id = +"tag41_11" href = "#note41_11">11</a> sī nōn impetrāsset,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag41_12" id = "tag41_12" href = "#note41_12">12</a> +redīret ipse<br> +Carthāginem. Quī cum Rōmam vēnisset, inductus in senātum<br> +mandāta exposuit; sententiam<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_13" id = +"tag41_13" href = "#note41_13">13</a> nē dīceret recūsāvit; quamdiū<a +class = "tag" name = "tag41_14" id = "tag41_14" href = +"#note41_14">14</a><br> +iūreiūrandō hostium tenērētur, sē nōn esse senātōrem. Iūssus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_50" id = "line_xvii_50">50</a> +tamen sententiam dīcere, negāvit<a class = "tag" name = "tag41_15" id = +"tag41_15" href = "#note41_15">15</a> esse ūtile captīvōs Poenōs<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page42" id = "page42">42</a> +reddī, illōs enim adulēscentēs esse et bonōs ducēs, sē iam<br> +cōnfectum<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_1" id = "tag42_1" href = +"#note42_1">1</a> senectūte. Cūius cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_2" +id = "tag42_2" href = "#note42_2">2</a> valuisset auctōritās, +captīvī<br> +<a name = "line_xvii_53" id = "line_xvii_53"> </a> +retentī sunt, ipse, cum retinērētur ā propinquīs et amīcīs, tamen<br> +<a name = "line_xvii_54" id = "line_xvii_54"> </a> +Carthāginem rediit: neque vērō tunc īgnōrābat sē ad crūdēlissimum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_55" id = "line_xvii_55">55</a> +hostem et ad exquīsīta supplicia proficīscī, sed iūsiūrandum<br> +cōnservandum<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_3" id = "tag42_3" href = +"#note42_3">3</a> putāvit. Reversum<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_4" id += "tag42_4" href = "#note42_4">4</a> Carthāginiēnsēs omnī<br> +cruciātū necāvērunt: palpebrīs enim resectīs aliquamdiū in locō<br> +tenebricōsō tenuērunt: deinde cum sōl esset ārdentissimus, repente<br> +ēductum intuērī caelum coēgērunt; postrēmō in arcam līgneam,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xvii_60" id = "line_xvii_60">60</a> +undique clāvīs praeacūtīs horrentem et tam angustam, ut ērēctus<br> +perpetuō manēre cōgerētur, inclūsērunt. Ita dum fessum corpus,<br> +quōcumque inclīnābat, stimulīs ferreīs cōnfoditur, vigiliīs et +dolōre<br> +continuō interēmptus est. Hīc fuit Atīliī Rēgulī exitus, ipsā vītā<br> +clārior et inlūstrior.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XVIII">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note39_7" id = "note39_7" href = "#tag39_7">39.7</a> +<b>clāde adfēcisset</b> = ‘had inflicted defeat upon.’ Cf. <i>eō genere +. . . adficiēbātur</i>, XVI, 31. The reference is to the naval +victory off Ecnomus, in Sicily.</p> + +<p><a name = "note39_8" id = "note39_8" href = "#tag39_8">39.8</a> +Note carefully the two ways of expressing purpose, the future participle +being exactly equivalent to <i>ut</i> with the subjunctive. See <a href += "#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E 5; <b>quasi</b> = ‘as if,’ and is +contrasted with <b>rē vērā</b>, ‘in reality.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note39_9" id = "note39_9" href = "#tag39_9">39.9</a> +The subjunctive in reality expresses purpose. See also <a href = +"#page_xx">p. xx</a>, G 3.</p> + +<p><a name = "note39_10" id = "note39_10" href = "#tag39_10">39.10</a> +<i>exorior</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note39_11" id = "note39_11" href = "#tag39_11">39.11</a> +<b>idem . . . esse</b>: ‘the same thing <i>ought to be done</i> to him.’ +The gerundive with <i>esse</i> denotes either physical necessity +(‘must’), or moral obligation (‘ought’).</p> + +<p><a name = "note39_12" id = "note39_12" href = "#tag39_12">39.12</a> +abl. of the measure of difference: H 479 (423): M 655: A 250: +G 403: B 223. <b>paucīs annīs</b> is a sort of temporal adverb +with <i>ante</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_1" id = "note40_1" href = "#tag40_1">40.1</a> +Latin is extremely exact in the use of the tenses. Of two <i>past</i> +actions the prior is expressed by the <i>pluperfect</i> tense; of two +<i>future</i> actions the prior is expressed by the <i>future +perfect</i> tense. Apply this principle here. We say simply, ‘if +you do.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_2" id = "note40_2" href = "#tag40_2">40.2</a> +Join with <b>meliōrēs</b>, and cf. <a href = "#note39_12">p. 39, n. +12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_3" id = "note40_3" href = "#tag40_3">40.3</a> +i.e. the Carthaginians. To the Roman mind <i>Pūnica fidēs</i> was a +synonym for the vilest treachery. So Livy says of the great Hannibal +that his character was marred by ‘worse than Punic treachery.’ For +<b>Āfrīs</b>, see <a href = "#note10_18">p. 10, n. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_4" id = "note40_4" href = "#tag40_4">40.4</a> +<b>pār . . . referrī</b> = ‘retaliation.’ How literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_5" id = "note40_5" href = "#tag40_5">40.5</a> +‘consistent with.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_6" id = "note40_6" href = "#tag40_6">40.6</a> +<b>prīmus . . . trāiēcit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note38_1">p. 38, n. +1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_7" id = "note40_7" href = "#tag40_7">40.7</a> +indefinite, like our ‘hundreds of.’ <i>Sēscentī</i> and <i>mīlle</i> are +often used in the same way.</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_8" id = "note40_8" href = "#tag40_8">40.8</a> += <i>et nōn</i> (cf. <a href = "#line_xvii_13">l. 13</a>).</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_9" id = "note40_9" href = "#tag40_9">40.9</a> +<i>ēlīdō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_10" id = "note40_10" href = "#tag40_10">40.10</a> +<b>dūrissimā . . . repellente</b>: what does the abl. abs. express?</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_11" id = "note40_11" href = "#tag40_11">40.11</a> +<b>Cōnfugiendum . . . ad</b>: impersonal passive: ‘they had to resort +to.’ Cf. <a href = "#note39_11">p. 39, n. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_12" id = "note40_12" href = "#tag40_12">40.12</a> +The <i>ballistae</i> and <i>catapultae</i> were the artillery of +antiquity. It is said that from the <i>ballistae</i> stones weighing one +hundred pounds could be sent half a mile.</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_13" id = "note40_13" href = "#tag40_13">40.13</a> +<b>velut . . . mūnīta</b>: to be taken with what follows.</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_14" id = "note40_14" href = "#tag40_14">40.14</a> +<i>opprimō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_15" id = "note40_15" href = "#tag40_15">40.15</a> +<i>cōgō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_16" id = "note40_16" href = "#tag40_16">40.16</a> +acc. of extent (cf. <a href = "#note12_1">p. 12, n. 1</a>) with +<b>longum</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note40_17" id = "note40_17" href = "#tag40_17">40.17</a> +<b>rēs bene gestās</b>: ‘successes,’ ‘exploits.’ Contrast <i>rē male +gestā</i>, XVI, 31, and note.</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_1" id = "note41_1" href = "#tag41_1">41.1</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note18_17">p. 18, n. 17</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_2" id = "note41_2" href = "#tag41_2">41.2</a> +<b>occāsiōnem nactum</b> (<i>nancīscor</i>): ‘seizing the +opportunity.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_3" id = "note41_3" href = "#tag41_3">41.3</a> +<b>īnstrūmentō rūsticō</b>: ‘his farming implements.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_4" id = "note41_4" href = "#tag41_4">41.4</a> +Join with <b>successor</b>, and cf. <a href = "#note26_5">p. 26, n. +5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_5" id = "note41_5" href = "#tag41_5">41.5</a> +<b>unde . . . alerentur</b>: ‘the wherewithal to support,’ etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_6" id = "note41_6" href = "#tag41_6">41.6</a> +subjunctive partly of purpose, partly by attraction, for which see +<a href = "#note13_10">p. 13, n. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_7" id = "note41_7" href = "#tag41_7">41.7</a> +<b>colendum</b>: ‘to be tilled’ (cf. <a href = "#note2_18">p. 2, n. +18</a>), for Regulus’ benefit. In such cases the produce of the farm was +divided equally between owner and tenant.</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_8" id = "note41_8" href = "#tag41_8">41.8</a> +<b>alimenta . . . praebuit</b>: i.e. they were supported at public +expense till the harvest of that year was gathered. No salary was given +to Roman officials.</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_9" id = "note41_9" href = "#tag41_9">41.9</a> +<i>contundō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_10" id = "note41_10" href = "#tag41_10">41.10</a> +abl. of manner: H 473, 3 (419, III): M 635: A 248: G 399: B +220, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_11" id = "note41_11" href = "#tag41_11">41.11</a> +<b>ut . . . redīret</b> gives the purpose of the Carthaginians in +exacting the oath.</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_12" id = "note41_12" href = "#tag41_12">41.12</a> +subjunctive in indirect discourse. Regulus said: <i>Sī nōn impetrāverō, +. . . redībō.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note41_13" id = "note41_13" href = "#tag41_13">41.13</a> +<b>sententiam . . . recūsāvit</b>: ‘he refused to express his opinion.’ +<i>recūsāre</i> is construed (1) with the simple infinitive; +(2) with <i>nē</i> and a subjunctive of purpose; (3) with +<i>quīn</i> or <i>quōminus</i> and a subjunctive of result.</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_14" id = "note41_14" href = "#tag41_14">41.14</a> +<b>quamdiū . . . senātōrem</b>: indirect discourse = ‘(saying that) as +long as,’ etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note41_15" id = "note41_15" href = "#tag41_15">41.15</a> +<b>negāvit esse ūtile</b>: ‘he <i>said</i> that it was <i>not</i> +expedient.’ In such sentences <i>negāre</i> rather than <i>nōn +dīcere</i> is used. The subject of <b>esse</b> is the clause <b>captīvōs +. . . reddī</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note42_1" id = "note42_1" href = "#tag42_1">42.1</a> +‘exhausted.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note42_2" id = "note42_2" href = "#tag42_2">42.2</a> +Here temporal, but in the next line adversative, as is shown by +<b>tamen</b>: see <a href = "#page_xxii">p. xxii</a>, J.</p> + +<p><a name = "note42_3" id = "note42_3" href = "#tag42_3">42.3</a> +Sc. <i>esse</i>, and cf. <a href = "#note39_11">p. 39, n. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note42_4" id = "note42_4" href = "#tag42_4">42.4</a> +Sc. <i>eum</i>: ‘on his return.’ The story is given by no writer earlier +than Cicero, and modern historians are inclined to view the whole +narrative as fictitious.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XVIII">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XVIII" id = "selection_XVIII">XVIII.</a> +Appius Claudius Pulcher</h4> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>249.</span> + +<p>Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritātis, cōnsul adversus Poenōs<br> +profectus priōrum ducum cōnsilia palam reprehendēbat<br> +sēque, quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_5" id = "tag42_5" href = +"#note42_5">5</a> diē hostem vīdisset, bellum cōnfectūrum esse<br> +iactitābat. Quī cum, antequam nāvāle proelium committeret,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xviii_5" id = "line_xviii_5">5</a> +auspicia<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_6" id = "tag42_6" href = +"#note42_6">6</a> habēret pullāriusque<a class = "tag" name = "tag42_7" +id = "tag42_7" href = "#note42_7">7</a> eī nūntiāsset, pullōs nōn exīre +ē<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page43" id = "page43">43</a> +caveā neque vescī, inrīdēns iussit eōs in aquam mergī, ut saltem<br> +biberent, quoniam ēsse<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_1" id = "tag43_1" +href = "#note43_1">1</a> nōllent. Ea rēs cum, quasi<a class = "tag" name += "tag43_2" id = "tag43_2" href = "#note43_2">2</a> īrātīs diīs,<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic43.png" width = "201" height = "240" +alt = "see caption"><br> +SACRED CHICKENS<br> +<i>From the tomb of a Pullārius</i></span> + +mīlitēs ad omnia sēgniōrēs timidiōrēsque<br> +fēcisset, commissō proeliō<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_3" id = +"tag43_3" href = "#note43_3">3</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xviii_10" id = "line_xviii_10">10</a> +māgna clādēs ā Rōmānīs accepta est:<br> +octō eōrum mīlia caesa sunt, vīgintī<br> +mīlia capta. Quā re Claudius posteā ā<br> +populō condemnātus est damnātiōnisque<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_4" +id = "tag43_4" href = "#note43_4">4</a><br> +īgnōminiam voluntāriā morte<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xviii_15" id = "line_xviii_15">15</a> +praevēnit. Ea rēs calamitātī<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_5" id = +"tag43_5" href = "#note43_5">5</a> fuit<br> +etiam Claudiae,<a class = "tag" href = "#note43_5">5</a> cōnsulis +sorōrī: quae<br> +<a name = "line_xviii_17" id = "line_xviii_17"> </a> +ā lūdīs pūblicīs revertēns, in<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_6" id = +"tag43_6" href = "#note43_6">6</a> cōnfertā<br> +multitūdine aegrē prōcēdente carpentō,<br> +<a name = "line_xviii_19" id = "line_xviii_19"> </a> +palam optāvit ut frāter suus Pulcher<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xviii_20" id = "line_xviii_20">20</a> +revīvīsceret atque iterum classem āmitteret,<br> +<a name = "line_xviii_21" id = "line_xviii_21"> </a> +quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_7" id = "tag43_7" href = +"#note43_7">7</a> minor turba Rōmae foret.<a class = "tag" href = +"#note43_7">7</a> Ob vōcem illam impiam<br> +Claudia quoque damnāta gravisque<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_8" id = +"tag43_8" href = "#note43_8">8</a> eī<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_9" +id = "tag43_9" href = "#note43_9">9</a> dicta est multa.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XIX">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note42_5" id = "note42_5" href = "#tag42_5">42.5</a> +<b>quō diē</b>: we should expect <i>diē quō</i>, or <i>eōdem diē +quō</i>, but the antecedent, as often, is incorporated into the relative +clause and made to agree with the pronoun: H 399, 3 (445, 9): +A 200, <i>b</i>: G 616: B 251, 4.</p> + +<p><a name = "note42_6" id = "note42_6" href = "#tag42_6">42.6</a> +<b>auspicia habēret</b>: cf. <i>auspicia adhibēre</i>, I, 42.</p> + +<p><a name = "note42_7" id = "note42_7" href = "#tag42_7">42.7</a> +<b>pullārius . . . vescī</b>: on setting out for the seat of war, the +commanding general often took with him a cage of sacred chickens, in +charge of a special keeper (<b>pullārius</b>). If, when food was thrown +before them, the chickens ate so greedily that portions of the food fell +from their mouths to the ground, it was considered a very favorable +omen. The circumstance described in the text would be regarded by the +superstitious soldiery as of very dire significance.</p> + +<p><a name = "note43_1" id = "note43_1" href = "#tag43_1">43.1</a> +infinitive of <i>edō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note43_2" id = "note43_2" href = "#tag43_2">43.2</a> +<b>quasi . . . diīs</b>: ‘because (as they supposed), the gods were +angry.’ Cf. <a href = "#note3_6">p. 3, n. 6</a>. <b>īrātīs +diīs</b> is an abl. abs.</p> + +<p><a name = "note43_3" id = "note43_3" href = "#tag43_3">43.3</a> +The battle was fought off Drepanum, in Sicily. Appius lost 93 out of 123 +ships.</p> + +<p><a name = "note43_4" id = "note43_4" href = "#tag43_4">43.4</a> +<b>que</b> here = ‘but,’ a meaning which it bears more frequently after +negative sentences (<a href = "#note13_12">p. 13, +n. 12</a>).</p> + +<p><a name = "note43_5" id = "note43_5" href = "#tag43_5">43.5</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note43_6" id = "note43_6" href = "#tag43_6">43.6</a> +<b>in . . . carpentō</b>: an abl. abs., giving the cause of +<b>optāvit</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note43_7" id = "note43_7" href = "#tag43_7">43.7</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note14_13">p. 14, n. 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note43_8" id = "note43_8" href = "#tag43_8">43.8</a> +<b>gravis . . . multa</b>: ‘a heavy fine was imposed upon her.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note43_9" id = "note43_9" href = "#tag43_9">43.9</a> +dat. of disadvantage.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XIX">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XIX" id = "selection_XIX">XIX.</a> +Quīntus Fabius Māximus</h4> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>236.</span> + +<p><a name = "line_xix_1" id = "line_xix_1"> </a> +Hannibal, Hamilcaris<a class = "tag" name = "tag43_10" id = "tag43_10" +href = "#note43_10">10</a> fīlius, novem<a class = "tag" name = +"tag43_11" id = "tag43_11" href = "#note43_11">11</a> annōs<a class = +"tag" name = "tag43_12" id = "tag43_12" href = "#note43_12">12</a> +nātus, ā<br> +patre ārīs admōtus odium in Rōmānōs perenne iūrāvit.<br> +Quae rēs māximē vidētur concitāsse secundum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag43_13" id = "tag43_13" href = "#note43_13">13</a> Pūnicum +bellum.<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page44" id = "page44">44</a> +Nam, mortuō<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_1" id = "tag44_1" href = +"#note44_1">1</a> Hamilcare, Hannibal causam bellī quaerēns +Saguntum,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_5" id = "line_xix_5">5</a> +cīvitātem Hispāniae Rōmānīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_2" id = +"tag44_2" href = "#note44_2">2</a> foederātam ēvertit.<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic44.png" width = "124" height = "163" +alt = "see caption"><br> +HANNIBAL</span> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>219.</span> +Quāpropter Rōmā missī sunt Carthāginem<br> +lēgātī, quī Hannibalem, malī auctōrem, expōscerent.<br> +Tergiversantibus Poenīs Quīntus Fabius,<br> +lēgātiōnis prīnceps, sinū ex togā factō “Hīc”<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_10" id = "line_xix_10">10</a> +inquit “vōbīs bellum et pācem portāmus; utrum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag44_3" id = "tag44_3" href = "#note44_3">3</a><br> +placet, sūmite.” Poenīs daret<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_4" id = +"tag44_4" href = "#note44_4">4</a> utrum vellet<br> +succlāmantibus, Fabius, excussā<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_5" id = +"tag44_5" href = "#note44_5">5</a> togā, bellum<br> +sē dare dīcit. Poenī accipere sē respondērunt et,<br> +quibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_6" id = "tag44_6" href = +"#note44_6">6</a> acciperent animīs, iīsdem sē gestūrōs.<a class = "tag" +name = "tag44_7" id = "tag44_7" href = "#note44_7">7</a></p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_15" id = "line_xix_15">15</a> +Hannibal superātīs Pȳrēnaeī et Alpium iugīs in Ītaliam vēnit.<br> +<a name = "line_xix_16" id = "line_xix_16"> </a> +Pūblium<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_8" id = "tag44_8" href = +"#note44_8">8</a> Scīpiōnem apud Tīcīnum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag44_9" id = "tag44_9" href = "#note44_9">9</a> amnem, Semprōnium +apud<br> +Trebiam, Flāminium apud Trasumēnum prōflīgāvit.</p> + +<p>Adversus hostem totiēns victōrem missus Quīntus Fabius<br> +<a name = "line_xix_19" id = "line_xix_19"> </a> +dictātor<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_10" id = "tag44_10" href = +"#note44_10">10</a> Hannibalis impetum morā<a class = "tag" name = +"tag44_11" id = "tag44_11" href = "#note44_11">11</a> frēgit; namque, +priōrum ducum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_20" id = "line_xix_20">20</a> +clādibus ēdoctus bellī ratiōnem mūtāre et adversus<a class = "tag" name += "tag44_12" id = "tag44_12" href = "#note44_12">12</a> Hannibalem,<br> +succēssibus proeliōrum īnsolentem, recēdere<a class = "tag" name = +"tag44_13" id = "tag44_13" href = "#note44_13">13</a> ab ancipitī +discrīmine<br> +<a name = "line_xix_22" id = "line_xix_22"> </a> +et tuērī tantummodo Ītaliam cōnstituit Cunctātōrisque<br> +<a name = "line_xix_23" id = "line_xix_23"> </a> +nōmen et laudem summī ducis meruit. Per loca alta āgmen<br> +dūcēbat modicō ab hoste intervāllō,<a class = "tag" name = "tag44_14" id += "tag44_14" href = "#note44_14">14</a> ut neque omitteret<a class = +"tag" name = "tag44_15" id = "tag44_15" href = "#note44_15">15</a> +eum<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page45" id = "page45">45</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_25" id = "line_xix_25">25</a> +neque cum eō congrederētur; castrīs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_1" id += "tag45_1" href = "#note45_1">1</a> nisi<a class = "tag" name = +"tag45_2" id = "tag45_2" href = "#note45_2">2</a> quantum necessitās<br> +cōgeret,<a class = "tag" href = "#note45_2">2</a> mīles tenēbātur. Dux +neque occāsiōnī<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_3" id = "tag45_3" href = +"#note45_3">3</a> reī<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_4" id = "tag45_4" +href = "#note45_4">4</a> bene<br> +gerendae deerat, sī qua ab hoste darētur, neque ūllam ipse hostī<br> +dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus proeliīs superior discēderet,<br> +mīlitem<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_5" id = "tag45_5" href = +"#note45_5">5</a> minus iam coepit aut virtūtis suae aut fortūnae<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_30" id = "line_xix_30">30</a> +paenitēre.</p> + +<p><a name = "line_xix_31" id = "line_xix_31"> </a> +Hīs artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agrō Falernō locōrum<br> +angustiīs clausisset, ille sine ūllō exercitūs dētrīmentō sē +expedīvit.<br> +Namque ārida sarmenta in boum cornibus dēligāta<a class = "tag" name = +"tag45_6" id = "tag45_6" href = "#note45_6">6</a> prīncipiō<a class = +"tag" name = "tag45_7" id = "tag45_7" href = "#note45_7">7</a><br> +noctis incendī bovēsque ad montēs, quōs Rōmānī īnsēderant, agī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_35" id = "line_xix_35">35</a> +iussit. Quī cum accēnsīs cornibus per montēs, per silvās hūc<br> +illūc discurrerent, Rōmānī mīrāculō attonitī cōnstitērunt; ipse<br> +Fabius, īnsidiās esse ratus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_8" id = +"tag45_8" href = "#note45_8">8</a> mīlitem extrā vāllum ēgredī +vetuit.<br> +<a name = "line_xix_38" id = "line_xix_38"> </a> +Intereā Hannibal ex angustiīs ēvāsit.</p> + +<p><a name = "line_xix_39" id = "line_xix_39"> </a> +Dein Hannibal, ut Fabiō apud suōs cōnflāret invidiam, agrum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_40" id = "line_xix_40">40</a> +ēius, omnibus circā vāstātīs, intāctum relīquit. At Fabius, missō<br> +Rōmam Quīntō fīliō, inviolātum ab hoste agrum vēndidit ēiusque<br> +pretiō captīvōs Rōmānōs redēmit.</p> + +<p><a name = "line_xix_43" id = "line_xix_43"> </a> +Haud grāta tamen Rōmānīs erat Fabiī cunctātiō: eumque prō<br> +cautō timidum, prō cunctātōre sēgnem<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_9" id += "tag45_9" href = "#note45_9">9</a> vocitābant. Augēbat<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_45" id = "line_xix_45">45</a> +invidiam Minucius, magister<a class = "tag" name = "tag45_10" id = +"tag45_10" href = "#note45_10">10</a> equitum, dictātōrem +crīminandō:<br> +<a name = "line_xix_46" id = "line_xix_46"> </a> +illum in dūcendō bellō sēdulō tempus terere,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag45_11" id = "tag45_11" href = "#note45_11">11</a> quō diūtius in<br> +magistrātū esset sōlusque et Rōmae et in exercitū imperium<br> +habēret. Hīs sermōnibus accēnsa plēbs dictātōrī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag45_12" id = "tag45_12" href = "#note45_12">12</a> magistrum<br> +<a name = "page46" id = "page46"> </a> +equitum imperiō<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_1" id = "tag46_1" href = +"#note46_1">1</a> aequāvit. Hanc iniūriam aequō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag46_2" id = "tag46_2" href = "#note46_2">2</a> animō tulit<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_50" id = "line_xix_50">50</a> +Fabius exercitumque suum cum Minuciō dīvīsit. Cum autem<br> +Minucius temerē proelium commīsisset, eī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag46_3" id = "tag46_3" href = "#note46_3">3</a> perīclitantī +auxiliō<br> +vēnit Fabius. Cūius subitō adventū repressus Hannibal receptuī<a class = +"tag" name = "tag46_4" id = "tag46_4" href = "#note46_4">4</a><br> +cecinit, palam cōnfessus<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_5" id = "tag46_5" +href = "#note46_5">5</a> ab sē Minucium, sē ā Fabiō victum esse.<br> +Redeuntem ex aciē dīxisse eum<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_6" id = +"tag46_6" href = "#note46_6">6</a> ferunt tandem<a class = "tag" name = +"tag46_7" id = "tag46_7" href = "#note46_7">7</a> eam nūbem, quae<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_55" id = "line_xix_55">55</a> +sedēre in iugīs montium solita esset, cum procellā imbrem dedisse.<br> +Minucius autem perīculō līberātus castra cum Fabiō iūnxit et<br> +patrem eum appellāvit idemque facere mīlitēs iussit.</p> + +<p><a name = "line_xix_58" id = "line_xix_58"> </a> +Posteā Hannibal Tarentō<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_8" id = "tag46_8" +href = "#note46_8">8</a> per prōditiōnem potītus est. Hanc<br> +urbem ut Poenīs trāderent, tredecim ferē nōbilēs iuvenēs Tarentīnī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_60" id = "line_xix_60">60</a> +coniūrāverant. Hī, nocte per<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_9" id = +"tag46_9" href = "#note46_9">9</a> speciem vēnandī urbe ēgressī,<br> +ad Hannibalem, quī haud procul castra habēbat, vēnērunt. Cuī<br> +cum quid parārent exposuissent, conlaudāvit eōs Hannibal monuitque<br> +<a name = "line_xix_63" id = "line_xix_63"> </a> +ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_10" id = "tag46_10" href = +"#note46_10">10</a> redeuntēs pecora Carthāginiēnsium, quae pāstum<a +class = "tag" name = "tag46_11" id = "tag46_11" href = +"#note46_11">11</a> prōpulsa<br> +essent, ad urbem agerent<a class = "tag" href = "#note46_10">10</a> et +velutī<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_12" id = "tag46_12" href = +"#note46_12">12</a> praedam ex hoste<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_65" id = "line_xix_65">65</a> +factam aut praefectō aut cūstōdibus portārum dōnārent.<a class = "tag" +href = "#note46_10">10</a> Id<br> +iterum ac saepius ab iīs factum eōque<a class = "tag" name = "tag46_13" +id = "tag46_13" href = "#note46_13">13</a> cōnsuētūdinis adducta rēs<br> +est, ut, quōcumque noctis tempore sībilō dedissent<a class = "tag" name += "tag46_14" id = "tag46_14" href = "#note46_14">14</a> sīgnum, +porta<br> +<a name = "line_xix_68" id = "line_xix_68"> </a> +urbis aperīrētur. Tunc Hannibal eōs nocte mediā cum decem<br> +mīlibus hominum dēlēctōrum secūtus est. Ubi portae appropinquārunt,<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page47" id = "page47">47</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_70" id = "line_xix_70">70</a> +nōta iuvenum vōx et familiāre sīgnum vigilem excitāvit.<br> +Duo prīmī īnferēbant aprum vāstī corporis. Vigil incautus, dum<br> +bēluae māgnitūdinem mīrātur, vēnābulō occīsus est. Ingressī<br> +prōditōrēs cēterōs vigilēs sōpītōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_1" id = +"tag47_1" href = "#note47_1">1</a> obtruncant. Tum Hannibal<br> +cum suō āgmine ingreditur: Rōmānī passim trucīdantur. Līvius<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_75" id = "line_xix_75">75</a> +Salīnātor, Rōmānōrum praefectus, cum iīs, quī caedī superfuērunt,<br> +in arcem cōnfūgit.</p> + +<p>Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidiōne<br> +cinxit. Leve<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_2" id = "tag47_2" href = +"#note47_2">2</a> dictū mōmentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam<br> +eum adiūvit. Praefectus praesidiī Tarentīnī dēperībat<a class = "tag" +name = "tag47_3" id = "tag47_3" href = "#note47_3">3</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_80" id = "line_xix_80">80</a> +amōre mulierculae,<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_4" id = "tag47_4" href += "#note47_4">4</a> cūius frāter in exercitū Fabiī erat. Mīles<br> +iussus ā Fabiō prō perfugā Tarentum trānsiit ac per sorōrem<br> +praefectum ad<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_5" id = "tag47_5" href = +"#note47_5">5</a> trādendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigiliā<a class = +"tag" name = "tag47_6" id = "tag47_6" href = "#note47_6">6</a> prīmā<br> +accessit ad eam partem mūrī, quam praefectus cūstōdiēbat. +Adiuvantibus<br> +recipientibusque ēius mīlitibus, Rōmānī in urbem trānscendērunt.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_85" id = "line_xix_85">85</a> +Inde, proximā portā refrāctā,<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_7" id = +"tag47_7" href = "#note47_7">7</a> Fabius cum exercitū<br> +intrāvit. Hannibal<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_8" id = "tag47_8" href += "#note47_8">8</a> nūntiātā Tarentī oppūgnātiōne, cum ad opem<br> +ferendam fēstīnāns captam urbem esse audīvisset, “Et Rōmānī”<br> +<a name = "line_xix_88" id = "line_xix_88"> </a> +inquit “suum<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_9" id = "tag47_9" href = +"#note47_9">9</a> Hannibalem habent: eādem, quā cēperāmus, arte<br> +Tarentum āmīsimus.”</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_90" id = "line_xix_90">90</a> +Cum posteā Līvius Salīnātor cōram Fabiō glōriārētur, quod<a class = +"tag" name = "tag47_10" id = "tag47_10" href = "#note47_10">10</a><br> +arcem Tarentīnam retinuisset,<a class = "tag" href = "#note47_10">10</a> +dīxissetque eum<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_11" id = "tag47_11" href = +"#note47_11">11</a> suā operā<br> +Tarentum recēpisse, “Certē” inquit Fabius rīdēns, “nam nisi tū<br> +āmīsissēs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag47_12" id = "tag47_12" href = +"#note47_12">12</a> ego numquam recēpissem.”<a class = "tag" href = +"#note47_12">12</a></p> + +<p>Quīntus Fabius iam senex fīliō suō cōnsulī lēgātus fuit; cumque<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page48" id = "page48">48</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_95" id = "line_xix_95">95</a> +in ēius castra venīret, fīlius obviam patrī prōgressus est,<br> +duodecim līctōribus prō mōre antecēdentibus. Equō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag48_1" id = "tag48_1" href = "#note48_1">1</a> vehēbātur<br> +senex neque appropinquante cōnsule dēscendit. Iam ex līctōribus<br> +ūndecim verēcundiā<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_2" id = "tag48_2" href += "#note48_2">2</a> paternae māiestātis tacitī praeterierant.<br> +Quod cum cōnsul animadvertisset, proximum līctōrem iussit<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_100" id = "line_xix_100">100</a> +inclāmāre<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_3" id = "tag48_3" href = +"#note48_3">3</a> Fabiō patrī ut ex equō dēscenderet. Pater tum<br> +dēsiliēns “Nōn ego, fīlī,” inquit “tuum imperium contempsī, sed<br> +experīrī voluī num scīrēs cōnsulem tē esse.” Ad summam senectūtem<br> +vīxit Fabius Māximus, dīgnus tantō cōgnōmine.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag48_4" id = "tag48_4" href = "#note48_4">4</a> Cautior<a class = +"tag" name = "tag48_5" id = "tag48_5" href = "#note48_5">5</a><br> +quam prōmptior habitus est, sed īnsita<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_6" +id = "tag48_6" href = "#note48_6">6</a> ēius ingeniō prūdentia eī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xix_105" id = "line_xix_105">105</a> +bellō, quod tum gerēbātur, propriē apta erat. Nēminī<a class = "tag" +name = "tag48_7" id = "tag48_7" href = "#note48_7">7</a> dubium<br> +est quīn<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_8" id = "tag48_8" href = +"#note48_8">8</a> rem<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_9" id = "tag48_9" +href = "#note48_9">9</a> Rōmānam cunctandō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag48_10" id = "tag48_10" href = "#note48_10">10</a> restituerit. Ut +Scīpiō<br> +pūgnandō,<a class = "tag" href = "#note48_10">10</a> ita hīc nōn +dīmicandō<a class = "tag" href = "#note48_10">10</a> māximē cīvitātī +Rōmānae<br> +succurrisse vīsus est. Alter enim celeritāte suā Carthāginem<br> +<a name = "line_xix_109" id = "line_xix_109"> </a> +oppressit, alter cunctātiōne id<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_11" id = +"tag48_11" href = "#note48_11">11</a> ēgit, <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads ‘ne’">nē</ins> Rōma opprimī posset.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XX">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note43_10" id = "note43_10" href = "#tag43_10">43.10</a> +In the latter part of the First Punic War Hamilcar had successfully +maintained himself for several years in Sicily against the Romans. +Subsequently he built up a great Carthaginian empire in Spain, partly to +offset the losses which Carthage had sustained in its struggle with +Rome, and partly to supply it with the means for a renewal of the +conflict.</p> + +<p><a name = "note43_11" id = "note43_11" href = "#tag43_11">43.11</a> +<b>novem . . . nātus</b>: ‘when only nine years old.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note43_12" id = "note43_12" href = "#tag43_12">43.12</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note10_15">p. 10, n. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note43_13" id = "note43_13" href = "#tag43_13">43.13</a> +This war lasted from 218 to 202 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note44_1" id = "note44_1" href = "#tag44_1">44.1</a> +When Hamilcar was killed in battle in Spain in 227, his son-in-law +Hasdrubal took command of the Carthaginian forces there. He in turn was +succeeded by Hannibal in 219.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_2" id = "note44_2" href = "#tag44_2">44.2</a> +dat. with <b>foederātam</b>. Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4, 3<ins class = +"correction" title = "text has )):">):</ins> A 248, <i>a</i>, <span +class = "smallroman">R.</span>: G 359: B 192, 1. Compare the +dat. used with <i>iungō</i> and <i>mīsceō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_3" id = "note44_3" href = "#tag44_3">44.3</a> +<b>utrum</b> is here a relative pronoun; hence the indicative +<b>placet</b>, with which we must supply <i>vōbīs</i>. In <b>utrum +vellet</b>, however, <b>utrum</b> is interrogative: hence the +subjunctive.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_4" id = "note44_4" href = "#tag44_4">44.4</a> += a subjunctive in ind. disc. representing an original imperative. See +<a href = "#page_xxvi">p. xxvi</a>, M 6.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_5" id = "note44_5" href = "#tag44_5">44.5</a> +<i>excutiō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_6" id = "note44_6" href = "#tag44_6">44.6</a> +<b>quibus . . . animīs, iīsdem</b>: abl. of manner. See <a href = +"#note42_5">p. 42, n. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_7" id = "note44_7" href = "#tag44_7">44.7</a> +Sc. <i>bellum</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_8" id = "note44_8" href = "#tag44_8">44.8</a> +P. Cornelius Scipio, father of the famous P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus +Maior, and consul in 218.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_9" id = "note44_9" href = "#tag44_9">44.9</a> +The first two battles were fought in 218, the third in 217.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_10" id = "note44_10" href = "#tag44_10">44.10</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_dictator"><i>dictātor</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_11" id = "note44_11" href = "#tag44_11">44.11</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note28_17">p. 28, n. 17</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_12" id = "note44_12" href = "#tag44_12">44.12</a> +<b>adversus Hannibalem</b> = a causal clause: ‘since he was facing H.’ +Here again the Latin feels the lack of a participle to <i>sum</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_13" id = "note44_13" href = "#tag44_13">44.13</a> +<b>recēdere . . . discrīmine</b>: ‘to avoid (any) hazardous risk.’ +<b>recēdere</b> depends on <b>cōnstituit</b>, <a href = +"#line_xix_22">l. 22</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_14" id = "note44_14" href = "#tag44_14">44.14</a> +<b>modicō . . . intervāllō</b>: we say, ‘at a moderate distance.’ For +the abl., see <a href = "#note39_12">p. 39, n. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44_15" id = "note44_15" href = "#tag44_15">44.15</a> +‘let slip,’ ‘lose sight of.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note45_1" id = "note45_1" href = "#tag45_1">45.1</a> +apparently = <i>in castrīs</i>, but really an abl. of means.</p> + +<p><a name = "note45_2" id = "note45_2" href = "#tag45_2">45.2</a> +<b>nisi . . . cōgeret</b>: ‘except as far as necessity forced (Fabius to +lead them forth).’ <b>cōgeret</b> is an example of the iterative +subjunctive, used to denote the frequent repetition of an act. It +generally occurs in clauses containing a past tense, and is common in +Livy, on whom this story is based.</p> + +<p><a name = "note45_3" id = "note45_3" href = "#tag45_3">45.3</a> +<b>neque . . . deerat</b>: ‘missed no chance of scoring a success.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note45_4" id = "note45_4" href = "#tag45_4">45.4</a> +<b>reī bene gerendae</b>: cf. <a href = "#note40_17">p. 40, n. +17</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note45_5" id = "note45_5" href = "#tag45_5">45.5</a> +<b>mīlitem . . . paenitēre</b>: ‘the soldiers began to be less +discontented with (i.e. to be more confident of),’ etc. For the +construction, see <a href = "#note28_7">p. 28, n. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note45_6" id = "note45_6" href = "#tag45_6">45.6</a> +<b>dēligāta . . . incendī</b> = <i>dēligārī et incendī</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note45_7" id = "note45_7" href = "#tag45_7">45.7</a> +Why abl.?</p> + +<p><a name = "note45_8" id = "note45_8" href = "#tag45_8">45.8</a> +<i>reor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note45_9" id = "note45_9" href = "#tag45_9">45.9</a> +Render by a noun: ‘sluggard.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note45_10" id = "note45_10" href = "#tag45_10">45.10</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_magister"><i>magister</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note45_11" id = "note45_11" href = "#tag45_11">45.11</a> +indirect discourse, dependent on the verb of saying suggested by +<b>crīminandō</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note45_12" id = "note45_12" href = "#tag45_12">45.12</a> +Indirect object with <b>aequāvit</b>, which = <i>aequum fēcit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_1" id = "note46_1" href = "#tag46_1">46.1</a> +<b>abl.</b> of specification.</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_2" id = "note46_2" href = "#tag46_2">46.2</a> +<b>aequō animō</b> is an abl. of manner (<a href = "#note41_10">p. 41, +n. 10</a>), and = ‘patiently.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_3" id = "note46_3" href = "#tag46_3">46.3</a> +<b>eī . . . auxiliō</b>: ‘to help him in his peril.’ Cf. <a href = +"#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_4" id = "note46_4" href = "#tag46_4">46.4</a> +<b>receptuī cecinit</b>: ‘gave the signal for a retreat.’ +<b>receptuī</b> is a dat. of purpose: cf. <a href = +"#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>. <i>canere</i> is used of +instrumental music (here of playing on the trumpet) as well as of +vocal.</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_5" id = "note46_5" href = "#tag46_5">46.5</a> +<i>cōnfiteor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_6" id = "note46_6" href = "#tag46_6">46.6</a> +i.e. Hannibal.</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_7" id = "note46_7" href = "#tag46_7">46.7</a> +<b>tandem . . . dedisse</b>: ‘the cloud . . . had at last brought wind +and rain,’ i.e. Fabius, after so long threatening the Carthaginians, had +at last proceeded to active measures.</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_8" id = "note46_8" href = "#tag46_8">46.8</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note4_6">p. 4, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_9" id = "note46_9" href = "#tag46_9">46.9</a> +<b>per . . . vēnandī</b>: ‘under pretense of hunting.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_10" id = "note46_10" href = "#tag46_10">46.10</a> +a substantive clause of purpose, object of <b>monuit</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_11" id = "note46_11" href = "#tag46_11">46.11</a> +supine of <i>pāscō</i>, denoting the purpose of <b>prōpulsa essent</b>: +cf. <a href = "#note5_20">p. 5, n. 20</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_12" id = "note46_12" href = "#tag46_12">46.12</a> +<i>veluti . . . factam</i>: ‘as if they (i.e. the cattle) were plunder +captured from the foe.’ <b>praedam</b> is accus. by attraction to <i>ea +pecora</i>, to be supplied as the object of dōnārent.</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_13" id = "note46_13" href = "#tag46_13">46.13</a> +<b>eō . . . est</b>: lit., ‘to such a degree of custom was the matter +brought,’ = ‘so customary did this proceeding become.’ +<b>cōnsuētūdinis</b> is a partitive gen. with <b>eō</b>, which strictly += ‘thither, to that point.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note46_14" id = "note46_14" href = "#tag46_14">46.14</a> +subjunctive by attraction (<a href = "#note13_10">p. 13, n. 10</a>) to +<b>aperīrētur</b>, which itself denotes result.</p> + +<p><a name = "note47_1" id = "note47_1" href = "#tag47_1">47.1</a> +‘who were buried in slumber.’ The perf. pass. part. here, as often, = a +relative clause.</p> + +<p><a name = "note47_2" id = "note47_2" href = "#tag47_2">47.2</a> +<b>Leve . . . mōmentum</b>: ‘a circumstance (almost too) trifling to +mention.’ For <b>dictū</b>, see <a href = "#note19_15">p. 19, +n. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note47_3" id = "note47_3" href = "#tag47_3">47.3</a> +<b>dēperībat amōre</b>: ‘was dying for (lit. because of) love,’ i.e. was +desperately in love with.</p> + +<p><a name = "note47_4" id = "note47_4" href = "#tag47_4">47.4</a> +objective gen. with <b>amōre</b>: cf. <a href = "#note14_15">p. 14, n. +15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note47_5" id = "note47_5" href = "#tag47_5">47.5</a> +<b>ad . . . perpulit</b> (<i>perpellō</i>): ‘drove him to,’ i.e. induced +him to, etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note47_6" id = "note47_6" href = "#tag47_6">47.6</a> +‘<b>watch.</b>’</p> + +<p><a name = "note47_7" id = "note47_7" href = "#tag47_7">47.7</a> +<i>refringō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note47_8" id = "note47_8" href = "#tag47_8">47.8</a> +emphatic by reason of its position before the conjunction <b>cum</b>: +cf. <a href = "#note19_8">p. 19, n. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note47_9" id = "note47_9" href = "#tag47_9">47.9</a> +<b>suum Hannibalem</b>: ‘a Hannibal of their own.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note47_10" id = "note47_10" href = "#tag47_10">47.10</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note14_1">p. 14, n. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note47_11" id = "note47_11" href = "#tag47_11">47.11</a> +i.e. Fabius. Livius said: <i>meā operā tū Tarentum recēpistī</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note47_12" id = "note47_12" href = "#tag47_12">47.12</a> +A conditional sentence, containing a supposition contrary to the facts: +H 579 and <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> (510 and <span class += "smallroman">N.</span> 1): M 938: A 308: G 597: +B 304.</p> + +<p><a name = "note48_1" id = "note48_1" href = "#tag48_1">48.1</a> +<b>equō vehēbātur</b>: ‘was riding.’ <b>equō</b> is an abl. of +means.</p> + +<p><a name = "note48_2" id = "note48_2" href = "#tag48_2">48.2</a> +<b>verēcundiā . . . māiestātis</b>: ‘out of respect for his dignity as a +father.’ Explain the case of <b>verēcundiā</b>, also of +<b>māiestātis</b>. Roman fathers were as absolutely masters of their +children as they were of their slaves. Yet the rights of a son in +official position took precedence of the honors due a father.</p> + +<p><a name = "note48_3" id = "note48_3" href = "#tag48_3">48.3</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note12_3">p. 12, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note48_4" id = "note48_4" href = "#tag48_4">48.4</a> +abl. with <b>dīgnus</b>: H 481 (421, III): M 654: A 245, <i>a</i>: +G 397, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> 2: +B 226, 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note48_5" id = "note48_5" href = "#tag48_5">48.5</a> +<b>Cautior . . . est</b>: = ‘he was accounted cautious rather than +alert.’ See H 499 (444, 2): M 429: A 192: +G 299: B 240, 4.</p> + +<p><a name = "note48_6" id = "note48_6" href = "#tag48_6">48.6</a> +<b>īnsita . . . prūdentia</b>: ‘his innate caution’; lit., the caution +implanted in his nature. For <i>ingeniō</i>, see <a href = +"#note2_7">p. 2, n. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note48_7" id = "note48_7" href = "#tag48_7">48.7</a> +possessive dative: ‘no one has a doubt.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note48_8" id = "note48_8" href = "#tag48_8">48.8</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note39_4">p. 39, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note48_9" id = "note48_9" href = "#tag48_9">48.9</a> += <i>rem pūblicam</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note48_10" id = "note48_10" href = "#tag48_10">48.10</a> +abl. of means. With <b>cunctandō</b> cf. <i>morā</i>, <a href = +"#line_xix_19">l. 19</a>, and <i>cunctātiōne</i>, <a href = +"#line_xix_109">l. 109</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note48_11" id = "note48_11" href = "#tag48_11">48.11</a> +<b>id . . . posset</b>: ‘accomplished this, that it should be impossible +to overthrow Rome.’ <b>nē . . . posset</b> is a clause of +purpose, in apposition with <b>id</b>.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XX">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XX" id = "selection_XX">XX.</a> +Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varrō</h4> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>216.</span> + +<p>Hannibal<a class = "tag" name = "tag48_12" id = "tag48_12" href = +"#note48_12">12</a> in Āpūliam pervēnerat. Adversus eum Rōmā<br> +profectī sunt duo cōnsulēs, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page49" id = "page49">49</a> +Varrō. Paulō Fabiī cunctātiō magis placēbat; Varrō<a class = "tag" name += "tag49_1" id = "tag49_1" href = "#note49_1">1</a> autem, ferōx<br> +et temerārius, ācriōra sequēbātur cōnsilia. Ambō cōnsulēs ad<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_5" id = "line_xx_5">5</a> +vīcum, quī Cannae appellābātur, castra commūnīvērunt. Ibi<br> +deinde Varrō, invītō<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_2" id = "tag49_2" +href = "#note49_2">2</a> conlēgā, aciem īnstrūxit et sīgnum pūgnae<br> +<a name = "line_xx_7" id = "line_xx_7"> </a> +dedit. Hannibal autem ita cōnstituerat aciem, ut Rōmānīs<a class = "tag" +name = "tag49_3" id = "tag49_3" href = "#note49_3">3</a> et<br> +sōlis radiī et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflāns adversī<br> +essent. Victus caesusque est Rōmānus exercitus; nūsquam graviōre<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_10" id = "line_xx_10">10</a> +vulnere adflīcta est rēs pūblica. Aemilius Paulus tēlīs obrutus<br> +cecidit: quem cum mediā in pūgnā sedentem in saxō opplētum cruōre<br> +cōnspexisset quīdam tribūnus mīlitum, “Cape” inquit “hunc<br> +equum et fuge, Aemilī.<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_4" id = "tag49_4" +href = "#note49_4">4</a> Etiam sine tuā morte lacrimārum satis<br> +lūctūsque est.” Ad ea cōnsul<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_5" id = +"tag49_5" href = "#note49_5">5</a>: “Tū<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_6" +id = "tag49_6" href = "#note49_6">6</a> quidem macte virtūte<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_15" id = "line_xx_15">15</a> +estō! Sed cavē<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_7" id = "tag49_7" href = +"#note49_7">7</a> exiguum tempus ē manibus hostium ēvādendī<br> +perdās! Abī, nūntiā patribus ut urbem mūniant ac prius quam<br> +hostis victor adveniat, praesidiīs fīrment. Mē in hāc strāge meōrum<br> +mīlitum patere<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_8" id = "tag49_8" href = +"#note49_8">8</a> exspīrāre.” Alter cōnsul cum paucīs equitibus<br> +Venusiam perfūgit. Cōnsulārēs aut praetōriī occidērunt<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic49.png" width = "111" height = "113" +alt = "see caption"><br> +ĀNULUS</span> + +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_20" id = "line_xx_20">20</a> +vīgintī, senātōrēs captī aut occīsī trīgintā, nōbilēs<br> +virī trecentī, mīlitum quadrāgintā mīlia, equitum<br> +tria mīlia et quīngentī. Hannibal in<a class = "tag" name = "tag49_9" id += "tag49_9" href = "#note49_9">9</a> tēstimōnium<br> +victōriae suae trēs modiōs aureōrum ānulōrum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag49_10" id = "tag49_10" href = "#note49_10">10</a><br> +Carthāginem mīsit, quōs dē manibus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_25" id = "line_xx_25">25</a> +equitum Rōmānōrum et senātōrum dētrāxerat.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page50" id = "page50">50</a> +<p><a name = "line_xx_26" id = "line_xx_26"> </a> +Hannibalī victōrī cum cēterī grātulārentur suādērentque ut<br> +<a name = "line_xx_27" id = "line_xx_27"> </a> +quiētem iam ipse sūmeret et fessīs mīlitibus daret, ūnus ex ēius<br> +praefectīs, Maharbal, minimē<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_1" id = +"tag50_1" href = "#note50_1">1</a> cessandum ratus, Hannibalem<br> +hortābātur ut statim Rōmam pergeret, diē quīntō victor in<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_30" id = "line_xx_30">30</a> +Capitōliō epulātūrus.<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_2" id = "tag50_2" +href = "#note50_2">2</a> Cumque Hannibal illud nōn probāsset,<br> +Maharbal “Nōn omnia nīmīrum” inquit “eīdem<a class = "tag" name = +"tag50_3" id = "tag50_3" href = "#note50_3">3</a> diī dedēre.<br> +Vincere scīs, Hannibal; victōriā ūtī nescīs.” Mora hūius diēī satis<br> +crēditur salūtī<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_4" id = "tag50_4" href = +"#note50_4">4</a> fuisse urbī<a class = "tag" href = "#note50_4">4</a> +et imperiō.<a class = "tag" href = "#note50_4">4</a> Hannibal cum +victōriā<br> +posset ūtī, fruī māluit, relīctāque Rōmā in Campāniam dīvertit,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_35" id = "line_xx_35">35</a> +cūius<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_5" id = "tag50_5" href = +"#note50_5">5</a> dēliciīs mox exercitūs ārdor ēlanguit, adeō ut vērē +dictum<br> +sit Capuam<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_6" id = "tag50_6" href = +"#note50_6">6</a> Hannibalī Cannās fuisse.</p> + +<p>Numquam tantum pavōris Rōmae fuit, quantum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag50_7" id = "tag50_7" href = "#note50_7">7</a> ubi acceptae<br> +clādis nūntius advēnit. Neque tamen ūlla pācis mentiō facta est;<br> +quīn<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_8" id = "tag50_8" href = +"#note50_8">8</a> etiam animō cīvitās adeō māgnō fuit, ut Varrōnī ex +tantā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_40" id = "line_xx_40">40</a> +clāde redeuntī obviam īrent et grātiās agerent, quod dē rē pūblicā<br> +nōn dēspērāsset: quī, sī Poenōrum dux fuisset,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag50_9" id = "tag50_9" href = "#note50_9">9</a> temeritātis poenās<br> +omnī suppliciō dedisset.<a class = "tag" href = "#note50_9">9</a> Nōn +autem vītae cupiditāte, sed reī<br> +pūblicae amōre sē superfuisse<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_10" id = +"tag50_10" href = "#note50_10">10</a> reliquō aetātis suae tempore<br> +approbāvit. Nam et barbam capillumque submīsit,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag50_11" id = "tag50_11" href = "#note50_11">11</a> et posteā +numquam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_45" id = "line_xx_45">45</a> +recubāns<a class = "tag" name = "tag50_12" id = "tag50_12" href = +"#note50_12">12</a> cibum cēpit; honōribus quoque, cum eī dēferrentur +ā<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page51" id = "page51">51</a> +populō, renūntiāvit, dīcēns fēlīciōribus magistrātibus<a class = "tag" +name = "tag51_1" id = "tag51_1" href = "#note51_1">1</a> reī +pūblicae<br> +opus esse. Dum igitur Hannibal sēgniter et ōtiōsē agēbat.<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic51.png" width = "294" height = "107" +alt = "see caption"><br> +CONVĪVIUM</span> + +Rōmānī interim respīrāre<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_2" id = "tag51_2" +href = "#note51_2">2</a><br> +coepērunt. Arma nōn<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_50" id = "line_xx_50">50</a> +erant: dētrācta sunt<br> +templīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_3" id = "tag51_3" href = +"#note51_3">3</a> vetera hostium<br> +spolia. Deerat iuventūs:<br> +servī manūmissī et armātī<br> +sunt. Egēbat aerārium:<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_55" id = "line_xx_55">55</a> +opēs suās libēns senātus in medium prōtulit, nec praeter quod in<br> +bullīs singulīsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_4" id = "tag51_4" href += "#note51_4">4</a> ānulīs erat quidquam sibi aurī relīquērunt.<br> +Patrum exemplum secūtī sunt equitēs imitātaeque equitēs omnēs<br> +tribūs. Dēnique vix<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_5" id = "tag51_5" href += "#note51_5">5</a> suffēcēre tabulae, vix scrībārum manūs, cum<br> +omnēs prīvātae opēs in pūblicum dēferrentur.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_60" id = "line_xx_60">60</a> +Cum Hannibal redimendī<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_6" id = "tag51_6" +href = "#note51_6">6</a> suī cōpiam captīvīs Rōmānīs fēcisset,<br> +decem ex ipsīs Rōmam eā dē rē missī sunt; nec pīgnus aliud<br> +fideī ab iīs pōstulātum est, quam ut iūrārent sē, sī nōn +impetrāssent,<br> +in castra esse reditūrōs. Eōs senātus nōn redimendōs cēnsuit<br> +responditque eōs cīvēs nōn esse necessāriōs, quī, cum armātī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_65" id = "line_xx_65">65</a> +essent, capī potuissent. Ūnus ex iīs lēgātīs ē castrīs Poenōrum<br> +ēgressus, velutī<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_7" id = "tag51_7" href = +"#note51_7">7</a> aliquid<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_8" id = +"tag51_8" href = "#note51_8">8</a> oblītus, paulō post in castra +erat<br> +regressus, deinde comitēs ante noctem adsecūtus erat. Is ergō, rē<br> +nōn impetrātā, domum abiit; reditū enim in castra sē līberātum<br> +esse iūreiūrandō interpretābātur.<a class = "tag" name = "tag51_9" id = +"tag51_9" href = "#note51_9">9</a> Quod ubi innōtuit, iussit senātus<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page52" id = "page52">52</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xx_70" id = "line_xx_70">70</a> +illum comprehendī et vinctum dūcī ad Hannibalem. Ea rēs<br> +Hannibalis audāciam māximē frēgit, quod senātus populusque<br> +Rōmānus rēbus<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_1" id = "tag52_1" href = +"#note52_1">1</a> adflīctīs tam excelsō esset animō.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXI">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note48_12" id = "note48_12" href = "#tag48_12">48.12</a> +Since the battle at Lake Trasumenus (XIX, 17), there had been no general +engagement between the Romans and Hannibal. The latter, closely watched +and followed by Fabius, had marched into southern Italy, hoping to +induce the peoples there to desert Rome and join him. When Fabius +resigned the dictatorship at the end of the legal period, +C. Terentius Varro and L. Aemilius Paulus were elected +consuls. Their army numbered 80,000 men, and their instructions were to +fight as speedily as possible.</p> + +<p><a name = "note49_1" id = "note49_1" href = "#tag49_1">49.1</a> +A further cause of trouble between the consuls was the fact that Paulus +was a patrician, Varro a plebeian.</p> + +<p><a name = "note49_2" id = "note49_2" href = "#tag49_2">49.2</a> +<b>invītō conlēgā</b>: abl. abs.: ‘though opposed by his colleague.’ How +literally? The consuls held supreme command on alternate days.</p> + +<p><a name = "note49_3" id = "note49_3" href = "#tag49_3">49.3</a> +Construe with <b>adversī</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note49_4" id = "note49_4" href = "#tag49_4">49.4</a> +H 83, 5 (51, 5): M 152: A 40, <i>c</i>: G 33, 2: B 25, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note49_5" id = "note49_5" href = "#tag49_5">49.5</a> +sc. <i>inquit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note49_6" id = "note49_6" href = "#tag49_6">49.6</a> +<b>Tū . . . estō</b>: ‘God bless you!’ Cf. <a href = "#note32_1">p. 32, +n. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note49_7" id = "note49_7" href = "#tag49_7">49.7</a> +<b>cavē . . . perdās</b> = <i>cavē nē . . . perdās</i>: ‘Take care +lest,’ etc. For this form see H 561, 2 (489, 2): M 715: +A 269, <i>a</i>, 3: G 271, 2: B 276, <i>c</i>. We really +have two commands here side by side, thus: ‘Take care’; ‘Don’t waste,’ +etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note49_8" id = "note49_8" href = "#tag49_8">49.8</a> +imperative of <i>patior</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note49_9" id = "note49_9" href = "#tag49_9">49.9</a> +<b>in . . . suae</b>: ‘to prove his victory.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note49_10" id = "note49_10" href = "#tag49_10">49.10</a> +The custom of wearing rings was universal among the Romans, having +arisen out of their use as signets. Originally they were of iron. When +gold rings were first used they served to distinguish the higher +classes.</p> + +<p><a name = "note50_1" id = "note50_1" href = "#tag50_1">50.1</a> +<b>minimē . . . ratus</b>: ‘thinking that there ought to be no delay.’ +With <b>cessandum</b> sc. <i>esse</i>, and see <a href = +"#note16_8">p. 16, n. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note50_2" id = "note50_2" href = "#tag50_2">50.2</a> +<b>victor . . . epulātūrus</b>: ‘for he would surely dine as victor on +the Capitol.’ The fut. part. is often thus used to denote the certain +occurrence of a future event. Further, the clause expresses the reason +why Maharbal urged H. to proceed to Rome. What were Maharbal’s exact +words?</p> + +<p><a name = "note50_3" id = "note50_3" href = "#tag50_3">50.3</a> +dat. sing.</p> + +<p><a name = "note50_4" id = "note50_4" href = "#tag50_4">50.4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>. Contrast the words of a +modern historian: “Hannibal knew Rome better than the simpletons who, in +ancient and modern times, have fancied that he might have terminated the +struggle by a march on the enemy’s capital.”</p> + +<p><a name = "note50_5" id = "note50_5" href = "#tag50_5">50.5</a> +<b>cūius . . . fuisse</b>: a gross exaggeration. Hannibal successfully +maintained himself in Italy till recalled in 203.</p> + +<p><a name = "note50_6" id = "note50_6" href = "#tag50_6">50.6</a> +Capua, at this time the most powerful city in Italy next to Rome, had +formed an alliance with Hannibal after the battle of Cannae.</p> + +<p><a name = "note50_7" id = "note50_7" href = "#tag50_7">50.7</a> +Sc. <i>fuit.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note50_8" id = "note50_8" href = "#tag50_8">50.8</a> +<b>quīn etiam</b>: ‘on the contrary.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note50_9" id = "note50_9" href = "#tag50_9">50.9</a> +For the construction, see <a href = "#note47_12">p. 47, n. 12</a>. For +the fact, cf. XVI, 19 ff.</p> + +<p><a name = "note50_10" id = "note50_10" href = "#tag50_10">50.10</a> +<b>superfuisse . . . approbāvit</b>: ‘he showed that he had effected his +escape (lit., had survived).’</p> + +<p><a name = "note50_11" id = "note50_11" href = "#tag50_11">50.11</a> +‘let grow.’ This manner of showing grief is often mentioned.</p> + +<p><a name = "note50_12" id = "note50_12" href = "#tag50_12">50.12</a> +The Romans reclined on the left side at meals. Varro’s act was a kind of +penance, since it indicated that he denied himself the pleasures of the +table.</p> + +<p><a name = "note51_1" id = "note51_1" href = "#tag51_1">51.1</a> +<b>magistrātibus . . . esse</b>: cf. <a href = "#note37_3">p. 37, notes +3 and 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note51_2" id = "note51_2" href = "#tag51_2">51.2</a> +‘to repair their losses’; lit., ‘to get their breath again.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note51_3" id = "note51_3" href = "#tag51_3">51.3</a> +dat.; cf. <a href = "#note2_7">p. 2, n. 7</a>. After a victory, captured +arms, as well as a portion of the captured treasure, were hung up in +some temple as a thank-offering to the gods.</p> + +<p><a name = "note51_4" id = "note51_4" href = "#tag51_4">51.4</a> +<b>singulīs . . . ānulīs</b>: ‘a ring apiece.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note51_5" id = "note51_5" href = "#tag51_5">51.5</a> +<b>vix . . . manūs</b>: i.e. they hardly had clerks and tablets +sufficient to keep the record of contributions.</p> + +<p><a name = "note51_6" id = "note51_6" href = "#tag51_6">51.6</a> +<b>redimendī suī</b>: ‘of ransoming themselves.’ H 626, 3 (542, +<b>I</b>, <span class = "smallroman">N. 1</span>): M 1000: +A 298, <i>a</i>: G 428, <span class = "smallroman">R. +1</span>: B 339, 5.</p> + +<p><a name = "note51_7" id = "note51_7" href = "#tag51_7">51.7</a> +<b>velutī . . . oblītus</b>: ‘pretending to have forgotten something.’ +How literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note51_8" id = "note51_8" href = "#tag51_8">51.8</a> +A neuter pronoun or adjective is often used with verbs of remembering or +forgetting. Contrast <i>oblīta frātrum</i>, IV, 37, and note.</p> + +<p><a name = "note51_9" id = "note51_9" href = "#tag51_9">51.9</a> +‘maintained, held.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note52_1" id = "note52_1" href = "#tag52_1">52.1</a> +abl. abs.: ‘though their affairs were at the lowest ebb.’</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXI">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XXI" id = "selection_XXI">XXI.</a> +Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus</h4> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic52.png" width = "152" height = "159" +alt = "see caption"><br> +SCĪPIŌ</span> + +<p>Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpiō<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_2" id = +"tag52_2" href = "#note52_2">2</a> nōndum annōs<br> +pueritiae ēgressus patrem singulārī virtūte<br> +servāvit; quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_3" id = "tag52_3" href = +"#note52_3">3</a> cum pūgnā<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_4" id = +"tag52_4" href = "#note52_4">4</a> apud Tīcīnum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag52_5" id = "tag52_5" href = "#note52_5">5</a><br> +contrā Hannibalem commissā graviter vulnerātus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_5" id = "line_xxi_5">5</a> +in hostium manūs iam iam<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_6" id = "tag52_6" +href = "#note52_6">6</a> ventūrus<br> +esset, fīlius interiectō<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_7" id = "tag52_7" +href = "#note52_7">7</a> corpore Poenīs inruentibus<br> +sē opposuit et patrem perīculō līberāvit.<br> +Quae<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_8" id = "tag52_8" href = +"#note52_8">8</a> pietās Scīpiōnī posteā aedīlitātem<br> +petentī favōrem populī conciliāvit. Cum obsisterent<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_10" id = "line_xxi_10">10</a> +tribūnī plēbis, negantēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_9" id = "tag52_9" +href = "#note52_9">9</a> ratiōnem ēius esse habendam,<br> +<a name = "line_xxi_11" id = "line_xxi_11"> </a> +quod nōndum ad petendum lēgitima<a class = "tag" name = "tag52_10" id = +"tag52_10" href = "#note52_10">10</a> aetās esset, “Sī mē” inquit<br> +Scīpiō “omnēs Quirītēs aedīlem facere volunt, satis annōrum<br> +habeō.” Tantō inde favōre ad suffrāgia itum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag52_11" id = "tag52_11" href = "#note52_11">11</a> est, ut +tribūnī<br> +<a name = "line_xxi_14" id = "line_xxi_14"> </a> +inceptō dēsisterent.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_15" id = "line_xxi_15">15</a> +Post clādem Cannēnsem Rōmānī exercitūs reliquiae Canusium<br> +perfūgerant; cumque ibi tribūnī mīlitum quattuor essent, tamen<br> +omnium cōnsēnsū ad Pūblium Scīpiōnem, admodum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag52_12" id = "tag52_12" href = "#note52_12">12</a> adulēscentem,<br> +summa imperiī dēlāta est. Quibus cōnsultantibus nūntiat<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page53" id = "page53">53</a> +Pūblius Fūrius Philus, cōnsulāris virī fīlius, nōbilēs quōsdam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_20" id = "line_xxi_20">20</a> +iuvenēs propter dēspērātiōnem cōnsilium dē Italiā dēserendā<br> +inīre. Statim in hospitium Metellī, quī cōnspīrātiōnis erat +prīnceps,<br> +sē contulit Scīpiō, et cum concilium ibi iuvenum, dē quibus<br> +adlātum<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_1" id = "tag53_1" href = +"#note53_1">1</a> erat, invēnisset, strictō super cāpita +cōnsultantium<br> +gladiō, “Iūrāte” inquit “vōs neque ipsōs rem pūblicam populī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_25" id = "line_xxi_25">25</a> +Rōmānī dēsertūrōs, neque alium cīvem Rōmānum dēserere<br> +passūrōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_2" id = "tag53_2" href = +"#note53_2">2</a>: quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_3" id = "tag53_3" +href = "#note53_3">3</a> nōn iūrāverit, in sē hunc gladium strictum +esse<br> +<a name = "line_xxi_27" id = "line_xxi_27"> </a> +sciat.”<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_4" id = "tag53_4" href = +"#note53_4">4</a> Haud<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_5" id = "tag53_5" +href = "#note53_5">5</a> secus pavidī, quam sī victōrem Hannibalem<br> +cernerent,<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_6" id = "tag53_6" href = +"#note53_6">6</a> iūrant omnēs cūstōdiendōsque sēmet ipsōs Scīpiōnī<br> +trādunt.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>212.</span> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_30" id = "line_xxi_30">30</a> +Cum Rōmānī duās clādēs in Hispāniā accēpissent duoque ibi<br> +summī imperātōrēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_7" id = "tag53_7" href = +"#note53_7">7</a> intrā diēs trīgintā cecidissent, placuit<a class = +"tag" name = "tag53_8" id = "tag53_8" href = "#note53_8">8</a><br> +exercitum augērī eōque prōcōnsulem mittī; nec tamen<br> +quem mitterent<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_9" id = "tag53_9" href = +"#note53_9">9</a> satis cōnstābat. Eā dē rē indicta sunt comitia.<br> +Prīmō populus exspectābat ut, quī sē tantō dīgnōs imperiō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_35" id = "line_xxi_35">35</a> +crēderent,<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_10" id = "tag53_10" href = +"#note53_10">10</a> nōmina profitērentur; sed nēmō audēbat illud +imperium<br> +suscipere. Maesta igitur cīvitās ac prope inops<a class = "tag" name = +"tag53_11" id = "tag53_11" href = "#note53_11">11</a> cōnsiliī<a class = +"tag" name = "tag53_12" id = "tag53_12" href = "#note53_12">12</a><br> +comitiōrum diē in campum dēscendit. Subitō P. Cornēlius Scīpiō,<br> +quattuor et vīgintī fermē annōs nātus, professus sē petere,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag53_13" id = "tag53_13" href = "#note53_13">13</a> +in<br> +superiōre, unde<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_14" id = "tag53_14" href = +"#note53_14">14</a> cōnspicī posset, locō cōnstitit. In quem<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_40" id = "line_xxi_40">40</a> +postquam omnium ōra conversa sunt, ad ūnum omnēs Scīpiōnem in<br> +Hispāniā prōcōnsulem esse iussērunt. At postquam animōrum<a class = +"tag" name = "tag53_15" id = "tag53_15" href = "#note53_15">15</a><br> +impetus resēdit, populum<a class = "tag" name = "tag53_16" id = +"tag53_16" href = "#note53_16">16</a> Rōmānum coepit factī +paenitēre:<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page54" id = "page54">54</a> +aetātī Scīpiōnis māximē diffīdēbant. Quod ubi animadvertit<br> +Scīpiō, advocātā cōntiōne ita māgnō ēlātōque animō dē bellō,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_45" id = "line_xxi_45">45</a> +quod gerendum esset, disseruit, ut hominēs cūrā līberāret spēque<br> +certissimā implēret.</p> + +<p>Profectus igitur in Hispāniam Scīpiō Carthāginem Novam,<br> +<a name = "line_xxi_48" id = "line_xxi_48"> </a> +quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag54_1" id = "tag54_1" href = +"#note54_1">1</a> diē vēnit, expūgnāvit. Eō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag54_2" id = "tag54_2" href = "#note54_2">2</a> congestae<a class = +"tag" name = "tag54_3" id = "tag54_3" href = "#note54_3">3</a> erant +omnēs paene<br> +Āfricae et Hispāniae opēs, ibi arma, ibi pecūnia, ibi tōtīus +Hispāniae<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_50" id = "line_xxi_50">50</a> +obsidēs erant: quibus omnibus potītus est Scīpiō. Inter<br> +captīvōs ad eum adducta est eximiae fōrmae adulta virgō. Quam<br> +ubi comperit inlūstrī locō inter Celtibērōs nātam prīncipīque ēius<br> +gentis adulēscentī dēspōnsam esse, arcessītīs parentibus et spōnsō<br> +eam reddidit. Parentēs virginis, quī ad eam redimendam satis<a class = +"tag" name = "tag54_4" id = "tag54_4" href = "#note54_4">4</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_55" id = "line_xxi_55">55</a> +māgnum aurī pondus attulerant, Scīpiōnem ōrābant ut id ā sē<br> +dōnum acciperet. Scīpiō aurum ante pedēs pōnī iūssit vocātōque<br> +ad sē virginis spōnsō, “Super dōtem” inquit “quam acceptūrus<br> +ā socerō es, haec tibi ā mē dōtālia dōna accēdent” aurumque<br> +tollere āc sibi habēre iūssit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_60" id = "line_xxi_60">60</a> +Scīpiōnī grātiam Celtibērōs Rōmānīs conciliāvit.</p> + +<p><a name = "line_xxi_61" id = "line_xxi_61"> </a> +Deinde Scīpiō Hasdrubalem<a class = "tag" name = "tag54_5" id = +"tag54_5" href = "#note54_5">5</a> victum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag54_6" id = "tag54_6" href = "#note54_6">6</a> ex Hispāniā +expulit.<br> +Castrīs hostium potītus omnem praedam mīlitibus concessit,<br> +captīvōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag54_7" id = "tag54_7" href = +"#note54_7">7</a> Hispānōs sine pretiō domum dīmīsit; Āfrōs vērō +vēndī<br> +iussit. Erat inter eōs puer adultus rēgiī generis,<a class = "tag" name += "tag54_8" id = "tag54_8" href = "#note54_8">8</a> fōrmā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_65" id = "line_xxi_65">65</a> +īnsīgnī<a class = "tag" href = "#note54_8">8</a>: quem cum percontārētur +Scīpiō quis et cūiās esset, et<br> +<a name = "line_xxi_66" id = "line_xxi_66"> </a> +cūr id<a class = "tag" name = "tag54_9" id = "tag54_9" href = +"#note54_9">9</a> aetātis in castrīs fuisset, “Numida sum” inquit +puer,<br> +“Massīvam populārēs vocant: orbus ā patre relīctus, apud avum<br> +māternum, Numidiae rēgem, ēducātus sum. Cum avunculō Masinissā,<br> +quī nūper subsidiō Carthāginiēnsibus vēnit, in Hispāniam<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page55" id = "page55">55</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_70" id = "line_xxi_70">70</a> +trāiēcī; prohibitus propter aetātem ā Masinissā numquam ante<br> +proelium iniī. Eō diē, quō pūgnātum est cum Rōmānīs, īnsciō<br> +avunculō, clam armīs equōque sūmptō, in aciem exiī: ibi, prōlāpsō<br> +<a name = "line_xxi_73" id = "line_xxi_73"> </a> +equō, captus sum ā Rōmānīs.” Scīpiō eum interrogat velletne<a class = +"tag" name = "tag55_1" id = "tag55_1" href = "#note55_1">1</a><br> +ad avunculum revertī. Cum, effūsīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_2" id = +"tag55_2" href = "#note55_2">2</a> gaudiō lacrimīs, id<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_75" id = "line_xxi_75">75</a> +vērō sē cupere puer dīceret, tum Scīpiō puerō ānulum aureum<br> +equumque ōrnātum dōnat datīsque quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_3" id += "tag55_3" href = "#note55_3">3</a> tūtō dēdūcerent equitibus<br> +dīmīsit.</p> + +<p>Cum Pūblius Cornēlius Scīpiō sē ergā Hispānōs clēmenter +gessisset,<br> +circumfūsa multitūdō eum rēgem ingentī cōnsēnsū appellāvit;<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_80" id = "line_xxi_80">80</a> +at Scīpiō, silentiō per praecōnem factō, “Nōmen imperātōris”<br> +inquit, “quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_4" id = "tag55_4" href = +"#note55_4">4</a> mē meī mīlitēs appellārunt, mihi<a class = "tag" name += "tag55_5" id = "tag55_5" href = "#note55_5">5</a> māximum est:<br> +rēgium<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_6" id = "tag55_6" href = +"#note55_6">6</a> nōmen, alibī māgnum, Rōmae intolerābile est. Sī id<br> +amplissimum iūdicātis, quod rēgāle est, vōbīs licet exīstimāre +rēgālem<br> +<a name = "line_xxi_84" id = "line_xxi_84"> </a> +in mē esse animum; sed ōrō vōs ut ā rēgis appellātiōne abstineātis.”<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_85" id = "line_xxi_85">85</a> +Sēnsēre etiam barbarī māgnitūdinem animī, quā Scīpiō id<br> +āspernābātur, quod cēterī mortālēs admīrantur et concupīscunt.</p> + +<p>Scīpiō receptā Hispāniā cum iam bellum in ipsam Āfricam<br> +trānsferre meditārētur, conciliandōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_7" id += "tag55_7" href = "#note55_7">7</a> prius rēgum et gentium<br> +animōs exīstimāvit. Syphācem, Maurōrum rēgem, opulentissimum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_90" id = "line_xxi_90">90</a> +tōtīus Āfricae rēgem, quem<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_8" id = +"tag55_8" href = "#note55_8">8</a> māgnō ūsuī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag55_9" id = "tag55_9" href = "#note55_9">9</a> sibi<a class = "tag" +href = "#note55_9">9</a> fore<a class = "tag" name = "tag55_10" id = +"tag55_10" href = "#note55_10">10</a> spērāret,<br> +prīmum tentāre statuit. Itaque lēgātum cum dōnīs ad eum mīsit<br> +C. Laelium, quōcum intimā familiāritāte vīvēbat. Syphāx amīcitiam<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>206.</span> +Rōmānōrum sē accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec dare<br> +nec accipere, nisi cum ipsō cōram duce Rōmānō, voluit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_95" id = "line_xxi_95">95</a> +Scīpiō igitur in Āfricam trāiēcit. Forte ita incidit, ut eō ipsō<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page56" id = "page56">56</a> +tempore Hasdrubal<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_1" id = "tag56_1" href = +"#note56_1">1</a> pulsus Hispāniā ad eundem portum appelleret,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag56_2" id = "tag56_2" href = "#note56_2">2</a><br> +Syphācis amīcitiam pariter petītūrus.<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_3" +id = "tag56_3" href = "#note56_3">3</a> Uterque ā rēge in<br> +hospitium invītātus. Cēnātum<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_4" id = +"tag56_4" href = "#note56_4">4</a> simul apud rēgem est; eōdem<br> +etiam lectō<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_5" id = "tag56_5" href = +"#note56_5">5</a> Scīpiō atque Hasdrubal accubuērunt. Tanta autem<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_100" id = "line_xxi_100">100</a> +inerat cōmitās in Scīpiōne, ut nōn Syphācem modo, sed etiam<br> +hostem īnfēstissimum Hasdrubalem sibi conciliāret. Scīpiō, foedere<br> +īctō cum Syphāce, in Hispāniam ad exercitum rediit.</p> + +<p>Masinissa quoque amīcitiam cum Scīpiōne iungere iam dūdum<a class = +"tag" name = "tag56_6" id = "tag56_6" href = "#note56_6">6</a><br> +cupiēbat. Quārē ad eum trēs Numidārum prīncipēs mīsit ad<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_105" id = "line_xxi_105">105</a> +tempus locumque conloquiō statuendum. Duōs prō obsidibus retinērī<br> +ā Scīpiōne iubet; remissō tertiō, quī Masinissam ad locum<br> +cōnstitūtum addūceret, Scīpiō et Masinissa cum paucīs in<br> +conloquium vēnērunt. Cēperat iam ante Numidam ex fāmā rērum<br> +gestārum admīrātiō virī, sed māior praesentis<a class = "tag" name = +"tag56_7" id = "tag56_7" href = "#note56_7">7</a> venerātiō cēpit:<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_110" id = "line_xxi_110">110</a> +erat enim in vultū māiestās summa; accēdēbat prōmissa caesariēs<br> +habitusque corporis, nōn cultus<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_8" id = +"tag56_8" href = "#note56_8">8</a> munditiīs, sed virīlis vērē ac<br> +mīlitāris, et flōrēns iuventa. Prope attonitus ipsō congressū<br> +Numida grātiās dē<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_9" id = "tag56_9" href = +"#note56_9">9</a> fīliō frātris remissō agit: adfīrmat sē ex eō<br> +tempore eam quaesīvisse<a class = "tag" name = "tag56_10" id = +"tag56_10" href = "#note56_10">10</a> occāsiōnem, quam tandem oblātam<a +class = "tag" name = "tag56_11" id = "tag56_11" href = +"#note56_11">11</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_115" id = "line_xxi_115">115</a> +nōn omīserit; cupere sē illī et populō Rōmānō operam nāvāre.<br> +Laetus eum Scīpiō audīvit atque in societātem recēpit.</p> + +<p>Scīpiō deinde Rōmam rediit et ante annōs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag56_12" id = "tag56_12" href = "#note56_12">12</a> cōnsul factus +est.<br> +Sicilia eī prōvincia dēcrēta est permissumque ut in Āfricam inde<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page57" id = "page57">57</a> +trāiceret. Quī cum vellet ex fortissimīs peditibus Rōmānīs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_120" id = "line_xxi_120">120</a> +trecentōrum equitum numerum complēre, nec posset illōs subitō<br> +armīs et equīs īnstruere, id prūdentī cōnsiliō perfēcit. Namque<br> +ex omnī Siciliā trecentōs iuvenēs nōbilissimōs et dītissimōs, quī<br> +equīs mīlitārent<a class = "tag" name = "tag57_1" id = "tag57_1" href = +"#note57_1">1</a> et sēcum in Āfricam trāicerent,<a class = "tag" href = +"#note57_1">1</a> lēgit diemque<br> +iīs ēdīxit, quā<a class = "tag" name = "tag57_2" id = "tag57_2" href = +"#note57_2">2</a> equīs armīsque īnstrūctī atque ōrnātī adessent.<a +class = "tag" href = "#note57_1">1</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_125" id = "line_xxi_125">125</a> +Gravis ea mīlitia, procul domō, terrā marīque multōs labōrēs,<br> +māgna perīcula adlātūra vidēbātur; neque ipsōs modo, sed parentēs<br> +cōgnātōsque eōrum ea cūra angēbat. Ubi diēs quae dicta<br> +erat advēnit, arma equōsque ostendērunt, sed omnēs ferē<br> +longinquum et grave bellum horrēre appārēbat. Tunc Scīpiō mīlitiam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_130" id = "line_xxi_130">130</a> +iīs sē remissūrum ait, sī arma et equōs mīlitibus Rōmānīs<br> +voluissent<a class = "tag" name = "tag57_3" id = "tag57_3" href = +"#note57_3">3</a> trādere. Laetī condiciōnem accēpērunt iuvenēs +Siculī.<br> +Ita Scīpiō sine pūblicā impēnsā suōs īnstrūxit ōrnāvitque equitēs.</p> + +<p>Tunc Scīpiō ex Siciliā in Āfricam ventō secundō profectus est<br> +tantō mīlitum ārdōre, ut nōn ad bellum dūcī vidērentur, sed ad<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_135" id = "line_xxi_135">135</a> +certa victōriae praemia. Celeriter nāvēs ē cōnspectū Siciliae<br> +ablātae sunt cōnspectaque brevī Āfricae lītora. Scīpiō cum ēgrediēns<br> +ad terram nāvī prōlāpsus esset et ob hōc attonitōs mīlitēs<br> +cerneret, id, quod trepidātiōnem adferēbat, in hortātiōnem +convertēns,<br> +“Āfricam oppressī” inquit, “mīlitēs!” Expositīs cōpiīs in<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_140" id = "line_xxi_140">140</a> +proximīs tumulīs castra mētātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag57_4" id = +"tag57_4" href = "#note57_4">4</a> est. Ibi speculātōrēs hostium<br> +in castrīs dēprehēnsōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag57_5" id = "tag57_5" +href = "#note57_5">5</a> et ad sē perductōs<a class = "tag" href = +"#note57_5">5</a> nec suppliciō adfēcit<br> +nec dē cōnsiliīs ac vīribus Poenōrum percontātus est, sed circā<br> +omnēs Rōmānī exercitūs manipulōs cūrāvit dēdūcendōs; dein<br> +interrogātōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag57_6" id = "tag57_6" href = +"#note57_6">6</a> num ea satis cōnsīderāssent, quae speculārī erant<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_145" id = "line_xxi_145">145</a> +iūssī, prandiō datō incolumēs dīmīsit.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page58" id = "page58">58</a> +<p>Scīpiōnī in Āfricam advenientī Masinissa sē coniūnxit cum<br> +parvā equitum turmā. Syphāx vērō ā Rōmānīs ad Poenōs dēfēcerat.<br> +Hasdrubal, Poenōrum dux, Syphāxque Scīpiōnī sē opposuērunt,<br> +quī utrīusque castra ūnā nocte perrūpit et incendit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_150" id = "line_xxi_150">150</a> +Syphāx ipse captus et vīvus ad Scīpiōnem pertrāctus est.<br> +Syphācem in castra addūcī cum esset nūntiātum, omnis velut ad<br> +spectāculum triumphī multitūdō effūsa est; praecēdēbat ipse<a class = +"tag" name = "tag58_1" id = "tag58_1" href = "#note58_1">1</a><br> +vinctus, sequēbātur grex nōbilium Maurōrum. Movēbat omnēs<br> +fortūna<a class = "tag" name = "tag58_2" id = "tag58_2" href = +"#note58_2">2</a> virī, cūius amīcitiam ōlim Scīpiō petierat. Rēgem<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_155" id = "line_xxi_155">155</a> +aliōsque captīvōs Rōmam mīsit Scīpiō; Masinissam, quī ēgregiē rem<br> +Rōmānam adiūverat, aureā corōnā dōnāvit.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>203.</span> + +<p>Haec et aliae, quae sequēbantur, clādēs Carthāginiēnsibus<br> +tantum terrōris intulērunt, ut Hannibalem ex Ītaliā ad<br> +tuendam patriam revocārent. Frendēns gemēnsque ac vix<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_160" id = "line_xxi_160">160</a> +lacrimīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag58_3" id = "tag58_3" href = +"#note58_3">3</a> temperāns is dīcitur lēgātōrum vērba audīsse<br> +mandātīsque pāruisse. Respexit saepe Ītaliae lītora, sēmet accūsāns,<br> +quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag58_4" id = "tag58_4" href = +"#note58_4">4</a> nōn victōrem exercitum statim ab<a class = "tag" name += "tag58_5" id = "tag58_5" href = "#note58_5">5</a> Cannēnsī pūgnā +Rōmam<br> +<a name = "line_xxi_163" id = "line_xxi_163"> </a> +dūxisset. Zamam vēnerat Hannibal, quae urbs quīnque diērum<br> +iter<a class = "tag" name = "tag58_6" id = "tag58_6" href = +"#note58_6">6</a> ā Carthāgine abest, et nūntium ad Scīpiōnem mīsit +ut<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_165" id = "line_xxi_165">165</a> +conloquendī sēcum potestātem faceret. Scīpiō cum conloquium haud<br> +abnuisset, diēs locusque cōnstituitur. Itaque congressī sunt duo<br> +clārissimī suae aetātis ducēs. Stetērunt aliquamdiū tacitī mūtuāque<br> +admīrātiōne dēfīxī.<a class = "tag" name = "tag58_7" id = "tag58_7" href += "#note58_7">7</a> Cum vērō dē condiciōnibus pācis inter<br> +eōs nōn convēnisset, ad suōs sē recēpērunt, renūntiantēs armīs<a class = +"tag" name = "tag58_8" id = "tag58_8" href = "#note58_8">8</a><br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>202.</span> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_170" id = "line_xxi_170">170</a> +dēcernendum esse. Commissō deinde proeliō Hannibal<br> +victus cum quattuor equitibus fūgit. Cēterum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag58_9" id = "tag58_9" href = "#note58_9">9</a> cōnstat<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page59" id = "page59">59</a> +utrumque dē alterō cōnfessum esse nec melius īnstruī aciem nec<br> +ācrius potuisse pūgnārī.</p> + +<p>Carthāginiēnsēs metū perculsī<a class = "tag" name = "tag59_1" id = +"tag59_1" href = "#note59_1">1</a> ad petendam pācem ōrātōrēs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_175" id = "line_xxi_175">175</a> +mittunt trīgintā cīvitātis prīncipēs. Quī ubi in castra Rōmāna<br> +vēnērunt, veniam cīvitātī petēbant nōn culpam pūrgantēs,<a class = "tag" +name = "tag59_2" id = "tag59_2" href = "#note59_2">2</a> sed<br> +initium culpae in Hannibalem trānsferentēs.<a class = "tag" href = +"#note59_2">2</a> Victīs lēgēs<br> +imposuit Scīpiō. Lēgātī, cum nūllās condiciōnēs recūsārent, Rōmam<br> +profectī sunt, ut, quae ā Scīpiōne pacta<a class = "tag" name = +"tag59_3" id = "tag59_3" href = "#note59_3">3</a> essent, ea patrum +ac<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_180" id = "line_xxi_180">180</a> +populī auctōritāte cōnfīrmārentur. Ita pāce terrā marīque<br> +partā,<a class = "tag" name = "tag59_4" id = "tag59_4" href = +"#note59_4">4</a> Scīpiō exercitū in nāvēs impositō Rōmam revertit. +Ad<br> +quem advenientem concursus ingēns factus est; effūsa nōn ex<br> +urbibus modo, sed etiam ex agrīs multitūdō viam obsidēbat.<br> +Scīpiō inter grātulantium plausūs triumphō omnium<a class = "tag" name = +"tag59_5" id = "tag59_5" href = "#note59_5">5</a> clārissimō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_185" id = "line_xxi_185">185</a> +urbem est invectus prīmusque nōmine victae ā sē gentis est<br> +nōbilitātus Āfricānusque appellātus.</p> + +<p>Ex hīs rēbus gestīs virum eum esse virtūtis dīvīnae vulgō<br> +crēditum est. Id etiam dīcere haud piget,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag59_6" id = "tag59_6" href = "#note59_6">6</a> quod scrīptōrēs dē<br> +eō litterīs mandāvērunt, Scīpiōnem cōnsuēvisse, priusquam<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic59.png" width = "152" height = "140" +alt = "see caption"><br> +TEMPLE OF IUPPITER<br>CAPITŌLĪNUS</span> + +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_190" id = "line_xxi_190">190</a> +dīlūcēsceret, in Capitōlium<a class = "tag" name = "tag59_7" id = +"tag59_7" href = "#note59_7">7</a> ventitāre ac iubēre<br> +aperīrī cellam Iovis ibi sōlum diū dēmorārī,<br> +quasi cōnsultantem dē rē pūblicā cum Iove:<br> +aedituōsque ēius templī saepe esse mīrātōs,<br> +quod eum id<a class = "tag" name = "tag59_8" id = "tag59_8" href = +"#note59_8">8</a> temporis in Capitōlium<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_195" id = "line_xxi_195">195</a> +ingredientem canēs, semper in aliōs saevientēs,<br> +nōn lātrārent. Hās vulgī dē Scīpiōne<br> +opīniōnēs cōnfīrmāre atque approbāre vidēbantur<br> +dicta factaque ēius plēraque admīranda, ex<br> +quibus est ūnum hūiuscemodī. Adsidēbat oppūgnābatque oppidum<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page60" id = "page60">60</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_200" id = "line_xxi_200">200</a> +in Hispāniā, sitū moenibusque ac dēfēnsōribus validum et<br> +mūnītum, rē etiam cibāriā cōpiōsum, neque ūlla ēius potiundī<br> +spēs erat. Quōdam diē iūs in castrīs sedēns dīcēbat Scīpiō atque<br> +ex eō locō id oppidum procul vidēbātur. Tum ē<a class = "tag" name = +"tag60_1" id = "tag60_1" href = "#note60_1">1</a> mīlitibus, quī<br> +<a name = "line_xxi_204" id = "line_xxi_204"> </a> +in iūre apud eum stābant, interrogāvit quispiam ex mōre in<a class = +"tag" name = "tag60_2" id = "tag60_2" href = "#note60_2">2</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_205" id = "line_xxi_205">205</a> +quem diem locumque vadēs sistī iubēret. Et Scīpiō manum ad<br> +<a name = "line_xxi_206" id = "line_xxi_206"> </a> +ipsam oppidī, quod obsidēbātur, arcem prōtendēns, “Perendiē”<br> +<a name = "line_xxi_207" id = "line_xxi_207"> </a> +inquit “sēsē<a class = "tag" name = "tag60_3" id = "tag60_3" href = +"#note60_3">3</a> sistant illō in locō,” atque ita factum. Diē<a class = +"tag" name = "tag60_4" id = "tag60_4" href = "#note60_4">4</a> +tertiā,<br> +in quam vadēs sistī iusserat, oppidum captum est. Eōdem diē<br> +in arce ēius oppidī iūs dīxit.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_210" id = +"line_xxi_210">210</a> +Hannibal, ā Scīpiōne victus suīsque invīsus, ad Antiochum,<br> +Syriae rēgem, cōnfūgit eumque hostem Rōmānīs fēcit. Missī<br> +sunt Rōmā lēgātī ad Antiochum, in quibus erat Scīpiō Āfricānus,<br> +quī cum Hannibale Ephesī<a class = "tag" name = "tag60_5" id = "tag60_5" +href = "#note60_5">5</a> conlocūtus ab eō quaesīvit, quem<br> +fuisse māximum imperātōrem crēderet. Respondit Hannibal<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_215" id = "line_xxi_215">215</a> +Alexandrum, Macedonum rēgem, māximum sibi vidērī, quod<br> +parvā manū innumerābilēs exercitūs fūdisset. Quaerentī deinde,<br> +quem secundum pōneret, “Pyrrhum” inquit, “quod prīmus castra<a class = +"tag" name = "tag60_6" id = "tag60_6" href = "#note60_6">6</a><br> +mētārī docuit nēmōque illō<a class = "tag" name = "tag60_7" id = +"tag60_7" href = "#note60_7">7</a> ēlegantius loca<a class = "tag" name += "tag60_8" id = "tag60_8" href = "#note60_8">8</a> cēpit et +praesidia<br> +dēposuit.” Scīscitantī dēnique quem tertium dūceret, sēmet ipsum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_220" id = "line_xxi_220">220</a> +dīxit. Tum rīdēns Scīpiō “Quidnam tū dīcerēs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag60_9" id = "tag60_9" href = "#note60_9">9</a>” inquit “sī mē<br> +vīcissēs<a class = "tag" href = "#note60_9">9</a>?” “Tum<a class = "tag" +name = "tag60_10" id = "tag60_10" href = "#note60_10">10</a> mē vērō” +respondit Hannibal “et ante<br> +Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnēs aliōs imperātōrēs<br> +posuissem.<a class = "tag" href = "#note60_9">9</a>” Ita imprōvīsō +adsentātiōnis genere Scīpiōnem ē<br> +grege imperātōrum velut inaestimābilem sēcernēbat.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page61" id = "page61">61</a> +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_225" id = +"line_xxi_225">225</a> +Scīpiō ipse fertur quondam dīxisse, cum eum quīdam parum<br> +pūgnācem dīcerent, “Imperātōrem mē māter, nōn bellātōrem<a class = "tag" +name = "tag61_1" id = "tag61_1" href = "#note61_1">1</a><br> +peperit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag61_2" id = "tag61_2" href = +"#note61_2">2</a>” Īdem dīcere solitus est nōn sōlum dandam esse +viam<br> +fugientibus, sed etiam mūniendam.</p> + +<p>Dēcrētō adversus Antiochum bellō<a class = "tag" name = "tag61_3" id += "tag61_3" href = "#note61_3">3</a> cum Syria prōvincia<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_230" id = "line_xxi_230">230</a> +obvēnisset Lūciō Scīpiōnī, quia parum in eō putābātur esse animī,<a +class = "tag" name = "tag61_4" id = "tag61_4" href = +"#note61_4">4</a><br> +parum rōboris,<a class = "tag" href = "#note61_4">4</a> senātus gerendī +hūius bellī cūram mandārī volēbat<br> +conlēgae ēius C. Laeliō. Surgēns tunc Scīpiō Āfricānus,<br> +frāter māior Lūciī Scīpiōnis, illam familiae īgnōminiam<br> +dēprecātus est: dīxit in frātre suō summam esse virtūtem, summum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_235" id = "line_xxi_235">235</a> +cōnsilium sēque eī lēgātum fore prōmīsit. Quod cum ab eō esset<br> +dictum, nihil<a class = "tag" name = "tag61_5" id = "tag61_5" href = +"#note61_5">5</a> est dē Lūciī Scīpiōnis prōvinciā commūtātum:<br> +itaque frāter nātū māior minōrī lēgātus in Asiam profectus est<br> +et tam diū eum cōnsiliō operāque adiūvit, dōnec triumphum ille<br> +et cōgnōmen Asiāticī peperisset.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_240" id = +"line_xxi_240">240</a> +Eōdem bellō fīlius Scīpiōnis Āfricānī captus est et ad Antiochum<br> +dēductus. Benīgnē et līberāliter adulēscentem rēx habuit,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag61_6" id = "tag61_6" href = "#note61_6">6</a><br> +<a name = "line_xxi_242" id = "line_xxi_242"> </a> +quamquam ab ēius patre tum<a class = "tag" name = "tag61_7" id = +"tag61_7" href = "#note61_7">7</a> māximē fīnibus imperiī +pellēbātur.<br> +Cum deinde pācem Antiochus ā Rōmānīs peteret, lēgātus ēius<br> +Pūblium Scīpiōnem adiit eīque fīlium sine pretiō redditūrum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_245" id = "line_xxi_245">245</a> +rēgem dīxit, sī per eum pācem impetrāsset.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag61_8" id = "tag61_8" href = "#note61_8">8</a> Cuī Scīpiō +respondit<br> +“Abī, nūntiā rēgī, mē prō tantō mūnere grātiās<a class = "tag" name = +"tag61_9" id = "tag61_9" href = "#note61_9">9</a> agere; sed<br> +nunc aliam grātiam nōn possum referre, quam ut eī suādeam<a class = +"tag" name = "tag61_10" id = "tag61_10" href = "#note61_10">10</a> +ut<br> +bellō absistat et pācis condiciōnem nūllam recūset.” Pāx nōn<br> +convēnit<a class = "tag" name = "tag61_11" id = "tag61_11" href = +"#note61_11">11</a>; tamen Antiochus Scīpiōnī fīlium remīsit tantīque +virī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_250" id = "line_xxi_250">250</a> +māiestātem venerārī quam dolōrem suum ulcīscī māluit.</p> + +<p>Victō Antiochō cum praedae ratiō ā L. Scīpiōne repōscerētur,<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page62" id = "page62">62</a> +Āfricānus prōlātum<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_1" id = "tag62_1" href += "#note62_1">1</a> ab eō librum, quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_2" +id = "tag62_2" href = "#note62_2">2</a> acceptae et expēnsae<br> +summae continēbantur et refellī inimīcōrum accūsātiō poterat,<br> +discerpsit, indīgnātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_3" id = "tag62_3" +href = "#note62_3">3</a> dē eā rē dubitārī, quae sub ipsō lēgātō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_255" id = "line_xxi_255">255</a> +administrāta esset. Quīn etiam hunc<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_4" id += "tag62_4" href = "#note62_4">4</a> in modum verba fēcit:<br> +“Nōn<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_5" id = "tag62_5" href = +"#note62_5">5</a> est quod quaerātis, patrēs cōnscrīptī, num parvam +pecūniam<br> +in aerārium rettulerim, quī anteā illud Pūnicō aurō replēverim,<br> +neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocārī. Cum<br> +Āfricam tōtam potestātī vestrae subiēcerim, nihil ex eā praeter<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_260" id = "line_xxi_260">260</a> +cōgnōmen rettulī. Nōn igitur mē Pūnicae, nōn frātrem meum<br> +Asiāticae gazae avārum reddidērunt; sed uterque nostrum<a class = "tag" +name = "tag62_6" id = "tag62_6" href = "#note62_6">6</a><br> +invidiā quam pecūniā est locuplētior.” Tam cōnstantem dēfēnsiōnem<br> +Scīpiōnis ūniversus senātus comprobāvit.</p> + +<p>Deinde Scīpiōnī Āfricānō duo tribūnī plēbis diem dīxērunt,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_265" id = "line_xxi_265">265</a> +quod praedā ex Antiochō captā aerārium fraudāsset. Ubi causae<br> +dīcendae diēs vēnit, Scīpiō māgnā hominum frequentiā in Forum<br> +est dēductus. Iussus causam dīcere rōstra cōnscendit et, corōnā<a class += "tag" name = "tag62_7" id = "tag62_7" href = "#note62_7">7</a> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic62.png" width = "102" height = "109" +alt = "see caption"><br> +CORŌNA<br>TRIUMPHĀLIS</span> + +triumphālī capitī suō impositā, “Hōc ego diē”<br> +inquit “Hannibalem Poenum, imperiō nostrō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_270" id = "line_xxi_270">270</a> +inimīcissimum, māgnō proeliō vīcī in terrā<br> +Āfricā pācemque nōbīs et victōriam peperī<br> +īnspērābilem. Nē<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_8" id = "tag62_8" href = +"#note62_8">8</a> igitur sīmus adversus deōs<br> +ingrātī, sed cēnseō relinquāmus<a class = "tag" name = "tag62_9" id = +"tag62_9" href = "#note62_9">9</a> nebulōnēs hōs<br> +eāmusque nunc prōtinus in Capitōlium Iovī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_275" id = "line_xxi_275">275</a> +optimō māximō supplicātum.” Ā rōstrīs in Capitōlium āscendit;<br> +simul sē ūniversa cōntiō ab accūsātōribus āvertit et secūta +Scīpiōnem<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page63" id = "page63">63</a> +est, nec quisquam praeter praecōnem, quī reum citābat, cum<br> +tribūnīs remānsit. Celebrātior is diēs favōre<a class = "tag" name = +"tag63_1" id = "tag63_1" href = "#note63_1">1</a> hominum fuit, quam<br> +quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag63_2" id = "tag63_2" href = +"#note63_2">2</a> triumphāns dē Syphāce rēge et Carthāginiēnsibus urbem +est<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_280" id = "line_xxi_280">280</a> +ingressus. Inde, nē amplius tribūnīciīs iniūriīs vexārētur, in<br> +Līternīnum concessit, ubi reliquam ēgit aetātem sine urbis +dēsīderiō.</p> + +<p>Cum in Līternīnā vīllā sē continēret, complūrēs praedōnum<br> +ducēs ad eum videndum forte cōnfluxērunt. Quōs cum ad vim<br> +faciendam venīre exīstimāsset, praesidium servōrum in tēctō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_285" id = "line_xxi_285">285</a> +conlocāvit aliaque parābat, quae<a class = "tag" name = "tag63_3" id = +"tag63_3" href = "#note63_3">3</a> ad eōs repellendōs opus erant.<br> +Quod ubi praedōnēs animadvertērunt, abiectīs armīs iānuae<br> +appropinquant et clārā vōce nūntiant Scīpiōnī sē nōn vītae ēius +hostēs,<br> +sed virtūtis admīrātōrēs vēnisse, cōnspectum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag63_4" id = "tag63_4" href = "#note63_4">4</a> tantī virī, quasi<br> +<a name = "line_xxi_289" id = "line_xxi_289"> </a> +caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetentēs; proinde nē<a class = "tag" name += "tag63_5" id = "tag63_5" href = "#note63_5">5</a> gravārētur<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_290" id = "line_xxi_290">290</a> +sē spectandum praebēre. Haec postquam audīvit Scīpiō, forēs<br> +reserārī eōsque intrōdūcī iussit. Illī postēs iānuae tamquam<br> +religiōsissimam āram venerātī, cupidē Scīpiōnis dextram<br> +apprehendērunt ac diū deōsculātī sunt; deinde positīs ante <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘vēstibulūm’">vēstibulum</ins><br> +dōnīs laetī, quod sibi Scīpiōnem ut vidērent contigisset, domum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxi_295" id = "line_xxi_295">295</a> +revertērunt. Paulō post mortuus est Scīpiō moriēnsque ab uxōre<br> +petiit nē corpus suum Rōmam referrētur.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXII">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note52_2" id = "note52_2" href = "#tag52_2">52.2</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_africanus"><i>Āfricānus</i></a> and +<a href = "#vocab_scipio"><i>Scīpiō</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note52_3" id = "note52_3" href = "#tag52_3">52.3</a> +<b>quī cum</b>: ‘for when he.’ Cf. <a href = "#note4_3">p. 4, n. +3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note52_4" id = "note52_4" href = "#tag52_4">52.4</a> +‘in (the course of) the battle.’ <i>pūgna</i>, like <i>bellum</i> and +<i>proelium</i>, is often used in the abl. of time without a prep.</p> + +<p><a name = "note52_5" id = "note52_5" href = "#tag52_5">52.5</a> +Cf. XIX, 16.</p> + +<p><a name = "note52_6" id = "note52_6" href = "#tag52_6">52.6</a> +<b>iam iam . . . esset</b>: ‘was on the very point of falling.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note52_7" id = "note52_7" href = "#tag52_7">52.7</a> +<b>interiectō corpore</b>: ‘by interposing his body.’ See <a href = +"#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K 8.</p> + +<p><a name = "note52_8" id = "note52_8" href = "#tag52_8">52.8</a> +<b>Quae pietās</b>: ‘this act of devotion.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note52_9" id = "note52_9" href = "#tag52_9">52.9</a> +<b>negantēs . . . habendam</b>: ‘by saying that no account should be +taken of him.’ For <b>negantēs</b>, see <a href = +"#note41_15">p. 41, n. 15</a>. <i>ratiōnem habēre</i> is a +phrase of mercantile life.</p> + +<p><a name = "note52_10" id = "note52_10" href = "#tag52_10">52.10</a> +Scipio was less than twenty-five years old. In later times no one could +be aedile till he had completed his thirty-sixth year.</p> + +<p><a name = "note52_11" id = "note52_11" href = "#tag52_11">52.11</a> +impersonal pass. from <i>eō</i>: ‘they proceeded.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note52_12" id = "note52_12" href = "#tag52_12">52.12</a> +<b>admodum adulēscentem</b>: ‘though but,’ etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_1" id = "note53_1" href = "#tag53_1">53.1</a> +<b>adlātum erat</b>: impersonal pass.: ‘the news had been brought.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_2" id = "note53_2" href = "#tag53_2">53.2</a> +<i>patior</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_3" id = "note53_3" href = "#tag53_3">53.3</a> +<b>quī . . . iūrāverit</b> (fut. perf. indic.) = a conditional clause, +<i>sī quis nōn iūrāverit</i>. Cf. <i>quī . . . crēderent</i>, +<a href = "#line_xxi_35">l. 35</a>, below.</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_4" id = "note53_4" href = "#tag53_4">53.4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note31_9">p. 31, n. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_5" id = "note53_5" href = "#tag53_5">53.5</a> +<b>Haud . . . sī</b>: ‘Quite as much frightened as if.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_6" id = "note53_6" href = "#tag53_6">53.6</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note47_12">p. 47, n. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_7" id = "note53_7" href = "#tag53_7">53.7</a> +P. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Cornelius Scipio, respectively father and +uncle of Africanus.</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_8" id = "note53_8" href = "#tag53_8">53.8</a> +Sc. <i>senātuī</i> or <i>populō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_9" id = "note53_9" href = "#tag53_9">53.9</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_10" id = "note53_10" href = "#tag53_10">53.10</a> +Subjunctive by attraction: see <a href = "#note13_10">p. 13, n. +10</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_11" id = "note53_11" href = "#tag53_11">53.11</a> +<b>inops cōnsiliī</b>: ‘at its wit’s end.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_12" id = "note53_12" href = "#tag53_12">53.12</a> +The gen. is regularly used with adjectives denoting fullness or the +opposite: H 451, 2 (399, I, 3): M 573: A 218, a: +G 374: B 204, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_13" id = "note53_13" href = "#tag53_13">53.13</a> += ‘to be a candidate.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_14" id = "note53_14" href = "#tag53_14">53.14</a> +<b>unde . . . posset = ut inde . . . posset</b>; cf. <a href = +"#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_15" id = "note53_15" href = "#tag53_15">53.15</a> +<b>animōrum impetus</b>: ‘enthusiasm,’ ‘excitement.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note53_16" id = "note53_16" href = "#tag53_16">53.16</a> +<b>populum . . . paenitēre</b>: cf. <i>Vēientēs . . . paenituisset</i>, +XI, 13, and note.</p> + +<p><a name = "note54_1" id = "note54_1" href = "#tag54_1">54.1</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note42_5">p. 42, n. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note54_2" id = "note54_2" href = "#tag54_2">54.2</a> += <i>in eum locum</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note54_3" id = "note54_3" href = "#tag54_3">54.3</a> +<i>congerō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note54_4" id = "note54_4" href = "#tag54_4">54.4</a> +<b>satis</b> often = our ‘tolerably.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note54_5" id = "note54_5" href = "#tag54_5">54.5</a> +A brother of Hannibal.</p> + +<p><a name = "note54_6" id = "note54_6" href = "#tag54_6">54.6</a> +<b>victum . . . expulit</b> = <i>vīcit et expulit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note54_7" id = "note54_7" href = "#tag54_7">54.7</a> += ‘<i>but</i> the captives,’ etc. Cf. <a href = "#note2_24">p. 2, n. +24</a>, and <a href = "#note5_13">p. 5, n. 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note54_8" id = "note54_8" href = "#tag54_8">54.8</a> +We have here side by side the gen. and the abl. of characteristic. For +the difference between them, see H 473, 2, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> 1 (419, 2): M 558: A 215, <span +class = "smallroman">N.</span>: G 400, <span class = +"smallroman">R.</span> 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note54_9" id = "note54_9" href = "#tag54_9">54.9</a> +<b>id aetātis</b>: ‘at that age,’ i.e. though he was so young. The +accus. <b>id</b> is variously explained: see H 416, 2 +(378, 2): M 507: A 240, <i>b</i>: G 336, <span class += "smallroman">N.</span> 2; B 185. <b>aetātis</b> is partitive gen. +(<a href = "#note30_2">p. 30, n. 2</a>) with <b>id</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note55_1" id = "note55_1" href = "#tag55_1">55.1</a> +Why is <b>vellet</b> subjunctive?</p> + +<p><a name = "note55_2" id = "note55_2" href = "#tag55_2">55.2</a> +<b>effūsīs</b> (<i>effundō</i>) . . . <b>lacrimīs</b>: ‘with tears of +joy.’ How literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note55_3" id = "note55_3" href = "#tag55_3">55.3</a> +<b>quī . . . dēdūcerent</b>: ‘to escort him.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note55_4" id = "note55_4" href = "#tag55_4">55.4</a> +<b>quō . . . appellārunt</b>: Roman soldiers, after a victory, hailed +their general as Imperator. It was a way of saying that the leader had +won his spurs and had really earned his title, which he had assumed on +beginning the campaign.</p> + +<p><a name = "note55_5" id = "note55_5" href = "#tag55_5">55.5</a> +‘in my eyes,’ ‘to my mind’; a dative of reference.</p> + +<p><a name = "note55_6" id = "note55_6" href = "#tag55_6">55.6</a> +<b>rēgium nōmen</b> = <i>rēgis nōmen</i>, ‘the title of king.’ Cf. +<i>nōmen imperātōris</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_80">l. 80</a>, and +<i>rēgis appellātiōne</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_84">l. 84</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note55_7" id = "note55_7" href = "#tag55_7">55.7</a> +Sc. <i>esse</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note55_8" id = "note55_8" href = "#tag55_8">55.8</a> +<b>quem . . . spērāret</b>: causal rel. clause (<a href = "#note31_1">p. +31, n. 1</a>).</p> + +<p><a name = "note55_9" id = "note55_9" href = "#tag55_9">55.9</a> +For the two datives, see <a href = "#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note55_10" id = "note55_10" href = "#tag55_10">55.10</a> +future infinitive of <i>sum</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note56_1" id = "note56_1" href = "#tag56_1">56.1</a> +Son of Gisco (so also in <a href = "#line_xxi_48">l. 148</a>); to be +carefully distinguished from the Hasdrubal of <a href = +"#line_xxi_61">l. 61</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note56_2" id = "note56_2" href = "#tag56_2">56.2</a> +Sc. <i>nāvem</i>; ‘was sailing.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note56_3" id = "note56_3" href = "#tag56_3">56.3</a> +<i>= ut peteret</i>. Cf. <a href = "#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E 5.</p> + +<p><a name = "note56_4" id = "note56_4" href = "#tag56_4">56.4</a> +<b>Cēnātum . . . est</b> (<i>ab iīs</i>): impers. pass.; ‘they +dined.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note56_5" id = "note56_5" href = "#tag56_5">56.5</a> +<b>lectō . . . accubuērunt</b> (<i>accumbō</i>): the writer has in mind +the Roman custom, according to which men reclined at meals, supporting +themselves on the left elbow. Three persons or more occupied the same +couch.</p> + +<p><a name = "note56_6" id = "note56_6" href = "#tag56_6">56.6</a> +<b>iam dūdum cupiēbat</b>: ‘had long desired.’ <i>Iam diū</i>, <i>iam +dūdum</i>, and <i>iam prīdem</i> give to the <i>present</i> the force of +the English <i>perfect</i>, to the <i>imperfect</i> the force of the +English <i>pluperfect</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note56_7" id = "note56_7" href = "#tag56_7">56.7</a> +Sc. <i>ēius</i>: ‘of him present’ = ‘now that he met him face to +face.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note56_8" id = "note56_8" href = "#tag56_8">56.8</a> +<b>cultus</b> (<i>colō</i>) <b>munditiīs</b>: ‘(too) elegantly adorned.’ +How literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note56_9" id = "note56_9" href = "#tag56_9">56.9</a> +<b>dē . . . remissō</b>: ‘for the release of his nephew.’ For the +construction, see <a href = "#note5_15">p. 5, n. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note56_10" id = "note56_10" href = "#tag56_10">56.10</a> +<i>quaerō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note56_11" id = "note56_11" href = "#tag56_11">56.11</a> +<b>oblātam</b> (<i>offerō</i>): ‘now that it was at last offered.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note56_12" id = "note56_12" href = "#tag56_12">56.12</a> +‘the legal time’; <i>lēgitima aetās</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_11">l. +11</a>. In later days forty-three was the legal age.</p> + +<p><a name = "note57_1" id = "note57_1" href = "#tag57_1">57.1</a> +See <a href = "#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note57_2" id = "note57_2" href = "#tag57_2">57.2</a> +Sc. <i>diē</i>, for the gender of which, as in <i>diēs, quae dicta +erat</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_27">l. 127</a>, see Vocab., <a href += "#vocab_dies"><i>diēs</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note57_3" id = "note57_3" href = "#tag57_3">57.3</a> +For mood and tense, see <a href = "#note6_1">p. 6, n. 1</a>. What did +Scipio say?</p> + +<p><a name = "note57_4" id = "note57_4" href = "#tag57_4">57.4</a> +‘pitched,’ lit. ‘measured.’ The Roman camp was always laid out with +great care, according to a fixed plan, and was carefully fortified, even +if the stay was to last but one night.</p> + +<p><a name = "note57_5" id = "note57_5" href = "#tag57_5">57.5</a> +The participles = rel. clauses: see <a href = "#page_xxiv">p. xxiv</a>, +L 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note57_6" id = "note57_6" href = "#tag57_6">57.6</a> +<b>interrogātōs</b> (sc. <i>eōs</i>) <b>. . . dīmīsit</b> = +<i>interrogāvit (eōs) . . . et . . . dīmīsit</i>, or +<i>cum (eōs) . . . interrogāsset, . . . +dīmīsit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note58_1" id = "note58_1" href = "#tag58_1">58.1</a> += Syphax. For <i>ipse</i> referring to the principal personage, see also +I, 5, and II, 4.</p> + +<p><a name = "note58_2" id = "note58_2" href = "#tag58_2">58.2</a> +‘misfortune.’ So <i>fāma</i> = both ‘fame’ and ‘ill repute,’ +<i>valētūdō</i> = both ‘health’ and ‘sickness.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note58_3" id = "note58_3" href = "#tag58_3">58.3</a> +dat. of indir. object with <b>temperāns</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note58_4" id = "note58_4" href = "#tag58_4">58.4</a> +<b>quod . . . dūxisset.</b> What does the subjunctive show?</p> + +<p><a name = "note58_5" id = "note58_5" href = "#tag58_5">58.5</a> +<b>ab . . . dūxisset</b>: cf. <a href = "#note50_4">p. 50, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note58_6" id = "note58_6" href = "#tag58_6">58.6</a> +acc. of extent of space: cf. <a href = "#page_xvii">p. xvii</a>, D +2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note58_7" id = "note58_7" href = "#tag58_7">58.7</a> +‘motionless.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note58_8" id = "note58_8" href = "#tag58_8">58.8</a> +<b>armīs . . . esse</b>: ‘that the issue must be decided by arms.’ Note +the method employed in translating the impers. passive here and in lines +13, 23, and 98, and apply it to <b>pūgnārī</b>, <a href = +"#line_xxi_73">l. 173</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note58_9" id = "note58_9" href = "#tag58_9">58.9</a> +<b>Cēterum cōnstat</b>: ‘it is, however, well known.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note59_1" id = "note59_1" href = "#tag59_1">59.1</a> +<i>percellō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note59_2" id = "note59_2" href = "#tag59_2">59.2</a> +Cf. <i>negantēs</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_10">l. 10</a>, and <a href = +"#note6_20">p. 6, n. 20</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note59_3" id = "note59_3" href = "#tag59_3">59.3</a> +<b>pacta</b> (<i>pacīscor</i>) <b>essent</b>: subjunctive by attraction: +see <a href = "#note13_10">p. 13, n. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note59_4" id = "note59_4" href = "#tag59_4">59.4</a> +<i>pariō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note59_5" id = "note59_5" href = "#tag59_5">59.5</a> +i.e. of all ever celebrated in Rome.</p> + +<p><a name = "note59_6" id = "note59_6" href = "#tag59_6">59.6</a> +<b>haud piget</b>: sc. <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘me’"><i>mē</i></ins>; ‘I am not ashamed.’ <i>piget</i> +is construed exactly like <i>paenitet</i>: see +<a href = "#note28_7">p. 28, +n. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note59_7" id = "note59_7" href = "#tag59_7">59.7</a> +Here = the temple, sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.</p> + +<p><a name = "note59_8" id = "note59_8" href = "#tag59_8">59.8</a> +<b>id temporis</b> = <i>eō tempore</i>. Cf. note on <i>id aetātis</i>, +<a href = "#line_xxi_66">l. 66</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note60_1" id = "note60_1" href = "#tag60_1">60.1</a> +Join <b>ē mīlitibus</b> with <b>quispiam</b>, <a href = +"#line_xxi_204">l. 204</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note60_2" id = "note60_2" href = "#tag60_2">60.2</a> +<b>in . . . iubēret</b>: ‘when and where he bade (the accused) appear +for trial.’ <b>vadēs sistī</b> is the passive of <i>vadēs sistere</i>, +a legal phrase = ‘to make one’s bail stand,’ i.e. to make it +effective, and so ‘to stand trial.’ <i>Sistere</i> often means ‘to +produce in court,’ as in <a href = "#line_xxi_207">l. 207</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note60_3" id = "note60_3" href = "#tag60_3">60.3</a> +<b>sēsē sistant</b>: ‘let them produce themselves,’ i.e. appear for +trial.</p> + +<p><a name = "note60_4" id = "note60_4" href = "#tag60_4">60.4</a> +<b>Diē tertiā</b> = <i>perendiē</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_206">l. +206</a>. In counting days, the Romans usually included the day from +which they started.</p> + +<p><a name = "note60_5" id = "note60_5" href = "#tag60_5">60.5</a> +locative.</p> + +<p><a name = "note60_6" id = "note60_6" href = "#tag60_6">60.6</a> +Cf. n. on <i>castra mētātus est</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_40">l. +140</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note60_7" id = "note60_7" href = "#tag60_7">60.7</a> +<b>illō ēlegantius</b>: ‘more judiciously than he.’ For <b>illō</b>, see +<a href = "#note10_18">p. 10, n. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note60_8" id = "note60_8" href = "#tag60_8">60.8</a> +Sc. <i>castrīs</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note60_9" id = "note60_9" href = "#tag60_9">60.9</a> +See <a href = "#note47_12">p. 47, n. 12</a>. <b>dīcerēs</b> is +imperfect, as referring to present time; the other verbs denote past +time.</p> + +<p><a name = "note60_10" id = "note60_10" href = "#tag60_10">60.10</a> +‘in that event’; = <i>sī tē vīcissem</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note61_1" id = "note61_1" href = "#tag61_1">61.1</a> +‘a (mere) fighter.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note61_2" id = "note61_2" href = "#tag61_2">61.2</a> +<i>pariō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note61_3" id = "note61_3" href = "#tag61_3">61.3</a> +This war lasted from 192 to 190.</p> + +<p><a name = "note61_4" id = "note61_4" href = "#tag61_4">61.4</a> +partitive gen. with <b>parum</b>, which is here a noun. In <a href = +"#line_xxi_225">l. 225</a> it was an adverb.</p> + +<p><a name = "note61_5" id = "note61_5" href = "#tag61_5">61.5</a> +<b>nihil . . . commūtātum</b>: ‘no change was made.’ Note that +<b>nihil</b> is an adverbial acc. of degree, and that <b>commūtātum +est</b> is impersonal.</p> + +<p><a name = "note61_6" id = "note61_6" href = "#tag61_6">61.6</a> +‘treated.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note61_7" id = "note61_7" href = "#tag61_7">61.7</a> +<b>tum māximē</b>: ‘at that very moment.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note61_8" id = "note61_8" href = "#tag61_8">61.8</a> +Explain mood and tense.</p> + +<p><a name = "note61_9" id = "note61_9" href = "#tag61_9">61.9</a> +Distinguish between <i>grātiās agere</i> and <i>grātiam referre</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note61_10" id = "note61_10" href = "#tag61_10">61.10</a> +Notice that <i>suādeō</i> = merely ‘to advise’; ‘to persuade’ is +<i>persuādeō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note61_11" id = "note61_11" href = "#tag61_11">61.11</a> +‘was not arranged.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note62_1" id = "note62_1" href = "#tag62_1">62.1</a> += <i>quī prōlātus erat</i>; cf. <a href = "#page_xxiv">p. xxiv</a>, L +1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note62_2" id = "note62_2" href = "#tag62_2">62.2</a> +abl. of means (though rendered ‘in which’) both with +<b>continēbantur</b> and <b>refellī poterat</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note62_3" id = "note62_3" href = "#tag62_3">62.3</a> +<b>indīgnātus . . . dubitārī</b>: ‘angry because doubts were raised.’ +For the infin. see <a href = "#note19_6">p. 19, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note62_4" id = "note62_4" href = "#tag62_4">62.4</a> +See <a href = "#note16_9">p. 16, n. 9</a>. <b>verba fēcit</b>: ‘he +delivered a speech.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note62_5" id = "note62_5" href = "#tag62_5">62.5</a> +<b>Nōn . . . quaerātis</b>: ‘there is no reason why you should ask’; +lit., ‘there is not (anything) as to which,’ etc. H 591, 4 (503, 1, +<span class = "smallroman">N.</span> 2): M 836: A 320, +<i>a</i>: G 631, 2: B 283, 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note62_6" id = "note62_6" href = "#tag62_6">62.6</a> +<i>nostrum</i>, like <i>vestrum</i>, is regularly used only as a +partitive gen.</p> + +<p><a name = "note62_7" id = "note62_7" href = "#tag62_7">62.7</a> +A crown of laurel, worn by the general at his triumph.</p> + +<p><a name = "note62_8" id = "note62_8" href = "#tag62_8">62.8</a> +<b>Nē . . . sīmus</b>: cf. <a href = "#note31_9">p. 31, n. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note62_9" id = "note62_9" href = "#tag62_9">62.9</a> +(<i>ut</i>) <b>relinquāmus . . . eāmus</b> is a substantive clause of +purpose. For the omission of <i>ut</i> see H 565, 4 (499, 2): +M 781: A 331, <i>f</i>, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span>: +G 546, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span> 2: B 295, 8.</p> + +<p><a name = "note63_1" id = "note63_1" href = "#tag63_1">63.1</a> +abl. of specification.</p> + +<p><a name = "note63_2" id = "note63_2" href = "#tag63_2">63.2</a> +<b>quō</b> (sc. <i>diē</i>) = <i>eō diē quō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note63_3" id = "note63_3" href = "#tag63_3">63.3</a> +<b>quae . . . opus erant</b>: ‘which were necessary’; lit. ‘which were a +necessity.’ For a very different construction with <i>opus</i>, cf. +<i>nihil opus esse . . . eō cīve</i>, XV, 22, and note.</p> + +<p><a name = "note63_4" id = "note63_4" href = "#tag63_4">63.4</a> +<b>cōnspectum . . . expetentēs</b>: ‘craving a chance to see so great a +man, as a sort of heaven-sent favor.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note63_5" id = "note63_5" href = "#tag63_5">63.5</a> +<b>nē . . . gravārētur</b>: the subjunctive is used here in indir. +disc., as representing an imperative of the direct: H 642, 4 (523, +III): M 1023: A 339: G 652: B 316.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXII">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XXII" id = "selection_XXII">XXII.</a> +Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius Gracchus</h4> + +<p>Tiberius et Gāius Gracchī<a class = "tag" name = "tag63_6" id = +"tag63_6" href = "#note63_6">6</a> Scīpiōnis Āfricānī<a class = "tag" +name = "tag63_7" id = "tag63_7" href = "#note63_7">7</a> ex fīliā<a +class = "tag" name = "tag63_8" id = "tag63_8" href = "#note63_8">8</a> +nepōtēs<br> +erant. Hōrum adulēscentia bonīs artibus et māgnā omnium spē<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page64" id = "page64">64</a> +exācta est: ad ēgregiam enim indolem optima accēdēbat ēducātiō.<br> +Erant enim dīligentiā Cornēliae mātris ā<a class = "tag" name = +"tag64_1" id = "tag64_1" href = "#note64_1">1</a> puerīs doctī et +Graecīs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_5" id = "line_xxii_5">5</a> +lītterīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag64_2" id = "tag64_2" href = +"#note64_2">2</a> ērudītī. Māximum mātrōnīs ōrnāmentum esse līberōs<br> +bene īnstitūtōs meritō putābat māter illa sapientissima. Cum<br> +Campāna mātrōna, apud illam hospita,<a class = "tag" name = "tag64_3" id += "tag64_3" href = "#note64_3">3</a> ōrnāmenta sua, illō<br> +saeculō<a class = "tag" name = "tag64_4" id = "tag64_4" href = +"#note64_4">4</a> pulcherrima, ostentāret eī muliebriter,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag64_5" id = "tag64_5" href = "#note64_5">5</a> Cornēlia +trāxit<br> +eam sermōne quoūsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag64_6" id = "tag64_6" +href = "#note64_6">6</a> ē scholā redīrent līberī. Quōs reversōs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_10" id = "line_xxii_10">10</a> +hospitae ostendēns, “Haec” inquit “mea ōrnāmenta sunt.” Nihil<a class = +"tag" name = "tag64_7" id = "tag64_7" href = "#note64_7">7</a><br> +quidem hīs adulēscentibus neque<a class = "tag" href = "#note64_7">7</a> +ā nātūrā neque<a class = "tag" href = "#note64_7">7</a> ā doctrīnā<br> +<a name = "line_xxii_12" id = "line_xxii_12"> </a> +dēfuit; sed<a class = "tag" name = "tag64_8" id = "tag64_8" href = +"#note64_8">8</a> ambō rem pūblicam, quam tuērī poterant, perturbāre<br> +māluērunt.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>134.</span> + +<p>Tiberius Gracchus, tribūnus plēbis creātus, ā senātū dēscīvit:<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_15" id = "line_xxii_15">15</a> +populī favōrem profūsīs largītiōnibus sibi conciliāvit;<br> +<a name = "line_xxii_16" id = "line_xxii_16"> </a> +agrōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag64_9" id = "tag64_9" href = +"#note64_9">9</a> plēbī dīvidēbat; prōvinciās novīs colōniīs<a class = +"tag" name = "tag64_10" id = "tag64_10" href = "#note64_10">10</a><br> +replēbat. Cum autem tribūnīciam potestātem sibi prōrogārī<a class = +"tag" name = "tag64_11" id = "tag64_11" href = "#note64_11">11</a> +vellet<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page65" id = "page65">65</a> +et palam dictitāsset,<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_1" id = "tag65_1" +href = "#note65_1">1</a> interēmptō senātū omnia per plēbem agī<br> +dēbēre, viam sibi ad rēgnum parāre vidēbātur. Quārē cum convocātī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_20" id = "line_xxii_20">20</a> +patrēs dēlīberārent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius<br> +Capitōlium petit, manum ad caput referēns, quō sīgnō salūtem<br> +<a name = "line_xxii_22" id = "line_xxii_22"> </a> +suam populō commendābat. Hōc<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_2" id = +"tag65_2" href = "#note65_2">2</a> nōbilitās ita accēpit, quasi<br> +diadēma pōsceret, sēgniterque cessante cōnsule, Scīpiō Nāsīca,<br> +cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_3" id = "tag65_3" href = +"#note65_3">3</a> esset cōnsōbrīnus Tiberiī Gracchī, patriam +cōgnātiōnī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_25" id = "line_xxii_25">25</a> +praeferēns sublātā dextrā prōclāmāvit: “Quī rem pūblicam salvam<br> +esse volunt, mē sequantur!” Dein optimātēs, senātus atque<br> +equestris<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_4" id = "tag65_4" href = +"#note65_4">4</a> ōrdinis pars māior in Gracchum inruunt, quī +fugiēns<br> +dēcurrēnsque Clīvō Capitōlīnō frāgmentō subselliī īctus vītam,<br> +quam glōriōsissimē dēgere<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_5" id = +"tag65_5" href = "#note65_5">5</a> potuerat, immātūrā morte fīnīvit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_30" id = "line_xxii_30">30</a> +Mortuī Tiberiī corpus in flūmen prōiectum est.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>123.</span> +<p><a name = "line_xxii_31" id = "line_xxii_31"> </a> +Gāium Gracchum īdem furor, quī frātrem, Tiberium, occupāvit.<br> +Tribūnātum enim adeptus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_6" id = "tag65_6" +href = "#note65_6">6</a> seu vindicandae frāternae necis,<br> +seu comparandae rēgiae potentiae causā, pessima coepit inīre<br> +cōnsilia: māximās largītiōnēs fēcit; aerārium<a class = "tag" name = +"tag65_7" id = "tag65_7" href = "#note65_7">7</a> effūdit: lēgem dē<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_35" id = "line_xxii_35">35</a> +frūmentō plēbī dīvidendō tulit: cīvitātem<a class = "tag" name = +"tag65_8" id = "tag65_8" href = "#note65_8">8</a> omnibus Ītalicīs +dabat.<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_9" id = "tag65_9" href = +"#note65_9">9</a><br> +Hīs Gracchī cōnsiliīs quantā<a class = "tag" name = "tag65_10" id = +"tag65_10" href = "#note65_10">10</a> poterant contentiōne +obsistēbant<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page66" id = "page66">66</a> +omnēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_1" id = "tag66_1" href = +"#note66_1">1</a> bonī, in quibus māximē Pīsō,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag66_2" id = "tag66_2" href = "#note66_2">2</a> vir cōnsulāris. Is<br> +cum multa contrā lēgem frūmentāriam dīxisset, lēge tamen lātā<br> +ad frūmentum cum cēterīs accipiendum vēnit. Gracchus ubi<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_40" id = "line_xxii_40">40</a> +animadvertit in cōntiōne Pīsōnem stantem, eum sīc compellāvit<br> +audiente populō Rōmānō: “Quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_3" id = +"tag66_3" href = "#note66_3">3</a> tibi cōnstās, Pīsō, cum eā lēge<br> +<a name = "line_xxii_42" id = "line_xxii_42"> </a> +frūmentum petās, quam dissuāsistī?” Cuī Pīsō “Nōlim<a class = "tag" name += "tag66_4" id = "tag66_4" href = "#note66_4">4</a> quidem,<br> +Gracche” inquit, “mea bona tibi<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_5" id = +"tag66_5" href = "#note66_5">5</a> virītim dīvidere liceat;<br> +sed sī faciēs, partem petam.” Quō respōnsō apertē dēclārāvit vir<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_45" id = "line_xxii_45">45</a> +gravis et sapiēns lēge, quam tulerat Gracchus, patrimōnium pūblicum<br> +dissipārī.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>121.</span> + +<p>Dēcrētum ā senātū est ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_6" id = +"tag66_6" href = "#note66_6">6</a> vidēret cōnsul Opīmius nē quid<br> +dētrīmentī rēs pūblica caperet: quod nisi in māximō<br> +discrīmine dēcernī nōn solēbat. Gāius Gracchus, armātā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_50" id = "line_xxii_50">50</a> +familiā,<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_7" id = "tag66_7" href = +"#note66_7">7</a> Aventīnum occupāvit. Cōnsul, vocātō ad arma +populō,<br> +Gāium aggressus est, quī pulsus profūgit et, cum iam<a class = "tag" +name = "tag66_8" id = "tag66_8" href = "#note66_8">8</a><br> +comprehenderētur, iugulum servō praebuit, quī dominum et mox sēmet<br> +ipsum super dominī corpus interēmit. Ut Tiberiī Gracchī anteā<br> +corpus, ita Gāiī mīrā crūdēlitāte victōrum in Tiberim dēiectum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_55" id = "line_xxii_55">55</a> +est. Caput autem ā Septimulēiō, amīcō Gracchī, ad Opīmium<br> +relātum aurō<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_9" id = "tag66_9" href = +"#note66_9">9</a> repēnsum fertur. Sunt<a class = "tag" name = +"tag66_10" id = "tag66_10" href = "#note66_10">10</a> quī trādunt +īnfūsō<a class = "tag" name = "tag66_11" id = "tag66_11" href = +"#note66_11">11</a><br> +plumbō eum partem capitis, quō gravius efficerētur, explēsse.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag66_12" id = "tag66_12" href = "#note66_12">12</a></p> + +<p>Occīsō Tiberiō Gracchō cum senātus cōnsulibus mandāsset, ut<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page67" id = "page67">67</a> +in<a class = "tag" name = "tag67_1" id = "tag67_1" href = +"#note67_1">1</a> eōs, quī cum Gracchō cōnsēnserant, animadverterētur, +Blosius<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_60" id = "line_xxii_60">60</a> +quīdam, Tiberiī amīcus, prō sē dēprecātum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag67_2" id = "tag67_2" href = "#note67_2">2</a> vēnit, hanc, ut<a +class = "tag" name = "tag67_3" id = "tag67_3" href = "#note67_3">3</a> +sibi<br> +īgnōscerētur, causam adferēns, quod tantī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag67_4" id = "tag67_4" href = "#note67_4">4</a> Gracchum fēcisset,<br> +ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum putāret. Tum cōnsul<br> +“Quid?” inquit “sī tē Gracchus templō Iovis in Capitōliō facēs<br> +subdere iussisset,<a class = "tag" name = "tag67_5" id = "tag67_5" href += "#note67_5">5</a> obsecūtūrusne voluntātī illīus fuissēs<a class = +"tag" href = "#note67_5">5</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_65" id = "line_xxii_65">65</a> +propter istam, quam iactās, familiāritātem?” “Numquam” inquit<br> +Blosius “voluisset<a class = "tag" href = "#note67_5">5</a> id quidem,<a +class = "tag" name = "tag67_6" id = "tag67_6" href = "#note67_6">6</a> +sed sī voluisset,<a class = "tag" href = "#note67_5">5</a> pāruissem.<a +class = "tag" href = "#note67_5">5</a>”<br> +Nefāria est ea vōx, nūlla enim est excūsātiō peccātī, sī amīcī<br> +causā peccāveris.</p> + +<p>Exstat Gāiī Gracchī ē Sardiniā Rōmam reversī ōrātiō, in quā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_70" id = "line_xxii_70">70</a> +cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag67_7" id = "tag67_7" href = +"#note67_7">7</a> alia tum<a class = "tag" href = "#note67_7">7</a> haec +dē sē nārrat: “Versātus sum in prōvinciā,<br> +quōmodo ex<a class = "tag" name = "tag67_8" id = "tag67_8" href = +"#note67_8">8</a> ūsū vestrō exīstimābam esse, nōn quōmodo ambitiōnī<br> +<a name = "line_xxii_72" id = "line_xxii_72"> </a> +meae condūcere arbitrābar. Nēmō possit vērē dīcere assem<a class = "tag" +name = "tag67_9" id = "tag67_9" href = "#note67_9">9</a><br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic67.png" width = "236" height = "162" +alt = "see caption"><br> +AMPHORAE</span> + +aut eō plūs in mūneribus mē<br> +accēpisse aut meā causā quemquam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_75" id = "line_xxii_75">75</a> +sūmptum<a class = "tag" name = "tag67_10" id = "tag67_10" href = +"#note67_10">10</a> fēcisse. Zōnās, quās<br> +Rōmā proficīscēns plēnās<br> +argentī<a class = "tag" name = "tag67_11" id = "tag67_11" href = +"#note67_11">11</a> extulī, eās ex prōvinciā<br> +inānēs rettulī. Aliī amphorās,<br> +quās vīnī<a class = "tag" href = "#note67_11">11</a> plēnās extulērunt, +eās<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxii_80" id = "line_xxii_80">80</a> +argentō<a class = "tag" href = "#note67_11">11</a> replētās domum<br> +reportārunt.”</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXIII">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note63_6" id = "note63_6" href = "#tag63_6">63.6</a> +When two persons of the same name are mentioned together, the cognomen +is usually put in the plural.</p> + +<p><a name = "note63_7" id = "note63_7" href = "#tag63_7">63.7</a> +Africanus Maior.</p> + +<p><a name = "note63_8" id = "note63_8" href = "#tag63_8">63.8</a> +Her brother was the adoptive father of the younger Scipio Africanus. The +Gracchi were thus connected with two of the most distinguished of the +Roman clans, the Cornelian and the Aemilian.</p> + +<p><a name = "note64_1" id = "note64_1" href = "#tag64_1">64.1</a> +<b>ā puerīs</b>: we say, ‘from <i>childhood</i>.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note64_2" id = "note64_2" href = "#tag64_2">64.2</a> +‘literature’; abl. of means.</p> + +<p><a name = "note64_3" id = "note64_3" href = "#tag64_3">64.3</a> +‘guest.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note64_4" id = "note64_4" href = "#tag64_4">64.4</a> +<b>illō saeculō</b>: temporal abl. We say: ‘for that age.’ The writer of +these words was familiar with the extraordinary luxury and extravagance +that marked the later history of Rome.</p> + +<p><a name = "note64_5" id = "note64_5" href = "#tag64_5">64.5</a> +‘with womanish pride.’ A tone of contempt often attaches to +<i>mulier</i> and its derivatives.</p> + +<p><a name = "note64_6" id = "note64_6" href = "#tag64_6">64.6</a> +construed here like <i>dōnec</i>, <a href = "#note39_9">p. 39, n. +9</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note64_7" id = "note64_7" href = "#tag64_7">64.7</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note28_3">p. 28, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note64_8" id = "note64_8" href = "#tag64_8">64.8</a> +<b>sed . . . māluērunt</b>: this whole account of the Gracchi was +manifestly written by one who sympathized with the senatorial or +aristocratic party. Modern scholars are divided in their interpretations +of the motives of the Gracchi.</p> + +<p><a name = "note64_9" id = "note64_9" href = "#tag64_9">64.9</a> +The reference is to the <i>ager pūblicus</i>, or land gained in +conquest. It belonged in theory to the state, but the greater part of it +had fallen into the hands of wealthy capitalists, who, though possessing +no legal title to the land, yet regarded it as their own, and resented +any attempt to interfere with their occupancy. Meanwhile, the number of +small landholders was constantly decreasing. These circumstances tended +to drive numbers of poor people to the cities, especially Rome. The +universal employment of slave labor aggravated the trouble by shutting +the poor out from honest labor. Tiberius attempted to remedy these evils +by limiting the number of acres of the public land which might be held +by any individual and by distributing the lands thus redeemed among the +poorer classes.</p> + +<p><a name = "note64_10" id = "note64_10" href = "#tag64_10">64.10</a> +These colonies were intended to aid in relieving the distress at Rome by +removing part of the population and supplying such persons with +lands.</p> + +<p><a name = "note64_11" id = "note64_11" href = "#tag64_11">64.11</a> +It was a general rule that no magistrate should hold the same office for +two successive terms. Thus no man could be reëlected consul until ten +years after the expiration of the first term. When Tiberius, at the end +of his year as tribune, presented himself for reëlection, the +aristocrats appealed to this rule. Gracchus might have replied that the +rule had often been set aside under special circumstances. Still, on the +whole, his conduct seems to have been unconstitutional.</p> + +<p><a name = "note65_1" id = "note65_1" href = "#tag65_1">65.1</a> +This statement is probably wholly false. As the champions of the poor +against the rich, the Gracchi were hated by the aristocrats, and +received no favors at the hands of Roman historians.</p> + +<p><a name = "note65_2" id = "note65_2" href = "#tag65_2">65.2</a> +<b>Hōc . . . pōsceret</b>: ‘The nobles interpreted this to mean that he +was demanding a kingly crown.’ <b>pōsceret</b> is subjunctive as giving +in indirect discourse the thought of the nobles; cf. <a href = +"#note3_6">p. 3, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note65_3" id = "note65_3" href = "#tag65_3">65.3</a> +‘although.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note65_4" id = "note65_4" href = "#tag65_4">65.4</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_equestris"><i>equestris</i></a> and +<a href = "#vocab_eques"><i>eques</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note65_5" id = "note65_5" href = "#tag65_5">65.5</a> +<b>dēgere potuerat</b>: ‘he might have spent.’ Cf. <i>tuērī +poterant</i>, <a href = "#line_xxii_12">l. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note65_6" id = "note65_6" href = "#tag65_6">65.6</a> +<i>adipīscor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note65_7" id = "note65_7" href = "#tag65_7">65.7</a> +<b>aerārium effūdit</b>: ‘he wasted (the money in) the treasury.’ The +reference is to the corn law mentioned in the next sentence. This +entitled all citizens residing in Rome to a certain measure of corn +monthly for less than the market price. The distribution was thus a +constant drain upon the treasury.</p> + +<p><a name = "note65_8" id = "note65_8" href = "#tag65_8">65.8</a> +‘citizenship.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note65_9" id = "note65_9" href = "#tag65_9">65.9</a> +‘tried to give.’ The imperfect tense, like the present, often denotes +attempted action; cf. <i>dīvidēbat</i>, <a href = +"#line_xxii_16">l. 16</a>, and <i>commendābat</i>, <a href = +"#line_xxii_22">l. 22</a>. He was unable to carry the law, as the +citizens of Rome itself were jealous of any extension of the franchise. +The Italians did not obtain citizenship till 89 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note65_10" id = "note65_10" href = "#tag65_10">65.10</a> +<b>quantā . . . contentiōne</b>: ‘with the greatest possible energy.’ +Cf. <i>quantō potuit apparātū</i>, IX, 39, and note.</p> + +<p><a name = "note66_1" id = "note66_1" href = "#tag66_1">66.1</a> +<b>omnēs bonī</b>: ‘all loyal citizens.’ <i>bonī</i>, like +<i>optimātēs</i>, often has this political meaning. Cf. the derivation +of <i>aristocracy</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note66_2" id = "note66_2" href = "#tag66_2">66.2</a> +Sc. <i>obsistēbat</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note66_3" id = "note66_3" href = "#tag66_3">66.3</a> +<b>Quī . . . cōnstās</b>: ‘How do you explain your conduct?’ How +literally? See (4) <i>quī</i> in vocabulary.</p> + +<p><a name = "note66_4" id = "note66_4" href = "#tag66_4">66.4</a> +<b>Nōlim</b>: ‘I should hardly desire’; lit. ‘I should be unwilling.’ +The subjunctive is often thus used in a modest assertion: H 556 +(486, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> 1): M 719: +A 311, <i>b</i>: G 257, 2: B 280, 1. Cf. <i>possit</i>, +<a href = "#line_xxii_72">l. 72</a>. Often, as here, the modesty is +assumed ironically.</p> + +<p><a name = "note66_5" id = "note66_5" href = "#tag66_5">66.5</a> +Join with <b>liceat</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note66_6" id = "note66_6" href = "#tag66_6">66.6</a> +<b>ut . . . caperet</b>: this was the formula by which the senate +conferred unlimited power upon the consuls. Explain the subjunctives +<b>vidēret</b> and <b>caperet</b>, and give the words of the decree as +passed by the senate.</p> + +<p><a name = "note66_7" id = "note66_7" href = "#tag66_7">66.7</a> +here ‘household.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note66_8" id = "note66_8" href = "#tag66_8">66.8</a> +<b>iam comprehenderētur</b>: ‘was on the point of being arrested.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note66_9" id = "note66_9" href = "#tag66_9">66.9</a> +<b>aurō . . . fertur</b>: ‘is said to have been paid for with gold.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note66_10" id = "note66_10" href = "#tag66_10">66.10</a> +<b>Sunt quī trādunt</b>: ‘there are (those) who relate,’ i.e. ‘some +say.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note66_11" id = "note66_11" href = "#tag66_11">66.11</a> +<b>infūsō plumbō</b>: ‘by pouring in lead.’ Cf. <a href = +"#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K 8. It is said that Opimius had promised to +pay its weight in gold for the head of Gaius.</p> + +<p><a name = "note66_12" id = "note66_12" href = "#tag66_12">66.12</a> += <i>explēvisse</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note67_1" id = "note67_1" href = "#tag67_1">67.1</a> +<b>in eōs . . . animadverterētur</b>: ‘punishment should be visited upon +those.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note67_2" id = "note67_2" href = "#tag67_2">67.2</a> +Cf. <a href = "#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E 6.</p> + +<p><a name = "note67_3" id = "note67_3" href = "#tag67_3">67.3</a> +<b>ut . . . īgnōscerētur</b>: a result clause, dependent on +<b>causam</b>: ‘a reason as a result of which he <i>ought to be +pardoned</i>.’ The subjunctive at times expresses necessity or +obligation and propriety.</p> + +<p><a name = "note67_4" id = "note67_4" href = "#tag67_4">67.4</a> +<b>tantī . . . fēcisset</b>: ‘he had so highly esteemed Gracchus.’ +<b>tantī</b> is a so-called gen. of price or value: H 448, 1 (405): +M 576: A 252, <i>a</i>: G 380: B 203, 3. For +<i>fēcisset</i>, cf. <a href = "#note14_1">p. 14, +n. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note67_5" id = "note67_5" href = "#tag67_5">67.5</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note47_12">p. 47, n. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note67_6" id = "note67_6" href = "#tag67_6">67.6</a> +<b>quidem</b> emphasizes <b>id</b>. This emphasis in English would be +indicated by the stress of the voice, thus: ‘he never would have dreamed +of <i>that</i>.’ Cf. <i>Nōlim quidem</i> above, <a href = +"#line_xxii_42">l. 42</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note67_7" id = "note67_7" href = "#tag67_7">67.7</a> +<b>cum . . . tum</b>: ‘not only . . . but also.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note67_8" id = "note67_8" href = "#tag67_8">67.8</a> +<b>ex ūsū vestrō</b>: ‘to your interests.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note67_9" id = "note67_9" href = "#tag67_9">67.9</a> +‘a red cent,’ ‘a farthing,’ as we say.</p> + +<p><a name = "note67_10" id = "note67_10" href = "#tag67_10">67.10</a> +<i>sūmptum facere</i> = ‘to be put to expense.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note67_11" id = "note67_11" href = "#tag67_11">67.11</a> +Verbs and adjectives denoting fulness and want are construed with either +the gen. or the abl., the abl. in reality expressing means.</p> +</div> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page68" id = "page68">68</a> +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXIII">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XXIII" id = "selection_XXIII">XXIII.</a> +Gāius Marius</h4> + +<p>C. Marius, humilī locō nātus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_1" id = +"tag68_1" href = "#note68_1">1</a> mīlitiae tīrōcinium in Hispāniā<br> +duce Scīpiōne<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_2" id = "tag68_2" href = +"#note68_2">2</a> posuit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_3" id = +"tag68_3" href = "#note68_3">3</a> Erat imprīmīs Scīpiōnī cārus ob<br> +singulārem virtūtem et impigram<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_4" id = +"tag68_4" href = "#note68_4">4</a> ad perīcula et labōrēs +alacritātem.<br> +Cum aliquandō inter cēnam Scīpiōnem quīdam interrogāsset, sī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_5" id = "line_xxiii_5">5</a> +quid illī<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_5" id = "tag68_5" href = +"#note68_5">5</a> accidisset, quemnam rēs pūblica aequē māgnum<br> +habitūra esset imperātōrem, Scīpiō, percussō lēniter Mariī umerō,<br> +“Fortāsse hunc” inquit. Quō dictō excitātus Marius dīgnōs<br> +rēbus, quās posteā gessit, spīritūs concēpit.</p> + +<p>Q. Metellum<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_6" id = "tag68_6" href = +"#note68_6">6</a> in Numidiam contrā Iugurtham missum,<a class = "tag" +name = "tag68_7" id = "tag68_7" href = "#note68_7">7</a> cūius<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_10" id = "line_xxiii_10">10</a> +lēgātus erat, cum ab eō Rōmam missus esset, apud populum<br> +<a name = "line_xxiii_11" id = "line_xxiii_11"> </a> +Rōmānum crīminātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_8" id = "tag68_8" href += "#note68_8">8</a> est bellum dūcere<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_9" +id = "tag68_9" href = "#note68_9">9</a>: sī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag68_10" id = "tag68_10" href = "#note68_10">10</a> sē cōnsulem<br> +fēcissent, brevī tempore aut vīvum aut mortuum Iugurtham sē in<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>107.</span> +potestātem populī Rōmānī redāctūrum. Itaque creātus est<br> +cōnsul et in Metellī locum suffectus.<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_11" +id = "tag68_11" href = "#note68_11">11</a> Bellum ab illō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_15" id = "line_xxiii_15">15</a> +prōsperē coeptum cōnfēcit. Iugurtha ad Gaetūlōs perfūgerat<br> +eōrumque rēgem Bocchum adversus Rōmānōs concitāverat. Marius<br> +Gaetūlōs et Bocchum aggressus fūdit; castellum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag68_12" id = "tag68_12" href = "#note68_12">12</a> in excelsā +rīpā<br> +positum, ubi rēgiī thēsaurī erant, nōn sine multō labōre expūgnāvit.<br> +Bocchus, bellō dēfessus, lēgātōs ad Marium mīsit, pācem<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_20" id = "line_xxiii_20">20</a> +ōrantēs.<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_13" id = "tag68_13" href = +"#note68_13">13</a> Sulla<a class = "tag" name = "tag68_14" id = +"tag68_14" href = "#note68_14">14</a> quaestor, ā Mariō ad rēgem +remissus, Bocchō<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page69" id = "page69">69</a> +<a name = "line_xxiii_21" id = "line_xxiii_21"> </a> +persuāsit ut Iugurtham Rōmānīs trāderet. Iugurtha igitur<br> +vinctus ad Marium dēductus est; quem Marius triumphāns ante<br> +currum ēgit et in carcerem<a class = "tag" name = "tag69_1" id = +"tag69_1" href = "#note69_1">1</a> caenōsum inclūsit. Quō cum +Iugurtha<br> +<a name = "line_xxiii_24" id = "line_xxiii_24"> </a> +dētrāctā veste ingrederētur, ōs rīdentis<a class = "tag" name = +"tag69_2" id = "tag69_2" href = "#note69_2">2</a> in modum dīdūxisse<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_25" id = "line_xxiii_25">25</a> +et stupēns similisque dēsipientī exclāmāsse fertur: “Prō! quam<br> +frīgidum est vestrum balneum!” Paucīs diēbus post in carcere<br> +necātus est.</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/pic69.png" width = "467" height = "231" +alt = "see caption"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +TRIUMPH</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>104.</span> + +<p>Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum cōnsul creātus bellumque<br> +eī contrā Cimbrōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag69_3" id = "tag69_3" href = +"#note69_3">3</a> et Teutonēs dēcrētum est. Hī novī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_30" id = "line_xxiii_30">30</a> +hostēs, ab extrēmīs Germāniae fīnibus profugī, novās sēdēs<br> +quaerēbant, exclūsīque Galliā et Hispāniā cum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag69_4" id = "tag69_4" href = "#note69_4">4</a> in Ītaliam<br> +remigrārent, ā Rōmānīs ut aliquid sibi terrae darent petiērunt.<br> +Repulsī, quod nequīverant<a class = "tag" name = "tag69_5" id = +"tag69_5" href = "#note69_5">5</a> precibus, armīs petere +cōnstituunt.<br> +<a name = "line_xxiii_34" id = "line_xxiii_34"> </a> +Trēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag69_6" id = "tag69_6" href = +"#note69_6">6</a> ducēs Rōmānī impetūs barbarōrum nōn sustinuērunt.<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page70" id = "page70">70</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_35" id = "line_xxiii_35">35</a> +Omnēs fugātī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_1" id = "tag70_1" href = +"#note70_1">1</a> exūtī<a class = "tag" href = "#note70_1">1</a> +castrīs. Āctum<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_2" id = "tag70_2" href = +"#note70_2">2</a> erat dē imperiō Rōmānō,<br> +nisi<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_3" id = "tag70_3" href = +"#note70_3">3</a> Marius fuisset. Hīc prīmō Teutonēs sub ipsīs +Alpium<br> +<a name = "line_xxiii_37" id = "line_xxiii_37"> </a> +rādīcibus adsecūtus proeliō<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_4" id = +"tag70_4" href = "#note70_4">4</a> oppressit. Vallem fluviumque<br> +medium<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_5" id = "tag70_5" href = +"#note70_5">5</a> hostēs tenēbant: Rōmānīs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag70_6" id = "tag70_6" href = "#note70_6">6</a> aquārum nūlla cōpia. +Aucta<br> +necessitāte virtūs causa victōriae fuit. Nam flāgitante aquam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_40" id = "line_xxiii_40">40</a> +exercitū Marius “Virī<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_7" id = "tag70_7" +href = "#note70_7">7</a>” inquit “estis, ēn illīc aquam habētis.”<br> +Itaque tantō ārdōre pūgnātum est eaque caedēs hostium fuit, ut<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic70.png" width = "104" height = "107" +alt = "see caption"><br> +TROPAEUM</span> + +Rōmānī victōrēs dē cruentō flūmine nōn plūs<br> +aquae biberent quam sanguinis barbarōrum.<br> +Caesa trāduntur hostium ducenta mīlia, capta<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_45" id = "line_xxiii_45">45</a> +nōnāgintā. Rēx ipse Teutobochus in proximō<br> +saltū comprehēnsus īnsīgne spectāculum triumphī<br> +fuit: quīppe vir prōcēritātis eximiae<br> +super tropaea ipsa ēminēbat.</p> + +<p>Dēlētīs Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbrōs sē convertit. Quī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_50" id = "line_xxiii_50">50</a> +cum ex<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_8" id = "tag70_8" href = +"#note70_8">8</a> aliā parte Ītaliam ingressī Athesim flūmen nōn +ponte<br> +nec nāvibus, sed iniectīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_9" id = +"tag70_9" href = "#note70_9">9</a> arborum truncīs, velut aggere,<br> +trāiēcissent, occurrit iīs C. Marius. Cimbrī lēgātōs ad cōnsulem<br> +mīsērunt, agrōs urbēsque sibi et frātribus pōstulantēs,<a class = "tag" +name = "tag70_10" id = "tag70_10" href = "#note70_10">10</a> +Teutonum<br> +enim clādem īgnōrābant. Quaerente<a class = "tag" name = "tag70_11" id = +"tag70_11" href = "#note70_11">11</a> Mariō quōs illī frātrēs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_55" id = "line_xxiii_55">55</a> +dīcerent, cum Teutonēs nōmināssent, rīdēns Marius “Omittite<a class = +"tag" name = "tag70_12" id = "tag70_12" href = "#note70_12">12</a>”<br> +inquit “frātrēs; tenent hī acceptam ā nōbīs terram aeternumque<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page71" id = "page71">71</a> +tenēbunt.” Tum lēgātī sē lūdibriō<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_1" id = +"tag71_1" href = "#note71_1">1</a> habērī sentientēs ultiōnem<br> +Mariō minātī sunt, simul atque Teutonēs advēnissent. “Atquī<br> +adsunt” inquit Marius “nec sānē cīvīle foret vōs frātribus vestrīs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_60" id = "line_xxiii_60">60</a> +nōn salūtātīs discēdere.” Tum vinctōs addūcī iussit Teutonum<br> +ducēs, quī in proeliō captī erant.</p> + +<p>Hīs rēbus audītīs, Cimbrī ēgrediuntur castrīs et cum paucīs<br> +suōrum ad vāllum Rōmānum adequitāns Boiorix, Cimbrōrum<br> +dux, Marium ad pūgnam prōvocat et diem pūgnae ā Rōmānōrum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_65" id = "line_xxiii_65">65</a> +imperātōre petit. Proximum dedit cōnsul. Marius cum aciem<br> +ita īnstituisset, ut pulvis<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_2" id = +"tag71_2" href = "#note71_2">2</a> in oculōs et ōra hostium +ferrētur,<br> +incrēdibilī strāge<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_3" id = "tag71_3" href += "#note71_3">3</a> prōstrāta<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_4" id = +"tag71_4" href = "#note71_4">4</a> est illa Cimbrōrum multitūdō: +caesa<br> +trāduntur centum octōgintā hominum mīlia. Nec minor cum<br> +uxōribus pūgna quam cum virīs fuit, cum obiectīs undique plaustrīs,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_70" id = "line_xxiii_70">70</a> +dēsuper,<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_5" id = "tag71_5" href = +"#note71_5">5</a> quasi ē turribus, lanceīs contīsque pūgnārent.<br> +Victae tamen cum missā ad Marium lēgātiōne lībertātem<a class = "tag" +name = "tag71_6" id = "tag71_6" href = "#note71_6">6</a> nōn<br> +impetrāssent, suffōcātīs ēlīsīsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_7" id = +"tag71_7" href = "#note71_7">7</a> īnfantibus suīs aut mūtuīs<a class = +"tag" name = "tag71_8" id = "tag71_8" href = "#note71_8">8</a><br> +concidērunt vulneribus aut vinculō ē crīnibus suīs factō ab<a class = +"tag" name = "tag71_9" id = "tag71_9" href = "#note71_9">9</a><br> +arboribus pependērunt. Canēs quoque dēfendēre, Cimbrīs caesīs,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_75" id = "line_xxiii_75">75</a> +eōrum domōs. Marius prō duōbus triumphīs, quī offerēbantur,<br> +ūnō contentus fuit. Prīmōrēs cīvitātis, quī eī aliquamdiū ut<a class = +"tag" name = "tag71_10" id = "tag71_10" href = "#note71_10">10</a><br> +novō hominī ad tantōs honōrēs ēvectō<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_11" +id = "tag71_11" href = "#note71_11">11</a> invīderant, cōnservātam<a +class = "tag" name = "tag71_12" id = "tag71_12" href = +"#note71_12">12</a><br> +ab eō rem pūblicam fatēbantur. In ipsā aciē Marius duās Camertium<br> +cohortēs, mīrā virtūte vim Cimbrōrum sustinentēs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag71_13" id = "tag71_13" href = "#note71_13">13</a> contrā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_80" id = "line_xxiii_80">80</a> +lēgem<a class = "tag" name = "tag71_14" id = "tag71_14" href = +"#note71_14">14</a> cīvitāte dōnāverat. Quod quidem factum et vērē +et<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page72" id = "page72">72</a> +ēgregiē posteā excūsāvit, dīcēns inter armōrum strepitum verba<br> +sē iūris cīvīlis exaudīre nōn potuisse.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>88.</span> + +<p>Illā tempestāte prīmum Rōmae bellum cīvīle commōtum est.<br> +Causam bellō dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla<a class = "tag" name = +"tag72_1" id = "tag72_1" href = "#note72_1">1</a> cōnsul<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_85" id = "line_xxiii_85">85</a> +contrā Mithridātem,<a class = "tag" name = "tag72_2" id = "tag72_2" href += "#note72_2">2</a> rēgem Pontī, missus fuisset, Sulpicius,<br> +tribūnus plēbis, lēgem<a class = "tag" name = "tag72_3" id = "tag72_3" +href = "#note72_3">3</a> ad populum tulit ut Sullae imperium<br> +abrogārētur, C. Mariō bellum dēcernerētur Mithridāticum. Quā rē<br> +Sulla commōtus cum exercitū ad urbem vēnit, eam armīs occupāvit,<br> +Sulpicium interfēcit, Marium fugāvit. Marius hostēs persequentēs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_90" id = "line_xxiii_90">90</a> +fugiēns aliquamdiū in palūde dēlituit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag72_4" +id = "tag72_4" href = "#note72_4">4</a> Sed paulō post<br> +repertus extrāctusque, ut erat nūdō corpore caenōque oblitus,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag72_5" id = "tag72_5" href = "#note72_5">5</a><br> +iniectō in collum lōrō Minturnās raptus et in cūstōdiam coniectus<br> +est. Missus est ad eum occīdendum servus<a class = "tag" name = +"tag72_6" id = "tag72_6" href = "#note72_6">6</a> pūblicus, nātiōne<br> +Cimber, quem Marius vultūs auctōritāte dēterruit. Cum enim<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_95" id = "line_xxiii_95">95</a> +hominem ad sē strictō gladiō venientem vīdisset “Tūne, homō,”<br> +inquit “C. Marium audēbis occīdere?” Quō audītō attonitus ille<br> +ac tremēns abiectō ferrō fūgit, Marium sē nōn posse occīdere<br> +clāmitāns. Marius deinde ab iīs, quī prius eum occīdere voluerant,<br> +ē carcere ēmissus est.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_100" id = +"line_xxiii_100">100</a> +Acceptā nāviculā in Āfricam trāiēcit et in agrum Carthāginiēnsem<br> +pervēnit. Ibi cum in locīs sōlitāriīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag72_7" +id = "tag72_7" href = "#note72_7">7</a> sedēret, vēnit <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘ād’">ad</ins> eum<br> +<a name = "line_xxiii_102" id = "line_xxiii_102"> </a> +līctor Sextiliī praetōris, quī tum Āfricam obtinēbat. Ab hōc,<br> +quem<a class = "tag" name = "tag72_8" id = "tag72_8" href = +"#note72_8">8</a> numquam laesisset, Marius hūmānitātis tamen<a class = +"tag" name = "tag72_9" id = "tag72_9" href = "#note72_9">9</a> +aliquod<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page73" id = "page73">73</a> +officium exspectābat; at līctor dēcēdere eum prōvinciā iussit,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_105" id = +"line_xxiii_105">105</a> +nisi in sē animadvertī vellet: torvēque intuentem et vōcem nūllam<br> +ēmittentem Marium rogāvit tandem ecquid renūntiārī praetōrī<br> +vellet? Marius “Abī” inquit, “nūntiā vīdisse tē Gāium<br> +Marium in Carthāginis ruīnīs sedentem.” Duōbus clārissimīs<br> +exemplīs dē incōnstantiā rērum hūmānārum eum admonēbat,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_110" id = +"line_xxiii_110">110</a> +cum et urbis māximae excidium et virī clārissimī cāsum ante<br> +oculōs pōneret.</p> + +<p>Profectō ad bellum Mithridāticum Sullā, Marius revocātus ā<br> +Cinnā<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_1" id = "tag73_1" href = +"#note73_1">1</a> in Ītaliam rediit, efferātus magis calamitāte quam +domitus.<br> +Cum exercitū Rōmam ingressus eam caedibus et rapīnīs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_115" id = +"line_xxiii_115">115</a> +vāstāvit; omnēs adversae factiōnis nōbilēs variīs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag73_2" id = "tag73_2" href = "#note73_2">2</a> suppliciōrum<br> +generibus adfēcit: quīnque diēs continuōs totidemque noctēs illa<br> +scelerum omnium dūrāvit licentia.<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_3" id = +"tag73_3" href = "#note73_3">3</a> Hōc tempore admīranda sānē<br> +populī Rōmānī abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius occīsōrum<br> +<a name = "line_xxiii_119" id = "line_xxiii_119"> </a> +domōs multitūdinī dīripiendās<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_4" id = +"tag73_4" href = "#note73_4">4</a> obiēcisset, invenīrī potuit nēmō,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_120" id = +"line_xxiii_120">120</a> +quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_5" id = "tag73_5" href = +"#note73_5">5</a> cīvīlī<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_6" id = "tag73_6" +href = "#note73_6">6</a> lūctū praedam peteret<a class = "tag" href = +"#note73_5">5</a>: quae quidem tam misericors<br> +continentia plēbis tacita<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_7" id = +"tag73_7" href = "#note73_7">7</a> quaedam crūdēlium victōrum +vituperātiō<br> +fuit. Tandem Marius, seniō et labōribus cōnfectus, in morbum<br> +incidit et ingentī<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_8" id = "tag73_8" href += "#note73_8">8</a> omnium laetitiā vītam fīnīvit. Cūius virī sī<br> +<a name = "line_xxiii_124" id = "line_xxiii_124"> </a> +exāminentur cum virtūtibus vitia, haud facile sit dictū<a class = "tag" +name = "tag73_9" id = "tag73_9" href = "#note73_9">9</a> utrum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_125" id = +"line_xxiii_125">125</a> +bellō melior, an pāce perniciōsior fuerit: namque quam rem pūblicam<br> +armātus<a class = "tag" name = "tag73_10" id = "tag73_10" href = +"#note73_10">10</a> servāvit, eam prīmō togātus<a class = "tag" href = +"#note73_10">10</a> omnī genere fraudis,<br> +postrēmō armīs hostīliter ēvertit.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page74" id = "page74">74</a> +<p>Erat Marius dūrior<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_1" id = "tag74_1" +href = "#note74_1">1</a> ad hūmānitātis<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_2" +id = "tag74_2" href = "#note74_2">2</a> studia et ingenuārum<a class = +"tag" name = "tag74_3" id = "tag74_3" href = "#note74_3">3</a><br> +artium contemptor. Cum <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘aēdem’">aedem</ins> Honōris dē manubiīs hostium<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_130" id = +"line_xxiii_130">130</a> +vōvisset, sprētā<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_4" id = "tag74_4" href = +"#note74_4">4</a> peregrīnōrum marmorum nōbilitāte artificumque<br> +Graecōrum arte, eam vulgārī lapide<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_5" id = +"tag74_5" href = "#note74_5">5</a> per artificem Rōmānum<br> +cūrāvit aedificandam. Et Graecās litterās dēspiciēbat, quod<a class = +"tag" name = "tag74_6" id = "tag74_6" href = "#note74_6">6</a><br> +doctōribus suīs parum ad virtūtem prōfuissent. At īdem fortis,<br> +validus, adversus dolōrem cōnfīrmātus. Cum eī varicēs in crūre<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiii_135" id = +"line_xxiii_135">135</a> +secārentur, vetuit sē adligārī. Ācrem tamen fuisse dolōris morsum<br> +ipse ostendit: nam medicō, alterum crūs pōstulantī, nōluit<br> +praebēre, quod māiōrem esse remediī quem morbī dolōrem iūdicāret.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXIV">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note68_1" id = "note68_1" href = "#tag68_1">68.1</a> +In 157 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, near Arpinum in +Latium.</p> + +<p><a name = "note68_2" id = "note68_2" href = "#tag68_2">68.2</a> +Sc. <i>Āfricānō Minōre</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note68_3" id = "note68_3" href = "#tag68_3">68.3</a> += <i>dēposuit</i>: ‘laid aside, completed, served.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note68_4" id = "note68_4" href = "#tag68_4">68.4</a> +<b>impigram . . . alacritātem</b>: ‘his energetic eagerness in the +direction of (<b>ad</b>),’ etc. = ‘his energy and eagerness to face,’ +etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note68_5" id = "note68_5" href = "#tag68_5">68.5</a> +i.e. Scipio.</p> + +<p><a name = "note68_6" id = "note68_6" href = "#tag68_6">68.6</a> +Subject of <b>dūcere</b>, <a href = "#line_xxiii_11">l. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note68_7" id = "note68_7" href = "#tag68_7">68.7</a> += <i>quī missus erat</i>. Cf. <i>coeptum</i>, <a href = +"#line_xxiii_15">l. 15</a>, and <a href = "#page_xxiv">p. +xxiv</a>, L1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note68_8" id = "note68_8" href = "#tag68_8">68.8</a> +<b>crīminātus . . . dūcere</b>: ‘charged him with prolonging.’ +<i>crīminārī</i> is treated here as a verb of saying.</p> + +<p><a name = "note68_9" id = "note68_9" href = "#tag68_9">68.9</a> += <i>prōdūcere</i>, ‘prolong.’ Simple verbs not infrequently have the +meanings which are more usually borne by some of their compounds. Cf. +n. 3 above.</p> + +<p><a name = "note68_10" id = "note68_10" href = "#tag68_10">68.10</a> +<b>sī . . . redāctūrum</b>: the words of Marius, reported in indir. +disc. Cf. <a href = "#page_xxv">p. xxv</a>, M 4, 7.</p> + +<p><a name = "note68_11" id = "note68_11" href = "#tag68_11">68.11</a> +<b>in . . . suffectus</b>: ‘he was appointed to supersede Metellus.’ How +literally?</p> + +<p><a name = "note68_12" id = "note68_12" href = "#tag68_12">68.12</a> +This fortress lay on the steep, rocky bank of the river Malucha, which +separated the dominions of Jugurtha and Bocchus.</p> + +<p><a name = "note68_13" id = "note68_13" href = "#tag68_13">68.13</a> +<b>ōrantēs</b> may be explained (1) as = <i>quī pācem ōrābant</i> +(cf. n. 7 above); or (2) as expressing purpose, and so = +<i>quī pācem ōrārent</i>. In this latter sense, however, the fut. part. +active is commonly employed, not the present.</p> + +<p><a name = "note68_14" id = "note68_14" href = "#tag68_14">68.14</a> +See next selection.</p> + +<p><a name = "note69_1" id = "note69_1" href = "#tag69_1">69.1</a> +The Tullianum: see illustration on <a href = "#page16">p. 16</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note69_2" id = "note69_2" href = "#tag69_2">69.2</a> +‘of one smiling.’ Join with <b>modum</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note69_3" id = "note69_3" href = "#tag69_3">69.3</a> +The Cimbri and Teutones had left their homes in Denmark as early as 113 +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> Having overrun Gaul, they made +their way to the northern slopes of the Alps, defeating three Roman +armies on the way (cf. <a href = "#line_xxiii_34">l. 34</a> +below). They did not, however, at once enter Italy, but turned off to +Spain, whence they were speedily expelled by the natives.</p> + +<p><a name = "note69_4" id = "note69_4" href = "#tag69_4">69.4</a> +For the position of <b>cum</b>, see <a href = "#note19_8">p. 19, n. +8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note69_5" id = "note69_5" href = "#tag69_5">69.5</a> +Sc. <i>petere</i>, or better <i>adipīscī</i>, ‘to secure.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note69_6" id = "note69_6" href = "#tag69_6">69.6</a> +Cn. Papirius Carbo, 113; M. Iunius Silanus, 109; Q. Servilius Caepio, +105.</p> + +<p><a name = "note70_1" id = "note70_1" href = "#tag70_1">70.1</a> +Sc. <i>sunt</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note70_2" id = "note70_2" href = "#tag70_2">70.2</a> +<b>Āctum . . . fuisset</b>: ‘it was all up with the Romans had there not +been a Marius.’ For <b>erat</b> we should have expected <i>esset</i>, +since we have an unreal condition; but the indic., the mood of fact, is +used to show that the ruin of the Romans actually was inevitable but for +one thing. H 581, 1 (511, 1): M 940: A 308, +<i>b</i>: G 597, 2: B 304, 3.</p> + +<p><a name = "note70_3" id = "note70_3" href = "#tag70_3">70.3</a> +<b>nisi . . . fuisset</b>: we would say, ‘but for Marius,’ or ‘if it +hadn’t been for Marius.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note70_4" id = "note70_4" href = "#tag70_4">70.4</a> +in 102, at Aquae Sextiae (now Aix), near Marseilles.</p> + +<p><a name = "note70_5" id = "note70_5" href = "#tag70_5">70.5</a> +‘that ran through (the valley).’</p> + +<p><a name = "note70_6" id = "note70_6" href = "#tag70_6">70.6</a> +dat. of possession with <i>erat</i> (to be supplied). On the whole +sentence <b>Vallem . . . cōpia</b>, see <a href = +"#note5_13">p. 5, n. 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note70_7" id = "note70_7" href = "#tag70_7">70.7</a> +<b>Virī . . . habētis</b>: a rhetorical, but vigorous way of saying +<i>Sī virī</i> (‘true men’) <i>estis</i>, etc., i.e. the getting of +water depends wholly on your own courage.</p> + +<p><a name = "note70_8" id = "note70_8" href = "#tag70_8">70.8</a> +‘from a different side’ (from that by which the Teutones had sought to +enter Italy). The Cimbri came through the Brenner Pass at the eastern +side of the Italian Alps.</p> + +<p><a name = "note70_9" id = "note70_9" href = "#tag70_9">70.9</a> +Sc. <i>in flūmen</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note70_10" id = "note70_10" href = "#tag70_10">70.10</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note68_13">p. 68, n. 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note70_11" id = "note70_11" href = "#tag70_11">70.11</a> +<b>Quaerente . . . nōmināssent</b> = two temporal clauses: ‘when Marius +had asked . . . and they had named.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note70_12" id = "note70_12" href = "#tag70_12">70.12</a> +‘Never mind.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_1" id = "note71_1" href = "#tag71_1">71.1</a> +<b>sē . . . habērī</b>: ‘that they were being mocked.’ <b>lūdibriō</b> +is a dat. of purpose: cf. <a href = "#note25_6">p. 25, +n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_2" id = "note71_2" href = "#tag71_2">71.2</a> +<b>pulvis . . . ferrētur</b>: cf. <a href = "#line_xx_7">XX, lines 7 and +8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_3" id = "note71_3" href = "#tag71_3">71.3</a> +at the battle of Vercellae (101), near the modern Milan.</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_4" id = "note71_4" href = "#tag71_4">71.4</a> +<i>prōsternō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_5" id = "note71_5" href = "#tag71_5">71.5</a> +‘from above,’ i.e. from the tops of the wagons.</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_6" id = "note71_6" href = "#tag71_6">71.6</a> +Captives were either killed or sold into slavery.</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_7" id = "note71_7" href = "#tag71_7">71.7</a> +<i>ēlīdō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_8" id = "note71_8" href = "#tag71_8">71.8</a> +<b>mūtuīs . . . vulneribus</b>: ‘wounds inflicted by each other.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_9" id = "note71_9" href = "#tag71_9">71.9</a> +<b>ab . . . pependērunt</b>: ‘hung <i>from</i> trees’ = ‘hanged +themselves <i>to</i> trees.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_10" id = "note71_10" href = "#tag71_10">71.10</a> +<b>ut . . . hominī</b>: ‘as (i.e. because he was) a new man,’ i.e. one +whose ancestors had never held any state office. Such a man was not +necessarily of plebeian birth.</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_11" id = "note71_11" href = "#tag71_11">71.11</a> +<b>ēvectō</b>: ‘when he had been elevated.’ <b>eī . . . ēvectō</b> may +also be rendered ‘his elevation.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_12" id = "note71_12" href = "#tag71_12">71.12</a> +Sc. <i>esse</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_13" id = "note71_13" href = "#tag71_13">71.13</a> +The part. gives the cause of <i>dōnāverat</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note71_14" id = "note71_14" href = "#tag71_14">71.14</a> +In theory citizenship could be conferred only by action of the +<i>comitia tribūta</i>, or assembly in which the people met by +tribes.</p> + +<p><a name = "note72_1" id = "note72_1" href = "#tag72_1">72.1</a> +See next selection.</p> + +<p><a name = "note72_2" id = "note72_2" href = "#tag72_2">72.2</a> +Mithridates the Great waged war thrice with the Romans, 88-84 <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, 83-81, and 74-66, till finally +defeated by Pompey the Great. At the time referred to in the text he had +overrun Asia Minor and had entered Greece.</p> + +<p><a name = "note72_3" id = "note72_3" href = "#tag72_3">72.3</a> +<b>lēgem . . . tulit</b>: ‘proposed a law before the people,’ i.e. +submitted a proposed law to their votes. The proposal was carried. In +the civil strife that followed, Sulla led the aristocratic, Marius and +Cinna the popular party.</p> + +<p><a name = "note72_4" id = "note72_4" href = "#tag72_4">72.4</a> +<i>dēlitēscō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note72_5" id = "note72_5" href = "#tag72_5">72.5</a> +<i>oblinō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note72_6" id = "note72_6" href = "#tag72_6">72.6</a> +<b>servus pūblicus</b>: i.e. a slave owned by the state. Cf. the phrase +<i>ager pūblicus</i>, <a href = "#note64_9">p. 64, +n. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note72_7" id = "note72_7" href = "#tag72_7">72.7</a> +Carthage had been destroyed by the Romans in 149 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note72_8" id = "note72_8" href = "#tag72_8">72.8</a> +<b>quem . . . laesisset</b> (<i>laedō</i>): a causal rel. clause = +‘since he had,’ etc.: H 592 (517): M 839: A 320, +<i>e</i>: G 633: B 283, 3.</p> + +<p><a name = "note72_9" id = "note72_9" href = "#tag72_9">72.9</a> +<b>tamen</b> looks back to <b>quī . . . obtinēbat</b>, <a href = +"#line_xxiii_102">l. 102</a>. The thought is that Marius hoped for +some kindly consideration (<b>hūmānitātis aliquod officium</b>) from +Sextilius, though his official position would naturally constrain him to +be hostile to an outlaw.</p> + +<p><a name = "note73_1" id = "note73_1" href = "#tag73_1">73.1</a> +L. Cornelius Cinna, leader with Marius of the popular party and enemy of +Sulla. He was consul 86-84, but was killed by his own troops when he +ordered them to cross to Greece to fight Sulla, who was preparing to +return home at the close of the first Mithridatic War.</p> + +<p><a name = "note73_2" id = "note73_2" href = "#tag73_2">73.2</a> +<b>variīs . . . adfēcit</b>: ‘he punished in various ways.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note73_3" id = "note73_3" href = "#tag73_3">73.3</a> +‘lawless reign,’ ‘wild revel.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note73_4" id = "note73_4" href = "#tag73_4">73.4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note2_18">p. 2, n. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note73_5" id = "note73_5" href = "#tag73_5">73.5</a> +<b>quī . . . peteret</b>: rel. clause of result: H 591, 1 (503, I): +M 838: A 320: G 631: B 283.</p> + +<p><a name = "note73_6" id = "note73_6" href = "#tag73_6">73.6</a> +<b>cīvīlī lūctū</b>: ‘at the price of (lit. by means of) grief to his +fellow-citizens.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note73_7" id = "note73_7" href = "#tag73_7">73.7</a> +<b>tacita . . . fuit</b>: ‘(though) unexpressed was in a sense +(<b>quaedam</b>) a criticism,’ etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note73_8" id = "note73_8" href = "#tag73_8">73.8</a> +<b>ingentī . . . laetitiā</b>: ‘to the great joy of every one’; cf. +<a href = "#note27_3">p. 27, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note73_9" id = "note73_9" href = "#tag73_9">73.9</a> +Join with <b>facile</b>, and see <a href = "#note19_15">p. 19, n. +15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note73_10" id = "note73_10" href = "#tag73_10">73.10</a> +<b>armātus</b> = <i>bellō</i>; <b>togātus</b> = <i>pāce</i>. Cf. <a href += "#line_xxiii_25">l. 125</a>. The toga was the regular dress of +civilians.</p> + +<p><a name = "note74_1" id = "note74_1" href = "#tag74_1">74.1</a> +<b>Erat dūrior ad</b>: ‘He was rather hard as regards,’ i.e. ‘he had no +liking for.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note74_2" id = "note74_2" href = "#tag74_2">74.2</a> +‘culture.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note74_3" id = "note74_3" href = "#tag74_3">74.3</a> +<b>ingenuārum artium</b>: ‘polite accomplishments.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note74_4" id = "note74_4" href = "#tag74_4">74.4</a> +<i>spernō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note74_5" id = "note74_5" href = "#tag74_5">74.5</a> +abl. of material: H 470, 1 (415, III): M 610: A 244, <i>d</i>: +G 396, and 3.</p> + +<p><a name = "note74_6" id = "note74_6" href = "#tag74_6">74.6</a> +<b>quod . . . prōfuissent</b>: ‘because (so he declared) it had been of +little service to its teachers in the direction of (attaining) virtue.’ +Cf. <i>quod . . . iūdicāret</i>, <a href = +"#line_xxiii_37">l. 137</a>, and see <a href = +"#note14_1">p. 14, n. 1</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXIV">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XXIV" id = "selection_XXIV">XXIV.</a> +Lūcius Cornēlius Sulla<br> +<span class = "subhead"> +138-78 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></span></h4> + +<p>Cornēlius Sulla cum parvulus ā nūtrīce ferrētur, mulier<a class = +"tag" name = "tag74_7" id = "tag74_7" href = "#note74_7">7</a> obvia<br> +“Salvē” inquit “puer tibi et reī pūblicae tuae fēlīx,” et statim<br> +quaesīta<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_8" id = "tag74_8" href = +"#note74_8">8</a> quae haec dīxisset, nōn potuit invenīrī.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag74_9" id = "tag74_9" href = "#note74_9">9</a></p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>107.</span> + +<p>Hīc bellō Iugurthīnō<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_10" id = +"tag74_10" href = "#note74_10">10</a> quaestor Mariī fuit. Quī<a class = +"tag" name = "tag74_11" id = "tag74_11" href = "#note74_11">11</a> cum<a +class = "tag" name = "tag74_12" id = "tag74_12" href = +"#note74_12">12</a> ūsque<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_5" id = "line_xxiv_5">5</a> +ad quaestūrae comitia vītam libīdine, vīnō, lūdicrae<a class = "tag" +name = "tag74_13" id = "tag74_13" href = "#note74_13">13</a> artis<br> +amōre inquinātam perdūxisset,<a class = "tag" href = "#note74_12">12</a> +C. Marius cōnsul molestē<br> +tulisse trāditur, quod sibi gravissimum bellum gerentī tam dēlicātus<br> +quaestor sorte<a class = "tag" name = "tag74_14" id = "tag74_14" href = +"#note74_14">14</a> obvēnisset. Ēiusdem tamen, postquam in<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page75" id = "page75">75</a> +Āfricam vēnit, virtūs<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_1" id = "tag75_1" +href = "#note75_1">1</a> ēnituit. Bellō<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_2" +id = "tag75_2" href = "#note75_2">2</a> Cimbricō, lēgātus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_10" id = "line_xxiv_10">10</a> +cōnsulis<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_3" id = "tag75_3" href = +"#note75_3">3</a> bonam operam nāvāvit. Cōnsul ipse deinde factus, +pulsō<br> +in exsilium Mariō, adversus Mithridātem<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_4" +id = "tag75_4" href = "#note75_4">4</a> profectus est. Mithridātēs<br> +enim, Ponticus rēx, vir bellō ācerrimus, virtūte eximius,<br> +odiō in Rōmānōs nōn īnferior Hannibale,<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_5" +id = "tag75_5" href = "#note75_5">5</a> occupātā Asiā necātīsque<br> +in eā omnibus cīvibus Rōmānīs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_6" id = +"tag75_6" href = "#note75_6">6</a> quōs quidem eādem diē<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_15" id = "line_xxiv_15">15</a> +atque hōrā per omnēs cīvitātēs interimī iusserat, Eurōpae quoque<br> +Ītaliaeque imminēre vidēbātur. Ac prīmō Sulla illīus praefectōs<br> +duōbus proeliīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_7" id = "tag75_7" href = +"#note75_7">7</a> in Graeciā prōflīgāvit; dein trānsgressus in<br> +Asiam Mithridātem ipsum fūdit; et oppressisset,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag75_8" id = "tag75_8" href = "#note75_8">8</a> nisi ad bellum<br> +cīvīle adversus Marium fēstīnāns quālemcumque<a class = "tag" name = +"tag75_9" id = "tag75_9" href = "#note75_9">9</a> pācem compōnere<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_20" id = "line_xxiv_20">20</a> +māluisset.<a class = "tag" href = "#note75_8">8</a> Mithridātem tamen +pecūniā<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_10" id = "tag75_10" href = +"#note75_10">10</a> multāvit; Asiā<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_11" id += "tag75_11" href = "#note75_11">11</a><br> +aliīsque prōvinciīs,<a class = "tag" href = "#note75_11">11</a> quās +occupāverat, dēcēdere paternīsque<br> +fīnibus contentum esse coēgit.</p> + +<p>Sulla propter mōtūs urbānōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_12" id = +"tag75_12" href = "#note75_12">12</a> cum victōre exercitū Rōmam<br> +properāvit; eōs, quī Mariō favēbant, omnēs superāvit. Nihil<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_25" id = "line_xxiv_25">25</a> +autem eā victōriā fuit crūdēlius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et dictātor<a +class = "tag" name = "tag75_13" id = "tag75_13" href = +"#note75_13">13</a><br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>82.</span> +creātus, vel in eōs, quī sē sponte dēdiderant, iussit<br> +animadvertī. Quattuor mīlia dēditōrum inermium cīvium<br> +in Circō interficī iussit. Quis autem illōs potest computāre, quōs<br> +in urbe passim, quisquis<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_14" id = +"tag75_14" href = "#note75_14">14</a> voluit, occīdit, dōnec admonēret +Fūfidius<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_30" id = "line_xxiv_30">30</a> +quīdam vīvere aliquōs dēbēre, ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag75_15" id = +"tag75_15" href = "#note75_15">15</a> essent, quibus<a class = "tag" +href = "#note75_15">15</a> imperāret.<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page76" id = "page76">76</a> +Novō<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_1" id = "tag76_1" href = +"#note76_1">1</a> et inaudītō exemplō tabulam prōscrīptiōnis<a class = +"tag" name = "tag76_2" id = "tag76_2" href = "#note76_2">2</a> +prōposuit,<br> +quā nōmina eōrum, quī occīdendī essent, continēbantur; cumque<br> +omnium orta esset indīgnātiō, postrīdiē plūra etiam adiēcit nōmina.<br> +Ingēns caesōrum fuit multitūdō. Nec sōlum in<a class = "tag" name = +"tag76_3" id = "tag76_3" href = "#note76_3">3</a> eōs saevīvit, quī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_35" id = "line_xxiv_35">35</a> +armīs contrā sē dīmicāvissent, sed etiam quiētī animī cīvēs<br> +propter pecūniae māgnitūdinem prōscrīptōrum numerō adiēcit.<br> +Cīvis quīdam innoxius, cuī fundus in agrō Albānō erat, cum<br> +legēns prōscrīptōrum nōmina sē quoque vidēret āscrīptum,<br> +“Vae” inquit “miserō mihi<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_4" id = +"tag76_4" href = "#note76_4">4</a>! mē fundus Albānus persequitur.”<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_40" id = "line_xxiv_40">40</a> +Neque<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_5" id = "tag76_5" href = +"#note76_5">5</a> longē prōgressus ā quōdam, quī eum āgnōverat,<br> +cōnfossus<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_6" id = "tag76_6" href = +"#note76_6">6</a> est.</p> + +<p>Dēpulsīs prōstrātīsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_7" id = +"tag76_7" href = "#note76_7">7</a> inimīcōrum partibus Sulla Fēlīcem<a +class = "tag" name = "tag76_8" id = "tag76_8" href = "#note76_8">8</a> +sē<br> +ēdictō appellāvit, cumque ēius uxor geminōs eōdem tunc partū<br> +ēdidisset, puerum Faustum<a class = "tag" href = "#note76_8">8</a> +puellamque Faustam<a class = "tag" href = "#note76_8">8</a> nōminārī +voluit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_45" id = "line_xxiv_45">45</a> +Sed paucīs annīs post repente contrā omnium exspectātiōnem<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>78.</span> +dictātūram dēposuit. Dīmissīs līctōribus diū in Forō cum<br> +amīcīs deambulāvit. Stupēbat populus eum prīvātum vidēns,<br> +cūius modo<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_9" id = "tag76_9" href = +"#note76_9">9</a> tam formīdolōsa fuerat potestās; quodque nōn<br> +minus mīrandum fuit, prīvātō eī nōn sōlum salūs, sed etiam dīgnitās<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_50" id = "line_xxiv_50">50</a> +cōnstitit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_10" id = "tag76_10" href = +"#note76_10">10</a> quī cīvēs innumerōs occīderat. Ūnus adulēscēns<br> +fuit, quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag76_11" id = "tag76_11" href = +"#note76_11">11</a> audēret querī et recēdentem ūsque ad forēs domūs<br> +maledictīs incessere. Atque ille, cūius īram potentissimī virī<br> +māximaeque cīvitātēs nec effugere nec plācāre potuerant, ūnīus<br> +adulēscentulī contumēliās patientī animō tulit, id tantum in<a class = +"tag" name = "tag76_12" id = "tag76_12" href = "#note76_12">12</a><br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page77" id = "page77">77</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_55" id = "line_xxiv_55">55</a> +līmine iam dīcēns: “Hīc adulēscēns efficiet<a class = "tag" name = +"tag77_1" id = "tag77_1" href = "#note77_1">1</a> nē quis<a class = +"tag" name = "tag77_2" id = "tag77_2" href = "#note77_2">2</a> +posthāc<br> +tāle imperium dēpōnat.”</p> + +<p>Sulla deinde in vīllam profectus rūsticārī et vēnandō<a class = "tag" +name = "tag77_3" id = "tag77_3" href = "#note77_3">3</a> vītam<br> +agere coepit. Ibi morbō correptus interiit, vir ingentis animī,<br> +<a name = "line_xxiv_59" id = "line_xxiv_59"> </a> +cupidus voluptātum, sed glōriae cupidior; lītterīs<a class = "tag" name += "tag77_4" id = "tag77_4" href = "#note77_4">4</a> Graecīs atque<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_60" id = "line_xxiv_60">60</a> +Latīnīs ērudītus et virōrum lītterātōrum adeō amāns,<a class = "tag" +name = "tag77_5" id = "tag77_5" href = "#note77_5">5</a> ut<br> +sēdulitātem etiam malī cūiusdam poētae aliquō praemiō dīgnam +dūxerit:<br> +nam cum ille epigramma in eum fēcisset eīque subiēcisset,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag77_6" id = "tag77_6" href = "#note77_6">6</a><br> +Sulla statim praemium eī darī iussit, sed eā lēge,<a class = "tag" name += "tag77_7" id = "tag77_7" href = "#note77_7">7</a> nē quid<a class = +"tag" href = "#note77_2">2</a> posteā<br> +scrīberet. Ante victōriam laudandus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag77_8" id += "tag77_8" href = "#note77_8">8</a> in iīs vērō, quae secūta<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_65" id = "line_xxiv_65">65</a> +sunt, numquam<a class = "tag" name = "tag77_9" id = "tag77_9" href = +"#note77_9">9</a> satis vituperandus, urbem enim et Ītaliam cīvīlis<br> +sanguinis flūminibus inundāvit. Nōn sōlum in vīvōs saeviit,<br> +sed nē mortuīs quidem pepercit<a class = "tag" name = "tag77_10" id = +"tag77_10" href = "#note77_10">10</a>: nam Gāī Mariī, cūius, etsī<br> +posteā hostis, aliquandō tamen quaestor fuerat, ērutōs cinerēs in<br> +flūmen prōiēcit. Quā crūdēlitāte rērum praeclārē gestārum glōriam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxiv_70" id = "line_xxiv_70">70</a> +corrūpit.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXV">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note74_7" id = "note74_7" href = "#tag74_7">74.7</a> +<b>mulier obvia . . . inquit</b>: ‘a woman met them and said.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note74_8" id = "note74_8" href = "#tag74_8">74.8</a> +<b>quaesīta . . . dīxisset</b>: ‘though inquiries were made as to who +had said this.’ How literally? <b>dīxisset</b> is a subjunctive of +indir. question dependent on <b>quaesīta</b>: cf. <a href = +"#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note74_9" id = "note74_9" href = "#tag74_9">74.9</a> +Cf. VIII, 43.</p> + +<p><a name = "note74_10" id = "note74_10" href = "#tag74_10">74.10</a> +Cf. XXIII, 20.</p> + +<p><a name = "note74_11" id = "note74_11" href = "#tag74_11">74.11</a> +i.e. Sulla.</p> + +<p><a name = "note74_12" id = "note74_12" href = "#tag74_12">74.12</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note13_20">p. 13, n. 20</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note74_13" id = "note74_13" href = "#tag74_13">74.13</a> +<b>lūdicrae artis</b>: ‘the sportive art,’ i.e. what we would call ‘the +stage,’ or ‘the drama.’ The better classes at Rome looked with disfavor +on the theater. Since no free Roman was allowed to appear upon the +stage, the actors were slaves or freedmen. The praetor was empowered to +flog actors publicly at will.</p> + +<p><a name = "note74_14" id = "note74_14" href = "#tag74_14">74.14</a> +After the election of the quaestors their posts were assigned to them by +lot.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_1" id = "note75_1" href = "#tag75_1">75.1</a> +‘ability.’ It was mainly through Sulla’s efforts that Jugurtha was +captured.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_2" id = "note75_2" href = "#tag75_2">75.2</a> +Cf. XXIII, 49.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_3" id = "note75_3" href = "#tag75_3">75.3</a> +Q. Lutatius Catulus, colleague of Marius in 101.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_4" id = "note75_4" href = "#tag75_4">75.4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note72_2">72, n. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_5" id = "note75_5" href = "#tag75_5">75.5</a> +abl. of comparison with <b>īnferior</b>: cf. <a href = "#note10_18">p. +10, n. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_6" id = "note75_6" href = "#tag75_6">75.6</a> +This butchery occurred in 88. The number of victims is variously stated +from 80,000 to 150,000.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_7" id = "note75_7" href = "#tag75_7">75.7</a> +At Chaeronea and Orchomenus in Boeotia. Both battles were fought +in 86.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_8" id = "note75_8" href = "#tag75_8">75.8</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note47_12">p. 47, n. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_9" id = "note75_9" href = "#tag75_9">75.9</a> +<b>quālemcumque pācem</b>: ‘peace on any terms.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_10" id = "note75_10" href = "#tag75_10">75.10</a> +abl. of the penalty: H 456, 3 (410, III): M 584: A 220, <i>b</i>: +G 378, <span class = "smallroman">R.</span> 3: B 208, 2, +<i>b</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_11" id = "note75_11" href = "#tag75_11">75.11</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note1_6">p. 1, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_12" id = "note75_12" href = "#tag75_12">75.12</a> +Cf. XXIII, 113-122.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_13" id = "note75_13" href = "#tag75_13">75.13</a> +Sulla’s dictatorship differed widely from those of former times +(1) because his was unlimited in time, whereas the old dictators +held office for six months only; (2) his power extended to every +department of government, whereas formerly dictators had been created to +accomplish some <i>one</i> object.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_14" id = "note75_14" href = "#tag75_14">75.14</a> +<b>quisquis voluit</b> contains the subject of <b>occīdit</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note75_15" id = "note75_15" href = "#tag75_15">75.15</a> +<b>ut . . . imperāret</b>: ‘that there might be people for him (Sulla) +to rule over.’ For <b>quibus . . . imperāret</b>, see <a href += "#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note76_1" id = "note76_1" href = "#tag76_1">76.1</a> +<b>Novō . . . prōposuit</b>: ‘He exposed to public view (in the Forum) +a proscription list, an unprecedented and unheard of act.’ +<b>exemplō</b>: abl. of manner.</p> + +<p><a name = "note76_2" id = "note76_2" href = "#tag76_2">76.2</a> +<b>prōscrīptiōnis</b>: Latin often uses a gen. where English employs an +adj. or a noun with adj. value.</p> + +<p><a name = "note76_3" id = "note76_3" href = "#tag76_3">76.3</a> +<b>in eōs saevīvit</b>: ‘he vented his rage upon those.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note76_4" id = "note76_4" href = "#tag76_4">76.4</a> +ethical dat.: H 432 (389, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> 2): M +541: A 235, <i>e</i>: G 351: B 188, 2, <i>b</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note76_5" id = "note76_5" href = "#tag76_5">76.5</a> +<b>Neque</b> = <i>et nōn</i>, as often at the beginning of clauses.</p> + +<p><a name = "note76_6" id = "note76_6" href = "#tag76_6">76.6</a> +<i>cōnfodiō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note76_7" id = "note76_7" href = "#tag76_7">76.7</a> +<i>prōsternō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note76_8" id = "note76_8" href = "#tag76_8">76.8</a> +These words all = ‘Lucky.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note76_9" id = "note76_9" href = "#tag76_9">76.9</a> +‘just now,’ ‘but a moment before.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note76_10" id = "note76_10" href = "#tag76_10">76.10</a> +‘remained intact.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note76_11" id = "note76_11" href = "#tag76_11">76.11</a> +<b>quī audēret</b> is a rel. clause of result = <i>tālis ut audēret</i>. +It characterizes or describes the antecedent <b>adulēscēns</b>. See +<a href = "#note73_5">p. 73, n. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note76_12" id = "note76_12" href = "#tag76_12">76.12</a> +<b>in līmine iam</b>: ‘when he was already at (on) his own threshold,’ +i.e. even the brief comment that he deigned to make was not uttered till +the last moment.</p> + +<p><a name = "note77_3" id = "note77_3" href = "#tag77_3">77.3</a> +<b>vēnandō . . . coepit</b>: cf. I, 21, <i>vēnandō . . . coepērunt</i>, +and note.</p> + +<p><a name = "note77_4" id = "note77_4" href = "#tag77_4">77.4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note64_2">p. 64, n. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note77_5" id = "note77_5" href = "#tag77_5">77.5</a> +<b>amāns</b> is treated here as an adj., and so construed with the gen. +Cf. <i>cupidus voluptātum</i>, <a href = +"#line_xxiv_59">l. 59</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note77_6" id = "note77_6" href = "#tag77_6">77.6</a> +‘had thrust up from below.’ Sulla was sitting on a tribunal in the +Forum.</p> + +<p><a name = "note77_7" id = "note77_7" href = "#tag77_7">77.7</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note11_9">p. 11, n. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note77_8" id = "note77_8" href = "#tag77_8">77.8</a> +Sc. <i>erat</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note77_9" id = "note77_9" href = "#tag77_9">77.9</a> +<b>numquam . . . vituperandus</b> (<i>est</i>): ‘can never be blamed +enough.’ In <i>negative</i> sentences the gerundive often conveys this +idea of possibility. For its other meanings, see <a href = +"#note39_11">p. 39, n. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note77_10" id = "note77_10" href = "#tag77_10">77.10</a> +<i>parcō</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXV">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XXV" id = "selection_XXV">XXV.</a> +Lūcius Lūcullus</h4> + +<p>Lūcius Lūcullus ingeniō, doctrīnā, virtūte fuit īnsīgnis. In<br> +Asiam quaestor profectus ibi per multōs annōs admīrābilī quādam<a class += "tag" name = "tag77_11" id = "tag77_11" href = "#note77_11">11</a><br> +laude<a class = "tag" name = "tag77_12" id = "tag77_12" href = +"#note77_12">12</a> prōvinciae praefuit, deinde absēns factus<a class = +"tag" name = "tag77_13" id = "tag77_13" href = "#note77_13">13</a> +aedīlis,<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>74.</span> +continuō praetor, inde ad cōnsulātum<a class = "tag" name = "tag77_14" +id = "tag77_14" href = "#note77_14">14</a> prōmōtus est, quem<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_5" id = "line_xxv_5">5</a> +ita gessit, ut omnēs dīligentiam admīrārentur, ingenium<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page78" id = "page78">78</a> +āgnōscerent. Post ad Mithridāticum<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_1" id = +"tag78_1" href = "#note78_1">1</a> bellum missus ā senātū<br> +<a name = "line_xxv_7" id = "line_xxv_7"> </a> +nōn modo opīniōnem vīcit<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_2" id = "tag78_2" +href = "#note78_2">2</a> omnium, sed etiam glōriam superiōrum<br> +ducum. Idque eō<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_3" id = "tag78_3" href = +"#note78_3">3</a> fuit mīrābilius, quod ab eō laus<a class = "tag" name += "tag78_4" id = "tag78_4" href = "#note78_4">4</a> imperātōria<br> +nōn admodum exspectābātur, quī adulēscentiam in forēnsī<a class = "tag" +name = "tag78_5" id = "tag78_5" href = "#note78_5">5</a> operā,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_10" id = "line_xxv_10">10</a> +quaestūrae diuturnum tempus in<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_6" id = +"tag78_6" href = "#note78_6">6</a> Asiae pāce cōnsūmpserat; sed<br> +incrēdibilis quaedam<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_7" id = "tag78_7" +href = "#note78_7">7</a> ingeniī māgnitūdō nōn dēsīdērāvit ūsūs<a class += "tag" name = "tag78_8" id = "tag78_8" href = "#note78_8">8</a><br> +dīsciplīnam. Itaque cum tōtum iter<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_9" id = +"tag78_9" href = "#note78_9">9</a> et nāvigātiōnem cōnsūmpsisset<br> +partim in percontandō ā perītīs,<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_10" id = +"tag78_10" href = "#note78_10">10</a> partim in rēbus<a class = "tag" +name = "tag78_11" id = "tag78_11" href = "#note78_11">11</a> gestīs<br> +legendīs, in Asiam factus<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_12" id = +"tag78_12" href = "#note78_12">12</a> imperātor vēnit, cum esset +Rōmā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_15" id = "line_xxv_15">15</a> +profectus reī mīlitāris rudis.<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_13" id = +"tag78_13" href = "#note78_13">13</a></p> + +<p>Lūcullus eō bellō māgnās ac memorābilēs rēs gessit; Mithridātem<br> +<a name = "line_xxv_17" id = "line_xxv_17"> </a> +saepe multīs locīs fūdit; Tigrānem,<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_14" id += "tag78_14" href = "#note78_14">14</a> rēgum māximum, in<br> +Armeniā vīcit, ultimamque<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_15" id = +"tag78_15" href = "#note78_15">15</a> bellō manum magis nōluit +impōnere,<br> +quam nōn potuit; sed alioquī per omnia laudābilis<a class = "tag" name = +"tag78_16" id = "tag78_16" href = "#note78_16">16</a> et bellō paene<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_20" id = "line_xxv_20">20</a> +invictus pecūniae cupīdinī nimium dēditus fuit; quam tamen<br> +ideō expetēbat, ut per lūxuriam effunderet. Itaque postquam<br> +dē Mithridāte triumphāvit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag78_17" id = +"tag78_17" href = "#note78_17">17</a> abiectā omnium rērum cūrā +coepit<br> +dēlicātē ac molliter vīvere ōtiōque et lūxū diffluere: māgnificē et<br> +immēnsō sūmptū vīllās aedificāvit atque ad eōrum ūsum<a class = "tag" +name = "tag78_18" id = "tag78_18" href = "#note78_18">18</a> mare<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page79" id = "page79">79</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_25" id = "line_xxv_25">25</a> +ipsum vexāvit. Nam in quibusdam locīs mōlēs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag79_1" id = "tag79_1" href = "#note79_1">1</a> marī iniēcit; in<br> +aliīs, suffossīs montibus, mare in terrās indūxit, unde eum haud<br> +īnfacētē Pompēius Xerxem togātum<a class = "tag" name = "tag79_2" id = +"tag79_2" href = "#note79_2">2</a> vocāre adsuēverat.<a class = "tag" +name = "tag79_3" id = "tag79_3" href = "#note79_3">3</a></p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/pic79.png" width = "488" height = "279" +alt = "see caption"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +VĪLLA</p> + +<p>Habēbat Lūcullus vīllam prōspectū<a class = "tag" name = "tag79_4" id += "tag79_4" href = "#note79_4">4</a> et ambulātiōne pulcherrimam.<br> +Quō cum vēnisset Pompēius, id ūnum reprehendit, quod<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_30" id = "line_xxv_30">30</a> +ea habitātiō esset<a class = "tag" name = "tag79_5" id = "tag79_5" href += "#note79_5">5</a> quidem aestāte peramoena, sed hieme minus<br> +commoda vidērētur<a class = "tag" href = "#note79_5">5</a>; cuī Lūcullus +“Putāsne” inquit “mē minus<br> +sapere quam hirundinēs, quae adveniente hieme sēdem commūtant?”<br> +Vīllārum māgnificentiae respondēbat epulārum sūmptus.<br> +Cum aliquandō modica eī, utpote<a class = "tag" name = "tag79_6" id = +"tag79_6" href = "#note79_6">6</a> sōlī, cēna esset posita, coquum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_35" id = "line_xxv_35">35</a> +graviter obiūrgāvit, eīque excūsantī ac dīcentī sē nōn dēbuisse<br> +lautum parāre convīvium, quod nēmō esset<a class = "tag" href = +"#note79_5">5</a> ad cēnam invītātus,<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page80" id = "page80">80</a> +“Quid ais?” inquit īrātus Lūcullus. “Nesciēbāsne Lūcullum<br> +hodiē cēnātūrum esse apud Lūcullum?”</p> + +<p>Laudanda est Lūcullī impēnsa et studium in librīs. Nam et<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_40" id = "line_xxv_40">40</a> +multōs et optimōs conquīsīvit eōsque līberāliter dedit<a class = "tag" +name = "tag80_1" id = "tag80_1" href = "#note80_1">1</a> ūtendōs.<br> +Patēbat omnibus bibliothēca, et in porticūs eī adiectās velut ad<br> +Mūsārum<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_2" id = "tag80_2" href = +"#note80_2">2</a> aedem veniēbant māximē Graecī tempusque ibi +iūcundē<br> +inter sē trādūcēbant ab aliīs cūrīs līberī. Saepe cum iīs<br> +versābātur Lūcullus et inter māgnam doctōrum virōrum turbam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxv_45" id = "line_xxv_45">45</a> +ambulābat.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXVI">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note77_1" id = "note77_1" href = "#tag77_1">77.1</a> +<b>efficiet nē . . . dēpōnat</b>: ‘will prevent any one from resigning.’ +For the subjunctive <b>dēpōnat</b>, see <a href = "#note9_6">p. 9, +n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note77_2" id = "note77_2" href = "#tag77_2">77.2</a> +The indefinite pronoun <i>quis</i> occurs chiefly after <i>sī</i>, +<i>nisi</i>, <i>nē</i>, and <i>num</i>. Elsewhere <i>aliquis</i> is +used.</p> + +<p><a name = "note77_11" id = "note77_11" href = "#tag77_11">77.11</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note76_1">p. 76, n. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note77_12" id = "note77_12" href = "#tag77_12">77.12</a> +‘ability.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note77_13" id = "note77_13" href = "#tag77_13">77.13</a> +Sc. <i>est</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note77_14" id = "note77_14" href = "#tag77_14">77.14</a> +The offices mentioned here formed the <i>cursus honōrum</i>, or official +career, through which all desirous of political distinction were +required to pass. The aedileship, however, might be omitted.</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_1" id = "note78_1" href = "#tag78_1">78.1</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note72_2">p. 72, n. 2</a>. Lucullus assumed command +against Mithridates in 74 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note78_2" id = "note78_2" href = "#tag78_2">78.2</a> +‘surpassed,’ ‘outstripped.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_3" id = "note78_3" href = "#tag78_3">78.3</a> +causal abl., explained by <b>quod . . . exspectābātur</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_4" id = "note78_4" href = "#tag78_4">78.4</a> +‘ability.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_5" id = "note78_5" href = "#tag78_5">78.5</a> +<b>forēnsī operā</b>: ‘legal business,’ i.e. the practice of law. In or +near the Forum were the law courts, as well as business places in +general.</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_6" id = "note78_6" href = "#tag78_6">78.6</a> +<b>in Asiae pāce</b>: ‘in Asia, which was then at peace.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_7" id = "note78_7" href = "#tag78_7">78.7</a> +<b>quīdam</b> is often used, as here, to soften a phrase which the +writer fears may seem exaggerated.</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_8" id = "note78_8" href = "#tag78_8">78.8</a> +<b>ūsūs dīsciplīnam</b>: ‘the training of experience.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_9" id = "note78_9" href = "#tag78_9">78.9</a> +<b>iter et nāvigātiōnem</b>: ‘voyage.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_10" id = "note78_10" href = "#tag78_10">78.10</a> +‘experts.’ Sc. <b>reī mīlitāris</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_11" id = "note78_11" href = "#tag78_11">78.11</a> +<b>rēbus gestīs</b>: ‘history’; here, of course, military history +especially.</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_12" id = "note78_12" href = "#tag78_12">78.12</a> +Cf. our use of the word ‘finished.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_13" id = "note78_13" href = "#tag78_13">78.13</a> +The statements in lines 9-15 are untrue, since Lucullus had served with +distinction under Sulla in the first Mithridatic War.</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_14" id = "note78_14" href = "#tag78_14">78.14</a> +King of Armenia, and son-in-law of Mithridates, with whom he had formed +alliance.</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_15" id = "note78_15" href = "#tag78_15">78.15</a> +<b>ultimam . . . potuit</b>: ‘his failure to put the finishing touches +(<b>ultimam manum</b>) to the war was due more to unwillingness than to +inability.’ How literally? Here too the biographer shows his prejudice. +Lucullus’ failure to end the war was due to the mutiny of his soldiers, +who were weary of their incessant exertions, and angry because L. did +not permit them to gratify their greed for plunder.</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_16" id = "note78_16" href = "#tag78_16">78.16</a> +‘(though) praiseworthy.’ <b>invictus</b> must be similarly +translated.</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_17" id = "note78_17" href = "#tag78_17">78.17</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note18_7">p. 18, n. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note78_18" id = "note78_18" href = "#tag78_18">78.18</a> +‘convenience.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note79_1" id = "note79_1" href = "#tag79_1">79.1</a> +<b>mōlēs . . . iniēcit</b>: ‘he built huge structures out into the +sea.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note79_2" id = "note79_2" href = "#tag79_2">79.2</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note73_10">p. 73, n. 10</a>. Xerxes, king of Persia, +made an expedition against Greece in 480 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, in the course of which he executed certain +important engineering works.</p> + +<p><a name = "note79_3" id = "note79_3" href = "#tag79_3">79.3</a> +<i>adsuēscō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note79_4" id = "note79_4" href = "#tag79_4">79.4</a> +<b>prōspectū . . . pulcherrimam</b>: ‘with a very beautiful view and +promenade.’ <b>prōspectū</b> and <b>ambulātiōne</b> are abl. of +specification.</p> + +<p><a name = "note79_5" id = "note79_5" href = "#tag79_5">79.5</a> +Why subjunctive?</p> + +<p><a name = "note79_6" id = "note79_6" href = "#tag79_6">79.6</a> +<b>utpote sōlī</b> = <i>quod sōlus erat</i>. In phrases like this Latin +suffers from the lack of a present part. to <i>sum</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note80_1" id = "note80_1" href = "#tag80_1">80.1</a> +<b>dedit ūtendōs</b>: i.e. loaned them. For <b>ūtendōs</b>, see <a href += "#note2_18">p. 2, n. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note80_2" id = "note80_2" href = "#tag80_2">80.2</a> +The Muses were patrons of literature in its various forms.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXVI">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XXVI" id = "selection_XXVI">XXVI.</a> +Gnaeus Pompēius Māgnus</h4> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic80.png" width = "96" height = "165" +alt = "see caption"><br> +POMPEY</span> + +<p>Gnaeus Pompēius,<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_3" id = "tag80_3" href += "#note80_3">3</a> stirpis senātōriae, bellō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag80_4" id = "tag80_4" href = "#note80_4">4</a><br> +cīvīlī sē et patrem cōnsiliō servāvit. Cum enim<br> +Pompēī pater exercituī suō ob avāritiam esset<br> +invīsus, factā in eum cōnspīrātiōne, Terentius<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_5" id = "line_xxvi_5">5</a> +quīdam, Gnaeī Pompēī fīliī<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_5" id = +"tag80_5" href = "#note80_5">5</a> contubernālis, hunc<a class = "tag" +name = "tag80_6" id = "tag80_6" href = "#note80_6">6</a><br> +occīdendum suscēpit, dum<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_7" id = "tag80_7" +href = "#note80_7">7</a> aliī tabernāculum<br> +patris incenderent.<a class = "tag" href = "#note80_7">7</a> Quae rēs +cum iuvenī Pompēiō<br> +cēnantī nūntiāta esset, nihil perīculō mōtus<br> +solitō<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_8" id = "tag80_8" href = +"#note80_8">8</a> hilarius bibit et cum Terentiō eādem,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_10" id = "line_xxvi_10">10</a> +quā<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_9" id = "tag80_9" href = +"#note80_9">9</a> anteā, cōmitāte ūsus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus +clam<br> +subdūxit sē tentōriō et fīrmam patrī circumdedit cūstōdiam.<br> +Terentius tum dēstrictō ēnse ad lectum Pompēī accessit multīsque<br> +īctibus strāgula percussit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag80_10" id = +"tag80_10" href = "#note80_10">10</a> Ortā mox sēditiōne Pompēius sē +in<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page81" id = "page81">81</a> +media coniēcit āgmina, mīlitēsque tumultuantēs precibus et lacrimīs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_15" id = "line_xxvi_15">15</a> +plācāvit ac ducī reconciliāvit.</p> + +<p>Eōdem bellō Pompēius partēs Sullae secūtus ita sē gessit ut ab<br> +eō māximē dīligerētur. Annōs trēs et vīgintī nātus, ut Sullae<br> +auxiliō venīret, paternī exercitūs reliquiās conlēgit, statimque<br> +dux perītus exstitit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag81_1" id = "tag81_1" +href = "#note81_1">1</a> Māgnus illīus apud mīlitem amor, māgna<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_20" id = "line_xxvi_20">20</a> +apud omnēs admīrātiō fuit; nūllus eī<a class = "tag" name = "tag81_2" id += "tag81_2" href = "#note81_2">2</a> labor taediō,<a class = "tag" href += "#note81_2">2</a> nūlla<br> +dēfatīgātiō molestiae<a class = "tag" href = "#note81_2">2</a> erat. +Cibī<a class = "tag" name = "tag81_3" id = "tag81_3" href = +"#note81_3">3</a> vīnīque<a class = "tag" href = "#note81_3">3</a> +temperāns, somnī parcus<a class = "tag" name = "tag81_4" id = "tag81_4" +href = "#note81_4">4</a>;<br> +inter mīlitēs corpus exercēns cum alacribus saltū,<a class = "tag" name += "tag81_5" id = "tag81_5" href = "#note81_5">5</a> cum vēlōcibus<br> +cursū,<a class = "tag" href = "#note81_5">5</a> cum validīs luctandō<a +class = "tag" href = "#note81_5">5</a> certābat. Tum ad Sullam iter<br> +intendit et in eō itinere trēs hostium exercitūs aut fūdit aut sibi<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_25" id = "line_xxvi_25">25</a> +adiūnxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad sē accēdere audīvit ēgregiamque<br> +sub sīgnīs iuventūtem āspexit, dēsiliit ex equō Pompēiumque<br> +salūtāvit imperātōrem et posteā eī<a class = "tag" name = "tag81_6" id = +"tag81_6" href = "#note81_6">6</a> venientī solēbat sellā<br> +adsurgere et caput aperīre et equō dēscendere, quem honōrem nēminī<br> +nisi Pompēiō tribuēbat.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_30" id = "line_xxvi_30">30</a> +Posteā Pompēius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam ā Carbōne,<br> +<a name = "line_xxvi_31" id = "line_xxvi_31"> </a> +Sullae inimīcō, occupātam reciperet. Carbō comprehēnsus et ad<br> +Pompēium ductus est: quem Pompēius, etsi Carbō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag81_7" id = "tag81_7" href = "#note81_7">7</a> muliebriter<br> +mortem extimēscēns dēmissē et flēbiliter mortem dēprecābātur,<br> +ad supplicium dūcī iussit. Longē moderātior fuit Pompēius ergā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_35" id = "line_xxvi_35">35</a> +Sthenium, Siciliae cūiusdam cīvitātis prīncipem. Cum enim in<br> +eam cīvitātem animadvertere dēcrēvisset, quae<a class = "tag" name = +"tag81_8" id = "tag81_8" href = "#note81_8">8</a> sibi adversāta<br> +fuisset, inīquē eum factūrum Sthenius exclāmāvit,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag81_9" id = "tag81_9" href = "#note81_9">9</a> sī ob ūnīus<br> +culpam omnēs pūnīret. Interrogantī Pompēiō quisnam ille ūnus<br> +esset, “Ego” inquit Sthenius “quī cīvēs meōs ad id indūxī.”<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page82" id = "page82">82</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_40" id = "line_xxvi_40">40</a> +Tam līberā vōce dēlectātus Pompēius omnibus et Stheniō ipsī<br> +pepercit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_1" id = "tag82_1" href = +"#note82_1">1</a></p> + +<p>Trānsgressus inde in Āfricam Iarbam, Numidiae rēgem, quī<br> +Mariī partibus favēbat, bellō persecūtus intrā diēs quadrāgintā<br> +oppressit et Āfricam subēgit adulēscēns<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_2" +id = "tag82_2" href = "#note82_2">2</a> quattuor et vīgintī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_45" id = "line_xxvi_45">45</a> +annōrum. Deinde cum litterae eī ā Sullā redditae essent, quibus<br> +exercitū<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_3" id = "tag82_3" href = +"#note82_3">3</a> dīmissō cum ūnā legiōne successōrem exspectāre<br> +iubēbātur, Pompēius, quamquam aegrē id ferēbat, tamen pāruit et<br> +Rōmam revertit. Revertentī incrēdibilis hominum multitūdō<br> +obviam īvit; Sulla quoque laetus eum excēpit et Māgnī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_50" id = "line_xxvi_50">50</a> +cōgnōmine cōnsalūtāvit. Nihilō minus Pompēiō triumphum petentī<br> +restitit: neque vērō eā rē ā prōpositō dēterritus est Pompēius<br> +aususque<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_4" id = "tag82_4" href = +"#note82_4">4</a> dīcere plūrēs adōrāre sōlem orientem quam +occidentem:<br> +quō dictō innuēbat Sullae potentiam minuī, suam crēscere.<br> +Eā vōce audītā Sulla, cōnfīdentiā adulēscentis perculsus,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag82_5" id = "tag82_5" href = "#note82_5">5</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_55" id = "line_xxvi_55">55</a> +“Triumphet! triumphet!” exclāmāvit.</p> + +<p>Metellō<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_6" id = "tag82_6" href = +"#note82_6">6</a> iam senī<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_7" id = +"tag82_7" href = "#note82_7">7</a> et bellum in Hispāniā sēgnius +gerentī<br> +conlēga datus Pompēius adversus Sertōrium variō ēventū dīmicāvit.<br> +Māximum ibi in proeliō quōdam perīculum subiit: cum enim vir<br> +vāstā corporis māgnitūdine impetum in eum fēcisset, Pompēius<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_60" id = "line_xxvi_60">60</a> +manum amputāvit; sed multīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_8" id = +"tag82_8" href = "#note82_8">8</a> in eum concurrentibus vulnus in<br> +femore accēpit et ā suīs fugientibus dēsertus in<a class = "tag" name = +"tag82_9" id = "tag82_9" href = "#note82_9">9</a> hostium potestāte<br> +erat. At praeter spem ēvāsit: barbarī enim equum ēius aurō<br> +phalerīsque eximiīs īnstrūctum cēperant. Dum igitur praedam<br> +inter sē altercantēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag82_10" id = "tag82_10" +href = "#note82_10">10</a> partiuntur, Pompēius eōrum manūs effūgit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_65" id = "line_xxvi_65">65</a> +Alterō proeliō cum Metellus Pompēiō labōrantī auxiliō vēnisset,<br> +Sertōrius recēdere coāctus dīxisse fertur: “Nisi anus illa<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page83" id = "page83">83</a> +supervēnisset,<a class = "tag" name = "tag83_1" id = "tag83_1" href = +"#note83_1">1</a> ego hunc puerum verberibus castīgātum Rōmam<br> +dīmīsissem.”<a class = "tag" href = "#note83_1">1</a> Metellum anum +appellābat, quia is, iam senex,<a class = "tag" name = "tag83_2" id = +"tag83_2" href = "#note83_2">2</a> ad<br> +mollem et effēminātam vītam dēflexerat. Sertōriō interfectō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_70" id = "line_xxvi_70">70</a> +Pompēius Hispāniam recēpit.</p> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic83.png" width = "234" height = "130" +alt = "see caption"><br> +NĀVIS PĪRĀTA</span> + +<p>Cum<a class = "tag" name = "tag83_3" id = "tag83_3" href = +"#note83_3">3</a> pīrātae illā tempestāte<br> +maria omnia īnfēstārent<a class = "tag" href = "#note83_3">3</a> et +quāsdam<br> +etiam Ītaliae urbēs dīripuissent,<a class = "tag" href = +"#note83_3">3</a><br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>67.</span> +ad eōs opprimendōs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_75" id = "line_xxvi_75">75</a> +cum imperiō extraōrdināriō<br> +missus est Pompēius. Nimiae<br> +virī potentiae obsistēbant quīdam<br> +ex optimātibus et imprīmīs Quīntus Catulus. Quī cum in cōntiōne<br> +dīxisset esse quidem<a class = "tag" name = "tag83_4" id = "tag83_4" +href = "#note83_4">4</a> praeclārum virum Cn. Pompēium, sed<a class = +"tag" href = "#note83_4">4</a> nōn<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_80" id = "line_xxvi_80">80</a> +esse ūnī omnia tribuenda, adiēcissetque: “Sī quid huīc acciderit,<br> +quem in ēius locum substituētis?” summō cōnsēnsū succlāmāvit<br> +ūniversa cōntiō, “Tē, Quīnte Catule.” Tam honōrificō cīvium<br> +tēstimōniō victus Catulus ē cōntiōne discessit. Pompēius,<br> +dispositīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag83_5" id = "tag83_5" href = +"#note83_5">5</a> per omnēs maris recessūs nāvibus, brevī terrārum +orbem<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_85" id = "line_xxvi_85">85</a> +illā pēste līberāvit; praedōnēs multīs locīs victōs fūdit; eōsdem<br> +in dēditiōnem acceptōs in urbibus et agrīs procul ā marī<br> +conlocāvit. Nihil hāc victōriā celerius, nam intrā quadrāgēsimum<br> +diem pīrātās tōtō marī expulit.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>66.</span> + +<p>Cōnfectō bellō pīrāticō, Gnaeus Pompēius contrā Mithridātem<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_90" id = "line_xxvi_90">90</a> +profectus in Asiam māgnā celeritāte contendit. Proelium<br> +cum rēge cōnserere cupiēbat, neque<a class = "tag" name = "tag83_6" id = +"tag83_6" href = "#note83_6">6</a> opportūna dabātur<br> +pūgnandī facultās, quia Mithridātēs interdiū castrīs sē continēbat,<br> +noctū vērō haud tūtum erat congredī cum hoste in locīs īgnōtīs.<br> +Nocte tamen aliquandō cum Pompēius Mithridātem aggressus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_95" id = "line_xxvi_95">95</a> +esset, lūna māgnō fuit Rōmānīs adiūmentō. Quam cum Rōmānī<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page84" id = "page84">84</a> +ā<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_1" id = "tag84_1" href = +"#note84_1">1</a> tergō habērent, umbrae corporum longius prōiectae ad +prīmōs<br> +ūsque hostium ōrdinēs pertinēbant, unde dēceptī rēgiī mīlitēs in<br> +umbrās, tamquam in propinquum hostem, tēla mittēbant. Victus<br> +Mithridātēs in Pontum profūgit. Pharnacēs fīlius bellum eī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_100" id = "line_xxvi_100">100</a> +intulit, quī, occīsīs ā patre frātribus, vītae suae ipse timēbat.<br> +Mithridātēs ā fīliō obsessus<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_2" id = +"tag84_2" href = "#note84_2">2</a> venēnum sūmpsit; quod cum tardius<br> +subīret, quia adversus venēna multīs anteā medicāmentīs corpus<br> +fīrmāverat, ā mīlite Gallō, ā<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_3" id = +"tag84_3" href = "#note84_3">3</a> quō ut adiuvāret sē petierat,<br> +interfectus est.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_105" id = +"line_xxvi_105">105</a> +Tigrānī deinde, Armeniae rēgī, quī Mithridātis partēs secūtus<br> +erat, Pompēius bellum intulit eumque ad dēditiōnem compulit.<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic84.png" width = "130" height = "127" +alt = "see caption"><br> +DIADĒMA</span> + +Quī cum prōcubuisset ad genua Pompēī, eum<br> +ērēxit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_4" id = "tag84_4" href = +"#note84_4">4</a> et benīgnīs verbīs recreātum diadēma,<br> +quod abiēcerat, capitī repōnere iussit, aequē<a class = "tag" name = +"tag84_5" id = "tag84_5" href = "#note84_5">5</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_110" id = "line_xxvi_110">110</a> +pulchrum esse iūdicāns et vincere rēgēs et<br> +facere. Inde in Iūdaeam profectus Rōmānōrum<br> +prīmus<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_6" id = "tag84_6" href = +"#note84_6">6</a> Iūdaeōs domuit, Hierosolyma,<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>63.</span> +caput gentis, cēpit, templumque iūre<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_7" id += "tag84_7" href = "#note84_7">7</a><br> +victōriae ingressus est. Rēbus Asiae<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_115" id = "line_xxvi_115">115</a> +compositīs, in Italiam versus<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_8" id = +"tag84_8" href = "#note84_8">8</a> ad urbem<a class = "tag" name = +"tag84_9" id = "tag84_9" href = "#note84_9">9</a> vēnit, nōn, ut +plērīque<br> +timuerant, armātus, sed dīmissō exercitū, et tertium triumphum<br> +bīduō<a class = "tag" name = "tag84_10" id = "tag84_10" href = +"#note84_10">10</a> dūxit. Īnsīgnis fuit multīs novīs inūsitātīsque +ōrnāmentīs<br> +hīc triumphus; sed nihil inlūstrius vīsum, quam quod<a class = "tag" +name = "tag84_11" id = "tag84_11" href = "#note84_11">11</a> tribus<br> +triumphīs trēs orbis partēs dēvictae causam praebuerant: Pompēius<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page85" id = "page85">85</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_120" id = "line_xxvi_120">120</a> +enim, quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag85_1" id = "tag85_1" href = +"#note85_1">1</a> anteā contigerat nēminī, prīmum ex Āfricā,<br> +iterum ex Eurōpā, tertiō ex Asiā triumphāvit, fēlīx opīniōne<br> +hominum futūrus, sī, quem<a class = "tag" name = "tag85_2" id = +"tag85_2" href = "#note85_2">2</a> glōriae, eundem vītae fīnem +habuisset<br> +neque adversam fortūnam esset expertus iam senex.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>49.</span> + +<p>Posteriōre enim tempore ortā inter Pompēium et Caesarem<a class = +"tag" name = "tag85_3" id = "tag85_3" href = "#note85_3">3</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_125" id = "line_xxvi_125">125</a> +gravī dissēnsiōne, quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag85_4" id = "tag85_4" +href = "#note85_4">4</a> hīc<a class = "tag" name = "tag85_5" id = +"tag85_5" href = "#note85_5">5</a> superiōrem, ille<a class = "tag" href += "#note85_5">5</a> parem ferre<br> +nōn posset, bellum cīvīle exārsit. Caesar īnfēstō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag85_6" id = "tag85_6" href = "#note85_6">6</a> exercitū<br> +in Ītaliam vēnit. Pompēius, relīctā urbe ac deinde Ītaliā ipsā,<br> +Thessaliam petit et cum eō cōnsulēs senātusque omnis: quem<br> +īnsecūtus Caesar apud Pharsālum aciē fūdit. Victus Pompēius<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_130" id = "line_xxvi_130">130</a> +ad Ptolemaeum, Aegyptī rēgem, cuī tūtor ā senātū datus erat,<br> +profūgit, quī Pompēium interficī iussit. Latus Pompēī sub oculīs<br> +uxōris et līberōrum mūcrōne cōnfossum est, caput praecīsum,<br> +truncus in Nīlum coniectus. Deinde caput cum ānulō ad Caesarem<br> +dēlātum est, quī eō vīsō lacrimās nōn continēns illud<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_135" id = "line_xxvi_135">135</a> +multīs pretiōsissimīsque odōribus cremandum cūrāvit.</p> + +<p>Is fuit Pompēī post trēs cōnsulātūs et totidem triumphōs vītae<br> +exitus. Erant in Pompēiō multae et māgnae virtūtēs ac praecipuē<br> +admīranda frūgālitās. Cum eī aegrōtantī praecēpisset<br> +medicus ut turdum ederet, negārent autem<a class = "tag" name = +"tag85_7" id = "tag85_7" href = "#note85_7">7</a> servī eam avem<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_140" id = "line_xxvi_140">140</a> +ūsquam aestīvō tempore posse reperīrī, nisi apud Lūcullum, quī<br> +turdōs domī sagīnāret, vetuit Pompēius turdum inde petī, medicōque<br> +dīxit: “Ergō,<a class = "tag" name = "tag85_8" id = "tag85_8" href = +"#note85_8">8</a> nisi Lūcullus perditus dēliciīs esset, nōn vīveret<br> +Pompēius?” Aliam avem, quae parābilis esset, sibi iussit<br> +appōnī.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page86" id = "page86">86</a> +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_145" id = +"line_xxvi_145">145</a> +Virīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_1" id = "tag86_1" href = +"#note86_1">1</a> doctīs māgnum honōrem habēbat Pompēius. Ex Syriā<br> +dēcēdēns, cōnfectō bellō Mithridāticō, cum Rhodum vēnisset,<br> +Posīdōnium cupiit audīre<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_2" id = "tag86_2" +href = "#note86_2">2</a>; sed cum audīvisset eum graviter esse<br> +aegrum, quod<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_3" id = "tag86_3" href = +"#note86_3">3</a> vehementer ēius artūs labōrārent, voluit tamen<br> +nōbilissimum philosophum vīsere. Mōs erat ut, cōnsule<a class = "tag" +name = "tag86_4" id = "tag86_4" href = "#note86_4">4</a> aedēs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_150" id = "line_xxvi_150">150</a> +aliquās ingressūrō, līctor forēs percuteret,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag86_5" id = "tag86_5" href = "#note86_5">5</a> admonēns cōnsulem<br> +adesse, at Pompēius forēs Posīdōniī percutī honōris causā vetuit.<br> +Quem ut vīdit et salūtāvit, molestē sē dīxit ferre, quod eum nōn<br> +posset audīre. At ille “Tū vērō” inquit “potes, nec committam<br> +ut dolor corporis efficiat<a class = "tag" href = "#note86_5">5</a> ut +frūstrā tantus vir ad mē vēnerit.<a class = "tag" href = +"#note86_5">5</a>”<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvi_155" id = "line_xxvi_155">155</a> +Itaque cubāns graviter et cōpiōsē dē hōc ipsō disputāvit: nihil<br> +esse<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_6" id = "tag86_6" href = +"#note86_6">6</a> bonum nisi quod honestum esset, nihil malum dīcī +posse,<br> +quod turpe nōn esset. Cum vērō dolōrēs ācriter eum pungerent,<br> +<a name = "line_xxvi_158" id = "line_xxvi_158"> </a> +saepe “Nihil agis,” inquit “dolor! quamvīs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag86_7" id = "tag86_7" href = "#note86_7">7</a> sīs molestus, +numquam<br> +tē esse malum cōnfitēbor.”</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXVII">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note80_3" id = "note80_3" href = "#tag80_3">80.3</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_pompeius"><i>Pompēius</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note80_4" id = "note80_4" href = "#tag80_4">80.4</a> +The reference is to the war between Marius and Sulla. See selections +<a href = "#selection_XXIV">XXIV</a> and <a href = +"#selection_XXV">XXV</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note80_5" id = "note80_5" href = "#tag80_5">80.5</a> +Cf. <i>iuvenī</i>, <a href = "#line_xxv_7">l. 7</a>. We should say ‘the +younger.’ He was at this time but nineteen years of age.</p> + +<p><a name = "note80_6" id = "note80_6" href = "#tag80_6">80.6</a> +<b>hunc . . . suscēpit</b>: ‘undertook to kill him.’ How literally? For +<b>occīdendum</b>, see <a href = "#note2_18">p. 2, +n. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note80_7" id = "note80_7" href = "#tag80_7">80.7</a> +<b>dum</b>, though meaning ‘while’ (cf. <a href = "#page_xx">p. xx</a>, +G 2), takes the subjunctive here because of the informal indir. disc. +Terenti said: <i>fīlium . . . suscipiam dum aliī +incenditis</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note80_8" id = "note80_8" href = "#tag80_8">80.8</a> +<b>solitō hilarius</b>: ‘with (even) more gaiety than usual.’ +<b>solitō</b> is here a noun. Neuter adj. and part. are often so used. +For its case, see <a href = "#note10_18">p. 10, n. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note80_9" id = "note80_9" href = "#tag80_9">80.9</a> +<b>quā anteā</b>: sc. <i>ūsus erat</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note80_10" id = "note80_10" href = "#tag80_10">80.10</a> +<i>percutiō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note81_1" id = "note81_1" href = "#tag81_1">81.1</a> +‘proved himself.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note81_2" id = "note81_2" href = "#tag81_2">81.2</a> +See <a href = "#note25_6">p. 25, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note81_3" id = "note81_3" href = "#tag81_3">81.3</a> +objective gen. (<a href = "#note14_15">p. 14, n. 15</a>) with the part. +<b>temperāns</b>, which here = a simple adj. So <b>somnī</b> is obj. +gen. with <b>parcus</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note81_4" id = "note81_4" href = "#tag81_4">81.4</a> +Sc. <i>erat</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note81_5" id = "note81_5" href = "#tag81_5">81.5</a> +abl. of specification.</p> + +<p><a name = "note81_6" id = "note81_6" href = "#tag81_6">81.6</a> +<b>eī venientī</b>: ‘(as a mark of respect) to him when approaching.’ +<b>eī</b> is a dat. of advantage with <b>adsurgere</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note81_7" id = "note81_7" href = "#tag81_7">81.7</a> +After <b>quem</b>, whose antecedent is <b>Carbō</b>, <a href = +"#line_xxvi_31">l. 31</a>, this word might have been omitted +without loss of clearness. In fact, such omission is the more usual +construction.</p> + +<p><a name = "note81_8" id = "note81_8" href = "#tag81_8">81.8</a> +<b>quae . . . fuisset</b>: causal. Note that in forming the pluperfect +subjunctive certain writers often use <i>fuisset</i> for +<i>esset</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note81_9" id = "note81_9" href = "#tag81_9">81.9</a> +What were the exact words of Sthenius?</p> + +<p><a name = "note82_1" id = "note82_1" href = "#tag82_1">82.1</a> +<i>parcō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note82_2" id = "note82_2" href = "#tag82_2">82.2</a> +‘(being then) a young man.’ Cf. <a href = "#note44_12">p. 44, n. +12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note82_3" id = "note82_3" href = "#tag82_3">82.3</a> +<b>exercitū dīmissō . . . exspectāre</b> = <i>exercitum dīmittere et +. . . exspectāre</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note82_4" id = "note82_4" href = "#tag82_4">82.4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note13_12">p. 13, n. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note82_5" id = "note82_5" href = "#tag82_5">82.5</a> +<i>percellō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note82_6" id = "note82_6" href = "#tag82_6">82.6</a> +Quintus Caecilius Metellus, proconsul in Spain 79-76 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note82_7" id = "note82_7" href = "#tag82_7">82.7</a> +<b>senī</b>: ‘because he was old.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note82_8" id = "note82_8" href = "#tag82_8">82.8</a> +<b>multīs . . . concurrentibus</b>: the abl. abs. here denotes both time +and cause; see <a href = "#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K 6. The +prefix in <b>concurrentibus</b> conveys the idea of ‘from every +side.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note82_9" id = "note82_9" href = "#tag82_9">82.9</a> +<b>in . . . erat</b> = <i>ab hostibus captus est</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note82_10" id = "note82_10" href = "#tag82_10">82.10</a> +<b>altercantēs partiuntur</b>: lit., ‘wrangling they divided’ = ‘they +wrangled about the division.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note83_1" id = "note83_1" href = "#tag83_1">83.1</a> +Why subjunctive?</p> + +<p><a name = "note83_2" id = "note83_2" href = "#tag83_2">83.2</a> +‘<i>though</i> already old.’ The thought is that luxury and effeminacy +are especially unbecoming to old age.</p> + +<p><a name = "note83_3" id = "note83_3" href = "#tag83_3">83.3</a> +See <a href = "#page_xx">p. xx</a>, H 2. What is the meaning of the +change of tense in <b>dīripuissent</b>?</p> + +<p><a name = "note83_4" id = "note83_4" href = "#tag83_4">83.4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note10_10">p. 10, n. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note83_5" id = "note83_5" href = "#tag83_5">83.5</a> +See <a href = "#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K 10.</p> + +<p><a name = "note83_6" id = "note83_6" href = "#tag83_6">83.6</a> +<b>neque . . . facultās</b>: ‘but no opportunity,’ etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note84_1" id = "note84_1" href = "#tag84_1">84.1</a> +<b>ā tergō</b>: ‘in the rear.’ See <a href = "#note11_10">p. 11, n. +10</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note84_2" id = "note84_2" href = "#tag84_2">84.2</a> +<i>obsideō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note84_3" id = "note84_3" href = "#tag84_3">84.3</a> +<b>ā quō . . . petierat</b>: ‘whom he had asked to help him.’ How +literally? <b>ut adiuvāret sē</b> is a substantive clause of purpose and +object of <i>petierat</i>. See <a href = "#note7_20">p. 7, +n. 20</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note84_4" id = "note84_4" href = "#tag84_4">84.4</a> +<i>ērigō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note84_5" id = "note84_5" href = "#tag84_5">84.5</a> +<b>aequē . . . facere</b>: lit., ‘because he thought it an equally fine +thing both to conquer kings and to create them.’ The expression is +somewhat careless. We would say: ‘as glorious to create kings as to +conquer them.’ <b>aequē pulchrum</b> is predicate, <b>et vincere +. . . et facere</b> subject to <b>esse</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note84_6" id = "note84_6" href = "#tag84_6">84.6</a> +<b>prīmus . . . domuit</b>: cf. <a href = "#note38_1">p. 38, n. +1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note84_7" id = "note84_7" href = "#tag84_7">84.7</a> +<b>iūre victōriae</b>: ‘by right of (i.e. on the strength of) his +victory.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note84_8" id = "note84_8" href = "#tag84_8">84.8</a> +‘turning’; lit., ‘having turned himself.’ Cf. n. on <i>cingitur</i>, +<a href = "#line_xiii_29">XIII, l. 29</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note84_9" id = "note84_9" href = "#tag84_9">84.9</a> +‘the City,’ i.e. Rome.</p> + +<p><a name = "note84_10" id = "note84_10" href = "#tag84_10">84.10</a> +Cf. <a href = "#page_xvii">p. xvii</a>, D 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note84_11" id = "note84_11" href = "#tag84_11">84.11</a> +<b>quod . . . praebuerant</b>: ‘the fact that the conquest of (the) +three parts,’ etc. Cf. <a href = "#note5_15">p. 5, n. 15</a>, +and <a href = "#page_xxiv">p. xxiv</a>, L 4.</p> + +<p><a name = "note85_1" id = "note85_1" href = "#tag85_1">85.1</a> +‘something which’; its antecedent is the clause <b><ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘primum’">prīmum</ins> . . . +triumphāvit</b> below.</p> + +<p><a name = "note85_2" id = "note85_2" href = "#tag85_2">85.2</a> +With <b>quem glōriae</b>, sc. <i>fīnem habuit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note85_3" id = "note85_3" href = "#tag85_3">85.3</a> +The famous C. Julius Caesar, for whom see next selection.</p> + +<p><a name = "note85_4" id = "note85_4" href = "#tag85_4">85.4</a> +<b>quod . . . posset</b>: ‘because (as men said) the one,’ etc. For the +subjunctive, see <a href = "#page_xxi">p. xxi</a>, H 4.</p> + +<p><a name = "note85_5" id = "note85_5" href = "#tag85_5">85.5</a> +<b>hīc . . . ille</b>: ‘the one (Caesar) . . . the other (Pompey).’</p> + +<p><a name = "note85_6" id = "note85_6" href = "#tag85_6">85.6</a> +<b>īnfēstō exercitū</b>: abl. of accompaniment: H 474, 2, <span class = +"smallroman">N.</span> 1 (419, III, 1, 1<ins class = "correction" +title = "text has )):">):</ins> M 634: A 243, <i>a</i>, <span +class = "smallroman">N.</span>: G 392, <span class = +"smallroman">R.</span> 1: B 222, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note85_7" id = "note85_7" href = "#tag85_7">85.7</a> +<b>autem</b> contrasts <b>negārent</b> with <b>praecēpisset</b>. There +is a contrast also between <b>servī</b> and <b>medicus</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note85_8" id = "note85_8" href = "#tag85_8">85.8</a> +<b>Ergō . . . Pompēius</b>? The force of this sentence can be given only +by a free rendering, thus: ‘Shall it be said, then, that Pompey would +not be alive, had not Lucullus ruined himself by his luxury?’</p> + +<p><a name = "note86_1" id = "note86_1" href = "#tag86_1">86.1</a> +<b>Virīs . . . habēbat</b>: ‘he highly honored learned men.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note86_2" id = "note86_2" href = "#tag86_2">86.2</a> +<i>audiō</i>, like our ‘hear,’ is often used of listening to lectures or +to teachers.</p> + +<p><a name = "note86_3" id = "note86_3" href = "#tag86_3">86.3</a> +<b>quod . . . labōrārent</b>: i.e. because he had the gout.</p> + +<p><a name = "note86_4" id = "note86_4" href = "#tag86_4">86.4</a> +<b>cōnsule . . . ingressūrō</b>: ‘whenever the consul,’ etc.; +a temporal abl. abs.</p> + +<p><a name = "note86_5" id = "note86_5" href = "#tag86_5">86.5</a> +Subjunctive in substantive clauses of result: see <a href = +"#page_xix">p. xix</a>, F 3.</p> + +<p><a name = "note86_6" id = "note86_6" href = "#tag86_6">86.6</a> +infinitive, because the clause in which it stands is in apposition to +<b>hōc</b>. This use of the infin. is common.</p> + +<p><a name = "note86_7" id = "note86_7" href = "#tag86_7">86.7</a> +<b>quamvīs sīs</b>: concessive subjunctive: H 586, II (515, III): +M 875: A 313, <i>a</i>: G 606: B 308.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXVII">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XXVII" id = "selection_XXVII">XXVII.</a> +Gāius Iūlius Caesar</h4> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic86.png" width = "147" height = "198" +alt = "see caption"><br> +CAESAR</span> + +<p>C. Iūlius Caesar,<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_8" id = "tag86_8" +href = "#note86_8">8</a> nōbilissimā Iūliōrum genitus<br> +familiā,<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_9" id = "tag86_9" href = +"#note86_9">9</a> annum agēns sextum et decimum patrem<br> +āmīsit. Cornēliam, Cinnae<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_10" id = +"tag86_10" href = "#note86_10">10</a> fīliam, dūxit uxōrem;<br> +cūius pater cum esset Sullae inimīcissimus, is<a class = "tag" name = +"tag86_11" id = "tag86_11" href = "#note86_11">11</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_5" id = "line_xxvii_5">5</a> +Caesarem voluit compellere ut eam repudiāret;<br> +neque<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_12" id = "tag86_12" href = +"#note86_12">12</a> id potuit efficere. Quā rē Caesar bonīs<br> +spoliātus cum etiam ad necem quaererētur, mūtātā<br> +veste nocte urbe ēlāpsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag86_13" id = +"tag86_13" href = "#note86_13">13</a> est et quamquam tunc<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page87" id = "page87">87</a> +quārtānae<a class = "tag" name = "tag87_1" id = "tag87_1" href = +"#note87_1">1</a> morbō labōrābat, prope<a class = "tag" name = +"tag87_2" id = "tag87_2" href = "#note87_2">2</a> per singulās noctēs +latebrās<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_10" id = "line_xxvii_10">10</a> +commūtāre cōgēbātur; et comprehēnsus ā Sullae lībērtō, nē<a class = +"tag" name = "tag87_3" id = "tag87_3" href = "#note87_3">3</a> ad<br> +Sullam perdūcerētur, vix datā<a class = "tag" name = "tag87_4" id = +"tag87_4" href = "#note87_4">4</a> pecūniā ēvāsit. Postrēmō per<br> +<a name = "line_xxvii_12" id = "line_xxvii_12"> </a> +propinquōs et adfīnēs suōs veniam impetrāvit. Satis cōnstat<br> +Sullam, cum dēprecantibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag87_5" id = +"tag87_5" href = "#note87_5">5</a> amīcissimīs et ōrnātissimīs virīs<br> +aliquamdiū dēnegāsset atque illī pertināciter contenderent,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_15" id = "line_xxvii_15">15</a> +expūgnātum tandem prōclāmāsse, vincerent,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag87_6" id = "tag87_6" href = "#note87_6">6</a> dummodo scīrent<a +class = "tag" name = "tag87_7" id = "tag87_7" href = "#note87_7">7</a> +eum,<br> +quem incolumem tantō opere cuperent, aliquandō optimātium<br> +partibus, quās sēcum simul dēfendissent, exitiō futūrum; nam<br> +Caesarī multōs Mariōs inesse.</p> + +<p>Stīpendia prīma in Asiā fēcit. In expūgnātiōne Mitylēnārum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_20" id = "line_xxvii_20">20</a> +corōnā cīvicā dōnātus est. Mortuō Sullā, Rhodum sēcēdere<br> +statuit, ut per otium Apollōniō Molōnī, tunc clārissimō dīcendī<a class += "tag" name = "tag87_8" id = "tag87_8" href = "#note87_8">8</a><br> +magistrō, operam daret. Hūc dum trāicit, ā praedōnibus captus<br> +est mānsitque apud eōs prope quadrāgintā diēs. Per omne autem<br> +illud spatium ita sē gessit, ut pīrātīs pariter terrōrī +venerātiōnīque<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_25" id = "line_xxvii_25">25</a> +esset. Comitēs interim servōsque ad expediendās pecūniās, quibus<br> +redimerētur, dīmīsit. Vīgintī talenta pīrātae pōstulāverant: ille<br> +quīnquāgintā datūrum sē spopondit. Quibus numerātīs cum<br> +expositus esset in lītore, cōnfēstim Mīlētum, quae urbs proximē<a class += "tag" name = "tag87_9" id = "tag87_9" href = "#note87_9">9</a><br> +aberat, properāvit ibique contrāctā classe invectus in eum locum,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_30" id = "line_xxvii_30">30</a> +in quō ipsī praedōnēs erant, partem classis fugāvit, partem mersit,<br> +aliquot nāvēs cēpit pīrātāsque in potestātem redāctōs eō suppliciō,<br> +quod illīs saepe minātus inter iocum erat, adfēcit crucīque<br> +suffīxit.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page88" id = "page88">88</a> +<p>Quaestōrī ūlterior<a class = "tag" name = "tag88_1" id = "tag88_1" +href = "#note88_1">1</a> Hispānia obvēnit. Quō profectus cum Alpēs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_35" id = "line_xxvii_35">35</a> +trānsīret et ad cōnspectum pauperis cūiusdam vīcī comitēs per<br> +iocum inter sē disputārent num illīc<a class = "tag" name = "tag88_2" id += "tag88_2" href = "#note88_2">2</a> etiam esset ambitiōnī locus,<br> +<a name = "line_xxvii_37" id = "line_xxvii_37"> </a> +sēriō dīxit Caesar <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘māllē’">mālle</ins> sē ibi prīmum esse, quam Rōmae secundum.<br> +Dominātiōnis avidus<a class = "tag" name = "tag88_3" id = "tag88_3" href += "#note88_3">3</a> ā prīmā aetāte rēgnum concupīscēbat<br> +semperque in ōre habēbat hōs Eurīpidis, Graecī poētae, versūs:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_40" id = +"line_xxvii_40">40</a> +Nam sī violandum est iūs, rēgnandī grātiā</p> +<p>Violandum est. Aliīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag88_4" id = "tag88_4" +href = "#note88_4">4</a> rēbus pietātem colās.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag88_5" id = "tag88_5" href = "#note88_5">5</a></p> +</div> + +<p>Cumque Gadēs, quod est Hispāniae oppidum, vēnisset, animadversā<br> +apud Herculis templum māgnī Alexandrī imāgine ingemuit<br> +<a name = "line_xxvii_44" id = "line_xxvii_44"> </a> +et quasi pertaesus īgnāviam suam, quod nihildum ā sē memorābile<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_45" id = "line_xxvii_45">45</a> +āctum esset in eā aetāte, quā iam Alexander orbem terrārum<br> +subēgisset, missiōnem continuō efflāgitāvit ad captandās quam prīmum<br> +māiōrum rērum occāsiōnes in urbe.</p> + +<p>Aedīlis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitōlium ōrnāvit<br> +porticibus. Vēnātiōnes autem lūdōsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag88_6" +id = "tag88_6" href = "#note88_6">6</a> et cum conlēgā M. Bibulō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_50" id = "line_xxvii_50">50</a> +et sēparātim ēdidit: quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag88_7" id = "tag88_7" +href = "#note88_7">7</a> factum est ut commūnium quoque<br> +impēnsārum sōlus grātiam caperet. Hīs autem rēbus patrimōnium<br> +effūdit tantumque cōnflāvit aes aliēnum, ut ipse dīceret sibi<a class = +"tag" name = "tag88_8" id = "tag88_8" href = "#note88_8">8</a> opus<br> +esse mīlliēs sēstertium, ut habēret nihil.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>60.</span> + +<p>Cōnsul deinde creātus cum M. Bibulō, societātem<a class = "tag" name += "tag88_9" id = "tag88_9" href = "#note88_9">9</a> cum Gnaeō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_55" id = "line_xxvii_55">55</a> +Pompēiō et Marcō Crassō iūnxit Caesar, nē quid agerētur in<br> +rē pūblicā, quod displicuisset ūllī ex tribus. Deinde lēgem<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page89" id = "page89">89</a> +tulit ut ager Campānus plēbī dīvīderētur. Cuī lēgī cum senātus<br> +repūgnāret, rem ad populum dētulit. Bibulus conlēga in Forum<br> +vēnit, ut lēgī obsisteret, sed tanta in eum commōta est sēditiō, ut<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_60" id = "line_xxvii_60">60</a> +in caput ēius cophinus stercore plēnus effunderētur fascēsque eī<br> +frangerentur atque adeō ipse armīs Forō expellerētur. Quā rē<br> +cum Bibulus per reliquum annī tempus domō abditus Cūriā abstinēret,<br> +ūnus ex eō tempore Caesar omnia in rē pūblicā ad arbitrium<br> +administrābat, ut nōnnūllī urbānōrum, sī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag89_1" id = "tag89_1" href = "#note89_1">1</a> quid tēstandī +grātiā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_65" id = "line_xxvii_65">65</a> +sīgnārent, per iocum nōn, ut mōs erat, ‘cōnsulibus<a class = "tag" name += "tag89_2" id = "tag89_2" href = "#note89_2">2</a> Caesare et<br> +Bibulō’ āctum<a class = "tag" name = "tag89_3" id = "tag89_3" href = +"#note89_3">3</a> scrīberent, sed ‘Iūliō et Caesare,’ ūnum cōnsulem<br> +nōmine et cōgnōmine prō duōbus appellantēs.</p> + +<p>Fūnctus<a class = "tag" name = "tag89_4" id = "tag89_4" href = +"#note89_4">4</a> cōnsulātū Caesar Galliam prōvinciam accēpit. +Gessit<br> +autem novem<a class = "tag" name = "tag89_5" id = "tag89_5" href = +"#note89_5">5</a> annīs, quibus<a class = "tag" href = "#note89_5">5</a> +in imperiō fuit, haec ferē: Galliam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_70" id = "line_xxvii_70">70</a> +in prōvinciae fōrmam redēgit; Germānōs, quī trāns Rhēnum<br> +incolunt, prīmus Rōmānōrum ponte fabricātō aggressus māximīs<br> +adfēcit clādibus. Aggressus est Britannōs, īgnōtōs anteā,<br> +superātīsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag89_6" id = "tag89_6" href = +"#note89_6">6</a> pecūniās et obsidēs imperāvit. Hīc<a class = "tag" +name = "tag89_7" id = "tag89_7" href = "#note89_7">7</a> cum<a class = +"tag" name = "tag89_8" id = "tag89_8" href = "#note89_8">8</a> multa<br> +Rōmānōrum mīlitum īnsīgnia nārrantur, tum<a class = "tag" href = +"#note89_8">8</a> illud<a class = "tag" name = "tag89_9" id = "tag89_9" +href = "#note89_9">9</a> ēgregium ipsīus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_75" id = "line_xxvii_75">75</a> +Caesaris, quod, nūtante in fugam exercitū, raptō fugientis ē manū<br> +scūtō in prīmam volitāns aciem proelium restituit. Īdem aliō<br> +proeliō legiōnis aquiliferum ineundae fugae causā iam<a class = "tag" +name = "tag89_10" id = "tag89_10" href = "#note89_10">10</a> +conversum<br> +faucibus comprehēnsum<a class = "tag" name = "tag89_11" id = "tag89_11" +href = "#note89_11">11</a> in contrāriam partem dētrāxit dextramque<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page90" id = "page90">90</a> +ad hostem tendēns “Quōrsum tū” inquit “abīs? Illīc sunt,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_80" id = "line_xxvii_80">80</a> +cum quibus dīmicāmus.” Quā adhortātiōne omnium legiōnum<br> +trepidātiōnem corrēxit vincīque parātās vincere docuit.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>53.</span> + +<p>Interfectō intereā apud Parthōs Crassō et dēfūnctā Iūliā,<br> +Caesaris fīliā, quae, nūpta Pompēiō, generī socerīque concordiam<br> +tenēbat,<a class = "tag" name = "tag90_1" id = "tag90_1" href = +"#note90_1">1</a> statim aemulātiō ērūpit. Iam prīdem Pompēiō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_85" id = "line_xxvii_85">85</a> +sūspectae<a class = "tag" name = "tag90_2" id = "tag90_2" href = +"#note90_2">2</a> Caesaris opēs et Caesarī Pompēiāna dīgnitās +gravis,<br> +nec hīc<a class = "tag" name = "tag90_3" id = "tag90_3" href = +"#note90_3">3</a> ferēbat parem, nec ille<a class = "tag" href = +"#note90_3">3</a> superiōrem. Itaque cum<br> +Caesar in Galliā dētinērētur, et, nē imperfectō bellō discēderet,<br> +pōstulāsset ut sibi licēret, quamvīs absentī,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag90_4" id = "tag90_4" href = "#note90_4">4</a> alterum cōnsulātum<br> +petere, ā senātū, suādentibus Pompēiō ēiusque amīcīs, negātum eī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_90" id = "line_xxvii_90">90</a> +est. Hanc iniūriam acceptam vindicātūrus<a class = "tag" name = +"tag90_5" id = "tag90_5" href = "#note90_5">5</a> in Ītaliam rediit +et<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>49.</span> +bellandum<a class = "tag" name = "tag90_6" id = "tag90_6" href = +"#note90_6">6</a> ratus cum exercitū Rubicōnem flūmen, quī<a class = +"tag" name = "tag90_7" id = "tag90_7" href = "#note90_7">7</a><br> +prōvinciae ēius fīnis erat, trānsiit. Hōc ad flūmen paulum<br> +cōnstitisse fertur ac reputāns quantum mōlīrētur, conversus ad<br> +proximōs, “Etiamnunc” inquit “regredī possumus; quod sī ponticulum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_95" id = "line_xxvii_95">95</a> +trānsierimus, omnia armīs agenda erunt.” Postrēmō autem<br> +“Iacta ālea estō!” exclāmāns exercitum trāicī iussit plūrimīsque<br> +urbibus occupātīs Brundisium contendit, quō Pompēius cōnsulēsque<br> +cōnfūgerant.</p> + +<p>Quī cum inde in Ēpīrum trāiēcissent, Caesar, eōs secūtus ā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_100" id = +"line_xxvii_100">100</a> +Brundisiō, Dyrrachium inter<a class = "tag" name = "tag90_8" id = +"tag90_8" href = "#note90_8">8</a> oppositās classēs gravissimā +hieme<br> +trānsmīsit; cōpiīsque<a class = "tag" name = "tag90_9" id = "tag90_9" +href = "#note90_9">9</a> quās subsequī iusserat diūtius cessantibus,<br> +cum ad eās arcessendās frūstrā mīsisset, mīrae audāciae facinus<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page91" id = "page91">91</a> +ēdidit. Morae enim impatiēns castrīs noctū ēgreditur, clam<br> +nāviculam cōnscendit, obvolūtō capite, nē āgnōscerētur, et quamquam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_105" id = +"line_xxvii_105">105</a> +mare saevā tempestāte intumēscēbat, in altum tamen prōtinus<br> +dīrigī nāvigium iubet et, gubernātōre trepidante, “Quid timēs?”<br> +inquit “Caesarem vehis!” neque prius<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_1" id += "tag91_1" href = "#note91_1">1</a> gubernātōrem cēdere<br> +adversae tempestātī passus est, quam<a class = "tag" href = +"#note91_1">1</a> paene obrutus esset<a class = "tag" href = +"#note91_1">1</a><br> +fluctibus.</p> + +<span class = "sidenote"> +B.C.<br>48.</span> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_110" id = +"line_xxvii_110">110</a> +Deinde Caesar in Ēpīrum profectus Pompēium Pharsālicō<br> +proeliō fūdit, et fugientem persecūtus, ut occīsum cōgnōvit,<br> +Ptolemaeō rēgī, Pompēiī interfectōrī, ā quō sibi quoque<br> +īnsidiās tendī vidēret, bellum intulit; quō victō in Pontum<br> +trānsiit Pharnacemque, Mithridātis fīlium, rebellantem et<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_115" id = +"line_xxvii_115">115</a> +multiplicī successū<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_2" id = "tag91_2" href += "#note91_2">2</a> praeferōcem intrā<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_3" +id = "tag91_3" href = "#note91_3">3</a> quīntum ab adventū diem,<br> +quattuor, quibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_4" id = "tag91_4" href = +"#note91_4">4</a> in cōnspectum vēnit, hōrīs<a class = "tag" href = +"#note91_4">4</a> ūnā prōflīgāvit<br> +aciē, mōre fulminis, quod ūnō eōdemque mōmentō vēnit, percussit,<br> +abscessit. Nec vāna dē sē praedicātiō est Caesaris ante<br> +victum hostem esse quam vīsum.<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_5" id = +"tag91_5" href = "#note91_5">5</a> Ponticō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag91_6" id = "tag91_6" href = "#note91_6">6</a> posteā triumphō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_120" id = +"line_xxvii_120">120</a> +trium verbōrum praetulit titulum: “Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī.” Deinde<br> +Scīpiōnem<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_7" id = "tag91_7" href = +"#note91_7">7</a> et Iubam, Numidiae rēgem, reliquiās Pompēiānārum<br> +partium in Āfricā refoventēs, dēvīcit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_8" +id = "tag91_8" href = "#note91_8">8</a></p> + +<p>Victōrem Āfricānī bellī Gāium Caesarem gravius excēpit +Hispāniēnse,<br> +quod Cn. Pompēius, Māgnī<a class = "tag" name = "tag91_9" id = "tag91_9" +href = "#note91_9">9</a> fīlius, adulēscēns fortissimus,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_125" id = +"line_xxvii_125">125</a> +ingēns ac terribile cōnflāverat, undique ad eum auxiliīs<a class = "tag" +name = "tag91_10" id = "tag91_10" href = "#note91_10">10</a><br> +paternī nōminis māgnitūdinem sequentium<a class = "tag" name = +"tag91_11" id = "tag91_11" href = "#note91_11">11</a> ex tōtō orbe +cōnfluentibus.<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page92" id = "page92">92</a> +Sua<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_1" id = "tag92_1" href = +"#note92_1">1</a> Caesarem in Hispāniam comitāta fortūna est: sed<br> +nūllum umquam atrōcius perīculōsiusque ab eō initum proelium,<br> +adeō ut, plūs<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_2" id = "tag92_2" href = +"#note92_2">2</a> quam dubiō Mārte, dēscenderet equō cōnsistēnsque<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_130" id = +"line_xxvii_130">130</a> +ante recēdentem suōrum aciem increpāns fortūnam, quod sē in<br> +eum servāsset exitum, dēnūntiāret mīlitibus vēstīgiō sē nōn<br> +recessūrum; proinde vidērent,<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_3" id = +"tag92_3" href = "#note92_3">3</a> quem<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_4" +id = "tag92_4" href = "#note92_4">4</a> et quō locō imperātōrem<br> +dēsertūrī essent. Verēcundiā magis quam virtūte aciēs restitūta est.<br> +Cn. Pompēius victus et interēmptus est. Caesar, omnium victor,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_135" id = +"line_xxvii_135">135</a> +regressus in urbem omnibus, quī contrā sē arma tulerant, īgnōvit<br> +et quīnquiēs triumphāvit.</p> + +<p>Bellīs cīvīlibus cōnfectīs, conversus iam ad ōrdinandum reī<br> +pūblicae statum fāstōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_5" id = "tag92_5" +href = "#note92_5">5</a> corrēxit annumque ad cursum sōlis<br> +accommodāvit, ut trecentōrum sexāgintā quīnque diērum esset<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_140" id = +"line_xxvii_140">140</a> +et, intercalāriō<a class = "tag" href = "#note92_5">5</a> mēnse sublātō, +ūnus diēs quārtō quōque<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_6" id = "tag92_6" +href = "#note92_6">6</a> annō<br> +intercalārētur. Iūs labōriōsissimē ac sevērissimē dīxit.<br> +Repetundārum<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_7" id = "tag92_7" href = +"#note92_7">7</a> convictōs etiam ōrdine senātōriō mōvit. +Peregrīnārum<br> +mercium portōria īnstituit: lēgem<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_8" id = +"tag92_8" href = "#note92_8">8</a> praecipuē sūmptuāriam exercuit.<br> +Dē ōrnandā īnstruendāque urbe, item dē tuendō ampliandōque<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_145" id = +"line_xxvii_145">145</a> +imperiō plūra ac māiōra in diēs dēstinābat: imprīmīs iūs<br> +cīvīle ad certum modum redigere<a class = "tag" name = "tag92_9" id = +"tag92_9" href = "#note92_9">9</a> atque ex immēnsā lēgum cōpiā<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page93" id = "page93">93</a> +optima quaeque et necessāria in paucissimōs cōnferre librōs;<br> +bibliothēcās Graecās et Latīnās, quās<a class = "tag" name = "tag93_1" +id = "tag93_1" href = "#note93_1">1</a> māximās posset, pūblicāre;<br> +siccāre Pomptīnās palūdēs: viam munīre ā Marī Superō per Apennīnī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_150" id = +"line_xxvii_150">150</a> +dorsum ad Tiberim ūsque: Dācōs, quī sē in Pontum effūderant,<br> +coercēre: mox Parthīs bellum īnferre per Armeniam.</p> + +<p>Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevēnit. Dictātor<br> +enim in perpetuum creātus agere īnsolentius coepit: senātum ad<br> +sē venientem sedēns excēpit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_155" id = +"line_xxvii_155">155</a> +īrātō vultū respexit. Cum Antōnius,<a class = "tag" name = "tag93_2" id += "tag93_2" href = "#note93_2">2</a> Caesaris in omnibus bellīs<br> +comes et tunc cōnsulātūs conlēga, capitī ēius in sellā aureā +sedentis<br> +prō rōstrīs diadēma, īnsīgne rēgium, imposuisset, id ita ab eō<br> +est repulsum, ut nōn offēnsus vidērētur. Quārē coniūrātum in<br> +eum est ā<a class = "tag" name = "tag93_3" id = "tag93_3" href = +"#note93_3">3</a> sexāgintā amplius virīs, Cassiō et Brūtō ducibus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_160" id = +"line_xxvii_160">160</a> +cōnspīrātiōnis, dēcrētumque eum Īdibus Mārtiīs in senātū cōnfodere.</p> + +<p>Plūrima indicia futūrī perīculī obtulerant diī immortālēs. Uxor<br> +Calpurnia, territa nocturnō vīsū, ut Īdibus Mārtiīs domī subsisteret<br> +ōrābat et Spūrinna harūspex praedīxerat<a class = "tag" name = "tag93_4" +id = "tag93_4" href = "#note93_4">4</a> ut proximōs diēs<br> +trīgintā quasi fātālēs cavēret, quōrum ultimus erat Īdūs Mārtiae.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_165" id = +"line_xxvii_165">165</a> +Hōc igitur diē Caesar Spūrinnae “Ecquid scīs” inquit “Īdūs<br> +Mārtiās iam vēnisse?” et is “Ecquid scīs illās nōndum praeterīsse?”<br> +Atque cum Caesar eō diē in senātum vēnisset, adsīdentem<br> +cōnspīrātī speciē<a class = "tag" name = "tag93_5" id = "tag93_5" href = +"#note93_5">5</a> officiī circumstetērunt īlicōque ūnus, quasi<br> +aliquid rogātūrus, propius accessit renuentīque<a class = "tag" name = +"tag93_6" id = "tag93_6" href = "#note93_6">6</a> ab<a class = "tag" +name = "tag93_7" id = "tag93_7" href = "#note93_7">7</a> utrōque<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_170" id = +"line_xxvii_170">170</a> +umerō togam apprehendit. Deinde clāmantem “Ista quidem<br> +vīs est!” Casca, ūnus ē coniūrātīs, adversum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag93_8" id = "tag93_8" href = "#note93_8">8</a> vulnerat paulum<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page94" id = "page94">94</a> +īnfrā iugulum. Caesar Cascae bracchium adreptum graphiō trāiēcit<br> +cōnātusque prōsilīre aliō vulnere tardātus est. Dein ut<br> +<span class = "sidenote"> +March 15,<br>B.C. 44.</span> +animadvertit undique sē strictīs pugiōnibus petī,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag94_1" id = "tag94_1" href = "#note94_1">1</a> togā caput<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_175" id = +"line_xxvii_175">175</a> +obvolvit et ita tribus et vīgintī plāgīs cōnfossus est. Cum<br> +Mārcum Brūtum, quem fīliī locō habēbat in sē inruentem vīdisset,<br> +dīxisse fertur: “Tū quoque, mī fīlī!”</p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/pic94.png" width = "488" height = "363" +alt = "see caption"></p> + +<p class = "caption"> +THE DEATH OF CAESAR</p> + +<p>Illud inter omnēs ferē cōnstitit tālem eī mortem paene ex<br> +sententiā obtigisse.<a class = "tag" name = "tag94_2" id = "tag94_2" +href = "#note94_2">2</a> Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophōntem<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_180" id = +"line_xxvii_180">180</a> +lēgisset Cȳrum ultimā valētūdine mandāsse quaedam dē fūnere<br> +suō, āspernātus tam lentum mortis genus subitam sibi celeremque<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page95" id = "page95">95</a> +optāverat, et prīdiē quam occīderētur, in sermōne nātō super<br> +cēnam quisnam esset fīnis vītae commodissimus, repentīnum<br> +inopīnātumque praetulerat. Percussōrum autem neque trienniō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_185" id = +"line_xxvii_185">185</a> +quisquam amplius supervīxit neque suā<a class = "tag" name = "tag95_1" +id = "tag95_1" href = "#note95_1">1</a> morte dēfūnctus est.<br> +Damnātī omnēs alius aliō cāsū periērunt, pars naufragiō, pars<br> +proeliō; nōnnūllī sēmet eōdem illō pugiōne, quō Caesarem +violāverant,<br> +interēmērunt.</p> + +<p>Quō<a class = "tag" name = "tag95_2" id = "tag95_2" href = +"#note95_2">2</a> rārior in rēgibus et prīncipibus virīs moderātiō, +hōc<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_190" id = +"line_xxvii_190">190</a> +laudanda magis est. C. Iūlius Caesar victōriā cīvīlī<a class = +"tag" name = "tag95_3" id = "tag95_3" href = "#note95_3">3</a><br> +clēmentissimē ūsus est; cum enim scrīnia dēprehendisset epistulārum<br> +ad Pompēium missārum ab iīs, quī<a class = "tag" name = "tag95_4" id = +"tag95_4" href = "#note95_4">4</a> vidēbantur aut in dīversīs<br> +aut in neutrīs fuisse partibus, legere nōluit, sed combūssit, nē<a class += "tag" name = "tag95_5" id = "tag95_5" href = "#note95_5">5</a><br> +forte in multōs gravius cōnsulendī locum darent. Cicerō hanc<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_195" id = +"line_xxvii_195">195</a> +laudem eximiam Caesarī tribuit, quod nihil oblivīscī solēret nisi<br> +iniūriās. Simultātēs omnēs, occāsiōne oblātā, libēns dēposuit.<br> +Ultrō ac prior scrīpsit C. Calvō post fāmōsa ēius adversum sē<br> +epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cūius<a class = "tag" name = "tag95_6" +id = "tag95_6" href = "#note95_6">6</a> versiculīs fāmam suam<br> +lacerātam nōn īgnōrābat, adhibuit cēnae. C. Memmiī suffrāgātor<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_200" id = +"line_xxvii_200">200</a> +in petītiōne cōnsulātūs fuit, etsī asperrimās fuisse ēius in sē<br> +ōrātiōnēs sciēbat.</p> + +<p>Fuisse trāditur excelsā statūrā,<a class = "tag" name = "tag95_7" id += "tag95_7" href = "#note95_7">7</a> ōre<a class = "tag" href = +"#note95_7">7</a> paulō<a class = "tag" name = "tag95_8" id = "tag95_8" +href = "#note95_8">8</a> plēniōre, nigrīs<br> +vegetīsque oculīs,<a class = "tag" href = "#note95_7">7</a> capite<a +class = "tag" href = "#note95_7">7</a> calvō; quam calvitiī +dēfōrmitātem,<br> +quod saepe obtrēctātōrum iocīs obnoxia erat, aegrē ferēbat. Ideō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_205" id = +"line_xxvii_205">205</a> +ex omnibus dēcrētīs sibi ā senātū populōque honōribus nōn alium<br> +aut recēpit aut ūsūrpāvit libentius quam iūs laureae<a class = "tag" +name = "tag95_9" id = "tag95_9" href = "#note95_9">9</a> perpetuō<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page96" id = "page96">96</a> +gestandae. Vīnī<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_1" id = "tag96_1" href = +"#note96_1">1</a> parcissimum eum fuisse nē inimīcī quidem<br> +negāvērunt. Verbum Catōnis est ūnum ex omnibus Caesarem<br> +ad ēvertendam rem pūblicam sōbrium accessisse. Armōrum et<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_210" id = +"line_xxvii_210">210</a> +equitandī perītissimus, labōris ultrā fidem patiēns; in āgmine<br> +nōnnumquam equō, saepius pedibus anteībat, capite dētēctō, seu<br> +sōl, seu imber erat. Longissimās viās incrēdibilī celeritāte<br> +cōnficiēbat, ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_2" id = "tag96_2" href = +"#note96_2">2</a> persaepe nūntiōs dē sē praevenīret: neque eum<br> +morābantur flūmina, quae vel nandō vel innīxus īnflātīs utribus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxvii_215" id = +"line_xxvii_215">215</a> +trāiciēbat.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXVIII">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note86_8" id = "note86_8" href = "#tag86_8">86.8</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_iulius"><i>Iūlius</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note86_9" id = "note86_9" href = "#tag86_9">86.9</a> +ablative of source.</p> + +<p><a name = "note86_10" id = "note86_10" href = "#tag86_10">86.10</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note73_1">p. 73, n. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note86_11" id = "note86_11" href = "#tag86_11">86.11</a> +i.e. Sulla.</p> + +<p><a name = "note86_12" id = "note86_12" href = "#tag86_12">86.12</a> +<b>neque potuit</b>: ‘<i>but</i> he was not able.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note86_13" id = "note86_13" href = "#tag86_13">86.13</a> +<i>ēlābor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note87_1" id = "note87_1" href = "#tag87_1">87.1</a> +<b>quārtānae</b> (sc. <i>febris</i>) <b>. . . labōrābat</b>: ‘he was +suffering from intermittent fever.’ <b>morbō</b> is abl. of cause.</p> + +<p><a name = "note87_2" id = "note87_2" href = "#tag87_2">87.2</a> +<b>prope . . . noctēs</b>: ‘almost every night.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note87_3" id = "note87_3" href = "#tag87_3">87.3</a> +<b>nē . . . ēvāsit</b>: ‘he barely, by giving money, escaped being +surrendered to Sulla.’ <b>nē . . . perdūcerētur</b> expresses +the purpose of <b>datā pecūniā</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note87_4" id = "note87_4" href = "#tag87_4">87.4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#page_xxiii">p. xxiii</a>, K 8.</p> + +<p><a name = "note87_5" id = "note87_5" href = "#tag87_5">87.5</a> += a rel. clause (cf. <a href = "#page_xxiv">p. xxiv</a>, L 1): ‘who +pleaded (for Caesar)’; lit., ‘who sought to beg him off.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note87_6" id = "note87_6" href = "#tag87_6">87.6</a> +For the subjunctive, see <a href = "#note63_5">p. 63, n. 5</a>. Sulla +said: <i>Vincite, dummodo sciātis</i>, etc. Translate <b>prōclāmāsse +. . . scīrent</b> thus: ‘cried out (bidding them) have their +way, but at the same time to (lit. provided they) realize.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note87_7" id = "note87_7" href = "#tag87_7">87.7</a> +See H 587 (513, I): M 920: A 314: G 573: B 310.</p> + +<p><a name = "note87_8" id = "note87_8" href = "#tag87_8">87.8</a> +‘oratory.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note87_9" id = "note87_9" href = "#tag87_9">87.9</a> +<i>prope abesse</i> = ‘to be near by,’ is a common idiom.</p> + +<p><a name = "note88_1" id = "note88_1" href = "#tag88_1">88.1</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_hispania"><i>Hispānia</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note88_2" id = "note88_2" href = "#tag88_2">88.2</a> +i.e. even in so insignificant a place.</p> + +<p><a name = "note88_3" id = "note88_3" href = "#tag88_3">88.3</a> += <i>quod avidus erat</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note88_4" id = "note88_4" href = "#tag88_4">88.4</a> +<b>aliīs rēbus</b>: ‘under other circumstances,’ ‘otherwise.’ For the +case, see <a href = "#note27_3">p. 27, n. 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note88_5" id = "note88_5" href = "#tag88_5">88.5</a> +The subjunctive here = an imperative: see <a href = "#note31_9">p. 31, +n. 9</a>. Note also that <b>colās</b> is an example of the indefinite or +universal second person, since the command is addressed, not to any +particular individual, but to any one and every one.</p> + +<p><a name = "note88_6" id = "note88_6" href = "#tag88_6">88.6</a> +<b>lūdōs ēdidit</b>: ‘he celebrated games.’ On the magnificence of the +games which the Aediles gave depended very largely their chance of +promotion to the higher offices.</p> + +<p><a name = "note88_7" id = "note88_7" href = "#tag88_7">88.7</a> +‘whereby’; abl. of means.</p> + +<p><a name = "note88_8" id = "note88_8" href = "#tag88_8">88.8</a> +<b>sibi . . . sēstertium</b>: with <b>mīlliēs</b> sc. <i>centēna +mīlia</i>, and take <b>sēstertium</b> as gen. plural from +<i>sēstertius</i>, and dependent on <i>mīlia</i>. Translate: ‘that he +needed 100,000,000 sesterces,’ i.e. about $4,000,000. See Vocab., +<a href = "#vocab_sestertius"><i>sēstertius</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note88_9" id = "note88_9" href = "#tag88_9">88.9</a> +<b>societātem . . . iūnxit</b>: this combination is called ‘The First +Triumvirate.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note89_1" id = "note89_1" href = "#tag89_1">89.1</a> +<b>sī . . . sīgnārent</b>: an instance of the iterative subjunctive (<a +href = "#note45_2">p. 45, n. 2</a>) = ‘whenever they affixed +their seals as witnesses.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note89_2" id = "note89_2" href = "#tag89_2">89.2</a> +<b>cōnsulibus . . . Bibulō</b>: for this way of dating events, see +<a href = "#selection_XIV">XIV, 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note89_3" id = "note89_3" href = "#tag89_3">89.3</a> +Sc. <i>esse</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note89_4" id = "note89_4" href = "#tag89_4">89.4</a> +<b>fūnctus</b> (<i>fungor</i>) = <i>postquam fūnctus est</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note89_5" id = "note89_5" href = "#tag89_5">89.5</a> +Cf. <a href = "#page_xvii">p. xvii</a>, C 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note89_6" id = "note89_6" href = "#tag89_6">89.6</a> +Sc. <i>eīs</i>, as dat. of indirect object with <b>imperāvit</b>. +Caesar’s operations were confined to the southern portion of Great +Britain.</p> + +<p><a name = "note89_7" id = "note89_7" href = "#tag89_7">89.7</a> += <i>Hōc tempore</i>, i.e. during this campaign. The language of this +whole sentence is somewhat loose. The writer begins as if he were going +to say: <i>Hīc, cum . . . nārrantur, tum Caesarem ipsum +ēgregium fēcisse nārrant</i>, but changes the construction at +<b>tum</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note89_8" id = "note89_8" href = "#tag89_8">89.8</a> +<b>cum . . . tum</b>: cf. <a href = "#note67_7">p. 67, n. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note89_9" id = "note89_9" href = "#tag89_9">89.9</a> +<b>illud</b> is explained by the clause <b>quod . . . restituit</b>. The +episode occurred in one of Caesar’s Gallic campaigns, not, as here +stated, in Britain. It is related in the second book of Caesar’s +<i>Gallic War</i>. Cf. also Longfellow’s <i>Courtship of Miles +Standish</i>, II.</p> + +<p><a name = "note89_10" id = "note89_10" href = "#tag89_10">89.10</a> +<b>iam conversum</b> = <i>quī iam conversus erat</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note89_11" id = "note89_11" href = "#tag89_11">89.11</a> +<b>comprehēnsum . . . dētrāxit</b> = <i>comprehendit et . . . +dētrāxit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note90_1" id = "note90_1" href = "#tag90_1">90.1</a> +‘preserved.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note90_2" id = "note90_2" href = "#tag90_2">90.2</a> +Sc. <i>erant</i>; also <i>erat</i> with <b>gravis</b>. Through the +influence of <b>iam prīdem</b> both verbs have the force of Eng. +pluperfects: H 535, 1 (469, 2): M 738: A 277, +<i>b</i>: G 234: B 260, 4.</p> + +<p><a name = "note90_3" id = "note90_3" href = "#tag90_3">90.3</a> +Point out the chiasmus (<a href = "#note21_15">p. 21, n. 15</a>) in +<b>Caesaris . . . superiōrem</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note90_4" id = "note90_4" href = "#tag90_4">90.4</a> +The law required a candidate to give notice of his candidacy in person +at Rome within seventeen days of the election. Caesar desired to stand +for the consulship in 49 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note90_5" id = "note90_5" href = "#tag90_5">90.5</a> +Cf. <a href = "#page_xviii">p. xviii</a>, E 5.</p> + +<p><a name = "note90_6" id = "note90_6" href = "#tag90_6">90.6</a> +<b>bellandum</b> (sc. <i>esse</i>): an impersonal passive: ‘that war was +necessary.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note90_7" id = "note90_7" href = "#tag90_7">90.7</a> +<b>quī . . . erat</b>: this river also formed the boundary between Italy +proper and Cisalpine Gaul; hence by crossing it Caesar put himself in a +position of open hostility to the government.</p> + +<p><a name = "note90_8" id = "note90_8" href = "#tag90_8">90.8</a> += <i>per</i>, ‘through the midst of.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note90_9" id = "note90_9" href = "#tag90_9">90.9</a> +<b>cōpiīs . . . cēssantibus</b>: causal abl. abs.: ‘when, because his +forces . . . tarried too long, he had sent,’ etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note91_1" id = "note91_1" href = "#tag91_1">91.1</a> +Cf. <a href = "#page_xx">p. xx</a>, G 4.</p> + +<p><a name = "note91_2" id = "note91_2" href = "#tag91_2">91.2</a> +abl. both of cause and means. Join with <b>praeferōcem</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note91_3" id = "note91_3" href = "#tag91_3">91.3</a> +<b>intrā . . . vēnit</b>: ‘within four days of his arrival (and) within +four hours after he caught sight of him.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note91_4" id = "note91_4" href = "#tag91_4">91.4</a> +See <a href = "#page_xvii">p. xvii</a>, C 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "note91_5" id = "note91_5" href = "#tag91_5">91.5</a> +Strictly, we ought to have <i>ante victum esse quam vīsus esset</i>, the +subjunctive being due to the indirect discourse. Caesar said: <i>ante +victus est quam vīsus</i> (<i>est</i>). The infinitive <b>vīsum</b> +(<i>esse</i>) is due to attraction of the neighboring infinitive +<b>victum esse</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note91_6" id = "note91_6" href = "#tag91_6">91.6</a> +<b>Ponticō . . . triumphō</b>: i.e. the procession in which he +celebrated his victory in Pontus. <b>triumphō</b> is dat. with +<b>praetulit</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note91_7" id = "note91_7" href = "#tag91_7">91.7</a> +Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey.</p> + +<p><a name = "note91_8" id = "note91_8" href = "#tag91_8">91.8</a> +at Thapsus, 46 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note91_9" id = "note91_9" href = "#tag91_9">91.9</a> +Cf. XXVI, 49.</p> + +<p><a name = "note91_10" id = "note91_10" href = "#tag91_10">91.10</a> +<b>auxiliīs . . . cōnfluentibus</b>: the abl. abs. denotes both cause +and attendant circumstance.</p> + +<p><a name = "note91_11" id = "note91_11" href = "#tag91_11">91.11</a> += <i>eōrum quī sequēbantur</i>. Cf. <i>volentibus</i>, XIII, 97.</p> + +<p><a name = "note92_1" id = "note92_1" href = "#tag92_1">92.1</a> +‘His own,’ i.e. his usual.</p> + +<p><a name = "note92_2" id = "note92_2" href = "#tag92_2">92.2</a> +<b>plūs . . . Mārte</b>: ‘since the battle was more than doubtful.’ The +battle was fought at Munda, 45 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note92_3" id = "note92_3" href = "#tag92_3">92.3</a> +Cf. <a href = "#note63_5">p. 63, n. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note92_4" id = "note92_4" href = "#tag92_4">92.4</a> += <i>quālem</i>. So <b>quō</b> = <i>quālī</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note92_5" id = "note92_5" href = "#tag92_5">92.5</a> +<b>fāstōs corrēxit</b>: In III, 22, it is stated that Numa divided the +year into twelve months according to the course of the moon. This year +contained only 355 days. In order, therefore, to make the months +coincide with the seasons to which they belong, Numa ordered that every +two years an extra month, called a <i>mēnsis intercalāris</i>, should be +added. These intercalary months were inserted after February 23d, and +contained alternately 22 and 23 days. This arrangement made the average +length of the year 366-1/4 days. A further cause of confusion was +the fact that the Pontifices, who had charge of the calendar, often, for +political reasons, omitted the intercalary month. In Caesar’s time the +error amounted to about three months. The calendar arranged by him is +almost identical with that in use to-day.</p> + +<p><a name = "note92_6" id = "note92_6" href = "#tag92_6">92.6</a> +from <i>quisque</i>: ‘each,’ ‘every.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note92_7" id = "note92_7" href = "#tag92_7">92.7</a> +Sc. <i>rērum</i>. <i>rēs repetundae</i> was a technical term for +‘extortion.’ For the gen., see <a href = "#note36_8">p. 36, +n. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note92_8" id = "note92_8" href = "#tag92_8">92.8</a> +A <i>lēx sumptuāria</i> was a law regulating the sums of money which +might be spent for various purposes. Caesar attempted especially to +check extravagance in dress and at banquets.</p> + +<p><a name = "note92_9" id = "note92_9" href = "#tag92_9">92.9</a> +The infinitives in lines 146-151 are used because the clauses in which +they stand are in apposition to <i>plūra ac māiōra</i>, <a href = +"#line_xxvii_44">l. 144</a>. See <a href = "#note86_5">p. 86, +n. 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note93_1" id = "note93_1" href = "#tag93_1">93.1</a> +<b>quās . . . pūblicāre</b>: ‘to throw open to the public as large +libraries as possible.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note93_2" id = "note93_2" href = "#tag93_2">93.2</a> +The celebrated Mark Antony.</p> + +<p><a name = "note93_3" id = "note93_3" href = "#tag93_3">93.3</a> +<b>ā . . . virīs</b>: ‘by more than sixty men.’ For the case of +<b>virīs</b>, see <a href = "#note10_18">p. 10, n. 18</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note93_4" id = "note93_4" href = "#tag93_4">93.4</a> +‘had warned him,’ <i>not</i> ‘had predicted’: hence it may be construed +with a substantive clause of purpose (<b>ut . . . +cavēret</b>) as its object.</p> + +<p><a name = "note93_5" id = "note93_5" href = "#tag93_5">93.5</a> +<b>speciē officiī</b>: ‘under pretense of doing him honor.’ Cf. <i>per +speciem vēnandī</i>, XIX, 60.</p> + +<p><a name = "note93_6" id = "note93_6" href = "#tag93_6">93.6</a> +Sc. <i>eī</i>: dat. of interest.</p> + +<p><a name = "note93_7" id = "note93_7" href = "#tag93_7">93.7</a> +‘by’; cf. <a href = "#note11_10">p. 11, n. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note93_8" id = "note93_8" href = "#tag93_8">93.8</a> +<b>adversum</b> (sc. <i>eum</i>) <b>vulnerat</b>: ‘wounds him in front.’ +The wound was in the shoulder. For <b>adversum</b> as = an adverbial +phrase, cf. <a href = "#note4_4">p. 4, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note94_1" id = "note94_1" href = "#tag94_1">94.1</a> +‘assailed.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note94_2" id = "note94_2" href = "#tag94_2">94.2</a> +<i>obtingō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note95_1" id = "note95_1" href = "#tag95_1">95.1</a> +<b>suā morte</b>: ‘a natural death’; an ablative of manner.</p> + +<p><a name = "note95_2" id = "note95_2" href = "#tag95_2">95.2</a> +<b>Quō rārior . . . hōc laudanda magis</b>: ‘The rarer . . . the more +praiseworthy.’ <b>Quō</b> and <b>hōc</b> are ablative of the degree of +difference (a variety of the ablative of means): cf. <a href = +"#note39_12">p. 39, n. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note95_3" id = "note95_3" href = "#tag95_3">95.3</a> +i.e. over his fellow-citizens.</p> + +<p><a name = "note95_4" id = "note95_4" href = "#tag95_4">95.4</a> +<b>quī . . . partibus</b>: ‘who had apparently belonged,’ etc. How +literally? With <b>dīversīs</b> sc. <i>Pompēiō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note95_5" id = "note95_5" href = "#tag95_5">95.5</a> +<b>nē . . . darent</b>: ‘that they might not by any chance give occasion +to vigorous measures,’ etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note95_6" id = "note95_6" href = "#tag95_6">95.6</a> +<b>cūius . . . īgnōrābat</b>: ‘by whose verses, as he very well knew, +his own fair fame had been wounded.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note95_7" id = "note95_7" href = "#tag95_7">95.7</a> +ablatives of characteristic.</p> + +<p><a name = "note95_8" id = "note95_8" href = "#tag95_8">95.8</a> +<b>paulō plēniōre</b>: ‘somewhat full.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note95_9" id = "note95_9" href = "#tag95_9">95.9</a> +Sc. <i>corōnae</i>, and cf. the frequent omission of <i>manus</i> with +<i>dextra</i> and <i>sinistra</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note96_1" id = "note96_1" href = "#tag96_1">96.1</a> +<b>Vīnī parcissimum</b>: cf. <i>Cibī vīnīque temperāns, somnī +parcus</i>, XXVI, 21, and note.</p> + +<p><a name = "note96_2" id = "note96_2" href = "#tag96_2">96.2</a> +<b>ut . . . praevenīret</b> expresses result, not purpose.</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXVIII">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XXVIII" id = "selection_XXVIII">XXVIII.</a> +Mārcus Tullius Cicerō</h4> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic96.png" width = "110" height = "168" +alt = "see caption"><br> +<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘CICERO’">CICERŌ</ins></span> + +<p>Mārcus Tullius Cicerō, equestrī genere, Arpīnī,<br> +quod est Volscōrum oppidum, nātus est. Ex ēius<br> +avīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_3" id = "tag96_3" href = +"#note96_3">3</a> ūnus verrūcam<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_4" id = +"tag96_4" href = "#note96_4">4</a> in extrēmō nāsō<a class = "tag" name += "tag96_5" id = "tag96_5" href = "#note96_5">5</a> sitam<br> +habuit, ciceris<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_6" id = "tag96_6" href = +"#note96_6">6</a> grānō similem; inde cōgnōmen<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_5" id = "line_xxviii_5">5</a> +Cicerōnis gentī inditum. Suādentibus quibusdam<br> +ut id nōmen mūtāret, “Dabō operam”<br> +inquit “ut istud cōgnōmen nōbilissimōrum<br> +<a name = "line_xxviii_8" id = "line_xxviii_8"> </a> +nōminum splendōrem vincat.” Cum ā patre<br> +Rōmam missus, ubi<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_7" id = "tag96_7" href = +"#note96_7">7</a> celeberrimōrum magistrōrum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_10" id = +"line_xxviii_10">10</a> +scholīs interesset, eās artēs dīsceret, quibus aetās puerīlis ad<br> +hūmānitātem<a class = "tag" name = "tag96_8" id = "tag96_8" href = +"#note96_8">8</a> solet īnfōrmārī, tantō successū tantāque cum<br> +praeceptōrum tum cēterōrum dīscipulōrum admīrātiōne id fēcit, ut,<br> +cum fāma dē Cicerōnis ingeniō et doctrīnā ad aliōs mānāsset,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag96_9" id = "tag96_9" href = "#note96_9">9</a><br> +nōn paucī, quī ēius videndī et audiendī grātiā scholās adīrent,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_15" id = +"line_xxviii_15">15</a> +repertī esse dīcantur.</p> + +<p>Cum nūllā rē magis ad summōs in rē pūblicā honōrēs viam<br> +mūnīrī posse intellegeret quam arte dīcendī et ēloquentiā, tōtō<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page97" id = "page97">97</a> +animō in ēius studium incubuit,<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_1" id = +"tag97_1" href = "#note97_1">1</a> in quō quidem ita versātus<a class = +"tag" name = "tag97_2" id = "tag97_2" href = "#note97_2">2</a> est,<br> +ut nōn sōlum eōs, quī in Forō et iūdiciīs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag97_3" id = "tag97_3" href = "#note97_3">3</a> causās perōrārent,<a +class = "tag" name = "tag97_4" id = "tag97_4" href = +"#note97_4">4</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_20" id = +"line_xxviii_20">20</a> +studiōsē sectārētur,<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_5" id = "tag97_5" +href = "#note97_5">5</a> sed prīvātim quoque dīligentissimē sē<br> +exercēret. Prīmum ēloquentiam et lībertātem<a class = "tag" name = +"tag97_6" id = "tag97_6" href = "#note97_6">6</a> adversus Sullānōs<br> +ostendit. Nam cum Rōscium quendam, parricīdiī accūsātum, ob<br> +Chrȳsogonī, Sullae lībērtī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_7" id = +"tag97_7" href = "#note97_7">7</a> quī in ēius adversāriīs erat, +potentiam<br> +nēmō dēfendere audēret, tantā ēloquentiae vī eum dēfendit Cicerō,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_25" id = +"line_xxviii_25">25</a> +ut iam tum in arte dīcendī nūllus eī pār esse vidērētur. Ex quō<br> +invidiam veritus<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_8" id = "tag97_8" href = +"#note97_8">8</a> Athēnās studiōrum grātiā petiit, ubi Antiochum<br> +philosophum studiōsē audīvit. Inde ēloquentiae causā Rhodum<br> +sē contulit, ubi Molōnem, Graecum rhētorem tum disertissimum,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag97_9" id = "tag97_9" href = "#note97_9">9</a><br> +magistrum habuit. Quī cum Cicerōnem dīcentem audīvisset,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_30" id = +"line_xxviii_30">30</a> +flēvisse dīcitur, quod per hunc Graecia ēloquentiae laude<br> +prīvārētur.<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_10" id = "tag97_10" href = +"#note97_10">10</a></p> + +<p>Rōmam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nūllīus vērō quaestūra<br> +aut grātior aut clārior fuit; cum māgna tum esset annōnae<a class = +"tag" name = "tag97_11" id = "tag97_11" href = "#note97_11">11</a><br> +difficultās, initiō molestus erat Siculīs, quōs cōgeret frūmenta in<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_35" id = +"line_xxviii_35">35</a> +urbem mittere; posteā vērō, dīligentiam et iūstitiam et cōmitātem<a +class = "tag" name = "tag97_12" id = "tag97_12" href = +"#note97_12">12</a><br> +ēius expertī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_13" id = "tag97_13" href = +"#note97_13">13</a> māiōrēs quaestōrī suō honōrēs quam ūllī<br> +umquam praetōrī dētulērunt. Ē Siciliā reversus Rōmam in causīs<br> +dīcendīs ita flōruit, ut inter omnēs causārum patrōnōs<a class = "tag" +name = "tag97_14" id = "tag97_14" href = "#note97_14">14</a> et +esset<br> +et habērētur prīnceps.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_40" id = +"line_xxviii_40">40</a> +Cōnsul deinde factus L. Sergiī Catilīnae coniūrātiōnem singulārī<br> +virtūte, cōnstantiā, cūrā compressit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag97_15" +id = "tag97_15" href = "#note97_15">15</a> Catilīnae proavum,<a class = +"tag" name = "tag97_16" id = "tag97_16" href = "#note97_16">16</a><br> +M. Sergium, incrēdibilī fortitūdine fuisse Plīnius refert. Stīpendia<a +class = "tag" name = "tag97_17" id = "tag97_17" href = +"#note97_17">17</a><br> +is fēcit secundō bellō Pūnicō. Secundō stīpendiō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag97_18" id = "tag97_18" href = "#note97_18">18</a> dextram<br> +manum perdidit: stīpendiīs<a class = "tag" href = "#note97_18">18</a> +duōbus ter et vīciēs vulnerātus est:<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_45" id = +"line_xxviii_45">45</a> +ob id neutrā manū, neutrō pede satis ūtilis, plūrimīsque<a class = "tag" +name = "tag97_19" id = "tag97_19" href = "#note97_19">19</a> posteā<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page98" id = "page98">98</a> +stīpendiīs dēbilis<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_1" id = "tag98_1" href += "#note98_1">1</a> mīles erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis<a class = +"tag" name = "tag98_2" id = "tag98_2" href = "#note98_2">2</a><br> +vinculōrum ēius profugus, vīgintī mēnsibus nūllō<a class = "tag" name = +"tag98_3" id = "tag98_3" href = "#note98_3">3</a> nōn diē in<br> +catēnīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_4" id = "tag98_4" href = +"#note98_4">4</a> aut compedibus<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_5" id = +"tag98_5" href = "#note98_5">5</a> cūstōdītus. Sinistrā manū sōlā +quater<br> +pūgnāvit, duōbus equīs, īnsidente eō, suffossīs.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag98_6" id = "tag98_6" href = "#note98_6">6</a> Dextram sibi<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_50" id = +"line_xxviii_50">50</a> +ferream fēcit eāque religātā<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_7" id = +"tag98_7" href = "#note98_7">7</a> proeliātus Cremōnam obsidiōne<br> +exēmit, Placentiam tūtātus est, duodēna castra hostium in Galliā<br> +cēpit. Cēterī profectō, Plīnius addit, victōrēs hominum fuēre,<br> +Sergius vīcit etiam fortūnam.</p> + +<p>Singulārem hūius virī glōriam foedē dehonestāvit pronepōtis<a class = +"tag" name = "tag98_8" id = "tag98_8" href = "#note98_8">8</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_55" id = +"line_xxviii_55">55</a> +scelus. Hīc enim reī familiāris, quam profūderat, inopiā<br> +multōrumque scelerum cōnscientiā in furōrem āctus et dominandī<br> +cupiditāte incēnsus indīgnātusque, quod in petītiōne cōnsulātūs<br> +repulsam<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_9" id = "tag98_9" href = +"#note98_9">9</a> passus esset, coniūrātiōne factā senātum +cōnfodere,<br> +cōnsulēs trucīdāre,<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_10" id = "tag98_10" +href = "#note98_10">10</a> urbem incendere, dīripere aerārium +cōnstituerat.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_60" id = +"line_xxviii_60">60</a> +Āctum<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_11" id = "tag98_11" href = +"#note98_11">11</a> erat dē pulcherrimō imperiō, nisi illa +coniūrātiō<br> +in<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_12" id = "tag98_12" href = +"#note98_12">12</a> Cicerōnem et Antōnium cōnsulēs incidisset, quōrum +alter<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_13" id = "tag98_13" href = +"#note98_13">13</a><br> +indūstriā rem patefēcit, alter manū<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_14" id += "tag98_14" href = "#note98_14">14</a> oppressit. Cum Cicerō,<br> +habitō senātū, in praesentem reum<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_15" id = +"tag98_15" href = "#note98_15">15</a> perōrāsset, Catilīna, +incendium<br> +suum ruīnā<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_16" id = "tag98_16" href = +"#note98_16">16</a> sē restinctūrum esse minitāns, Rōmā profūgit<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_65" id = +"line_xxviii_65">65</a> +et ad exercitum, quem parāverat, proficīscitur, sīgna inlātūrus<br> +urbī. Sed sociī ēius, quī in urbe remānserant, comprehēnsī in<br> +carcere necātī sunt. A. Fulvius, vir senātōriī ōrdinis, fīlium,<br> +iuvenem et ingeniō et fōrmā inter aequālēs nitentem,<a class = "tag" +name = "tag98_17" id = "tag98_17" href = "#note98_17">17</a> prāvō<br> +cōnsiliō Catilīnae amīcitiam secūtum inque castra ēius ruentem,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_70" id = +"line_xxviii_70">70</a> +ex mediō itinere retrāctum suppliciō mortis adfēcit, praefātus<a class = +"tag" name = "tag98_18" id = "tag98_18" href = "#note98_18">18</a><br> +nōn sē Catilīnae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae adversus<br> +Catilīnam genuisse.<a class = "tag" name = "tag98_19" id = "tag98_19" +href = "#note98_19">19</a></p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page99" id = "page99">99</a> +<p>Neque eō magis ab inceptō Catilīna dēstitit, sed īnfēstīs sīgnīs<br> +Rōmam petēns Antōniī exercitū opprimitur. Quam atrōciter<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_75" id = +"line_xxviii_75">75</a> +dīmicātum sit exitus docuit: nēmō hostium bellō superfuit;<br> +quem quisque in pūgnandō cēperat locum, eum āmissā animā<a class = "tag" +name = "tag99_1" id = "tag99_1" href = "#note99_1">1</a><br> +tegēbat. Catilīna longē ā suīs inter hostium cadāvera<a class = "tag" +name = "tag99_2" id = "tag99_2" href = "#note99_2">2</a> repertus<br> +est: pulcherrimā morte,<a class = "tag" name = "tag99_3" id = "tag99_3" +href = "#note99_3">3</a> sī prō patriā sīc concidisset! Senātus<br> +populusque Rōmānus Cicerōnem patrem patriae appellāvit. Cicerō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_80" id = +"line_xxviii_80">80</a> +ipse in ōrātiōne prō Sullā palam praedicat cōnsilium patriae<br> +servandae fuisse iniectum sibi ā diīs, cum Catilīna coniūrāsset<br> +adversus eam. “Ō diī immortālēs,” inquit “vōs profectō<br> +incendistis tum animum meum cupiditāte cōnservandae patriae. Vōs<br> +āvocāstis mē ā cōgitātiōnibus omnibus cēterīs et convertistis ad<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_85" id = +"line_xxviii_85">85</a> +salūtem ūnam patriae. Vōs dēnique praetulistis mentī meae<br> +clārissimum lūmen in tenebrīs tantīs errōris et īnscientiae.<br> +Tribuam enim vōbīs, quae sunt vestra. Nec vērō possum tantum<br> +dare ingeniō meō, ut<a class = "tag" name = "tag99_4" id = "tag99_4" +href = "#note99_4">4</a> dīspexerim sponte meā in tempestāte illā<br> +turbulentissimā reī pūblicae, quid esset optimum factū.”</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_90" id = +"line_xxviii_90">90</a> +Paucīs post annīs Cicerōnī diem dīxit Clōdius tribūnus plēbis,<br> +quod cīvēs Rōmānōs indictā<a class = "tag" name = "tag99_5" id = +"tag99_5" href = "#note99_5">5</a> causā necāvisset. Senātus maestus,<a +class = "tag" name = "tag99_6" id = "tag99_6" href = +"#note99_6">6</a><br> +tamquam in pūblicō lūctū, veste<a class = "tag" name = "tag99_7" id = +"tag99_7" href = "#note99_7">7</a> mūtātā prō eō dēprecābātur.<br> +Cicerō, cum posset armīs salūtem suam dēfendere, māluit urbe<br> +cēdere quam suā causā caedem fierī. Proficīscentem omnēs bonī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_95" id = +"line_xxviii_95">95</a> +flentēs prōsecūtī sunt. Dein Clōdius ēdictum prōposuit ut Mārcō<br> +Tulliō<a class = "tag" name = "tag99_8" id = "tag99_8" href = +"#note99_8">8</a> īgnī et aquā interdīcerētur: illīus domum et +vīllās<br> +incendit. Sed vīs illa nōn diuturna fuit, mox enim tōtus ferē +populus<br> +Rōmānus ingentī dēsīderiō Cicerōnis reditum flāgitāre coepit et<br> +māximō omnium ōrdinum studiō Cicerō in patriam revocātus est.<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page100" id = "page100">100</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_100" id = +"line_xxviii_100">100</a> +Nihil per tōtam vītam Cicerōnī itinere, quō in patriam rediit,<br> +accidit iūcundius. Obviam<a class = "tag" name = "tag100_1" id = +"tag100_1" href = "#note100_1">1</a> eī redeuntī ab ūniversīs itum est: +domus<br> +ēius pūblicā pecūniā restitūta est.</p> + +<p>Gravissimae illā tempestāte inter Caesarem et Pompēium ortae<br> +sunt inimīcitiae, ut rēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag100_2" id = +"tag100_2" href = "#note100_2">2</a> nisi bellō dīrimī nōn posse +vidērētur.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_105" id = +"line_xxviii_105">105</a> +Cicerō quidem summō studiō ēnītēbātur<a class = "tag" name = "tag100_3" +id = "tag100_3" href = "#note100_3">3</a> ut eōs inter sē +reconciliāret<br> +et ā bellī cīvīlis calamitātibus dēterrēret, sed cum neutrum<br> +ad pācem ineundam permovēre posset, Pompēium secūtus est.<br> +Sed victō Pompēiō, ā Caesare victōre veniam ultrō accēpit. Quō<br> +interfectō Octāviānum, Caesaris hērēdem, fōvit,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag100_4" id = "tag100_4" href = "#note100_4">4</a> Antōnium<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_110" id = +"line_xxviii_110">110</a> +impūgnāvit effēcitque ut ā senātū hostis iūdicārētur.</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘Sēd’">Sed</ins> +Antōnius, initā cum Octāviānō societāte,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag100_5" id = "tag100_5" href = "#note100_5">5</a> Cicerōnem iam<br> +diū sibi inimīcum prōscrīpsit. Quā rē audītā, Cicerō trānsversīs<a class += "tag" name = "tag100_6" id = "tag100_6" href = "#note100_6">6</a><br> +itineribus in vīllam, quae ā marī proximē aberat, fūgit indeque<br> +nāvem cōnscendit, in Macedoniam trānsitūrus. Unde aliquotiēns<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_115" id = +"line_xxviii_115">115</a> +in altum prōvectum cum modo<a class = "tag" name = "tag100_7" id = +"tag100_7" href = "#note100_7">7</a> ventī adversī rettulissent, +modo<br> +ipse iactātiōnem maris patī nōn posset, taedium<a class = "tag" name = +"tag100_8" id = "tag100_8" href = "#note100_8">8</a> tandem eum<br> +et fugae et vītae cēpit regressusque ad vīllam “Moriar” inquit<br> +“in patriā saepe servātā.” Satis cōnstat, adventantibus +percussōribus,<br> +servōs fortiter fidēliterque parātōs fuisse ad dīmicandum,<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic100.png" width = "135" height = "96" +alt = "see caption"><br> +LECTĪCA.</span> + +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_120" id = +"line_xxviii_120">120</a> +ipsum dēpōnī lectīcam<a class = "tag" name = "tag100_9" id = "tag100_9" +href = "#note100_9">9</a> et quiētōs patī, quod<br> +sors inīqua cōgeret, iussisse. Prōminentī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag100_10" id = "tag100_10" href = "#note100_10">10</a><br> +ex lectīcā et immōtam cervīcem<a class = "tag" name = "tag100_11" id = +"tag100_11" href = "#note100_11">11</a> praebentī<a class = "tag" href = +"#note100_10">10</a><br> +caput praecīsum est. Manūs quoque abscissae;<br> +caput relātum est ad Antōnium ēiusque<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_125" id = +"line_xxviii_125">125</a> +iussū cum dextrā manū in rōstrīs positum.</p> + +<p>Quamdiū rēs pūblica Rōmāna per eōs gerēbātur, quibus sē ipsa<br> +commīserat, in eam cūrās cōgitātiōnēsque ferē omnēs suās cōnferēbat<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page101" id = "page101">101</a> +Cicerō et plūs<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_1" id = "tag101_1" href = +"#note101_1">1</a> operae pōnēbat in agendō quam in scrībendō.<br> +Cum autem dominātū ūnīus C. Iūliī Caesaris omnia tenērentur,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_130" id = +"line_xxviii_130">130</a> +nōn sē angōribus<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_2" id = "tag101_2" href += "#note101_2">2</a> dēdidit nec indīgnīs homine doctō voluptātibus.<br> +Fugiēns cōnspectum Forī urbisque rūra peragrābat abdēbatque<br> +sē, quantum licēbat, et sōlus erat. Nihil agere autem cum<br> +animus nōn posset, exīstimāvit honestissimē molestiās posse<br> +dēpōnī, sī sē ad philosophiam rettulisset, cuī adulēscēns multum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_135" id = +"line_xxviii_135">135</a> +temporis tribuerat, et omne studium cūramque convertit ad +scrībendum:<br> +atque ut cīvibus etiam ōtiōsus<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_3" id = +"tag101_3" href = "#note101_3">3</a> aliquid prōdesse<a class = "tag" +name = "tag101_4" id = "tag101_4" href = "#note101_4">4</a> posset,<br> +ēlabōrāvit ut doctiōrēs fierent et sapientiōrēs, plūraque brevī<br> +tempore, ēversā rē pūblicā, scrīpsit, quam multīs annīs eā stante<br> +scrīpserat. Sīc fācundiae<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_5" id = +"tag101_5" href = "#note101_5">5</a> et Latīnārum litterārum parēns<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_140" id = +"line_xxviii_140">140</a> +ēvāsit<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_6" id = "tag101_6" href = +"#note101_6">6</a> pāruitque virōrum sapientium praeceptō, quī docent +nōn<br> +sōlum ex<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_7" id = "tag101_7" href = +"#note101_7">7</a> malīs ēligere minima oportēre, sed etiam excerpere<a +class = "tag" name = "tag101_8" id = "tag101_8" href = +"#note101_8">8</a> ex<br> +hīs ipsīs, sī quid īnsit bonī.</p> + +<p>Multa exstant facētē<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_9" id = +"tag101_9" href = "#note101_9">9</a> ab eō dicta. Cum Lentulum, +generum<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_10" id = "tag101_10" href = +"#note101_10">10</a><br> +suum, exiguae statūrae hominem, vīdisset longō gladiō accinctum,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_145" id = +"line_xxviii_145">145</a> +“Quis” inquit “generum meum ad gladium adligāvit?”—Mātrōna<br> +quaedam iūniōrem sē, quam erat, simulāns dictitābat sē<br> +trīgintā tantum annōs habēre; cuī Cicerō “Vērum est,” inquit<br> +“nam hōc vīgintī annōs audiō.”—Caesar, alterō cōnsule mortuō<br> +diē<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_11" id = "tag101_11" href = +"#note101_11">11</a> Decembris ūltimā, Canīnium cōnsulem hōrā septimā +in<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxviii_150" id = +"line_xxviii_150">150</a> +reliquam diēī partem renūntiāverat; quem cum plērīque īrent<br> +salūtātum dē mōre, “Fēstīnēmus” inquit Cicerō “priusquam abeat<br> +magistrātū.” Dē eōdem Canīniō scrīpsit Cicerō: “Fuit mīrificā<a class = +"tag" name = "tag101_12" id = "tag101_12" href = +"#note101_12">12</a><br> +vigilantiā Canīnius, quī tōtō suō cōnsulātū somnum nōn<br> +vīderit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag101_13" id = "tag101_13" href = +"#note101_13">13</a>”</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXIX">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p>The following selections have been edited for rapid reading or +reading at sight:</p> + +<p><a name = "note96_3" id = "note96_3" href = "#tag96_3">96.3</a> +‘ancestors.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note96_4" id = "note96_4" href = "#tag96_4">96.4</a> +‘wart.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note96_5" id = "note96_5" href = "#tag96_5">96.5</a> +‘nose’; cf. <i>nasal</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note96_6" id = "note96_6" href = "#tag96_6">96.6</a> +<b>ciceris grānō</b>: ‘a tiny chickpea.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note96_7" id = "note96_7" href = "#tag96_7">96.7</a> += <i>ut</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note96_8" id = "note96_8" href = "#tag96_8">96.8</a> +‘culture.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note96_9" id = "note96_9" href = "#tag96_9">96.9</a> +‘had spread.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_1" id = "note97_1" href = "#tag97_1">97.1</a> +‘applied himself.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_2" id = "note97_2" href = "#tag97_2">97.2</a> +‘engaged.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_3" id = "note97_3" href = "#tag97_3">97.3</a> +‘courts.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_4" id = "note97_4" href = "#tag97_4">97.4</a> +‘pleaded.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_5" id = "note97_5" href = "#tag97_5">97.5</a> +‘followed,’ ‘courted’ (cf. <i>sequor</i>).</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_6" id = "note97_6" href = "#tag97_6">97.6</a> +‘independence.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_7" id = "note97_7" href = "#tag97_7">97.7</a> +‘freedman.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_8" id = "note97_8" href = "#tag97_8">97.8</a> +‘fearing.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_9" id = "note97_9" href = "#tag97_9">97.9</a> +‘most eloquent.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_10" id = "note97_10" href = "#tag97_10">97.10</a> +‘was being deprived.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_11" id = "note97_11" href = "#tag97_11">97.11</a> +<b>annōnae difficultās</b>: ‘a lack of corn.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_12" id = "note97_12" href = "#tag97_12">97.12</a> +‘courtesy.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_13" id = "note97_13" href = "#tag97_13">97.13</a> +‘having had proof of.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_14" id = "note97_14" href = "#tag97_14">97.14</a> +‘lawyers.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_15" id = "note97_15" href = "#tag97_15">97.15</a> +‘crushed.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_16" id = "note97_16" href = "#tag97_16">97.16</a> +‘great-grandfather.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_17" id = "note97_17" href = "#tag97_17">97.17</a> +Cf. XXVII, 19.</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_18" id = "note97_18" href = "#tag97_18">97.18</a> +‘campaign.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note97_19" id = "note97_19" href = "#tag97_19">97.19</a> +<b>que</b> here = ‘but.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_1" id = "note98_1" href = "#tag98_1">98.1</a> +‘<i>though</i> disabled.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_2" id = "note98_2" href = "#tag98_2">98.2</a> +<b>bis . . . profugus</b> = <i>bis vincula ēius profūgit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_3" id = "note98_3" href = "#tag98_3">98.3</a> +<b>nūllō nōn</b>: ‘every.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_4" id = "note98_4" href = "#tag98_4">98.4</a> +‘chains.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_5" id = "note98_5" href = "#tag98_5">98.5</a> +‘shackles.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_6" id = "note98_6" href = "#tag98_6">98.6</a> +‘slain’; lit., ‘stabbed from below.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_7" id = "note98_7" href = "#tag98_7">98.7</a> +‘fastened’ (to the stump of his arm).</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_8" id = "note98_8" href = "#tag98_8">98.8</a> +‘great-grandson.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_9" id = "note98_9" href = "#tag98_9">98.9</a> +‘defeat’; a technical term of Roman politics.</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_10" id = "note98_10" href = "#tag98_10">98.10</a> +‘butcher.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_11" id = "note98_11" href = "#tag98_11">98.11</a> +<b>Āctum erat dē</b>: ‘it would have been all up with.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_12" id = "note98_12" href = "#tag98_12">98.12</a> +<b>in . . . incidisset</b>: ‘happened in the days of.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_13" id = "note98_13" href = "#tag98_13">98.13</a> +Cicero.</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_14" id = "note98_14" href = "#tag98_14">98.14</a> +‘prowess.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_15" id = "note98_15" href = "#tag98_15">98.15</a> +‘culprit.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_16" id = "note98_16" href = "#tag98_16">98.16</a> +‘by a general downfall.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_17" id = "note98_17" href = "#tag98_17">98.17</a> +<ins class = "correction" title = "‘ missing"> ‘</ins>conspicuous’; +lit., ‘shining.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_18" id = "note98_18" href = "#tag98_18">98.18</a> +‘having first said.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note98_19" id = "note98_19" href = "#tag98_19">98.19</a> +from <i>gīgnō</i>, ‘to beget.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note99_1" id = "note99_1" href = "#tag99_1">99.1</a> +‘life.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note99_2" id = "note99_2" href = "#tag99_2">99.2</a> +‘corpses.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note99_3" id = "note99_3" href = "#tag99_3">99.3</a> +Sc. <i>concidisset</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note99_4" id = "note99_4" href = "#tag99_4">99.4</a> +<b>ut . . . dīspexerim</b>: ‘(as to say) that I should have of my own +accord clearly perceived.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note99_5" id = "note99_5" href = "#tag99_5">99.5</a> +<b>indictā causā</b>: ‘with their cause unpleaded,’ i.e. without giving +them a trial.</p> + +<p><a name = "note99_6" id = "note99_6" href = "#tag99_6">99.6</a> +‘mourning.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note99_7" id = "note99_7" href = "#tag99_7">99.7</a> +<b>veste mūtātā</b>: i.e. changing their ordinary attire, which was +white, for darker robes of mourning.</p> + +<p><a name = "note99_8" id = "note99_8" href = "#tag99_8">99.8</a> +<b>Tulliō . . . interdīcerētur</b>: lit., ‘that a ban should be laid on +Tullius in respect of fire and water,’ i.e. that he should be outlawed, +and every one forbidden to aid him, even with the necessaries of +life.</p> + +<p><a name = "note100_1" id = "note100_1" href = "#tag100_1">100.1</a> +<b>Obviam . . . est</b>: ‘all went to meet him.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note100_2" id = "note100_2" href = "#tag100_2">100.2</a> +‘trouble.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note100_3" id = "note100_3" href = "#tag100_3">100.3</a> +‘strove.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note100_4" id = "note100_4" href = "#tag100_4">100.4</a> +‘cherished,’ ‘supported.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note100_5" id = "note100_5" href = "#tag100_5">100.5</a> +The reference is to the Second Triumvirate.</p> + +<p><a name = "note100_6" id = "note100_6" href = "#tag100_6">100.6</a> +<b>trānsversīs itineribus</b>: i.e. by out of the way paths.</p> + +<p><a name = "note100_7" id = "note100_7" href = "#tag100_7">100.7</a> +<b>modo . . . modo</b>: ‘now . . . now.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note100_8" id = "note100_8" href = "#tag100_8">100.8</a> +‘disgust.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note100_9" id = "note100_9" href = "#tag100_9">100.9</a> +‘litter,’ ‘sedan chair.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note100_10" id = "note100_10" href = +"#tag100_10">100.10</a> +‘leaning out’; sc. <i>eī</i>, dat. of disadvantage with <b>praecīsum +est</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note100_11" id = "note100_11" href = +"#tag100_11">100.11</a> +‘neck.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note101_1" id = "note101_1" href = "#tag101_1">101.1</a> +<b>plūs . . . scrībendō</b>: ‘he devoted more of his time to practical +affairs than to literature.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note101_2" id = "note101_2" href = "#tag101_2">101.2</a> +‘sorrow.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note101_3" id = "note101_3" href = "#tag101_3">101.3</a> +<b>etiam ōtiōsus</b>: ‘even though at ease,’ i.e. not burdened with +official duties. <b>ōtiōsus</b> here, as often = <i>prīvātus</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note101_4" id = "note101_4" href = "#tag101_4">101.4</a> +‘benefit.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note101_5" id = "note101_5" href = "#tag101_5">101.5</a> +‘eloquence.’ Sc. <b>Latīnae</b>, to be derived from +<b>Latīnārum</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note101_6" id = "note101_6" href = "#tag101_6">101.6</a> +‘became.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note101_7" id = "note101_7" href = "#tag101_7">101.7</a> +<b>ex . . . oportēre</b>: we should say, ‘of two evils choose the +less.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note101_8" id = "note101_8" href = "#tag101_8">101.8</a> +‘extract’; lit., ‘pluck.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note101_9" id = "note101_9" href = "#tag101_9">101.9</a> +‘wittily.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note101_10" id = "note101_10" href = +"#tag101_10">101.10</a> +‘son-in-law.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note101_11" id = "note101_11" href = +"#tag101_11">101.11</a> +On this day the consuls went out of office.</p> + +<p><a name = "note101_12" id = "note101_12" href = +"#tag101_12">101.12</a> +‘wondrous.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note101_13" id = "note101_13" href = +"#tag101_13">101.13</a> +causal subjunctive.</p> +</div> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page102" id = "page102">102</a> +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXIX">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XXIX" id = "selection_XXIX">XXIX.</a> +Mārcus Brūtus</h4> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic102.png" width = "110" height = "165" +alt = "see caption"><br> +BRŪTUS</span> + +<p>M. Brūtus, ex illā gente, quae Rōmā Tarquiniōs<br> +ēiēcerat, oriundus,<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_1" id = "tag102_1" +href = "#note102_1">1</a> Athēnīs philosophiam,<br> +Rhodī ēloquentiam didicit. Ēius pater, quī Sullae<br> +partibus adversābātur, iussū Pompēī interfectus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_5" id = "line_xxix_5">5</a> +erat, unde Brūtus cum eō gravēs gesserat<a class = "tag" name = +"tag102_2" id = "tag102_2" href = "#note102_2">2</a><br> +simultātēs. Bellō tamen cīvīlī Pompēī causam,<br> +quod iūstior vidērētur, secūtus dolōrem suum reī<br> +pūblicae ūtilitātī posthabuit. Victō Pompēiō<br> +Brūtus ā Caesare servātus est et praetor etiam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_10" id = "line_xxix_10">10</a> +factus. Posteā vērō, cum Caesar superbiā ēlātus senātum<br> +contemnere et rēgnum adfectāre<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_3" id = +"tag102_3" href = "#note102_3">3</a> coepisset, populus, praesentī +statū<br> +haud laetus, vindicem<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_4" id = "tag102_4" +href = "#note102_4">4</a> lībērtātis requīrēbat. Subscrīpsēre quīdam<br> +L. Brūtī<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_5" id = "tag102_5" href = +"#note102_5">5</a> statuae: “Utinam<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_6" id += "tag102_6" href = "#note102_6">6</a> vīverēs!” Item ipsīus +Caesaris<br> +statuae: “Brūtus, quia rēgēs ēiēcit, prīmus cōnsul factus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_15" id = "line_xxix_15">15</a> +est; hīc, quia cōnsulēs ēiēcit, postrēmō rēx factus est.” Īnscrīptum<br> +quoque est M. Brūtī praetōris tribūnālī: “Dormīs,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag102_7" id = "tag102_7" href = "#note102_7">7</a> Brūte!”</p> + +<p>Cōgnitā populī Rōmānī voluntāte, Brūtus adversus Caesarem<br> +cōnspīrāvit. Prīdiē quam Caesar est occīsus, Porcia, Brūtī uxor,<br> +Catōnis fīlia, cōnsiliī<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_8" id = +"tag102_8" href = "#note102_8">8</a> cōnscia, ēgressō cubiculum<a class += "tag" name = "tag102_9" id = "tag102_9" href = "#note102_9">9</a> +Brūtō,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_20" id = "line_xxix_20">20</a> +cultellum<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_10" id = "tag102_10" href = +"#note102_10">10</a> tōnsōrium quasi unguium<a class = "tag" name = +"tag102_11" id = "tag102_11" href = "#note102_11">11</a> resecandōrum +causā popōscit<br> +eōque velut forte ēlāpsō sē vulnerāvit. Clāmōre deinde ancillārum<a +class = "tag" name = "tag102_12" id = "tag102_12" href = +"#note102_12">12</a><br> +in cubiculum revocātus obiūrgāre<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_13" id = +"tag102_13" href = "#note102_13">13</a> eam coepit, quod tōnsōris<br> +praeripuisset officium. Cuī sēcrētō Porcia “Nōn est” inquit<br> +“hōc temerārium<a class = "tag" name = "tag102_14" id = "tag102_14" href += "#note102_14">14</a> factum meum, sed in tālī statū nostrō meī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_25" id = "line_xxix_25">25</a> +ergā tē amōris certissimum indicium. Experīrī enim voluī, sī<a class = +"tag" name = "tag102_15" id = "tag102_15" href = +"#note102_15">15</a><br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page103" id = "page103">103</a> +tibi prōpositum ex sententiā parum cessisset, quam aequō animō<br> +mē ferrō essem interēmptūra.” Quibus verbīs audītīs Brūtus ad<br> +caelum manūs et oculōs sustulisse dīcitur et exclāmāvisse: “Utinam<br> +<a name = "line_xxix_29" id = "line_xxix_29"> </a> +dīgnus tālī cōniuge marītus vidērī possem!”</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_30" id = "line_xxix_30">30</a> +Interfectō Caesare, cum Antōnius vestem ēius sanguinolentam<a class = +"tag" name = "tag103_1" id = "tag103_1" href = "#note103_1">1</a><br> +ostentāns populum velutī furōre quōdam adversus coniūrātōs<br> +īnflammāsset, Brūtus in Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem<br> +Philippōs adversus Antōnium et Octāviānum dīmicāvit. Victus<br> +aciē, cum in tumulum<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_2" id = "tag103_2" +href = "#note103_2">2</a> sē nocte recēpisset, audītā Cassiī morte,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_35" id = "line_xxix_35">35</a> +nē in hostium manūs venīret, ūnī ex comitibus latus trānsfodiendum<br> +praebuit. Antōnius Brūtī corpus lībertō suō sepeliendum<a class = "tag" +name = "tag103_3" id = "tag103_3" href = "#note103_3">3</a><br> +trādidit, quōque<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_4" id = "tag103_4" href += "#note103_4">4</a> honōrātius cremārētur, inicī eī suum<br> +palūdāmentum<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_5" id = "tag103_5" href = +"#note103_5">5</a> iussit, iacentem<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_6" id += "tag103_6" href = "#note103_6">6</a> nōn hostem, sed cīvem +dēpositō<br> +exīstimāns odiō. Cumque interceptum ā lībertō palūdāmentum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_40" id = "line_xxix_40">40</a> +comperisset, īrā percitus<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_7" id = +"tag103_7" href = "#note103_7">7</a> prōtinus in eum animadvertit, +praefātus:<br> +“Quid? tū īgnōrāstī cūius tibi virī sepultūram commīsissem?”<br> +Nōn eadem fuit Octāviānī ergā Brūtum moderātiō, is<br> +enim āvulsum<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_8" id = "tag103_8" href = +"#note103_8">8</a> Brūtī caput Rōmam mīsit, ut Gāī Caesaris<br> +statuae subicerētur. Porcia cum victum et interēmptum virum suum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxix_45" id = "line_xxix_45">45</a> +cōgnōvisset, quia ferrum nōn dabātur, ārdentēs ōre carbōnes<a class = +"tag" name = "tag103_9" id = "tag103_9" href = "#note103_9">9</a><br> +hausit, virīlem patris<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_10" id = +"tag103_10" href = "#note103_10">10</a> exitum mulier<a class = "tag" +name = "tag103_11" id = "tag103_11" href = "#note103_11">11</a> imitāta +novō mortis<br> +genere.</p> + +<p class = "right"> +<span class = "mynote">Skip to <a href = "#selection_XXX">next +selection</a>.</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note102_1" id = "note102_1" href = "#tag102_1">102.1</a> += <i>ortus, nātus</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_2" id = "note102_2" href = "#tag102_2">102.2</a> +<i>simultātēs gerere</i> = ‘to carry on a feud.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_3" id = "note102_3" href = "#tag102_3">102.3</a> +‘to aim at.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_4" id = "note102_4" href = "#tag102_4">102.4</a> +‘champion.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_5" id = "note102_5" href = "#tag102_5">102.5</a> +The Brutus of selection IX.</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_6" id = "note102_6" href = "#tag102_6">102.6</a> +<b>Utinam vīverēs!</b> ‘O that you were yet alive.’ The subjunctive here +expresses a wish or prayer; cf. <a href = +"#line_xxix_29">l. 29</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_7" id = "note102_7" href = "#tag102_7">102.7</a> +‘you’re fast asleep.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_8" id = "note102_8" href = "#tag102_8">102.8</a> +<b>cōnsiliī cōnscia</b>: ‘who was aware of,’ etc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_9" id = "note102_9" href = "#tag102_9">102.9</a> +‘sleeping-room.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_10" id = "note102_10" href = +"#tag102_10">102.10</a> +<b>cultellum tōnsōrium</b>: ‘a barber’s knife.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_11" id = "note102_11" href = +"#tag102_11">102.11</a> +‘nails.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_12" id = "note102_12" href = +"#tag102_12">102.12</a> +‘maids.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_13" id = "note102_13" href = +"#tag102_13">102.13</a> +‘scold.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_14" id = "note102_14" href = +"#tag102_14">102.14</a> +‘heedless,’ ‘random.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note102_15" id = "note102_15" href = +"#tag102_15">102.15</a> +<b>sī . . . cessisset</b>: ‘if your plan did not turn out according to +your expectations.’ Join with what follows.</p> + +<p><a name = "note103_1" id = "note103_1" href = "#tag103_1">103.1</a> +‘bloody.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note103_2" id = "note103_2" href = "#tag103_2">103.2</a> +‘hill.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note103_3" id = "note103_3" href = "#tag103_3">103.3</a> +<i>sepelīre</i> = ‘to dispose of a body,’ whether by burial or by +cremation.</p> + +<p><a name = "note103_4" id = "note103_4" href = "#tag103_4">103.4</a> +<b>quōque</b> = ‘and in order that.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note103_5" id = "note103_5" href = "#tag103_5">103.5</a> +‘cloak.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note103_6" id = "note103_6" href = "#tag103_6">103.6</a> +‘the dead man.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note103_7" id = "note103_7" href = "#tag103_7">103.7</a> +‘thoroughly aroused.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note103_8" id = "note103_8" href = "#tag103_8">103.8</a> +‘torn (from the body).’</p> + +<p><a name = "note103_9" id = "note103_9" href = "#tag103_9">103.9</a> +‘coals.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note103_10" id = "note103_10" href = +"#tag103_10">103.10</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_cato"><i>Catō</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note103_11" id = "note103_11" href = +"#tag103_11">103.11</a> +‘woman though she was.’</p> +</div> + + +<h4> +<a class = "float" href = "#stripped_XXX">Text-only version</a> +<a name = "selection_XXX" id = "selection_XXX">XXX.</a> +Octāviānus Caesar Augustus</h4> + +<p>Octāviānus, Iūliae, Gāī Caesaris sorōris, nepōs, quārtum annum<br> +agēns patrem āmīsit. Ab avunculō adoptātus profectum eum in<br> +Hispāniās<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_12" id = "tag103_12" href = +"#note103_12">12</a> adversus Gnaeī Pompēī līberōs secūtus est. +Deinde<br> +ab eō Apollōniam missus studiīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag103_13" id = +"tag103_13" href = "#note103_13">13</a> vacāvit. Utque prīmum +occīsum<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page104" id = "page104">104</a> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_5" id = "line_xxx_5">5</a> +Caesarem hērēdemque sē comperit, in urbem regressus<br> +hērēditātem adiit, nōmen Caesaris sūmpsit conlēctōque veterānōrum<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic104.png" width = "131" height = "167" +alt = "see caption"><br> +YOUNG AUGUSTUS</span> + +exercitū opem Decimō<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_1" id = "tag104_1" +href = "#note104_1">1</a> Brūtō tulit, quī ab<br> +Antōniō Mutinae obsidēbātur. Cum autem<br> +urbis aditū prohibērētur, ut Brūtum dē omnibus<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_10" id = "line_xxx_10">10</a> +rēbus certiōrem faceret, prīmō lītterās<br> +mīsit plumbeīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_2" id = "tag104_2" href = +"#note104_2">2</a> lāminīs īnscrīptās, quās ad<br> +bracchium<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_3" id = "tag104_3" href = +"#note104_3">3</a> religātās ūrīnātōrēs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag104_4" id = "tag104_4" href = "#note104_4">4</a> Scultennam<br> +amnem trānsnantēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_5" id = "tag104_5" href += "#note104_5">5</a> ad Brūtum dēferēbant.<br> +Quīn et avibus internūntiīs ūtēbātur. Columbīs<a class = "tag" name = +"tag104_6" id = "tag104_6" href = "#note104_6">6</a><br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_15" id = "line_xxx_15">15</a> +enim, quās inclūsās ante famē<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_7" id = +"tag104_7" href = "#note104_7">7</a> adfēcerat,<br> +epistulās ad collum religābat eāsque ā proximō moenibus locō<br> +ēmittēbat. Illae, lūcis cibīque avidae, altissima aedificiōrum<br> +petentēs excipiēbantur ā Decimō Brūtō, quī eō modō dē omnibus<br> +rēbus certior fīēbat, utique<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_8" id = +"tag104_8" href = "#note104_8">8</a> postquam dispositō quibusdam +locīs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_20" id = "line_xxx_20">20</a> +cibō columbās illūc dēvolāre īnstituerat.</p> + +<p>Bellum Mutinēnse Octāviānus duōbus proeliīs cōnfēcit, quōrum<br> +in alterō nōn ducis modo, sed mīlitis etiam fūnctus est officiō<br> +atque in mediā dīmicātiōne, aquiliferō legiōnis suae graviter<br> +sauciō,<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_9" id = "tag104_9" href = +"#note104_9">9</a> aquilam umerīs subīsse diūque fertur portāsse. +Posteā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_25" id = "line_xxx_25">25</a> +reconciliātā cum Antōniō grātiā<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_10" id = +"tag104_10" href = "#note104_10">10</a>iūnctīsque cum eō cōpiīs, ut<br> +Gāī Caesaris necem ulcīscerētur, ad urbem hostīliter accessit<br> +mīsitque quī nōmine exercitūs sibi cōnsulātum dēpōscerent.<br> +Cunctante senātū centuriō, prīnceps lēgātiōnis, rēiectō sagulō,<a class += "tag" name = "tag104_11" id = "tag104_11" href = +"#note104_11">11</a><br> +ostendēns gladiī capulum<a class = "tag" name = "tag104_12" id = +"tag104_12" href = "#note104_12">12</a> nōn dubitāvit<a class = "tag" +name = "tag104_13" id = "tag104_13" href = "#note104_13">13</a> in Cūriā +dīcere: “Hīc<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_30" id = "line_xxx_30">30</a> +faciet, sī vōs nōn fēceritis.”</p> + +<p>Ita cum Octāviānus vīcēsimō aetātis annō cōnsulātum invāsisset,<br> +pācem fēcit cum Antōniō et Lepidō, ita ut triumvirī reī<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page105" id = "page105">105</a> +pūblicae cōnstituendae per quīnquennium essent ipse et Lepidus<br> +et Antōnius, et ut suōs quisque inimīcōs prōscrīberent. Quae<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_35" id = "line_xxx_35">35</a> +prōscrīptiō Sullānā longē crūdēlior fuit. Exstant autem ex eā<br> +multa vel extrēmae impietātis vel mīrae fideī āc cōnstantiae<br> +exempla. T. Tōranius, triumvirōrum partēs secūtus, prōscrīptī<br> +patris suī, praetōriī et ōrnātī virī, latebrās, aetātem notāsque<a class += "tag" name = "tag105_1" id = "tag105_1" href = "#note105_1">1</a><br> +corporis, quibus āgnōscī posset, centuriōnibus ēdidit, quī eum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_40" id = "line_xxx_40">40</a> +persecūtī sunt. Alius quīdam cum prōscrīptum sē cōgnōvisset,<br> +ad clientem suum cōnfūgit; sed fīlius ēius per ipsa vēstīgia<br> +patris mīlitibus ductīs occīdendum eum in cōnspectū suō obiēcit.</p> + +<p>Cum C. Plōtius Plancus ā triumvirīs prōscrīptus in regiōne<br> +Salernitānā<a class = "tag" name = "tag105_2" id = "tag105_2" href = +"#note105_2">2</a> latēret, servī ēius, comprehēnsī multumque āc diū<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_45" id = "line_xxx_45">45</a> +tortī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag105_3" id = "tag105_3" href = +"#note105_3">3</a> negābant sē scīre ubi dominus esset. Nōn sustinuit +deinde<br> +Plancus tam fidēlēs tamque bonī exemplī servōs ulterius cruciārī;<br> +sed prōcessit in medium iugulumque gladiīs mīlitum obiēcit.<br> +Senātōris cūiusdam servus cum ad dominum prōscrīptum occīdendum<br> +mīlitēs advēnisse cōgnōsset, commūtātā cum eō veste,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_50" id = "line_xxx_50">50</a> +permūtātō etiam ānulō, illum postīcō<a class = "tag" name = "tag105_4" +id = "tag105_4" href = "#note105_4">4</a> clam ēmīsit, sē autem in<br> +cubiculum ad lectulum<a class = "tag" name = "tag105_5" id = "tag105_5" +href = "#note105_5">5</a> recēpit et ut dominum occīdī passus est.<br> +“Quantī<a class = "tag" name = "tag105_6" id = "tag105_6" href = +"#note105_6">6</a> virī est” addit Seneca,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag105_7" id = "tag105_7" href = "#note105_7">7</a> “cum praemia +prōditiōnis<br> +ingentia ostendantur, praemium fideī mortem concupīscere!”</p> + +<p>Octāviānus deinde M. Brūtum, interfectōrem Caesaris, bellō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_55" id = "line_xxx_55">55</a> +persecūtus id bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplicī<br> +proeliō trānsēgit; quōrum priōre castrīs exūtus<a class = "tag" name = +"tag105_8" id = "tag105_8" href = "#note105_8">8</a> vix fugā +ēvāsit.<br> +Victor acerbissimē sē gessit: in nōbilissimum quemque captīvum<br> +nōn sine verbōrum contumēliā saeviit. Ūnī suppliciter sepultūram<br> +precantī respondisse dīcitur iam istam in volucrum fore<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_60" id = "line_xxx_60">60</a> +potestāte. Aliōs, patrem et fīlium, prō vītā rogantēs sortīrī<br> +fertur iussisse ut alterutrī<a class = "tag" name = "tag105_9" id = +"tag105_9" href = "#note105_9">9</a> concēderētur, ac cum, patre +quia<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page106" id = "page106">106</a> +sē obtulerat occīsō, fīlius quoque voluntāriā occubuisset nece,<br> +spectāsse utrumque morientem. Ōrāre veniam vel excūsāre sē<br> +cōnantibus, ūnā vōce occurrēbat<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_1" id = +"tag106_1" href = "#note106_1">1</a> moriendum esse. Scrībunt<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_65" id = "line_xxx_65">65</a> +quīdam trecentōs ex dēditīciīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_2" id = +"tag106_2" href = "#note106_2">2</a> ēlēctōs ad āram dīvō<a class = +"tag" name = "tag106_3" id = "tag106_3" href = "#note106_3">3</a> +Iūliō<br> +exstrūctam Īdibus Mārtiīs hostiārum<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_4" id += "tag106_4" href = "#note106_4">4</a> mōre mactātōs.<a class = "tag" +name = "tag106_5" id = "tag106_5" href = "#note106_5">5</a></p> + +<p>Abaliēnātus posteā est ab Antōniō, quod is, repudiātā Octāviā<br> +sorōre, Cleopatram, Aegyptī rēgīnam, dūxisset uxōrem: quae quidem<br> +mulier cum Antōniō lūxū et dēliciīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_6" id += "tag106_6" href = "#note106_6">6</a> certābat. Ūnā sē cēnā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_70" id = "line_xxx_70">70</a> +centiēs<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_7" id = "tag106_7" href = +"#note106_7">7</a> sēstertium absūmptūram aliquandō dīxerat. +Cupiēbat<br> +dīscere Antōnius, sed fierī posse nōn arbitrābātur. Posterō igitur<br> +diē māgnificam<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_8" id = "tag106_8" href = +"#note106_8">8</a> aliās cēnam, sed cottīdiānam Antōniō apposuit<br> +inrīdentī, quod prōmissō stāre nōn potuisset. At illa īnferrī<br> +mēnsam<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_9" id = "tag106_9" href = +"#note106_9">9</a> secundam iussit. Ex praeceptō ministrī ūnum +tantum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_75" id = "line_xxx_75">75</a> +vās ante eam posuēre acētī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_10" id = +"tag106_10" href = "#note106_10">10</a> cūius asperitās vīsque +margarītās<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_11" id = "tag106_11" href = +"#note106_11">11</a><br> +resolvit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_12" id = "tag106_12" href = +"#note106_12">12</a> Exspectante igitur Antōniō quidnam esset +āctūra,<br> +margarītam, quam auribus gerēbat, dētrāxit et acētō liquefactam<br> +absorbuit. Victum Antōnium omnēs, quī aderant,<br> +prōnūntiāvērunt.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_80" id = "line_xxx_80">80</a> +Octāviānus cum Antōniō apud Actium, quī locus est in Ēpīrō,<br> +nāvālī proeliō dīmicāvit. Victum et fugientem persecūtus Aegyptum<br> +petiit, et Alexandrēam, quō Antōnius cum Cleopatrā cōnfūgerat,<br> +obsēdit. Antōnius in ultimā rērum dēspērātiōne, cum<br> +habitū rēgis in soliō<a class = "tag" name = "tag106_13" id = +"tag106_13" href = "#note106_13">13</a> rēgālī sēdisset, mortem sibi +ipse cōnscīvit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_85" id = "line_xxx_85">85</a> +Cleopatra, quam Octāviānus, Alexandrēā in potestātem redāctā,<br> +māgnō opere cupiēbat vīvam comprehendī triumphōque servārī,<br> +aspidem<a class = "tag error" name = "tag106_14" id = "tag106_14" href = +"#note106_14" title = "text reads ‘13’">14</a> sibi adferendam cūrāvit +ēiusque morsū periit. Cleopatrae<br> +mortuae commūnem cum Antōniō sepultūram tribuit.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page107" id = "page107">107</a> +<p>Tandem Octāviānus, hostibus victīs sōlus imperiō potītus,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_90" id = "line_xxx_90">90</a> +clēmentem sē exhibuit.<a class = "tag" name = "tag107_1" id = "tag107_1" +href = "#note107_1">1</a> Omnia deinceps in eō plēna mānsuētūdinis<a +class = "tag" name = "tag107_2" id = "tag107_2" href = +"#note107_2">2</a><br> +et hūmānitātis. Multīs īgnōvit vel iīs quī saepe graviter<br> +eum offenderant. Reversus in Ītaliam triumphāns Rōmam<br> +ingressus est. Tum bellīs tōtō orbe compositīs Iānī geminī portās<br> +suā manū clausit, quae bis tantum anteā clausae fuerant, prīmum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_95" id = "line_xxx_95">95</a> +sub Numā rēge, iterum post prīmum Pūnicum bellum. Tunc<br> +omnēs praeteritōrum malōrum oblīviō cēpit populusque Rōmānus<br> +praesentis ōtiī laetitiā perfruēbātur. Octāviānō māximī honōrēs<br> +ā senātū dēlātī sunt. Ipse Augustus cōgnōminātus et in honōrem<br> +ēius mēnsis Sextīlis<a class = "tag" name = "tag107_3" id = "tag107_3" +href = "#note107_3">3</a> eōdem nōmine appellātus est, quod illō<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_100" id = "line_xxx_100">100</a> +mēnse bellīs cīvīlibus fīnis esset impositus. Patris patriae<br> +cōgnōmen ūniversī māximō cōnsēnsū dētulērunt eī. Dēferentibus<br> +lacrimāns respondit Augustus hīs verbīs: “Compos<a class = "tag" name = +"tag107_4" id = "tag107_4" href = "#note107_4">4</a> factus<br> +vōtōrum meōrum, patrēs conscrīptī, quid habeō aliud, quod deōs<br> +immortālēs precer, quam ut hunc cōnsēnsum vestrum ad ultimum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_105" id = "line_xxx_105">105</a> +vītae fīnem mihi perferre liceat!”</p> + +<p>Dictātūram māgnā vī offerente populō dēprecātus est. Dominī<br> +appellātiōnem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribuī ēdictō vetuit.<br> +Immō<a class = "tag" name = "tag107_5" id = "tag107_5" href = +"#note107_5">5</a> dē restituendā rē pūblicā nōn semel cōgitāvit, +sed<br> +reputāns et sē prīvātum nōn sine perīculō fore, et rem pūblicam<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_110" id = "line_xxx_110">110</a> +plūrium arbitriō commissum<a class = "tag" name = "tag107_6" id = +"tag107_6" href = "#note107_6">6</a> īrī, summam retinuit +potestātem,<br> +id vērō studuit nē quem novī statūs paenitēret. Bene dē iīs<br> +etiam, quōs adversāriōs expertus erat, et sentiēbat et loquēbātur.<br> +Legentem aliquandō ūnum ē nepōtibus invēnit; cumque puer<br> +territus volūmen Cicerōnis, quod manū tenēbat, veste tegeret,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_115" id = "line_xxx_115">115</a> +Augustus librum cēpit eōque statim redditō, “Hīc vir,” inquit<br> +“fīlī mī, doctus fuit et patriae amāns.”</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page108" id = "page108">108</a> +<p>Pedibus saepe per urbem incēdēbat summāque cōmitāte adeuntēs<br> +excipiēbat. Convēnit<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_1" id = "tag108_1" +href = "#note108_1">1</a> aliquandō eum veterānus mīles, quī<br> +vocātus in iūs perīclitābātur rogāvitque ut sibi adesset. Statim<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_120" id = "line_xxx_120">120</a> +Augustus ūnum ē comitātū<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_2" id = +"tag108_2" href = "#note108_2">2</a> suō ēlēgit advocātum, quī +lītigātōrem<br> +commendāret. Tum veterānus exclāmāvit: “At nōn ego,<br> +tē perīclitante bellō Actiacō, vicārium<a class = "tag" name = +"tag108_3" id = "tag108_3" href = "#note108_3">3</a> quaesīvī, sed ipse +prō tē<br> +pūgnāvī,” simulque dētēxit cicātrīcēs.<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_4" +id = "tag108_4" href = "#note108_4">4</a> Ērubuit<a class = "tag" name = +"tag108_5" id = "tag108_5" href = "#note108_5">5</a> Augustus<br> +atque ipse vēnit in advocātiōnem.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_125" id = +"line_xxx_125">125</a> +Cum post Actiacam victōriam Octāviānus Rōmam reverterētur,<br> +occurrit eī inter grātulantēs opifex<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_6" +id = "tag108_6" href = "#note108_6">6</a> quīdam corvum<a class = "tag" +name = "tag108_7" id = "tag108_7" href = "#note108_7">7</a> tenēns,<br> +quem īnstituerat haec dīcere: “Avē,<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_8" id += "tag108_8" href = "#note108_8">8</a> Caesar, victor, imperātor!”<br> +Mīrātus Caesar officiōsam avem vīgintī mīlibus nummōrum<a class = "tag" +name = "tag108_9" id = "tag108_9" href = "#note108_9">9</a> ēmit.<br> +Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex illā līberālitāte pervēnerat,<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_130" id = "line_xxx_130">130</a> +adfīrmāvit Caesarī habēre illum et alium corvum, quem ut adferre<br> +cōgerētur rogāvit. Adlātus verba, quae didicerat, expressit:<br> +“Avē, Antōnī, victor, imperātor!” Nihil exasperātus Caesar<br> +satis dūxit iubēre illum dīvidere dōnātīvum<a class = "tag" name = +"tag108_10" id = "tag108_10" href = "#note108_10">10</a> cum +contubernālī.<br> +Salūtātus similiter ā psittacō<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_11" id = +"tag108_11" href = "#note108_11">11</a> emī eum iussit.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_135" id = +"line_xxx_135">135</a> +Exemplum sūtōrem<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_12" id = "tag108_12" +href = "#note108_12">12</a> pauperem sollicitāvit ut corvum +īnstitueret<br> +ad parem salūtātiōnem. Quī impendiō<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_13" +id = "tag108_13" href = "#note108_13">13</a> exhaustus saepe ad<br> +avem nōn respondentem dīcere solēbat “Opera et impēnsa<a class = "tag" +href = "#note108_13">13</a><br> +periit<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_14" id = "tag108_14" href = +"#note108_14">14</a>!” Aliquandō tamen corvus coepit dīcere dictam<br> +salūtātiōnem. Hāc audītā, dum trānsit, Augustus respondit: “Satis<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_140" id = "line_xxx_140">140</a> +domī tālium salūtātōrum habeō.” Superfuit corvō memoria, ut<br> +et illa, quibus dominum querentem solēbat audīre, subtexeret<a class = +"tag" name = "tag108_15" id = "tag108_15" href = +"#note108_15">15</a>:<br> +“Opera et impēnsa periit.” Ad quod Caesar rīsit emīque avem<br> +iussit, quantī<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_16" id = "tag108_16" href += "#note108_16">16</a> nūllam ante ēmerat.</p> + +<p>Solēbat Graeculus quīdam dēscendentī ē palātiō Caesarī +honōrificum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_145" id = "line_xxx_145">145</a> +aliquod epigramma porrigere.<a class = "tag" name = "tag108_17" id = +"tag108_17" href = "#note108_17">17</a> Id cum frūstrā saepe +fēcisset<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page109" id = "page109">109</a> +et tamen rūrsus eum idem factūrum dūxisset Augustus, breve<br> +suā manū in chartā<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_1" id = "tag109_1" +href = "#note109_1">1</a> exarāvit<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_2" id += "tag109_2" href = "#note109_2">2</a> Graecum epigramma et Graeculō<br> +advenientī obviam mīsit. Ille inter legendum laudāre<a class = "tag" +name = "tag109_3" id = "tag109_3" href = "#note109_3">3</a> mīrārīque<a +class = "tag" href = "#note109_3">3</a><br> +tam<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_4" id = "tag109_4" href = +"#note109_4">4</a> vōce quam<a class = "tag" href = "#note109_4">4</a> +vultū gestūque. Deinde cum accessisset<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_150" id = "line_xxx_150">150</a> +ad sellam, quā Caesar vehēbātur, dēmissā in pauperem crumēnam<a class = +"tag" name = "tag109_5" id = "tag109_5" href = "#note109_5">5</a><br> +manū paucōs dēnāriōs<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_6" id = "tag109_6" +href = "#note109_6">6</a> prōtulit, quōs prīncipī daret, dīxitque<br> +sē plūs datūrum fuisse, sī plūs habuisset. Secūtō omnium<br> +rīsū, dispēnsātōrem<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_7" id = "tag109_7" +href = "#note109_7">7</a> Caesar vocāvit et satis grandem pecūniae<br> +summam numerārī Graeculō iussit.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_155" id = +"line_xxx_155">155</a> +Augustus ferē nūllī sē invītantī negābat. Exceptus igitur ā<br> +quōdam cēnā satis parcā et paene cottīdiānā, hōc tantum<br> +īnsusurrāvit<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_8" id = "tag109_8" href = +"#note109_8">8</a>: “Nōn putābam mē tibi esse tam familiārem.” Cum<br> +aliquandō apud Pōlliōnem quendam cēnāret frēgissetque ūnus ē<br> +servīs vās crystallinum, rapī eum ad mortem Pōlliō iussit et<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_160" id = "line_xxx_160">160</a> +obicī mūraenīs<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_9" id = "tag109_9" href = +"#note109_9">9</a> quās ingēns piscīna<a class = "tag" name = +"tag109_10" id = "tag109_10" href = "#note109_10">10</a> continēbat. +Ēvāsit ē manibus<br> +puer et ad pedēs Caesaris cōnfūgit, nihil aliud petītūrus quam<br> +ut aliter perīret nec ēsca<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_11" id = +"tag109_11" href = "#note109_11">11</a> piscium fieret. Mōtus est novō +crūdēlitātis<br> +genere Caesar et illum quidem mittī,<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_12" +id = "tag109_12" href = "#note109_12">12</a> crystallina autem<br> +omnia cōram sē frangī iussit complērīque piscīnam.</p> + +<p><a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_165" id = +"line_xxx_165">165</a> +Augustus in quādam vīllā aegrōtāns noctēs inquiētās agēbat,<br> +rumpente somnum ēius crēbrō noctuae<a class = "tag" name = "tag109_13" +id = "tag109_13" href = "#note109_13">13</a> cantū. Quā molestiā cum<br> +līberārī sē vehementer cupere sīgnificāsset, mīles quīdam, aucupiī<br> +perītus, noctuam prehendendam cūrāvit, vīvamque Augustō attulit,<br> +spē ingentis praemiī. Cuī cum Augustus mīlle nummōs<a class = "tag" name += "tag109_14" id = "tag109_14" href = "#note109_14">14</a> darī<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_170" id = "line_xxx_170">170</a> +iussisset, ille minus dīgnum praemium exīstimāns dīcere ausus est:<br> +“Mālō ut vīvat,” et avem dīmīsit. Imperātōrī nec ad īrāscendum<br> +causa deerat nec ad ulcīscendum potestās: hanc tamen iniūriam<br> +aequō animō tulit Augustus hominemque impūnītum abīre passus est.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page110" id = "page110">110</a> +<p>Augustus amīcitiās neque facile admīsit et cōnstantissimē +retinuit.<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_175" id = "line_xxx_175">175</a> +Imprīmīs familiārem habuit Maecēnātem, equitem Rōmānum;<br> +quī eā, quā apud prīncipem valēbat, grātiā ita semper ūsus<br> +est, ut prōdesset omnibus, quibus posset, nocēret nēminī. Iūs<br> +aliquandō dīcēbat Augustus et multōs capite damnātūrus vidēbātur.<br> + +<span class = "figfloat"> +<img src = "images/pic110.png" width = "182" height = "346" +alt = "see caption"><br> +AUGUSTUS</span> + +Aderat tum Maecēnās, quī per<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_180" id = "line_xxx_180">180</a> +circumstantium turbam perrumpere et<br> +ad tribūnal propius accēdere cōnābātur.<br> +Quod cum frūstrā tentāsset, haec verba<br> +in tabellā scrīpsit: “Surge tandem,<br> +carnifex<a class = "tag" name = "tag110_1" id = "tag110_1" href = +"#note110_1">1</a>!” eamque tabellam ad Augustum<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_185" id = "line_xxx_185">185</a> +prōiēcit. Quā lēctā is statim surrēxit<br> +neque quisquam est morte multātus.</p> + +<p>Habitāvit Augustus in aedibus modicīs,<br> +neque laxitāte<a class = "tag" name = "tag110_2" id = "tag110_2" href = +"#note110_2">2</a> neque cultū<a class = "tag" name = "tag110_3" id = +"tag110_3" href = "#note110_3">3</a> cōnspicuīs,<br> +ac per annōs amplius quadrāgintā<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_190" id = "line_xxx_190">190</a> +in eōdem cubiculō hieme et aestāte<br> +mānsit. Suppellex<a class = "tag" name = "tag110_4" id = "tag110_4" href += "#note110_4">4</a> quoque ēius vix<br> +prīvātae ēlegantiae erat. Rārō veste<br> +aliā ūsus est quam cōnfectā ab uxōre,<br> +sorōre, fīliā neptibusque.<a class = "tag" name = "tag110_5" id = +"tag110_5" href = "#note110_5">5</a> Item tamen<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_195" id = "line_xxx_195">195</a> +Rōmam, quam prō māiestāte imperiī nōn<br> +satis ōrnātam invēnerat, adeō excoluit, ut iūre glōriārētur<br> +marmoream sē relinquere, quam laterīciam<a class = "tag" name = +"tag110_6" id = "tag110_6" href = "#note110_6">6</a> accēpisset.</p> + +<p>Fōrmā fuit Augustus eximiā et per omnēs aetātis gradūs<br> +venustissimā. Erat tamen omnis lēnōciniī<a class = "tag" name = +"tag110_7" id = "tag110_7" href = "#note110_7">7</a> neglegēns et in +capite<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_200" id = "line_xxx_200">200</a> +cōmendō tam incūriōsus, ut eō ipsō tempore, quō illud tōnsōribus<br> +committeret, aut legeret aliquid aut etiam scrīberet.</p> + +<p>Paucīs annīs antequam morerētur, gravissimam in Germāniā<br> +accēpit clādem, tribus legiōnibus cum duce Vārō lēgātīsque et<br> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page111" id = "page111">111</a> +auxiliīs omnibus caesīs. Hāc nūntiātā excubiās<a class = "tag" name = +"tag111_1" id = "tag111_1" href = "#note111_1">1</a> per urbem<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_205" id = "line_xxx_205">205</a> +indīxit, nē quis tumultus exsisteret, et māgnōs lūdōs Iovī optimō<br> +māximō vōvit, sī rēs pūblica in meliōrem statum vertisset. Adeō<br> +dēnique<a class = "tag" name = "tag111_2" id = "tag111_2" href = +"#note111_2">2</a> cōnsternātum ferunt, ut, per continuōs mēnsēs +barbā<br> +capillōque submissō,<a class = "tag" name = "tag111_3" id = "tag111_3" +href = "#note111_3">3</a> caput interdum foribus inlīderet, +vōciferāns:<br> +“Quīntilī Vāre, legiōnēs redde!” diemque clādis quotannīs<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_210" id = "line_xxx_210">210</a> +maestum habuerit ac lūgubrem.</p> + +<p>Tandem adflīctā valētūdine in Campāniam concessit, ubi, remissō<br> +ad ōtium animō, nūllō hilaritātis genere abstinuit. Suprēmō vītae<br> +diē petītō speculō<a class = "tag" name = "tag111_4" id = "tag111_4" +href = "#note111_4">4</a> capillum sibi cōmī iussit et amīcōs +circumstantēs<br> +percontātus ecquid iīs vidērētur mīmum<a class = "tag" name = "tag111_5" +id = "tag111_5" href = "#note111_5">5</a> vītae commodē<br> +<a class = "linenum" name = "line_xxx_215" id = "line_xxx_215">215</a> +trānsēgisse, adiēcit solitam clausulam<a class = "tag" name = "tag111_6" +id = "tag111_6" href = "#note111_6">6</a>: “Ēdite strepitum vōsque<br> +omnēs cum gaudiō applaudite.” Obiit Nōlae sextum et<br> +septuāgēsimum annum agēns.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note103_12" id = "note103_12" href = +"#tag103_12">103.12</a> +See Vocab., <a href = "#vocab_hispania"><i>Hispānia</i></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note103_13" id = "note103_13" href = +"#tag103_13">103.13</a> +<b>studiīs vacābat</b>: ‘had time for (i.e. devoted himself to) +study.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note104_1" id = "note104_1" href = "#tag104_1">104.1</a> +At Caesar’s death he was governor of Cisalpine Gaul. Antony carried a +law allotting this province to himself, and then undertook to expel +Brutus.</p> + +<p><a name = "note104_2" id = "note104_2" href = "#tag104_2">104.2</a> +<b>plumbeīs lāminīs</b>: ‘leaden plates.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note104_3" id = "note104_3" href = "#tag104_3">104.3</a> +‘arm.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note104_4" id = "note104_4" href = "#tag104_4">104.4</a> +‘divers.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note104_5" id = "note104_5" href = "#tag104_5">104.5</a> +‘by swimming across.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note104_6" id = "note104_6" href = "#tag104_6">104.6</a> +‘doves.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note104_7" id = "note104_7" href = "#tag104_7">104.7</a> +‘hunger.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note104_8" id = "note104_8" href = "#tag104_8">104.8</a> +‘especially.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note104_9" id = "note104_9" href = "#tag104_9">104.9</a> +‘(being) wounded.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note104_10" id = "note104_10" href = +"#tag104_10">104.10</a> += <i>amīcitiā</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note104_11" id = "note104_11" href = +"#tag104_11">104.11</a> +‘cloak.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note104_12" id = "note104_12" href = +"#tag104_12">104.12</a> +‘hilt.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note104_13" id = "note104_13" href = +"#tag104_13">104.13</a> +‘hesitate.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note105_1" id = "note105_1" href = "#tag105_1">105.1</a> +‘marks.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note105_2" id = "note105_2" href = "#tag105_2">105.2</a> +‘of Salernum,’ a town in Campania; the modern Salerno.</p> + +<p><a name = "note105_3" id = "note105_3" href = "#tag105_3">105.3</a> +‘though tortured.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note105_4" id = "note105_4" href = "#tag105_4">105.4</a> +‘by a back door.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note105_5" id = "note105_5" href = "#tag105_5">105.5</a> +‘couch.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note105_6" id = "note105_6" href = "#tag105_6">105.6</a> +<b>Quantī . . . est</b>: ‘What marvelous manhood it shows.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note105_7" id = "note105_7" href = "#tag105_7">105.7</a> +A philosopher of the first century <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "note105_8" id = "note105_8" href = "#tag105_8">105.8</a> +‘stripped of.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note105_9" id = "note105_9" href = "#tag105_9">105.9</a> +‘to one or the other,’ i.e. to one, but not to both.</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_1" id = "note106_1" href = "#tag106_1">106.1</a> +‘he met,’ i.e. he answered.</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_2" id = "note106_2" href = "#tag106_2">106.2</a> +‘prisoners of war.’ Cf. <i>dēdere</i>, ‘to surrender.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_3" id = "note106_3" href = "#tag106_3">106.3</a> +Julius Caesar, like the later emperors, was deified after his death.</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_4" id = "note106_4" href = "#tag106_4">106.4</a> +‘sacrificial victims.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_5" id = "note106_5" href = "#tag106_5">106.5</a> +‘slaughtered.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_6" id = "note106_6" href = "#tag106_6">106.6</a> +‘pleasure.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_7" id = "note106_7" href = "#tag106_7">106.7</a> +<b>centiēs</b> (sc. <i>centēna mīlia</i>) <b>sēstertium</b> = ‘ten +million sesterces,’ or about four hundred thousand dollars. Cf. <a href += "#note88_8">p. 88, n. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_8" id = "note106_8" href = "#tag106_8">106.8</a> +<b>māgnificam . . . Antōniō</b>: ‘under other circumstances truly +splendid, but to Antony quite commonplace.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_9" id = "note106_9" href = "#tag106_9">106.9</a> +‘course.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_10" id = "note106_10" href = +"#tag106_10">106.10</a> +‘vinegar.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_11" id = "note106_11" href = +"#tag106_11">106.11</a> +‘pearls.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_12" id = "note106_12" href = +"#tag106_12">106.12</a> +‘melts,’ ‘dissolves.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_13" id = "note106_13" href = +"#tag106_13">106.13</a> +‘throne.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note106_14" id = "note106_14" href = +"#tag106_14">106.14</a> +‘asp.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note107_1" id = "note107_1" href = "#tag107_1">107.1</a> += <i>ostendit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note107_2" id = "note107_2" href = "#tag107_2">107.2</a> +‘gentleness.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note107_3" id = "note107_3" href = "#tag107_3">107.3</a> +‘the sixth,’ counting from March, with which, it is said, the Roman year +originally began.</p> + +<p><a name = "note107_4" id = "note107_4" href = "#tag107_4">107.4</a> +<b>Compos . . . meōrum</b>: ‘Now that I have gained my heart’s desire,’ +which had been to avenge his uncle’s death.</p> + +<p><a name = "note107_5" id = "note107_5" href = "#tag107_5">107.5</a> +‘Nay.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note107_6" id = "note107_6" href = "#tag107_6">107.6</a> +<b>commissum īrī</b> is fut. infin. pass. of <i>committō</i>, and = ‘was +sure to be (lit. was going to be) handed over,’ i.e. if he +resigned.</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_1" id = "note108_1" href = "#tag108_1">108.1</a> +‘met.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_2" id = "note108_2" href = "#tag108_2">108.2</a> +‘retinue.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_3" id = "note108_3" href = "#tag108_3">108.3</a> +‘substitute.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_4" id = "note108_4" href = "#tag108_4">108.4</a> +‘wounds.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_5" id = "note108_5" href = "#tag108_5">108.5</a> +‘blushed.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_6" id = "note108_6" href = "#tag108_6">108.6</a> +‘artisan.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_7" id = "note108_7" href = "#tag108_7">108.7</a> +‘raven.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_8" id = "note108_8" href = "#tag108_8">108.8</a> +‘Hail!’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_9" id = "note108_9" href = "#tag108_9">108.9</a> += <i>sēstertiōrum</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_10" id = "note108_10" href = +"#tag108_10">108.10</a> += <i>dōnum</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_11" id = "note108_11" href = +"#tag108_11">108.11</a> +‘parrot.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_12" id = "note108_12" href = +"#tag108_12">108.12</a> +‘cobbler.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_13" id = "note108_13" href = +"#tag108_13">108.13</a> +‘outlay.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_14" id = "note108_14" href = +"#tag108_14">108.14</a> +‘have come to naught.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_15" id = "note108_15" href = +"#tag108_15">108.15</a> +‘added’: lit., ‘wove in.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_16" id = "note108_16" href = +"#tag108_16">108.16</a> +<b>quantī . . . ēmerat</b>: ‘at a higher price than he had paid +before.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note108_17" id = "note108_17" href = +"#tag108_17">108.17</a> +‘offer.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_1" id = "note109_1" href = "#tag109_1">109.1</a> +‘paper.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_2" id = "note109_2" href = "#tag109_2">109.2</a> +‘scratched off,’ ‘wrote.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_3" id = "note109_3" href = "#tag109_3">109.3</a> +Examples of the historical infinitive, so called because it is +especially common in historical writing. It is to be translated by an +imperfect or perfect indicative.</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_4" id = "note109_4" href = "#tag109_4">109.4</a> += <i>et . . . et</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_5" id = "note109_5" href = "#tag109_5">109.5</a> +‘purse.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_6" id = "note109_6" href = "#tag109_6">109.6</a> +‘francs.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_7" id = "note109_7" href = "#tag109_7">109.7</a> +‘steward.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_8" id = "note109_8" href = "#tag109_8">109.8</a> +‘whispered.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_9" id = "note109_9" href = "#tag109_9">109.9</a> +‘eels.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_10" id = "note109_10" href = +"#tag109_10">109.10</a> +‘fish-pond.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_11" id = "note109_11" href = +"#tag109_11">109.11</a> +‘food.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_12" id = "note109_12" href = +"#tag109_12">109.12</a> +‘freed.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_13" id = "note109_13" href = +"#tag109_13">109.13</a> +‘night-owl.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note109_14" id = "note109_14" href = +"#tag109_14">109.14</a> += <i>sēstertiōs</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note110_1" id = "note110_1" href = "#tag110_1">110.1</a> +‘executioner,’ ‘butcher.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note110_2" id = "note110_2" href = "#tag110_2">110.2</a> +‘size.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note110_3" id = "note110_3" href = "#tag110_3">110.3</a> +‘style.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note110_4" id = "note110_4" href = "#tag110_4">110.4</a> +‘furniture.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note110_5" id = "note110_5" href = "#tag110_5">110.5</a> +‘granddaughters.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note110_6" id = "note110_6" href = "#tag110_6">110.6</a> +‘made of brick.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note110_7" id = "note110_7" href = "#tag110_7">110.7</a> +‘finery.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note111_1" id = "note111_1" href = "#tag111_1">111.1</a> +<b>excubiās . . . indīxit</b>: ‘ordered watches to be set.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note111_2" id = "note111_2" href = "#tag111_2">111.2</a> +Often used like our ‘to cut a long story short,’ ‘in short.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note111_3" id = "note111_3" href = "#tag111_3">111.3</a> +<b>barbā . . . submissō</b>: ‘letting his beard grow.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note111_4" id = "note111_4" href = "#tag111_4">111.4</a> +‘mirror’ (of metal, generally bronze or silver).</p> + +<p><a name = "note111_5" id = "note111_5" href = "#tag111_5">111.5</a> +‘comedy.’</p> + +<p><a name = "note111_6" id = "note111_6" href = "#tag111_6">111.6</a> +‘conclusion.’ Latin plays regularly close with an appeal of the actors +to the spectators to grant them ‘loud and prolonged applause.’</p> +</div> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/pic111.png" width = "247" height = "175" +alt = "Roman Eagle: SPQR" title = "SPQR"></p> + +</div> + +<div class = "section exercises"> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page112" id = "page112">112</a> +<h3><a name = "exercises" id = "exercises"> +EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN</a></h3> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<p>Words in round brackets are not to be translated; those in square +brackets indicate the Latin rendering. Note the ‘Caution’ on <a href = +"#page_xxv">p. xxv</a>. The section numbers refer to the selections.</p> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<h5><a name = "ex_I" id = "ex_I">I.</a><br> +Apposition.</h5> + +<p>1. Proca left his kingdom to his older son, Numitor. 2. Romulus and +Remus were the sons of Rhea Silvia, a priestess of Vesta. 3. The +boys were thrown into the river. 4. A shepherd of the king<a class += "tag" name = "tag_i_1" id = "tag_i_1" href = "#note_i_1">1</a> carried +them to his hut. 5. Who was the grandfather of these boys? 6. Remus, +when grown,<a class = "tag" name = "tag_i_2" id = "tag_i_2" href = +"#note_i_2">2</a> was caught by (some) robbers.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_i_3" id = "tag_i_3" href = "#note_i_3">3</a> 7. They thus accused +him: “You have trespassed on the king’s lands.” 8. A dispute arose +between the brothers. 9. Romulus said: “I shall give my name to the +new city.” 10. Which of them leaped over the wall?</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_i_1" id = "note_i_1" href = "#tag_i_1">1</a> +Use adj.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_i_2" id = "note_i_2" href = "#tag_i_2">2</a> +See <a href = "#note2_19">p. 2, n. 19</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_i_3" id = "note_i_3" href = "#tag_i_3">3</a> +H. 468 (415, I); M. 614; A 246; G 401; B 216.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_II" id = "ex_II">II.</a><br> +Agreement of adjectives, pronouns, and participles.</h5> + +<p>1. Robbers and shepherds took refuge in<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_ii_1" id = "tag_ii_1" href = "#note_ii_1">1</a> the city which +Romulus had founded. 2. These were the fathers of the Romans. 3. The +envoys that the king sent were nowhere kindly received. +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page113" id = "page113">113</a> +4. The tribes to which he sent did not seek an alliance. 5. Many of +those who gathered had not seen Rome. 6. The maidens whom they seized +were the children of the Sabines, who now undertook war. 7. (While) +advancing to battle, the Romans carried (their) shields on (their) left +arms. 8. The Sabines killed Hostilius (while he was) fighting very +bravely. 9. The Romans fell fighting bravely. 10. They founded a temple +in honor<a class = "tag" name = "tag_ii_2" id = "tag_ii_2" href = +"#note_ii_2">2</a> of Romulus and worshiped him as a god.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_ii_1" id = "note_ii_1" href = "#tag_ii_1">1</a> +<i>ad</i> with acc.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_ii_2" id = "note_ii_2" href = "#tag_ii_2">2</a> +See <a href = "#note8_1">p. 8, n. 1</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_III" id = "ex_III">III.</a><br> +Expressions of place; extent of time.</h5> + +<p>1. Who succeeded Romulus? Numa Pompilius. 2. From what city did he +come? From Cures, [from] a city of the Sabines. 3. What did he do +at Rome? 4. He established many religious customs and had many useful +laws passed. 5. A shield once slipped down from the sky. 6. (There) +was a smith in Rome<a class = "tag" name = "tag_iii_1" id = "tag_iii_1" +href = "#note_iii_1">1</a> who made twelve shields of the same shape. 7. +The Romans had peace (for) forty-three years. 8. No temple was erected +in honor of Numa, but he was of more use to the state than Romulus.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_iii_1" id = "note_iii_1" href = "#tag_iii_1">1</a> +Locative case.</p> +</div> + +<h5><a name = "ex_IV" id = "ex_IV">IV.</a><br> +Ablative absolute; locatives of common nouns.</h5> + +<p>1. At the death of Numa [Numa having died] the Romans elected a more +warlike king. 2. War<a class = "tag" name = "tag_iv_1" id = "tag_iv_1" +href = "#note_iv_1">1</a> having broken<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_iv_1">1</a> out between the Romans and the Sabines, the dispute +was settled by a contest between [of] the Curiatii and the Horatii. 3. +The young men took up arms and [arms having been taken up]<a class = +"tag" href = "#note_iv_1">1</a> advanced to battle. 4. At a given<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_iv_2" id = "tag_iv_2" href = +"#note_iv_2">2</a> signal,<a class = "tag" href = "#note_iv_2">2</a> +with drawn swords, they rushed +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page114" id = "page114">114</a> +together. 5. As the two Romans fell [the two Romans falling], the Alban +army shouted for joy. 6. The sister of Horatius began to weep when she +saw her lover’s cloak. 7. He drew his sword and stabbed the girl who +forgot [having forgotten] her brothers and her country. 8. When Tullus +learned of the treachery of the Alban general, in anger<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_iv_3" id = "tag_iv_3" href = "#note_iv_3">3</a> he ordered +him to be put to death. 9. Then war was declared against the Sabines.<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_iv_4" id = "tag_iv_4" href = +"#note_iv_4">4</a> 10. Very many young men were in military service, +a few were at home. 11. Tullus<a class = "tag" name = "tag_iv_5" id += "tag_iv_5" href = "#note_iv_5">5</a> Hostilius, who succeeded Numa, +liked war [war pleased] rather than peace.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_iv_1" id = "note_iv_1" href = "#tag_iv_1">1</a> +See <a href = "#note1_4">p. 1, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_iv_2" id = "note_iv_2" href = "#tag_iv_2">2</a> +See <a class = "error" href = "#line_ii_12" title = "in selection II">p. +5, l. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_iv_3" id = "note_iv_3" href = "#tag_iv_3">3</a> +Use participle.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_iv_4" id = "note_iv_4" href = "#tag_iv_4">4</a> +H. 429 (386); M. 534; A. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_iv_5" id = "note_iv_5" href = "#tag_iv_5">5</a> +H. 426, 1 (385, I); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_V" id = "ex_V">V.</a><br> +Ablative of specification; dative with compounds.</h5> + +<p>1. Ancus Marcius, the fourth king, was like Numa<a class = "tag" name += "tag_v_1" id = "tag_v_1" href = "#note_v_1">1</a> in justice and +piety, but was more warlike. 2. During<a class = "tag" name = "tag_v_2" +id = "tag_v_2" href = "#note_v_2">2</a> his reign<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_v_2">2</a> a raid was made on the Roman territory by the +Latins. 3. When the king heard of this [which having been learned], he +declared war against them. 4. Having defeated the Latins, he destroyed +their towns and transferred the citizens to Rome. 5. Romulus had built a +wall around the city, but this wall was larger. 6. Of these four kings +of Rome, two were distinguished in war, two in peace.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_v_1" id = "note_v_1" href = "#tag_v_1">1</a> +H. 434 (391, I); M. 536; A. 234; G. 359; B. 192, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_v_2" id = "note_v_2" href = "#tag_v_2">2</a> +Abl. abs.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_VI" id = "ex_VI">VI.</a><br> +Direct and indirect questions.</h5> + +<p>1. Tarquin came from Etruria, a city of the Etruscans. 2. When Ancus +died,<a class = "tag" href = "#note_v_2">2</a> Tarquin was made guardian +of his children. 3. Thus he obtained the throne. 4. (There) was at Rome +a celebrated augur. 5. The king once asked him whether he could cut a +whetstone with a razor. Can<a class = "tag" name = "tag_vi_1" id = +"tag_vi_1" href = "#note_vi_1">1</a> you cut a whetstone with a +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page115" id = "page115">115</a> +razor? 7. You cannot<a class = "tag" name = "tag_vi_2" id = "tag_vi_2" +href = "#note_vi_2">2</a> cut a whetstone with a razor, can you? 8. The +sons of Ancus asked the shepherds whether they could commit a crime. 9. +Can you commit a crime? 10. The shepherds entered<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_vi_3" id = "tag_vi_3" href = "#note_vi_3">3</a> the palace and<a +class = "tag" href = "#note_vi_3">3</a> began to bawl out. 11. One of +them killed the king with an axe. 12. Does not this seem to you an +atrocious crime?</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_vi_1" id = "note_vi_1" href = "#tag_vi_1">1</a> +H. 378, 2 (351, 1, <span class = "smallroman">N</span>. 1); M. 698; A. +210, <i>a</i>; G. 454; B. 162, <i>c</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_vi_2" id = "note_vi_2" href = "#tag_vi_2">2</a> +H. 378 (351, 1, <span class = "smallroman">N</span>. 3); M. 701; A. 210, +<i>c</i>; G. 456; B. 162, <i>b</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_vi_3" id = "note_vi_3" href = "#tag_vi_3">3</a> +See <a href = "#note2_8">p. 2, n. 8</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_VII" id = "ex_VII">VII.</a><br> +Ablative of source; ablative of quality.</h5> + +<p>1. At the death of Tarquin, Servius Tullius succeeded to the throne. +2. He was born of a woman<a class = "tag" name = "tag_vii_1" id = +"tag_vii_1" href = "#note_vii_1">1</a> of rank, who, however, was a +slave in Tarquin’s house. 3. On the advice of Tanaquil [Tanaquil +advising] he was brought up just as the children of the king. 4. He was +a young man of great bravery,<a class = "tag" href = "#note_vii_1">1</a> +and became the king’s son-in-law. 5. One of Tullius’s daughters was +gentle, the other wild. 6. Tarquin’s sons were of like character. 7. The +king was slain by order of his own son-in-law. 8. Tullia was a woman of +base character and did not love her father. 9. The people asked Tullia +what she had done.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_vii_2" id = "tag_vii_2" +href = "#note_vii_2">2</a></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_vii_1" id = "note_vii_1" href = "#tag_vii_1">1</a> +Abl. Why?</p> + +<p><a name = "note_vii_2" id = "note_vii_2" href = "#tag_vii_2">2</a> +See <a href = "#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_VIII" id = "ex_VIII">VIII.</a><br> +Temporal clauses with <i>cum</i>; ablative of price.</h5> + +<p>1. The city of Gabii could not be captured by Tarquin. 2. When Sextus +had been chosen general, he sent a messenger to his father. 3. When he +learned of the silence<a class = "tag" name = "tag_viii_1" id = +"tag_viii_1" href = "#note_viii_1">1</a> and act of his father, he +killed the chief men of the state. 4. When each of the young men praised +his own wife, it was decided to find out who was the best. 5. When +Lucretia had summoned her husband<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_viii_1">1</a> and father,<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_viii_1">1</a> she killed herself with a knife. 6. An old woman +once asked Tarquin whether he wished to buy some books at an enormous +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page116" id = "page116">116</a> +price. 7. At first Tarquin ridiculed her, but, after she had burned six +books, he bought the remaining three at the same price.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_viii_1" id = "note_viii_1" href = "#tag_viii_1">1</a> +Abl. abs.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_IX" id = "ex_IX">IX.</a><br> +Causal clauses with <i>cum</i>; purpose clauses with <i>ut</i>.</h5> + +<p>1. Since his brother had been killed, Brutus feared the same fate, +for he was a young man of great sagacity. 2. He set out for Delphi with +Tarquin’s sons. 3. When they had consulted the oracle, they returned to +Rome. 4. The Romans chose Brutus and Collatinus, the son of the sister +of Tarquin the Elder, consuls. 5. As the sons of Brutus were traitors, +they were put to death. 6. In order to regain<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_ix_1" id = "tag_ix_1" href = "#note_ix_1">1</a> his throne, Tarquin +undertook war. 7. Brutus, who had gone ahead with the cavalry to<a class += "tag" name = "tag_ix_2" id = "tag_ix_2" href = "#note_ix_2">2</a> +reconnoitre,<a class = "tag" href = "#note_ix_2">2</a> met the enemy. 8. +Brutus and Aruns fell in the first charge. 9. Since one consul had been +slain, the other returned to the city alone.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_ix_1" id = "note_ix_1" href = "#tag_ix_1">1</a> +See <a href = "#line_i_3">p. 1, l. 3</a> and <a href = "#note1_5">n. +5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_ix_2" id = "note_ix_2" href = "#tag_ix_2">2</a> +Express in two ways; cf. <a href = "#line_ix_30">l. 30</a>, and +<b>ageret</b>, <a href = "#line_ix_26">l. 26</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_X" id = "ex_X">X.</a><br> +Causal clauses with <i>quod</i>.</h5> + +<p>1. Mucius received permission to go over [of going over] to the +enemy, because (as he said) he wished to kill the king. 2. Because +he did not know which was<a class = "tag" name = "tag_x_1" id = +"tag_x_1" href = "#note_x_1">1</a> the king, he killed the clerk. 3. To +punish the hand which had committed the crime, he placed it on a lighted +altar. 4. After this he was called Scaevola.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_x_1" id = "note_x_1" href = "#tag_x_1">1</a> +See <a href = "#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_XI" id = "ex_XI">XI.</a><br> +Dative of possessor; construction with <i>paenitet</i>.</h5> + +<p>1. The Veientes harassed the Romans with repeated raids. 2. The +Fabian gens proposed [had in mind] to carry on the war +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page117" id = "page117">117</a> +at its own expense. 3. The senate thanked the consul because he had +provided for this war. 4. When they arrived at the river Cremera, they +established a fortified post and repeatedly routed the enemy. 5. The +Veientes soon repented of the peace they had secured and renewed the +war. 6. The Fabians roamed about in order to lay waste the enemy’s +territory. 7. They were entrapped in an ambush and all slain.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_XII" id = "ex_XII">XII.</a><br> +Relative clauses of purpose.</h5> + +<p>1. I intend to write about the crime of Appius Claudius, the +Decemvir. 2. He fell in love with a beautiful girl, and, when he found +that he could not entice her with money, he claimed her as a slave [for +slavery]. 3. He sent one of his clients to the market place to carry<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_xii_1" id = "tag_xii_1" href = +"#note_xii_1">1</a> her off by force. 4. The girl’s friends sent a +messenger to carry the news<a class = "tag" href = "#note_xii_1">1</a> +to her father Virginius, who was then away on military duty. 5. +Virginius immediately returned to Rome and sought the aid of the people. +6. When he saw that there was no aid anywhere, he seized a knife and +killed his daughter. 7. Appius then repented of his crime.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_xii_1" id = "note_xii_1" href = "#tag_xii_1">1</a> +See <a href = "#note5_3">p. 5, n. 3</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_XIII" id = "ex_XIII">XIII.</a><br> +Complementary infinitive; genitive with <i>oblivīscor</i>;<br> +hortatory subjunctive.</h5> + +<p>1. The tribune of the plebs appointed a day for (the trial of) +Manlius, because with great severity he had banished his son to the +country. 2. When his son Titus heard of this design of the tribune, he +hastened to Rome and forced him to abandon the charge. 3. Such [this] +filial devotion reflected great credit on the young man, and his father +repented of his harshness. 4. Afterwards, when the Gauls were carrying +on war with the +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page118" id = "page118">118</a> +Romans, a Gaul of enormous size wanted to fight with the bravest Roman. +5. “Let him come on,” said Titus Manlius, who was now tribune of the +soldiers, “that I may show him which of us is the braver.” 6. Between +the two lines they joined<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xiii_1" id = +"tag_xiii_1" href = "#note_xiii_1">1</a> in close<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_xiii_1">1</a> combat,<a class = "tag" href = "#note_xiii_1">1</a> +and with a stroke or two of his Spanish sword he thrust through his +gigantic foe. 7. Having stripped a necklace from the Gaul, he was +afterwards called Torquatus. 8. The son of this same Torquatus, without +the consent of the consul, his father, met and conquered a Latin in a +single combat. 9. When he returned to camp, his father ordered him to be +put to death because he had disobeyed<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xiii_2" id = "tag_xiii_2" href = "#note_xiii_2">2</a> his +commander. 10. The young man’s companions did not forget the father’s +cruelty. 11. Cornelius Piso was also a man of great sternness. 12. He +once ordered a soldier to be put to death on the charge of murdering a +comrade. 13. The comrade had not been murdered and soon appeared in +camp. 14. When they returned to Piso with great rejoicing, he angrily +ordered both the comrades and the centurion who had been placed in +charge of the execution to be put to death. 15. Another Manlius was +guilty of [showed] like cruelty toward his son. 16. The Macedonians sent +ambassadors to complain<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xiii_3" id = +"tag_xiii_3" href = "#note_xiii_3">3</a> about his son Silanus. 17. +Manlius wanted to try the case himself, and this was granted by the +senate. 18. After he had heard both sides of the case, he forbade his +son to return to his home. 19. The next day<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xiii_4" id = "tag_xiii_4" href = "#note_xiii_4">4</a> the young man +committed<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xiii_5" id = "tag_xiii_5" href = +"#note_xiii_5">5</a> suicide.<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_xiii_5">5</a></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_xiii_1" id = "note_xiii_1" href = "#tag_xiii_1">1</a> +See <a class = "error" href = "#line_iv_14" title = "in selection IV">p. +11, l. 14</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xiii_2" id = "note_xiii_2" href = "#tag_xiii_2">2</a> +The reason is that of the father, not the writer.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xiii_3" id = "note_xiii_3" href = "#tag_xiii_3">3</a> +Cf. <b>conquestum</b>, <a href = "#line_xiii_82">l. 82</a>, with <b>quī +dēpōsceret</b>, <a href = "#line_xii_7">XII, l. 7</a>, and express +in two ways.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xiii_4" id = "note_xiii_4" href = "#tag_xiii_4">4</a> +H. 486 (429); M. 630; A. 256; G. 393; B. 230.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xiii_5" id = "note_xiii_5" href = "#tag_xiii_5">5</a> +See <a href = "#line_xii_30">XII, l. 30</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_XIV" id = "ex_XIV">XIV.</a><br> +Construction of <i>medius</i>, <i>summus</i>, etc.</h5> + +<p>1. The consul sent Publius Decius to get possession of the summit of +a hill. 2. When the consul had escaped, he led his army +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page119" id = "page119">119</a> +in safety through the midst of [middle] enemies. 3. In the Latin war he +sacrificed himself in order to save his army. 4. Let us never forget +this brave man.</p> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_XV" id = "ex_XV">XV.</a><br> +Indirect quotation of simple sentences; ablative with <i>opus</i>.</h5> + +<p>1. “The Samnites are our enemies,” said Curius; “let us set out +against them.” 2. Immediately he set out, and, having<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_xv_1" id = "tag_xv_1" href = "#note_xv_1">1</a> conquered<a +class = "tag" href = "#note_xv_1">1</a> the Samnites,<a class = "tag" +href = "#note_xv_1">1</a> he took a large amount of land and many +captives [men]. 3. He swore (that there) was<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xv_2" id = "tag_xv_2" href = "#note_xv_2">2</a> none [nothing] of +the booty in his house. 4. Cicero says (that) the Samnites brought [to +have brought] a great weight of gold to Curius. 5. Curius scorned<a +class = "tag" href = "#note_xv_1">1</a> their gold<a class = "tag" href += "#note_xv_1">1</a> (and) said that he could not be bribed. 6. He told +the senate that he was contented with seven jugera of land. 7. He +afterwards sold into slavery a young man who refused to serve in the +army [military service]. 8. The young man saw that the tribunes could +not help him [not to be able to be for an aid to him]. 9. After he had +destroyed the army of Pyrrhus, he returned to Rome in triumph +[triumphing]. 10. It is said that Pyrrhus was slain by a woman of +Argos.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xv_3" id = "tag_xv_3" href = +"#note_xv_3">3</a> 11. So the Romans<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xv_4" +id = "tag_xv_4" href = "#note_xv_4">4</a> did not need the aid<a class = +"tag" name = "tag_xv_5" id = "tag_xv_5" href = "#note_xv_5">5</a> of +Curius again.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_xv_1" id = "note_xv_1" href = "#tag_xv_1">1</a> +Abl. abs.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xv_2" id = "note_xv_2" href = "#tag_xv_2">2</a> +See <a href = "#note7_16">p. 7, n. 16</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xv_3" id = "note_xv_3" href = "#tag_xv_3">3</a> +Use adj.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xv_4" id = "note_xv_4" href = "#tag_xv_4">4</a> +Dat. of poss.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xv_5" id = "note_xv_5" href = "#tag_xv_5">5</a> +Cf. <b>cīve</b>, <a href = "#line_xv_22">l. 22</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_XVI" id = "ex_XVI">XVI.</a><br> +<i>Nē</i> with verbs of fearing; ablative with <i>ūtor</i>.</h5> + +<p>1. It is said that Duilius was the first to conquer the Carthaginians +in a naval battle. 2. He used grappling<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xvi_1" id = "tag_xvi_1" href = "#note_xvi_1">1</a> irons<a class = +"tag" href = "#note_xvi_1">1</a> to seize and hold the enemy’s ships. 3. +He saw that with this useful contrivance the Romans would have an easy +victory [victory to +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page120" id = "page120">120</a> +be about to be easy to the Romans]. 4. He now set<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xvi_2" id = "tag_xvi_2" href = "#note_xvi_2">2</a> out boldly into +the midst<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xvi_3" id = "tag_xvi_3" href = +"#note_xvi_3">3</a> of the enemy’s fleet, and captured many of their +ships. 5. The Romans were pleased with this victory. 6. The +Carthaginians feared that the Romans would now be supreme on land and +sea. 7. Hannibal, the leader of the Carthaginians, by a shrewd trick +escaped punishment for losing his fleet.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_xvi_1" id = "note_xvi_1" href = "#tag_xvi_1">1</a> +Cf. <b>quō</b>, <a href = "#page36">p. 36, l. 4</a> and <a href = +"#note36_10">n. 10</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xvi_2" id = "note_xvi_2" href = "#tag_xvi_2">2</a> +Use participle.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xvi_3" id = "note_xvi_3" href = "#tag_xvi_3">3</a> +See <a href = "#ex_XIV">Ex. XIV</a>, sentence 2.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_XVII" id = "ex_XVII">XVII.</a><br> +Gerundive with <i>esse</i>; ablative of separation; ablative with +comparatives.</h5> + +<p>1. After the Carthaginians had been defeated by Regulus, Hanno came +to negotiate<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xvii_1" id = "tag_xvii_1" href += "#note_xvii_1">1</a> [about] peace. 2. The Roman soldiers saw that<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_xvii_2" id = "tag_xvii_2" href = +"#note_xvii_2">2</a> he had come<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_xvii_2">2</a> treacherously and was not in earnest in his +negotiations [did not negotiate seriously]. 3. Hanno was afraid that<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_xvii_3" id = "tag_xvii_3" href = +"#note_xvii_3">3</a> he would be arrested and put in chains. 4. Regulus +relieved him of his fear<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xvii_4" id = +"tag_xvii_4" href = "#note_xvii_4">4</a> and told him that the Romans +did not wish to retaliate. 5. In Africa, Regulus<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xvii_5" id = "tag_xvii_5" href = "#note_xvii_5">5</a> had<a class = +"tag" name = "tag_xvii_6" id = "tag_xvii_6" href = "#note_xvii_6">6</a> +to fight not only with men, but also with an enormous serpent. 6. As its +scales could not be pierced by javelins, Regulus was compelled to use +the artillery. 7. In this way the monster was crushed. 8. When Regulus +learned that the senate had extended his command to the next year, he +asked that his successor should be sent at once.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xvii_7" id = "tag_xvii_7" href = "#note_xvii_7">7</a> 9. He said +that he had lost his slave and farming implements and that his wife and +children had no means of support [he had nothing whence his wife and +children should be supported]. 10. The senate relieved him of this +anxiety. 11. After he had defeated the Carthaginians in many battles, +Regulus himself was defeated and captured. 12. It is said that he was +sent from Carthage +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page121" id = "page121">121</a> +to Rome to negotiate an exchange of [about exchanging] prisoners. 13. +When the senate ordered him to state his opinion, he said that the +Carthaginian captives ought not to be returned. 14. He thought that they +were better generals than the Romans.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xvii_8" id = "tag_xvii_8" href = "#note_xvii_8">8</a> 15. As<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_xvii_9" id = "tag_xvii_9" href = +"#note_xvii_9">9</a> he had given<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_xvii_9">9</a> his oath,<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_xvii_9">9</a> he returned to Carthage and was put to death with +terrible torture.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_xvii_1" id = "note_xvii_1" href = "#tag_xvii_1">1</a> +Several forms of expressing purpose have been used in the text. Express +this in as many ways as you can.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xvii_2" id = "note_xvii_2" href = "#tag_xvii_2">2</a> +See <a href = "#note7_16">p. 7, n. 16</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xvii_3" id = "note_xvii_3" href = "#tag_xvii_3">3</a> +See <a href = "#note38_12">p. 38, n. 12</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xvii_4" id = "note_xvii_4" href = "#tag_xvii_4">4</a> +Abl. Why?</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xvii_5" id = "note_xvii_5" href = "#tag_xvii_5">5</a> +H. 431 (388); M. 544; A. 232; G. 355; B. 189, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xvii_6" id = "note_xvii_6" href = "#tag_xvii_6">6</a> +See <a href = "#note39_11">p. 39, n. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xvii_7" id = "note_xvii_7" href = "#tag_xvii_7">7</a> +<b>statim.</b></p> + +<p><a name = "note_xvii_8" id = "note_xvii_8" href = "#tag_xvii_8">8</a> +See <b>Āfrīs</b>, <a href = "#line_xvii_10">l. 10</a>, and note.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xvii_9" id = "note_xvii_9" href = "#tag_xvii_9">9</a> +Abl. abs.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_XVIII" id = "ex_XVIII">XVIII.</a><br> +Ablative of time.</h5> + +<p>1. Appius Claudius was no<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xviii_1" id = +"tag_xviii_1" href = "#note_xviii_1">1</a> better than the preceding +generals, who did not boast that they would sink the enemy’s fleet (on) +the first day<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xviii_2" id = "tag_xviii_2" +href = "#note_xviii_2">2</a> of the war. 2. The chicken-keeper informed +him that the chickens would not [to be unwilling to] eat. 3. “Let<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_xviii_3" id = "tag_xviii_3" href = +"#note_xviii_3">3</a> them drink then,” said Appius, and ordered them to +be plunged into the sea. 4. That very [self] day he was defeated, and +many thousands of the Romans slain. 5. He afterwards committed suicide, +for he knew that he would be put to death by the people. 6. Upon his +sister, too, a heavy fine had<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xviii_4" +id = "tag_xviii_4" href = "#note_xviii_4">4</a> to be imposed.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_xviii_1" id = "note_xviii_1" href = +"#tag_xviii_1">1</a> +See <a href = "#line_xvii_10">XVII, l. 10</a>, and note.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xviii_2" id = "note_xviii_2" href = +"#tag_xviii_2">2</a> +Cf. <a href = "#ex_XIII">Ex. XIII</a>, sent. 19.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xviii_3" id = "note_xviii_3" href = +"#tag_xviii_3">3</a> +Cf. <a href = "#ex_XIII">Ex. XIII</a>, sent. 5.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xviii_4" id = "note_xviii_4" href = +"#tag_xviii_4">4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#ex_XVII">Ex. XVII</a>, sent. 5.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_XIX" id = "ex_XIX">XIX.</a><br> +Purpose clauses with <i>quō</i>; ablative with <i>potior</i>; unreal +conditions;<br> +<i>quīn</i> clauses; ablative with <i>dīgnus</i>.</h5> + +<p>1. It is said that Hannibal, when a boy of nine years, took an oath +of undying hatred toward the Romans. 2. On the death of his father, he +stirred up war by capturing Saguntum [Saguntum captured]. 3. Fabius said +that he carried peace and war in his toga. 4. “Give which you please,” +replied the Carthaginians. 5. “I give war,” said Fabius. [“War,” +said Fabius, “I give.”] +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page122" id = "page122">122</a> +6. After three Roman consuls had been defeated by Hannibal, Fabius was +sent against him. 7. Changing<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xix_1" id = +"tag_xix_1" href = "#note_xix_1">1</a> the policy<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_xix_1">1</a> of the war, he held his soldiers in camp, and did +not come to an engagement with the enemy. 8. When, on account of some +trifling successes, his soldiers had begun to have more confidence in +their valor and fortune, he blockaded Hannibal in a narrow pass. 9. +Fabius thought that he could not escape. 10. But Hannibal knew how<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_xix_2" id = "tag_xix_2" href = +"#note_xix_2">2</a> cautious Fabius was,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xix_3" id = "tag_xix_3" href = "#note_xix_3">3</a> and got out +(of the trap) without any loss. 11. Minucius,<a class = "tag" name += "tag_xix_4" id = "tag_xix_4" href = "#note_xix_4">4</a> the master of +horse, did not like the policy of Fabius. 12. He made charges against +the dictator in order to obtain greater authority<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xix_5" id = "tag_xix_5" href = "#note_xix_5">5</a> himself. 13. +When he had joined battle, he had to be rescued from his peril by +Fabius. 14. Minucius now confessed that the policy of Fabius was better +than his own. 15. They say that some young men of rank betrayed Tarentum +to Hannibal. 16. In the middle of the night the gates were opened and +the young men entered, followed by Hannibal [Hannibal following] with +his army. 17. Fabius recaptured Tarentum the same<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xix_6" id = "tag_xix_6" href = "#note_xix_6">6</a> year<a class = +"tag" href = "#note_xix_6">6</a> it was lost. 18. If he had not used +cunning he would not have recaptured it. 19. When an old man, Fabius, at +the command of a lictor, dismounted from a horse which he was riding out +of respect for the rank of his son, then consul. 20. “If you were not +consul,” said he, “I should not dismount.” 21. No one doubts that +Fabius was worthy of the name <i>Maximus</i>. 22. At that time the +Romans needed<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xix_7" id = "tag_xix_7" href = +"#note_xix_7">7</a> a cautious general.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_xix_1" id = "note_xix_1" href = "#tag_xix_1">1</a> +Abl. abs.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xix_2" id = "note_xix_2" href = "#tag_xix_2">2</a> +<b>quam.</b></p> + +<p><a name = "note_xix_3" id = "note_xix_3" href = "#tag_xix_3">3</a> +See <a href = "#note3_2">p. 3, n. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xix_4" id = "note_xix_4" href = "#tag_xix_4">4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#line_xix_43">l. 43</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xix_5" id = "note_xix_5" href = "#tag_xix_5">5</a> +Cf. <b>Tarentō</b>, <a href = "#line_xix_58">l. 58</a>, and note.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xix_6" id = "note_xix_6" href = "#tag_xix_6">6</a> +See <a href = "#line_xix_88">l. 88</a>, and <a href = +"#note_xviii_4">Ex. XVIII, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xix_7" id = "note_xix_7" href = "#tag_xix_7">7</a> +See <a href = "#ex_XV">Ex. XV</a>, sent. 11.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_XX" id = "ex_XX">XX.</a><br> +Subjunctive of result; dative with special verbs; partitive +genitive.</h5> + +<p>1. Varro was so rash that,<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xx_1" id = +"tag_xx_1" href = "#note_xx_1">1</a> although he was opposed by his +colleague, he formed<a class = "tag" href = "#note_xx_1">1</a> his army +in line and gave<a class = "tag" href = "#note_xx_1">1</a> the signal +for +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page123" id = "page123">123</a> +battle. 2. In the midst of the carnage a certain military tribune +urged<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xx_2" id = "tag_xx_2" href = +"#note_xx_2">2</a> Paulus to take<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_xx_2">2</a> his horse and flee.<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_xx_2">2</a> 3. But Paulus said that he preferred to perish with +his soldiers. 4. When the Carthaginians heard of Hannibal’s victory, +they sent messengers to congratulate him.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xx_3" id = "tag_xx_3" href = "#note_xx_3">3</a> 5. Maharbal<a class += "tag" name = "tag_xx_4" id = "tag_xx_4" href = "#note_xx_4">4</a> did +not like<a class = "tag" href = "#note_xx_4">4</a> the advice of the +others. 6. He said that Hannibal knew (how) to conquer, but did not know +(how) to make use of a victory. 7. Hannibal permitted his army to enjoy +the luxuries of Campania. 8. The terror at Rome was so great that they +did not delay an instant. 9. No one doubted that<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xx_5" id = "tag_xx_5" href = "#note_xx_5">5</a> Hannibal would +come<a class = "tag" href = "#note_xx_5">5</a> with his victorious army. +10. If he had advanced at once to Rome, the city would have been +captured. 11. Though Varro survived the battle,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xx_6" id = "tag_xx_6" href = "#note_xx_6">6</a> he thought that he +was not worthy of office<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xx_7" id = +"tag_xx_7" href = "#note_xx_7">7</a> again. 12. As the soldiers did not +have enough weapons,<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xx_8" id = "tag_xx_8" +href = "#note_xx_8">8</a> they took down from the temples the ancient +spoils of the enemy. 13. One of the ambassadors,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xx_9" id = "tag_xx_9" href = "#note_xx_9">9</a> whom Hannibal had +sent to Rome to offer an opportunity of ransoming the captives, did not +return. 14. The senate decided that he must be led back to Hannibal in +chains [bound]. 15. Rome has no need of citizens who can be captured +when armed.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_xx_1" id = "note_xx_1" href = "#tag_xx_1">1</a> +See <a href = "#note10_9">p. 10, n. 9</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xx_2" id = "note_xx_2" href = "#tag_xx_2">2</a> +Cf. <a href = "#line_xx_26">lines 26 and 27</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xx_3" id = "note_xx_3" href = "#tag_xx_3">3</a> +H. 426, 2 (385, II); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, <i>a</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xx_4" id = "note_xx_4" href = "#tag_xx_4">4</a> +Cf. <a href = "#ex_XIX">Ex. XIX</a>, sent. 11.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xx_5" id = "note_xx_5" href = "#tag_xx_5">5</a> +See <a href = "#note39_4">p. 39, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xx_6" id = "note_xx_6" href = "#tag_xx_6">6</a> +See <a href = "#note2_7">p. 2, n. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xx_7" id = "note_xx_7" href = "#tag_xx_7">7</a> +See <a href = "#ex_XIX">Ex. XIX</a>, sent. 21.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xx_8" id = "note_xx_8" href = "#tag_xx_8">8</a> +H. 440, 5 (397); M. 564; A. 216; G. 367; B. 201.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xx_9" id = "note_xx_9" href = "#tag_xx_9">9</a> +Cf. with n. 7 ūnus ex ēius praefectīs, <a href = +"#line_xx_27">l. 27</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_XXI" id = "ex_XXI">XXI.</a><br> +Concessive clauses with <i>cum</i>; genitive of characteristic; causal +relative clauses;<br> +gerundive with <i>ad</i>; accusative of extent.</h5> + +<p>1. Scipio would have been slain in the battle at the river Ticinus, +if his son Publius had not rescued him. 2. When Publius Scipio was not +yet twenty years old, he thought that he was old enough [had enough of +years] to be a candidate for<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_1" id = +"tag_xxi_1" href = "#note_xxi_1">1</a> the aedileship. 3. After the +battle of Cannae, some young men +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page124" id = "page124">124</a> +of rank began to form plans for abandoning Italy. 4. Scipio hastened to +their meeting-place, and, although<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_2" id += "tag_xxi_2" href = "#note_xxi_2">2</a> he was alone, he forced them to +give<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_3" id = "tag_xxi_3" href = +"#note_xxi_3">3</a> up their conspiracy.<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_xxi_3">3</a> 5. After the Romans had suffered two defeats in +Spain, Scipio was chosen proconsul and sent thither. 6. Here he +prosecuted the war with such wisdom and bravery that he earned the +approval of all. 7. Do you not think that he was worthy of the honor? 8. +He gained possession of a large amount of money and arms, but let the +Spanish captives go without ransom. 9. He did not doubt that in this way +he would secure for the Romans the favor of the Spanish [conciliate the +Spanish to the Romans]. 10. Among the captive Africans he found a boy of +remarkable beauty,<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_4" id = "tag_xxi_4" +href = "#note_xxi_4">4</a> who said that his grandfather was the king of +Numidia, and that he had crossed over into Spain with his uncle +Masinissa to carry on war with the Romans. 11. Scipio freed the boy, and +thus won the favor of the Numidian king. 12. When the Spaniards wanted +to call Scipio king, he asked them to refrain from that title. 13. After +Hannibal had been driven from Spain, Scipio, who had<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_xxi_5" id = "tag_xxi_5" href = "#note_xxi_5">5</a> long been +planning to transfer the war to Africa, sent Laelius, whose<a class = +"tag" name = "tag_xxi_6" id = "tag_xxi_6" href = "#note_xxi_6">6</a> +friendship he did not mistrust, to win over some of the African chiefs. +14. Afterwards he crossed over to Africa himself, and it is said that he +met Hannibal [to him a meeting with Hannibal to have been] at the court +of Syphax. 15. It happened that many of those chiefs were eager to form +an alliance with Scipio. 16. His plan, therefore, was easily carried +out. 17. Although the young men of Sicily shrank from so great a war +themselves, still they were willing to furnish horses and arms. 18. +Although they were wealthy, they were not (men) of great bravery. 19. In +Africa the Romans fought with such determination that in a short time +the Carthaginians recalled +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page125" id = "page125">125</a> +Hannibal from Italy to defend his country. 20. A battle was fought [it +was fought] at Zama, a town five days’ march from Carthage. 21. The +Carthaginians were defeated, and forced to send ambassadors to sue for +peace. 22. As peace was now secured, Scipio returned to Italy. 23. On<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_7" id = "tag_xxi_7" href = +"#note_xxi_7">7</a> his arrival in Rome a vast multitude poured forth to +meet him. 24. Scipio was not only the most illustrious general of his +age, but he was also a man distinguished for [of distinguished] piety.<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_8" id = "tag_xxi_8" href = +"#note_xxi_8">8</a> 25. The old writers say that he used to visit +[resort to] the capitol every day, to consult with Jupiter about the +public interests. 26. At Ephesus he<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_9" +id = "tag_xxi_9" href = "#note_xxi_9">9</a> afterwards had a +conversation with Hannibal. 27. It is reported that Hannibal +acknowledged that Scipio was the greatest of all commanders. 28. When +the senate seemed on the point<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_10" id = +"tag_xxi_10" href = "#note_xxi_10">10</a> of transferring the conduct of +the war against Antiochus from Lucius Scipio to Laelius, because +(as was thought) the former<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxi_11" id += "tag_xxi_11" href = "#note_xxi_11">11</a> had too little courage and +too little wisdom for such a war, Africanus promised to be himself his +brother’s lieutenant. 29. Scipio could endure no dishonor to his family. +30. After Antiochus had been defeated, when the senate demanded from +Lucius Scipio an accounting of the spoils, Africanus prevented it. 31. +He said that he had been of [for] so great aid to his country that his +integrity ought not to be doubted. 32. It happened that Africanus +himself was afterwards summoned for trial by the tribunes on the very +day on which the battle of Zama had been fought.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xxi_12" id = "tag_xxi_12" href = "#note_xxi_12">12</a> 33. When +ordered to plead his cause, he mounted the rostrum and said: “Let us +offer thanks to Jupiter, by whose aid we obtained<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xxi_13" id = "tag_xxi_13" href = "#note_xxi_13">13</a> so great a +victory.” 34. As the whole assembly followed him he was relieved from +the insults of the tribunes. 35. Soon afterward Scipio retired to the +country and never returned to Rome.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_xxi_1" id = "note_xxi_1" href = "#tag_xxi_1">1</a> +Use <b>ad</b> with gerundive or gerund.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxi_2" id = "note_xxi_2" href = "#tag_xxi_2">2</a> +H. 598 (515, III); M. 863; A. 326; G. 587; B. 309, 3.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxi_3" id = "note_xxi_3" href = "#tag_xxi_3">3</a> +Cf. <i>inceptō dēsisterent</i>, <a href = "#line_xxi_14">l. 14</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxi_4" id = "note_xxi_4" href = "#tag_xxi_4">4</a> +Cf. lines 51 and 64.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxi_5" id = "note_xxi_5" href = "#tag_xxi_5">5</a> +See <a href = "#note56_6">p. 56, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxi_6" id = "note_xxi_6" href = "#tag_xxi_6">6</a> +See <a href = "#note55_8">p. 55, n. 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxi_7" id = "note_xxi_7" href = "#tag_xxi_7">7</a> +See <a href = "#line_xiii_59">XIII, l. 59</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxi_8" id = "note_xxi_8" href = "#tag_xxi_8">8</a> +<i>religiō</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxi_9" id = "note_xxi_9" href = "#tag_xxi_9">9</a> +Use dat. of poss. with <b>esse</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxi_10" id = "note_xxi_10" href = +"#tag_xxi_10">10</a> +Use future participle.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxi_11" id = "note_xxi_11" href = +"#tag_xxi_11">11</a> +<i>ille</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxi_12" id = "note_xxi_12" href = +"#tag_xxi_12">12</a> +See sent. 20, and <a href = "#note56_4">p. 56, n. 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxi_13" id = "note_xxi_13" href = +"#tag_xxi_13">13</a> +See <a href = "#note55_8">p. 55, n. 8</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page126" id = "page126">126</a> +<h5><a name = "ex_XXII" id = "ex_XXII">XXII.</a><br> +Future conditions.</h5> + +<p>1. Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, was the daughter of Scipio +Africanus. 2. She had been educated with such care herself that she was +able to train her sons wisely. 3. She told a Campanian woman, who was a +guest at her house, that she<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxii_1" id = +"tag_xxii_1" href = "#note_xxii_1">1</a> too had some very beautiful +jewels. 4. Everybody knows that Cornelia’s jewels were her sons. 5. She +has justly been considered one of the wisest women of that age. 6. +Though her sons were most worthy of their excellent mother, yet the +nobles thought that they were disturbing the republic. 7. Both of the +Gracchi thought more of [preferred] their country’s safety than [to] +their own lives. 8. Tiberius tried to protect the common people, but the +senate thought that he was preparing for himself a way to regal power. +9. So Nasica urged<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxii_2" id = "tag_xxii_2" +href = "#note_xxii_2">2</a> all loyal citizens to follow him. 10. When +Gracchus saw that the senators were rushing upon him he fled, but was +killed by a broken piece of a bench. 11. Caius had the same<a class = +"tag" name = "tag_xxii_3" id = "tag_xxii_3" href = "#note_xxii_3">3</a> +love for the common people as<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_xxii_3">3</a> his brother. 12. All loyal citizens said that they +opposed his plans because they wanted the republic to be safe. 13. “If +the law about distributing grain to the common people is<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_xxii_4" id = "tag_xxii_4" href = "#note_xxii_4">4</a> +passed,” said Piso, “I shall come with the others to get the +grain.” 14. Finally this was decreed by the senate: “Let the consul see +that the republic receive no harm.” 15. Some say that Gracchus armed his +household and took possession of the Aventine. 16. When he was put to +flight he ordered his slave to kill him that he might not be arrested. +17. Such was the fate of the Gracchi, the jewels of Cornelia, the best +sons of the Roman republic.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_xxii_1" id = "note_xxii_1" href = "#tag_xxii_1">1</a> +Use dat. of poss.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxii_2" id = "note_xxii_2" href = "#tag_xxii_2">2</a> +Cf. <a href = "#ex_XX">Ex. XX</a>, sent. 2, and note.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxii_3" id = "note_xxii_3" href = "#tag_xxii_3">3</a> +Cf. <b>īdem quī</b>, <a href = "#line_xxii_31">l. 31</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxii_4" id = "note_xxii_4" href = "#tag_xxii_4">4</a> +See <a href = "#line_xvii_10">XVII, l. 10</a>, and note.</p> +</div> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page127" id = "page127">127</a> +<h5><a name = "ex_XXIII" id = "ex_XXIII">XXIII.</a><br> +Substantive clauses of purpose; latter supine.</h5> + +<p>1. When Marius was in Spain with Scipio, some one asked this +(question) of Scipio. 2. If anything happens<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_xxiii_1" id = "tag_xxiii_1" href = "#note_xxiii_1">1</a> to you, +what equally great commander will the republic have? 3. Scipio replied +that Marius would be a great commander. 4. In the war against Jugurtha +it is said that he made charges against Metellus so that he might be +appointed commander himself. 5. If you make me consul, I will +shortly bring Jugurtha under the power of the Romans. 6. Thus he +persuaded the people to make<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxiii_2" id = +"tag_xxiii_2" href = "#note_xxiii_2">2</a> him consul. 7. After Jugurtha +had been conquered, he carried on war with the Cimbri and Teutones. 8. +His soldiers entreated Marius to lead them against the enemy. 9. The +battle was fought right at the foot of the Alps. 10. As the Romans<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_xxiii_3" id = "tag_xxiii_3" href = +"#note_xxiii_3">3</a> had no water, Marius told his soldiers that, if +they conquered<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxiii_4" id = "tag_xxiii_4" +href = "#note_xxiii_4">4</a> the enemy, they would have abundance of +water. 11. It is said that after the battle the soldiers drank no less +blood than water, because the river was filled with the bodies of the +slain. 12. The Cimbri, having now entered Italy, sent messengers to +Marius to ask him to give them some land. 13. Marius threatened them<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_xxiii_5" id = "tag_xxiii_5" href = +"#note_xxiii_5">5</a> with the same fate<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_xxiii_5">5</a> which had befallen their brothers. 14. On the next +day a battle was fought, and slaughter terrible to witness<a class = +"tag" name = "tag_xxiii_6" id = "tag_xxiii_6" href = +"#note_xxiii_6">6</a> followed. 15. When the women saw that they were +defeated they strangled their babes and killed themselves. 16. Marius +envied the new consul, Sulla, because the war against Mithridates had +been assigned him. 17. When Sulla heard what Marius had done, he +returned to Rome with his army and drove him into exile. 18. While +Marius was hiding in a swamp, he was caught +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page128" id = "page128">128</a> +and thrown into prison. 19. He asked the slave, who was sent to kill +him, whether he dared kill the great consul. 20. After Sulla had set out +for Asia, Marius, who was a few days’ journey from the city, returned +and renewed the civil war. 21. When he had put to death the best men of +the state, he gave over their homes to the rabble for plunder. 22. His +death afforded the Romans<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxiii_7" id = +"tag_xxiii_7" href = "#note_xxiii_7">7</a> more joy than his victory at +Aquae Sextiae.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_xxiii_1" id = "note_xxiii_1" href = +"#tag_xxiii_1">1</a> +See <a href = "#note40_1">p. 40, n. 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxiii_2" id = "note_xxiii_2" href = +"#tag_xxiii_2">2</a> +Cf. <b>ut trāderet</b>, <a href = "#line_xxiii_21">l. 21</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxiii_3" id = "note_xxiii_3" href = +"#tag_xxiii_3">3</a> +Dat. Why?</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxiii_4" id = "note_xxiii_4" href = +"#tag_xxiii_4">4</a> +Cf. <b>sī fēcissent</b>, etc., <a href = "#line_xxiii_11">l. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxiii_5" id = "note_xxiii_5" href = +"#tag_xxiii_5">5</a> +Observe carefully the construction in lines 57 and 58.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxiii_6" id = "note_xxiii_6" href = +"#tag_xxiii_6">6</a> +Cf. <b>dictū</b>, <a href = "#line_xxiii_24">l. 124</a>, and <a href = +"#note19_15">p. 19, n. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxiii_7" id = "note_xxiii_7" href = +"#tag_xxiii_7">7</a> +<b>Dative.</b></p> +</div> + + +<h5><a name = "ex_XXIV" id = "ex_XXIV">XXIV.</a><br> +Relative clause of characteristic.</h5> + +<p>1. A woman told Sulla (when he was) a child that he would be a +blessing to his country. 2. Was this the same woman who sold the +Sibylline books to King Tarquin? 3. Marius was vexed because Sulla had +been chosen quaestor. 4. Although Sulla had been dissolute, his military +ability was soon displayed. 5. He conquered Mithridates, the king of +Pontus, and would have completely subdued him had he not been recalled +to Italy. 6. When he had returned, with the greatest cruelty he punished +with death all who had supported Marius. 7. There was one young man who +ventured to advise him to spare some of his fellow-citizens. 8. If he +had killed all, there would have been none to govern [whom he should +govern]. 9. He wanted to kill not only his enemies, but also all who had +money. 10. When he at last laid down the dictatorship, the people were +so crushed that they did not dare to complain. 11. Sulla was fond of +literary men and was well versed in Greek literature. 12. He once gave a +reward to a wretched poet who had dedicated a poem to him, on condition +that he should write nothing thereafter.</p> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page129" id = "page129">129</a> +<h5><a name = "ex_XXV" id = "ex_XXV">XXV.</a><br> +Genitive with adjectives.</h5> + +<p>1. Lucullus was distinguished both in war and in peace. 2. It is +stated by certain writers that he spent all of his early life in law +practice and was untrained in the art<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxv_1" +id = "tag_xxv_1" href = "#note_xxv_1">1</a> of war. 3. But in the war +with Mithridates he surpassed even<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxv_2" id += "tag_xxv_2" href = "#note_xxv_2">2</a> experts in this art.<a class = +"tag" href = "#note_xxv_1">1</a> 4. All say that he was exceedingly fond +of money. 5. And this is the more surprising for the reason that he had +been educated in Greek philosophy. 6. He was not the only one of the +Romans to<a class = "tag" name = "tag_xxv_3" id = "tag_xxv_3" href = +"#note_xxv_3">3</a> squander his money in building villas. 7. He used to +dine with the greatest luxury even when he was alone. 8. Though fond of +banquets, he was no less fond of books, and had a great library, which +was always open to the public.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_xxv_1" id = "note_xxv_1" href = "#tag_xxv_1">1</a> +H. 451, 1 (399, I, 2); M. 573; A. 218, <i>a</i>; G. 374; B. +204, 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxv_2" id = "note_xxv_2" href = "#tag_xxv_2">2</a> +Cf. <b>mare ipsum</b>, <a href = "#line_xxv_25">l. 25</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_xxv_3" id = "note_xxv_3" href = "#tag_xxv_3">3</a> +See <a href = "#note76_11">p. 76, n. 11</a>.</p> +</div> + +</div> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/foldout_thumb.jpg" width = "564" height = "430" +alt = "map of Mediterranean"></p> + +<p class = "center"> +<span class = "mynote"> +<a href = "images/foldout_large.jpg" target = "_blank"> +larger view</a></span></p> + + +<div class = "section"> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page130" id = "page130">130</a> +<h3>ABBREVIATIONS</h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline1.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<div class = "float"> +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of abbreviations"> +<tr> +<td>abl.</td> +<td>= ablative.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>abs.</td> +<td>= absolute.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>acc.</td> +<td>= accusative.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>act.</td> +<td>= active.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>adj.</td> +<td>= adjective.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>adv.</td> +<td>= adverb.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>cf.</td> +<td>= compare.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>comp.</td> +<td>= comparative.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>conj.</td> +<td>= conjunction.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>dat.</td> +<td>= dative.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>def.</td> +<td>= defective.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>dem.</td> +<td>= demonstrative.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>desid.</td> +<td>= desiderative.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>dim.</td> +<td>= diminutive.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>disc.</td> +<td>= discourse.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>e.g.</td> +<td>= for example.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>encl.</td> +<td>= enclitic.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>esp.</td> +<td>= especially.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class = "float"> +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of abbreviations"> +<tr> +<td>f.</td> +<td><p>= feminine,<br>following.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>freq.</td> +<td>= frequentative.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>gen.</td> +<td>= genitive.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>i.e.</td> +<td>= that is.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>imperf.</td> +<td>= imperfect.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>impers.</td> +<td>= impersonal.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>indef.</td> +<td>= indefinite.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>indir.</td> +<td>= indirect.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>insep.</td> +<td>= inseparable.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>interj.</td> +<td>= interjection.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>interr.</td> +<td>= interrogative.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>intrans.</td> +<td>= intransitive.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>l.</td> +<td>= line.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>m.</td> +<td>= masculine.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>n.</td> +<td>= neuter, note.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>nom.</td> +<td>= nominative.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>num.</td> +<td>= numeral.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class = "float"> +<table class = "inline" summary = "list of abbreviations"> +<tr> +<td>obj.</td> +<td>= objective.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>orig.</td> +<td>= originally.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>p.</td> +<td>= page.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>part.</td> +<td><p>= participle,<br>partitive.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>pass.</td> +<td>= passive.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>perf.</td> +<td>= perfect.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>pers.</td> +<td>= personal.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>pl.</td> +<td>= plural.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>poss.</td> +<td>= possessive.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>prep.</td> +<td>= preposition.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>pres.</td> +<td>= present.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>pron.</td> +<td><p>= pronoun,<br>pronominal.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>rel.</td> +<td>= relative.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>sc.</td> +<td>= supply.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>sup.</td> +<td>= superlative.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>trans.</td> +<td>= transitive.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p class = "notation allclear"> +The star prefixed to certain verbs, e.g. <b>flīgō</b> and <b>speciō</b>, +indicates that the verb was obsolete, i.e. not in ordinary use. Compound +verbs are defined under the simple verbs from which they are derived. To +this practice there are, however, two exceptions: (1) When neither +the simple verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the +text, and (2) in the case of certain verbs like <b>sūmō</b> and +<b>surgō</b>, which, though themselves compounds, came to be regarded +virtually as simple verbs and served as the base of further +compounds.</p> + +<p class = "notation"> +The student will therefore save time and labor if he accustoms himself +when reading to analyze compound verbs before consulting the Vocabulary. +This analysis will often make plain the meaning of the compound, and +render it unnecessary to seek the aid of the Vocabulary at all.</p> + +</div> + + +<div class = "section vocab"> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page131" id = "page131">131</a> +<h3><a name = "vocab" id = "vocab">VOCABULARY</a></h3> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline1.png" width = "74" height = "9" +alt = "----"></p> + +<p class = "mynote center"> +  + A +<a href = "#vocab_B"> B </a> +<a href = "#vocab_C"> C </a> +<a href = "#vocab_D"> D </a> +<a href = "#vocab_E"> E </a> +<a href = "#vocab_F"> F </a> +<a href = "#vocab_G"> G </a> +<a href = "#vocab_H"> H </a> +<a href = "#vocab_I"> I </a> +<a href = "#vocab_K"> K </a> +<a href = "#vocab_L"> L </a> +<a href = "#vocab_M"> M </a><br> +<a href = "#vocab_N"> N </a> +<a href = "#vocab_O"> O </a> +<a href = "#vocab_P"> P </a> +<a href = "#vocab_Q"> Q </a> +<a href = "#vocab_R"> R </a> +<a href = "#vocab_S"> S </a> +<a href = "#vocab_T"> T </a> +<a href = "#vocab_U"> U </a> +<a href = "#vocab_V"> V </a> +</p> + +<p><b>A.</b>, abbreviation of the Roman praenomen <i>Aulus</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_ab" id = "vocab_ab"><b>ā, ab, abs</b></a>, prep. +with abl.; (1) of place, <i>from, away from, out of</i>; (2) of +time, <i>from, since, after</i>; (3) of agency, <i>by</i>; +(4) of separation, source, cause, <i>from, through, because of</i>; +in composition, <i>off, away</i>.</p> + +<p><b>abaliēnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ab</b> + <b>aliēnus</b>], <i>to +remove, alienate, estrange</i>.</p> + +<p><b>abdicō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico2"><b>dicō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>abditus</b> [orig. part. of <b>abdō</b>], adj., <i>hidden, +concealed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>abdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>abdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>abeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>abiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>abluō, ere, ī, ūtus</b> [<b>ab</b> + <b>luō</b>, <i>to wash</i>], +<i>to wash, cleanse, purify</i>.</p> + +<p><b>abnuō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nuo"><b>*nuō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>abripiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>abrogō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rogo"><b>rogō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>abs</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ab"><b>ā</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>abscēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>abscindō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scindo"><b>scindō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>absēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>absum</b>], adj., <i>absent, +away</i>.</p> + +<p><b>absistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>absolvō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_solvo"><b>solvō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>absorbeō, ēre, uī, absorptus</b> [<b>ab</b> + <b>sorbeō</b>, <i>to +swallow</i>], <i>to swallow</i>.</p> + +<p><b>abstinentia, ae</b> [<b>abstineō</b>], f., <i>abstinence, +self-restraint, integrity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>abstineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>abstrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>absum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>absūmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sumo"><b>sūmō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ac</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_atque"><b>atque</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_acca" id = "vocab_acca"><b>Acca, ae</b></a>, f., +praenomen of Acca Larentia, foster-mother of Romulus and Remus.</p> + +<p><b>accēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>accendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_candeo"><b>candeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>accidō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cado"><b>cadō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>accingō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cingo"><b>cingō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>acciō, īre, īvī, ītus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>cieō</b>, <i>to set in +motion</i>], <i>to summon, invite</i>.</p> + +<p><b>accipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>acclāmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>accommodō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>commodus</b>], <i>to +fit to, adjust, regulate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>accumbō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cumbo"><b>*cumbō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>accurrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curro"><b>currō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>accūsātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>accūsō</b>], f., <i>accusation, +prosecution</i>.</p> + +<p><b>accūsātor, ōris</b> [<b>accūsō</b>], m., <i>accuser, +prosecutor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>accūsō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>causa</b>], <i>to call +to trial, accuse, blame</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ācer, ācris, ācre</b>, comp. <b>ācrior</b>, sup. <b>ācerrimus</b>, +adj., <i>sharp, bitter, piercing</i>; <i>keen, eager, vigorous, +fierce</i>.</p> + +<p><b>acerbē</b> [<b>acerbus</b>, <i>bitter</i>], adv., <i>bitterly, +cruelly, severely</i>.</p> + +<p><b>acerbitās, ātis</b> [<b>acerbus</b>, <i>bitter</i>], f., +<i>harshness, severity, unkindness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>acētum, ī</b> [cf. <b>ācer</b>], n., <i>vinegar</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">132a</span> +<p><b>aciēs, ēī</b> [cf. <b>ācer</b>], f., <i>a sharp point</i> of a +sword or dagger; <i>a battle line</i> (conceived of as a sword point); +<i>battle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ācriter</b>, comp. <b>ācrius</b>, sup. <b>ācerrimē</b> +[<b>ācer</b>], adv., <i>sharply, spiritedly, fiercely, +grievously</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Actiacus</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>at Actium</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Actium, ī</b>, n., a promontory and town in Epirus, near which, in +31 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, Octavianus defeated Antony +and Cleopatra in a naval battle.</p> + +<p><b>ad</b>, prep. with accus.; (1) of place, <i>to, towards, to the +house of, at, near</i>; (2) of time, <i>up to, towards, until, at</i>; +<ins class = "correction" title = "(3) missing">(3)</ins> of purpose, +<i>to, in order to, for, for the sake of</i>; (4) of other +relations, <i>according to, at</i>. In composition, it = <i>to, +towards</i>, and also denotes <i>addition</i> and <i>intensity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adamō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>amō</b>, <i>to +love</i>], <i>to love earnestly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>addīcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico"><b>dīcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>addō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>addūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p>(1) <b>adeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p> + +<p>(2) <b>adeō</b> [<b>ad</b> + (2) <b>eō</b>], adv., <i>to this point, +so very, so, to such a degree, actually</i>; <b>atque adeō</b>, <i>and +in fact</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adequitō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_equito"><b>equitō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adfectō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>faciō</b>], <i>to +strive after, aspire to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adfīnis, is</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>fīnis</b>], m., <i>a relative</i> +(by marriage).</p> + +<p><b>adfīrmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_firmo"><b>fīrmō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adflātus, ūs</b> [<b>adflō</b>], m., <i>a blast, breath; effluvia, +exhalation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adflīctus</b> [orig. part. of <b>adflīgō</b>], adj., <i>shattered, +weakened, wretched</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adflīgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fligo"><b>*flīgō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adflō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_flo"><b>flō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adhibeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adhortātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>adhortor</b>, <i>to encourage</i>], f., +<i>encouragement, exhortation</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">132b</span> +<p><b>adiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adipīscor, ī, adeptus sum</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>apīscor</b>, <i>to +reach</i>], <i>to gain by effort, get, acquire</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aditus, ūs</b> [(1) <b>adeō</b>], m., <i>approach, access</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adiūmentum</b> [orig. <b>adiuvāmentum</b>, from <b>adiuvō</b>], +n., <i>help, aid, service</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adiungō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iungo"><b>iungō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adiuvō, āre, iūvī, iūtus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>iuvō</b>, <i>to +help</i>], <i>to aid, help</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adliciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lacio"><b>*laciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adligō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ligo"><b>ligō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adloquor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_loquor"><b>loquor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>administrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>ministrō</b>, <i>to +manage</i>], <i>to manage, direct, govern, regulate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>admīrābilis, e</b> [<b>admīror</b>], adj., <i>admirable, +wonderful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>admīrandus</b> [<b>admīror</b>], adj., <i>marvelous, wonderful, +strange</i>.</p> + +<p><b>admīrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>admīror</b>], f., <i>wonder, +admiration</i>; <i>surprise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>admīrātor, ōris</b> [<b>admīror</b>], m., <i>admirer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>admīror, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>mīror</b>, <i>to marvel +at</i>], <i>to marvel at, admire</i>.</p> + +<p><b>admittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>admodum</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>modus</b>], adv., <i>up to the full +limit, very, exceedingly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>admoneō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moneo"><b>moneō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>admoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moveo"><b>moveō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adnuō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nuo"><b>*nuō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adolēscō, ere, olēvī, adultus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>olēscō</b>, +<i>to grow</i>], <i>to grow up, become mature, reach manhood</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adoperiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pario"><b>pariō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adoptō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_opto"><b>optō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adōrnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_orno"><b>ōrnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adōrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_oro"><b>ōrō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adquīrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_quaero"><b>quaerō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adripiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adscrībō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adsentātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>adsentor</b>, <i>to agree with, to +flatter</i>], f., <i>flattery</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">133a</span> +<p><b>adsequor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adsideō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sedeo"><b>sedeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adsīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sido"><b>sīdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adsiduus</b> [<b>adsideō</b>], adj., <i>incessant, repeated, +continued</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adsīgnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_signo"><b>sīgnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adspiciō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_specio"><b>*speciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adsuēscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_suesco"><b>suēscō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adsum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adsūmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sumo"><b>sūmō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adsurgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_surgo"><b>surgō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adulēscēns, entis</b> [<b>adolēscō</b>], m. and f., <i>a young +man</i> or <i>woman</i> (usually applied to persons between the ages of +fifteen and thirty).</p> + +<p><b>adulēscentia, ae</b> [<b>adulēscēns</b>], f., <i>youth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adulēscentulus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>adulēscēns</b>], m., <i>a very +young man, stripling</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adūlor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to flatter</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adultus</b> [orig. part. of <b>adolēscō</b>], adj., <i>grown up, +mature, adult</i>.</p> + +<p><b>advehō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_veho"><b>vehō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>adventō, āre, āvī</b>, — [freq. of <b>adveniō</b>], <i>to +advance, approach</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adventus, ūs</b> [<b>adveniō</b>], m., <i>coming, approach, +arrival</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adversārius, ī</b> [<b>adversor</b>], m., <i>opponent, +enemy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adversor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>adversus</b>], <i>to oppose, +withstand, resist</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adversus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>vertō</b>], adj., <i>turned towards, +facing, in front</i>; <i>opposed, adverse, unfavorable</i>. As noun, +<b>adversum, ī</b>, n., <i>misfortune, calamity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>adversus</b> and <b>adversum</b>, prep. with acc., <i>in +opposition to, against, towards</i>.</p> + +<p><b>advocātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>advocō</b>], f., <i>advocacy, legal +assistance</i>; <b>in advocātiōnem venīre</b>, <i>to come to one’s aid +in court</i>.</p> + +<p><b>advocātus, ī</b> [<b>advocō</b>], m., <i>adviser, +advocate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>advocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voco"><b>vocō</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">133b</span> +<p><b>aedēs</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_aedis"><b>aedis</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>aedificium, ī</b> [<b>aedificō</b>], n., <i>a building</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aedificō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>aedis</b> + <b>faciō</b>], <i>to +build</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aedīlis, is</b> [<b>aedis</b>], m., <i>aedile, commissioner of +public works</i>, the name of certain Roman magistrates, four in number, +charged with the care of the streets and public buildings, the +regulation of the markets, and the duty of distributing the corn which +the state furnished to the poor. They took care, also, of the records of +the senate and other documents, and superintended the performance of +certain public games.</p> + +<p><b>aedīlitās, ātis</b> [<b>aedīlis</b>], f., <i>aedileship</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_aedis" id = "vocab_aedis"><b>aedis</b></a> or +<b>aedēs, is</b>, f., in sing., <i>temple</i>; in pl., <i>house, +dwelling</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aedituus, ī</b> [<b>aedis</b> + <b>tueor</b>], m., <i>keeper of a +temple, sexton</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aeger, aegra, aegrum</b>, adj., <i>sick, ill, feeble</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aegrē</b> [<b>aeger</b>], adv., <i>painfully, with difficulty, +scarcely</i>; <b>aegrē ferre</b>, <i>to be vexed at, take amiss</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aegritūdō, inis</b> [<b>aeger</b>], f., <i>sickness</i>; <i>grief, +vexation, mortification</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aegrōtō, āre, āvī</b>, — [<b>aeger</b>], <i>to be ill</i> or +<i>feeble, lie sick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Aegyptus, ī</b>, m., <i>Egypt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Aemilius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <a href = +"#vocab_paulus"><b>Paulus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>aemulātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>aemulor</b>, <i>to rival</i>], f., +<i>rivalry, competition</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aequālis, e</b> [<b>aequus</b>], adj., <i>equal, like</i> (esp. in +age). As noun, m., <i>comrade, companion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aequē</b> [<b>aequus</b>], adv., <i>equally</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aequitās, ātis</b> [<b>aequus</b>], f., <i>evenness, fairness, +justice</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aequō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>aequus</b>], <i>to make even, place +on an equality</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aequus</b>, adj., <i>even, level</i>; <i>fair, just</i>; <b>aequō +animō</b>, <i>patiently</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">134a</span> +<p><b>aerārium, ī</b> [<b>aes</b>], n., <i>state treasury</i>; <i>public +money</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aes, aeris</b>, n., <i>copper, bronze</i>; <i>money</i> (first +coined of bronze); <b>aes aliēnum</b>, <i>debt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aestās, ātis</b>, f., <i>summer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aestīvus</b> [<b>aestās</b>], adj., <i>of summer, summer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aetās, ātis</b>, f., <i>time of life, life, age, youth, old +age</i>; <i>period, time</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aeternum</b> [acc. sing. neut. of <b>aeternus</b>, +<i>eternal</i>], adv., <i>eternally, forever</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Āfer, Āfrī</b>, m., <i>an African</i>, esp. an inhabitant of +Carthage.</p> + +<p><b>Āfrica, ae</b>, f., <i>Africa</i>, esp. that part of it which lay +near Carthage.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_africanus" id = +"vocab_africanus"><b>Āfricānus</b></a>, adj., <i>African</i>. As noun, +<b>Āfricānus, ī</b>, m., the cognomen bestowed on Publius Cornelius +Scipio, conqueror of Hannibal. See <a href = +"#vocab_scipio"><b>Scīpiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>agedum</b>, an interj., used with the imperative or hortatory +subjunctive, <i>come on! come! quick!</i></p> + +<p><b>agellus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>ager</b>], m., <i>a little field, small +estate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ager, agrī</b>, m., <i>field, farm, estate</i>; <i>territory, +land, district</i>; <i>the country</i>.</p> + +<p><b>agger, eris</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>gerō</b>], m., <i>mass</i> (esp. +of earth and brushwood), <i>mound, rampart</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aggredior</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_agito" id = "vocab_agito"><b>agitō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [freq. of <b>agō</b>], <i>drive violently hither and +thither</i>; <i>discuss, consider, meditate</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—cōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to think, reflect, +consider</i>; <i>plan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex</b> + <b>con—excōgitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to think +out, devise</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>āgmen, inis</b> [<b>agō</b>], n., <i>an army</i> (on the march), +<i>marching column</i>; <i>troop, array</i>.</p> + +<p><b>āgnōscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nosco"><b>nōscō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_ago" id = "vocab_ago"><b>agō, agere, ēgī, +āctus</b></a>, <i>to set in motion, drive, lead</i>; <i>act, do, +perform</i>; <i>treat, deal, arrange</i>; <i>spend, pass</i> +(of time); <b>āctum est dē</b>, <i>it was all up with</i>; +<span class = "pagenum">134b</span> +<b>augurium agere</b>, <i>to perform the augural ceremonies</i>; +<b>cōnsulem agere</b>, <i>to act the consul</i>, <b>dēlēctum agere</b>, +<i>to hold a levy</i>; <b>grātiās agere</b>, <i>to feel thankful</i>; +<b>triumphum agere</b>, <i>to celebrate a triumph</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>drive, urge, compel, +constrain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōgō, ere, coēgī, coāctus</b>, <i>drive together, +collect</i>; <i>compel, force</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēgō, ere, dēgī, ——</b>, <i>pass, spend</i> +(of time).</p> + +<p><b>ex—exigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to drive out</i>; +<i>finish</i>; <i>pass, spend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—peragō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to finish, accomplish, +play</i> (a part); <i>set forth, relate, describe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—redigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to drive back, force, +reduce, bring</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—subigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to drive under, conquer, +subdue</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns—trānsigō, ere, ēgī, āctus</b>, <i>to finish, settle, +perform</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>agrestis, e</b> [<b>ager</b>], adj., <i>of the fields</i>; +<i>rustic</i>; <i>countrified, rude, uncouth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>āiō, ais, ait, āiunt</b> [def. verb], <i>to say</i>.</p> + +<p><b>alacer, cris, cre</b>, adj., <i>lively, nimble, quick</i>; often = +an adv., <i>eagerly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>alacritās, ātis</b> [<b>alacer</b>], f., <i>liveliness, eagerness, +spirit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Alba</b> or <b>Alba Longa</b> (sc. <b>urbs</b>), f., an ancient +town of the Latins.</p> + +<p><b>Albānus</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Alba, Alban</i>. As noun, +<b>Albānus, ī</b>, m., <i>an inhabitant of Alba</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ālea, ae</b>, f., <i>game of dice</i>; <i>die</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Alexander, drī</b>, m., <i>Alexander the Great</i>, king of +Macedonia from 336 to 323 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, and +conqueror of Persia.</p> + +<p><b>Alexandrēa, ae</b>, f., <i>Alexandria</i>, a city in Egypt, at the +mouth of the Nile, founded by Alexander the Great.</p> + +<p><b>aliās</b> [<b>alius</b>], adv., <i>at another time, under other +circumstances</i>.</p> + +<p><b>alibī</b> [<b>alius</b> + <b>ibi</b>], adv., <i>elsewhere, in +other places</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">135a</span> +<p><b>aliēnus</b> [<b>alius</b>], adj., <i>belonging to another, +another’s</i>; <b>aes aliēnum</b>, <i>debt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>alimentum, ī</b> [<b>alō</b>], n., <i>nourishment</i>; in plur., +<i>food, provisions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aliōquī</b>, adv., <i>in other respects, otherwise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aliquamdiū</b> [<b>aliquis</b> + <b>diū</b>], adv., <i>for a +while, for some time</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aliquandō</b> [<b>aliquis</b>], adv., <i>at some time or other, +once, on a certain occasion</i>; <i>at length, at last</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aliquantus</b>, adj., <i>some, considerable</i>. As noun, +<b>aliquantum, ī</b>, n., <i>a little, something</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aliquī, aliqua, aliquod</b> [<b>alius</b> + <b>quī</b>], indef. +pron. adj., <i>some one or other, some, any</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aliquis, qua, quid</b> [<b>alius</b> + <b>quis</b>], indef. pron., +<i>some one, something</i>; <i>any one, anything</i>; <i>some, any</i>. +As noun, <b>aliquid</b>, n., <i>something, anything</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aliquot</b> [<b>alius</b> + <b>quot</b>], indef. indecl. adj., +<i>some, several</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aliquotiēns</b> [<b>aliquot</b>], adv., <i>several times</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aliter</b> [<b>alius</b>], adv., <i>otherwise, +differently</i>.</p> + +<p><b>alius, a, ud</b> (gen. <b>alīus</b>, dat. <b>aliī</b>), pron. +adj., <i>another, other, different</i>; <b>alius . . . +alius</b>, <i>one . . . one, one . . . another</i>; +<b>aliī . . . aliī</b>, <i>some . . . +others</i>.</p> + +<p><b>alō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to feed, nourish, support, keep</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Alpēs, ium</b>, f., <i>the Alps</i>.</p> + +<p><b>altāria, ium</b>, pl. n., <i>an altar</i>.</p> + +<p><b>alter, altera, alterum</b> (gen. <b>alterīus</b>, dat. +<b>alterī</b>), pron. adj., <i>one of two, the other, the second</i>; +<b>alter . . . alter</b>, <i>the one . . . the +other</i>.</p> + +<p><b>altercor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>alter</b>], <i>to dispute, +wrangle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>alteruter, utra, utrum</b> (gen. <b>alterutrīus</b>, dat. +<b>alterutrī</b>), pron. adj., <i>one or the other of two, one</i> +(only) <i>of two</i>.</p> + +<p><b>altus</b> [<b>alō</b>], adj., <i>high, lofty</i>; <i>deep</i>. As +<span class = "pagenum">135b</span> +noun, <b>altum, ī</b>, n., <i>the deep sea, the deep</i>; sup. +<b>altissimum, ī</b>, n., <i>top</i>.</p> + +<p><b>alveus, ī</b>, m., <i>a basket, trough</i>.</p> + +<p><b>am, amb, ambi</b>, insep. prefix (seen in <b>amputō</b>), +<i>around, on both sides</i>.</p> + +<p><b>amāns, antis</b> [part. of <b>amō</b>, <i>to love</i>], adj., +<i>loving, fond</i>; with gen., <i>fond of, devoted to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ambitiō, ōnis</b> [<b>ambiō</b>, <i>to go around</i>], f., +<i>canvassing for public office, ambition</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ambō, ae, ō</b>, adj., <i>both</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ambulātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>ambulō</b>], f., <i>a walk, +promenade</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_ambulo" id = "vocab_ambulo"><b>ambulō, āre, āvī, +—</b></a>, <i>to walk, stroll</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dē—deambulō, āre, —, —</b>, <i>to walk, stroll, +promenade</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—inambulō, āre, —, —</b>, <i>to walk up and +down, stroll</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>amīcitia, ae</b> [<b>amīcus</b>], f., <i>friendship</i>.</p> + +<p><b>amictus</b> [orig. part. of <b>amiciō</b>, <i>to wrap about</i>], +adj., <i>clothed in, clad in</i>.</p> + +<p><b>amīcus</b> [<b>amō</b>, <i>to love</i>], adj., +<i>friendly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>amīcus, ī</b> [<b>amō</b>, <i>to love</i>], m., <i>a +friend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>āmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>amnis, is</b>, m., <i>river, torrent, stream</i>.</p> + +<p><b>amor, ōris</b> [<b>amō</b>, <i>to love</i>], m., <i>love, +passion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>āmoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moveo"><b>moveō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>amphora, ae</b>, f., <i>a two-handled jar</i>. It held about six +gallons.</p> + +<p><b>amplector, ī, amplexus sum</b>, <i>to twine around, +embrace</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ampliō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>amplus</b>], <i>to enlarge, widen, +extend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>amplius</b> [comp. of <b>amplus</b>], indecl. adj. and adv., +<i>further, more, besides</i>.</p> + +<p><b>amplus</b>, adj., <i>great, large</i>; <i>noble, +distinguished</i>.</p> + +<p><b>amputō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_puto"><b>putō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Amūlius, ī</b>, m., <i>Amūlius</i>, son of Proca, a legendary king +of Alba Longa.</p> + +<p><b>anceps, ancipitis</b> [<b>ambi</b> + <b>caput</b>], adj., +<i>two-headed</i>; <i>doubtful, hazardous</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">136a</span> +<p><b>ancīle, is</b>, n., a small oval shield, shaped like the faces of +a guitar.</p> + +<p><b>ancilla, ae</b>, f., <i>a maid-servant, maid</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_ancus" id = "vocab_ancus"><b>Ancus, ī</b></a>, m., +the praenomen of Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>angō, ere, —, —</b>, <i>squeeze, choke</i>; <i>vex, +annoy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>angor, ōris</b> [<b>angō</b>], m., <i>vexation, sorrow, +anguish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>anguis, is</b> [<b>angō</b>], m. and f., <i>a snake</i>.</p> + +<p><b>angulus, ī</b> [<b>angō</b>], m., <i>corner, nook</i>.</p> + +<p><b>angustiae, ārum</b> [<b>angustus</b>], f., <i>narrowness, narrow +place, narrow pass</i>.</p> + +<p><b>angustus</b> [<b>angō</b>], adj., <i>narrow</i>.</p> + +<p><b>anima, ae</b>, f., <i>air, breath, soul, life</i>.</p> + +<p><b>animadvertō, ere, vertī, versus</b> [<b>animus</b> + +<b>advertō</b>], <i>to turn the mind to, perceive, notice</i>; <b>in +aliquem animadvertere</b>, <i>to punish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>animal, ālis</b> [<b>anima</b>], n., <i>a living thing, an +animal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>animus, ī</b>, m., <i>mind, soul, reason</i>; <i>courage, +spirit</i>; <i>temper, disposition</i>; in plur., <i>affections, +allegiance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Aniō, Aniēnis</b>, m., a tributary of the Tiber.</p> + +<p><b>annālis, is</b> [<b>annus</b>], adj., <i>yearly, annual</i>. As +noun, <b>Annālēs</b> (sc. <i>librī</i>), <i>year-books, +records</i>; strictly brief abstracts of contemporary events kept in +early days by the Pontifex Maximus, and exposed to view on a +white-washed plank set up at his official residence. <b>Annālēs</b> is a +frequent title of Latin historical works.</p> + +<p><b>annōna, ae</b> [<b>annus</b>], f., <i>the year’s crop</i>, esp. of +grain; <i>corn supply</i>.</p> + +<p><b>annus, ī</b>, m., <i>a year</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ante</b> (1) adv.; of space, <i>before, in front of</i>; of time, +<i>before, previously, ago</i>; (2) prep. with acc., both of space +and time, <i>in front of, before</i>.</p> + +<p><b>anteā</b> [<b>ante</b>], adv., <i>before, formerly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>antecēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>anteeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">136b</span> +<p><b>antequam</b> or <b>ante . . . quam</b>, conj., <i>before, +until</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_antiochus" id = "vocab_antiochus"><b>Antiochus, +ī</b></a>, m., <i>Antiochus</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223-187 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, conquered by Scipio Asiaticus in 190.</p> + +<p>2. A philosopher, born at Ascalon in Palestine, whose lectures Cicero +heard at Athens in 79 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> +</div> + +<p><b>antīquus</b>, adj., <i>ancient</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_antonius" id = "vocab_antonius"><b>Antōnius, +ī</b></a>, m., a Roman gentile name.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>M. Antōnius</i>, a friend of Julius Caesar and a member of the +second triumvirate. He was defeated by Octavianus off Actium in 31 <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, and killed himself the following +year.</p> + +<p>2. <i>C. Antōnius Hybrida</i>, uncle of the triumvir, and consul with +Cicero, <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 63.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>ānulus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>ānus</b>, <i>a circle</i>], m., <i>a +finger ring</i>.</p> + +<p><b>anus, ūs</b>, f., <i>an old woman</i>.</p> + +<p><b>anxius</b> [<b>angō</b>], adj., <i>anxious, troubled</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aper, aprī</b>, m., <i>a wild boar</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aperiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pario"><b>pariō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>apertē</b> [<b>apertus</b>], adv., <i>openly, plainly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>apertus</b> [orig. part. of <b>aperiō</b>], adj., <i>open, +manifest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Apollō, inis</b>, m., <i>Apollo</i>, the Greek god (worshiped by +the Romans also) of poetry and music, divination and medicine. His chief +shrine was at Delphi, in Greece.</p> + +<p><b>Apollōnia, ae</b>, f., a city of Illyria, on the east coast of the +Adriatic. Toward the close of the first century <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> it was a famous seat of learning.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_apollonius" id = "vocab_apollonius"><b>Apollōnius, +ī</b></a>, m., <i>Apollōnius</i>, surnamed <i>Molō</i>, under whom +Cicero studied rhetoric at Rhodes.</p> + +<p><b>apparātus, ūs</b>, m., <i>equipment, preparation</i>; <i>splendor, +pomp</i>.</p> + +<p><b>appāreō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pareo"><b>pāreō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>appellātiō, ōnis</b> [(2) <b>appellō</b>], f., <i>name, +title</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">137a</span> + +<p>(1) <b>appellō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p> + +<p>(2) <b>appellō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Appennīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>the Apennines</i>, a range of mountains +in Italy.</p> + +<p><b>Appius, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen, esp. common in the Claudian +gens.</p> + +<p><b>applaudō, ere, plausī, plausus</b> [<b>ad</b> + <b>plaudō</b>, +<i>to clap the hands</i>], <i>to applaud</i>.</p> + +<p><b>appōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>apprehendō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_prehendo"><b>prehendō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>approbō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_probo"><b>probō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>appropinquō, āre, āvī, —</b> [<b>ad</b> + +<b>propinquus</b>], <i>to draw near, approach</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aptē</b> [<b>aptus</b>], adv., <i>fitly, neatly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aptus</b>, adj., <i>fitted, suited for, adapted to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>apud</b>, prep. with acc.; of place, <i>near</i>; of persons, +<i>with, among, in the presence of, at the house of</i>; with the name +of an author, <i>in the works of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Āpūlia, ae</b>, f., <i>Apulia</i>, a district in the southeastern +part of Italy.</p> + +<p><b>aqua, ae</b>, f., <i>water</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aquila, ae</b>, f., <i>an eagle</i>; <i>standard</i> (a metal +eagle, elevated upon a pole).</p> + +<p><b>aquilifer, ferī</b> [<b>aquila</b> + <b>ferō</b>], m., <i>standard +bearer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>āra, ae</b>, f., <i>an altar</i>.</p> + +<p><b>arbiter, trī</b>, m., <i>witness, judge, umpire</i>.</p> + +<p><b>arbitrium, ī</b> [<b>arbiter</b>], n., <i>judgment, decision</i>; +<i>will, caprice</i>.</p> + +<p><b>arbitror, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>arbiter</b>], <i>to think, +believe, consider</i>.</p> + +<p><b>arbor, oris</b>, f., <i>a tree</i>.</p> + +<p><b>arca, ae</b> [<b>arceō</b>], f., <i>chest, box</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_arceo" id = "vocab_arceo"><b>arceō, ēre, uī, +—</b></a>, <i>to shut up, inclose</i>; <i>hinder, prevent</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—coerceō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to confine closely, shut +in</i>; <i>restrain, check</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—exerceō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to exercise, drill, +employ</i>; <b>lēgem exercēre</b>, <i>to enforce a law</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>arcessō, ere, īvī, ītus</b>, <i>to cause to come, summon, send +for</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">137b</span> +<p><b>Ardea, ae</b>, f., <i>Ardea</i>, a town in Latium, about eighteen +miles south of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>ārdēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>ārdeō</b>, <i>to burn, +glow</i>], adj., <i>glowing, fiery, bright</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ārdor, ōris</b> [<b>ārdeō</b>, <i>to burn, glow</i>], m., <i>heat, +glow</i>; <i>zeal, enthusiasm, fire</i>.</p> + +<p><b>argentum, ī</b>, n., <i>silver</i>; <i>money</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Argī, ōrum</b>, m., <i>Argos</i>, a city in the northeastern part +of the Peloponnesus.</p> + +<p><b>Argīvus</b>, adj., of <i>Argos, Argive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>arguō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to show, prove</i>; <i>charge, accuse, +blame</i>.</p> + +<p><b>āridus</b> [<b>āreō</b>, <i>to be dry</i>], adj., <i>dry, +arid</i>.</p> + +<p><b>arma, ōrum</b>, n. pl., <i>arms, weapons</i> (esp. for defense); +<i>warfare</i>.</p> + +<p><b>armātus</b> [orig. part. of <b>armō</b>], adj., <i>armed, in full +armor</i>. As noun, <b>armātī, ōrum</b>, m. pl., <i>armed men, +soldiers</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Armenia, ae</b>, f., <i>Armenia</i>, a country in Asia, southeast +of the Black Sea.</p> + +<p><b>armilla, ae</b> [<b>armus</b>, <i>shoulder, arm</i>], f., <i>a +bracelet, armlet</i>.</p> + +<p><b>armō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>arma</b>], <i>to arm, equip</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Arpīnum, ī</b>, n., <i>Arpinum</i>, a town of the Volsci, fifty +miles southeast of Rome; the birthplace of Marius and Cicero.</p> + +<p><b>ars, artis</b>, f., <i>skill, art, knowledge</i>; +<i>accomplishment</i>, esp. in pl.; <i>device, stratagem</i>.</p> + +<p><b>artifex, icis</b> [<b>ars</b> + <b>faciō</b>], m., <i>workman, +artist, builder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>artūs, uum</b>, m. pl., <i>joints, limbs</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ārūns, untis</b>, m., a son of Tarquinius Superbus.</p> + +<p><b>arx, arcis</b> [<b>arceō</b>], f., <i>citadel, stronghold</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_as" id = "vocab_as"><b>ās, assis</b></a>, m., <i>an +as</i>, the unit of Roman coinage, orig. a pound of copper, but +finally reduced to half an ounce. It was then worth about a cent.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">138a</span> +<p><b>āscendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scando"><b>scandō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Asia, ae</b>, f., <i>Asia</i>, esp. Asia Minor.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>Asiāticus</b>, adj., <i>Asiatic</i>. As noun, <b>Asiāticus, ī</b>, +m., (cognomen of Lucius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Antiochus.</p> + +<p><b>asper, aspera, asperum</b>, adj., <i>rough, bitter, sharp</i>; +<i>harsh, violent, severe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>asperitās, ātis</b> [<b>asper</b>], f., <i>roughness, +harshness</i>; <i>acidity</i> (of vinegar).</p> + +<p><b>āspernor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sperno"><b>spernō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>aspis, idis</b>, f., <i>an asp, viper</i>.</p> + +<p><b>āstūtia, ae</b> [<b>āstūtus</b>], f., <i>shrewdness, smartness, +cleverness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>āstūtus</b> [<b>āstū</b>, <i>cunning</i>], adj., <i>smart, clever, +shrewd, cunning</i>.</p> + +<p><b>asȳlum, ī</b>, n., <i>place of refuge, asylum</i>.</p> + +<p><b>at</b>, conj., <i>but, but yet, nevertheless</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Athēnae, ārum</b>, f. plur., <i>Athens</i>, the chief city of +Greece, situated in Attica, in the southeastern part of central +Greece.</p> + +<p><b>Athesis, is</b>, m., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near which Marius +defeated the Cimbri in 101 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>Atīlius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <a href = +"#vocab_regulus"><b>Rēgulus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_atque" id = "vocab_atque"><b>atque, ac</b></a>, +conj., <i>and, and also</i>.</p> + +<p><b>atquī</b>, conj., <i>and yet, but yet, yet</i>.</p> + +<p><b>atrōciter</b> [<b>atrōx</b>], adv., <i>fiercely, cruelly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>atrōx, ōcis</b>, adj., <i>savage, fierce, cruel, horrible</i>.</p> + +<p><b>attentus</b>, adj., <i>attentive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>attonitus</b> [<b>attonō</b>, <i>to thunder at</i>], adj., +<i>thunder-struck, awe-struck, overwhelmed</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_attus" id = "vocab_attus"><b>Attus, ī</b></a>, m., +<i>Attus Nāvius</i>, an augur who defied Tarquinius Priscus.</p> + +<p><b>auctor, ōris</b> [<b>augeō</b>], m., <i>producer, originator, +cause</i>.</p> + +<p><b>auctōritās, ātis</b> [<b>auctor</b>], f., <i>authority, power</i>; +<i>influence, weight, dignity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aucupium, ī</b> [<b>avis</b> + <b>capiō</b>], n., +<i>bird-catching, fowling</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">138b</span> +<p><b>audācia, ae</b> [<b>audāx</b>, <i>bold</i>], f., <i>boldness, +daring</i>; <i>rashness, presumption</i>.</p> + +<p><b>audeō, ēre, ausus sum</b>, <i>to venture, dare</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_audio" id = "vocab_audio"><b>audiō, īre, īvī, +ītus</b></a>, <i>to hear, listen to</i>; <b>dictō audiēns esse</b>, +<i>to obey</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ex—exaudiō, īre, īvī, ītus</b>, <i>to hear clearly, +distinguish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>auferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>aufugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>augeō, ēre, auxī, auctus</b>, <i>to increase, enlarge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>augur, uris</b> [<b>avis</b>], m., <i>an augur, soothsayer</i>, +a priest whose business it was to take the <i>auspicia</i>. See +<a href = "#vocab_auspicium"><b>auspicium</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>augurium, ī</b> [<b>augur</b>], n., <i>observance of omens, +divination</i>; <b>augurium agere</b>, <i>to perform the augural +ceremonies</i>.</p> + +<p><b>augustus</b> [<b>augeō</b>], adj., <i>majestic, venerable, +imposing</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_augustus" id = "vocab_augustus"><b>Augustus, +ī</b></a> [<b>augustus</b>], m., a title of honor given to Octavianus in +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 27, and after him to all the +Roman emperors.</p> + +<p><b>aureus</b> [<b>aurum</b>], adj., <i>golden</i>.</p> + +<p><b>auris, is</b>, f., <i>ear</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aurum, ī</b>, n., <i>gold</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_auspicium" id = "vocab_auspicium"><b>auspicium, +ī</b></a> [<b>avis</b> + <b>*speciō</b>], n., <i>divination</i> by +noting the flight or cries of birds. In taking the <b>auspicia</b>, +<i>auspices</i>, the augur sought to learn whether the gods favored or +disapproved a proposed course of conduct.</p> + +<p><b>aut</b>, conj., <i>or</i>; <b>aut . . . aut</b>, <i>either +. . . or</i>.</p> + +<p><b>autem</b>, conj., always postpositive, <i>but, however, +moreover</i>.</p> + +<p><b>auxilium, ī</b> [<b>augeō</b>], n., <i>help, aid</i>; plur., +<i>auxiliary troops</i> (usually foreign and light-armed troops).</p> + +<p><b>avāritia, ae</b> [<b>avārus</b>], f., <i>greed, avarice</i>.</p> + +<p><b>avārus</b>, adj., <i>greedy, grasping, covetous</i>.</p> + +<p><b>āvellō, ere, vellī, vulsus</b> [<b>ab</b> + <b>vellō</b>, <i>to +pluck</i>], <i>to tear off</i> or <i>away, sever</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">139a</span> +<p><b>Aventīnus, ī</b>, m. (sc. <b>mōns</b>), <i>the Aventine</i>, one +of the seven hills of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>Aventīnus</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>on the Aventine</i>.</p> + +<p><b>aveō, ēre, —, —</b>, <i>to fare well</i>, used only in +the imperative <b>avē!</b> <i>hail! welcome! greetings!</i></p> + +<p><b>āversor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>āvertō</b>], <i>to scorn, +repulse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>āvertō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_verto"><b>vertō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>avidē</b> [<b>avidus</b>], adv., <i>eagerly, greedily</i>.</p> + +<p><b>avidus</b>, adj., <i>desirous, eager, greedy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>avis, is</b>, f., <i>bird</i>; <i>sign, omen</i>.</p> + +<p><b>avītus</b> [<b>avus</b>], adj., <i>ancestral</i>.</p> + +<p><b>āvocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voco"><b>vocō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>āvolō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_volo2">(2) <b>volō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>avunculus</b> [dim. of <b>avus</b>], m., <i>uncle, mother’s +brother</i>.</p> + +<p><b>avus, ī</b>, m., <i>grandfather, ancestor</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_B" id = "vocab_B" href = "#vocab">B</a></p> + +<p><b>baculum, ī</b>, n., <i>a staff, stick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bagrada(s), ae</b>, m., a river near Carthage.</p> + +<p><b>ballista, ae</b>, f., <i>the ballista</i>, a military engine for +hurling stones.</p> + +<p><b>balneum, ī</b>, n., <i>bath, bathing-place</i>.</p> + +<p><b>barba, ae</b>, f., <i>beard</i>.</p> + +<p><b>barbarus</b>, adj., <i>foreign, uncivilized, barbarous</i>. As +noun, <b>barbarī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>foreigners, barbarians</i>.</p> + +<p><b>bellātor, ōris</b> [<b>bellō</b>], m., <i>fighter, brawler</i>; +<i>warrior, soldier</i>.</p> + +<p><b>bellicōsus</b> [<b>bellicus</b>, <i>warlike</i>], adj., +<i>warlike</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_bello" id = "vocab_bello"><b>bellō, āre, āvī, +ātum</b></a> [<b>bellum</b>], <i>to wage war, fight</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>re—rebellō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to wage war again, +rebel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>bellum, ī</b> (orig. <b>duellum</b>, from <b>duo</b>), n., <i>war, +warfare</i>.</p> + +<p><b>bēlua, ae</b>, f., <i>a wild beast</i>; of a person, <i>beast, +brute, monster</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_bene" id = "vocab_bene"><b>bene</b></a> +[<b>bonus</b>], adv., <i>well, successfully</i>; comp. <b>melius</b>, +sup. <b>optimē</b>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">139b</span> +<p><b>beneficium, ī</b> [<b>bene</b> + <b>faciō</b>], n., <i>favor, +kindness, service</i>.</p> + +<p><b>benevolentia, ae</b> [<b>bene</b> + (1) <b>volō</b>], f., <i>good +will, kindly feeling</i>; <i>favor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>benīgnē</b> [<b>benīgnus</b>], adv., <i>kindly, +courteously</i>.</p> + +<p><b>benīgnus</b>, adj., <i>kind, favorable</i>.</p> + +<p><b>bibliothēca, ae</b>, f., <i>library</i>.</p> + +<p><b>bibō, ere, ī, —</b>, <i>to drink</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_bibulus" id = "vocab_bibulus"><b>Bibulus, ī</b></a>, +m., <i>L. Calpurnius</i>, consul with Julius Caesar in 59 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>bīduum, ī</b> [<b>bis</b> + <b>diēs</b>], n., <i>a period of two +days, two days’ time</i>.</p> + +<p><b>bis</b> [orig. <b>duis</b>; cf. <b>duo</b><ins class = +"correction" title = "text has parenthesis">],</ins> num. adv., +<i>twice</i>.</p> + +<p><b>blanditia, ae</b>, f., <i>flattery</i>; in pl., <i>blandishments, +allurements</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Blosius, ī</b>, m., gentile name of <i>C. Blosius Cūmānus</i>, +a friend of C. Gracchus.</p> + +<p><b>Bocchus, ī</b>, m., <i>Bocchus</i>, king of the Gaetuli, and ally +of Jugurtha.</p> + +<p><b>Boiorix, icis</b>, m., <i>Boiorix</i>, chief of the Cimbri, +defeated by Marius, 101 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_bonus" id = "vocab_bonus"><b>bonus</b></a>, comp. +<b>melior</b>, sup. <b>optimus</b>, adj., <i>good</i>; as noun, <b>bonī, +ōrum</b>, m. pl., <i>good men, loyal citizens</i>; <b>bona, ōrum</b>, n. +pl., <i>goods, possessions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>bōs, bovis</b>, m. and f., <i>ox, cow</i>; pl., <i>cattle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>bracchium, ī</b>, n., <i>forearm, arm</i>.</p> + +<p><b>brevī</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_brevis"><b>brevis</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_brevis" id = "vocab_brevis"><b>brevis, e</b></a>, +adj., <i>short</i>; <b>brevī</b> (sc. <b>tempore</b>), adv., <i>in a +little while, soon</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Britannī, ōrum</b>, m. pl., <i>the inhabitants of England, the +Britons</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Brundisium, ī</b>, n., <i>Brundisium</i>, a seaport in +southeastern Italy, the regular point of embarkation for Greece.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_brutus" id = "vocab_brutus"><b>Brūtus, ī</b></a>, +m., a cognomen in the Junian gens.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +1. <i>L. Iūnius Brūtus</i>, the Liberator, nephew of Tarquinius +Superbus, and consul with Collatinus in 509 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +2. <i>M. Iūnius Brūtus</i>, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar, 44 +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">140a</span> +<p class = "subentry"> +3. <i>D. Iūnius Brūtus</i>, an officer of Julius Caesar in Gaul, but +afterwards one of his murderers.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_bulla" id = "vocab_bulla"><b>bulla, ae</b></a>, f., +an <i>amulet</i> or <i>charm</i> for the neck, commonly of gold, though +often of leather. It was worn by children of free birth, but laid aside +with the <i>toga praetexta</i> (see <a href = +"#vocab_praetextus"><b>praetextus</b></a>), and consecrated to the +<i>Larēs</i>, or gods of the hearth.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_C" id = "vocab_C" href = "#vocab">C</a></p> + +<p><b>C</b>, orig. = English <i>G</i>, later = both <i>C</i> and +<i>G</i>, finally = <i>C</i> alone; with proper names = <i>Gāius</i>, +a Roman praenomen.</p> + +<p><b>cadāver, eris</b> [<b>cadō</b>], n., <i>a corpse</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cado" id = "vocab_cado"><b>cadō, ere, cecidī, +cāsūrus</b></a>, <i>to fall</i>; <i>fall dead, be killed, die</i>; +<i>happen</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—accidō, ere, cidī, —</b>, <i>to happen, befall, +come to pass</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—concidō, ere, cidī,—</b>, <i>to fall, be slain, +perish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—incidō, ere, cidī,—</b>, <i>fall, fall into</i> or +<i>on, meet</i>; <i>happen, occur</i>; <b>incidere in aliquem</b>, <i>to +happen in the time of anybody</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—occidō, ere, cidī, —</b>, <i>fall down, fall, +perish</i>; <i>set</i> (of the sun).</p> + +<p><b>re—recidō, ere, cidī, —</b>, <i>to fall back, +return</i>; <i>fall</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>caedēs, is</b> [<b>caedō</b>], f., <i>slaughter, massacre</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_caedo" id = "vocab_caedo"><b>caedō, ere, cecīdī, +caesus</b></a>, <i>to cut, cut to pieces</i>; <i>kill, conquer, +rout</i>; <b>virgīs caedere</b>, <i>to flog</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ob—occīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus</b>, <i>to cut down, kill, +slay</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prae—praecīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus</b>, <i>to cut short, cut +off</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>caelestis, e</b> [<b>caelum</b>], adj., <i>from heaven, heavenly, +celestial</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Caelius, ī</b>, m. (sc. <b>mōns</b>), <i>the Caelian hill</i>, one +of the seven hills of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>caelum, ī</b>, n., <i>the sky, heavens</i>.</p> + +<p><b>caenōsus</b> [<b>caenum</b>], adj., <i>foul, filthy</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">140b</span> +<p><b>caenum, ī</b>, n., <i>mud, filth, mire</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_caesar" id = "vocab_caesar"><b>Caesar, aris</b></a>, +m., <i>Caesar</i>, a family name in the Julian gens.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>C. Iūlius Caesar</i>, the famous dictator, born 100 <span class += "smallroman">B.C.</span>, quaestor in 68, aedile in 65, praetor in 62, +consul in 59; conquered Gaul, 58-50; engaged in civil war with Pompey +and his supporters, 49-46; created perpetual dictator in 46; murdered, +March 15, 44.</p> + +<p>2. The grandson of Caesar’s sister, <i>C. Octāvius</i>, was adopted +by Caesar, and henceforth known as <i>C. Iūlius Caesar +Octāviānus</i>. He was born 63 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, +formed the second triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus in 44; with +Antony’s help defeated Brutus and Cassius, the murderers of Caesar, in +42, at Philippi; defeated Antony at Actium, in 31, and became sole +master of the Roman world, which he ruled till his death in 14 <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> See also <b>Augustus</b>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>caesariēs, —</b>, acc. <b>em</b>, f., <i>hair</i> (of the +head), <i>locks</i> (only in sing.).</p> + +<p><b>calamitās, ātis</b>, f., <i>calamity, disaster</i>.</p> + +<p><b>calcar, āris</b>, n., <i>a spur</i>.</p> + +<p><b>callidus</b>, adj., <i>shrewd, cunning, sly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Calpurnia, ae</b>, f., <i>Calpurnia</i>, daughter of L. Calpurnius +Piso, and wife of Julius Caesar.</p> + +<p><b>Calpurnius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <a href = +"#vocab_bibulus"><b>Bibulus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>calvitium, ī</b> [<b>calvus</b>], n., <i>baldness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>calvus</b>, adj., <i>bald</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Calvus, ī</b> [<b>calvus</b>], m., cognomen of <i>C. Licinius +Macer Calvus</i>, poet and orator, 82-47 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>Camers, ertis</b>, m., an inhabitant of Camerinum, a town of +Umbria, a district in Central Italy.</p> + +<p><b>Campānia, ae</b>, f., a district on the west coast of Italy, south +of Latium.</p> + +<p><b>Campānus</b>, adj., <i>Campanian</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_campus" id = "vocab_campus"><b>campus, ī</b></a>, +m., <i>a field</i>, especially the +<span class = "pagenum">141a</span> +<b>Campus Mārtius</b>, a plain lying between the Capitoline Hill and the +Tiber, and thus orig. outside the walls. It was used as a place of +exercise, as a parade ground and place for reviews. Later, elections +were held there.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_candeo" id = "vocab_candeo"><b>candeō, ēre, uī, +—</b></a>, <i>to shine, glow</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—accendō, ere, ī, cēnsus</b>, <i>to set fire to, kindle, +burn</i>; <i>arouse, fire, anger</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—incendō, ere, ī, cēnsus</b>, <i>to set on fire</i>; +<i>arouse, excite</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>candidus</b> [<b>candeō</b>], adj., <i>white</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Canīnius, ī</b>, m., gentile name of <i>C. Canīnius Rēbilus</i>, +consul for a few hours on December 31, 45 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>canis, is</b>, m. and f., <i>a dog</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cannae, ārum</b>, f. pl., a small town in Apulia in southeastern +Italy.</p> + +<p><b>Cannēnsis, e</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>at Cannae</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cano" id = "vocab_cano"><b>canō, ere, cecinī, +—</b></a>, <i>to sing, chant, play</i>; <i>sound, give +signal</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>prae—praecinō, ere, uī, —</b>, <i>to play before</i> +(one).</p> + +<p><b>cantus, ūs</b> [<b>canō</b>], m., <i>song</i>; <i>note, +cry</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Canusium, ī</b>, n., a town in Apulia near Cannae.</p> + +<p><b>capesso, ere, īvī, ītus</b> [desid. of <b>capiō</b>], <i>to take +eagerly, seize, resort to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>capillus, ī</b> [<b>caput</b>], m., <i>the hair</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_capio" id = "vocab_capio"><b>capiō, ere, cēpī, +captus</b></a>, <i>to take, seize, capture</i>; <b>cōnsilium capere</b>, +<i>to form a plan</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—accipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take to one’s self, +receive, adopt</i>; <i>meet with, welcome</i>; <i>understand, +interpret</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—concipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take in, imagine, +conceive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēcipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take in, catch, +deceive, cheat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—excipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take out, +appropriate, overhear</i>; <i>receive, greet</i>; <i>await, +confront</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">141b</span> +<p><b>in—incipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take up, begin, +undertake</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inter—intercipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to seize in +passing, steal, usurp</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prae—praecipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptum</b>, <i>direct, bid, +order</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—recipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take back, +recover</i>; <i>take, receive</i>; <b>sē recipere</b>, <i>to retreat, +withdraw</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—suscipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus</b>, <i>to take up, +undertake, assume, succeed to</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Capitōlīnus</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to the Capitol</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Capitōlium, ī</b>, n., <i>the Capitol</i>, the chief temple of +Jupiter in Rome; often, also, the hill on which this temple stood, the +<i>Mōns Capitōlīnus</i>, the citadel of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>capra, ae</b>, f., <i>a she-goat</i>; <b>Caprae palūs</b>, <i>Goat +Swamp</i>, in the Campus Martius.</p> + +<p><b>captīvus</b> [<b>capiō</b>], adj., <i>captive</i>; as noun, +<b>captīvus, ī</b>, m., <i>a prisoner, captive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>captō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>capiō</b>], <i>to seize +eagerly, strive to seize, strive for</i>; <i>take in, deceive, +trap</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Capua, ae</b>, f., a city in Campania noted for its luxury.</p> + +<p><b>capulus, ī</b> [<b>capiō</b>], m., <i>hilt, handle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>caput, itis</b>, n., <i>the head, life</i>; <i>head</i> or +<i>capital</i> of a nation; <b>capite damnāre</b>, <i>to condemn to +death</i>.</p> + +<p><b>carbō, inis</b>, m., <i>a coal, charcoal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Carbō, inis</b>, m., <i>C. Papīrius</i>, an enemy of Sulla, +defeated by Pompey.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_carcer" id = "vocab_carcer"><b>carcer, eris</b></a>, +n., <i>a prison</i>, esp. the state prison at Rome, built by Ancus +Marcius, and known since the middle ages as the ‘Mamertine Prison.’ It +lay at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, on the side towards the Forum. +The historian Sallust thus describes it: “In the prison there is a place +called the <i>Tulliānum</i>, about twelve feet +<span class = "pagenum">142a</span> +below the surface of the ground. It is built with strong walls, and +above it there is a room constructed with stone vaulting. It is a +disgusting and horrible place on account of the filth, the darkness, and +the stench.”</p> + +<p><b>carnifex, ficis</b> [<b>carō</b>, <i>flesh</i> + <b>faciō</b>], +m., <i>executioner, butcher</i>.</p> + +<p><b>carpentum, ī</b>, n., <i>a two-wheeled carriage</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_carpo" id = "vocab_carpo"><b>carpō, ere, sī, +tus</b></a>, <i>to pluck, tear</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dis—discerpō, ere, sī, tus</b>, <i>to pluck</i> or <i>tear +in pieces</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—excerpō, ere, sī, tus</b>, <i>to pluck out, choose, +select</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Carthāginiēnsis, e</b>, adj., <i>Carthaginian</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_carthago" id = "vocab_carthago"><b>Carthāgō, +inis</b></a>, f., <i>Carthage</i>, a city on the northern coast of +Africa, colonized by Phoenicians from Tyre.</p> + +<p><b>Carthāgō Nova</b>, f., <i>New Carthage</i>, a city on the east +coast of Spain, founded by the Carthaginians.</p> + +<p><b>cārus</b>, adj., <i>dear, beloved</i>; <i>costly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>casa, ae</b>, f., <i>a hut, cottage</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Casca, ae</b>, m., <i>C. Servīlius</i>, one of the murderers of +Julius Caesar.</p> + +<p><b>Cassius, ī</b>, m., gentile name of <i>C. Cassius Longīnus</i>, +one of the foremost conspirators against Caesar in 44 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>castellum, ī</b> [dim. of <b>castrum</b>], n., <i>a stronghold, +castle, fort</i>.</p> + +<p><b>castīgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>castus</b>, <i>pure</i> + +<b>agō</b>], <i>to correct, punish, chastise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>castrum, ī</b>, n., <i>a fortified place</i>; pl., <b>castra, +ōrum</b>, <i>a camp</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cāsus, ūs</b> [<b>cadō</b>], m., <i>that which befalls, accident, +chance</i>; <i>misfortune, calamity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>catapulta, ae</b>, f., <i>an engine for hurling arrows, +catapult</i>.</p> + +<p><b>catēna, ae</b>, f., <i>a chain, fetter</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_catilina" id = "vocab_catilina"><b>Catilīna, +ae</b></a>, m., <i>L. Sergius</i>, who conspired against the state +during Cicero’s consulship, 63 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>catīllus, ī</b>, m., <i>a small dish, plate</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cato" id = "vocab_cato"><b>Catō, ōnis</b></a>, m., +<i>M. Porcius</i>, called <i>Uticēnsis</i>, +<span class = "pagenum">142b</span> +because he committed suicide at Utica in Africa, after the battle of +Thapsus 46 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_catullus" id = "vocab_catullus"><b>Catullus, +ī</b></a>, m., <i>C. Valerius</i>, the famous lyric poet, 87-54 <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>catulus, ī</b>, m., <i>a young animal, cub</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Catulus, ī</b>, m., <i>Q. Lutātius</i>, who in 67 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> opposed the grant of extraordinary powers to +Pompey for the war with the pirates.</p> + +<p><b>cauda, ae</b>, f., <i>tail</i>.</p> + +<p><b>causa, ae</b>, f., <i>cause, reason, occasion</i>; <i>case at +law</i>; <b>causā</b> (with preceding gen.), <i>for the sake of</i>, +a common expression of purpose; <b>causam dīcere</b>, <i>to plead a +case</i> in court.</p> + +<p><b>cautus</b> [orig. part. of <b>caveō</b>], adj., <i>careful, wary, +cautious</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cavea, ae</b> [<b>cavus</b>, <i>hollow</i>], f., <i>a +cage</i>.</p> + +<p><b>caveō, ēre, cāvī, cautus</b>, <i>to be on one’s guard, beware, +guard against</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cedo" id = "vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō, ere, cessī, +cessum</b></a>, <i>to go, move</i>; <i>to go from, retire</i>; <i>yield, +submit</i>; <b>ex sententiā cēdere</b>, <i>to turn out to one’s +satisfaction</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—abscēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>to go away, +withdraw, depart</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad—accēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>to go</i> or <i>come +to, move towards, approach</i>; <i>be added</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ante—antecēdō, ere, cessī, —</b>, <i>to go before, +precede.</i></p> + +<p><b>con—concēdō, ere, cessī, cessus</b>, <i>to withdraw, retire, +depart</i>; <i>yield, submit</i>; <i>allow, grant, concede</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēcēdō, ere, cessī, cessum</b>, <i>to go away, withdraw, +depart</i>; <i>to die</i> (sc. <b>vītā</b>).</p> + +<p><b>dis—discēdō, ere, cessī, cessum</b>, <i>to go away, +depart</i>; <i>come off</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—incēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>to advance, +approach</i>; <i>march</i>; <i>move slowly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prae—praecēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>to go +before</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōcēdō, ere, cessī, cessum</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">143a</span> +<i>to move forward, advance, make progress</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—recēdō, ere, cessī, cessum</b>, <i>to move back, +withdraw, retire, retreat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sē—sēcēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus</b>, <i>to retire, +withdraw</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—succēdō, ere, cessī, cessum</b>, <i>to follow, +succeed</i>; <i>be successful</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>celeber, bris, bre</b>, adj., <i>famous</i>.</p> + +<p><b>celebrātus</b> [part. of <b>celebrō</b>, <i>to throng</i>], adj., +of a place, <i>thronged, frequented</i>; of persons, places, or things, +<i>famous, brilliant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>celer, eris, ere</b>, adj., <i>swift, quick, lively</i>.</p> + +<p><b>celeritās, ātis</b> [<b>celer</b>], f., <i>swiftness, speed, +alertness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>celeriter</b> [<b>celer</b>], adv., <i>quickly, soon</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cella, ae</b>, f., <i>chamber, sanctuary, shrine</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cēlō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to hide, conceal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Celtibērī, ōrum</b>, m. pl., <i>the Celtiberi</i>, a tribe in +Spain.</p> + +<p><b>cēna, ae</b>, f., <i>dinner</i>, the principal meal of the Romans, +taken about three o’clock.</p> + +<p><b>cēnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>cēna</b>], <i>to dine, eat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cēnseō, ēre, uī, us</b>, <i>to rate, value</i>; <i>be of the +opinion, think</i>; <i>determine, decide</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cēnsus, ūs</b> [<b>cēnseō</b>], m., <i>an enumeration</i> and +<i>classification of the people</i> according to wealth, <i>a +census</i>.</p> + +<p><b>centiēs</b> [<b>centum</b>], adv., <i>a hundred times</i>.</p> + +<p><b>centum</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>a hundred</i>.</p> + +<p><b>centuria, ae</b> [<b>centum</b>], f., <i>a division of the army or +the people</i>, containing a hundred persons, <i>a century</i>.</p> + +<p><b>centuriō, ōnis</b> [<b>centuria</b>], m., <i>a commander of a +century, centurion, captain</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cerno" id = "vocab_cerno"><b>cernō, ere, crēvī, +certus</b></a> [<b>crētus</b>], <i>to +<span class = "pagenum">143b</span> +separate</i>; <i>see, perceive</i>; <i>decide, determine</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dē—dēcernō, ere, crēvī, crētus</b>, <i>to decide, +determine</i>; <i>decree, vote, entrust</i> (by a decree); +<i>contend, fight</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sē—sēcernō, ere, crēvī, crētus</b>, <i>to separate, +divide</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>certāmen, inis</b> [<b>certō</b>], n., <i>match, trial</i> of +skill or strength; <i>contest, battle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>certātim</b> [<b>certō</b>], adv., <i>in rivalry, +zealously</i>.</p> + +<p><b>certē</b> [<b>certus</b>], adv., <i>certainly, surely</i>.</p> + +<p><b>certō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [<b>certus</b>], <i>to vie with, +contend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>certus</b> [orig. part. of <b>cernō</b>], adj., <i>determined, +fixed</i>; <i>certain, definite, specified, assured</i>; <b>certiōrem +facere</b>, <i>to inform</i>; <b>certior fierī</b>, <i>to be +informed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cervīx, īcis</b>, f., <i>neck, throat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cessō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [freq. of <b>cēdō</b>], <i>to be +inactive, loiter, delay</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cēterum</b> [<b>cēterus</b>], adv. and conj., <i>for the rest, +but, moreover, besides</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cēterī, ae, a</b>, adj., <i>the rest, the other, the +others</i>.</p> + +<p><b>charta, ae</b>, f., <i>writing material, paper, sheet</i> +(of Egyptian papyrus).</p> + +<p><b>Chrȳsogonus, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Cornēlius</i>, a freedman of +Sulla.</p> + +<p><b>cibārius</b> [<b>cibus</b>], adj., <i>pertaining to food</i>; +<b>rēs cibāria</b>, <i>provisions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cibus, ī</b>, m., <i>food, victuals</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cicātrīx, īcis</b>, f., <i>a scar</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cicer, ciceris</b>, n., <i>a pea, chickpea</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cicero" id = "vocab_cicero"><b>Cicerō, ōnis</b></a> +[<b>cicer</b>], m., cognomen of <i>M. Tullius Cicerō</i>, the famous +orator, born at Arpinum, 106 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>; +quaestor in Sicily, 75; praetor, 66; consul, 63; killed by Antony’s +order in 43.</p> + +<p><b>Cimber, brī</b>, m., <i>a Cimbrian</i>, one of the Cimbri, the +Teutonic tribe which, together with the Teutones, invaded Italy, and was +defeated by Marius in 101 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>Cimbricus</b>, adj., <i>Cimbrian</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">144a</span> +<p><a name = "vocab_cingo" id = "vocab_cingo"><b>cingō, ere, cinxī, +cinctus</b></a>, <i>to encircle, surround</i>; <i>gird, gird on, +equip</i>; <b>obsidiōne cingere</b>, <i>to blockade, besiege</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—accingō, ere, cinxī, cinctus</b>, <i>to gird, gird on, +equip, arm</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—succingō, ere, cinxī, cinctus</b>, <i>to gird, arm, +equip</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>cinis, eris</b>, m., <i>ashes</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cinna" id = "vocab_cinna"><b>Cinna, ae</b></a>, m., +<i>L. Cornēlius</i>, leader with Marius of the popular party.</p> + +<p><b>circā</b>, adv. and prep, with acc., <i>around, round about, +throughout</i>.</p> + +<p><b>circum</b>, adv. and prep, with acc., <i>around, about</i>.</p> + +<p><b>circumdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>circumfundō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_fundo"><b>fundō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>circumstō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sto"><b>stō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>circumveniō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>circus, ī</b>, m., <i>a circle, enclosure</i> for athletic sports, +esp. chariot-races; <b>Circus Māximus</b>: see <a href = +"#note18_6">p. 18, n. 6</a>.</p> + +<p><b>citerior, ōris</b>, adj., <i>on this side, hither, nearer</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cito" id = "vocab_cito"><b>citō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [freq. of <b>cieō</b>, <i>to set in motion</i>], <i>to +rouse, urge on</i>; <i>summon</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—concitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to rouse, excite</i>; +<i>move, instigate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—excitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call or bring +forth</i>; <i>rouse, excite</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—incitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>urge on, arouse, +incite</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_civicus" id = "vocab_civicus"><b>cīvicus</b></a> +[<b>cīvis</b>], adj., <i>of citizens, civic</i>; <b>cīvica corōna</b>, +<i>the civic crown</i>, given to a soldier who saved the life of a +citizen in battle.</p> + +<p><b>cīvīlis, e</b> [<b>cīvis</b>], adj., <i>of citizens, civil, +civic</i>; <i>courteous, polite</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cīvis, is</b>, m., <i>citizen, fellow-citizen</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cīvitās, ātis</b> [<b>cīvis</b>], f., <i>citizenship</i>; +<i>state, body of citizens</i>.</p> + +<p><b>clādēs, is</b>, f., <i>disaster, overthrow, defeat</i>; <b>clādem +accipere</b>, <i>to sustain a defeat</i>; <b>clāde adficere</b>, <i>to +defeat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>clam</b> [<b>cēlō</b>], adv., <i>secretly</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">144b</span> +<p><b>clāmitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>clāmō</b>], <i>to cry +aloud, shout loudly</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_clamo" id = "vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to shout</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—acclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to shout loudly, +exclaim</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—conclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>cry out together, +shout</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—exclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to cry out, shout aloud, +exclaim</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—inclāmō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>shout loudly</i>; <i>cry +out to, call upon, appeal to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōclāmō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to call, cry out, +proclaim</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—succlāmō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to shout in answer, to +answer loudly</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>clāmor, ōris</b> [<b>clāmō</b>], m., <i>shout, cry, noise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>clandestīnus</b> [<b>clam</b>], adj., <i>secret</i>.</p> + +<p><b>clangor, ōris</b>, m., <i>noise, clash, clang</i>.</p> + +<p><b>clārus</b>, adj., <i>bright</i>; <i>famous, renowned</i>; of +sound, <i>clear, loud</i>.</p> + +<p><b>classicum, ī</b> [<b>classis</b>], n. (sc. <b>sīgnum</b>), +<i>battle signal</i> on the trumpet.</p> + +<p><b>classis, is</b>, f., <i>a class</i> or <i>division of +citizens</i>; <i>a fleet</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Claudia, ae</b>, f., a sister of Appius Claudius Pulcher.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_claudius" id = "vocab_claudius"><b>Claudius, +ī</b></a>, m., the name of a famous Roman gens.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>Appius Claudius</i>, one of the Decemvirs of 451 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p>2. <i>Appius Claudius Pulcher</i>, consul in 249 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, and defeated in a naval battle off Drepanum in +Sicily.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_claudo" id = "vocab_claudo"><b>claudō, ere, clausī, +clausus</b></a>, <i>to shut, close</i>; <i>shut in, imprison</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ex—exclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus</b>, <i>to shut out, +exclude</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—inclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus</b>, <i>to shut in, +enclose</i>; <i>imprison</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>clausula, ae</b> [<b>claudō</b>], f., <i>conclusion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>clāvus, ī</b>, m., <i>a nail</i>.</p> + +<p><b>clēmēns, entis</b>, adj., <i>gentle, kindly, merciful</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">145a</span> +<p><b>clēmenter</b> [<b>clēmēns</b>], adv., <i>quietly, mercifully, +mildly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>clēmentia, ae</b> [<b>clēmēns</b>], f., <i>mercifulness, +forbearance, kindness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cleopatra, ae</b>, f., the famous queen of Egypt, renowned for her +wit and beauty. She lived 69-30 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cliens" id = "vocab_cliens"><b>cliēns, entis</b></a> +[orig. <b>cluēns</b>, from <b>clueō</b>, <i>to hear</i>], m., <i>a +vassal, dependent, client</i>. The <b>clientēs</b> attached themselves +to some patrician, who aided them in business, esp. legal business, and +was practically their father or guardian. The clients in turn were bound +to respect and serve their patron, and to assist him financially, esp. +in ransoming him, if captured, and in providing a marriage portion for +his daughters.</p> + +<p><b>clīvus, ī</b>, m., <i>ascent, slope, hill</i>; <b>Clīvus +Capitōlīnus</b>, a street running up from the Forum to the +Capitol.</p> + +<p><b>Clōdius, ī</b>, m., plebeian form of Claudius, the gentile name of +<i>P. Clōdius Pulcher</i>, Cicero’s enemy, who, as tribune of the +people, brought about his banishment.</p> + +<p><b>Clypea, ae</b>, f., a fortified town in Africa, near Carthage.</p> + +<p><b>Cn.</b>, abbreviation of the name <b>Gnaeus</b>.</p> + +<p><b>coepī, coepisse, coeptus</b>, <i>to begin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>coerceō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_arceo"><b>arceō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōgitātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>cōgitō</b>], f., <i>thought, +consideration, plan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōgitō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_agito"><b>agitō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōgnātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>cōgnātus</b>], f., <i>blood relationship, +ties of blood</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōgnātus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>(g)nāscor</b>], adj., <i>related by +blood</i>; as noun, <i>a kinsman, blood relation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōgnitiō, ōnis</b> [<b>cōgnōscō</b>], f., <i>a legal +investigation, judicial hearing</i>; <b>cōgnitiōnem īnstituere</b>, +<i>to hold a hearing</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōgnōmen, inis</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>(g)nōmen</b>], n., a name +added to the individual and +<span class = "pagenum">145b</span> +clan names of a person; <i>a surname</i>, either as a title of honor, as +<b>Āfricānus, Māgnus, Torquātus</b>, or as a nickname, as <b>Cicerō</b>. +<i>Cōgnōmina</i> served to distinguish different families of the same +gens.</p> + +<p><b>cōgnōminō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>cōgnōmen</b>], <i>to surname, +call</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōgnōscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nosco"><b>nōscō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cohors, ortis</b>, f., <i>cohort, company</i> (the tenth part of a +legion). See <a href = "#vocab_legio"><b>legiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Collātia, ae</b>, f., a Sabine town near Rome.</p> + +<p><b>Collātīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Tarquinius</i>, the husband of +Lucretia, and one of the first two consuls, 509 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>collis, is</b>, m., <i>a hill</i>.</p> + +<p><b>collum, ī</b>, n., <i>neck</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_colo" id = "vocab_colo"><b>colō, ere, uī, +cultus</b></a>, to <i>till, cultivate</i>; <i>dwell in</i>; <i>practice, +cherish</i>; <i>clothe, adorn</i>; <i>honor, esteem</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ex—excolō, ere, uī, cultus</b>, <i>to cultivate, improve, +adorn</i>; <i>refine</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—incolō, ere, uī, —</b>, <i>to dwell, dwell in, +live</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>colōnia, ae</b> [<b>colō</b>], f., <i>a colony, +settlement</i>.</p> + +<p><b>columba, ae</b>, f., <i>a dove, pigeon</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_com" id = "vocab_com"><b>com, con, co</b></a>, forms +of the prep. <b>cum</b>, found only in compound words. See <a href = +"#vocab_cum"><b>cum</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>combūrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_uro"><b>ūrō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>comes, itis</b> [<b>con</b> + (1) <b>eō</b>], m., <i>companion, +comrade</i>; <i>attendant, follower</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōmitās, ātis</b> [<b>cōmis</b>, <i>courteous</i>], f., +<i>courtesy, kindness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>comitātus, ūs</b> [<b>comitor</b>], m., <i>escort, train</i>.</p> + +<p><b>comitium, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + (1) <b>eō</b>], n., <i>the +Comitium</i>, a place adjoining the Forum Romanum, where the voters +assembled; <b>comitia, ōrum</b>, <i>the comitia</i>, an assembly of the +people (esp. for elections); <i>election</i>; <b>comitia indīcere</b>, +<i>to set a date for an election</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">146a</span> +<p><b>comitor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>comes</b>], <i>to +accompany</i>.</p> + +<p><b>commeātus, ūs</b>, m., <i>a furlough</i>.</p> + +<p><b>commendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mando"><b>mandō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>commigrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_migro"><b>migrō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>commīlitō, ōnis</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>mīles</b>], m., +<i>fellow-soldier, comrade</i>.</p> + +<p><b>comminus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>manus</b>], adv., <i>hand to hand, +at close quarters</i>.</p> + +<p><b>committō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>commodē</b> [<b>commodus</b>], adv., <i>properly, fittingly, +rightly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>commodus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>modus</b>], adj., <i>in due measure, +suitable, fit, convenient</i>.</p> + +<p><b>commoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moveo"><b>moveō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>commūniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_munio"><b>mūniō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>commūnis, e</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>mūnus</b>], adj., <i>common, +joint, general</i>.</p> + +<p><b>commūniter</b> [<b>commūnis</b>], adv., <i>in common, +together</i>.</p> + +<p><b>commūtō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_muto"><b>mūtō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_emo"><b>emō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>compār, paris</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>pār</b>], adj., <i>equal to, +like</i>; <i>fitting, suitable</i>.</p> + +<p><b>comparō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_paro"><b>parō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>compellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>comperiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pario"><b>pariō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>compēs, edis</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>pēs</b>], f., usually in the +pl., <i>shackles, fetters</i>.</p> + +<p><b>complector, ī, plexus sum</b>, <i>to embrace</i>.</p> + +<p><b>compleō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pleo"><b>*pleō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>complōrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>complōrō</b>, <i>to bewail</i>], f., +<i>lamentation, wailing</i>.</p> + +<p><b>complūrēs, a</b> or <b>ia</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>plūs</b>], adj., +<i>several, many, very many</i>.</p> + +<p><b>compōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>compos, potis</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>potis</b>, <i>able</i>], adj., +<i>master of</i>; <b>vōtī compos fierī</b>, <i>to gain one’s heart’s +desire</i>.</p> + +<p><b>compositum, ī</b> [<b>compōnō</b>], n., <i>agreement</i>.</p> + +<p><b>comprehendō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_prehendo"><b>prehendō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>comprimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_premo"><b>premō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>comprobō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_probo"><b>probō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>computō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_puto"><b>putō</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">146b</span> +<p><b>con</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_com"><b>com</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>concēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>concidō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cado"><b>cadō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_concilio" id = "vocab_concilio"><b>conciliō, āre, +āvī, ātus</b></a> [<b>concilium</b>], <i>to bring together, +conciliate</i>; <i>win over, secure</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>re—reconciliō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to reunite, +reconcile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>concilium, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>calō</b>, <i>to call</i>], n., +<i>assembly, gathering</i>.</p> + +<p><b>concipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>concitō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cito"><b>citō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>conclāmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>concordia, ae</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>cor</b>, <i>heart</i>], f., +<i>union, harmony, concord</i>.</p> + +<p><b>concupīscō, ere, cupīvī, cupītus</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>cupiō</b>], +<i>to desire greatly, crave</i>.</p> + +<p><b>concurrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curro"><b>currō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>concursus, ūs</b> [<b>concurrō</b>], m., <i>a concourse, +throng</i>; <i>attack, charge, onset</i>.</p> + +<p><b>condemnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_damno"><b>damnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>condiciō, ōnis</b> [<b>condīcō</b>, <i>to agree</i>], f., +<i>agreement, stipulation, terms</i>.</p> + +<p><b>condō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>condūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnfertus</b> [part. of <b>cōnferciō</b>, <i>to stuff +together</i>], adj., <i>crowded, dense</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnfessiō, ōnis</b> [<b>cōnfiteor</b>], f., <i>confession, +acknowledgment</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnfēstim</b>, adv., <i>immediately, at once</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnfīdentia, ae</b> [<b>cōnfīdō</b>, <i>to trust</i>], f., +<i>boldness, assurance, confidence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnfīrmātus</b> [orig. part. of <b>cōnfīrmō</b>], adj., +<i>courageous, resolute</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnfīrmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_firmo"><b>fīrmō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnfiteor</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_fateor"><b>fateor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnflagrō, āre, āvī, —</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>flagrō</b>, +<i>to burn</i>], <i>to burn, be destroyed</i> (by fire).</p> + +<p><b>cōnflīgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fligo"><b>*flīgō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnflō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_flo"><b>flō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnfluō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fluo"><b>fluō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnfodiō</b><ins class = "correction" title = "text has . for ,">, +</ins>see <a href = "#vocab_fodio"><b>fodiō</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">147a</span> +<p><b>cōnfugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>congerō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_gero"><b>gerō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>congredior</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>congressus, ūs</b> [<b>congredior</b>], m., <i>meeting, interview, +encounter, fight</i>.</p> + +<p><b>congruō, ere, ī, —</b>, <i>to agree, tally</i>.</p> + +<p><b>coniciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>coniungō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iungo"><b>iungō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_coniunx" id = "vocab_coniunx"><b>coniunx</b></a> or +<b>coniux</b> [<b>coniungō</b>], m. and f., <i>married person, husband, +wife</i>.</p> + +<p><b>coniūrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>coniūrō</b>], f., <i>a conspiracy, +plot</i>.</p> + +<p><b>coniūrātī, ōrum</b> [orig. part. of <b>coniūrō</b>], m. pl., +<i>conspirators</i>.</p> + +<p><b>coniūrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iuro"><b>iūrō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>coniux</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_coniunx"><b>coniunx</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>conlaudō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_laudo"><b>laudō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>conlēga, ae</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>legō</b>], m., <i>one chosen at +the same time, a colleague</i>.</p> + +<p><b>conligō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lego"><b>legō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>conlocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_loco"><b>locō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>conloquium, ī</b> [<b>conloquor</b>], n., <i>an interview, +conference</i>.</p> + +<p><b>conloquor</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_loquor"><b>loquor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, to <i>attempt, try</i>.</p> + +<p><b>conqueror</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_queror"><b>queror</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>conquīrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_quaero"><b>quaerō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsalūtō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_saluto"><b>salūtō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnscendō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_scando"><b>scandō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnscientia, ae</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>sciō</b>], f., +<i>consciousness, knowledge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnscīscō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_scisco"><b>scīscō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnscius</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>sciō</b>], adj., <i>acquainted with, +aware of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnscrībō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_conscriptus" id = +"vocab_conscriptus"><b>cōnscrīptus</b></a> [orig. part. of +<b>cōnscrībō</b>], adj., <i>enrolled</i>; <b>patrēs cōnscrīptī</b>, the +official title of the senators. Roman writers took this phrase as = +<b>patrēs et cōnscrīptī</b>, explaining <b>patrēs</b> as +<i>patricians</i>, of whom orig. the senate was wholly composed, and +<b>cōnscrīptī</b> as denoting the plebeians newly enrolled in the senate +in 509 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, after the expulsion of +the kings. It may, however, = <i>enrolled patricians</i>, to +<span class = "pagenum">147b</span> +distinguish the senators from the patricians who were not enrolled in +the senate.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsecrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sacro"><b>sacrō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsēnsus, ūs</b> [<b>cōnsentiō</b>], m., <i>united opinion, +consent, agreement</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsentiō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_sentio"><b>sentiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsequor</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnserō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sero"><b>serō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnservō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_servo"><b>servō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsīderō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to look at closely, examine, +reflect, consider</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sido"><b>sīdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsilium, ī</b> [cf. <b>cōnsulō</b>], n., <i>plan, scheme</i>; +<i>judgment, wit, sense, shrewdness</i>; <b>cōnsilium capere</b> or +<b>inīre</b>, <i>to plan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsobrīnus, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>soror</b>], m., +<i>first-cousin, cousin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsōlor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>sōlor</b>, <i>to +comfort</i>], <i>to comfort, cheer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnspectus, ūs</b> [<b>cōnspiciō</b>], m., <i>sight, view</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnspiciō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_specio"><b>*speciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnspicuus</b> [<b>cōnspiciō</b>], adj., <i>in plain sight, +conspicuous, remarkable</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnspīrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>cōnspīrō</b>, <i>to breathe together, +plot</i>], f., <i>a plot</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnspīrātī, ōrum</b> [<b>cōnspīrō</b>, <i>to plot</i>], m. pl., +<i>conspirators</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnstāns, antis</b> [orig. part. of <b>cōnstō</b>], adj., <i>of +strong character, firm, resolute</i>; <i>steadfast, consistent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnstanter</b> [<b>cōnstāns</b>], adv., <i>firmly, resolutely, +steadfastly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnstantia, ae</b> [<b>cōnstāns</b>], f., a typical Roman virtue, +<i>strength of character, steadiness of purpose, firmness</i>; +<i>courage, faithfulness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsternō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_sterno"><b>sternō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnstituō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_statuo"><b>statuō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnstō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sto"><b>stō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsuēscō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_suesco"><b>suēscō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsuētūdō, inis</b> [<b>cōnsuētus</b>, part. of +<b>cōnsuēscō</b>], f., <i>habit, custom</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">148a</span> +<p><a name = "vocab_consul" id = "vocab_consul"><b>cōnsul, ulis</b></a>, +m., <i>a consul</i>, the title given to the two highest officials of the +Roman republic. The office was created in 509 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> At first its powers were equal to those of +the kings, except in religious matters. Later, certain of these powers +were transferred to other magistrates. The consuls were elected +annually; their joint names were used in giving dates. At the close of +their official term, the consuls usually governed a province for a year +as proconsuls.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsulāris, e</b> [<b>cōnsul</b>], adj., <i>of consular rank</i>; +as noun, <i>an ex-consul</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsulātus, ūs</b> [<b>cōnsul</b>], m., <i>consulship</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsulō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to take counsel, deliberate</i>; +<i>to take counsel with, to consult</i>; <b>graviter cōnsulere</b>, +<i>to take vigorous measures</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsultō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>cōnsulō</b>], <i>to take +counsel, deliberate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnsūmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sumo"><b>sūmō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>contemnō, ere, tempsī, temptus</b>, <i>to despise, scorn</i>.</p> + +<p><b>contemptor, ōris</b> [<b>contemnō</b>], m., <i>one who despises, +scorner</i>.</p> + +<p><b>contendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tendo"><b>tendō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>contentiō, ōnis</b> [<b>contendō</b>], f., <i>straining, effort, +energy</i>; <i>dispute, strife</i>.</p> + +<p><b>contentus</b> [orig. part. of <b>contineō</b>], adj., <i>content, +satisfied with</i>.</p> + +<p><b>continentia, ae</b> [<b>contineō</b>], f., <i>self-restraint, +moderation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>contineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>contingō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tango"><b>tangō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>continuō</b> [<b>continuus</b>], adv., <i>forthwith, +straightway</i>.</p> + +<p><b>continuus</b> [<b>contineō</b>], adj., <i>uninterrupted, +continuous, successive, incessant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōntiō, ōnis</b> [orig. <b>co(n)ventiō</b>, from <b>conveniō</b>], +f., <i>an assembly, meeting</i>.</p> + +<p><b>contrā</b>, prep. with acc., <i>against, contrary to</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">148b</span> +<p><b>contrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>contrārius</b> [<b>contrā</b>], adj., <i>opposite, +contrary</i>.</p> + +<p><b>contubernālis, is</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>taberna</b>, <i>a +tent</i>], m., <i>tent-companion, comrade</i>.</p> + +<p><b>contumēlia, ae</b>, f., <i>insult, reproach, abuse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>contundō</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>tundō</b>, <i>to beat, strike</i>], +<i>to crush, destroy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>contus, ī</b>, m., <i>a pole, pike</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōnūbium, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>nūbō</b>], n., <i>marriage, right +of intermarriage</i>.</p> + +<p><b>convalēscō, ere, valuī, —</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>valeō</b>], +<i>to begin to be well, recover</i>.</p> + +<p><b>conveniēns, entis</b> [<b>conveniō</b>], adj., <i>agreeing or +consistent with, befitting</i>.</p> + +<p><b>conveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>convertō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_verto"><b>vertō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>convincō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_vinco"><b>vincō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>convīvium, ī</b> [<b>con</b> + <b>vīvō</b>], n., <i>a +feast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>convocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voco"><b>vocō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>coorior</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_orior"><b>orior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cophinus, ī</b>, m., <i>a basket</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōpia, ae</b> [<b>co(n)</b> + <b>ops</b>], f., <i>abundance, +supply</i>; <i>opportunity</i>; in pl., <i>resources, forces, +troops</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōpiōsē</b> [<b>cōpiōsus</b>], adv., <i>abundantly</i>; <i>of +speech, fluently, eloquently</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōpiōsus</b> [<b>cōpia</b>], adj., <i>abounding in, well +supplied</i>.</p> + +<p><b>coquus, ī</b>, m., <i>a cook</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cōram</b> [<b>co(n)</b> + <b>ōs</b>], adv., <i>before one’s eyes, +in person</i>; prep. with abl., <i>before, in the +presence of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>corium, ī</b>, n., <i>skin, hide</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cornelia" id = "vocab_cornelia"><b>Cornēlia, +ae</b></a>, f., <i>Cornelia</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. A daughter of P. Scipio Africanus Maior, and mother of the +Gracchi.</p> + +<p>2. A daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, first wife of Julius Caesar.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Cornēlius, ī</b>, m., the name of a very important Roman gens. +See <a href = "#vocab_cinna"><b>Cinna</b></a>, +<a href = "#vocab_cossus"><b>Cossus</b></a>, +<a href = "#vocab_lentulus"><b>Lentulus</b></a>, +<a href = "#vocab_scipio"><b>Scīpiō</b></a>, +and <a href = "#vocab_sulla"><b>Sulla</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cornū, ūs</b>, n., <i>horn</i>; <i>wing</i> (of an army).</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">149a</span> +<p><b>corōna, ae</b>, f., <i>a crown, garland</i>. See <a href = +"#vocab_civicus"><b>cīvicus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>corpus, oris</b>, n., <i>a body</i>.</p> + +<p><b>corrigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rego"><b>regō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>corripiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>corrumpō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rumpo"><b>rumpō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>corruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ruo"><b>ruō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_corvus" id = "vocab_corvus"><b>corvus, ī</b></a>, +m., <i>a raven</i>. In XVI. 3 it may be translated +<i>grappling-iron</i>, though the reference is rather to a wooden +boarding bridge, which swung freely round a pole in the prow of the +ship. In battle it was dropped upon the deck of a hostile vessel and +held there by a sharp iron spike in its under side.</p> + +<p><b>cōs, cōtis</b>, f., <i>flint stone, whetstone</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cossus" id = "vocab_cossus"><b>Cossus, ī</b></a>, +m., <i>A. Cornēlius</i>, consul in 343 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>cottīdiānus</b> [<b>cottīdiē</b>, <i>daily</i>], adj., +<i>daily</i>; <i>usual, customary</i>; <i>everyday, commonplace</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Crassus, ī</b>, m., <i>M. Licinius</i>, called <i>Dīves</i> +because of his enormous wealth; consul in 70 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, and triumvir with Caesar and Pompey in 60; +defeated and killed by the Parthians 53 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>crēber, bra, brum</b>, adj., <i>crowded, numerous, +incessant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>crēdō, ere, crēdidī, crēditus</b>, <i>to lend, entrust to</i>; +<i>believe in, trust</i>; <i>believe, think</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cremera, ae</b>, f., a river in Etruria, near Veii.</p> + +<p><b>cremō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to burn</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cremōna, ae</b>, f., a town on the river Po.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_creo" id = "vocab_creo"><b>creō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to make, create</i>; <i>to choose, elect</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>re—recreō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to renew, revive, +encourage</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cresco" id = "vocab_cresco"><b>crēscō, ere, crēvī, +crētus</b></a>, <i>to grow, increase</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>in—incrēscō, ere, crēvī, —</b>, <i>to grow upon</i>; +<i>grow, increase</i>.</p> + +<p><b>crīminor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>crīmen</b>, <i>a +<span class = "pagenum">149b</span> +charge</i>], <i>to complain of, denounce</i>; with infin., <i>to +charge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>crīnis, is</b>, m., <i>hair</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cruciātus, ūs</b> [<b>cruciō</b>], m., <i>torture, +torment</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cruciō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>crux</b>], <i>to crucify, torture, +torment</i>.</p> + +<p><b>crūdēlis, e</b>, adj., <i>cruel, unfeeling</i>.</p> + +<p><b>crūdēlitās, ātis</b> [<b>crūdēlis</b>], f., <i>cruelty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cruentus</b> [cf. <b>cruor</b>], adj., <i>blood-stained</i>.</p> + +<p><b>crumēna, ae</b>, f., <i>a purse, money bag</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cruor, ōris</b>, m., <i>running blood, gore</i>.</p> + +<p><b>crūs</b>, <b>crūris</b>, n., <i>a leg</i>.</p> + +<p><b>crux</b>, <b>crucis</b>, f., <i>cross, gallows</i>.</p> + +<p><b>crystallinus</b> [<b>crystallum</b>, <i>crystal</i>], adj., <i>of +crystal</i>; as noun, <b>crystallinum, ī</b> (sc. <b>vās</b>), n., +<i>a vase of crystal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cubiculum, ī</b> [<b>cubō</b>], n., <i>a bedchamber</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cubo" id = "vocab_cubo"><b>cubō, āre, uī, +itum</b></a>, <i>to lie down, recline</i>; <i>to lie sick</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>re—recubō, āre, —, —</b>, <i>to lie on one’s back, +lie, recline</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cūiās, ātis</b>, interr. pron., <i>of what country? +whence?</i></p> + +<p><b>culpa, ae</b>, ī., <i>fault, guilt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cultellus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>culter</b>], m., <i>a small +knife</i>.</p> + +<p><b>culter, trī</b>, m., <i>knife, dagger</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cultus, ūs</b> [<b>colō</b>], m., <i>cultivation; refinement, +luxury</i>; <i>mode of living, style</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cum" id = "vocab_cum"><b>cum</b></a>, prep. with +abl., <i>with, together with, at the same time with</i>. In composition +the forms <b>com, con</b>, and <b>co</b> are used, and denote +(1) accompaniment, (2) intensity.</p> + +<p><b>cum</b>, conj.; of time, <i>when, while, whenever</i>; of cause, +<i>since</i>; of concession, <i>although</i>; <b>cum . . . +tum</b>, <i>both . . . and, not only . . . but +also</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_cumbo" id = "vocab_cumbo"><b>*cumbō</b></a>, an old +verb, same root as <b>cubō</b>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—accumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum</b>, <i>to lie or +recline</i> (esp. at table).</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">150a</span> +<p><b>in—incumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum</b>, <i>to lie or lean +upon</i>; <i>devote one’s self</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—occumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum</b>, <i>to fall</i> (in +death), <i>die</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōcumbō, ere, cubuī, cubitum</b>, <i>to fall forward, +fall prostrate</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>cunctātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>cunctor</b>], f., <i>delay</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cunctātor, ōris</b> [<b>cunctor</b>], m., <i>Delayer</i>, +a name given to Q. Fabius Maximus.</p> + +<p><b>cunctor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to delay, linger</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cupidē</b> [<b>cupidus</b>], adv., <i>eagerly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cupiditās, ātis</b> [<b>cupidus</b>], f., <i>craving, desire, +eagerness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cupīdō, inis</b> [cf. <b>cupidus</b>], f., <i>desire, craving, +greed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cupidus</b> [<b>cupiō</b>], adj., <i>desirous, fond</i>; +<i>greedy, covetous</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cupiō, ere, īvī (iī), ītus</b>, <i>to crave, desire, +covet</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cūr</b>, adv., <i>why? for what reason?</i></p> + +<p><b>cūra, ae</b>, f., <i>care, anxiety</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Curēs, īum</b>, f. pl., a Sabine town.</p> + +<p><b>Cūria, ae</b>, f., <i>a curia, ward</i>, one of the ten divisions +into which each of the three orig. Roman tribes was divided; <i>council +chamber</i>, esp. the Roman <i>Senate-house</i>, either the <i>Cūria +Hostīlia</i>, adjoining the Forum on the north side, or the <i>Cūria +Pompēia</i>, built by Pompey in the Campus Martius. In the latter Caesar +was murdered.</p> + +<p><b>Cūriātius, ī</b>, m., name of the three Alban brothers who fought +with the Horatii.</p> + +<p><b>Curius, ī</b>, m., gentile name of <i>Mānius Curius Dentātus</i>, +a famous Roman hero, renowned for his frugality and simplicity of +life. He died in 270 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_curo" id = "vocab_curo"><b>cūrō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [<b>cūra</b>], <i>to care for, attend to</i>; with +gerundive and infin., <i>see to it that, take care that</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>prō—prōcūrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, to <i>care for, attend to</i>; +of omens, <i>to avert by sacrifices</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">150b</span> +<p><a name = "vocab_curro" id = "vocab_curro"><b>currō, ere, cucurrī, +cursum</b></a>, <i>to run</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—accurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum</b>, <i>to run, to, +hasten towards</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—concurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum</b>, <i>to run +together</i>; <i>to rush together</i> (in battle), <i>charge, +fight</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēcurrō, ere, (cu)curri, cursum</b>, <i>to run down, +hasten down</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—discurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum</b>, <i>to run in +different directions</i>; <i>wander, roam</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—occurrō, ere, (cu)currī, cursum</b>, <i>to run to meet, +meet</i>; <i>withstand, oppose</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—succurrō, ere, ī, —</b>, <i>to run to, help, +aid</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>currus, ūs</b> [<b>currō</b>], m., <i>a chariot</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cursus, ūs</b> [<b>currō</b>], m., <i>running</i>; <i>journey, +passage, course</i>; <i>speed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>curūlis, e</b> [<b>currus</b>], adj., <i>of a chariot</i>. +<b>Sella curūlis</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sella"><b>sella</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>cūstōdia, ae</b> [<b>cūstōs</b>], f., <i>watching</i>; +<i>guard-house, prison</i>; pl., <i>pickets, watchmen</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cūstōdiō, īre, īvī, ītus</b> [<b>cūstōs</b>], <i>to watch, guard, +defend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>cūstōs, ōdis</b>, m. and f., <i>guardian, protector</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cȳrus, ī</b>, m., Cyrus the Great, 559-529 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, founder of the Persian empire.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_D" id = "vocab_D" href = "#vocab">D</a></p> + +<p><b>D.</b>, abbreviation of the name <b>Decimus</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Dācī, ōrum</b>, m. pl., <i>the Dacians</i>, a people living on the +north of the Danube.</p> + +<p><b>damnātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>damnō</b>], f., <i>condemnation</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_damno" id = "vocab_damno"><b>damnō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to judge guilty, condemn</i>; <b>capite damnāre</b>, +<i>to condemn to death</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>con—condemnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to find guilty, condemn, +sentence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē</b>, prep, with abl.; of place, <i>from, down from, out of</i>; +of time, <i>after, during</i>; +<span class = "pagenum">151a</span> +of cause, <i>in consequence of, through</i>; of relation, <i>concerning, +in respect to</i>. In compounds it generally denotes thoroughness, but +occasionally has negative force.</p> + +<p><b>dea, ae</b>, f., <i>a goddess</i>.</p> + +<p><b>deambulō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ambulo"><b>ambulō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēbeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēbilis</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>habilis</b>], adj., <i>weak, disabled, +helpless</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēcēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>decem</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>ten</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_december" id = "vocab_december"><b>december, bris, +bre</b></a>, adj., <i>tenth</i>; as noun, <b>December</b> +(sc. <b>mēnsis</b>), m., <i>December, the tenth month</i> (counting +from March, with which the Roman year originally began).</p> + +<p><b>decemvir, ī</b> [<b>decem</b> + <b>vir</b>], m., <i>a member of a +commission of ten men, a decemvir</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēcernō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cerno"><b>cernō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>decet, ēre, uit</b>, impers., <i>it is fitting</i>.</p> + +<p><b>decimus</b> [<b>decem</b>], num. adj., <i>tenth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Decimus, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p> + +<p><b>dēcipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Decius, ī</b>, m., the gentile name of <i>P. Decius Mūs</i>, +consul <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 340.</p> + +<p><b>dēclārō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>clārus</b>], <i>to +make clear, disclose</i>; <i>show, declare</i>.</p> + +<p><b>decorō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>decus</b>], <i>to adorn, +deck</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēcurrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curro"><b>currō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>decus, oris</b>, n., <i>grace, glory, honor, splendor, +ornament</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēcutiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_quatio"><b>quatiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēditīcius, ī</b> [<b>dēditus</b>], m., <i>a captive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēditiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dēdō</b>], f., <i>a surrender</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēditus</b> [orig. part. of <b>dēdō</b>], adj., +<i>surrendered</i>; <b>devoted to, addicted to</b>. As noun, <b>dēditus, +ī</b>, m., <i>a captive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēfatīgātiō, ōnis</b>, f., <i>weariness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēfendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fendo"><b>*fendō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēfēnsiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dēfendō</b>], f., <i>a defense</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">151b</span> +<p><b>dēfēnsor, ōris</b> [<b>dēfendō</b>], m., <i>a defender</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēfessus</b>, adj., <i>worn out, weary</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēfīgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_figo"><b>fīgō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>deflectō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_flecto"><b>flectō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēfōrmitās, ātis</b> [<b>dēfōrmis</b>, <i>ugly</i>], f., +<i>ugliness, disfigurement</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēfungor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fungor"><b>fungor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēhonestō, āre, —, —</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>honestō</b> +(cf. <b>honōs</b>), <i>to honor</i>], <i>to disgrace, +dishonor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dein</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_deinde"><b>deinde</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>deinceps</b>, adv., <i>one after the other, in succession</i>; +<i>next</i>; <i>thereafter, in the future</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_deinde" id = "vocab_deinde"><b>deinde</b></a> or +<b>dein</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>inde</b>], adv., <i>subsequently</i>; +<i>then, next</i>; <i>thereafter, from that time on</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēlābor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_labor"><b>lābor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēlēctō, āre, āvi, ātus</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>laciō</b>], to +<i>delight, please, entertain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēlēctus</b> [orig. part. of (1) <b>dēligō</b>], adj., <i>picked, +choice</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēlēctus, ūs</b> [(1) <b>dēligō</b>], m., <i>a picking out, +a levy, draft</i>; <b>dēlēctum agere</b> or <b>habēre</b>, <i>to +hold a levy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to blot out, destroy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēlīberābundus</b> [<b>dēlīberō</b>], adj., <i>pondering, +reflecting</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēlīberō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>lībra</b>, <i>a +balance</i>], <i>to weigh</i> (consider) <i>well, deliberate, +ponder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēlicātē</b> [<b>dēlicātus</b>], adv., <i>luxuriously, +effeminately</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēlicātus</b> [cf. <b>dēliciae</b>], adj., <i>devoted to pleasure, +luxurious, effeminate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēliciae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>delights, pleasure, luxury</i>.</p> + +<p>(1) <b>dēligō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lego"><b>legō</b></a>.</p> + +<p>(2) <b>dēligō, āre</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_ligo"><b>ligō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>delīrō, āre, —, —</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>līra</b>, <i>a +furrow</i>], <i>to be crazy</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">152a</span> +<p><b>dēlitēscō, ere, lituī, —</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>lateō</b>, +<i>to hide</i>], <i>lie hid, be concealed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Delphi, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>Delphi</i>, a town of Phocis in +Central Greece, renowned for its oracle of Apollo.</p> + +<p><b>dēmissē</b> [<b>dēmissus</b>, <i>modest</i>], adv., <i>modestly, +humbly, abjectly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēmoror</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moror"><b>moror</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēmum</b>, adv., <i>at last, finally</i>; <b>tum dēmum</b>, +<i>then at last, not till then</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēnārius, ī</b>, m., a silver coin, equivalent orig. to 10, +afterwards to 16, asses. Its value varied from 16 to 20 cents.</p> + +<p><b>dēnegō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nego"><b>negō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēnique</b>, adv., <i>thereafter, thereupon</i>; <i>at last, +finally</i>; <i>briefly, in short</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēnūntiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nuntio"><b>nūntiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēnuō</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>novō</b>], adv., <i>anew, again</i>.</p> + +<p><b>deōsculor</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_osculor"><b>ōsculor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēpellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēpereō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pereo"><b>pereō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēpōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēpōscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_posco"><b>pōscō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēprecor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_precor"><b>precor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēprehendō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_prehendo"><b>prehendō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dērīdeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rideo"><b>rīdeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēscendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scando"><b>scandō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēscīscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scisco"><b>scīscō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēscrībō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēserō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sero"><b>serō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēsīderium, ī</b> [<b>dēsīderō</b>], n., <i>longing, yearning</i>; +<i>regret</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēsīderō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to long for</i>; <i>require, +need</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēsiliō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_salio"><b>saliō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēsipiēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>dēsipiō</b>], adj., +<i>foolish, silly</i>. As noun, <b>dēsipiēns, entis</b>, m., <i>a fool, +madman</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēsipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sapio"><b>sapiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēsistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēspērātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dēspērō</b>], f., <i>despair, +desperation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēspērō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_spero"><b>spērō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēspiciō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_specio"><b>*speciō</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">152b</span> +<p><b>dēspondeō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_spondeo"><b>spondeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēstinō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to make fast, fix</i>; <i>resolve, +design, plan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēstringō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_stringo"><b>stringō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēsum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēsuper</b> [<b>dē</b> + <b>super</b>], adv., <i>from +above</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dētegō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tego"><b>tegō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēterreō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_terreo"><b>terreō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dētineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dētrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dētrēctō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dē</b> neg. + <b>trāctō</b>, +<i>to handle, manage</i>], <i>to decline, shirk</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dētrīmentum, ī</b> [<b>dēterō</b>, <i>to rub away</i>], n., +<i>loss, damage</i>.</p> + +<p><b>deūrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_uro"><b>ūrō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>deus, ī</b>, m., <i>a god, divinity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dēvincō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_vinco"><b>vincō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēvolō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_volo2">(2) <b>volō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dēvoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voveo"><b>voveō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dexter, era, erum</b>, and <b>tra, trum</b>, adj., <i>right</i>. +As noun, <b>dextra</b> (sc. <b>manus</b>), f., <i>the right +hand</i>.</p> + +<p><b>diadēma, atis</b>, n., <i>a royal crown, diadem</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Diāna, ae</b>, f., an ancient Italian goddess, identified by the +Romans with the Greek Artemis, goddess of the moon and the chase.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_dico" id = "vocab_dico"><b>dīcō, ere, dīxī, +dictus</b></a>, <i>to say, speak</i>; <i>call, name</i>; <i>appoint</i>; +<b>causam dīcere</b>, <i>to plead a case</i>; <b>diem dīcere alicuī</b>, +<i>to bring a complaint against some one</i>; <b>iūs dīcere</b>, <i>to +administer justice, hold court</i>; <b>multam dīcere</b>, <i>to impose a +fine</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—addīcō, <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘ēre’">ere</ins>, dīxī, dictus</b>, <i>to be propitious to, +assent</i>; with acc., <i>to adjudge, award</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ē—ēdīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus</b>, <i>to make known, +proclaim</i>; <i>order, command</i>; <b>diem ēdīcere</b>, <i>to set a +day</i> (by public proclamation).</p> + +<p><b>in—indīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus</b>, <i>to proclaim, +announce</i>; <i>appoint</i>; <i>impose, inflict</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">153a</span> +<p><b>inter—interdīcō, ere, dīxī, dictum</b>, <i>to forbid, +prohibit, exclude</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prae—praedīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus</b>, <i>to foretell, +prophesy</i>; <i>warn, admonish</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_dico2" id = "vocab_dico2"><b>dicō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to declare</i>; <i>dedicate, consecrate</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—abdicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to disown, reject</i>; +<b>sē abdicāre</b>, <i>to resign</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—indicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to make known, +reveal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prae—praedicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to say openly, assert, +declare</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_dictator" id = "vocab_dictator"><b>dictātor, +ōris</b></a> [<b>dictō</b>, <i>to order</i>], m., <i>a dictator</i>, +a magistrate usually appointed only in times of extreme peril. He +was named by one of the consuls, after the senate had declared the +appointment of a dictator necessary. He held unlimited powers, but the +term of his office was limited to six months.</p> + +<p><b>dictātūra, ae</b> [<b>dictātor</b>], f., <i>dictatorship</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dictitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>dīcō</b>], <i>to say +often, assert, insist</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dictum, ī</b> [<b>dīcō</b>], n., <i>saying, word, remark</i>; +<i>command</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_dies" id = "vocab_dies"><b>diēs, ēī</b></a>, m. and +(sometimes in sing.) f., <i>a day</i>; <b>in diēs</b>, <i>from day to +day</i>.</p> + +<p><b>diffīdō, ere, fīsus sum</b> [<b>dis</b> neg. + <b>fīdō</b>, <i>to +trust</i>], <i>to distrust, doubt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>diffluō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fluo"><b>fluō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dīgnitās, ātis</b> [<b>dīgnus</b>], f., <i>worth, high +character</i>; <i>eminence, rank, reputation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīgnus</b>, adj., <i>worthy, deserving of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīgredior</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dīligenter</b> [<b>dīligō</b>], adv., <i>industriously, +diligently</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīligentia, ae</b> [<b>dīligō</b>], f., <i>carefulness, diligence, +industry</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīligō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lego"><b>legō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dīlūcēscō, ere, lūxī, —</b> [cf. <b>lūx</b>], <i>to grow +light, dawn</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">153b</span> +<p><b>dīmicātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dīmicō</b>], f., <i>a fight</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīmicō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to fight</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dīrigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rego"><b>regō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dīrimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_emo"><b>emō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dīripiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dīruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ruo"><b>ruō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_dis" id = "vocab_dis"><b>dīs, dītis</b></a>, comp. +<b>dītior</b>, sup. <b>dītissimus</b>, adj., <i>rich, wealthy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis</b> or <b>dī</b>, inseparable prefix, <i>apart, asunder</i>; +sometimes negative, <i>not</i>.</p> + +<p><b>discēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>discerpō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_carpo"><b>carpō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dīsciplīna, ae</b> [<b>dīscō</b>], f., <i>teaching, training, +discipline</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīscipulus, ī</b> [<b>dīscō</b>], m., <i>a pupil</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīscō, ere, didicī, —</b>, <i>to learn</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīscrībō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>discrīmen, inis</b> [<b>discernō</b>, <i>to divide</i>], n., +<i>difference</i>; <i>turning-point, decision</i>; <i>peril, +crisis</i>.</p> + +<p><b>discurrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curro"><b>currō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>disertus</b> [<b>disserō</b>], adj., <i>eloquent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dispēnsātor, ōris</b> [<b>dispēnsō</b>, <i>to manage</i>], m., +<i>manager, steward, treasurer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīspiciō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_specio"><b>*speciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>displiceō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_placeo"><b>placeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dispōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>disputō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_puto"><b>putō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dissēnsiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dissentiō</b>, <i>to disagree</i>], f., +<i>disagreement, strife</i>.</p> + +<p><b>disserō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sero"><b>serō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dissimilis, e</b> [<b>dis</b> neg. + <b>similis</b>], adj., +<i>unlike</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dissimulō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_simulo"><b>simulō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dissipō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to scatter, squander, +dissipate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dissuādeō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_suadeo"><b>suādeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>distrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>distribuō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_tribuo"><b>tribuō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dītior, dītissimus</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_dis"><b>dīs</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dītō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dīs</b>], <i>to enrich</i>.</p> + +<p><b>diū</b>, adv., <i>for a long time, long</i>.</p> + +<p><b>diuturnus</b> [<b>diū</b>], adj., <i>prolonged, long</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīversus</b> [<b>dīvertō</b>], adj., <i>turned different +<span class = "pagenum">154a</span> +ways, opposite, contrary</i>; <b>in dīversa</b>, <i>apart, +asunder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīvertō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_verto"><b>vertō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>dīvidō, ere, vīsī, vīsus</b>, <i>to divide, separate, +distribute</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīvīnitus</b> [<b>dīvīnus</b>], adv., <i>by divine agency, +providentially</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīvīnus</b> [<b>dīvus</b>], adj., <i>godlike, divine</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīvitiae, ārum</b> [<b>dives</b>, <i>rich</i>], pl. f., +<i>wealth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīvus</b>, adj., <i>godlike, deified</i>; often applied to the +Roman emperors after death.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_do" id = "vocab_do"><b>dō, dare, dedī, +datus</b></a>, <i>to put, place</i>; <i>give, present, entrust</i>; +<b>operam dare</b>, <i>to pay attention</i>; <b>poenās dare</b>, <i>to +suffer punishment</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—abdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to put away, hide, +conceal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad—addō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to put or join to, +add</i>.</p> + +<p><b>circumdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to place around, surround, +enclose</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—condō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to put together, found, +build</i>; <i>put away, hide</i>; <i>sheathe</i> (a sword).</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give up, +surrender</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—ēdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give out, give</i>; +<i>give birth to, bear</i>; <i>publish, announce, reveal</i>; +<i>perform</i>; <b>lūdōs ēdere</b>, <i>to celebrate games</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—indō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to put in or on, give, +confer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—perdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to lose, destroy, ruin, +waste</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give</i> or <i>put +forth, make known</i>; <i>hand down, record</i>; <i>betray</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—reddō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give back, restore, +return</i>; <i>deliver</i> (a letter); <i>render</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—subdō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to put under, +apply</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns—trādō, dere, didī, ditus</b>, <i>to give over, give +up, surrender</i>; <i>hand +<span class = "pagenum">154b</span> +down, report, relate</i>; <i>hand over, entrust</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_doceo" id = "vocab_doceo"><b>doceō, ēre, uī, +tus</b></a>, <i>to teach, point out</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ē—ēdoceō, ēre, uī, tus</b>, <i>to teach thoroughly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>doctor, ōris</b> [<b>doceō</b>], m., <i>teacher</i>.</p> + +<p><b>doctrīna, ae</b> [<b>doceō</b>], f., <i>instruction</i>; +<i>learning, training</i>.</p> + +<p><b>doctus</b> [orig. part. of <b>doceō</b>], adj., <i>educated, +learned, skilled</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dolor, ōris</b> [<b>doleō</b>, <i>to feel pain</i>], m., <i>pain, +grief, resentment</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dolōsē</b> [<b>dolus</b>], adv., <i>craftily</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dolus, ī</b>, m., <i>craft, trickery</i>.</p> + +<p><b>domicilium, ī</b> [<b>domus</b>], n., <i>dwelling</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dominātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>dominor</b>], f., <i>rule, supremacy, +dominion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dominātus, ūs</b> [<b>dominor</b>, <i>to rule</i>], m., <i>rule, +sway, mastery, command</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dominus, ī</b>, m., <b>master</b> (esp. of slaves), <i>ruler, +lord</i>.</p> + +<p><b>domō, āre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to tame, subdue</i>.</p> + +<p><b>domus, ūs</b>, f., <i>a house, home</i>; loc. <b>domī</b>, <i>at +home</i>; acc. <b>domum</b>, <i>homewards, home</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dōnātīvum, ī</b> [<b>dōnō</b>], n., <i>a gift</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dōnec</b>, conj., <i>while, until, as long as</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dōnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dōnum</b>], <i>to give, +present</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dōnum, ī</b> [<b>dō</b>], n., <i>a gift, present</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dormiō, īre, īvī, —</b>, <i>to sleep</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dorsum, ī</b>, n., <i>back</i> (of an animal); <i>range</i> or +<i>ridge</i> (of a mountain).</p> + +<p><b>dōs, dōtis</b> [<b>dō</b>], f., <i>dowry</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dōtālis, e</b> [<b>dōs</b>], adj., of a dowry; <b>dōtālia +dōna</b>, <i>wedding presents</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dubitō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [<b>dubius</b>], <i>to doubt, waver, +hesitate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dubius</b>, adj., <i>doubtful, uncertain</i>; <b>in dubium +vocāre</b>, <i>to call in question</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ducentī, ae, a</b> [<b>duo</b> + <b>centum</b>], num. adj., <i>two +hundred</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_duco" id = "vocab_duco"><b>dūcō, ere, dūxī, +ductus</b></a>, <i>to lead</i>; <i>prolong</i>; <i>consider, reckon</i>; +<b>fossam dūcere</b>, <i>to build a ditch</i>; <b>fūnus dūcere</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">155a</span> +<i>to celebrate a funeral</i>; <b>uxōrem dūcere</b>, <i>to +marry</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—abdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead off</i> or +<i>away, drag off, remove</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad—addūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead to, bring</i>; +<i>induce, influence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—condūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to bring +together</i>; <i>contribute to, serve</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> (away); +<i>attend, escort</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—dīdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> or <i>draw +apart, separate, open</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ē—ēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead forth</i> or +<i>out</i>; <i>bring up, rear</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—indūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> or <i>bring +in, introduce</i>; <i>lead, induce, influence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>intrō—intrōdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> or +<i>bring in, usher in, admit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—perdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead, conduct, +escort</i>; <i>pursue</i>; <i>spend, pass</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—redūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> or +<i>escort back, accompany</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sē—sēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead apart</i> or +<i>aside</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—subdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> or +<i>draw away</i> (secretly), <i>withdraw, remove</i>; <i>hide</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns—trādūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus</b>, <i>to lead</i> or +<i>carry across, transport</i>; <i>spend, pass</i> (time).</p> +</div> + +<p><b>dūdum</b>, adv., <i>a while ago</i>. See <a href = +"#vocab_iam"><b>iam</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Duīlius, ī</b>, m., <i>C.</i>, a Roman general who defeated the +Carthaginians in a naval battle, 260 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p>(1) <b>dum</b>, adverbial particle found only in compounds, <i>a +while</i>; with negatives, <i>yet</i>.</p> + +<p>(2) <b>dum</b>, conj., <i>while, until</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dummodo</b> [<b>dum</b> + <b>modo</b>], conj., +<i>provided</i>.</p> + +<p><b>duo, ae, o</b>, num. adj., <i>two</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">155b</span> +<p><b>duodecim</b> [<b>duo</b> + <b>decem</b>], num. adj., +<i>twelve</i>.</p> + +<p><b>duodēnī, ae, a</b>, adj., <i>twelve each, twelve</i>.</p> + +<p><b>duplex, icis</b> [<b>duo</b> + <b>plicō</b>, <i>to fold</i>], +adj., <i>twofold, double</i>.</p> + +<p><b>duplicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>duplex</b>], <i>to double, +repeat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dūrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>dūrus</b>], <i>to harden</i>; +<i>endure, hold out, last</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dūrus</b>, adj., <i>hard, rough</i>; <i>rude, uncultivated</i>; +<i>unfeeling</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dux, ducis</b> [<b>dūcō</b>], m., <i>leader, guide</i>; +<i>commander, general</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dȳrrachium, ī</b>, n., a town in Illyria, on the east coast of the +Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundisium.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_E" id = "vocab_E" href = "#vocab">E</a></p> + +<p><b>ē</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ex"><b>ex</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ecquid</b>, interr. adv., used (1) to emphasize a direct question, +<i>at all?</i> (2) in indir. question, <i>whether</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēdīcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico"><b>dīcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēdictum, ī</b> [<b>ēdīcō</b>], n., <i>proclamation, edict</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēditus</b> [orig. part. of <b>ēdō</b>], adj., <i>high</i>.</p> + +<p><b>edō, ere (ēsse), ēsī, ēsus</b>, <i>to eat, consume</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēdoceō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_doceo"><b>doceō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēducātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>ēducō</b>], f., <i>training, +education</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēducō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ēdūcō</b>], <i>to bring up, rear, +train, educate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>effēminātus</b> [orig. part. of <b>effēminō</b>, <i>to make +womanish</i>], adj., <i>womanish</i>.</p> + +<p>(1) <b>efferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p> + +<p>(2) <b>efferō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>ferus</b>], <i>to +render wild</i> or <i>savage</i>; <i>madden</i>.</p> + +<p><b>efficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>efflāgitō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_flagito"><b>flāgitō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>effugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>effundō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fundo"><b>fundō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>egeō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to be lacking</i>; <i>to be +poor</i> or <i>in need</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">156a</span> +<p><b>Egeria, ae</b>, f., the nymph from whom King Numa received +revelations.</p> + +<p><b>ego, meī</b>, pers. pron., <i>I</i>; pl., <b>nōs</b>, +<i>we</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēgredior</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēgregiē</b> [<b>ēgregius</b>], adv., <i>excellently, exceedingly, +strikingly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēgregius</b> [<b>ē</b> + <b>grex</b>], adj., <i>select, +distinguished, excellent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēlābor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_labor"><b>lābor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēlabōrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_laboro"><b>labōrō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēlanguēscō, ere, ēlanguī, —</b>, <i>to grow faint</i> or +<i>feeble</i>; <i>slacken, abate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēlātus</b> [orig. part. of (1) <b>efferō</b>], adj., <i>high</i>; +<i>elated, exalted, puffed up</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēleganter</b> [<b>ēlegāns</b>, <i>choice</i>], adv., <i>with good +judgment, judiciously</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēlegantia, ae</b> [<b>ēlegāns</b>, <i>choice</i>], f., <i>taste, +refinement, elegance, grace</i>.</p> + +<p><b>elephantus, ī</b>, m., <i>the elephant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēliciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lacio"><b>*laciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēlīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_laedo"><b>laedō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēligō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lego"><b>legō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēloquentia, ae</b> [<b>ēloquor</b>, <i>to speak</i>], f., +<i>eloquence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēmineō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to stand out, tower up</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_emo" id = "vocab_emo"><b>emō, ere, ēmī, +ēmptus</b></a>, <i>to take</i>; <i>buy, purchase</i>; <i>gain, +acquire</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—cōmō, ere, cōmpsī, cōmptus</b>, <i>to bring together, +arrange, dress</i> (the hair), <i>comb</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—dīrimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus</b>, <i>to take apart, +separate</i>; <b>rēs dīrimere</b>, <i>to adjust matters</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—eximo, ere, ēmī, ēmptus</b>, <i>to take out, remove</i>; +<i>free, release</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inter—interimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus</b>, <i>to take from the +midst</i> (of men), <i>kill</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—redimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus</b>, <i>to buy back, ransom</i>; +<i>replace</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>ēn</b>, interj., <i>lo! behold! see!</i></p> + +<p><b>enim</b>, conj., always postpositive, +<span class = "pagenum">156b</span> +<i>namely, in fact, you know</i>; <i>for, because</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēniteō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_niteo"><b>niteō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēnītor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nitor"><b>nītor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēnsis, is</b>, m., <i>a sword</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_eo" id = "vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō, īre, īvī (iī), +itūrus</b></a>, <i>to go</i> or <i>come, walk, march</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—abeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to go away, +depart</i>; <b>abīre in</b>, <i>pass into, change into</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad—adeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to go</i> or <i>come +to, approach, visit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ante—anteeō, īre, īvī (iī), —</b>, <i>to go +before</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē</b> + <b>per—dēpereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to +die, perish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—exeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to go</i> or <i>come +forth</i>; <i>retire</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—ineō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to enter, begin</i>; +<b>cōnsilium inīre</b>, <i>to form a plan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inter—intereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to perish, +die</i>.</p> + +<p><b>intrō—introeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to +enter</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—obeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to go to meet</i>; +<i>perform</i>; <i>perish, die</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—pereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to perish, +disappear, die</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praeter—praetereō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to go</i> or +<i>pass by</i>; <i>omit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—redeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus</b>, <i>to go</i> or <i>come +back, return</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—subeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to come</i> or <i>go +up to, go under, encounter, face</i> (danger); <b>venēnum subit</b>, +<i>the poison spreads</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns—transeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus</b>, <i>to cross</i> +(over); <i>pass by</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>(2) <b>eō</b> [<b>is</b>], adv., <i>for that reason, therefore</i>; +<i>to that place, thither</i>; <i>to that degree, so far</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ephesius</b>, adj., <i>Ephesian</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ephesus, ī</b>, f., a Greek city on the west coast of Asia +Minor.</p> + +<p><b>epigramma, atis</b>, n., <i>epigram, poem</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">157a</span> +<p><b>Ēpīrus, ī</b>, f., a country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of +Greece proper.</p> + +<p><b>epistula, ae</b>, f., <i>a letter</i>.</p> + +<p><b>epulor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>epulum</b>], <i>to feast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>epulum, ī</b>, n. (pl., <b>epulae, ārum</b>, f.), <i>a feast, +banquet</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_eques" id = "vocab_eques"><b>eques, itis</b></a> +[<b>equus</b>], m., <i>a horseman, cavalryman</i>; <i>knight</i>, or +member of the equestrian order. The three centuries of knights +established by Romulus formed the cavalry of the Roman army. Later, the +number was increased to 1800, to each of whom a horse was furnished by +the state, together with an allowance for its keep. Later, the term +<i>equitēs</i> included not only those who actually served in the army, +but also those who possessed a certain fortune, which in the time of +Augustus was set at about $15,000.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_equestris" id = "vocab_equestris"><b>equester, tris, +tre</b></a> [<b>equus</b>], adj., <i>of the knights, knightly</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_equito" id = "vocab_equito"><b>equitō, āre, āvī, +—</b></a> [<b>equus</b>], <i>to ride</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ad—adequitō, āre, āvī, —</b>, <i>to ride to, +ride up</i>.</p> + +<p><b>equus, ī</b>, m., <i>a horse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ērēctus</b> [orig. part. of <b>ērigō</b>], adj., <i>upright, +erect</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ergā</b>, prep. with acc., <i>towards, to, with respect +to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ergō</b>, adv., expressing an inference, like <i>now, well, then, +therefore</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ērigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rego"><b>regō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>error, ōris</b> [<b>errō</b>, <i>to wander</i>], m., <i>wandering, +error, mistake</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ērubēscō, ere, ērubuī, —</b>, <i>to grow red, blush</i>; +<i>feel ashamed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ērudiō, īre, īvī, ītus</b> [<b>ē</b> + <b>rudis</b>], <i>to +polish, educate, train</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ērumpō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rumpo"><b>rumpō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ruo"><b>ruō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēsca, ae</b> [<b>edō</b>], f., <i>food, bait</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēscendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scando"><b>scandō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ēsquilīnus, ī</b>, m. (sc. <b>collis</b>), <i>the Esquiline +<span class = "pagenum">157b</span> +Hill</i>, the largest of the seven hills of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>et</b>, (1) adv., <i>also, too, even</i>; (2) conj., <i>and, and +yet, but</i>; <b>et . . . et</b>, <i>both . . . +and</i>.</p> + +<p><b>etiam</b> [<b>et</b> + <b>iam</b>], adv. and conj., <i>and also, +also, even</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Etrūria, ae</b>, f., the country of the Etruscans, northwest of +Latium.</p> + +<p><b>Etrūscī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Etruscans</i>, the people of +Etruria.</p> + +<p><b>etsī</b> [<b>et</b> + <b>sī</b>], conj., <i>even if, +although</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Eurīpidēs, is</b>, m., a Greek tragic poet of the fifth century +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>Eurōpa, ae</b>, f., <i>Europe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēvādō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_vado"><b>vādō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēvehō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_veho"><b>vehō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēventus, ūs</b> [<b>ēveniō</b>, <i>to come out</i>], m., +<i>outcome, result</i>; <i>occurrence, event</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ēvertō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_verto"><b>vertō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ēvocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voco"><b>vocō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_ex" id = "vocab_ex"><b>ex</b></a>, before consonants +often <b>ē</b>, prep. with abl.; of place, <i>out of</i> (the +midst of), <i>from</i>; of cause, <i>in consequence of, because +of</i>; <i>according to</i>; in compounds, <i>forth, out</i>; +<i>thoroughly</i>; <i>not</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exāctor, ōris</b> [<b>exigō</b>, <i>to exact</i>], m., <i>exactor, +enforcer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exāminō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>exāmen</b>, <i>means of +weighing</i>], <i>to weigh, examine, compare</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exanimō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>anima</b>], <i>to put +out of breath, kill</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exārdēscō, ere, ārsī, —</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>ārdēscō</b>, +intens. of <b>ārdeō</b>, <i>to burn, glow</i>], <i>to blaze +forth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exarō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>arō</b>, <i>to +plow</i>], <i>to scratch off, compose</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exasperō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>asper</b>], <i>to +roughen, irritate, provoke</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exaudiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_audio"><b>audiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>excelsus</b>, adj., <i>lofty, high</i>; as noun, <b>excelsum, +ī</b>, n., <i>elevated station</i>.</p> + +<p><b>excerpō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_carpo"><b>carpō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>excidium, ī</b>, n., <i>downfall, ruin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>excipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">158a</span> +<p><b>excitō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cito"><b>citō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exclāmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exclūdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_claudo"><b>claudō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>excōgitō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_agito"><b>agitō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>excolō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_colo"><b>colō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>excubiae, ārum</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>cubō</b>], pl. f., <i>a lying +out on guard</i>; <i>the watch, watchmen</i>.</p> + +<p><b>excūsātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>excūsō</b>], f., <i>excuse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>excūsō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>causa</b>], <i>to free +from trial, excuse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>excutiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_quatio"><b>quatiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exemplum, ī</b> [<b>eximō</b>], n., <i>specimen, example, +precedent, warning</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exerceō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_arceo"><b>arceō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exercitus, ūs</b> [<b>exerceō</b>], m., <i>an army</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exhauriō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_haurio"><b>hauriō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exhibeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exhorrēscō, ere, horruī, —</b>, <i>to shudder at, shrink +from</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exiguus</b> [<b>exigō</b>, <i>to weigh exactly</i>], adj., +<i>scanty, short, brief</i>.</p> + +<p><b>eximius</b> [<b>eximō</b>], adj., <i>choice, distinguished, +remarkable, excellent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>eximō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_emo"><b>emō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exīstimō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>aestimō</b>, <i>to +value</i>], <i>to value</i>; <i>think, believe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exitium, ī</b> [<b>exeō</b>], n., <i>destruction, ruin, +death</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exitus, ūs</b> [<b>exeō</b>], m., <i>outcome, close</i>; +<i>departure</i>; <i>end of life, death</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exorior</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_orior"><b>orior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>expediō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>pēs</b>], <i>to +set free, extricate</i>; <i>procure, obtain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>expellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>expendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pendo"><b>pendō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>experīmentum, ī</b> [<b>experior</b>], n., <i>proof, test, +trial</i>.</p> + +<p><b>experior, īrī, tus sum</b>, <i>to test, try</i>; <i>find out, +learn, experience</i>.</p> + +<p><b>expetō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_peto"><b>petō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>expīlō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to plunder, rob</i>.</p> + +<p><b>expiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>piō</b>, <i>to +appease</i>], +<span class = "pagenum">158b</span> +<i>to make amends for, atone for</i>.</p> + +<p><b>expleō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pleo"><b>*pleō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>explōrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to reconnoiter</i>.</p> + +<p><b>expōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>expōscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_posco"><b>pōscō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>expositiō, ōnis</b> [<b>expōnō</b>], f., <i>exposure</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exprimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_premo"><b>premō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>expūgnātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>expūgnō</b>], f., <b>a taking by storm, +storming, capture</b>.</p> + +<p><b>expūgnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pugno"><b>pūgnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exquīsītus</b> [<b>exquīrō</b>, <i>to seek out</i>], adj., +<i>carefully sought out, special</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exsecrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sacro"><b>sacrō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exsequiae, ārum</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>sequor</b>], pl. f., +<i>funeral procession, funeral</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exserō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sero"><b>serō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exsilium, ī</b>, n., <i>banishment, exile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exsistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exspectātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>exspectō</b>], f., <i>expectation, +anticipation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exspectō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_specto"><b>spectō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exspīrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_spiro"><b>spīrō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exstinguō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_stinguo"><b>stinguō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exstō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sto"><b>stō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exstruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_struo"><b>struō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exsultō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_salto"><b>saltō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>extemplō</b> [<b>ex</b> + dim. of <b>tempus</b>], adv., <i>on the +instant, at once, forthwith</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_exter" id = "vocab_exter"><b>exter</b></a> or +<b>exterus, tera, terum</b>, adj., <i>outer, foreign</i>; comp. +<b>exterior</b>; sup. <b>extrēmus</b>, <i>outermost, extreme</i>; +<i>last, furthermost</i>; <i>last part of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>extimēscō, ere, timuī, —</b> [<b>ex</b> + <b>*timēscō</b>, +inceptive of <b>timeō</b>], <i>to fear</i> or <i>dread greatly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>extrā</b> [<b>exter</b>], (1) adv., <i>on the outside, +without</i>; (2) prep, with acc., <i>outside of, beyond</i>.</p> + +<p><b>extrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>extraōrdinārius</b> [<b>extrā</b> + <b>ōrdō</b>], adj., <i>out of +the common run, uncommon</i>.</p> + +<p><b>extrēmus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_exter"><b>exter</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>exuō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to draw or pull off, lay aside</i>; +<i>strip, despoil</i>.</p> + +<p><b>exūrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_uro"><b>ūrō</b></a>.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">159a</span> +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_F" id = "vocab_F" href = "#vocab">F</a></p> + +<p><b>faber, fabrī</b>, m., <i>a workman</i> (in hard materials), +<i>smith, carpenter</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fabius, ī</b>, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See <a href = +"#vocab_maximus"><b>Māximus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>fabricō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [cf. <b>faber</b>], <i>to make, build, +construct</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fābula, ae</b> [<b>for</b>, <i>to speak</i>], f., <i>story, +play</i>.</p> + +<p><b>facētē</b> [<b>facētus</b>, <i>witty</i>], adv., +<b>wittily</b>.</p> + +<p><b>facile</b> [<b>facilis</b>], adv., <i>easily</i>; <i>readily, +willingly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>facilis, e</b> [<b>faciō</b>], adj., <i>easy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>facinus, oris</b> [<b>faciō</b>], n., <i>a deed</i>; +<i>crime</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_facio" id = "vocab_facio"><b>faciō, facere, fēcī, +factus</b></a>, <i>to make, do, perform</i>; <i>choose, appoint</i>; +<b>stīpendia facere</b>, <i>to serve a campaign</i>; <b>sūmptum +facere</b>, <i>to spend</i>; <b>verba facere</b>, <i>to speak</i>; +<b>vim facere</b>, <i>to use violence</i>; pass., <b>fīō, fierī, factus +sum</b>, <i>to be done, occur, take place, happen</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to do something to, +affect</i>; <i>treat, visit with</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to do +thoroughly</i>; <i>complete, prepare</i>; <i>accomplish, make</i>; +<i>exhaust, kill</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēficiō, ere, fēcī, fectum</b>, <i>withdraw, revolt</i>; +<i>fail, disappear, give out</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—efficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to work out, bring to +pass, accomplish</i>; <i>make, render, cause, effect</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—īnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to stain, dye</i>; +<i>pollute, taint</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inter—interficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to kill</i>; +<i>murder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—perficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to do thoroughly, +execute, accomplish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—sufficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus</b>, <i>to put under</i>, or +<i>in place of, appoint as successor, substitute</i>; intrans., +<i>suffice, be sufficient</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>factiō, ōnis</b> [<b>faciō</b>], f., <i>party, faction</i>.</p> + +<p><b>factum, ī</b> [<b>faciō</b>], n., <i>a deed, act</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">159b</span> +<p><b>facultās, ātis</b> [<b>facilis</b>], f., <i>means, +opportunity</i>; <i>ability, skill</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fācundia, ae</b> [<b>fācundus</b>, <i>eloquent</i>], f., +<i>eloquence, oratory</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Falernus</b>, adj., <i>Falernian</i>; <b>ager Falernus</b>, <ins +class = "correction" title = "italicized as shown"><i>a famous +wine-growing district in Campania</i></ins>.</p> + +<p><b>fāma, ae</b> [<b>for</b>, <i>to speak</i>], f., <i>talk, report, +rumor</i>; <i>tradition</i>; <i>fame, reputation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>famēs, is</b>, f., <b>hunger</b>.</p> + +<p><b>familia, ae</b> [<b>famulus</b>, <i>a slave</i>], f., <i>the +slaves in a household</i>; <i>family, house, race</i>.</p> + +<p><b>familiāris, e</b> [<b>familia</b>], adj., <i>belonging to a +household, private, intimate, friendly</i>; <i>well-known</i>; <b>rēs +familiāris</b>, <i>private property</i>. As noun, m., <i>an intimate +friend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>familiāritās, ātis</b> [<b>familiāris</b>], f., <i>friendship, +intimacy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fāmōsus</b> [<b>fāma</b>], adj., <i>famous</i>; <i>notorious</i>; +<i>scurrilous, slanderous</i>.</p> + +<p><b>famula, ae</b>, f., <i>a slave-woman</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fānum, ī</b>, n., <i>a shrine, temple</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fascis, is</b>, m., <i>a bundle</i>; pl., <i>the fasces</i>, +a bundle of rods carried by the lictors before various magistrates. +Outside of Rome an axe was bound with the rods. The rods and axe were +typical of the magistrate’s power to punish, even to the extent of +inflicting the death penalty. See <a href = +"#vocab_lictor"><b>līctor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>fāstī, ōrum</b> [<b>fāstus</b>], pl. m., <i>a register</i>, esp. +of business days, also of officers, triumphs, etc.; <i>the +calendar</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_fastus" id = "vocab_fastus"><b>fāstus</b></a> +[<b>fās</b>, <i>right</i>], adj., <i>not forbidden, legal</i>; <b>diēs +fāstus</b>, a day on which it was legal to hold court, +a business day.</p> + +<p><b>fātālis, e</b> [<b>fātum</b>, <i>fate</i>], adj., <i>fateful, +fatal</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_fateor" id = "vocab_fateor"><b>fateor, ērī, fassus +sum</b></a>, <i>to confess</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—cōnfiteor, ērī, fessus sum</b>, <i>to confess freely, +acknowledge, avow</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—profiteor, ērī, fessus sum</b>, <i>to declare publicly, +avow</i>; <b>nōmen profitērī</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">160a</span> +<i>to avow one’s self a candidate</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>faucēs, ium</b>, pl. f., <i>throat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Faustulus, ī</b>, m., the shepherd who brought up Romulus and +Remus.</p> + +<p><b>Faustus, ī</b> [<b>faveō</b>], m., <i>the Lucky</i>, a name given +by Sulla to his son.</p> + +<p><b>Fausta, ae</b> [<b>faveō</b>], f., <i>the Lucky</i>, a name given +by Sulla to his daughter.</p> + +<p><b>faveō, ēre, fāvī, fautūrus</b>, <i>to favor, support</i>.</p> + +<p><b>favor, ōris</b> [<b>faveō</b>], m., <i>favor, good will</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fax, facis</b>, f., <i>torch, firebrand</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fēlīcitās, ātis</b> [<b>fēlīx</b>], f., <i>good fortune, luck, +happiness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fēlīx, īcis</b>, adj., <i>lucky, fortunate, happy</i>. As noun, +m., cognomen of <b>Sulla</b>.</p> + +<p><b>fēmina, ae</b>, f., <i>a woman, female</i>.</p> + +<p><b>femur, femoris</b>, n., <i>the thigh</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_fendo" id = "vocab_fendo"><b>*fendō, ere</b></a>, +<i>to strike</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dē—dēfendō, ere, ī, fēnsus</b>, <i>to ward off, repel</i>; +<i>defend, protect</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—offendō, ere, ī, fēnsus</b>, <i>to strike against, +displease, vex</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>ferē</b>, adv., <i>almost, about</i> (esp. with numbers).</p> + +<p><b>feriō, īre, percussī, percussus</b>, <i>to strike</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fermē</b> [for <b>ferimē</b>, sup. of <b>ferē</b>], adv., +<i>almost, about</i> (esp. with numbers).</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_fero" id = "vocab_fero"><b>ferō, ferre, tulī, +lātus</b></a>, <i>to bear, carry, take</i>; <i>bear, endure, suffer</i>; +<i>say, report, tell</i>; pass., <i>to be borne, rush</i>; <b>aegrē, +indīgnē</b> or <b>molestē ferre</b>, <i>to take amiss</i>; <b>lēgem +ferre</b>, <i>to propose a law</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—auferō, ferre, abstulī, ablātus</b>, <i>to take</i> or +<i>carry away, remove</i>; <i>steal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad—adferō, ferre, attulī, adlātus</b>, <i>to bring to, +offer, give</i>; <i>announce, report</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bring together, +collect</i>; <i>devote, +<span class = "pagenum">160b</span> +apply</i>; <i>bestow</i>; <b>sē cōnferre</b>, <i>betake one’s +self, go</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bring</i> or +<i>carry down</i> or <i>to, carry off, remove</i>; <i>give, offer</i>; +<i>report</i>; <b>rem dēferre ad populum</b>, <i>to submit a matter to +the people</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—efferō, ferre, extulī, ēlātus</b>, <i>to carry out, take +away</i>; <i>lift up, puff up, elate, exalt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—īnferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bring in, upon</i>, +or <i>against</i>; <b>bellum īnferre</b>, <i>to wage</i> (offensive) +<i>war</i>; <b>sīgna īnferre</b>, <i>to advance against</i>; <b>sē +īnferre</b>, <i>to betake one’s self</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—offerō, ferre, obtulī, oblātus</b>, <i>to bring before, +offer, present</i>; <i>expose</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—perferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bear or carry +through, carry</i>; <i>retain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prae—praeferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to carry</i> or +<i>put before</i>; <i>set before, prefer, rate higher</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to carry</i> or +<i>bring forth, produce</i>; <i>cite, quote</i>; <i>make known, +mention</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—referō, ferre, rettulī, relātus</b>, <i>to bear</i> or +<i>bring back</i>; <i>give back, return, repay</i>; <i>lift, raise</i>; +<i>count, reckon</i>; <b>sē referre</b>, <i>to betake one’s +self</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns—trānsferō, ferre, tulī, lātus</b>, <i>to bear</i> or +<i>take over</i> or <i>across</i>, <i>transport</i>; <i>transfer, +shift</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>ferōx, ōcis</b> [<b>ferus</b>], adj., <i>bold, confident</i>; +<i>high-strung, warlike</i>; <i>fierce, cruel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ferreus</b> [<b>ferrum</b>], adj., <i>of iron, iron</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ferrum, ī</b>, n., <i>iron</i>; <i>an iron tool</i>, as a +<i>sword, axe, dagger</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ferus</b>, adj., <i>wild, barbarous, cruel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fessus</b>, adj., <i>tired, weary</i>; <i>weak, feeble</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fēstīnō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to hasten, hurry</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fētiālis, is</b> (sc. <b>sacerdōs</b>), m., <i>an ambassador, +treaty priest</i>, who negotiated +<span class = "pagenum">161a</span> +treaties of peace, and made formal declarations of war.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_fetialis" id = "vocab_fetialis"><b>Fētiālis, +e</b></a>, adj., <i>pertaining to the Fetiales, Fetial</i> (see +preceding word).</p> + +<p><b>fīdēliter</b> [<b>fīdēlis</b>, <i>faithful</i>], adv., +<i>faithfully</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fīdēnātēs, ium</b>, pl. m., the people of Fidenae, an ancient town +on the Tiber, five miles north of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>fidēs, fideī</b>, f., <i>good faith, integrity</i>; <i>trust, +belief, credence</i>; <i>pledge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fīdūcia, ae</b> [<b>fīdus</b>, <i>faithful</i>], f., <i>trust, +confidence, reliance</i>; <i>courage</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_figo" id = "vocab_figo"><b>fīgō, ere, fīxī, +fīxus</b></a>, <i>to fix, fasten</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dē—dēfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus</b>, <i>to fasten</i>, esp. +<i>to fasten</i> (to the ground) <i>with amazement, +astonish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—suffīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus</b>, <i>to fasten beneath</i> +or <i>on</i>; <b>crucī suffīgere</b>, <i>to crucify</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns—trānsfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus</b>, <i>to pierce through, +transfix, stab</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>fīlia, ae</b>, f., <i>daughter</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fīlius, ī</b>, m., <i>son</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fingō, ere, finxī, fīctus</b>, <i>to form, invent</i>; <i>feign, +pretend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fīniō, īre, īvī, ītus</b> [<b>fīnis</b>], <i>to limit, bound</i>; +<i>finish, end, settle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fīnis, is</b>, m., <i>boundary, limit, end</i>; pl. m., +<i>territory</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fīnitimus</b> [<b>fīnis</b>], adj., <i>neighboring</i>; as noun, +<b>fīnitimī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>neighbors</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fīō, fierī, factus sum</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_firmo" id = "vocab_firmo"><b>fīrmō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [<b>fīrmus</b>], <i>to make firm, strengthen</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to strengthen</i>; +<i>assert, declare</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to strengthen, ratify, +confirm</i>; <i>assert</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>fīrmus</b>, adj., <i>strong, powerful</i>; <i>trusty</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_flagito" id = "vocab_flagito"><b>flāgitō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to demand</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ex—efflāgitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to demand vigorously</i> +or <i>earnestly</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_flamen" id = "vocab_flamen"><b>flāmen, inis</b></a>, +m., <i>a Flamen</i>, a priest devoted to the service of a particular +<span class = "pagenum">161b</span> +god, esp. Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus. His office was to make sacrifices +and to watch the sacred fire of the god.</p> + +<p><b>flamma, ae</b>, f., <i>flame, fire</i>.</p> + +<p><b>flēbiliter</b> [<b>flēbilis</b>, <i>mournful</i>], adv., +<i>mournfully, tearfully</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_flecto" id = "vocab_flecto"><b>flectō, ere, flexī, +flexus</b></a>, <i>to bend, turn</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dē—dēflectō, ere, flexī, flexus</b>, <i>to bend</i> or +<i>turn aside</i> or <i>away, turn</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—īnflectō, ere, flexī, flexus</b>, <i>to bend, curb, +relax</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētus</b>, <i>to weep</i>; <i>bewail</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_fligo" id = "vocab_fligo"><b>*flīgō, ere</b></a>, +<i>to strike</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus</b>, <i>to dash against</i> +or <i>down</i>; <i>afflict, ruin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus</b>, <i>to dash together, +contend, fight</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōflīgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to dash down, +overcome</i> (in battle).</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_flo" id = "vocab_flo"><b>flō, flāre, flāvī, +—</b></a>, <i>to blow</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adflō, flāre, flāvī, —</b>, <i>to blow towards, +blow</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnflō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to blow up, kindle, +cause</i>; <b>aes aliēnum cōnflāre</b>, <i>to contract debt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—īnflō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to blow up, +inflate</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>flōrēns, entis</b> [<b>flōreō</b>], adj., <i>blooming, +flourishing</i>; <b>flōrēns iuventa</b>, <i>youthful beauty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>flōreō, ēre, uī</b>, — [<b>flōs</b>, <i>a flower</i>], <i>to +bloom, flourish, prosper</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fluctus, ūs</b> [<b>fluō</b>], m., <i>wave, billow, flood</i>.</p> + +<p><b>flūmen, inis</b> [<b>fluō</b>], n., <i>stream, river</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_fluo" id = "vocab_fluo"><b>fluō, ere, fluxī, +—</b></a>, <i>to flow</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—cōnfluō, ere, fluxī, —</b>, <i>to flow</i> or +<i>stream together, assemble</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—diffluō, ere, fluxī, —</b>, <i>to flow in +different directions, melt away, disappear</i>; <b>ōtiō et lūxū +diffluere</b>, <i>to abandon one’s self to ease and luxury</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>fluvius, ī</b> [<b>fluō</b>], m., <i>a stream, river</i>.</p> + +<p><b>foculus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>focus</b>], m., <i>a fire-pan, +brazier</i>.</p> + +<p><b>focus, ī</b>, m., <i>fireplace, hearth</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">162a</span> +<p><a name = "vocab_fodio" id = "vocab_fodio"><b>fodiō, ere, fōdī, +fossus</b></a>, <i>to dig</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—cōnfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus</b>, <i>to stab, +pierce</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—suffodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus</b>, <i>to dig beneath, +undermine, tunnel</i>; <i>stab beneath</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns—trānsfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus</b>, <i>to pierce, stab, +slash</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>foedē</b> [<b>foedus</b>, <i>foul</i>], adv., <i>foully, +basely</i>.</p> + +<p><b>foederātus</b> [<b>foedus</b>], adj., <i>leagued</i> or <i>allied +with</i>.</p> + +<p><b>foedus, eris</b>, n., <i>a treaty, alliance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fōns, fontis</b>, m., <i>a spring, fountain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>forās</b> [<b>*fora</b>, <i>a door</i>; cf. <b>foris</b>], adv., +<i>out of doors, forth, out</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fore</b>, fut. infin. of <b>sum</b>.</p> + +<p><b>forēnsis, e</b> [<b>forum</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>in the +forum, forensic</i>.</p> + +<p><b>foris, is</b>, f., <i>a door</i>; usually in pl.</p> + +<p><b>fōrma, ae</b>, f., <i>form, figure, beauty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>formīdolōsus</b> [<b>formīdō</b>, <i>dread</i>], adj., +<i>dreadful, terrible</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fors, fortis</b> (only nom. and abl. sing.), f., <i>chance, +accident, good fortune</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fortāsse</b> [<b>fors</b>], adv., <i>perhaps, possibly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>forte</b> [abl. of <b>fors</b>], adv., <i>by chance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fortis, e</b>, adj., <i>strong, brave</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fortiter</b> [<b>fortis</b>], adv., <i>bravely</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fortitūdō, inis</b> [<b>fortis</b>], f., <i>bravery, +resolution</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fortūna, ae</b> [<b>fors</b>], f., <i>luck, fortune</i> (whether +good or ill); personified, <i>the goddess of fortune</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_forum" id = "vocab_forum"><b>Forum, ī</b></a> [cf. +<b>forīs</b>, <i>out of doors</i>], n., <i>an out-of-door place, market, +Forum</i>; esp. the <i>Forum Rōmānum</i> between the Capitoline and +Palatine hills. It was the center of the political, religious, and +business life of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>fossa, ae</b> [<b>fodiō</b>], f., <i>a ditch</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_foveo" id = "vocab_foveo"><b>foveō, ēre, fōvī, +fōtus</b></a>, <i>to warm, cherish, favor</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>re—refoveō, ēre, fōvī, fōtus</b>, <i>to restore, refresh, +revive</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">162b</span> +<p><b>frāgmentum, ī</b> [<b>frangō</b>], n., <i>fragment, bit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fragor, ōris</b> [<b>frangō</b>], m., <i>noise</i>, esp. +<i>thunder peal</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_frango" id = "vocab_frango"><b>frangō, ere, frēgī, +frāctus</b></a>, <i>to break in pieces, break</i>; <i>subdue, +overcome</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>re—refringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus</b>, <i>to break up</i> or +<i>open</i>.</p> + +<p><b>frāter, tris</b>, m., <i>brother</i>.</p> + +<p><b>frāternus</b> [<b>frāter</b>], adj., <i>brother’s, +brotherly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fraudō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>fraus</b>], <i>to cheat, +rob</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fraus, fraudis</b>, f., <i>foul play, treachery</i>.</p> + +<p><b>frendō, ere, —, —</b>, <i>to gnash the teeth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>frēnum, ī</b>, n., <i>bridle, curb, rein</i>.</p> + +<p><b>frequēns, entis</b>, adj., <i>crowded, frequent</i>; <i>in great +numbers</i>.</p> + +<p><b>frequenter</b> [<b>frequēns</b>], adv., <i>often</i>.</p> + +<p><b>frequentia, ae</b> [<b>frequēns</b>], f., <i>crowd, +throng</i>.</p> + +<p><b>frīgidus</b> [<b>frīgeō</b>, <i>to be cold</i>], adj., +<i>cold</i>.</p> + +<p><b>frūgālitās, ātis</b> [<b>frūgālis</b>, <i>thrifty</i>], f., +<i>thrift, economy, frugality</i>.</p> + +<p><b>frūmentārius</b> [<b>frūmentum</b>], adj., <i>concerning corn</i>; +<b>rēs frūmentāria</b>, <i>the corn supply</i>.</p> + +<p><b>frūmentum, ī</b> [<b>fruor</b>], n., <i>grain, corn</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_fruor" id = "vocab_fruor"><b>fruor, fruī, frūctus +sum</b></a>, <i>to use, enjoy</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>per—perfruor, fruī, frūctus sum</b>, <i>to enjoy +thoroughly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>frūstrā</b>, adv., <i>in vain, fruitlessly</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_fufetius" id = "vocab_fufetius"><b>Fūfetius, +ī</b></a>, m., <i>Mettius Fūfetius</i>, leader of the Albans against +Tullius Hostilius.</p> + +<p><b>Fūfidius, ī</b>, m., a follower of Sulla.</p> + +<p><b>fuga, ae</b>, f., <i>flight</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_fugio" id = "vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō, ere, fūgī, +—</b></a>, <i>to flee, flee from</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—aufugiō, ere, fūgī, —</b>, <i>to flee from, run +away, escape</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnfugiō, ere, fūgī, —</b>, <i>to flee for +refuge</i>; <i>resort to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—effugiō, ere, fūgī, —</b>, <i>to escape</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—profugiō, ere, fūgī, —</b>, <i>to flee, +escape</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">163a</span> +<p><b>re—refugiō, ere, fūgī, —</b>, <i>to flee back, +escape</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns—trānsfugiō, ere, fūgī, —</b>, <i>to flee to the +other side, go over to the enemy, desert</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>fugō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>fugiō</b>], <i>to put to flight, +rout</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fulgeō, ēre, fulsī, —</b>, <i>to flash, gleam</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fulmen, inis</b> [<b>fulgeō</b>], n., <i>lightning flash, +thunderbolt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fulvius, ī</b>, m., <i>A. Fulvius</i>, who put his son to death +because he joined Catiline’s conspiracy.</p> + +<p><b>fūnāle, is</b> [<b>fūnis</b>, <i>a cord</i>], n., <i>a +torch</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_fundo" id = "vocab_fundo"><b>fundō, ere, fūdī, +fūsus</b></a>, <i>to pour, pour out, shed</i>; <i>rout, scatter</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>circum—circumfundo, ere, fūdī, fūsus</b>, <i>to pour +about</i>; pass., <i>to surround</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—effundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus</b>, <i>to pour out</i>; +<i>scatter, squander, lavish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—profundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus</b>, <i>to pour forth or out, +squander, waste</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>fundus, ī</b>, m., <i>farm, estate</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_fungor" id = "vocab_fungor"><b>fungor, ī, fūnctus +sum</b></a>, <i>to perform, discharge, serve through</i> +(an office).</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dē—dēfungor, ī, fūnctus sum</b>, <i>to perform, finish</i>; +<i>to die</i> (sc. <b>vītā</b>).</p> + +<p><b>fūnus, eris</b>, n., <i>burial, funeral rites</i>.</p> + +<p><b>furēns, entis</b> [orig. part, of <b>furō</b>, <i>to rave</i>], +adj., <i>furious, raging</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_furius" id = "vocab_furius"><b>Fūrius, ī</b></a>, +m., <i>P. Fūrius Philus</i>, who revealed the plan of certain nobles to +leave Italy after the battle of Cannae.</p> + +<p><b>furor, ōris</b> [<b>furō</b>, <i>to rave</i>], m., <i>rage, +madness, fury</i>.</p> + +<p><b>fūrtō</b> [abl. of <b>fūrtum</b>, <i>theft</i>], adv., +<i>stealthily, secretly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>futūrus</b> [orig. fut. part, of <b>sum</b>], adj., <i>coming, +future</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_G" id = "vocab_G" href = "#vocab">G</a></p> + +<p><b>Gabiī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of +Rome.</p> + +<p><b>Gabīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., the inhabitants of Gabii.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">163b</span> +<p><b>Gadēs, ium</b>, pl. f., a town on the southern coast of Spain +(modern Cadiz).</p> + +<p><b>Gaetulī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Gaetuli</i>, a tribe of northern +Africa.</p> + +<p><b>Gāius, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p> + +<p><b>Gallia, ae</b>, f., <i>Gaul</i>, which included modern France, +Belgium and Holland, and the parts of Germany and Switzerland west of +the Rhine.</p> + +<p><b>Gallus, ī</b>, m., <i>a Gaul</i>.</p> + +<p><b>gaudium, ī</b>, n., <i>joy, gladness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gaurus, ī</b>, m., <i>a mountain of Campania</i>.</p> + +<p><b>gaza, ae</b>, f., <i>treasure, riches</i>.</p> + +<p><b>geminātus</b>, adj., <i>doubled, twofold</i>; +<i>consecutive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>geminus</b>, adj., <i>twin, twofold</i>. As noun, <b>geminī, +ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>twins</i>.</p> + +<p><b>gemō, ere, uī, —</b>, <i>to sigh, groan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>gener, generī</b>, m., <i>a son-in-law</i>.</p> + +<p><b>genitus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_gigno"><b>gīgnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>gēns, gentis</b>, f., <i>a gens</i> or <i>clan</i>, consisting of +a number of families claiming a common lineage, and having certain +religious rites in common; <i>tribe, people, nation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>genū, ūs</b>, n., <i>knee</i>.</p> + +<p><b>genus, eris</b>, n., <i>race, family, stock, birth</i>; <i>kind, +class, sort</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Germānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Germans</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Germānia, ae</b>, f., <i>Germany</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_gero" id = "vocab_gero"><b>gerō, ere, gessī, +gestus</b></a>, <i>to bear, carry</i>; <i>wear</i>; <i>carry on, wage, +manage</i>; <i>perform, do</i>; <b>sē gerere</b>, <i>to conduct one’s +self, behave</i>; <b>rem pūblicam gerere</b>, <i>to administer the +state</i>; <b>rēs gestae</b>, <i>exploits, history</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>con—congerō, ere, gessī, gestus</b>, <i>to bring</i> or <i>heap +together, collect</i>.</p> + +<p><b>gestō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>gerō</b>], <i>to bear, +carry, wear</i>.</p> + +<p><b>gestus, ūs</b> [<b>gerō</b>], m., <i>bearing</i>; +<i>gesture</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_gigno" id = "vocab_gigno"><b>gīgnō, ere, genuī, +genitus</b></a>, <i>to produce, beget</i>; <b>genitus</b>, +<i>born of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>gladius, ī</b>, m., <i>a sword</i>.</p> + +<p><b>glōria, ae</b>, f., <i>glory, fame, renown</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">164a</span> +<p><b>glōrior, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to boast, brag, pride one’s +self</i>.</p> + +<p><b>glōriōsē</b> [<b>glōria</b>], adv., <i>gloriously</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gnaeus, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_gracchus" id = "vocab_gracchus"><b>Gracchus, +ī</b></a>, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>Ti. Semprōnius Gracchus</i>, tribune of the people in 133 <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p>2. <i>C. Semprōnius Gracchus</i>, brother of (1), and tribune in 123 +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>; killed in 121.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_gradior" id = "vocab_gradior"><b>gradior, gradī, +gressus sum</b></a>, <i>to walk, step</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—aggredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to approach, attack, +assail</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—congredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to meet</i>; <i>join +battle, fight</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—dīgredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to go apart or away, +depart</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—ēgredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to go</i> or <i>march +out</i> or <i>away</i>; <i>disembark</i>. (The verb is construed with +the abl., the abl. with <b>ex</b>, or the acc.).</p> + +<p><b>in—ingredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to enter, advance, +proceed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōgredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to go forth</i> or +<i>on, advance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—regredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to go back, return, +retreat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns—trānsgredior, ī, gressus sum</b>, <i>to step over</i> +or <i>across, cross</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>gradus, ūs</b>, m., <i>a step</i>; <i>stage, period, degree</i>; +pl., <i>steps, stairs</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Graecia, ae</b>, f., <i>Greece</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Graeculus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>Graecus</b>], m., <i>a poor</i> or +<i>paltry Greek</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Graecus</b>, adj., <i>Greek, Grecian</i>. As noun, <b>Graecus, +ī</b>, m., <i>a Greek</i>.</p> + +<p><b>grānum, ī</b>, n., <i>a grain, seed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>graphium, ī</b>, n., <i>stylus</i> (of metal) for writing, +<i>pen</i>.</p> + +<p><b>grātia, ae</b> [<b>grātus</b>], f., <i>favor, regard, credit</i>; +<i>influence</i>; <i>return, thanks, gratitude</i>; <b>grātiam +habēre</b>, <i>to feel thankful</i>; <b>grātiās agere</b>, <i>to show +<span class = "pagenum">164b</span> +gratitude, thank</i>; <b>grātiam referre</b>, <i>to repay a favor</i>; +<b>grātiā</b>, with preceding gen., frequent in expressions of purpose, +<i>for the sake of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>grātulor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>grātus</b>], <i>to show joy, +congratulate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>grātus</b>, adj., <i>pleasing, dear, acceptable</i>.</p> + +<p><b>gravis, e</b>, adj., <i>heavy, severe, difficult</i>; <i>weighty, +important</i>.</p> + +<p><b>gravitās, ātis</b> [<b>gravis</b>], f., <i>weight</i>; <i>dignity, +influence, importance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>graviter</b> [<b>gravis</b>], adv., <i>weightily</i>; +<i>vigorously, seriously, with dignity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>gravor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>gravis</b>], <i>to be burdened</i>; +<i>take amiss, grudge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>grex, gregis</b>, f., <i>herd, common herd</i>; <i>band, +company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>gubernātor, ōris</b> [<b>gubernō</b>, <i>to steer</i>], m., +<i>helmsman, pilot</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_H" id = "vocab_H" href = "#vocab">H</a></p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_habeo" id = "vocab_habeo"><b>habeō, ēre, uī, +itus</b></a>, <i>to have, hold, keep</i>; <i>consider, regard, treat, +use</i>; <i>render</i> (honor, etc.); <b>ōrātiōnem habēre</b>, <i>to +deliver a speech</i>; <b>lūdibriō habēre</b>, <i>to mock</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adhibeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to hold to</i> or +<i>toward, apply, employ</i>; <i>employ as counsel, consult</i>; +<i>summon, invite</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēbeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to withhold, owe</i>; +<b>dēbet, dēbuit</b> + inf., <i>ought, must, should</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—exhibeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to hold forth, show, +display, exhibit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—inhibeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to hold</i> or <i>draw in, +restrain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>post—posthabeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to place after</i> +(i.e. lower than), <i>rate lower, esteem less</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prae—praebeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to hold forth, offer, +grant, supply, furnish</i>; <b>aurēs praebēre</b>, <i>to listen</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prohibeō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to check, keep off</i>; +<i>hinder, prevent</i>.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">165a</span> +<p><b>habilis, e</b> [<b>habeō</b>], adj., <i>handy, easily +wielded</i>.</p> + +<p><b>habitātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>habitō</b>], f., +<i>dwelling-place</i>.</p> + +<p><b>habitō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [freq. of <b>habeō</b>], <i>to +inhabit</i>; <i>dwell, live</i>.</p> + +<p><b>habitus, ūs</b> [<b>habeō</b>], m., <i>state, condition</i>; +<i>habit, dress, attire</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hālitus, ūs</b>, m., <i>breath</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hamilcar, aris</b>, m., a famous Carthaginian general, father of +Hannibal (2).</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_hannibal" id = "vocab_hannibal"><b>Hannibal, +alis</b></a>, m., a Carthaginian name.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. A naval commander, defeated by C. Duilius, 260 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p>2. The son of Hamilcar, born <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> +247. He invaded Italy in 218, but was defeated by Scipio at Zama in 202; +he then fled to the East, and died in 183.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Hannō, ōnis</b>, m., a Carthaginian general, defeated by +Regulus.</p> + +<p><b>haruspex, icis</b>, m., <i>a soothsayer</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_hasdrubal" id = "vocab_hasdrubal"><b>Hasdrubal, +alis</b></a>, m., a Carthaginian name.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. Son of Hamilcar, and brother of Hannibal (2); fought against +Scipio Africanus in Spain; defeated and killed at the battle of the +Metaurus in Italy, 207 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p>2. Son of Gisco; fought against Scipio Africanus in Spain and +Africa.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>hasta, ae</b>, f., <i>a spear</i>.</p> + +<p><b>haud</b>, adv., <i>by no means, not, not at all</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_haurio" id = "vocab_haurio"><b>hauriō, īre, hausī, +haustus</b></a>, <i>to drink, swallow</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ex—exhauriō, īre, hausī, haustus</b>, <i>to empty, exhaust</i>; +<i>ruin, impoverish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Herculēs, is</b>, m., a Grecian hero, celebrated for his strength +and marvelous deeds in many parts of the world.</p> + +<p><b>hērēs, ēdis</b>, m., <i>an heir</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hīc, haec, hōc</b>, dem. pron., <i>this, the following, the +latter</i>; <i>he, she, it</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">165b</span> +<p><b>hīc</b> [<b>hīc</b>], adv., <i>here, hereupon, at this +point</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hiems, hiemis</b>, f., <i>winter, storm</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hierosolyma, ōrum</b>, pl. n., <i>Jerusalem</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hilarē</b> [<b>hilarus</b>, <i>merry</i>], adv., <i>merrily, +cheerfully, gaily</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hilaritās, ātis</b> [<b>hilaris</b>, <i>merry</i>], f., +<i>merriment, gaiety</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hinc</b> [<b>hīc</b>], adv., <i>from this place</i> or <i>time, +hence</i>; <b>hinc—hinc</b>, <i>on this side . . . on +that, on the one side . . . on the other</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hirundō, inis</b>, f., <i>a swallow</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_hispania" id = "vocab_hispania"><b>Hispānia, +ae</b></a>, f., <i>Spain</i> (including Portugal). It was divided into +two provinces, <i>Hispānia Citerior</i> and <i>Hispānia +Ūlterior</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hispāniēnsis, e</b>, adj., <i>Spanish, in Spain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hispānus</b>, adj., <i>Spanish</i>. As noun, <b>Hispānus, ī</b>, +m., <i>a Spaniard</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hodiē</b> [<b>hō(c)</b> + <b>diē</b>], adv., <i>to-day</i>.</p> + +<p><b>homō, inis</b>, m. and f., <i>a human being, man</i>; +<b>hominēs</b>, <i>mankind, the world</i>.</p> + +<p><b>honestē</b> [<b>honestus</b>], adv., <i>honorably</i>.</p> + +<p><b>honestus</b> [<b>honōs</b>], adj., <i>honored, respected</i>; +<i>honorable, right, virtuous</i>.</p> + +<p><b>honōrātē</b> [<b>honōrātus</b>, <i>honored</i>], adv., +<i>honorably, with respect</i>.</p> + +<p><b>honōrificus</b> [<b>honōs</b> + <b>faciō</b>], adj., <i>that does +honor, complimentary</i>.</p> + +<p><b>honorō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>honōs</b>], <i>to honor, do +honor to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>honōs</b> or <b>honor, ōris</b>, m., <i>honor, respect, +esteem</i>; <i>public office</i>; personified, <i>Honor</i> +(a deity).</p> + +<p><b>hōra, ae</b>, f., <i>hour</i>, the twelfth part of the day +(sunrise to sunset) or night.</p> + +<p><b>Horātius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens.</p> + +<p><b>horreō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to stand on end, bristle</i>; +<i>shudder at, shrink from</i>.</p> + +<p><b>horror, ōris</b> [<b>horreō</b>], m., <i>dread, terror, +horror</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hortātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>hortor</b>], f., <i>encouragement, +exhortation</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">166a</span> +<p><b>hortor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to exhort, urge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hortus, ī</b>, m., <i>a garden</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hospes, itis</b>, m., <i>entertainer, host</i>; <i>guest, +friend</i>; <i>stranger</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hospita, ae</b> [<b>hospes</b>], f., <i>a stranger</i>; +<i>guest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hospitium, ī</b> [<b>hospes</b>], n., <i>entertainment, +hospitality</i>; <i>lodgings, inn</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hostia, ae</b>, f., <i>an animal for sacrifice, victim</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hostīlis, e</b> [<b>hostis</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>from the +enemy, hostile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hostīliter</b> [<b>hostīlis</b>], adv., <i>in hostile +manner</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_hostilius" id = "vocab_hostilius"><b>Hostīlius, +ī</b></a>, m., the name of a Roman gens.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>Hostus Hostīlius</i>, a general of the time of Romulus.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Tullus Hostīlius</i>, third king of Rome.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>hostis, is</b>, m., <i>an enemy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hūc</b> [<b>hīc</b>], adv., <i>to this place, hither</i>; <b>hūc +. . . illūc</b>, <i>hither . . . thither</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hūiuscemodī</b> [<b>hīc</b> + <b>modus</b>], adv., <i>of this</i> +(i.e. the following) <i>kind</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hūmānitās, ātis</b> [<b>hūmānus</b>], f., <i>humanity, +kindliness</i>; <i>refinement, culture</i>.</p> + +<p><b>hūmānus</b> [<b>homō</b>], adj., <i>human, of man</i>; <i>kind, +refined, cultured</i>.</p> + +<p><b>humilis, e</b> [<b>humus</b>, <i>the ground</i>], adj., +<i>low</i>; <i>lowly, humble, common</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_I" id = "vocab_I" href = "#vocab">I</a></p> + +<p><b>iaceō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to lie, lie prostrate</i> or +<i>dead</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_iacio" id = "vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō, iacere, iēcī, +iactus</b></a>, <i>to throw, cast, hurl</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—abiciō, ere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw down, +away</i>, or <i>aside, lay aside</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad—adiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw to, add</i> +or <i>join to, add</i> (in speech).</p> + +<p><b>con—coniciō, icere, coniēcī, coniectus</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">166b</span> +<i>to throw together, unite</i>; <i>hurl, throw</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw</i> or +<i>hurl down, bring down</i>; <i>lay low, dislodge, destroy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—ēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to cast</i> or +<i>drive out, expel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—iniciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw in</i>; +<i>put in</i> or <i>on, lay</i>; <i>inspire, suggest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inter—intericiō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw</i> or +<i>place between, interpose; intervene</i> (in pass.).</p> + +<p><b>ob—obiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw before, put +in the way</i>; <i>put in the hands of, turn over</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw forth, +fling out, throw</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—rēiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw back, +repel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—subiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw</i> or +<i>place under</i>; <i>hand up</i>; <i>present, submit</i>; +<i>subdue</i>.</p> + +<p><b>super—superiaciō, ere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw across, +let down</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns—trāiciō, icere, iēcī, iectus</b>, <i>to throw</i> or +<i>carry across, transport</i>; <i>pierce, penetrate, transfix</i>; +<i>go</i> or <i>pass over, cross</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>iactātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>iactō</b>], f., <i>tossing, motion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iactitō, āre, —, —</b> [freq. of <b>iactō</b>], <i>to +boast, brag</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iactō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to push</i> or <i>toss about</i>; +<i>boast of, take pride in</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_iam" id = "vocab_iam"><b>iam</b></a>, adv., +<i>already, by this time, now</i>; <i>soon, presently</i>; <b>iam +iam</b>, <i>already, at that very moment</i>; <b>iam dūdum</b> or <b>iam +prīdem</b>, <i>long ago, long since</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iam dūdum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iam"><b>iam</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iāniculum, ī</b>, n., a hill on the west bank of the Tiber.</p> + +<p><b>iānua, ae</b>, f., <i>a door, entrance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Iānus, ī</b>, m., <b>Janus</b>, an old Latin divinity, who +presided over all beginnings; +<span class = "pagenum">167a</span> +commonly represented with two faces.</p> + +<p><b>Iarbās, ae</b>, m., king of Numidia and Mauretania (the modern +Morocco).</p> + +<p><b>ibi</b>, adv., <i>there, on that side</i>; <i>then, +thereupon</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ibīdem</b> [<b>ibi</b>], adv., <i>in the same place, on the +spot</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īcō, ere, īcī, īctus</b>, <i>to strike</i>; <b>foedus īcere</b>, +<i>to strike</i> (conclude) <i>a treaty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īctus, ūs</b> [<b>īcō</b>], m., <i>blow, stroke, wound</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īdem, eadem, idem</b>, dem. pron., <i>the same</i>; often best +rendered by adv., <i>also, too, besides</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ideō</b>, adv., <i>for that reason, therefore</i>; <i>with +this</i> (that) <i>purpose</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Īdūs, uum</b>, pl. f., <i>the Ides</i>, or middle of the month; +the fifteenth of March, May, July, and October, the thirteenth of other +months.</p> + +<p><b>igitur</b>, adv., <i>then, therefore, accordingly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īgnāvia, ae</b> [<b>īgnāvus</b>, <i>idle</i>], f., <i>idleness, +sloth</i>; <i>worthlessness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īgnis, is</b>, m., <i>fire</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īgnōminia, ae</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>(g)nōmen</b>], f., +<i>dishonor, disgrace, degradation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īgnōrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>not to know</i>; <i>to be ignorant +of, be unacquainted with</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īgnōscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nosco"><b>nōscō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>īgnōtus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>(g)nōtus</b>], adj., <i>unknown, +unfamiliar, strange</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īlicō</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>locō</b>], adv., <i>on the spot, at +once, immediately</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ille, illa, illud</b>, dem. pron., <i>that, yonder</i>; <i>he, +she, it</i>; <i>the famous, the</i>.</p> + +<p><b>illīc</b> [<b>ille</b>], adv., <i>there, yonder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>illūc</b> [<b>ille</b>], adv., <i>to that place, thither</i>.</p> + +<p><b>imāgō, inis</b>, f., <i>likeness, semblance, image</i>; +<i>statue</i>.</p> + +<p><b>imbellis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>bellum</b>], adj., <i>unfit +for war, unwarlike, cowardly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>imber, bris</b>, m., <i>rain, shower</i>.</p> + +<p><b>imbuō, ere, ī, būtus</b>, <i>to wet, moisten</i>; <i>inspire, +imbue</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">167b</span> +<p><b>imitor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to imitate, copy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>immātūrus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>mātūrus</b>, <i>ripe</i>], +adj., <i>unripe</i>; <i>untimely, premature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>immēnsus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>mētior</b>, <i>to measure</i>], +adj., <i>immeasurable, vast, immense</i>.</p> + +<p><b>immineō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to overhang, threaten</i>.</p> + +<p><b>immittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>immō</b>, adv., <i>by no means, nay</i>.</p> + +<p><b>immolō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>mola</b>, <i>meal</i>], +<i>to sprinkle</i> (a victim) <i>with sacrificial meal, +sacrifice</i>.</p> + +<p><b>immortālis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>mortālis</b>], adj., +<i>immortal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>immōtus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>mōtus</b>, part of <b>moveō</b>], +adj., <i>unmoved, motionless</i>.</p> + +<p><b>impār, paris</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>pār</b>], adj., +<i>unequal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>impatiēns, entis</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>patiēns</b>], adj., +<i>impatient, intolerant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>impendium, ī</b> [<b>impendō</b>, <i>to expend</i>], n., +<i>outlay, cost, expense</i>.</p> + +<p><b>impēnsa, ae</b> [<b>impendō</b>, <i>to expend</i>], f., <i>outlay, +cost, expense</i>.</p> + +<p><b>imperātor, ōris</b> [<b>imperō</b>], m., <i>commander-in-chief, +general</i>; <i>emperor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>imperātōrius</b> [<b>imperātor</b>], adj., <i>of a +general</i>.</p> + +<p><b>imperfectus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>perfectus</b>, part. of +<b>perficiō</b>], adj., <i>unfinished</i>.</p> + +<p><b>imperium, ī</b> [<b>imperō</b>], n., <i>a command, order</i>; +<i>military authority</i>; <i>sovereignty, supremacy</i>; <i>the +state</i>.</p> + +<p><b>imperō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to command, order</i>; <i>rule, +govern</i>; <i>levy, demand</i>.</p> + +<p><b>impetrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to gain by asking, obtain, +procure</i>.</p> + +<p><b>impetus, ūs</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>petō</b>], m., <i>an attack, +onset</i>; <i>impulse, excitement</i>; <i>violence, energy, +fury</i>.</p> + +<p><b>impietās, ātis</b> [<b>impius</b>], f., <i>irreverence, +impiety</i>.</p> + +<p><b>impiger, gra, grum</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>piger</b>, +<i>lazy</i>], adj., <i>active, energetic</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">168a</span> +<p><b>impius</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>pius</b>], adj., <i>irreverent, wicked, +undutiful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>impleō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pleo"><b>*pleō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>implicō, āre, āvī</b> or <b>uī, ātus</b> or <b>itus</b> [<b>in</b> ++ <b>plicō</b>, <i>to fold</i>], <i>to fold in, envelop</i>; <i>involve, +attack</i>.</p> + +<p><b>implōrō, āre, āvī<ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">, +</ins>ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>plōrō</b>, <i>to wail, lament</i>], <i>to +beg, beseech, implore</i>.</p> + +<p><b>impōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>imprīmīs</b> [= <b>in prīmīs</b>], adv., <i>especially</i>.</p> + +<p><b>imprōvīsus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>prōvideō</b>], adj., +<i>unforeseen, unexpected</i>.</p> + +<p><b>impūbēs, eris</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>pūbēs</b>, <i>full +grown</i>], adj., <i>youthful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>impūgnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pugno"><b>pūgnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>impūnītus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>pūniō</b>], adj., +<i>unpunished</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in</b>, prep, with (1) acc.; of place, <i>into, to, on, upon, +towards, against</i>; of purpose, <i>for, with a view to</i>; of other +relations, <i>respecting, according to</i>; <b>in diēs</b>, <i>day by +day</i>; (2) with abl.; of place, <i>in, on, upon, in the midst of, +among</i>; of time, <i>in, in the course of, during</i>; of other +relations, <i>in the case of, respecting, according to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in</b>, <i>not</i>, a prefix, which, when attached to adj. or +participles, negatives or reverses their meaning.</p> + +<p><b>inaestimābilis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>aestimō</b>, <i>to +reckon</i>], <i>inestimable</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inambulō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ambulo"><b>ambulō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>inānis, e</b>, adj., <i>empty</i>; <i>vain, idle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inaudītus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>audītus</b>, part. of +<b>audiō</b>], adj., <i>unheard of, strange</i>.</p> + +<p><b>incautus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>cautus</b>, <i>wary</i>], adj., +<i>unsuspecting, off one’s guard</i>.</p> + +<p><b>incēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>incendium, ī</b> [<b>incendō</b>], n., <i>fire, +conflagration</i>.</p> + +<p><b>incendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_candeo"><b>candeō</b></a>·</p> + +<p><b>inceptum, ī</b> [<b>incipiō</b>], n., <i>beginning, attempt</i>; +<i>undertaking, purpose</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">168b</span> +<p><b>incertus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>certus</b>], adj., <i>uncertain, +doubtful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>incēssō, ere, —, —</b> [freq. of <b>incēdō</b>], <i>to +assail, attack</i>; <i>rail at</i>.</p> + +<p><b>incidō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cado"><b>cadō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>incipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>incitō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cito"><b>citō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>inclāmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>inclīnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>*clīnō</b>, <i>to +lean</i>], (1) trans., <i>to cause to lean, bend, turn</i>; +(2) intrans., <i>lean, incline</i>; <i>yield, give way</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inclitus</b>, adj., <i>famous</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inclūdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_claudo"><b>claudō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>incōgnitus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>cōgnitus</b>, part. of +<b>cōgnōscō</b>], adj., <i>unknown</i>.</p> + +<p><b>incola, ae</b> [<b>incolō</b>], m., <i>inhabitant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>incolō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_colo"><b>colō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>incolumis, e</b>, adj., <i>safe, unharmed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>incōnstantia, ae</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>cōnstantia</b>], f., +<i>changeableness, fickleness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>incrēdibilis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>crēdō</b>], adj., +<i>beyond belief, incredible</i>.</p> + +<p><b>increpō, āre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to sound, resound</i>; <i>scold, +upbraid</i>; <i>exclaim</i>.</p> + +<p><b>incrēscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cresco"><b>crēscō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>incumbō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cumbo"><b>*cumbō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>incūriōsus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>cūriōsus</b>, <i>careful</i>], +adj., <i>careless, negligent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>incursiō, ōnis</b> [<b>incurrō</b>, <i>to attack</i>], f., +<i>onset, attack, raid</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inde</b>, adv., <i>from that place</i> or <i>time, thence</i>; +<i>thereupon</i>; <i>from that circumstance, therefore</i>.</p> + +<p><b>index, icis</b> [<b>indicō</b>], m., <i>mark, sign</i>.</p> + +<p><b>indicium, ī</b> [<b>indicō</b>], n., <i>sign, indication, +evidence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>indīcō</b> see <a href = "#vocab_dico"><b>dīcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>indicō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico2"><b>dicō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>indictus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>dictus</b>, part of +<b>dīcō</b>], adj., <i>unsaid</i>; <i>unplead</i>.</p> + +<p><b>indīgnātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>indīgnor</b>, <i>to be angry</i>], f., +<i>displeasure, anger</i>.</p> + +<p><b>indīgnē</b> [<b>indīgnus</b>], adv., <i>unworthily</i>; +<i>angrily</i>; <b>indīgnē ferre</b> <i>to take</i> (<i>it</i>) +<i>amiss</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">169a</span> +<p><b>indīgnor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>indīgnus</b>], <i>to think +unworthy</i>; <i>be angry</i>.</p> + +<p><b>indīgnus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>dīgnus</b>], adj., <i>unworthy +of, unfit for</i> (with abl.).</p> + +<p><b>indō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>indolēs, is</b>, f., <i>inborn quality, natural gifts</i>; +<i>character, nature, spirit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>indūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>indūstria, ae</b> [<b>indūstrius</b>, <i>active</i>], f., +<i>diligence, activity, industry</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>inermis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>arma</b>], adj., <i>unarmed, +defenseless</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnfacētē</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>facētē</b>], adv., <i>without +wit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnfāns, antis</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>fāns</b>, part. of +<b>fārī</b>, <i>to speak</i>], adj., <i>not speaking, speechless</i>; as +noun, m. and f., <i>an infant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnfēlīx, īcis</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>fēlīx</b>], adj., +<i>unfortunate, disastrous</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnferior, ōris</b> [comp. of <b>īnferus</b>, <i>low</i>], adj., +<i>lower, inferior</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>īnfēstō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>īnfēstus</b>], <i>to annoy, +disturb</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnfēstus</b>, adj., <i>hostile, threatening</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>īnflammō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>flamma</b>], <i>to +kindle, arouse, excite</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnflātus</b> [<b>īnflō</b>], adj., <i>blown up, inflated</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnflectō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_flecto"><b>flectō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>īnflō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_flo"><b>flō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>īnfōrmō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>fōrma</b>], <i>to +shape, mould, fashion</i>; <i>train, instruct</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnfrā</b>, adv. and prep. with acc., <i>below, beneath</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ingemīscō, ere, gemuī, —</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>gemīscō</b>, +incep. of <b>gemō</b>], <i>to groan over, groan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ingenium, ī</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>gīgnō</b>], n., <i>natural gifts, +nature</i>; <i>ability, intellect, wit</i>; <i>character, +disposition</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ingēns, entis</b>, adj., <i>large, huge, great</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ingenuus</b>, adj., <i>free-born</i>; <i>noble, liberal</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">169b</span> +<p><b>ingrātus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>grātus</b>], adj., +<i>unpleasant, thankless, ungrateful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ingredior</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>inhibeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>iniciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>inimīcitia, ae</b> [<b>inimīcus</b>], f., <i>enmity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inimīcus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>amīcus</b>], adj., +<i>unfriendly, hostile</i>; as noun, <i>a personal enemy, foe</i>, as +distinguished from <b>hostis</b>, <i>a public enemy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inīquē</b> [<b>inīquus</b>, <i>unjust</i>], adv., +<i>unjustly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>initium, ī</b> [<b>ineō</b>], n., <i>beginning</i>; <b>initiō</b>, +abl. as adv., <i>at the outset, at first</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iniūria, ae</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>iūs</b>], f., <i>wrong, +injustice</i>; <i>insult, injury</i>.</p> + +<p>(<b>iniussus, ūs</b>) [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>iubeō</b>], m., found in +abl. only, <i>without orders</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inlīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_laedo"><b>laedō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>inlūstris, e</b>, adj., <i>bright, clear</i>; <i>famous, +renowned</i> (cf. <b>clārus</b>).</p> + +<p><b>innītor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nitor"><b>nītor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>innocentia, ae</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>noceō</b>], f., +<i>harmlessness, innocence, integrity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>innōtēscō, ere, nōtuī, —</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>nōtēscō</b>, +<i>to become known</i>], <i>to become known</i>.</p> + +<p><b>innoxius</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>noxius</b>, <i>harmful</i>], +adj., <i>harmless, blameless, innocent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>innumerābilis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>numerō</b>, <i>to +count</i>], adj., <i>beyond number, countless</i>.</p> + +<p><b>innumerus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>numerus</b>], adj., +<i>countless</i>.</p> + +<p><b>innuō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nuo"><b>*nuō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>inopia, ae</b> [<b>inops</b>], f., <i>want, scarcity, need, +poverty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inopīnātus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>opīnor</b>, <i>to think</i>], +adj., <i>unexpected</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inops, opis</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>ops</b>], adj., <i>without +resources, helpless, poor, needy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inquam</b>, def. verb, <i>I say</i>. <ins class = "correction" +title = "printed as shown">See <b>297</b>, II, 2</ins>: 144, <i>b</i>: +<i>175</i>, 2.</p> + +<p><b>inquiētus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>quiētus</b>], adj., +<i>restless</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inquinō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to stain, defile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inrīdeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rideo"><b>rīdeō</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">170a</span> +<p><b>inrīsus, ūs</b> [<b>inrīdeō</b>], m., <i>derision, +mockery</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ruo"><b>ruō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>īnscientia, ae</b> [<b>īnsciēns</b>, <i>ignorant</i>], adj., +<i>ignorance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnscius</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>sciō</b>], adj., <i>ignorant, +unaware</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnscrībō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsequor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsideō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sedeo"><b>sedeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsidiae, ārum</b> [<b>īnsideō</b>], pl. f., <i>ambush</i>; +<i>trap</i>; <i>artifice, plot</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsidior, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>īnsidiae</b>], <i>to lie in wait +for, plot against</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsīgne, is</b> [<b>īnsīgnis</b>], n., <i>a mark, badge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsīgnis, e</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>sīgnum</b>], adj., <i>marked, +conspicuous, noted, famous</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsiliō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_salio"><b>saliō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsinuō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>sinus</b>, <i>fold, +coil</i>], <i>to push or thrust in</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsitus</b> [<b>inserō</b>, <i>to implant</i>], adj., <i>inborn, +innate, ingrafted</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsolēns, entis</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>solēns</b>, part. of +<b>soleō</b>], adj., <i>unusual, haughty, insolent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsolenter</b> [<b>īnsolēns</b>], adv., <i>haughtily</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsolentia, ae</b> [<b>īnsolēns</b>], f., <i>unusual</i> or +<i>extravagant conduct, insolence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnspērābilis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>spērō</b>], adj., +<i>unhoped for, unexpected</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnspiciō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_specio"><b>*speciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>īnstituō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_statuo"><b>statuō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>īnstitūtum, ī</b> [<b>īnstituō</b>], n., <i>institution</i>; +<i>habit, custom</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnstrūmentum, ī</b> [<b>īnstruō</b>], n., <i>tool</i>; +<i>collectively, stock of tools, plant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnstruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_struo"><b>struō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsusurrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>susurrus</b>, <i>a +whisper</i>], <i>to whisper to, suggest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īnsum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>intāctus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>tāctus</b>, part. of +<b>tangō</b>], adj., <i>untouched, uninjured</i>.</p> + +<p><b>integer, gra, grum</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + root <b>tag</b> in +<b>tangō</b>], adj., <i>untouched, uninjured</i>; +<span class = "pagenum">170b</span> +<b>integer<ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">, </ins>ā</b>, +<i>free from, untouched by</i>.</p> + +<p><b>intellegō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lego"><b>legō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>intempestus</b>, adj., <i>stormy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>intendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tendo"><b>tendō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>intentus</b> [orig. part. of <b>intendō</b>], adj., <i>attentive, +intent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inter</b>, prep. with acc.; of place, <i>between, among</i>; of +time, <i>during</i>.</p> + +<p><b>intercalārius</b> [<b>intercalō</b>], adj., <i>intercalary, +inserted in the calendar</i>.</p> + +<p><b>intercalō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to intercalate, insert in the +calendar</i>.</p> + +<p><b>intercipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>interdīcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico"><b>dīcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>interdiū</b> [<b>inter</b> + <b>diū</b>], adv., <i>by day</i>.</p> + +<p><b>interdum</b> [<b>inter</b> + (1) <b>dum</b>], adv., <i>between +whiles, now and then, sometimes</i>.</p> + +<p><b>intereā</b> [<b>inter</b> + <b>is</b>], adv., <i>in the meantime, +meanwhile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>intereō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>interfector, ōris</b> [<b>interficiō</b>], m., <i>slayer, +assassin, murderer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>interficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>intericiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>interim</b>, adv., <i>meanwhile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>interimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_emo"><b>emō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>interitus, ūs</b> [<b>intereō</b>], m., <i>overthrow, death, +destruction</i>.</p> + +<p><b>internūntius, ī</b> [<b>inter</b> + <b>nūntius</b>], m., +<i>go-between, messenger</i>.</p> + +<p><b>interpretor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to explain, interpret</i>; +<i>maintain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>interrogō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rogo"><b>rogō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>intersum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>intervāllum, ī</b> [<b>inter</b> + <b>vāllum</b>], n., +<i>interval</i> (of time or space), <i>distance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>intervertō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_verto"><b>vertō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>intimus</b>, adj., <i>inmost, deepest</i>; <i>close, +intimate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>intolerābilis, e</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>tolerō</b>, <i>to +bear</i>], adj., <i>unendurable</i>.</p> + +<p><b>intrā</b>, adv. and prep. with acc., <i>inside of, within, +during</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">171a</span> +<p><b>intrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>intrō</b>, adv., <i>within</i>], +<i>to enter</i>.</p> + +<p><b>intrōdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>introeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a><ins class += "correction" title = ". missing">.</ins></p> + +<p><b>intueor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tueor"><b>tueor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>intumēscō, ere, tumuī, —</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>tumēscō</b>, +incep. of <b>tumeō</b>, <i>to be swollen</i>], <i>to swell, +rise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inundō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>in</b> + <b>undō</b>, <i>to rise in +waves</i>], <i>to deluge, flood</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inūsitātus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>ūsitātus</b>, <i>usual</i>], +adj., <i>unusual, unfamiliar, novel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>invādō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_vado"><b>vādō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>invalidus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>validus</b>], adj., <i>weak, +feeble</i>.</p> + +<p><b>invehō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_veho"><b>vehō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>inveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>invicem, in vicem</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_vicis"><b>vicis</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>invictus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>victus</b>, part. of +<b>vincō</b>], adj., <i>unconquerable</i>.</p> + +<p><b>invideō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_video"><b>videō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>invidia, ae</b> [<b>invideō</b>], f., <i>envy</i>; <i>ill-will, +odium, unpopularity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>invidiōsus</b> [<b>invidia</b>], adj., <i>envious</i>; <i>exciting +envy, unpopular, hateful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inviolātus</b> [<b>in</b> neg. + <b>violō</b>], adj., +<i>unhurt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>invīsus</b> [orig. part. of <b>invideō</b>], adj., <i>hated, +hateful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>invītō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to invite, ask, summon</i>; +<i>feast, entertain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>invītus</b>, adj., <i>unwilling, on compulsion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iocus, ī</b> (pl. also <b>ioca</b>), m., <i>a jest, joke</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ipse, a, um</b>, <i>himself, herself, itself, themselves</i>; +often best rendered by <i>very, mere, in person, even, actually</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īra, ae</b>, f., <i>anger, passion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īrāscor, ī, īrātus sum</b> [<b>īra</b>], <i>to be</i> or <i>become +angry</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īrātus</b> [orig<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. +</ins>part. of <b>īrāscor</b>], adj., <i>angered, enraged</i>; <i>in +anger, angrily</i>.</p> + +<p><b>is, ea, id</b>, dem. pron., <i>this</i> or <i>that</i>; <i>he, +she, it</i>; <i>such</i> (esp. before <b>ut</b> with <b>subj.</b>).</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">171b</span> +<p><b>iste, a, ud</b>, gen. <b>istīus</b>, dat. <b>istī</b>, <i>that of +yours, your</i>; <i>that, this</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ita</b> [<b>is</b>], adv., <i>in this way, so, thus, as +follows</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ītalia, ae</b>, f., <i>Italy</i>. The name did not include the +basin of the Po (Cisalpine Gaul) until the time of Augustus.</p> + +<p><b>Ītalicus, ī</b>, m., <i>an Italian</i>.</p> + +<p><b>itaque</b> [<b>ita</b> + <b>que</b>], adv. and conj., <i>and so, +therefore, as a consequence, accordingly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>item</b>, adv., <i>besides, likewise, also</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iter, itineris</b> [<b>eō, īre</b>], n., <i>a journey, march</i>; +<i>road, highway</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iterum</b>, adv., <i>a second time, again</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Iuba, ae</b>, m., a king of Numidia, ally of Pompey, but defeated +by Caesar at the battle of Thapsus, <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 46.</p> + +<p><b>iubeō, ēre, iussī, iussus</b>, <i>to order, command</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iūcundē</b> [<b>iūcundus</b>], adv., <i>agreeably, pleasantly, +delightfully</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iūcundus</b>, adj., <i>pleasing, agreeable, charming, +delightful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Iudaea, ae</b>, f., <i>Judaea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Iudaeus, ī</b>, m., <i>a Jew</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iūdex, icis</b> [<b>iūs</b> + <b>dīcō</b>], m., <i>a judge, +juror</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iūdicium, ī</b> [<b>iūdex</b>], n., <i>judgment, decision</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iūdicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>iūdex</b>], <i>to examine +judicially, judge, adjudge</i>; <i>think, consider</i>; <i>declare, +resolve</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iūgerum, ī</b>, n., a land measure = about two thirds of an +English acre; <i>an acre</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iugulum, ī</b> [dim. of <b>iugum</b>], n., <i>throat, +neck</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_iugum" id = "vocab_iugum"><b>iugum, ī</b></a> +[<b>iungō</b>], n., <i>a yoke, collar</i>; <i>mountain summit, range of +mountains</i>; <i>a military yoke</i>, formed by fixing two spears +upright in the ground and tying a third across between their upper ends. +Beneath such a yoke the Romans made their +<span class = "pagenum">172a</span> +conquered enemies pass, in token of complete surrender of liberty and +life to their conquerors.</p> + +<p><b>Iugurtha, ae</b>, m., the famous king of Numidia, who fought with +Rome 111 to 106 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>; defeated by +Marius.</p> + +<p><b>Iugurthīnus</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>with Jugurtha, +Jugurthine</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_iulia" id = "vocab_iulia"><b>Iūlia, ae</b></a>, f., +<i>Julia</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. Daughter of Julius Caesar, and wife of Pompey.</p> + +<p>2. Sister of Julius Caesar and grandmother of the Emperor +Augustus.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_iulius" id = "vocab_iulius"><b>Iūlius, ī</b></a>, +m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See <a href = +"#vocab_caesar"><b>Caesar</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_iungo" id = "vocab_iungo"><b>iungō, ere, iūnxī, +iūnctus</b></a>, <i>to join together, unite, bind, fasten, yoke</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adiungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus</b>, <i>to join</i> or +<i>add to, attach</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—coniungō, ere, iūnxī, iūnctus</b>, <i>to fasten +together, join, unite</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>iūnior</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iuvenis"><b>iuvenis</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iūnius, ī</b>, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See <a href = +"#vocab_brutus"><b>Brūtus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iuppiter, Iovis</b>, m., the chief god of the Latins, orig. +a personification of the sky. He controlled thunder, lightning, +rain, and storms.</p> + +<p><b>iūre</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ius"><b>iūs</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_iuro" id = "vocab_iuro"><b>iūrō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [<b>iūs</b>], <i>to take an oath, swear</i>; +<i>swear to</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>con—cōniūrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to take an oath together, +conspire, plot</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_ius" id = "vocab_ius"><b>iūs, iūris</b></a>, n., +<i>right, justice, law</i>; <i>court of justice, trial in court</i>; +abl. <b>iūre</b> as adv., <i>rightly, justly</i>; <b>in iūs vocāre</b>, +<i>to summon into court, bring to trial</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iūsiūrandum, ī</b> [<b>iūs</b> + <b>iūrō</b>], n., <i>an +oath</i>.</p> + +<p>(<b>iussus, ūs</b>) [<b>iubeō</b>], m., <i>order, command</i> (found +only in abl. sing.).</p> + +<p><b>iūstitia, ae</b> [<b>iūs</b>], f., <i>justice, +uprightness</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_iuvenis" id = "vocab_iuvenis"><b>iuvenis, +is</b></a>, comp. <b>iūnior</b>, sup. <b>minimus nātū</b>, adj., +<i>young</i>. As noun, +<span class = "pagenum">172b</span> +<b>iuvenis, is</b>, m., <i>young person, youth</i> (between 17 +and 45); <b>iuvenēs</b> or <b>iūniōrēs</b>, <i>the fighting +men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iuventa, ae</b> [<b>iuvenis</b>], f., <i>youth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>iuventūs, ūtis</b> [<b>iuvenis</b>], f., <i>youth</i>; +collectively, <i>young people</i>, esp. <i>fighting men</i>. Cf. +<b>iuvenis</b>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_K" id = "vocab_K" href = "#vocab">K</a></p> + +<p><b>Kalendae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>the Kalends</i>, or the first day +of the month.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_L" id = "vocab_L" href = "#vocab">L</a></p> + +<p><b>labor, ōris</b>, m., <i>labor, toil</i>; <i>hardship, +distress</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_labor" id = "vocab_labor"><b>lābor, ī, lāpsus +sum</b></a>, <i>to slip</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dē—dēlābor, ī, lāpsus sum</b>, <i>to glide down</i>; +<i>slip</i> or <i>fall down, fall</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—ēlābor, ī, lāpsus sum</b>, <i>to slip away, glide off, +escape</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōlābor, ī, lāpsus sum</b>, <i>to fall down</i>; +<i>slip, stumble</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—relābor, ī, lāpsus sum</b>, <i>to slip</i> or <i>sink +back</i>; <i>flow back, subside</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>labōriōsē</b> [<b>labōriōsus</b>, <i>toilsome</i>], adv., +<i>laboriously, carefully</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_laboro" id = "vocab_laboro"><b>labōrō, āre, āvī, +ātum</b></a>, <i>to labor, toil</i>; <i>be hard pressed, suffer, be +afflicted</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ex—ēlabōrō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to labor, toil, +endeavor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lacedaemonius, ī</b>, m., an inhabitant of Lacedaemon or Sparta, +the chief city of Laconia, a district of Southern Greece.</p> + +<p><b>lacerō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to tear to pieces, rend, mutilate, +wound</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_lacio" id = "vocab_lacio"><b>*laciō, ere</b></a>, +<i>to entice</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adliciō, ere, lexī, lectus</b>, <i>to entice, win over, +attract</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—ēliciō, ere, uī, itus</b>, <i>to draw forth, call +down</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—perliciō, ere, lexī, lectus</b><ins class = "correction" +title = ", missing">, </ins><i>to entice, allure, win over</i>.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">173a</span> +<p><b>lacrima, ae</b>, f., <i>a tear</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lacrimābundus</b> [<b>lacrimō</b>, <i>to weep</i>], adj., +<i>weeping</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_laedo" id = "vocab_laedo"><b>laedō, ere, laesī, +laesus</b></a>, <i>to hurt, injure</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ex—ēlīdō, ere, līsī, līsus</b>, <i>to dash out</i>; +<i>shatter, crush</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—inlīdō, ere, līsī, līsus</b>, <i>to dash against</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Laelius, ī</b>, m., gentile name of <i>C. Laelius</i>, a friend of +Scipio Africanus.</p> + +<p><b>laetitia, ae</b> [<b>laetus</b>], f., <i>joy, exultation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>laetus</b>, adj., <i>joyful, glad, cheerful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>laevus</b>, adj., <i>left</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lambō, ere, —, —</b>, <i>to lick, lap</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lāmenta, ōrum</b>, pl. n., <i>lamentations</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lāmina, ae</b>, f., <i>a thin plate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lāna, ae</b>, f., <i>wool</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lancea, ae</b>, f., <i>a spear, lance, dart</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lānificium, ī</b> [<b>lānā</b> + <b>faciō</b>], n., <i>spinning, +weaving</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lanius, ī</b>, m., <i>a butcher</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lapideus</b> [<b>lapis</b>], adj., <i>of stone, stone</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lapis, idis</b>, m., <i>a stone</i>; <i>milestone</i>.</p> + +<p><b>laqueus, ī</b>, m., <i>noose, halter</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lārentia, ae</b>, f., see <a href = +"#vocab_acca"><b>Acca</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>largītiō, ōnis</b> [<b>largior</b>, <i>to bribe</i>], f., +<i>liberality</i>; <i>bribery</i>.</p> + +<p><b>latebra, ae</b><ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">, +</ins>[<b>lateō</b>, <i>to lie hid</i>], f., <i>hiding place</i> +(usually only in pl.).</p> + +<p><b>laterīcius</b> [<b>later</b>, <i>a brick</i>], adj., <i>made of +brick, brick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Latīnus</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Latium, Latin</i>; as noun, +<b>Latīnus, ī</b>, m., <i>an inhabitant of Latium, a Latin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lātrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to bark at</i>.</p> + +<p><b>latrō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>robber, brigand</i>.</p> + +<p><b>latus, eris</b>, n., <i>side</i>; <i>flank</i>.</p> + +<p><b>laudābilis, e</b> [<b>laudō</b>], adj., <i>praiseworthy, +commendable</i>.</p> + +<p><b>laudandus</b> [gerundive of <b>laudō</b>], adj., <i>praiseworthy, +commendable</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_laudo" id = "vocab_laudo"><b>laudō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to praise, extol</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>con—conlaudō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to praise very highly, +extol</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">173b</span> +<p><b>laurea, ae</b> (sc. <b>corōna</b>), f., <i>a laurel wreath</i> or +<i>crown</i>.</p> + +<p><b>laus, laudis</b>, f., <i>praise, fame, glory</i>; <i>ability</i> +(as that which excites praise). <b>laudibus ferre</b>, <i>to +extol</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lautus</b> [part. of <b>lavō</b>, <i>to wash</i>], adj., +<i>well-washed, neat</i>; <i>elegant, splendid</i>.</p> + +<p><b>laxitās, ātis</b> [<b>laxus</b>, <i>roomy</i>], f., +<i>spaciousness, roominess, size</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lectīca, ae</b> [<b>lectus</b>], f., <i>a litter, sedan chair, +palanquin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lectulus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>lectus</b>], m., <i>a small couch, +bed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lectus, ī</b>, m., <i>a couch, bed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lēgātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>lēgō</b>, to commission], f., <i>embassy, +legation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lēgātus, ī</b> [<b>lēgō</b>, <i>to commission</i>], m., <i>one +specially commissioned, ambassador, envoy</i>; <i>a deputy, +lieutenant</i>, an officer next in command to the <b>imperātor</b>, who +selected him subject to the approval of the senate. Often several +attended the general, serving in turn, acting as his counsellors, and +commanding in his absence.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_legio" id = "vocab_legio"><b>legiō, ōnis</b></a> +[<b>legō</b>], f., <i>a legion</i>, containing from four to six thousand +men; <b>legiōnēs</b>, <i>the infantry</i>, as distinct from the +cavalry.</p> + +<p><b>lēgitimus</b> [<b>lēx</b>], adj., <i>fixed by law, legal</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_lego" id = "vocab_lego"><b>legō, ere, lēgī, +lēctus</b></a>, <i>to gather, collect</i>; <i>select, appoint, +choose</i>; <i>read</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—conligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus</b>, <i>to collect, +gather</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus</b>, <i>to choose, select</i>; +<i>levy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—dīligō, ere, lēxī, lēctus</b>, <i>to single out, esteem, +love, prize</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—ēligō, ere, lēgī, lēctus</b>, <i>to pick out, choose, +select</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inter—intellegō, ere, lēxī, lēctus</b>, <i>learn</i>; +<i>perceive, understand</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>lēniter</b> [<b>lēnis</b>, <i>soft, gentle</i>], adv., <i>softly, +mildly, lightly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lēnōcinium, ī</b>, n., <i>excessive finery</i> or <i>nicety in +dress</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">174a</span> +<p><a name = "vocab_lentulus" id = "vocab_lentulus"><b>Lentulus, +ī</b></a>, m., <i>P. Cornēlius Lentulus Dolābella</i>, a son-in-law +of Cicero.</p> + +<p><b>lentus</b>, adj., <i>pliant, tough</i>; <i>slow, sluggish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lepidus, ī</b>, m., <i>M. Aemilius</i>, consul with Caesar, <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 46; a member, with Octavianus and +Antony, of the second triumvirate.</p> + +<p><b>lētālis, e</b> [<b>lētum</b>, <i>death</i>], adj., <i>deadly, +fatal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>levis, e</b>, adj., <i>light, slight, trivial</i>.</p> + +<p><b>leviter</b> [<b>levis</b>], adv., <i>lightly, slightly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lēx, lēgis</b>, f., <i>law, decree</i>; <i>term, +condition</i>.</p> + +<p><b>libēns, entis</b> [<b>libet</b>, <i>it pleases</i>], adj., +<i>willing</i>; <i>with good will</i> or <i>pleasure, gladly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>libenter</b> [<b>libēns</b>], adv., <i>gladly, willingly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>līber, lībera, līberum</b>, adj., <i>free</i>; <i>generous</i>; +<i>outspoken, frank</i>.</p> + +<p><b>liber, librī</b>, m., <i>a book</i>.</p> + +<p><b>līberālitās, ātis</b> [<b>līberālis</b>, <i>generous</i>], f., +<i>generosity, kindness</i>; <i>a gift</i>.</p> + +<p><b>līberāliter</b> [<b>līberālis</b>, <i>generous</i>], adv., +<i>kindly, generously, graciously</i>.</p> + +<p><b>līberī, ōrum</b> [<b>līber</b>], pl. m., <i>children</i>; properly +the free persons of the family as distinct from the slaves.</p> + +<p><b>līberō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>līber</b>], <i>to set free, +free</i>; <i>acquit, absolve</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lībertās, ātis</b> [<b>līber</b>], f., <i>freedom, +independence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lībertus, ī</b> [<b>līber</b>], m., <i>a freedman</i>.</p> + +<p><b>libīdō, inis</b> [<b>libet</b>, <i>it pleases</i>], f., +<i>pleasure</i>; <i>lust, wantonness, passion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lībrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>lībra</b>, <i>a balance</i>], <i>to +balance, poise, brandish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>licentia, ae</b> [<b>licet</b>], f., <i>freedom, license</i>.</p> + +<p><b>licet, ēre, uit</b> or <b>itum est</b>, impers., <i>it is +allowed</i> or <i>permitted</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_lictor" id = "vocab_lictor"><b>līctor, ōris</b></a>, +m., <i>a lictor</i>, a Roman officer. The lictors were orig. attendants +of the kings, but later were granted to dictators, consuls, and +praetors. They accompanied these +<span class = "pagenum">174b</span> +magistrates whenever they appeared in public, and cleared the way before +them. They also carried the fasces, and executed criminal sentences.</p> + +<p><b>līgneus</b> [<b>līgnum</b>, <i>wood</i>], adj., <i>wooden</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_ligo" id = "vocab_ligo"><b>ligō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to bind</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adligō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to bind to, bind fast, +bind</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēligō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to bind to, tie, +fasten</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—religō, āre, avī, ātus</b>, <i>to bind, fasten</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>līmen, inis</b>, n., <i>threshold, doorstep</i>.</p> + +<p><b>līneāmentum, ī</b> [<b>līnea</b>, <i>a line</i>], n., <i>a +line</i>; <i>feature, lineament</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lingua, ae</b>, f., <i>tongue</i>; <i>language</i>.</p> + +<p><b>liquefaciō, ere, fēcī, factus</b> [<b>liqueō</b>, <i>to be +liquid</i> + <b>faciō</b>], <i>to melt, dissolve</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Līternīnus</b>, adj., <i>at Literum</i>, a town of Campania. As +noun, <b>Līternīnum, ī</b> (sc. <b>praedium</b>, <i>an estate</i>), +n., an estate of Scipio Africanus Maior at Liternum.</p> + +<p><b>lītigātor, ōris</b> [<b>līs</b>, <i>lawsuit</i> + <b>agō</b>], m., +<i>a party to a lawsuit, litigant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>littera, ae</b>, f., <i>a letter</i> (of the alphabet); in pl., +<i>a letter, epistle</i>; <i>literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>litterātus</b> [<b>littera</b>], adj., <i>lettered, educated, +learned</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lītus, oris</b>, n., (sea)<i>shore, beach, strand</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_livius" id = "vocab_livius"><b>Līvius, ī</b></a>, +m., gentile name of <i>M. Līvius Salīnātor</i>, who commanded the +garrison of Tarentum during the second Punic War.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_loco" id = "vocab_loco"><b>locō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [<b>locus</b>], <i>to place, put</i>; <i>contract for, let, +lease</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>con—conlocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to place, arrange, station, +establish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>locuplēs, ētis</b> [<b>locus</b> + <b>plēnus</b>], adj., <i>rich +in lands, rich</i>.</p> + +<p><b>locus, ī</b>, m. (pl., <b>locī</b> and <b>loca</b>), <i>a place, +spot</i>; <i>locality, region</i>; <i>position, station, post</i>; +<i>room, opportunity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>longē</b> [<b>longus</b>], adv., <i>a long way</i> or <i>distance, +at a distance</i>; <i>far, by far</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">175a</span> +<p><b>longinquus</b> [<b>longus</b>], adj., <i>remote, distant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>longus</b>, adj., <i>long</i>; <i>distant</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_loquor" id = "vocab_loquor"><b>loquor, ī, locūtus +sum</b></a>, <i>to speak, talk, say</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adloquor, ī, locūtus sum</b>, <i>to speak to, +address</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—conloquor, ī, locūtus sum</b>, <i>to talk with, +converse, confer</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>lōrīca, ae</b> [<b>lōrum</b>], f., <i>a corselet</i> of leather, +<i>coat of mail</i>; <b>squāmārum lōrīca</b>, <i>armor-like covering of +scales</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lōrum, ī</b>, n., <i>a leather thong</i> or <i>strap</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lūcius, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p> + +<p><b>Lucrētia, ae</b>, f., the wife of Collatinus, a type of the Roman +matron of the olden time.</p> + +<p><b>luctor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to wrestle, struggle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lūctus, ūs</b> [<b>lūgeō</b>], m., <i>grief, sorrow, +mourning</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lūcullus, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Licinius</i>, born about 110 <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, consul 74; conducted the war against +Mithridates 74-67, after which he gave himself to a life of luxury, +dying in 57 or 56.</p> + +<p><b>lūcus, ī</b>, m., <i>a sacred grove, grove</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lūdibrium, ī</b> [<b>lūdus</b>], n., <i>laughing-stock, jest</i>; +<i>mockery, derision</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lūdicer, cra, crum</b> [<b>lūdus</b>], adj., <i>playful, +sportive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lūdus, ī</b>, m., <i>play, sport</i>; <i>a game</i>, esp. +(in pl.) <i>the public games</i>, consisting of chariot races, +gladiatorial combats, and theatrical performances.</p> + +<p><b>lūgeō, ēre, lūxī, lūctus</b>, <i>to grieve</i>; <i>grieve for, +mourn, lament</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lūgubris, e</b> [<b>lūgeō</b>], adj., <i>mournful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lūmen, inis</b> [cf. <b>lux</b>], n., <i>light</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lūna, ae</b> [cf. <b>lūx</b>], f., <i>the moon</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lupa, ae</b>, f., <i>a she-wolf</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lūstrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to purify, cleanse</i>; <i>to +review, inspect</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lūx, lūcis</b>, f., <i>light, daylight, day</i>; <b>prīmā +lūce</b>, <i>at dawn</i>.</p> + +<p><b>lūxuria, ae</b> [<b>lūxus</b>], f., <i>luxury, excess</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">175b</span> +<p><b>lūxus, ūs</b>, m., <i>excess, luxury, self-indulgence</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_M" id = "vocab_M" href = "#vocab">M</a></p> + +<p><b>Macedō, onis</b>, m., <i>a Macedonian</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Macedonia, ae</b>, f., <i>Macedonia</i>, an extensive country +north of Greece. Its inhabitants were not generally reckoned as Greeks. +Under Alexander the Great it became the chief power of the ancient +world.</p> + +<p><b>māchina, ae</b>, f., <i>machine</i> or <i>engine of war</i>; <i>a +contrivance, trick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mactō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to offer as sacrifice, kill, +slaughter</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mactus</b>, adj., <i>worshiped, glorified</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Maecēnās, ātis</b>, m., <i>C. Cilnius</i>, the close friend of +Augustus and his chief adviser in civil affairs.</p> + +<p><b>maestus</b>, adj., <i>sad, gloomy, mournful</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_magis" id = "vocab_magis"><b>magis</b></a>, comp., +adv., <i>in a greater degree</i>; <i>more, rather</i>; sup. +<b>māximē</b> [<b>māximus</b>], <i>in the highest degree, +particularly</i>; <i>exceedingly, very</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_magister" id = "vocab_magister"><b>magister, +trī</b></a>, m., <i>master, chief</i>; <i>teacher</i>; <b>magister +equitum</b>, <i>Master of the Horse</i>, an officer appointed by a +dictator as his lieutenant. The name perhaps indicates that he had +especial command of the cavalry.</p> + +<p><b>magistrātus, ūs</b> [<b>magister</b>], m., <i>civil office, +magistracy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>māgnificē</b> [<b>māgnificus</b>], adv., in good sense, +<i>grandly</i>; in bad sense, <i>in lordly fashion, haughtily, +proudly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>māgnificentia, ae</b> [<b>māgnificus</b>], f., <i>splendor, +grandeur</i>.</p> + +<p><b>māgnificus</b> [<b>māgnus</b> + <b>faciō</b>], adj., <i>splendid, +magnificent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>māgnitūdō, inis</b> [<b>māgnus</b>], f., <i>greatness, +size</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_magnus" id = "vocab_magnus"><b>māgnus</b></a>, comp. +<b>māior</b>, sup. <b>māximus</b>, adj., <i>great, large</i>; +<b>māior</b> or <b>māximus</b> (sc. <b>nātū</b>), <i>elder, +eldest</i>. As noun, <b>Māgnus, ī</b>, m., <i>the Great</i>, cognomen +<span class = "pagenum">176a</span> +of Pompey; <b>māiōrēs</b> (sc. <b>nātū</b>), pl. m., +<i>ancestors</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Maharbal, alis</b>, m., <i>a Carthaginian general</i>.</p> + +<p><b>māiestās, ātis</b> [cf. <b>māior</b>], f., <i>greatness, +dignity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>māior, māius</b>, gen. <b>māiōris</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_magnus"><b>māgnus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>male</b> [<b>malus</b>], comp. <b>pēius</b>, sup. <b>pessimē</b>, +adv., <i>badly, ill, unsuccessfully</i>; <i>feebly, barely, +scarcely</i>.</p> + +<p><b>maledictum, ī</b> [<b>male</b> + <b>dīcō</b>], n., <i>a +curse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mālō, mālle, māluī</b> [<b>magis</b> + (1) <b>volō</b>], <i>to +prefer</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_malus" id = "vocab_malus"><b>malus</b></a>, comp. +<b>pēior</b>, sup. <b>pessimus</b>, adj., <i>bad, wicked</i>; <i>evil, +unfortunate</i>. As noun, <b>malum, ī</b>, n., <i>evil, misfortune, +trouble</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Māmurius, ī</b>, m., a Roman smith of the time of King Numa.</p> + +<p><b>mandātum, ī</b> [<b>mandō</b>], n., <i>an order, command</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_mando" id = "vocab_mando"><b>mandō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [<b>manus</b> + <b>dō</b>], <i>to hand over, commit, +entrust</i>; <i>order, command</i>; <b>lītterīs mandāre</b>, <i>to +write</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>con—commendō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to commit, entrust</i>; +<i>assist, defend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>māne</b>, adv., <i>early in the morning</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_maneo" id = "vocab_maneo"><b>maneō, ēre, mānsī, +mānsūrus</b></a>, <i>to remain, stay, tarry</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>re—remaneō, ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus</b>, <i>to stay behind, +remain</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_manes" id = "vocab_manes"><b>Mānēs, ium</b></a>, pl. +m., <i>the deified spirits of the dead</i>, to whom sacrifice was +regularly made.</p> + +<p><b>manifēstus</b> [<b>manus</b> + <b>*fendō</b>], adj., <i>clear, +manifest, evident</i>; <i>exposed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>manipulus, ī</b> [<b>manus</b> + <b>*pleō</b>] m., <i>a company of +soldiers, maniple</i> (one third of a cohort). The standard of the +maniple orig. bore (it is said) a <i>handful</i> of hay.</p> + +<p><b>Mānius, ī</b>, m., abbreviated <b>M’.</b>, a Roman praenomen.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">176b</span> +<p><b>Mānliānus</b>, adj., <i>Manlian</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mānlius, ī</b>, m., the name of a Roman gens. See <a href = +"#vocab_torquatus"><b>Torquātus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>mānō, āre, āvī, —</b>, <i>to flow, trickle</i>; <i>to +flow</i> or <i>stream abroad, spread</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mānsuētūdō, inis</b> [<b>mānsuētus</b>, <i>tame</i>], f., +<i>mildness, gentleness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>manubiae, ārum</b> [<b>manus</b>], pl. f., <i>prize-money, booty, +plunder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>manūmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b> [<b>manus</b> + <b>mittō</b>], +<i>to set free, emancipate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>manus, ūs</b>, f., <i>hand, arm</i>; <b>ferreae manūs</b>, +<i>grappling irons</i> (see <a href = +"#vocab_corvus"><b>corvus</b></a>); <i>force, strength, prowess</i>; +<i>band, troop</i>; <b>manūs cōnserere</b>, <i>to join battle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mārcus, ī</b>, m., a common praenomen.</p> + +<p><b>Mārcius, ī</b>, m., see <a href = +"#vocab_ancus"><b>Ancus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>mare, is</b>, n., <i>the sea</i>; <b>Mare Superum</b>, <i>the +Upper</i> or <i>Adriatic Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>margarīta, ae</b>, f., <i>a pearl</i>.</p> + +<p><b>maritimus</b> [<b>mare</b>], adj., <i>pertaining to the sea, sea, +maritime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>marītus, ī</b>, m., <i>husband</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Marius, ī</b>, m., <i>C.</i>, born near Arpinum in Latium, 107 +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>; conquered Jugurtha, 106; was +seven times consul; defeated Teutones in 102, Cimbri in 101; died +in 86.</p> + +<p><b>marmor, oris</b>, n., <i>marble</i>.</p> + +<p><b>marmoreus</b> [<b>marmor</b>], adj., <i>marble, of marble</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mārs, Mārtis</b>, m., <i>Mars</i>, the Roman god of war; <i>war, +battle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mārtius</b> [<b>Mārs</b>], adj., <i>of March</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Masinissa, ae</b>, m., king of Numidia, ally of Scipio Africanus +Maior, in Africa, <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 202. He reigned +till 148.</p> + +<p><b>Massīva, ae</b>, m., nephew of Masinissa.</p> + +<p><b>māter, mātris</b>, f., <i>mother</i>.</p> + +<p><b>māternus</b> [<b>māter</b>], adj., <i>of a mother, mother’s</i>; +<i>maternal, on the mother’s side</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mātrimōnium, ī</b> [<b>māter</b>], n., <i>marriage</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mātrōna, ae</b> [<b>māter</b>], f., <i>a married woman, wife, +matron</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">177a</span> +<p><b>Maurī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>Moors</i>, inhabitants of Mauretania, +the modern Morocco.</p> + +<p><b>māximē</b> [<b>māximus</b>], adv., see <a href = +"#vocab_magis"><b>magis</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>māximus</b>, adj., see <a href = +"#vocab_magnus"><b>māgnus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_maximus" id = "vocab_maximus"><b>Māximus, ī</b></a>, +m., a Roman cognomen.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>M. Valerius Māximus Corvīnus</i>, consul 343 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p>2. <i>Q. Fabius Māximus</i>, a famous general opposed to Hannibal, +surnamed <i>Cunctātor</i>, from his caution. He was five times consul, +and died in 203.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>medicāmentum, ī</b> [<b>medicō</b>, <i>to heal</i>], n., <i>drug, +potion</i>; <i>antidote, cure</i>.</p> + +<p><b>medicus, ī</b> [<b>medeor</b>, <i>to heal</i>], m., <i>a +physician, surgeon, doctor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>meditor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to reflect upon, consider</i>; +<i>plan, devise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>medius</b>, adj., <i>in the middle, middle, midst of</i>. As noun, +<b>medium, ī</b>, n., <i>the middle, midst, intervening space</i>; <b>in +mediō</b>, <i>in the midst of, between</i>; <b>in medium prōferre</b>, +<i>to bring out, produce</i>.</p> + +<p><b>melior, ius</b>, gen. <b>ōris</b>, adj., see <a href = +"#vocab_bonus"><b>bonus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>melius</b>, adv., see <a href = "#vocab_bene"><b>bene</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Memmius, ī</b>, m., gentile name of <i>C. Memmius Gemellus</i>, an +opponent of Julius Caesar.</p> + +<p><b>memorābilis, e</b> [<b>memorō</b>], adj., <i>worth telling, +remarkable</i>.</p> + +<p><b>memoria, ae</b> [<b>memor</b>, <i>mindful</i>], f., <i>memory</i>; +<i>record, account</i>.</p> + +<p><b>memorō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>memor</b>, <i>mindful</i>], <i>to +bring to mind, relate</i>; <i>say, tell</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mēns, mentis</b>, f., <i>the mind, intellectual faculties</i>; +<i>thought, purpose</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mēnsa, ae</b>, f., <i>table</i>; <i>course</i> (at dinner).</p> + +<p><b>mēnsis, is</b>, m., <i>a month</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mentiō, ōnis</b>, f., <i>mention</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mercor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>merx</b>], <i>to buy, +purchase</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mereō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to earn, deserve, merit</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">177b</span> +<p><b>mergō, ere, mersī, mersus</b>, <i>to dip, plunge in</i>; +<i>sink</i>.</p> + +<p><b>meritō</b> [<b>meritum</b>, <i>desert</i>], adv., <i>deservedly, +justly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>merx, mercis</b>, f., <i>goods, wares, merchandise</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_metellus" id = "vocab_metellus"><b>Metellus, +ī</b></a>, m., a Roman cognomen.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>L. Caecilius Metellus</i>, one of the young nobles who, after +the battle of Cannae, proposed to leave Italy.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Q. Caecilius Metellus</i>, called <i>Numidicus</i>, because of +the success with which he carried on the Jugurthine War, till superseded +by Marius.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius</i>, consul <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 80. He fought against Sertorius.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>mētor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to measure off, mark out</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mettius, ī</b>, m., see <a href = +"#vocab_fufetius"><b>Fūfetius</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>metus, ūs</b>, m., <i>fear, dread, terror</i>.</p> + +<p><b>meus</b>, adj., <i>my, mine</i>. As noun, <b>meī, meōrum</b>, pl. +m., <i>my friends, my followers</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mī</b>, vocative sing. of <b>meus</b>.</p> + +<p><b>micō, āre, uī, —</b>, <i>to quiver, flash, gleam</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_migro" id = "vocab_migro"><b>migrō, āre, āvī, +ātum</b></a>, <i>to remove, migrate</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—commigrō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to change one’s home, +move, migrate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—remigrō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to journey</i> (back), +<i>return</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>mīles, itis</b>, m., <i>a soldier, fellow-soldier</i>; as +collective noun, <i>soldiery</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mīlētus, ī</b>, f., a city in Asia Minor, near Ephesus.</p> + +<p><b>mīlitāris, e</b> [<b>mīles</b>], adj., <i>soldierly, military</i>; +<b>rēs mīlitāris</b>, <i>the art of war, military tactics</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mīlitia, ae</b> [<b>mīles</b>], f., <i>military service, war</i>; +<b>mīlitiae</b>, loc., <i>in the field, abroad</i>, opposed to +<b>domī</b>, <i>at home</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mīlitō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to be a soldier, serve in war, +fight</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">178a</span> +<p><b>mīlle</b>, indecl. adj., <i>a thousand</i>; as noun, <b>mīlia</b>, +pl. n., <i>thousands</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mīlliēs</b> [<b>mīlle</b>], adv., <i>a thousand times</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mīmus, ī</b>, m., <i>farce, comedy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>minimē</b> [<b>minimus</b>], adv., see <a href = +"#vocab_parum"><b>parum</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>minister, trī</b>, m., <i>attendant, servant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>minitor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [freq. of <b>minor</b>], <i>to +threaten</i>.</p> + +<p><b>minor, us</b>, gen. <b>ōris</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_parvus"><b>parvus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>minor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to threaten</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Minucius, ī</b>, m., <i>M. Minucius Rūfus, magister equitum</i> +under Q. Fabius Maximus.</p> + +<p><b>Minturnae, ārum</b>, pl. f., a town between Campania and +Latium.</p> + +<p><b>minuō, ere, ī, ūtus</b> [<b>minus</b>], <i>to diminish, +lessen</i>; <i>weaken</i>.</p> + +<p><b>minus</b>, adv., see <a href = +"#vocab_parum"><b>parum</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>mīrābilis, e</b> [<b>mīror</b>], adj., <i>wonderful, strange, +amazing</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mīrāculum, ī</b> [<b>mīror</b>], n., <i>a wonder, marvel, +miracle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mīrificus</b> [<b>mīrus</b> + <b>faciō</b>], adj., +<i>wonderful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mīror, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to wonder, marvel at</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mīrus</b>, adj., <i>wonderful, marvelous</i>.</p> + +<p><b>miser, era, erum</b>, adj., <i>wretched, unfortunate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>misericordia, ae</b> [<b>misericors</b>], f., <i>pity, compassion, +mercy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>misericors, cordis</b> [<b>misereō</b>, <i>to pity</i> + +<b>cor</b>, <i>heart</i>], adj., <i>tender-hearted, merciful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>missiō, ōnis</b> [<b>mittō</b>], f., <i>release from service, +discharge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mithridātēs</b>, is, m., surnamed <i>the Great</i>, king of +Pontus, <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 120-63.</p> + +<p><b>Mithridāticus</b>, adj., <i>Mithridatic</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mītigō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>mītis</b> + <b>agō</b>], <i>to make +gentle, soften, civilize</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mītis, e</b>, adj., <i>mild, gentle, kind</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_mitto" id = "vocab_mitto"><b>mittō, ere, mīsī, +missus</b></a>, <i>send, despatch, dismiss</i>; <i>throw, hurl, +shoot</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—āmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send away, let go, +lose</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">178b</span> +<p><b>ad—admittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to admit, +receive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—committō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send</i> or +<i>bring together, join</i>; <i>entrust, commit, bring</i> (it) +<i>about, cause, allow</i>; <b>pūgnam</b> or <b>proelium committere</b>, +<i>to begin battle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send</i> or <i>let +down, cast down, let fall</i>; <i>put</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—dīmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send</i> (away), +<i>dismiss</i>; <i>give up, abandon</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—ēmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send forth</i> or +<i>out</i>; <i>hurl, cast</i>; <i>utter</i>; <i>let loose</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—immittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send in, admit</i>; +<i>send, hurl</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—omittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to lay aside</i>; +<i>neglect, omit</i>; <i>pass over, say nothing of</i>; <i>lose sight +of, let slip</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—permittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to let pass</i>; +<i>permit, allow</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to put forward</i>; +<i>promise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—remittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send back</i>; +<i>yield, give up</i>; <i>remit, grant exemption from</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re + prō—reprōmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to promise in +return</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—submittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send</i> or +<i>let down</i>; <i>let grow</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns—trānsmittō, ere, mīsī, missus</b>, <i>to send</i> or +<i>put across</i>, <i>make to cross</i>; <i>despatch</i>; intrans., +<i>to go across, cross</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Mitylēnae, ārum</b>, pl. f., capital of Lesbos, an island in the +Aegean Sea.</p> + +<p><b>moderātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>moderor</b>, <i>to set bounds to</i>], f., +<i>self-control, moderation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>moderātus</b> [<b>moderor</b>, <i>to check</i>], adj., <i>within +bounds, moderate, merciful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>modicus</b> [<b>modus</b>], adj., <i>moderate, modest</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">179a</span> +<p><b>modius, ī</b> [<b>modus</b>], m., <i>a measure</i>; <i>a +peck</i>.</p> + +<p><b>modo</b> [<b>modus</b>], adv., <i>only</i>; <i>just now, +lately</i>; <b>modo . . . modo</b>, <i>at one time +. . . at another, now . . . now</i>; <b>nōn; modo +. . . sed etiam</b>, <i>not only . . . but +also</i>.</p> + +<p><b>modus, ī</b>, m., <i>measure, limit, end</i>; <i>way, manner</i>; +<i>measure, strains</i> (of music).</p> + +<p><b>moenia, ium</b>, pl. n., <i>defensive walls, city walls, +fortifications</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mōlēs, is</b>, f., <i>mass, weight, bulk</i>; <i>massive +structure</i>.</p> + +<p><b>molestē</b> [<b>molestus</b>], adv., <i>with difficulty</i> or +<i>vexation</i>; <b>aegrē</b> or <b>molestē ferre</b>, <i>to take amiss, +be vexed</i> (at).</p> + +<p><b>molestia, ae</b> [<b>molestus</b>], f., <i>trouble, annoyance, +burden</i>.</p> + +<p><b>molestus</b> [<b>mōlēs</b>], adj., <i>troublesome, annoying, +vexatious</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mōlior, īrī, ītus sum</b> [<b>mōlēs</b>], <i>to struggle, +toil</i>; <i>undertake, attempt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mollis, e</b>, adj., <i>soft, tender</i>; <i>effeminate, +unmanly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>molliter</b> [<b>mollis</b>], adv., <i>effeminately, +luxuriously</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Molō, ōnis</b>, m., see <a href = +"#vocab_apollonius"><b>Apollōnius</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>mōmentum, ī</b> [<b>moveō</b>], n., <i>movement</i>; <i>cause, +circumstance</i>; (sc. <b>temporis</b>), <i>moment, +instant</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_moneo" id = "vocab_moneo"><b>moneō, ēre, uī, +itus</b></a>, <i>to remind, admonish</i>; <i>advise, warn</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ad—admoneō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to remind, admonish, +warn</i>.</p> + +<p><b>monitus, ūs</b> [<b>moneō</b>], m., <i>warning, counsel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mōns, montis</b>, m., <i>a mountain, height, hill</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mōnstrum, ī</b> [<b>moneō</b>], n., <i>a warning, omen</i>; +<i>strange being, monster</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mora, ae</b>, f., <i>delay, policy of delay</i>.</p> + +<p><b>morbus, ī</b>, m., <i>sickness, disease</i>.</p> + +<p><b>morior, morī, mortuus sum</b>, <i>to die</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_moror" id = "vocab_moror"><b>moror, ārī, ātus +sum</b></a>, <i>to delay, linger, tarry</i>; with acc., <i>to hinder, +impede</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">179b</span> +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dē—dēmoror, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to linger, tarry, +remain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mors, mortis</b>, f., <i>death</i>.</p> + +<p><b>morsus, ūs</b> [<b>mordeō</b>, <i>to bite</i>], m., <i>bite</i>; +<i>pain, sting, agony</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mortālis, e</b> [<b>mors</b>], adj., <i>mortal, human</i>; as +noun, <i>mortālis, is</i>, m., <i>a man, mortal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mortuus</b> [part. of <b>morior</b>], adj., <i>dead</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mōs, mōris</b>, m., <i>a habit, custom</i>; <i>manner, +fashion</i>; pl., <i>customs, character</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mōtus, ūs</b> [<b>moveō</b>], m., <i>movement, agitation, tumult, +insurrection</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_moveo" id = "vocab_moveo"><b>moveō, ēre, mōvī, +mōtus</b></a>, <i>to stir, move, remove</i>; <i>affect, arouse</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—āmoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to take away, +remove</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad—admoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to move towards</i>; +<i>bring near</i>; <i>offer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—commoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to move +thoroughly</i>; <i>agitate, excite</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—permoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to move deeply, +excite, influence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōmoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to move forward, +promote, advance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—submoveō, ēre, mōvī, mōtus</b>, <i>to thrust aside, +remove, dislodge</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>mox</b>, adv., <i>soon, presently</i>; <i>thereupon, next</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mūcrō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>sword-point, sword</i>.</p> + +<p><b>muliebriter</b> [<b>muliebris</b>, <i>womanish</i>], adv., <i>like +a woman, in womanish fashion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mulier, ieris</b>, f., <i>a woman, wife</i>.</p> + +<p><b>muliercula, ae</b> [dim. of <b>mulier</b>], f., a (little, i.e.) +<i>young woman, girl</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mūliō, ōnis</b> [<b>mūlus</b>, <i>a mule</i>], m., <i>a +mule-driver</i>.</p> + +<p><b>multa, ae</b>, f., <i>a fine, penalty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>multiplex, icis</b> [<b>multus</b> + <b>plicō</b>, <i>to +fold</i>], adj., <i>manifold, many</i>.</p> + +<p><b>multitūdō, inis</b> [<b>multus</b>], f., <i>a multitude, +throng</i>.</p> + +<p><b>multō</b> [<b>multus</b>], adv., <i>by far, much</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">180a</span> +<p><b>multō, āre<ins class = "correction" title = ", invisible">, +</ins>āvī, ātus</b> [<b>multa</b>], <i>to fine, punish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>multum</b> [<b>multus</b>], adv., <i>much</i>; <i>greatly, +severely</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_multus" id = "vocab_multus"><b>multus</b></a>, comp. +<b>plūs</b>, sup. <b>plūrimus</b>, adj., <i>much, many a</i>; in pl., +<i>many</i>; <b>plūrēs</b>, <i>several</i>; often used as noun in all +three degrees.</p> + +<p><b>munditia, ae</b> [<b>mundus</b>, <i>neat</i>], f., <i>neatness, +elegance, niceness</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_munio" id = "vocab_munio"><b>mūniō, īre, īvī (iī), +ītus</b></a>, <i>to fortify, protect</i>; <i>open up, build</i> +(a road).</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>con—commūniō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus</b>, <i>to fortify strongly, +intrench</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mūnus, eris</b>, n., <i>service</i>; <i>present, gift</i>.</p> + +<p><b>muraena, ae</b>, f., <i>an eel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>mūrus, ī</b>, m., <i>city wall, wall</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mūsae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>the Muses</i>, the goddesses of the +liberal arts, esp. music and poetry.</p> + +<p><b>Mutina, ae</b>, f., <i>Mutina</i> (now Modena), a city in +Cisalpine Gaul, south of the Po.</p> + +<p><b>Mutinēnsis, e</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>at Mutina</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_muto" id = "vocab_muto"><b>mūtō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to change, alter</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—commūtō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to alter, change</i>; +<i>exchange</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—permūtō, āre, <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘āvi’">āvī</ins>, ātus</b>, <i>to change throughout, +exchange, interchange</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>mūtuus</b> [<b>mūtō</b>], adj., <i>mutual</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_N" id = "vocab_N" href = "#vocab">N</a></p> + +<p><b>nam</b>, conj. (1) causal, <i>for, because, inasmuch as</i>; +(2) explanatory, <i>you know, indeed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nancīscor, ī, nactus sum</b>, <i>to get</i> (by accident), +<i>happen upon, find, meet with</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nārrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to narrate, tell</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nāscor, ī, nātus sum</b>, <i>to be born</i>; <i>spring from, +arise</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_nasica" id = "vocab_nasica"><b>Nāsīca, ae</b></a>, +m., cognomen of <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Nāsīca Serāpiō</i>, opponent of +Tiberius Gracchus.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">180b</span> +<p><b>nāsus, ī</b>, m., <i>the nose</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>nāscor</b>], f., <i>birth, race</i>; <i>tribe, +nation, people</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nātūra, ae</b> [<b>nāscor</b>], f., <i>nature, character, +disposition</i>; personified, <i>Nature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nātus</b> [orig. part. of <b>nāscor</b>], adj., lit. <i>born</i>; +with <b>annōs</b>, <i>old</i>.</p> + +<p>(<b>nātus, ūs</b>) [<b>nāscor</b>], m., <i>birth, age</i> (found only +in abl. sing.).</p> + +<p><b>naufragium, ī</b> [<b>nāvis</b> + <b>frangō</b>], n., +<i>shipwreck</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nāvālis, e</b> [<b>nāvis</b>], adj., <i>naval</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nāvicula, ae</b> [dim. of <b>nāvis</b>], f., <i>a small vessel, +boat, skiff</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nāvigātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>nāvigō</b>, <i>to sail</i>], f., +<i>voyage</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nāvigium, ī</b> [<b>nāvigō</b>, <i>to sail</i>], n., <i>ship, +boat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nāvis, is</b>, f., <i>a ship</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Nāvius, ī</b>, m., see <a href = +"#vocab_attus"><b>Attus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_navo" id = "vocab_navo"><b>nāvō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [<b>(g)nāvus</b>, <i>busy</i>], <i>to do with zeal</i>; +<b>operam nāvāre</b>, <i>to render vigorous aid, act with vigor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_ne" id = "vocab_ne"><b>nē</b></a>, (1) adv., +<i>not</i>; <b>nē . . . quidem</b>, <i>not even, not at all</i>; +(2) conj., <i>in order that not, not to, for fear that, +lest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ne</b>, enclitic interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions, +and then translatable only by the inflection of the voice; (2) as +conj. with indirect questions, <i>whether</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nebulō, ōnis</b> [<b>nebula</b>, <i>mist</i>], m., <i>a worthless +fellow, good-for-naught, scamp</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nec</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_neque"><b>neque</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>necessārius</b> [<b>necesse</b>, <i>necessary</i>], adj., +<i>necessary, indispensable</i>.</p> + +<p><b>necessitās, ātis</b> [<b>necesse</b>, <i>necessary</i>], f., +<i>necessity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>necō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>nex</b>], <i>to kill, slay</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nefārius</b> [<b>nefās</b>, <i>a crime</i>], adj., <i>wicked, +impious, nefarious</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_nefastus" id = "vocab_nefastus"><b>nefāstus</b></a> +[<b>nefās</b>, <i>a crime</i>], adj., <i>unhallowed</i>; <b>diēs +nefāstus</b>, a day on +<span class = "pagenum">181a</span> +which no public business could be transacted.</p> + +<p><b>neglegēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>neglegō</b>], adj., +<i>heedless, careless</i>.</p> + +<p><b>neglegō, ere, lēxī, lēctus</b> [<b>nec</b> + <b>legō</b>], <i>to +disregard, despise, neglect</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_nego" id = "vocab_nego"><b>negō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to say no</i>; <i>deny, refuse</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dē—dēnegō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to say no, deny</i>; +<i>refuse, reject</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nēmō</b>, gen. <b>nūllīus</b>, dat. <b>nēminī</b>, acc. +<b>nēminem</b>, abl. <b>nūllō</b>; pl. not found [<b>nē</b> + +<b>homō</b>], m. and f., <i>no one, nobody</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nemus, oris</b>, n., <i>a grove</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nepōs, ōtis</b>, m., <i>grandson, descendant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>neptis, is</b>, f., <i>granddaughter</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_neque" id = "vocab_neque"><b>neque</b></a> or +<b>nec</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>que</b>], adv. and conj., <i>and not, but +not, nor, nor yet</i>; <b>neque</b> or <b>nec . . . neque</b> +or <b>nec</b>, <i>neither . . . nor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nequeō, īre, īvī, —</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>queō</b>, <i>to be +able</i>], <i>to be unable</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nē . . . quidem</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ne"><b>nē</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>nesciō, īre, īvī (iī), —</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>sciō</b>], +<i>not know, to be ignorant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>neuter, tra, trum</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>uter</b>], adj., +<i>neither</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nex, necis</b>, f., <i>death</i>; <i>murder, slaughter</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nī</b>, conj., <i>if not, unless</i>.</p> + +<p><b>niger, gra, grum</b>, adj., <i>black</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nihil</b> or <b>nīl</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>hīlum</b>, <i>a +trifle</i>], n. indecl., <i>nothing</i>; acc. often as adv., <i>in no +wise, not at all, not</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nihilum, ī</b> [older form of <b>nihil</b>], n., <i>nothing</i>; +abl. <b>nihilō</b>, as adv., <i>not at all</i>; <b>nihilō minus</b>, +<i>none the less</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nihildum</b> [<b>nihil</b> + (1) <b>dum</b>], n. indecl., +<i>nothing as yet</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Nīlus, ī</b>, m., <i>the river Nile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nīmīrum</b>, adv., <i>without doubt, surely, truly, +plainly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nimium</b> [<b>nimius</b>], adv., <i>excessively</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nimius</b>, adj., <i>beyond measure, excessive, too much, too +great</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">181b</span> +<p><b>nisi</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>sī</b>], conj., <i>if not, unless, +except</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_niteo" id = "vocab_niteo"><b>niteō, ēre, uī, +—</b></a>, <i>to shine, glitter</i>; <i>be conspicuous, +flourish</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ex—ēniteō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to shine forth</i>; <i>be +distinguished</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_nitor" id = "vocab_nitor"><b>nītor, ī, nīsus</b></a> +or <b>nīxus sum</b>, <i>lean</i> or <i>rest upon</i>; <i>to exert one’s +self, strive</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ex—ēnītor, ī, nīsus</b> or <b>nīxus sum</b>, <i>to strive, +struggle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—innītor, ī, nīsus</b> or <b>nīxus sum</b>, <i>to lean +upon, support one’s self by</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_no" id = "vocab_no"><b>nō, nāre, nāvī, +—</b></a>, <i>to swim</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>trāns—trānō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to swim across</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nōbilis, e</b> [<b>nōscō</b>], adj., <i>known, noted, famous</i>; +<i>high-born, noble</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nōbilitās, ātis</b> [<b>nōbilis</b>], f., <i>fame, renown</i>; +<i>high birth</i>; <i>the nobility, nobles</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nōbilitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>nōbilis</b>], <i>to make +known</i> or <i>famous, glorify, dignify</i>.</p> + +<p><b>noceo, ēre, uī, itūrus</b>, <i>to hurt, injure</i>.</p> + +<p><b>noctū</b> [abl. of <b>*noctus</b> = <b>nox</b>], adv., <i>by +night</i>.</p> + +<p><b>noctua, ae</b> [<b>nox</b>], f., <i>night-owl, owl</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nocturnus</b> [<b>nox</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>by night, +nocturnal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Nōla, ae</b>, f., a town of Campania.</p> + +<p><b>nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, —</b> [<b>nōn</b> + (1) <b>volō</b>], +<i>to be unwilling, not wish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nōmen, inis</b> [<b>nōscō</b>], n., <i>a name</i>, esp. the +gentile name; <b>nōmina dare</b> or <b>profitērī</b>, <i>to +volunteer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nōminō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>nōmen</b>], <i>to name, +designate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nōn</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>oenum</b> = <b>ūnum</b>], adv., <i>not, +not at all</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nōnāgintā</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>ninety</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nōndum</b> [<b>nōn</b> + (1) <b>dum</b>], adv., <i>not +yet</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nōnnūllus</b> [<b>nōn</b> + <b>nūllus</b>], adj., <i>some, +several</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nōnnumquam</b> [<b>nōn</b> + <b>numquam</b>], adv., <i>sometimes, +at times</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_nosco" id = "vocab_nosco"><b>nōscō, ere, nōvī, +nōtus</b></a>, <i>to come to know, +<span class = "pagenum">182a</span> +become acquainted with</i>; in perf., plup.; and fut. perf., <i>to +know</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—āgnōscō, ere, gnōvī, gnitus</b>, <i>to recognize</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōgnōscō, ere, cognōvī, cōgnitus</b>, <i>to learn, +perceive, understand</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—īgnōscō, ere, īgnōvī, īgnōtus</b>, <i>to overlook, +pardon, forgive</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>nota, ae</b> [cf. <b>nōscō</b>], f., <i>a mark, sign</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nōtus</b> [orig. part. of <b>nōscō</b>], adj., <i>well-known, +familiar</i>.</p> + +<p><b>novācula, ae</b>, f., <i>a razor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>novem</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>nine</i>.</p> + +<p><b>novus</b>, adj., <i>new, fresh, young, recent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nox, noctis</b>, f., <i>night</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nūbēs, is</b>, f., <i>a cloud</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nūbō, ere, nūpsī, nūptum</b>, <i>to veil one’s self, be married, +wed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nūdō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>nūdus</b>], <i>to strip, +bare</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nūdus</b>, adj., <i>naked, lightly clad</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nūllus</b>, gen. <b>nūllīus</b>, dat. <b>nūllī</b> [<b>nē</b> + +<b>ūllus</b>], adj., <i>none, no</i>; as noun, <i>no one</i>.</p> + +<p><b>num</b>, interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions +expecting a negative answer, <i>not so . . . is it?</i> +(2) in indir. questions, <i>whether, if</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Numa, ae</b>, m., see <a href = +"#vocab_pompilius"><b>Pompilius</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>numerō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>numerus</b>], <i>to count out</i> +(money), <i>pay</i>.</p> + +<p><b>numerus, ī</b>, m., <i>number, quantity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Numida, ae</b>, m., <i>a Numidian</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Numidia, ae</b>, f., a country of Northern Africa, west of +Carthage; now Algiers.</p> + +<p><b>Numidicus</b>, adj., <i>Numidian</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Numitor, ōris</b>, m., king of Alba Longa, grandfather of +Romulus.</p> + +<p><b>nummus, ī</b>, m., <i>a piece of money, coin</i>, esp. the +<b>sēstertius</b>. See <a href = +"#vocab_sestertius"><b>sēstertius</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>numquam</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>umquam</b>, <i>ever</i>], adv., +<i>never</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nunc</b>, adv., <i>at the present moment, now</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">182b</span> +<p><a name = "vocab_nuntio" id = "vocab_nuntio"><b>nūntiō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [<b>nūntius</b>], <i>to announce, inform, report</i>; +<i>bid, urge, direct</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dē—dēnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to announce, declare, +proclaim</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōnūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to announce, +declare</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—renūntiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to send</i> or <i>bring +back word, report, announce</i>; with dat., <i>to refuse, +decline</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>nūntius, ī</b>, m., <i>a messenger</i>; <i>message +tidings</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_nuo" id = "vocab_nuo"><b>*nuō, nuere</b></a>, <i>to +nod</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—abnuō, ere, ī, —</b>, <i>to refuse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad—adnuō, ere, ī, —</b>, <i>to nod assent to, agree +to</i>; <i>agree, promise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—innuō, ere, ī, —</b>, <i>to signal by a nod, hint, +intimate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—renuō, ere, ī, —</b>, <i>to nod refusal, +refuse</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>nūper</b>, adv., <i>lately, recently</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nurus, ūs</b>, f., <i>a daughter-in-law</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nūsquam</b> [<b>nē</b> + <b>ūsquam</b>], adv., <i>nowhere, in no +place</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nūtō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [freq. of <b>*nuō</b>], <i>to nod</i>; of +an army, <i>to waver, be ready to give way</i>.</p> + +<p><b>nūtrīx, īcis</b> [<b>nūtriō</b>, <i>to nourish</i>], f., <i>a +nurse</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_O" id = "vocab_O" href = "#vocab">O</a></p> + +<p><b>ob</b>, prep. with acc., <i>to, towards</i>; <i>for, on account +of, by reason of</i>; in composition, <i>towards, against, at, +before</i>.</p> + +<p><b>obeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>obiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>obiūrgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to berate, scold</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_oblino" id = "vocab_oblino"><b>oblinō, ere, lēvī, +litus</b></a> [<b>ob</b> + <b>linō</b>, <i>to smear</i>], <i>to daub, +smear, defile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>oblitus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_oblino"><b>oblinō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>oblītus</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_obliviscor"><b>oblīvīscor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>oblīviō, ōnis</b> [cf. <b>oblīvīscor</b>], f., +<i>forgetfulness</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_obliviscor" id = "vocab_obliviscor"><b>oblīvīscor, +ī, oblītus sum</b></a>, <i>to forget</i>.</p> + +<p><b>obnoxius</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>noxa</b>, <i>harm</i>], adj., +<i>liable to punishment</i>; <i>liable, exposed</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">183a</span> +<p><b>obruō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ruo"><b>ruō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>obsequor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>obses, idis</b>, m., <i>a hostage, surety</i>.</p> + +<p><b>obsideō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sedeo"><b>sedeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>obsidiō, ōnis</b> [<b>obsideō</b>], f., <i>a siege</i>.</p> + +<p><b>obsistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>obstrepō, ere, uī, —</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>strepō</b>, <i>to +make a noise</i>], <i>to rail at, roar at</i>.</p> + +<p><b>obstupēscō, ere, stupuī, —</b>, <i>to become amazed, be +struck dumb</i>.</p> + +<p><b>obtineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>obtingō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tango"><b>tangō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>obtrēctātor, ōris</b> [<b>obtrēctō</b>, <i>to under-rate</i>], m., +<i>detractor, traducer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>obtruncō, āre, —, ātus</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>truncō</b>, <i>to +maim</i>; cf. <b>truncus</b>], <i>to lop off</i>; <i>kill, slay</i>.</p> + +<p><b>obveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>obviam</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>via</b>], adv., <i>across one’s path, +in the way, towards</i>; <b>obviam īre, prōgredī</b> or <b>venīre</b>, +<i>to go to meet</i>; <b>obviam esse</b> or <b>fierī</b>, <i>to +meet</i>.</p> + +<p><b>obvius</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>via</b>], adj., <i>in the way, +meeting</i>; with <b>esse, fierī</b>, or <b>venīre</b>, <i>to +meet</i>.</p> + +<p><b>obvolvō, ere, ī, volūtus</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>volvō</b>, <i>to +roll</i>], <i>to wrap round, envelop, cover</i>.</p> + +<p><b>occāsiō, ōnis</b> [<b>occidō</b>], f., <i>fitting time, +opportunity, chance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>occāsus, ūs</b> [<b>occidō</b>], m., <i>downfall</i>.</p> + +<p><b>occidō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cado"><b>cadō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>occīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_caedo"><b>caedō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>occumbō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cumbo"><b>*cumbō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>occupō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ob</b> + <b>capiō</b>], <i>to take +possession of, seize</i>; <i>attack</i>.</p> + +<p><b>occurrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curro"><b>currō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Octāvia, ae</b>, f., <i>sister of Octavianus</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Octāviānus, ī</b>, m., see <a href = +"#vocab_augustus"><b>Augustus</b></a> and <a href = +"#vocab_caesar"><b>Caesar</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>octō</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>eight</i>.</p> + +<p><b>octōgintā</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>eighty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>oculus, ī</b>, m., <i>the eye</i>.</p> + +<p><b>odium, ī</b>, n., <i>hatred, grudge, aversion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>odor, ōris</b>, m., <i>smell, perfume</i>.</p> + +<p><b>offendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fendo"><b>*fendō</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">183b</span> +<p><b>offēnsus</b> [orig. part. of <b>offendō</b>], adj., <i>vexed, +displeased, offended</i>.</p> + +<p><b>offerō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>officiōsus</b> [<b>officium</b>], adj., <i>courteous, +obliging</i>.</p> + +<p><b>officium, ī</b> [<b>opus</b> + <b>faciō</b>], n., <i>service, +kindness, favor</i>; <i>duty, office</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ōlim</b> [<b>ole</b>, old form of <b>ille</b>], adv., +<i>formerly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>omittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>omnīnō</b> [<b>omnis</b>], adv., <i>in all, altogether</i>.</p> + +<p><b>omnis, e</b>, adj., <i>each, every, all, the whole</i>; <b>omnēs +ad ūnum</b>, <i>all to a man</i>.</p> + +<p><b>opera, ae</b> [<b>opus</b>], f., <i>work, labor, pains, aid</i>; +<b>operam dare</b>, <i>to devote pains to</i>; <b>operam nāvāre</b>, see +<a href = "#vocab_navo"><b>nāvō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>opifex, ficis</b> [<b>opus</b> + <b>faciō</b>], m., <i>workman, +artisan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Opīmius, ī</b>, m., <i>Lūcius</i>, consul 121 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, and opponent of C. Gracchus.</p> + +<p><b>opīniō, ōnis</b> [<b>opīnor</b>, <i>to think</i>], f., <i>opinion, +fancy, belief</i>.</p> + +<p><b>oportet, ēre, uit</b>, impers., <i>it is necessary</i> or +<i>proper, it befits</i>.</p> + +<p><b>oppidum, ī</b>, n., <i>a walled town, city</i>.</p> + +<p><b>oppleō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pleo"><b>*pleō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>oppōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>opportūnus</b>, adj., <i>fit, suitable, convenient</i>.</p> + +<p><b>opprimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_premo"><b>premō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>oppūgnātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>oppūgnō</b>], f., <i>assault, attack, +siege, storming</i>.</p> + +<p><b>oppūgnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pugno"><b>pūgnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>(ops), opīs</b>, f., <i>aid, help</i>; in pl., <i>power, +influence</i>; <i>means, wealth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>optimātēs, um</b> or <b>ium</b> [<b>optimus</b>], pl. m., <i>the +aristocrats, the nobles</i>.</p> + +<p><b>optimus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_bonus"><b>bonus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>optiō, ōnis</b> [<b>optō</b>], f., <i>choice, option</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_opto" id = "vocab_opto"><b>optō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to choose, select</i>; <i>wish</i> or <i>pray for, +desire</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ad—adoptō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to take to one’s self by +choice, adopt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>opulentus</b> [<b>ops</b>], adj., <i>rich, wealthy</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">184a</span> +<p><b>opus, eris</b>, n., <i>work, labor</i>; <i>need, necessity</i>; +<b>opus est</b> with abl., <i>there is need of</i>; <b>māgnō opere</b>, +<i>greatly</i>; <b>tantō opere</b>, <i>so greatly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ōrāculum, ī</b> [<b>ōrō</b>], n., <i>an oracle</i>; <i>a +prophecy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ōrātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>ōrō</b>], f., <i>a speech, oration, +discourse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ōrātor, ōris</b> [<b>ōrō</b>], m., <i>speaker, pleader, +ambassador</i>.</p> + +<p><b>orbis, is</b>, m., <i>ring, circle, orbit</i>; <b>orbis +terrārum</b> (or <b>orbis</b> alone), <i>the world</i>.</p> + +<p><b>orbus</b>, adj., <i>bereft</i> (of parents or children), +<i>parentless, childless</i>. As noun, <b>orbus, ī</b>, m., <i>an +orphan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ōrdinō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ōrdō</b>], <i>to set in order, +arrange, adjust, regulate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ōrdior, īrī<ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">, +</ins>ōrsus sum</b>, <i>to begin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ōrdō, inis</b>, f., <i>row, series, arrangement, order</i>; +<i>bank</i> or <i>tier of oars</i>; <i>class, rank</i>.</p> + +<p><b>oriēns, entis</b> [part. of <b>orior</b>], m. (sc. <b>sōl</b>), +<i>the rising sun</i>; <i>the East, Orient</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_orior" id = "vocab_orior"><b>orior, īrī, tus +sum</b></a>, <i>to arise, begin</i>; <i>to spring from, be descended +from</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—coorior, īrī, tus sum</b>, <i>to arise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—exorior, īrī, tus sum</b>, <i>to arise, rise, +begin</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>oriundus</b> [<b>orior</b>], adj., <i>descended, sprung +from</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ōrnāmentum, ī</b> [<b>ōrnō</b>], n., <i>preparation</i>; +<i>decoration, ornament, jewel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ōrnātus</b> [<b>ōrnō</b>], adj., <i>fitted out, equipped</i>; of +men, <i>distinguished, illustrious</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ōrnātus, ūs</b> [<b>ōrnō</b>], m., <i>dress, fine attire</i>; +<i>decoration, ornament</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_orno" id = "vocab_orno"><b>ōrnō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to fit out, equip</i>; <i>adorn, decorate, +beautify</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adōrnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to equip, provide</i>; +<i>adorn, beautify</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—subōrnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to incite secretly, +bribe</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_oro" id = "vocab_oro"><b>ōrō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to speak, plead, treat</i>; <i>entreat, beseech, +pray</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">184b</span> +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad<ins class = "correction" title = "dash missing">—</ins>adōrō, +āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to supplicate</i>; +<i>worship, reverence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—perōrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to speak, plead</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>ōs, ōris</b>, n., <i>mouth, face</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_osculor" id = "vocab_osculor"><b>ōsculor, ārī, ātus +sum</b></a> [<b>ōsculum</b>, <i>a kiss</i>], <i>to kiss</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dē—deōsculor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to kiss</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ostendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tendo"><b>tendō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ostentō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>ostendō</b>], <i>to show, +exhibit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ōstia, ae</b> [<b>ōs</b>], f., <i>Ostia</i>, a town at the Tiber’s +mouth, the sea-port of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>ōtiōsē</b> [<b>ōtiōsus</b>], adv., <i>leisurely, idly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ōtiōsus</b> [<b>ōtium</b>], adj., <i>at leisure, idle</i>; <i>in +retirement</i> (<i>i.e.</i>, not in office).</p> + +<p><b>ōtium, ī</b>, n., <i>leisure, ease, idleness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ovō, āre, —, —</b>, <i>to exult, rejoice</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_P" id = "vocab_P" href = "#vocab">P</a></p> + +<p><b>P.</b>, abbreviation of the name <i>Pūblius</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pācātus</b> [<b>pācō</b>, <i>to subdue</i>], adj., <i>pacified, +subdued, at peace</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pacīscor, ī, pactus sum</b>, <i>to agree together, bargain, +stipulate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>paene</b>, adv., <i>almost, nearly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>paenitet, ēre, uit, —</b>, impers., <i>it grieves, it +repents</i>.</p> + +<p><b>palam</b>, adv., <i>openly, publicly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Palātium, ī</b>, n., <i>the Palatine Hill</i>. Since Augustus had +his palace there, <b>palātium</b> came to mean <i>palace</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pālor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to roam abroad, scatter, +straggle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>palpebrae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>the eyelids</i>.</p> + +<p><b>palūdāmentum, ī</b>, n., <i>a military cloak, cloak</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pālus, ī</b>, m., <i>a stake, post</i>.</p> + +<p><b>palūs, ūdis</b>, f., <i>swamp, marsh, pool</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pandō, ere, ī, passus</b>, <i>to spread out, unfold</i>.</p> + +<p><b>papāver, eris</b>, n., <i>poppy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pār, paris</b>, adj., <i>equal, like, similar</i>; +<span class = "pagenum">185a</span> +<i>well-matched</i>. As noun, <i>an equal, mate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>parābilis, e</b> [<b>parō</b>], adj., <i>easily obtainable, +readily procured</i>.</p> + +<p><b>parcō, ere, pepercī</b>, and <b>parsī, —</b>, <i>to +spare</i>.</p> + +<p><b>parcus</b> [<b>parcō</b>], adj., <i>sparing, frugal, +temperate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>parēns, entis</b> [part. of <b>pariō</b>], m. and f., <i>a parent, +a father</i> or <i>mother</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_pareo" id = "vocab_pareo"><b>pāreō, ēre, uī, +—</b></a>, <i>to appear</i> (esp. in answer to a command), +<i>obey</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ad—appāreō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to become visible, +appear</i>; <i>be plain</i> or <i>evident</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_pario" id = "vocab_pario"><b>pariō, ere, peperī, +partus</b></a>, <i>to give birth to, bring forth, produce</i>; +<i>acquire, obtain, procure</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—aperiō, īre, uī, tus</b>, <i>to uncover, bare</i>; +<i>open, disclose</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad</b> + <b>op—adoperiō, īre, uī, tus</b>, <i>to cover, +veil</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—comperiō, īre, ī, tus</b>, <i>to find out, +learn</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—reperiō, īre, repperī, repertus</b>, <i>to find</i> +(again), <i>meet with, discover</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>pariter</b> [<b>pār</b>], adv., <i>equally, alike</i>; +<i>likewise</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_paro" id = "vocab_paro"><b>parō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to make ready, prepare</i>; <i>resolve, plan</i>; +<i>get, acquire</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>con—comparō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to prepare, make ready</i>; +<i>obtain, procure</i>.</p> + +<p><b>parricīdium, ī</b> [<b>pater</b> + <b>caedō</b>], n., <i>murder of +a father, parricide</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pars, partis</b>, f., <i>a part, portion</i>; <i>direction</i>; +<i>a side, faction, political party</i> (both sing. and pl.); <i>a +character, role</i> (esp. in pl.).</p> + +<p><b>Parthī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Parthians</i>, a people in Asia, +southeast of the Caspian Sea. In the second century <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> they overran the country to the east of the +Euphrates. They were brave +<span class = "pagenum">185b</span> +warriors and skillful archers, and successfully resisted the Roman +power.</p> + +<p><b>partim</b> [<b>pars</b>], adv., <i>partly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>partior, īrī, ītus sum</b> [<b>pars</b>], <i>to distribute, +divide</i>.</p> + +<p><b>partus, ūs</b> [<b>pariō</b>], m., <i>a bringing forth, delivery, +birth</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_parum" id = "vocab_parum"><b>parum</b></a>, adv., +<i>too little, not enough</i>; comp. <b>minus</b>, <i>less, by no means, +not</i>; sup. <b>minimē</b>, <i>least of all, by no means, not at +all</i>. As noun, <b>parum</b>, indecl. n., <i>too little, not +enough</i>.</p> + +<p><b>parvulus</b> [dim. of <b>parvus</b>], adj., <i>very small, +tiny</i>. As noun, <b>parvulus, ī</b>, m., <i>a small child, +infant</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_parvus" id = "vocab_parvus"><b>parvus</b></a>, adj., +<i>little, small</i>; comp. <b>minor</b>, <i>smaller, less</i>; +<i>younger</i> (sc. <b>nātū</b>); sup. <b>minimus</b>, <i>smallest, +least</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pāscō, ere, pāvī, pāstus</b>, <i>to feed</i>; of animals, <i>to +graze, browse</i> (esp. in pass. and supine).</p> + +<p><b>passim</b> [<b>passus</b>, part. of <b>pandō</b>], adv., <i>in +every direction, everywhere</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pāstor, ōris</b> [<b>pāscō</b>], m., <i>herdsman, +shepherd</i>.</p> + +<p><b>patefaciō</b> [<b>pateō</b> + <b>faciō</b>], <i>to lay open, +disclose, bring to light</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pateō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to be open</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pater, patris</b>, m., <i>father</i>; pl., <b>patrēs</b> or +<b>patrēs cōnscrīptī</b>, <i>the senators</i>. See <a href = +"#vocab_conscriptus"><b>cōnscrīptus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>paternus</b> [<b>pater</b>], adj., <i>of a father, fatherly, +father’s</i>.</p> + +<p><b>patiēns, entis</b> [<b>patior</b>], adj., <i>able to endure, long +suffering, patient</i>.</p> + +<p><b>patior, ī, passus sum</b>, <i>to suffer, bear, endure</i>; +<i>experience</i>; <i>allow, permit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>patria, ae</b> [<b>pater</b>], f., <i>fatherland, native +land</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_patricius" id = +"vocab_patricius"><b>patricius</b></a> [<b>pater</b>], adj., <i>of +fatherly dignity, patrician, noble</i>. As noun, <b>patriciī, ōrum</b>, +pl. m., <i>the nobles, patricians</i>, the descendants of the orig. +settlers of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>patrimōnium, ī</b> [<b>pater</b>], n., <i>inheritance, patrimony, +property</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">186a</span> +<p><b>patrius</b> [<b>pater</b>], adj., <i>of a father, +father’s</i>.</p> + +<p><b>patrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to carry out, perform, +execute</i>.</p> + +<p><b>patrōnus, ī</b> [<b>pater</b>], m., <i>defender, patron</i>; +<i>pleader, advocate, lawyer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>paucus</b>, adj., <i>few, little</i> (chiefly in pl.).</p> + +<p><b>paulātim</b> [<b>paulum</b>], adv., <i>little by little, by +degrees, gradually</i>.</p> + +<p><b>paulō</b> and <b>paulum</b> [<b>paulus</b>, <i>little</i>], adv., +<i>by a little, somewhat</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_paulus" id = "vocab_paulus"><b>Paulus, ī</b></a>, +m., <i>L. Aemilius</i>, a famous general, consul in 219 and 216 <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> In the latter year he fell at +Cannae, and was hence regarded as a national hero.</p> + +<p><b>pauper, eris</b>, adj., <i>poor</i>; <i>scanty, small</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pauperculus</b> [dim. of <b>pauper</b>], adj., <i>quite +poor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pavidus</b> [<b>paveō</b>, <i>to be afraid</i>], adj., +<i>trembling, fearful, frightened</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pavor, ōris</b> [<b>paveō</b>, <i>to be afraid</i>], m., +<i>terror, fear, dread</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pāx, pācis</b>, f., <i>peace</i>; <i>treaty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>peccātum, ī</b> [<b>peccō</b>], n., <i>an error, fault, +sin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>peccō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to do wrong, act amiss, err, +sin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pectus, oris</b>, n., <i>breast, bosom, heart</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pecūnia, ae</b> [<b>pecus</b>], f., <i>money, property</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pecus, oris</b>, n., <i>cattle, flock, herd</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pedes, itis</b> [<b>pēs</b>], m., <i>a foot-soldier</i>; +collectively, <i>foot-soldiers, infantry</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_pello" id = "vocab_pello"><b>pellō, ere, pepulī, +pulsus</b></a>, <i>to drive out</i> or <i>away, expel</i>; <i>defeat, +rout</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—</b>(1) <b>appellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive +towards, steer for, direct</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad—</b>(2) <b>appellō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call</i> +(by name), <i>address</i>; <i>appeal to, call upon</i>; <i>name, +term, mention</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—</b>(1) <b>compellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive +together</i>; <i>force, compel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—</b>(2) <b>compellō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to +address</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">186b</span> +<p><b>dē—dēpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive out</i> or +<i>away, expel, dislodge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—expellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive out, expel, +banish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—perpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive, force, +induce</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōpellō, ere, pulī, pulsus</b>, <i>to drive forward</i> +or <i>away</i>; <i>incite</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—repellō, ere, reppulī, repulsus</b>, <i>to drive back, +shake off, repulse, reject</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>pendeō, ēre, pependī, —</b>, <i>to hang, be suspended</i>; +<i>hang one’s self</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_pendo" id = "vocab_pendo"><b>pendō, ere, pependī, +pēnsus</b></a>, <i>to weigh, pay</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ex—expendō, ere, ī, pēnsus</b>, <i>to weigh</i> or <i>pay +out</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—rependō, ere, ī, pēnsus</b>, <i>to pay for, purchase</i>; +used esp. of buying a thing with its weight in money.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>penitus</b>, adv., <i>inwardly, within</i>; <i>deeply, +completely</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per</b>, prep. with acc.; used (1) of place, <i>through, across, +over, throughout</i>; (2) of time, <i>through, during</i>; +(3) of means or agency, <i>by means of, by the agency of, +through</i>; (4) often in adv. phrases, <b>per iocum</b>, +<i>jokingly</i>, <b>per ōtium</b>, <i>quietly</i>, <b>per +intervālla</b>, <i>at intervals</i>; in composition, <i>thoroughly, +very</i>.</p> + +<p><b>peragō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>peragrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>ager</b>], <i>to +wander through, roam over, traverse, scour</i>.</p> + +<p><b>peramoenus</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>amoenus</b>, <i>lovely</i>], adj., +<i>very lovely, charming</i>.</p> + +<p><b>percellō, ere, culī, culsus</b>, <i>to smite, strike</i>; +<i>overturn, upset</i>; <i>dishearten, discourage</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_percieo" id = "vocab_percieo"><b>percieō, ciēre, +cīvī, citus</b></a> [<b>per</b> + <b>cieō</b>, <i>to stir up</i>], <i>to +arouse thoroughly, excite</i>.</p> + +<p><b>percitus</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_percieo"><b>percieō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>percontor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to ask, question</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">187a</span> +<p><b>percussor, ōris</b> [<b>percutiō</b>], m., <i>murderer, +assassin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>percutiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_quatio"><b>quatiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>perdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>perdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>peregrīnus</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>ager</b>], adj., <i>from foreign +parts, foreign</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perendiē</b>, adv., <i>on the day after tomorrow</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perennis, e</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>annus</b>], adj., +<i>perennial</i>; <i>perpetual, never-failing</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_pereo" id = "vocab_pereo"><b>pereō</b></a>, see +<a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>perferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>perficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>perfidia, ae</b> [<b>perfidus</b>], f., <i>treachery</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perfidus</b>, adj., <i>faithless, treacherous</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perforō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>forō</b>, <i>to +bore</i>], <i>to bore through, pierce</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perfruor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fruor"><b>fruor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>perfuga, ae</b> [<b>perfugiō</b>], m., <i>a fugitive, deserter, +refugee</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perfugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>pergō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rego"><b>regō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>perīclitor, āri, ātus sum</b> [<b>perīculum</b>], <i>to try, +test</i>; intrans., <i>to be in danger, incur risk</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perīculōsus</b> [<b>perīculum</b>], adj., <i>perilous, +dangerous</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perīculum, ī</b>, n., <i>trial</i>; <i>danger, peril</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perītus</b>, adj., <i>experienced, skilled, expert</i>. As noun, +<b>perītus, ī</b>, m., <i>an expert</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perliciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_lacio"><b>*laciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>permittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>permoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moveo"><b>moveō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>permultus</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>multus</b>], adj., <i>very much, +very many</i>. As noun, <b>permultum, ī</b>, n., <i>a great deal</i>; +<b>permultī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>very many</i> (persons).</p> + +<p><b>permūtō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_muto"><b>mūtō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>perniciēs, ēī</b>, f., <i>destruction, ruin, overthrow</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perniciōsus</b> [<b>perniciēs</b>], adj., <i>dangerous, +destructive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perōrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_oro"><b>ōrō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>perpellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">187b</span> +<p><b>perpetuō</b> [abl. of <b>perpetuus</b>], adv., <i>continually, +forever</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perpetuus</b>, adj., <i>continuous, uninterrupted</i>; <b>in +perpetuum</b>, <i>forever</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perrumpō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rumpo"><b>rumpō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>persaepe</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>saepe</b>], adv., <i>very +often</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perscrībō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>persequor</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>perstringō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_stringo"><b>stringō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>persuādeō</b><ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">, +</ins>see <a href = "#vocab_suadeo"><b>suādeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>pertaesus</b> [orig. part. of <b>pertaedet</b>, <i>it wearies, +disgusts</i>], adj., <i>disgusted with, sick of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pertināciter</b> [<b>pertināx</b>, <i>persistent</i>], adv., +<i>persistently, stubbornly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pertineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>pertrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>perturbō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>per</b> + <b>turbō</b>, <i>to +disturb</i>], <i>to confuse, disturb, upset</i>.</p> + +<p><b>perveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>pēs, pedis</b>, m., <i>the foot</i>; <i>a foot</i> (in +measurements).</p> + +<p><b>pessimus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_malus"><b>malus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>pēstifer, fera, ferum</b> [<b>pēstis</b> + <b>ferō</b>], adj., +<i>baneful, destructive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pēstilēns, entis</b> [<b>pēstis</b>], adj., <i>baneful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pēstilentia, ae</b> [<b>pēstilēns</b>], f., <i>pest, plague, +disease</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pēstis, is</b>, f., <i>plague, pest</i>; <i>curse, bane</i>.</p> + +<p><b>petītiō, ōnis</b> [<b>petō</b>], f., <i>candidacy</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_peto" id = "vocab_peto"><b>petō, ere, īvī (iī), +ītus</b></a>, <i>to strive for, seek</i>; <i>beg, ask, request</i>; +<i>assail, attack</i>; intrans., <i>to be a candidate</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ex—expetō, ere, īvī, ītus</b>, <i>to seek, desire, +crave</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—repetō, ere, īvī, ītus</b>, <i>to seek again, try to get +back, demand back</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>phalerae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>a metal breastplate</i> (esp. for +horses), <i>trappings</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pharnacēs, is</b>, m., <i>a son of Mithridates</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pharsālicus</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>at Pharsalus</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pharsālus, ī</b>, f., a city in Thessaly, near which Caesar +defeated Pompey, 48 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>Philippī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a city in Macedonia, +<span class = "pagenum">188a</span> +near which Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Octavianus and Antony, +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 42.</p> + +<p><b>philosophia, ae</b>, f., <i>philosophy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>philosophus, ī</b>, m., <i>a philosopher</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Philus, ī</b>, m., see <a href = +"#vocab_furius"><b>Fūrius</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>pietās, ātis</b> [<b>pius</b>, <i>dutiful</i>], f., +<i>conscientiousness, dutiful conduct, devotion, piety</i>; <i>filial +affection, loyalty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>piget, ēre, uit</b> and <b>itum est</b>, impers., <i>it pains, +grieves, disgusts</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pīgnus, oris</b>, n., <i>pledge, security</i>; <i>assurance, +proof</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pilleus, ī</b>, m., <i>a</i> (close-fitting) <i>cap</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pinguis, e</b>, adj., <i>fat, sleek</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pīrāta, ae</b>, m., <i>a sea-robber, pirate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pīrāticus</b> [<b>pīrāta</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>with</i> +(against) <i>the pirates</i>.</p> + +<p><b>piscīna, ae</b> [<b>piscis</b>], f., <i>a fish-pond</i>.</p> + +<p><b>piscis, is</b>, m., <i>a fish</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_piso" id = "vocab_piso"><b>Pīsō, ōnis</b></a>, m., a +cognomen in the Calpurnian gens.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>Cn.</i> (<i>Calpurnius</i>) <i>Pīsō</i>, mentioned in XIII, 64, +as a type of excessive rigor and severity.</p> + +<p>2. <i>L. Calpurnius Pīsō Frūgī</i>, consul 133 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>; opponent of C. Gracchus in 121; author of +a historical work called <i>Annālēs</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Placentia, ae</b>, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_placeo" id = "vocab_placeo"><b>placeō, ēre, uī, +—</b></a>, <i>to please, be agreeable to</i>; <i>seem best to</i>; +impers., <b>placet, uit</b> or <b>placitum est</b>, with dat., <i>to be +resolved by</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dis—displiceō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to displease</i>.</p> + +<p><b>placidē</b> [<b>placidus</b>, <i>calm</i>], adv., <i>calmly, +quietly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>plācō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to soothe, appease</i>; +<i>conciliate, reconcile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>plāga, ae</b>, f., <i>a stroke, blow</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_plancus" id = "vocab_plancus"><b>Plancus, ī</b></a>, +m., <i>C. Plōtius Plancus</i>, proscribed by the Second Triumvirate.</p> + +<p><b>plaustrum, ī</b>, n., <i>a wagon, cart</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">188b</span> +<p><b>plausus, ūs</b> [<b>plaudō</b>, <i>to clap the hands</i>] m., +<i>applause, acclamations</i>.</p> + +<p><b>plēbēius</b> [<b>plēbs</b>], adj., <i>plebeian</i>. As noun, +<b>plēbēī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the plebeians</i>. See <a href = +"#vocab_plebs"><b>plēbs</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_plebs" id = "vocab_plebs"><b>plēbs, plēbis</b></a>, +f., <i>the common people, rabble</i>; <i>the plebeians</i>, or the +population that grew up round the patricians (see <a href = +"#vocab_patricius"><b>patricius</b></a>) from such causes as the +settlement of foreigners in Rome, or the emancipation of slaves.</p> + +<p><b>plectō, ere, —, —</b>, <i>to beat, punish</i> (usually +in pass.).</p> + +<p><b>plēnus</b> [cf. <b>*pleō</b>], adj., <i>full, full of</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_pleo" id = "vocab_pleo"><b>*pleō, plēre, plēvī, +plētus</b></a>, <i>to fill</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>com—compleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to fill</i> (to the +brim): <i>complete</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—expleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to fill up, fill</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—impleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to fill up</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—oppleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to fill</i>; +<i>cover</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—repleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus</b>, <i>to fill again, refill, +fill up</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>plērīque, aeque, aque</b>, adj., <i>very many, most</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Plīnius, ī</b>, m., <i>C. Plīnius Secundus</i>, commonly known as +<i>Pliny the Elder</i>, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 23-79. He +wrote a sort of encyclopaedia called <i>Historia Nātūrālis</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Plōtius, ī</b>, m., see <a href = +"#vocab_plancus"><b>Plancus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>plumbeus</b> [<b>plumbum</b>], adj., <i>leaden</i>.</p> + +<p><b>plumbum, ī</b>, n., <i>lead</i>.</p> + +<p><b>plūrimus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_multus"><b>multus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>plūs, plūris</b>, adj., see <a href = +"#vocab_multus"><b>multus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>poena, ae</b>, f., <i>compensation, punishment, penalty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Poenī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Phoenicians, Carthaginians</i> +(see <a href = "#vocab_carthago"><b>Carthāgō</b></a>).</p> + +<p><b>poēta, ae</b>, m., <i>a poet</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pōlliō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>Vedius Pōlliō</i>, punished by Augustus +for cruelty to a slave.</p> + +<p><b>Pompēiānus</b>, adj., <i>Pompey’s, Pompeian</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">189a</span> +<p><a name = "vocab_pompeius" id = "vocab_pompeius"><b>Pompēius, +ī</b></a>, m., <i>Cn. Pompēius</i>, surnamed <i>Māgnus</i>; born <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 106, he was consul in 70, having fought +Sertorius in Spain, 76-71; defeated the pirates in 67, Mithridates in +66, and formed the First Triumvirate with Caesar and Crassus in 60. He +was defeated by Caesar in 48 at Pharsalus in Thessaly, and soon after +murdered.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_pompilius" id = "vocab_pompilius"><b>Pompilius, +ī</b></a>, m., <b>Numa Pompilius</b>, second king of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>Pompōnius, ī</b>, m., <i>M. Pompōnius</i>, tribune of the people +in 362 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p><b>Pomptīnus</b>, adj., <i>Pomptine</i>; <b>palūdēs Pomptīnae</b>, +<i>the Pomptine Marshes</i> in Latium, southeast of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>pondus, eris</b> [<b>pendō</b>,], n., <i>weight</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_pono" id = "vocab_pono"><b>pōnō, ere, posuī, +positus</b></a>, <i>to put down, place, set, deposit</i>; <i>serve</i> +(at meals); <i>spend</i>; <i>set up, build</i>; <b>castra +pōnere</b>, <i>to pitch a camp</i>; <b>rudīmentum pōnere</b>, <i>to lay +aside</i> (i.e. get through) <i>the first steps, to learn</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—appōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to set before, +serve</i> (at table).</p> + +<p><b>con—compōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to arrange, +settle</i>; <i>conclude, finish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēpōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to lay down</i> or +<i>aside, put down</i>; <i>stop</i>; <i>arrange, establish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—dispōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to arrange, array, +dispose</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—expōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to set</i> or <i>put +forth</i>; <i>land, disembark</i>; <i>expose, abandon</i>; <i>relate, +explain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—impōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to place</i> or +<i>put upon</i> or <i>in</i>; <b>lēgēs impōnere</b>, <i>to dictate +terms</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—oppōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to put in the way, +set against, oppose</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prae—praepōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to set over, put +in charge of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōpōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to put</i> or +<i>set forth</i>; <i>expose to +<span class = "pagenum">189b</span> +view, submit</i>; <i>propose, offer</i>; <i>resolve, determine</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—repōnō, ere, posuī, positus</b>, <i>to put back, replace, +restore</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>pōns, pontis</b>, m., <i>a bridge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ponticulus, ī</b> [dim. of <b>pōns</b>], m., <i>a little +bridge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ponticus</b>, adj., <i>pertaining to Pontus, Pontic</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pontus, ī</b>, m., <i>Pontus</i>, a country in Asia Minor, south +of the Black Sea.</p> + +<p><b>populāris, is</b> [<b>populus</b>], m., <i>a +fellow-countryman</i>.</p> + +<p><b>populor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to lay waste, ravage, +plunder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>populus, ī</b>, m., <i>a people, nation</i>; collectively, <i>the +people, the citizens</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Porcia, ae</b>, f., a daughter of Cato Uticensis (see <a href = +"#vocab_cato"><b>Catō</b></a>), and wife of M. Brutus.</p> + +<p><b>porrigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rego"><b>regō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Porsena, ae</b>, m., <i>Porsena</i>, a king of Clusium in +Etruria.</p> + +<p><b>porta, ae</b>, f., <i>a city gate, gate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>portendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tendo"><b>tendō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>porticus, ūs</b> [<b>porta</b>], f., <i>a colonnade, arcade, +portico</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_porto" id = "vocab_porto"><b>portō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to bear, carry, bring</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>re—reportō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to bring back</i>; <i>carry +off or away</i>.</p> + +<p><b>portōrium, ī</b> [<b>portus</b>], n., <i>a tax, duty, +tariff</i>.</p> + +<p><b>portus, ūs</b>, m., <i>a harbor, haven</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_posco" id = "vocab_posco"><b>pōscō, ere, popōscī, +—</b></a>, <i>to ask, demand</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dē—dēpōscō, ere, popōscī, —</b>, <i>to demand +urgently, claim</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—expōscō, ere, popōscī, —</b>, <i>to demand, +claim</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—repōscō, ere, —, —</b>, <i>to demand</i> +(back), <i>claim</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Posīdōnius, ī</b>, m., a Stoic philosopher, contemporary with +Cicero and Pompey.</p> + +<p><b>possum, posse, potuī, —</b> [<b>potis</b>, <i>able</i> +<span class = "pagenum">190a</span> ++ <b>sum</b>], <i>to be able, can</i>; <i>have influence, be +strong</i>.</p> + +<p><b>post</b>, (1) adv., <i>after, later, afterwards</i>; (2) prep, +with acc., <i>after, behind</i>.</p> + +<p><b>posteā</b> [<b>post</b> + <b>is</b>], adv., <i>afterwards</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_posterus" id = "vocab_posterus"><b>posterus</b></a> +[<b>post</b>], adj., <i>following, next</i>; comp. <b>posterior, us</b>, +gen. <b>ōris</b>, <i>later</i>; sup. <b>postrēmus</b>, <i>last, +lowest</i>; <b>in posterum</b>, <i>for the future</i>; <b>ad +postrēmum</b>, <i>finally</i>; <b>postrēmō</b>, <i>at last, finally</i>. +As noun, <b>posterī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>descendants, +posterity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>posthabeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>posthāc</b> [<b>post</b> + <b>hīc</b>], adv., <i>hereafter, +thereafter, in the future</i>.</p> + +<p><b>postīcum, ī</b> [<b>postīcus</b>, <i>in the rear</i>], n., <i>a +back door</i>.</p> + +<p><b>postis, is</b>, m., <i>a door-post, post</i>.</p> + +<p><b>postquam</b> or <b>post . . . quam</b> [<b>post</b> + +<b>quam</b>], conj., <i>after, when</i>.</p> + +<p><b>postrēmō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_posterus"><b>posterus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>postrēmus</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_posterus"><b>posterus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>postrīdiē</b> [<b>posterus</b> + <b>diēs</b>], adv., <i>on the +following day, next day</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pōstulātum, ī</b> [<b>pōstulō</b>], n., <i>a demand, +request</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pōstulō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to request, demand</i>.</p> + +<p><b>potēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>possum</b>], adj., <i>able, +mighty, influential</i>.</p> + +<p><b>potentātus, ūs</b> [<b>potēns</b>], m., <i>power, authority, +dominion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>potentia, ae</b> [<b>potēns</b>], f., <i>power, might</i>.</p> + +<p><b>potestās, ātis</b> [<b>potis</b>, <i>able</i>], f., <i>might, +power</i> (esp. that of a magistrate); <i>dominion, rule</i>; +<i>opportunity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>potior, īrī, ītus sum</b>, <i>to become master of, obtain, +acquire, get</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prae</b>, prep, with abl., <i>before, in front of</i>; <i>in +comparison with</i>; in composition, <i>before, very</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praeacūtus</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>acūtus</b>, <i>sharp</i>], adj., +<i>sharp at the end, pointed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praebeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>praecēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">190b</span> +<p><b>praeceptor, ōris</b> [<b>praecipiō</b>], m., <i>teacher</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praeceptum, ī</b> [<b>praecipiō</b>], n., <i>teaching, maxim, +rule</i>; <i>command, order</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praecīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_caedo"><b>caedō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>praecinō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cano"><b>canō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>praecipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>praecipuē</b> [<b>praecipuus</b>, <i>special</i>], adv., +<i>chiefly, principally, especially</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praeclārē</b> [<b>praeclārus</b>], adv., <i>gloriously, +excellently</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praeclārus</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>clārus</b>], adj., <i>very +bright</i> or <i>brilliant, excellent, distinguished</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praecō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>a crier, herald</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praeda, ae</b>, f., <i>booty, spoil, plunder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praedicātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>praedicō</b>], f., <i>a public +proclamation, statement</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praedicō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico2"><b>dicō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>praedīcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_dico"><b>dīcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>praedō, ōnis</b> [<b>praeda</b>], m., <i>one that makes</i> +(gains) <i>booty, robber</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praefectus, ī</b> [<b>praeficiō</b>, <i>to place in command</i>], +m., <i>a leader, commander</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praeferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>praeferōx, ōcis</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>ferōx</b>], adj., +<i>insolent, full of confidence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praefor, fārī, fātus sum</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>for</b>, <i>to +speak</i>], <i>to say by way of preface</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praelūceō, ēre, lūxī, —</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>lūceō</b>, +<i>to shine</i>], <i>to shine before, light the way before</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praemium, ī</b> [<b>prae</b> + <b>emō</b>], n., <i>reward, +prize</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praepōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>praeripiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>praesēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>praesum</b>], adj., +<i>present, at hand</i>; <i>face to face</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praesidium, ī</b> [<b>praesideō</b>, <i>to defend</i>], n., +<i>help, aid, defense</i>; <i>defensive force, garrison</i>; <i>fort, +post, station</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praestō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sto"><b>stō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>praesum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>praeter</b>, prep, with acc., <i>past, beyond</i>; +<span class = "pagenum">191a</span> +<i>contrary to, against</i>; <i>besides, except</i>; in composition, +<i>past, beyond</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praetereā</b> [<b>praeter</b> + <b>is</b>], adv., <i>in addition +to this, besides, moreover</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praetereō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>praeteritus</b> [orig. part. of <b>praetereō</b>], adj., +<i>past</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_praetextus" id = +"vocab_praetextus"><b>praetextus</b></a> [orig. part. of +<b>praetexō</b>, <i>to edge, border</i>], adj., <i>bordered, edged</i>. +As noun, <b>praetexta, ae</b> (sc. <b>toga</b>), f., <i>the toga +praetexta</i>, or white toga with purple border, worn by magistrates and +by free-born children till the sixteenth or seventeenth year, when they +became of age and assumed the <i>toga virīlis</i>, which was wholly +white.</p> + +<p><b>praetor, ōris</b> [orig. <b>praeitor</b>, from <b>prae</b> + +(1) <b>eō</b>], m., <i>a leader, commander</i>; among the Romans, +<i>a praetor</i> or magistrate, whose especial business was the +administration of justice. After Sulla’s time eight or more were elected +annually. The praetors often served in command of armies, esp. in the +provinces, and after acting as judges in Rome, were regularly assigned +to duty in the provinces with the title of <i>prōpraetor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praetōrius</b> [<b>praetor</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>belonging +to the general, the general’s</i>; <i>praetorian</i>. As noun, +<b>praetōrius, ī</b>, m., <i>a man of praetorian rank, an +ex-praetor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>praeveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prandium, ī</b>, n., <i>lunch</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prātum, ī</b>, n., <i>a field, meadow</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prāvus</b>, adj., <i>crooked, wrong</i>; <i>perverse, +wicked</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_precor" id = "vocab_precor"><b>precor, ārī, ātus +sum</b></a> [<b>prex</b>], <i>to ask, beg, beseech</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dē—dēprecor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to plead against, plead, +avert by prayer</i>; <i>decline</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_prehendo" id = "vocab_prehendo"><b>prehendō, ere, ī, +prehēnsus</b></a>, <i>to grasp, seize, catch</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">191b</span> +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—apprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus</b>, <i>to lay hold of, seize, +grasp</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—comprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus</b>, <i>to seize, catch, +arrest</i>; <i>understand</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus</b>, <i>to seize, catch</i>; +<i>surprise, detect, discover</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—reprehendō, ere, ī, hēnsus</b>, <i>to hold back, +check</i>; <i>blame, criticise, reprove</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_premo" id = "vocab_premo"><b>premō, ere, pressī, +pressus</b></a>, <i>to press</i>; <i>press hard, crush</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—comprimō, ere, pressī, pressus</b>, <i>to restrain, +check, crush</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—exprimō, ere, pressī, pressus</b>, <i>to press</i> or +<i>force out</i>; <i>utter, express</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—opprimō, ere, pressī, pressus</b>, <i>to crush utterly, +overpower, overwhelm, master</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—reprimō, ere, pressī, pressus</b>, <i>to press</i> or +<i>keep back, check, restrain</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>pretiōsus</b> [<b>pretium</b>], adj., <i>of great value, costly, +precious</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pretium, ī</b>, n., <i>money value, price</i>; <i>money</i>; +<i>recompense, reward</i>; <b>operae pretium est</b>, <i>it is worth +while</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prex, precis</b>, f., <i>a prayer, entreaty</i> (chiefly +in pl.).</p> + +<p><b>prīdem</b>, adv., <i>long since, long ago</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prīdiē</b> [<b>pri(or)</b> + <b>diē</b>], adv., <i>the day +before</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prīmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_prior"><b>prior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prīmōrēs, um</b> [<b>prīmus</b>], pl. m., <i>first men, chiefs, +nobles</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prīmum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_prior"><b>prior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prīmus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_prior"><b>prior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prīnceps, ipis</b> [<b>prīmus</b> + <b>capiō</b>], adj., <i>first, +foremost</i>. As noun, m., <i>leading man, chief, leader</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prīncipium, ī</b> [<b>prīnceps</b>], n., <i>beginning</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_prior" id = "vocab_prior"><b>prior, us</b></a>, gen. +<b>priōris</b>, comp. adj., <i>foremost, first, prior</i>; sup. +<b>prīmus</b>, <i>first, foremost</i>; <b>prīmō, prīmum</b>, <i>at +first, first</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">192a</span> +<p><b>Prīscus, ī</b>, m., cognomen of <i>Tarquinius Prīscus</i>, the +fifth king of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>prius</b> [neuter of <b>prior</b>], adv., <i>before, sooner, +previously, first of all</i>.</p> + +<p><b>priusquam</b> or <b>prius . . . quam</b> [<b>prius</b> + +<b>quam</b>], conj., <i>earlier than, before</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prīvātim</b> [<b>prīvātus</b>], adv., <i>individually</i>; <i>by +one’s self, privately</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prīvātus</b> [<b>prīvō</b>], adj., <i>personal, private, +individual</i>. As noun, <b>prīvātus, ī</b>, m., <i>a man in private +life, a private citizen</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prīvō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to bereave, deprive, rob</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō</b>, prep. with abl., <i>in front of, before</i>; <i>in behalf +of, for</i>; <i>instead of</i>; <i>in comparison with, in accordance +with</i>; in composition, <i>forth, for</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō</b>, interj., <i>O! ah! alas! Heavens!</i></p> + +<p><b>proavus, ī</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>avus</b>], m., +<i>great-grandfather</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_probo" id = "vocab_probo"><b>probō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [<b>probus</b>, <i>good</i>], <i>to test</i> (and find +good), <i>approve, commend</i>; <i>show, prove</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—approbō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to approve fully, +favor</i>; <i>show, demonstrate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—comprobō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to approve, +sanction</i>; <i>confirm</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Proca, ae</b>, m., a king of Alba Longa, father of Numitor and +Amulius.</p> + +<p><b>prōcēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>procella, ae</b>, f., <i>a strong wind</i>; <i>storm</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōcēritās, ātis</b> [<b>prōcērus</b>, <i>tall</i>], f., +<i>height, tallness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōclāmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōcōnsul, is</b> [<b>prō</b>, <i>in place of</i> + +<b>cōnsul</b>], m., <i>a proconsul, governor of a province</i>. See +<a href = "#vocab_consul"><b>cōnsul</b></a> (end).</p> + +<p><b>procul</b>, adv., <i>in the distance, afar</i>; with abl., <i>far +from</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Proculus, ī</b>, m., a Roman senator who claimed that Romulus +appeared to him after his death.</p> + +<p><b>prōcumbō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cumbo"><b>*cumbō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōcūrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curo"><b>cūrō</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">192b</span> +<p><b>prōdigium, ī</b>, n., <i>an omen, portent</i>; <i>strange being, +prodigy, monster</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōditiō, ōnis</b> [<b>prōdō</b>], f., <i>treason</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōditor, ōris</b> [<b>prōdō</b>], m., <i>a traitor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>proelior, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>proelium</b>], <i>to fight, wage +war</i>.</p> + +<p><b>proelium, ī</b>, n., <i>a battle, combat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>profectō</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>factum</b>], adv., <i>indeed, in +truth, certainly, to be sure</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>proficīscor, ī, profectus sum</b>, <i>to set out, proceed</i>; +<i>depart</i>.</p> + +<p><b>profiteor</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_fateor"><b>fateor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōflīgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fligo"><b>*flīgō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>profugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>profugus, ī</b> [<b>profugiō</b>], m., <i>a fugitive, +exile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>profundō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fundo"><b>fundō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>profūsus</b> [orig. part. of <b>profundō</b>], adj., <i>lavish, +extravagant, profuse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōgredior</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prohibeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_habeo"><b>habeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>proinde</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>inde</b>], adv., <i>hence, +therefore</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōlābor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_labor"><b>lābor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōmineō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to project, extend, lean +out</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōmissus</b> [orig. part. of <b>prōmittō</b>], adj., <i>hanging +down, long, flowing</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōmissum, ī</b> [<b>prōmittō</b>], n., <i>a promise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōmoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moveo"><b>moveō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōmptē</b> [<b>prōmptus</b>], adv., <i>quickly, readily</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōmptus</b> [<b>prōmō</b>, <i>to put forth</i>], adj., +<i>visible, at hand</i>; <i>ready, alert, prompt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pronepōs, ōtis</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>nepōs</b>], m., +<i>great-grandson</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōnūntiō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_nuntio"><b>nūntiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>propāgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to propagate, increase, +prolong</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_prope" id = "vocab_prope"><b>prope</b></a>, adv., +<i>near by</i>; <i>nearly, almost</i> (esp. with numbers): comp. +<b>propius</b>; sup. <b>proximē</b>, <i>nearest, next</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">193a</span> +<p><b>prōpellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>properō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [<b>properus</b>, <i>quick</i>], <i>to +speed, hasten</i>.</p> + +<p><b>propinquus</b> [<b>prope</b>], adj., <i>neighboring, near</i>; as +noun, <i>a relative</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_propior" id = "vocab_propior"><b>propior</b></a> +[<b>prope</b>], comp. adj., <i>nearer</i>; sup. <b>proximus</b>, +<i>nearest, next</i>; <i>latest, last</i>; <i>next, following</i>; <b>in +proximō</b>, <i>near by</i>. As noun, <b>proximī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., +<i>bystanders</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōpōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōpositum, ī</b> [<b>prōpōnō</b>], n., <i>plan, purpose</i>.</p> + +<p><b>propriē</b> [<b>proprius</b>], adv., <i>peculiarly, +especially</i>.</p> + +<p><b>proprius</b>, adj., <i>own, one’s own</i>; with gen. or dat., +<i>peculiar to, characteristic of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>propter</b>, prep. with acc., <i>on account of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōripiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōrogō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_rogo"><b>rogō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōscrībō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōscrīptiō, ōnis</b> [<b>prōscrībō</b>], f., <i>a notice of +sale</i>; <i>proscription, confiscation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōsequor</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōsiliō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_salio"><b>saliō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōspectus, ūs</b> [<b>prōspiciō</b>, <i>to look forward</i>], m., +<i>view, prospect</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōsperē</b> [<b>prōsperus</b>], adv., <i>propitiously, +successfully</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōsperus</b> [<b>prō</b> + <b>spēs</b>], adj., <i>according to +one’s hopes, favorable</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōsternō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_sterno"><b>sternō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōsum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōtendō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tendo"><b>tendō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōtinus</b>, adv., <i>right on, continuously</i>; <i>at once, +immediately</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōvehō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_veho"><b>vehō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prōvincia, ae</b>, f., <i>a province</i> (i.e. a territory outside +of Italy under Roman government); <i>sphere of operations</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prōvocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voco"><b>vocō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>proximē</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_prope"><b>prope</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>proximus</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_propior"><b>propior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>prūdēns, entis</b> [orig. <b>prōvidēns</b>, part. +<span class = "pagenum">193b</span> +of <b>prōvideō</b>, <i>to see ahead</i>], adj., <i>fore-seeing, +skillful, clever, prudent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prūdentia, ae</b> [<b>prūdēns</b>], f., <i>foresight, practical +wisdom, good sense</i>.</p> + +<p><b>psittacus, ī</b>, m., <i>a parrot</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ptolemaeus, ī</b>, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after +the time of Alexander the Great.</p> + +<p><b>pūblicē</b> [<b>pūblicus</b>], adv., <i>in the name of</i> +(by order of) <i>the state, publicly, officially</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pūblicō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>pūblicus</b>], <i>to open to the +public, make public</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pūblicus</b> [orig. <b>populicus</b>: cf. <b>populus</b>], adj., +<i>belonging to the people</i> (state), <i>public</i>; <i>official</i>. +As noun, <b>pūblicum, ī</b>, n., <i>the state treasury</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pūblius, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p> + +<p><b>pudor, ōris</b>, m., <i>modesty, shame, hesitancy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>puella, ae</b> [dim. of <b>puer</b>], f., <i>a girl</i>.</p> + +<p><b>puer, puerī</b>, m., <i>a child</i>; <i>boy</i>; <i>slave</i>.</p> + +<p><b>puerīlis, e</b> [<b>puer</b>], adj., <i>boyish, youthful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pueritia, ae</b> [<b>puer</b>], f., <i>childhood</i>; <i>boyhood, +youth</i> (extending usually to the 17th year).</p> + +<p><b>pugiō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>a dagger, dirk</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pūgna, ae</b>, f., <i>a combat, fight, battle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pūgnāx, ācis</b> [<b>pūgna</b>], adj., <i>fond of fighting, +combative</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_pugno" id = "vocab_pugno"><b>pūgnō, āre, āvī, +ātum</b></a>, <i>to fight</i>; <i>oppose, resist</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ex—expūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to take by storm, +capture</i>; <i>overpower, prevail upon</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—impūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to fight against, oppose, +attack</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—oppūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to fight against, +assault, besiege</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—repūgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to fight back, oppose, +resist</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>pulcher, chra, chrum</b>, adj., <i>beautiful</i>; <i>excellent, +illustrious</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pulcher, chrī</b>, m., <i>P. Claudius</i>, a son of A. Claudius +Caecus, consul 249 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">194a</span> +<p><b>pullārius, ī</b> [<b>pullus</b>], m., <i>keeper of the sacred +chickens</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pullus, ī</b>, m., <i>a young animal</i>; <i>chicken</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pulvis, eris</b>, m., <i>dust</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pungō, ere, pupugī, punctus</b>, <i>to strike, prick, +puncture</i>; <i>sting, torment</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pūnicus</b>, adj., <i>Phoenician, Punic</i>; <i>Carthaginian</i> +(see <a href = "#vocab_carthago"><b>Carthāgō</b></a>).</p> + +<p><b>pūniō, īre, īvī, ītus</b> [<b>poena</b>], <i>to punish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>pūrgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>pūrus</b>, <i>clean</i> + +<b>agō</b>], <i>to make clean</i>; <i>clear away, excuse</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_puto" id = "vocab_puto"><b>putō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to cleanse</i> (vines by cutting); <i>consider, think, +suppose</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>am—amputō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to cut all round, cut +away, lop off</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—computō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to sum up, reckon, +compute</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—disputō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to weigh, examine</i>; +<i>discuss</i>; <i>argue</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—reputō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to think over, reflect on, +reflect</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Pȳrēnaeus, ī</b> (sc. <b>mōns</b>), m., <i>the Pyrenees</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pyrrhus, ī</b>, m., a king of Epirus, who allied himself with +Tarentum, and invaded Italy, 280-275 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_Q" id = "vocab_Q" href = "#vocab">Q</a></p> + +<p><b>Q.</b>, abbreviation of the name <b>Quīntus</b>.</p> + +<p><b>quadrāgēsimus</b> [<b>quadrāgintā</b>], num. adj., +<i>fortieth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quadrāgintā</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>forty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quadrīgae, ārum</b>, pl. f., a <i>four-horse team</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quadringentī, ae, a</b> [<b>quattuor</b> + <b>centum</b>], num. +adj., <i>four hundred</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_quaero" id = "vocab_quaero"><b>quaerō, ere, +quaesīvī, quaesītus</b></a>, <i>to seek</i>; <i>ask</i>; <i>get, +gain</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adquīrō, ere, quīsīvī, quīsītus</b>, <i>to acquire, get, +gain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—conquīrō, ere, quīsīvī, quīsītus</b>, <i>to seek</i> or +<i>search fo</i>; <i>hunt up</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—requīrō, ere, quīsīvī (iī), quīsītus</b>, <i>to seek</i> +or <i>search for</i>.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">194b</span> +<p><b>quaesō, ere, īvī, —</b>, <i>to seek</i>; <i>beg, +pray</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quaestor, ōris</b> [orig. <b>quaesītor</b>; cf. <b>quaerō, +quaesō</b>], m., <i>quaestor, quartermaster</i>, a name given to +certain magistrates who had the care of public monies and military +supplies, both at Rome and in the provinces.</p> + +<p><b>quaestūra, ae</b> [<b>quaestor</b>], f., <i>the +quaestorship</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quālis, e</b>, adj., (1) interrog., <i>of what kind? what sort +of?</i> (2) rel., <i>of such a kind, such as, as</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quāliscumque, quālecumque</b>, adj., <i>of whatsoever kind, of any +kind</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quam</b> [(1) <b>quis</b>], adv., <i>how, how much</i>; after a +comp., <i>than</i>; with a sup., <i>as possible</i>; <b>quam prīmum</b>, +<i>as soon as possible</i>; <b>quamdiū</b>, <i>as long as</i>; <b>tam +. . . quam</b>, <i>as . . . so, not only +. . . but also</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quamquam</b>, conj., <i>although, even if</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quamvīs</b> [<b>quam</b> + <b>vīs</b>, from <b>volō</b>], adv. and +conj., <i>howevermuch, although</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quandōquidem</b> [<b>quandō</b>, <i>since</i> + <b>quidem</b>], +conj., <i>since indeed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quantus</b> [<b>quam</b>], adj., (1) interr., <i>how great? how +much?</i> (2) rel., correl. to <b>tantus</b>, <i>as great +as, as</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quantum</b>, adv., <i>how much? how far?</i></p> + +<p><b>quāpropter</b> [(1) <b>quis</b> + <b>propter</b>], adv.; +(1) interr., <i>why? wherefore?</i> (2) rel., <i>for which +reason, wherefore</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quāre</b> [<b>quā</b> + <b>rē</b>], adv., (1) interr., <i>why?</i> +(2) rel., <i>for which reason, wherefore, therefore</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quārtāna, ae</b> [<b>quārtus</b>], f. (sc. <b>febris</b>, +<i>fever</i>), a fever or ague recurring every fourth day.</p> + +<p><b>quārtus</b> [<b>quattuor</b>], num. adj., <i>fourth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quasī</b>, adv. and conj., <i>as if, just as if, as though, +ostensibly</i>; <i>on the ground that</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quater</b>, adv., <i>four times</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_quatio" id = "vocab_quatio"><b>quatiō, ere, —, +quassus</b></a>, <i>to shake, strike</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">195a</span> +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dē<ins class = "correction" title = "dash missing">—</ins>dēcutiō, +ere, cussī, cussus</b>, <i>to shake off</i> or <i>down, strike off</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—excutiō, ere, cussī, cussus</b>, <i>to shake off, fling +off</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—percutiō, ere, cussī, cussus</b>, <i>to strike through, +pierce</i>; <i>smite, strike</i>; <i>kill, slay</i>; <i>overwhelm, +shock</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>quattuor</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>four</i>.</p> + +<p><b>que</b>, conj., enclitic, <i>and, and yet, but</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_queror" id = "vocab_queror"><b>queror, ī, questus +sum</b></a>, <i>to complain</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>con—conqueror, ī, questus sum</b>, <i>to complain bitterly, +lament, deplore</i>.</p> + +<p><b>questus, ūs</b> [<b>queror</b>], m., <i>complaint, lament</i>.</p> + +<p>(1) <b>quī, quae, quod</b>, interr. pron., used adjectively, +<i>which? what? what kind of?</i> See (1) <b>quis</b>.</p> + +<p>(2) <b>quī, quae, quod</b>, rel. pron., <i>who, which, what, +that</i>; <i>whoever, whatever</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_qui3" id = "vocab_qui3">(3) <b>quī, quae</b></a>, or +<b>qua, quod</b>, indef. pron., used adjectively, <i>any, some</i>.</p> + +<p>(4) <b>quī</b> [old abl. of (1) <b>quī</b>], adv., <i>how?</i></p> + +<p><b>quia</b>, conj., <i>because, since</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque</b>, indef. rel. pron., +<i>whoever, whichever, whatever</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quīdam, quaedam, quiddam</b>, and as adj., <b>quoddam</b>, indef. +pron., <i>a certain one, somebody</i>; <i>a certain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quidem</b>, adv., <i>indeed, in fact, to be sure</i>; <b>nē +. . . quidem</b>, <i>not even, not at all</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quiēs, ētis</b>, f., <i>rest, sleep, quiet, respite</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quiētus</b> [orig. part, of <b>quiēscō</b>, <i>to be at rest</i>], +<i>quiet, peaceful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quīn</b> [(4) <b>quī</b> + <b>nē</b>], conj., <i>how not? why +not</i>; <i>that, that not, but that</i>; <b>quīn et</b> or +<b>etiam</b>, <i>nay more</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_quintilius" id = "vocab_quintilius"><b>Quīntilius, +ī</b></a>, m., gentile name of <i>P. Quīntilius Vārus</i>, an officer of +Augustus, who sustained a severe defeat at the hands of the Germans, +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 9.</p> + +<p><b>Quīntīlis, is</b> [<b>Quīntus</b>], m. (sc. <b>mēnsis</b>), +<span class = "pagenum">195b</span> +<i>July</i>, the fifth month (counting from March. See <a href = +"#vocab_december"><b>December</b></a>).</p> + +<p><b>quīndecemvir, ī</b> [<b>quīndecem</b>, <i>fifteen</i> + +<b>vir</b>], m., <i>a member of a board of fifteen men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quīngentī, ae, a</b> [<b>quīnque</b> + <b>centum</b>], num. adj., +<i>five hundred</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quīnquāgintā</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>fifty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quīnque</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>five</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quīnquennium, ī</b> [<b>quīnque</b> + <b>annus</b>], n., <i>a +period of five years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quīnquiēs</b> [<b>quīnque</b>], adv., <i>five times</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quīntus</b> [<b>quīnque</b>], num. adj., <i>fifth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quīntus, ī</b>, m., a praenomen.</p> + +<p><b>quīppe</b>, adv., <i>indeed, as you see, surely</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quirīnālis, is</b> (sc. <b>collis</b>), m., <i>the Quirinal</i>, +one of the hills of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>Quirīnus, ī</b>, m., a name given to Romulus after his death and +deification.</p> + +<p><b>Quirītēs, ium</b> [<b>Curēs</b>], pl. m., orig. <i>the people of +Cures</i>; later, the name used to denote the Romans in their civil +capacity, hence: <i>citizens, Romans</i>. See <a href = +"#vocab_romanus"><b>Rōmānī</b></a>.</p> + +<p>(1) <b>quis, quid</b>, interr. pron. used substantively, <i>who? +which? what?</i> See (1) <b>quī</b>.</p> + +<p>(2) <b>quis, qua, quid</b>, indef. pron. used substantively, <i>some +one, any one</i>; <i>something, anything</i>. See <a href = +"#vocab_qui3">(3) <b>quī</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>quisnam, quaenam, quidnam</b> [(1) <b>quis</b> + <b>nam</b>], +interr. pron., <i>who</i> or <i>what in the world? who? which? +what?</i></p> + +<p><b>quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam</b> and <b>quidpiam</b>, indef. +pron., <i>some, any, some one</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quisquam, quaequam, quicquam</b>, indef. pron., adj. or noun, +<i>any one, anything, any</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quisque, quaeque, quidque</b> or <b>quodque</b>, indef. pron., +noun or adj., <i>each, every, each one, every one</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quisquis, quicquid</b>, indef. pron., <i>whoever, whatever, every +one who, everything which</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quō</b> [<b>quī</b>], adv. and conj. As adv., +<span class = "pagenum">196a</span> +(1) interr., <i>whither</i>? (2) rel., <i>whither</i>; as conj., +<i>in order that, that, that thereby</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quōcumque</b>, adv., <i>whithersoever</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quod</b>, conj., <i>because, that, in that</i>; <i>as to the fact +that, so far as</i>; <b>quod sī</b>, <i>but if</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quōmodo</b> [(1) <b>quī</b> + <b>modus</b>], adv., (1) interr., +<i>how?</i> (2) rel., <i>in the manner that, as</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quondam</b>, adv., <i>once, formerly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quoniam</b> [<b>quom</b> (= <b>cum</b>, <i>since</i>) + +<b>iam</b>], conj., <i>since, because, seeing that</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quoque</b>, conj., <i>also, too</i> (placed after the word it +emphasizes).</p> + +<p><b>quōrsum</b> or <b>quōrsus</b> [orig. <b>quōversus</b>; <b>quō</b> ++ <b>vertō</b>], adv., <i>whither?</i></p> + +<p><b>quotannīs</b> [<b>quot</b> + <b>annus</b>], adv., <i>each year, +yearly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>quoūsque</b> [<b>quō</b> + <b>ūsque</b>, <i>until</i>], adv., +(1) interr., <i>until what time?</i> (2) rel., +<i>until</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_R" id = "vocab_R" href = "#vocab">R</a></p> + +<p><b>radius, ī</b>, m., <i>a staff, rod</i>; <i>beam, ray</i>.</p> + +<p><b>radīx, īcis</b>, f., <i>a root</i>; <i>foot, base</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rapīna, ae</b> [<b>rapiō</b>], f., <i>robbery, pillage</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_rapio" id = "vocab_rapio"><b>rapiō, ere, rapuī, +raptus</b></a>, <i>to seize</i> and <i>carry off, drag off</i>; +<i>plunder, destroy</i>; <i>hasten, hurry</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—abripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to take away forcibly, +drag off</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad—adripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to snatch quickly, +seize</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—corripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to seize, catch +up</i>; <b>morbō corripī</b>, <i>to fall sick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—dīripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to tear apart</i>; +<i>ravage, plunder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prae—praeripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to snatch away, +carry off</i> or <i>away</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōripiō, ere, uī, reptus</b>, <i>to fling forth</i>; +with <b>sē</b>, <i>rush</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>rārō</b> [<b>rārus</b>], adv., <i>seldom, rarely</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rārus</b>, adj., <i>thin</i>; <i>scattered, rare</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">196b</span> +<p><b>ratiō, ōnis</b> [<b>reor</b>], f., <i>reckoning, calculation, +account</i>; <i>method, plan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ratis, is</b>, f., <i>a raft, boat, vessel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re</b> or <b>red</b>, insep. prefix, <i>again, back</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rebellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_bello"><b>bellō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>recēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>receptus, ūs</b> [<b>recipiō</b>], m., <i>a retreat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>recessus, ūs</b> [<b>recēdō</b>], m., <i>nook, corner</i>.</p> + +<p><b>recidō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cado"><b>cadō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>reciperō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to regain, recover</i>.</p> + +<p><b>recipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>reconciliō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_concilio"><b>conciliō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>recreō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_creo"><b>creō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>rēctē</b> [<b>rēctus</b> (part. of <b>regō</b>), <i>straight, +right</i>], adv., <i>rightly, duly, well</i>.</p> + +<p><b>recubō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cubo"><b>cubō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>recūsō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>causa</b>], <i>to +decline, refuse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>reddō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>redeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>redigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>redimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_emo"><b>emō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>redintegrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>red</b> + <b>integer</b>], +<i>to make whole again, renew</i>.</p> + +<p><b>reditus, ūs</b> [<b>redeō</b>], m., <i>a going</i> (or coming) +<i>back, return</i>.</p> + +<p><b>redūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>refellō, ere, ī, —</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>fallō</b>, <i>to +deceive</i>], <i>to prove false, refute, disprove</i>.</p> + +<p><b>referō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>refoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_foveo"><b>foveō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>refringō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_frango"><b>frangō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>refugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>rēgālis, e</b> [<b>rēx</b>], adj., <i>kinglike, royal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rēgia, ae</b> [<b>rēgius</b>], f. (sc. <b>domus</b>), <i>a +palace</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rēgīna, ae</b> [<b>rēx</b>], f., <i>a queen</i>.</p> + +<p><b>regiō, ōnis</b> [<b>regō</b>], f., <i>district, region</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rēgius</b> [<b>rēx</b>], adj., <i>kingly, royal, king’s</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rēgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>rēgnum</b>], <i>to be king</i>; +<i>rule, govern</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rēgnum, ī</b> [<b>rēx</b>], n., <i>kingly government, sovereignty, +sway</i>; <i>a kingdom</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_rego" id = "vocab_rego"><b>regō, ere, rēxī, +rēctus</b></a>, <i>to keep straight, guide, conduct, rule</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">197a</span> +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—corrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus</b>, <i>to straighten, +correct, improve</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—dīrigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus</b>, <i>to guide, steer, +direct</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—ērigō, ere, rēxī, rēctus</b>, <i>to raise</i> or <i>lift +up</i>; <i>stir up, arouse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—pergō, ere, perrēxī, perrēctus</b>, <i>to go straight +on, proceed, hasten</i>; with acc., <i>pursue with vigor, perform</i>; +<b>partēs pergere</b>, <i>to play the rōle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>por</b> (= <b>prō</b>)<b>—porrigō, ere, porrēxī, +porrēctus</b>, <i>to spread</i> or <i>stretch out</i>; <i>hold forth, +offer, present</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>regredior</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_regulus" id = "vocab_regulus"><b>Rēgulus, ī</b></a>, +m., <i>M. Atīlius</i>, consul in 256 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>; defeated in Africa and taken prisoner by the +Carthaginians, 255.</p> + +<p><b>rēiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>relābor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_labor"><b>lābor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>relēgō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>lēgō</b>, <i>to +send</i>], <i>to send out of the way, remove</i>.</p> + +<p><b>religiō, ōnis</b>, f., <i>sense of duty</i>; <i>religion, devotion +to the gods</i>; <i>scruple</i>.</p> + +<p><b>religiōsus</b> [<b>religiō</b>], adj., <i>careful, scrupulous</i>; +<i>sacred, holy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>religō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ligo"><b>ligō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>relinquō, ere, līquī, līctus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>linquō</b>, <i>to +leave</i>], <i>to leave behind, leave</i>; <i>bequeath</i>; <i>appoint +by will</i>.</p> + +<p><b>reliquiae, ārum</b> [<b>relinquō</b>], pl. f., <i>remainder, +remnant, residue</i>.</p> + +<p><b>reliquus</b> [cf. <b>relinquō</b>], adj., <i>remaining, +rest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>remaneō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_maneo"><b>maneō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>remedium, ī</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>medeor</b>, <i>to cure</i>], n., +<i>a cure, remedy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>remigrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_migro"><b>migrō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>remittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>remūneror, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>mūnerō</b>, <i>to +reward</i>], <i>to reward, repay</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Remus, ī</b>, m., the brother of Romulus.</p> + +<p><b>renovō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>novus</b>], <i>to +renew, restore, revive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>renūntiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nuntio"><b>nūntiō</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">197b</span> +<p><b>renuō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_nuo"><b>*nuō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>reor, rērī, ratus sum</b>, <i>to reckon</i>; <i>think, +suppose</i>; <b>ratus</b>, <i>thinking</i>.</p> + +<p><b>repellō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pello"><b>pellō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>rependō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pendo"><b>pendō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>repente</b> [<b>repēns</b>, <i>sudden</i>], adv., <i>suddenly, +unexpectedly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>repentīnus</b> [<b>repēns</b>, <i>sudden</i>], adj., <i>sudden, +unexpected</i>.</p> + +<p><b>reperiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pario"><b>pariō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>repetō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_peto"><b>petō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>repleō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pleo"><b>*pleō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>repōnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>reportō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_porto"><b>portō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>repōscō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_posco"><b>pōscō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>reprehendō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_prehendo"><b>prehendō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>reprimō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_premo"><b>premō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>reprōmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>repudiō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to cast off, divorce</i>; +<i>reject, scorn</i>.</p> + +<p><b>repūgnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_pugno"><b>pūgnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>repulsa, ae</b> [<b>repellō</b>], f., <i>rejection, repulse</i>; +<i>a defeat at the polls</i>.</p> + +<p><b>reputō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_puto"><b>putō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>requīrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_quaero"><b>quaerō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_res" id = "vocab_res"><b>rēs, reī</b></a>, f., +<i>thing, matter</i>; <i>affair, deed, exploit, event</i>; +<i>circumstance</i>; <i>a story</i>; <i>property, fortune</i>; +<i>trouble</i>; <b>rēs familiāris</b>, <i>private property</i>; <b>rēs +pūblica</b>, <i>the commonwealth, state</i>; <b>rēs gestae</b>, +<i>exploits</i>; <b>rēs repetundae</b>, <i>extortion</i>; <b>rē +vērā</b>, <i>in reality, in truth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>resecō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_seco"><b>secō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>reserō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>sērō</b>, <i>to +bolt</i>], <i>to unlock, open</i>.</p> + +<p><b>resīdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sido"><b>sīdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>resistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>resolvō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_solvo"><b>solvō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>respergō, ere, spersī, spersus</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>spargō</b>, +<i>to strew, sprinkle</i>], <i>to besprinkle, bespatter</i>.</p> + +<p><b>respiciō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_specio"><b>*speciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>respīrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_spiro"><b>spīrō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>respondeō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_spondeo"><b>spondeō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>respōnsum, ī</b> [<b>respondeō</b>], n., <i>answer, reply</i>, +esp. of an oracle; <i>warning</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">198a</span> +<p><b>rēs pūblica</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_res"><b>rēs</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>restinguō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_stinguo"><b>stinguō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>restituō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_statuo"><b>statuō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>retineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>retrahō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_traho"><b>trahō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>reus, ī</b>, m., <i>defendant, accused person, prisoner</i>.</p> + +<p><b>revertor</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_verto"><b>vertō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>revīvīscō, ere, —, —</b> [<b>re</b> + <b>vīvēscō</b>, +inceptive of <b>vīvō</b>], <i>to come to life again</i>.</p> + +<p><b>revocō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_voco"><b>vocō</b></a>,</p> + +<p><b>rēx, rēgis</b> [cf. <b>regō</b>], m., <i>king, monarch</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_rhea" id = "vocab_rhea"><b>Rhēa, ae</b></a>, f., +<i>Rhēa</i>, also called <i>Rhēa Silvia</i>, mother of Romulus and +Remus.</p> + +<p><b>Rhēnus, ī</b>, m., the river Rhine.</p> + +<p><b>rhētor, oris</b>, m., <i>a teacher of oratory, rhetorician</i>; +<i>orator</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rhodus, ī</b>, f., <i>Rhodes</i>, a large island off the coast of +Asia Minor, famous for its schools of rhetoric (see <a href = +"#vocab_apollonius"><b>Apollōnius</b></a>), its colossal statue of +Apollo, and for the skill of its people in navigation.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_rideo" id = "vocab_rideo"><b>rīdeō, ēre, rīsī, +rīsus</b></a>, <i>to smile, laugh</i>; <i>laugh at, mock</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dē—dērīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus</b>, <i>to laugh at, mock, +deride</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—inrīdeō, ēre, rīsī, rīsus</b>, <i>to jeer at, mock, +ridicule</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>rigō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to wet, moisten</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rigor, ōris</b>, m., <i>severity, rigor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rīpa, ae</b>, f., <i>a bank</i> (of a river).</p> + +<p><b>rīsus, ūs</b> [<b>rīdeō</b>], m., <i>laughter</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rītē</b> [cf. <b>rītus</b>], adv., <i>with due ceremonies, duly, +fitly, properly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rītus, ūs</b>, m., <i>religious ceremony, rite</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rixa, ae</b>, f., <i>a quarrel</i> (of blows), <i>brawl</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rōbur, oris</b>, n., <i>hard wood, oak</i>; <i>strength, vigor, +power</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_rogo" id = "vocab_rogo"><b>rogō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to ask, inquire</i>; <i>request, implore</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—abrogō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to repeal, annul</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">198b</span> +<p><b>inter—interrogō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to ask, +question</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōrogō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to prolong, +extend</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Rōma, ae</b>, f., <i>Rome</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_romanus" id = "vocab_romanus"><b>Rōmānus</b></a>, +adj., <i>Roman</i>; as noun, <b>Rōmānus, ī</b>, m., <i>a Roman</i>; +<b>Rōmānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Romans</i>, the name given to the +Romans in their military capacity.</p> + +<p><b>Rōmulus, ī</b>, m., <i>Romulus</i>, founder and first king of +Rome, son of Rhea and Mars.</p> + +<p><b>Rōscius, ī</b>, m., <i>Sextus Rōscius</i>, defended by Cicero on a +capital charge.</p> + +<p><b>rōstrum, ī</b> [<b>rōdō</b>, <i>to gnaw</i>], n., <i>the beak</i> +or <i>ram of a ship</i>; pl., <i>the Rostra</i>, or speaker’s platform +in the Forum (adorned with beaks of captured ships).</p> + +<p><b>Rubicō, ōnis</b>, m., <i>the Rubicon</i>, a river in the +northeastern part of Italy.</p> + +<p><b>rudīmentum, ī</b> [<b>rudis</b>], n., <i>first attempt, +beginning</i>. See <a href = "#vocab_pono"><b>pōnō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>rudis, e</b>, adj., <i>uncouth, unpolished</i>; <i>ignorant, +rude</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ruīna, ae</b> [<b>ruō</b>], f., <i>downfall, ruin, +destruction</i>; pl., <i>a fallen building, ruins</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rūmor, ōris</b>, m., <i>a story, report, rumor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_rumpo" id = "vocab_rumpo"><b>rumpō, ere, rūpī, +ruptus</b></a>, <i>to break, destroy</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—corrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus</b>, <i>to destroy</i>; +<i>seduce, bribe, corrupt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—ērumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptum</b><ins class = "correction" +title = ", missing">, </ins><i>to break forth</i> or <i>out, burst +forth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—perrumpō, ere, rūpī, ruptus</b>, <i>to break through, +force a way through, get across</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_ruo" id = "vocab_ruo"><b>ruō, ere, ī, tus</b></a>, +<i>to fall</i>; <i>rush, hasten</i>; with acc., <i>to cause to fall, +overthrow</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—corruō, ere, ī, —</b>, <i>to fall</i> (in +battle).</p> + +<p><b>dis—dīruō, ere, ī, tus</b>, <i>to tear apart, overthrow, +destroy</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">199a</span> +<p><b>ex—ēruō, ere, ī, tus</b>, <i>to cast out</i>; <i>dig up, +destroy utterly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—inruō, ēre, ī, —</b>, <i>to rush in, make an +attack</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—obruō, ere, ī, tus</b>, <i>to overwhelm, hide, +bury</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>rūpēs, is</b> [<b>rumpō</b>], f., <i>a rock, cliff</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rūrsus</b> or <b>rūrsum</b> [orig. <b>revorsus</b>; cf. +<b>revertō</b>], adv., <i>back</i>; <i>again</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rūs, rūris</b>, n., <i>the country</i>; pl., <i>the fields</i>; +<b>rūrī</b>, <i>in the country</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rūsticor, āri, ātus sum</b> [<b>rūs</b>], <i>to live in the +country</i>; <i>take a vacation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>rūsticus</b> [<b>rūs</b>], adj., <i>rural, rustic</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_S" id = "vocab_S" href = "#vocab">S</a></p> + +<p><b>Sabīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Sabines</i>, a race in central +Italy, adjoining Latium on the north.</p> + +<p><b>sacer, cra, crum</b>, adj., <i>holy, sacred</i>; as noun, +<b>sacrum, ī</b>, n., <i>a holy thing, sacred vessel</i>; pl., +<i>religious rites, sacrifices</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sacerdōs, ōtis</b> [<b>sacer</b>], m. and f., <i>priest, +priestess</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sacrārium, ī</b> [<b>sacer</b>], n., <i>sanctuary, shrine</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sacrificium, ī</b> [<b>sacer</b> + <b>faciō</b>], n., <i>a +sacrifice</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sacro" id = "vocab_sacro"><b>sacrō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to set apart</i>; <i>bless</i>; <i>curse</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—cōnsecrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to dedicate, +consecrate, devote</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—exsecror, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to curse, abhor</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>saeculum, ī</b>, n., <i>a race</i>; <i>generation, age, +time</i>.</p> + +<p><b>saepe</b>, adv., <i>frequently, often</i>.</p> + +<p><b>saeviō, īre, īvī (iī), ītum</b> [<b>saevus</b>], <i>to be +fierce</i> or <i>cruel, rage</i>; <b>saevīre in aliquem</b>, <i>to treat +any one cruelly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>saevitia, ae</b> [<b>saevus</b>], f., <i>fury, cruelty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>saevus</b>, adj., <i>raging, fierce, cruel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sagīnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>sagīna</b>, <i>stuffing</i>], <i>to +fatten</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">199b</span> +<p><b>sagulum, ī</b>, n., <i>a short military cloak</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Saguntus, ī</b>, f., and <b>Saguntum, ī</b>, n., <i>Saguntum</i>, +a town on the east coast of Spain.</p> + +<p><b>Salernitānus</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>near Salernum</i> (modern +Salerno), a town in Campania.</p> + +<p><b>Saliī, ōrum</b> [<b>saliō</b>], pl. m., <i>the Salii</i> or +<i>Leapers</i>, the dancing priests of Mars.</p> + +<p><b>Salīnātor, ōris</b>, m., see <a href = +"#vocab_livius"><b>Līvius</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_salio" id = "vocab_salio"><b>saliō, īre, uī, +tus</b></a>, <i>to leap</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dē—dēsiliō, īre, uī, sultum</b>, <i>to leap down</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—īnsiliō, īre, uī, —</b>, <i>to leap up</i> or +<i>on, mount</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōsiliō, īre, uī, —</b>, <i>to leap</i> or +<i>spring forward</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns—trānsiliō, īre, uī, —</b>, <i>to leap across, +jump over</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>saltem</b>, adv., <i>at least, at all events</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_salto" id = "vocab_salto"><b>saltō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [freq. of <b>saliō</b>], <i>to dance, leap</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ex—exsultō, āre, āvī, —</b>, <i>to leap, dance</i> (esp. +with joy), <i>exult, rejoice</i>.</p> + +<p><b>saltus, ūs</b> [<b>saliō</b>], m., <i>a leap, bound</i>; +<i>leaping, jumping</i>.</p> + +<p><b>saltus, ūs</b>, m., <i>a forest pasture, mountain glen, ravine, +pass</i>.</p> + +<p><b>salūbris, e</b> [<b>salūs</b>], adj., <i>health-giving, wholesome, +healthy</i>; <i>beneficial</i>.</p> + +<p><b>salūs, ūtis</b>, f., <i>health, vigor</i>; <i>safety</i>.</p> + +<p><b>salūtātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>salūtō</b>], f., <i>greeting, +salutation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>salūtātor, ōris</b> [<b>salūtō</b>], m., <i>saluter, +visitor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_saluto" id = "vocab_saluto"><b>salūtō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [<b>salūs</b>], <i>to wish one health, greet, salute, +visit</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>con—cōnsalūtō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to greet</i> or <i>salute +warmly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>salveō, ēre, —, —</b> [<b>salvus</b>], <i>to be +well</i>; imperative, <b>salvē, salvēte</b>, <i>hail! greetings!</i></p> + +<p><b>salvus</b>, adj., <i>well, sound, safe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sambūceus</b> [<b>sambūcus</b>, <i>an elder-tree</i>], adj., <i>of +elder, elder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Samnītēs, ium</b>, pl. m., <i>the Samnites</i>, +<span class = "pagenum">200a</span> +a branch of the Sabine race inhabiting the mountains southeast of +Latium.</p> + +<p><b>sānē</b> [<b>sānus</b>, <i>sound</i>], adv., <i>indeed, truly, by +all means</i>; <i>certainly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sanguinolentus</b> [<b>sanguis</b>], adj., <i>bloody</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sanguis, inis</b>, m., <i>blood</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sapio" id = "vocab_sapio"><b>sapiō, ere, īvī, +—</b></a>, <i>to taste</i>; <i>to have taste</i> or +<i>understanding</i>; <i>be wise</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dē—dēsipiō, ere, —, —</b>, <i>to be foolish</i> or +<i>crazy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sapiēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>sapiō</b>], adj., <i>wise, +sensible, discreet</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sapientia, ae</b> [<b>sapiēns</b>], f., <i>wisdom</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sardinia, ae</b>, f., an island between Italy and Spain.</p> + +<p><b>sarmentum, ī</b> [<b>sarpō</b>, <i>to prune</i>], n., <i>a +twig</i>; pl., <i>brushwood, fagots</i>.</p> + +<p><b>satis</b>, adv., <i>enough</i>; <i>tolerably, quite</i>; as noun, +n., <i>enough, sufficiency</i>.</p> + +<p><b>satisfaciō, ere, fēcī, factum</b> [<b>satis</b> + <b>faciō</b>], +<i>to satisfy, make reparation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>saucius</b>, adj., <i>wounded, hurt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>saxum, ī</b>, n., <i>a stone, rock, boulder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>scamnum, ī</b>, n., <i>a bench, stool</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_scando" id = "vocab_scando"><b>scandō, ere, —, +—</b></a>, <i>to climb, mount</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—āscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus</b>, <i>to climb up, mount, +ascend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus</b>, <i>to mount, ascend</i>; +<i>go on board</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēscendō, ere, ī, scēnsum</b>, <i>to climb</i> or <i>come +down, descend</i>; <i>dismount</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—ēscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus</b>, <i>to mount, +ascend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns—trānscendō, ere, ī, scēnsus</b>, <i>to climb</i> or +<i>pass over, cross</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>scapha, ae</b>, f., <i>a light boat, skiff</i>.</p> + +<p><b>scelerātus</b> [<b>scelus</b>], adj., <i>wicked, impious, +accursed</i>.</p> + +<p><b>scelestē</b> [<b>scelestus</b>, <i>impious</i>], adv., +<i>wickedly, impiously</i>.</p> + +<p><b>scelus, eris</b>, n., <i>wicked deed, sin, crime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>schola, ae</b>, f., <i>leisure, leisure for learning</i>; <i>place +of learning, school</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">200b</span> +<p><b>scīlicet</b> [<b>scīre</b> + <b>licet</b>], adv., <i>plainly, of +course, doubtless</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_scindo" id = "vocab_scindo"><b>scindō, ere, scidī, +scissus</b></a>, <i>to cut, tear, rend, split</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ab—abscindō, ere, scidī, scissus</b>, <i>to cut</i> or <i>tear +off, hew off</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sciō, īre, scīvī, scītus</b>, <i>to know, understand</i>; with +infin., <i>to know how</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_scipio" id = "vocab_scipio"><b>Scīpiō, ōnis</b></a>, +m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of Rome, belonging +to the Cornelian gens.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō</i>, consul 218 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>; defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus and the +Trebia; killed, with his brother Cn., in Spain, in 212.</p> + +<p>2. <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus Māior</i>, son of (1), born <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 237; commanded in Spain 210-206; consul +in 205; defeated Hannibal at Zama in 202. He died about 183 <span class += "smallroman">B.C.</span></p> + +<p>3. <i>L. Cornēlius Scīpiō</i>, brother of (2), consul in <span class += "smallroman">B.C.</span> 190. After defeating Antiochus at Magnesia, +he received the cognomen <i>Asiāticus</i>.</p> + +<p>4. <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus Minor</i>, captured Carthage, +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 146; took Numantia, in Spain, +133; died in 129.</p> + +<p>5. <i>P. Cornēlius Scīpiō Nāsīca Serāpiō</i>, see <a href = +"#vocab_nasica"><b>Nāsīca</b></a>.</p> + +<p>6. <i>Q. Metellus Pius Scīpiō</i>, father-in-law of Pompey.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>scīscitor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>scīscō</b>], <i>to ask, +inquire</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_scisco" id = "vocab_scisco"><b>scīscō, ere, scīvī, +scītus</b></a> [<b>sciō</b>], <i>to seek to know</i>; <i>approve, enact, +decree</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—cōnscīscō, ere, scīvī, scītus</b>, <i>to approve of, +decree</i>; <b>mortem sibi cōnscīscere</b>, <i>to commit +suicide</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēscīscō, ere, scīvī, scītum</b>, <i>to withdraw, desert, +revolt</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>scrība, ae</b> [<b>scrībō</b>], m., <i>a clerk, secretary</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_scribo" id = "vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō, ere, scrīpsī, +scrīptus</b></a>, <i>to write</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">201a</span> +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to add, include, +enroll</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to enroll, +enlist</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to copy off, +sketch, describe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—dīscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to mark off, +divide</i>.</p> + +<p><b>īn—īnscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to write on, +inscribe on</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—perscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to write +out</i> (in full).</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to offer for +sale</i>; <i>proscribe, outlaw</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—subscrībō, ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus</b>, <i>to write +beneath</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>scrīnium, ī</b>, n., <i>a case, box</i> (esp. for books or +papers).</p> + +<p><b>scrīptor, ōris</b> [<b>scrībō</b>], m., <i>a writer, author</i>; +<i>narrator</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Scultenna, ae</b>, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near Mutina.</p> + +<p><b>scūtum, ī</b>, n., <i>a shield</i>.</p> + +<p>(1) <b>sē</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sui"><b>suī</b></a>.</p> + +<p>(2) <b>sē</b> or <b>sēd</b>, insep. prefix, <i>apart, away +from</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sēcēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>sēcernō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cerno"><b>cernō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_seco" id = "vocab_seco"><b>secō, āre, uī, +tus</b></a>, <i>to cut</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>re—resecō, āre, uī, tus</b>, <i>to cut loose</i> or +<i>off</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sēcrētus</b> [part. of <b>sēcernō</b>], adj., <i>separate</i>; +<i>hidden, concealed</i>; <i>secret</i>; abl. <b>sēcrētō</b> as adv., +<i>secretly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sector, ārī, ātus sum</b> [freq. of <b>sequor</b>], <i>to follow +eagerly, pursue, seek the society of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>secundus</b> [<b>sequor</b>], adj., <i>following, second</i>; +<i>favorable, fortunate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>secūris, is</b> [<b>secō</b>], f., <i>an axe, hatchet</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_secus" id = "vocab_secus"><b>secus</b></a>, comp. +<b>sētius</b>, adv., <i>otherwise, differently</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sed</b>, conj., <i>but, on the contrary</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sēdecim</b> [<b>sex</b> + <b>decem</b>], indecl. num. adj., +<i>sixteen</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">201b</span> +<p><a name = "vocab_sedeo" id = "vocab_sedeo"><b>sedeō, ēre, sēdī, +sessum</b></a>, <i>to sit</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus</b>, <i>to sit at</i> or +<i>beside, besiege</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—īnsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus</b>, with dat., <i>to sit in, +on</i>, or <i>upon</i>; with acc., <i>to settle on, occupy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—obsideō, ēre, sēdī, sessus</b>, <i>block, besiege, +beset</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>sēdēs, is</b> [cf. <b>sedeō</b>], f., <i>seat, chair</i>; +<i>residence, abode</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sēditiō, ōnis</b> [<b>sēd</b> + <b>itiō</b>, from <b>eō, īre</b>], +f., <i>dissension, rebellion, revolt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sēdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>sēdulitās, ātis</b> [<b>sēdulus</b>, <i>earnest</i>], f., +<i>earnestness, persistency</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sēdulō</b> [abl. of <b>sēdulus</b>, <i>earnest</i>], adv., +<i>earnestly, busily</i>; <i>purposely, deliberately</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sēgnis, ē</b>, adj., <i>slow, tardy, sluggish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sēgniter</b> [<b>sēgnis</b>], adv., <i>without spirit</i> or +<i>vigor, lazily</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sella" id = "vocab_sella"><b>sella, ae</b></a> +[<b>sedeō</b>], f., <i>a seat, chair</i>; <b>sella curūlis</b>, +a portable stool, with bent legs, made to open and shut like a +camp-stool. Such chairs were often of bronze, or of wood finely carved, +and inlaid with ivory, or even adorned with ornaments of gold. The right +to use this chair belonged at first only to the king, but later to +curule aediles, praetors, consuls, dictators, and the Flamines.</p> + +<p><b>semel</b>, adv., <i>once, once for all</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sēmet</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sui"><b>suī</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>semper</b>, adv., <i>always, continually</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sempiternus</b> [<b>semper</b>], adj., <i>eternal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Semprōnius, ī</b>, m., <i>Ti. Semprōnius Longus</i>, defeated by +Hannibal at the Trebia <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 218.</p> + +<p><b>senātor, ōris</b> [<b>senātus</b>], m., <i>a senator</i>.</p> + +<p><b>senātōrius</b> [<b>senātor</b>], adj., <i>senatorial</i>.</p> + +<p><b>senātus, ūs</b> [cf. <b>senex</b>], m., <i>council of elders, +senate</i>, in the time of the kings a mere advisory body, called +together by the king when he desired +<span class = "pagenum">202a</span> +advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state.</p> + +<p><b>Seneca, ae</b>, m., <i>L. Annaeus Seneca</i>, the Stoic +philosopher, tutor of the Emperor Nero.</p> + +<p><b>senecta, ae</b> [<b>senex</b>], f., <i>old age</i>.</p> + +<p><b>senectūs, ūtis</b> [<b>senex</b>], f., <i>old age</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_senex" id = "vocab_senex"><b>senex</b></a>, gen. +<b>senis</b>, adj., <i>old</i>; comp. <b>senior</b>, <i>elder</i>; sup. +<b>māximus</b> (<b>nātū</b>), <i>eldest</i>. As noun, <b>senex, +senis</b>, m., <i>an old man</i>; <b>seniōrēs, um</b>, pl. m., <i>the +elders</i> (men over 45).</p> + +<p><b>senior</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_senex"><b>senex</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>senium, ī</b> [<b>senex</b>], n., <i>old age, decay</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sententia, ae</b> [<b>sentiō</b>], f., <i>opinion, thought</i>; +<i>wish, inclination</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sentio" id = "vocab_sentio"><b>sentiō, īre, sēnsī, +sēnsus</b></a>, <i>to discern by sense, feel</i>; <i>see, perceive</i>; +<b>bene sentīre dē</b>, <i>to think well of</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>con—cōnsentiō, īre, sēnsī, sēnsum</b>, <i>to agree</i>; +<i>conspire, plot</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sēparātim</b> [(2) <b>sē</b> + <b>parō</b>], adv., <i>separately, +apart</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sepeliō, īre, īvī (iī), sepultus</b>, <i>to bury, inter</i>.</p> + +<p><b>septem</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>seven</i>.</p> + +<p><b>septēnī, ae, a</b> [<b>septem</b>], num. adj., <i>seven each, +seven apiece</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Septimulēius, ī</b>, m., <i>L. Septimulēius</i> of Anagnia in +Latium, a friend of Ti. Gracchus, who afterwards sold his head for +gold.</p> + +<p><b>septimus</b> [<b>septem</b>], num. adj., <i>seventh</i>.</p> + +<p><b>septirēmis, e</b> [<b>septem</b> + <b>rēmus</b>, <i>oar</i>], f. +(sc. <b>nāvis</b>), <i>a ship with seven banks</i> or <i>tiers of +oars</i>.</p> + +<p><b>septuāgēsimus</b> [<b>septuāgintā</b>, <i>seventy</i>], num. adj., +<i>seventieth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sepultūra, ae</b> [<b>sepeliō</b>], f., <i>burial, +funeral</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sequor" id = "vocab_sequor"><b>sequor, ī, secūtus +sum</b></a>, <i>to follow</i>; <i>favor</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to follow up, +overtake</i>; <i>gain, attain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to follow, +overtake</i>; <i>attain, acquire</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">202b</span> +<p><b>in—īnsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to pursue, +overtake</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—obsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to comply with, yield +to, submit to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—persequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to follow +persistently, pursue, hound</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to follow, accompany, +escort</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—subsequor, ī, secūtus sum</b>, <i>to follow after, +follow</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sergius" id = "vocab_sergius"><b>Sergius, ī</b></a>, +m., a Roman gentile name.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>L. Sergius Catilīna</i>, see <a href = +"#vocab_catilina"><b>Catilīna</b></a>.</p> + +<p>2. <i>M. Sergius Catilīna</i>, grandfather of (1).</p> +</div> + +<p><b>sēriō</b> [abl. of <b>sērius</b>], adv., <i>in earnest, seriously, +in good faith</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sērius</b>, adj., <i>grave, serious, earnest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sermō, ōnis</b> [<b>serō</b>], m., <i>talk, conversation</i>; +<i>speech</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sero" id = "vocab_sero"><b>serō, ere, —, +tus</b></a>, <i>to bind together</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—cōnserō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to join</i>; <b>manūs</b> +or <b>pūgnam cōnserere</b>, <i>to join battle, fight</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēserō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to leave, abandon</i>; +<i>forsake, neglect</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—disserō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to speak, discourse, +harangue</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—exserō, ere, uī, tus</b>, <i>to thrust out</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>sērō</b> [abl. of <b>sērus</b>, <i>late</i>], adv., <i>late, too +late</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sertōrius, ī</b>, m., <i>Quīntus</i>, an officer in the army of +Marius. He went to Spain as propraetor in <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 82, and maintained himself at the head of an +independent force till his death in 72.</p> + +<p><b>serva, ae</b> [<b>servus</b>], f., <i>a slave woman</i>.</p> + +<p><b>servīlis, e</b> [<b>servus</b>], adj., <i>of a slave</i>; +<i>slavish, servile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>servitūs, ūtis</b> [<b>servus</b>], f., <i>slavery</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Servius, ī</b>, m., see <a href = +"#vocab_tullius"><b>Tullius</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_servo" id = "vocab_servo"><b>servō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to save, preserve, watch</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>con—cōnservō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to keep safe, +preserve</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">203a</span> +<p><b>servus, ī</b>, m., <i>a slave</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sēse</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sui"><b>suī</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sestertius" id = "vocab_sestertius"><b>sēstertius, +ī</b></a> [<b>sēmis</b>, <i>half</i> + <b>tertius</b>], m. +(sc. <b>nummus</b>), <i>a sesterce</i>, a small silver coin +equivalent orig. to two and one-half asses, but later worth about four +cents. See <a href = "#vocab_as"><b>ās</b></a>. In naming large sums of +money the Romans speak of ‘so many times a hundred thousand +<i>sēstertiī</i>’ (<i>centēna mīlia sēstertium</i>).</p> + +<p><b>sētius</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_secus"><b>secus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>seu</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sive"><b>sīve</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>sevērē</b> [<b>sevērus</b>], adv., <i>gravely, severely, sternly, +strictly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sevēritās, ātis</b> [<b>sevērus</b>], f., <i>sternness, +strictness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sevērus</b>, adj., <i>stern, strict, severe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sex</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>six</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sexāgintā</b>, num. adj., <i>sixty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sextīlis, e</b>, adj., <i>of the sixth month</i>. As noun, +<b>Sextīlis, is</b>, m. (sc. <b>mēnsis</b>), <i>August</i>. See +<a href = "#vocab_december"><b>December</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sextīlius, ī</b>, m., praetor in Africa in <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 88.</p> + +<p><b>sextus</b> [<b>sex</b>], num. adj., <i>sixth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sextus, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p> + +<p><b>sī</b>, conj., <i>if, whether</i>; <b>quod sī</b>, <i>but +if</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sibi</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sui"><b>suī</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>sībilus, ī</b>, m., <i>a hissing, whistling</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sibyllīnus</b> [<b>Sibylla</b>, <i>a Sibyl, prophetess</i>], adj., +<i>pertaining to the Sibyls, Sibylline</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sīc</b>, adv., <i>in this way, thus, so</i>.</p> + +<p><b>siccō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>siccus</b>], <i>to drain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>siccus</b>, adj., <i>dry</i>. As noun, <b>siccum, ī</b>, n., +<i>the dry ground</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sicilia, ae</b>, f., <i>Sicily</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Siculus</b>, adj., <i>Sicilian</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sido" id = "vocab_sido"><b>sīdō, sīdere, —, +—</b></a>, <i>to seat one’s self, sit down</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adsīdō, ere, sēdī, —</b>, <i>to seat one’s self, +sit down</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnsīdō, ere, sēdī, sessum</b>, <i>to sit down</i>; +<i>settle, encamp</i>; <i>take a position</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">203b</span> +<p><b>re—resīdō, ere, sēdī, —</b>, <i>to settle down, sink, +subside</i>; <i>abate, grow calm</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>sīgnificō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>sīgnum</b> + <b>faciō</b>], +<i>to make signs, show</i>; <i>point out, indicate</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_signo" id = "vocab_signo"><b>sīgnō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [<b>sīgnum</b>], <i>to set a mark on</i>; <i>sign, seal</i> +(a document).</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ad—adsīgnō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to allot, award, +assign</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sīgnum, ī</b>, n., <i>sign, signal</i>; <i>military standard, +ensign</i>; <i>statue, image</i>; <b>sīgna īnferre alicuī</b>, <i>to +advance against</i> or <i>attack any one</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sīlānus, ī</b>, m., <i>D. Iūnius Sīlānus Mānliānus</i>, praetor in +Macedonia <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 142.</p> + +<p><b>silēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>sileō</b>, <i>to be +still</i>], adj., <i>still, quiet, silent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>silentium, ī</b> [<b>silēns</b>], n., <i>stillness, quiet, +silence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>silva, ae</b>, f., <i>a wood, forest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Silvia, ae</b>, f., see <a href = +"#vocab_rhea"><b>Rhēa</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>similis, e</b>, adj., <i>like, similar</i>.</p> + +<p><b>similiter</b> [<b>similis</b>], adv., <i>in like manner, +similarly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>similitūdō, inis</b> [<b>similis</b>], f., <i>likeness, +resemblance, similarity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>simul</b>, adv., <i>at the same time</i>; <b>simul atque</b> or +<b>āc</b>, <i>as soon as</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_simulo" id = "vocab_simulo"><b>simulō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [<b>similis</b>], <i>to make like, copy</i>; <i>feign, +pretend</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dis—dissimulō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to disguise, conceal, +dissemble</i>.</p> + +<p><b>simultās, ātis</b> [<b>simul</b>], f., <i>enmity, hatred</i>; +<b>simultātēs gerere</b>, <i>to carry on a feud</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sine</b>, prep, with abl., <i>without</i>.</p> + +<p><b>singulāris, e</b> [<b>singulī</b>], adj., <i>one by one, single, +individual</i>; <i>remarkable, singular, unparalleled</i>.</p> + +<p><b>singulī, ae, a</b>, adj., <i>one at a time, one apiece, +single</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sinister, tra, trum</b>, adj., <i>left</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sinō, ere, sīvī, situs</b>, <i>to put, place</i>; <i>permit, +let</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sinus, ūs</b>, m., <i>a curve, hollow, fold</i>; <i>fold +<span class = "pagenum">204a</span> +of the toga</i> (as it crosses the breast), <i>pocket</i>; +<i>bosom</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sisto" id = "vocab_sisto"><b>sistō, ere, stitī, +status</b></a>, trans., <i>to cause to stand, place, set</i>; intrans., +<i>stand</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—absistō, ere, stitī, —</b>, <i>to withdraw, cease, +desist</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnsistō, ere, stitī, —</b>, <i>to stand, take +position</i> (of an army); <i>stop, halt</i>; <i>be firm, endure, +continue</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēsistō, ere, stitī, —</b>, <i>to stand off from, +cease, desist</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—exsistō, ere, stitī, —</b>, <i>to step forth</i>; +<i>come to be, become, arise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—obsistō, ere, stitī, —</b>, <i>to stand in the way +of, resist, oppose</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—resistō, ere, stitī, —</b>, <i>to oppose, +withstand, resist</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—subsistō, ere, stitī, —</b>, <i>to take a stand, +remain, tarry</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>situs</b> [orig. part. of <b>sinō</b>], adj., <i>placed, situate, +lying</i>.</p> + +<p><b>situs, ūs</b> [<b>sinō</b>], m., <i>location, site</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sive" id = "vocab_sive"><b>sīve</b></a> or +<b>seu</b>, conj., <i>or, or if, whether</i>; <b>sīve . . . +sīve</b> or <b>seu . . . seu</b>, <i>whether . . . +or, if . . . or if</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sōbrius</b>, adj., <i>sober, temperate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>socer, socerī</b>, m., <i>a father-in-law</i>.</p> + +<p><b>societās, ātis</b> [<b>socius</b>], f., <i>fellowship, +association</i>; <i>alliance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sociō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>socius</b>], <i>to join, unite</i>; +<i>hold in common, share, divide</i>.</p> + +<p><b>socius, ī</b>, m., <i>fellow, comrade, ally</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sodālis, is</b>, m., <i>companion, associate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sōl, sōlis</b>, m., <i>the sun</i>.</p> + +<p><b>soleō, ēre, itus sum</b>, <i>to be wont, be accustomed, +use</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sōlitārius</b> [<b>sōlus</b>], adj., <i>lonely, isolated</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sōlitūdō, inis</b> [<b>solus</b>], f., <i>loneliness</i>; +<i>lonely place, wilderness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>solitus</b> [<b>soleō</b>], adj., <i>wonted, usual, +accustomed</i>; as noun, <b>solitum, ī</b>, n., <i>the customary, the +usual</i>.</p> + +<p><b>solium, ī</b>, n., <i>chair of state, throne</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sollemnis, e</b>, adj., <i>religiously fixed, holy, +sacred</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">204b</span> +<p><b>sollicitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>sollicitus</b>, +<i>troubled</i>], <i>to stir up, arouse, excite</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sōlum</b> [<b>sōlus</b>], adv., <i>only</i>; <b>nōn . . . sōlum +. . . sed . . . etiam</b>, <i>not only +. . . but also</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sōlus</b>, adj., <i>alone, single-handed, single, only</i>; +<i>lonely, solitary</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_solvo" id = "vocab_solvo"><b>solvō, ere, ī, +solūtus</b></a>, <i>to loosen, unbind</i>; <i>let down</i>; <i>impair, +destroy</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—absolvō, ere, ī, solūtus</b>, <i>to set free, +release</i>; <i>acquit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—resolvō, ere, ī, solūtus</b>, <i>to loosen</i>; +<i>dissolve, melt</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>somnium, ī</b> [<b>somnus</b>], n., <i>a dream, vision</i>.</p> + +<p><b>somnus, ī</b>, m., <i>sleep</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sonitus, ūs</b> [<b>sonō</b>, <i>to resound</i>], m., <i>sound, +crash, noise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sōpiō, <ins class = "correction" title = "text reads ‘īro’">īre</ins>, +īvī (iī), ītus</b> [cf. <b>sopor</b>, <i>a deep sleep</i>], <i>to put +to sleep</i>; pass., <i>to sleep</i>; <b>sōpītī</b>, <i>buried in +slumber</i>.</p> + +<p><b>soror, ōris</b>, f., <i>a sister</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sorōrius</b> [<b>soror</b>], adj., <i>of a sister, +sister’s</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sors, sortis</b>, f., <i>lot, fate, destiny</i>; <i>decision by +lot</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sortior, īrī, ītus sum</b> [<b>sors</b>], <i>to cast lots</i>; +<i>obtain by lot</i>.</p> + +<p><b>spatium, ī</b>, n., <i>space, room</i>; <i>distance</i>; <i>period +of time</i>.</p> + +<p><b>speciēs, —</b>, acc. em, abl. <b>ē</b> [<b>*speciō</b>], f., +<i>sight, appearance</i>; <i>semblance, pretense</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_specio" id = "vocab_specio"><b>*speciō, ere, spexī, +—</b></a>, <i>to look</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus</b>, <i>to look at, +examine, inspect</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus</b>, <i>to catch sight +of, spy</i>; <i>see</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus</b>, <i>to look down upon, +despise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dīs—dīspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus</b>, <i>to descry, +perceive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—īnspiciō, ere, spexī, spectus</b>, <i>to look into, +examine, consider</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—respiciō, ere, spexī, spectus</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">205a</span> +<i>to look back</i> (<i>at</i>), <i>gaze at, consider</i>; <i>regard, +respect</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>spectāculum, ī</b> [<b>spectō</b>], n., <i>show, sight, +spectacle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>spectātor, ōris</b> [<b>spectō</b>], m., <i>spectator</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_specto" id = "vocab_specto"><b>spectō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [freq. of <b>*speciō</b>], <i>to look at, watch, +behold</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ex—exspectō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, trans., <i>to look out for, +await, expect</i>; intrans., <i>wait, wait to see</i>.</p> + +<p><b>speculātor, ōris</b> [<b>speculor</b>], m., <i>a lookout, spy, +scout</i>.</p> + +<p><b>speculor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>specula</b>, <i>a +watch-tower</i>], <i>to spy out, examine</i>.</p> + +<p><b>speculum, ī</b> [<b>*speciō</b>], n., <i>a looking-glass, +mirror</i> (usually of metal).</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sperno" id = "vocab_sperno"><b>spernō, <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘ēre’">ere</ins>, sprēvī, +sprētus</b></a>, <i>to set aside, despise, scorn</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ab—āspernor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to disdain, despise, +scorn</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_spero" id = "vocab_spero"><b>spērō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [<b>spēs</b>], <i>to hope</i> (for), <i>look for, +expect</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dē—dēspērō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to lose hope, despair, +despair of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>spēs, speī</b>, f., <i>hope, expectation</i>; <i>promise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>spīritus, ūs</b> [<b>spīrō</b>], m., <i>breath</i>; +<i>disposition, lofty spirit, ambition, pride</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_spiro" id = "vocab_spiro"><b>spīrō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a>, <i>to breathe</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ex—exspīrō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to breathe out</i>; +<i>die, expire</i> (sc. <b>animam</b>).</p> + +<p><b>re—respīrō, āre, āvī, ātum</b>, <i>to breathe back</i> or +<i>out, breathe</i> (again); intrans., <i>to recover breath, +revive</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>splendor, ōris</b> [<b>splendeō</b>, <i>to shine</i>], m., +<i>brightness, splendor, magnificence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>spoliō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>spolium</b>], <i>to strip, rob, +plunder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>spolium, ī</b>, n., <i>booty, spoil</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_spondeo" id = "vocab_spondeo"><b>spondeō, ēre, +spopondī, spōnsus</b></a>, <i>to promise</i> (sacredly), +<i>agree</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dē—dēspondeō, ēre, ī, spōnsus</b>, <i>to promise in +marriage, betroth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—respondeō, ēre, ī, spōnsus</b>, +<span class = "pagenum">205b</span> +<i>to answer, reply</i>; <i>correspond to, agree with</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>spōnsus, ī</b> [<b>spondeō</b>], m., <i>a lover, betrothed +man</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sponte</b> [abl. of <b>*spōns</b>, <i>free will</i>], f., +<i>voluntarily</i>; with <b>meā, tuā</b>, or <b>suā</b>, <i>of my, +your</i>, or <i>his own free will</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Spūrinna, ae</b>, m., <i>Vestritius Spūrinna</i>, an augur of the +time of Julius Caesar.</p> + +<p><b>squāma, ae</b>, f., <i>scale</i> (of fish or snake).</p> + +<p><b>statim</b> [cf. <b>stō</b>], adv., <i>instantly, at once</i>.</p> + +<p><b>statiō, ōnis</b> [<b>stō</b>], f., <i>station, post</i>; <i>picket +line, guard</i>.</p> + +<p><b>statua, ae</b> [<b>statuō</b>], f., <i>a statue, image</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_statuo" id = "vocab_statuo"><b>statuō, ere, ī, +ūtus</b></a> [<b>stō</b>], <i>to cause to stand, set up, place</i>; +<i>determine</i>; <i>determine on, appoint, arrange</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—cōnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to set up, erect</i>; +<i>set in order, organize</i>; <i>arrange, appoint</i>; +<i>resolve</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—īnstituō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to set in place, +arrange</i>; <i>found, establish</i>; <i>determine, undertake, +begin</i>; <i>train, teach</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—restituō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to set up again, replace, +restore, reinstate</i>; <i>repair, remedy, save</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub—substituō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to put in place of, +substitute</i>; <i>put</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>statūra, ae</b> [<b>stō</b>], f., <i>size, height, +stature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>status, ūs</b> [<b>stō</b>], m., <i>state, condition, +rank</i>.</p> + +<p><b>stercus, oris</b>, n., <i>dung, manure</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sthenius, ī</b>, m., <i>a Sicilian chief</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sterno" id = "vocab_sterno"><b>sternō, ere, strāvī, +strātus</b></a>, <i>to spread out, scatter</i>; <i>lay low</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—cōnsternō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to terrify, frighten, +confound</i>; <i>move deeply, affect powerfully</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōsternō, ere, strāvī, strātus</b>, <i>to overthrow, +destroy</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>stimulus, ī</b>, m., <i>goad</i>; <i>sharp point, prick</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_stinguo" id = "vocab_stinguo"><b>stinguō, ere, +—, —</b></a>, <i>to quench</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">206a</span> +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ex—exstinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus</b>, <i>to +extinguish</i>; <i>destroy, kill</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—restinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus</b>, <i>to quench, +extinguish, destroy</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>stīpendium, ī</b> [<b>stips</b>, <i>gift</i> + <b>pendō</b>], n., +<i>a payment</i>; <i>salary, pay</i>; <i>campaign</i>; <b>stīpendia +facere</b> or <b>merēre</b>, <i>to serve a campaign</i>.</p> + +<p><b>stirps, stirpis</b>, f., <i>stock, race</i>; <i>offspring, +progeny</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sto" id = "vocab_sto"><b>stō, stāre, stetī, +statum</b></a>, <i>to stand</i>; <i>stand firm, abide</i>; <b>stāre +prōmissō</b>, <i>to stand by</i> (lit., <i>on</i>) <i>one’s +promise</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>circum—circumstō, āre, stitī, —</b>, <i>to stand +about, surround</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnstō, āre, stitī, —</b>, <i>to agree</i>; +<i>stand firm, be fixed</i>; <i>consist of</i>; <b>cōnstat</b>, <i>it is +agreed, it is well known, it is certain</i>; <b>sibi cōnstāre</b>, <i>to +be consistent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—exstō, āre, stitī, —</b>, <i>to be extant, remain, +exist</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prae—praestō, āre, stitī, stitus</b>, intrans., <i>to stand +before, surpass, excel</i>; trans., <i>to show, make, render</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>stolidē</b> [<b>stolidus</b>, <i>stupid</i>], adv., +<i>stupidly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>strāgēs, is</b> [<b>sternō</b>], f., <i>overthrow, ruin, +defeat</i>; <i>massacre</i>.</p> + +<p><b>strāgulum, ī</b> [<b>sternō</b>], n., <i>coverlet, +bedspread</i>.</p> + +<p><b>strēnuus</b>, adj., <i>brisk, active, vigorous</i>.</p> + +<p><b>strepitus, ūs</b> [<b>strepō</b>, <i>to make a noise</i>], m., +<i>noise, din, crash</i>; <i>applause</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_stringo" id = "vocab_stringo"><b>stringō, ere, +strinxī, strictus</b></a>, <i>to draw</i> or <i>bind tight</i>, <i>press +together, graze</i>; <i>draw, unsheathe</i> (a sword or +dagger).</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dē—dēstringō, ere, strinxī, strictus</b>, <i>to draw, +unsheathe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—perstringō, ere, strinxī, strictus</b>, <i>to touch, +graze</i>; <i>thrill, run through</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "vocab_struo" id = "vocab_struo"><b>struō, ere, strūxī, +strūctus</b></a>, <i>to pile up, arrange</i>; <i>build, erect</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ex—exstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus</b>, <i>to pile</i> or +<i>heap up, build</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">206b</span> +<p><b>in—īnstruō, ere, strūxī, strūctus</b>, <i>to build</i>; +<i>arrange, draw up</i> or <i>array</i> (troops); <i>make ready, equip, +fit out</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>studiōsē</b> [<b>studiōsus</b>, <i>eager</i>], adv., <i>eagerly, +zealously</i>.</p> + +<p><b>studium, ī</b> [<b>studeō</b>, <i>to be eager</i>], n., <i>zeal, +enthusiasm</i>; <i>desire, pursuit, study</i>; <i>good-will, +affection</i>.</p> + +<p><b>stultitia, ae</b> [<b>stultus</b>], f., <i>folly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>stultus</b>, adj., <i>foolish, silly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>stupēns, entis</b> [orig. part. of <b>stupeō</b>], adj., <i>dazed, +confused, dumbfounded</i>.</p> + +<p><b>stupeō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to be struck senseless, be +amazed</i> or <i>astounded</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_suadeo" id = "vocab_suadeo"><b>suādeō, ēre, suāsī, +suāsūrus</b></a>, <i>to advise, urge, exhort</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>dis—dissuādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsus</b>, <i>to advise against, +oppose</i> (by argument).</p> + +<p><b>per—persuādeō, ēre, suāsī, suāsūrus</b>, <i>to persuade, +induce</i>; <i>convince</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>sub</b>, prep. with (1) acc., <i>under, towards, until, after</i>; +(2) with abl., <i>under, beneath, at the foot of, close to</i>; +<i>in the reign of</i>; in composition, <i>under, somewhat</i>; <i>in +place of</i>; <i>underhandedly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>subdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>subdūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>subeō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>subiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>subigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>subitus</b> [<b>subeō</b>], adj., <i>sudden, unexpected</i>; abl. +<b>subitō</b> as adv., <i>on short notice, suddenly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sublātus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tollo"><b>tollō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>sublicius</b> [<b>sublica</b>, <i>a pile</i>], adj., <i>consisting +of</i> or <i>resting on piles</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sublīmis, e</b>, adj., <i>uplifted, lofty</i>; <i>on high, through +the sky</i>.</p> + +<p><b>submittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>submoveō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_moveo"><b>moveō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>subolēs, is</b>, f., <i>a sprout, shoot</i>; <i>offspring, +issue</i>; <i>race</i>.</p> + +<p><b>subōrnō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_orno"><b>ōrnō</b></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">207a</span> +<p><b>subscrībō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_scribo"><b>scrībō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>subsellium, ī</b> [<b>sub</b> + <b>sella</b>], n., <i>a low bench, +seat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>subsequor</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_sequor"><b>sequor</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>subsidium, ī</b> [cf. <b>subsīdō</b>, <i>to lie in wait</i>], n., +<i>reserve troops</i>; <i>aid, help</i>.</p> + +<p><b>subsistō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sisto"><b>sistō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>substituō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_statuo"><b>statuō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>subtexō, ere, uī, tus</b> [<b>sub</b> + <b>texō</b>, <i>to +weave</i>], <i>to weave under, join</i>; <i>subjoin, add</i> +(in speech).</p> + +<p><b>succēdō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cedo"><b>cēdō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>succēssor, ōris</b> [<b>succēdō</b>], m., <i>follower, +successor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>succēssus, ūs</b> [<b>succēdō</b>], m., <i>favorable outcome, +success</i>.</p> + +<p><b>succingō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_cingo"><b>cingō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>succlāmō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_clamo"><b>clāmō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>succurrō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_curro"><b>currō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_suesco" id = "vocab_suesco"><b>suēscō, ere, suēvī, +suētus</b></a>, <i>to become accustomed to</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adsuēscō, ere, suēvī, suētus</b>, <i>to accustom one’s +self to, be wont</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnsuēscō, ere, suēvī, suētus</b>, <i>to become +accustomed</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>sufficiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_facio"><b>faciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>suffīgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_figo"><b>fīgō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>suffōcō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>sub</b> + <b>fauces</b>, <i>the +throat</i>], <i>to choke, strangle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>suffodiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fodio"><b>fodiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>suffrāgātor, ōris</b> [<b>suffrāgor</b>, <i>to vote for</i>], m., +<i>supporter, partisan, follower</i>.</p> + +<p><b>suffrāgium, ī</b>, n., <i>a voting tablet, vote, ballot</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sui" id = "vocab_sui"><b>suī</b></a> gen., +<b>sibi</b> dat., <b>sē</b> acc. and abl. of the reflexive pron., sing. +and pl., <i>himself, herself, itself, themselves</i>; <b>sēse, +sēmet</b>, strengthened forms of <b>sē</b>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sulla" id = "vocab_sulla"><b>Sulla, ae</b></a>, m., +a cognomen in the Cornelian gens.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>L. Cornēlius Sulla</i>, surnamed Fēlīx, born <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 138; consul in 88; commanded against +Mithridates 88-84; fought Marius in 88, and again in 83, 82, becoming +master of Italy. +<span class = "pagenum">207b</span> +He was then chosen perpetual dictator, and made many changes in the +constitution. He resigned the dictatorship in 79, and died next +year.</p> + +<p>2. <i>P. Cornēlius Sulla</i>, nephew of (1), defended in 62 <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> by Cicero from a charge of complicity +in Catiline’s conspiracy.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Sullānus</b>, adj., <i>of</i> or <i>by Sulla, Sullan</i>; as noun, +<b>Sullānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the followers of Sulla</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sulpicius, ī</b>, m., <i>Ser. Sulpicius Rūfus</i>, tribune of the +people in 88 <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span>, and a supporter of +Marius.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sum" id = "vocab_sum"><b>sum, esse, fuī, +futūrus</b></a>, <i>to be, exist, live</i>; with gen., <i>belong to, be +the part of</i>; <i>be true, be so</i>; <i>happen, take place</i>; with +dat., <i>have, possess</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—absum, esse, āfuī</b>, <i>to be away</i> or <i>absent, be +far from</i>; <b>prope abesse</b>, <i>to be at no great distance, be +near</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad—adsum, esse, adfuī</b>, <i>to be present</i> or +<i>near</i>; <i>to aid</i> (esp. in court).</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēsum, deesse, dēfuī</b>, <i>to be away</i> or +<i>absent</i>; <i>be wanting</i>; <i>fail</i>; <i>to miss, let +slip</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—īnsum, inesse, īnfuī</b>, <i>to be in</i> or <i>on</i>; +<i>belong to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inter—intersum, esse, fuī</b>, <i>to be present at, take +part in</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prae—praesum, praeesse, fuī</b>, <i>to be over</i> or +<i>before</i>; <i>rule, govern, be in command of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī</b>, <i>to benefit, profit, +aid</i>.</p> + +<p><b>super—supersum, esse, fuī</b>, <i>to be over</i> and +<i>above, remain</i>; <i>survive, outlive</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>summa, ae</b> [<b>summus</b>], f., <i>top, summit</i>; <i>chief +point</i> or <i>place, supremacy</i>; <i>total, amount, sum</i>.</p> + +<p><b>summus</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_superus"><b>superus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_sumo" id = "vocab_sumo"><b>sūmō, ere, sūmpsī, +sūmptus</b></a> [<b>sub</b> + <b>emō</b>], <i>to take up, take, +choose</i>; <i>enter upon, begin</i>; <i>spend</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">208a</span> +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—absūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus</b>, <i>to use up, +consume</i>; <i>spend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad—adsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus</b>, <i>to take to one’s +self, receive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—cōnsūmō, ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus</b>, <i>to use up, +spend</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>sūmptuārius</b> [<b>sūmptus</b>], adj., <i>relating to expense, +sumptuary</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sūmptus, ūs</b> [<b>sūmō</b>], m., <i>outlay, expense</i>.</p> + +<p><b>supellex, supellectilis</b>, f., <i>household stuff, +furniture</i>.</p> + +<p><b>super</b>, prep. (1) with acc., <i>over, above, upon, in addition +to</i>; <i>during</i>; (2) with abl., <i>over, upon, beyond, in +addition to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>superbē</b> [<b>superbus</b>], adv., <i>haughtily, proudly, +arrogantly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>superbia, ae</b> [<b>superbus</b>], f., <i>pride, +arrogance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>superbus</b> [<b>super</b>], adj., <i>haughty, proud, arrogant, +insolent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Superbus, ī</b>, m., see <a href = +"#vocab_tarquinius"><b>Tarquinius</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>superiaciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>superior</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_superus"><b>superus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>superō, āre, <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘āvi’">āvī</ins>, ātus</b> [<b>superus</b>], <i>to pass +over, cross</i>; <i>overcome, subdue, conquer</i>; <i>excel, +surpass</i>.</p> + +<p><b>supersum</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_sum"><b>sum</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_superus" id = "vocab_superus"><b>superus</b></a> +[<b>super</b>], adj., <i>above, upper, higher</i>; comp. +<b>superior</b>, <i>higher, superior, earlier</i>; as noun, <i>a +superior</i>; sup. <b>suprēmus</b>, <i>highest, topmost, last</i>, or +<b>summus</b>, <i>highest, greatest, extreme, most distinguished</i>; +<i>often the highest part of, top of</i>; <b>Mare Superum</b>, <i>the +Upper</i> or <i>Adriatic Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>superveniō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_venio"><b>veniō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>supervīvō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_vivo"><b>vīvō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>supplex, icis</b> [<b>sub</b> + <b>plicō</b>, <i>to fold, +bend</i>], adj., bending the knees in entreaty, <i>begging, +suppliant</i>; as noun, <i>a suppliant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>suppliciter</b> [<b>supplex</b>], adv., <i>suppliantly, +humbly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>supplicium, ī</b> [<b>supplex</b>], n., <i>a kneeling +<span class = "pagenum">208b</span> +down</i> (as suppliant, or to receive punishment); <i>punishment, +execution</i>.</p> + +<p><b>supplicō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [<b>supplex</b>], <i>to kneel +down</i>; <i>entreat, beseech</i>; <i>pray, worship</i>; +<i>thank</i>.</p> + +<p><b>suprā</b> [<b>super</b>], adv., <i>above</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_surgo" id = "vocab_surgo"><b>surgō, ere, surrēxī, +surrēctum</b></a> [<b>sub</b> + <b>regō</b>], <i>to stand up, rise, +arise</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>ad—adsurgō, ere, surrēxī, —</b>, <i>to rise up, +arise</i>.</p> + +<p><b>suscipiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_capio"><b>capiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>sūspectus</b> [orig. part. of <b>sūspiciō</b>, <i>to suspect</i>], +adj., <i>mistrusted, suspected</i>.</p> + +<p><b>suspendium, ī</b>, n., <i>hanging</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sustineō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_teneo"><b>teneō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>sūtor, ōris</b> [<b>suō</b>, <i>to sew, stitch</i>], m., <i>a +shoemaker, cobbler</i>.</p> + +<p><b>suus</b> [<b>suī</b>], adj., <i>his own, her own, its own, their +own</i>; <i>his, her, its, their</i>; as noun, <b>suī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., +<i>his</i> (their) <i>friends, followers, soldiers</i> or +<i>fellow-citizens</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Syphāx, ācis</b>, m., a prince of Numidia.</p> + +<p><b>Syria, ae</b>, f., <i>Syria</i>, a country on the eastern coast of +the Mediterranean.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_T" id = "vocab_T" href = "#vocab">T</a></p> + +<p><b>T.</b>, abbreviation of the name <b>Titus</b>.</p> + +<p><b>tabella, ae</b> [dim. of <b>tabula</b>], f., <i>a small board, +writing tablet</i>.</p> + +<p><b>taberna, ae</b>, f., <i>stall, shop</i> (of boards); <i>hut, +tent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tabernāculum, ī</b> [<b>taberna</b>], n., <i>a tent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tabula, ae</b>, f., <i>a board, plank</i>; <i>picture</i> +(sc. <b>picta</b>, <i>painted</i>); <i>writing tablet</i>; +<i>record, list</i>.</p> + +<p><b>taceō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to be silent, say nothing</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tacitus</b> [<b>taceō</b>], adj., <i>silent, secret</i>.</p> + +<p><b>taedium, ī</b> [<b>taedet</b>, <i>it wearies</i>], n., +<i>weariness, disgust, loathing</i>.</p> + +<p><b>talentum, ī</b>, n., <i>a talent</i>, a Greek money measure, worth +about $1100.</p> + +<p><b>tālis, e</b>, adj., such, <i>of such a kind</i>; <b>tālis +. . . quālis</b>, <i>such . . . as</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">209a</span> +<p><b>tam</b>, adv., <i>to such a degree, so much, as much, so</i>; +<b>tam . . . quam</b>, <i>as . . . so, not only +. . . but also</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tamdiū</b>, adv., <i>so long</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tamen</b>, adv., <i>yet, still, for all that, all the same, +however, nevertheless</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tamquam</b>, conj., <i>as if</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tanaquil, īlis</b>, f., the wife of Tarquinius Priscus.</p> + +<p><b>tandem</b>, adv., <i>at length, at last, finally</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_tango" id = "vocab_tango"><b>tangō, ere, tetigī +tāctus</b></a>, <i>to touch</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—contingō, ere, tigī, tāctus</b>, with acc., <i>to +touch</i>; with dat., <i>to occur to, fall to lot of, befall</i>; +<i>happen</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—obtingō, ere, tigī, —</b>, <i>to fall to the lot +of, befall</i>; <i>occur</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>tantum</b> [<b>tantus</b>], adv., <i>so much</i> (and no more), +<i>only, merely</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tantummodō</b> [<b>tantum</b> + <b>modō</b>], adv., <i>only, +merely</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tantus</b>, adj., <i>so great, such</i>; as noun, <b>tantum, +ī</b>, n., <i>so much</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tardē</b> [<b>tardus</b>, <i>slow</i>], adv., <i>slowly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tarditās, ātis</b> [<b>tardus</b>, <i>slow</i>], f., <i>slowness, +sluggishness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tardō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>tardus</b>, <i>slow</i>], <i>to +delay, hinder, impede</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tarentīnus</b>, adj., of <i>Tarentum, Tarentine</i>; as noun, +<b>Tarentīnī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the people of Tarentum</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tarentum, ī</b>, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern +coast of Italy; modern <i>Taranto</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tarpēia, ae</b>, f., a Roman maiden of the time of Romulus.</p> + +<p><b>Tarpēius</b>, adj., <i>of Tarpeia, Tarpeian</i>; <b>rūpēs +Tarpēia</b>, <i>the Tarpeian</i> rock, a part of the Capitoline +Hill, on the side toward the Forum.</p> + +<p>(1) <b>Tarquiniī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., a city in Etruria.</p> + +<p>(2) <b>Tarquiniī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>the Tarquin family, the +Tarquins</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_tarquinius" id = "vocab_tarquinius"><b>Tarquinius, +ī</b></a>, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have come from +Etruria.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">209b</span> +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>Tarquinius Prīscus</i>, the fifth king of Rome.</p> + +<p>2. <i>Tarquinius Superbus</i>, the last king of Rome, expelled <span +class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 509.</p> + +<p>3. <i>Sextus Tarquinius</i>, son of (2).</p> + +<p>4. <i>L. Tarquinius Collātinus</i>, cousin of (3), and husband of +Lucretia.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Tatius, ī</b>, m., <b>Titus Tatius</b>, a Sabine king, and joint +ruler with Romulus.</p> + +<p><b>tēctum, ī</b> [<b>tegō</b>], n., <i>a covering, roof</i>; +<i>covered structure, house</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_tego" id = "vocab_tego"><b>tegō, ere, tēxī, +tēctus</b></a>, <i>to cover</i>; <i>hide, conceal</i>; <i>defend, +guard</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dē—dētegō, ere, tēxī, tēctus</b>, <i>to uncover, expose</i>; +<i>betray</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tēgula, ae</b> [<b>tego</b>], f., <i>roof tile, tile</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tēlum, ī</b>, n., <i>missile</i>; <i>spear, javelin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>temerārius</b> [<b>temerē</b>], adj., <i>heedless, rash, +reckless</i>.</p> + +<p><b>temerē</b>, adv., <i>blindly, rashly, heedlessly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>temeritās, ātis</b> [<b>temerē</b>], f., <i>rashness, +heedlessness, temerity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>temperāns, antis</b> [orig. part. of <b>temperō</b>], adj., +<i>moderate, temperate, sober</i>.</p> + +<p><b>temperō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>tempus</b>], <i>to set bounds to, +restrain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tempestās, ātis</b> [<b>tempus</b>], f., <i>point</i> or <i>period +of time; storm, tempest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>templum, ī</b>, n., <i>a sacred spot</i>; <i>temple</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tempus, oris</b>, n., <i>time, period, season</i>; <i>opportunity, +occasion</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_tendo" id = "vocab_tendo"><b>tendō, ere, tetendī, +tentus</b></a> and <b>tēnsus</b>, <i>to spread out, stretch</i>; +<b>īnsidiās tendere</b>, <i>to lay a trap for, plot against</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>con—contendō, ere, ī, tentus</b>, <i>to stretch</i>; +<i>exert one’s self, strive, insist</i>; <i>hasten, march +quickly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—intendō, ere, ī, tentus</b>, <i>to stretch, stretch, +towards</i>; <i>aim, direct</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob(s)—ostendō, ere, ī, tentus</b>, <i>to stretch out, +show</i>; <i>produce, furnish</i>; <i>disclose, make known</i>.</p> + +<p><b>por (= prō)—portendō, ere, ī, +<span class = "pagenum">210a</span> +tentus</b>, <i>to point out, indicate</i>; <i>foreshadow, +portend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōtendō, ere, ī, tentus</b>, <i>to stretch out, +extend</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>tenebrae, ārum</b>, pl. f., <i>darkness, gloom</i>; <i>a hiding +place</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tenebricōsus</b> [<b>tenebrae</b>], adj., <i>dark, gloomy</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_teneo" id = "vocab_teneo"><b>teneō, ēre, uī, +tentus</b></a>, <i>to hold, keep</i>; <i>possess</i>; <i>maintain, +guard, defend</i>; <i>seize</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—abstineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold back</i> or +<i>from</i>; <i>keep aloof from</i>; <i>refrain from, abstain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—contineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to keep, hold, +contain</i>; <i>restrain, rule, curb</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dētineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold back</i> or +<i>off</i>; <i>detain, hinder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—obtineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold, possess</i>; +<i>rule, govern</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—pertineō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to stretch out, +extend</i>; <i>reach</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—retineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to keep</i> or +<i>hold</i> (back), <i>retain, detain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>sub(s)—sustineō, ēre, uī, tentus</b>, <i>to hold up, +support, sustain</i>; <i>bear, endure</i>; <i>hold in check, +restrain</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>tentō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>tendō</b>], <i>to touch, +handle</i>; <i>try, attempt</i>; <i>sound, try to win over</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tentōrium, ī</b> [<b>tendō</b>], n., <i>a tent</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ter</b>, num. adv., <i>thrice, three times</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Terentius, ī</b>, m., a Roman gentile name. See <a href = +"#vocab_varro"><b>Varrō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Terentius, ī</b>, m., a comrade of Pompey the Great.</p> + +<p><b>tergiversor, ārī, —</b> [<b>tergum</b> + <b>vertō</b>], +<i>to twist and turn, shuffle, evade</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tergum, ī</b>, n., <i>back, rear</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ternī, ae, a</b> [cf. <b>trēs</b>], num. adj., <i>three on each +side, by threes, three</i>.</p> + +<p><b>terō, ere, trīvī, trītus</b>, <i>to rub, wear away</i>; <i>waste, +kill</i>.</p> + +<p><b>terra, ae</b>, f., <i>the earth, ground</i>; <i>land</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">210b</span> +<p><a name = "vocab_terreo" id = "vocab_terreo"><b>terreō, ēre, uī, +itus</b></a>, <i>to frighten, alarm, terrify</i>; <i>deter</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dē—dēterreō, ēre, uī, itus</b>, <i>to frighten off, deter, keep +from</i>.</p> + +<p><b>terribilis, e</b> [<b>terreō</b>], adj., <i>frightful, +dreadful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>terror, ōris</b> [<b>terreō</b>], m., <i>fear, panic</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tertius</b> [cf. <b>trēs</b>], adj., <i>third</i>; abl. n. +<b>tertiō</b> as adv., <i>the third time</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tēstimōnium, ī</b> [<b>tēstis</b>, <i>a witness</i>], n., +<i>evidence, testimony, proof</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tēstor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>tēstis</b>, <i>a witness</i>], <i>to +bear witness, be a witness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Teutobochus, ī</b>, m., a chief of the Teutones.</p> + +<p><b>Teutonēs, um</b>, pl. m., <i>the Teutones</i>, a Germanic people +which invaded Italy, but was defeated by Marius.</p> + +<p><b>thēsaurus, ī</b>, m., <i>a treasure, hoard</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Thessalia, ae</b>, f., <i>Thessaly</i>, a large district in the +northeastern part of Greece.</p> + +<p><b>Ti.</b>, abbreviation of the name <b>Tiberius</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Tiberis, is</b>, m., <i>the river Tiber</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tiberius, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p> + +<p><b>Tīcinus, ī</b>, m., <i>the Ticinus</i>, a river in Cisalpine Gaul, +tributary to the Po.</p> + +<p><b>tigillum, ī</b> [dim. of <b>tīgnum</b>, <i>beam</i>], n., <i>a +little beam</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tigrānēs, is</b>, m., a king of Armenia, son-in-law of +Mithridates.</p> + +<p><b>timeō, ēre, uī, —</b>, <i>to be afraid, fear</i>.</p> + +<p><b>timidus</b> [<b>timeō</b>], adj., <i>fearful, timid</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tīrōcinium, ī</b> [<b>tīrō</b>, <i>a raw recruit</i>], n., <i>a +soldier’s first campaign</i>; <i>military inexperience</i>.</p> + +<p><b>titulus, ī</b>, m., <i>inscription, placard, notice</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Titus, ī</b>, m., a Roman praenomen.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_toga" id = "vocab_toga"><b>toga, ae</b></a>, f., +<i>the toga</i>, the characteristic outer robe of the Romans. See also +<a href = "#vocab_praetextus"><b>praetextus</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>togātus</b> [<b>toga</b>], adj., <i>clad in the toga</i>; <i>in +peaceful garb, unarmed</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_tollo" id = "vocab_tollo"><b>tollō, ere, sustulī, +sublātus</b></a>, <i>to lift, raise, take up</i>; <i>remove, +abolish</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">211a</span> +<p><b>tonitrus, ūs</b> [<b>tonō</b>, <i>to thunder</i>], m., <i>thunder, +peal of thunder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tōnsor, ōris</b> [<b>tondeō</b>, <i>to shear</i>], m., <i>a +barber</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tōnsōrius</b> [<b>tōnsor</b>], adj., <i>of a barber, +barber’s</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tōranius, ī</b>, m., <i>Titus</i>, who betrayed his father to the +second triumvirate.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_torquatus" id = "vocab_torquatus"><b>Torquātus, +ī</b></a> [<b>torquis</b>], m., a cognomen common in the Manlian +gens.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>T. Mānlius Torquātus</i>, dictator in 353 and 349 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span>, consul 347, 344, and 340.</p> + +<p>2. <i>T. Mānlius Torquātus</i>, son of (1), put to death by his +father for disobedience of orders.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>torqueō, ēre, torsī, tortus</b>, <i>to turn, twist</i>; +<i>torture, torment</i>.</p> + +<p><b>torquis, is</b> [<b>torqueō</b>], m., <i>a twisted collar, +necklace</i>.</p> + +<p><b>torvē</b> [<b>torvus</b>, <i>grim</i>], adv., <i>sternly, +grimly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tot</b>, indecl. adj., <i>so many</i>.</p> + +<p><b>totidem</b> [<b>tot</b>], indecl. adj., <i>just as many, the same +number of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>totiēns</b> [<b>tot</b>], adv., <i>so many times, so +often</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tōtus</b>, gen. <b>tōtīus</b>, dat. <b>tōtī</b>, adj., <i>all, all +the, the whole, entire</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trādō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_do"><b>dō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>trādūcō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_duco"><b>dūcō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_traho" id = "vocab_traho"><b>trahō, ere, trāxī, +trāctus</b></a>, <i>to draw, drag</i>; <i>detain</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—abstrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to drag off</i> or +<i>away</i>; <i>carry off</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—contrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to draw together, +collect, assemble</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dētrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to draw</i> or +<i>strip off, remove</i>; <i>drag</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—distrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to pull asunder, +part, separate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—extrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to draw</i> or +<i>pull out</i>; <i>prolong, waste</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—pertrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b>, <i>to draw along, +drag</i>; <i>lead</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">211b</span> +<p><b>re—retrahō, ere, trāxī, trāctus</b><ins class = "correction" +title = "text has . for ,">, </ins><i>to draw</i> or <i>drag +back</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>trāiciō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_iacio"><b>iaciō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>trānō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_no"><b>nō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>trāns</b>, prep. with acc., <i>across, beyond, over</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trānscendō</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_scando"><b>scandō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>trānseō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_eo">(1) <b>eō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>transferō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fero"><b>ferō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>trānsfīgō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_figo"><b>fīgō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>trānsfodiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fodio"><b>fodiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>trānsfugiō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_fugio"><b>fugiō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>trānsgredior</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_gradior"><b>gradior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>trānsigō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_ago"><b>agō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>trānsiliō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_salio"><b>saliō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>trānsmittō</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_mitto"><b>mittō</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>trānsversus</b> [<b>trāns</b> + <b>vertō</b>], adj., <i>turned +across, crosswise</i>; <i>out of the way</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Trasumēnus, ī</b>, m., a lake in Etruria, famous as the scene of +Hannibal’s victory over the Romans in <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 217.</p> + +<p><b>Trebia, ae</b>, f., <i>the Trebia</i>, a small tributary of the +Po, near Placentia.</p> + +<p><b>trecentēsimus</b> [<b>trecentī</b>], num. adj., <i>three +hundredth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trecentī, ae, a</b> [<b>trēs</b> + <b>centum</b>], num. adj., +<i>three hundred</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tredecim</b> [<b>trēs</b> + <b>decem</b>], indecl. num. adj., +<i>thirteen</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tremō, ere, uī, —</b>, <i>to quake, tremble</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trepidātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>trepidō</b>], f., <i>alarm, +confusion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trepidō, āre, āvī, —</b>, <i>to be in alarm</i> or +<i>confusion</i>; <i>tremble, waver</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trēs, tria</b>, num. adj., <i>three</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tribūnal, ālis</b> [<b>tribūnus</b>], n., <i>a judgment seat, +tribunal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tribūnātus, ūs</b> [<b>tribūnus</b>], m., <i>the tribuneship, +office of tribune</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tribūnīcius</b> [<b>tribūnus</b>], adj., <i>of a tribune, +tribunitial</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tribūnus, ī</b> [<b>tribus</b>], m., <i>chief of a tribe, +tribune</i>; <b>tribūnus mīlitum</b> or <b>mīlitāris</b>, <i>military +tribune, captain</i>, one of the minor officers of a legion, +<span class = "pagenum">212a</span> +six in number; <b>tribūnus plēbis</b>, <i>tribune of the people</i>, +elected from the plebeians. The office was created in 494 <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> to protect the plebeians against the +patricians. Ten <i>tribūnī plēbis</i> were elected annually. Their +persons were sacred.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_tribuo" id = "vocab_tribuo"><b>tribuō, ere, ī, +ūtus</b></a> [<b>tribus</b>], <i>to assign, grant, give</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dis—distribuō, ere, ī, ūtus</b>, <i>to divide, distribute, +apportion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tribus, ūs</b> [cf. <b>trēs</b>], f., <i>a tribe</i> (orig. a +third part of the people).</p> + +<p><b>tribūtum, ī</b> [<b>tribuō</b>], n., <i>tax, tribute</i>.</p> + +<p><b>triennium, ī</b> [<b>trēs</b> + <b>annus</b>], n., <i>the space of +three years, three years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trigeminī, ae, a</b> [<b>trēs</b> + <b>geminus</b>], adj., <i>born +three at a birth</i>; as noun, pl. m., <i>triplets</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trīgintā</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>thirty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>trīstis, e</b>, adj., <i>sad, sorrowful</i>; <i>stern, +severe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>triumphālis, e</b> [<b>triumphus</b>], adj., <i>pertaining to a +triumph, triumphal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>triumphō, āre, āvī, ātum</b> [<b>triumphus</b>], <i>to celebrate a +triumph, triumph</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_triumphus" id = "vocab_triumphus"><b>triumphus, +ī</b></a>, m., <i>a triumph</i>, the splendid procession in which the +victorious general entered the city, accompanied by his soldiers and the +spoil and captives he had taken. The procession passed round the +Capitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and on up to +the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.</p> + +<p><b>triumvir, virī</b> [<b>trēs</b> + <b>vir</b>], m., <i>a +triumvir</i>, one of a board of three commissioners.</p> + +<p><b>tropaeum, ī</b>, n., <i>a trophy, sign of victory</i>, made +usually by fastening captured arms to the trunk of a tree.</p> + +<p><b>trucīdō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to cut to pieces, slaughter, +butcher</i>.</p> + +<p><b>truncus, ī</b>, m., <i>stem, trunk</i> (of a tree); <i>trunk, +body</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">212b</span> +<p><a name = "vocab_tu" id = "vocab_tu"><b>tū, tuī</b></a>, pl. <b>vōs, +vestrum</b> or <b>vestrī</b>, pers. pron., <i>thou, you</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_tueor" id = "vocab_tueor"><b>tueor, ērī, itus +sum</b></a>, <i>to look at, watch</i>; <i>defend, protect</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>in—intueor, ērī, itus sum</b>, <i>to look closely at or upon, +gaze at</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_tullius" id = "vocab_tullius"><b>Tullius, ī</b></a>, +m., the name of a Roman gens.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>Servius Tullius</i>, sixth king of Rome.</p> + +<p>2. <i>M. Tullius Cicerō</i>, the orator. See <a href = +"#vocab_cicero"><b>Cicerō</b></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Tullus, ī</b>, m., praenomen of <i>Tullus Hostīlius</i>, third +king of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>tum</b>, adv., <i>then, at that time</i>; <i>thereupon</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tumultuor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>tumultus</b>], <i>to make a +disturbance, riot</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tumultus, ūs</b>, m., <i>a disturbance, uproar</i>; <i>rebellion, +riot</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tumulus, ī</b> [<b>tumeō</b>, <i>to swell</i>], m., <i>a hillock, +mound, hill</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tunc</b>, adv., <i>then, at that time</i>; <i>accordingly, +thereupon</i>.</p> + +<p><b>turba, ae</b>, f., <i>a hubbub, crowd, throng</i>.</p> + +<p><b>turbulentus</b> [<b>turba</b>], adj., <i>stormy, confused, +troubled</i>.</p> + +<p><b>turdus, ī</b>, m., <i>a thrush, fieldfare</i>.</p> + +<p><b>turma, ae</b>, f., <i>a troop</i> or <i>squadron</i> (of +cavalry).</p> + +<p><b>turpis, e</b>, adj., <i>ugly</i>; <i>base, dishonorable</i>.</p> + +<p><b>turris, is</b>, m., <i>tower, castle</i>; <i>howdah</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tūs, tūris</b>, n., <i>incense</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tūtēla, ae</b> [<b>tueor</b>], f., <i>protection, +guardianship</i>.</p> + +<p>(1) <b>tūtor, ōris</b> [<b>tueor</b>], m., <i>protector, +guardian</i>.</p> + +<p>(2) <b>tūtor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [freq. of <b>tueor</b>], <i>to guard, +protect</i>.</p> + +<p><b>tūtus</b> [orig. part. of <b>tueor</b>], adj., <i>safe</i>; +<b>tūtō</b>, abl. as adv., <i>safely</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_U" id = "vocab_U" href = "#vocab">U</a></p> + +<p><b>ūber, eris</b>, n., <i>teat, dug, udder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ubi</b>, interr. adv., <i>where? when?</i> As +<span class = "pagenum">213a</span> +conj. interr. and rel., <i>where, when</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ulcīscor, ī, ultus sum</b>, <i>to punish, avenge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ūllus</b>, gen. <b>ūllīus</b>, adj., <i>any, any one</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_ulterior" id = "vocab_ulterior"><b>ulterior, +ius</b></a>, gen. <b>ōrīs</b> [<b>ultrā</b>], adj., <i>farther, +remoter</i>; sup. <b>ultimus</b>, <i>farthest, last, utmost, +greatest</i>; <b>ultima manus</b>, <i>finishing touches</i>; +<b>ulterius</b>, adv., <i>beyond, farther, more, longer</i>; +<b>ultimum</b>, adv., <i>for the last time</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ultimum, ultimus</b>, see <a href = +"#vocab_ulterior"><b>ulterior</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>ultiō, ōnis</b> [<b>ulcīscor</b>], f., <i>revenge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ultrā</b>, adv., and prep. with acc., <i>on the other side, +beyond</i>; <b>ultrā fidem</b>, <i>incredibly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ultrō</b>, adv., <i>of one’s own accord, voluntarily</i>.</p> + +<p><b>umbra, ae</b>, f., <i>shadow, shade</i>.</p> + +<p><b>umerus, ī</b>, m., <i>the shoulder</i>.</p> + +<p><b>umquam</b>, adv., <i>at any time, ever</i>.</p> + +<p><b>unde</b>, adv. (1) interr., <i>whence? from whom, from which?</i> +(2) rel., <i>whence, from whom, from which</i>; +<i>wherefore</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ūndecim</b> [<b>ūnus</b> + <b>decem</b>], indecl. num. adj., +<i>eleven</i>.</p> + +<p><b>undique</b>, adv., <i>from all sides</i>; <i>on all sides, +everywhere</i>.</p> + +<p><b>unguis, is</b>, m., <i>a</i> (finger) <i>nail</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ūniversus</b> [<b>ūnus</b> + <b>vertō</b>], adj., <i>all in one, +whole, entire</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ūnus</b>, gen. <b>unīus</b>, adj., <i>one, only, sole, alone</i>; +<b>ūnus quisque</b>, <i>each one</i>.</p> + +<p><b>urbānus</b> [<b>urbs</b>], adj., <i>of</i> or <i>in the city</i>, +esp. <i>in Rome</i>; <i>refined, witty</i>; as noun, <b>urbānī, +ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>city people</i>; <i>town wits</i>.</p> + +<p><b>urbs, urbis</b>, f., <i>a city</i>; The City (Rome).</p> + +<p><b>ūrīnātor, ōris</b>, m., <i>a diver</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ūrna, ae</b> [<b>ūrō</b>], f., <i>a vessel, urn</i> (of baked +clay).</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_uro" id = "vocab_uro"><b>ūrō, ere, ūssī, +ūstus</b></a>, <i>to burn</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>co</b> + <b>amb(i)—combūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus</b>, <i>to burn +up, consume</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">213b</span> +<p><b>dē—deūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus</b>, <i>to burn up, +consume</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—exūrō, ere, ūssī, ūstus</b>, <i>to burn up, +consume</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>ūsquam</b>, adv., <i>anywhere</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ūsque</b>, adv., <i>all the way, right on, continuously, +even</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ūsūrpō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>ūsus</b> + <b>rapiō</b>], <i>to +make use of, enjoy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ūsus, ūs</b> [<b>ūtor</b>], m., <i>use, employment</i>; +<i>experience, training</i>; <i>profit, advantage, convenience</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ut</b>, adv., interr., <i>how? in what way?</i> rel., <i>as, just +as</i>; <i>since, seeing that</i>; <b>ut . . . ita</b>, +<i>just as . . . so</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ut</b>, conj., (1) with indic., <i>when</i>; <b>ut prīmum</b>, +<i>as soon as</i>; (2) with subj. of purpose, <i>in order that, +that</i>; of result, <i>so that, that</i>.</p> + +<p>(1) <b>uter, utris</b>, m., <i>leather bag, skin</i>.</p> + +<p>(2) <b>uter, utra, utrum</b>, adj., (1) interr., <i>which of (the) +two?</i> (2) rel., <i>whichever one</i> (of the two).</p> + +<p><b>uterque, traque, trumque</b> [<b>uter</b> + <b>que</b>], adj., +<i>each</i> (of the two), <i>both</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ūtilis, e</b> [<b>ūtor</b>], adj., <i>useful, helpful</i>; +<i>profitable, expedient</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ūtilitās, ātis</b> [<b>ūtilis</b>], f., <i>profit, +advantage</i>.</p> + +<p><b>utinam</b>, adv., <i>oh that! would that!</i></p> + +<p><b>utique</b>, adv., <i>at any rate, surely</i>; +<i>especially</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum</b>, <i>make use of, employ</i>; <i>enjoy, +take advantage of</i>; <b>aliquid ūtendum dare</b>, <i>to lend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>utpote</b>, adv., <i>seeing that, inasmuch as, since</i>.</p> + +<p><b>utrimque</b> [<b>uterque</b>], adv., <i>from</i> or <i>on both +sides, on either hand</i>.</p> + +<p><b>uxor, ōris</b>, f., <i>a wife</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_V" id = "vocab_V" href = "#vocab">V</a></p> + +<p><b>vacō, āre, āvī, —</b>, <i>to be empty, be free</i> (e.g. +from labor), <i>have leisure</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vacuus</b> [<b>vacō</b>], adj., <i>empty, unoccupied</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">214a</span> +<p><a name = "vocab_vado" id = "vocab_vado"><b>vādō, ere, —, +—</b></a>, <i>to go, rush</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ex—ēvādō, ere, vāsī, vāsus</b>, <i>to go forth</i> or +<i>away</i>; <i>get away, escape</i>; <i>get to be, become</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—invādō, ere, vāsī, vāsum</b>, <i>to enter</i>; +<i>attack</i>; <i>seize, take possession of</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>vae</b>, interj., <i>oh! alas! woe!</i></p> + +<p><b>vāgītus, ūs</b> [<b>vāgiō</b>, <i>to cry</i>], m., <i>squalling, +crying</i>.</p> + +<p><b>valeō, ēre, uī, itūrus</b>, <i>to be well</i> or <i>strong</i>; +<i>have power</i> or <i>influence, prevail</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_valerius" id = "vocab_valerius"><b>Valerius, +ī</b></a>, m., the name of a Roman gens.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p>1. <i>M. Valerius Māximus Corvīnus</i>. See <a href = +"#vocab_maximus"><b>Māximus</b></a> (1).</p> + +<p>2. <i>C. Valerius Catullus</i>. See <a href = +"#vocab_catullus"><b>Catullus</b></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>valētūdō, inis</b> [<b>valeō</b>], f., <i>health</i> (good or +bad); <i>good health</i>; <i>sickness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>validus</b> [<b>valeō</b>], adj., <i>strong, stout; +powerful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vallēs</b>, or <b>vallis, is</b>, f., <i>valley, vale</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vāllum, ī</b>, n., <i>stockade, rampart, wall</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vānus</b>, adj., <i>empty, idle</i>; <i>ostentatious, +vain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>varius</b>, adj., <i>various, different, diverse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>varix, icis</b>, m., <i>a dilated vein</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_varro" id = "vocab_varro"><b>Varrō, ōnis</b></a>, +m., <i>C. Terentius Varrō</i>, consul in 219 and 216; defeated at +Cannae, with his colleague Paulus.</p> + +<p><b>Vārus, ī</b>, m., see <a href = +"#vocab_quintilius"><b>Quīntilius</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>vas, vadis</b>, m., <i>bail, security</i>; <i>surety</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vās, vāsis</b> (pl. <b>vāsa, ōrum</b>), n., <i>a vessel, +dish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vāstō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>vāstus</b>], <i>to lay waste, +devastate, destroy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vāstus</b>, adj., <i>empty, waste</i>; <i>immense, huge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vegetus</b> [<b>vegeō</b>, <i>to quicken</i>], adj., <i>lively, +animated</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vehementer</b> [<b>vehemēns</b>, <i>earnest</i>], adv., +<i>earnestly, seriously, severely</i>; <i>exceedingly</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_veho" id = "vocab_veho"><b>vehō, ere, vexī, +vectus</b></a>, <i>to bear, carry, +<span class = "pagenum">214b</span> +convey</i>; in pass., with <b>nāvī</b> or <b>equō</b>, <i>to sail, +ride</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—advehō, ere, vexī, vectus</b>, <i>to carry</i> or +<i>bring to, bring</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—ēvehō, ere, vexī, vectus</b>, <i>to lift, raise, +elevate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—invehō, ere, vexī, vectus</b>, <i>to carry in</i> or +<i>to</i>; in pass., <i>ride into, sail to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōvehō, ere, vexī, vectus</b>, <i>to carry forward</i>; +in pass., <i>to sail, proceed</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Vēientēs, um</b>, pl. m., <i>the people of Veii</i>, a town in +Etruria, about twelve miles from Rome.</p> + +<p><b>vel</b> [old imperative of (1) <b>volō</b>], adv. and conj., +<i>even</i>; <i>or, or else</i>; <b>vel . . . vel</b>, +<i>either . . . or</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vēlō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to cover up, veil</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vēlōcitās, ātis</b> [<b>vēlōx</b>], f., <i>speed, +swiftness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vēlōx, ōcis</b>, adj., <i>swift, fleet, quick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>velut</b> or <b>velutī</b>, adv., <i>just as if, as if</i>; +<i>ostensibly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vēnābulum, ī</b> [<b>vēnor</b>], n., <i>a hunting spear</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vēnātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>vēnor</b>], f., <i>hunting</i>; <i>a hunting +spectacle</i>, in which wild beasts fought against men, or against one +another.</p> + +<p><b>vēndō, ere, didī, ditus</b> [contr. from vēnumdō], <i>to +sell</i>.</p> + +<p><b>venēnum, ī</b>, n., <i>poison</i>.</p> + +<p><b>venerātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>veneror</b>], f., <i>respect, +reverence</i>; <i>an object of reverence</i> or <i>awe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>veneror, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to reverence, worship, revere, +respect, honor</i>.</p> + +<p><b>venia, ae</b>, f., <i>indulgence, favor, pardon</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_venio" id = "vocab_venio"><b>veniō, īre, vēnī, +ventum</b></a>, <i>to come, go</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ad—adveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum</b>, <i>to come to, reach, +arrive at, arrive</i>.</p> + +<p><b>circum—circumveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to surround, +beset</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—conveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come together, +assemble</i>; with +<span class = "pagenum">215a</span> +acc., <i>to meet</i>; <b>convenit</b>, impers., <i>it is agreed, an +arrangement is made</i>.</p> + +<p><b>in—inveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come upon, find, +discover</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ob—obveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum</b>, <i>to come</i> or <i>go +to meet</i>; <i>befall, occur to</i>; <i>fall to the +lot of</i>.</p> + +<p><b>per—perveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum</b>, <i>to come to, +reach</i>; <i>penetrate, attain to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prae—praeveniō, īre, vēnī, ventus</b>, <i>to come before, +get start of, anticipate, outstrip</i>.</p> + +<p><b>super—superveniō, īre, vēnī, ventum</b>, <i>to come to the +rescue, arrive</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>vēnor, ārī, ātus sum</b>, <i>to hunt, chase</i>.</p> + +<p><b>venter, tris</b>, m., <i>the stomach</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ventitō, āre, āvī, —</b> [freq. of <b>veniō</b>], <i>to +come</i> or <i>go often, resort</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ventus, ī</b>, m., <i>wind</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vēnumdō, dare, dedī, datus</b> [<b>vēnum</b>, <i>sale</i> + +<b>dō</b>], <i>to sell</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Venusia, ae</b>, f., a town in Southern Italy, between Apulia and +Lucania.</p> + +<p><b>venustus</b> [<b>venus</b>, <i>grace</i>], adj., <i>charming, +graceful</i>.</p> + +<p><b>verber, eris</b>, n., <i>a lash, whip</i>; <i>blow</i>.</p> + +<p><b>verbum, ī</b>, n., <i>a word</i>; <i>saying, phrase</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vērē</b> [<b>vērus</b>], adv., <i>truthfully, truly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>verēcundia, ae</b> [<b>vereor</b>], f., <i>modesty, shame</i>; +<i>respect, reverence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vereor, ērī, itus sum</b>, <i>to feel awe of, respect</i>; +<i>fear, be afraid</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vērō</b> [abl. of <b>vērus</b>], adv., <i>truly, heartily</i>; +<i>in truth, indeed, however, but</i>.</p> + +<p><b>verrūca, ae</b>, f., <i>a wart, pimple</i>.</p> + +<p><b>versiculus</b> [dim. of <b>versus</b>], m., <i>a little verse</i>; +<i>a line</i>.</p> + +<p><b>versō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>vertō</b>], <i>to twist, +turn</i>; pass., <i>to dwell, abide, be</i>; <i>employ one’s self, +conduct one’s self</i>.</p> + +<p><b>versus, ūs</b> [<b>vertō</b>], m., <i>a verse, line</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vertex, icis</b> [<b>vertō</b>], m., <i>summit, peak, +crest</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">215b</span> +<p><a name = "vocab_verto" id = "vocab_verto"><b>vertō, ere, ī, +versus</b></a>, <i>to turn, change</i>; in pass., <i>turn about, +return</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—āvertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to turn away</i> or +<i>aside, avert, divert</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—convertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to turn round, +change</i>; <i>turn, direct</i>; <i>divert, misuse</i>; +<b>conversus</b>, <i>turning</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dis—dīvertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to turn away</i> or +<i>aside</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—ēvertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to overturn, destroy, +ruin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>inter—intervertō, ere, ī, versus</b>, <i>to turn aside</i>; +<i>embezzle, misappropriate</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—revertor, ī, revertī</b> or (less often) <b>reversus +sum</b>, <i>to return</i>; <i>revert, recur</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>vērum</b> [<b>vērus</b>], adv., <i>truly, certainly</i>; +<i>but</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vērus</b>, adj., <i>true, real, genuine</i>. For <b>rē vērā</b>, +see <a href = "#vocab_res"><b>rēs</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>vescor, ī, —</b>, <i>to eat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vesper, erī</b>, m., <i>evening</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Vesta, ae</b>, f., the goddess of the hearth, and so of the family +and the state. A fire was kept burning continually in her temple +near the Forum, which six maidens, called Vestals, watched in turn, +since the Romans believed that the maintenance of this fire was closely +connected with the continuance of their state. The Vestals were not +allowed to marry during their term of office.</p> + +<p><b>vester, tra, trum</b> [orig. <b>voster</b>; cf. <b>vōs</b>], poss. +pron. adj., <i>your, yours</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vēstibulum, ī</b>, n., <i>vestibule, entrance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vēstīgium, ī</b>, n., <i>footstep, footprint</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vestis, is</b>, f., <i>clothing, garments</i>; <i>a robe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>veterānus</b> [<b>vetus</b>], adj., <i>old, veteran</i>. As noun, +<b>veterānī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., <i>veteran soldiers, veterans</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vetō, āre, uī, itus</b>, <i>not allow, forbid</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vetus, eris</b>, adj., <i>old, aged</i>; <i>of a former time, +ancient</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">216a</span> +<p><b>vexō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>vehō</b>], <i>to shake</i>; +<i>trouble, disturb</i>.</p> + +<p><b>via, ae</b>, f., <i>highway, road</i>; <i>passage, march, +journey</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vicārius, ī</b> [<b>vicis</b>], m., <i>a substitute, +proxy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vīcēsimus</b> [cf. <b>vīgintī</b>], num. adj., +<i>twentieth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vīciēs</b> [cf. <b>vīgintī</b>], num. adv., <i>twenty +times</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vīcīnus</b> [<b>vīcus</b>], adj., <i>neighboring, near</i>.</p> + +<p>(<a name = "vocab_vicis" id = "vocab_vicis"><b>vicis</b></a>), +<b>is</b> (nom. wanting), f., <i>alternation, change, succession</i>; +<b>in vicem</b>, <i>in turn</i>.</p> + +<p><b>victor, ōris</b> [<b>vincō</b>], m., <i>conqueror, victor</i>; as +adj., <i>victorious</i>.</p> + +<p><b>victōria, ae</b> [<b>victor</b>], f., <i>victory</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vīcus, ī</b>, m., <i>a street</i>; <i>village, town</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vidēlicet</b> [<b>vidēre</b> + <b>licet</b>], adv., <i>you see, +clearly</i>; <i>of course, that is</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_video" id = "vocab_video"><b>videō, ēre, vīdī, +vīsus</b></a>, <i>to see, perceive, understand</i>; in pass., +<i>seem</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>in—invideō, ēre, vīdī, vīsus</b>, <i>to look askance at, to +envy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vigil, vigilis</b>, adj., <i>wakeful, alert</i>; as noun, <i>a +watchman, sentinel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vigilantia, ae</b> [<b>vigil</b>], f., <i>wakefulness, vigilance, +watchfulness</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vigilia, ae</b> [<b>vigil</b>], f., <i>wakefulness</i>; <i>a +watch</i> (a fourth part of the night).</p> + +<p><b>vīgintī</b>, indecl. num. adj., <i>twenty</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vīlicus, ī</b> [<b>vīlla</b>], m., <i>overseer, steward</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vīlla, ae</b>, f., <i>a country house, villa</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vīminālis, e</b> [<b>vīmen</b>, <i>an osier</i>], adj., <i>of +osiers</i>; as noun, <b>Vīminālis, is</b>, m. (sc. <b>collis</b>), +<i>the Viminal Hill</i>, one of the seven hills of Rome.</p> + +<p><b>vinciō, īre, vinxī, vinctus</b>, <i>to bind, fetter</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_vinco" id = "vocab_vinco"><b>vincō, ere, vīcī, +victus</b></a>, <i>to conquer, defeat</i>; <i>surpass</i>; intrans., +<i>prevail</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dē—dēvincō, ere, vīcī, victus</b>, <i>to conquer completely, +subdue</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vinculum, ī</b> [<b>vinciō</b>], n., <i>a bond</i>; in pl., +<i>bonds, chains, jail</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">216b</span> +<p><b>vindex, icis</b>, m., <i>champion, protector</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vindicō, āre, <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads ‘āvi’">āvī</ins>, ātus</b> [<b>vīs</b> + <b>dīcō</b>], +<i>to claim</i>; <i>protect</i>; <i>avenge</i>; <i>punish</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vīnum, ī</b>, n., <i>wine</i>.</p> + +<p><b>violentus</b> [<b>vīs</b>], adj., <i>violent, impetuous</i>.</p> + +<p><b>violō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>vīs</b>], <i>to injure</i>; +<i>dishonor, outrage</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vir, virī</b>, m., <i>a man, hero</i>; <i>husband</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vīrēs</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_vis"><b>vīs</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>virga, ae</b>, f., <i>a rod, scourge</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Virgīnia, ae</b>, f., the maiden whose attempted enslavement by +Appius Claudius led to the downfall of the Decemvirs, <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 449.</p> + +<p><b>Virgīnius, ī</b>, m., <i>L.</i>, the father of Virginia, consul in +<span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 449.</p> + +<p><b>virgō, inis</b>, f., <i>young girl, maiden, virgin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>virīlis, e</b> [<b>vir</b>], adj., <i>manly</i>.</p> + +<p><b>virītim</b> [<b>vir</b>], adv., <i>man by man, singly, +individually</i>.</p> + +<p><b>virtūs, ūtis</b> [<b>vir</b>], f., <i>manliness, strength, +bravery</i>; <i>ability</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_vis" id = "vocab_vis"><b>vīs</b></a>, gen. and dat. +wanting, acc. <b>vim</b>, abl. <b>vī</b>, f., <i>strength, force</i>; +<i>hostile force, violence</i>; <i>quantity, number</i>; pl., +<b>vīrēs</b>, <i>energy, vigor, resources</i>; <b>vim facere</b>, <i>to +use violence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vīsō, ere, ī, us</b> [freq. of <b>videō</b>], <i>to go to see, +visit</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vīsus, ūs</b> [<b>videō</b>], m., <i>appearance, vision</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vīta, ae</b> [cf. <b>vīvō</b>], f., <i>life</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vitium, ī</b> [<b>vieō</b>, <i>to twist</i>], n., <i>a fault, +failing, vice</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vituperandus</b> [gerundive of <b>vituperō</b>], adj., +<i>blameworthy</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vituperātiō, ōnis</b> [<b>vituperō</b>], f., <i>censure, +criticism</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vituperō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to blame, censure</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_vivo" id = "vocab_vivo"><b>vīvō, ere, vīxī, +vīctum</b></a>, <i>to live</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>super—supervīvō, ere, vīxī, —</b>, <i>to live beyond, +outlive, survive</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">217a</span> +<p><b>vīvus</b> [<b>vīvō</b>], adj., <i>living, alive</i>; of water, +<i>running</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vix</b>, adv., <i>with difficulty, hardly, scarcely</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vōciferor, ārī, ātus sum</b> [<b>vōx</b> + <b>ferō</b>], <i>to cry +out, shout, exclaim</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vocitō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [freq. of <b>vocō</b>], <i>to call +repeatedly</i> or <i>loudly</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_voco" id = "vocab_voco"><b>vocō, āre, āvī, +ātus</b></a> [cf. <b>vōx</b>], <i>to call, summon, name</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—āvocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call off</i>, or +<i>away</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ad—advocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call to</i> (one), +<i>summon</i>; <i>call together</i>.</p> + +<p><b>con—convocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call together, +summon</i>.</p> + +<p><b>ex—ēvocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call forth</i> or +<i>out, summon</i>.</p> + +<p><b>prō—prōvocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call forth, +challenge</i>; <i>appeal to</i>.</p> + +<p><b>re—revocō, āre, āvī, ātus</b>, <i>to call back, call again, +recall</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>volitō, āre, āvī, —</b> [freq. of (2) <b>volō</b>], <i>flit +about</i>; <i>fly, hasten</i>.</p> + +<p>(1) <b>volō, velle, voluī, —</b>, <i>to wish</i>; <i>be +willing</i>; <i>be minded, determine</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_volo2" id = "vocab_volo2">(2) <b>volō, āre, āvī, +ātūrus</b></a>, <i>to fly</i>.</p> + +<div class = "subentry"> +<p><b>ab—āvolō, āre, āvī, —</b>, <i>to fly</i> or <i>hasten +away</i>.</p> + +<p><b>dē—dēvolō, āre, —, —</b>, <i>to fly down, +fly</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Volscī, ōrum</b>, pl. m., an ancient tribe living in the southern +part of Latium, finally subdued by the Romans in <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 338.</p> + +<p><b>volucer, cris, cre</b> [(2) <b>volō</b>], adj., <i>flying, +winged</i>; as noun, f. (sc. <b>avis</b>), <i>a bird</i>.</p> + +<p><b>volūmen, inis</b> [<b>volvō</b>, <i>to roll</i>], n., <i>roll of +writing, scroll, volume, book</i>.</p> + +<p><b>voluntārius</b> [<b>voluntās</b>], adj., <i>of free will, +voluntary</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">217b</span> +<p><b>voluntās, ātis</b> [(1) <b>volō</b>], f., <i>will, wish, desire, +inclination</i>.</p> + +<p><b>voluptās, ātis</b>, f., <i>pleasure, enjoyment</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vōs</b>, see <a href = "#vocab_tu"><b>tū</b></a>.</p> + +<p><b>vōtum, ī</b> [<b>voveō</b>], n., <i>a vow, wish, prayer</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "vocab_voveo" id = "vocab_voveo"><b>voveō, ēre, vōvī, +vōtus</b></a>, <i>to promise solemnly, vow, dedicate</i>.</p> + +<p class = "subentry"> +<b>dē—dēvoveō, ēre, vōvī, vōtus</b>, <i>to consecrate, doom, +devote</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vōx, vōcis</b>, f., <i>voice, sound, tone</i>; <i>cry, call</i>; +<i>saying, speech</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vulgāris, e</b> [<b>vulgus</b>], adj., <i>commonplace, ordinary, +vulgar</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vulgō</b> [<b>vulgus</b>], adv., <i>commonly, popularly, +generally</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vulgus, ī</b>, n., <i>the masses, multitude, the common +people</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vulnerō, āre, āvī, ātus</b> [<b>vulnus</b>], <i>to wound, hurt, +injure</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vulnus, eris</b>, n., <i>a wound</i>; <i>blow, misfortune</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vultur, uris</b>, m., <i>a vulture</i>.</p> + +<p><b>vultus, ūs</b>, m., <i>the expression of the face, features, +countenance</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_X" id = "vocab_X" href = "#vocab">X</a></p> + +<p><b>Xanthippus, ī</b>, m., a Spartan general by whose aid the +Carthaginians defeated Regulus in <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> +255.</p> + +<p><b>Xenophōn, ōntis</b>, m., <i>Xenophon</i>, an Athenian general and +author, who lived about <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> +440-350.</p> + +<p><b>Xerxēs, is</b>, m., a king of Persia, defeated by the Greeks at +Salamis <span class = "smallroman">B.C.</span> 480.</p> + + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_Z" id = "vocab_Z" href = "#vocab">Z</a></p> + +<p><b>Zama, ae</b>, f., a city in Numidia, near Carthage.</p> + +<p><b>zōna, ae</b>, f., <i>a girdle, belt</i>; <i>money belt</i>.</p> + +</div> + +<div class = "section"> + +<span class = "pagenum">218</span> +<h3>REFERENCES TO HARKNESS’ COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR</h3> + +<p class = "center smallcaps">To accompany Arrowsmith and Knapp’s Viri +Romae</p> + +<div class = "float"> +<table class = "refs" summary = "references to Harkness"> +<tr> +<th>Page</th> +<th>Note</th> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">1</td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td>489</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">5</td> +<td>568</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td>446, 2</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td class = "number">7</td> +<td>429</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">8</td> +<td>639</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">10</td> +<td>476</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">18</td> +<td>622</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">3</td> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td>649, II.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td>418</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">10</td> +<td>595</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">11</td> +<td>480</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">14</td> +<td>533, 4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">15</td> +<td>532, 3</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +<td>475</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td>477, I.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">12</td> +<td>598</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">5</td> +<td class = "number">3</td> +<td>590</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td>205, 2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">14</td> +<td>396, 2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">20</td> +<td>633</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +<td>646</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">16</td> +<td>615</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">7</td> +<td class = "number">7</td> +<td>600, II.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">16</td> +<td>642</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">17</td> +<td>473, 2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">20</td> +<td>565</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">8</td> +<td class = "number">5</td> +<td>462</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">9</td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td>568</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">10</td> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td>430</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td>429</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">9</td> +<td>570</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">15</td> +<td>417</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">18</td> +<td>471</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">12</td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +<td>417</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">5</td> +<td>605, I.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">23</td> +<td>454</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">13</td> +<td class = "number">10</td> +<td>652, 1</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">14</td> +<td class = "number">13</td> +<td>568, 7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">15</td> +<td>440, 1 and 2</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">15</td> +<td class = "number">3</td> +<td>484, 2</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">16</td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td>559, 1</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">17</td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td>427</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">11</td> +<td>451, 1</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<!-- end div float --> + +<div class = "float"> +<table class = "refs" summary = "references to Harkness"> +<tr> +<th>Page</th> +<th>Note</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">18</td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td>584</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">17</td> +<td>440, 3</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">19</td> +<td class = "number">15</td> +<td>424</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">20</td> +<td class = "number">11</td> +<td>603, 2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">12</td> +<td>426</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">21</td> +<td class = "number">8</td> +<td>611, 1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">14</td> +<td>473, 2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">15</td> +<td>666, 2</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">23</td> +<td class = "number">8</td> +<td>467</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">24</td> +<td class = "number">9</td> +<td>478</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">12</td> +<td>565</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">25</td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td>433</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">7</td> +<td>483</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">27</td> +<td class = "number">3</td> +<td>489, 1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td>588, II.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">16</td> +<td>430</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">28</td> +<td class = "number">7</td> +<td>457</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">9</td> +<td>425, 4, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">13</td> +<td>484, 2</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">30</td> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td>441</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">3</td> +<td>426, 2</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">31</td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +<td>592, 1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">9</td> +<td>559, 1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">11</td> +<td>576</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">33</td> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td>454</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">13</td> +<td>426</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">34</td> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td>426</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">35</td> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td>489</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td>497, 4</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">36</td> +<td class = "number">8</td> +<td>456</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> 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summary = "references to Harkness"> +<tr> +<th>Page</th> +<th>Note</th> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">47</td> +<td class = "number">12</td> +<td>579 and <span class = "smallroman">N.</span></td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">48</td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td>481</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">5</td> +<td>499</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">49</td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td>83, 5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">7</td> +<td>561, 2</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">51</td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td>626, 3</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">53</td> +<td class = "number">12</td> +<td>451, 2</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">54</td> +<td class = "number">8</td> +<td>473, 2, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> 1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">9</td> +<td>416, 2</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">62</td> +<td class = "number">5</td> +<td>591, 4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">9</td> +<td>565, 4</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">63</td> +<td class = "number">5</td> +<td>642, 4</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">66</td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td>556</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">67</td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td>448, 1</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">70</td> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td>581, 1</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">72</td> +<td class = "number">8</td> +<td>592</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">73</td> +<td class = "number">5</td> +<td>591, 1</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">74</td> +<td class = "number">5</td> +<td>470, 1</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">75</td> +<td class = "number">10</td> +<td>456, 3</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">76</td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td>432</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">85</td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td>474, 2, <span class = "smallroman">N.</span> 1</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">86</td> +<td class = "number">7</td> +<td>586, II.</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">87</td> +<td class = "number">7</td> +<td>587</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">90</td> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td>535,<ins class = "correction" title = "missing 1"> 1</ins></td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">112</td> +<td class = "number">3</td> +<td>468</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">114</td> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td>429</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">3</td> +<td>426, 1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td>434</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td>378, 2</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">115</td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +<td>378</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">118</td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td>486</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">120</td> +<td class = "number">7</td> +<td>431</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">123</td> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td>426, 2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class = "number">7</td> +<td>440, 5</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">124</td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +<td>598</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "page"> +<td class = "number">129</td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +<td>451, 1</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<!-- end div float --> + +</div> + + + +<div class = "section pub_ads"> + +<a name = "ads" id = "ads"> </a> + +<p class = "mynote"> +The parenthetical numbers shown as page numbers were printed at the +bottom of each page. Most are in sequential order.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">(237)</span> + +<h2>Harkness’s New Latin Grammars</h2> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<h5>A COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +Cloth-leather binding. 12mo, 464 pages +<span class = "price sans">$1.25</span></p> + +<h5>A SHORT LATIN GRAMMAR</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +Cloth-leather binding. 12mo, 254 pages +<span class = "price sans">.80</span></p> + +<p class = "inset"> +By <span class = "smallcaps">Albert Harkness</span>, Ph.D., LL.D., +Professor Emeritus in Brown University.</p> + +<p>These new text-books are the crowning triumph of a life-work which +has made the name of their author familiar to classical scholars and +teachers everywhere. They represent the latest advances in philological +science, and embody the results of the author’s large experience in +teaching and of his own linguistic studies, together with the +suggestions and advice of eminent German specialists in the field of +Historical and Comparative Grammar. The peculiar qualities of +simplicity, clearness, and adaptation of treatment to the practical +needs of the student and of the class room,—qualities that have +always characterized the Harkness Grammars,—have been preserved +and even intensified in these new books.</p> + +<p>The Complete Latin Grammar is designed at once as a text-book for the +class room and a book of reference for the student. It aims not only to +present systematically for the benefit of the beginner the leading facts +and laws of the Latin language, but also to provide accurately for the +needs of the advanced student.</p> + +<p>The Short Latin Grammar is published for the benefit of those who +prefer to begin with a more elementary manual, or those who do not +contemplate a collegiate course. In the preparation of this work the +convenience and interest of the student have been carefully consulted. +The paradigms, rules, and discussions have in general been introduced in +the exact form and language of the Complete Latin Grammar by which it +may at any time be supplemented. The numbering of the sections in the +two books is also alike.</p> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<p class = "center"> +<i>Copies of the books will be sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt +of the price by the Publishers</i>:</p> + +<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text"> +<tr> +<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5"> +American Book Company</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>New York</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "right">Chicago</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<span class = "pagenum">(241)</span> + +<h2>Latin Prose Writing</h2> + +<p class = "center sans extended"> +WITH FULL INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON IDIOM</p> + +<p class = "center"> +By MAURICE W. MATHER, Ph.D.<br> +Formerly Instructor in Latin in Harvard University</p> + +<p class = "center"> +and ARTHUR L. WHEELER, Ph.D.<br> +Instructor in Latin in Yale University</p> + +<p class = "inset sans">Half Leather, 12mo, 216 pages +<span class = "price"> +Price $1.00</span></p> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<p>The present book furnishes all the essential material for the writing +of average passages in Latin Prose. It is not intended to teach how to +write isolated sentences, illustrative of given constructions, but the +book assumes that the pupil, after a year or more of such practice, is +ready to learn the art of writing connected narrative in Latin. The +authors have based their exercises on Caesar’s Gallic War Books III and +IV, Nepos’s Alcibiades and Hannibal, and Cicero’s Manilian Law and +Archias, inasmuch as these are not only models of good style, but are +usually read in schools. As the book is not for beginners, the +individual exercises have not been made vehicles for teaching any one or +two constructions, but the authors have felt at liberty to introduce at +any time even the more difficult constructions; indirect discourse, for +instance, being taken up at the very beginning.</p> + +<p>While, in general, the vocabulary and the constructions for any +exercise are supplied in the Latin text on which the given exercise is +based, yet enough variation from the language of the model is required +to give the pupil abundant practice in handling forms and constructions. +By this means the pupil’s power of observation is increased, his +interest is quickened by the pleasure of discovery, and he will remember +the word much better than if he found it ready at hand in a +dictionary.</p> + +<p>A number of recent examination papers from various colleges have been +inserted in the belief that they will be found useful for sight tests +and occasional examinations<ins class = "correction" title = +". missing">. </ins>The notes accompanying some of the papers belong to +the original examinations. At the end of the book are indexes of words +and constructions, and of English words and phrases with references to +sections of the Notes on Idiom in Part I.</p> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<p class = "center"> +<i>Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price.</i></p> + +<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text"> +<tr> +<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5"> +American Book Company</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>New York</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "right">Chicago</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<span class = "pagenum">(248)</span> +<h1>Pearson’s<br> +Essentials of Latin<br> +for Beginners</h1> + +<p class = "center"> +<span class = "smaller"> +BY</span><br> +HENRY C. PEARSON <span class = "smaller"> +Horace Mann School, Teachers’ College, Columbia University</span></p> + +<p class = "center"> +<span class = "smallcaps smaller">Cloth, 12mo, 320 Pages</span> <span +class = "larger">Price, 90 Cents</span></p> + + +<p><span class = "firstword"><span class = "dropcap">T</span>his</span> +book is designed to prepare pupils in a thorough fashion to read +Caesar’s Gallic War. It contains seventy lessons, including ten that are +devoted exclusively to reading, and six supplementary lessons. The first +seventy lessons contain the minimum of what a pupil should know before +he is ready to read Latin with any degree of intelligence and +satisfaction. The supplementary lessons deal largely with certain +principles of syntax that some teachers may not wish to present to their +pupils during the first year’s work. They are independent of one another +and of the rest of the book, and may therefore be taken up in any order +that the teacher wishes, or any number of them may be omitted.</p> + +<p>The work contains many features and pedagogical improvements which +will commend themselves to teachers of first year Latin. Various +simplifications in statement are introduced, and throughout the greatest +care has been taken to preserve scientific accuracy while enunciating +principles in the simplest forms.</p> + +<p class = "double"> </p> + +<table class = "advert serif" summary = "advertising text"> +<tr> +<td class = "center giant" colspan = "3"> +<b>American Book Company</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>NEW YORK</td> +<td class = "center">CINCINNATI</td> +<td class = "right">CHICAGO</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<span class = "pagenum">(256)</span> +<p class = "center"><b><i>REVISED EDITION</i></b></p> + +<h2><span class = "extended"><b>VIRGIL’S AENEID</b></span></h2> + +<p>With an Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary by <b>HENRY S. +FRIEZE</b>, late Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan. +Revised by <b>WALTER DENNISON</b>, Professor of Latin in the University +of Michigan.</p> + +<table class = "advert boldf" summary = "advertising text"> +<tr> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">First Six Books</span></td> +<td class = "dots right"><span class = "opaque">$1.30</span></td> +<td> </td> +<td class = "dots"><span class = "opaque">Complete</span></td> +<td class = "dots right"><span class = "opaque">$1.50</span></td> +</tr> +<tr class = "smaller"> +<td class = "right" colspan = "2">Complete Text Edition</td> +<td class = "right dots" colspan = "2"><span class = +"opaque">$0.50</span></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><b>This Work</b> differs in many respects from the former edition. +Such changes and alterations have been introduced as are necessary to +make the book conform to modern demands, and many important additions +have also been made.</p> + +<p><b>The Introduction</b> has been enlarged by the addition of sections +on the life and writings of Virgil, the plan of the Aeneid, the meter, +manuscripts, editions, and helpful books of reference.</p> + +<p><b>The Text</b> has been corrected to conform to the readings that +have become established, and the spellings are in accord with the +evidence of inscriptions of the first century A.D. To meet the need of +early assistance in reading the verse metrically, the long vowels in the +first two books are fully indicated.</p> + +<p><b>The Notes</b> have been thoroughly revised and largely added to. +The old grammar references are corrected and new ones +(to Harkness’s Complete, Lane & Morgan’s, and Bennett’s +Grammars) added. The literary appreciation of the poet is increased by +parallel quotations from English literature. The irregularities of +scansion in each book are also given with sufficient explanations.</p> + +<p><b>The Vocabulary</b> has been made as simple as possible and +includes only those words occurring in the Aeneid. The parts of compound +words are not indicated separately when they appear unmodified in the +compound form. The principal parts of verbs are given which are +understood to be in actual use.</p> + +<p><b>The Illustrations</b> for the most part are new and fresh, and +have been selected with great care with a view to assisting directly in +the interpretation of the text. There are also maps showing the +wanderings of Aeneas, the vicinity of Cumae, and pre-historic Rome, and +a full-page facsimile of one of the best manuscripts of Virgil, the +Codex Palatinus.</p> + +<h3><b>American Book Company, Publishers</b></h3> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<span class = "pagenum">(260)</span> + +<h3>Cicero’s Orations</h3> + +<p class = "center larger"> +AND SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS</p> + +<p class = "center smaller"> +EDITED BY</p> + +<p class = "center"> +WILLIAM R. HARPER, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D. President of the University of +Chicago</p> + +<p class = "center smaller"> +AND</p> + +<p class = "center"> +FRANK A. GALLUP, A.M. Professor of Latin, Colgate Academy</p> + +<p class = "sans">Half Leather, 12mo, 566 pages, with Maps and +Illustrations. +<span class = "price">Price, $1.30</span></p> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<p>This edition of Cicero contains in addition to selected letters all +the orations required by all the colleges throughout the country. It is +intended to be distinctly practical and aims solely to meet the needs of +secondary and preparatory schools.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +<span class = "sans">The Orations</span> have been arranged in the order +in which it is thought they can be read to the best advantage and +include, besides the four against Catiline, those for Archais, Milo, +Marcellus, and Ligarius, Pompey’s Commission, and the Fourteenth +Philippic.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +<span class = "sans">The Letters</span> have been selected with special +reference to their fitness for reading at sight and for this purpose +they have no equal in Roman literature.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +<span class = "sans">The Introduction</span> includes a well balanced +life of Cicero with a just estimate of his standing and character and +many helpful features which will give the student a comprehensive +knowledge of Roman life and politics.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +<span class = "sans">The Notes</span> suggest rather than tell the +student and help him to get, instead of getting for him, that +acquaintance with the orator and with the language which is the result +of true study.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +<span class = "sans">The Vocabulary</span> shows great care and +thoroughness and meets the requirements of the average student.</p> + +<p class = "smaller"> +<span class = "sans">The Maps</span> are accurate and drawn especially +for this work and the Illustrations are happily chosen to illustrate +both text and time.</p> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<p class = "center"> +<i>Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price.</i></p> + +<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text"> +<tr> +<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5"> +American Book Company</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>New York</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "right">Chicago</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<span class = "pagenum">(265)</span> + +<h3>Latin Literature of the Empire</h3> + +<p class = "center sans larger"> +Selected and Edited with Revised Texts and Brief Introductions</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<span class = "smallcaps">By ALFRED GUDEMAN</span>, Ph.D.<br> +Associate Professor of Classical Philology, University of +Pennsylvania</p> + +<p class = "center sans">In Two Volumes. Cloth, 12mo. Per +Volume, $1.80</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Vol. I—Prose.</span> Selections from +Velleius, Curtius, Seneca Rhetor<ins class = "correction" title = +"text has . for ,">, </ins>Justinus (Trogus Pompeius), Seneca, Petronius, +including Cena Trimalchionis, Pliny the Elder, Quintilian, Tacitus, +Pliny the Younger, Suetonius, Minucius Felix Octavius, +Apuleius—Ammianus Marcellinus, and Boethius.</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Vol. II—Poetry.</span> Pseudo +Vergiliana, Aetna, Manilius, Calpurnius, Nemesianus, Phaedrus, Lucan, +Valerius Flaccus, Seneca, the Octavia (anonymous), Persius, Statius, +Silius Italicus, Martial, Juvenal, Pervigilium Veneris, Ausonius, and +Claudianus.</p> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<p>The works of Latin Literature of the post-Augustan period have +hitherto, with a few notable exceptions, been virtually excluded from +the classical curricula of colleges and universities.</p> + +<p>The present collection has been made primarily for the use of +students in higher classes in colleges. The selections will be found +useful as collateral reading in connection with lectures on classical +literature, and will also furnish suitable material for sight +reading.</p> + +<p>The selections themselves contain nothing that is not eminently +worthy of perusal. They are in every case sufficiently extensive to give +a continuous and coherent story, which at the same time exhibits the +author at his best. The text follows the best modern editions, the +deviations from the standard texts being briefly recorded in critical +appendices.</p> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<p class = "center"> +<i>Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price.</i></p> + +<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text"> +<tr> +<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5"> +American Book Company</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>New York</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "right">Chicago</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<span class = "pagenum">(266)</span> +<h3>Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions</h3> + +<p class = "center"> +<span class = "smallcaps">By JAMES C. EGBERT, Jr.</span>, Ph.D.<br> +Adjunct Professor of Latin, Columbia University</p> + +<p class = "sans">Half Morocco, large 12mo, 468 pages. With numerous +illustrations and exact reproductions of inscriptions +<span class = "price">Price, $3 50</span></p> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<p>This work is designed as a text-book for the use of students in +Universities and Colleges, and also to furnish an account of this branch +of archaeological study for general readers. It has been prepared in the +belief that a knowledge of epigraphy forms an essential part of the +equipment of a teacher of the classics, and that the subject itself has +become so important as to justify its introduction, in elementary form +at least, into the curriculum of undergraduate studies.</p> + +<p>A distinctive feature of the book is the number and character of its +illustrations,—there being over seven hundred cuts and diagrams of +inscriptions, for the purpose of illustrating the text, and for practice +in reading. Of these, over one hundred are photographic reproductions, +showing the forms of the letters and the arrangement of the +inscriptions. The work is also supplied with an exhaustive bibliography +and valuable tables of abbreviations, archaisms, etc.</p> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<p class = "center"> +<i>Copies of Egbert’s Latin Inscriptions will be sent, prepaid, to any +address on receipt of the price by the Publishers:</i></p> + +<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text"> +<tr> +<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5"> +American Book Company</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>New York</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "right">Chicago</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<span class = "pagenum">(258)</span> + +<h3><span class = "extended">First Latin Readings</span></h3> + +<p class = "center smallcaps">An Equivalent for Caesar</p> + +<p class = "center smaller"> +BY</p> + +<p class = "center smallcaps">ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D.</p> + +<p class = "center smaller"> +AND</p> + +<p class = "center"> +G. M. WHICHER, M.A. Instructor in Classics, Packer Collegiate Institute, +Brooklyn, N.Y.</p> + +<p class = "center sans">Cloth, 12mo, 344 pages. +    Price, $1.25</p> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<p>This work has been prepared in response to a growing demand for a new +first reading book in Latin, offering more simple and interesting +material for the second-year work than is now provided by Caesar’s +Commentaries, the first connected reading pupils meet in the Latin +course.</p> + +<p>It is the aim of the present volume to offer for the student’s first +reading in Latin, material in which the least difficult Latin comes +first; which contains the largest possible general vocabulary, instead +of a small special vocabulary; which is drawn from a wide, instead of a +narrow, range of literature; and which may be associated with other +departments of teaching with greater success and productiveness than +Caesar’s Commentaries.</p> + +<p>The selections in First Latin Readings have, therefore, been chosen +with reference to their difficulty, their interest as literature, and, +as far as possible, their relation to Roman life and custom, and not +with reference to their exclusive use as drilling material on formal +classical construction.</p> + +<p>Exercises in Latin prose composition, based on the text of each +author represented, have been prepared, and are included in the +book.</p> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<p class = "center"> +<i>Copies of First Latin Readings will be sent, prepaid, to any address +on receipt of the price by the Publishers:</i></p> + +<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text"> +<tr> +<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5"> +American Book Company</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>New York</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "right">Chicago</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<span class = "pagenum">(278)</span> + +<h3>Latin Dictionaries</h3> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<h5>HARPER’S LATIN DICTIONARY</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +Founded on the translation of “Freund’s Latin-German Lexicon.” Edited by +<span class = "smallcaps">E. A. Andrews</span>, LL.D. Revised, Enlarged, +and in great part Rewritten by <span class = "smallcaps">Charlton T. +Lewis</span>, Ph.D., and <span class = "smallcaps">Charles Short</span>, +LL.D.</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +Royal Octavo, 2030 pages +<span class = "price"> +Sheep, <span class = "sans">$6.50</span>; Full Russia, <span class = +"sans">$10.00</span></span></p> + +<p>The translation of Dr. Freund’s great Latin-German Lexicon, edited by +the late Dr. E. A. Andrews, and published in 1850 has been from +that time in extensive and satisfactory use throughout England and +America. Meanwhile great advances have been made in the science on which +lexicography depends. The present work embodies the latest advances in +philological study and research, and is in every respect the most +complete and satisfactory Latin Dictionary published.</p> + + +<h5>LEWIS’S LATIN DICTIONARY FOR SCHOOLS</h5> + +<p>By <span class = "smallcaps">Charlton T. Lewis</span>, Ph.D.</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +Large Octavo, 1200 pages +<span class = "price"> +Cloth, <span class = "sans">$4 50</span>; Half Leather, <span class = +"sans">$5.00</span></span></p> + +<p>This dictionary is not an abridgment, but an entirely new and +independent work, designed to include all of the student’s needs, after +acquiring the elements of grammar, for the interpretation of the Latin +authors commonly read in school.</p> + + +<h5>LEWIS’S ELEMENTARY LATIN DICTIONARY</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +By <span class = "smallcaps">Charlton T. Lewis</span>, Ph.D.</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +Crown Octavo, 952 pages. Half Leather +<span class = "price sans">$2.00</span></p> + +<p>This work is sufficiently full to meet the needs of students in +secondary or preparatory schools, and also in the first and second +years’ work in colleges.</p> + + +<h5>SMITH’S ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +A Complete and Critical English-Latin Dictionary. By <span class = +"smallcaps">William Smith, LL.D.</span>, and <span class = +"smallcaps">Theophilus D. Hall, M.A.</span>, Fellow of University +College, London. With a Dictionary of Proper Names.</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +Royal Octavo, 765 pages. Sheep +<span class = "price sans">$4.00</span></p> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<p class = "center"> +<i>Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price.</i></p> + +<table class = "advert" summary = "advertising text"> +<tr> +<td class = "center larger" colspan = "5"> +American Book Company</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>New York</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "center">Cincinnati</td> +<td class = "center">•</td> +<td class = "right">Chicago</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> <br> </p> + +<span class = "pagenum">(310)</span> + +<h3>Greek Dictionaries</h3> + +<hr class = "small"> + +<h5>LIDDELL AND SCOTT’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +Revised and Enlarged. Compiled by <span class = "smallcaps">Henry George +Liddell</span>, D.D., and <span class = "smallcaps">Robert Scott</span>, +D.D., assisted by <span class = "smallcaps">Henry Drisler</span>, LL.D. + Large Quarto, 1794 pages. Sheep +<span class = "price sans">$10.00</span></p> + +<p>The present edition of this great work has been thoroughly revised, +and large additions made to it. The editors have been favored with the +co-operation of many scholars and several important articles have been +entirely rewritten.</p> + + +<h5>LIDDELL AND SCOTT’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON—Intermediate</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +Revised Edition. Large Octavo, 910 pages. +<span class = "price"> +Cloth, <span class = "sans">$3.50</span>; Half Leather, <span class = +"sans">$4.00</span></span></p> + +<p>This Abridgment is an entirely new work, designed to meet the +ordinary requirements of instructors. It differs from the smaller +abridged edition in that it is made from the last edition of the large +Lexicon, and contains a large amount of new matter.</p> + + +<h5>LIDDELL AND SCOTT’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON—Abridged</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +Revised Edition. Crown Octavo, 832 pages. +<span class = "price"> +Half Leather <span class = "sans">$1.25</span></span></p> + +<p>This Abridgment is intended chiefly for use by students in Secondary +and College Preparatory Schools.</p> + + +<h5>THAYER’S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +Being Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti. Translated, Revised, and +Enlarged by <span class = "smallcaps">Joseph Henry Thayer</span>, D.D., +LL.D. Royal Quarto, 727 pages +<span class = "price"> +Cloth, <span class = "sans">$5.00</span>; Half Leather, <span class = +"sans">$6.50</span></span></p> + +<p>This great work embodies and represents the results of the latest +researches in modern philology and biblical exegesis. It traces +historically the signification and use of all words used in the New +Testament, and carefully explains the difference between classical and +sacred usage.</p> + + +<h5>YONGE’S ENGLISH-GREEK LEXICON</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +By <span class = "smallcaps">C. D. Yonge</span>. Edited by <span class = +"smallcaps">Henry Drisler</span>, LL.D.</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +Royal Octavo, 903 pages. Sheep +<span class = "price sans">$4.50</span></p> + + +<h5>AUTENRIETH’S HOMERIC DICTIONARY</h5> + +<p class = "hanging"> +Translated and Edited by <span class = "smallcaps">Robert P. +Keep</span>, Ph.D. New Edition. Revised by <span class = +"smallcaps">Isaac Flagg</span>, Ph.D.</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +12mo, 312 pages. Illustrated. 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