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diff --git a/33272.txt b/33272.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..502fb50 --- /dev/null +++ b/33272.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4284 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Green Spring Farm, by Ross Netherton and Nan Netherton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Green Spring Farm + Fairfax County, Virginia + +Author: Ross Netherton + Nan Netherton + +Release Date: July 27, 2010 [EBook #33272] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREEN SPRING FARM *** + + + + +Produced by Katherine Ward, Mark C. Orton and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + GREEN SPRING FARM + Fairfax County, Virginia + + by + ROSS AND NAN NETHERTON + + June 1970 + +[Illustration: Map of COUNTY OF FAIRFAX VIRGINIA] + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + Page + ILLUSTRATIONS iv + PREFACE v + ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi + INTRODUCTION 1 + HISTORICAL NOTES + I. Gentleman Freeholders: The Moss Family (1770-1835) 3 + II. Orchard and Dairy: Fountain Beattie (1878-1917) 19 + III. The End of the Farming Era: Michael Straight (1942-1969) 31 + ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION: THE MANSION HOUSE 36 + ASSOCIATED BUILDINGS + I. The Tobey House 51 + II. The Barn 55 + III. The Log Cabin 57 + IV. The Spring House 59 + APPENDIXES + A. Fairfax County Historic Landmarks Survey Form 63 + B. Summary of Ownership 64 + C. Will of John Moss, 1809 66 + D. Inventory of Personal Estate of William Moss, April 15, + 1835 68 + E. Affidavit of Thomas Love and Alfred Moss, October 29, + 1839 74 + F. Inventory of Personal Estate of Thomas Moss, December 2, + 1839 76 + G. "A Visit From Mr. Polevoy," _The New Republic_, July 16, + 1956 77 + LIST OF SOURCE MATERIALS 81 + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS + + + Figure Page + 1 John Warner Survey Map, 1740 4 + 2 John Halley Survey Map, 1840 12 + 3 R. R. Farr Survey, 1874 12 + 4 Hopkins' Atlas Map, 1879 20 + 5 Fountain Beattie and Annie Hathaway Beattie, c. 1885 22 + The Mosby and the Beatties, c. 1890 22 + The Old Stone Spring House, c. 1885 22 + The Lane to Green Spring Farm, c. 1885 22 + 6 John Singleton Mosby 24 + Reunion at Manassas 24 + 7 Front View of Green Spring Farm, 1936 30 + Side View of Green Spring Farm, 1936 30 + 8 Berry Survey Map, 1941 30 + 10 Floor Plans, Mansion House 38 + 14 Three Views of the Tobey House, c. 1960 50 + 15 Floor Plans of the Tobey House 52 + 19 Spring House Floor Plans 58 + 20 Fairfax County Property Map, 1969 62 + + + + +PREFACE + + +In the beginning was the land. It drew human life to our rich area of +Fairfax County, and sustained us for centuries before we became so +self-conscious about it as to make household language of words such as +ecology and bio-degradable waste. This is where we are at, however, +and thus it is thoroughly appropriate that the publication of +historical research reports in this format, a new program for Fairfax +County, should commence with a study of the Green Spring Farm. There +is no better site for an example, probably, to illustrate the early +patterns of life on the agricultural land of Fairfax County as well as +to follow the changes and pressures that have come about through war, +depression, boom, and technological change down to the present. Anyone +familiar with the history of this parcel of land, the Green Spring +Farm, will be familiar with a great deal of the history of Fairfax +County--told not so much in terms of its famous and powerful people as +in terms of those who drew sustenance directly from the land. + +This report is published under authority of the Board of Supervisors +of the County of Fairfax. It is one result of a program of historical +site survey and research carried on by the Fairfax County Division of +Planning in cooperation with the Fairfax County History Commission. +The original selection of Green Spring Farm as a research topic was +made by the Fairfax County Historical Landmarks Preservation +Commission, Bayard D. Evans, Chairman, the predecessor of the present +History Commission as the chief historical agency of the County +Government. + +Reproduction of the material in this report is invited, subject to the +customary credit to author and publisher. + + John Porter Bloom + Chairman + Fairfax County History Commission + + April 1970 + + + + +ACKNOWLEDGMENTS + + +These notes are part of a series of research reports on the historic +and architectural landmarks of Fairfax County, Virginia, prepared +pursuant to a resolution of the Board of County Supervisors calling +for a survey of the county's historic sites and buildings. + +Green Spring Farm was selected in 1967 by the Fairfax County +Historical Landmarks Preservation Commission as a subject to be +researched, and was later incorporated into a successor research +program sponsored by the Division of Planning in cooperation with the +Fairfax County History Commission. + +The authors of this report wish to acknowledge with special thanks the +assistance of the following: Mr. and Mrs. John Mosby Beattie, Admiral +Beverly Mosby Coleman, Mr. and Mrs. Michael W. Straight, Mr. and Mrs. +John Quast, Mrs. Victor Fahringer, Mrs. Gwen Hempel, Mrs. Don Ritchie, +and Mrs. Edith Moore Sprouse. + +The authors also extend their thanks to the Honorable Thomas P. +Chapman, former Clerk of the Fairfax County Circuit Court, and the +Honorable Franklin Gooding, present Clerk of the Fairfax County +Circuit Court, for assistance in making available court records of the +clerkships of various members of the Moss family. The Honorable George +R. Rich, Clerk of the Virginia House of Delegates and Keeper of the +Rolls of the State, furnished information on Robert Moss's term as a +Delegate from Fairfax County. Thanks are extended to the staff of the +National Archives who located and made available for examination the +military and civil service records of Fountain Beattie. + +Many helpful suggestions on the interpretation of data concerning the +history of agriculture in Northern Virginia were provided by C. +Malcolm Watkins, Chairman of the Department of Cultural History, and +John T. Schlebecker, Curator of the Division of Agriculture and Mining +of the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of History and Technology. + +Details of the architectural history of the mansion house were +furnished by Walter Macomber, who was in charge of the 1942 +renovation, and David Condon, AIA, who designed the additional work +done in 1960. Mr. Condon also provided both information and +architectural plans for the Tobey House and the Spring House. The +authors' sincere thanks are extended to both these gentlemen. + +Finally, the authors wish to acknowledge the efficient and valuable +help that they, as part of the county's historical research project, +received from the staff of the Fairfax County Headquarters Library. + + N.N. + R.D.N. + + Fairfax, Virginia + April 22, 1970 + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +The land has always had a special value to Virginians. Land was the +first form of wealth which the colonists knew; and it was through +cultivation of the land that Virginians first enjoyed the heady +feeling of prosperity that came with the rise of their tobacco +empire. Ownership and cultivation of the land were the goals of +those who indentured themselves to come to the New World, and they +were the foundations on which Jefferson placed his reliance for the +perpetuation of political freedom and economic strength for the +infant republic which emerged from the Revolution. For more than +three centuries, Virginians have associated the land with values +which are both physical and spiritual. + +Against this background, the history of Green Spring Farm serves not +only as a chronicle of the lives of three families who resided there +but also as a reflection of the history of agriculture in Northern +Virginia. Green Spring Farm was not one of the great estates of +Tidewater Virginia. By the mid-eighteenth century, most of the +original Northern Neck proprietary grants had been broken up and +replaced by a pattern of smaller farms whose owners owed no allegiance +to the tobacco empire and were willing to experiment with diversified +crops. Green Spring Farm illustrated this emerging pattern of +agriculture; and its first owners, John Moss and his heirs, who +assembled the acreage in the 1770's and occupied it until 1839, were +typical of the freeholder classes who took pride in their land and in +regarding themselves as farmers. Their farming raised Virginia to its +position of preeminance among the colonies and in the new nation after +the Revolution. + +Farming remained the foundation of Virginia's economy through the +nineteenth century, although changes in the methods of husbandry and +transportation, together with the opening of farmlands in the Ohio +Valley and the prairie states, had important consequences in Virginia. +These impacts were followed by the devastating years of war from 1861 +to 1865. Agriculture in Northern Virginia reached its low point in the +1870's. + +The period of rebuilding in Northern Virginia--the "Energetic +Eighties," as one historian has called these years--brought a revival +of agriculture. Farmers who could no longer compete in one agriculture +market shifted to another where they enjoyed natural advantages. Thus, +Green Spring Farm, under the ownership of Fountain Beattie from 1878 +to 1917, became chiefly an orchard and dairy farm. + +Under the ownership of Michael Straight, from 1942 to the present +(1969), Green Spring Farm came under assault from new economic forces +which drastically affected farming in Northern Virginia and ultimately +brought an end to the agricultural era there. Unlike the changing +times of earlier centuries, there was no compromise with the forces of +expanding urbanization; and, eventually, even stock farming was ended. +Yet, in the twentieth century, as in the eighteenth and nineteenth, +the farm continued to represent values which were social as well as +economic. The alert eye of a Russian writer catches some of this value +in "A Visit from Mr. Polevoy," reproduced in the appendix, just as the +inventories of the estates of earlier owners of the farm suggest the +social values which were held in their times. + +Green Spring Farm therefore offers insight into the lives of Virginia +gentlemen of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. Its +owners were men of learning according to their times, and men of +affairs. The history of the farm records many references to occasions +when it was a gathering place for colorful and talented people whose +names were notable in the arts, literature, sciences, and politics of +their day. Throughout the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth +centuries, its owners were sought for public service and held +positions of trust and responsibility in county, state, and national +governments. + +The architectural history of Green Spring Farm parallels its chain of +title. Both the structure and interior design of its buildings have +undergone numerous alterations and remodelings. None of these changes, +however, has destroyed the simple dignity of the house, and it stands +today as a symbol of the traditional strength of spirit of the +Virginia freeholder-farmer in an area which is undergoing the +transition of America's urban revolution. + + + + +HISTORICAL NOTES + +I. GENTLEMAN FREEHOLDERS: THE MOSS FAMILY (1770-1835) + + +When Green Spring Farm came into being in the middle years of the +eighteenth century, it represented the second generation of Virginia's +agriculture. By 1750, the great plantations of the proprietor and his +grantees, laid out on land cleared from the virgin forest and planted +with as much tobacco as the owner's supplies of manpower and London +credit would allow, were disappearing. In the evolution of farming, +another generation of farms and farmers was taking over the Tidewater. +Smaller in size than the great tobacco plantations, these farms +utilized a larger proportion of their acreage for crops and cultivated +a greater diversity of crops than before. For these second-generation +farms, wheat and corn for export to England and the West Indies became +the principal income crops. + +The men who assembled and worked these new farms were themselves part +of a new generation of Virginians. Many belonged to families which +in 1750 could look back on more than a century of residence in +America, and they were more attuned to the problems and potentials +of the New World than those of the Old. They were the generation +that successfully brought forth a new nation in their own times and +added new dimensions to both its spirit and substances. John Moss +was one of this new generation of Virginians. + +Precisely when and how John Moss assembled the acreage that comprised +Green Spring Farm is not certain. Fairfax County land records show a +purchase of land by John Moss in September 1777, but, although this is +the first connection of his name with the land of Green Spring Farm in +these records, there is reason to believe that he may have occupied +and farmed the land prior to that date. For him to have done so would +have been consistent with the practice of his times and also would be +in accord with the tradition of his present-day descendants which +holds that John Moss built the mansion house at Green Spring Farm in +or about 1760.[1] + +John Moss lived in this house until his death in 1809. Here he raised +four sons--John, Samuel, William, and Thomas--the last two of whom +successively inherited and worked the farm from 1809 until 1839. On +the death of Thomas Moss in 1839, the farm was sold and the proceeds +of the sale were divided among his heirs. + +[Illustration: Figure 1. John Warner Survey Map, 1740. Northern Neck +Grants, Book E, 1736-1742, pp. 216-17.] + +In the case of John Moss, more is known of his activities in the +community than of his life as a farmer. In particular, he was a leader +of the early Methodist church in Virginia. The well-known itinerant +Methodist preacher, John Littlejohn, records several visits to the +home of John Moss in Fairfax County, beginning in May 1777. Many +Methodist meetings were held at Green Spring Farm in the 1770's and +1780's. One, held on April 29, 1778, led to the following interesting +note: + + At B^r Jn^o Mosses, met with M^r afterward Lord Fairfax we found + our trials as to preach^g were very similar, he is very serious + but his religion is a mystry to me. Lord help us both.[2] + +And, in 1787, Francis Asbury noted in his journal: + + Preached at Brother Mosses on 2 Chronicles XV, 12-13 on the + peoples entering into a covenant with God.[3] + +It seems evident that during these years, John Moss's home served as a +meeting place for a Methodist congregation which lacked a church +building and was served by the occasional visits of itinerant +preachers. That the congregation grew and prospered also seems evident +from the fact that in June 1789 John Moss served as a trustee of a +Methodist Episcopal church to be built in Alexandria "just north of +the Presbyterian Meeting House" (Duke and Fairfax Streets) for the use +of Reverend Thomas Cooke and Reverend Francis Asbury.[4] + +In the county community, John Moss also was one of the group of +gentlemen freeholders in whom the responsibility of power was reposed. +He enjoyed the friendship and trust of Bryan Fairfax to the extent +that he witnessed and served as coexecutor of the latter's will,[5] +and he was a party to several land sales and leases which involved +Fairfax.[6] By these transactions, he acquired extensive lands in +Loudoun County as well as land on Dogue Creek in Fairfax County.[7] + +In colonial times, he served the Crown as Commissioner of the King's +Revenue in Fairfax County and also as a justice of the County +Court.[8] In the War for Independence, he served as a captain and +afterward took an active part in organizing the new government--in +particular, serving on a commission to supervise the Presidential +election of 1788. Under the new State Government, he continued to +serve as the Commissioner of Revenue for the county and a justice of +the County Court. In 1796, in a law suit in Prince William County, +John Moss, then 72, was able to state that he was the oldest justice +of the court in commission at that time.[9] + +Service as a justice presumably involved John Moss in a wide range of +decisions affecting the life of the county. The business of the County +Court in this period was both judicial and administrative. Minor +crimes were disposed of monthly, while major crimes and civil cases +were handled in quarterly sessions.[10] At these sessions, the +justices also acted on appointments, licenses for mills and +ordinaries, road construction and repair, and the levying of taxes. +Most of the justices were not trained in the law, and law books were +scarce; therefore, the quality of justice and the transaction of +public business were frequently leavened by reliance on common sense +and experience.[11] + +If gentlemen freeholders held the power of government in colonial and +post-Revolutionary Virginia, they also paid much of the cost of +government. In 1786, John Moss and James Wren, Gentlemen, were +appointed Commissioners of the Land Tax, the large counties in +Virginia being allowed to have two such officials.[12] They were +responsible for maintaining the tax book, personally calling on every +person subject to taxation, and making four lists of taxable property +in the county. (One was for the Clerk of the County Court, one for the +sheriff, one for the Solicitor General, and one for the commissioner.) +Annually, they submitted a list of changes in land ownership, by sale +or inheritance.[13] + +For his service as a justice and as Commissioner of the Land Tax, John +Moss's compensation came in the form of fees; he received no salary +but under certain circumstances he was reimbursed for out-of-pocket +expenses connected with his duties.[14] + +As one of the results of the American Revolution, the Anglican church +was disestablished, and many of the welfare functions formerly +performed by the parish vestry were assumed by the Overseers of the +Poor. John Moss served as an overseer, and the powers and duties he +had in this unusual office were set forth in detail in the revision of +the state laws in 1792.[15] Overseers could prevent the poor from +moving from one county to another and could get a warrant from any +magistrate ordering the removal of a pauper back to his former county, +with a court hearing to determine residence in case of a dispute. On +the other hand, each county was obliged, through its overseers, to +look after its own poor; and if the overseers refused to provide +needed relief, there could be an appeal to the County Court.[16] + +Further, they could bind out dependent children placed under their +care as apprentices, appoint collectors-for-the-poor rates, have a +paid clerk, and be paid for attending meetings. They had power to +control vagrants, force fathers of bastards to contribute to their +support, and operate the county poorhouse. In 1806, they were given +the power to take over funds and endowments left in the charge of the +vestries, accounting to the court annually.[17] + +John Moss served as justice of the County Court until his death, and +so saw the time come when the county courthouse was moved from +Alexandria to its present site. His view of the history of his county, +state, and nation saw more than mere physical change, however, and he +was sensitive to the changing spirit of the time and place in which he +lived. As to the depth of this feeling, there is no evidence in the +form of public document or speech; but eloquent testimony comes from a +simple, personal act he performed in 1795. As recorded in a deed of +manumission issued to his slaves, he wrote: + + I, John Moss ... being fully satisfied that it is contrary to our + bill of rights as well as to our principles and sentiments as a + free people and also contrary to common justice to hold and keep + in a state of slavery any part of our fellow men ... [release and + set free at various specified times from the date of this deed] + Sarah, Nan, Harry, Maria, Hannah, Nero, Abram, Fox, Nat, David, + John, Sam, Milla and Sal....[18] + +The tradition of public service which John Moss commenced was carried +on by his son, William Moss, who was appointed Clerk of the County +Court in 1801. The duties of the clerk at this time differed somewhat +from those of the clerk in colonial times. As enumerated in the +general revision of the law in 1792,[19] the clerk must be a resident +of the county and keep his office in the courthouse, unless ordered to +do otherwise. He received his compensation in small fees charged for +performing small acts, but in a growing county this produced a +substantial income. His chief functions involved issuing licenses, +warrants, writs, and orders connected with litigation. He also took +inventories, recorded legal instruments, and kept vital statistics. +Frequently, the clerk was the only officer of the court who was in any +way learned in the law, and thus his advice on the law was regularly +sought by the court. As the information he gave frequently was +seasoned with experience, he became sought after for advice on many +issues and problems which reached beyond the technical terms of the +law, and his importance in the county's government was substantial. + +William Moss served as Clerk of the County Court for 32 years, until +1833. In 1831, he was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court, when that +body was created by the General Assembly, and he served in that +position until 1835, the year of his death. At this time, William +Moss's brother, Thomas, who had served as a Delegate from Fairfax +County to the Virginia General Assembly in 1828, was appointed to fill +the vacancy left by William's death. When Thomas Moss died in 1839, +his son, Alfred, was appointed Clerk but served in that office only +one month. Later, however, Alfred Moss moved from Alexandria to +Providence [Fairfax] where in 1852 he was again appointed Clerk of the +Circuit Court. He served in this capacity until 1861, at which time +Civil War activities in the area disrupted the normal conduct of +county business.[20] It was at this time that Alfred Moss removed +George Washington's holographic will from Fairfax Courthouse to take +it to Richmond for safekeeping for the duration of the war. Because +there was considerable risk in getting it to Richmond, Alfred's wife, +Martha Gunnell Moss, hid it for a time in her daughter's home, +"Evergreen," in Fauquier County. Alfred Moss was captured and sent to +Capitol Prison, and when he was released by exchange, he took the will +to a safe place. Shortly after the war, the Fairfax County Court sent +a private citizen, O. W. Hunt, to Richmond where he found the +Washington will, some other papers, and the County Seal, which he +returned to the Fairfax Courthouse where they may be seen during +regular hours of business.[21] + + +AGRICULTURE IN COLONIAL VIRGINIA. The lands which were assembled by +John Moss to comprise his farm were quite different from the virgin +forest land that was being opened up for cultivation in the western +part of Fairfax and in Loudoun County at about the same time. Like +most of the open land below the fall line, the tract which Moss +assembled had first played a part in the tobacco civilization that had +dominated the life of Northern Virginia from 1650 to 1750.[22] During +the eighteenth century, tobacco planters of the Virginia Tidewater +had turned inland, clearing the forested area of the Piedmont to bring +virgin land into production of their crop. Their actions were the +result of many contributing causes--the tendency of tobacco to wear +out the soil, the need for timberland to supply the rising demand for +barrels and hogsheads, the introduction of new implements of +husbandry, the plentiful supply of enslaved or indentured labor, and, +of course, the presence of cheap land in the western part of the +county.[23] + +Expansion required capital, however, and many of the Tidewater tobacco +planters whose holdings had been created through proprietary grants +obtained the necessary funds by selling off portions of their +Tidewater holdings. By the middle of the eighteenth century, few of +the large land grants remained intact and what remained to the +original owners was interspersed with smaller farms and old fields +gradually being taken over by scrub pine.[24] At the same time, the +increase of warehouses and riverside facilities, the growth of roads +overland between the principal river landings and the gaps in the Blue +Ridge Mountains, and a steadily rising number of tradesmen and +artisans setting out for themselves upon completion of their indenture +periods all combined to offer a prospect of success, if not affluence, +to one who was willing to work the land diligently and prudently. + +Many of the small farmers of the Tidewater remained as committed +to tobacco as the great planters had been. Others turned to +diversification of crops. Corn (maize) was grown in conjunction with +tobacco from the beginning of settlement in Northern Virginia and +diversification simply called for increasing its role. In the +eighteenth century, wheat was introduced as a substitute for tobacco +to restore the land and gradually became adopted in place of tobacco +as a farm staple. As commercial relations with England became more +difficult after 1750, and were completely disrupted during the War +for Independence, tobacco planters in great numbers shifted to +production of foodstuffs to meet domestic demands. The description of +Washington's experience at Mount Vernon, only a few miles distant +from Green Spring Farm, may be taken as typical of that of his +neighbors: + + On the thin topsoil that overlay the clay slopes at Mount Vernon, + George Washington grew wheat that sold in Alexandria, made ship's + biscuit that was famous the world over--and rye that supplied his + less celebrated distillery. The increasing number of cattle + accounted for the introduction of mangel-wurzels, turnips, and + other root crops in the rotation. The soil-building virtues of + peas were discovered. Beef cattle grew in increasing numbers, and + began to appear prominently in inventories and wills. Orchards and + vineyards were planted more widely. With these developments, + simultaneously with the decline of the tobacco trade, a lively + business sprang up in shipping corn, wheat, and livestock to the + West Indies....[25] + +In his efforts to develop methods of husbandry which would restore the +fertility of the land, Washington reflected a concern which was +widespread among Virginians of his time and the first half of the +nineteenth century. Organized efforts to promote better husbandry +through exchange of practical experience and dissemination of the +results of experimentation and invention began in the 1770's.[26] +Between 1790 and 1830, hundreds of publications on agriculture were +produced[27] and more than 100 inventions of agricultural devices were +patented to Virginians, among them Cyrus McCormick's reaper, the most +influential mechanical factor in the development of American +agriculture in the nineteenth century.[28] National leaders such as +Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Marshall actively worked in +societies which encouraged experimentation and study for improvement +of agriculture through what was called "scientific farming." + +With the effort to establish scientific farming came experiments in +crop rotation, with use of clovers and grasses interspersed between +other crops, increased use of manure and artificial fertilizers, +better plows and methods of soil preparation, and more attention to +control of erosion. Interest in improving farm animals during this +period led to introduction of merino sheep and new breeds of mules. + +Despite this active element in Virginia's agricultural system, and +notwithstanding the substantial amount of intelligent and successful +experimentation and publicity of results which this element inspired, +many farmers in Virginia persisted in traditional ways. "Book +farming," as the new methods were called, was decried in favor of the +familiar ways of cultivating which were passed from father to son. +This skepticism was strengthened, also, when experiments failed--as +they did in many cases--and when Virginia agriculture suffered from +economic depression along with the rest of the nation--as it did in +the years following the War of 1812.[29] + +While Virginia agriculture had an equivocal or only moderately +successful record of growth from 1750 to 1830, the proponents of +scientific farming could and did argue that its value was measured in +political as well as economic terms. Men like Thomas Jefferson, James +Madison, John Taylor, James Garnett, and others sincerely believed +that the survival of their way of life and that which they sought for +Virginia depended on restoring the farmer to preeminence. One +historian has described their philosophy thus: + + The sincerity of their belief in the corruption of urban and the + virtue of rural living is unquestionable. They practiced as they + preached. And as they looked about them, at the long line of + Virginia leaders of the early republic and at their own modest + pleasant way of life, which some of them believed extended all the + way down to their slaves, they felt they had incontestable + evidence of the rightness of their convictions. As their soil + became depleted, the hold of their state on preeminence in + everything was weakening. Restore the soil and Virginia would be + restored to her rightful preeminence. Simple, primitive, noble, + limited yet grand, thus went the conception.[30] + + +THE MOSS FAMILY AS FARMERS. Whether John Moss and his descendants who +inherited and worked Green Spring Farm were "scientific farmers" +according to the standards of the time is not certain. Presumably they +were aware of the organizations which espoused this cause since they +were active in the public life of their state and community. They may +well have read the writings of some of the scientific farming leaders +of the time, such as John Taylor, who wrote under the pseudonym, +"Arator," and whose articles on agriculture were published in a +Georgetown newspaper commencing in 1810.[31] + +An inventory of the personal property of William Moss, made in +connection with an auction to settle up his estate in 1835, offers +indirect evidence of the farming methods of the Moss family. (A copy +of this inventory is contained in appendix D.) + +The lack of tobacco and tobacco processing equipment suggests that the +Mosses had abandoned this crop for production of cereal grains--wheat, +oats, rye, and corn--and possession of a mechanical wheat fan (for +blowing chaff away from the grain during threshing) indicates use of +some of the most advanced labor-saving equipment of the day.[32] The +number of horses, plows, and other farm machinery seems large for the +size of the farm and suggests that its cultivation must have prospered +over a period of time. Particularly significant is the number of +livestock in the inventory and the types of animals--horses, cattle, +hogs, sheep, and bees. These, plus other entries, indicate that the +farm must have regularly produced beef, bacon, lard, wool, soap, +honey, and beeswax, all in quantities sufficient to provide market +income. Mention of quantities of hay, oats, and corn in the inventory +suggest that in addition to cultivating cereal grains the Mosses had a +major interest in raising meat animals and in dairying. + +Strong evidence of dairying comes from the presence of a spring house +at the farm and mention of tubs, churns, jars, crocks, strainers, and +the like. They point to active dairying, with the sale of milk, +cheese, and butter in the nearby neighborhood, in Alexandria, and +possibly even points beyond.[33] + +The listing of hogsheads and barrels of vinegar in the sale inventory +suggests still another facet of Green Spring Farm's diversification. +Both apple and peach orchards existed at the time and apparently +produced well.[34] + +The will of John Moss and the inventories of William Moss and Thomas +Moss give the impression of a farming family which was successful in +more than ordinary measure as compared with most other Northern +Virginia farmers. Their farm was described in the notice advertising +the court sale in 1839 as follows: + + Brick dwelling house, 8 rooms, brick kitchen, meat house, + servant's house, new barn and stables and other convenient + outbuildings. Apple orchard, peach orchard, also, stone spring + house.[35] + +More revealing, perhaps, is the affidavit of Alfred Moss and Thomas +Love (son and son-in-law, respectively, of Thomas Moss) offered in +connection with the court proceedings to sell the farm as part of the +settlement of Thomas Moss's estate. They said: + + This tract of land is naturally a thin soil, but from a careful + course of husbandry for a number of years is now in a good state + of cultivation, the fields well enclosed by good and substantial + fencing, the land not in cultivation well taken with grass (clover + and timothy), and that in cultivation just sown down in winter + grain, and the buildings in a good state of repair, the barn and + stables having been erected in the last two or three years.[36] + +Although the history of Green Spring Farm during its ownership by the +Moss family does not contain evidence of agricultural experimentation +and leadership in scientific farming, it seems clear, on the other +hand, that John Moss and his descendants advanced with the progress of +their times and, indeed, may have been among the most progressive +husbandmen of their day. They had broken away from the pattern of +farming that typified the colonial tobacco era, and they exemplified a +new and successful type of agriculture based on careful management of +the land and production for a diversified market. They were certainly +aware of the new developments and new philosophy which were growing +out of the search for the principles of scientific farming, and they +accepted and used some of those that applied to their situation.[37] + + +GREEN SPRING FARM AND THE TURNPIKE ROAD. The successful operation of +Green Spring Farm, like the success of numerous other farms in +Northern Virginia and the Shenandoah Valley, was closely linked to the +transportation system of these areas. Tidewater Virginia in the +seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries relied mainly on coastal +waterways and rivers as avenues of commerce and travel. When roads +appeared on maps of Virginia in this period, they followed trails laid +down by Indians who, in turn, had taken over the game trails along the +ridges of the land. Therefore, by 1750 there was only a basic network +of roadways running east-west to the passes in the Blue Ridge and +north-south to the colonial capital of Williamsburg along the +Tidewater and to the Carolinas through the Piedmont. The eighteenth +century development of roads in Northern Virginia emphasized east-west +travel for the obvious reason that residents of this area saw their +future prosperity more closely linked to the rich resources and +fertile lands of the Shenandoah Valley (and through it, perhaps, to +the Ohio River) than through connection with the political capitals of +the state or the great plantations of the James and York Rivers.[38] + +[Illustration: Figure 2. Survey Map, John Halley, 1840. Fairfax County +Deed Book H-3, p. 227.] + +[Illustration: Figure 3. R. R. Farr Survey, Fairfax County Deed Book C-8, +p. 448.] + +As Colchester and Dumfries yielded leadership in commerce to +Alexandria and as Loudoun and Fauquier Counties developed centers of +commerce and seats of government at Leesburg and Warrenton, the desire +for better overland connections with Alexandria gained strength. +Public roadbuilding in this period was treated with indifference by +both public officials and the public at large. Theoretically carried +out by levying a certain amount of labor or materials from the +freeholders of the community, the system never produced good roads in +Northern Virginia; and, in the early nineteenth century, overland +travel generally had permitted them to deteriorate to the point where +both foreign and domestic travelers commented unfavorably on them in +their travel memoirs.[39] Moreover, in the 1800's, the new state +governments were in no position to provide financial support for local +public works and could offer nothing more than their moral support +through legislative approval of private roadbuilding by private +turnpike companies which raised their capital through the sale of +stock and obtained their income by charging tolls for use of the +road. + +The earliest private turnpike company charter issued by the Virginia +Legislature was in 1795 for the "Fairfax and Loudoun Road" from +Alexandria to the ford of Little River. This company was never +organized, but, in 1802, a somewhat more liberal charter was given to +the Little River Turnpike Company. This company's road was completed +in 1806 and immediately led to enactment in 1808 of further +legislation authorizing extensions to Fauquier Courthouse.[40] + +The Little River Turnpike was located so that Fairfax Courthouse stood +approximately half way between Alexandria and the western terminus at +Aldie. The courthouse thus served as a logical landmark dividing the +upper and lower segments of the road. The turnpike traversed Green +Spring Farm at a point about midway in its lower section. Throughout +the history of the road, the Moss family appears to have been deeply +involved. In 1809, William Moss was appointed and served as one of +three commissioners to advertise and receive subscriptions for stock +in the company constructing the road from the Little River Turnpike to +Fauquier Courthouse.[41] + +Thomas Moss served as a director of the Little River Turnpike Company +and also acted as superintendent of the lower district of the road. +Financial statements of the company, which were given in the annual +reports of the State Board of Public Works, regularly carried accounts +for both the salary paid to Thomas Moss and the funds spent by him for +repair of the lower section of the road.[42] + + +THE MIDCENTURY YEARS. 1840-1880. The Moss family's ownership of Green +Spring Farm ended in 1843 with the sale of the farm and division of +the proceeds among the eight heirs of Thomas Moss.[43] Under the +supervision of the County Court, the farm was sold to one Thomas +Sheriff, lately of Barbados. On his death, it descended to his son, +James Sheriff, who kept it until 1855 when he transferred it as part +of a settlement for a debt. Its next owner was James Benton, who held +it in trust for one Hannah O'Brien of Baltimore. In the first half of +this period the times were generally good. Virginia agriculture grew +to new levels of prosperity, aided by the introduction of new +labor-saving machinery through inventions and the opening up of new +markets for farm produce through improvements in transportation. In +such circumstances, James Sheriff's loss of Green Spring Farm for +debts in 1855 seems likely to have been due to exceptional misfortunes +or else exceptional neglect and waste on the part of the owner. +Although records of the County Court during this period suggest that +Thomas Sheriff and his son, James, were before the Bar of Justice on +numerous occasions, these references do not suffice to explain all +that occurred. + +During the second half of this period, when title to the farm was in +James Benton for the use of Hannah O'Brien, the fortunes of its owners +were dictated mainly by the fortunes of war. During the four years of +hostilities, Green Spring Farm stood in the disputed ground outside +the perimeter of permanent defenses of the capital where patrols from +both sides ranged regularly by day and night. While the records of the +war do not report any major engagements at the farm, they indicate +that military activity in the neighborhood frequently placed its +safety in jeopardy and obviously prevented any regular farming +operations. + +The ultimate loss of the farm in 1878--again to be sold for +debt--appears to have been the result of imprudence in business +dealings (according to local tradition, Hannah's husband, Matthew +O'Brien, was a gambler), and inability to bring the farm back from the +low state to which it was reduced during the war years. + +Hannah O'Brien's interest in the farm enjoyed the special protection +of a deed which specified that the land should be free from debts, +liabilities, and control of her husband, Matthew O'Brien, and that she +had power to dispose of the property by deed in her own right.[44] +Subsequently, however, through ignorance or bad advice, she signed as +guarantor of a note issued by her husband; and, when default on the +note occurred, she lost the farm through court proceedings which +ordered it sold for the debt.[45] Thus, in 1878 the farm was bought by +Fountain Beattie. + + +I. GENTLEMEN FREEHOLDERS: THE MOSS FAMILY (1770-1835) + + [1] Mrs. Don Ritchie, Arlington, Virginia, Moss family genealogist; + Vernon Lynch, Annandale, Virginia, a lifelong resident of + Fairfax County, now in his eighties; interviews. + + Walter Macomber, interview on July 16, 1968, at Green Spring + Farm. In the opinion of Mr. Macomber of Washington, D.C., who + planned and supervised the 1942 renovation of the mansion + house, the original part of the house was built between 1750 + and 1775. + + [2] _The Journal of John Littlejohn_, MS., Louisville, Kentucky, + April 29, 1778. + + [3] Elmer T. Clark, J. Manning Potts, and Jacob S. Payton (eds.), + _The Journal and Letters of Francis Asbury_ (Nashville: + Abington Press, 1958), I, p. 531. + + [4] Fairfax County Deed Book R-1, p. 413, contains a deed in 1789 + from William and Mary Bushby to John Moss, William Adams, + William Waters, Samuel Adams, James Morrison, William Rhodes, + and William Hickman, and their survivors, in trust, conveying + a lot in the town of Alexandria, northward from the + Presbyterian meeting house, westward parallel with Duke + Street, southward parallel with Fairfax Street, and eastward + parallel with Duke Street to Chapple Alley "to build and + forever keep in good repair a house for the worship of God for + the use of the Reverend Thomas Cooke and the Reverend Francis + Asbury for the time being of the Methodist Episcopal + Church...." + + [5] Fairfax County Will Book I, p. 150. + + [6] Fairfax County Deed Book AA-2, p. 29, a lease for three lives to + John Moss, dated May 29, 1798. + + [7] Fairfax County Deed Book R-1, p. 397. + + [8] Mrs. Don C. Ritchie, letter dated October 17, 1969. + + [9] _Ibid._ + + [10] William W. Hening (ed.), [Virginia] _Statutes at Large_, 1823, + reprint edition (Charlottesville: University Press of + Virginia, 1969), VII, p. 32. + + [11] Albert Porter, _County Government in Virginia_ (New York: + Columbia University Press, 1947), p. 186. + + [12] Fairfax County Court Minute Book, March 23, 1786, p. 191. + Subsequently John Moss was reappointed Commissioner of the + Land Tax in 1787, 1792, and 1793. + + [13] Hening, _Statutes_, XII, p. 243. + + [14] Fairfax County Court Order Book, 1787 (February 20 and October + 15, 1787): "John Moss, Gent., Commissioner for Fairfax + district produced on oath an account against the Commonwealth + for his service in that capacity amounting to Twenty-five + pounds thirteen shillings and six pence, which being examined + by the court is allowed and ordered to be certified." + + [15] Shepherd, _Code_, I, p. 114. + + [16] Porter, _County Government_, p. 211. + + [17] Shepherd, _Code_, III, p. 262. + + [18] Fairfax County Deed Book Y-1, p. 69. + + [19] Shepherd, _Code_, I, p. 11. + + [20] F. Johnston, _Memorials of Old Virginia Clerks_ (Lynchburg: J. + P. Bell, 1880), p. 172. + + _Alexandria Gazette_, October 4, 1839. The obituary notice for + Thomas Moss states that he died on October 2 after a long + illness, having been a Justice of the Peace for many years, + and also having served as a member of the State Legislature + and as county court clerk. + + The Archives of the Virginia House of Delegates show that + Thomas Moss was a Delegate from Fairfax County for the + 1828-1829 biennium. (Honorable George Rich, January 2, 1970; + personal communication.) + + [21] K. M. Willis, "Old Fairfax Homes Give Up A Secret," _American + Motorist_, May 1932, p. 16; Johnston, _Clerks_, p. 174. + + [22] M. Herndon, _Tobacco in Colonial Virginia_ (Williamsburg: + Virginia 350th Celebration Corp., 1957), pp. 7-8, indicates + that tobacco was introduced into Northern Virginia by the + settlers who moved into the Rappahannock and Potomac areas + around 1650. By the end of the seventeenth century, Herndon + states, tobacco farming dominated the lowlands all along the + Rappahannock and Potomac Rivers below the fall line. + + F. Harrison, _Landmarks of Old Prince William_ (Berryville: + Chesapeake Book Co., 1964), pp. 148-150. Also to be noted is + the fact that settlement above the fall line was not permitted + prior to 1722 because of treaty provisions with the Iroquois. + By the Treaty of Albany in 1722, the Iroquois withdrew west of + the Blue Ridge. + + [23] Herndon, _Tobacco_, pp. 14-16, cites introduction of plant + bedding practices, use of animal-drawn plows instead of hand + hoes, and improved methods of curing tobacco as responsible + for increasing the yield of the tobacco farm. + + [24] _Ibid._, p. 10. + + [25] Frederick Gutheim. _The Potomac_ (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, + 1968), p. 98. + + [26] R. B. Davis, _Intellectual Life in Jefferson's Virginia_ (Chapel + Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1964), p. 167, notes + that in 1773 the Society for the Advancement of Useful + Knowledge was formed in Williamsburg, followed by the + Philadelphia Agricultural Society in 1780, and the Richmond + Society for Promoting Agriculture in 1810, all dedicated to + working for the improvement of farming. + + [27] A list of these writings on agriculture was compiled by E. G. + Swern in 1913 and published by the Virginia State Library. + + [28] Davis, _Intellectual Life_, pp. 159-160, 167. Among the + inventions of the McCormick family were threshing machines, + hydraulic machines, a hemp-brake, blacksmith's bellows, and + self-stoppers for grist mills. Other patents issued to + Virginians dealt with plows, grain screens, rice hullers, hemp + and flax breakers, corn shellers, beehives, clover seed + cleaners and gatherers, tobacco presses, and corn grinders. + + [29] _Ibid._, p. 156. See also "Status of Virginia Agriculture in + 1870" in _Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1870_ + (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1871), pp. + 267-268. + + [30] Davis, _Intellectual Life_, p. 151. + + [31] _Ibid._, pp. 154-156. + + [32] Dr. John Schlebecker, Curator, Division of Agriculture and + Mining, Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian + Institution, Washington, D.C., interview. Dr. Schlebecker was + of the opinion that the price which this blower brought + suggested it might be animal-powered by a treadmill or + overhead sweep. Wheat fans were relatively new types of + equipment in 1835, but not uncommon among successful farmers. + + [33] _Ibid._ Schlebecker discussed the possibility of dairying as + follows: "It's very likely he was in the business. Now whether + it was butter or cheese--butter would pay better, and he is + pretty close to Alexandria and Washington, and, for that + matter, by sea to Baltimore. Butter would have been the more + attractive of the commodities; cheese would keep better, could + be shipped farther and find a greater variety of markets, but + wouldn't pay quite as well. But I don't see evidence he was in + the cheese business, and I'd be happier if I saw more churns + on the list, or if the churn were better described. One churn + would be enough if it were big enough. And it could very well + be run by a sheep or a dog. You see, he's certainty got enough + cows to be in the dairy business, willy nilly." (Transcription + of tape-recorded interview with John Schlebecker, February 26, + 1969, p. 6.) + + [34] _Ibid._ See also inventory in appendix B. + + [35] _Alexandria Gazette_, November 6, 1839, notice of sale. + + [36] Alfred Moss and Thomas Love, affidavit of October 29, 1839, in + proceedings to sell the farm owned by Thomas Moss, deceased. + + [37] The wills and property inventories of members of the Moss family + reveal much information that helps reconstruct the activity on + their farm. Considering the equipment used, the products grown + and processed, and the number of slaves reported, it is + possible that between the 1820's and 1850's the farm was also + engaged in breeding slaves for export to the rice and indigo + plantations of South Carolina and the cotton plantations of + Alabama and Mississippi. A certain amount of this traffic was + also carried on locally. + + U.S. Census population records compiled from 1810 through 1850 + show that slaveholding continued at a high level relative to + other changing circumstances in agriculture and in the Moss + family. See census records for Fairfax County in National + Archives, Microfilm Division, Microcopy Roll 68 (1810), 137 + (1820), 201 (1830), 558 (1840), 942 (1850). + + [38] These roads were the Dumfries and Falmouth Roads via Ashby's + Gap, the Colchester Road via Williams' Gap, and the Alexandria + Road via Vestal's Gap. Their origins and early history are + given in Harrison, _Landmarks_, pp. 466-484. + + [39] Davis, _Intellectual Life_, p. 152, and A. Hulbert, _The Paths + of Inland Commerce_ (New Haven: Yale University, 1921), pp. + 44-55. The situation appeared to improve little during the + nineteenth century, for in 1894 the Virginia Good Roads + Convention called the American rural roads "far below the + average" and "certainly are among the worst in the civilized + world and always have been largely as a result of permitting + local circumstances to determine the location with little or + no regard for any general system, and haste and waste and + ignorance in building." Virginia Good Roads Convention, + _Programme_ (Richmond: Stone Printing Co., 1894), p. 24. + + [40] The act incorporating the Fairfax and Loudoun Turnpike Road + Company authorized construction and operation of an + "artificial road from Alexandria to the Little River." Laws, + 1795, c. 31 (December 26, 1795). Shepherd's _Statutes_ + (Richmond: Shepherd, 1836), I, p. 378. The successor company, + known as the Little River Turnpike Company, was incorporated + by legislation enacted in 1802 and 1803. Laws, 1801, c. 83 + (January 28, 1802) and Laws, 1802, c. 52 (January 19, 1803), + Shepherd's _Statutes_, II, p. 383, 452. The extension into + Fauquier County was authorized by the incorporation of the + Fauquier and Alexandria Turnpike Company, designed to build + "an artificial turnpike road from Fauquier Court House to + Buckland farm, or Buckland town, and thence to the Little + River Turnpike road, at the most suitable point for affording + a convenient way from Fauquier Court House to Alexandria." + Laws, 1807, c. 27 (January 27, 1808), Shepherd's _Statutes_, + III, p. 379. + + [41] _Alexandria Gazette_, May 23, 1809. The extension was built by + the Fauquier and Alexandria Turnpike Road Company, and was + constructed from the Little River Turnpike at Fairfax + Courthouse, through Centreville and Buckland, to Fauquier + County Courthouse (Warrenton). + + [42] Annual Report of the President and Directors of the Board of + Public Works to the General Assembly of Virginia, Richmond, + 1818, p. 34; 1819, p. 33; 1820, p. 76. + + [43] Fairfax County Deed Book H-3, p. 226, May 28, 1843. + + [44] Fairfax County Deed Book W-3, pp. 424-425, September 10, 1855. + + [45] Hannah C. O'Brien v. John W. Green, et. al., Fairfax County, + Virginia County Court, Suspended File No. 10, 1878. + + +II. ORCHARD AND DAIRY: FOUNTAIN BEATTIE (1878-1917) + +NORTHERN VIRGINIA'S AGRICULTURE IN THE 1870'S. By 1870, Virginia +farmers were beginning to recover from the recent war which had +completely disrupted normal agricultural activity. The effects of +the war had been felt keenly in Northern Virginia where the +conflict had not been marked by many of the major battles but had +nevertheless afflicted the area with four years of constant +raiding and skirmishing. The resultant toll of horses, mules, cattle, +and livestock and the dearth of farm machinery were major handicaps +facing the farmer, as were his lack of capital with which to purchase +supplies and equipment from outside his area and the general +shortage of labor.[46] These shortages were overcome slowly. Some +materials for beginning to rebuild the war damage were readily +available from military supplies immediately after the close of +hostilities; and, in this respect, Northern Virginia was fortunate +to be within a few miles of the Union Army supply depots in +Alexandria and Washington, D.C. But, as the confused era of +reconstruction set in, the farmer was thrown mainly on his own +resources of land and labor to rebuild his fortunes. + +Poor as his prospects might seem to be, the Northern Virginia farmer +had certain advantages that farmers in other parts of the state +lacked. The farmland was by no means barren or exhausted, although it +had been worked steadily during the previous decade when all efforts +turned to producing the maximum amount of food for subsistence and no +thought could be given to maintaining or enhancing the fertility of +the soil.[47] Also, Fairfax County farmers had relatively easy access +to the produce markets of Washington and Baltimore, both by water and +overland transportation.[48] + +[Illustration: Figure 4. Hopkins' Atlas Map, 1879.] + +Moreover, agriculture in Northern Virginia had not been dominated by +the plantation system since the mid-eighteenth century. By 1870, even +the great landholdings which had been carved out of the original +proprietary grants had given way to a third generation of farms, still +smaller in size and more diversified. While the owners of these +Northern Virginia farms had, in many instances, owned slaves before +the war, their dependence on this source of labor was not as critical +as in other parts of Virginia--notably, the regions where tobacco was +king. Thus, when the "great political convulsion which culminated in +the disruption of the labor system of the State"[49] compelled +Southern farmers generally to rebuild their system with different +forms of labor and land tenure, Fairfax County farmers found +themselves able to adjust to the new circumstances with relative ease +once they were able to acquire tools and livestock. At this time, as +before the war, they benefited greatly from the presence among them of +a group of thrifty and industrious farm families who migrated from New +York and New Jersey, bringing with them new energy, new capital, and +new methods of farming from the diversified agricultural regions of +the North.[50] + +In addition, there was abroad in Virginia in 1870 a strong spirit for +revival of its agriculture, looking not only to securing the +advantages which scientific husbandry could bring through restored +fertility of the soil but also to realization of the Jeffersonian +dream of a strong, stable, and independent class of American yeomanry +owning and working its own land.[51] Soon after the commencement of +reconstruction, organizations patterned after the various scientific +farming societies of the 1830's began to appear and agricultural +newspapers, such as _The Southern Farmer_, resumed publication and +circulation in Northern Virginia. These two sources called strongly +for Virginia farmers to change their traditional ways of farming for +modern methods and modern farm implements.[52] As the 1870's +advanced, these sources were joined by the State Government, which +provided a certain amount of assistance for modernization of +Virginia agriculture.[53] + + +MOSBY'S LIEUTENANT. It was in this setting that Fountain Beattie +became the owner of Green Spring Farm in June 1878 when he purchased +the 339-acre tract through a commissioner's deed approved by the +County Court.[54] + +Fountain Beattie was the son of Colonel Robert Beattie and Pauline +White Beattie of Chilhowie in Washington County, Virginia. In 1861, he +enlisted in the First Virginia Cavalry at Abingdon and there made the +acquaintance of John S. Mosby. They became good friends, and when +Mosby received his separate command, he took Beattie with him.[55] +During the next three years, Beattie rode with Mosby in campaigns that +crossed and recrossed Northern Virginia.[56] + +[Illustration: Figure 5. c. 1885, Fountain Beattie and Annie Hathaway +Beattie.] + +[Illustration: The Mosby and Beattie Families, c. 1890] + +[Illustration: The Old Stone Spring House] + +[Illustration: The Lane to Green Spring Farm] + +Whether Fountain Beattie saw or visited Green Spring Farm during these +rides with Mosby's battalion is not certain. There is reason to think +he may have been in the neighborhood because of references to +engagements at such places as "Billy Gooding's tavern on the Little +River Turnpike, 10 miles from Alexandria."[57] Moreover, he may +have heard of the farm from one of the descendants of its owners, +since on one occasion he escaped imminent disaster only through the +intervention of one Thomas Moss of Alexandria.[58] + +Be that as it may, the region must have made a strong impression on +him because, after moving several times in the years following the +war, it was in Fairfax County that Fountain Beattie and his family +finally settled. Money for the purchase of Green Spring Farm in 1878 +came from Mrs. Beattie's inheritance following the sale of "Western +View," the homestead of her deceased parents, located in Fauquier +County.[59] At that time, Green Spring Farm was available for purchase +through the County Court, which had ordered it sold to satisfy the +judgment for debt against Matthew O'Brien.[60] + + +ORCHARD AND DAIRY. Fountain Beattie's selection of Green Spring Farm +appears to have been made with an eye to its proximity to the Little +River Turnpike and the old Columbia Turnpike (now Route 712). +Increasingly, the farmers of the Piedmont region of Virginia were +feeling the competition of farmers in the Shenandoah Valley and +outside the state in the production of wheat and corn. This +competition was made possible when railroads connected the Valley of +Virginia and the farmlands of the great midwestern prairie states with +the markets of the eastern cities. Farmers in the middle and Northern +Virginia no longer enjoyed the advantages they once had in shipping +wheat and corn to these markets.[61] More and more in the last quarter +of the nineteenth century, Northern Virginia farmers planted corn, +wheat, and other grains for use as livestock feed rather than sale in +the grain market. + +[Illustration: Figure 6. John Singleton Mosby.] + +Like many other Fairfax County farmers, Fountain Beattie found that he +was better off to abandon diversified farming in favor of crops with +respect to which he still enjoyed natural advantages. Thus, during the +last quarter of the nineteenth century, Green Spring Farm is +identified with dairy products and orchard and garden produce--all +commodities which had to be marketed the same day they were produced +or picked or which could be made into derivative products which could +be easily transported to market and sold at prices which reflected +value added by processing. Transportation, however, was a key factor. +Virginia's country roads were publicly acknowledged to be in a +"lamentable condition," and over even the best of them travel often +was impossible in wet seasons of the year.[62] In this respect, the +Little River Turnpike was one of the best of Virginia's rural roads, +having been laid out and constructed by professional engineers and +maintained by hired labor with even more care and regularity than the +public roads. In Beattie's day, as in Moss's time, the turnpike was +the main road between Alexandria and Fairfax, the county seat, and +thence to the Valley. + +All these considerations led Fountain Beattie to direct his main +effort to expansion of the orchards and herd of dairy cattle as +rapidly as it was feasible. Year around, the farm was a busy place, +with work enough for all of the Beatties' 12 children--six boys and +six girls--as well as their parents and hired hands. Daily chores, +including milking and churning, went on all year, for the farm +generally had numerous cows, horses, and mules. There was also a +certain amount of grain to be raised each year for livestock feed, and +a large vegetable garden. Fruit trees included pears, cherries, and +apples in two 25-acre orchards--one located on each side of the +Turnpike--which provided the principal produce of the farm. Farm +produce was regularly marketed in Washington, Alexandria, and local +grocery stores, as well as at a roadside stand during the harvest +season.[63] + +[Illustration: Reunion at Manassas: Colonel John S. Mosby visits Bull Run +for the first time since the war. Pictured are (left to right) Fountain +Beattie, Lycurgus Hutchison, John Mosby, and George Turberville.] + +The markets of Washington were only about nine miles from Green Spring +Farm, but on market days it was customary for the farm wagons of the +neighborhood to be loaded and on the road well before dawn. The +Washington city wholesale market opened at 3 A.M. each weekday, and +farmers who came there sold directly from their wagons or from stalls +to a milling crowd of brokers, wholesalers, retail grocers, hotelmen, +and boardinghouse keepers. Most produce was sold by 7 A.M. and the +farmer who did not sell out by that time generally had to sell at a +sacrifice price or else remain in the market throughout the day, +selling at retail to customers who attended the market later in the +day.[64] With luck, therefore, the market produce farmer from Northern +Virginia might expect to be on his way home by noon. + +Not all of Fountain Beattie's orchard produce, however, went to the +market in this way. The spring house on the farm contained presses, +storage facilities, and other equipment needed to make apple cider, +applejack, and apple and peach brandy. Apples picked in the ripening +season were stored in large barrels until the fall and winter months, +at which time they were made into fermented or distilled beverages. +According to his descendants, Beattie operated a licensed distillery +and made brandies at the farm. + +Beattie's livestock operations at the farm ended in tragedy one day +when he returned home to find that his barn had caught fire and been +completely destroyed. The contents of the barn, which included all of +his livestock and much of the farm equipment, were also lost. Only the +horse he was riding at the time remained to start rebuilding the farm. +As matters turned out, too much had been lost; Fountain Beattie never +did more than acquire a few horses to perform the most necessary +tasks. The dairy herds and field crops were never developed to the +thriving level of activity which typified the 1880's and 1890's.[65] + + +POLITICS AND PUBLIC SERVICE. The close association of Fountain Beattie +and John S. Mosby during the war years (1861-65) lasted through the +years of peace that followed. The two men apparently thought alike in +political matters; and, in the election of 1872, they campaigned for +General Grant. Shortly afterward, Beattie was appointed Deputy +Collector of Internal Revenue for the Sixth District of Virginia. +Following Hayes' election as President, Mosby received an appointment +as Consul in Hong Kong where he served until 1885.[66] + +Fountain Beattie's record with the Internal Revenue Service shows that +he served from 1875 to 1914 and suggests that he settled in or near +Alexandria several years before he purchased Green Spring Farm.[67] +He was reappointed in 1885 following the brief return of the +Democratic Party to power under Grover Cleveland's administration. +Beattie's official file in the Treasury Department's personnel records +is a resume of basic statistics--dates of appointments, promotions, +oaths of office, and salaries. + +Although Northern Virginia seemed to be little affected by events on +the national and world stage at this time, it was on the move in its +own way. In Beattie's time this region became linked to other major +regions by the coming of the Southern Railway system; and the advent +of the high-speed electric commuter train and its network of tracks +commenced the inexorable process of creating the interdependent +economic unity of Northern Virginia and Washington, D.C. These were +also the years of "Jackson City" in Arlington, and the crusade of law +enforcement aimed at cleaning up this center of gambling, drinking, +and general sinfulness.[68] + +For Fountain Beattie, these years of Federal service must have brought +back memories of his war years with Mosby. Although he carried on his +duties as tax collector from an office in the Alexandria Post Office, +he continued to live at Green Spring Farm and he regularly traversed +roads and places he had visited as a soldier. When Mosby returned from +his tour as Consul in Hong Kong and became an attorney for the Justice +Department, he and Beattie apparently saw a great deal of each other +and their friendship extended to their families who also frequently +exchanged visits. Beattie named one of his sons after his friend, and +John Mosby Beattie recalls these times with feelings of fondness. + + +GREEN SPRING FARM AND ANNANDALE. When Beattie purchased Green Spring +Farm, the activity on the farm was oriented toward the markets of +Georgetown, Alexandria, Washington, and Baltimore. The community of +Annandale, a little over two miles up the Little River Turnpike to the +west, had not yet become a center of commerce. In 1879, the map showed +a post office, a toll gate, a store, a Methodist church, and a few +residences clustered at a crossroads.[69] This crossroads location +became increasingly important during the last quarter of the +nineteenth century; and, like other perceptive people of the area, +Fountain Beattie and his family began to swing the orientation of +their activities around from an exclusive focus on Alexandria and +Washington to take part in the growth of Fairfax County. + +At the turn of the century, Annandale had a population of 50 people. +In addition to the toll house, church, post office, and store, the +community now could list a hardware store, lumberyard, blacksmith, +farm machinery store, and sawmill.[70] The sawmill was owned by +Beattie's son and namesake, Fountain Beattie, and presumably was +operated as a family enterprise in the same manner as the farm. + + +II. ORCHARD AND DAIRY: FOUNTAIN BEATTIE (1878-1917) + + [46] A. W. Moger, _The Rebuilding of the Old Dominion_ (New York: + Columbia University, 1940), p. 46. Citing census data, the + thesis notes that "the value of farm implements and machinery + on farms in Virginia and West Virginia combined was only + two-thirds of what it was in Virginia in 1860, while the value + of livestock in the two states was only four-fifths of that in + Virginia in 1860. Not until 1880 did the number of cattle and + not until after the turn of the century did the number of + swine in Virginia and West Virginia equal the number in the + Old Dominion before the war." + + [47] "Status of Virginia Agriculture in 1870," in _Report of the + Commissioner of Agriculture_, 1870 (Washington, D.C.: + Government Printing Office, 1871), pp. 267-291, 273, 291. + + [48] Virginia Good Roads Convention, _Programme_ (Richmond: Stone + Printing Co., 1894). While railroad and water transportation + were available from Alexandria to major metropolitan markets + for farm products, the farmer faced the obstacles of + traversing Virginia's notoriously poor farm-to-market roads. + + [49] _Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture_, 1870, p. 268. + + [50] R. H. Abbott, "Yankee Farmers in Northern Virginia: 1840-1860," + _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, v. 76, No. 1, + pp. 56-66 (January 1968). + + See also the _Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture_, + 1870, p. 291, which states "a striking mark of progress is the + change of the policy of the planters toward the outside world. + Formerly they were indisposed to encourage immigration from + other States. There was, therefore, no accession to the + population of the rural district from abroad. The same + traditions and habits descended from father to son through + successive generations. Now all this is altered. Strangers + from every State and every country are cordially welcomed + whenever they show any disposition to become permanent + settlers and industrious citizens. The consequence is that in + many counties a strong tide of immigration is setting in, + bearing with it improved stock and better implements, which + cannot fail to impart a healthy impulse to improvement." + + [51] Moger, _Rebuilding_, p. 45. See remarks of Governor Henry Wise + in 1867 and A. H. H. Stuart in 1866, cited therein. + + [52] W. Fullerton, _Address to Piedmont Agricultural Society_, + October 18, 1876. Speaking to the Society in 1867, William + Fullerton of New York chided Virginians by asserting that + "there is no other calling in life in which there is + manifested such an indifference to new discoveries, as is seen + among the tillers of the soil. If a mechanic or manufacturer + should in like manner fail to avail himself of improved + implements or machinery, he would be compelled to relinquish + his business. It is the farmer alone who resists anything new + appertaining to his calling. This arises mainly from a + deep-seated prejudice to what is called scientific or book + farming." + + See also Moger, _Rebuilding_, p. 54, citing the fact that + farmers in the area of diversified agriculture, such as + Northern Virginia, had the highest number of agricultural + clubs, farm newspaper subscriptions, etc., of all areas in + Virginia. + + [53] Main steps to assist agriculture taken by the state in the + 1870's are summarized in Moger, _Rebuilding_, p. 54. + + [54] Fairfax County Deed Book W-4, p. 271. + + [55] J. S. Mosby, _Mosby's War Memoirs and Stuart's Cavalry + Campaigns_ (New York: Pageant Book Co., 1958), p. 10. Mosby + records in his memoirs that in Richmond, before being sent to + the Shenandoah Valley, the men were issued uniforms of very + rough quality from the state penitentiary. There was almost a + mutiny as the men piled them up in front of the captain's tent + and refused to wear them--all except Mosby and Beattie. Mosby + then states, "I do not think any clothes I ever wore did me + more service than these. When I became a commander, I made + Beattie a lieutenant." + + This story is corroborated in Charles W. Russell (ed.), _The + Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby_ (Boston: Little Brown, + 1917), p. 30. + + [56] Beattie is mentioned frequently in histories of Mosby's + campaigns. In addition to the references noted above, see V. + C. Jones, _Ranger Mosby_ (Chapel Hill, 1944), and James + Williamson (ed.), _Mosby's Rangers_ (New York: Sturgis & + Walton, 1909). + + From 1861 to July 1864, Beattie served as an enlisted man. In + July 1864, a new company was organized, and Beattie was + elected first lieutenant. Such regards as still exist + regarding Beattie's service with Mosby relate to this period. + See _Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who + Served in Organizations from Virginia_. Microcopy 324, Roll + 207 (National Archives, Washington, D.C.). + + [57] Williamson, _Mosby's Rangers_, p. 87. + + [58] _Ibid._, pp. 242-3. Reprints a letter from Thomas Moss to + Captain Walter Frankland describing a fight near Front Royal + as follows: "We charged and routed the guards, and I was + fortunate in saving Beattie's life by shooting a man who had a + pistol within 12 inches of Beattie. I then caught a horse ... + [and] Beattie and I ran down the road a short distance and + went up into a piece of pine woods." + + [59] John Mosby Beattie, August 22, 1968, interview. Fountain + Beattie's wife, Annie Elizabeth Hathaway, was the daughter of + James Henry Hathaway of "Western View" in Zula, Virginia, + between Rectortown and Middleburg in Fauquier County. Annie + Hathaway was born and married at this home place. Her son, + John Mosby Beattie, states that his father bought Green Spring + Farm with money realized from the sale of "Western View" on + the death of Mrs. Beattie's parents. + + [60] Fairfax County Deed Book W-4, p. 271. Also see Hannah C. O'Brien + v. John W. Green, Fairfax County Circuit Court, 1878, + Suspended File No. 10. + + [61] Moger, _Rebuilding_, p. 51. + + [62] Virginia Good Roads Convention, _Programme_, p. 8. + + [63] John Mosby Beattie, August 22, 1968, interview. John Beattie + recalls that his father, Fountain Beattie, sold garden produce + to the local grocery store of one John Carter, located on the + Little River Turnpike (Route 236) approximately where it now + crosses Shirley Highway (I-95). + + [64] W. C. Funk, "An Economic History of Small Farms near + Washington, D.C.", U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin + 848 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920), + pp. 16-17. + + [65] John Mosby Beattie, August 22, 1968, interview. Mr. Beattie does + not recall the date of this fire, but remembers the event + vividly from his boyhood days. + + [66] Mosby served as Consul in Hong Kong from 1878 to 1885. He was an + attorney in the U.S. Department of Justice from 1904 to 1910. + + [67] _Official Register of Officers and Employees of the Civil, + Military and Navy Service_, issued biennially, lists Fountain + Beattie as an employee of the Internal Revenue Service in the + registers issued during the years 1875 to 1913, inclusive. + Beattie's Service Record Card (Treasury Form 426) shows the + first employment record date as 1872. His appointment was + discontinued in 1914. + + [68] E. L. Templeman, _Arlington Heritage_ (Arlington, 1959), p. 74. + + [69] _Atlas of Fifteen Miles Around Washington_, 1879. + + [70] "Fairfax County as Portrayed by the Virginia Business Directory + and Gazetteer--1906. Published by the Hill Directory Company, + Richmond, Virginia," _Yearbook of the Historical Society of + Fairfax County, Virginia_, v. 10 (1969), pp. 92-104. + + +[Illustration: Front View] + +[Illustration: Side View (West). Figure 7. Green Spring Farm, 1936. +Photos by Delos Smith, HABS.] + +[Illustration: Figure 8. Berry Survey Map, 1941. Deed Book P-15, p. 147.] + + +III. THE END OF THE FARMING ERA: MICHAEL STRAIGHT (1942-1969) + +Fountain Beattie sold Green Spring Farm in 1917. Annie Hathaway +Beattie had died the year before, after they had moved from the farm +to a house in Alexandria.[71] Beattie's deed to George R. Sims of +Florida is dated January 23, 1917, and conveyed the entire tract of +339 acres.[72] Ownership changed again in 1922, 1924, and 1931,[73] +and ultimately led to the subdivision of the tract into smaller +parcels. In 1942, one of these parcels, containing the farmhouse and +the principal related buildings, was purchased by Michael and Belinda +Straight.[74] + +The Straights did not occupy the main farmhouse immediately but set +about having certain changes made in the interior design and +structure. These were completed late in 1942, and the family moved +from the cottage to the main house.[75] A few months later, in January +1943, their occupancy was interrupted as Michael Straight was called +to service in the U.S. Army Air Force; and, during World War II, the +house was occupied by tenants. The Straights returned to Northern +Virginia in 1948 and took up residence at the farmhouse from that time +until they moved to Georgetown in 1965. + +Upon their return to the farm in 1948, they also began to restore +and redesign the grounds surrounding the farmhouse. During the +1920's, when the farm was owned by Frederick Segesserman, a great many +boxwoods had been planted. They had been raised for sale, and in +1948 the pattern of their location on the grounds was erratic. +Therefore, in 1948, a new landscape plan was worked out by Mrs. Max +Farrand, a friend of the Straights and the designer of the gardens +at Dumbarton Oaks in Georgetown. Under her supervision, the +boxwoods were transplanted into a great semicircle behind the +house, the level of the lawn was raised, and retaining walls were +placed at several points. This area comprised the farm's only formal +garden; but, in addition, extensive plantings of white pine were +placed as a screen between the house and the road, and the grounds +surrounding the house were planted with a variety of trees and shrubs, +including hemlocks, cherries, and crabapples, and later, lilacs, +azaleas, and rhododendron. + +During the years the Straights lived at the farm, farming operations +consisted of the raising of Hereford cattle. Purchasing yearlings in +the markets of the lower Shenandoah Valley near Winchester, they kept +this stock at the farm for fattening and resale as two-year-old beef +cattle.[76] + +A variety of other animals were kept on the farm, but these were +mainly pets of the children.[77] In addition to their horses and +dogs, certain of the Straights' animals acquired reputations of +extraordinary extent. In particular were a goat which was presented to +the Straights by the author and journalist Eric Sevareid,[78] a +mule acquired from the Alexandria SPCA, and a flock of Canada +geese which eventually became the subject of a special bulletin by +the Audubon Society to prevent local naturalists from erroneously +reporting them as migrants.[79] + +During these years of residence at Green Spring Farm, Michael +Straight served as editor and publisher of _The New Republic_ +magazine, wrote three books, and served on the governing boards of +several organizations active in international affairs.[80] These +activities brought to the farm many visitors whose accomplishments in +politics, literature, science, and the arts were nationally and +internationally recognized. Some of the distinguished visitors to +Green Spring Farm during these years included scientists Julian +Huxley and Leo Szilard, authors Aldous Huxley and Saul Bellow, poet +Dylan Thomas, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black, and political +leader Hubert Humphrey. The farm also was a visiting place for +distinguished journalists from all parts of the United States and +many foreign countries, including Soviet Russia, when they came to +Washington. An account of one of these visits, written by one of the +foreign journalists, is set forth in appendix G.[81] + +The farm became well known in the community of which it was a part as +it was the scene of numerous festive community gatherings when the +neighbors from the immediate area joined the Straights and their +guests to celebrate such special events and holidays as the Fourth of +July and to enjoy dinner, games, and discussions under the trees. + +With the departure of the Straights, active farming operations ceased. +During their occupancy, fundamental changes in the character of +Northern Virginia's development brought the era of farming to an end +and ushered in an era in which this region became part of the social +and economic system centered in Washington. Intensive subdivision and +establishment of commercial service facilities became the highest and +best uses of the land as population growth in the National Capital +area rose at a rate which led other parts of the United States. +Outsiders moving into Northern Virginia and Washington residents +seeking to move from the central city into the outskirts filled up the +open spaces of Fairfax County at a rate of over 1,000 new residents +per month.[82] + +Along with the temptation of high land prices, rising taxes added to +the pressure on the farmer to "sell out" to the land developer. It was +said, with much truth, that one could not afford to be a farmer in +Fairfax County as the 1950's ended and the 1960's began. For the 33 +acres and buildings on Green Spring Farm, as for many other +residences, taxes rose sharply. In 1943, the farm was evaluated at +$7,819, and the tax bill was $194.69; by 1960, the evaluation was +$36,050, and the taxes $1,351.88.[83] + +So, gradually, Green Spring Farm became an island of open space in a +sea of houses and highways. The Little River Turnpike (Route 236) was +widened and modernized in 1959. In 1948, this road had been an +18-foot-wide, two lane black-top roadway. Twenty years later, it had +been transformed into a 106-foot-wide, four-lane dual highway, much of +which was lined with concrete curbs and gutters to accommodate +roadside commercial or residential development. The old turnpike had +been redesigned and, in the late 1960's, carried over 26,000 vehicles +per day.[84] Its function as a major interregional artery of +transportation had been taken over by others, leaving to it a new role +as a major connector in the network of roads and streets serving +primarily local traffic. In contrast to earlier times when proximity +to the road was to be desired, the attractiveness of the farmhouse in +the 1960's was enhanced by its surrounding space which furnished a +shield from the highway and a setting for its activity. + + +III. THE END OF THE FARMING ERA: MICHAEL STRAIGHT (1942-1969) + + [71] John Mosby Beattie, March 1969 interview. Annie Beattie, + afflicted with arthritis, died in 1916, after she and family + had moved into Alexandria to a house on Peyton Street owned by + her husband, Fountain Beattie, and Walton Moore. + + [72] Fairfax County Deed Book C-8, p. 446. + + [73] Fairfax County Deed Book Y-8, p. 50; J-9, p. 23; X-10, p. 413; + V-11, p. 586; C-12, p. 509. + + [74] Fairfax County Deed Book P-15, p. 145. + + [75] Michael and Belinda Straight, interview December 8, 1968. During + the remodeling, the Straights lived in the spring house, which + they called "The Cottage." + + [76] _Ibid._ Aberdeens were also brought to the farm, but did not + thrive as well as Herefords. The Straights' herd ranged from + 15 to 25 at any one time. Bought at weights of about 500 + pounds, these cattle were held until they weighed 1,100 to + 1,200 pounds and then were sold for beef. + + [77] _Ibid._ The fondness of the Straight children for animals drew + pets from field and pond, including rabbits, birds, snakes, + spiders, and the like. These were housed mainly in the + enclosed side porch. + + [78] _Ibid._ The gift goat was the subject of one of Mr. Sevareid's + columns entitled "It is More Blessed to Give Than to Receive." + During his stay at Green Spring Farm, the goat established a + reputation for eating various valuable articles (such as a + canvas automobile top) and ringing a number of the fruit + trees. + + [79] _Ibid._ The flock of Canada geese started from a pair that was + attracted to one of the farm ponds, which in earlier times had + been used to furnish ice for the farm. As the flock of geese + grew, it ceased to migrate, and frequented the Straights' pond + and nearby Lake Barcroft. + + [80] _Who's Who in America, 1966-1967_, contains the following + information on Mr. Straight: In 1943, he wrote _Make This the + Last War_; in 1954, _Trial by Television_; in 1960, + _Carrington_; and in 1963, _A Very Small Remnant_. In 1943, he + also served as Vice President of the Fight for Freedom; and in + 1946-1947 as Secretary of the Emergency Committee of Atomic + Scientists. + + [81] Michael and Belinda Straight, interview December 8, 1968. This + visit occurred when Mr. Straight was actively engaged in + editing and publishing _The New Republic_ and had occasion, + from time to time, for journalistic contacts in the Soviet + Embassy. From one of these contacts the suggestion was made + that a group of Soviet Russian journalists touring the United + States might be interested in visiting Green Spring Farm. + + [82] Fairfax County Division of Planning, August 1969. + + [83] Fairfax County Tax Books, 1943, 1960. The 1968 evaluation, at 40 + percent of market value, was $93,415, and the total tax was + $4,016.85. In 1923, when the property consisted of 332 acres + and was owned by J. M. Duncan, it was valued at $8,240, and + the taxes were $20.60. + + [84] Resident Engineer, Virginia Department of Highways, Fairfax, + Virginia. August 1969. + + + + +ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION: THE MANSION HOUSE + + +GENERAL SETTING. Green Spring Farm is located in Mason Magisterial +District, approximately one-eighth mile north of Little River Turnpike +and one-eighth mile east of Braddock Road. Via the Little River +Turnpike, the farm is approximately six miles west of Alexandria and +approximately two miles east of Annandale. + +The terrain in the vicinity of the farm is mainly flat, with some very +gentle rolling areas. It is well watered, being crossed by Turkey Cock +Run. During 1946-50, three ponds were dug in back of the house. They +are spring-fed, and their runoff drains into Turkey Cock Run. With the +original forest cover cleared off at least 200 years ago, the present +clusters of pine and oak, and the incidence of hemlock, cherry, +crabapple, and other flowering species, represent a reforestation +several generations removed from the original, and, in other +instances, the landscaping done by the Straights in the late 1940's. + + +HOUSE SITE. The mansion house faces south and is connected with the +Little River Turnpike by a black-top (asphalt-surfaced) road which +passes on the west side of the house and runs north to Braddock Road. +Inside the post and rail fence, alongside this road, the driveway up +to the house is lined with trees, and the yard in front of the house +is open and flat. Between the lawn and the road, a line of cedars in +the fence row serves as a screen. + +The back (north side) of the house faces a semicircular open grass +lawn, bordered with hedges which provide both a screen for the lawn +and a background for several stone carvings and cement castings which +decorate a lawn approximately 1,500 square feet in size. At the +northeast corner of this open space is located the log cabin; beyond +the log cabin, approximately 110 feet in a northeasterly direction, is +the barn, which is converted into living quarters.[85] + +Northwest of the main house, facing on Green Spring Road, is the +spring house. Originally built over a series of natural springs in +order to have water for cooling dairy products, this stone house was +converted into a small dwelling house by the Straights in 1942. + + +GENERAL ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND HISTORY. In its present condition, +the mansion house at Green Spring Farm cannot be considered to +represent any particular period of American architecture. The original +core of the building illustrates a design which was typical of the +colonial era in Tidewater Virginia. This portion of the house is of +brick construction, two stories plus attic and cellar, with the rooms +in each end of the house separated by a center hallway. Large chimneys +at each end of the house made possible heating by fireplaces in each +room. + +It seems probable that this structure formed the core of the mansion +house when it was occupied by the Moss family (1770's to 1835). To +this core, various outbuildings and dependencies were added; a +separate cookhouse or kitchen annex to the main house was one of these +related structures, as were the family's sanitary facilities. Clothes +washing, churning, candlemaking, and various other household tasks +were also performed in separate buildings. No direct evidence of the +appearance of the main house or the various related outbuildings has +been discovered; some inferences about these matters may be drawn from +the inventory of personal property sold from the farm at auction in +1835 and a drawing of the house on an 1840 survey (figure 2). + +Photographs of the south side of the house show the building as it +appeared in 1885 (figure 5). At this time, a one-story porch had been +built across the entire length of the front. The entry into the house +across this porch was open, but on each side of the front door the +porch was enclosed, making small rooms approximately 9 by 12 feet in +size. From each room a door opened out onto the porch. The porch was +roofed with sheet metal, and carved wooden brackets were in the +corners of the center section (figure 5). A sidewalk led from the +entrance in the center of the ivy-covered front porch straight across +the spacious, shaded lawn. + +Photographs in 1936 show the front porch removed but with clear signs +of its recent presence showing in the whitewash on the front wall of +the house (figure 7). At this time, the roof of the main house was +sheet metal in place of the earlier use of shingles. However, shingles +still constituted the roofing of the dependency on the east end of the +house. + +The 1885 photographs show a one-story brick addition on the east end +of the house. This was a kitchen, built sometime after the main +portion of the house but still probably in the first half of the +nineteenth century. The notice of sale of the farm following Thomas +Moss's death in 1835 speaks of "a Brick Dwelling, containing eight +rooms, Brick Kitchen, Meat House, Servants' House, ..." and other farm +and outbuildings.[86] Of all the buildings mentioned in this notice, +the kitchen appears to be the most logical and appropriate use for +this addition. Later occupants of the house (1880-1917) used this wing +for a kitchen and describe it as not only the center for preparation +of food but for numerous other household activities, such as +candlemaking.[87] + +The arrangement of rooms during the nineteenth century is not known +with certainty. The 1839 reference to eight rooms suggests that as +originally built the house had four rooms on each floor, with perhaps +no effort to use the attic as living space, at least until the time of +Fountain Beattie who added dormers to the attic and used this top +floor to help accommodate his large family. This inference is +strengthened by the fact that prior to the 1940's the central core of +the house was laid out in this manner. + +[Illustration: Figure 10. GREEN SPRING FARM MANSION HOUSE, Floor Plans, +1969] + +The major renovation of the house in the early 1940's was planned and +carried out by Walter Macomber and resulted in the addition of a wing +on the west end of the central block (in which a new kitchen was +installed), conversion of the old kitchen wing on the east end of the +central core into a living room with a small sunporch attached, +rearrangement of the stairways and central hallway, and certain other +interior changes. This involved removal of substantial amounts of the +original materials in the house and replacement by material considered +to be suitable in terms of age and texture. These changes are +reflected in the exterior appearance and interior room arrangement of +the house at the present time. + +Further structural changes were made in 1960. At this time it was +discovered that the second floor was sagging because of the removal of +bearing walls in 1942 when the first floor was converted from four +rooms into two.[88] This situation was corrected by pouring concrete +footings in the basement and setting in them a series of steel +columns. These columns ran up through the wall on the west side of the +central hallway and were topped by a steel beam running the width of +the house. The joists for the second floor were anchored in this new +beam.[89] + +At the same time this structural reinforcement was being added, +several closets, cabinets, and bookcases were built into the rooms on +the second floor and attic, making use of space under the eaves. + +The remodeling done in 1960 was designed and supervised by Keyes, +Lethbridge & Condon, Washington architects. + +At the present time, the exterior fabric appears to be sound and well +maintained. On the interior, a certain amount of deterioration is +evidenced in the looseness of the joints in the flooring and stairs +and in the uneven settling of door frames in the original portion of +the house. The grounds adjacent to the house are in good condition and +appear to be well maintained. + + +TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION--EXTERIOR. + +_Overall Dimensions._ Width: 78 feet by 25 feet in central section, +and 20 feet in wings. Height: central section, two and one-half +stories; wings, one and one-half stories; sunporch, one story. + +_Foundations._ The central section of the house stands on brick +foundations which are carried up through the basement walls. + +A brick wall extending upward to the second floor divides the basement +into two sections and served as part of the original foundations. In +the basement, a series of arches in this wall permitted passage +between the two sections. In 1960, the upper portions of this wall +were found to have deteriorated to the point that it was necessary to +pour concrete footings in the basement and erect a series of steel +columns up through the wall to relieve it from bearing the weight of +the second-floor beams and floor joists. + +The east wing (present living room, former kitchen) rests on brick +foundations, with the present wooden flooring laid over the original +cobblestone floor of the old kitchen. The west wing (present kitchen) +rests on concrete footings and slab at grade. + +_Wall Construction._ Walls are constructed of medium red brick (3 +by 9 by 12 inches), using the following bonds: central block +front--Flemish bond; central block rear--English bond; central block +end walls--English bond; east wing--American or common bond, with +seven courses of stretchers to each course of headers; west +wing--American or common bond, with six courses of stretchers to +each course of headers. + +_Chimneys._ Interior brick chimneys are located in the center of the +east and west ends of the central block. These chimneys have separate +flues for four fireplaces (two each on the first and second floors) +and measure 5 feet by 2 feet 8 inches. Three courses of brick are +corbelled to make the capping of the chimneys. + +The end walls of the east and west wings of the house also each have +an interior chimney centered in the wall. The chimney in the east +wing, measuring 3 feet by 1 foot 8 inches and having three courses of +brick corbelled for a capping, was used for the fireplace in the old +kitchen which occupied that part of the house prior to 1942. + +_Doors and Doorways._ The front doorway is inset (1 foot 8 inches) in +an entrance faced with white painted wooden panels. The entrance is +framed by a plain triangular pediment and pilasters without +decorations on either shafts or capitals. The front door is a +six-panel door, designed to harmonize with the interior doors which +are originals. Over the door is a four-light rectangular transom. + +The rear entrance is a 6 by 8-foot portico, built up three steps from +ground level. Along the sides of the portico are 3-foot railings, +inside of which are wooden boxes which serve both as storage boxes and +as seats. The portico roof is supported by wooden Doric columns set at +its outer edges, and the front end of the roof is a plain triangular +pediment. The rear doorway has a transom and door similar to the front +doorway. + +The kitchen door opens onto a 4 by 4-foot wooden porch with railing +and three steps to ground level. + +The sunporch door has interchangeable screen and glass panels for +winter and summer use and opens on the front of the house at ground +level. + +_Windows and Shutters._ In the central block, the front doorway is +flanked by French windows, with 12-over-9 lights in double-hung wooden +sash. The rear windows on the first floor are 9-over-9 lights in +double-hung wooden sash. Windows on the second floor front and rear +sides are 6-over-6 lights in double-hung wooden sash, as are the +dormer windows and gable end windows. The windows on the first and +second floors of the central block have 2-foot 10-inch wooden sills +and full-length louvered shutters hung on pintles (two on each side of +the window frame). Window frames, sills, and muntins are painted dark +green. + +In the east and west wings of the house, the front windows are +6-over-6 lights in double-hung wooden sash. The rear window in the +east wing (living room) has a dead-light picture window (6 by 4 feet) +flanked by windows with 6-over-9 lights in double-hung wooden sash. +Window frames, sills, and muntins are white, and full-length wooden +shutters are dark green. + +In the brickwork of the house, flat arches have been laid over all of +the windows on the first floor, except over the windows on the rear of +the central block. + +The sunporch on the east end of the house is of frame construction and +has nine windows (2-1/2 by 5 feet) on three sides. + +_Roof._ Photographs taken about 1900 show the house with an enclosed +porch across the front and a sheet metal roof on the porch. In +contrast, the central block of the house and the kitchen (east) wing +have shingled roofs (figure 5). Photographs in 1936 show the central +portion of the house with a sheet metal roof (figure 7). In 1942, the +roofing on all parts of the house was replaced with specially made +concrete shingles, which are still in place.[90] + +The roof is a simple medium-pitched roof with plain gable ends. +Interior chimneys are centered in each end of the center section and +in the east end of the living room (former kitchen) wing. + +Full-length copper gutters are incorporated into the eaves and project +approximately six inches above and beyond the cornice. + +Cornices on the front and rear of the center section of the house are +composed of dentils, running approximately three segments per foot. +Identical plain wooden cornices are used on the front and rear of the +two wings of the house. + +Each wing has one dormer centered in the front and two on the rear +sides of the roof. The center section of the house has three dormers +on the front side of the roof. All dormers have a single window, +consisting of 6-over-6 lights, set vertically in the front face. All +dormers have beaded ship-lap siding laid parallel to the pitched roof. +This latter feature appears to be a change made in 1942 since +photographs of the house in 1885 and 1936 show the siding on the +dormers laid parallel to the ground. + +_Enclosures._ A post and rail fence stands at the edge of the front +lawn and, together with a line of hemlocks growing immediately inside +the fence, forms a screen between the house and the entrance road +leading in from the Little River Turnpike. In the rear, a semicircular +screen of boxwood frames the lawn. + + +TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION--INTERIOR. + +_Central Block._ The central block of the house, comprising the +portion which was built first (possibly as early as 1760), is laid out +on the traditional pattern used by many colonial Virginia homes--a +central hallway with one or two rooms on each side, with chimneys at +each end serving fireplaces in each room. In the case of Green Spring +Farm, a narrow (4-foot 6-inch-wide) central hallway runs straight +through from the front door to an opposing rear door. Floor boards are +of random width (5 to 6 inches), and walls are paneled 3 feet 6 inches +up from the floor, with wallpaper above. Doorways open off the central +hallway into a library (east side) and a dining room (west side). + +Prior to 1942, the rear portion of the center hallway contained +stairways to the second floor and to the basement, while still +allowing access to the rear door. In 1942, however, the stairway to +the basement was shifted to the west (new kitchen) wing, which was +built at that time; and the stairway to the second floor was shifted +into the library.[91] + +In the library, at the rear of the room a narrow (2-foot 6-inch-wide) +stairway rises from the corner nearest the hallway to the second floor +hallway above (figure 13). This stairway extends over the hall doorway +and, together with a panel-and-spindle partition, forms a covered +entryway into the room. A small closet utilizes the space underneath +the stairs. + +The present library is a designed room, created in 1942 by Walter +Macomber. The design utilizes the full width of the house and thus +replaces two rooms (approximately 12 by 12 feet) which originally had +comprised the first area east of the central hallway. This original +room design had had a fireplace in each of these two rooms, and in +1942 both were replaced. The one serving the rear room was taken out +entirely as the doorway into the living room wing was cut through at +that point. The one in the former front room was replaced by another +fireplace, specially designed by Mr. Macomber, and built of materials +from a late eighteenth century tavern near Peace Cross, Maryland.[92] + +Built into the east wall of the library on each side of the fireplace +are identical cabinets, the lower parts of which are enclosed and the +upper parts are open shelves. The overmantel area is wallpapered, as +are the portions of the room's wall occupied by the window facing the +front yard and the wall between the library and central hallway. Open +shelving for books occupies part of this latter wall, to a height of +eight feet. + +The entire room has a cornice molding of stained wood, matching the +paneling used for the stairs, the fireplace, and the built-in +cabinets flanking the fireplace. Across the central hallway, the +present dining room was designed and created in 1942. As in the +case of the library, brick interior walls separating two smaller rooms +(approximately 12 by 12 feet) were removed to allow the dining room to +utilize the full width (25 feet) of the house. The fireplace +serving the rear of the original rooms was replaced by a doorway +into the new kitchen wing through a butler's pantry. The fireplace +serving the front of the original rooms was retained in the present +dining room. Beside this fireplace and extending to the front wall is +a butterfly cupboard specially designed for that location. Chair +rail, baseboard, and door trim in the room are thought to be original; +but the ceiling cornice was added in 1942 and consists of double-ogee +design over beaded plasterboard which is typical of the period of +the house.[93] A cupboard by the doorway to the butler's pantry is +of modern design and was installed as an added convenience in the +dining room. + +The doors to the central hallway and to the butler's pantry are +thought to have been originally on the second floor of the house.[94] +The hallway door has six panels, with beaded edges and quarter-round +molding in the panels. A fillet molding (4-1/2 inches) surrounds the +doorway frame. The door has been drastically trimmed to fit the frame. +The door to the butler's pantry has four panels but with a flat raised +panel and no quarter-round molding at the panel edges--a style typical +of the later nineteenth century. + +The second floor of the central block of the house originally was laid +out identically with the first floor--that is, two rooms on each side +of a central hallway. In the 1942 renovation, this same room +arrangement was retained for the west side of the central hall (above +the dining room), while on the east side of the hall a single bedroom +(12 by 25 feet) was created using the full depth of the house. In this +bedroom, cabinets with louvered double doors were installed on each +side of the fireplace and painted white to match the fireplace mantel. +This fireplace is one of the features retained from the original house +and has a mantel which is plain except for a denticulated molding. +Chair rail, also thought to be original, is installed on all exposed +areas of wall in the room. + +Across the central hallway, the two bedrooms retain the same basic +design of the original house. Both are approximately 11 by 11 feet and +have random-width flooring and chair rail on two sides of the room. +The original fireplaces have been retained in these rooms. In the +front room, the fireplace mantel is entirely plain; in the rear room, +the mantel has two supporting columns and has three diamond shapes +carved in the wood. Both rooms have built-in cabinets, shelves, and +closets, some of which were installed in 1942 and some which were +added in 1960. Also added in 1942 is the door connecting the front +bedroom with the staircase from the first floor of the west wing. +Through the passageway at the head of these stairs, there is access to +the second floor of the west wing. + +The third floor (or attic) is entered by a stairway in the central +staircase. At the head of this stairway is a hallway connecting +bedrooms in the east and west ends of the house and providing access +to closets at the rear of the house and a small bathroom (7 by 7 feet) +at the front of the house. The bathroom has a dormer window to the +front of the house, and each of the bedrooms has a dormer window to +the front and a window in the gable end wall. The gable end windows +are set in plaster arches, flanked in each case by a 4-foot-high +candle shelf. Both bedrooms have built-in closets, cupboards, and +shelves. Bedroom walls have plain plaster finish and plain wooden +baseboards, no cornices, and no chair rail. + +_East Wing._ The east wing of the house presently includes the living +room and a sunporch. The floor level of this wing is 1 foot 8 inches +lower than the floor level of the central block; and the connecting +doorway has three steps, with double doors at the top step. + +The date when the east wing was built is not certain, but it is +probable that the basic structure comprising the wing was constructed +around 1840 and thereafter used as a kitchen or combination +kitchen-dining room until the renovation of the house in 1942. +Photographs taken about 1900 and in 1936 show this wing with a door +opening to the front of the house at ground level. The floor of the +old kitchen was laid with cobblestones, and the east end of the room +had a great hearth and Dutch oven. Food was cooked here and taken up +the stairs into the main part of the house. Many other household +chores (such as soapmaking) were performed here.[95] + +When the house was renovated in 1942, the cobblestone floor of the +room was overlaid with wooden flooring and pine wainscotting was added +to the walls. On the north side, looking out onto the semicircular +lawn, a picture window was installed. On the south side of the room, +the outside door was replaced with a window similar to the one already +in that side (figure 9). The large hearth and fireplace were replaced +with a smaller one similar to what had been installed in the library +(with the unusual wooden lintel). + +According to the renovator, the paneling for the doorway connecting +the living room and library came from Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The +overmantel and paneling around the living room fireplace and over the +doorway connecting the living room and sunporch came from a tavern +near Peace Cross, Maryland, where it had been used as shuttering.[96] +The architraves around the fireplace and pilasters were designed by +the renovator from materials obtained in Pennsylvania.[97] The cornice +in the living room is of cypress wood. + +Entrance to the sunporch from the living room is through a doorway +trimmed in material from an old building in Pennsylvania. + +Wrought iron H hinges are used on the built-in cabinets in the east +wall (next to the fireplace). The sunporch door has wrought iron +hinges and a brass box lock. + +The sunporch, added to the east wing in 1942, is frame construction on +a concrete slab floor. When built, it was a screened porch, but later +was converted to glass window panels to accommodate plants and pet +animals in all seasons. + +On the second floor of the east wing is a bedroom and bathroom suite, +entered from the central block of the house on the second floor level. +Dormer windows are on the north (rear) and south (front) sides of the +bedroom, and the bathroom has a dormer window on the north side. The +bedroom has built-in closets, shelves, and cupboards, the hardware of +which is wrought iron. Doors have box locks and small brass door +knobs. Two steps are built into the doorway connecting the east wing +with the central block of the house on the second floor level. + +_West Wing._ The west wing of the house was added in 1942, and was +designed by the renovator, Walter Macomber. + +The first floor contains a modern kitchen, a butler's pantry, and a +staircase containing stairways to the basement and to the second +floor, together with storage closets. An exterior door in the end wall +provides direct access to the outside. + +The second floor of the west wing contains a bedroom and bathroom +suite similar in layout to the suite on the second floor of the east +wing. The bedroom contains built-in closets, shelves, and cupboards, +and wrought iron hardware (thumb latches and H and L hinges). + +_Basement._ The basement is beneath the central block of the house, +and its design is basically unchanged from the original except for the +concrete footings and steel columns placed there in 1960 to strengthen +the deteriorating brick interior wall. The basement was not extended +underneath either of the two wings of the house when they were +constructed. + +Entrance to the basement originally was by a stairway located at the +end of the central hallway, where also was located the stairway to the +second floor and attic. In 1942, however, the stairway to the basement +was shifted to a new staircase located in the new west wing of the +house, where it is at the present time. The basement currently +contains gas heating equipment for the house, a water heater, and +storage space. + + +ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION: THE MANSION HOUSE + + [85] Mrs. Michael Straight, interview December 1969. Certain pieces + of the garden sculpture are from Peking, China. Others include + "Frog Girl" by Willi Soukop. + + [86] _Alexandria Gazette_, November 6, 1839. + + [87] John Mosby Beattie, interview April 17, 1969. + + [88] David Condon, AIA; interview December 11, 1969. The earlier room + layout of the central block of the house had two rooms, each + about 12 by 12 feet, on each side of the central hallway which + ran through the house widthwise. Each of these four rooms had + its own fireplace located in the end wall. This pattern was + duplicated in the four rooms on the second floor. + + A somewhat unusual feature of this building was that the + joists for the first and second floors ran lengthwise rather + than across the house. They were anchored in the brick outer + wall and in a brick bearing wall running the width of the + house in the basement and extending up to the second floor. In + 1960, it was found that this wall was crumbling and in danger + of allowing the second-floor joists to pull out of their + sockets. The installation of a series of steel columns holding + up a steel beam had the effect of taking all bearing weight + off this original segment of brick wall. + + [89] _Ibid._ The location of this masonry wall in the basement and + its extension upward to the second floor made it possible for + the original house to have the floor joists set lengthwise + with the house instead of front-to-back. The joists were thus + anchored in the outside walls at each end of the house and in + the center wall running midway through the house. + + [90] Walter Macomber, interview held July 16, 1968, at Green Spring + Farm. Mr. Macomber's description of these shingles is as + follows: "This shingle is something I helped develop for + Williamsburg. We never did use it extensively, but it was made + ... in Richmond [by] a man named Hendricks.... It's made of + concrete reinforced with two or three wires to the length of + it." + + [91] _Ibid._ This stairway was also reversed when it was moved into + the library. As it originally stood in the hallway, the + stairway ran upward from front to rear of the house, and a + stairway to the basement was constructed underneath so as to + run down to the basement from the rear to the front of the + house. + + A second stairway between the first and second floors was also + installed in a new staircase constructed in the new kitchen + (west) wing built in 1942. + + [92] _Ibid._ Transcript of Mr. Macomber's description of the library + is as follows: + + _Mr. Macomber_: Now this room--the library--is a designed + room. + + _Mr. Netherton_: By you, do you mean? + + _Mr. Macomber_: Yes. + + _Mrs. Netherton_: Do you know what the room was before? + + _Mr. Macomber_: Well, it was really plain. + + _Mrs. Netherton_: Is this an Adam mantelpiece? + + _Mr. Macomber_: You could call this an Adam mantel, + although it's not truly. It's a mantel of about 1790.... + This wood came from an old tavern near Peace Cross in + Maryland. The building was torn down to make way for a + large shopping center. This is all designed. This is a + design of my own with the little dovetails which are a + little affectation of mine. [Pointing to the entryway + between the library and central hall.] At least part of + this stair was original. The newel post and the balusters + and the paneling under the first run of the stair are + original, and the sheathing from that point up into the + hall is a design, and was made right on the job by our + carpenters. + + _Mrs. Netherton_: Did you lengthen these windows to the + floor? + + _Mr. Macomber_: They were this way when we got the house, + but they had been changed some time prior to 1942. + + * * * * * + + _Mrs. Netherton_: The cupboard was part of the design, was + it not? + + _Mr. Macomber_: Yes, it was, and I think this is one of + the panels that came from Pennsylvania.... [Also] the + paneled jamb from the library down into the living room + came from this old building in Lancaster County + [Pennsylvania]. And also the trim around the opening. + + The renovator's description of the dining room included the + following comments: + + _Mr. Macomber_: The mantel is a mantel of the period, and + I'm quite sure it was in this room. The butterfly cupboard + beside it is a design that was added to the room, and + designed and built and installed for this particular + location. The dining room, being a small room, we planned + the recess beside the fireplace for the sideboard and also + to give a little more space in the room and in the pantry. + The chair rail I'm sure is original and the door trim, but + the cornice I installed. The base is original, in most + cases, I believe the doors are original, although the + bottom rail has been cut off on this to such a degree, it + looks as though it might have been for another opening. + And that's true on the door into the library. + + [93] _Ibid._ + + [94] _Ibid._ Mr. Macomber's recollection is that "I'm quite sure it + came from the second floor because it's the same as the door + into the nursery room...." As to the door into the hallway, he + notes that it originally had been painted dark blue-green. + + [95] Michael and Belinda Straight, interview of December 8, 1968. + John Mosby Beattie recalls when animal fat was cooked in the + fireplace of the old kitchen to make soap. + + [96] Walter Macomber, interview July 16, 1969. + + [97] _Ibid._ According to local tradition, the tavern near Peace + Cross originally was a residence, then a tavern, a gambling + house, and a bawdy house. While a gambling house, it was + robbed, and shots were fired after the fleeing burglar. One of + the shots went into the shutters, and the hole made by this + shot is still visible in the portion of the shutter used as + paneling in the living room. + + + + +[Illustration: Tobey House Approach, Green Spring Farm] + +[Illustration: Tobey House, Patio and Fountain] + +[Illustration: Tobey House, Interior. Figure 14. Photos by Robert +Lautman, c. 1960] + +ASSOCIATED BUILDINGS + + +I. THE TOBEY HOUSE + +HISTORY. The Tobey House is located approximately one-quarter mile +east-southeast of the main house on Green Spring Farm. It was built in +1954 as a residence for Mrs. Charles W. Tobey, the mother of Mrs. +Michael Straight and widow of the late distinguished United States +Senator from New Hampshire. Prior to that time, Mrs. Tobey had resided +part of the time in Washington and part of the time in Concord, New +Hampshire, where she owned a spacious, gabled New England mansion +built about 1750. In order for her to be nearer her daughter and +grandchildren, arrangements were made by Michael Straight to have a +small, modern, open-design house built for Mrs. Tobey on Green Spring +Farm.[98] + +Architectural plans were completed in the fall of 1953, and +construction was completed in 1954. Here Mrs. Tobey lived with her +housekeeper, Miss Frances McFall, from 1954 to 1968.[99] + +The house originally was comprised of a living-dining room, kitchen, +two bedrooms, bath, and utility (heater) room. In 1957, however, it +was expanded by the addition of another living room, bathroom, and +utility room. At this time, also, the carport was relocated, and +terraces were created on the east and west sides of the house. The +result was to enlarge the living space within the house and to create +an arrangement whereby a living room, bath, and utility room could be +partitioned off (by a folding door) to make a guest suite. The +addition of the semienclosed areas adjacent to the house, with their +flagstone terraces and fountain pool, made for the enjoyment of +outdoor activities. + +Inside the house, the design and decor encouraged the feeling of +closeness to the outdoors by the location of window space and the use +of floor-to-ceiling glass walls at points where the landscaped +surroundings of the house could be seen from the inside; and paneled +walls provided a neutral yet sympathetic background for many fine +pieces of antique furniture and other artifacts which Mrs. Tobey +brought from New Hampshire. Also, use of horizontal ship-lap siding +for the exterior gives a suggestion of New England clapboards. + +Following her residence in the house from 1954 to 1968, Mrs. Tobey +moved to Washington, D.C., and the house was occupied by tenants. + +[Illustration: Figure 15. Tobey House Floor Plans, 1957] + +[Illustration: First Section, 1954] + + +GENERAL SETTING AND SITE OF THE HOUSE. Located in the southeast corner +of Green Spring Farm, the Tobey House enjoys a setting of generally +open, slightly rolling countryside.[100] This setting is preserved on +the land which comprises the farm. Beyond these limits, however, the +neighborhood of the farm has experienced a rapid and drastic +transition in the 1950's and 1960's. As a result, its predominantly +rural character has been largely replaced by tracts of subdivisions +composed of single-family dwellings on lots ranging from one-fifth to +one-half acre of land. At the same time, the Little River Turnpike +(Route 236) has attracted extensive roadside commercial development, +resulting in increased highway traffic generated by the intensified +density of land use. This has accentuated the importance of the farm's +buffer space in preserving the tranquility and natural beauty which +the owner and architect sought for the Tobey House. + +The site of the house is set back from the Little River Turnpike +approximately one-eighth mile and is connected with the pike by its +own driveway. The driveway approaches the house from the southwest +where the view first is of the carport and the 1957 addition. The +immediate vicinity of the house has been left relatively open to +provide a feeling of spaciousness when viewed from inside the house. +Landscaped trees and shrubs located around the house preserve this +feeling of an open natural setting while providing cover for the house +and terraces. + + +ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN. Since it was Mrs. Tobey's desire to enjoy the +site as well as the house, the general design of the house contains +features specifically aimed to permit this. On the east side, the +flagstone terrace and fountain pool are partially covered by the +overhang of the flat roof and a trellis. On the west side of the +house, a covered flagstone walkway from house to the carport runs +between a hedge and fence on one side and a small courtyard with +flower beds and trees on the other. In the living room added in 1957, +the only opening is a large picture window set in a bay which contains +a planter box with living plants. + +Architecturally, the house is of particular interest because its basic +objective of facilitating an indoor-outdoor style of living is +achieved with simple, open lines and harmonious materials.[101] Set +upon a concrete slab, the wooden walls of the house are overlaid with +wooden beams placed so as to intersect and create the appearance of +squares and rectangular modules on the ceiling. A flat wooden deck +roof rests on these beams. No prefabricated units were utilized in the +construction of the house, and all pieces were individually specified, +cut, and fitted together. + +The architect for the Tobey House was David Condon, AIA, of Keyes, +Lethbridge & Condon, Washington, D.C. The landscape architect was Eric +Paepcke of Washington, D.C. Interior design was done by Top Recker and +Patricia Holsaert. Construction was performed by Hayes Brothers of +Herndon, Virginia (figures 14 and 15). + + +EXTERIOR FEATURES. The overall dimensions of the house are 70 by 25 +feet; the carport measures 11 by 21 feet. Exterior walls are gray +stained cypress, laid on horizontally in ship-lap style, with white +trim. Full-length glass panels serve as walls in the section of the +house called "the gallery," facing the terrace on the east side of the +house. + +The fountain pool in the east side terrace measures 6 by 13 feet. The +pool water does not recirculate but is piped from the house water +supply and can be controlled by a faucet. + + +ENCLOSURES. A wooden post and rail ranch fence encloses the field +where the house is located. + + +LANDSCAPING. Pine and plane trees are planted for shade near the house +and screening from the highway on the west side. Wisteria is planted +for the trellis over the terrace on the west side of the house to +shield it from the afternoon sun. In the immediate vicinity of the +house, vinca minor (periwinkle) is used as ground cover. + + +INTERIOR FEATURES. The Tobey House contains 2,062 square feet of floor +space. + +Room arrangements for the original structure and following the +addition in 1957 are shown in figure 15. + +Interior walls are of vertical cypress paneling, and floors are wooden +parquet. Ceilings have exposed beam and plank construction. + +Interior features when Mrs. Tobey was in residence included wood +carvings from a Scandinavian sailing ship salvaged when it sank off +the New England Coast. + +Woodburning fireplaces are located in the living room of the original +portion of the house (now used as a study) and the living room of the +1957 addition. + +The house is centrally heated with radiant heat from the floor. No +central air conditioning was provided in the original portion; but, +when the addition was built in 1957, central air conditioning was +provided for it and ducts were extended into the living room of the +original portion. Window air-conditioning units were installed in the +bedrooms. + + +II. THE BARN + +Located approximately 200 feet northeast of the main house is a +two-story frame barn. Its date of construction is not certain, but it +is known to have been present when the Straights acquired the farm in +1942. During the occupancy of the farm by the Straights, the barn was +converted into a laundry and a maid's apartment. As renovated for this +purpose, the first floor of the barn contained space and equipment for +the laundry, a kitchen, and a bathroom. The second floor contained +living quarters and a bathroom. Access to the second floor was by an +exterior stairway (figure 17). + +Overall dimensions of the barn are 14-1/2 by 24-1/2 feet. Its +construction is frame with eight-inch siding laid on vertically and +two-inch battens used to cover and seal the joints. The exterior is +stained brown with no trim. The exterior stairway is constructed of +wood and leads to a second floor entrance in the center of the east +end of the building. The stairway is in two segments. One, on the +south side, reaches from the ground to a landing at the corner of the +building; the other, on the east side, reaches from the landing to the +entrance door. The peak of the roof is approximately 17-1/2 feet from +the ground. + + +III. THE LOG CABIN + +Located approximately 90 feet northeast of the main house is a small +one-story house of log construction. Its date of construction is +uncertain, although it is possible that this building is the +"Servants' House" referred to in the notice of the commissioner's sale +of the farm following the death of William Moss in 1835.[102] + +During the Straights' occupancy of the farm, the cabin was renovated +and converted into a guest house. During the later years, their son, +David, lived in the cabin. + +The renovation carried out by the Straights resulted in enlargement +and reframing of the windows, reconstruction of the existing door on +the west side, and reconstruction of the brick chimney at the north +end of the building. At the same time, another doorway was added on +the east side (figure 18). + +[Illustration: Figure 19. Spring House Floor Plans, 1960] + + +IV. THE SPRING HOUSE + +HISTORY. References to a spring house appear frequently in descriptions +of Green Spring Farm during the nineteenth century.[103] The well +watered character of the farm, possessing springs of its own and +traversed by Turkey Cock Run, was an advantage of great value to all +its owners. Quite possibly the presence of the springs was decisive in +enabling both the Mosses and Fountain Beattie to make dairying a +substantial part of the farm's operations. In the 1830's, many of the +types of equipment and utensils typically used in making and preserving +butter, cheese, and fresh milk were listed in inventories of personal +property at the farm. During this period and later, the presence of the +Little River Turnpike would have made it feasible to sell dairy +products regularly in Alexandria, six miles away, and in the +District of Columbia, nine miles away.[104] It is equally likely that +a spring house was also one of the focal points of the farm's cider +and brandy-making activities at those times when the orchards +flourished. + +After the sale of the farm by Fountain Beattie in 1917, the level of +its operations gradually decreased. By 1940, the spring house stood +unused, as neither dairying nor orchard activities were carried on. +Therefore, when the Straights ordered the renovation of the main house +in 1942, it was suggested that the spring house be converted into a +residence for the farm's caretaker. + +Conversion of the spring house into a residence was carried out under +the direction of Walter Macomber of Washington, D.C., who also had +been in charge of remodeling the main house. Using the basic stone +shell of the house, which was structurally sound, a two-story house +was designed with living room, bedroom, kitchen, and utility (heater) +room on the first floor and a bedroom, bathroom, and storage area on +the second floor.[105] (See figure 19.) In this work, new materials +were used, except that slate shingles taken from the main house (where +the roof was being replaced) were used for roofing the spring house. + +In 1961, the second major remodeling of the house enlarged it and +attempted to reduce the dampness due to its location in the midst of +the springs. The architects for this work were Keyes, Lethbridge & +Condon of Washington, D.C. As a result of this work, the roof was +raised to permit construction of a new bedroom and storage room on the +second floor. On the first floor, enclosure of a porch permitted the +addition of a bathroom and closet to the downstairs bedroom. +Substantial remodeling of the kitchen was also undertaken, in which a +closet was converted into cabinets, new flooring was laid, and new +kitchen fixtures were installed. + + +EXTERIOR. The original portion of the spring house is constructed of +stone, with stucco exterior finish. The frame addition is covered with +rough-sawn redwood lap siding over half-inch vapor-sealed sheathing. +The roofing for this portion of the house is slate shingles, matching +the slate roof of the original portion which used shingles taken from +the mansion house when it was renovated in 1942. Copper gutters and +downspouts were installed in 1961, as was copper flashing at the base +of the chimney. + + +ASSOCIATED BUILDINGS + +I. THE TOBEY HOUSE + + [98] Title to the property on which the house was built remained in + Michael and Belinda Straight. + + [99] "A New House with Young Ideas," _House and Garden_, December + 1958. + + [100] David Condon, AIA, interview December 12, 1969. Initially it was + proposed to locate the house with its back to a line of trees + separating the upper and lower portions of the pasture west of + the main farm house. This would have taken advantage of the + view to the west of the house, considered to be its best view. + Ultimately, however, the house was located in the lower + pasture, closer to the Little River Turnpike but screened from + the highway by a line of trees planted for that purpose. + + [101] _Ibid._ This is the opinion of David Condon, who served as + architect for both the original building and its subsequent + addition. He notes that the building's style was rare in the + Eastern United States, although it had appeared and was + popular on the West Coast. + + +III. THE LOG CABIN + + [102] _Alexandria Gazette_, November 6, 1839, advertisement. + + +IV. THE SPRING HOUSE + + [103] _Alexandria Gazette_, November 6, 1839, advertisement; John + Mosby Beattie, interview April 17, 1969. + + [104] John Schlebecker, Curator, Division of Agriculture and Mining, + Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian Institution, + Washington, D.C. Interview held February 26, 1969. + + [105] Walter Macomber, interview July 16, 1968. It appears that no + drawings were made of the spring house as it appeared before + its conversion into a caretaker's residence, and no plans have + been preserved to show the construction undertaken for the + conversion. + +[Illustration: Figure 20. Fairfax County Property Identification Map, +1969, Green Spring Farm, Quadrant 72-1.] + + + + +APPENDIX A + +COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA + COUNTY OF FAIRFAX + HISTORIC LANDMARKS SURVEY + + + Name of Property: Green Spring Farm (Moss House) + + Owner: Michael W. Straight et ux. + + Location (Street Address): 4601 Green Spring Road, Alexandria, Va. + + Mailing Address: c/o Mudge, Stern, Baldwin & Todd, + 20 Broad Street, + New York, New York 10005 + + Other Locational Data: One block east of Braddock Road, on + Little River Turnpike. + + Acreage: 31.688 + + Property Identification Number: 72-1-001-24 + + Deed Book Reference: Deed Book P 15, page 145. + + Location of Title: Fairfax County Courthouse + + Assessed Value: $93,415 ($17,365 buildings) + January 1969 listing. + + Zoning Status: RE-0.5 + + Present Use: Residence + + Restrictions: ---- + + Magisterial District: Mason + + Planning District: Annandale + + Open to Public: No + + Setting: House itself is well screened from + the road, and the garden in back has + been well designed. + + Additional Material Available: See Virginiana Collection files, + Fairfax County Public Library: HABSI + form 1969; photographs; color slides; + clippings; research notes. + + Nan and Ross Netherton, + _Green Spring Farm_, manuscript, 1969. + + F. Johnston, + _Memorials of Old Virginia Clerks_, + Lynchburg, Va., 1888 + + Date: 10/13/69 Recorder: Mrs. Ross D. Netherton + Division of Planning + + + + +APPENDIX B + +GREEN SPRING FARM HISTORY OF OWNERSHIP + + +1706 Grant from the Proprietors, LADY MARGARET CULPEPER, THOMAS +(5th) LORD FAIRFAX and CATHERINE his wife, to JOHN WEST, WILLIAM +HARRISON, THOMAS PEARSON and THOMAS HARRISON. For 4,639 acres on Great +Hunting Creek and Indian Branch. + +Northern Neck Grants 3, December 23, 1706, p. 153. + + +1739 Survey by John Warner for GEORGE HARRISON and JOHN SUMMERS +ordered by William Fairfax, Agent for THOMAS (6th) LORD FAIRFAX for +about 500 acres of waste land joining on West, Pearson and Harrison's +land and Summers' land. + +Northern Neck Grants Book E, November 21, 1739, p. 72. + + +1740 Grant from the PROPRIETOR'S OFFICE to GEORGE HARRISON and JOHN +SUMMERS, of 834 acres surveyed by John Warner, located on Indian and +Turkey Cock Runs. (George Harrison was the brother-in-law of Hugh +West, the elder.) + +Northern Neck Grants Book E, May 10, 1740, p. 216. + + +1777 Conveyance from JOHN WEST (son of Hugh West, the elder) +deceased, to HUGH WEST (his son and grandson of Hugh West, the elder), +of about 400 acres adjoining John Summers. + +Fairfax County Will Book D, February 7, 1777, p. 4. + + +Deed from DANIEL and REBECCA SUMMERS to JOHN MOSS, a parcel of land +for 300 pounds. (Two pages have been torn out of the deed book here.) + +Fairfax County Deed Book M, September 11, 1777, p. 324. + + +1788 Deed from BALDWIN and CATHERINE DADE to JOHN MOSS for 310 +pounds current money of Virginia, for part of the Turkey Cock tract on +Indian and Turkey Cock Branches, being the land Baldwin Dade purchased +from a certain Hugh West relation. (Note: George Harrison, uncle of +John West, willed all his property to John after the decease of his +wife Martha.) + +Fairfax County Deed Book R, October 20, 1788, p. 256. + + +1789 Lease from BRYAN FAIRFAX to JOHN MOSS for 7,000 acres on the +west side of Difficult Run, and Towlston. + +Fairfax County Deed Book R, April 2, 1789, p. 397. + + +1794 Deed from WILLIAM HENRY and AMELIA TERRETT and MARGARET WEST +to JOHN MOSS for 180 acres, 1 road and 14 perches for 421 pounds 10 +pence, current money of Virginia. Property on both sides of the +Turnpike road, abutting Summers, Norris, Scott, and West, Pearson and +Harrison. + +Fairfax County Deed Book Y, December 2, 1794, p. 198. + + +1795 Survey by John Moss, 3 acres on Indian Branch, involved in a +dispute over boundary line with neighbor Hepborn. + +Fairfax County Deed Book X, April 24, 1795, p. 488. + + +1809 Conveyance of will from JOHN MOSS: to sons WILLIAM and THOMAS +the residue of the lands purchased from Summers and Dade to be divided +between them; to son JOHN the plantation whereon he lived which was +leased by John Moss from the late Bryan Fairfax; to daughters PATTY, +MARY and ANNE, all of the lands he bought from William H. Terrett and +houses; the last third of his property to be divided by sons ROBERT, +WILLIAM and Thomas after the decease of his wife ANN. Also mentioned +in his will are his daughter FRANCES MIDDLETON and grandchildren +GIDION and ELIZABETH. (See appendix C.) + +Fairfax County Superior Court Will Book I, p. 1, October 25, 1809. + + +Gift by JOHN MOSS to WILLIAM MOSS and ROBERT MOSS, sons, of 1/3 of two +tracts purchased from Baldwin Dade and Daniel Summers. + +Fairfax County Deed Book J-2, April 14, 1809, p. 272. + + +1835 Public sale for infant heirs of WILLIAM MOSS, deceased. +Advertised in _Alexandria Gazette_, June 12, 1835. Inventory and sale +account. + +Fairfax County Will Book R, March Court, 1835, p. 353; Will Book S, +pp. 7, 298. + + +1843 Sale by THOMAS R. LOVE and ALFRED MOSS, parties of the one +part, to THOMAS SHERIFF, party of the other part, formerly of Barbados +but now of Fairfax County, 341 acres, one road and 25 poles. From +estate of Thomas Moss who died intestate; Final 62, Chancery Court +Proceedings. (See figure 2.) + +Fairfax County Deed Book H-3, p. 226, May 28, 1843. + + +1855 H. W. Thomas, Commissioner, gives grants, bargains and sells +as a settlement on an unpaid debt land owned by JAMES SHERIFF known as +Green Spring purchased by Thomas Sheriff from Thomas Love and Alfred +Moss in 1843, to JAMES BENTON to have and to hold in trust for sole +and separate use of HANNAH O'BRIEN, of Baltimore, free from debts, +liabilities and control of husband Matthew O'Brien and power on her +part to dispose of same by deed or will as though she were a femme +sole. + +Fairfax County Deed Book W-3, p. 424, September 10, 1855. + + +1878 Sale by H. O. Claughton, Commissioner, for SARAH GREEN and L. +M. SAUNDERS, parties of the first part, and FOUNTAIN BEATTIE, party of +the second part, of the land formerly owned by Hannah O'Brien +concerned in a Chancery Court case. (See Suspended File 10, with +O'Brien plaintiff and Green, defendant.) Acreage--339. (See figure +3.) + +Fairfax County Deed Book W-4, p. 271, June 25, 1878. + + +1917 Sale by CAPTAIN FOUNTAIN BEATTIE, widower, to GEORGE SIMS of +Florida, 339 acres. + +Fairfax County Deed Book C-8, p. 446, January 23, 1917. + + +1922 Sale of 339 acres by GEORGE R. SIMS and WALTER KAHN to JAMES +M. DUNCAN of Alexandria. + +Fairfax County Deed Book Y-8, p. 50, June 12, 1922. (See figure 3.) + + +1924 Sale of 332 acres divided into 48 parcels by MARY V. DUNCAN +and CARROLL PIERCE to FREDERICK SEGESSERMAN. + +Fairfax County Deed Book J-9, p. 23, June 23, 1924. + + +1931 Sale of 28 acres "on State Highway 6, a new concrete road from +Alexandria to Virginia" by CAROLINE and FREDERICK SEGESSERMAN to +MINNIE WHITESELL. + + +1942 Sale of 33.128 acres by MINNIE WHITESELL to MICHAEL and +BELINDA STRAIGHT. (See figure 8.) + +Fairfax County Deed Book P-15, p. 147. + + + + +APPENDIX C + +WILL OF JOHN MOSS, 1809 + +Fairfax County Superior Court Willbook No. 1, pp. 1-3. + + +"In the name of God Amen I John Moss of the County of Fairfax and +State of Virginia do hereby make and Ordain this my last will and +testament in manner and form following to wit I give to my son John +Moss the plantation whereon he now lives which was leased by me of the +late Rev^d Bryan Fairfax and the service of my Negro man Nat until the +period arrives when he is to go out free agreeable to a Deed of +Manumition Recorded in Fairfax County Court upon his paying his sister +Frances Middleton Fifty Dollars which with what I have heretofore +given him I consider as his full part of my estate. Item having +already given my daughter Frances Middleton a lease I held under the +said Bryan Fairfax Deceased known as Buck Spring and a negro woman by +the name of Maria as long as she has to serve under the before +mentioned Deed of Manumition I now give and bequeath unto her as her +full part of my estate the sum of Fifty Dollars to be paid her by her +brother John Moss in twelve months after my Decease provided the said +negro man Nat given him shall survive me and come to the actual +possession of my son John Moss. Item I give and bequeath unto my son +Robert Moss and his heirs forever the plantation whereon he now lives +so as to include one third part of the lands I purchased of Daniel +Summers and Baldwin Dade agreeable to the deed I have made him also +two acres on the south side of the Turnpike to be laid off along the +line of West and to join the land I have before given him. In order to +afford an outlet to the Turnpike Road, and as the word (also) may be +understood to imply my Intention is to give him those two acres more +than his third part before-mentioned I declare it is not but that they +are to be included in the same. Item I give and bequeath unto my +grandson Gideon Moss and my grand Daughter Elizabeth K. Moss two +hundred Dollars each to be paid them or their heirs in eighteen months +after my Decease which with what I gave their father in his lifetime I +consider and hereby declare to be their full part of my Estate. Item I +give to wife Ann Moss during her natural life the use of all the rest +and residue of my Estate real, personal and mixed for the support of +her and such of my daughters as may be at the time of my Death +unmarried and after her decease I give and bequeath unto my Sons +William Moss and Thomas Moss and their heirs forever the residue of +the lands purchased by me of the aforementioned Summers and Dade to be +divided between them as follows: Beginning on the Turnpike road +adjoining the two acres given my son Robert Moss for an Outlet thence +down the said road opposite to my gate thence a southerly course to a +small Drain about fifteen poles from the Turnpike road by the name of +Crumps Branch thence down the said Branch and bending therewith to the +intersection of the Dividing line of the lands purchased by me of the +before-mentioned Summers and Dade thence with the said line eastwardly +to where it crosses the Turkey Branch thence up the said branch with +the Several Courses of my deed from the said Summers to the +Intersection of West's line thence with the line to the beginning +which several courses include that part of my land I wish my son +Thomas to enjoy all but the houses where John Powell now lives with +four acres adjoining it I add to the lands I intended for my daughters +Patsy, Mary and Anne and in case it should exceed one third part of my +purchase from the said Summers and Dade then I direct that my son +Thomas Moss do pay to his brother William Moss at the rate of Twenty +five Dollars for every acre that may be included in his said lott over +and above one third part of the said two purchases of Summers and +Dade. Item I give and bequeath to my three daughters Patty Moss, Mary +Moss and Anne Moss and their heirs forever after my wife's Decease the +whole of the lands I purchased of William H. Terrett to be equally +divided including the homes and four acres adjoining (as mentioned +before) between them and two thirds parts of the whole of my personal +estate be divided between them and their heirs forever. Item the rest +and residue or the One third part of my personal estate after my +wife's decease I give and bequeath unto my three sons Robert Moss, +William Moss and Thomas Moss to be equally Divided between them and +their heirs & lastly I appoint my wife Ann Moss executrix and my sons +Robert Moss, William Moss and Thomas Moss executors of my last will +and testament hereby revoking all other and former wills by me +heretofore made In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and +affixed my seal this fourteenth day of November Anno 1808 Present + +John Moss SEAL " + +The will was presented by William Moss on October 25, 1809. William +Moss, George Mason, Joseph Powell and Reezen Wilcoxen set a bond of +$22,000 to guarantee that William Moss make a true and perfect +inventory of all goods, chattles, and credits of the deceased and do +well and truly pay and deliver all legacies specified in the will. + + + + +APPENDIX D + +SALES ACCOUNT OF THE PERSONAL ESTATE OF WILLIAM MOSS--1835 + + +The following list contains the items comprising the personal estate +of William Moss, entered at a sale at auction held April 15 and 16, +1835. + +The original list appears in Fairfax County Will Book S-1, pages 7-18, +and shows the name of the purchaser for each item. In listing the +items here, the names of the purchasers have been omitted and the +items listed by categories for convenience. + + +FURNITURE + + 1 pine Table .50 + 2 Washstands, Bowl & pitchers 2.25 + 1 Bed weighing 70 lbs at 34 cts 23.80 + 1 ditto--58 lbs at 39 cts 22.62 + 1 ditto--78 lbs at 27 cts 27.06 + 1 ditto--58 lbs at 26 cts 15.08 + 1 ditto--70 lbs at 32 cts 22.40 + 1 ditto--58 lbs at 29 cts 16.82 + 1 Pair Card Tables 10.50 + 1 Set Dining Tables 10.50 + 1 Breakfast Table 4.00 + 1 Portable Writing Desk 4.00 + 1 Mantle Clock 26.00 + 1 Stool .37 + 1 Tester Bedstead 2.50 + 1 Mahogeny Bedstead 3.30 + 1 Bedstead 2.00 + 1 Bedstead 4.00 + 1 Mahogeny Bedstead 5.65 + 1 Maple Bedstead 12.00 + 1 Mahogeny Bedstead 6.25 + 1 striped carpet 3.40 + 1 striped carpet 4.10 + 1 striped carpet 1.55 + 1 figured carpet 3.25 + 1 large carpet 17.00 + 1 striped ditto (new) 28.00 + 1 piece stair carpet 5.50 + 1 Striped Carpet 8.75 + 1 Striped Carpet (small) 5.00 + 1 passage carpet 1.00 + 1 arm chair 1.00 + 1 Dozen red chairs 1.25 + 1/2 Dozen cream coloured chairs 4.00 + 1/2 Dozen cream coloured chairs 4.00 + 1/2 Dozen rush seat chairs 9.00 + 1/2 Dozen rush seat chairs 8.75 + 1/2 Dozen Black Chairs 4.25 + 1/2 Dozen Black Chairs 2.00 + 1 Side Board 21.00 + 2 waiters .37-1/2 + 1 Breakfast table 2.25 + 1 Walnut Safe 6.25 + 1 Book Case 16.00 + 1 Pair Andirons Shovel & Tongs 1.75 + 1 Safe & contents 2.25 + 1 Pair And Irons & Fender .75 + 1 Bureau 4.80 + 1 Dressing Glass 3.50 + 1 Pair And Irons brush &c 1.30 + 1 Dressing Glass 1.37-1/2 + 1 Bureau 7.50 + 1 bureau 5.10 + 1 dressing glass 1.50 + 1 gilt looking glass 3.50 + 1 pair andirons 2.85 + 1 bed weighing 80 lbs at 24 cts 19.20 + + +HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS + + 1 Pair Decanters 4.00 + 2 Glass Pitchers .87 + 2 Latts 1.00 + 22 Wine Glasses 3.87 + 10 Gelly Glasses .75 + 1 Dozen Jelly Glasses 1.15 + 9 Glass Caps 1.37-1/2 + 1 Celery Glass 1.00 + 3 Bottles & 1 Decanter 1.50 + 1 Mire Filler .25 + 1 Glass Stand 2.00 + 1 toaster .50 + 1 Waiter, tea Pot &c .25 + 1 Cork Screw .25 + 1 Pair Waiters 2.00 + 1 Waiter and contents 2.80 + 1 Large Bowl 4.00 + 2 Pair Brass Candlesticks & Snuffers 1.50 + 1 Waiter & 4 Glasses .50 + 1 pair Tureens 1.00 + 11 Small Plates .87-1/2 + 6 Soup plates .75 + 7 dishes 1.50 + 1 bowl and Mustard Pot .25 + 1 Pitcher .25 + 2 Plated Baskets 9.50 + 1 Pair Plated Candlesticks 8.75 + 1 Pair Plated Snuffers & Tray 6.25 + 1 Lot dishes & crocks .95 + 1 Kettle .76 + 1 bag of Corks .15 + 2 casks & contents 1.50 + a parcel tins .25 + 1 Oven, Kettle & Hooks .62-1/2 + 1 Cake Moulds & pot .50 + 1 Strainer, print & Bowl .55 + 1 Pewter Basin, Tin &c .55 + 1 Gun & apparatus 7.75 + 1 Fire Sett (complete) 16.00 + 1 Fire Set (in Dining Room) 4.90 + 1 Bucket, tub & Griddle .50 + 1 Shovel & Tongs & sifter .50 + 1 old safe and contents .40 + 1 tin safe and basin 2.00 + 2 Jugs, 4 Crocks & 1 jar 1.25 + 5 Large stone crocks 1.35 + 3 earthen and stone jar .30 + 1/2 Dozen jars 1.00 + 1/2 Dozen old crocks 1.15 + 2 pewter basins 1.00 + 1 China diner set 11.25 + 5 Large Dishes 3.00 + 5 pieces Brittania Ware 5.00 + 1/2 Dozen silver spoons 5.00 + 1/2 Dozen silver spoons 5.12-1/2 + 5 Silver Spoons 2.25 + 1/2 Dozen Silver Table Spoons 16.00 + 4 Silver Table Spoons 8.50 + 2 Salt Spoons & toddy ladle 5.00 + 1 Pair sugar tongs 1.75 + 1 Soup ladle 9.00 + 2 Silver tumblers 9.50 + 1 Sett Tea ware .50 + 1 Large bowl .60 + 1 Sett Castors 6.00 + 1 Lot Wood ware 1.50 + 1 Lage pots & hooks & 1 Lage oven 2.00 + 1 Large oven .76 + 1 oven and Pot 1.80 + 1 Frying pan & Grid Iron .75 + 3 pots .62-1/2 + 1 Furnace, Kettle & pot .25 + 1 Spice Mortar & Pestle .75 + 1 Brass Kettle 3.00 + 1 Reel &c 2 Spinning Wheels Basket & Contents 5.85 + 2 Smoothing Irons .87-1/2 + 1 Quilting frame .12-1/2 + 4 pairs Cards .55 + 1 Lot frames & Brushes .75 + 2 Dozen Knives & forks 13.00 + 1 chest .37-1/2 + 1 pair Round Tables & Bellows 2.00 + 1 Writing Desk, Slate & Inkstand 1.25 + 1 basket of Chambey 1.12-1/2 + 1 Table, Desk & five mp & contents 1.45 + 1 pair pillow cases .80 + 3 pair pillow cases 1.55 + 1 pillowcase .35 + 3 pair cotton pillow cases .84 + 1 Table Cloth 1.30 + 1 ditto ditto .35 + 1 Table Cloth .63 + 1 ditto .50 + 1 ditto .70 + 1 ditto 1.75 + 1 ditto 2.00 + 1 Pair Diaper towels .42-1/2 + 1 Ditto Ditto .30 + 1 Ditto Ditto .28 + 1 Ditto Ditto .28 + 1 Ditto Ditto .26 + 1 Ditto Ditto .15 + 1 Ditto Ditto .26 + 1 Ditto Ditto .28 + 3 Toilet Covers 1.43 + 1 Toilet Cover 1.37-1/2 + 1 Toilet Cover .16 + 1 Box, Boot Jack & old Stool .30 + 1 Lot Cake Moulds .15 + 1 Shovel & Tongs & Warfel Irons .31 + 1 Driping Table + 1 ditto--3 fire screnes & Lot old tin 1.25 + 1 Pair Blankets 4.05 + 5 pair Blankets 10.62-1/2 + 1 ditto Ditto 2.75 + 1 White Counterpane 2.55 + 1 striped ditto .75 + 1 pair Blankets 3.12-1/2 + 1 white Counterpane 4.55 + 1 calico Ditto 1.68 + 1 ditto Comfort 2.00 + 1 Ditto Ditto 1.55 + 1 White Counterpane 10.00 + 1 Figured Ditto 1.91 + 1 White Counterpane 1.75 + 1 ditto ditto 2.80 + ditto ditto 3.50 + ditto ditto 1.50 + ditto ditto 2.75 + 2 Counterpanes 2.25 + 2 tablecloths 9.00 + 8 pair Sheets 22.30 + 2 pair sheets 3.80 + 4 ditto ditto 9.12-1/2 + 2 ditto ditto 6.87-1/2 + 1 Pair Blankets $4.25--1 ditto $3 7.25 + 1 clothes brush .31 + + +PICTURES, BOOKS AND PAPERS + + 2 Maps U. States 8.80 + 1 Print of Thomas Jefferson .25 + 5 volumes Washington life 5.00 + 1 Vol. Gordons Digest .25 + 1 Vol. Guthries Geography 2.25 + 1 Vol. biography dictionary 1.75 + 6 Vol. paper work at 25 cts 1.50 + 1 Vol. Life of Napoleon .62-1/2 + 1 Vol. Olive Branch .51 + 1 Vol. Memoirs of Napoleon .35 + 1 Vol. Tuckers History .26 + 4 Vol. Modern Europe 2.00 + 10 Vol. Encyclopedia 3.00 + 1 Vol. Burns Work .16 + 1 Vol. Christianity 1.10 + 1 Vol. Classes Cookery .14 + 1 Vol. Haies Pleas .40 + 1 dictionary 1.00 + 1 Book on Farriery .30 + 1 lot old Books 1.30 + 1 lot old books .51 + 1 vol. History of Rome .37 + 1 vol. Dridens Tour .20 + 1 vol. Strong Bow .17 + 1 vol. Political Enquiries .50 + 1 vol. Ewells Discourses .37 + 2 vol. Sydney on Government 1.75 + 5 vol. Shakespeare .95 + 1 vol. Montagues Reflections .42 + 1 vol. Gambler .15 + 1 vol. History U. States .85 + 1 vol. Snodens America .26 + 1 vol. Astronomy .22 + + +NEGROES + + Negro Isaac 800.00 + " Jacob 800.00 + " Aaron 660.00 + " Cornelius, Betsey & Child 800.00 + " Edward 550.00 + " Maria 528.00 + " Mary Ann 600.00 + " Kitty 620.00 + " Ann 630.00 + " Cornelia 500.00 + " Jane 240.00 + " Ellen 205.00 + " Daniel 175.00 + " Massa 131.00 + " Jenny 40.00 + " Emanuel 40.00 + " Chloe 0.50 + " Charles 250.00 + + +FARM PRODUCE + + 1 Stack Hay 29.50 + 1 pacel of Hay 8.65 + 1 Stack of Oats 35.00 + 1 " " 43.00 + 1 lot Wheat Straw 1.25 + 1 Beehive 1st choice 1.25 + 1 " 2nd " .75 + 5 Barrels Corn at $4.10 20.50 + 10 " " at $4.12 41.20 + 5 Barrels Corn at 4.05 20.25 + 5 " " 4.10-1/2 20.50 + 4 " " 4.12-1/2 16.50 + 3 " " 4.12-1/2 12.37-1/2 + 1 Hogshead of Vinegar 2.62-1/2 + 1 Beehive 3rd choice .62-1/2 + 5 empty Bee gums .12-1/2 + 1 barrel soap 1.60 + 105 lbs Bacon at 12-1/2 per lbs 13.12 + 103 " " " 13 " 13.39 + 100 " " " 13-1/2 " 13.50 + 100 " " " 13-1/2 " 13.50 + 257 " " " 13 " 32.60 + 61 " " " 10 6.10 + 1 Barrel vinegar 1.65 + 1 " " 1.55 + 1 " " 1.90 + 1 barrel vinegar 3.30 + 1 barrel vinegar 3.30 + 1 Hogshead of Vinegar 5.00 + 1 bag Wool 45 lbs at 32 14.40 + 1 ditto 25-1/2 at 25 8.92 + 1 ditto 5 at 26 1.30 + 1 bag yarn 35 lbs at 54 cts 18.90 + + +ANIMALS + + 1 Dun mare 52.50 + 1 Sorrel Horse 78.00 + 1 Bay Horse 40.00 + 1 ditto do 48.50 + 1 Sorrel Horse 57.00 + 1 Bay Horse 88.00 + 1 Stud Colt 62.50 + 1 ditto (Sir James 6 years old) 111.00 + 10 and 10 lambs (Jno Washington 1st choice) 42.00 + 73 Ewes & Lambs at $2. each (Jno Washington) 146.00 + 1 cow 10.12-1/2 + 1 White and Red Cow 15.00 + 1 cow and Bell 10.00 + 1 Black Cow 17.12-1/2 + 1 Red Heifer 7.06-1/2 + 1 White and Red Cow 17.50 + 1 ditto ditto 14.50 + 1 Black and White Cow 18.00 + 1 Buffalo Cow 18.25 + 2 Breeding Sows 6.00 + 5 shoats 1st choice 7.50 + 4 do 2nd ditto 5.00 + 1 Black Cow 14.00 + 1 cow 14.00 + 1 " heifer 13.00 + 1 Red Steer 6.00 + 1 Dark Steer 13.00 + + +TOOLS, FARM EQUIPMENT AND IMPLEMENTS OF HUSBANDRY + + 1 Lot old gear 2.70 + 1 Lot old plough gear 2.55 + Cart gear Harness &c 2.40 + 1 Lot old Carriage irons &c 4.50 + 5 Mowing Scythes 2.10 + 2 Scythes & Cradles 2.35 + 1 Grind Stone 3.25 + 4 Sacking Bags 1.00 + 12 old tubs 25 cts--1 cutting box 3.25 3.50 + 1 pair saddle bags 3.50 + 3 tubs, barrel &c .35 + 2 old pots oven &c .25 + 1 large iron kettle and soap 5.00 + 2 empty barrels and 1 barrels soap 1.67 + 3 old tubs .15 + 1 Light Cart 30.50 + 1 Broad Tread Cart 11.70 + 1 Wagon & 2 extra Bodys 34.50 + 1 Sand Sifter .50 + 1 Wheat fan 9.00 + A pacel Rye and Oat Straw 18.00 + 2 old grain hogsheads .50 + 1 augur crank &c .75 + old harness .12-1/2 + 1 box and some glass .50 + 3 barrels & some salt .60 + 1 old Saddle .25 + 9 old barrels .62 + 4 empty stands or Hogsheads 2.37-1/2 + 3 empty Hogsheads & 2 barrels 2.12-1/2 + 2 pair Shears and Keg White Lead 1.37-1/2 + 1 Sett Scales & Weights & Jugs .51 + 1 pair Stirrup .35 + 1 parcel Shvel and Spades 1.75 + 2 Forks and Rake .50 + 1 Lot Swingletrees 1.80 + 2 Wheel Barrows 1.12 + 1 old Cart Body, Shafts, &c 3.55 + 1 Carriage & harness 35.00 + 1 Saddle and Bridle 8.00 + 1 rope .26 + 1 Sett Blacksmith's Tools 20.75 + 1 bucket & old iron .31 + 3 Halter Chains .75 + 1 Jack Screw 2.00 + 1 old boring machine 1.00 + 1 chain and old plough share .55 + 1 Crow bar and Bar of Iron 1.37-1/2 + 1 Barshear plough 7.50 + 1 Dutch plough .87-1/2 + 3 Chopping Axes 1.15 + 1 Lot Carpenters tools $2.25--1 Log Chain $1 3.25 + 2 axes 2.25 + 1 Small Bar Shear plough 7.50 + 1 Large Bar Shear plough 7.25 + 1 Large ditto-old 1.00 + 3 old ploughs .12-1/2 + 1 pair Steelyards 1.00 + 5 Hilling Hoes & fork 1.25 + 1 Harrow 5.00 + + + + +APPENDIX E + + +Transcript of part of an affidavit from Thomas R. Love and Alfred Moss +to Judge John Scott of the Circuit Superior Court. + +To the Hon^ble John Scott Judge of the Circuit Superior Court of Law +and Chancery of the County of Fairfax. Respectfully Complaining +Herewith unto your Honor, your Orators Thomas R. Love guardian of +Charles R. and Armistead T. Moss, and Alfred Moss guardian of Edgar +and John Thomas Moss, the three first infant Children of Thomas Moss +dec^d & the last named the infant son of Jno Moss dec^d son of Thomas +Moss-- + +That Thomas Moss died intestate on the ____ day of October, 1839, +leaving Seven Children and One grand Child in all his Heirs at +Law--viz. Anna R. Love the wife of your Orator Thomas R. Love, Robert +Moss, Alfred Moss, Thomas Moss & the four infant Children just +named--Edgar the Eldest of these infant Children will be 20 years old +in November of the present year. Charles R. will be 18 years old in +the month of March 1840, Armistead 16 in the month of December in the +present year and John Thomas Moss will ____ years old in the month of +____ 18__. + +The real Estate of which Thomas Moss died seized in ____ was the tract +of land on which he resided at the time of his death situated on both +sides of the Little River Turnpike Road about Six miles from +Alexandria containing about 320 Acres. This tract of land is the only +real Estate to which the Heirs at Law of said Thomas Moss are entitled +in the said County of Fairfax or Elsewhere--This tract of land is +naturally a thin soil but from a careful course of husbandry for a +number of years, is now in a good state of cultivation, the fields +well enclosed by good and substantial fencing, the land not in +cultivation well taken with grass (clover and timothy) and that in +cultivation just sown down in winter grass, and the buildings in a +good state of repair, the barn and stables having been Erected in the +last two or three years-- + +Your orators have been advised by persons in the neighbourhood with +whom they have conversed, with the view of getting the best advice and +information on the subject that the tract of land would not now rent +for more than ____ per annum, which would give to each of the Heirs in +the shape of rent Twenty five or Thirty dollars annually--while on the +other hand owing as your Orators believe to the Convenient distance +thence to Alexandria, George Town and Washington and the improved +state of the farm in other respects, it would sell upon the usual +terms of Sales of land for Twenty five dollars per Acre and thus +afford an interest on the sale nearly double the annual rent--In +addition to the fact that the rent would greatly fall short of the +interest on the sale your orators have been advised that the property +in the hands of tenants would in the course of a few years be +excessively injured and lessened in value, the soil impoverished, the +buildings and fencing neglected and suffered to delapidate perhaps +destroyed. + +It is obvious that the land cannot be advantageously divided among the +heirs Eight in number it would give about forty acres to each heir, +and this without regard to improvements--And the consideration deeply +affecting the interests of the infant is that this farm must be rented +out all the shares together manifestly--if therefore those now of age +and those that soon will be of age should sell their shares each share +thus sold off, will not only proportionally lessen in value the shares +of the other remaining unsold, but will place the younger children as +they come of age in the power and at the mercy of the person who shall +have purchased the other shares of the co-terminus neighbour. In the +End the consequence will be that the two or three younger children +will not only be forced to sell, being hemmed in on all sides, and not +able to add to their Inheritance but must sell at any price they are +offered. Your orators further state that besides the real Estate +before mentioned in which their wards have as interest One Eighth +each, after the payment of the debts of Thomas Moss deceased so far as +it is practicable to make an Estimate at this time, it is believed +that a surplus will be left for distribution of about fifteen or +sixteen thousand dollars, which will give to each child say two +thousand-- + +Viewing the present interest as well as the future interests of their +wards your orators are of the opinion from the facts hereinbefore +stated, that the interests of their wards manifestly require a sale of +the real Estate herein before mentioned and that the rights of others +will not be thereby violated. And to that end and in pursuance of the +Acts of the Gen'l Assembly in such cases made and provided, they pray +that said Anna R. Love late Anna R. Moss, Alfred Moss, Robert, Thomas +Edgar, Charles R., Armistead and John Thomas Moss be made parties +defendants to this bill--that the said Anna R. Love the wife of your +orator and Alfred Moss who would be two of the Heirs of either of said +infants if they are dead and that said Anna R. be permitted to answer +for herself as if feme sole. That the said Anna R. Love, Robert Moss, +Alfred Moss, Thomas Moss and all the other infants herein before +mentioned who are over fourteen years of age may be compelled to +answer this bill in proper person or oath--That a Guardian Ad Litem +may be appointed according to Law to defend and answer for those +infants as well those over fourteen years, as those under fourteen +years of age.--That your orators may have a Decree of the Ct +authorizing the sale of the said land in such manner and upon such +terms of credit as to your Honor may seem right--And your orators pray +for all other & further action by your Honor in the premises as may be +right & proper according to the Act of assembly made and provided in +such cases--May it please your honor &c. + +(Certified by J. B. Hunter, a Justice of the Peace, 29 October 1839) + + + + +Appendix F + +Fairfax County (Va.) Will Book T-1, page 223: + + +December 2, 1839 Thomas Moss' slaves divided among the several heirs. + + Lot 1--To Robert Moss--Jim $75.00, Winney $75.00, Teuton $300 + and, to pay Lot 7 $30 $420. + + Lot 2--To John T. Moss--Dominick $425, and, to pay Lot 7 $5 420. + + Lot 3--To Armistead Moss--Sarah $450, and, to pay Lot 7 $85 + and Lot 6 $45 420. + + Lot 4--To Charles Moss--Martha $450, and, to pay Lot 7 $30 420. + + Lot 5--To Thomas Moss Anzau (?)--Laura $350, Frances $450, + and, pay Lot 7 $30 420. + + Lot 6--To Alfred Moss--Carolina $200, Harriet $175, + and payment from Lot 3 $45. 420. + + Lot 7--To Edgar Moss--Susan $200, T. R. Love $280, plus + others by amount of keeping Louisa, an insane negro $240 420. + + We have valued the advancement made to T. R. Love in negro + Henry $700, plus bond of a Moss daughter, + and to pay to Lot 7 $280 420. + + + + +APPENDIX G + +A Visit from Mr. Polevoy + +THE NEW REPUBLIC + + Soviet newspapers are bitter about the insincerity of American + visitors to their country. While in the USSR, they say, Americans + are lavish with their praise, but on returning home, they speak + quite differently of Russia to their fellow Americans. Our + newspapers in turn maintain that Soviet delegations to this + country wear a mask of friendliness but once back in Russia + present a hostile and unrecognizable picture of the United + States. + + Do visiting Soviet delegations present a true picture of their + travels here to their own people? The editors of _The NR_ have + been given an opportunity to test this question. A delegation of + leading Soviet writers visited the United States in October, 1955, + under the chairmanship of Boris Kampov-Polevoy, a Soviet novelist + and Secretary of the Union of Soviet Writers. Mr. Polevoy and four + members of his delegation spent one evening at the house of the + _NR_ editor-at-large. In the third of his articles on his journeys + through the US published in the March issue of the Soviet monthly, + _Oktyabr_, Mr. Polevoy describes the occasion as he remembers it. + A translation of his article, and our comments follow. + + +In the evening we were invited to be the guests of Mr. Michael +Straight, editor of the magazine _The New Republic_, at his +out-of-town villa bearing the poetic name of "Green Spring Farm." This +tiny villa was in no way different from the small suburban houses of +well-to-do members of the "intelligentsia" which we already had the +opportunity of visiting. Alone the huge agglomeration of books on long +shelves--quite unusual for an American home--and the beautiful +pictures on the walls revealed that the owners of this house had a +passion for literature and an artistic taste which could enable them +to discriminate between works of genuine art and the militant +flatness, which under the mask of innovationism has impertinently +seized the key positions in American art. There were canvasses and +drawings which not only prompted one to wonder on passing by, but +which induced a desire to stop, to admire and to think. + +The people who had gathered at the house were interesting too--journalists +who had traveled a great deal, who had witnessed many events, who were +able to think. A unionist leader was also present--an observing, +aggressive, skeptical man. + +At the outset--as it is the custom in the United States--the host +showed us around his house. The five of us were jammed in for quite a +while on the second floor in the tiny bedrooms of his two sons. David, +the eldest, a fair-haired, healthy looking youngster, had his little +room in a state of complete disorder. The radio was roaring, the gay +green parakeets were screaming. Some radio parts together with books, +screwdrivers, tubes of glue, bookbinders and knives were heaped on the +table. The little occupant, apparently ready to go to bed, was sitting +on his bed without his shirt and was reading something. At the sight +of strangers he felt bashful, grabbed his shirt, started putting it on +and when his head eventually emerged through its collar, his face and +his ears were flushed and his brow pearled with sweat. However, having +dressed, he immediately regained his composure and, as though nothing +had happened, stretched out his hand with earnest poise. David--he +introduced himself. + +His younger brother, Mikey, had an artistic temperament. His table was +all smeared with water-colors and pictures were hanging on the +walls--fantastic tanks, ships, sinister profiles of Indians, +noble-featured cowboys wearing hats of incredible dimensions. Mikey +was evidently successful in this hobby of his and, after looking at +his drawings, one could tell him without false flattery that he was an +artist of the realist school and that many of his pictures were more +accurate and perfect as to form than whatever is being exhibited by +quite adult "uncles" at the opening of exhibitions of the so-called +"new art." + +Mikey dressed, too, and we came down in a group to the living room +where Gribatchov was having an argument with our American colleagues. +The topic was familiar, I should even say a classical one--the freedom +of the press. In the heat of the dispute the _NR_ publisher proposed +to Gribatchov an exchange of articles on important international +topics under reciprocal terms--once a week the editor of _The New +Republic_ would publish an article in the _Literary Gazette_ +presenting the American viewpoint on some specific problem and once a +week a representative of the _Literary Gazette_ would give the Soviet +point of view in an article in _The New Republic_. Apparently this +idea seemed very attractive to our American colleague, and he was +attacking Gribatchov with quite a lot of energy. + +I did not have a chance to hear the argument to its end. The +fair-haired David, with whom I had become quite friendly, dragged me +away to the next room. We conversed in the manner of cavemen, using +dramatic gesticulations and incoherent sounds, and yet we somehow +managed to understand each other. David even managed to convey that he +had built that radio himself, and that he likes to listen to Russian +music. In proof of this he even sang, with boyish diligence and with a +broken juvenile "basso," a melody taken out of _Swan Lake_. However, +he rendered it with a foxtrot rhythm. + +I really liked that lively American youngster with his tall build, his +curly fair hair, his rooster-like voice and his absent-minded +disposition which strongly reminded me of my eldest son. + +David showed me his favorite books, and then he suddenly produced a +peculiar-looking magazine printed with a multigraph. He prodded his +chest in a self-satisfied manner to demonstrate to me that this was +his own magazine. He showed me a caricature drawing with his finger +and then pointed his finger at Mikey, thus making clear that his +brother was the artist. + +Then the children ran back to the living room and came back dragging +their father with them and M. M. Lopuchin, whom they had literally +abducted out of an interesting conversation with the ladies. It was +then that I came to hear the story of the magazine, which bore the +romantic name _The Green Spring-Menemsha Gazette_. + + * * * * * + +Michael senior, the children's father, evidently liked their +undertaking. He sat down on the carpet next to us and as he was +turning the pages of the magazine, he told us that out of a wish to +imitate their father, the children had decided to start a publication. +They wrote articles and other items, prepared illustrations and +caricatures and arranged the whole material inside a copybook. They +kept quiet so long that their parents wondered what their rowdy boys +were doing. The parents went upstairs and found the boys busy over a +heap of papers; the _Gazette_ was already being "paged up." + +David, the editor of the publication, knew from his father's +experience that every printed organ must have readers. The children +begged their father to give them a typewriter and when they got it, +began to type patiently, with one finger, one page after the other, +learning the art of typing in the process of their work. + +Seeing that the children's interest did not abate, the father gave +them a present--a cheap toy "Shapirograph"--to print their magazine. +Having secured production equipment, the editorial staff began to work +with renewed energy. David, who up to that time was sharing his +interest among many pursuits, forsook his former preferences. Even the +little green parakeets, whom he loved dearly, were left without food +quite often and sadly chattered in their cage. David had the jobs of +editor, author of articles and typographer. The sturdy Mikey was the +publisher, artist and supplier of funny stories. A neighbor's little +girl, Xandra Babel, was responsible for the news and special +events--indispensable departments of every American editorial unit +worthy of this name. + +At any rate, no matter how, the magazine eventually appeared. It was +even printed in 75 copies, diligently bound and, the following year +when the family left for the beach during the hot season, to the +mother's great dismay, the whole issue and even the typographic +equipment consisting of the typewriter and the multigraph as well as +the paper stocks were taken along. + +[Illustration: Boris Kampov-Polevoy] + +During the summer the children made friends with a certain Mr. Zur, an +original character and owner of the Menemsha store. The old man liked +children and whenever they came to his shop to buy candy, salted nuts +or a bag of popcorn, they always used to stay there for a while and +discuss the weather, politics and all sorts of events with him. Mr. +Zur used to talk to children as though they were grownups, and this +contributed a lot to his popularity. When they arrived at the summer +resort, the first thing the children did was to run to their old +friend's shop and there, as they were eating fresh cracking popcorn, +they told him the staggering news--they had published a magazine. + +"A magazine? And how much costs one copy of your magazine, gentlemen?" +inquired Mr. Zur in a businesslike manner. + +The children exchanged quick glances. Somehow they had not arrived at +the thought that their magazine could be sold. + +"It costs nothing, sir," David started saying. + +"No, no, it costs one dollar," the quick-witted Mikey interrupted his +brother as this new aspect of their hobby began to dawn upon him. "One +dollar." + +"It's rather expensive, gentlemen. However, I enjoy reading, and so I +will buy one copy," replied the old shopkeeper and handed over a dirty +green bill to the journalists. They were left quite speechless by this +development. + +The business was continued. Realizing that there were quite a few +funny people among the dwellers in that summer resort and wishing to +please his little friends, old Zur took over the newsstand sale of +their publication on a commission basis. He even displayed the +magazine in his shop window. To his astonishment, the whole of the +first issue was sold out. Four more followed. By the end of the +summer, the boys' income, after deduction of expenses and commissions, +amounted to roughly $50. The children gave this money--not without +some regret, to be truthful--to the local fishermen whose boats had +been shattered against the rocks of the coast by a passing hurricane. + +Inspired by the unexpected success of their first year's operations, +the editorial staff resumed publication in the following summer at +that same resort. It proved even more interesting. It contained +interviews with fishermen and lobstermen and a story told by an old +captain of a fishing schooner, who was spending his declining years in +a dilapidated shack by the seashore. That huge, hoarse, bearded giant +was always drunk. But in his rare moments of sobriety he was kind, +used to give candy to the children and nobody could tell fascinating +sea adventure stories better than he did. Mikey managed to catch him +in such a mood and the magazine was adorned, as a result, with a +powerful story by the old captain about a hurricane that threw ships +around like bits of paper and about the rescue of a beautiful lady +passenger who had been thrown into the ocean by the roaring gale, by +the captain himself, who saved her out of the waves at the risk of his +own life. + + * * * * * + +The children's hobby, which so clearly demonstrated their propensity +toward journalism, greatly interested us. During our visits with +various American families our attention had been drawn more than once +to this good trait--if indeed it is not a tradition--which makes the +children familiarize themselves with the profession of their father, +or their grandfather, or some close relative. In the apartment of an +auto-mechanic we saw a small lathe and a block on which a little +fellow was filing something. In the family of a musician, little girls +played on the violin. The little son of a well-known Hollywood +scenario-creator told us excitedly how he and his little brothers and +sisters were making a film. A child's game gradually develops into an +absorbing interest, and maybe in these games which are treated +seriously, not only by the children but as a rule by the adults too, +the seed of his future profession is planted in the child's brain. + +I expressed the wish to become a subscriber to the _Green Spring-Menemsha +Gazette_ for a full year and took out a $5 bill. The editor and the +publisher exchanged glances. They obviously wished to get a foreign +subscriber. But what if this should create trouble of some kind? Were +they entitled to mail their magazine abroad, and moreover, to a country +like the USSR? What would their father and mother say? And how would Mr. +John Foster Dulles react? + +[Illustration: Green Spring-Menemsha Gazette] + +David carefully pushed the bill away, back to my end of the table. I, +of course, felt offended. Could it be that I had no right to subscribe +to an American magazine? Why such discrimination? The editor whispered +something to the publisher who ran out of the room and came back +dragging Michael senior in once more. The father laughed. He +apparently had no objection to the mailing abroad of the magazine +which was being published under his sponsorship. All the periodical +publications of good standing always have foreign subscribers. +However, Michael senior had objections against any monetary +transaction with countries abroad. It was agreed that the subscription +would be handled on a clearing basis: the _Green Spring-Menemsha +Gazette_ would be mailed to the USSR in exchange for our children's +magazine _The Pioneer_. We shook hands on this transaction, concluded +to the mutual satisfaction of the "high contracting parties." + +When we returned to the living room, the debate about the freedom of +the press was still continuing. But the two sides had exchanged +places. Gribatchov was the one who led the attack now; the idea of +exchanging articles with _The New Republic_ had gradually excited him. +Publisher Harrison, on the contrary, was taking a defensive stand: he +was already foreseeing numerous difficulties obstructing the +materialization of his project. The unionist leader was sitting on the +sofa next to them. He was a tall man with a pale face with an ironical +expression, and he was gently mocking the discomfited publisher. +"Really, why shouldn't there be an exchange of articles with a Russian +paper?" + +So finally they came to no conclusion at all. + +We were taking our seats in the car when David manfully shook hands +with me and suddenly asked: "Maybe you will write from Moscow a +contribution for publication in _The Green Spring-Menemsha Gazette_? +Our magazine will gladly publish it, I can promise you." + +My negotiations with the editors of the _Gazette_ appeared to be more +fruitful than the ones Gribatchov had had with _The New Republic_. + + +JULY 16, 1956 + +Editors' Note: + +There are, of course, some errors in Mr. Polevoy's story. Many are +due, as he notes, to the fact that parts of the conversation were +conducted through dramatic gesticulations and incoherent sounds. Bill +Seward, the youthful proprietor of Menemsha's post office and store, +for example, may not recognize himself as the ancient Mr. Zur, and the +author of Cassandra Bobble, a fictional caricature of society +columnists, will be surprised to see her creation re-emerge in Russian +as Xandra Babel the neighbor's girl reporter. More substantial, in the +editor's opinion, is his view that it was Mr. Gribatchov and not Mr. +Harrison who doubted the practicality of an exchange of articles. And +yet as many errors of detail and interpretation would no doubt be +found were we to describe an evening spent in Mr. Polevoy's villa +outside Moscow. As far as the general tone of Mr. Polevoy's account is +concerned we cannot complain. + +Mr. Polevoy, after all, is describing an evening in the home of an +opponent of the political administration in power. Soviet readers learn +that it is a comfortable place, lived in by a family substantially +free from fear. The author refers in a mocking way to the shadow of +John Foster Dulles and mentions the reluctance of the boys to take his +$5 (the reason, lost in translation, was that they would not be +publishing their paper in 1956). But just as Mr. Polevoy seems about +to conclude with a political moral, he demolishes this traditional +ending in favor of the truth. For the discussion which Mr. Polevoy +describes ended with a whispered aside which the host found +startling. "We will put you on the subscriber's list to _The +Pioneer_!" Mr. Polevoy had roared to the boys; then he drew their +father aside: "That is, if it will not hurt you," he whispered. The +host laughed and explained that he and his sons were free citizens, +able to read whatever they pleased and happy to receive literature from +other lands. It seems gratifying to us that this small but memorable +incident has found its way into the Soviet press. + +MICHAEL STRAIGHT + + + + +LIST OF SOURCE MATERIALS + + +BOOKS + +Clarke, E.; Potts, J. M.; and Payton, J. S., eds. _The Journal and +Letters of Francis Asbury._ Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1958. + +Davis, R. B. _Intellectual Life in Jefferson's Virginia._ Chapel Hill: +University of North Carolina Press, 1964. + +Gutheim, Frederick. _The Potomac._ New York: Rinehart, 1949. + +Harrison, Fairfax. _Landmarks of Old Prince William._ Berryville, Va.: +Chesapeake Book Co., 1964. + +Herndon, M. _Tobacco in Colonial Virginia._ Williamsburg: Virginia +350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation, 1957. + +Hulbert, A. _Paths of Inland Commerce._ New Haven: Yale University +Press, 1921. + +Johnston, Frederick. _Memorials of Old Virginia Clerks._ Lynchburg: +Bell Co., 1888. + +Jones, Virgil C. _Ranger Mosby._ Chapel Hill: University of North +Carolina Press, 1944. + +Moger, A. W. _The Rebuilding of the Old Dominion_ (PhD thesis). New +York: Columbia University, 1940. + +Mosby, J. S. _Mosby's War Memoirs and Stuart's Cavalry Campaigns._ New +York: Pageant Book Company, 1958. + +Porter. A. O. _Country Government in Virginia._ New York: Columbia +University Press, 1947. + +Russell, C. W., ed. _The Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby._ Boston: +Little Brown, 1917. + +Virginia Good Roads Convention. _Programme._ Richmond: Stone Printing +Co., October 18, 1894. + +_Who's Who in America._ 1966-1967. Volume XXXIV. Chicago: A. N. +Marquis Company. + +Williamson, James. _Mosby's Rangers._ New York: Sturgis & Walton, +1909. + + +ARTICLES + +Abbott, R. H. "Yankee Farmers in Northern Virginia: 1840-1860." +_Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, v. 76, No. 1 (January +1968), pp. 56-66. + +Funk, W. C. "An Economic History of Small Farms near Washington, D.C." +U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 848. Washington, D.C.: +Government Printing Office, 1920. + +"A New House with Young Ideas." _House and Garden._ December 1958. + +Straight, Michael. "A Visit from Mr. Polevoy." _The New Republic_, v. +135, No. 3 (July 16, 1956), pp. 12-15. + +Willis, K. M. "Old Fairfax Homes Give Up a Secret." _The American +Motorist Magazine_, v. 7, No. 2 (May 1932), p. 16. + + +OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT RECORDS AND REPORTS + +Annual Report of the President and Directors of the Board of Public +Works to the General Assembly of Virginia. 1818, 1819, 1820. + +Fairfax County, Virginia. Deedbooks. + +______. Minute Books. + +______. Order Books. + +______. Will Books. + +Hening, William W., ed. _Statutes at Large_, 1823. Reprint ed., +Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 1969. + +National Archives, Military Records Division, Washington, D.C. +_Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in +Organizations from Virginia._ Microcopy 324, Roll 207, "Hounshell's +Bat. Cav. Partisan Rangers, M-Z and Mosby's Bat. Cav. Partisian +Rangers A-D." + +_Official Records of the War of the Rebellion._ Washington, D.C.: +Government Printing Office, 1888. + +_Official Registers of Officers and Employees of the Civil, Military +and Naval Service of the United States._ (Issued Biennially.) +Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. + +Shepherd. _Statutes._ + +"Status of Virginia Agriculture in 1870" in _Report of the Commissioner +of Agriculture. 1870._ Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, +1871, p. 267-291. + +U.S. Treasury Department. Service Record (Form 426), "Beattie, +Fountain." (File in custody of Federal Records Center (GSA), St. +Louis, Mo.) + + +NEWSPAPER + +_The Alexandria Gazette_ + + +MANUSCRIPTS + +_The Journal of John Littlejohn_, MS. Methodist Churches, Louisville, +Kentucky, April 29, 1778. (Copy courtesy of Reverend Melvin +Steadman.) + +_Truro Parish Vestry Book_, 1732-1803, MS. Library of Congress. + + +MISCELLANEOUS + +Fullerton, W. Address to Piedmont Agricultural Society, October 1876. + +Macomber, Walter; Schlebecker, John; and Straight, Michael and +Belinda. Tape-recorded interviews. + + * * * * * + + +Transcriber's Notes + +Original, sometimes very archaic spellings retained. + +Photographs still under copyright on pages 32, 42, 44, and 56 (Figures +9, 11-13, and 16-18) excluded. + +Superscripts marked with a carat (i.e. Rev^d). + +Passages in italics indicated by _underscores_. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Green Spring Farm, by +Ross Netherton and Nan Netherton + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREEN SPRING FARM *** + +***** This file should be named 33272.txt or 33272.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/2/7/33272/ + +Produced by Katherine Ward, Mark C. 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