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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/33272-h.zip b/33272-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..21bd40f --- /dev/null +++ b/33272-h.zip diff --git a/33272-h/33272-h.htm b/33272-h/33272-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..26b7318 --- /dev/null +++ b/33272-h/33272-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3988 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<title>Green Spring Farm, by Ross and Nan Netherton, a Project Gutenberg eBook</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + @media screen { + hr.pb {margin:30px 0; width:100%; border:none;border-top:thin dashed silver;} + .pagenum {display: inline; font-size: x-small; text-align: right; text-indent: 0; position: absolute; right: 2%; padding: 1px 3px; font-style: normal; font-variant:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration: none; background-color: inherit; border:1px solid #eee;} + .pncolor {color: silver;} + } + @media print { + hr.pb {border:none;page-break-after: always;} + .pagenum { display:none; } + } + body {margin-left: 11%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0.5em;} + + .center, .center p {text-align: center;} + .figright {padding: .5em 0 0 .5em; float: right; width: auto; clear: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: 0.25em; text-decoration: none; background-color: #DDD; font-size: .9em;} + .larger {font-size: large;} + .nowrap {white-space: nowrap;} + .padtop {margin-top: 2em;} + .ralign, .ralign p {text-align: right;} + .sig1 {margin-left: 10%;text-align: left;} + .smaller {font-size: small;} + .trnote {background-color: #EEE; color: inherit; margin: 2em 5% 1em 5%; font-size: small; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; border: dotted 1px gray;} + a img {border: none;} + blockquote {display: block; margin: .75em 5%; font-size: 90%;} + h1,h2,h3,h4 {text-align: center; clear: right;} + hr.fn {width:5em; text-align:left; margin: 2em 0 1em 0; border: none; border-bottom: 1px solid black;} + ins {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em; clear: both;} + + .caption {font-size: 90%; text-align:center;} + .chsp {margin: auto; text-align: center; padding-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 1em;} + .figcenter {margin: 2em auto 2em auto; text-align: center; width: auto;} + .figleft {padding: .5em .5em 0 0; float: left; width: auto;} + .figtag {height: 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + hr.tb {border: none; border-bottom:1px solid black; width: 33%; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;} + hr.toprule {width: 65%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; border:none; border-bottom:1px solid silver; clear:both;} + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} + td.chalgn {text-align:right; margin-top:0; padding-right:1em;} +</style> + +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Green Spring Farm, by Ross Netherton and Nan Netherton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Green Spring Farm + Fairfax County, Virginia + +Author: Ross Netherton + Nan Netherton + +Release Date: July 27, 2010 [EBook #33272] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREEN SPRING FARM *** + + + + +Produced by Katherine Ward, Mark C. Orton and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class='center'> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_1' id='linki_1'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/cover.png' alt='Book Cover' title='' width='546' height='550' /> +<br /> +</div> +<h1>GREEN SPRING FARM</h1> +<p class='larger'><b>Fairfax County, Virginia</b></p> +<p class='padtop larger'><span class='smaller'>by</span><br /> +<b>ROSS AND NAN NETHERTON</b></p> +<p class='padtop smaller'>June 1970</p> +</div> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_2' id='linki_2'></a> +</div> +<a href='images/001large.png'> +<img src='images/001small.png' alt='Map of COUNTY OF FAIRFAX VIRGINIA' title='' width='468' height='535' /> +</a> +<br /> +</div> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div class='chsp' style='padding-top:0'> +<a name='TABLE_OF_CONTENTS' id='TABLE_OF_CONTENTS'></a> +<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2> +</div> +<table border='0' cellpadding='2' cellspacing='0' summary='Contents' style='margin:1em auto;'> +<tr> + <td /> + <td> </td> + <td valign='top' align='right'><span class="smaller ralign">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr><td valign='top' colspan='2'>ILLUSTRATIONS</td><td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#ILLUSTRATIONS'>iv</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign='top' colspan='2'>PREFACE</td><td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#PREFACE'>v</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign='top' colspan='2'>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</td><td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#ACKNOWLEDGMENTS'>vi</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign='top' colspan='2'>INTRODUCTION</td><td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#INTRODUCTION'>1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign='top' colspan='2'>HISTORICAL NOTES</td></tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>I.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>Gentleman Freeholders: The Moss Family (1770-1835)</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#I_GENTLEMAN_FREEHOLDERS_THE_MOSS_FAMILY_17701835'>3</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>II.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>Orchard and Dairy: Fountain Beattie (1878-1917)</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#II_ORCHARD_AND_DAIRY_FOUNTAIN_BEATTIE_18781917'>19</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>III.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>The End of the Farming Era: Michael Straight (1942-1969)</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#III_THE_END_OF_THE_FARMING_ERA_MICHAEL_STRAIGHT_19421969'>31</a></td> +</tr> +<tr><td valign='top' colspan='2'>ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION: THE MANSION HOUSE</td><td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#ARCHITECTURAL_HISTORY_AND_DESCRIPTION_THE_MANSION_HOUSE'>36</a></td></tr> +<tr><td valign='top' colspan='2'>ASSOCIATED BUILDINGS</td></tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>I.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>The Tobey House</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#I_THE_TOBEY_HOUSE'>51</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>II.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>The Barn</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#II_THE_BARN'>55</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>III.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>The Log Cabin</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#III_THE_LOG_CABIN'>57</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>IV.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>The Spring House</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#IV_THE_SPRING_HOUSE'>59</a></td> +</tr> +<tr><td valign='top' colspan='2'>APPENDIXES</td></tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>A.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>Fairfax County Historic Landmarks Survey Form</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#APPENDIX_A_COMMONWEALTH_OF_VIRGINIA__COUNTY_OF_FAIRFAX___HISTORIC_LANDMARKS_SURVEY'>63</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>B.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>Summary of Ownership</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#APPENDIX_B_GREEN_SPRING_FARM_HISTORY_OF_OWNERSHIP'>64</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>C.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>Will of John Moss, 1809</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#APPENDIX_C_WILL_OF_JOHN_MOSS_1809'>66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>D.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>Inventory of Personal Estate of William Moss, April 15, 1835</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#APPENDIX_D_SALES_ACCOUNT_OF_THE_PERSONAL_ESTATE_OF_WILLIAM_MOSS1835'>68</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>E.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>Affidavit of Thomas Love and Alfred Moss, October 29, 1839</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#APPENDIX_E'>74</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>F.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>Inventory of Personal Estate of Thomas Moss, December 2, 1839</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#APPENDIX_F_FAIRFAX_COUNTY_VA_WILL_BOOK_T1_PAGE_223'>76</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>G.</td> + <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'>“A Visit From Mr. Polevoy,” <i>The New Republic</i>, July 16, 1956</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#APPENDIX_G_A_VISIT_FROM_MR_POLEVOY'>77</a></td> +</tr> +<tr><td valign='top' colspan='2'>LIST OF SOURCE MATERIALS</td><td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#LIST_OF_SOURCE_MATERIALS'>81</a></td></tr> +</table> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div class='chsp' style='padding-top:0'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_iv' name='page_iv'></a>iv</span> +<a name='ILLUSTRATIONS' id='ILLUSTRATIONS'></a> +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> +</div> +<table border='0' cellpadding='2' cellspacing='0' summary='Illustrations' style='margin:1em auto;'> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'><span class="smaller center">Figure</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td valign='top' align='right'><span class="smaller ralign">Page</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>1</td> + <td valign='top' align='left'>John Warner Survey Map, 1740</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_3'>4</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>2</td> + <td valign='top' align='left'>John Halley Survey Map, 1840</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_4'>12</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>3</td> + <td valign='top' align='left'>R. R. Farr Survey, 1874</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_5'>12</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>4</td> + <td valign='top' align='left'>Hopkins’ Atlas Map, 1879</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_6'>20</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>5</td> + <td valign='top' align='left'>Fountain Beattie and Annie Hathaway Beattie, c. 1885</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_7'>22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td /> + <td valign='top' align='left'>The Mosby and the Beatties, c. 1890</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_8'>22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td /> + <td valign='top' align='left'>The Old Stone Spring House, c. 1885</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_9'>22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td /> + <td valign='top' align='left'>The Lane to Green Spring Farm, c. 1885</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_10'>22</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>6</td> + <td valign='top' align='left'>John Singleton Mosby</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_11'>24</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td /> + <td valign='top' align='left'>Reunion at Manassas</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_12'>24</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>7</td> + <td valign='top' align='left'>Front View of Green Spring Farm, 1936</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_13'>30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td /> + <td valign='top' align='left'>Side View of Green Spring Farm, 1936</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_14'>30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>8</td> + <td valign='top' align='left'>Berry Survey Map, 1941</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_15'>30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>10</td> + <td valign='top' align='left'>Floor Plans, Mansion House</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_16'>38</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>14</td> + <td valign='top' align='left'>Three Views of the Tobey House, c. 1960</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_19'>50</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>15</td> + <td valign='top' align='left'>Floor Plans of the Tobey House</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_22'>52</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>19</td> + <td valign='top' align='left'>Spring House Floor Plans</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_24'>58</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top' class='chalgn'>20</td> + <td valign='top' align='left'>Fairfax County Property Map, 1969</td> + <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_26'>62</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_v' name='page_v'></a>v</span> +<a name='PREFACE' id='PREFACE'></a> +<h2>PREFACE</h2> +</div> +<p>In the beginning was the land. It drew human life to our rich area of Fairfax County, and +sustained us for centuries before we became so self-conscious about it as to make household +language of words such as ecology and bio-degradable waste. This is where we are +at, however, and thus it is thoroughly appropriate that the publication of historical +research reports in this format, a new program for Fairfax County, should commence +with a study of the Green Spring Farm. There is no better site for an example, probably, +to illustrate the early patterns of life on the agricultural land of Fairfax County as well as +to follow the changes and pressures that have come about through war, depression, boom, +and technological change down to the present. Anyone familiar with the history of this +parcel of land, the Green Spring Farm, will be familiar with a great deal of the history of +Fairfax County—told not so much in terms of its famous and powerful people as in terms +of those who drew sustenance directly from the land.</p> +<p>This report is published under authority of the Board of Supervisors of the County of +Fairfax. It is one result of a program of historical site survey and research carried on by +the Fairfax County Division of Planning in cooperation with the Fairfax County History +Commission. The original selection of Green Spring Farm as a research topic was made +by the Fairfax County Historical Landmarks Preservation Commission, Bayard D. Evans, +Chairman, the predecessor of the present History Commission as the chief historical +agency of the County Government.</p> +<p>Reproduction of the material in this report is invited, subject to the customary credit to +author and publisher.</p> +<p class='sig1'>John Porter Bloom<br /> +Chairman<br /> +Fairfax County History Commission</p> +<p>April 1970</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_vi' name='page_vi'></a>vi</span> +<a name='ACKNOWLEDGMENTS' id='ACKNOWLEDGMENTS'></a> +<h2>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</h2> +</div> +<p>These notes are part of a series of research reports on the historic and architectural landmarks +of Fairfax County, Virginia, prepared pursuant to a resolution of the Board of +County Supervisors calling for a survey of the county’s historic sites and buildings.</p> +<p>Green Spring Farm was selected in 1967 by the Fairfax County Historical Landmarks +Preservation Commission as a subject to be researched, and was later incorporated into +a successor research program sponsored by the Division of Planning in cooperation with +the Fairfax County History Commission.</p> +<p>The authors of this report wish to acknowledge with special thanks the assistance of the +following: Mr. and Mrs. John Mosby Beattie, Admiral Beverly Mosby Coleman, Mr. and +Mrs. Michael W. Straight, Mr. and Mrs. John Quast, Mrs. Victor Fahringer, Mrs. Gwen +Hempel, Mrs. Don Ritchie, and Mrs. Edith Moore Sprouse.</p> +<p>The authors also extend their thanks to the Honorable Thomas P. Chapman, former Clerk +of the Fairfax County Circuit Court, and the Honorable Franklin Gooding, present Clerk +of the Fairfax County Circuit Court, for assistance in making available court records +of the clerkships of various members of the Moss family. The Honorable George R. Rich, +Clerk of the Virginia House of Delegates and Keeper of the Rolls of the State, furnished +information on Robert Moss’s term as a Delegate from Fairfax County. Thanks are extended +to the staff of the National Archives who located and made available for examination +the military and civil service records of Fountain Beattie.</p> +<p>Many helpful suggestions on the interpretation of data concerning the history of agriculture +in Northern Virginia were provided by C. Malcolm Watkins, Chairman of the Department +of Cultural History, and John T. Schlebecker, Curator of the Division of Agriculture +and Mining of the Smithsonian Institution’s Museum of History and Technology.</p> +<p>Details of the architectural history of the mansion house were furnished by Walter +Macomber, who was in charge of the 1942 renovation, and David Condon, AIA, who +designed the additional work done in 1960. Mr. Condon also provided both information +and architectural plans for the Tobey House and the Spring House. The authors’ sincere +thanks are extended to both these gentlemen.</p> +<p>Finally, the authors wish to acknowledge the efficient and valuable help that they, as +part of the county’s historical research project, received from the staff of the Fairfax +County Headquarters Library.</p> +<p class='sig1'>N.N.<br /> +R.D.N.</p> +<p>Fairfax, Virginia<br /> +April 22, 1970</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_1' name='page_1'></a>1</span> +<a name='INTRODUCTION' id='INTRODUCTION'></a> +<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> +</div> +<p>The land has always had a special value to Virginians. Land was the first form of wealth +which the colonists knew; and it was through cultivation of the land that Virginians first +enjoyed the heady feeling of prosperity that came with the rise of their tobacco empire. +Ownership and cultivation of the land were the goals of those who indentured themselves +to come to the New World, and they were the foundations on which Jefferson placed his +reliance for the perpetuation of political freedom and economic strength for the infant +republic which emerged from the Revolution. For more than three centuries, Virginians +have associated the land with values which are both physical and spiritual.</p> +<p>Against this background, the history of Green Spring Farm serves not only as a chronicle +of the lives of three families who resided there but also as a reflection of the history of +agriculture in Northern Virginia. Green Spring Farm was not one of the great estates of +Tidewater Virginia. By the mid-eighteenth century, most of the original Northern Neck +proprietary grants had been broken up and replaced by a pattern of smaller farms whose +owners owed no allegiance to the tobacco empire and were willing to experiment with +diversified crops. Green Spring Farm illustrated this emerging pattern of agriculture; and +its first owners, John Moss and his heirs, who assembled the acreage in the 1770’s and +occupied it until 1839, were typical of the freeholder classes who took pride in their land +and in regarding themselves as farmers. Their farming raised Virginia to its position of +preeminance among the colonies and in the new nation after the Revolution.</p> +<p>Farming remained the foundation of Virginia’s economy through the nineteenth century, +although changes in the methods of husbandry and transportation, together with the +opening of farmlands in the Ohio Valley and the prairie states, had important consequences +in Virginia. These impacts were followed by the devastating years of war from +1861 to 1865. Agriculture in Northern Virginia reached its low point in the 1870’s.</p> +<p>The period of rebuilding in Northern Virginia—the “Energetic Eighties,” as one historian +has called these years—brought a revival of agriculture. Farmers who could no longer +compete in one agriculture market shifted to another where they enjoyed natural advantages. +Thus, Green Spring Farm, under the ownership of Fountain Beattie from 1878 to +1917, became chiefly an orchard and dairy farm.</p> +<p>Under the ownership of Michael Straight, from 1942 to the present (1969), Green Spring +Farm came under assault from new economic forces which drastically affected farming in +Northern Virginia and ultimately brought an end to the agricultural era there. Unlike the +changing times of earlier centuries, there was no compromise with the forces of expanding +urbanization; and, eventually, even stock farming was ended. Yet, in the twentieth +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_2' name='page_2'></a>2</span> +century, as in the eighteenth and nineteenth, the farm continued to represent values +which were social as well as economic. The alert eye of a Russian writer catches some of +this value in “A Visit from Mr. Polevoy,” reproduced in the appendix, just as the inventories +of the estates of earlier owners of the farm suggest the social values which were +held in their times.</p> +<p>Green Spring Farm therefore offers insight into the lives of Virginia gentlemen of the +eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. Its owners were men of learning according +to their times, and men of affairs. The history of the farm records many references to +occasions when it was a gathering place for colorful and talented people whose names +were notable in the arts, literature, sciences, and politics of their day. Throughout the +eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries, its owners were sought for public service +and held positions of trust and responsibility in county, state, and national governments.</p> +<p>The architectural history of Green Spring Farm parallels its chain of title. Both the structure +and interior design of its buildings have undergone numerous alterations and +remodelings. None of these changes, however, has destroyed the simple dignity of the +house, and it stands today as a symbol of the traditional strength of spirit of the Virginia +freeholder-farmer in an area which is undergoing the transition of America’s urban +revolution.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_3' name='page_3'></a>3</span> +<a name='HISTORICAL_NOTES' id='HISTORICAL_NOTES'></a> +<h2>HISTORICAL NOTES</h2> +</div> +<div class='chsp' style='padding-top:0'> +<a name='I_GENTLEMAN_FREEHOLDERS_THE_MOSS_FAMILY_17701835' id='I_GENTLEMAN_FREEHOLDERS_THE_MOSS_FAMILY_17701835'></a> +<h3>I. GENTLEMAN FREEHOLDERS: THE MOSS FAMILY (1770-1835)</h3> +</div> +<p>When Green Spring Farm came into being in the middle years of the eighteenth century, +it represented the second generation of Virginia’s agriculture. By 1750, the great plantations +of the proprietor and his grantees, laid out on land cleared from the virgin forest and +planted with as much tobacco as the owner’s supplies of manpower and London credit +would allow, were disappearing. In the evolution of farming, another generation of farms +and farmers was taking over the Tidewater. Smaller in size than the great tobacco plantations, +these farms utilized a larger proportion of their acreage for crops and cultivated a +greater diversity of crops than before. For these second-generation farms, wheat and corn +for export to England and the West Indies became the principal income crops.</p> +<p>The men who assembled and worked these new farms were themselves part of a new generation +of Virginians. Many belonged to families which in 1750 could look back on more +than a century of residence in America, and they were more <ins title='Was atuned'>attuned</ins> to the problems and +potentials of the New World than those of the Old. They were the generation that successfully +brought forth a new nation in their own times and added new dimensions to +both its spirit and substances. John Moss was one of this new generation of Virginians.</p> +<p>Precisely when and how John Moss assembled the acreage that comprised Green Spring +Farm is not certain. Fairfax County land records show a purchase of land by John Moss +in September 1777, but, although this is the first connection of his name with the land of +Green Spring Farm in these records, there is reason to believe that he may have occupied +and farmed the land prior to that date. For him to have done so would have been consistent +with the practice of his times and also would be in accord with the tradition of his +present-day descendants which holds that John Moss built the mansion house at Green +Spring Farm in or about 1760.<a name='FNanchor_0001' id='FNanchor_0001'></a><a href='#Footnote_0001' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a></p> +<p>John Moss lived in this house until his death in 1809. Here he raised four sons—John, +Samuel, William, and Thomas—the last two of whom successively inherited and worked +the farm from 1809 until 1839. On the death of Thomas Moss in 1839, the farm was +sold and the proceeds of the sale were divided among his heirs.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_3' id='linki_3'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_4' name='page_4'></a>4</span> +<a href='images/011large.png'> +<img src='images/011small.png' alt='' title='' width='613' height='468' /> +</a> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Figure 1. John Warner Survey Map, 1740. Northern Neck Grants, Book E, 1736-1742, pp. 216-17.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>In the case of John Moss, more is known of his activities in the community than of his life +as a farmer. In particular, he was a leader of the early Methodist church in Virginia. The +well-known itinerant Methodist preacher, John Littlejohn, records several visits to the +home of John Moss in Fairfax County, beginning in May 1777. Many Methodist meetings +were held at Green Spring Farm in the 1770’s and 1780’s. One, held on April 29, 1778, +led to the following interesting note:</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_5' name='page_5'></a>5</span></div> +<blockquote> +<p>At +B<sup>r</sup> Jn<sup>o</sup> Mosses, met with M<sup>r</sup> +afterward Lord Fairfax we found +our trials as to +preach<sup>g</sup> +were very similar, he is very serious but his +religion is a mystry to me. Lord help us both.<a name='FNanchor_0002' id='FNanchor_0002'></a><a href='#Footnote_0002' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>And, in 1787, Francis Asbury noted in his journal:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Preached at Brother Mosses on 2 Chronicles XV, 12-13 on the +peoples entering into a covenant with God.<a name='FNanchor_0003' id='FNanchor_0003'></a><a href='#Footnote_0003' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>It seems evident that during these years, John Moss’s home served as a meeting place for a +Methodist congregation which lacked a church building and was served by the occasional +visits of itinerant preachers. That the congregation grew and prospered also seems evident +from the fact that in June 1789 John Moss served as a trustee of a Methodist Episcopal +church to be built in Alexandria “just north of the Presbyterian Meeting House” (Duke +and Fairfax Streets) for the use of Reverend Thomas Cooke and Reverend Francis +Asbury.<a name='FNanchor_0004' id='FNanchor_0004'></a><a href='#Footnote_0004' class='fnanchor'>[4]</a></p> +<p>In the county community, John Moss also was one of the group of gentlemen freeholders +in whom the responsibility of power was reposed. He enjoyed the friendship and trust of +Bryan Fairfax to the extent that he witnessed and served as coexecutor of the latter’s +will,<a name='FNanchor_0005' id='FNanchor_0005'></a><a href='#Footnote_0005' class='fnanchor'>[5]</a> and he was a party to several land sales and leases which involved Fairfax.<a name='FNanchor_0006' id='FNanchor_0006'></a><a href='#Footnote_0006' class='fnanchor'>[6]</a> By +these transactions, he acquired extensive lands in Loudoun County as well as land on +Dogue Creek in Fairfax County.<a name='FNanchor_0007' id='FNanchor_0007'></a><a href='#Footnote_0007' class='fnanchor'>[7]</a></p> +<p>In colonial times, he served the Crown as Commissioner of the King’s Revenue in Fairfax +County and also as a justice of the County Court.<a name='FNanchor_0008' id='FNanchor_0008'></a><a href='#Footnote_0008' class='fnanchor'>[8]</a> In the War for Independence, he +served as a captain and afterward took an active part in organizing the new government—in +particular, serving on a commission to supervise the Presidential election of 1788. +Under the new State Government, he continued to serve as the Commissioner of Revenue +for the county and a justice of the County Court. In 1796, in a law suit in Prince William +County, John Moss, then 72, was able to state that he was the oldest justice of the court +in commission at that time.<a name='FNanchor_0009' id='FNanchor_0009'></a><a href='#Footnote_0009' class='fnanchor'>[9]</a></p> +<p>Service as a justice presumably involved John Moss in a wide range of decisions affecting +the life of the county. The business of the County Court in this period was both judicial +and administrative. Minor crimes were disposed of monthly, while major crimes and civil +cases were handled in quarterly sessions.<a name='FNanchor_0010' id='FNanchor_0010'></a><a href='#Footnote_0010' class='fnanchor'>[10]</a> At these sessions, the justices also acted on +appointments, licenses for mills and ordinaries, road construction and repair, and the +levying of taxes. Most of the justices were not trained in the law, and law books were +scarce; therefore, the quality of justice and the transaction of public business were <ins title='Was fre-frequently'>frequently</ins> +leavened by reliance on common sense and experience.<a name='FNanchor_0011' id='FNanchor_0011'></a><a href='#Footnote_0011' class='fnanchor'>[11]</a></p> +<p>If gentlemen freeholders held the power of government in colonial and post-Revolutionary +Virginia, they also paid much of the cost of government. In 1786, John Moss and James +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_6' name='page_6'></a>6</span> +Wren, Gentlemen, were appointed Commissioners of the Land Tax, the large counties in +Virginia being allowed to have two such officials.<a name='FNanchor_0012' id='FNanchor_0012'></a><a href='#Footnote_0012' class='fnanchor'>[12]</a> They were responsible for maintaining +the tax book, personally calling on every person subject to taxation, and making four +lists of taxable property in the county. (One was for the Clerk of the County Court, one +for the sheriff, one for the Solicitor General, and one for the commissioner.) Annually, +they submitted a list of changes in land ownership, by sale or inheritance.<a name='FNanchor_0013' id='FNanchor_0013'></a><a href='#Footnote_0013' class='fnanchor'>[13]</a></p> +<p>For his service as a justice and as Commissioner of the Land Tax, John Moss’s compensation +came in the form of fees; he received no salary but under certain circumstances he +was reimbursed for out-of-pocket expenses connected with his duties.<a name='FNanchor_0014' id='FNanchor_0014'></a><a href='#Footnote_0014' class='fnanchor'>[14]</a></p> +<p>As one of the results of the American Revolution, the Anglican church was disestablished, +and many of the welfare functions formerly performed by the parish vestry were assumed +by the Overseers of the Poor. John Moss served as an overseer, and the powers and duties +he had in this unusual office were set forth in detail in the revision of the state laws in +1792.<a name='FNanchor_0015' id='FNanchor_0015'></a><a href='#Footnote_0015' class='fnanchor'>[15]</a> Overseers could prevent the poor from moving from one county to another and +could get a warrant from any magistrate ordering the removal of a pauper back to his +former county, with a court hearing to determine residence in case of a dispute. On the +other hand, each county was obliged, through its overseers, to look after its own poor; +and if the overseers refused to provide needed relief, there could be an appeal to the +County Court.<a name='FNanchor_0016' id='FNanchor_0016'></a><a href='#Footnote_0016' class='fnanchor'>[16]</a></p> +<p>Further, they could bind out dependent children placed under their care as apprentices, +appoint collectors-for-the-poor rates, have a paid clerk, and be paid for attending meetings. +They had power to control vagrants, force fathers of bastards to contribute to their +support, and operate the county poorhouse. In 1806, they were given the power to take +over funds and endowments left in the charge of the vestries, accounting to the court +annually.<a name='FNanchor_0017' id='FNanchor_0017'></a><a href='#Footnote_0017' class='fnanchor'>[17]</a></p> +<p>John Moss served as justice of the County Court until his death, and so saw the time come +when the county courthouse was moved from Alexandria to its present site. His view of +the history of his county, state, and nation saw more than mere physical change, however, +and he was sensitive to the changing spirit of the time and place in which he lived. As to +the depth of this feeling, there is no evidence in the form of public document or speech; +but eloquent testimony comes from a simple, personal act he performed in 1795. As +recorded in a deed of manumission issued to his slaves, he wrote:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>I, John Moss ... being fully satisfied that it is contrary to our bill of +rights as well as to our principles and sentiments as a free people and +also contrary to common justice to hold and keep in a state of slavery +any part of our fellow men ... [release and set free at various specified +times from the date of this deed] Sarah, Nan, Harry, Maria, +Hannah, Nero, Abram, Fox, Nat, David, John, Sam, Milla and Sal....<a name='FNanchor_0018' id='FNanchor_0018'></a><a href='#Footnote_0018' class='fnanchor'>[18]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_7' name='page_7'></a>7</span></div> +<p>The tradition of public service which John Moss commenced was carried on by his son, +William Moss, who was appointed Clerk of the County Court in 1801. The duties of the +clerk at this time differed somewhat from those of the clerk in colonial times. As enumerated +in the general revision of the law in 1792,<a name='FNanchor_0019' id='FNanchor_0019'></a><a href='#Footnote_0019' class='fnanchor'>[19]</a> the clerk must be a resident of the +county and keep his office in the courthouse, unless ordered to do otherwise. He received +his compensation in small fees charged for performing small acts, but in a growing county +this produced a substantial income. His chief functions involved issuing licenses, warrants, +writs, and orders connected with litigation. He also took inventories, recorded legal +instruments, and kept vital statistics. Frequently, the clerk was the only officer of the +court who was in any way learned in the law, and thus his advice on the law was regularly +sought by the court. As the information he gave frequently was seasoned with experience, +he became sought after for advice on many issues and problems which reached beyond the +technical terms of the law, and his importance in the county’s government was substantial.</p> +<p>William Moss served as Clerk of the County Court for 32 years, until 1833. In 1831, he +was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court, when that body was created by the General +Assembly, and he served in that position until 1835, the year of his death. At this time, +William Moss’s brother, Thomas, who had served as a Delegate from Fairfax County to the +Virginia General Assembly in 1828, was appointed to fill the vacancy left by William’s +death. When Thomas Moss died in 1839, his son, Alfred, was appointed Clerk but served +in that office only one month. Later, however, Alfred Moss moved from Alexandria to +Providence [Fairfax] where in 1852 he was again appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court. +He served in this capacity until 1861, at which time Civil War activities in the area disrupted +the normal conduct of county <ins title='Fixed footnote from 10'>business.<a name='FNanchor_0020' id='FNanchor_0020'></a><a href='#Footnote_0020' class='fnanchor'>[20]</a></ins> It was at this time that Alfred Moss +removed George Washington’s holographic will from Fairfax Courthouse to take it to +Richmond for safekeeping for the duration of the war. Because there was considerable +risk in getting it to Richmond, Alfred’s wife, Martha Gunnell Moss, hid it for a time in her +daughter’s home, “Evergreen,” in Fauquier County. Alfred Moss was captured and sent +to Capitol Prison, and when he was released by exchange, he took the will to a safe place. +Shortly after the war, the Fairfax County Court sent a private citizen, O. W. Hunt, to +Richmond where he found the Washington will, some other papers, and the County Seal, +which he returned to the Fairfax Courthouse where they may be seen during regular +hours of business.<a name='FNanchor_0021' id='FNanchor_0021'></a><a href='#Footnote_0021' class='fnanchor'>[21]</a></p> +<h4>AGRICULTURE IN COLONIAL VIRGINIA</h4> +<p>The lands which were assembled by John +Moss to comprise his farm were quite different from the virgin forest land that was being +opened up for cultivation in the western part of Fairfax and in Loudoun County at about +the same time. Like most of the open land below the fall line, the tract which Moss +assembled had first played a part in the tobacco civilization that had dominated the life +of Northern Virginia from 1650 to 1750.<a name='FNanchor_0022' id='FNanchor_0022'></a><a href='#Footnote_0022' class='fnanchor'>[22]</a> During the eighteenth century, tobacco +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_8' name='page_8'></a>8</span> +planters of the Virginia Tidewater had turned inland, clearing the forested area of the +Piedmont to bring virgin land into production of their crop. Their actions were the result +of many contributing causes—the tendency of tobacco to wear out the soil, the need for +timberland to supply the rising demand for barrels and hogsheads, the introduction of +new implements of husbandry, the plentiful supply of enslaved or indentured labor, and, +of course, the presence of cheap land in the western part of the county.<a name='FNanchor_0023' id='FNanchor_0023'></a><a href='#Footnote_0023' class='fnanchor'>[23]</a></p> +<p>Expansion required capital, however, and many of the Tidewater tobacco planters whose +holdings had been created through proprietary grants obtained the necessary funds by +selling off portions of their Tidewater holdings. By the middle of the eighteenth century, +few of the large land grants remained intact and what remained to the original owners was +interspersed with smaller farms and old fields gradually being taken over by scrub pine.<a name='FNanchor_0024' id='FNanchor_0024'></a><a href='#Footnote_0024' class='fnanchor'>[24]</a> +At the same time, the increase of warehouses and riverside facilities, the growth of roads +overland between the principal river landings and the gaps in the Blue Ridge Mountains, +and a steadily rising number of tradesmen and artisans setting out for themselves upon +completion of their indenture periods all combined to offer a prospect of success, if not +affluence, to one who was willing to work the land diligently and prudently.</p> +<p>Many of the small farmers of the Tidewater remained as committed to tobacco as the +great planters had been. Others turned to diversification of crops. Corn (maize) was +grown in conjunction with tobacco from the beginning of settlement in Northern Virginia +and diversification simply called for increasing its role. In the eighteenth century, wheat +was introduced as a substitute for tobacco to restore the land and gradually became +adopted in place of tobacco as a farm staple. As commercial relations with England became +more difficult after 1750, and were completely disrupted during the War for +Independence, tobacco planters in great numbers shifted to production of foodstuffs to +meet domestic demands. The description of Washington’s experience at Mount Vernon, +only a few miles distant from Green Spring Farm, may be taken as typical of that of his +neighbors:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>On the thin topsoil that overlay the clay slopes at Mount Vernon, +George Washington grew wheat that sold in Alexandria, made ship’s +biscuit that was famous the world over—and rye that supplied his less +celebrated distillery. The increasing number of cattle accounted for +the introduction of mangel-wurzels, turnips, and other root crops in +the rotation. The soil-building virtues of peas were discovered. Beef +cattle grew in increasing numbers, and began to appear prominently +in inventories and wills. Orchards and vineyards were planted more +widely. With these developments, simultaneously with the decline of +the tobacco trade, a lively business sprang up in shipping corn, wheat, +and livestock to the West Indies....<a name='FNanchor_0025' id='FNanchor_0025'></a><a href='#Footnote_0025' class='fnanchor'>[25]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>In his efforts to develop methods of husbandry which would restore the fertility of the +land, Washington reflected a concern which was widespread among Virginians of his time +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_9' name='page_9'></a>9</span> +and the first half of the nineteenth century. Organized efforts to promote better husbandry +through exchange of practical experience and dissemination of the results of +experimentation and invention began in the 1770’s.<a name='FNanchor_0026' id='FNanchor_0026'></a><a href='#Footnote_0026' class='fnanchor'>[26]</a> Between 1790 and 1830, hundreds +of publications on agriculture were produced<a name='FNanchor_0027' id='FNanchor_0027'></a><a href='#Footnote_0027' class='fnanchor'>[27]</a> and more than 100 inventions of agricultural +devices were patented to Virginians, among them Cyrus McCormick’s reaper, the +most influential mechanical factor in the development of American agriculture in the nineteenth +century.<a name='FNanchor_0028' id='FNanchor_0028'></a><a href='#Footnote_0028' class='fnanchor'>[28]</a> National leaders such as Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John +Marshall actively worked in societies which encouraged experimentation and study for +improvement of agriculture through what was called “scientific farming.”</p> +<p>With the effort to establish scientific farming came experiments in crop rotation, with use +of clovers and grasses interspersed between other crops, increased use of manure and artificial +fertilizers, better plows and methods of soil preparation, and more attention to +control of erosion. Interest in improving farm animals during this period led to introduction +of merino sheep and new breeds of mules.</p> +<p>Despite this active element in Virginia’s agricultural system, and notwithstanding the substantial +amount of intelligent and successful experimentation and publicity of results +which this element inspired, many farmers in Virginia persisted in traditional ways. +“Book farming,” as the new methods were called, was decried in favor of the familiar +ways of cultivating which were passed from father to son. This skepticism was strengthened, +also, when experiments failed—as they did in many cases—and when Virginia agriculture +suffered from economic depression along with the rest of the nation—as it did in +the years following the War of 1812.<a name='FNanchor_0029' id='FNanchor_0029'></a><a href='#Footnote_0029' class='fnanchor'>[29]</a></p> +<p>While Virginia agriculture had an equivocal or only moderately successful record of +growth from 1750 to 1830, the proponents of scientific farming could and did argue that +its value was measured in political as well as economic terms. Men like Thomas Jefferson, +James Madison, John Taylor, James Garnett, and others sincerely believed that the survival +of their way of life and that which they sought for Virginia depended on restoring +the farmer to preeminence. One historian has described their philosophy thus:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>The sincerity of their belief in the corruption of urban and the virtue +of rural living is unquestionable. They practiced as they preached. +And as they looked about them, at the long line of Virginia leaders of +the early republic and at their own modest pleasant way of life, +which some of them believed extended all the way down to their +slaves, they felt they had incontestable evidence of the rightness of +their convictions. As their soil became depleted, the hold of their +state on preeminence in everything was weakening. Restore the soil +and Virginia would be restored to her rightful preeminence. Simple, +primitive, noble, limited yet grand, thus went the conception.<a name='FNanchor_0030' id='FNanchor_0030'></a><a href='#Footnote_0030' class='fnanchor'>[30]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_10' name='page_10'></a>10</span></div> +<h4>THE MOSS FAMILY AS FARMERS</h4> +<p>Whether John Moss and his descendants who inherited +and worked Green Spring Farm were “scientific farmers” according to the standards +of the time is not certain. Presumably they were aware of the organizations which +espoused this cause since they were active in the public life of their state and community. +They may well have read the writings of some of the scientific farming leaders of the time, +such as John Taylor, who wrote under the pseudonym, “Arator,” and whose articles on +agriculture were published in a Georgetown newspaper commencing in 1810.<a name='FNanchor_0031' id='FNanchor_0031'></a><a href='#Footnote_0031' class='fnanchor'>[31]</a></p> +<p>An inventory of the personal property of William Moss, made in connection with an +auction to settle up his estate in 1835, offers indirect evidence of the farming methods of +the Moss family. (A copy of this inventory is contained in appendix D.)</p> +<p>The lack of tobacco and tobacco processing equipment suggests that the Mosses had +abandoned this crop for production of cereal grains—wheat, oats, rye, and corn—and +possession of a mechanical wheat fan (for blowing chaff away from the grain during +threshing) indicates use of some of the most advanced labor-saving equipment of the +day.<a name='FNanchor_0032' id='FNanchor_0032'></a><a href='#Footnote_0032' class='fnanchor'>[32]</a> The number of horses, plows, and other farm machinery seems large for the size +of the farm and suggests that its cultivation must have prospered over a period of time. +Particularly significant is the number of livestock in the inventory and the types of animals—horses, +cattle, hogs, sheep, and bees. These, plus other entries, indicate that the +farm must have regularly produced beef, bacon, lard, wool, soap, honey, and beeswax, +all in quantities sufficient to provide market income. Mention of quantities of hay, oats, +and corn in the inventory suggest that in addition to cultivating cereal grains the Mosses +had a major interest in raising meat animals and in dairying.</p> +<p>Strong evidence of dairying comes from the presence of a spring house at the farm and +mention of tubs, churns, jars, crocks, strainers, and the like. They point to active dairying, +with the sale of milk, cheese, and butter in the nearby neighborhood, in Alexandria, +and possibly even points beyond.<a name='FNanchor_0033' id='FNanchor_0033'></a><a href='#Footnote_0033' class='fnanchor'>[33]</a></p> +<p>The listing of hogsheads and barrels of vinegar in the sale inventory suggests still another +facet of Green Spring Farm’s diversification. Both apple and peach orchards existed at +the time and apparently produced well.<a name='FNanchor_0034' id='FNanchor_0034'></a><a href='#Footnote_0034' class='fnanchor'>[34]</a></p> +<p>The will of John Moss and the inventories of William Moss and Thomas Moss give the +impression of a farming family which was successful in more than ordinary measure as +compared with most other Northern Virginia farmers. Their farm was described in the +notice advertising the court sale in 1839 as follows:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>Brick dwelling house, 8 rooms, brick kitchen, meat house, servant’s +house, new barn and stables and other convenient outbuildings. +Apple orchard, peach orchard, also, stone spring house.<a name='FNanchor_0035' id='FNanchor_0035'></a><a href='#Footnote_0035' class='fnanchor'>[35]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_11' name='page_11'></a>11</span></div> +<p>More revealing, perhaps, is the affidavit of Alfred Moss and Thomas Love (son and son-in-law, +respectively, of Thomas Moss) offered in connection with the court proceedings to +sell the farm as part of the settlement of Thomas Moss’s estate. They said:</p> +<blockquote> +<p>This tract of land is naturally a thin soil, but from a careful course of +husbandry for a number of years is now in a good state of cultivation, +the fields well enclosed by good and substantial fencing, the land not +in cultivation well taken with grass (clover and timothy), and that in +cultivation just sown down in winter grain, and the buildings in a +good state of repair, the barn and stables having been erected in the +last two or three years.<a name='FNanchor_0036' id='FNanchor_0036'></a><a href='#Footnote_0036' class='fnanchor'>[36]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Although the history of Green Spring Farm during its ownership by the Moss family does +not contain evidence of agricultural experimentation and leadership in scientific farming, +it seems clear, on the other hand, that John Moss and his descendants advanced with the +progress of their times and, indeed, may have been among the most progressive husbandmen +of their day. They had broken away from the pattern of farming that typified the +colonial tobacco era, and they exemplified a new and successful type of agriculture based +on careful management of the land and production for a diversified market. They were +certainly aware of the new developments and new philosophy which were growing out of +the search for the principles of scientific farming, and they accepted and used some of +those that applied to their situation.<a name='FNanchor_0037' id='FNanchor_0037'></a><a href='#Footnote_0037' class='fnanchor'>[37]</a></p> +<h4>GREEN SPRING FARM AND THE TURNPIKE ROAD</h4> +<p>The successful operation of +Green Spring Farm, like the success of numerous other farms in Northern Virginia and the +Shenandoah Valley, was closely linked to the transportation system of these areas. Tidewater +Virginia in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries relied mainly on coastal +waterways and rivers as avenues of commerce and travel. When roads appeared on maps of +Virginia in this period, they followed trails laid down by Indians who, in turn, had taken +over the game trails along the ridges of the land. Therefore, by 1750 there was only a +basic network of roadways running east-west to the passes in the Blue Ridge and north-south +to the colonial capital of Williamsburg along the Tidewater and to the Carolinas +through the Piedmont. The eighteenth century development of roads in Northern +Virginia emphasized east-west travel for the obvious reason that residents of this area saw +their future prosperity more closely linked to the rich resources and fertile lands of the +Shenandoah Valley (and through it, perhaps, to the Ohio River) than through connection +with the political capitals of the state or the great plantations of the James and York +Rivers.<a name='FNanchor_0038' id='FNanchor_0038'></a><a href='#Footnote_0038' class='fnanchor'>[38]</a></p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_4' id='linki_4'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_12' name='page_12'></a>12</span> +<img src='images/019a.png' alt='' title='' width='456' height='507' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Figure 2. Survey Map, John Halley, 1840. Fairfax County Deed Book H-3, p. 227.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_5' id='linki_5'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/019b.png' alt='' title='' width='549' height='368' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Figure 3. R. R. Farr Survey, Fairfax County Deed Book C-8, p. 448.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>As Colchester and Dumfries yielded leadership in commerce to Alexandria and as Loudoun +and Fauquier Counties developed centers of commerce and seats of government at +Leesburg and Warrenton, the desire for better overland connections with Alexandria +gained strength. Public roadbuilding in this period was treated with indifference by both +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_13' name='page_13'></a>13</span> +public officials and the public at large. Theoretically carried out by levying a certain +amount of labor or materials from the freeholders of the community, the system never +produced good roads in Northern Virginia; and, in the early nineteenth century, overland +travel generally had permitted them to deteriorate to the point where both foreign and +domestic travelers commented unfavorably on them in their travel memoirs.<a name='FNanchor_0039' id='FNanchor_0039'></a><a href='#Footnote_0039' class='fnanchor'>[39]</a> Moreover, +in the 1800’s, the new state governments were in no position to provide financial support +for local public works and could offer nothing more than their moral support through +legislative approval of private roadbuilding by private turnpike companies which raised +their capital through the sale of stock and obtained their income by charging tolls for +use of the road.</p> +<p>The earliest private turnpike company charter issued by the Virginia Legislature was in +1795 for the “Fairfax and Loudoun Road” from Alexandria to the ford of Little River. +This company was never organized, but, in 1802, a somewhat more liberal charter was +given to the Little River Turnpike Company. This company’s road was completed in 1806 +and immediately led to enactment in 1808 of further legislation authorizing extensions to +Fauquier Courthouse.<a name='FNanchor_0040' id='FNanchor_0040'></a><a href='#Footnote_0040' class='fnanchor'>[40]</a></p> +<p>The Little River Turnpike was located so that Fairfax Courthouse stood approximately +half way between Alexandria and the western terminus at Aldie. The courthouse thus +served as a logical landmark dividing the upper and lower segments of the road. The +turnpike traversed Green Spring Farm at a point about midway in its lower section. +Throughout the history of the road, the Moss family appears to have been deeply involved. +In 1809, William Moss was appointed and served as one of three commissioners to +advertise and receive subscriptions for stock in the company constructing the road from +the Little River Turnpike to Fauquier Courthouse.<a name='FNanchor_0041' id='FNanchor_0041'></a><a href='#Footnote_0041' class='fnanchor'>[41]</a></p> +<p>Thomas Moss served as a director of the Little River Turnpike Company and also acted as +superintendent of the lower district of the road. Financial statements of the company, +which were given in the annual reports of the State Board of Public Works, regularly +carried accounts for both the salary paid to Thomas Moss and the funds spent by him for +repair of the lower section of the road.<a name='FNanchor_0042' id='FNanchor_0042'></a><a href='#Footnote_0042' class='fnanchor'>[42]</a></p> +<h4>THE MIDCENTURY YEARS. 1840-1880</h4> +<p>The Moss family’s ownership of Green Spring +Farm ended in 1843 with the sale of the farm and division of the proceeds among the +eight heirs of Thomas Moss.<a name='FNanchor_0043' id='FNanchor_0043'></a><a href='#Footnote_0043' class='fnanchor'>[43]</a> Under the supervision of the County Court, the farm was +sold to one Thomas Sheriff, lately of Barbados. On his death, it descended to his son, +James Sheriff, who kept it until 1855 when he transferred it as part of a settlement for a +debt. Its next owner was James Benton, who held it in trust for one Hannah O’Brien of +Baltimore. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_14' name='page_14'></a>14</span> +In the first half of this period the times were generally good. Virginia agriculture grew to +new levels of prosperity, aided by the introduction of new labor-saving machinery through +inventions and the opening up of new markets for farm produce through improvements in +transportation. In such circumstances, James Sheriff’s loss of Green Spring Farm for debts +in 1855 seems likely to have been due to exceptional misfortunes or else exceptional neglect +and waste on the part of the owner. Although records of the County Court during +this period suggest that Thomas Sheriff and his son, James, were before the Bar of Justice +on numerous occasions, these references do not suffice to explain all that occurred.</p> +<p>During the second half of this period, when title to the farm was in James Benton for the +use of Hannah O’Brien, the fortunes of its owners were dictated mainly by the fortunes of +war. During the four years of hostilities, Green Spring Farm stood in the disputed ground +outside the perimeter of permanent defenses of the capital where patrols from both sides +ranged regularly by day and night. While the records of the war do not report any major +engagements at the farm, they indicate that military activity in the neighborhood frequently +placed its safety in jeopardy and obviously prevented any regular farming +operations.</p> +<p>The ultimate loss of the farm in 1878—again to be sold for debt—appears to have been the +result of imprudence in business dealings (according to local tradition, Hannah’s husband, +Matthew O’Brien, was a gambler), and inability to bring the farm back from the low state +to which it was reduced during the war years.</p> +<p>Hannah O’Brien’s interest in the farm enjoyed the special protection of a deed which +specified that the land should be free from debts, liabilities, and control of her husband, +Matthew O’Brien, and that she had power to dispose of the property by deed in her own +right.<a name='FNanchor_0044' id='FNanchor_0044'></a><a href='#Footnote_0044' class='fnanchor'>[44]</a> Subsequently, however, through ignorance or bad advice, she signed as guarantor +of a note issued by her husband; and, when default on the note occurred, she lost the +farm through court proceedings which ordered it sold for the debt.<a name='FNanchor_0045' id='FNanchor_0045'></a><a href='#Footnote_0045' class='fnanchor'>[45]</a> Thus, in 1878 the +farm was bought by Fountain Beattie.</p> +<hr class='fn' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_15' name='page_15'></a>15</span></div> +<h4>I. GENTLEMEN FREEHOLDERS: THE MOSS FAMILY (1770-1835)</h4> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0001' id='Footnote_0001'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0001'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a> +<p>Mrs. Don Ritchie, Arlington, Virginia, Moss family genealogist; Vernon Lynch, Annandale, +Virginia, a lifelong resident of Fairfax County, now in his eighties; interviews.</p> +<p>Walter Macomber, interview on July 16, 1968, at Green Spring Farm. In the opinion of Mr. +Macomber of Washington, D.C., who planned and supervised the 1942 renovation of the mansion house, +the original part of the house was built between 1750 and 1775.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0002' id='Footnote_0002'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0002'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a> +<p><i>The Journal of John Littlejohn</i>, MS., Louisville, Kentucky, April 29, 1778.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0003' id='Footnote_0003'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0003'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a> +<p>Elmer T. Clark, J. Manning Potts, and Jacob S. Payton (eds.), <i>The Journal and Letters of +Francis Asbury</i> (Nashville: Abington Press, 1958), I, p. 531.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0004' id='Footnote_0004'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0004'><span class='label'>[4]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Deed Book R-1, p. 413, contains a deed in 1789 from William and Mary +Bushby to John Moss, William Adams, William Waters, Samuel Adams, James Morrison, William Rhodes, +and William Hickman, and their survivors, in trust, conveying a lot in the town of Alexandria, northward +from the Presbyterian meeting house, westward parallel with Duke Street, southward parallel with Fairfax +Street, and eastward parallel with Duke Street to Chapple Alley “to build and forever keep in good +repair a house for the worship of God for the use of the Reverend Thomas Cooke and the Reverend +Francis Asbury for the time being of the Methodist Episcopal Church....”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0005' id='Footnote_0005'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0005'><span class='label'>[5]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Will Book I, p. 150.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0006' id='Footnote_0006'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0006'><span class='label'>[6]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Deed Book AA-2, p. 29, a lease for three lives to John Moss, dated May +29, 1798.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0007' id='Footnote_0007'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0007'><span class='label'>[7]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Deed Book R-1, p. 397.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0008' id='Footnote_0008'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0008'><span class='label'>[8]</span></a> +<p>Mrs. Don C. Ritchie, letter dated October 17, 1969.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0009' id='Footnote_0009'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0009'><span class='label'>[9]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0010' id='Footnote_0010'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0010'><span class='label'>[10]</span></a> +<p>William W. Hening (ed.), [Virginia] <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 1823, reprint edition (Charlottesville: +University Press of Virginia, 1969), VII, p. 32.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0011' id='Footnote_0011'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0011'><span class='label'>[11]</span></a> +<p>Albert Porter, <i>County Government in Virginia</i> (New York: Columbia University Press, +1947), p. 186.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0012' id='Footnote_0012'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0012'><span class='label'>[12]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Court Minute Book, March 23, 1786, p. 191. Subsequently John Moss was +reappointed Commissioner of the Land Tax in 1787, 1792, and 1793.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0013' id='Footnote_0013'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0013'><span class='label'>[13]</span></a> +<p>Hening, <i>Statutes</i>, XII, p. 243.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0014' id='Footnote_0014'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0014'><span class='label'>[14]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Court Order Book, 1787 (February 20 and October 15, 1787): “John +Moss, Gent., Commissioner for Fairfax district produced on oath an account against the +Commonwealth for his service in that capacity amounting to Twenty-five pounds thirteen +shillings and six pence, which being examined by the court is allowed and ordered to be +certified.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0015' id='Footnote_0015'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0015'><span class='label'>[15]</span></a> +<p>Shepherd, <i>Code</i>, I, p. 114.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0016' id='Footnote_0016'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0016'><span class='label'>[16]</span></a> +<p>Porter, <i>County Government</i>, p. 211.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0017' id='Footnote_0017'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0017'><span class='label'>[17]</span></a> +<p>Shepherd, <i>Code</i>, III, p. 262.</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_16' name='page_16'></a>16</span></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0018' id='Footnote_0018'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0018'><span class='label'>[18]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Deed Book Y-1, p. 69.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0019' id='Footnote_0019'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0019'><span class='label'>[19]</span></a> +<p>Shepherd, <i>Code</i>, I, p. 11.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0020' id='Footnote_0020'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0020'><span class='label'>[20]</span></a> +<p>F. Johnston, <i>Memorials of Old Virginia Clerks</i> (Lynchburg: J. P. Bell, 1880), p. 172.</p> +<p><i>Alexandria Gazette</i>, October 4, 1839. The obituary notice for Thomas Moss states that +he died on October 2 after a long illness, having been a Justice of the Peace for many years, and also +having served as a member of the State Legislature and as county court clerk.</p> +<p>The Archives of the Virginia House of Delegates show that Thomas Moss was a Delegate +from Fairfax County for the 1828-1829 biennium. (Honorable George Rich, January 2, 1970; personal +communication.)</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0021' id='Footnote_0021'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0021'><span class='label'>[21]</span></a> +<p>K. M. Willis, “Old Fairfax Homes Give Up A Secret,” <i>American Motorist</i>, May 1932, p. +16; Johnston, <i>Clerks</i>, p. 174.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0022' id='Footnote_0022'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0022'><span class='label'>[22]</span></a> +<p>M. Herndon, <i>Tobacco in Colonial Virginia</i> (Williamsburg: Virginia 350th Celebration +Corp., 1957), pp. 7-8, indicates that tobacco was introduced into Northern Virginia by the settlers who +moved into the Rappahannock and Potomac areas around 1650. By the end of the seventeenth century, +Herndon states, tobacco farming dominated the lowlands all along the Rappahannock and Potomac +Rivers below the fall line.</p> +<p>F. Harrison, <i>Landmarks of Old Prince William</i> (Berryville: Chesapeake Book Co., 1964), +pp. 148-150. Also to be noted is the fact that settlement above the fall line was not permitted prior to +1722 because of treaty provisions with the Iroquois. By the Treaty of Albany in 1722, the Iroquois +withdrew west of the Blue Ridge.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0023' id='Footnote_0023'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0023'><span class='label'>[23]</span></a> +<p>Herndon, <i>Tobacco</i>, pp. 14-16, cites introduction of plant bedding practices, use of animal-drawn +plows instead of hand hoes, and improved methods of curing tobacco as responsible for increasing +the yield of the tobacco farm.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0024' id='Footnote_0024'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0024'><span class='label'>[24]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i>, p. 10.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0025' id='Footnote_0025'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0025'><span class='label'>[25]</span></a> +<p>Frederick Gutheim. <i>The Potomac</i> (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1968), p. 98.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0026' id='Footnote_0026'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0026'><span class='label'>[26]</span></a> +<p>R. B. Davis, <i>Intellectual Life in Jefferson’s Virginia</i> (Chapel Hill: University of North +Carolina Press, 1964), p. 167, notes that in 1773 the Society for the Advancement of Useful Knowledge +was formed in Williamsburg, followed by the Philadelphia Agricultural Society in 1780, and the Richmond +Society for Promoting Agriculture in 1810, all dedicated to working for the improvement of +farming.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0027' id='Footnote_0027'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0027'><span class='label'>[27]</span></a> +<p>A list of these writings on agriculture was compiled by E. G. Swern in 1913 and published +by the Virginia State Library.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0028' id='Footnote_0028'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0028'><span class='label'>[28]</span></a> +<p>Davis, <i>Intellectual Life</i>, pp. 159-160, 167. Among the inventions of the McCormick family +were threshing machines, hydraulic machines, a hemp-brake, blacksmith’s bellows, and self-stoppers for +grist mills. Other patents issued to Virginians dealt with plows, grain screens, rice hullers, hemp and flax +breakers, corn shellers, beehives, clover seed cleaners and gatherers, tobacco presses, and corn grinders.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0029' id='Footnote_0029'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0029'><span class='label'>[29]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i>, p. 156. See also “Status of Virginia Agriculture in 1870” in <i>Report of the Commissioner +of Agriculture, 1870</i> (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1871), pp. 267-268.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0030' id='Footnote_0030'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0030'><span class='label'>[30]</span></a> +<p>Davis, <i>Intellectual Life</i>, p. 151.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0031' id='Footnote_0031'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0031'><span class='label'>[31]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 154-156.</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_17' name='page_17'></a>17</span></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0032' id='Footnote_0032'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0032'><span class='label'>[32]</span></a> +<p>Dr. John Schlebecker, Curator, Division of Agriculture and Mining, Museum of History +and Technology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., interview. Dr. Schlebecker was of the +opinion that the price which this blower brought suggested it might be animal-powered by a treadmill or +overhead sweep. Wheat fans were relatively new types of equipment in 1835, but not uncommon among +successful farmers.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0033' id='Footnote_0033'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0033'><span class='label'>[33]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i> Schlebecker discussed the possibility of dairying as follows: “It’s very likely he was +in the business. Now whether it was butter or cheese—butter would pay better, and he is pretty close to +Alexandria and Washington, and, for that matter, by sea to Baltimore. Butter would have been the more +attractive of the commodities; cheese would keep better, could be shipped farther and find a greater +variety of markets, but wouldn’t pay quite as well. But I don’t see evidence he was in the cheese business, +and I’d be happier if I saw more churns on the list, or if the churn were better described. One +churn would be enough if it were big enough. And it could very well be run by a sheep or a dog. You +see, he’s certainty got enough cows to be in the dairy business, willy nilly.” (Transcription of tape-recorded +interview with John Schlebecker, February 26, 1969, p. 6.)</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0034' id='Footnote_0034'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0034'><span class='label'>[34]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i> See also inventory in appendix B.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0035' id='Footnote_0035'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0035'><span class='label'>[35]</span></a> +<p><i>Alexandria Gazette</i>, November 6, 1839, notice of sale.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0036' id='Footnote_0036'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0036'><span class='label'>[36]</span></a> +<p>Alfred Moss and Thomas Love, affidavit of October 29, 1839, in proceedings to sell the +farm owned by Thomas Moss, deceased.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0037' id='Footnote_0037'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0037'><span class='label'>[37]</span></a> +<p>The wills and property inventories of members of the Moss family reveal much information +that helps reconstruct the activity on their farm. Considering the equipment used, the products +grown and processed, and the number of slaves reported, it is possible that between the 1820’s and +1850’s the farm was also engaged in breeding slaves for export to the rice and indigo plantations of +South Carolina and the cotton plantations of Alabama and Mississippi. A certain amount of this traffic +was also carried on locally.</p> +<p>U.S. Census population records compiled from 1810 through 1850 show that slaveholding +continued at a high level relative to other changing circumstances in agriculture and in the Moss +family. See census records for Fairfax County in National Archives, Microfilm Division, Microcopy Roll +68 (1810), 137 (1820), 201 (1830), 558 (1840), 942 (1850).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0038' id='Footnote_0038'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0038'><span class='label'>[38]</span></a> +<p>These roads were the Dumfries and Falmouth Roads via Ashby’s Gap, the Colchester +Road via Williams’ Gap, and the Alexandria Road via Vestal’s Gap. Their origins and early history are +given in Harrison, <i>Landmarks</i>, pp. 466-484.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0039' id='Footnote_0039'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0039'><span class='label'>[39]</span></a> +<p>Davis, <i>Intellectual Life</i>, p. 152, and A. Hulbert, <i>The Paths of Inland Commerce</i> (New +Haven: Yale University, 1921), pp. 44-55. The situation appeared to improve little during the nineteenth +century, for in 1894 the Virginia Good Roads Convention called the American rural roads “far +below the average” and “certainly are among the worst in the civilized world and always have been +largely as a result of permitting local circumstances to determine the location with little or no regard for +any general system, and haste and waste and ignorance in building.” Virginia Good Roads Convention, +<i>Programme</i> (Richmond: Stone Printing Co., 1894), p. 24.</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_18' name='page_18'></a>18</span></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0040' id='Footnote_0040'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0040'><span class='label'>[40]</span></a> +<p>The act incorporating the Fairfax and Loudoun Turnpike Road Company authorized construction +and operation of an “artificial road from Alexandria to the Little River.” Laws, 1795, c. 31 +(December 26, 1795). Shepherd’s <i>Statutes</i> (Richmond: Shepherd, 1836), I, p. 378. The successor company, +known as the Little River Turnpike Company, was incorporated by legislation enacted in 1802 and +1803. Laws, 1801, c. 83 (January 28, 1802) and Laws, 1802, c. 52 (January 19, 1803), Shepherd’s +<i>Statutes</i>, II, p. 383, 452. The extension into Fauquier County was authorized by the incorporation of +the Fauquier and Alexandria Turnpike Company, designed to build “an artificial turnpike road from +Fauquier Court House to Buckland farm, or Buckland town, and thence to the Little River Turnpike +road, at the most suitable point for affording a convenient way from Fauquier Court House to Alexandria.” +Laws, 1807, c. 27 (January 27, 1808), Shepherd’s <i>Statutes</i>, III, p. 379.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0041' id='Footnote_0041'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0041'><span class='label'>[41]</span></a> +<p><i>Alexandria Gazette</i>, May 23, 1809. The extension was built by the Fauquier and Alexandria +Turnpike Road Company, and was constructed from the Little River Turnpike at Fairfax Courthouse, +through Centreville and Buckland, to Fauquier County Courthouse (Warrenton).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0042' id='Footnote_0042'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0042'><span class='label'>[42]</span></a> +<p>Annual Report of the President and Directors of the Board of Public Works to the General +Assembly of Virginia, Richmond, 1818, p. 34; 1819, p. 33; 1820, p. 76.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0043' id='Footnote_0043'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0043'><span class='label'>[43]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Deed Book H-3, p. 226, May 28, 1843.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0044' id='Footnote_0044'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0044'><span class='label'>[44]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Deed Book W-3, pp. 424-425, September 10, 1855.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0045' id='Footnote_0045'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0045'><span class='label'>[45]</span></a> +<p>Hannah C. O’Brien v. John W. Green, et. al., Fairfax County, Virginia County Court, +Suspended File No. 10, 1878.</p> +</div> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_19' name='page_19'></a>19</span> +<a name='II_ORCHARD_AND_DAIRY_FOUNTAIN_BEATTIE_18781917' id='II_ORCHARD_AND_DAIRY_FOUNTAIN_BEATTIE_18781917'></a> +<h3>II. ORCHARD AND DAIRY: FOUNTAIN BEATTIE (1878-1917)</h3> +</div> +<h4>NORTHERN VIRGINIA’S AGRICULTURE IN THE 1870’S</h4> +<p>By 1870, Virginia farmers +were beginning to recover from the recent war which had completely disrupted normal +agricultural activity. The effects of the war had been felt keenly in Northern Virginia +where the conflict had not been marked by many of the major battles but had nevertheless +afflicted the area with four years of constant raiding and skirmishing. The resultant +toll of horses, mules, cattle, and livestock and the dearth of farm machinery were major +handicaps facing the farmer, as were his lack of capital with which to purchase supplies +and equipment from outside his area and the general shortage of labor.<a name='FNanchor_0046' id='FNanchor_0046'></a><a href='#Footnote_0046' class='fnanchor'>[46]</a> These shortages +were overcome slowly. Some materials for beginning to rebuild the war damage were +readily available from military supplies immediately after the close of hostilities; and, in +this respect, Northern Virginia was fortunate to be within a few miles of the Union Army +supply depots in Alexandria and Washington, D.C. But, as the confused era of reconstruction +set in, the farmer was thrown mainly on his own resources of land and labor to +rebuild his fortunes.</p> +<p>Poor as his prospects might seem to be, the Northern Virginia farmer had certain advantages +that farmers in other parts of the state lacked. The farmland was by no means +barren or exhausted, although it had been worked steadily during the previous decade +when all efforts turned to producing the maximum amount of food for subsistence and +no thought could be given to maintaining or enhancing the fertility of the soil.<a name='FNanchor_0047' id='FNanchor_0047'></a><a href='#Footnote_0047' class='fnanchor'>[47]</a> Also, +Fairfax County farmers had relatively easy access to the produce markets of Washington +and Baltimore, both by water and overland transportation.<a name='FNanchor_0048' id='FNanchor_0048'></a><a href='#Footnote_0048' class='fnanchor'>[48]</a></p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_6' id='linki_6'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_20' name='page_20'></a>20</span> +<a href='images/027large.png'> +<img src='images/027small.png' alt='' title='' width='623' height='469' /> +</a> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Figure 4. Hopkins’ Atlas Map, 1879.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>Moreover, agriculture in Northern Virginia had not been dominated by the plantation +system since the mid-eighteenth century. By 1870, even the great landholdings which had +been carved out of the original proprietary grants had given way to a third generation of +farms, still smaller in size and more diversified. While the owners of these Northern +Virginia farms had, in many instances, owned slaves before the war, their dependence on +this source of labor was not as critical as in other parts of Virginia—notably, the regions +where tobacco was king. Thus, when the “great political convulsion which culminated in +the disruption of the labor system of the State”<a name='FNanchor_0049' id='FNanchor_0049'></a><a href='#Footnote_0049' class='fnanchor'>[49]</a> compelled Southern farmers generally +to rebuild their system with different forms of labor and land tenure, Fairfax County +farmers found themselves able to adjust to the new circumstances with relative ease once +they were able to acquire tools and livestock. At this time, as before the war, they benefited +greatly from the presence among them of a group of thrifty and industrious farm +families who migrated from New York and New Jersey, bringing with them new energy, +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_21' name='page_21'></a>21</span> +new capital, and new methods of farming from the diversified agricultural regions of the +North.<a name='FNanchor_0050' id='FNanchor_0050'></a><a href='#Footnote_0050' class='fnanchor'>[50]</a></p> +<p>In addition, there was abroad in Virginia in 1870 a strong spirit for revival of its agriculture, +looking not only to securing the advantages which scientific husbandry could bring +through restored fertility of the soil but also to realization of the Jeffersonian dream of a +strong, stable, and independent class of American yeomanry owning and working its own +land.<a name='FNanchor_0051' id='FNanchor_0051'></a><a href='#Footnote_0051' class='fnanchor'>[51]</a> Soon after the commencement of reconstruction, organizations patterned after +the various scientific farming societies of the 1830’s began to appear and agricultural +newspapers, such as <i>The Southern Farmer</i>, resumed publication and circulation in Northern +Virginia. These two sources called strongly for Virginia farmers to change their traditional +ways of farming for modern methods and modern farm implements.<a name='FNanchor_0052' id='FNanchor_0052'></a><a href='#Footnote_0052' class='fnanchor'>[52]</a> As the 1870’s +advanced, these sources were joined by the State Government, which provided a certain +amount of assistance for modernization of Virginia agriculture.<a name='FNanchor_0053' id='FNanchor_0053'></a><a href='#Footnote_0053' class='fnanchor'>[53]</a></p> +<h4>MOSBY’S LIEUTENANT</h4> +<p>It was in this setting that Fountain Beattie became the owner +of Green Spring Farm in June 1878 when he purchased the 339-acre tract through a commissioner’s +deed approved by the County Court.<a name='FNanchor_0054' id='FNanchor_0054'></a><a href='#Footnote_0054' class='fnanchor'>[54]</a></p> +<p>Fountain Beattie was the son of Colonel Robert Beattie and Pauline White Beattie of +Chilhowie in Washington County, Virginia. In 1861, he enlisted in the First Virginia +Cavalry at Abingdon and there made the acquaintance of John S. Mosby. They became +good friends, and when Mosby received his separate command, he took Beattie with +him.<a name='FNanchor_0055' id='FNanchor_0055'></a><a href='#Footnote_0055' class='fnanchor'>[55]</a> During the next three years, Beattie rode with Mosby in campaigns that crossed +and recrossed Northern Virginia.<a name='FNanchor_0056' id='FNanchor_0056'></a><a href='#Footnote_0056' class='fnanchor'>[56]</a></p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_7' id='linki_7'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_22' name='page_22'></a>22</span> +<img src='images/029a.png' alt='' title='' width='617' height='384' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Figure 5. c. 1885, Fountain Beattie and Annie Hathaway Beattie.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_8' id='linki_8'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/029b.png' alt='' title='' width='400' height='315' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +The Mosby and Beattie Families, c. 1890<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:310px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_9' id='linki_9'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/029c.png' alt='' title='' width='310' height='286' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +The Old Stone Spring House<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:310px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_10' id='linki_10'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/029d.png' alt='' title='' width='310' height='293' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +The Lane to Green Spring Farm<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p><span class='nowrap'>Whether Fountain</span> Beattie saw or visited Green Spring Farm during these rides with +Mosby’s battalion is not certain. There is reason to think he may have been in the neighborhood +because of references to engagements at such places as “Billy Gooding’s tavern +on the Little River Turnpike, 10 miles from Alexandria.”<a name='FNanchor_0057' id='FNanchor_0057'></a><a href='#Footnote_0057' class='fnanchor'>[57]</a> Moreover, he may have +heard of the farm from one of the descendants of its owners, since on one occasion he +escaped imminent disaster only through the intervention of one Thomas Moss of +Alexandria.<a name='FNanchor_0058' id='FNanchor_0058'></a><a href='#Footnote_0058' class='fnanchor'>[58]</a></p> +<p>Be that as it may, the region must have made a strong impression on him because, after +moving several times in the years following the war, it was in Fairfax County that Fountain +Beattie and his family finally settled. Money for the purchase of Green Spring Farm in +1878 came from Mrs. Beattie’s inheritance following the sale of “Western View,” the +homestead of her deceased parents, located in Fauquier County.<a name='FNanchor_0059' id='FNanchor_0059'></a><a href='#Footnote_0059' class='fnanchor'>[59]</a> At that time, Green +Spring Farm was available for purchase through the County Court, which had ordered it +sold to satisfy the judgment for debt against Matthew O’Brien.<a name='FNanchor_0060' id='FNanchor_0060'></a><a href='#Footnote_0060' class='fnanchor'>[60]</a></p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_23' name='page_23'></a>23</span></div> +<h4>ORCHARD AND DAIRY.</h4> +<p>Fountain Beattie’s selection of Green Spring Farm appears to +have been made with an eye to its proximity to the Little River Turnpike and the old +Columbia Turnpike (now Route 712). Increasingly, the farmers of the Piedmont region +of Virginia were feeling the competition of farmers in the Shenandoah Valley and outside +the state in the production of wheat and corn. This competition was made possible when +railroads connected the Valley of Virginia and the farmlands of the great midwestern +prairie states with the markets of the eastern cities. Farmers in the middle and Northern +Virginia no longer enjoyed the advantages they once had in shipping wheat and corn to +these markets.<a name='FNanchor_0061' id='FNanchor_0061'></a><a href='#Footnote_0061' class='fnanchor'>[61]</a> More and more in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Northern +Virginia farmers planted corn, wheat, and other grains for use as livestock feed rather than +sale in the grain market.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:340px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_11' id='linki_11'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_24' name='page_24'></a>24</span> +<img src='images/031a.png' alt='' title='' width='340' height='504' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Figure 6. John Singleton Mosby.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p><span class='nowrap'>Like many other</span> Fairfax County farmers, Fountain Beattie found that he was better off +to abandon diversified farming in favor of crops with respect to which he still enjoyed +natural advantages. Thus, during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Green Spring +Farm is identified with dairy products and orchard and garden produce—all commodities +which had to be marketed the same day they were produced or picked or which could be +made into derivative products which could be easily transported to market and sold at +prices which reflected value added by processing. Transportation, however, was a key +factor. Virginia’s country roads were publicly acknowledged to be in a “lamentable condition,” +and over even the best of them travel often was impossible in wet seasons of the +year.<a name='FNanchor_0062' id='FNanchor_0062'></a><a href='#Footnote_0062' class='fnanchor'>[62]</a> In this respect, the Little River Turnpike was one of the best of Virginia’s rural +roads, having been laid out and constructed by professional engineers and maintained by +hired labor with even more care and regularity than the public roads. In Beattie’s day, as +in Moss’s time, the turnpike was the main road between Alexandria and Fairfax, the +county seat, and thence to the Valley.</p> +<p>All these considerations led Fountain Beattie to direct his main effort to expansion of +the orchards and herd of dairy cattle as rapidly as it was feasible. Year around, the farm +was a busy place, with work enough for all of the Beatties’ 12 children—six boys and six +girls—as well as their parents and hired hands. Daily chores, including milking and churning, +went on all year, for the farm generally had numerous cows, horses, and mules. +There was also a certain amount of grain to be raised each year for livestock feed, and a +large vegetable garden. Fruit trees included pears, cherries, and apples in two 25-acre +orchards—one located on each side of the Turnpike—which provided the principal produce +of the farm. Farm produce was regularly marketed in Washington, Alexandria, and +local grocery stores, as well as at a roadside stand during the harvest season.<a name='FNanchor_0063' id='FNanchor_0063'></a><a href='#Footnote_0063' class='fnanchor'>[63]</a></p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_12' id='linki_12'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/031b.png' alt='' title='' width='640' height='390' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Reunion at Manassas: Colonel John S. Mosby visits Bull Run for the first time since the war. Pictured are (left to right) Fountain Beattie, Lycurgus Hutchison, John Mosby, and George Turberville.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>The markets of Washington were only about nine miles from Green Spring Farm, but on +market days it was customary for the farm wagons of the neighborhood to be loaded and +on the road well before dawn. The Washington city wholesale market opened at 3 A.M. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_25' name='page_25'></a>25</span> +each weekday, and farmers who came there sold directly from their wagons or from stalls +to a milling crowd of brokers, wholesalers, retail grocers, hotelmen, and boardinghouse +keepers. Most produce was sold by 7 A.M. and the farmer who did not sell out by that +time generally had to sell at a sacrifice price or else remain in the market throughout the +day, selling at retail to customers who attended the market later in the day.<a name='FNanchor_0064' id='FNanchor_0064'></a><a href='#Footnote_0064' class='fnanchor'>[64]</a> With luck, +therefore, the market produce farmer from Northern Virginia might expect to be on his +way home by noon.</p> +<p>Not all of Fountain Beattie’s orchard produce, however, went to the market in this way. +The spring house on the farm contained presses, storage facilities, and other equipment +needed to make apple cider, applejack, and apple and peach brandy. Apples picked in the +ripening season were stored in large barrels until the fall and winter months, at which time +they were made into fermented or distilled beverages. According to his descendants, +Beattie operated a licensed distillery and made brandies at the farm.</p> +<p>Beattie’s livestock operations at the farm ended in tragedy one day when he returned +home to find that his barn had caught fire and been completely destroyed. The contents +of the barn, which included all of his livestock and much of the farm equipment, were +also lost. Only the horse he was riding at the time remained to start rebuilding the farm. +As matters turned out, too much had been lost; Fountain Beattie never did more than +acquire a few horses to perform the most necessary tasks. The dairy herds and field crops +were never developed to the thriving level of activity which typified the 1880’s and +1890’s.<a name='FNanchor_0065' id='FNanchor_0065'></a><a href='#Footnote_0065' class='fnanchor'>[65]</a></p> +<h4>POLITICS AND PUBLIC SERVICE</h4> +<p>The close association of Fountain Beattie and John +S. Mosby during the war years (1861-65) lasted through the years of peace that followed. +The two men apparently thought alike in political matters; and, in the election of 1872, +they campaigned for General Grant. Shortly afterward, Beattie was appointed Deputy +Collector of Internal Revenue for the Sixth District of Virginia. Following Hayes’ election +as President, Mosby received an appointment as Consul in Hong Kong where he served +until 1885.<a name='FNanchor_0066' id='FNanchor_0066'></a><a href='#Footnote_0066' class='fnanchor'>[66]</a></p> +<p>Fountain Beattie’s record with the Internal Revenue Service shows that he served from +1875 to 1914 and suggests that he settled in or near Alexandria several years before he +purchased Green Spring Farm.<a name='FNanchor_0067' id='FNanchor_0067'></a><a href='#Footnote_0067' class='fnanchor'>[67]</a> He was reappointed in 1885 following the brief return +of the Democratic Party to power under Grover Cleveland’s administration. Beattie’s +official file in the Treasury Department’s personnel records is a resume of basic statistics—dates +of appointments, promotions, oaths of office, and salaries.</p> +<p>Although Northern Virginia seemed to be little affected by events on the national and +world stage at this time, it was on the move in its own way. In Beattie’s time this region +became linked to other major regions by the coming of the Southern Railway system; and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_26' name='page_26'></a>26</span> +the advent of the high-speed electric commuter train and its network of tracks commenced +the inexorable process of creating the interdependent economic unity of Northern Virginia +and Washington, D.C. These were also the years of “Jackson City” in Arlington, and the +crusade of law enforcement aimed at cleaning up this center of gambling, drinking, and +general sinfulness.<a name='FNanchor_0068' id='FNanchor_0068'></a><a href='#Footnote_0068' class='fnanchor'>[68]</a></p> +<p>For Fountain Beattie, these years of Federal service must have brought back memories of +his war years with Mosby. Although he carried on his duties as tax collector from an +office in the Alexandria Post Office, he continued to live at Green Spring Farm and he +regularly traversed roads and places he had visited as a soldier. When Mosby returned +from his tour as Consul in Hong Kong and became an attorney for the Justice Department, +he and Beattie apparently saw a great deal of each other and their friendship +extended to their families who also frequently exchanged visits. Beattie named one of +his sons after his friend, and John Mosby Beattie recalls these times with feelings of +fondness.</p> +<h4>GREEN SPRING FARM AND ANNANDALE</h4> +<p>When Beattie purchased Green Spring +Farm, the activity on the farm was oriented toward the markets of Georgetown, Alexandria, +Washington, and Baltimore. The community of Annandale, a little over two miles +up the Little River Turnpike to the west, had not yet become a center of commerce. In +1879, the map showed a post office, a toll gate, a store, a Methodist church, and a few +residences clustered at a crossroads.<a name='FNanchor_0069' id='FNanchor_0069'></a><a href='#Footnote_0069' class='fnanchor'>[69]</a> This crossroads location became increasingly +important during the last quarter of the nineteenth century; and, like other perceptive +people of the area, Fountain Beattie and his family began to swing the orientation of their +activities around from an exclusive focus on Alexandria and Washington to take part in +the growth of Fairfax County.</p> +<p>At the turn of the century, Annandale had a population of 50 people. In addition to the +toll house, church, post office, and store, the community now could list a hardware +store, lumberyard, blacksmith, farm machinery store, and sawmill.<a name='FNanchor_0070' id='FNanchor_0070'></a><a href='#Footnote_0070' class='fnanchor'>[70]</a> The sawmill was +owned by Beattie’s son and namesake, Fountain Beattie, and presumably was operated as +a family enterprise in the same manner as the farm.</p> +<hr class='fn' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_27' name='page_27'></a>27</span></div> +<h4>II. ORCHARD AND DAIRY: FOUNTAIN BEATTIE (1878-1917)</h4> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0046' id='Footnote_0046'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0046'><span class='label'>[46]</span></a> +<p>A. W. Moger, <i>The Rebuilding of the Old Dominion</i> (New York: Columbia University, +1940), p. 46. Citing census data, the thesis notes that “the value of farm implements and machinery on +farms in Virginia and West Virginia combined was only two-thirds of what it was in Virginia in 1860, +while the value of livestock in the two states was only four-fifths of that in Virginia in 1860. Not until +1880 did the number of cattle and not until after the turn of the century did the number of swine in +Virginia and West Virginia equal the number in the Old Dominion before the war.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0047' id='Footnote_0047'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0047'><span class='label'>[47]</span></a> +<p>“Status of Virginia Agriculture in 1870,” in <i>Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture</i>, +1870 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1871), pp. 267-291, 273, 291.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0048' id='Footnote_0048'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0048'><span class='label'>[48]</span></a> +<p>Virginia Good Roads Convention, <i>Programme</i> (Richmond: Stone Printing Co., 1894). +While railroad and water transportation were available from Alexandria to major metropolitan markets +for farm products, the farmer faced the obstacles of traversing Virginia’s notoriously poor farm-to-market +roads.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0049' id='Footnote_0049'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0049'><span class='label'>[49]</span></a> +<p><i>Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture</i>, 1870, p. 268.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0050' id='Footnote_0050'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0050'><span class='label'>[50]</span></a> +<p>R. H. Abbott, “Yankee Farmers in Northern Virginia: 1840-1860,” <i>Virginia Magazine of +History and Biography</i>, v. 76, No. 1, pp. 56-66 (January 1968).</p> +<p>See also the <i>Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture</i>, 1870, p. 291, which states “a +striking mark of progress is the change of the policy of the planters toward the outside world. Formerly +they were indisposed to encourage immigration from other States. There was, therefore, no accession to +the population of the rural district from abroad. The same traditions and habits descended from father +to son through successive generations. Now all this is altered. Strangers from every State and every +country are cordially welcomed whenever they show any disposition to become permanent settlers and +industrious citizens. The consequence is that in many counties a strong tide of immigration is setting in, +bearing with it improved stock and better implements, which cannot fail to impart a healthy impulse to +improvement.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0051' id='Footnote_0051'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0051'><span class='label'>[51]</span></a> +<p>Moger, <i>Rebuilding</i>, p. 45. See remarks of Governor Henry Wise in 1867 and A. H. H. +Stuart in 1866, cited therein.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0052' id='Footnote_0052'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0052'><span class='label'>[52]</span></a> +<p>W. Fullerton, <i>Address to Piedmont Agricultural Society</i>, October 18, 1876. Speaking to +the Society in 1867, William Fullerton of New York chided Virginians by asserting that “there is no +other calling in life in which there is manifested such an indifference to new discoveries, as is seen among +the tillers of the soil. If a mechanic or manufacturer should in like manner fail to avail himself of improved +implements or machinery, he would be compelled to relinquish his business. It is the farmer +alone who resists anything new appertaining to his calling. This arises mainly from a deep-seated prejudice +to what is called scientific or book farming.”</p> +<p>See also Moger, <i>Rebuilding</i>, p. 54, citing the fact that farmers in the area of diversified +agriculture, such as Northern Virginia, had the highest number of agricultural clubs, farm newspaper subscriptions, +etc., of all areas in Virginia.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0053' id='Footnote_0053'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0053'><span class='label'>[53]</span></a> +<p>Main steps to assist agriculture taken by the state in the 1870’s are summarized in Moger, +<i>Rebuilding</i>, p. 54.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0054' id='Footnote_0054'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0054'><span class='label'>[54]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Deed Book W-4, p. 271.</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_28' name='page_28'></a>28</span></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0055' id='Footnote_0055'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0055'><span class='label'>[55]</span></a> +<p>J. S. Mosby, <i>Mosby’s War Memoirs and Stuart’s Cavalry Campaigns</i> (New York: Pageant +Book Co., 1958), p. 10. Mosby records in his memoirs that in Richmond, before being sent to the +Shenandoah Valley, the men were issued uniforms of very rough quality from the state penitentiary. +There was almost a mutiny as the men piled them up in front of the captain’s tent and refused to wear +them—all except Mosby and Beattie. Mosby then states, “I do not think any clothes I ever wore did me +more service than these. When I became a commander, I made Beattie a lieutenant.”</p> +<p>This story is <ins title='Was corraborated'>corroborated</ins> in Charles W. Russell (ed.), <i>The Memoirs of Colonel John S. +Mosby</i> (Boston: Little Brown, 1917), p. 30.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0056' id='Footnote_0056'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0056'><span class='label'>[56]</span></a> +<p>Beattie is mentioned frequently in histories of Mosby’s campaigns. In addition to the +references noted above, see V. C. Jones, <i>Ranger Mosby</i> (Chapel Hill, 1944), and James Williamson (ed.), +<i>Mosby’s Rangers</i> (New York: Sturgis & Walton, 1909).</p> +<p>From 1861 to July 1864, Beattie served as an enlisted man. In July 1864, a new company +was organized, and Beattie was elected first lieutenant. Such regards as still exist regarding Beattie’s +service with Mosby relate to this period. See <i>Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who +Served in Organizations from Virginia</i>. Microcopy 324, Roll 207 (National Archives, Washington, D.C.).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0057' id='Footnote_0057'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0057'><span class='label'>[57]</span></a> +<p>Williamson, <i>Mosby’s Rangers</i>, p. 87.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0058' id='Footnote_0058'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0058'><span class='label'>[58]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 242-3. Reprints a letter from Thomas Moss to Captain Walter Frankland describing +a fight near Front Royal as follows: “We charged and routed the guards, and I was fortunate in +saving Beattie’s life by shooting a man who had a pistol within 12 inches of Beattie. I then caught a +horse ... [and] Beattie and I ran down the road a short distance and went up into a piece of pine +woods.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0059' id='Footnote_0059'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0059'><span class='label'>[59]</span></a> +<p>John Mosby Beattie, August 22, 1968, interview. Fountain Beattie’s wife, Annie Elizabeth +Hathaway, was the daughter of James Henry Hathaway of “Western View” in Zula, Virginia, between +Rectortown and Middleburg in Fauquier County. Annie Hathaway was born and married at this home +place. Her son, John Mosby Beattie, states that his father bought Green Spring Farm with money realized +from the sale of “Western View” on the death of Mrs. Beattie’s parents.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0060' id='Footnote_0060'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0060'><span class='label'>[60]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Deed Book W-4, p. 271. Also see Hannah C. O’Brien v. John W. Green, +Fairfax County Circuit Court, 1878, Suspended File No. 10.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0061' id='Footnote_0061'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0061'><span class='label'>[61]</span></a> +<p>Moger, <i>Rebuilding</i>, p. 51.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0062' id='Footnote_0062'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0062'><span class='label'>[62]</span></a> +<p>Virginia Good Roads Convention, <i>Programme</i>, p. 8.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0063' id='Footnote_0063'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0063'><span class='label'>[63]</span></a> +<p>John Mosby Beattie, August 22, 1968, interview. John Beattie recalls that his father, +Fountain Beattie, sold garden produce to the local grocery store of one John Carter, located on the +Little River Turnpike (Route 236) approximately where it now crosses Shirley Highway (I-95).</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0064' id='Footnote_0064'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0064'><span class='label'>[64]</span></a> +<p>W. C. Funk, “An Economic History of Small Farms near Washington, <ins title='Added quotes'>D.C.”</ins>, U.S. Department +of Agriculture Bulletin 848 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920), pp. 16-17.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0065' id='Footnote_0065'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0065'><span class='label'>[65]</span></a> +<p>John Mosby Beattie, August 22, 1968, interview. Mr. Beattie does not recall the date of +this fire, but remembers the event vividly from his boyhood days.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0066' id='Footnote_0066'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0066'><span class='label'>[66]</span></a> +<p>Mosby served as Consul in Hong Kong from 1878 to 1885. He was an attorney in the U.S. +Department of Justice from 1904 to 1910.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0067' id='Footnote_0067'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0067'><span class='label'>[67]</span></a> +<p><i>Official Register of Officers and Employees of the Civil, Military and Navy Service</i>, issued +biennially, lists Fountain Beattie as an employee of the Internal Revenue Service in the registers issued +during the years 1875 to 1913, inclusive. Beattie’s Service Record Card (Treasury Form 426) shows the +first employment record date as 1872. His appointment was discontinued in 1914.</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_29' name='page_29'></a>29</span></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0068' id='Footnote_0068'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0068'><span class='label'>[68]</span></a> +<p>E. L. Templeman, <i>Arlington Heritage</i> (Arlington, 1959), p. 74.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0069' id='Footnote_0069'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0069'><span class='label'>[69]</span></a> +<p><i>Atlas of Fifteen Miles Around Washington</i>, 1879.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0070' id='Footnote_0070'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0070'><span class='label'>[70]</span></a> +<p>“Fairfax County as Portrayed by the Virginia Business Directory and Gazetteer—1906. +Published by the Hill Directory Company, Richmond, Virginia,” <i>Yearbook of the Historical Society of +Fairfax County, Virginia</i>, v. 10 (1969), pp. 92-104.</p> +</div> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='figleft' style='width:310px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_13' id='linki_13'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_30' name='page_30'></a>30</span> +<img src='images/037a.png' alt='' title='' width='310' height='308' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Front View<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figright' style='width:310px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_14' id='linki_14'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/037b.png' alt='' title='' width='310' height='306' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Side View (West)<br /> +<br /> +Figure 7. Green Spring Farm, 1936. Photos by Delos Smith, HABS.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_15' id='linki_15'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/037c.png' alt='' title='' width='455' height='524' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Figure 8. Berry Survey Map, 1941. Deed Book P-15, p. 147.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='chsp' style='padding-top:0'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_31' name='page_31'></a>31</span> +<a name='III_THE_END_OF_THE_FARMING_ERA_MICHAEL_STRAIGHT_19421969' id='III_THE_END_OF_THE_FARMING_ERA_MICHAEL_STRAIGHT_19421969'></a> +<h3>III. THE END OF THE FARMING ERA: MICHAEL STRAIGHT (1942-1969)</h3> +</div> +<p>Fountain Beattie sold Green Spring Farm in 1917. Annie Hathaway Beattie had died the +year before, after they had moved from the farm to a house in Alexandria.<a name='FNanchor_0071' id='FNanchor_0071'></a><a href='#Footnote_0071' class='fnanchor'>[71]</a> Beattie’s deed +to George R. Sims of Florida is dated January 23, 1917, and conveyed the entire tract of +339 acres.<a name='FNanchor_0072' id='FNanchor_0072'></a><a href='#Footnote_0072' class='fnanchor'>[72]</a> Ownership changed again in 1922, 1924, and 1931,<a name='FNanchor_0073' id='FNanchor_0073'></a><a href='#Footnote_0073' class='fnanchor'>[73]</a> and ultimately led to +the subdivision of the tract into smaller parcels. In 1942, one of these parcels, containing +the farmhouse and the principal related buildings, was purchased by Michael and Belinda +Straight.<a name='FNanchor_0074' id='FNanchor_0074'></a><a href='#Footnote_0074' class='fnanchor'>[74]</a></p> +<p>The Straights did not occupy the main farmhouse immediately but set about having +certain changes made in the interior design and structure. These were completed late in +1942, and the family moved from the cottage to the main house.<a name='FNanchor_0075' id='FNanchor_0075'></a><a href='#Footnote_0075' class='fnanchor'>[75]</a> A few months later, in +January 1943, their occupancy was interrupted as Michael Straight was called to service +in the U.S. Army Air Force; and, during World War II, the house was occupied by tenants. +The Straights returned to Northern Virginia in 1948 and took up residence at the farmhouse +from that time until they moved to Georgetown in 1965.</p> +<p>Upon their return to the farm in 1948, they also began to restore and redesign the grounds +surrounding the farmhouse. During the 1920’s, when the farm was owned by Frederick +Segesserman, a great many boxwoods had been planted. They had been raised for sale, +and in 1948 the pattern of their location on the grounds was erratic. Therefore, in 1948, +a new landscape plan was worked out by Mrs. Max Farrand, a friend of the Straights and +the designer of the gardens at Dumbarton Oaks in Georgetown. Under her supervision, +the boxwoods were transplanted into a great semicircle behind the house, the level of the +lawn was raised, and retaining walls were placed at several points. This area comprised the +farm’s only formal garden; but, in addition, extensive plantings of white pine were placed +as a screen between the house and the road, and the grounds surrounding the house were +planted with a variety of trees and shrubs, including hemlocks, cherries, and crabapples, +and later, lilacs, azaleas, and rhododendron.</p> +<p>During the years the Straights lived at the farm, farming operations consisted of the raising +of Hereford cattle. Purchasing yearlings in the markets of the lower Shenandoah Valley +near Winchester, they kept this stock at the farm for fattening and resale as two-year-old +beef cattle.<a name='FNanchor_0076' id='FNanchor_0076'></a><a href='#Footnote_0076' class='fnanchor'>[76]</a></p> +<p>A variety of other animals were kept on the farm, but these were mainly pets of the +children.<a name='FNanchor_0077' id='FNanchor_0077'></a><a href='#Footnote_0077' class='fnanchor'>[77]</a> In addition to their horses and dogs, certain of the Straights’ animals acquired +reputations of extraordinary extent. In particular were a goat which was presented to the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_33' name='page_33'></a>33</span> +Straights by the author and journalist Eric <ins title='Added missing footnote reference'>Sevareid,<a name='FNanchor_0078' id='FNanchor_0078'></a><a href='#Footnote_0078' class='fnanchor'>[78]</a></ins> a mule acquired from the Alexandria +SPCA, and a flock of Canada geese which eventually became the subject of a special bulletin +by the Audubon Society to prevent local naturalists from erroneously reporting them +as migrants.<a name='FNanchor_0079' id='FNanchor_0079'></a><a href='#Footnote_0079' class='fnanchor'>[79]</a></p> +<p>During these years of residence at Green Spring Farm, Michael Straight served as editor +and publisher of <i>The New Republic</i> magazine, wrote three books, and served on the governing +boards of several organizations active in international affairs.<a name='FNanchor_0080' id='FNanchor_0080'></a><a href='#Footnote_0080' class='fnanchor'>[80]</a> These activities +brought to the farm many visitors whose accomplishments in politics, literature, science, +and the arts were nationally and internationally recognized. Some of the distinguished +visitors to Green Spring Farm during these years included scientists Julian Huxley and +Leo Szilard, authors Aldous Huxley and Saul Bellow, poet Dylan Thomas, Supreme Court +Justice Hugo Black, and political leader Hubert Humphrey. The farm also was a visiting +place for distinguished journalists from all parts of the United States and many foreign +countries, including Soviet Russia, when they came to Washington. An account of one of +these visits, written by one of the foreign journalists, is set forth in appendix G.<a name='FNanchor_0081' id='FNanchor_0081'></a><a href='#Footnote_0081' class='fnanchor'>[81]</a></p> +<p>The farm became well known in the community of which it was a part as it was the scene +of numerous festive community gatherings when the neighbors from the immediate area +joined the Straights and their guests to celebrate such special events and holidays as the +Fourth of July and to enjoy dinner, games, and discussions under the trees.</p> +<p>With the departure of the Straights, active farming operations ceased. During their occupancy, +fundamental changes in the character of Northern Virginia’s development brought +the era of farming to an end and ushered in an era in which this region became part of the +social and economic system centered in Washington. Intensive subdivision and establishment +of commercial service facilities became the highest and best uses of the land as population +growth in the National Capital area rose at a rate which led other parts of the +United States. Outsiders moving into Northern Virginia and Washington residents seeking +to move from the central city into the outskirts filled up the open spaces of Fairfax +County at a rate of over 1,000 new residents per month.<a name='FNanchor_0082' id='FNanchor_0082'></a><a href='#Footnote_0082' class='fnanchor'>[82]</a></p> +<p>Along with the temptation of high land prices, rising taxes added to the pressure on the +farmer to “sell out” to the land developer. It was said, with much truth, that one could +not afford to be a farmer in Fairfax County as the 1950’s ended and the 1960’s began. +For the 33 acres and buildings on Green Spring Farm, as for many other residences, taxes +rose sharply. In 1943, the farm was evaluated at $7,819, and the tax bill was $194.69; by +1960, the evaluation was $36,050, and the taxes $1,351.88.<a name='FNanchor_0083' id='FNanchor_0083'></a><a href='#Footnote_0083' class='fnanchor'>[83]</a></p> +<p>So, gradually, Green Spring Farm became an island of open space in a sea of houses and +highways. The Little River Turnpike (Route 236) was widened and modernized in 1959. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_34' name='page_34'></a>34</span> +In 1948, this road had been an 18-foot-wide, two lane black-top roadway. Twenty years +later, it had been transformed into a 106-foot-wide, four-lane dual highway, much of +which was lined with concrete curbs and gutters to accommodate roadside commercial +or residential development. The old turnpike had been redesigned and, in the late 1960’s, +carried over 26,000 vehicles per day.<a name='FNanchor_0084' id='FNanchor_0084'></a><a href='#Footnote_0084' class='fnanchor'>[84]</a> Its function as a major interregional artery of +transportation had been taken over by others, leaving to it a new role as a major connector +in the network of roads and streets serving primarily local traffic. In contrast to earlier +times when proximity to the road was to be desired, the attractiveness of the farmhouse +in the 1960’s was enhanced by its surrounding space which furnished a shield from the +highway and a setting for its activity.</p> +<hr class='fn' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_35' name='page_35'></a>35</span></div> +<h4>III. THE END OF THE FARMING ERA: MICHAEL STRAIGHT (1942-1969)</h4> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0071' id='Footnote_0071'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0071'><span class='label'>[71]</span></a> +<p>John Mosby Beattie, March 1969 interview. Annie Beattie, afflicted with arthritis, died in +1916, after she and family had moved into Alexandria to a house on Peyton Street owned by her husband, +Fountain Beattie, and Walton Moore.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0072' id='Footnote_0072'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0072'><span class='label'>[72]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Deed Book C-8, p. 446.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0073' id='Footnote_0073'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0073'><span class='label'>[73]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Deed Book Y-8, p. 50; J-9, p. 23; X-10, p. 413; V-11, p. 586; C-12, p. 509.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0074' id='Footnote_0074'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0074'><span class='label'>[74]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Deed Book P-15, p. 145.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0075' id='Footnote_0075'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0075'><span class='label'>[75]</span></a> +<p>Michael and Belinda Straight, interview December 8, 1968. During the remodeling, the +Straights lived in the spring house, which they called “The Cottage.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0076' id='Footnote_0076'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0076'><span class='label'>[76]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i> Aberdeens were also brought to the farm, but did not thrive as well as Herefords. +The Straights’ herd ranged from 15 to 25 at any one time. Bought at weights of about 500 pounds, +these cattle were held until they weighed 1,100 to 1,200 pounds and then were sold for beef.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0077' id='Footnote_0077'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0077'><span class='label'>[77]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i> The fondness of the Straight children for animals drew pets from field and pond, +including rabbits, birds, snakes, spiders, and the like. These were housed mainly in the enclosed side +porch.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0078' id='Footnote_0078'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0078'><span class='label'>[78]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i> The gift goat was the subject of one of Mr. Sevareid’s columns entitled “It is More +Blessed to Give Than to Receive.” During his stay at Green Spring Farm, the goat established a reputation +for eating various valuable articles (such as a canvas automobile top) and ringing a number of the +fruit trees.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0079' id='Footnote_0079'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0079'><span class='label'>[79]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i> The flock of Canada geese started from a pair that was attracted to one of the farm +ponds, which in earlier times had been used to furnish ice for the farm. As the flock of geese grew, it +ceased to migrate, and frequented the Straights’ pond and nearby Lake Barcroft.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0080' id='Footnote_0080'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0080'><span class='label'>[80]</span></a> +<p><i>Who’s Who in America, 1966-1967</i>, contains the following information on Mr. Straight: +In 1943, he wrote <i>Make This the Last War</i>; in 1954, <i>Trial by Television</i>; in 1960, <i>Carrington</i>; and in +1963, <i>A Very Small Remnant</i>. In 1943, he also served as Vice President of the Fight for Freedom; and +in 1946-1947 as Secretary of the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0081' id='Footnote_0081'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0081'><span class='label'>[81]</span></a> +<p>Michael and Belinda Straight, interview December 8, 1968. This visit occurred when Mr. +Straight was actively engaged in editing and publishing <i>The New Republic</i> and had occasion, from time +to time, for journalistic contacts in the Soviet Embassy. From one of these contacts the suggestion was +made that a group of Soviet Russian journalists touring the United States might be interested in visiting +Green Spring Farm.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0082' id='Footnote_0082'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0082'><span class='label'>[82]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Division of Planning, August 1969.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0083' id='Footnote_0083'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0083'><span class='label'>[83]</span></a> +<p>Fairfax County Tax Books, 1943, 1960. The 1968 evaluation, at 40 percent of market +value, was $93,415, and the total tax was $4,016.85. In 1923, when the property consisted of 332 acres +and was owned by J. M. Duncan, it was valued at $8,240, and the taxes were $20.60.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0084' id='Footnote_0084'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0084'><span class='label'>[84]</span></a> +<p>Resident Engineer, Virginia Department of Highways, Fairfax, Virginia. August 1969.</p> +</div> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_36' name='page_36'></a>36</span> +<a name='ARCHITECTURAL_HISTORY_AND_DESCRIPTION_THE_MANSION_HOUSE' id='ARCHITECTURAL_HISTORY_AND_DESCRIPTION_THE_MANSION_HOUSE'></a> +<h2>ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION: THE MANSION HOUSE</h2> +</div> +<h3>GENERAL SETTING</h3> +<p>Green Spring Farm is located in Mason Magisterial District, +approximately one-eighth mile north of Little River Turnpike and one-eighth mile east of +Braddock Road. Via the Little River Turnpike, the farm is approximately six miles west +of Alexandria and approximately two miles east of Annandale.</p> +<p>The terrain in the vicinity of the farm is mainly flat, with some very gentle rolling areas. +It is well watered, being crossed by Turkey Cock Run. During 1946-50, three ponds were +dug in back of the house. They are spring-fed, and their runoff drains into Turkey Cock +Run. With the original forest cover cleared off at least 200 years ago, the present clusters +of pine and oak, and the incidence of hemlock, cherry, crabapple, and other flowering +species, represent a reforestation several generations removed from the original, and, in +other instances, the landscaping done by the Straights in the late 1940’s.</p> +<h3>HOUSE SITE</h3> +<p>The mansion house faces south and is connected with the Little River +Turnpike by a black-top (asphalt-surfaced) road which passes on the west side of the +house and runs north to Braddock Road. Inside the post and rail fence, alongside this +road, the driveway up to the house is lined with trees, and the yard in front of the house +is open and flat. Between the lawn and the road, a line of cedars in the fence row serves +as a screen.</p> +<p>The back (north side) of the house faces a semicircular open grass lawn, bordered with +hedges which provide both a screen for the lawn and a background for several stone carvings +and cement castings which decorate a lawn approximately 1,500 square feet in size. +At the northeast corner of this open space is located the log cabin; beyond the log cabin, +approximately 110 feet in a northeasterly direction, is the barn, which is converted into +living quarters.<a name='FNanchor_0085' id='FNanchor_0085'></a><a href='#Footnote_0085' class='fnanchor'>[85]</a></p> +<p>Northwest of the main house, facing on Green Spring Road, is the spring house. Originally +built over a series of natural springs in order to have water for cooling dairy products, +this stone house was converted into a small dwelling house by the Straights in 1942.</p> +<h3>GENERAL ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND HISTORY</h3> +<p>In its present condition, the +mansion house at Green Spring Farm cannot be considered to represent any particular +period of American architecture. The original core of the building illustrates a design +which was typical of the colonial era in Tidewater Virginia. This portion of the house is +of brick construction, two stories plus attic and cellar, with the rooms in each end of the +house separated by a center hallway. Large chimneys at each end of the house made +possible heating by fireplaces in each room.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_37' name='page_37'></a>37</span></div> +<p>It seems probable that this structure formed the core of the mansion house when it was +occupied by the Moss family (1770’s to 1835). To this core, various outbuildings and +dependencies were added; a separate cookhouse or kitchen annex to the main house was +one of these related structures, as were the family’s sanitary facilities. Clothes washing, +churning, candlemaking, and various other household tasks were also performed in separate +buildings. No direct evidence of the appearance of the main house or the various +related outbuildings has been discovered; some inferences about these matters may be +drawn from the inventory of personal property sold from the farm at auction in 1835 and +a drawing of the house on an 1840 survey (figure 2).</p> +<p>Photographs of the south side of the house show the building as it appeared in 1885 +(figure 5). At this time, a one-story porch had been built across the entire length of the +front. The entry into the house across this porch was open, but on each side of the front +door the porch was enclosed, making small rooms approximately 9 by 12 feet in size. +From each room a door opened out onto the porch. The porch was roofed with sheet +metal, and carved wooden brackets were in the corners of the center section (figure 5). +A sidewalk led from the entrance in the center of the ivy-covered front porch straight +across the spacious, shaded lawn.</p> +<p>Photographs in 1936 show the front porch removed but with clear signs of its recent +presence showing in the whitewash on the front wall of the house (figure 7). At this time, +the roof of the main house was sheet metal in place of the earlier use of shingles. However, +shingles still constituted the roofing of the dependency on the east end of the house.</p> +<p>The 1885 photographs show a one-story brick addition on the east end of the house. This +was a kitchen, built sometime after the main portion of the house but still probably in the +first half of the nineteenth century. The notice of sale of the farm following Thomas +Moss’s death in 1835 speaks of “a Brick Dwelling, containing eight rooms, Brick Kitchen, +Meat House, Servants’ House, ...” and other farm and outbuildings.<a name='FNanchor_0086' id='FNanchor_0086'></a><a href='#Footnote_0086' class='fnanchor'>[86]</a> Of all the buildings +mentioned in this notice, the kitchen appears to be the most logical and appropriate use +for this addition. Later occupants of the house (1880-1917) used this wing for a kitchen +and describe it as not only the center for preparation of food but for numerous other +household activities, such as candlemaking.<a name='FNanchor_0087' id='FNanchor_0087'></a><a href='#Footnote_0087' class='fnanchor'>[87]</a></p> +<p>The arrangement of rooms during the nineteenth century is not known with certainty. +The 1839 reference to eight rooms suggests that as originally built the house had four +rooms on each floor, with perhaps no effort to use the attic as living space, at least until +the time of Fountain Beattie who added dormers to the attic and used this top floor to +help accommodate his large family. This inference is strengthened by the fact that prior +to the 1940’s the central core of the house was laid out in this manner.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_16' id='linki_16'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_38' name='page_38'></a>38</span> +<img src='images/044a.png' alt='' title='' width='500' height='383' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_17' id='linki_17'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/044b.png' alt='' title='' width='613' height='230' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_18' id='linki_18'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/044c.png' alt='' title='' width='617' height='315' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Figure 10. GREEN SPRING FARM MANSION HOUSE<br /> +<br /> +Floor Plans, 1969<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_39' name='page_39'></a>39</span></div> +<p>The major renovation of the house in the early 1940’s was planned and carried out by +Walter Macomber and resulted in the addition of a wing on the west end of the central +block (in which a new kitchen was installed), conversion of the old kitchen wing on the +east end of the central core into a living room with a small sunporch attached, rearrangement +of the stairways and central hallway, and certain other interior changes. This +involved removal of substantial amounts of the original materials in the house and replacement +by material considered to be suitable in terms of age and texture. These changes are +reflected in the exterior appearance and interior room arrangement of the house at the +present time.</p> +<p>Further structural changes were made in 1960. At this time it was discovered that the +second floor was sagging because of the removal of bearing walls in 1942 when the first +floor was converted from four rooms into two.<a name='FNanchor_0088' id='FNanchor_0088'></a><a href='#Footnote_0088' class='fnanchor'>[88]</a> This situation was corrected by pouring +concrete footings in the basement and setting in them a series of steel columns. These +columns ran up through the wall on the west side of the central hallway and were topped +by a steel beam running the width of the house. The joists for the second floor were +anchored in this new beam.<a name='FNanchor_0089' id='FNanchor_0089'></a><a href='#Footnote_0089' class='fnanchor'>[89]</a></p> +<p>At the same time this structural reinforcement was being added, several closets, cabinets, +and bookcases were built into the rooms on the second floor and attic, making use of +space under the eaves.</p> +<p>The remodeling done in 1960 was designed and supervised by Keyes, Lethbridge & +Condon, Washington architects.</p> +<p>At the present time, the exterior fabric appears to be sound and well maintained. On the +interior, a certain amount of deterioration is evidenced in the looseness of the joints in the +flooring and stairs and in the uneven settling of door frames in the original portion of the +house. The grounds adjacent to the house are in good condition and appear to be well +maintained.</p> +<h3>TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION—EXTERIOR.</h3> +<p><i>Overall Dimensions.</i> Width: 78 feet by 25 feet in central section, and 20 feet in wings. +Height: central section, two and one-half stories; wings, one and one-half stories; sunporch, +one story.</p> +<p><i>Foundations.</i> The central section of the house stands on brick foundations which are +carried up through the basement walls.</p> +<p>A brick wall extending upward to the second floor divides the basement into two sections +and served as part of the original foundations. In the basement, a series of arches in this +wall permitted passage between the two sections. In 1960, the upper portions of this wall +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_40' name='page_40'></a>40</span> +were found to have deteriorated to the point that it was necessary to pour concrete footings +in the basement and erect a series of steel columns up through the wall to relieve it +from bearing the weight of the second-floor beams and floor joists.</p> +<p>The east wing (present living room, former kitchen) rests on brick foundations, with the +present wooden flooring laid over the original cobblestone floor of the old kitchen. The +west wing (present kitchen) rests on concrete footings and slab at grade.</p> +<p><i>Wall Construction.</i> Walls are constructed of medium red brick (3 by 9 by 12 inches), +using the following bonds: central block front—Flemish bond; central block rear—English +bond; central block end walls—English bond; east wing—American or common bond, with +seven courses of stretchers to each course of headers; west wing—American or common +bond, with six courses of stretchers to each course of headers.</p> +<p><i>Chimneys.</i> Interior brick chimneys are located in the center of the east and west ends of +the central block. These chimneys have separate flues for four fireplaces (two each on the +first and second floors) and measure 5 feet by 2 feet 8 inches. Three courses of brick are +corbelled to make the capping of the chimneys.</p> +<p>The end walls of the east and west wings of the house also each have an interior chimney +centered in the wall. The chimney in the east wing, measuring 3 feet by 1 foot 8 inches +and having three courses of brick corbelled for a capping, was used for the fireplace in the +old kitchen which occupied that part of the house prior to 1942.</p> +<p><i>Doors and Doorways.</i> The front doorway is inset (1 foot 8 inches) in an entrance faced +with white painted wooden panels. The entrance is framed by a plain triangular pediment +and pilasters without decorations on either shafts or capitals. The front door is a six-panel +door, designed to harmonize with the interior doors which are originals. Over the +door is a four-light rectangular transom.</p> +<p>The rear entrance is a 6 by 8-foot portico, built up three steps from ground level. Along +the sides of the portico are 3-foot railings, inside of which are wooden boxes which serve +both as storage boxes and as seats. The portico roof is supported by wooden Doric columns +set at its outer edges, and the front end of the roof is a plain triangular pediment. +The rear doorway has a transom and door similar to the front doorway.</p> +<p>The kitchen door opens onto a 4 by 4-foot wooden porch with railing and three steps to +ground level.</p> +<p>The sunporch door has interchangeable screen and glass panels for winter and summer use +and opens on the front of the house at ground level.</p> +<p><i>Windows and Shutters.</i> In the central block, the front doorway is flanked by French +windows, with 12-over-9 lights in double-hung wooden sash. The rear windows on the +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_41' name='page_41'></a>41</span> +first floor are 9-over-9 lights in double-hung wooden sash. Windows on the second floor +front and rear sides are 6-over-6 lights in double-hung wooden sash, as are the dormer +windows and gable end windows. The windows on the first and second floors of the +central block have 2-foot 10-inch wooden sills and full-length louvered shutters hung on +pintles (two on each side of the window frame). Window frames, sills, and muntins are +painted dark green.</p> +<p>In the east and west wings of the house, the front windows are 6-over-6 lights in double-hung +wooden sash. The rear window in the east wing (living room) has a dead-light picture +window (6 by 4 feet) flanked by windows with 6-over-9 lights in double-hung wooden +sash. Window frames, sills, and muntins are white, and full-length wooden shutters are +dark green.</p> +<p>In the brickwork of the house, flat arches have been laid over all of the windows on the +first floor, except over the windows on the rear of the central block.</p> +<p>The sunporch on the east end of the house is of frame construction and has nine windows +(2½ +by 5 feet) on three sides.</p> +<p><i>Roof.</i> Photographs taken about 1900 show the house with an enclosed porch across the +front and a sheet metal roof on the porch. In contrast, the central block of the house and +the kitchen (east) wing have shingled roofs (figure 5). Photographs in 1936 show the +central portion of the house with a sheet metal roof (figure 7). In 1942, the roofing on +all parts of the house was replaced with specially made concrete shingles, which are still in +place.<a name='FNanchor_0090' id='FNanchor_0090'></a><a href='#Footnote_0090' class='fnanchor'>[90]</a></p> +<p>The roof is a simple medium-pitched roof with plain gable ends. Interior chimneys are +centered in each end of the center section and in the east end of the living room (former +kitchen) wing.</p> +<p>Full-length copper gutters are incorporated into the eaves and project approximately six +inches above and beyond the cornice.</p> +<p>Cornices on the front and rear of the center section of the house are composed of dentils, +running approximately three segments per foot. Identical plain wooden cornices are used +on the front and rear of the two wings of the house.</p> +<p>Each wing has one dormer centered in the front and two on the rear sides of the roof. The +center section of the house has three dormers on the front side of the roof. All dormers +have a single window, consisting of 6-over-6 lights, set vertically in the front face. All +dormers have beaded ship-lap siding laid parallel to the pitched roof. This latter feature +appears to be a change made in 1942 since photographs of the house in 1885 and 1936 +show the siding on the dormers laid parallel to the ground.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_43' name='page_43'></a>43</span></div> +<p><i>Enclosures.</i> A post and rail fence stands at the edge of the front lawn and, together with a +line of hemlocks growing immediately inside the fence, forms a screen between the house +and the entrance road leading in from the Little River Turnpike. In the rear, a semicircular +screen of boxwood frames the lawn.</p> +<h3>TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION—INTERIOR.</h3> +<p><i>Central Block.</i> The central block of the house, comprising the portion which was built +first (possibly as early as 1760), is laid out on the traditional pattern used by many +colonial Virginia homes—a central hallway with one or two rooms on each side, with +chimneys at each end serving fireplaces in each room. In the case of Green Spring Farm, +a narrow (4-foot 6-inch-wide) central hallway runs straight through from the front door to +an opposing rear door. Floor boards are of random width (5 to 6 inches), and walls are +paneled 3 feet 6 inches up from the floor, with wallpaper above. Doorways open off the +central hallway into a library (east side) and a dining room (west side).</p> +<p>Prior to 1942, the rear portion of the center hallway contained stairways to the second +floor and to the basement, while still allowing access to the rear door. In 1942, however, +the stairway to the basement was shifted to the west (new kitchen) wing, which was built +at that time; and the stairway to the second floor was shifted into the library.<a name='FNanchor_0091' id='FNanchor_0091'></a><a href='#Footnote_0091' class='fnanchor'>[91]</a></p> +<p>In the library, at the rear of the room a narrow (2-foot 6-inch-wide) stairway rises from +the corner nearest the hallway to the second floor hallway above (figure 13). This stairway +extends over the hall doorway and, together with a panel-and-spindle partition, forms +a covered entryway into the room. A small closet utilizes the space underneath the stairs.</p> +<p>The present library is a designed room, created in 1942 by Walter Macomber. The design +utilizes the full width of the house and thus replaces two rooms (approximately 12 by 12 +feet) which originally had comprised the first area east of the central hallway. This original +room design had had a fireplace in each of these two rooms, and in 1942 both were +replaced. The one serving the rear room was taken out entirely as the doorway into the +living room wing was cut through at that point. The one in the former front room was +replaced by another fireplace, specially designed by Mr. Macomber, and built of materials +from a late eighteenth century tavern near Peace Cross, Maryland.<a name='FNanchor_0092' id='FNanchor_0092'></a><a href='#Footnote_0092' class='fnanchor'>[92]</a></p> +<p>Built into the east wall of the library on each side of the fireplace are identical cabinets, +the lower parts of which are enclosed and the upper parts are open shelves. The overmantel +area is wallpapered, as are the portions of the room’s wall occupied by the window +facing the front yard and the wall between the library and central hallway. Open shelving +for books occupies part of this latter wall, to a height of eight feet.</p> +<p>The entire room has a cornice molding of stained wood, matching the paneling used for +the stairs, the fireplace, and the built-in cabinets flanking the fireplace. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_45' name='page_45'></a>45</span> +Across the central hallway, the present dining room was designed and created in 1942. +As in the case of the library, brick interior walls separating two smaller rooms (approximately +12 by 12 feet) were removed to allow the dining room to utilize the full width (25 +feet) of the house. The fireplace serving the rear of the original rooms was replaced by a +doorway into the new kitchen wing through a butler’s pantry. The fireplace serving the +front of the original rooms was retained in the present dining room. Beside this fireplace +and extending to the front wall is a butterfly cupboard specially designed for that location. +Chair rail, baseboard, and door trim in the room are thought to be original; but the ceiling +cornice was added in 1942 and consists of double-ogee design over beaded plasterboard +which is typical of the period of the house.<a name='FNanchor_0093' id='FNanchor_0093'></a><a href='#Footnote_0093' class='fnanchor'>[93]</a> A cupboard by the doorway to the butler’s +pantry is of modern design and was installed as an added convenience in the dining room.</p> +<p>The doors to the central hallway and to the butler’s pantry are thought to have been +originally on the second floor of the house.<a name='FNanchor_0094' id='FNanchor_0094'></a><a href='#Footnote_0094' class='fnanchor'>[94]</a> The hallway door has six panels, with +beaded edges and quarter-round molding in the panels. A fillet molding +(4½ +inches) +surrounds the doorway frame. The door has been drastically trimmed to fit the frame. +The door to the butler’s pantry has four panels but with a flat raised panel and no +quarter-round molding at the panel edges—a style typical of the later nineteenth century.</p> +<p>The second floor of the central block of the house originally was laid out identically with +the first floor—that is, two rooms on each side of a central hallway. In the 1942 renovation, +this same room arrangement was retained for the west side of the central hall (above +the dining room), while on the east side of the hall a single bedroom (12 by 25 feet) was +created using the full depth of the house. In this bedroom, cabinets with louvered double +doors were installed on each side of the fireplace and painted white to match the fireplace +mantel. This fireplace is one of the features retained from the original house and has a +mantel which is plain except for a denticulated molding. Chair rail, also thought to be +original, is installed on all exposed areas of wall in the room.</p> +<p>Across the central hallway, the two bedrooms retain the same basic design of the original +house. Both are approximately 11 by 11 feet and have random-width flooring and chair +rail on two sides of the room. The original fireplaces have been retained in these rooms. +In the front room, the fireplace mantel is entirely plain; in the rear room, the mantel has +two supporting columns and has three diamond shapes carved in the wood. Both rooms +have built-in cabinets, shelves, and closets, some of which were installed in 1942 and some +which were added in 1960. Also added in 1942 is the door connecting the front bedroom +with the staircase from the first floor of the west wing. Through the passageway at the +head of these stairs, there is access to the second floor of the west wing.</p> +<p>The third floor (or attic) is entered by a stairway in the central staircase. At the head of +this stairway is a hallway connecting bedrooms in the east and west ends of the house and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_46' name='page_46'></a>46</span> +providing access to closets at the rear of the house and a small bathroom (7 by 7 feet) at +the front of the house. The bathroom has a dormer window to the front of the house, +and each of the bedrooms has a dormer window to the front and a window in the gable +end wall. The gable end windows are set in plaster arches, flanked in each case by a 4-foot-high +candle shelf. Both bedrooms have built-in closets, cupboards, and shelves. Bedroom +walls have plain plaster finish and plain wooden baseboards, no cornices, and no chair rail.</p> +<p><i>East Wing.</i> The east wing of the house presently includes the living room and a sunporch. +The floor level of this wing is 1 foot 8 inches lower than the floor level of the central +block; and the connecting doorway has three steps, with double doors at the top step.</p> +<p>The date when the east wing was built is not certain, but it is probable that the basic structure +comprising the wing was constructed around 1840 and thereafter used as a kitchen or +combination kitchen-dining room until the renovation of the house in 1942. Photographs +taken about 1900 and in 1936 show this wing with a door opening to the front of the +house at ground level. The floor of the old kitchen was laid with cobblestones, and the +east end of the room had a great hearth and Dutch oven. Food was cooked here and +taken up the stairs into the main part of the house. Many other household chores (such +as soapmaking) were performed here.<a name='FNanchor_0095' id='FNanchor_0095'></a><a href='#Footnote_0095' class='fnanchor'>[95]</a></p> +<p>When the house was renovated in 1942, the cobblestone floor of the room was overlaid +with wooden flooring and pine wainscotting was added to the walls. On the north side, +looking out onto the semicircular lawn, a picture window was installed. On the south +side of the room, the outside door was replaced with a window similar to the one already +in that side (figure 9). The large hearth and fireplace were replaced with a smaller one +similar to what had been installed in the library (with the unusual wooden lintel).</p> +<p>According to the renovator, the paneling for the doorway connecting the living room and +library came from Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The overmantel and paneling around the +living room fireplace and over the doorway connecting the living room and sunporch came +from a tavern near Peace Cross, Maryland, where it had been used as shuttering.<a name='FNanchor_0096' id='FNanchor_0096'></a><a href='#Footnote_0096' class='fnanchor'>[96]</a> The +architraves around the fireplace and pilasters were designed by the renovator from materials +obtained in Pennsylvania.<a name='FNanchor_0097' id='FNanchor_0097'></a><a href='#Footnote_0097' class='fnanchor'>[97]</a> The cornice in the living room is of cypress wood.</p> +<p>Entrance to the sunporch from the living room is through a doorway trimmed in material +from an old building in Pennsylvania.</p> +<p>Wrought iron H hinges are used on the built-in cabinets in the east wall (next to the fireplace). +The sunporch door has wrought iron hinges and a brass box lock.</p> +<p>The sunporch, added to the east wing in 1942, is frame construction on a concrete slab +floor. When built, it was a screened porch, but later was converted to glass window panels +to accommodate plants and pet animals in all seasons.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_47' name='page_47'></a>47</span></div> +<p>On the second floor of the east wing is a bedroom and bathroom suite, entered from the +central block of the house on the second floor level. Dormer windows are on the north +(rear) and south (front) sides of the bedroom, and the bathroom has a dormer window on +the north side. The bedroom has built-in closets, shelves, and cupboards, the hardware of +which is wrought iron. Doors have box locks and small brass door knobs. Two steps are +built into the doorway connecting the east wing with the central block of the house on +the second floor level.</p> +<p><i>West Wing.</i> The west wing of the house was added in 1942, and was designed by the +renovator, Walter Macomber.</p> +<p>The first floor contains a modern kitchen, a butler’s pantry, and a staircase containing +stairways to the basement and to the second floor, together with storage closets. An +exterior door in the end wall provides direct access to the outside.</p> +<p>The second floor of the west wing contains a bedroom and bathroom suite similar in layout +to the suite on the second floor of the east wing. The bedroom contains built-in +closets, shelves, and cupboards, and wrought iron hardware (thumb latches and H and L +hinges).</p> +<p><i>Basement.</i> The basement is beneath the central block of the house, and its design is basically +unchanged from the original except for the concrete footings and steel columns +placed there in 1960 to strengthen the deteriorating brick interior wall. The basement +was not extended underneath either of the two wings of the house when they were +constructed.</p> +<p>Entrance to the basement originally was by a stairway located at the end of the central +hallway, where also was located the stairway to the second floor and attic. In 1942, however, +the stairway to the basement was shifted to a new staircase located in the new west +wing of the house, where it is at the present time. The basement currently contains gas +heating equipment for the house, a water heater, and storage space.</p> +<hr class='fn' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_48' name='page_48'></a>48</span></div> +<h3>ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION: THE MANSION HOUSE</h3> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0085' id='Footnote_0085'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0085'><span class='label'>[85]</span></a> +<p>Mrs. Michael Straight, interview December 1969. Certain pieces of the garden sculpture are +from Peking, China. Others include “Frog Girl” by Willi Soukop.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0086' id='Footnote_0086'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0086'><span class='label'>[86]</span></a> +<p><i>Alexandria Gazette</i>, November 6, 1839.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0087' id='Footnote_0087'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0087'><span class='label'>[87]</span></a> +<p>John Mosby Beattie, interview April 17, 1969.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0088' id='Footnote_0088'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0088'><span class='label'>[88]</span></a> +<p>David Condon, AIA; interview December 11, 1969. The earlier room layout of the central +block of the house had two rooms, each about 12 by 12 feet, on each side of the central hallway which +ran through the house widthwise. Each of these four rooms had its own fireplace located in the end +wall. This pattern was duplicated in the four rooms on the second floor.</p> +<p>A somewhat unusual feature of this building was that the joists for the first and second +floors ran lengthwise rather than across the house. They were anchored in the brick outer wall and in a +brick bearing wall running the width of the house in the basement and extending up to the second floor. +In 1960, it was found that this wall was crumbling and in danger of allowing the second-floor joists to +pull out of their sockets. The installation of a series of steel columns holding up a steel beam had the +effect of taking all bearing weight off this original segment of brick wall.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0089' id='Footnote_0089'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0089'><span class='label'>[89]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i> The location of this masonry wall in the basement and its extension upward to the +second floor made it possible for the original house to have the floor joists set lengthwise with the house +instead of front-to-back. The joists were thus anchored in the outside walls at each end of the house and +in the center wall running midway through the house.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0090' id='Footnote_0090'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0090'><span class='label'>[90]</span></a> +<p>Walter Macomber, interview held July 16, 1968, at Green Spring Farm. Mr. Macomber’s +description of these shingles is as follows: “This shingle is something I helped develop for Williamsburg. +We never did use it extensively, but it was made ... in Richmond [by] a man named Hendricks.... It’s +made of concrete reinforced with two or three wires to the length of it.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0091' id='Footnote_0091'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0091'><span class='label'>[91]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i> This stairway was also reversed when it was moved into the library. As it originally +stood in the hallway, the stairway ran upward from front to rear of the house, and a stairway to the +basement was constructed underneath so as to run down to the basement from the rear to the front of +the house.</p> +<p>A second stairway between the first and second floors was also installed in a new staircase +constructed in the new kitchen (west) wing built in 1942.</p> +</div> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_49' name='page_49'></a>49</span></div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0092' id='Footnote_0092'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0092'><span class='label'>[92]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i> Transcript of Mr. Macomber’s description of the library is as follows:</p> +<blockquote> +<p><i>Mr. Macomber</i>: Now this room—the library—is a designed room.</p> +<p><i>Mr. Netherton</i>: By you, do you mean?</p> +<p><i>Mr. Macomber</i>: Yes.</p> +<p><i>Mrs. Netherton</i>: Do you know what the room was before?</p> +<p><i>Mr. Macomber</i>: Well, it was really plain.</p> +<p><i>Mrs. Netherton</i>: Is this an Adam mantelpiece?</p> +<p><i>Mr. Macomber</i>: You could call this an Adam mantel, although it’s not truly. It’s a mantel +of about 1790.... This wood came from an old tavern near Peace Cross in Maryland. The +building was torn down to make way for a large shopping center. This is all designed. This +is a design of my own with the little dovetails which are a little affectation of mine. +[Pointing to the entryway between the library and central hall.] At least part of this stair +was original. The newel post and the balusters and the paneling under the first run of the +stair are original, and the sheathing from that point up into the hall is a design, and was +made right on the job by our carpenters.</p> +<p><i>Mrs. Netherton</i>: Did you lengthen these windows to the floor?</p> +<p><i>Mr. Macomber</i>: They were this way when we got the house, but they had been changed +some time prior to 1942.</p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p><i>Mrs. Netherton</i>: The cupboard was part of the design, was it not?</p> +<p><i>Mr. Macomber</i>: Yes, it was, and I think this is one of the panels that came from Pennsylvania.... +[Also] the paneled jamb from the library down into the living room came from +this old building in Lancaster County [Pennsylvania]. And also the trim around the +opening.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The renovator’s description of the dining room included the following comments:</p> +<blockquote> +<p><i>Mr. Macomber</i>: The mantel is a mantel of the period, and I’m quite sure it was in this room. +The butterfly cupboard beside it is a design that was added to the room, and designed and +built and installed for this particular location. The dining room, being a small room, we +planned the recess beside the fireplace for the sideboard and also to give a little more space +in the room and in the pantry. The chair rail I’m sure is original and the door trim, but the +cornice I installed. The base is original, in most cases, I believe the doors are original, +although the bottom rail has been cut off on this to such a degree, it looks as though it +might have been for another opening. And that’s true on the door into the library.</p> +</blockquote> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0093' id='Footnote_0093'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0093'><span class='label'>[93]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0094' id='Footnote_0094'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0094'><span class='label'>[94]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i> Mr. Macomber’s recollection is that “I’m quite sure it came from the second floor +because it’s the same as the door into the nursery room....” As to the door into the hallway, he notes +that it originally had been painted dark blue-green.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0095' id='Footnote_0095'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0095'><span class='label'>[95]</span></a> +<p>Michael and Belinda Straight, interview of December 8, 1968. John Mosby Beattie recalls +when animal fat was cooked in the fireplace of the old kitchen to make soap.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0096' id='Footnote_0096'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0096'><span class='label'>[96]</span></a> +<p>Walter Macomber, interview July 16, 1969.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0097' id='Footnote_0097'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0097'><span class='label'>[97]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i> According to local tradition, the tavern near Peace Cross originally was a residence, +then a tavern, a gambling house, and a bawdy house. While a gambling house, it was robbed, and shots +were fired after the fleeing burglar. One of the shots went into the shutters, and the hole made by this +shot is still visible in the portion of the shutter used as paneling in the living room.</p> +</div> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_19' id='linki_19'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_50' name='page_50'></a>50</span> +<img src='images/054a.png' alt='' title='' width='500' height='403' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Tobey House Approach, Green Spring Farm<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_20' id='linki_20'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/054b.png' alt='' title='' width='500' height='405' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Tobey House, Patio and Fountain<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_21' id='linki_21'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/054c.png' alt='' title='' width='500' height='399' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Tobey House, Interior<br /> +<br /> +Figure 14. Photos by Robert Lautman, c. 1960<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='chsp' style='padding-top:0'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_51' name='page_51'></a>51</span> +<a name='ASSOCIATED_BUILDINGS' id='ASSOCIATED_BUILDINGS'></a> +<h2>ASSOCIATED BUILDINGS</h2> +</div> +<div class='chsp' style='padding-top:0'> +<a name='I_THE_TOBEY_HOUSE' id='I_THE_TOBEY_HOUSE'></a> +<h3>I. THE TOBEY HOUSE</h3> +</div> +<h4>HISTORY</h4> +<p>The Tobey House is located approximately one-quarter mile east-southeast of +the main house on Green Spring Farm. It was built in 1954 as a residence for Mrs. Charles +W. Tobey, the mother of Mrs. Michael Straight and widow of the late distinguished +United States Senator from New Hampshire. Prior to that time, Mrs. Tobey had resided +part of the time in Washington and part of the time in Concord, New Hampshire, where +she owned a spacious, gabled New England mansion built about 1750. In order for her to +be nearer her daughter and grandchildren, arrangements were made by Michael Straight to +have a small, modern, open-design house built for Mrs. Tobey on Green Spring Farm.<a name='FNanchor_0098' id='FNanchor_0098'></a><a href='#Footnote_0098' class='fnanchor'>[98]</a></p> +<p>Architectural plans were completed in the fall of 1953, and construction was completed +in 1954. Here Mrs. Tobey lived with her housekeeper, Miss Frances McFall, from 1954 to +1968.<a name='FNanchor_0099' id='FNanchor_0099'></a><a href='#Footnote_0099' class='fnanchor'>[99]</a></p> +<p>The house originally was comprised of a living-dining room, kitchen, two bedrooms, bath, +and utility (heater) room. In 1957, however, it was expanded by the addition of another +living room, bathroom, and utility room. At this time, also, the carport was relocated, +and terraces were created on the east and west sides of the house. The result was to +enlarge the living space within the house and to create an arrangement whereby a living +room, bath, and utility room could be partitioned off (by a folding door) to make a guest +suite. The addition of the semienclosed areas adjacent to the house, with their flagstone +terraces and fountain pool, made for the enjoyment of outdoor activities.</p> +<p>Inside the house, the design and decor encouraged the feeling of closeness to the outdoors +by the location of window space and the use of floor-to-ceiling glass walls at points where +the landscaped surroundings of the house could be seen from the inside; and paneled walls +provided a neutral yet sympathetic background for many fine pieces of antique furniture +and other artifacts which Mrs. Tobey brought from New Hampshire. Also, use of horizontal +ship-lap siding for the exterior gives a suggestion of New England clapboards.</p> +<p>Following her residence in the house from 1954 to 1968, Mrs. Tobey moved to +Washington, D.C., and the house was occupied by tenants.</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_22' id='linki_22'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_52' name='page_52'></a>52</span> +<img src='images/056a.png' alt='' title='' width='596' height='540' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Figure 15. Tobey House Floor Plans, 1957<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_23' id='linki_23'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/056b.png' alt='' title='' width='624' height='382' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +First Section, 1954<br /> +</p> +</div> +<h4>GENERAL SETTING AND SITE OF THE HOUSE</h4> +<p>Located in the southeast corner of +Green Spring Farm, the Tobey House enjoys a setting of generally open, slightly rolling +countryside.<a name='FNanchor_0100' id='FNanchor_0100'></a><a href='#Footnote_0100' class='fnanchor'>[100]</a> This setting is preserved on the land which comprises the farm. Beyond +these limits, however, the neighborhood of the farm has experienced a rapid and drastic +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_53' name='page_53'></a>53</span> +transition in the 1950’s and 1960’s. As a result, its predominantly rural character has been +largely replaced by tracts of subdivisions composed of single-family dwellings on lots +ranging from one-fifth to one-half acre of land. At the same time, the Little River Turnpike +(Route 236) has attracted extensive roadside commercial development, resulting in +increased highway traffic generated by the intensified density of land use. This has +accentuated the importance of the farm’s buffer space in preserving the tranquility and +natural beauty which the owner and architect sought for the Tobey House.</p> +<p>The site of the house is set back from the Little River Turnpike approximately one-eighth +mile and is connected with the pike by its own driveway. The driveway approaches the +house from the southwest where the view first is of the carport and the 1957 addition. +The immediate vicinity of the house has been left relatively open to provide a feeling of +spaciousness when viewed from inside the house. Landscaped trees and shrubs located +around the house preserve this feeling of an open natural setting while providing cover for +the house and terraces.</p> +<h4>ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN</h4> +<p>Since it was Mrs. Tobey’s desire to enjoy the site as well as +the house, the general design of the house contains features specifically aimed to permit +this. On the east side, the flagstone terrace and fountain pool are partially covered by the +overhang of the flat roof and a trellis. On the west side of the house, a covered flagstone +walkway from house to the carport runs between a hedge and fence on one side and a +small courtyard with flower beds and trees on the other. In the living room added in +1957, the only opening is a large picture window set in a bay which contains a planter box +with living plants.</p> +<p>Architecturally, the house is of particular interest because its basic objective of facilitating +an indoor-outdoor style of living is achieved with simple, open lines and harmonious +materials.<a name='FNanchor_0101' id='FNanchor_0101'></a><a href='#Footnote_0101' class='fnanchor'>[101]</a> Set upon a concrete slab, the wooden walls of the house are overlaid with +wooden beams placed so as to intersect and create the appearance of squares and rectangular +modules on the ceiling. A flat wooden deck roof rests on these beams. No prefabricated +units were utilized in the construction of the house, and all pieces were +individually specified, cut, and fitted together.</p> +<p>The architect for the Tobey House was David Condon, AIA, of Keyes, Lethbridge & +Condon, Washington, D.C. The landscape architect was Eric Paepcke of Washington, +D.C. Interior design was done by Top Recker and Patricia Holsaert. Construction was +performed by Hayes Brothers of Herndon, Virginia (figures 14 and 15).</p> +<h4>EXTERIOR FEATURES</h4> +<p>The overall dimensions of the house are 70 by 25 feet; the +carport measures 11 by 21 feet. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_54' name='page_54'></a>54</span> +Exterior walls are gray stained cypress, laid on horizontally in ship-lap style, with white +trim. Full-length glass panels serve as walls in the section of the house called “the gallery,” +facing the terrace on the east side of the house.</p> +<p>The fountain pool in the east side terrace measures 6 by 13 feet. The pool water does not +recirculate but is piped from the house water supply and can be controlled by a faucet.</p> +<h4>ENCLOSURES</h4> +<p>A wooden post and rail ranch fence encloses the field where the house +is located.</p> +<h4>LANDSCAPING</h4> +<p>Pine and plane trees are planted for shade near the house and screening +from the highway on the west side. Wisteria is planted for the trellis over the terrace on +the west side of the house to shield it from the afternoon sun. In the immediate vicinity +of the house, vinca minor (periwinkle) is used as ground cover.</p> +<h4>INTERIOR FEATURES</h4> +<p>The Tobey House contains 2,062 square feet of floor space.</p> +<p>Room arrangements for the original structure and following the addition in 1957 are +shown in figure 15.</p> +<p>Interior walls are of vertical cypress paneling, and floors are wooden parquet. Ceilings +have exposed beam and plank construction.</p> +<p>Interior features when Mrs. Tobey was in residence included wood carvings from a +Scandinavian sailing ship salvaged when it sank off the New England Coast.</p> +<p>Woodburning fireplaces are located in the living room of the original portion of the house +(now used as a study) and the living room of the 1957 addition.</p> +<p>The house is centrally heated with radiant heat from the floor. No central air conditioning +was provided in the original portion; but, when the addition was built in 1957, central air +conditioning was provided for it and ducts were extended into the living room of the +original portion. Window air-conditioning units were installed in the bedrooms.</p> +<div class='chsp' style='padding-top:0'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_55' name='page_55'></a>55</span> +<a name='II_THE_BARN' id='II_THE_BARN'></a> +<h3>II. THE BARN</h3> +</div> +<p>Located approximately 200 feet northeast of the main house is a two-story frame barn. +Its date of construction is not certain, but it is known to have been present when the +Straights acquired the farm in 1942. During the occupancy of the farm by the Straights, +the barn was converted into a laundry and a maid’s apartment. As renovated for this +purpose, the first floor of the barn contained space and equipment for the laundry, a +kitchen, and a bathroom. The second floor contained living quarters and a bathroom. +Access to the second floor was by an exterior stairway (figure 17).</p> +<p>Overall dimensions of the barn are +14½ +by +24½ +feet. Its construction is frame with eight-inch +siding laid on vertically and two-inch battens used to cover and seal the joints. The +exterior is stained brown with no trim. The exterior stairway is constructed of wood and +leads to a second floor entrance in the center of the east end of the building. The stairway +is in two segments. One, on the south side, reaches from the ground to a landing at the +corner of the building; the other, on the east side, reaches from the landing to the entrance +door. The peak of the roof is approximately +17½ +feet from the ground.</p> +<div class='chsp' style='padding-top:0'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_57' name='page_57'></a>57</span> +<a name='III_THE_LOG_CABIN' id='III_THE_LOG_CABIN'></a> +<h3>III. THE LOG CABIN</h3> +</div> +<p>Located approximately 90 feet northeast of the main house is a small one-story house of +log construction. Its date of construction is uncertain, although it is possible that this +building is the “Servants’ House” referred to in the notice of the commissioner’s sale of +the farm following the death of William Moss in 1835.<a name='FNanchor_0102' id='FNanchor_0102'></a><a href='#Footnote_0102' class='fnanchor'>[102]</a></p> +<p>During the Straights’ occupancy of the farm, the cabin was renovated and converted into +a guest house. During the later years, their son, David, lived in the cabin.</p> +<p>The renovation carried out by the Straights resulted in enlargement and reframing of the +windows, reconstruction of the existing door on the west side, and reconstruction of the +brick chimney at the north end of the building. At the same time, another doorway was +added on the east side (figure 18).</p> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_24' id='linki_24'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_58' name='page_58'></a>58</span> +<img src='images/061a.png' alt='' title='' width='586' height='550' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_25' id='linki_25'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/061b.png' alt='' title='' width='571' height='536' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Figure 19. Spring House Floor Plans, 1960<br /> +</p> +</div> +<div class='chsp' style='padding-top:0'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_59' name='page_59'></a>59</span> +<a name='IV_THE_SPRING_HOUSE' id='IV_THE_SPRING_HOUSE'></a> +<h3>IV. THE SPRING HOUSE</h3> +</div> +<h4>HISTORY</h4> +<p>References to a spring house appear frequently in descriptions of Green +Spring Farm during the nineteenth century.<a name='FNanchor_0103' id='FNanchor_0103'></a><a href='#Footnote_0103' class='fnanchor'>[103]</a> The well watered character of the farm, +possessing springs of its own and traversed by Turkey Cock Run, was an advantage of +great value to all its owners. Quite possibly the presence of the springs was decisive in +enabling both the Mosses and Fountain Beattie to make dairying a substantial part of the +farm’s operations. In the 1830’s, many of the types of equipment and utensils typically +used in making and preserving butter, cheese, and fresh milk were listed in inventories of +personal property at the farm. During this period and later, the presence of the Little +River Turnpike would have made it feasible to sell dairy products regularly in Alexandria, +six miles away, and in the District of Columbia, nine miles away.<a name='FNanchor_0104' id='FNanchor_0104'></a><a href='#Footnote_0104' class='fnanchor'>[104]</a> It is equally likely that +a spring house was also one of the focal points of the farm’s cider and brandy-making +activities at those times when the orchards flourished.</p> +<p>After the sale of the farm by Fountain Beattie in 1917, the level of its operations gradually +decreased. By 1940, the spring house stood unused, as neither dairying nor orchard activities +were carried on. Therefore, when the Straights ordered the renovation of the main +house in 1942, it was suggested that the spring house be converted into a residence for the +farm’s caretaker.</p> +<p>Conversion of the spring house into a residence was carried out under the direction of +Walter Macomber of Washington, D.C., who also had been in charge of remodeling the +main house. Using the basic stone shell of the house, which was structurally sound, a two-story +house was designed with living room, bedroom, kitchen, and utility (heater) room +on the first floor and a bedroom, bathroom, and storage area on the second floor.<a name='FNanchor_0105' id='FNanchor_0105'></a><a href='#Footnote_0105' class='fnanchor'>[105]</a> (See +figure 19.) In this work, new materials were used, except that slate shingles taken from +the main house (where the roof was being replaced) were used for roofing the spring +house.</p> +<p>In 1961, the second major remodeling of the house enlarged it and attempted to reduce +the dampness due to its location in the midst of the springs. The architects for this work +were Keyes, Lethbridge & Condon of Washington, D.C. As a result of this work, the +roof was raised to permit construction of a new bedroom and storage room on the second +floor. On the first floor, enclosure of a porch permitted the addition of a bathroom and +closet to the downstairs bedroom. Substantial remodeling of the kitchen was also undertaken, +in which a closet was converted into cabinets, new flooring was laid, and new +kitchen fixtures were installed.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_60' name='page_60'></a>60</span></div> +<h4>EXTERIOR</h4> +<p>The original portion of the spring house is constructed of stone, with stucco +exterior finish. The frame addition is covered with rough-sawn redwood lap siding over +half-inch vapor-sealed sheathing. The roofing for this portion of the house is slate shingles, +matching the slate roof of the original portion which used shingles taken from the mansion +house when it was renovated in 1942. Copper gutters and downspouts were installed in +1961, as was copper flashing at the base of the chimney.</p> +<hr class='fn' /> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_61' name='page_61'></a>61</span></div> +<h3>ASSOCIATED BUILDINGS</h3> +<h4>I. THE TOBEY HOUSE</h4> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0098' id='Footnote_0098'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0098'><span class='label'>[98]</span></a> +<p>Title to the property on which the house was built remained in Michael and Belinda +Straight.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0099' id='Footnote_0099'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0099'><span class='label'>[99]</span></a> +<p>“A New House with Young Ideas,” <i>House and Garden</i>, December 1958.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0100' id='Footnote_0100'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0100'><span class='label'>[100]</span></a> +<p>David Condon, AIA, interview December 12, 1969. Initially it was proposed to locate the +house with its back to a line of trees separating the upper and lower portions of the pasture west of the +main farm house. This would have taken advantage of the view to the west of the house, considered to +be its best view. Ultimately, however, the house was located in the lower pasture, closer to the Little +River Turnpike but screened from the highway by a line of trees planted for that purpose.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0101' id='Footnote_0101'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0101'><span class='label'>[101]</span></a> +<p><i>Ibid.</i> This is the opinion of David Condon, who served as architect for both the original +building and its subsequent addition. He notes that the building’s style was rare in the Eastern United +States, although it had appeared and was popular on the West Coast.</p> +</div> +<h4>III. THE LOG CABIN</h4> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0102' id='Footnote_0102'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0102'><span class='label'>[102]</span></a> +<p><i>Alexandria Gazette</i>, November 6, 1839, advertisement.</p> +</div> +<h4>IV. THE SPRING HOUSE</h4> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0103' id='Footnote_0103'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0103'><span class='label'>[103]</span></a> +<p><i>Alexandria Gazette</i>, November 6, 1839, advertisement; John Mosby Beattie, interview April +17, 1969.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0104' id='Footnote_0104'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0104'><span class='label'>[104]</span></a> +<p>John Schlebecker, Curator, Division of Agriculture and Mining, Museum of History and +Technology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Interview held February 26, 1969.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0105' id='Footnote_0105'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0105'><span class='label'>[105]</span></a> +<p>Walter Macomber, interview July 16, 1968. It appears that no drawings were made of the +spring house as it appeared before its conversion into a caretaker’s residence, and no plans have been +preserved to show the construction undertaken for the conversion.</p> +</div> +<div class='figcenter'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_26' id='linki_26'></a> +</div> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_62' name='page_62'></a>62</span> +<a href='images/065large.png'> +<img src='images/065small.png' alt='' title='' width='447' height='542' /> +</a> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Figure 20. Fairfax County Property Identification Map, 1969, Green Spring Farm, Quadrant 72-1.<br /> +</p> +</div> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='figleft' style='width:140px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_27' id='linki_27'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/066.png' alt='County of Fairfax, Virginia Seal' title='' width='140' height='139' /> +<br /> +</div> +<div class='chsp' style='padding-top:0'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_63' name='page_63'></a>63</span> +<a name='APPENDIX_A_COMMONWEALTH_OF_VIRGINIA__COUNTY_OF_FAIRFAX___HISTORIC_LANDMARKS_SURVEY' id='APPENDIX_A_COMMONWEALTH_OF_VIRGINIA__COUNTY_OF_FAIRFAX___HISTORIC_LANDMARKS_SURVEY'></a> +<h2>APPENDIX A</h2> +<h3><span class='smaller'>COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA</span><br /> <span class='smcap'>County of Fairfax</span><br /> HISTORIC LANDMARKS SURVEY</h3> +</div> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Green Spring Farm Survey Form"> +<tr><td align="right">Name of Property:</td><td align="left">Green Spring Farm (Moss House)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Owner:</td><td align="left">Michael W. Straight et ux.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Location (Street Address):</td><td align="left">4601 Green Spring Road, Alexandria, Va.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Mailing Address:</td><td align="left">c/o Mudge, Stern, Baldwin & Todd, 20 Broad Street,<br />New York, New York 10005</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Other Locational Data:</td><td align="left">One block east of Braddock Road, on Little River Turnpike.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Acreage:</td><td align="left">31.688</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Property Identification Number:</td><td align="left">72-1-001-24</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Deed Book Reference:</td><td align="left">Deed Book P 15, page 145.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Location of Title:</td><td align="left">Fairfax County Courthouse</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Assessed Value:</td><td align="left">$93,415 ($17,365 buildings) January 1969 listing.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Zoning Status:</td><td align="left">RE-0.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Present Use:</td><td align="left">Residence</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Restrictions:</td><td align="left">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Magisterial District:</td><td align="left">Mason</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Planning District:</td><td align="left">Annandale</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Open to Public:</td><td align="left">No</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Setting:</td><td align="left">House itself is well screened from the road, and the garden in back has been well designed.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Additional Material Available:</td><td align="left">See Virginiana Collection files, Fairfax County Public Library: HABSI form 1969; photographs; color slides; clippings; research notes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">Nan and Ross Netherton, <i>Green Spring Farm</i>, manuscript, 1969.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">F. Johnston, <i>Memorials of Old Virginia Clerks</i>, Lynchburg, Va., 1888</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Date: 10/13/69</td><td align="left">Recorder: Mrs. Ross D. Netherton<br />Division of Planning</td></tr> +</table> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_64' name='page_64'></a>64</span> +<a name='APPENDIX_B_GREEN_SPRING_FARM_HISTORY_OF_OWNERSHIP' id='APPENDIX_B_GREEN_SPRING_FARM_HISTORY_OF_OWNERSHIP'></a> +<h2>APPENDIX B</h2> +<h3>GREEN SPRING FARM HISTORY OF OWNERSHIP</h3> +</div> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Ownership History"> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1706</td> <td align="left">Grant from the Proprietors, LADY MARGARET CULPEPER, THOMAS (5th) LORD +FAIRFAX and CATHERINE his wife, to JOHN WEST, WILLIAM HARRISON, THOMAS +PEARSON and THOMAS HARRISON. For 4,639 acres on Great Hunting Creek and Indian +Branch.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Northern Neck Grants 3, December 23, 1706, p. 153.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1739</td> <td align="left">Survey by John Warner for GEORGE HARRISON and JOHN SUMMERS ordered by William +Fairfax, Agent for THOMAS (6th) LORD FAIRFAX for about 500 acres of waste land +joining on West, Pearson and Harrison’s land and Summers’ land.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Northern Neck Grants Book E, November 21, 1739, p. 72.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1740</td> <td align="left">Grant from the PROPRIETOR’S OFFICE to GEORGE HARRISON and JOHN SUMMERS, +of 834 acres surveyed by John Warner, located on Indian and Turkey Cock Runs. (George +Harrison was the brother-in-law of Hugh West, the elder.)</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Northern Neck Grants Book E, May 10, 1740, p. 216.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1777</td> <td align="left">Conveyance from JOHN WEST (son of Hugh West, the elder) deceased, to HUGH WEST +(his son and grandson of Hugh West, the elder), of about 400 acres adjoining John Summers.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Will Book D, February 7, 1777, p. 4.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Deed from DANIEL and REBECCA SUMMERS to JOHN MOSS, a parcel of land for 300 +pounds. (Two pages have been torn out of the deed book here.)</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Deed Book M, September 11, 1777, p. 324.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1788</td> <td align="left">Deed from BALDWIN and CATHERINE DADE to JOHN MOSS for 310 pounds current +money of Virginia, for part of the Turkey Cock tract on Indian and Turkey Cock Branches, +being the land Baldwin Dade purchased from a certain Hugh West relation. (Note: George +Harrison, uncle of John West, willed all his property to John after the decease of his wife +Martha.)</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Deed Book R, October 20, 1788, p. 256.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1789</td> <td align="left">Lease from BRYAN FAIRFAX to JOHN MOSS for 7,000 acres on the west side of Difficult +Run, and Towlston.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Deed Book R, April 2, 1789, p. 397.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1794</td> <td align="left">Deed from WILLIAM HENRY and AMELIA TERRETT and MARGARET WEST to JOHN +MOSS for 180 acres, 1 road and 14 perches for 421 pounds 10 pence, current money of +Virginia. Property on both sides of the Turnpike road, abutting Summers, Norris, Scott, and +West, Pearson and Harrison.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Deed Book Y, December 2, 1794, p. 198.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1795</td> <td align="left">Survey by John Moss, 3 acres on Indian Branch, involved in a dispute over boundary line +with neighbor Hepborn.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Deed Book X, April 24, 1795, p. 488.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1809</td> <td align="left">Conveyance of will from JOHN MOSS: to sons WILLIAM and THOMAS the residue of the +lands purchased from Summers and Dade to be divided between them; to son JOHN the +plantation whereon he lived which was leased by John Moss from the late Bryan Fairfax; to +daughters PATTY, MARY and ANNE, all of the lands he bought from William H. Terrett and +houses; the last third of his property to be divided by sons ROBERT, WILLIAM and +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_65' name='page_65'></a>65</span> +Thomas after the decease of his wife ANN. Also mentioned in his will are his daughter +FRANCES MIDDLETON and grandchildren GIDION and ELIZABETH. (See appendix C.)</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Superior Court Will Book I, p. 1, October 25, 1809.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Gift by JOHN MOSS to WILLIAM MOSS and ROBERT MOSS, sons, of 1/3 of two tracts +purchased from Baldwin Dade and Daniel Summers.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Deed Book J-2, April 14, 1809, p. 272.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1835</td> <td align="left">Public sale for infant heirs of WILLIAM MOSS, deceased. Advertised in <i>Alexandria Gazette</i>, +June 12, 1835. Inventory and sale account.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Will Book R, March Court, 1835, p. 353; Will Book S, pp. 7, 298.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1843</td> <td align="left">Sale by THOMAS R. LOVE and ALFRED MOSS, parties of the one part, to THOMAS +SHERIFF, party of the other part, formerly of Barbados but now of Fairfax County, 341 +acres, one road and 25 poles. From estate of Thomas Moss who died intestate; Final 62, +Chancery Court Proceedings. (See figure 2.)</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Deed Book H-3, p. 226, May 28, 1843.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1855</td> <td align="left">H. W. Thomas, Commissioner, gives grants, bargains and sells as a settlement on an unpaid +debt land owned by JAMES SHERIFF known as Green Spring purchased by Thomas Sheriff +from Thomas Love and Alfred Moss in 1843, to JAMES BENTON to have and to hold in +trust for sole and separate use of HANNAH O’BRIEN, of Baltimore, free from debts, +liabilities and control of husband Matthew O’Brien and power on her part to dispose of same +by deed or will as though she were a femme sole.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Deed Book W-3, p. 424, September 10, 1855.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1878</td> <td align="left">Sale by H. O. Claughton, Commissioner, for SARAH GREEN and L. M. SAUNDERS, parties +of the first part, and FOUNTAIN BEATTIE, party of the second part, of the land formerly +owned by Hannah O’Brien concerned in a Chancery Court case. (See Suspended File 10, +with O’Brien plaintiff and Green, defendant.) Acreage—339. (See figure 3.)</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Deed Book W-4, p. 271, June 25, 1878.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1917</td> <td align="left">Sale by CAPTAIN FOUNTAIN BEATTIE, widower, to GEORGE SIMS of Florida, 339 acres.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Deed Book C-8, p. 446, January 23, 1917.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1922</td> <td align="left">Sale of 339 acres by GEORGE R. SIMS and WALTER KAHN to JAMES M. DUNCAN of +Alexandria.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Deed Book Y-8, p. 50, June 12, 1922. (See figure 3.)</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1924</td> <td align="left">Sale of 332 acres divided into 48 parcels by MARY V. DUNCAN and CARROLL PIERCE to +FREDERICK SEGESSERMAN.</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Deed Book J-9, p. 23, June 23, 1924.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1931</td> <td align="left">Sale of 28 acres “on State Highway 6, a new concrete road from Alexandria to Virginia” by +CAROLINE and FREDERICK SEGESSERMAN to MINNIE WHITESELL.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="left">1942</td> <td align="left">Sale of 33.128 acres by MINNIE WHITESELL to MICHAEL and BELINDA STRAIGHT. +(See figure 8.)</td></tr> +<tr><td /><td align="left">Fairfax County Deed Book P-15, p. 147.</td></tr> +</table> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_66' name='page_66'></a>66</span> +<a name='APPENDIX_C_WILL_OF_JOHN_MOSS_1809' id='APPENDIX_C_WILL_OF_JOHN_MOSS_1809'></a> +<h2>APPENDIX C</h2> +<h3>WILL OF JOHN MOSS, 1809</h3> +</div> +<p>Fairfax County Superior Court Willbook No. 1, pp. 1-3.</p> +<p>“In the name of God Amen I John Moss of the County of Fairfax and State of Virginia do +hereby make and Ordain this my last will and testament in manner and form following to wit I give to +my son John Moss the plantation whereon he now lives which was leased by me of the late +Rev<sup>d</sup> +Bryan +Fairfax and the service of my Negro man Nat until the period arrives when he is to go out free agreeable +to a Deed of Manumition Recorded in Fairfax County Court upon his paying his sister Frances Middleton +Fifty Dollars which with what I have heretofore given him I consider as his full part of my estate. Item +having already given my daughter Frances Middleton a lease I held under the said Bryan Fairfax Deceased +known as Buck Spring and a negro woman by the name of Maria as long as she has to serve under the +before mentioned Deed of Manumition I now give and bequeath unto her as her full part of my estate the +sum of Fifty Dollars to be paid her by her brother John Moss in twelve months after my Decease provided +the said negro man Nat given him shall survive me and come to the actual possession of my son +John Moss. Item I give and bequeath unto my son Robert Moss and his heirs forever the plantation +whereon he now lives so as to include one third part of the lands I purchased of Daniel Summers and +Baldwin Dade agreeable to the deed I have made him also two acres on the south side of the Turnpike +to be laid off along the line of West and to join the land I have before given him. In order to afford an +outlet to the Turnpike Road, and as the word (also) may be understood to imply my Intention is to give +him those two acres more than his third part before-mentioned I declare it is not but that they are to be +included in the same. Item I give and bequeath unto my grandson Gideon Moss and my grand Daughter +Elizabeth K. Moss two hundred Dollars each to be paid them or their heirs in eighteen months after my +Decease which with what I gave their father in his lifetime I consider and hereby declare to be their full +part of my Estate. Item I give to wife Ann Moss during her natural life the use of all the rest and residue +of my Estate real, personal and mixed for the support of her and such of my daughters as may be at the +time of my Death unmarried and after her decease I give and bequeath unto my Sons William Moss and +Thomas Moss and their heirs forever the residue of the lands purchased by me of the aforementioned +Summers and Dade to be divided between them as follows: Beginning on the Turnpike road adjoining +the two acres given my son Robert Moss for an Outlet thence down the said road opposite to my gate +thence a southerly course to a small Drain about fifteen poles from the Turnpike road by the name of +Crumps Branch thence down the said Branch and bending therewith to the intersection of the Dividing +line of the lands purchased by me of the before-mentioned Summers and Dade thence with the said line +eastwardly to where it crosses the Turkey Branch thence up the said branch with the Several Courses of +my deed from the said Summers to the Intersection of West’s line thence with the line to the beginning +which several courses include that part of my land I wish my son Thomas to enjoy all but the houses +where John Powell now lives with four acres adjoining it I add to the lands I intended for my daughters +Patsy, Mary and Anne and in case it should exceed one third part of my purchase from the said Summers +and Dade then I direct that my son Thomas Moss do pay to his brother William Moss at the rate of +Twenty five Dollars for every acre that may be included in his said lott over and above one third part of +the said two purchases of Summers and Dade. Item I give and bequeath to my three daughters Patty +Moss, Mary Moss and Anne Moss and their heirs forever after my wife’s Decease the whole of the lands I +purchased of William H. Terrett to be equally divided including the homes and four acres adjoining (as +mentioned <ins title='Was befor'>before</ins>) between them and two thirds parts of the whole of my personal estate be divided +between them and their heirs forever. Item the rest and residue or the One third part of my personal +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_67' name='page_67'></a>67</span> +estate after my wife’s decease I give and bequeath unto my three sons Robert Moss, William Moss and +Thomas Moss to be equally Divided between them and their heirs & lastly I appoint my wife Ann Moss +executrix and my sons Robert Moss, William Moss and Thomas Moss executors of my last will and testament +hereby revoking all other and former wills by me heretofore made In witness whereof I have +hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal this fourteenth day of November Anno 1808 Present</p> +<p class='sig1'>John <ins title='Original had long-s (Mofs)'>Moss</ins> SEAL ”</p> +<p>The will was presented by William Moss on October 25, 1809. William Moss, George Mason, Joseph +Powell and Reezen Wilcoxen set a bond of $22,000 to guarantee that William Moss make a true and +perfect inventory of all goods, chattles, and credits of the deceased and do well and truly pay and +deliver all legacies specified in the will.</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_68' name='page_68'></a>68</span> +<a name='APPENDIX_D_SALES_ACCOUNT_OF_THE_PERSONAL_ESTATE_OF_WILLIAM_MOSS1835' id='APPENDIX_D_SALES_ACCOUNT_OF_THE_PERSONAL_ESTATE_OF_WILLIAM_MOSS1835'></a> +<h2>APPENDIX D</h2> +<h3>SALES ACCOUNT OF THE PERSONAL ESTATE OF WILLIAM MOSS—1835</h3> +</div> +<p>The following list contains the items comprising the personal estate of William Moss, entered at a sale at +auction held April 15 and 16, 1835.</p> +<p>The original list appears in Fairfax County Will Book S-1, pages 7-18, and shows the name of the purchaser +for each item. In listing the items here, the names of the purchasers have been omitted and the items +listed by categories for convenience.</p> +<h4>FURNITURE</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Furniture Inventory"> +<tr><td align="left">1 pine Table</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Washstands, Bowl & pitchers</td><td align="right">2.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Bed weighing 70 lbs at 34 cts</td><td align="right">23.80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto—58 lbs at 39 cts</td><td align="right">22.62</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto—78 lbs at 27 cts</td><td align="right">27.06</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto—58 lbs at 26 cts</td><td align="right">15.08</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto—70 lbs at 32 cts</td><td align="right">22.40</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto—58 lbs at 29 cts</td><td align="right">16.82</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pair Card Tables</td><td align="right">10.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Set Dining Tables</td><td align="right">10.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Breakfast Table</td><td align="right">4.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Portable Writing Desk</td><td align="right">4.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Mantle Clock</td><td align="right">26.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Stool</td><td align="right">.37</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Tester Bedstead</td><td align="right">2.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Mahogeny Bedstead</td><td align="right">3.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Bedstead</td><td align="right">2.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Bedstead</td><td align="right">4.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Mahogeny Bedstead</td><td align="right">5.65</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Maple Bedstead</td><td align="right">12.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Mahogeny Bedstead</td><td align="right">6.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 striped carpet</td><td align="right">3.40</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 striped carpet</td><td align="right">4.10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 striped carpet</td><td align="right">1.55</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 figured carpet</td><td align="right">3.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 large carpet</td><td align="right">17.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 striped ditto (new)</td><td align="right">28.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 piece stair carpet</td><td align="right">5.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Striped Carpet</td><td align="right">8.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Striped Carpet (small)</td><td align="right">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 passage carpet</td><td align="right">1.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 arm chair</td><td align="right">1.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Dozen red chairs</td><td align="right">1.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">½ Dozen cream coloured chairs</td><td align="right">4.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">½ Dozen cream coloured chairs</td><td align="right">4.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">½ Dozen rush seat chairs</td><td align="right">9.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">½ Dozen rush seat chairs</td><td align="right">8.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">½ Dozen Black Chairs</td><td align="right">4.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">½ Dozen Black Chairs</td><td align="right">2.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Side Board</td><td align="right">21.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 waiters</td><td align="right">.37½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Breakfast table</td><td align="right">2.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Walnut Safe</td><td align="right">6.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Book Case</td><td align="right">16.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pair Andirons Shovel & Tongs</td><td align="right">1.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Safe & contents</td><td align="right">2.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pair And Irons & Fender</td><td align="right">.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Bureau</td><td align="right">4.80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Dressing Glass</td><td align="right">3.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pair And Irons brush &c</td><td align="right">1.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Dressing Glass</td><td align="right">1.37½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Bureau</td><td align="right">7.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 bureau</td><td align="right">5.10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 dressing glass</td><td align="right">1.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 gilt looking glass</td><td align="right">3.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 pair andirons</td><td align="right">2.85</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 bed weighing 80 lbs at 24 cts</td><td align="right">19.20</td></tr> +</table> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_69' name='page_69'></a>69</span></div> +<h4>HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Household Inventory"> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pair Decanters</td><td align="right">4.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Glass Pitchers</td><td align="right">.87</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Latts</td><td align="right">1.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">22 Wine Glasses</td><td align="right">3.87</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">10 Gelly Glasses</td><td align="right">.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Dozen Jelly Glasses</td><td align="right">1.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">9 Glass Caps</td><td align="right">1.37½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Celery Glass</td><td align="right">1.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 Bottles & 1 Decanter</td><td align="right">1.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Mire Filler</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Glass Stand</td><td align="right">2.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 toaster</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Waiter, tea Pot &c</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Cork Screw</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pair Waiters</td><td align="right">2.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Waiter and contents</td><td align="right">2.80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Large Bowl</td><td align="right">4.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Pair Brass Candlesticks & Snuffers</td><td align="right">1.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Waiter & 4 Glasses</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 pair Tureens</td><td align="right">1.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">11 Small Plates</td><td align="right">.87½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">6 Soup plates</td><td align="right">.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">7 dishes</td><td align="right">1.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 bowl and Mustard Pot</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pitcher</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Plated Baskets</td><td align="right">9.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pair Plated Candlesticks</td><td align="right">8.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pair Plated Snuffers & Tray</td><td align="right">6.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Lot dishes & crocks</td><td align="right">.95</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Kettle</td><td align="right">.76</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 bag of Corks</td><td align="right">.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 casks & contents</td><td align="right">1.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">a parcel tins</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Oven, Kettle & Hooks</td><td align="right">.62½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Cake Moulds & pot</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Strainer, print & Bowl</td><td align="right">.55</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pewter Basin, Tin &c</td><td align="right">.55</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Gun & apparatus</td><td align="right">7.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Fire Sett (complete)</td><td align="right">16.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Fire Set (in Dining Room)</td><td align="right">4.90</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Bucket, tub & Griddle</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Shovel & Tongs & sifter</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 old safe and contents</td><td align="right">.40</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 tin safe and basin</td><td align="right">2.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Jugs, 4 Crocks & 1 jar</td><td align="right">1.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5 Large stone crocks</td><td align="right">1.35</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 earthen and stone jar</td><td align="right">.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">½ Dozen jars</td><td align="right">1.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">½ Dozen old crocks</td><td align="right">1.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 pewter basins</td><td align="right">1.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 China diner set</td><td align="right">11.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5 Large Dishes</td><td align="right">3.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5 pieces Brittania Ware</td><td align="right">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">½ Dozen silver spoons</td><td align="right">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">½ Dozen silver spoons</td><td align="right">5.12½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5 Silver Spoons</td><td align="right">2.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">½ Dozen Silver Table Spoons</td><td align="right">16.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4 Silver Table Spoons</td><td align="right">8.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Salt Spoons & toddy ladle</td><td align="right">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pair sugar tongs</td><td align="right">1.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Soup <ins title='Was lable'>ladle</ins></td><td align="right">9.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Silver tumblers</td><td align="right">9.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Sett Tea ware</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Large bowl</td><td align="right">.60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Sett Castors</td><td align="right">6.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Lot Wood ware</td><td align="right">1.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Lage pots & hooks & 1 Lage oven</td><td align="right">2.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Large oven</td><td align="right">.76</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 oven and Pot</td><td align="right">1.80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Frying pan & Grid Iron</td><td align="right">.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 pots</td><td align="right">.62½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Furnace, Kettle & pot</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Spice Mortar & Pestle</td><td align="right">.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Brass Kettle</td><td align="right">3.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Reel &c 2 Spinning Wheels Basket & Contents</td><td align="right">5.85</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Smoothing Irons</td><td align="right">.87½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Quilting frame</td><td align="right">.12½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4 pairs Cards</td><td align="right">.55</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Lot frames & Brushes</td><td align="right">.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Dozen Knives & forks</td><td align="right">13.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 chest</td><td align="right">.37½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 pair Round Tables & Bellows</td><td align="right">2.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Writing Desk, Slate & Inkstand</td><td align="right">1.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 basket of Chambey</td><td align="right">1.12½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Table, Desk & five mp & contents</td><td align="right">1.45</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 pair pillow cases</td><td align="right">.80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 pair pillow cases</td><td align="right">1.55</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 pillowcase</td><td align="right">.35</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 pair cotton pillow cases</td><td align="right">.84</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Table Cloth</td><td align="right">1.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto ditto</td><td align="right">.35</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Table Cloth</td><td align="right">.63</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto</td><td align="right">.70</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto</td><td align="right">1.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto</td><td align="right">2.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pair Diaper towels</td><td align="right">.42½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Ditto Ditto</td><td align="right">.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Ditto Ditto</td><td align="right">.28</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Ditto Ditto</td><td align="right">.28</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Ditto Ditto</td><td align="right">.26</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Ditto Ditto</td><td align="right">.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Ditto Ditto</td><td align="right">.26</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Ditto Ditto</td><td align="right">.28</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 Toilet Covers</td><td align="right">1.43</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Toilet Cover</td><td align="right">1.37½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Toilet Cover</td><td align="right">.16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Box, Boot Jack & old Stool</td><td align="right">.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Lot Cake Moulds</td><td align="right">.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Shovel & Tongs & Warfel Irons</td><td align="right">.31</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Driping Table</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto—3 fire screnes & Lot old tin</td><td align="right">1.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pair Blankets</td><td align="right">4.05</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5 pair Blankets</td><td align="right">10.62½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto Ditto</td><td align="right">2.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 White Counterpane</td><td align="right">2.55</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 striped ditto</td><td align="right">.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 pair Blankets</td><td align="right">3.12½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 white Counterpane</td><td align="right">4.55</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 calico Ditto</td><td align="right">1.68</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto Comfort</td><td align="right">2.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Ditto Ditto</td><td align="right">1.55</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 White Counterpane</td><td align="right">10.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Figured Ditto</td><td align="right">1.91</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 White Counterpane</td><td align="right">1.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto ditto</td><td align="right">2.80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ditto ditto</td><td align="right">3.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ditto ditto</td><td align="right">1.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ditto ditto</td><td align="right">2.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Counterpanes</td><td align="right">2.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 tablecloths</td><td align="right">9.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">8 pair Sheets</td><td align="right">22.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 pair sheets</td><td align="right">3.80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4 ditto ditto</td><td align="right">9.12½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 ditto ditto</td><td align="right">6.87½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Pair Blankets $4.25—1 ditto $3</td><td align="right">7.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 clothes brush</td><td align="right">.31</td></tr> +</table> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_71' name='page_71'></a>71</span></div> +<h4>PICTURES, BOOKS AND PAPERS</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Books, Papers, etc. Inventory"> +<tr><td align="left">2 Maps U. States</td><td align="right">8.80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Print of Thomas Jefferson</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5 volumes Washington life</td><td align="right">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Vol. Gordons Digest</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Vol. Guthries Geography</td><td align="right">2.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Vol. biography dictionary</td><td align="right">1.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">6 Vol. paper work at 25 cts</td><td align="right">1.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Vol. Life of Napoleon</td><td align="right">.62½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Vol. Olive Branch</td><td align="right">.51</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Vol. Memoirs of Napoleon</td><td align="right">.35</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Vol. Tuckers History</td><td align="right">.26</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4 Vol. Modern Europe</td><td align="right">2.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">10 Vol. Encyclopedia</td><td align="right">3.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Vol. Burns Work</td><td align="right">.16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Vol. Christianity</td><td align="right">1.10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Vol. Classes Cookery</td><td align="right">.14</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Vol. Haies Pleas</td><td align="right">.40</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 dictionary</td><td align="right">1.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Book on Farriery</td><td align="right">.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 lot old Books</td><td align="right">1.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 lot old books</td><td align="right">.51</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 vol. History of Rome</td><td align="right">.37</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 vol. Dridens Tour</td><td align="right">.20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 vol. Strong Bow</td><td align="right">.17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 vol. Political Enquiries</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 vol. Ewells Discourses</td><td align="right">.37</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 vol. Sydney on Government</td><td align="right">1.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5 vol. Shakespeare</td><td align="right">.95</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 vol. Montagues Reflections</td><td align="right">.42</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 vol. <ins title='Was Gmabler'>Gambler</ins></td><td align="right">.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 vol. History U. States</td><td align="right">.85</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 vol. Snodens America</td><td align="right">.26</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 vol. Astronomy</td><td align="right">.22</td></tr> +</table> +<h4>NEGROES</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Inventory of Slaves"> +<tr><td align="center">Negro</td><td align="left">Isaac</td><td align="right">800.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Jacob</td><td align="right">800.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Aaron</td><td align="right">660.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Cornelius, Betsey & Child</td><td align="right">800.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Edward</td><td align="right">550.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Maria</td><td align="right">528.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Mary Ann</td><td align="right">600.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Kitty</td><td align="right">620.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Ann</td><td align="right">630.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Cornelia</td><td align="right">500.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Jane</td><td align="right">240.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Ellen</td><td align="right">205.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Daniel</td><td align="right">175.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Massa</td><td align="right">131.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Jenny</td><td align="right">40.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Emanuel</td><td align="right">40.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Chloe</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">Charles</td><td align="right">250.00</td></tr> +</table> +<h4>FARM PRODUCE</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Farm Inventory"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6">1 Stack Hay</td><td align="right">29.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6">1 pacel of Hay</td><td align="right">8.65</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" colspan="2">Stack of</td><td align="left" colspan="3">Oats</td><td align="right">35.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" colspan="2">”</td><td align="left" colspan="3">”</td><td align="right">43.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6">1 lot Wheat Straw</td><td align="right">1.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" colspan="2">Beehive</td><td align="left" colspan="1">1st</td><td align="left" colspan="2">choice</td><td align="right">1.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" colspan="2">”</td><td align="left" colspan="1">2nd</td><td align="left" colspan="2">”</td><td align="right">.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" colspan="2">Barrels</td><td align="left">Corn</td><td align="left">at</td><td align="left">$4.10</td><td align="right">20.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" colspan="2">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">at</td><td align="left">$4.12</td><td align="right">41.20</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" colspan="2">Barrels</td><td align="left">Corn</td><td align="left">at</td><td align="left">4.05</td><td align="right">20.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" colspan="2">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td /><td align="left">4.10½</td><td align="right">20.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" colspan="2">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td /><td align="left">4.12½</td><td align="right">16.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" colspan="2">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td /><td align="left">4.12½</td><td align="right">12.37½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6">1 Hogshead of Vinegar</td><td align="right">2.62½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6">1 Beehive 3rd choice</td><td align="right">.62½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6">5 empty Bee gums</td><td align="right">.12½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6">1 barrel soap</td><td align="right">1.60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">105</td><td align="left">lbs</td><td align="left">Bacon</td><td align="left">at</td><td align="left">12½</td><td align="left">per lbs</td><td align="right">13.12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">103</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">13</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="right">13.39</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">100</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">13½</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="right">13.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">100</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">13½</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="right">13.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">257</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="left">13</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="right">32.60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">61</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="left" colspan="2">10</td><td align="right">6.10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" colspan="2">Barrel</td><td align="left" colspan="3">vinegar</td><td align="right">1.65</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" colspan="2">”</td><td align="left" colspan="3">”</td><td align="right">1.55</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" colspan="2">”</td><td align="left" colspan="3">”</td><td align="right">1.90</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6">1 barrel vinegar</td><td align="right">3.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6">1 barrel vinegar</td><td align="right">3.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6">1 Hogshead of Vinegar</td><td align="right">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3">1 bag Wool</td><td align="left">45 lbs</td><td align="left">at</td><td align="left">32</td><td align="right">14.40</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3">1 ditto</td><td align="left">25½</td><td align="left">at</td><td align="left">25</td><td align="right">8.92</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3">1 ditto</td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left">at</td><td align="left">26</td><td align="right">1.30</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3">1 bag yarn</td><td align="left">35 lbs</td><td align="left">at</td><td align="left">54 cts</td><td align="right">18.90</td></tr> +</table> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_72' name='page_72'></a>72</span></div> +<h4>ANIMALS</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Animal Inventory"> +<tr><td align="left">1 Dun mare</td><td align="right">52.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Sorrel Horse</td><td align="right">78.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Bay Horse</td><td align="right">40.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto do</td><td align="right">48.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Sorrel Horse</td><td align="right">57.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Bay Horse</td><td align="right">88.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Stud Colt</td><td align="right">62.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto (Sir James 6 years old)</td><td align="right">111.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">10 and 10 lambs (Jno Washington 1st choice)</td><td align="right">42.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">73 Ewes & Lambs at $2. each (Jno Washington)</td><td align="right">146.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 cow</td><td align="right">10.12½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 White and Red Cow</td><td align="right">15.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 cow and Bell</td><td align="right">10.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Black Cow</td><td align="right">17.12½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Red Heifer</td><td align="right">7.06½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 White and Red Cow</td><td align="right">17.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ditto ditto</td><td align="right">14.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Black and White Cow</td><td align="right">18.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Buffalo Cow</td><td align="right">18.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Breeding Sows</td><td align="right">6.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5 shoats 1st choice</td><td align="right">7.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4 do 2nd ditto</td><td align="right">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Black Cow</td><td align="right">14.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 cow</td><td align="right">14.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 ” heifer</td><td align="right">13.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Red Steer</td><td align="right">6.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Dark Steer</td><td align="right">13.00</td></tr> +</table> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_73' name='page_73'></a>73</span></div> +<h4>TOOLS, FARM EQUIPMENT AND IMPLEMENTS OF HUSBANDRY</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Farm Eq. Inventory"> +<tr><td align="left">1 Lot old gear</td><td align="right">2.70</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Lot old plough gear</td><td align="right">2.55</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cart gear Harness &c</td><td align="right">2.40</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Lot old Carriage irons &c</td><td align="right">4.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5 Mowing Scythes</td><td align="right">2.10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Scythes & Cradles</td><td align="right">2.35</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Grind Stone</td><td align="right">3.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4 Sacking Bags</td><td align="right">1.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">12 old tubs 25 cts—1 cutting box 3.25</td><td align="right">3.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 pair saddle bags</td><td align="right">3.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 tubs, barrel &c</td><td align="right">.35</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 old pots oven &c</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 large iron kettle and soap</td><td align="right">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 empty barrels and 1 barrels soap</td><td align="right">1.67</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 old tubs</td><td align="right">.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Light Cart</td><td align="right">30.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Broad Tread Cart</td><td align="right">11.70</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Wagon & 2 extra Bodys</td><td align="right">34.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Sand Sifter</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Wheat fan</td><td align="right">9.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">A pacel Rye and Oat Straw</td><td align="right">18.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 old grain hogsheads</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 augur crank &c</td><td align="right">.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">old harness</td><td align="right">.12½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 box and some glass</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 barrels & some salt</td><td align="right">.60</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 old Saddle</td><td align="right">.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">9 old barrels</td><td align="right">.62</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4 empty stands or Hogsheads</td><td align="right">2.37½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 empty Hogsheads & 2 barrels</td><td align="right">2.12½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 pair Shears and Keg White Lead</td><td align="right">1.37½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Sett Scales & Weights & Jugs</td><td align="right">.51</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 pair Stirrup</td><td align="right">.35</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 parcel Shvel and Spades</td><td align="right">1.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Forks and Rake</td><td align="right">.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Lot Swingletrees</td><td align="right">1.80</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 Wheel Barrows</td><td align="right">1.12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 old Cart Body, Shafts, &c</td><td align="right">3.55</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Carriage & harness</td><td align="right">35.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Saddle and Bridle</td><td align="right">8.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 rope</td><td align="right">.26</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Sett Blacksmith’s Tools</td><td align="right">20.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 bucket & old iron</td><td align="right">.31</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 Halter Chains</td><td align="right">.75</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Jack Screw</td><td align="right">2.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 old boring machine</td><td align="right">1.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 chain and old plough share</td><td align="right">.55</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Crow bar and Bar of Iron</td><td align="right">1.37½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Barshear plough</td><td align="right">7.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Dutch plough</td><td align="right">.87½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 Chopping Axes</td><td align="right">1.15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Lot Carpenters tools $2.25—1 Log Chain $1</td><td align="right">3.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2 axes</td><td align="right">2.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Small Bar Shear plough</td><td align="right">7.50</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Large Bar Shear plough</td><td align="right">7.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Large ditto-old</td><td align="right">1.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3 old ploughs</td><td align="right">.12½</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 pair Steelyards</td><td align="right">1.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5 Hilling Hoes & fork</td><td align="right">1.25</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1 Harrow</td><td align="right">5.00</td></tr> +</table> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_74' name='page_74'></a>74</span> +<a name='APPENDIX_E' id='APPENDIX_E'></a> +<h2>APPENDIX E</h2> +</div> +<p>Transcript of part of an affidavit from Thomas R. Love and Alfred Moss to Judge John Scott of the +Circuit Superior Court.</p> +<p>To the +Hon<sup>b</sup>le +John Scott Judge of the Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery of the County of +Fairfax. Respectfully Complaining Herewith unto your Honor, your Orators Thomas R. Love guardian +of Charles R. and Armistead T. Moss, and Alfred Moss guardian of Edgar and John Thomas Moss, the +three first infant Children of Thomas Moss +dec<sup>d</sup> & the last named the infant son of Jno Moss dec<sup>d</sup> +son of +Thomas Moss—</p> +<p>That Thomas Moss died intestate on the ____ day of October, 1839, leaving Seven Children and One grand +Child in all his Heirs at Law—viz. Anna R. Love the wife of your Orator Thomas R. Love, Robert Moss, +Alfred Moss, Thomas Moss & the four infant Children just named—Edgar the Eldest of these infant +Children will be 20 years old in November of the present year. Charles R. will be 18 years old in the +month of March 1840, Armistead 16 in the month of December in the present year and John Thomas +Moss will ____ years old in the month of ____ 18__.</p> +<p>The real Estate of which Thomas Moss died seized in ____ was the tract of land on which he resided at the +time of his death situated on both sides of the Little River Turnpike Road about Six miles from Alexandria +containing about 320 Acres. This tract of land is the only real Estate to which the Heirs at Law +of said Thomas Moss are entitled in the said County of Fairfax or Elsewhere—This tract of land is naturally +a thin soil but from a careful course of husbandry for a number of years, is now in a good state of +cultivation, the fields well enclosed by good and substantial fencing, the land not in cultivation well taken +with grass (clover and timothy) and that in cultivation just sown down in winter grass, and the buildings +in a good state of repair, the barn and stables having been Erected in the last two or three years—</p> +<p>Your orators have been advised by persons in the neighbourhood with whom they have conversed, with +the view of getting the best advice and information on the subject that the tract of land would not now +rent for more than ____ per annum, which would give to each of the Heirs in the shape of rent +Twenty five or Thirty dollars annually—while on the other hand owing as your Orators believe to the +Convenient distance thence to Alexandria, George Town and Washington and the improved state of the +farm in other respects, it would sell upon the usual terms of Sales of land for Twenty five dollars per +Acre and thus afford an interest on the sale nearly double the annual rent—In addition to the fact that +the rent would greatly fall short of the interest on the sale your orators have been advised that the property +in the hands of tenants would in the course of a few years be excessively injured and lessened in +value, the soil impoverished, the buildings and fencing neglected and suffered to delapidate perhaps +destroyed.</p> +<p>It is obvious that the land cannot be advantageously divided among the heirs Eight in number it would +give about forty acres to each heir, and this without regard to improvements—And the consideration +deeply affecting the interests of the infant is that this farm must be rented out all the shares together +manifestly—if therefore those now of age and those that soon will be of age should sell their shares each +share thus sold off, will not only proportionally lessen in value the shares of the other remaining unsold, +but will place the younger children as they come of age in the power and at the mercy of the person who +shall have purchased the other shares of the co-terminus neighbour. In the End the consequence will be +that the two or three younger children will not only be forced to sell, being hemmed in on all sides, and +not able to add to their Inheritance but must sell at any price they are offered. +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_75' name='page_75'></a>75</span> +Your orators further state that besides the real Estate before mentioned in which their wards have as +interest One Eighth each, after the payment of the debts of Thomas Moss deceased so far as it is practicable +to make an Estimate at this time, it is believed that a surplus will be left for distribution of about +fifteen or sixteen thousand dollars, which will give to each child say two thousand—</p> +<p>Viewing the present interest as well as the future interests of their wards your orators are of the opinion +from the facts hereinbefore stated, that the interests of their wards manifestly require a sale of the real +Estate herein before mentioned and that the rights of others will not be thereby violated. And to that +end and in pursuance of the Acts of the Gen’l Assembly in such cases made and provided, they pray that +said Anna R. Love late Anna R. Moss, Alfred Moss, Robert, Thomas Edgar, Charles R., Armistead and +John Thomas Moss be made parties defendants to this bill—that the said Anna R. Love the wife of your +orator and Alfred Moss who would be two of the Heirs of either of said infants if they are dead and that +said Anna R. be permitted to answer for herself as if feme sole. That the said Anna R. Love, Robert +Moss, Alfred Moss, Thomas Moss and all the other infants herein before mentioned who are over fourteen +years of age may be compelled to answer this bill in proper person or oath—That a Guardian Ad Litem +may be appointed according to Law to defend and answer for those infants as well those over fourteen +years, as those under fourteen years of age.—That your orators may have a Decree of the Ct authorizing +the sale of the said land in such manner and upon such terms of credit as to your Honor may seem right—And +your orators pray for all other & further action by your Honor in the premises as may be right & +proper according to the Act of assembly made and provided in such cases—May it please your honor &c.</p> +<p class='sig1'>(Certified by J. B. Hunter, a Justice of the Peace, 29 October 1839)</p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_76' name='page_76'></a>76</span> +<a name='APPENDIX_F_FAIRFAX_COUNTY_VA_WILL_BOOK_T1_PAGE_223' id='APPENDIX_F_FAIRFAX_COUNTY_VA_WILL_BOOK_T1_PAGE_223'></a> +<h2><ins title='Title Added'>Appendix F</ins></h2> +<h3>Fairfax County (Va.) Will Book T-1, page 223:</h3> +</div> +<p>December 2, 1839 Thomas Moss’ slaves divided among the several heirs.</p> +<table border='0' cellpadding='2' cellspacing='0' summary='Inventory'> +<tr><td align="left">Lot 1—To Robert Moss—Jim $75.00, Winney $75.00, Teuton $300 +and, to pay Lot 7 $30</td> <td align="right">$420.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lot 2—To John T. Moss—Dominick $425, and, to pay Lot 7 $5</td> <td align="right">420.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lot 3—To Armistead Moss—Sarah $450, and, to pay Lot 7 $85 +and Lot 6 $45</td> <td align="right">420.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lot 4—To Charles Moss—Martha $450, and, to pay Lot 7 $30</td> <td align="right">420.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lot 5—To Thomas Moss Anzau (?)—Laura $350, Frances $450, +and, pay Lot 7 $30</td> <td align="right">420.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lot 6—To Alfred Moss—Carolina $200, Harriet $175, +and payment from Lot 3 $45.</td> <td align="right">420.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lot 7—To Edgar Moss—Susan $200, T. R. Love $280, plus +others by amount of keeping Louisa, an insane negro $240</td> <td align="right">420.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">We have valued the advancement made to T. R. Love in negro +Henry $700, plus bond of a Moss daughter, +and to pay to Lot 7 $280</td> <td align="right">420.</td></tr> +</table> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_77' name='page_77'></a>77</span> +<a name='APPENDIX_G_A_VISIT_FROM_MR_POLEVOY' id='APPENDIX_G_A_VISIT_FROM_MR_POLEVOY'></a> +<h2>APPENDIX G</h2> +<h3>A Visit from Mr. Polevoy</h3> +</div> +<p class='center'><b>THE NEW REPUBLIC</b></p> +<blockquote> +<p>Soviet newspapers are bitter about the insincerity of American visitors to their +country. While in the USSR, they say, Americans are lavish with their praise, but on +returning home, they speak quite differently of Russia to their fellow Americans. +Our newspapers in turn maintain that Soviet delegations to this country wear a mask +of friendliness but once back in Russia present a hostile and unrecognizable picture +of the United States.</p> +<p>Do visiting Soviet delegations present a true picture of their travels here to their +own people? The editors of <i>The NR</i> have been given an opportunity to test this +question. A delegation of leading Soviet writers visited the United States in October, +1955, under the chairmanship of Boris Kampov-Polevoy, a Soviet novelist and Secretary +of the Union of Soviet Writers. Mr. Polevoy and four members of his delegation +spent one evening at the house of the <i>NR</i> editor-at-large. In the third of his articles +on his journeys through the US published in the March issue of the Soviet monthly, +<i>Oktyabr</i>, Mr. Polevoy describes the occasion as he remembers it. A translation of his +article, and our comments follow.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In the evening we were invited to be the guests of Mr. +Michael Straight, editor of the magazine <i>The New +Republic</i>, at his out-of-town villa bearing the poetic +name of “Green Spring Farm.” This tiny villa was in +no way different from the small suburban houses of +well-to-do members of the “intelligentsia” which we already +had the opportunity of visiting. Alone the huge +agglomeration of books on long shelves—quite unusual +for an American home—and the beautiful pictures on +the walls revealed that the owners of this house had a +passion for literature and an artistic taste which could +enable them to discriminate between works of genuine +art and the militant flatness, which under the mask of +innovationism has impertinently seized the key positions +in American art. There were canvasses and drawings +which not only prompted one to wonder on passing +by, but which induced a desire to stop, to admire +and to think.</p> +<p>The people who had gathered at the house were interesting +too—journalists who had traveled a great deal, +who had witnessed many events, who were able to +think. A unionist leader was also present—an observing, +aggressive, skeptical man.</p> +<p>At the outset—as it is the custom in the United States—the +host showed us around his house. The five of us +were jammed in for quite a while on the second floor +in the tiny bedrooms of his two sons. David, the eldest, +a fair-haired, healthy looking youngster, had his little +room in a state of complete disorder. The radio was +roaring, the gay green parakeets were screaming. Some +radio parts together with books, screwdrivers, tubes of +glue, bookbinders and knives were heaped on the table. +The little occupant, apparently ready to go to bed, was +sitting on his bed without his shirt and was reading +something. At the sight of strangers he felt bashful, +grabbed his shirt, started putting it on and when his +head eventually emerged through its collar, his face +and his ears were flushed and his brow pearled with +sweat. However, having dressed, he immediately regained +his composure and, as though nothing had happened, +stretched out his hand with earnest poise. David—he +introduced himself.</p> +<p>His younger brother, Mikey, had an artistic temperament. +His table was all smeared with water-colors and +pictures were hanging on the walls—fantastic tanks, +ships, sinister profiles of Indians, noble-featured cowboys +wearing hats of incredible dimensions. Mikey was +evidently successful in this hobby of his and, after looking +at his drawings, one could tell him without false +flattery that he was an artist of the realist school and +that many of his pictures were more accurate and perfect +as to form than whatever is being exhibited by quite +adult “uncles” at the opening of exhibitions of the so-called +“new art.”</p> +<p>Mikey dressed, too, and we came down in a group to +the living room where Gribatchov was having an argument +with our American colleagues. The topic was familiar, +I should even say a classical one—the freedom +of the press. In the heat of the dispute the <i>NR</i> publisher +proposed to Gribatchov an exchange of articles on +important international topics under reciprocal terms—once +a week the editor of <i>The New Republic</i> would +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_78' name='page_78'></a>78</span> +publish an article in the <i>Literary Gazette</i> presenting the +American viewpoint on some specific problem and once +a week a representative of the <i>Literary Gazette</i> would +give the Soviet point of view in an article in <i>The New +Republic</i>. Apparently this idea seemed very attractive to +our American colleague, and he was attacking Gribatchov +with quite a lot of energy.</p> +<p>I did not have a chance to hear the argument to its +end. The fair-haired David, with whom I had become +quite friendly, dragged me away to the next room. We +conversed in the manner of cavemen, using dramatic +gesticulations and incoherent sounds, and yet we somehow +managed to understand each other. David even +managed to convey that he had built that radio himself, +and that he likes to listen to Russian music. In proof +of this he even sang, with boyish diligence and with a +broken juvenile “basso,” a melody taken out of <i>Swan +Lake</i>. However, he rendered it with a foxtrot rhythm.</p> +<p>I really liked that lively American youngster with +his tall build, his curly fair hair, his rooster-like voice +and his absent-minded disposition which strongly reminded +me of my eldest son.</p> +<p>David showed me his favorite books, and then he +suddenly produced a peculiar-looking magazine printed +with a multigraph. He prodded his chest in a self-satisfied +manner to demonstrate to me that this was his own +magazine. He showed me a caricature drawing with +his finger and then pointed his finger at Mikey, thus +making clear that his brother was the artist.</p> +<p>Then the children ran back to the living room and +came back dragging their father with them and M. M. +Lopuchin, whom they had literally abducted out of an +interesting conversation with the ladies. It was then that +I came to hear the story of the magazine, which bore the +romantic name <i>The Green Spring-Menemsha Gazette</i>.</p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p>Michael senior, the children’s father, evidently +liked their undertaking. He sat down on the carpet +next to us and as he was turning the pages +of the magazine, he told us that out of a wish to imitate +their father, the children had decided to start a publication. +They wrote articles and other items, prepared illustrations +and caricatures and arranged the whole material +inside a copybook. They kept quiet so long that their +parents wondered what their rowdy boys were doing. +The parents went upstairs and found the boys busy over +a heap of papers; the <i>Gazette</i> was already being “paged +up.”</p> +<p>David, the editor of the publication, knew from his +father’s experience that every printed organ must have +readers. The children begged their father to give them +a typewriter and when they got it, began to type patiently, +with one finger, one page after the other, learning +the art of typing in the process of their work.</p> +<p>Seeing that the children’s interest did not abate, the +father gave them a present—a cheap toy “Shapirograph”—to +print their magazine. Having secured production +equipment, the editorial staff began to work +with renewed energy. David, who up to that time was +sharing his interest among many pursuits, forsook his +former preferences. Even the little green parakeets, +whom he loved dearly, were left without food quite +often and sadly chattered in their cage. David had the +jobs of editor, author of articles and typographer. The +sturdy Mikey was the publisher, artist and supplier of +funny stories. A neighbor’s little girl, Xandra Babel, +was responsible for the news and special events—indispensable +departments of every American editorial unit +worthy of this name.</p> +<p>At any rate, no matter how, the magazine eventually +appeared. It was even printed in 75 copies, diligently +bound and, the following year when the family left for +the beach during the hot season, to the mother’s great +dismay, the whole issue and even the typographic equipment +consisting of the typewriter and the multigraph as +well as the paper stocks were taken along.</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:200px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_28' id='linki_28'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/081.png' alt='' title='' width='200' height='196' /> +<br /> +<p class='caption'> +Boris Kampov-Polevoy<br /> +</p> +</div> +<p>During the summer the children made friends with +a certain Mr. Zur, an original +character and owner +of the Menemsha store. +The old man liked children +and whenever they +came to his shop to buy +candy, salted nuts or a bag +of popcorn, they always +used to stay there for a +while and discuss the +weather, politics and all +sorts of events with him. +Mr. Zur used to talk to +children as though they were grownups, and this contributed +a lot to his popularity. When they arrived at +the summer resort, the first thing the children did was +to run to their old friend’s shop and there, as they were +eating fresh cracking popcorn, they told him the staggering +news—they had published a magazine.</p> +<p>“A magazine? And how much costs one copy of +your magazine, gentlemen?” inquired Mr. Zur in a businesslike +manner.</p> +<p>The children exchanged quick glances. Somehow they +had not arrived at the thought that their magazine could +be sold.</p> +<p>“It costs nothing, sir,” David started saying.</p> +<p>“No, no, it costs one dollar,” the quick-witted Mikey +interrupted his brother as this new aspect of their hobby +began to dawn upon him. “One dollar.”</p> +<p>“It’s rather expensive, gentlemen. However, I enjoy +reading, and so I will buy one copy,” replied the old +shopkeeper and handed over a dirty green bill to the +journalists. They were left quite speechless by this development.</p> +<p>The business was continued. Realizing that there +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_79' name='page_79'></a>79</span> +were quite a few funny people among the dwellers in +that summer resort and wishing to please his little +friends, old Zur took over the newsstand sale of their +publication on a commission basis. He even displayed the +magazine in his shop window. To his astonishment, the +whole of the first issue was sold out. Four more followed. +By the end of the summer, the boys’ income, after +deduction of expenses and commissions, amounted to +roughly $50. The children gave this money—not without +some regret, to be truthful—to the local fishermen +whose boats had been shattered against the rocks of the +coast by a passing hurricane.</p> +<p>Inspired by the unexpected success of their first +year’s operations, the editorial staff resumed publication +in the following summer at that same resort. It proved +even more interesting. It contained interviews with fishermen +and lobstermen and a story told by an old captain +of a fishing schooner, who was spending his declining +years in a dilapidated shack by the seashore. That huge, +hoarse, bearded giant was always drunk. But in his rare +moments of sobriety he was kind, used to give candy +to the children and nobody could tell fascinating sea +adventure stories better than he did. Mikey managed +to catch him in such a mood and the magazine was +adorned, as a result, with a powerful story by the old +captain about a hurricane that threw ships around like +bits of paper and about the rescue of a beautiful lady +passenger who had been thrown into the ocean by the +roaring gale, by the captain himself, who saved her out +of the waves at the risk of his own life.</p> +<hr class='tb' /> +<p>The children’s hobby, which so clearly demonstrated +their propensity toward journalism, greatly interested +us. During our visits with various American families +our attention had been drawn more than once to this good +trait—if indeed it is not a tradition—which makes the +children familiarize themselves with the profession of +their father, or their grandfather, or some close relative. +In the apartment of an auto-mechanic we saw a +small lathe and a block on which a little fellow was +filing something. In the family of a musician, little +girls played on the violin. The little son of a well-known +Hollywood scenario-creator told us excitedly how he and +his little brothers and sisters were making a film. A +child’s game gradually develops into an absorbing interest, +and maybe in these games which are treated seriously, +not only by the children but as a rule by the adults +too, the seed of his future profession is planted in the +child’s brain.</p> +<p>I expressed the wish to become a subscriber to the +<i>Green Spring-Menemsha Gazette</i> for a full year and took +out a $5 bill. The editor and the publisher exchanged +glances. They obviously wished to get a foreign subscriber. +But what if this should create trouble of some +kind? Were they entitled to mail their magazine abroad, +and moreover, to a country like the USSR? What would +their father and mother say? And how would Mr. John +Foster Dulles react?</p> +<div class='figright' style='width:250px'> +<div class='figtag'> +<a name='linki_29' id='linki_29'></a> +</div> +<img src='images/082.png' alt='Green Spring-Menemsha Gazette' title='' width='250' height='160' /> +<br /> +</div> +<p>David carefully pushed the bill away, back to my +end of the table. I, of course, felt offended. Could it +be that I had no right to subscribe to an American magazine? +Why such discrimination? The editor whispered +something to the publisher who ran out of the room +and came back dragging Michael senior in once more. +The father laughed. He apparently had no objection +to the mailing abroad of the magazine which was being +published under his sponsorship. All the periodical publications +of good standing always have foreign subscribers. +However, Michael senior had objections against +any monetary transaction with countries abroad. It was +agreed that the subscription would be handled on a +clearing basis: the <i>Green Spring-Menemsha Gazette</i> +would be mailed to the USSR in exchange for our children’s +magazine <i>The Pioneer</i>. We shook hands on this +transaction, concluded to the mutual satisfaction of the +“high contracting parties.”</p> +<p>When we returned to the living room, the debate +about the freedom of the press was still continuing. +But the two sides had exchanged places. Gribatchov was +the one who led the attack now; the idea of exchanging +articles with <i>The New Republic</i> had gradually excited +him. Publisher Harrison, on the contrary, was taking +a defensive stand: he was already foreseeing numerous +difficulties obstructing the materialization of his +project. The unionist leader was sitting on the sofa +next to them. He was a tall man with a pale face with +an ironical expression, and he was gently mocking the +discomfited publisher. “Really, why shouldn’t there be +an exchange of articles with a Russian paper?”</p> +<p>So finally they came to no conclusion at all.</p> +<p>We were taking our seats in the car when David +manfully shook hands with me and suddenly asked: +“Maybe you will write from Moscow a contribution for +publication in <i>The Green Spring-Menemsha Gazette</i>? +Our magazine will gladly publish it, I can promise you.”</p> +<p>My negotiations with the editors of the <i>Gazette</i> appeared +to be more fruitful than the ones Gribatchov +had had with <i>The New Republic</i>.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_80' name='page_80'></a>80</span></div> +<p class='center'>JULY 16, 1956</p> +<h3>Editors’ Note:</h3> +<p>There are, of course, some errors in Mr. Polevoy’s +story. Many are due, as he notes, to the fact that +parts of the conversation were conducted through +dramatic gesticulations and incoherent sounds. Bill Seward, +the youthful proprietor of Menemsha’s post office +and store, for example, may not recognize himself as +the ancient Mr. Zur, and the author of Cassandra Bobble, +a fictional caricature of society columnists, will be surprised +to see her creation re-emerge in Russian as Xandra +Babel the neighbor’s girl reporter. More substantial, in +the editor’s opinion, is his view that it was Mr. Gribatchov +and not Mr. Harrison who doubted the practicality +of an exchange of articles. And yet as many errors of +detail and interpretation would no doubt be found +were we to describe an evening spent in Mr. Polevoy’s +villa outside Moscow. As far as the general tone of Mr. +Polevoy’s account is concerned we cannot complain.</p> +<p>Mr. Polevoy, after all, is describing an evening in the +home of an opponent of the political administration in +power. Soviet readers learn that it is a comfortable place, +lived in by a family substantially free from fear. The +author refers in a mocking way to the shadow of John +Foster Dulles and mentions the reluctance of the boys +to take his $5 (the reason, lost in translation, was that +they would not be publishing their paper in 1956). But +just as Mr. Polevoy seems about to conclude with a political +moral, he demolishes this traditional ending in +favor of the truth. For the discussion which Mr. Polevoy +describes ended with a whispered aside which the host +found startling. “We will put you on the subscriber’s +list to <i>The Pioneer</i>!” Mr. Polevoy had roared to the boys; +then he drew their father aside: “That is, if it will not +hurt you,” he whispered. The host laughed and explained +that he and his sons were free citizens, able to +read whatever they pleased and happy to receive literature +from other lands. It seems gratifying to us that this +small but memorable incident has found its way into the +Soviet press.</p> +<p class='sig1'><span class='smcap'>Michael Straight</span></p> +<hr class='toprule' /> +<div class='chsp'> +<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_81' name='page_81'></a>81</span> +<a name='LIST_OF_SOURCE_MATERIALS' id='LIST_OF_SOURCE_MATERIALS'></a> +<h2>LIST OF SOURCE MATERIALS</h2> +</div> +<h3>BOOKS</h3> +<p>Clarke, E.; Potts, J. M.; and Payton, J. S., eds. <i>The Journal and Letters of Francis Asbury.</i> Nashville: +Abingdon Press, 1958.</p> +<p>Davis, R. B. <i>Intellectual Life in Jefferson’s Virginia.</i> Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, +1964.</p> +<p>Gutheim, Frederick. <i>The Potomac.</i> New York: Rinehart, 1949.</p> +<p>Harrison, Fairfax. <i>Landmarks of Old Prince William.</i> Berryville, Va.: Chesapeake Book Co., 1964.</p> +<p>Herndon, M. <i>Tobacco in Colonial Virginia.</i> Williamsburg: Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration +Corporation, 1957.</p> +<p>Hulbert, A. <i>Paths of Inland Commerce.</i> New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921.</p> +<p>Johnston, Frederick. <i>Memorials of Old Virginia Clerks.</i> Lynchburg: Bell Co., 1888.</p> +<p>Jones, Virgil C. <i>Ranger Mosby.</i> Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944.</p> +<p>Moger, A. W. <i>The Rebuilding of the Old Dominion</i> (PhD thesis). New York: Columbia University, 1940.</p> +<p>Mosby, J. S. <i>Mosby’s War Memoirs and Stuart’s Cavalry Campaigns.</i> New York: Pageant Book Company, +1958.</p> +<p>Porter. A. O. <i>Country Government in Virginia.</i> New York: Columbia University Press, 1947.</p> +<p>Russell, C. W., ed. <i>The Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby.</i> Boston: Little Brown, 1917.</p> +<p>Virginia Good Roads Convention. <i>Programme.</i> Richmond: Stone Printing Co., October 18, 1894.</p> +<p><i>Who’s Who in America.</i> 1966-1967. Volume XXXIV. Chicago: A. N. Marquis Company.</p> +<p>Williamson, James. <i>Mosby’s Rangers.</i> New York: Sturgis & Walton, 1909.</p> +<h3>ARTICLES</h3> +<p>Abbott, R. H. “Yankee Farmers in Northern Virginia: 1840-1860.” <i>Virginia Magazine of History and +Biography</i>, v. 76, No. 1 (January 1968), pp. 56-66.</p> +<p>Funk, W. C. “An Economic History of Small Farms near Washington, D.C.” U.S. Department of Agriculture +Bulletin 848. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920.</p> +<p>“A New House with Young Ideas.” <i>House and Garden.</i> December 1958.</p> +<p>Straight, Michael. “A Visit from Mr. Polevoy.” <i>The New Republic</i>, v. 135, No. 3 (July 16, 1956), pp. +12-15.</p> +<p>Willis, K. M. “Old Fairfax Homes Give Up a Secret.” <i>The American Motorist Magazine</i>, v. 7, No. 2 (May +1932), p. 16.</p> +<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_82' name='page_82'></a>82</span></div> +<h3>OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT RECORDS AND REPORTS</h3> +<p>Annual Report of the President and Directors of the Board of Public Works to the General Assembly +of Virginia. 1818, 1819, 1820.</p> +<p>Fairfax County, Virginia. Deedbooks.</p> +<p>______. Minute Books.</p> +<p>______. Order Books.</p> +<p>______. Will Books.</p> +<p>Hening, William W., ed. <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 1823. Reprint ed., Charlottesville: University of Virginia, +1969.</p> +<p>National Archives, Military Records Division, Washington, D.C. <i>Compiled Service Records of Confederate +Soldiers who Served in Organizations from Virginia.</i> Microcopy 324, Roll 207, +“Hounshell’s Bat. Cav. Partisan Rangers, M-Z and Mosby’s Bat. Cav. Partisian Rangers +A-D.”</p> +<p><i>Official Records of the War of the Rebellion.</i> Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1888.</p> +<p><i>Official Registers of Officers and Employees of the Civil, Military and Naval Service of the United States.</i> +(Issued Biennially.) Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.</p> +<p>Shepherd. <i>Statutes.</i></p> +<p>“Status of Virginia Agriculture in 1870” in <i>Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture. 1870.</i> +Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1871, p. 267-291.</p> +<p>U.S. Treasury Department. Service Record (Form 426), “Beattie, Fountain.” (File in custody of +Federal Records Center (GSA), St. Louis, Mo.)</p> +<h3>NEWSPAPER</h3> +<p><i>The Alexandria Gazette</i></p> +<h3>MANUSCRIPTS</h3> +<p><i>The Journal of John Littlejohn</i>, MS. Methodist Churches, Louisville, Kentucky, April 29, 1778. (Copy +courtesy of Reverend Melvin Steadman.)</p> +<p><i>Truro Parish Vestry Book</i>, 1732-1803, MS. Library of Congress.</p> +<h3>MISCELLANEOUS</h3> +<p>Fullerton, W. Address to Piedmont Agricultural Society, October 1876.</p> +<p>Macomber, Walter; Schlebecker, John; and Straight, Michael and Belinda. Tape-recorded interviews.</p> +<hr class='pb' /> +<div class="trnote"> +<p><b>Transcriber’s Notes</b></p> +<p>Original, sometimes very archaic spellings retained.</p> +<p>Photographs still under copyright on pages 32, 42, 44, and 56 (Figures 9, 11-13, and 16-18) excluded.</p> +</div> + +<!-- generated by ppg.rb version: 3.21k3 --> +<!-- timestamp: 2010-07-26 23:17:05 -0500 --> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Green Spring Farm, by +Ross Netherton and Nan Netherton + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREEN SPRING FARM *** + +***** This file should be named 33272-h.htm or 33272-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/2/7/33272/ + +Produced by Katherine Ward, Mark C. 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0000000..e5b5594 --- /dev/null +++ b/33272-h/images/082.png diff --git a/33272-h/images/cover.png b/33272-h/images/cover.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b820216 --- /dev/null +++ b/33272-h/images/cover.png diff --git a/33272.txt b/33272.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..502fb50 --- /dev/null +++ b/33272.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4284 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Green Spring Farm, by Ross Netherton and Nan Netherton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Green Spring Farm + Fairfax County, Virginia + +Author: Ross Netherton + Nan Netherton + +Release Date: July 27, 2010 [EBook #33272] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREEN SPRING FARM *** + + + + +Produced by Katherine Ward, Mark C. Orton and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + GREEN SPRING FARM + Fairfax County, Virginia + + by + ROSS AND NAN NETHERTON + + June 1970 + +[Illustration: Map of COUNTY OF FAIRFAX VIRGINIA] + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + + Page + ILLUSTRATIONS iv + PREFACE v + ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi + INTRODUCTION 1 + HISTORICAL NOTES + I. Gentleman Freeholders: The Moss Family (1770-1835) 3 + II. Orchard and Dairy: Fountain Beattie (1878-1917) 19 + III. The End of the Farming Era: Michael Straight (1942-1969) 31 + ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION: THE MANSION HOUSE 36 + ASSOCIATED BUILDINGS + I. The Tobey House 51 + II. The Barn 55 + III. The Log Cabin 57 + IV. The Spring House 59 + APPENDIXES + A. Fairfax County Historic Landmarks Survey Form 63 + B. Summary of Ownership 64 + C. Will of John Moss, 1809 66 + D. Inventory of Personal Estate of William Moss, April 15, + 1835 68 + E. Affidavit of Thomas Love and Alfred Moss, October 29, + 1839 74 + F. Inventory of Personal Estate of Thomas Moss, December 2, + 1839 76 + G. "A Visit From Mr. Polevoy," _The New Republic_, July 16, + 1956 77 + LIST OF SOURCE MATERIALS 81 + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS + + + Figure Page + 1 John Warner Survey Map, 1740 4 + 2 John Halley Survey Map, 1840 12 + 3 R. R. Farr Survey, 1874 12 + 4 Hopkins' Atlas Map, 1879 20 + 5 Fountain Beattie and Annie Hathaway Beattie, c. 1885 22 + The Mosby and the Beatties, c. 1890 22 + The Old Stone Spring House, c. 1885 22 + The Lane to Green Spring Farm, c. 1885 22 + 6 John Singleton Mosby 24 + Reunion at Manassas 24 + 7 Front View of Green Spring Farm, 1936 30 + Side View of Green Spring Farm, 1936 30 + 8 Berry Survey Map, 1941 30 + 10 Floor Plans, Mansion House 38 + 14 Three Views of the Tobey House, c. 1960 50 + 15 Floor Plans of the Tobey House 52 + 19 Spring House Floor Plans 58 + 20 Fairfax County Property Map, 1969 62 + + + + +PREFACE + + +In the beginning was the land. It drew human life to our rich area of +Fairfax County, and sustained us for centuries before we became so +self-conscious about it as to make household language of words such as +ecology and bio-degradable waste. This is where we are at, however, +and thus it is thoroughly appropriate that the publication of +historical research reports in this format, a new program for Fairfax +County, should commence with a study of the Green Spring Farm. There +is no better site for an example, probably, to illustrate the early +patterns of life on the agricultural land of Fairfax County as well as +to follow the changes and pressures that have come about through war, +depression, boom, and technological change down to the present. Anyone +familiar with the history of this parcel of land, the Green Spring +Farm, will be familiar with a great deal of the history of Fairfax +County--told not so much in terms of its famous and powerful people as +in terms of those who drew sustenance directly from the land. + +This report is published under authority of the Board of Supervisors +of the County of Fairfax. It is one result of a program of historical +site survey and research carried on by the Fairfax County Division of +Planning in cooperation with the Fairfax County History Commission. +The original selection of Green Spring Farm as a research topic was +made by the Fairfax County Historical Landmarks Preservation +Commission, Bayard D. Evans, Chairman, the predecessor of the present +History Commission as the chief historical agency of the County +Government. + +Reproduction of the material in this report is invited, subject to the +customary credit to author and publisher. + + John Porter Bloom + Chairman + Fairfax County History Commission + + April 1970 + + + + +ACKNOWLEDGMENTS + + +These notes are part of a series of research reports on the historic +and architectural landmarks of Fairfax County, Virginia, prepared +pursuant to a resolution of the Board of County Supervisors calling +for a survey of the county's historic sites and buildings. + +Green Spring Farm was selected in 1967 by the Fairfax County +Historical Landmarks Preservation Commission as a subject to be +researched, and was later incorporated into a successor research +program sponsored by the Division of Planning in cooperation with the +Fairfax County History Commission. + +The authors of this report wish to acknowledge with special thanks the +assistance of the following: Mr. and Mrs. John Mosby Beattie, Admiral +Beverly Mosby Coleman, Mr. and Mrs. Michael W. Straight, Mr. and Mrs. +John Quast, Mrs. Victor Fahringer, Mrs. Gwen Hempel, Mrs. Don Ritchie, +and Mrs. Edith Moore Sprouse. + +The authors also extend their thanks to the Honorable Thomas P. +Chapman, former Clerk of the Fairfax County Circuit Court, and the +Honorable Franklin Gooding, present Clerk of the Fairfax County +Circuit Court, for assistance in making available court records of the +clerkships of various members of the Moss family. The Honorable George +R. Rich, Clerk of the Virginia House of Delegates and Keeper of the +Rolls of the State, furnished information on Robert Moss's term as a +Delegate from Fairfax County. Thanks are extended to the staff of the +National Archives who located and made available for examination the +military and civil service records of Fountain Beattie. + +Many helpful suggestions on the interpretation of data concerning the +history of agriculture in Northern Virginia were provided by C. +Malcolm Watkins, Chairman of the Department of Cultural History, and +John T. Schlebecker, Curator of the Division of Agriculture and Mining +of the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of History and Technology. + +Details of the architectural history of the mansion house were +furnished by Walter Macomber, who was in charge of the 1942 +renovation, and David Condon, AIA, who designed the additional work +done in 1960. Mr. Condon also provided both information and +architectural plans for the Tobey House and the Spring House. The +authors' sincere thanks are extended to both these gentlemen. + +Finally, the authors wish to acknowledge the efficient and valuable +help that they, as part of the county's historical research project, +received from the staff of the Fairfax County Headquarters Library. + + N.N. + R.D.N. + + Fairfax, Virginia + April 22, 1970 + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +The land has always had a special value to Virginians. Land was the +first form of wealth which the colonists knew; and it was through +cultivation of the land that Virginians first enjoyed the heady +feeling of prosperity that came with the rise of their tobacco +empire. Ownership and cultivation of the land were the goals of +those who indentured themselves to come to the New World, and they +were the foundations on which Jefferson placed his reliance for the +perpetuation of political freedom and economic strength for the +infant republic which emerged from the Revolution. For more than +three centuries, Virginians have associated the land with values +which are both physical and spiritual. + +Against this background, the history of Green Spring Farm serves not +only as a chronicle of the lives of three families who resided there +but also as a reflection of the history of agriculture in Northern +Virginia. Green Spring Farm was not one of the great estates of +Tidewater Virginia. By the mid-eighteenth century, most of the +original Northern Neck proprietary grants had been broken up and +replaced by a pattern of smaller farms whose owners owed no allegiance +to the tobacco empire and were willing to experiment with diversified +crops. Green Spring Farm illustrated this emerging pattern of +agriculture; and its first owners, John Moss and his heirs, who +assembled the acreage in the 1770's and occupied it until 1839, were +typical of the freeholder classes who took pride in their land and in +regarding themselves as farmers. Their farming raised Virginia to its +position of preeminance among the colonies and in the new nation after +the Revolution. + +Farming remained the foundation of Virginia's economy through the +nineteenth century, although changes in the methods of husbandry and +transportation, together with the opening of farmlands in the Ohio +Valley and the prairie states, had important consequences in Virginia. +These impacts were followed by the devastating years of war from 1861 +to 1865. Agriculture in Northern Virginia reached its low point in the +1870's. + +The period of rebuilding in Northern Virginia--the "Energetic +Eighties," as one historian has called these years--brought a revival +of agriculture. Farmers who could no longer compete in one agriculture +market shifted to another where they enjoyed natural advantages. Thus, +Green Spring Farm, under the ownership of Fountain Beattie from 1878 +to 1917, became chiefly an orchard and dairy farm. + +Under the ownership of Michael Straight, from 1942 to the present +(1969), Green Spring Farm came under assault from new economic forces +which drastically affected farming in Northern Virginia and ultimately +brought an end to the agricultural era there. Unlike the changing +times of earlier centuries, there was no compromise with the forces of +expanding urbanization; and, eventually, even stock farming was ended. +Yet, in the twentieth century, as in the eighteenth and nineteenth, +the farm continued to represent values which were social as well as +economic. The alert eye of a Russian writer catches some of this value +in "A Visit from Mr. Polevoy," reproduced in the appendix, just as the +inventories of the estates of earlier owners of the farm suggest the +social values which were held in their times. + +Green Spring Farm therefore offers insight into the lives of Virginia +gentlemen of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. Its +owners were men of learning according to their times, and men of +affairs. The history of the farm records many references to occasions +when it was a gathering place for colorful and talented people whose +names were notable in the arts, literature, sciences, and politics of +their day. Throughout the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth +centuries, its owners were sought for public service and held +positions of trust and responsibility in county, state, and national +governments. + +The architectural history of Green Spring Farm parallels its chain of +title. Both the structure and interior design of its buildings have +undergone numerous alterations and remodelings. None of these changes, +however, has destroyed the simple dignity of the house, and it stands +today as a symbol of the traditional strength of spirit of the +Virginia freeholder-farmer in an area which is undergoing the +transition of America's urban revolution. + + + + +HISTORICAL NOTES + +I. GENTLEMAN FREEHOLDERS: THE MOSS FAMILY (1770-1835) + + +When Green Spring Farm came into being in the middle years of the +eighteenth century, it represented the second generation of Virginia's +agriculture. By 1750, the great plantations of the proprietor and his +grantees, laid out on land cleared from the virgin forest and planted +with as much tobacco as the owner's supplies of manpower and London +credit would allow, were disappearing. In the evolution of farming, +another generation of farms and farmers was taking over the Tidewater. +Smaller in size than the great tobacco plantations, these farms +utilized a larger proportion of their acreage for crops and cultivated +a greater diversity of crops than before. For these second-generation +farms, wheat and corn for export to England and the West Indies became +the principal income crops. + +The men who assembled and worked these new farms were themselves part +of a new generation of Virginians. Many belonged to families which +in 1750 could look back on more than a century of residence in +America, and they were more attuned to the problems and potentials +of the New World than those of the Old. They were the generation +that successfully brought forth a new nation in their own times and +added new dimensions to both its spirit and substances. John Moss +was one of this new generation of Virginians. + +Precisely when and how John Moss assembled the acreage that comprised +Green Spring Farm is not certain. Fairfax County land records show a +purchase of land by John Moss in September 1777, but, although this is +the first connection of his name with the land of Green Spring Farm in +these records, there is reason to believe that he may have occupied +and farmed the land prior to that date. For him to have done so would +have been consistent with the practice of his times and also would be +in accord with the tradition of his present-day descendants which +holds that John Moss built the mansion house at Green Spring Farm in +or about 1760.[1] + +John Moss lived in this house until his death in 1809. Here he raised +four sons--John, Samuel, William, and Thomas--the last two of whom +successively inherited and worked the farm from 1809 until 1839. On +the death of Thomas Moss in 1839, the farm was sold and the proceeds +of the sale were divided among his heirs. + +[Illustration: Figure 1. John Warner Survey Map, 1740. Northern Neck +Grants, Book E, 1736-1742, pp. 216-17.] + +In the case of John Moss, more is known of his activities in the +community than of his life as a farmer. In particular, he was a leader +of the early Methodist church in Virginia. The well-known itinerant +Methodist preacher, John Littlejohn, records several visits to the +home of John Moss in Fairfax County, beginning in May 1777. Many +Methodist meetings were held at Green Spring Farm in the 1770's and +1780's. One, held on April 29, 1778, led to the following interesting +note: + + At B^r Jn^o Mosses, met with M^r afterward Lord Fairfax we found + our trials as to preach^g were very similar, he is very serious + but his religion is a mystry to me. Lord help us both.[2] + +And, in 1787, Francis Asbury noted in his journal: + + Preached at Brother Mosses on 2 Chronicles XV, 12-13 on the + peoples entering into a covenant with God.[3] + +It seems evident that during these years, John Moss's home served as a +meeting place for a Methodist congregation which lacked a church +building and was served by the occasional visits of itinerant +preachers. That the congregation grew and prospered also seems evident +from the fact that in June 1789 John Moss served as a trustee of a +Methodist Episcopal church to be built in Alexandria "just north of +the Presbyterian Meeting House" (Duke and Fairfax Streets) for the use +of Reverend Thomas Cooke and Reverend Francis Asbury.[4] + +In the county community, John Moss also was one of the group of +gentlemen freeholders in whom the responsibility of power was reposed. +He enjoyed the friendship and trust of Bryan Fairfax to the extent +that he witnessed and served as coexecutor of the latter's will,[5] +and he was a party to several land sales and leases which involved +Fairfax.[6] By these transactions, he acquired extensive lands in +Loudoun County as well as land on Dogue Creek in Fairfax County.[7] + +In colonial times, he served the Crown as Commissioner of the King's +Revenue in Fairfax County and also as a justice of the County +Court.[8] In the War for Independence, he served as a captain and +afterward took an active part in organizing the new government--in +particular, serving on a commission to supervise the Presidential +election of 1788. Under the new State Government, he continued to +serve as the Commissioner of Revenue for the county and a justice of +the County Court. In 1796, in a law suit in Prince William County, +John Moss, then 72, was able to state that he was the oldest justice +of the court in commission at that time.[9] + +Service as a justice presumably involved John Moss in a wide range of +decisions affecting the life of the county. The business of the County +Court in this period was both judicial and administrative. Minor +crimes were disposed of monthly, while major crimes and civil cases +were handled in quarterly sessions.[10] At these sessions, the +justices also acted on appointments, licenses for mills and +ordinaries, road construction and repair, and the levying of taxes. +Most of the justices were not trained in the law, and law books were +scarce; therefore, the quality of justice and the transaction of +public business were frequently leavened by reliance on common sense +and experience.[11] + +If gentlemen freeholders held the power of government in colonial and +post-Revolutionary Virginia, they also paid much of the cost of +government. In 1786, John Moss and James Wren, Gentlemen, were +appointed Commissioners of the Land Tax, the large counties in +Virginia being allowed to have two such officials.[12] They were +responsible for maintaining the tax book, personally calling on every +person subject to taxation, and making four lists of taxable property +in the county. (One was for the Clerk of the County Court, one for the +sheriff, one for the Solicitor General, and one for the commissioner.) +Annually, they submitted a list of changes in land ownership, by sale +or inheritance.[13] + +For his service as a justice and as Commissioner of the Land Tax, John +Moss's compensation came in the form of fees; he received no salary +but under certain circumstances he was reimbursed for out-of-pocket +expenses connected with his duties.[14] + +As one of the results of the American Revolution, the Anglican church +was disestablished, and many of the welfare functions formerly +performed by the parish vestry were assumed by the Overseers of the +Poor. John Moss served as an overseer, and the powers and duties he +had in this unusual office were set forth in detail in the revision of +the state laws in 1792.[15] Overseers could prevent the poor from +moving from one county to another and could get a warrant from any +magistrate ordering the removal of a pauper back to his former county, +with a court hearing to determine residence in case of a dispute. On +the other hand, each county was obliged, through its overseers, to +look after its own poor; and if the overseers refused to provide +needed relief, there could be an appeal to the County Court.[16] + +Further, they could bind out dependent children placed under their +care as apprentices, appoint collectors-for-the-poor rates, have a +paid clerk, and be paid for attending meetings. They had power to +control vagrants, force fathers of bastards to contribute to their +support, and operate the county poorhouse. In 1806, they were given +the power to take over funds and endowments left in the charge of the +vestries, accounting to the court annually.[17] + +John Moss served as justice of the County Court until his death, and +so saw the time come when the county courthouse was moved from +Alexandria to its present site. His view of the history of his county, +state, and nation saw more than mere physical change, however, and he +was sensitive to the changing spirit of the time and place in which he +lived. As to the depth of this feeling, there is no evidence in the +form of public document or speech; but eloquent testimony comes from a +simple, personal act he performed in 1795. As recorded in a deed of +manumission issued to his slaves, he wrote: + + I, John Moss ... being fully satisfied that it is contrary to our + bill of rights as well as to our principles and sentiments as a + free people and also contrary to common justice to hold and keep + in a state of slavery any part of our fellow men ... [release and + set free at various specified times from the date of this deed] + Sarah, Nan, Harry, Maria, Hannah, Nero, Abram, Fox, Nat, David, + John, Sam, Milla and Sal....[18] + +The tradition of public service which John Moss commenced was carried +on by his son, William Moss, who was appointed Clerk of the County +Court in 1801. The duties of the clerk at this time differed somewhat +from those of the clerk in colonial times. As enumerated in the +general revision of the law in 1792,[19] the clerk must be a resident +of the county and keep his office in the courthouse, unless ordered to +do otherwise. He received his compensation in small fees charged for +performing small acts, but in a growing county this produced a +substantial income. His chief functions involved issuing licenses, +warrants, writs, and orders connected with litigation. He also took +inventories, recorded legal instruments, and kept vital statistics. +Frequently, the clerk was the only officer of the court who was in any +way learned in the law, and thus his advice on the law was regularly +sought by the court. As the information he gave frequently was +seasoned with experience, he became sought after for advice on many +issues and problems which reached beyond the technical terms of the +law, and his importance in the county's government was substantial. + +William Moss served as Clerk of the County Court for 32 years, until +1833. In 1831, he was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court, when that +body was created by the General Assembly, and he served in that +position until 1835, the year of his death. At this time, William +Moss's brother, Thomas, who had served as a Delegate from Fairfax +County to the Virginia General Assembly in 1828, was appointed to fill +the vacancy left by William's death. When Thomas Moss died in 1839, +his son, Alfred, was appointed Clerk but served in that office only +one month. Later, however, Alfred Moss moved from Alexandria to +Providence [Fairfax] where in 1852 he was again appointed Clerk of the +Circuit Court. He served in this capacity until 1861, at which time +Civil War activities in the area disrupted the normal conduct of +county business.[20] It was at this time that Alfred Moss removed +George Washington's holographic will from Fairfax Courthouse to take +it to Richmond for safekeeping for the duration of the war. Because +there was considerable risk in getting it to Richmond, Alfred's wife, +Martha Gunnell Moss, hid it for a time in her daughter's home, +"Evergreen," in Fauquier County. Alfred Moss was captured and sent to +Capitol Prison, and when he was released by exchange, he took the will +to a safe place. Shortly after the war, the Fairfax County Court sent +a private citizen, O. W. Hunt, to Richmond where he found the +Washington will, some other papers, and the County Seal, which he +returned to the Fairfax Courthouse where they may be seen during +regular hours of business.[21] + + +AGRICULTURE IN COLONIAL VIRGINIA. The lands which were assembled by +John Moss to comprise his farm were quite different from the virgin +forest land that was being opened up for cultivation in the western +part of Fairfax and in Loudoun County at about the same time. Like +most of the open land below the fall line, the tract which Moss +assembled had first played a part in the tobacco civilization that had +dominated the life of Northern Virginia from 1650 to 1750.[22] During +the eighteenth century, tobacco planters of the Virginia Tidewater +had turned inland, clearing the forested area of the Piedmont to bring +virgin land into production of their crop. Their actions were the +result of many contributing causes--the tendency of tobacco to wear +out the soil, the need for timberland to supply the rising demand for +barrels and hogsheads, the introduction of new implements of +husbandry, the plentiful supply of enslaved or indentured labor, and, +of course, the presence of cheap land in the western part of the +county.[23] + +Expansion required capital, however, and many of the Tidewater tobacco +planters whose holdings had been created through proprietary grants +obtained the necessary funds by selling off portions of their +Tidewater holdings. By the middle of the eighteenth century, few of +the large land grants remained intact and what remained to the +original owners was interspersed with smaller farms and old fields +gradually being taken over by scrub pine.[24] At the same time, the +increase of warehouses and riverside facilities, the growth of roads +overland between the principal river landings and the gaps in the Blue +Ridge Mountains, and a steadily rising number of tradesmen and +artisans setting out for themselves upon completion of their indenture +periods all combined to offer a prospect of success, if not affluence, +to one who was willing to work the land diligently and prudently. + +Many of the small farmers of the Tidewater remained as committed +to tobacco as the great planters had been. Others turned to +diversification of crops. Corn (maize) was grown in conjunction with +tobacco from the beginning of settlement in Northern Virginia and +diversification simply called for increasing its role. In the +eighteenth century, wheat was introduced as a substitute for tobacco +to restore the land and gradually became adopted in place of tobacco +as a farm staple. As commercial relations with England became more +difficult after 1750, and were completely disrupted during the War +for Independence, tobacco planters in great numbers shifted to +production of foodstuffs to meet domestic demands. The description of +Washington's experience at Mount Vernon, only a few miles distant +from Green Spring Farm, may be taken as typical of that of his +neighbors: + + On the thin topsoil that overlay the clay slopes at Mount Vernon, + George Washington grew wheat that sold in Alexandria, made ship's + biscuit that was famous the world over--and rye that supplied his + less celebrated distillery. The increasing number of cattle + accounted for the introduction of mangel-wurzels, turnips, and + other root crops in the rotation. The soil-building virtues of + peas were discovered. Beef cattle grew in increasing numbers, and + began to appear prominently in inventories and wills. Orchards and + vineyards were planted more widely. With these developments, + simultaneously with the decline of the tobacco trade, a lively + business sprang up in shipping corn, wheat, and livestock to the + West Indies....[25] + +In his efforts to develop methods of husbandry which would restore the +fertility of the land, Washington reflected a concern which was +widespread among Virginians of his time and the first half of the +nineteenth century. Organized efforts to promote better husbandry +through exchange of practical experience and dissemination of the +results of experimentation and invention began in the 1770's.[26] +Between 1790 and 1830, hundreds of publications on agriculture were +produced[27] and more than 100 inventions of agricultural devices were +patented to Virginians, among them Cyrus McCormick's reaper, the most +influential mechanical factor in the development of American +agriculture in the nineteenth century.[28] National leaders such as +Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Marshall actively worked in +societies which encouraged experimentation and study for improvement +of agriculture through what was called "scientific farming." + +With the effort to establish scientific farming came experiments in +crop rotation, with use of clovers and grasses interspersed between +other crops, increased use of manure and artificial fertilizers, +better plows and methods of soil preparation, and more attention to +control of erosion. Interest in improving farm animals during this +period led to introduction of merino sheep and new breeds of mules. + +Despite this active element in Virginia's agricultural system, and +notwithstanding the substantial amount of intelligent and successful +experimentation and publicity of results which this element inspired, +many farmers in Virginia persisted in traditional ways. "Book +farming," as the new methods were called, was decried in favor of the +familiar ways of cultivating which were passed from father to son. +This skepticism was strengthened, also, when experiments failed--as +they did in many cases--and when Virginia agriculture suffered from +economic depression along with the rest of the nation--as it did in +the years following the War of 1812.[29] + +While Virginia agriculture had an equivocal or only moderately +successful record of growth from 1750 to 1830, the proponents of +scientific farming could and did argue that its value was measured in +political as well as economic terms. Men like Thomas Jefferson, James +Madison, John Taylor, James Garnett, and others sincerely believed +that the survival of their way of life and that which they sought for +Virginia depended on restoring the farmer to preeminence. One +historian has described their philosophy thus: + + The sincerity of their belief in the corruption of urban and the + virtue of rural living is unquestionable. They practiced as they + preached. And as they looked about them, at the long line of + Virginia leaders of the early republic and at their own modest + pleasant way of life, which some of them believed extended all the + way down to their slaves, they felt they had incontestable + evidence of the rightness of their convictions. As their soil + became depleted, the hold of their state on preeminence in + everything was weakening. Restore the soil and Virginia would be + restored to her rightful preeminence. Simple, primitive, noble, + limited yet grand, thus went the conception.[30] + + +THE MOSS FAMILY AS FARMERS. Whether John Moss and his descendants who +inherited and worked Green Spring Farm were "scientific farmers" +according to the standards of the time is not certain. Presumably they +were aware of the organizations which espoused this cause since they +were active in the public life of their state and community. They may +well have read the writings of some of the scientific farming leaders +of the time, such as John Taylor, who wrote under the pseudonym, +"Arator," and whose articles on agriculture were published in a +Georgetown newspaper commencing in 1810.[31] + +An inventory of the personal property of William Moss, made in +connection with an auction to settle up his estate in 1835, offers +indirect evidence of the farming methods of the Moss family. (A copy +of this inventory is contained in appendix D.) + +The lack of tobacco and tobacco processing equipment suggests that the +Mosses had abandoned this crop for production of cereal grains--wheat, +oats, rye, and corn--and possession of a mechanical wheat fan (for +blowing chaff away from the grain during threshing) indicates use of +some of the most advanced labor-saving equipment of the day.[32] The +number of horses, plows, and other farm machinery seems large for the +size of the farm and suggests that its cultivation must have prospered +over a period of time. Particularly significant is the number of +livestock in the inventory and the types of animals--horses, cattle, +hogs, sheep, and bees. These, plus other entries, indicate that the +farm must have regularly produced beef, bacon, lard, wool, soap, +honey, and beeswax, all in quantities sufficient to provide market +income. Mention of quantities of hay, oats, and corn in the inventory +suggest that in addition to cultivating cereal grains the Mosses had a +major interest in raising meat animals and in dairying. + +Strong evidence of dairying comes from the presence of a spring house +at the farm and mention of tubs, churns, jars, crocks, strainers, and +the like. They point to active dairying, with the sale of milk, +cheese, and butter in the nearby neighborhood, in Alexandria, and +possibly even points beyond.[33] + +The listing of hogsheads and barrels of vinegar in the sale inventory +suggests still another facet of Green Spring Farm's diversification. +Both apple and peach orchards existed at the time and apparently +produced well.[34] + +The will of John Moss and the inventories of William Moss and Thomas +Moss give the impression of a farming family which was successful in +more than ordinary measure as compared with most other Northern +Virginia farmers. Their farm was described in the notice advertising +the court sale in 1839 as follows: + + Brick dwelling house, 8 rooms, brick kitchen, meat house, + servant's house, new barn and stables and other convenient + outbuildings. Apple orchard, peach orchard, also, stone spring + house.[35] + +More revealing, perhaps, is the affidavit of Alfred Moss and Thomas +Love (son and son-in-law, respectively, of Thomas Moss) offered in +connection with the court proceedings to sell the farm as part of the +settlement of Thomas Moss's estate. They said: + + This tract of land is naturally a thin soil, but from a careful + course of husbandry for a number of years is now in a good state + of cultivation, the fields well enclosed by good and substantial + fencing, the land not in cultivation well taken with grass (clover + and timothy), and that in cultivation just sown down in winter + grain, and the buildings in a good state of repair, the barn and + stables having been erected in the last two or three years.[36] + +Although the history of Green Spring Farm during its ownership by the +Moss family does not contain evidence of agricultural experimentation +and leadership in scientific farming, it seems clear, on the other +hand, that John Moss and his descendants advanced with the progress of +their times and, indeed, may have been among the most progressive +husbandmen of their day. They had broken away from the pattern of +farming that typified the colonial tobacco era, and they exemplified a +new and successful type of agriculture based on careful management of +the land and production for a diversified market. They were certainly +aware of the new developments and new philosophy which were growing +out of the search for the principles of scientific farming, and they +accepted and used some of those that applied to their situation.[37] + + +GREEN SPRING FARM AND THE TURNPIKE ROAD. The successful operation of +Green Spring Farm, like the success of numerous other farms in +Northern Virginia and the Shenandoah Valley, was closely linked to the +transportation system of these areas. Tidewater Virginia in the +seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries relied mainly on coastal +waterways and rivers as avenues of commerce and travel. When roads +appeared on maps of Virginia in this period, they followed trails laid +down by Indians who, in turn, had taken over the game trails along the +ridges of the land. Therefore, by 1750 there was only a basic network +of roadways running east-west to the passes in the Blue Ridge and +north-south to the colonial capital of Williamsburg along the +Tidewater and to the Carolinas through the Piedmont. The eighteenth +century development of roads in Northern Virginia emphasized east-west +travel for the obvious reason that residents of this area saw their +future prosperity more closely linked to the rich resources and +fertile lands of the Shenandoah Valley (and through it, perhaps, to +the Ohio River) than through connection with the political capitals of +the state or the great plantations of the James and York Rivers.[38] + +[Illustration: Figure 2. Survey Map, John Halley, 1840. Fairfax County +Deed Book H-3, p. 227.] + +[Illustration: Figure 3. R. R. Farr Survey, Fairfax County Deed Book C-8, +p. 448.] + +As Colchester and Dumfries yielded leadership in commerce to +Alexandria and as Loudoun and Fauquier Counties developed centers of +commerce and seats of government at Leesburg and Warrenton, the desire +for better overland connections with Alexandria gained strength. +Public roadbuilding in this period was treated with indifference by +both public officials and the public at large. Theoretically carried +out by levying a certain amount of labor or materials from the +freeholders of the community, the system never produced good roads in +Northern Virginia; and, in the early nineteenth century, overland +travel generally had permitted them to deteriorate to the point where +both foreign and domestic travelers commented unfavorably on them in +their travel memoirs.[39] Moreover, in the 1800's, the new state +governments were in no position to provide financial support for local +public works and could offer nothing more than their moral support +through legislative approval of private roadbuilding by private +turnpike companies which raised their capital through the sale of +stock and obtained their income by charging tolls for use of the +road. + +The earliest private turnpike company charter issued by the Virginia +Legislature was in 1795 for the "Fairfax and Loudoun Road" from +Alexandria to the ford of Little River. This company was never +organized, but, in 1802, a somewhat more liberal charter was given to +the Little River Turnpike Company. This company's road was completed +in 1806 and immediately led to enactment in 1808 of further +legislation authorizing extensions to Fauquier Courthouse.[40] + +The Little River Turnpike was located so that Fairfax Courthouse stood +approximately half way between Alexandria and the western terminus at +Aldie. The courthouse thus served as a logical landmark dividing the +upper and lower segments of the road. The turnpike traversed Green +Spring Farm at a point about midway in its lower section. Throughout +the history of the road, the Moss family appears to have been deeply +involved. In 1809, William Moss was appointed and served as one of +three commissioners to advertise and receive subscriptions for stock +in the company constructing the road from the Little River Turnpike to +Fauquier Courthouse.[41] + +Thomas Moss served as a director of the Little River Turnpike Company +and also acted as superintendent of the lower district of the road. +Financial statements of the company, which were given in the annual +reports of the State Board of Public Works, regularly carried accounts +for both the salary paid to Thomas Moss and the funds spent by him for +repair of the lower section of the road.[42] + + +THE MIDCENTURY YEARS. 1840-1880. The Moss family's ownership of Green +Spring Farm ended in 1843 with the sale of the farm and division of +the proceeds among the eight heirs of Thomas Moss.[43] Under the +supervision of the County Court, the farm was sold to one Thomas +Sheriff, lately of Barbados. On his death, it descended to his son, +James Sheriff, who kept it until 1855 when he transferred it as part +of a settlement for a debt. Its next owner was James Benton, who held +it in trust for one Hannah O'Brien of Baltimore. In the first half of +this period the times were generally good. Virginia agriculture grew +to new levels of prosperity, aided by the introduction of new +labor-saving machinery through inventions and the opening up of new +markets for farm produce through improvements in transportation. In +such circumstances, James Sheriff's loss of Green Spring Farm for +debts in 1855 seems likely to have been due to exceptional misfortunes +or else exceptional neglect and waste on the part of the owner. +Although records of the County Court during this period suggest that +Thomas Sheriff and his son, James, were before the Bar of Justice on +numerous occasions, these references do not suffice to explain all +that occurred. + +During the second half of this period, when title to the farm was in +James Benton for the use of Hannah O'Brien, the fortunes of its owners +were dictated mainly by the fortunes of war. During the four years of +hostilities, Green Spring Farm stood in the disputed ground outside +the perimeter of permanent defenses of the capital where patrols from +both sides ranged regularly by day and night. While the records of the +war do not report any major engagements at the farm, they indicate +that military activity in the neighborhood frequently placed its +safety in jeopardy and obviously prevented any regular farming +operations. + +The ultimate loss of the farm in 1878--again to be sold for +debt--appears to have been the result of imprudence in business +dealings (according to local tradition, Hannah's husband, Matthew +O'Brien, was a gambler), and inability to bring the farm back from the +low state to which it was reduced during the war years. + +Hannah O'Brien's interest in the farm enjoyed the special protection +of a deed which specified that the land should be free from debts, +liabilities, and control of her husband, Matthew O'Brien, and that she +had power to dispose of the property by deed in her own right.[44] +Subsequently, however, through ignorance or bad advice, she signed as +guarantor of a note issued by her husband; and, when default on the +note occurred, she lost the farm through court proceedings which +ordered it sold for the debt.[45] Thus, in 1878 the farm was bought by +Fountain Beattie. + + +I. GENTLEMEN FREEHOLDERS: THE MOSS FAMILY (1770-1835) + + [1] Mrs. Don Ritchie, Arlington, Virginia, Moss family genealogist; + Vernon Lynch, Annandale, Virginia, a lifelong resident of + Fairfax County, now in his eighties; interviews. + + Walter Macomber, interview on July 16, 1968, at Green Spring + Farm. In the opinion of Mr. Macomber of Washington, D.C., who + planned and supervised the 1942 renovation of the mansion + house, the original part of the house was built between 1750 + and 1775. + + [2] _The Journal of John Littlejohn_, MS., Louisville, Kentucky, + April 29, 1778. + + [3] Elmer T. Clark, J. Manning Potts, and Jacob S. Payton (eds.), + _The Journal and Letters of Francis Asbury_ (Nashville: + Abington Press, 1958), I, p. 531. + + [4] Fairfax County Deed Book R-1, p. 413, contains a deed in 1789 + from William and Mary Bushby to John Moss, William Adams, + William Waters, Samuel Adams, James Morrison, William Rhodes, + and William Hickman, and their survivors, in trust, conveying + a lot in the town of Alexandria, northward from the + Presbyterian meeting house, westward parallel with Duke + Street, southward parallel with Fairfax Street, and eastward + parallel with Duke Street to Chapple Alley "to build and + forever keep in good repair a house for the worship of God for + the use of the Reverend Thomas Cooke and the Reverend Francis + Asbury for the time being of the Methodist Episcopal + Church...." + + [5] Fairfax County Will Book I, p. 150. + + [6] Fairfax County Deed Book AA-2, p. 29, a lease for three lives to + John Moss, dated May 29, 1798. + + [7] Fairfax County Deed Book R-1, p. 397. + + [8] Mrs. Don C. Ritchie, letter dated October 17, 1969. + + [9] _Ibid._ + + [10] William W. Hening (ed.), [Virginia] _Statutes at Large_, 1823, + reprint edition (Charlottesville: University Press of + Virginia, 1969), VII, p. 32. + + [11] Albert Porter, _County Government in Virginia_ (New York: + Columbia University Press, 1947), p. 186. + + [12] Fairfax County Court Minute Book, March 23, 1786, p. 191. + Subsequently John Moss was reappointed Commissioner of the + Land Tax in 1787, 1792, and 1793. + + [13] Hening, _Statutes_, XII, p. 243. + + [14] Fairfax County Court Order Book, 1787 (February 20 and October + 15, 1787): "John Moss, Gent., Commissioner for Fairfax + district produced on oath an account against the Commonwealth + for his service in that capacity amounting to Twenty-five + pounds thirteen shillings and six pence, which being examined + by the court is allowed and ordered to be certified." + + [15] Shepherd, _Code_, I, p. 114. + + [16] Porter, _County Government_, p. 211. + + [17] Shepherd, _Code_, III, p. 262. + + [18] Fairfax County Deed Book Y-1, p. 69. + + [19] Shepherd, _Code_, I, p. 11. + + [20] F. Johnston, _Memorials of Old Virginia Clerks_ (Lynchburg: J. + P. Bell, 1880), p. 172. + + _Alexandria Gazette_, October 4, 1839. The obituary notice for + Thomas Moss states that he died on October 2 after a long + illness, having been a Justice of the Peace for many years, + and also having served as a member of the State Legislature + and as county court clerk. + + The Archives of the Virginia House of Delegates show that + Thomas Moss was a Delegate from Fairfax County for the + 1828-1829 biennium. (Honorable George Rich, January 2, 1970; + personal communication.) + + [21] K. M. Willis, "Old Fairfax Homes Give Up A Secret," _American + Motorist_, May 1932, p. 16; Johnston, _Clerks_, p. 174. + + [22] M. Herndon, _Tobacco in Colonial Virginia_ (Williamsburg: + Virginia 350th Celebration Corp., 1957), pp. 7-8, indicates + that tobacco was introduced into Northern Virginia by the + settlers who moved into the Rappahannock and Potomac areas + around 1650. By the end of the seventeenth century, Herndon + states, tobacco farming dominated the lowlands all along the + Rappahannock and Potomac Rivers below the fall line. + + F. Harrison, _Landmarks of Old Prince William_ (Berryville: + Chesapeake Book Co., 1964), pp. 148-150. Also to be noted is + the fact that settlement above the fall line was not permitted + prior to 1722 because of treaty provisions with the Iroquois. + By the Treaty of Albany in 1722, the Iroquois withdrew west of + the Blue Ridge. + + [23] Herndon, _Tobacco_, pp. 14-16, cites introduction of plant + bedding practices, use of animal-drawn plows instead of hand + hoes, and improved methods of curing tobacco as responsible + for increasing the yield of the tobacco farm. + + [24] _Ibid._, p. 10. + + [25] Frederick Gutheim. _The Potomac_ (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, + 1968), p. 98. + + [26] R. B. Davis, _Intellectual Life in Jefferson's Virginia_ (Chapel + Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1964), p. 167, notes + that in 1773 the Society for the Advancement of Useful + Knowledge was formed in Williamsburg, followed by the + Philadelphia Agricultural Society in 1780, and the Richmond + Society for Promoting Agriculture in 1810, all dedicated to + working for the improvement of farming. + + [27] A list of these writings on agriculture was compiled by E. G. + Swern in 1913 and published by the Virginia State Library. + + [28] Davis, _Intellectual Life_, pp. 159-160, 167. Among the + inventions of the McCormick family were threshing machines, + hydraulic machines, a hemp-brake, blacksmith's bellows, and + self-stoppers for grist mills. Other patents issued to + Virginians dealt with plows, grain screens, rice hullers, hemp + and flax breakers, corn shellers, beehives, clover seed + cleaners and gatherers, tobacco presses, and corn grinders. + + [29] _Ibid._, p. 156. See also "Status of Virginia Agriculture in + 1870" in _Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1870_ + (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1871), pp. + 267-268. + + [30] Davis, _Intellectual Life_, p. 151. + + [31] _Ibid._, pp. 154-156. + + [32] Dr. John Schlebecker, Curator, Division of Agriculture and + Mining, Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian + Institution, Washington, D.C., interview. Dr. Schlebecker was + of the opinion that the price which this blower brought + suggested it might be animal-powered by a treadmill or + overhead sweep. Wheat fans were relatively new types of + equipment in 1835, but not uncommon among successful farmers. + + [33] _Ibid._ Schlebecker discussed the possibility of dairying as + follows: "It's very likely he was in the business. Now whether + it was butter or cheese--butter would pay better, and he is + pretty close to Alexandria and Washington, and, for that + matter, by sea to Baltimore. Butter would have been the more + attractive of the commodities; cheese would keep better, could + be shipped farther and find a greater variety of markets, but + wouldn't pay quite as well. But I don't see evidence he was in + the cheese business, and I'd be happier if I saw more churns + on the list, or if the churn were better described. One churn + would be enough if it were big enough. And it could very well + be run by a sheep or a dog. You see, he's certainty got enough + cows to be in the dairy business, willy nilly." (Transcription + of tape-recorded interview with John Schlebecker, February 26, + 1969, p. 6.) + + [34] _Ibid._ See also inventory in appendix B. + + [35] _Alexandria Gazette_, November 6, 1839, notice of sale. + + [36] Alfred Moss and Thomas Love, affidavit of October 29, 1839, in + proceedings to sell the farm owned by Thomas Moss, deceased. + + [37] The wills and property inventories of members of the Moss family + reveal much information that helps reconstruct the activity on + their farm. Considering the equipment used, the products grown + and processed, and the number of slaves reported, it is + possible that between the 1820's and 1850's the farm was also + engaged in breeding slaves for export to the rice and indigo + plantations of South Carolina and the cotton plantations of + Alabama and Mississippi. A certain amount of this traffic was + also carried on locally. + + U.S. Census population records compiled from 1810 through 1850 + show that slaveholding continued at a high level relative to + other changing circumstances in agriculture and in the Moss + family. See census records for Fairfax County in National + Archives, Microfilm Division, Microcopy Roll 68 (1810), 137 + (1820), 201 (1830), 558 (1840), 942 (1850). + + [38] These roads were the Dumfries and Falmouth Roads via Ashby's + Gap, the Colchester Road via Williams' Gap, and the Alexandria + Road via Vestal's Gap. Their origins and early history are + given in Harrison, _Landmarks_, pp. 466-484. + + [39] Davis, _Intellectual Life_, p. 152, and A. Hulbert, _The Paths + of Inland Commerce_ (New Haven: Yale University, 1921), pp. + 44-55. The situation appeared to improve little during the + nineteenth century, for in 1894 the Virginia Good Roads + Convention called the American rural roads "far below the + average" and "certainly are among the worst in the civilized + world and always have been largely as a result of permitting + local circumstances to determine the location with little or + no regard for any general system, and haste and waste and + ignorance in building." Virginia Good Roads Convention, + _Programme_ (Richmond: Stone Printing Co., 1894), p. 24. + + [40] The act incorporating the Fairfax and Loudoun Turnpike Road + Company authorized construction and operation of an + "artificial road from Alexandria to the Little River." Laws, + 1795, c. 31 (December 26, 1795). Shepherd's _Statutes_ + (Richmond: Shepherd, 1836), I, p. 378. The successor company, + known as the Little River Turnpike Company, was incorporated + by legislation enacted in 1802 and 1803. Laws, 1801, c. 83 + (January 28, 1802) and Laws, 1802, c. 52 (January 19, 1803), + Shepherd's _Statutes_, II, p. 383, 452. The extension into + Fauquier County was authorized by the incorporation of the + Fauquier and Alexandria Turnpike Company, designed to build + "an artificial turnpike road from Fauquier Court House to + Buckland farm, or Buckland town, and thence to the Little + River Turnpike road, at the most suitable point for affording + a convenient way from Fauquier Court House to Alexandria." + Laws, 1807, c. 27 (January 27, 1808), Shepherd's _Statutes_, + III, p. 379. + + [41] _Alexandria Gazette_, May 23, 1809. The extension was built by + the Fauquier and Alexandria Turnpike Road Company, and was + constructed from the Little River Turnpike at Fairfax + Courthouse, through Centreville and Buckland, to Fauquier + County Courthouse (Warrenton). + + [42] Annual Report of the President and Directors of the Board of + Public Works to the General Assembly of Virginia, Richmond, + 1818, p. 34; 1819, p. 33; 1820, p. 76. + + [43] Fairfax County Deed Book H-3, p. 226, May 28, 1843. + + [44] Fairfax County Deed Book W-3, pp. 424-425, September 10, 1855. + + [45] Hannah C. O'Brien v. John W. Green, et. al., Fairfax County, + Virginia County Court, Suspended File No. 10, 1878. + + +II. ORCHARD AND DAIRY: FOUNTAIN BEATTIE (1878-1917) + +NORTHERN VIRGINIA'S AGRICULTURE IN THE 1870'S. By 1870, Virginia +farmers were beginning to recover from the recent war which had +completely disrupted normal agricultural activity. The effects of +the war had been felt keenly in Northern Virginia where the +conflict had not been marked by many of the major battles but had +nevertheless afflicted the area with four years of constant +raiding and skirmishing. The resultant toll of horses, mules, cattle, +and livestock and the dearth of farm machinery were major handicaps +facing the farmer, as were his lack of capital with which to purchase +supplies and equipment from outside his area and the general +shortage of labor.[46] These shortages were overcome slowly. Some +materials for beginning to rebuild the war damage were readily +available from military supplies immediately after the close of +hostilities; and, in this respect, Northern Virginia was fortunate +to be within a few miles of the Union Army supply depots in +Alexandria and Washington, D.C. But, as the confused era of +reconstruction set in, the farmer was thrown mainly on his own +resources of land and labor to rebuild his fortunes. + +Poor as his prospects might seem to be, the Northern Virginia farmer +had certain advantages that farmers in other parts of the state +lacked. The farmland was by no means barren or exhausted, although it +had been worked steadily during the previous decade when all efforts +turned to producing the maximum amount of food for subsistence and no +thought could be given to maintaining or enhancing the fertility of +the soil.[47] Also, Fairfax County farmers had relatively easy access +to the produce markets of Washington and Baltimore, both by water and +overland transportation.[48] + +[Illustration: Figure 4. Hopkins' Atlas Map, 1879.] + +Moreover, agriculture in Northern Virginia had not been dominated by +the plantation system since the mid-eighteenth century. By 1870, even +the great landholdings which had been carved out of the original +proprietary grants had given way to a third generation of farms, still +smaller in size and more diversified. While the owners of these +Northern Virginia farms had, in many instances, owned slaves before +the war, their dependence on this source of labor was not as critical +as in other parts of Virginia--notably, the regions where tobacco was +king. Thus, when the "great political convulsion which culminated in +the disruption of the labor system of the State"[49] compelled +Southern farmers generally to rebuild their system with different +forms of labor and land tenure, Fairfax County farmers found +themselves able to adjust to the new circumstances with relative ease +once they were able to acquire tools and livestock. At this time, as +before the war, they benefited greatly from the presence among them of +a group of thrifty and industrious farm families who migrated from New +York and New Jersey, bringing with them new energy, new capital, and +new methods of farming from the diversified agricultural regions of +the North.[50] + +In addition, there was abroad in Virginia in 1870 a strong spirit for +revival of its agriculture, looking not only to securing the +advantages which scientific husbandry could bring through restored +fertility of the soil but also to realization of the Jeffersonian +dream of a strong, stable, and independent class of American yeomanry +owning and working its own land.[51] Soon after the commencement of +reconstruction, organizations patterned after the various scientific +farming societies of the 1830's began to appear and agricultural +newspapers, such as _The Southern Farmer_, resumed publication and +circulation in Northern Virginia. These two sources called strongly +for Virginia farmers to change their traditional ways of farming for +modern methods and modern farm implements.[52] As the 1870's +advanced, these sources were joined by the State Government, which +provided a certain amount of assistance for modernization of +Virginia agriculture.[53] + + +MOSBY'S LIEUTENANT. It was in this setting that Fountain Beattie +became the owner of Green Spring Farm in June 1878 when he purchased +the 339-acre tract through a commissioner's deed approved by the +County Court.[54] + +Fountain Beattie was the son of Colonel Robert Beattie and Pauline +White Beattie of Chilhowie in Washington County, Virginia. In 1861, he +enlisted in the First Virginia Cavalry at Abingdon and there made the +acquaintance of John S. Mosby. They became good friends, and when +Mosby received his separate command, he took Beattie with him.[55] +During the next three years, Beattie rode with Mosby in campaigns that +crossed and recrossed Northern Virginia.[56] + +[Illustration: Figure 5. c. 1885, Fountain Beattie and Annie Hathaway +Beattie.] + +[Illustration: The Mosby and Beattie Families, c. 1890] + +[Illustration: The Old Stone Spring House] + +[Illustration: The Lane to Green Spring Farm] + +Whether Fountain Beattie saw or visited Green Spring Farm during these +rides with Mosby's battalion is not certain. There is reason to think +he may have been in the neighborhood because of references to +engagements at such places as "Billy Gooding's tavern on the Little +River Turnpike, 10 miles from Alexandria."[57] Moreover, he may +have heard of the farm from one of the descendants of its owners, +since on one occasion he escaped imminent disaster only through the +intervention of one Thomas Moss of Alexandria.[58] + +Be that as it may, the region must have made a strong impression on +him because, after moving several times in the years following the +war, it was in Fairfax County that Fountain Beattie and his family +finally settled. Money for the purchase of Green Spring Farm in 1878 +came from Mrs. Beattie's inheritance following the sale of "Western +View," the homestead of her deceased parents, located in Fauquier +County.[59] At that time, Green Spring Farm was available for purchase +through the County Court, which had ordered it sold to satisfy the +judgment for debt against Matthew O'Brien.[60] + + +ORCHARD AND DAIRY. Fountain Beattie's selection of Green Spring Farm +appears to have been made with an eye to its proximity to the Little +River Turnpike and the old Columbia Turnpike (now Route 712). +Increasingly, the farmers of the Piedmont region of Virginia were +feeling the competition of farmers in the Shenandoah Valley and +outside the state in the production of wheat and corn. This +competition was made possible when railroads connected the Valley of +Virginia and the farmlands of the great midwestern prairie states with +the markets of the eastern cities. Farmers in the middle and Northern +Virginia no longer enjoyed the advantages they once had in shipping +wheat and corn to these markets.[61] More and more in the last quarter +of the nineteenth century, Northern Virginia farmers planted corn, +wheat, and other grains for use as livestock feed rather than sale in +the grain market. + +[Illustration: Figure 6. John Singleton Mosby.] + +Like many other Fairfax County farmers, Fountain Beattie found that he +was better off to abandon diversified farming in favor of crops with +respect to which he still enjoyed natural advantages. Thus, during the +last quarter of the nineteenth century, Green Spring Farm is +identified with dairy products and orchard and garden produce--all +commodities which had to be marketed the same day they were produced +or picked or which could be made into derivative products which could +be easily transported to market and sold at prices which reflected +value added by processing. Transportation, however, was a key factor. +Virginia's country roads were publicly acknowledged to be in a +"lamentable condition," and over even the best of them travel often +was impossible in wet seasons of the year.[62] In this respect, the +Little River Turnpike was one of the best of Virginia's rural roads, +having been laid out and constructed by professional engineers and +maintained by hired labor with even more care and regularity than the +public roads. In Beattie's day, as in Moss's time, the turnpike was +the main road between Alexandria and Fairfax, the county seat, and +thence to the Valley. + +All these considerations led Fountain Beattie to direct his main +effort to expansion of the orchards and herd of dairy cattle as +rapidly as it was feasible. Year around, the farm was a busy place, +with work enough for all of the Beatties' 12 children--six boys and +six girls--as well as their parents and hired hands. Daily chores, +including milking and churning, went on all year, for the farm +generally had numerous cows, horses, and mules. There was also a +certain amount of grain to be raised each year for livestock feed, and +a large vegetable garden. Fruit trees included pears, cherries, and +apples in two 25-acre orchards--one located on each side of the +Turnpike--which provided the principal produce of the farm. Farm +produce was regularly marketed in Washington, Alexandria, and local +grocery stores, as well as at a roadside stand during the harvest +season.[63] + +[Illustration: Reunion at Manassas: Colonel John S. Mosby visits Bull Run +for the first time since the war. Pictured are (left to right) Fountain +Beattie, Lycurgus Hutchison, John Mosby, and George Turberville.] + +The markets of Washington were only about nine miles from Green Spring +Farm, but on market days it was customary for the farm wagons of the +neighborhood to be loaded and on the road well before dawn. The +Washington city wholesale market opened at 3 A.M. each weekday, and +farmers who came there sold directly from their wagons or from stalls +to a milling crowd of brokers, wholesalers, retail grocers, hotelmen, +and boardinghouse keepers. Most produce was sold by 7 A.M. and the +farmer who did not sell out by that time generally had to sell at a +sacrifice price or else remain in the market throughout the day, +selling at retail to customers who attended the market later in the +day.[64] With luck, therefore, the market produce farmer from Northern +Virginia might expect to be on his way home by noon. + +Not all of Fountain Beattie's orchard produce, however, went to the +market in this way. The spring house on the farm contained presses, +storage facilities, and other equipment needed to make apple cider, +applejack, and apple and peach brandy. Apples picked in the ripening +season were stored in large barrels until the fall and winter months, +at which time they were made into fermented or distilled beverages. +According to his descendants, Beattie operated a licensed distillery +and made brandies at the farm. + +Beattie's livestock operations at the farm ended in tragedy one day +when he returned home to find that his barn had caught fire and been +completely destroyed. The contents of the barn, which included all of +his livestock and much of the farm equipment, were also lost. Only the +horse he was riding at the time remained to start rebuilding the farm. +As matters turned out, too much had been lost; Fountain Beattie never +did more than acquire a few horses to perform the most necessary +tasks. The dairy herds and field crops were never developed to the +thriving level of activity which typified the 1880's and 1890's.[65] + + +POLITICS AND PUBLIC SERVICE. The close association of Fountain Beattie +and John S. Mosby during the war years (1861-65) lasted through the +years of peace that followed. The two men apparently thought alike in +political matters; and, in the election of 1872, they campaigned for +General Grant. Shortly afterward, Beattie was appointed Deputy +Collector of Internal Revenue for the Sixth District of Virginia. +Following Hayes' election as President, Mosby received an appointment +as Consul in Hong Kong where he served until 1885.[66] + +Fountain Beattie's record with the Internal Revenue Service shows that +he served from 1875 to 1914 and suggests that he settled in or near +Alexandria several years before he purchased Green Spring Farm.[67] +He was reappointed in 1885 following the brief return of the +Democratic Party to power under Grover Cleveland's administration. +Beattie's official file in the Treasury Department's personnel records +is a resume of basic statistics--dates of appointments, promotions, +oaths of office, and salaries. + +Although Northern Virginia seemed to be little affected by events on +the national and world stage at this time, it was on the move in its +own way. In Beattie's time this region became linked to other major +regions by the coming of the Southern Railway system; and the advent +of the high-speed electric commuter train and its network of tracks +commenced the inexorable process of creating the interdependent +economic unity of Northern Virginia and Washington, D.C. These were +also the years of "Jackson City" in Arlington, and the crusade of law +enforcement aimed at cleaning up this center of gambling, drinking, +and general sinfulness.[68] + +For Fountain Beattie, these years of Federal service must have brought +back memories of his war years with Mosby. Although he carried on his +duties as tax collector from an office in the Alexandria Post Office, +he continued to live at Green Spring Farm and he regularly traversed +roads and places he had visited as a soldier. When Mosby returned from +his tour as Consul in Hong Kong and became an attorney for the Justice +Department, he and Beattie apparently saw a great deal of each other +and their friendship extended to their families who also frequently +exchanged visits. Beattie named one of his sons after his friend, and +John Mosby Beattie recalls these times with feelings of fondness. + + +GREEN SPRING FARM AND ANNANDALE. When Beattie purchased Green Spring +Farm, the activity on the farm was oriented toward the markets of +Georgetown, Alexandria, Washington, and Baltimore. The community of +Annandale, a little over two miles up the Little River Turnpike to the +west, had not yet become a center of commerce. In 1879, the map showed +a post office, a toll gate, a store, a Methodist church, and a few +residences clustered at a crossroads.[69] This crossroads location +became increasingly important during the last quarter of the +nineteenth century; and, like other perceptive people of the area, +Fountain Beattie and his family began to swing the orientation of +their activities around from an exclusive focus on Alexandria and +Washington to take part in the growth of Fairfax County. + +At the turn of the century, Annandale had a population of 50 people. +In addition to the toll house, church, post office, and store, the +community now could list a hardware store, lumberyard, blacksmith, +farm machinery store, and sawmill.[70] The sawmill was owned by +Beattie's son and namesake, Fountain Beattie, and presumably was +operated as a family enterprise in the same manner as the farm. + + +II. ORCHARD AND DAIRY: FOUNTAIN BEATTIE (1878-1917) + + [46] A. W. Moger, _The Rebuilding of the Old Dominion_ (New York: + Columbia University, 1940), p. 46. Citing census data, the + thesis notes that "the value of farm implements and machinery + on farms in Virginia and West Virginia combined was only + two-thirds of what it was in Virginia in 1860, while the value + of livestock in the two states was only four-fifths of that in + Virginia in 1860. Not until 1880 did the number of cattle and + not until after the turn of the century did the number of + swine in Virginia and West Virginia equal the number in the + Old Dominion before the war." + + [47] "Status of Virginia Agriculture in 1870," in _Report of the + Commissioner of Agriculture_, 1870 (Washington, D.C.: + Government Printing Office, 1871), pp. 267-291, 273, 291. + + [48] Virginia Good Roads Convention, _Programme_ (Richmond: Stone + Printing Co., 1894). While railroad and water transportation + were available from Alexandria to major metropolitan markets + for farm products, the farmer faced the obstacles of + traversing Virginia's notoriously poor farm-to-market roads. + + [49] _Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture_, 1870, p. 268. + + [50] R. H. Abbott, "Yankee Farmers in Northern Virginia: 1840-1860," + _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, v. 76, No. 1, + pp. 56-66 (January 1968). + + See also the _Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture_, + 1870, p. 291, which states "a striking mark of progress is the + change of the policy of the planters toward the outside world. + Formerly they were indisposed to encourage immigration from + other States. There was, therefore, no accession to the + population of the rural district from abroad. The same + traditions and habits descended from father to son through + successive generations. Now all this is altered. Strangers + from every State and every country are cordially welcomed + whenever they show any disposition to become permanent + settlers and industrious citizens. The consequence is that in + many counties a strong tide of immigration is setting in, + bearing with it improved stock and better implements, which + cannot fail to impart a healthy impulse to improvement." + + [51] Moger, _Rebuilding_, p. 45. See remarks of Governor Henry Wise + in 1867 and A. H. H. Stuart in 1866, cited therein. + + [52] W. Fullerton, _Address to Piedmont Agricultural Society_, + October 18, 1876. Speaking to the Society in 1867, William + Fullerton of New York chided Virginians by asserting that + "there is no other calling in life in which there is + manifested such an indifference to new discoveries, as is seen + among the tillers of the soil. If a mechanic or manufacturer + should in like manner fail to avail himself of improved + implements or machinery, he would be compelled to relinquish + his business. It is the farmer alone who resists anything new + appertaining to his calling. This arises mainly from a + deep-seated prejudice to what is called scientific or book + farming." + + See also Moger, _Rebuilding_, p. 54, citing the fact that + farmers in the area of diversified agriculture, such as + Northern Virginia, had the highest number of agricultural + clubs, farm newspaper subscriptions, etc., of all areas in + Virginia. + + [53] Main steps to assist agriculture taken by the state in the + 1870's are summarized in Moger, _Rebuilding_, p. 54. + + [54] Fairfax County Deed Book W-4, p. 271. + + [55] J. S. Mosby, _Mosby's War Memoirs and Stuart's Cavalry + Campaigns_ (New York: Pageant Book Co., 1958), p. 10. Mosby + records in his memoirs that in Richmond, before being sent to + the Shenandoah Valley, the men were issued uniforms of very + rough quality from the state penitentiary. There was almost a + mutiny as the men piled them up in front of the captain's tent + and refused to wear them--all except Mosby and Beattie. Mosby + then states, "I do not think any clothes I ever wore did me + more service than these. When I became a commander, I made + Beattie a lieutenant." + + This story is corroborated in Charles W. Russell (ed.), _The + Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby_ (Boston: Little Brown, + 1917), p. 30. + + [56] Beattie is mentioned frequently in histories of Mosby's + campaigns. In addition to the references noted above, see V. + C. Jones, _Ranger Mosby_ (Chapel Hill, 1944), and James + Williamson (ed.), _Mosby's Rangers_ (New York: Sturgis & + Walton, 1909). + + From 1861 to July 1864, Beattie served as an enlisted man. In + July 1864, a new company was organized, and Beattie was + elected first lieutenant. Such regards as still exist + regarding Beattie's service with Mosby relate to this period. + See _Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who + Served in Organizations from Virginia_. Microcopy 324, Roll + 207 (National Archives, Washington, D.C.). + + [57] Williamson, _Mosby's Rangers_, p. 87. + + [58] _Ibid._, pp. 242-3. Reprints a letter from Thomas Moss to + Captain Walter Frankland describing a fight near Front Royal + as follows: "We charged and routed the guards, and I was + fortunate in saving Beattie's life by shooting a man who had a + pistol within 12 inches of Beattie. I then caught a horse ... + [and] Beattie and I ran down the road a short distance and + went up into a piece of pine woods." + + [59] John Mosby Beattie, August 22, 1968, interview. Fountain + Beattie's wife, Annie Elizabeth Hathaway, was the daughter of + James Henry Hathaway of "Western View" in Zula, Virginia, + between Rectortown and Middleburg in Fauquier County. Annie + Hathaway was born and married at this home place. Her son, + John Mosby Beattie, states that his father bought Green Spring + Farm with money realized from the sale of "Western View" on + the death of Mrs. Beattie's parents. + + [60] Fairfax County Deed Book W-4, p. 271. Also see Hannah C. O'Brien + v. John W. Green, Fairfax County Circuit Court, 1878, + Suspended File No. 10. + + [61] Moger, _Rebuilding_, p. 51. + + [62] Virginia Good Roads Convention, _Programme_, p. 8. + + [63] John Mosby Beattie, August 22, 1968, interview. John Beattie + recalls that his father, Fountain Beattie, sold garden produce + to the local grocery store of one John Carter, located on the + Little River Turnpike (Route 236) approximately where it now + crosses Shirley Highway (I-95). + + [64] W. C. Funk, "An Economic History of Small Farms near + Washington, D.C.", U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin + 848 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920), + pp. 16-17. + + [65] John Mosby Beattie, August 22, 1968, interview. Mr. Beattie does + not recall the date of this fire, but remembers the event + vividly from his boyhood days. + + [66] Mosby served as Consul in Hong Kong from 1878 to 1885. He was an + attorney in the U.S. Department of Justice from 1904 to 1910. + + [67] _Official Register of Officers and Employees of the Civil, + Military and Navy Service_, issued biennially, lists Fountain + Beattie as an employee of the Internal Revenue Service in the + registers issued during the years 1875 to 1913, inclusive. + Beattie's Service Record Card (Treasury Form 426) shows the + first employment record date as 1872. His appointment was + discontinued in 1914. + + [68] E. L. Templeman, _Arlington Heritage_ (Arlington, 1959), p. 74. + + [69] _Atlas of Fifteen Miles Around Washington_, 1879. + + [70] "Fairfax County as Portrayed by the Virginia Business Directory + and Gazetteer--1906. Published by the Hill Directory Company, + Richmond, Virginia," _Yearbook of the Historical Society of + Fairfax County, Virginia_, v. 10 (1969), pp. 92-104. + + +[Illustration: Front View] + +[Illustration: Side View (West). Figure 7. Green Spring Farm, 1936. +Photos by Delos Smith, HABS.] + +[Illustration: Figure 8. Berry Survey Map, 1941. Deed Book P-15, p. 147.] + + +III. THE END OF THE FARMING ERA: MICHAEL STRAIGHT (1942-1969) + +Fountain Beattie sold Green Spring Farm in 1917. Annie Hathaway +Beattie had died the year before, after they had moved from the farm +to a house in Alexandria.[71] Beattie's deed to George R. Sims of +Florida is dated January 23, 1917, and conveyed the entire tract of +339 acres.[72] Ownership changed again in 1922, 1924, and 1931,[73] +and ultimately led to the subdivision of the tract into smaller +parcels. In 1942, one of these parcels, containing the farmhouse and +the principal related buildings, was purchased by Michael and Belinda +Straight.[74] + +The Straights did not occupy the main farmhouse immediately but set +about having certain changes made in the interior design and +structure. These were completed late in 1942, and the family moved +from the cottage to the main house.[75] A few months later, in January +1943, their occupancy was interrupted as Michael Straight was called +to service in the U.S. Army Air Force; and, during World War II, the +house was occupied by tenants. The Straights returned to Northern +Virginia in 1948 and took up residence at the farmhouse from that time +until they moved to Georgetown in 1965. + +Upon their return to the farm in 1948, they also began to restore +and redesign the grounds surrounding the farmhouse. During the +1920's, when the farm was owned by Frederick Segesserman, a great many +boxwoods had been planted. They had been raised for sale, and in +1948 the pattern of their location on the grounds was erratic. +Therefore, in 1948, a new landscape plan was worked out by Mrs. Max +Farrand, a friend of the Straights and the designer of the gardens +at Dumbarton Oaks in Georgetown. Under her supervision, the +boxwoods were transplanted into a great semicircle behind the +house, the level of the lawn was raised, and retaining walls were +placed at several points. This area comprised the farm's only formal +garden; but, in addition, extensive plantings of white pine were +placed as a screen between the house and the road, and the grounds +surrounding the house were planted with a variety of trees and shrubs, +including hemlocks, cherries, and crabapples, and later, lilacs, +azaleas, and rhododendron. + +During the years the Straights lived at the farm, farming operations +consisted of the raising of Hereford cattle. Purchasing yearlings in +the markets of the lower Shenandoah Valley near Winchester, they kept +this stock at the farm for fattening and resale as two-year-old beef +cattle.[76] + +A variety of other animals were kept on the farm, but these were +mainly pets of the children.[77] In addition to their horses and +dogs, certain of the Straights' animals acquired reputations of +extraordinary extent. In particular were a goat which was presented to +the Straights by the author and journalist Eric Sevareid,[78] a +mule acquired from the Alexandria SPCA, and a flock of Canada +geese which eventually became the subject of a special bulletin by +the Audubon Society to prevent local naturalists from erroneously +reporting them as migrants.[79] + +During these years of residence at Green Spring Farm, Michael +Straight served as editor and publisher of _The New Republic_ +magazine, wrote three books, and served on the governing boards of +several organizations active in international affairs.[80] These +activities brought to the farm many visitors whose accomplishments in +politics, literature, science, and the arts were nationally and +internationally recognized. Some of the distinguished visitors to +Green Spring Farm during these years included scientists Julian +Huxley and Leo Szilard, authors Aldous Huxley and Saul Bellow, poet +Dylan Thomas, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black, and political +leader Hubert Humphrey. The farm also was a visiting place for +distinguished journalists from all parts of the United States and +many foreign countries, including Soviet Russia, when they came to +Washington. An account of one of these visits, written by one of the +foreign journalists, is set forth in appendix G.[81] + +The farm became well known in the community of which it was a part as +it was the scene of numerous festive community gatherings when the +neighbors from the immediate area joined the Straights and their +guests to celebrate such special events and holidays as the Fourth of +July and to enjoy dinner, games, and discussions under the trees. + +With the departure of the Straights, active farming operations ceased. +During their occupancy, fundamental changes in the character of +Northern Virginia's development brought the era of farming to an end +and ushered in an era in which this region became part of the social +and economic system centered in Washington. Intensive subdivision and +establishment of commercial service facilities became the highest and +best uses of the land as population growth in the National Capital +area rose at a rate which led other parts of the United States. +Outsiders moving into Northern Virginia and Washington residents +seeking to move from the central city into the outskirts filled up the +open spaces of Fairfax County at a rate of over 1,000 new residents +per month.[82] + +Along with the temptation of high land prices, rising taxes added to +the pressure on the farmer to "sell out" to the land developer. It was +said, with much truth, that one could not afford to be a farmer in +Fairfax County as the 1950's ended and the 1960's began. For the 33 +acres and buildings on Green Spring Farm, as for many other +residences, taxes rose sharply. In 1943, the farm was evaluated at +$7,819, and the tax bill was $194.69; by 1960, the evaluation was +$36,050, and the taxes $1,351.88.[83] + +So, gradually, Green Spring Farm became an island of open space in a +sea of houses and highways. The Little River Turnpike (Route 236) was +widened and modernized in 1959. In 1948, this road had been an +18-foot-wide, two lane black-top roadway. Twenty years later, it had +been transformed into a 106-foot-wide, four-lane dual highway, much of +which was lined with concrete curbs and gutters to accommodate +roadside commercial or residential development. The old turnpike had +been redesigned and, in the late 1960's, carried over 26,000 vehicles +per day.[84] Its function as a major interregional artery of +transportation had been taken over by others, leaving to it a new role +as a major connector in the network of roads and streets serving +primarily local traffic. In contrast to earlier times when proximity +to the road was to be desired, the attractiveness of the farmhouse in +the 1960's was enhanced by its surrounding space which furnished a +shield from the highway and a setting for its activity. + + +III. THE END OF THE FARMING ERA: MICHAEL STRAIGHT (1942-1969) + + [71] John Mosby Beattie, March 1969 interview. Annie Beattie, + afflicted with arthritis, died in 1916, after she and family + had moved into Alexandria to a house on Peyton Street owned by + her husband, Fountain Beattie, and Walton Moore. + + [72] Fairfax County Deed Book C-8, p. 446. + + [73] Fairfax County Deed Book Y-8, p. 50; J-9, p. 23; X-10, p. 413; + V-11, p. 586; C-12, p. 509. + + [74] Fairfax County Deed Book P-15, p. 145. + + [75] Michael and Belinda Straight, interview December 8, 1968. During + the remodeling, the Straights lived in the spring house, which + they called "The Cottage." + + [76] _Ibid._ Aberdeens were also brought to the farm, but did not + thrive as well as Herefords. The Straights' herd ranged from + 15 to 25 at any one time. Bought at weights of about 500 + pounds, these cattle were held until they weighed 1,100 to + 1,200 pounds and then were sold for beef. + + [77] _Ibid._ The fondness of the Straight children for animals drew + pets from field and pond, including rabbits, birds, snakes, + spiders, and the like. These were housed mainly in the + enclosed side porch. + + [78] _Ibid._ The gift goat was the subject of one of Mr. Sevareid's + columns entitled "It is More Blessed to Give Than to Receive." + During his stay at Green Spring Farm, the goat established a + reputation for eating various valuable articles (such as a + canvas automobile top) and ringing a number of the fruit + trees. + + [79] _Ibid._ The flock of Canada geese started from a pair that was + attracted to one of the farm ponds, which in earlier times had + been used to furnish ice for the farm. As the flock of geese + grew, it ceased to migrate, and frequented the Straights' pond + and nearby Lake Barcroft. + + [80] _Who's Who in America, 1966-1967_, contains the following + information on Mr. Straight: In 1943, he wrote _Make This the + Last War_; in 1954, _Trial by Television_; in 1960, + _Carrington_; and in 1963, _A Very Small Remnant_. In 1943, he + also served as Vice President of the Fight for Freedom; and in + 1946-1947 as Secretary of the Emergency Committee of Atomic + Scientists. + + [81] Michael and Belinda Straight, interview December 8, 1968. This + visit occurred when Mr. Straight was actively engaged in + editing and publishing _The New Republic_ and had occasion, + from time to time, for journalistic contacts in the Soviet + Embassy. From one of these contacts the suggestion was made + that a group of Soviet Russian journalists touring the United + States might be interested in visiting Green Spring Farm. + + [82] Fairfax County Division of Planning, August 1969. + + [83] Fairfax County Tax Books, 1943, 1960. The 1968 evaluation, at 40 + percent of market value, was $93,415, and the total tax was + $4,016.85. In 1923, when the property consisted of 332 acres + and was owned by J. M. Duncan, it was valued at $8,240, and + the taxes were $20.60. + + [84] Resident Engineer, Virginia Department of Highways, Fairfax, + Virginia. August 1969. + + + + +ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION: THE MANSION HOUSE + + +GENERAL SETTING. Green Spring Farm is located in Mason Magisterial +District, approximately one-eighth mile north of Little River Turnpike +and one-eighth mile east of Braddock Road. Via the Little River +Turnpike, the farm is approximately six miles west of Alexandria and +approximately two miles east of Annandale. + +The terrain in the vicinity of the farm is mainly flat, with some very +gentle rolling areas. It is well watered, being crossed by Turkey Cock +Run. During 1946-50, three ponds were dug in back of the house. They +are spring-fed, and their runoff drains into Turkey Cock Run. With the +original forest cover cleared off at least 200 years ago, the present +clusters of pine and oak, and the incidence of hemlock, cherry, +crabapple, and other flowering species, represent a reforestation +several generations removed from the original, and, in other +instances, the landscaping done by the Straights in the late 1940's. + + +HOUSE SITE. The mansion house faces south and is connected with the +Little River Turnpike by a black-top (asphalt-surfaced) road which +passes on the west side of the house and runs north to Braddock Road. +Inside the post and rail fence, alongside this road, the driveway up +to the house is lined with trees, and the yard in front of the house +is open and flat. Between the lawn and the road, a line of cedars in +the fence row serves as a screen. + +The back (north side) of the house faces a semicircular open grass +lawn, bordered with hedges which provide both a screen for the lawn +and a background for several stone carvings and cement castings which +decorate a lawn approximately 1,500 square feet in size. At the +northeast corner of this open space is located the log cabin; beyond +the log cabin, approximately 110 feet in a northeasterly direction, is +the barn, which is converted into living quarters.[85] + +Northwest of the main house, facing on Green Spring Road, is the +spring house. Originally built over a series of natural springs in +order to have water for cooling dairy products, this stone house was +converted into a small dwelling house by the Straights in 1942. + + +GENERAL ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND HISTORY. In its present condition, +the mansion house at Green Spring Farm cannot be considered to +represent any particular period of American architecture. The original +core of the building illustrates a design which was typical of the +colonial era in Tidewater Virginia. This portion of the house is of +brick construction, two stories plus attic and cellar, with the rooms +in each end of the house separated by a center hallway. Large chimneys +at each end of the house made possible heating by fireplaces in each +room. + +It seems probable that this structure formed the core of the mansion +house when it was occupied by the Moss family (1770's to 1835). To +this core, various outbuildings and dependencies were added; a +separate cookhouse or kitchen annex to the main house was one of these +related structures, as were the family's sanitary facilities. Clothes +washing, churning, candlemaking, and various other household tasks +were also performed in separate buildings. No direct evidence of the +appearance of the main house or the various related outbuildings has +been discovered; some inferences about these matters may be drawn from +the inventory of personal property sold from the farm at auction in +1835 and a drawing of the house on an 1840 survey (figure 2). + +Photographs of the south side of the house show the building as it +appeared in 1885 (figure 5). At this time, a one-story porch had been +built across the entire length of the front. The entry into the house +across this porch was open, but on each side of the front door the +porch was enclosed, making small rooms approximately 9 by 12 feet in +size. From each room a door opened out onto the porch. The porch was +roofed with sheet metal, and carved wooden brackets were in the +corners of the center section (figure 5). A sidewalk led from the +entrance in the center of the ivy-covered front porch straight across +the spacious, shaded lawn. + +Photographs in 1936 show the front porch removed but with clear signs +of its recent presence showing in the whitewash on the front wall of +the house (figure 7). At this time, the roof of the main house was +sheet metal in place of the earlier use of shingles. However, shingles +still constituted the roofing of the dependency on the east end of the +house. + +The 1885 photographs show a one-story brick addition on the east end +of the house. This was a kitchen, built sometime after the main +portion of the house but still probably in the first half of the +nineteenth century. The notice of sale of the farm following Thomas +Moss's death in 1835 speaks of "a Brick Dwelling, containing eight +rooms, Brick Kitchen, Meat House, Servants' House, ..." and other farm +and outbuildings.[86] Of all the buildings mentioned in this notice, +the kitchen appears to be the most logical and appropriate use for +this addition. Later occupants of the house (1880-1917) used this wing +for a kitchen and describe it as not only the center for preparation +of food but for numerous other household activities, such as +candlemaking.[87] + +The arrangement of rooms during the nineteenth century is not known +with certainty. The 1839 reference to eight rooms suggests that as +originally built the house had four rooms on each floor, with perhaps +no effort to use the attic as living space, at least until the time of +Fountain Beattie who added dormers to the attic and used this top +floor to help accommodate his large family. This inference is +strengthened by the fact that prior to the 1940's the central core of +the house was laid out in this manner. + +[Illustration: Figure 10. GREEN SPRING FARM MANSION HOUSE, Floor Plans, +1969] + +The major renovation of the house in the early 1940's was planned and +carried out by Walter Macomber and resulted in the addition of a wing +on the west end of the central block (in which a new kitchen was +installed), conversion of the old kitchen wing on the east end of the +central core into a living room with a small sunporch attached, +rearrangement of the stairways and central hallway, and certain other +interior changes. This involved removal of substantial amounts of the +original materials in the house and replacement by material considered +to be suitable in terms of age and texture. These changes are +reflected in the exterior appearance and interior room arrangement of +the house at the present time. + +Further structural changes were made in 1960. At this time it was +discovered that the second floor was sagging because of the removal of +bearing walls in 1942 when the first floor was converted from four +rooms into two.[88] This situation was corrected by pouring concrete +footings in the basement and setting in them a series of steel +columns. These columns ran up through the wall on the west side of the +central hallway and were topped by a steel beam running the width of +the house. The joists for the second floor were anchored in this new +beam.[89] + +At the same time this structural reinforcement was being added, +several closets, cabinets, and bookcases were built into the rooms on +the second floor and attic, making use of space under the eaves. + +The remodeling done in 1960 was designed and supervised by Keyes, +Lethbridge & Condon, Washington architects. + +At the present time, the exterior fabric appears to be sound and well +maintained. On the interior, a certain amount of deterioration is +evidenced in the looseness of the joints in the flooring and stairs +and in the uneven settling of door frames in the original portion of +the house. The grounds adjacent to the house are in good condition and +appear to be well maintained. + + +TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION--EXTERIOR. + +_Overall Dimensions._ Width: 78 feet by 25 feet in central section, +and 20 feet in wings. Height: central section, two and one-half +stories; wings, one and one-half stories; sunporch, one story. + +_Foundations._ The central section of the house stands on brick +foundations which are carried up through the basement walls. + +A brick wall extending upward to the second floor divides the basement +into two sections and served as part of the original foundations. In +the basement, a series of arches in this wall permitted passage +between the two sections. In 1960, the upper portions of this wall +were found to have deteriorated to the point that it was necessary to +pour concrete footings in the basement and erect a series of steel +columns up through the wall to relieve it from bearing the weight of +the second-floor beams and floor joists. + +The east wing (present living room, former kitchen) rests on brick +foundations, with the present wooden flooring laid over the original +cobblestone floor of the old kitchen. The west wing (present kitchen) +rests on concrete footings and slab at grade. + +_Wall Construction._ Walls are constructed of medium red brick (3 +by 9 by 12 inches), using the following bonds: central block +front--Flemish bond; central block rear--English bond; central block +end walls--English bond; east wing--American or common bond, with +seven courses of stretchers to each course of headers; west +wing--American or common bond, with six courses of stretchers to +each course of headers. + +_Chimneys._ Interior brick chimneys are located in the center of the +east and west ends of the central block. These chimneys have separate +flues for four fireplaces (two each on the first and second floors) +and measure 5 feet by 2 feet 8 inches. Three courses of brick are +corbelled to make the capping of the chimneys. + +The end walls of the east and west wings of the house also each have +an interior chimney centered in the wall. The chimney in the east +wing, measuring 3 feet by 1 foot 8 inches and having three courses of +brick corbelled for a capping, was used for the fireplace in the old +kitchen which occupied that part of the house prior to 1942. + +_Doors and Doorways._ The front doorway is inset (1 foot 8 inches) in +an entrance faced with white painted wooden panels. The entrance is +framed by a plain triangular pediment and pilasters without +decorations on either shafts or capitals. The front door is a +six-panel door, designed to harmonize with the interior doors which +are originals. Over the door is a four-light rectangular transom. + +The rear entrance is a 6 by 8-foot portico, built up three steps from +ground level. Along the sides of the portico are 3-foot railings, +inside of which are wooden boxes which serve both as storage boxes and +as seats. The portico roof is supported by wooden Doric columns set at +its outer edges, and the front end of the roof is a plain triangular +pediment. The rear doorway has a transom and door similar to the front +doorway. + +The kitchen door opens onto a 4 by 4-foot wooden porch with railing +and three steps to ground level. + +The sunporch door has interchangeable screen and glass panels for +winter and summer use and opens on the front of the house at ground +level. + +_Windows and Shutters._ In the central block, the front doorway is +flanked by French windows, with 12-over-9 lights in double-hung wooden +sash. The rear windows on the first floor are 9-over-9 lights in +double-hung wooden sash. Windows on the second floor front and rear +sides are 6-over-6 lights in double-hung wooden sash, as are the +dormer windows and gable end windows. The windows on the first and +second floors of the central block have 2-foot 10-inch wooden sills +and full-length louvered shutters hung on pintles (two on each side of +the window frame). Window frames, sills, and muntins are painted dark +green. + +In the east and west wings of the house, the front windows are +6-over-6 lights in double-hung wooden sash. The rear window in the +east wing (living room) has a dead-light picture window (6 by 4 feet) +flanked by windows with 6-over-9 lights in double-hung wooden sash. +Window frames, sills, and muntins are white, and full-length wooden +shutters are dark green. + +In the brickwork of the house, flat arches have been laid over all of +the windows on the first floor, except over the windows on the rear of +the central block. + +The sunporch on the east end of the house is of frame construction and +has nine windows (2-1/2 by 5 feet) on three sides. + +_Roof._ Photographs taken about 1900 show the house with an enclosed +porch across the front and a sheet metal roof on the porch. In +contrast, the central block of the house and the kitchen (east) wing +have shingled roofs (figure 5). Photographs in 1936 show the central +portion of the house with a sheet metal roof (figure 7). In 1942, the +roofing on all parts of the house was replaced with specially made +concrete shingles, which are still in place.[90] + +The roof is a simple medium-pitched roof with plain gable ends. +Interior chimneys are centered in each end of the center section and +in the east end of the living room (former kitchen) wing. + +Full-length copper gutters are incorporated into the eaves and project +approximately six inches above and beyond the cornice. + +Cornices on the front and rear of the center section of the house are +composed of dentils, running approximately three segments per foot. +Identical plain wooden cornices are used on the front and rear of the +two wings of the house. + +Each wing has one dormer centered in the front and two on the rear +sides of the roof. The center section of the house has three dormers +on the front side of the roof. All dormers have a single window, +consisting of 6-over-6 lights, set vertically in the front face. All +dormers have beaded ship-lap siding laid parallel to the pitched roof. +This latter feature appears to be a change made in 1942 since +photographs of the house in 1885 and 1936 show the siding on the +dormers laid parallel to the ground. + +_Enclosures._ A post and rail fence stands at the edge of the front +lawn and, together with a line of hemlocks growing immediately inside +the fence, forms a screen between the house and the entrance road +leading in from the Little River Turnpike. In the rear, a semicircular +screen of boxwood frames the lawn. + + +TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION--INTERIOR. + +_Central Block._ The central block of the house, comprising the +portion which was built first (possibly as early as 1760), is laid out +on the traditional pattern used by many colonial Virginia homes--a +central hallway with one or two rooms on each side, with chimneys at +each end serving fireplaces in each room. In the case of Green Spring +Farm, a narrow (4-foot 6-inch-wide) central hallway runs straight +through from the front door to an opposing rear door. Floor boards are +of random width (5 to 6 inches), and walls are paneled 3 feet 6 inches +up from the floor, with wallpaper above. Doorways open off the central +hallway into a library (east side) and a dining room (west side). + +Prior to 1942, the rear portion of the center hallway contained +stairways to the second floor and to the basement, while still +allowing access to the rear door. In 1942, however, the stairway to +the basement was shifted to the west (new kitchen) wing, which was +built at that time; and the stairway to the second floor was shifted +into the library.[91] + +In the library, at the rear of the room a narrow (2-foot 6-inch-wide) +stairway rises from the corner nearest the hallway to the second floor +hallway above (figure 13). This stairway extends over the hall doorway +and, together with a panel-and-spindle partition, forms a covered +entryway into the room. A small closet utilizes the space underneath +the stairs. + +The present library is a designed room, created in 1942 by Walter +Macomber. The design utilizes the full width of the house and thus +replaces two rooms (approximately 12 by 12 feet) which originally had +comprised the first area east of the central hallway. This original +room design had had a fireplace in each of these two rooms, and in +1942 both were replaced. The one serving the rear room was taken out +entirely as the doorway into the living room wing was cut through at +that point. The one in the former front room was replaced by another +fireplace, specially designed by Mr. Macomber, and built of materials +from a late eighteenth century tavern near Peace Cross, Maryland.[92] + +Built into the east wall of the library on each side of the fireplace +are identical cabinets, the lower parts of which are enclosed and the +upper parts are open shelves. The overmantel area is wallpapered, as +are the portions of the room's wall occupied by the window facing the +front yard and the wall between the library and central hallway. Open +shelving for books occupies part of this latter wall, to a height of +eight feet. + +The entire room has a cornice molding of stained wood, matching the +paneling used for the stairs, the fireplace, and the built-in +cabinets flanking the fireplace. Across the central hallway, the +present dining room was designed and created in 1942. As in the +case of the library, brick interior walls separating two smaller rooms +(approximately 12 by 12 feet) were removed to allow the dining room to +utilize the full width (25 feet) of the house. The fireplace +serving the rear of the original rooms was replaced by a doorway +into the new kitchen wing through a butler's pantry. The fireplace +serving the front of the original rooms was retained in the present +dining room. Beside this fireplace and extending to the front wall is +a butterfly cupboard specially designed for that location. Chair +rail, baseboard, and door trim in the room are thought to be original; +but the ceiling cornice was added in 1942 and consists of double-ogee +design over beaded plasterboard which is typical of the period of +the house.[93] A cupboard by the doorway to the butler's pantry is +of modern design and was installed as an added convenience in the +dining room. + +The doors to the central hallway and to the butler's pantry are +thought to have been originally on the second floor of the house.[94] +The hallway door has six panels, with beaded edges and quarter-round +molding in the panels. A fillet molding (4-1/2 inches) surrounds the +doorway frame. The door has been drastically trimmed to fit the frame. +The door to the butler's pantry has four panels but with a flat raised +panel and no quarter-round molding at the panel edges--a style typical +of the later nineteenth century. + +The second floor of the central block of the house originally was laid +out identically with the first floor--that is, two rooms on each side +of a central hallway. In the 1942 renovation, this same room +arrangement was retained for the west side of the central hall (above +the dining room), while on the east side of the hall a single bedroom +(12 by 25 feet) was created using the full depth of the house. In this +bedroom, cabinets with louvered double doors were installed on each +side of the fireplace and painted white to match the fireplace mantel. +This fireplace is one of the features retained from the original house +and has a mantel which is plain except for a denticulated molding. +Chair rail, also thought to be original, is installed on all exposed +areas of wall in the room. + +Across the central hallway, the two bedrooms retain the same basic +design of the original house. Both are approximately 11 by 11 feet and +have random-width flooring and chair rail on two sides of the room. +The original fireplaces have been retained in these rooms. In the +front room, the fireplace mantel is entirely plain; in the rear room, +the mantel has two supporting columns and has three diamond shapes +carved in the wood. Both rooms have built-in cabinets, shelves, and +closets, some of which were installed in 1942 and some which were +added in 1960. Also added in 1942 is the door connecting the front +bedroom with the staircase from the first floor of the west wing. +Through the passageway at the head of these stairs, there is access to +the second floor of the west wing. + +The third floor (or attic) is entered by a stairway in the central +staircase. At the head of this stairway is a hallway connecting +bedrooms in the east and west ends of the house and providing access +to closets at the rear of the house and a small bathroom (7 by 7 feet) +at the front of the house. The bathroom has a dormer window to the +front of the house, and each of the bedrooms has a dormer window to +the front and a window in the gable end wall. The gable end windows +are set in plaster arches, flanked in each case by a 4-foot-high +candle shelf. Both bedrooms have built-in closets, cupboards, and +shelves. Bedroom walls have plain plaster finish and plain wooden +baseboards, no cornices, and no chair rail. + +_East Wing._ The east wing of the house presently includes the living +room and a sunporch. The floor level of this wing is 1 foot 8 inches +lower than the floor level of the central block; and the connecting +doorway has three steps, with double doors at the top step. + +The date when the east wing was built is not certain, but it is +probable that the basic structure comprising the wing was constructed +around 1840 and thereafter used as a kitchen or combination +kitchen-dining room until the renovation of the house in 1942. +Photographs taken about 1900 and in 1936 show this wing with a door +opening to the front of the house at ground level. The floor of the +old kitchen was laid with cobblestones, and the east end of the room +had a great hearth and Dutch oven. Food was cooked here and taken up +the stairs into the main part of the house. Many other household +chores (such as soapmaking) were performed here.[95] + +When the house was renovated in 1942, the cobblestone floor of the +room was overlaid with wooden flooring and pine wainscotting was added +to the walls. On the north side, looking out onto the semicircular +lawn, a picture window was installed. On the south side of the room, +the outside door was replaced with a window similar to the one already +in that side (figure 9). The large hearth and fireplace were replaced +with a smaller one similar to what had been installed in the library +(with the unusual wooden lintel). + +According to the renovator, the paneling for the doorway connecting +the living room and library came from Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The +overmantel and paneling around the living room fireplace and over the +doorway connecting the living room and sunporch came from a tavern +near Peace Cross, Maryland, where it had been used as shuttering.[96] +The architraves around the fireplace and pilasters were designed by +the renovator from materials obtained in Pennsylvania.[97] The cornice +in the living room is of cypress wood. + +Entrance to the sunporch from the living room is through a doorway +trimmed in material from an old building in Pennsylvania. + +Wrought iron H hinges are used on the built-in cabinets in the east +wall (next to the fireplace). The sunporch door has wrought iron +hinges and a brass box lock. + +The sunporch, added to the east wing in 1942, is frame construction on +a concrete slab floor. When built, it was a screened porch, but later +was converted to glass window panels to accommodate plants and pet +animals in all seasons. + +On the second floor of the east wing is a bedroom and bathroom suite, +entered from the central block of the house on the second floor level. +Dormer windows are on the north (rear) and south (front) sides of the +bedroom, and the bathroom has a dormer window on the north side. The +bedroom has built-in closets, shelves, and cupboards, the hardware of +which is wrought iron. Doors have box locks and small brass door +knobs. Two steps are built into the doorway connecting the east wing +with the central block of the house on the second floor level. + +_West Wing._ The west wing of the house was added in 1942, and was +designed by the renovator, Walter Macomber. + +The first floor contains a modern kitchen, a butler's pantry, and a +staircase containing stairways to the basement and to the second +floor, together with storage closets. An exterior door in the end wall +provides direct access to the outside. + +The second floor of the west wing contains a bedroom and bathroom +suite similar in layout to the suite on the second floor of the east +wing. The bedroom contains built-in closets, shelves, and cupboards, +and wrought iron hardware (thumb latches and H and L hinges). + +_Basement._ The basement is beneath the central block of the house, +and its design is basically unchanged from the original except for the +concrete footings and steel columns placed there in 1960 to strengthen +the deteriorating brick interior wall. The basement was not extended +underneath either of the two wings of the house when they were +constructed. + +Entrance to the basement originally was by a stairway located at the +end of the central hallway, where also was located the stairway to the +second floor and attic. In 1942, however, the stairway to the basement +was shifted to a new staircase located in the new west wing of the +house, where it is at the present time. The basement currently +contains gas heating equipment for the house, a water heater, and +storage space. + + +ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION: THE MANSION HOUSE + + [85] Mrs. Michael Straight, interview December 1969. Certain pieces + of the garden sculpture are from Peking, China. Others include + "Frog Girl" by Willi Soukop. + + [86] _Alexandria Gazette_, November 6, 1839. + + [87] John Mosby Beattie, interview April 17, 1969. + + [88] David Condon, AIA; interview December 11, 1969. The earlier room + layout of the central block of the house had two rooms, each + about 12 by 12 feet, on each side of the central hallway which + ran through the house widthwise. Each of these four rooms had + its own fireplace located in the end wall. This pattern was + duplicated in the four rooms on the second floor. + + A somewhat unusual feature of this building was that the + joists for the first and second floors ran lengthwise rather + than across the house. They were anchored in the brick outer + wall and in a brick bearing wall running the width of the + house in the basement and extending up to the second floor. In + 1960, it was found that this wall was crumbling and in danger + of allowing the second-floor joists to pull out of their + sockets. The installation of a series of steel columns holding + up a steel beam had the effect of taking all bearing weight + off this original segment of brick wall. + + [89] _Ibid._ The location of this masonry wall in the basement and + its extension upward to the second floor made it possible for + the original house to have the floor joists set lengthwise + with the house instead of front-to-back. The joists were thus + anchored in the outside walls at each end of the house and in + the center wall running midway through the house. + + [90] Walter Macomber, interview held July 16, 1968, at Green Spring + Farm. Mr. Macomber's description of these shingles is as + follows: "This shingle is something I helped develop for + Williamsburg. We never did use it extensively, but it was made + ... in Richmond [by] a man named Hendricks.... It's made of + concrete reinforced with two or three wires to the length of + it." + + [91] _Ibid._ This stairway was also reversed when it was moved into + the library. As it originally stood in the hallway, the + stairway ran upward from front to rear of the house, and a + stairway to the basement was constructed underneath so as to + run down to the basement from the rear to the front of the + house. + + A second stairway between the first and second floors was also + installed in a new staircase constructed in the new kitchen + (west) wing built in 1942. + + [92] _Ibid._ Transcript of Mr. Macomber's description of the library + is as follows: + + _Mr. Macomber_: Now this room--the library--is a designed + room. + + _Mr. Netherton_: By you, do you mean? + + _Mr. Macomber_: Yes. + + _Mrs. Netherton_: Do you know what the room was before? + + _Mr. Macomber_: Well, it was really plain. + + _Mrs. Netherton_: Is this an Adam mantelpiece? + + _Mr. Macomber_: You could call this an Adam mantel, + although it's not truly. It's a mantel of about 1790.... + This wood came from an old tavern near Peace Cross in + Maryland. The building was torn down to make way for a + large shopping center. This is all designed. This is a + design of my own with the little dovetails which are a + little affectation of mine. [Pointing to the entryway + between the library and central hall.] At least part of + this stair was original. The newel post and the balusters + and the paneling under the first run of the stair are + original, and the sheathing from that point up into the + hall is a design, and was made right on the job by our + carpenters. + + _Mrs. Netherton_: Did you lengthen these windows to the + floor? + + _Mr. Macomber_: They were this way when we got the house, + but they had been changed some time prior to 1942. + + * * * * * + + _Mrs. Netherton_: The cupboard was part of the design, was + it not? + + _Mr. Macomber_: Yes, it was, and I think this is one of + the panels that came from Pennsylvania.... [Also] the + paneled jamb from the library down into the living room + came from this old building in Lancaster County + [Pennsylvania]. And also the trim around the opening. + + The renovator's description of the dining room included the + following comments: + + _Mr. Macomber_: The mantel is a mantel of the period, and + I'm quite sure it was in this room. The butterfly cupboard + beside it is a design that was added to the room, and + designed and built and installed for this particular + location. The dining room, being a small room, we planned + the recess beside the fireplace for the sideboard and also + to give a little more space in the room and in the pantry. + The chair rail I'm sure is original and the door trim, but + the cornice I installed. The base is original, in most + cases, I believe the doors are original, although the + bottom rail has been cut off on this to such a degree, it + looks as though it might have been for another opening. + And that's true on the door into the library. + + [93] _Ibid._ + + [94] _Ibid._ Mr. Macomber's recollection is that "I'm quite sure it + came from the second floor because it's the same as the door + into the nursery room...." As to the door into the hallway, he + notes that it originally had been painted dark blue-green. + + [95] Michael and Belinda Straight, interview of December 8, 1968. + John Mosby Beattie recalls when animal fat was cooked in the + fireplace of the old kitchen to make soap. + + [96] Walter Macomber, interview July 16, 1969. + + [97] _Ibid._ According to local tradition, the tavern near Peace + Cross originally was a residence, then a tavern, a gambling + house, and a bawdy house. While a gambling house, it was + robbed, and shots were fired after the fleeing burglar. One of + the shots went into the shutters, and the hole made by this + shot is still visible in the portion of the shutter used as + paneling in the living room. + + + + +[Illustration: Tobey House Approach, Green Spring Farm] + +[Illustration: Tobey House, Patio and Fountain] + +[Illustration: Tobey House, Interior. Figure 14. Photos by Robert +Lautman, c. 1960] + +ASSOCIATED BUILDINGS + + +I. THE TOBEY HOUSE + +HISTORY. The Tobey House is located approximately one-quarter mile +east-southeast of the main house on Green Spring Farm. It was built in +1954 as a residence for Mrs. Charles W. Tobey, the mother of Mrs. +Michael Straight and widow of the late distinguished United States +Senator from New Hampshire. Prior to that time, Mrs. Tobey had resided +part of the time in Washington and part of the time in Concord, New +Hampshire, where she owned a spacious, gabled New England mansion +built about 1750. In order for her to be nearer her daughter and +grandchildren, arrangements were made by Michael Straight to have a +small, modern, open-design house built for Mrs. Tobey on Green Spring +Farm.[98] + +Architectural plans were completed in the fall of 1953, and +construction was completed in 1954. Here Mrs. Tobey lived with her +housekeeper, Miss Frances McFall, from 1954 to 1968.[99] + +The house originally was comprised of a living-dining room, kitchen, +two bedrooms, bath, and utility (heater) room. In 1957, however, it +was expanded by the addition of another living room, bathroom, and +utility room. At this time, also, the carport was relocated, and +terraces were created on the east and west sides of the house. The +result was to enlarge the living space within the house and to create +an arrangement whereby a living room, bath, and utility room could be +partitioned off (by a folding door) to make a guest suite. The +addition of the semienclosed areas adjacent to the house, with their +flagstone terraces and fountain pool, made for the enjoyment of +outdoor activities. + +Inside the house, the design and decor encouraged the feeling of +closeness to the outdoors by the location of window space and the use +of floor-to-ceiling glass walls at points where the landscaped +surroundings of the house could be seen from the inside; and paneled +walls provided a neutral yet sympathetic background for many fine +pieces of antique furniture and other artifacts which Mrs. Tobey +brought from New Hampshire. Also, use of horizontal ship-lap siding +for the exterior gives a suggestion of New England clapboards. + +Following her residence in the house from 1954 to 1968, Mrs. Tobey +moved to Washington, D.C., and the house was occupied by tenants. + +[Illustration: Figure 15. Tobey House Floor Plans, 1957] + +[Illustration: First Section, 1954] + + +GENERAL SETTING AND SITE OF THE HOUSE. Located in the southeast corner +of Green Spring Farm, the Tobey House enjoys a setting of generally +open, slightly rolling countryside.[100] This setting is preserved on +the land which comprises the farm. Beyond these limits, however, the +neighborhood of the farm has experienced a rapid and drastic +transition in the 1950's and 1960's. As a result, its predominantly +rural character has been largely replaced by tracts of subdivisions +composed of single-family dwellings on lots ranging from one-fifth to +one-half acre of land. At the same time, the Little River Turnpike +(Route 236) has attracted extensive roadside commercial development, +resulting in increased highway traffic generated by the intensified +density of land use. This has accentuated the importance of the farm's +buffer space in preserving the tranquility and natural beauty which +the owner and architect sought for the Tobey House. + +The site of the house is set back from the Little River Turnpike +approximately one-eighth mile and is connected with the pike by its +own driveway. The driveway approaches the house from the southwest +where the view first is of the carport and the 1957 addition. The +immediate vicinity of the house has been left relatively open to +provide a feeling of spaciousness when viewed from inside the house. +Landscaped trees and shrubs located around the house preserve this +feeling of an open natural setting while providing cover for the house +and terraces. + + +ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN. Since it was Mrs. Tobey's desire to enjoy the +site as well as the house, the general design of the house contains +features specifically aimed to permit this. On the east side, the +flagstone terrace and fountain pool are partially covered by the +overhang of the flat roof and a trellis. On the west side of the +house, a covered flagstone walkway from house to the carport runs +between a hedge and fence on one side and a small courtyard with +flower beds and trees on the other. In the living room added in 1957, +the only opening is a large picture window set in a bay which contains +a planter box with living plants. + +Architecturally, the house is of particular interest because its basic +objective of facilitating an indoor-outdoor style of living is +achieved with simple, open lines and harmonious materials.[101] Set +upon a concrete slab, the wooden walls of the house are overlaid with +wooden beams placed so as to intersect and create the appearance of +squares and rectangular modules on the ceiling. A flat wooden deck +roof rests on these beams. No prefabricated units were utilized in the +construction of the house, and all pieces were individually specified, +cut, and fitted together. + +The architect for the Tobey House was David Condon, AIA, of Keyes, +Lethbridge & Condon, Washington, D.C. The landscape architect was Eric +Paepcke of Washington, D.C. Interior design was done by Top Recker and +Patricia Holsaert. Construction was performed by Hayes Brothers of +Herndon, Virginia (figures 14 and 15). + + +EXTERIOR FEATURES. The overall dimensions of the house are 70 by 25 +feet; the carport measures 11 by 21 feet. Exterior walls are gray +stained cypress, laid on horizontally in ship-lap style, with white +trim. Full-length glass panels serve as walls in the section of the +house called "the gallery," facing the terrace on the east side of the +house. + +The fountain pool in the east side terrace measures 6 by 13 feet. The +pool water does not recirculate but is piped from the house water +supply and can be controlled by a faucet. + + +ENCLOSURES. A wooden post and rail ranch fence encloses the field +where the house is located. + + +LANDSCAPING. Pine and plane trees are planted for shade near the house +and screening from the highway on the west side. Wisteria is planted +for the trellis over the terrace on the west side of the house to +shield it from the afternoon sun. In the immediate vicinity of the +house, vinca minor (periwinkle) is used as ground cover. + + +INTERIOR FEATURES. The Tobey House contains 2,062 square feet of floor +space. + +Room arrangements for the original structure and following the +addition in 1957 are shown in figure 15. + +Interior walls are of vertical cypress paneling, and floors are wooden +parquet. Ceilings have exposed beam and plank construction. + +Interior features when Mrs. Tobey was in residence included wood +carvings from a Scandinavian sailing ship salvaged when it sank off +the New England Coast. + +Woodburning fireplaces are located in the living room of the original +portion of the house (now used as a study) and the living room of the +1957 addition. + +The house is centrally heated with radiant heat from the floor. No +central air conditioning was provided in the original portion; but, +when the addition was built in 1957, central air conditioning was +provided for it and ducts were extended into the living room of the +original portion. Window air-conditioning units were installed in the +bedrooms. + + +II. THE BARN + +Located approximately 200 feet northeast of the main house is a +two-story frame barn. Its date of construction is not certain, but it +is known to have been present when the Straights acquired the farm in +1942. During the occupancy of the farm by the Straights, the barn was +converted into a laundry and a maid's apartment. As renovated for this +purpose, the first floor of the barn contained space and equipment for +the laundry, a kitchen, and a bathroom. The second floor contained +living quarters and a bathroom. Access to the second floor was by an +exterior stairway (figure 17). + +Overall dimensions of the barn are 14-1/2 by 24-1/2 feet. Its +construction is frame with eight-inch siding laid on vertically and +two-inch battens used to cover and seal the joints. The exterior is +stained brown with no trim. The exterior stairway is constructed of +wood and leads to a second floor entrance in the center of the east +end of the building. The stairway is in two segments. One, on the +south side, reaches from the ground to a landing at the corner of the +building; the other, on the east side, reaches from the landing to the +entrance door. The peak of the roof is approximately 17-1/2 feet from +the ground. + + +III. THE LOG CABIN + +Located approximately 90 feet northeast of the main house is a small +one-story house of log construction. Its date of construction is +uncertain, although it is possible that this building is the +"Servants' House" referred to in the notice of the commissioner's sale +of the farm following the death of William Moss in 1835.[102] + +During the Straights' occupancy of the farm, the cabin was renovated +and converted into a guest house. During the later years, their son, +David, lived in the cabin. + +The renovation carried out by the Straights resulted in enlargement +and reframing of the windows, reconstruction of the existing door on +the west side, and reconstruction of the brick chimney at the north +end of the building. At the same time, another doorway was added on +the east side (figure 18). + +[Illustration: Figure 19. Spring House Floor Plans, 1960] + + +IV. THE SPRING HOUSE + +HISTORY. References to a spring house appear frequently in descriptions +of Green Spring Farm during the nineteenth century.[103] The well +watered character of the farm, possessing springs of its own and +traversed by Turkey Cock Run, was an advantage of great value to all +its owners. Quite possibly the presence of the springs was decisive in +enabling both the Mosses and Fountain Beattie to make dairying a +substantial part of the farm's operations. In the 1830's, many of the +types of equipment and utensils typically used in making and preserving +butter, cheese, and fresh milk were listed in inventories of personal +property at the farm. During this period and later, the presence of the +Little River Turnpike would have made it feasible to sell dairy +products regularly in Alexandria, six miles away, and in the +District of Columbia, nine miles away.[104] It is equally likely that +a spring house was also one of the focal points of the farm's cider +and brandy-making activities at those times when the orchards +flourished. + +After the sale of the farm by Fountain Beattie in 1917, the level of +its operations gradually decreased. By 1940, the spring house stood +unused, as neither dairying nor orchard activities were carried on. +Therefore, when the Straights ordered the renovation of the main house +in 1942, it was suggested that the spring house be converted into a +residence for the farm's caretaker. + +Conversion of the spring house into a residence was carried out under +the direction of Walter Macomber of Washington, D.C., who also had +been in charge of remodeling the main house. Using the basic stone +shell of the house, which was structurally sound, a two-story house +was designed with living room, bedroom, kitchen, and utility (heater) +room on the first floor and a bedroom, bathroom, and storage area on +the second floor.[105] (See figure 19.) In this work, new materials +were used, except that slate shingles taken from the main house (where +the roof was being replaced) were used for roofing the spring house. + +In 1961, the second major remodeling of the house enlarged it and +attempted to reduce the dampness due to its location in the midst of +the springs. The architects for this work were Keyes, Lethbridge & +Condon of Washington, D.C. As a result of this work, the roof was +raised to permit construction of a new bedroom and storage room on the +second floor. On the first floor, enclosure of a porch permitted the +addition of a bathroom and closet to the downstairs bedroom. +Substantial remodeling of the kitchen was also undertaken, in which a +closet was converted into cabinets, new flooring was laid, and new +kitchen fixtures were installed. + + +EXTERIOR. The original portion of the spring house is constructed of +stone, with stucco exterior finish. The frame addition is covered with +rough-sawn redwood lap siding over half-inch vapor-sealed sheathing. +The roofing for this portion of the house is slate shingles, matching +the slate roof of the original portion which used shingles taken from +the mansion house when it was renovated in 1942. Copper gutters and +downspouts were installed in 1961, as was copper flashing at the base +of the chimney. + + +ASSOCIATED BUILDINGS + +I. THE TOBEY HOUSE + + [98] Title to the property on which the house was built remained in + Michael and Belinda Straight. + + [99] "A New House with Young Ideas," _House and Garden_, December + 1958. + + [100] David Condon, AIA, interview December 12, 1969. Initially it was + proposed to locate the house with its back to a line of trees + separating the upper and lower portions of the pasture west of + the main farm house. This would have taken advantage of the + view to the west of the house, considered to be its best view. + Ultimately, however, the house was located in the lower + pasture, closer to the Little River Turnpike but screened from + the highway by a line of trees planted for that purpose. + + [101] _Ibid._ This is the opinion of David Condon, who served as + architect for both the original building and its subsequent + addition. He notes that the building's style was rare in the + Eastern United States, although it had appeared and was + popular on the West Coast. + + +III. THE LOG CABIN + + [102] _Alexandria Gazette_, November 6, 1839, advertisement. + + +IV. THE SPRING HOUSE + + [103] _Alexandria Gazette_, November 6, 1839, advertisement; John + Mosby Beattie, interview April 17, 1969. + + [104] John Schlebecker, Curator, Division of Agriculture and Mining, + Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian Institution, + Washington, D.C. Interview held February 26, 1969. + + [105] Walter Macomber, interview July 16, 1968. It appears that no + drawings were made of the spring house as it appeared before + its conversion into a caretaker's residence, and no plans have + been preserved to show the construction undertaken for the + conversion. + +[Illustration: Figure 20. Fairfax County Property Identification Map, +1969, Green Spring Farm, Quadrant 72-1.] + + + + +APPENDIX A + +COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA + COUNTY OF FAIRFAX + HISTORIC LANDMARKS SURVEY + + + Name of Property: Green Spring Farm (Moss House) + + Owner: Michael W. Straight et ux. + + Location (Street Address): 4601 Green Spring Road, Alexandria, Va. + + Mailing Address: c/o Mudge, Stern, Baldwin & Todd, + 20 Broad Street, + New York, New York 10005 + + Other Locational Data: One block east of Braddock Road, on + Little River Turnpike. + + Acreage: 31.688 + + Property Identification Number: 72-1-001-24 + + Deed Book Reference: Deed Book P 15, page 145. + + Location of Title: Fairfax County Courthouse + + Assessed Value: $93,415 ($17,365 buildings) + January 1969 listing. + + Zoning Status: RE-0.5 + + Present Use: Residence + + Restrictions: ---- + + Magisterial District: Mason + + Planning District: Annandale + + Open to Public: No + + Setting: House itself is well screened from + the road, and the garden in back has + been well designed. + + Additional Material Available: See Virginiana Collection files, + Fairfax County Public Library: HABSI + form 1969; photographs; color slides; + clippings; research notes. + + Nan and Ross Netherton, + _Green Spring Farm_, manuscript, 1969. + + F. Johnston, + _Memorials of Old Virginia Clerks_, + Lynchburg, Va., 1888 + + Date: 10/13/69 Recorder: Mrs. Ross D. Netherton + Division of Planning + + + + +APPENDIX B + +GREEN SPRING FARM HISTORY OF OWNERSHIP + + +1706 Grant from the Proprietors, LADY MARGARET CULPEPER, THOMAS +(5th) LORD FAIRFAX and CATHERINE his wife, to JOHN WEST, WILLIAM +HARRISON, THOMAS PEARSON and THOMAS HARRISON. For 4,639 acres on Great +Hunting Creek and Indian Branch. + +Northern Neck Grants 3, December 23, 1706, p. 153. + + +1739 Survey by John Warner for GEORGE HARRISON and JOHN SUMMERS +ordered by William Fairfax, Agent for THOMAS (6th) LORD FAIRFAX for +about 500 acres of waste land joining on West, Pearson and Harrison's +land and Summers' land. + +Northern Neck Grants Book E, November 21, 1739, p. 72. + + +1740 Grant from the PROPRIETOR'S OFFICE to GEORGE HARRISON and JOHN +SUMMERS, of 834 acres surveyed by John Warner, located on Indian and +Turkey Cock Runs. (George Harrison was the brother-in-law of Hugh +West, the elder.) + +Northern Neck Grants Book E, May 10, 1740, p. 216. + + +1777 Conveyance from JOHN WEST (son of Hugh West, the elder) +deceased, to HUGH WEST (his son and grandson of Hugh West, the elder), +of about 400 acres adjoining John Summers. + +Fairfax County Will Book D, February 7, 1777, p. 4. + + +Deed from DANIEL and REBECCA SUMMERS to JOHN MOSS, a parcel of land +for 300 pounds. (Two pages have been torn out of the deed book here.) + +Fairfax County Deed Book M, September 11, 1777, p. 324. + + +1788 Deed from BALDWIN and CATHERINE DADE to JOHN MOSS for 310 +pounds current money of Virginia, for part of the Turkey Cock tract on +Indian and Turkey Cock Branches, being the land Baldwin Dade purchased +from a certain Hugh West relation. (Note: George Harrison, uncle of +John West, willed all his property to John after the decease of his +wife Martha.) + +Fairfax County Deed Book R, October 20, 1788, p. 256. + + +1789 Lease from BRYAN FAIRFAX to JOHN MOSS for 7,000 acres on the +west side of Difficult Run, and Towlston. + +Fairfax County Deed Book R, April 2, 1789, p. 397. + + +1794 Deed from WILLIAM HENRY and AMELIA TERRETT and MARGARET WEST +to JOHN MOSS for 180 acres, 1 road and 14 perches for 421 pounds 10 +pence, current money of Virginia. Property on both sides of the +Turnpike road, abutting Summers, Norris, Scott, and West, Pearson and +Harrison. + +Fairfax County Deed Book Y, December 2, 1794, p. 198. + + +1795 Survey by John Moss, 3 acres on Indian Branch, involved in a +dispute over boundary line with neighbor Hepborn. + +Fairfax County Deed Book X, April 24, 1795, p. 488. + + +1809 Conveyance of will from JOHN MOSS: to sons WILLIAM and THOMAS +the residue of the lands purchased from Summers and Dade to be divided +between them; to son JOHN the plantation whereon he lived which was +leased by John Moss from the late Bryan Fairfax; to daughters PATTY, +MARY and ANNE, all of the lands he bought from William H. Terrett and +houses; the last third of his property to be divided by sons ROBERT, +WILLIAM and Thomas after the decease of his wife ANN. Also mentioned +in his will are his daughter FRANCES MIDDLETON and grandchildren +GIDION and ELIZABETH. (See appendix C.) + +Fairfax County Superior Court Will Book I, p. 1, October 25, 1809. + + +Gift by JOHN MOSS to WILLIAM MOSS and ROBERT MOSS, sons, of 1/3 of two +tracts purchased from Baldwin Dade and Daniel Summers. + +Fairfax County Deed Book J-2, April 14, 1809, p. 272. + + +1835 Public sale for infant heirs of WILLIAM MOSS, deceased. +Advertised in _Alexandria Gazette_, June 12, 1835. Inventory and sale +account. + +Fairfax County Will Book R, March Court, 1835, p. 353; Will Book S, +pp. 7, 298. + + +1843 Sale by THOMAS R. LOVE and ALFRED MOSS, parties of the one +part, to THOMAS SHERIFF, party of the other part, formerly of Barbados +but now of Fairfax County, 341 acres, one road and 25 poles. From +estate of Thomas Moss who died intestate; Final 62, Chancery Court +Proceedings. (See figure 2.) + +Fairfax County Deed Book H-3, p. 226, May 28, 1843. + + +1855 H. W. Thomas, Commissioner, gives grants, bargains and sells +as a settlement on an unpaid debt land owned by JAMES SHERIFF known as +Green Spring purchased by Thomas Sheriff from Thomas Love and Alfred +Moss in 1843, to JAMES BENTON to have and to hold in trust for sole +and separate use of HANNAH O'BRIEN, of Baltimore, free from debts, +liabilities and control of husband Matthew O'Brien and power on her +part to dispose of same by deed or will as though she were a femme +sole. + +Fairfax County Deed Book W-3, p. 424, September 10, 1855. + + +1878 Sale by H. O. Claughton, Commissioner, for SARAH GREEN and L. +M. SAUNDERS, parties of the first part, and FOUNTAIN BEATTIE, party of +the second part, of the land formerly owned by Hannah O'Brien +concerned in a Chancery Court case. (See Suspended File 10, with +O'Brien plaintiff and Green, defendant.) Acreage--339. (See figure +3.) + +Fairfax County Deed Book W-4, p. 271, June 25, 1878. + + +1917 Sale by CAPTAIN FOUNTAIN BEATTIE, widower, to GEORGE SIMS of +Florida, 339 acres. + +Fairfax County Deed Book C-8, p. 446, January 23, 1917. + + +1922 Sale of 339 acres by GEORGE R. SIMS and WALTER KAHN to JAMES +M. DUNCAN of Alexandria. + +Fairfax County Deed Book Y-8, p. 50, June 12, 1922. (See figure 3.) + + +1924 Sale of 332 acres divided into 48 parcels by MARY V. DUNCAN +and CARROLL PIERCE to FREDERICK SEGESSERMAN. + +Fairfax County Deed Book J-9, p. 23, June 23, 1924. + + +1931 Sale of 28 acres "on State Highway 6, a new concrete road from +Alexandria to Virginia" by CAROLINE and FREDERICK SEGESSERMAN to +MINNIE WHITESELL. + + +1942 Sale of 33.128 acres by MINNIE WHITESELL to MICHAEL and +BELINDA STRAIGHT. (See figure 8.) + +Fairfax County Deed Book P-15, p. 147. + + + + +APPENDIX C + +WILL OF JOHN MOSS, 1809 + +Fairfax County Superior Court Willbook No. 1, pp. 1-3. + + +"In the name of God Amen I John Moss of the County of Fairfax and +State of Virginia do hereby make and Ordain this my last will and +testament in manner and form following to wit I give to my son John +Moss the plantation whereon he now lives which was leased by me of the +late Rev^d Bryan Fairfax and the service of my Negro man Nat until the +period arrives when he is to go out free agreeable to a Deed of +Manumition Recorded in Fairfax County Court upon his paying his sister +Frances Middleton Fifty Dollars which with what I have heretofore +given him I consider as his full part of my estate. Item having +already given my daughter Frances Middleton a lease I held under the +said Bryan Fairfax Deceased known as Buck Spring and a negro woman by +the name of Maria as long as she has to serve under the before +mentioned Deed of Manumition I now give and bequeath unto her as her +full part of my estate the sum of Fifty Dollars to be paid her by her +brother John Moss in twelve months after my Decease provided the said +negro man Nat given him shall survive me and come to the actual +possession of my son John Moss. Item I give and bequeath unto my son +Robert Moss and his heirs forever the plantation whereon he now lives +so as to include one third part of the lands I purchased of Daniel +Summers and Baldwin Dade agreeable to the deed I have made him also +two acres on the south side of the Turnpike to be laid off along the +line of West and to join the land I have before given him. In order to +afford an outlet to the Turnpike Road, and as the word (also) may be +understood to imply my Intention is to give him those two acres more +than his third part before-mentioned I declare it is not but that they +are to be included in the same. Item I give and bequeath unto my +grandson Gideon Moss and my grand Daughter Elizabeth K. Moss two +hundred Dollars each to be paid them or their heirs in eighteen months +after my Decease which with what I gave their father in his lifetime I +consider and hereby declare to be their full part of my Estate. Item I +give to wife Ann Moss during her natural life the use of all the rest +and residue of my Estate real, personal and mixed for the support of +her and such of my daughters as may be at the time of my Death +unmarried and after her decease I give and bequeath unto my Sons +William Moss and Thomas Moss and their heirs forever the residue of +the lands purchased by me of the aforementioned Summers and Dade to be +divided between them as follows: Beginning on the Turnpike road +adjoining the two acres given my son Robert Moss for an Outlet thence +down the said road opposite to my gate thence a southerly course to a +small Drain about fifteen poles from the Turnpike road by the name of +Crumps Branch thence down the said Branch and bending therewith to the +intersection of the Dividing line of the lands purchased by me of the +before-mentioned Summers and Dade thence with the said line eastwardly +to where it crosses the Turkey Branch thence up the said branch with +the Several Courses of my deed from the said Summers to the +Intersection of West's line thence with the line to the beginning +which several courses include that part of my land I wish my son +Thomas to enjoy all but the houses where John Powell now lives with +four acres adjoining it I add to the lands I intended for my daughters +Patsy, Mary and Anne and in case it should exceed one third part of my +purchase from the said Summers and Dade then I direct that my son +Thomas Moss do pay to his brother William Moss at the rate of Twenty +five Dollars for every acre that may be included in his said lott over +and above one third part of the said two purchases of Summers and +Dade. Item I give and bequeath to my three daughters Patty Moss, Mary +Moss and Anne Moss and their heirs forever after my wife's Decease the +whole of the lands I purchased of William H. Terrett to be equally +divided including the homes and four acres adjoining (as mentioned +before) between them and two thirds parts of the whole of my personal +estate be divided between them and their heirs forever. Item the rest +and residue or the One third part of my personal estate after my +wife's decease I give and bequeath unto my three sons Robert Moss, +William Moss and Thomas Moss to be equally Divided between them and +their heirs & lastly I appoint my wife Ann Moss executrix and my sons +Robert Moss, William Moss and Thomas Moss executors of my last will +and testament hereby revoking all other and former wills by me +heretofore made In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and +affixed my seal this fourteenth day of November Anno 1808 Present + +John Moss SEAL " + +The will was presented by William Moss on October 25, 1809. William +Moss, George Mason, Joseph Powell and Reezen Wilcoxen set a bond of +$22,000 to guarantee that William Moss make a true and perfect +inventory of all goods, chattles, and credits of the deceased and do +well and truly pay and deliver all legacies specified in the will. + + + + +APPENDIX D + +SALES ACCOUNT OF THE PERSONAL ESTATE OF WILLIAM MOSS--1835 + + +The following list contains the items comprising the personal estate +of William Moss, entered at a sale at auction held April 15 and 16, +1835. + +The original list appears in Fairfax County Will Book S-1, pages 7-18, +and shows the name of the purchaser for each item. In listing the +items here, the names of the purchasers have been omitted and the +items listed by categories for convenience. + + +FURNITURE + + 1 pine Table .50 + 2 Washstands, Bowl & pitchers 2.25 + 1 Bed weighing 70 lbs at 34 cts 23.80 + 1 ditto--58 lbs at 39 cts 22.62 + 1 ditto--78 lbs at 27 cts 27.06 + 1 ditto--58 lbs at 26 cts 15.08 + 1 ditto--70 lbs at 32 cts 22.40 + 1 ditto--58 lbs at 29 cts 16.82 + 1 Pair Card Tables 10.50 + 1 Set Dining Tables 10.50 + 1 Breakfast Table 4.00 + 1 Portable Writing Desk 4.00 + 1 Mantle Clock 26.00 + 1 Stool .37 + 1 Tester Bedstead 2.50 + 1 Mahogeny Bedstead 3.30 + 1 Bedstead 2.00 + 1 Bedstead 4.00 + 1 Mahogeny Bedstead 5.65 + 1 Maple Bedstead 12.00 + 1 Mahogeny Bedstead 6.25 + 1 striped carpet 3.40 + 1 striped carpet 4.10 + 1 striped carpet 1.55 + 1 figured carpet 3.25 + 1 large carpet 17.00 + 1 striped ditto (new) 28.00 + 1 piece stair carpet 5.50 + 1 Striped Carpet 8.75 + 1 Striped Carpet (small) 5.00 + 1 passage carpet 1.00 + 1 arm chair 1.00 + 1 Dozen red chairs 1.25 + 1/2 Dozen cream coloured chairs 4.00 + 1/2 Dozen cream coloured chairs 4.00 + 1/2 Dozen rush seat chairs 9.00 + 1/2 Dozen rush seat chairs 8.75 + 1/2 Dozen Black Chairs 4.25 + 1/2 Dozen Black Chairs 2.00 + 1 Side Board 21.00 + 2 waiters .37-1/2 + 1 Breakfast table 2.25 + 1 Walnut Safe 6.25 + 1 Book Case 16.00 + 1 Pair Andirons Shovel & Tongs 1.75 + 1 Safe & contents 2.25 + 1 Pair And Irons & Fender .75 + 1 Bureau 4.80 + 1 Dressing Glass 3.50 + 1 Pair And Irons brush &c 1.30 + 1 Dressing Glass 1.37-1/2 + 1 Bureau 7.50 + 1 bureau 5.10 + 1 dressing glass 1.50 + 1 gilt looking glass 3.50 + 1 pair andirons 2.85 + 1 bed weighing 80 lbs at 24 cts 19.20 + + +HOUSEHOLD FURNISHINGS + + 1 Pair Decanters 4.00 + 2 Glass Pitchers .87 + 2 Latts 1.00 + 22 Wine Glasses 3.87 + 10 Gelly Glasses .75 + 1 Dozen Jelly Glasses 1.15 + 9 Glass Caps 1.37-1/2 + 1 Celery Glass 1.00 + 3 Bottles & 1 Decanter 1.50 + 1 Mire Filler .25 + 1 Glass Stand 2.00 + 1 toaster .50 + 1 Waiter, tea Pot &c .25 + 1 Cork Screw .25 + 1 Pair Waiters 2.00 + 1 Waiter and contents 2.80 + 1 Large Bowl 4.00 + 2 Pair Brass Candlesticks & Snuffers 1.50 + 1 Waiter & 4 Glasses .50 + 1 pair Tureens 1.00 + 11 Small Plates .87-1/2 + 6 Soup plates .75 + 7 dishes 1.50 + 1 bowl and Mustard Pot .25 + 1 Pitcher .25 + 2 Plated Baskets 9.50 + 1 Pair Plated Candlesticks 8.75 + 1 Pair Plated Snuffers & Tray 6.25 + 1 Lot dishes & crocks .95 + 1 Kettle .76 + 1 bag of Corks .15 + 2 casks & contents 1.50 + a parcel tins .25 + 1 Oven, Kettle & Hooks .62-1/2 + 1 Cake Moulds & pot .50 + 1 Strainer, print & Bowl .55 + 1 Pewter Basin, Tin &c .55 + 1 Gun & apparatus 7.75 + 1 Fire Sett (complete) 16.00 + 1 Fire Set (in Dining Room) 4.90 + 1 Bucket, tub & Griddle .50 + 1 Shovel & Tongs & sifter .50 + 1 old safe and contents .40 + 1 tin safe and basin 2.00 + 2 Jugs, 4 Crocks & 1 jar 1.25 + 5 Large stone crocks 1.35 + 3 earthen and stone jar .30 + 1/2 Dozen jars 1.00 + 1/2 Dozen old crocks 1.15 + 2 pewter basins 1.00 + 1 China diner set 11.25 + 5 Large Dishes 3.00 + 5 pieces Brittania Ware 5.00 + 1/2 Dozen silver spoons 5.00 + 1/2 Dozen silver spoons 5.12-1/2 + 5 Silver Spoons 2.25 + 1/2 Dozen Silver Table Spoons 16.00 + 4 Silver Table Spoons 8.50 + 2 Salt Spoons & toddy ladle 5.00 + 1 Pair sugar tongs 1.75 + 1 Soup ladle 9.00 + 2 Silver tumblers 9.50 + 1 Sett Tea ware .50 + 1 Large bowl .60 + 1 Sett Castors 6.00 + 1 Lot Wood ware 1.50 + 1 Lage pots & hooks & 1 Lage oven 2.00 + 1 Large oven .76 + 1 oven and Pot 1.80 + 1 Frying pan & Grid Iron .75 + 3 pots .62-1/2 + 1 Furnace, Kettle & pot .25 + 1 Spice Mortar & Pestle .75 + 1 Brass Kettle 3.00 + 1 Reel &c 2 Spinning Wheels Basket & Contents 5.85 + 2 Smoothing Irons .87-1/2 + 1 Quilting frame .12-1/2 + 4 pairs Cards .55 + 1 Lot frames & Brushes .75 + 2 Dozen Knives & forks 13.00 + 1 chest .37-1/2 + 1 pair Round Tables & Bellows 2.00 + 1 Writing Desk, Slate & Inkstand 1.25 + 1 basket of Chambey 1.12-1/2 + 1 Table, Desk & five mp & contents 1.45 + 1 pair pillow cases .80 + 3 pair pillow cases 1.55 + 1 pillowcase .35 + 3 pair cotton pillow cases .84 + 1 Table Cloth 1.30 + 1 ditto ditto .35 + 1 Table Cloth .63 + 1 ditto .50 + 1 ditto .70 + 1 ditto 1.75 + 1 ditto 2.00 + 1 Pair Diaper towels .42-1/2 + 1 Ditto Ditto .30 + 1 Ditto Ditto .28 + 1 Ditto Ditto .28 + 1 Ditto Ditto .26 + 1 Ditto Ditto .15 + 1 Ditto Ditto .26 + 1 Ditto Ditto .28 + 3 Toilet Covers 1.43 + 1 Toilet Cover 1.37-1/2 + 1 Toilet Cover .16 + 1 Box, Boot Jack & old Stool .30 + 1 Lot Cake Moulds .15 + 1 Shovel & Tongs & Warfel Irons .31 + 1 Driping Table + 1 ditto--3 fire screnes & Lot old tin 1.25 + 1 Pair Blankets 4.05 + 5 pair Blankets 10.62-1/2 + 1 ditto Ditto 2.75 + 1 White Counterpane 2.55 + 1 striped ditto .75 + 1 pair Blankets 3.12-1/2 + 1 white Counterpane 4.55 + 1 calico Ditto 1.68 + 1 ditto Comfort 2.00 + 1 Ditto Ditto 1.55 + 1 White Counterpane 10.00 + 1 Figured Ditto 1.91 + 1 White Counterpane 1.75 + 1 ditto ditto 2.80 + ditto ditto 3.50 + ditto ditto 1.50 + ditto ditto 2.75 + 2 Counterpanes 2.25 + 2 tablecloths 9.00 + 8 pair Sheets 22.30 + 2 pair sheets 3.80 + 4 ditto ditto 9.12-1/2 + 2 ditto ditto 6.87-1/2 + 1 Pair Blankets $4.25--1 ditto $3 7.25 + 1 clothes brush .31 + + +PICTURES, BOOKS AND PAPERS + + 2 Maps U. States 8.80 + 1 Print of Thomas Jefferson .25 + 5 volumes Washington life 5.00 + 1 Vol. Gordons Digest .25 + 1 Vol. Guthries Geography 2.25 + 1 Vol. biography dictionary 1.75 + 6 Vol. paper work at 25 cts 1.50 + 1 Vol. Life of Napoleon .62-1/2 + 1 Vol. Olive Branch .51 + 1 Vol. Memoirs of Napoleon .35 + 1 Vol. Tuckers History .26 + 4 Vol. Modern Europe 2.00 + 10 Vol. Encyclopedia 3.00 + 1 Vol. Burns Work .16 + 1 Vol. Christianity 1.10 + 1 Vol. Classes Cookery .14 + 1 Vol. Haies Pleas .40 + 1 dictionary 1.00 + 1 Book on Farriery .30 + 1 lot old Books 1.30 + 1 lot old books .51 + 1 vol. History of Rome .37 + 1 vol. Dridens Tour .20 + 1 vol. Strong Bow .17 + 1 vol. Political Enquiries .50 + 1 vol. Ewells Discourses .37 + 2 vol. Sydney on Government 1.75 + 5 vol. Shakespeare .95 + 1 vol. Montagues Reflections .42 + 1 vol. Gambler .15 + 1 vol. History U. States .85 + 1 vol. Snodens America .26 + 1 vol. Astronomy .22 + + +NEGROES + + Negro Isaac 800.00 + " Jacob 800.00 + " Aaron 660.00 + " Cornelius, Betsey & Child 800.00 + " Edward 550.00 + " Maria 528.00 + " Mary Ann 600.00 + " Kitty 620.00 + " Ann 630.00 + " Cornelia 500.00 + " Jane 240.00 + " Ellen 205.00 + " Daniel 175.00 + " Massa 131.00 + " Jenny 40.00 + " Emanuel 40.00 + " Chloe 0.50 + " Charles 250.00 + + +FARM PRODUCE + + 1 Stack Hay 29.50 + 1 pacel of Hay 8.65 + 1 Stack of Oats 35.00 + 1 " " 43.00 + 1 lot Wheat Straw 1.25 + 1 Beehive 1st choice 1.25 + 1 " 2nd " .75 + 5 Barrels Corn at $4.10 20.50 + 10 " " at $4.12 41.20 + 5 Barrels Corn at 4.05 20.25 + 5 " " 4.10-1/2 20.50 + 4 " " 4.12-1/2 16.50 + 3 " " 4.12-1/2 12.37-1/2 + 1 Hogshead of Vinegar 2.62-1/2 + 1 Beehive 3rd choice .62-1/2 + 5 empty Bee gums .12-1/2 + 1 barrel soap 1.60 + 105 lbs Bacon at 12-1/2 per lbs 13.12 + 103 " " " 13 " 13.39 + 100 " " " 13-1/2 " 13.50 + 100 " " " 13-1/2 " 13.50 + 257 " " " 13 " 32.60 + 61 " " " 10 6.10 + 1 Barrel vinegar 1.65 + 1 " " 1.55 + 1 " " 1.90 + 1 barrel vinegar 3.30 + 1 barrel vinegar 3.30 + 1 Hogshead of Vinegar 5.00 + 1 bag Wool 45 lbs at 32 14.40 + 1 ditto 25-1/2 at 25 8.92 + 1 ditto 5 at 26 1.30 + 1 bag yarn 35 lbs at 54 cts 18.90 + + +ANIMALS + + 1 Dun mare 52.50 + 1 Sorrel Horse 78.00 + 1 Bay Horse 40.00 + 1 ditto do 48.50 + 1 Sorrel Horse 57.00 + 1 Bay Horse 88.00 + 1 Stud Colt 62.50 + 1 ditto (Sir James 6 years old) 111.00 + 10 and 10 lambs (Jno Washington 1st choice) 42.00 + 73 Ewes & Lambs at $2. each (Jno Washington) 146.00 + 1 cow 10.12-1/2 + 1 White and Red Cow 15.00 + 1 cow and Bell 10.00 + 1 Black Cow 17.12-1/2 + 1 Red Heifer 7.06-1/2 + 1 White and Red Cow 17.50 + 1 ditto ditto 14.50 + 1 Black and White Cow 18.00 + 1 Buffalo Cow 18.25 + 2 Breeding Sows 6.00 + 5 shoats 1st choice 7.50 + 4 do 2nd ditto 5.00 + 1 Black Cow 14.00 + 1 cow 14.00 + 1 " heifer 13.00 + 1 Red Steer 6.00 + 1 Dark Steer 13.00 + + +TOOLS, FARM EQUIPMENT AND IMPLEMENTS OF HUSBANDRY + + 1 Lot old gear 2.70 + 1 Lot old plough gear 2.55 + Cart gear Harness &c 2.40 + 1 Lot old Carriage irons &c 4.50 + 5 Mowing Scythes 2.10 + 2 Scythes & Cradles 2.35 + 1 Grind Stone 3.25 + 4 Sacking Bags 1.00 + 12 old tubs 25 cts--1 cutting box 3.25 3.50 + 1 pair saddle bags 3.50 + 3 tubs, barrel &c .35 + 2 old pots oven &c .25 + 1 large iron kettle and soap 5.00 + 2 empty barrels and 1 barrels soap 1.67 + 3 old tubs .15 + 1 Light Cart 30.50 + 1 Broad Tread Cart 11.70 + 1 Wagon & 2 extra Bodys 34.50 + 1 Sand Sifter .50 + 1 Wheat fan 9.00 + A pacel Rye and Oat Straw 18.00 + 2 old grain hogsheads .50 + 1 augur crank &c .75 + old harness .12-1/2 + 1 box and some glass .50 + 3 barrels & some salt .60 + 1 old Saddle .25 + 9 old barrels .62 + 4 empty stands or Hogsheads 2.37-1/2 + 3 empty Hogsheads & 2 barrels 2.12-1/2 + 2 pair Shears and Keg White Lead 1.37-1/2 + 1 Sett Scales & Weights & Jugs .51 + 1 pair Stirrup .35 + 1 parcel Shvel and Spades 1.75 + 2 Forks and Rake .50 + 1 Lot Swingletrees 1.80 + 2 Wheel Barrows 1.12 + 1 old Cart Body, Shafts, &c 3.55 + 1 Carriage & harness 35.00 + 1 Saddle and Bridle 8.00 + 1 rope .26 + 1 Sett Blacksmith's Tools 20.75 + 1 bucket & old iron .31 + 3 Halter Chains .75 + 1 Jack Screw 2.00 + 1 old boring machine 1.00 + 1 chain and old plough share .55 + 1 Crow bar and Bar of Iron 1.37-1/2 + 1 Barshear plough 7.50 + 1 Dutch plough .87-1/2 + 3 Chopping Axes 1.15 + 1 Lot Carpenters tools $2.25--1 Log Chain $1 3.25 + 2 axes 2.25 + 1 Small Bar Shear plough 7.50 + 1 Large Bar Shear plough 7.25 + 1 Large ditto-old 1.00 + 3 old ploughs .12-1/2 + 1 pair Steelyards 1.00 + 5 Hilling Hoes & fork 1.25 + 1 Harrow 5.00 + + + + +APPENDIX E + + +Transcript of part of an affidavit from Thomas R. Love and Alfred Moss +to Judge John Scott of the Circuit Superior Court. + +To the Hon^ble John Scott Judge of the Circuit Superior Court of Law +and Chancery of the County of Fairfax. Respectfully Complaining +Herewith unto your Honor, your Orators Thomas R. Love guardian of +Charles R. and Armistead T. Moss, and Alfred Moss guardian of Edgar +and John Thomas Moss, the three first infant Children of Thomas Moss +dec^d & the last named the infant son of Jno Moss dec^d son of Thomas +Moss-- + +That Thomas Moss died intestate on the ____ day of October, 1839, +leaving Seven Children and One grand Child in all his Heirs at +Law--viz. Anna R. Love the wife of your Orator Thomas R. Love, Robert +Moss, Alfred Moss, Thomas Moss & the four infant Children just +named--Edgar the Eldest of these infant Children will be 20 years old +in November of the present year. Charles R. will be 18 years old in +the month of March 1840, Armistead 16 in the month of December in the +present year and John Thomas Moss will ____ years old in the month of +____ 18__. + +The real Estate of which Thomas Moss died seized in ____ was the tract +of land on which he resided at the time of his death situated on both +sides of the Little River Turnpike Road about Six miles from +Alexandria containing about 320 Acres. This tract of land is the only +real Estate to which the Heirs at Law of said Thomas Moss are entitled +in the said County of Fairfax or Elsewhere--This tract of land is +naturally a thin soil but from a careful course of husbandry for a +number of years, is now in a good state of cultivation, the fields +well enclosed by good and substantial fencing, the land not in +cultivation well taken with grass (clover and timothy) and that in +cultivation just sown down in winter grass, and the buildings in a +good state of repair, the barn and stables having been Erected in the +last two or three years-- + +Your orators have been advised by persons in the neighbourhood with +whom they have conversed, with the view of getting the best advice and +information on the subject that the tract of land would not now rent +for more than ____ per annum, which would give to each of the Heirs in +the shape of rent Twenty five or Thirty dollars annually--while on the +other hand owing as your Orators believe to the Convenient distance +thence to Alexandria, George Town and Washington and the improved +state of the farm in other respects, it would sell upon the usual +terms of Sales of land for Twenty five dollars per Acre and thus +afford an interest on the sale nearly double the annual rent--In +addition to the fact that the rent would greatly fall short of the +interest on the sale your orators have been advised that the property +in the hands of tenants would in the course of a few years be +excessively injured and lessened in value, the soil impoverished, the +buildings and fencing neglected and suffered to delapidate perhaps +destroyed. + +It is obvious that the land cannot be advantageously divided among the +heirs Eight in number it would give about forty acres to each heir, +and this without regard to improvements--And the consideration deeply +affecting the interests of the infant is that this farm must be rented +out all the shares together manifestly--if therefore those now of age +and those that soon will be of age should sell their shares each share +thus sold off, will not only proportionally lessen in value the shares +of the other remaining unsold, but will place the younger children as +they come of age in the power and at the mercy of the person who shall +have purchased the other shares of the co-terminus neighbour. In the +End the consequence will be that the two or three younger children +will not only be forced to sell, being hemmed in on all sides, and not +able to add to their Inheritance but must sell at any price they are +offered. Your orators further state that besides the real Estate +before mentioned in which their wards have as interest One Eighth +each, after the payment of the debts of Thomas Moss deceased so far as +it is practicable to make an Estimate at this time, it is believed +that a surplus will be left for distribution of about fifteen or +sixteen thousand dollars, which will give to each child say two +thousand-- + +Viewing the present interest as well as the future interests of their +wards your orators are of the opinion from the facts hereinbefore +stated, that the interests of their wards manifestly require a sale of +the real Estate herein before mentioned and that the rights of others +will not be thereby violated. And to that end and in pursuance of the +Acts of the Gen'l Assembly in such cases made and provided, they pray +that said Anna R. Love late Anna R. Moss, Alfred Moss, Robert, Thomas +Edgar, Charles R., Armistead and John Thomas Moss be made parties +defendants to this bill--that the said Anna R. Love the wife of your +orator and Alfred Moss who would be two of the Heirs of either of said +infants if they are dead and that said Anna R. be permitted to answer +for herself as if feme sole. That the said Anna R. Love, Robert Moss, +Alfred Moss, Thomas Moss and all the other infants herein before +mentioned who are over fourteen years of age may be compelled to +answer this bill in proper person or oath--That a Guardian Ad Litem +may be appointed according to Law to defend and answer for those +infants as well those over fourteen years, as those under fourteen +years of age.--That your orators may have a Decree of the Ct +authorizing the sale of the said land in such manner and upon such +terms of credit as to your Honor may seem right--And your orators pray +for all other & further action by your Honor in the premises as may be +right & proper according to the Act of assembly made and provided in +such cases--May it please your honor &c. + +(Certified by J. B. Hunter, a Justice of the Peace, 29 October 1839) + + + + +Appendix F + +Fairfax County (Va.) Will Book T-1, page 223: + + +December 2, 1839 Thomas Moss' slaves divided among the several heirs. + + Lot 1--To Robert Moss--Jim $75.00, Winney $75.00, Teuton $300 + and, to pay Lot 7 $30 $420. + + Lot 2--To John T. Moss--Dominick $425, and, to pay Lot 7 $5 420. + + Lot 3--To Armistead Moss--Sarah $450, and, to pay Lot 7 $85 + and Lot 6 $45 420. + + Lot 4--To Charles Moss--Martha $450, and, to pay Lot 7 $30 420. + + Lot 5--To Thomas Moss Anzau (?)--Laura $350, Frances $450, + and, pay Lot 7 $30 420. + + Lot 6--To Alfred Moss--Carolina $200, Harriet $175, + and payment from Lot 3 $45. 420. + + Lot 7--To Edgar Moss--Susan $200, T. R. Love $280, plus + others by amount of keeping Louisa, an insane negro $240 420. + + We have valued the advancement made to T. R. Love in negro + Henry $700, plus bond of a Moss daughter, + and to pay to Lot 7 $280 420. + + + + +APPENDIX G + +A Visit from Mr. Polevoy + +THE NEW REPUBLIC + + Soviet newspapers are bitter about the insincerity of American + visitors to their country. While in the USSR, they say, Americans + are lavish with their praise, but on returning home, they speak + quite differently of Russia to their fellow Americans. Our + newspapers in turn maintain that Soviet delegations to this + country wear a mask of friendliness but once back in Russia + present a hostile and unrecognizable picture of the United + States. + + Do visiting Soviet delegations present a true picture of their + travels here to their own people? The editors of _The NR_ have + been given an opportunity to test this question. A delegation of + leading Soviet writers visited the United States in October, 1955, + under the chairmanship of Boris Kampov-Polevoy, a Soviet novelist + and Secretary of the Union of Soviet Writers. Mr. Polevoy and four + members of his delegation spent one evening at the house of the + _NR_ editor-at-large. In the third of his articles on his journeys + through the US published in the March issue of the Soviet monthly, + _Oktyabr_, Mr. Polevoy describes the occasion as he remembers it. + A translation of his article, and our comments follow. + + +In the evening we were invited to be the guests of Mr. Michael +Straight, editor of the magazine _The New Republic_, at his +out-of-town villa bearing the poetic name of "Green Spring Farm." This +tiny villa was in no way different from the small suburban houses of +well-to-do members of the "intelligentsia" which we already had the +opportunity of visiting. Alone the huge agglomeration of books on long +shelves--quite unusual for an American home--and the beautiful +pictures on the walls revealed that the owners of this house had a +passion for literature and an artistic taste which could enable them +to discriminate between works of genuine art and the militant +flatness, which under the mask of innovationism has impertinently +seized the key positions in American art. There were canvasses and +drawings which not only prompted one to wonder on passing by, but +which induced a desire to stop, to admire and to think. + +The people who had gathered at the house were interesting too--journalists +who had traveled a great deal, who had witnessed many events, who were +able to think. A unionist leader was also present--an observing, +aggressive, skeptical man. + +At the outset--as it is the custom in the United States--the host +showed us around his house. The five of us were jammed in for quite a +while on the second floor in the tiny bedrooms of his two sons. David, +the eldest, a fair-haired, healthy looking youngster, had his little +room in a state of complete disorder. The radio was roaring, the gay +green parakeets were screaming. Some radio parts together with books, +screwdrivers, tubes of glue, bookbinders and knives were heaped on the +table. The little occupant, apparently ready to go to bed, was sitting +on his bed without his shirt and was reading something. At the sight +of strangers he felt bashful, grabbed his shirt, started putting it on +and when his head eventually emerged through its collar, his face and +his ears were flushed and his brow pearled with sweat. However, having +dressed, he immediately regained his composure and, as though nothing +had happened, stretched out his hand with earnest poise. David--he +introduced himself. + +His younger brother, Mikey, had an artistic temperament. His table was +all smeared with water-colors and pictures were hanging on the +walls--fantastic tanks, ships, sinister profiles of Indians, +noble-featured cowboys wearing hats of incredible dimensions. Mikey +was evidently successful in this hobby of his and, after looking at +his drawings, one could tell him without false flattery that he was an +artist of the realist school and that many of his pictures were more +accurate and perfect as to form than whatever is being exhibited by +quite adult "uncles" at the opening of exhibitions of the so-called +"new art." + +Mikey dressed, too, and we came down in a group to the living room +where Gribatchov was having an argument with our American colleagues. +The topic was familiar, I should even say a classical one--the freedom +of the press. In the heat of the dispute the _NR_ publisher proposed +to Gribatchov an exchange of articles on important international +topics under reciprocal terms--once a week the editor of _The New +Republic_ would publish an article in the _Literary Gazette_ +presenting the American viewpoint on some specific problem and once a +week a representative of the _Literary Gazette_ would give the Soviet +point of view in an article in _The New Republic_. Apparently this +idea seemed very attractive to our American colleague, and he was +attacking Gribatchov with quite a lot of energy. + +I did not have a chance to hear the argument to its end. The +fair-haired David, with whom I had become quite friendly, dragged me +away to the next room. We conversed in the manner of cavemen, using +dramatic gesticulations and incoherent sounds, and yet we somehow +managed to understand each other. David even managed to convey that he +had built that radio himself, and that he likes to listen to Russian +music. In proof of this he even sang, with boyish diligence and with a +broken juvenile "basso," a melody taken out of _Swan Lake_. However, +he rendered it with a foxtrot rhythm. + +I really liked that lively American youngster with his tall build, his +curly fair hair, his rooster-like voice and his absent-minded +disposition which strongly reminded me of my eldest son. + +David showed me his favorite books, and then he suddenly produced a +peculiar-looking magazine printed with a multigraph. He prodded his +chest in a self-satisfied manner to demonstrate to me that this was +his own magazine. He showed me a caricature drawing with his finger +and then pointed his finger at Mikey, thus making clear that his +brother was the artist. + +Then the children ran back to the living room and came back dragging +their father with them and M. M. Lopuchin, whom they had literally +abducted out of an interesting conversation with the ladies. It was +then that I came to hear the story of the magazine, which bore the +romantic name _The Green Spring-Menemsha Gazette_. + + * * * * * + +Michael senior, the children's father, evidently liked their +undertaking. He sat down on the carpet next to us and as he was +turning the pages of the magazine, he told us that out of a wish to +imitate their father, the children had decided to start a publication. +They wrote articles and other items, prepared illustrations and +caricatures and arranged the whole material inside a copybook. They +kept quiet so long that their parents wondered what their rowdy boys +were doing. The parents went upstairs and found the boys busy over a +heap of papers; the _Gazette_ was already being "paged up." + +David, the editor of the publication, knew from his father's +experience that every printed organ must have readers. The children +begged their father to give them a typewriter and when they got it, +began to type patiently, with one finger, one page after the other, +learning the art of typing in the process of their work. + +Seeing that the children's interest did not abate, the father gave +them a present--a cheap toy "Shapirograph"--to print their magazine. +Having secured production equipment, the editorial staff began to work +with renewed energy. David, who up to that time was sharing his +interest among many pursuits, forsook his former preferences. Even the +little green parakeets, whom he loved dearly, were left without food +quite often and sadly chattered in their cage. David had the jobs of +editor, author of articles and typographer. The sturdy Mikey was the +publisher, artist and supplier of funny stories. A neighbor's little +girl, Xandra Babel, was responsible for the news and special +events--indispensable departments of every American editorial unit +worthy of this name. + +At any rate, no matter how, the magazine eventually appeared. It was +even printed in 75 copies, diligently bound and, the following year +when the family left for the beach during the hot season, to the +mother's great dismay, the whole issue and even the typographic +equipment consisting of the typewriter and the multigraph as well as +the paper stocks were taken along. + +[Illustration: Boris Kampov-Polevoy] + +During the summer the children made friends with a certain Mr. Zur, an +original character and owner of the Menemsha store. The old man liked +children and whenever they came to his shop to buy candy, salted nuts +or a bag of popcorn, they always used to stay there for a while and +discuss the weather, politics and all sorts of events with him. Mr. +Zur used to talk to children as though they were grownups, and this +contributed a lot to his popularity. When they arrived at the summer +resort, the first thing the children did was to run to their old +friend's shop and there, as they were eating fresh cracking popcorn, +they told him the staggering news--they had published a magazine. + +"A magazine? And how much costs one copy of your magazine, gentlemen?" +inquired Mr. Zur in a businesslike manner. + +The children exchanged quick glances. Somehow they had not arrived at +the thought that their magazine could be sold. + +"It costs nothing, sir," David started saying. + +"No, no, it costs one dollar," the quick-witted Mikey interrupted his +brother as this new aspect of their hobby began to dawn upon him. "One +dollar." + +"It's rather expensive, gentlemen. However, I enjoy reading, and so I +will buy one copy," replied the old shopkeeper and handed over a dirty +green bill to the journalists. They were left quite speechless by this +development. + +The business was continued. Realizing that there were quite a few +funny people among the dwellers in that summer resort and wishing to +please his little friends, old Zur took over the newsstand sale of +their publication on a commission basis. He even displayed the +magazine in his shop window. To his astonishment, the whole of the +first issue was sold out. Four more followed. By the end of the +summer, the boys' income, after deduction of expenses and commissions, +amounted to roughly $50. The children gave this money--not without +some regret, to be truthful--to the local fishermen whose boats had +been shattered against the rocks of the coast by a passing hurricane. + +Inspired by the unexpected success of their first year's operations, +the editorial staff resumed publication in the following summer at +that same resort. It proved even more interesting. It contained +interviews with fishermen and lobstermen and a story told by an old +captain of a fishing schooner, who was spending his declining years in +a dilapidated shack by the seashore. That huge, hoarse, bearded giant +was always drunk. But in his rare moments of sobriety he was kind, +used to give candy to the children and nobody could tell fascinating +sea adventure stories better than he did. Mikey managed to catch him +in such a mood and the magazine was adorned, as a result, with a +powerful story by the old captain about a hurricane that threw ships +around like bits of paper and about the rescue of a beautiful lady +passenger who had been thrown into the ocean by the roaring gale, by +the captain himself, who saved her out of the waves at the risk of his +own life. + + * * * * * + +The children's hobby, which so clearly demonstrated their propensity +toward journalism, greatly interested us. During our visits with +various American families our attention had been drawn more than once +to this good trait--if indeed it is not a tradition--which makes the +children familiarize themselves with the profession of their father, +or their grandfather, or some close relative. In the apartment of an +auto-mechanic we saw a small lathe and a block on which a little +fellow was filing something. In the family of a musician, little girls +played on the violin. The little son of a well-known Hollywood +scenario-creator told us excitedly how he and his little brothers and +sisters were making a film. A child's game gradually develops into an +absorbing interest, and maybe in these games which are treated +seriously, not only by the children but as a rule by the adults too, +the seed of his future profession is planted in the child's brain. + +I expressed the wish to become a subscriber to the _Green Spring-Menemsha +Gazette_ for a full year and took out a $5 bill. The editor and the +publisher exchanged glances. They obviously wished to get a foreign +subscriber. But what if this should create trouble of some kind? Were +they entitled to mail their magazine abroad, and moreover, to a country +like the USSR? What would their father and mother say? And how would Mr. +John Foster Dulles react? + +[Illustration: Green Spring-Menemsha Gazette] + +David carefully pushed the bill away, back to my end of the table. I, +of course, felt offended. Could it be that I had no right to subscribe +to an American magazine? Why such discrimination? The editor whispered +something to the publisher who ran out of the room and came back +dragging Michael senior in once more. The father laughed. He +apparently had no objection to the mailing abroad of the magazine +which was being published under his sponsorship. All the periodical +publications of good standing always have foreign subscribers. +However, Michael senior had objections against any monetary +transaction with countries abroad. It was agreed that the subscription +would be handled on a clearing basis: the _Green Spring-Menemsha +Gazette_ would be mailed to the USSR in exchange for our children's +magazine _The Pioneer_. We shook hands on this transaction, concluded +to the mutual satisfaction of the "high contracting parties." + +When we returned to the living room, the debate about the freedom of +the press was still continuing. But the two sides had exchanged +places. Gribatchov was the one who led the attack now; the idea of +exchanging articles with _The New Republic_ had gradually excited him. +Publisher Harrison, on the contrary, was taking a defensive stand: he +was already foreseeing numerous difficulties obstructing the +materialization of his project. The unionist leader was sitting on the +sofa next to them. He was a tall man with a pale face with an ironical +expression, and he was gently mocking the discomfited publisher. +"Really, why shouldn't there be an exchange of articles with a Russian +paper?" + +So finally they came to no conclusion at all. + +We were taking our seats in the car when David manfully shook hands +with me and suddenly asked: "Maybe you will write from Moscow a +contribution for publication in _The Green Spring-Menemsha Gazette_? +Our magazine will gladly publish it, I can promise you." + +My negotiations with the editors of the _Gazette_ appeared to be more +fruitful than the ones Gribatchov had had with _The New Republic_. + + +JULY 16, 1956 + +Editors' Note: + +There are, of course, some errors in Mr. Polevoy's story. Many are +due, as he notes, to the fact that parts of the conversation were +conducted through dramatic gesticulations and incoherent sounds. Bill +Seward, the youthful proprietor of Menemsha's post office and store, +for example, may not recognize himself as the ancient Mr. Zur, and the +author of Cassandra Bobble, a fictional caricature of society +columnists, will be surprised to see her creation re-emerge in Russian +as Xandra Babel the neighbor's girl reporter. More substantial, in the +editor's opinion, is his view that it was Mr. Gribatchov and not Mr. +Harrison who doubted the practicality of an exchange of articles. And +yet as many errors of detail and interpretation would no doubt be +found were we to describe an evening spent in Mr. Polevoy's villa +outside Moscow. As far as the general tone of Mr. Polevoy's account is +concerned we cannot complain. + +Mr. Polevoy, after all, is describing an evening in the home of an +opponent of the political administration in power. Soviet readers learn +that it is a comfortable place, lived in by a family substantially +free from fear. The author refers in a mocking way to the shadow of +John Foster Dulles and mentions the reluctance of the boys to take his +$5 (the reason, lost in translation, was that they would not be +publishing their paper in 1956). But just as Mr. Polevoy seems about +to conclude with a political moral, he demolishes this traditional +ending in favor of the truth. For the discussion which Mr. Polevoy +describes ended with a whispered aside which the host found +startling. "We will put you on the subscriber's list to _The +Pioneer_!" Mr. Polevoy had roared to the boys; then he drew their +father aside: "That is, if it will not hurt you," he whispered. The +host laughed and explained that he and his sons were free citizens, +able to read whatever they pleased and happy to receive literature from +other lands. It seems gratifying to us that this small but memorable +incident has found its way into the Soviet press. + +MICHAEL STRAIGHT + + + + +LIST OF SOURCE MATERIALS + + +BOOKS + +Clarke, E.; Potts, J. M.; and Payton, J. S., eds. _The Journal and +Letters of Francis Asbury._ Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1958. + +Davis, R. B. _Intellectual Life in Jefferson's Virginia._ Chapel Hill: +University of North Carolina Press, 1964. + +Gutheim, Frederick. _The Potomac._ New York: Rinehart, 1949. + +Harrison, Fairfax. _Landmarks of Old Prince William._ Berryville, Va.: +Chesapeake Book Co., 1964. + +Herndon, M. _Tobacco in Colonial Virginia._ Williamsburg: Virginia +350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation, 1957. + +Hulbert, A. _Paths of Inland Commerce._ New Haven: Yale University +Press, 1921. + +Johnston, Frederick. _Memorials of Old Virginia Clerks._ Lynchburg: +Bell Co., 1888. + +Jones, Virgil C. _Ranger Mosby._ Chapel Hill: University of North +Carolina Press, 1944. + +Moger, A. W. _The Rebuilding of the Old Dominion_ (PhD thesis). New +York: Columbia University, 1940. + +Mosby, J. S. _Mosby's War Memoirs and Stuart's Cavalry Campaigns._ New +York: Pageant Book Company, 1958. + +Porter. A. O. _Country Government in Virginia._ New York: Columbia +University Press, 1947. + +Russell, C. W., ed. _The Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby._ Boston: +Little Brown, 1917. + +Virginia Good Roads Convention. _Programme._ Richmond: Stone Printing +Co., October 18, 1894. + +_Who's Who in America._ 1966-1967. Volume XXXIV. Chicago: A. N. +Marquis Company. + +Williamson, James. _Mosby's Rangers._ New York: Sturgis & Walton, +1909. + + +ARTICLES + +Abbott, R. H. "Yankee Farmers in Northern Virginia: 1840-1860." +_Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, v. 76, No. 1 (January +1968), pp. 56-66. + +Funk, W. C. "An Economic History of Small Farms near Washington, D.C." +U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 848. Washington, D.C.: +Government Printing Office, 1920. + +"A New House with Young Ideas." _House and Garden._ December 1958. + +Straight, Michael. "A Visit from Mr. Polevoy." _The New Republic_, v. +135, No. 3 (July 16, 1956), pp. 12-15. + +Willis, K. M. "Old Fairfax Homes Give Up a Secret." _The American +Motorist Magazine_, v. 7, No. 2 (May 1932), p. 16. + + +OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT RECORDS AND REPORTS + +Annual Report of the President and Directors of the Board of Public +Works to the General Assembly of Virginia. 1818, 1819, 1820. + +Fairfax County, Virginia. Deedbooks. + +______. Minute Books. + +______. Order Books. + +______. Will Books. + +Hening, William W., ed. _Statutes at Large_, 1823. Reprint ed., +Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 1969. + +National Archives, Military Records Division, Washington, D.C. +_Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers who Served in +Organizations from Virginia._ Microcopy 324, Roll 207, "Hounshell's +Bat. Cav. Partisan Rangers, M-Z and Mosby's Bat. Cav. Partisian +Rangers A-D." + +_Official Records of the War of the Rebellion._ Washington, D.C.: +Government Printing Office, 1888. + +_Official Registers of Officers and Employees of the Civil, Military +and Naval Service of the United States._ (Issued Biennially.) +Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. + +Shepherd. _Statutes._ + +"Status of Virginia Agriculture in 1870" in _Report of the Commissioner +of Agriculture. 1870._ Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, +1871, p. 267-291. + +U.S. Treasury Department. Service Record (Form 426), "Beattie, +Fountain." (File in custody of Federal Records Center (GSA), St. +Louis, Mo.) + + +NEWSPAPER + +_The Alexandria Gazette_ + + +MANUSCRIPTS + +_The Journal of John Littlejohn_, MS. Methodist Churches, Louisville, +Kentucky, April 29, 1778. (Copy courtesy of Reverend Melvin +Steadman.) + +_Truro Parish Vestry Book_, 1732-1803, MS. Library of Congress. + + +MISCELLANEOUS + +Fullerton, W. Address to Piedmont Agricultural Society, October 1876. + +Macomber, Walter; Schlebecker, John; and Straight, Michael and +Belinda. Tape-recorded interviews. + + * * * * * + + +Transcriber's Notes + +Original, sometimes very archaic spellings retained. + +Photographs still under copyright on pages 32, 42, 44, and 56 (Figures +9, 11-13, and 16-18) excluded. + +Superscripts marked with a carat (i.e. Rev^d). + +Passages in italics indicated by _underscores_. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Green Spring Farm, by +Ross Netherton and Nan Netherton + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREEN SPRING FARM *** + +***** This file should be named 33272.txt or 33272.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/2/7/33272/ + +Produced by Katherine Ward, Mark C. 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