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diff --git a/32779-h/32779-h.htm b/32779-h/32779-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..895c067 --- /dev/null +++ b/32779-h/32779-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5656 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> + <head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Above The Battle, by Romain Rolland. +</title> +<style type="text/css"> + p {margin-top:.75em;text-align:justify;margin-bottom:.75em;text-indent:2%;} + +.asterisks {text-align:center;text-indent:0%;letter-spacing:15px;font-weight:bold;} + +.c {text-align:center;text-indent:0%;} + +.hang {text-indent:-2%;margin-left:2%;} + +.nind {text-indent:0%;} + +.r {text-align:right;margin-right:5%;} + +.toc {margin:10% auto auto auto;max-width:20%;border:3px gray double;text-align:center;text-indent:0%;} + + h1,h3 {margin-top:15%;text-align:center;clear:both;} + +.top5 {margin-top:5%;} + +.top15 {margin-top:15%;} + + hr {width:90%;margin:2em auto 2em auto;clear:both;color:black;} + + hr.full {width:100%;margin:5% auto 5% auto;border:4px double gray;} + + table {margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border:none;text-align:left;} + + body{margin-left:10%;margin-right:10%;background:#fdfdfd;color:black;font-family:"Times New Roman", serif;font-size:medium;} + + ul {list-style-type:none;text-indent:-.5em;} + +.ov {text-decoration:overline;} + +a:link {background-color:#ffffff;color:blue;text-decoration:none;} + + link {background-color:#ffffff;color:blue;text-decoration:none;} + +a:visited {background-color:#ffffff;color:purple;text-decoration:none;} + +a:hover {background-color:#ffffff;color:#FF0000;text-decoration:underline;} + +.smcap {font-variant:small-caps;font-family:"Times New Roman", serif;font-size:95%;} + +.thanks {margin:15%} + +.blockquot {margin:3% auto 3% auto;font-size:90%;} + +.footnotes {border:double 6px gray;margin-top:15%;clear:both;} + +.footnote {width:95%;margin:auto 3% 1% auto;font-size:0.9em;position:relative;} + +.label {position:relative;left:-.5em;top:0;text-align:left;font-size:.8em;} + +.fnanchor {vertical-align:30%;font-size:.8em;} + +.pagenumber {font-style:normal;position:absolute;left:92%;font-size:75%;text-align:right;color:gray;background-color:#ffffff;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0em;} +</style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Above the Battle, by Romain Rolland + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Above the Battle + +Author: Romain Rolland + +Release Date: June 12, 2010 [EBook #32779] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABOVE THE BATTLE *** + + + + +Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned +images of public domain material from Google Print project.) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>ABOVE THE BATTLE</h3> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_002" id="page_002">{2}</a></span></p> + +<p>"The fire smouldering in the forest of Europe was beginning to burst +into flames. In vain did they try to put it out in one place; it only +broke out in another. With gusts of smoke and a shower of sparks it +swept from one point to another, burning the dry brushwood. Already in +the East there were skirmishes as the prelude to the great war of the +nations. All Europe, Europe that only yesterday was sceptical and +apathetic, like a dead wood, was swept by the flames. All men were +possessed by the desire for battle. War was ever on the point of +breaking out. It was stamped out, but it sprang to life again. The world +felt that it was at the mercy of an accident that might let loose the +dogs of war. The world lay in wait. The feeling of inevitability weighed +heavily even upon the most pacifically minded. And ideologues, sheltered +beneath the massive shadows of the cyclops, Proudhon, hymned in war +man's fairest title of nobility...."</p> + +<p><i>"This, then, was to be the end of the physical and moral resurrection +of the races of the West! To such butchery they were to be borne along +by the currents of action and passionate faith! Only a Napoleonic genius +could have marked out a chosen, deliberate aim for this blind, onward +rush. But nowhere in Europe was there any genius for action. It was as +though the world had chosen the most mediocre to be its governors. The +force of the human mind was in other things—so there was nothing to be +done but to trust to the declivity down which they were moving. This +both the governing and the governed classes were doing. Europe looked +like a vast armed camp."</i></p> + +<p class="r"> +<i>Jean-Christophe</i>, vol. x (1912).<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_003" id="page_003">{3}</a></span></p> + +<p class="c">[English translation by Gilbert Cannan, vol. iv, p. 504.]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_004" id="page_004">{4}</a></span></p> + +<h1> +ABOVE THE BATTLE</h1> + +<h3>BY<br /> +ROMAIN ROLLAND</h3> + +<p class="c">TRANSLATED BY<br /> +C. K. OGDEN, M. A.<br /> +(Editor of <i>The Cambridge Magazine</i>)</p> + +<p class="c top15">CHICAGO<br /> +THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY<br /> +1916</p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_005" id="page_005">{5}</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_006" id="page_006">{6}</a></span></p> + +<p class="c top15"><i>Copyright 1916</i><br /> +<i>The Open Court Pub. Co., Chicago.</i><br /> +<i>First published in 1916.</i><br /> +(<i>All rights reserved.</i>)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_007" id="page_007">{7}</a></span></p> + +<p class="toc"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a><br /> +<a href="#CONTENTS">Contents</a><br /> +<a href="#PREFACE">Preface</a><br /> +<a href="#NOTES">Notes</a><br /> +<a href="#FOOTNOTES">Footnotes</a></p> + +<h3><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h3> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>"Over the carnage rose prophetic a voice,</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Be not dishearten'd, affection shall solve the problem of freedom yet.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="asterisks"> . . . . . . . . .</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>(Were you looking to be held together by lawyers?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Or by an agreement on a paper? or by arms?</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Nay, nor the world, nor any living thing, will so cohere.)"</i></td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="top5">These lines of Walt Whitman will be recalled by many who read the +following pages: for not only does Rolland himself refer to Whitman in +his brief Introduction, but, were it not for a certain <i>bizarrerie</i> +apart from their context, the words "Over the Carnage" might perhaps +have stood on the cover of this volume as a striking variant on +<i>Au-dessus de la Mêlée</i>.</p> + +<p>Yet though the voice comes to us over the carnage, its message is not +marred by the passions of the moment. After eighteen months of war we +are learning<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_008" id="page_008">{8}</a></span> to look about us more calmly, and to distinguish amid the +ruins those of Europe's intellectual leaders who have not been swept off +their feet by the fury of the tempest. Almost alone Romain Rolland has +stood the test. The two main characteristics which strike us in all that +he writes are lucidity and common sense—the qualities most needed by +every one in thought upon the war. But there is another feature of +Rolland's work which contributes to its universal appeal. He describes +our feelings and sensations in the presence of a given situation, not +what actually passes before our eyes: he describes the effects and +causes of things, but not the things themselves. Through his work for +the <i>Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre</i>, to which one of +the articles now collected is largely devoted, he is, moreover, in a +position to observe every phase of the great battle between ideals and +between nations which fills him with such anguish and indignation. And +with his matchless insight and sympathy he gives permanent form to our +vague feelings in these noble and inspiring essays.</p> + +<p>It will not, however, surprise the vast public who have read +<i>Jean-Christophe</i> to find that while so many have capitulated to the +madness of the terrible<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_009" id="page_009">{9}</a></span> year through which we have passed, Rolland has +remained firm, and has surpassed himself. He was prepared. As the +extract placed at the beginning of this volume shows, he was one of the +few who realized only too well the horror he was powerless to prevent. +Yet he made every effort to open the eyes of Europe and especially of +the young, so many of whom had learned to look up to him as a leader. To +these young men, one of the finest essays in the present collection is +primarily addressed—<i>O jeunesse héroique du monde</i>....</p> + +<p>Eighteen months have passed and they still endure the terrible ordeal, +the young men of Germany and France, whom he had striven so hard to +bring together; on whose aspirations and failings <i>Jean-Christophe</i> is a +critical commentary. The movements and tendencies of society were there +given a dramatic embodiment, permeated for Rolland by the Life +Force—that struggle between Good and Bad, Love and Hatred, which makes +life worth living. All is set down with the clear analysis of feeling +natural to a musical critic. But in spite of his burning words on the +destruction of Rheims, Rolland, as is clear from his other critical and +biographical writings, is more interested in men than<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_010" id="page_010">{10}</a></span> in their +achievements. And the men of today interest him most passionately. +"Young men," he has said, "do not bother about the old people. Make a +stepping-stone of our bodies and go forward."</p> + +<p>And above all it is the permanent things in life with which he is +concerned. As Mr. Lowes Dickinson puts it, "M. Rolland is one of the +many who believe, though their voice for the moment may be silenced, +that the spiritual forces that are important and ought to prevail are +the international ones; that co-operation, not war, is the right destiny +of nations; and that all that is valuable in each people may be +maintained in and by friendly intercourse with the others. The war +between these two ideals is the greater war that lies behind the present +conflict. Hundreds and thousands of generous youths have gone to battle +in the belief that they are going to a 'war that will end war,' that +they are fighting against militarism in the cause of peace. Whether, +indeed, it is for that they will have risked or lost their lives, only +the event can show."</p> + +<p>The forces against such ideals are powerful, but Rolland is not +dismayed. "Come, friends! let us make a stand! Can we not resist this +contagion, whatever its nature and virulence be—whether<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_011" id="page_011">{11}</a></span> moral epidemic +or cosmic force." And he appeals not only in the name of humanity but in +the name of that France which he loves so dearly—"la vraie France" of +which Jaurès wrote (in the untranslatable words which Rolland has +quoted), "qui n'est pas résumée dans une époque et dans un jour, ni dans +le jour d'il y a des siècles, ni dans le jour d'hier, mais la France +tout entière, dans la succession de ses jours, de ses nuits, de ses +aurores, de ses crépuscules, de ses montées, de ses chutes, et qui, à +travers toutes ces ombres mêlées, toutes ces lumières incomplètes et +toutes ces vicissitudes, s'en va vers une pleine clarté qu'elle n'a pas +encore atteinte, mais dont le pressentiment est dans sa pensée!"</p> + +<p>But though his love for France inspires every word that Rolland has +written, the significance of the present volume is not less apparent to +English readers. Some of the articles and letters now collected have +already appeared in English, for the most part in the pages of <i>The +Cambridge Magazine</i>, from which they have been widely quoted in the +press. For help in rendering the translations as adequately as possible +I may also take this opportunity of acknowledging my special +indebtedness to Mr. Roger Fry,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> who<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_012" id="page_012">{12}</a></span> has just issued through the Omega +Workshops a striking translation of some of the most recent French +poetry inspired by the war; to Mr. James Wood, who has himself done part +of the translation, particularly "pro Aris"; and to Mr. E. K. Bennett, +of Caius College, whose version of "Above the Battle" has already been +quoted by the Archbishop of Canterbury and others. For the most part, +the articles here collected have not appeared in English before; and +they have been almost inaccessible even in French, as their author +explains in his Preface.</p> + +<p class="r"> +C. K. OGDEN.<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Magdalene College, Cambridge</span>, <i>January, 1916</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_013" id="page_013">{13}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h3> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="toc"> +<tr valign="top"><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction by the Translator</a></span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_007">7</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PREFACE">Preface</a></span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_015">15</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#I">I.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">An Open Letter to Gerhart Hauptmann</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_019">19</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#II">II.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Pro Aris</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_023">23</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#III">III.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Above the Battle</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_037">37</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#IV">IV.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Lesser of Two Evils: Pangermanism, Panslavism</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_056">56</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#V">V.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Inter Arma Caritas</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_076">76</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#VI">VI.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">To the People That Is Suffering for Justice</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_093">93</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#VII">VII.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Letter to My Critics</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_097">97</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#VIII">VIII.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Idols</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#IX">IX.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">For Europe: Manifesto of the Writers and Thinkers of Catalonia</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_122">122</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#X">X.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">For Europe: An Appeal from Holland to the Intellectuals of all Nations</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_127">127</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#XI">XI.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Letter To Frederik Van Eeden</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_136">136</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#XII">XII.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Our Neighbor the Enemy</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_142">142</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#XIII">XIII.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">A Letter to Svenska Dagbladet of Stockholm</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_151">151</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#XIV">XIV.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">War Literature</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_153">153</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#XV">XV.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Murder of the Elite</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_168">168</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#XVI">XVI.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Jaurès</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_181">181</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#NOTES">Notes</a></span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_193">193</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INDEX">Index</a></span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_195">195</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#FOOTNOTES">Footnotes</a></span></td></tr> +<tr valign="top"><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#TRANSCRIBER">Notes of etext transcriber</a></span></td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_014" id="page_014">{14}</a></span></p> + +<div class="thanks"> +<p>It is my pleasant duty to thank the brave friends who have defended me +during the past year, in the Parisian press:—at the end of October +1914, Amédée Dunois in <i>l'Humanité</i>, and Henri Guilbeaux, in the +<i>Bataille syndicaliste</i>; in the same paper, <i>Fernand Deprès</i>; Georges +Pioch in the <i>Hommes du Jour</i>; J. M. Renaitour, in the <i>Bonnet Rouge</i>; +Rouanet, in <i>l'Humanité</i>; Jacques Mesnil, in the <i>Mercure de France</i>, +and Gaston Thiesson, in the <i>Guerre Sociale</i>. To these faithful comrades +in the struggle I express my affectionate gratitude.</p> + +<p class="r"> +R. R.<br /> +</p> + +<p><i>October, 1915.</i></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_015" id="page_015">{15}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h3> + +<p>A great nation assailed by war has not only its frontiers to protect: it +must also protect its good sense. It must protect itself from the +hallucinations, injustices, and follies which the plague lets loose. To +each his part: to the armies the protection of the soil of their native +land; to the thinkers the defense of its thought. If they subordinate +that thought to the passions of their people they may well be useful +instruments of passion; but they are in danger of betraying the spirit, +which is not the least part of a people's patrimony. One day History +will pass judgment on each of the nations at war; she will weigh their +measure of errors, lies, and heinous follies. Let us try and make ours +light before her!</p> + +<p>Children are taught the Gospel of Jesus and the Christian ideal. +Everything in the education they receive at school is designed to +stimulate in them intellectual understanding of the great human family. +Classical education makes them see, beyond<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_016" id="page_016">{16}</a></span> the differences of race, the +roots and the common trunk of our civilization. Art makes them love the +profound sources of the genius of a people. Science makes them believe +in the unity of reason. The great social movement which renews the +world, reveals the organized effort of the working classes all round +them to unite their forces in the hopes and struggles which break the +barriers of nations. The brightest geniuses of the earth, like Walt +Whitman and Tolstoi, chant universal brotherhood in joy and suffering, +or else like our Latin spirits, pierce with their criticism the +prejudices of hatred and ignorance which separate individuals and +peoples.</p> + +<p>Like all the men of my time, I have been brought up on these thoughts; I +have tried in my turn to share the bread of life with my younger or less +fortunate brothers. When the war came I did not think it my duty to deny +these thoughts because the hour had come to put them to the test.</p> + +<p>I have been insulted. I knew that I should be and I went forward. But I +did not know that I should be insulted without even a hearing.</p> + +<p>For several months no one in France could know my writings except +through scraps of phrases arbitrarily extracted and mutilated by my +enemies. It<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_017" id="page_017">{17}</a></span> is a shameful record. For nearly a year this has gone on. +Certain socialist or syndicalist papers may have succeeded here and +there in getting some fragments through,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> but it was only in the month +of June 1915 that for the first time my chief article, the one which was +the object of the most violent criticism, "Above the Battle," dating +from September 1914, could be published in full (almost in full), thanks +to the malevolent zeal of a maladroit pamphleteer, to whom I am indebted +for bringing my words before the French public for the first time.</p> + +<p>A Frenchman does not judge his adversary unheard. Whoever does so judges +and condemns himself: for he shows that he fears the light. I place +before the world the texts they have slandered.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> I shall not defend +them. Let them defend themselves!<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_018" id="page_018">{18}</a></span></p> + +<p>One single word will I add. For a year I have been rich in enemies. Let +me say this to them: they can hate me, but they will not teach me to +hate. I have no concern with them. My business is to say what I believe +to be fair and humane. Whether this pleases or irritates is not my +business. I know that words once uttered make their way of themselves. +Hopefully I sow them in the bloody soil. The harvest will come.</p> + +<p class="r"> +ROMAIN ROLLAND.<br /> +</p> + +<p><i>September, 1915.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_019" id="page_019">{19}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="I" id="I"></a>I. AN OPEN LETTER TO GERHART HAUPTMANN</h3> + +<p class="r"> +<i>Saturday, August 29, 1914.</i><a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a><br /> +</p> + +<p>I am not, Gerhart Hauptmann, one of those Frenchmen who regard Germany +as a nation of barbarians. I know the intellectual and moral greatness +of your mighty race. I know all that I owe to the thinkers of old +Germany; and even now, at this hour, I recall the example and the words +of <i>our</i> Goethe—for he belongs to the whole of humanity—repudiating +all national hatreds and preserving the calmness of his soul on those +heights "<i>where we feel the happiness and the misfortunes of other +peoples as our own</i>." I myself have labored all my life to bring +together the minds of our two nations; and the atrocities of this +impious war in which, to the ruin of European civilization, they are +involved, will never lead me to soil my spirit with hatred.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_020" id="page_020">{20}</a></span></p> + +<p>Whatever pain, then, your Germany may give me, whatever reasons I may +have to stigmatize as criminal German policy and the means it employs, I +do not attach responsibility for it to the people which is burdened with +it and is used as its blind instrument. It is not that I regard, as you +do, war as a fatality. A Frenchman does not believe in fatality. +Fatality is the excuse of souls without a will. War springs from the +weakness and stupidity of nations. One cannot feel resentment against +them for it; one can only pity them. I do not reproach you with our +miseries; for yours will be no less. If France is ruined, Germany will +be ruined too. I did not even raise my voice when I saw your armies +violating the neutrality of noble Belgium. This flagrant breach of +honor, which incurs the contempt of every upright conscience, is quite +in the political tradition of your Prussian kings; it did not surprise +me.</p> + +<p>But when I see the fury with which you are treating that magnanimous +nation whose only crime has been to defend its independence and the +cause of justice to the last, as you Germans yourselves did in 1813 ... +that is too much! The world is revolted by it. Keep these savageries for +us<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_021" id="page_021">{21}</a></span> Frenchmen, your true enemies! But to wreak them against your +victims, against this small, unhappy, innocent Belgian people ... how +shameful is this!</p> + +<p>And not content to fling yourselves on living Belgium, you wage war on +the dead, on the glories of past ages. You bombard Malines, you burn +Rubens, and Louvain is now no more than a heap of ashes—Louvain with +its treasures of art and of science, the sacred town! What are you, +then, Hauptmann, and by what name do you want us to call you now, since +you repudiate the title of barbarians? Are you the grandsons of Goethe +or of Attila? Are you making war on enemies or on the human spirit? Kill +men if you like, but respect masterpieces. They are the patrimony of the +human race. You, like all the rest of us, are its depositories; in +pillaging it, as you do, you show yourselves unworthy of our great +heritage, unworthy to take your place in that little European army which +is civilization's guard of honor.</p> + +<p>It is not to the opinion of the rest of the world that I address myself +in challenging you, Hauptmann. In the name of our Europe, of which you +have hitherto been one of the most illustrious champions, in the name of +that civilization for which<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_022" id="page_022">{22}</a></span> the greatest of men have striven all down +the ages, in the name of the very honor of your Germanic race, Gerhart +Hauptmann, I abjure you, I challenge you, you and the intellectuals of +Germany, amongst whom I reckon so many friends, to protest with all your +energy against this crime which is recoiling upon you.</p> + +<p>If you fail to do this, you will prove one of two things: either that +you approve what has been done—and in that case may the opinion of +mankind crush you—or else that you are powerless to raise a protest +against the Huns who command you. If this be so, by what title can you +still claim, as you have claimed, that you fight for the cause of +liberty and human progress? You are giving the world a proof that, +incapable of defending the liberty of the world, you are even incapable +of defending your own, and that the best of Germany is helpless beneath +a vile despotism which mutilates masterpieces and murders the spirit of +man.</p> + +<p>I am expecting an answer from you, Hauptmann, an answer that may be an +act. The opinion of Europe awaits it as I do. Think about it: at such a +time silence itself is an act.</p> + +<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, Wednesday, Sept. 2, 1914.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_023" id="page_023">{23}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="II" id="II"></a>II. PRO ARIS<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></h3> + +<p>Among the many crimes of this infamous war which are all odious to us, +why have we chosen for protest the crimes against things and not against +men, the destruction of works and not of lives?</p> + +<p>Many are surprised by this, and have even reproached us for it—as if we +have not as much pity as they for the bodies and hearts of the thousands +of victims who are crucified! Yet over the armies which fall, there +flies the vision of their love, and of <i>la Patrie</i>, to which they +sacrifice themselves—over these lives which are passing away passes the +holy Ark of the art and thought of centuries, borne on their shoulders. +The bearers can change. May the Ark be saved! To the élite of the world +falls the task of guarding it. And since the common treasure is +threatened, may they rise to protect it!</p> + +<p>I am glad to think that in the Latin countries this<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_024" id="page_024">{24}</a></span> sacred duty has +always been regarded as paramount. Our France which bleeds with so many +other wounds, has suffered nothing more cruel than the attack against +her Parthenon, the Cathedral of Rheims, "Our Lady of France." Letters +which I have received from sorely tried families, and from soldiers who +for two months have borne every hardship, show me (and I am proud of it +for them and for my people) that there was no burden heavier for them to +bear. It is because we put spirit above flesh. Very different is the +case of the German intellectuals, who, to my reproaches for the +sacrilegious acts of their devastating armies, have all replied with one +voice, "Perish every <i>chef-d'œuvre</i> rather than one German soldier!"</p> + +<p>A piece of architecture like Rheims is much more than one life; it is a +people—whose centuries vibrate like a symphony in this organ of stone. +It is their memories of joy, of glory, and of grief; their meditations, +ironies, dreams. It is the tree of the race, whose roots plunge to the +profoundest depths of its soil, and whose branches stretch with a +sublime <i>élan</i> towards the sky. It is still more: its beauty which soars +above the struggles of nations is the harmonious response made by the +human race to<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_025" id="page_025">{25}</a></span> the riddle of the world—this light of the spirit more +necessary to souls than that of the sun.</p> + +<p>Whoever destroys this work, murders more than a man; he murders the +purest soul of a race. His crime is inexpiable, and Dante would have it +punished with an eternal agony, eternally renewed. We who repudiate the +vindictive spirit of so cruel a genius, do not hold a people responsible +for the crimes of a few. The drama which unfolds itself before our eyes, +and whose almost certain <i>dénouement</i> will be the crushing of the German +hegemony, is enough for us.</p> + +<p>What brings it home to us most nearly is that not one of those who +constitute the moral and intellectual élite of Germany—that hundred +noble spirits, and those thousands of brave hearts of which no great +nation was ever destitute—not one really suspects the crimes of his +Government; the atrocities committed in Flanders, in the north and in +the east of France during the two or three first weeks of the war; or +(one can safely wager) the voluntary devastations of the towns of +Belgium and the ruin of Rheims. If they came to look at the reality, I +know that many of them would weep with grief and shame; and of all the +shortcomings of Prussian<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_026" id="page_026">{26}</a></span> Imperialism, the worst and the vilest is to +have concealed its crimes from its people. For by depriving them of the +means of protesting against those crimes, it has involved them for ever +in the responsibility; it has abused their magnificent devotion. The +intellectuals, however, are also guilty. For if one admits that the +brave men, who in every country tamely feed upon the news which their +papers and their leaders give them for nourishment, allow themselves to +be duped, one cannot pardon those whose duty it is to seek truth in the +midst of error, and to know the value of interested witnesses and +passionate hallucinations. Before bursting into the midst of this +furious debate upon which was staked the destruction of nations and of +the treasures of the spirit, their first duty (a duty of loyalty as much +as of common sense) should have been to consider the problems from both +sides. By blind loyalty and culpable trustfulness they have rushed head +foremost into the net which their Imperialism had spread. They believed +that their first duty was, with their eyes closed, to defend the honor +of their State against all accusation. They did not see that the noblest +means of defending it was to disavow<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_027" id="page_027">{27}</a></span> its faults and to cleanse their +country of them....</p> + +<p>I have awaited this virile disavowal from the proudest spirits of +Germany, a disavowal which would have been ennobling instead of +humiliating. The letter which I wrote to one of them, the day after the +brutal voice of Wolff's Agency pompously proclaimed that there remained +of Louvain no more than a heap of ashes, was received by the entire +élite of Germany in a spirit of enmity. They did not understand that I +offered them the chance of releasing Germany from the fetters of those +crimes which its Empire was forging in its name. What did I ask of them? +What did I ask of you all, finer spirits of Germany?—to express at +least a courageous regret for the excesses committed, and to dare to +remind unbridled power that even the Fatherland cannot save itself +through crime, and that above its rights are those of the human spirit. +I only asked for <i>one</i> voice—a <i>single</i> free voice.... None spoke. I +heard only the clamor of herds, the pack of intellectuals giving tongue +on the track whereon the hunter loosed them, and that insolent +Manifesto, in which, without the slightest effort to justify its crimes, +you have unanimously declared<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_028" id="page_028">{28}</a></span> that they do not exist. And your +theologians, your pastors, your court-preachers, have stated further +that you are very just and that you thank God for having made you +thus.... Race of Pharisees, what chastisement from on high shall scourge +your sacrilegious pride!... Do you not suspect the evil which you have +done to your own people? The megalomania, a menace to the world, of an +Ostwald or an H. S. Chamberlain,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> the criminal determination of +ninety-three intellectuals not to wish to see the truth, will have cost +Germany more than ten defeats.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_029" id="page_029">{29}</a></span></p> + +<p>How clumsy you are! I believe that of all your faults <i>maladresse</i> is +the worst. You have not said one word since the beginning of this war +which has not been more fatal for you than all the speeches of your +adversaries. It is you who have light-heartedly furnished the proof or +the argument of the worst accusations that have been brought against +you; just as your official agencies, under the stupid illusion of +terrorizing us, have been the first to launch emphatic recitals of your +most sinister devastations. It is you, who when the most impartial of +your adversaries were obliged, in fairness, to limit the responsibility +of these acts to a few of your leaders and armies, have angrily claimed +your share. It is you who the day after the destruction of Rheims, +which, in your inmost hearts, should have dismayed the best amongst you, +have boasted of it in imbecile pride, instead of trying to clear +yourselves.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> It is you, wretched creatures, you, representatives of +the spirit, who have not ceased<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_030" id="page_030">{30}</a></span> to extol force and to despise the weak, +as if you did not know that the wheel of fortune turns, that this force +one day will weigh afresh upon you, as in past ages, when your great +men, at least, retained the consolation of not having yielded to it the +sovereignty of the spirit and the sacred rights of Right!... What +reproaches, what remorse are you heaping up for the future, O blind +guides—you who are leading into the ditch your nation, which follows +you like the stumbling blind men of Brueghel!</p> + +<p>What poor arguments you have opposed to us for two months!</p> + +<p>1. <i>War is war</i>, say you, that is to say without common measure with the +rest of things, above morals and reason and all the limits of ordinary +life, a kind of supernatural state before which one can only bow without +discussion;</p> + +<p>2. <i>Germany is Germany</i>, that is to say without common measure with the +rest of nations. The laws which apply to others do not apply to her, and +the rights which she arrogates to herself to violate Right appertain to +her alone. Thus she can, without crime, tear up written promises, betray +sworn oaths, violate the neutrality of peoples which she<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_031" id="page_031">{31}</a></span> has pledged +herself to defend. But she claims in return the right to find, in the +nations which she outrages, "chivalrous adversaries," and that they +should not be so, that they should dare to defend themselves by all the +means and the arms that remain to them, she proclaims a crime!...</p> + +<p>One recognizes there indeed the interested teaching of your Prussian +masters! Great minds of Germany, I do not doubt your sincerity, but you +are no longer capable of seeing the truth. Prussian Imperialism has +crushed down over your eyes and conscience, its spiked helmet.</p> + +<p>"<i>Necessity knows no law.</i>" ... Here is the eleventh commandment, the +message that you bring to the universe today, sons of Kant!... We have +heard it more than once in history: it is the famous doctrine of Public +Safety, mother of heroisms and crimes. Every nation has recourse to it +in the hour of danger, but the greatest are those who defend against it +their immortal soul. Fifteen years have passed since the famous trial +which saw a single innocent man opposed to the force of the State. +Fifteen years have passed since we French affronted and shattered the +idol of public safety, when it threatened, as our Péguy says, "the +eternal safety of France."<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_032" id="page_032">{32}</a></span></p> + +<p>Listen to him, whom you have killed; listen to a hero of the French +conscience, writers who have the keeping of the conscience of Germany.</p> + +<p>"<i>Our enemies of that time</i>," wrote Charles Péguy, "<i>spoke the language +of the</i> raison d'Etat, <i>of the temporal safety of the people and the +race. But we, by a profound Christian movement, by a revolutionary +effort, at unity with traditional Christianity, aimed at no less than +attaining the heights of sacrifice, in our anxiety for the eternal +salvation of this people. We did not wish to place France in the +position of having committed the unpardonable sin.</i>"</p> + +<p>You do not trouble yourselves about that, thinkers of Germany. You +bravely give your blood to save the mortal life, but do not bother about +the life eternal. It is a terrible moment, I grant. Your fatherland as +ours struggles for its life, and I understand and admire the ecstasy of +sacrifice which impels your youth, as ours, to make of its body a +rampart against death. "To be or not to be," do you say? No, that is not +enough. To be the great Germany, to be the great France, worthy of their +past, and respecting one another even while fighting, that is what I +wish. I should blush for victory if my France bought it at the price for +which you will pay<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_033" id="page_033">{33}</a></span> for your temporary success. Even while the battles +are being fought upon the plains of Belgium and amongst the chalky +slopes of Champagne, another war is taking place upon the field of the +spirit, and often victory below means defeat above. The conquest of +Belgium, Malines, Louvain and Rheims, the carillons of Flanders, will +sound a sadder knell in your history than the bells of Jena; and the +conquered Belgians have robbed you of your glory. You know it. You are +enraged because you know it. What is the good of vainly trying to +deceive yourselves? Truth will be clear to you in the end. You have done +your best to silence her—one day she will speak; she will speak by the +mouth of one of your own in whom will be awakened the conscience of your +race.... Oh, that he may soon appear and that we may hear his voice—the +pure and noble voice of the redeemer who shall set you free! He who has +lived in the intimacy of your old Germany, who has clasped her hand in +the twisted streets of her heroic and sordid past, who has caught the +breath of her centuries of trials and shames, remembers and waits: for +he knows that even if she has never proved strong enough to bear victory +without wavering, it is in her hours of<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_034" id="page_034">{34}</a></span> trouble that she reforms +herself, and her greatest geniuses are sons of sorrow.</p> + +<p><i>September 1914.</i></p> + +<p class="asterisks">* * *</p> + +<p>Since these lines were written I have watched the birth of the anxiety +which little by little is making its way into the consciences of the +good people of Germany. First a secret doubt, kept under by a stubborn +effort to believe the bad arguments collected by their Government to +oppose it—documents fabricated to prove that Belgium had renounced her +neutrality herself, false allegations (in vain repudiated four times by +the French Government, by the Commander-in-Chief, by the Cardinal and +the Archbishop, and by the Mayor of Rheims)—accusing the French of +using the Cathedral of Rheims for military purposes. Lacking arguments, +their system of defense is at times disconcerting in its naïveté.</p> + +<p>"Is it possible," they say, "that we should be accused of wishing to +destroy artistic monuments, we, the people above all others who venerate +art, in whom is instilled this respect from infancy, who have the +greatest number of text books and historical collections of art and the +longest list of lectures<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_035" id="page_035">{35}</a></span> on æsthetics? Is it possible to accuse of the +most barbarous actions the most humane, the most affectionate, and the +most homely of peoples?"</p> + +<p>The idea never strikes them that Germany is not constituted by a single +race of men, and that besides the obedient masses who are born to obey, +to respect the law—all the laws—there is the race which commands, +which believes itself above all laws, and which makes and unmakes them +in the name of force and necessity (<i>Not</i>....) It is this evil marriage +of idealism and German force which leads to these disasters. The +idealism proves to be a woman; a woman captive, who like so many worthy +German wives, worships her lord and master, and refuses even to think +that he could ever be wrong.</p> + +<p>It is, however, necessary for the salvation of Germany that she should +one day countenance the thought of divorce, or that the wife should have +the courage to make her voice heard in the household. I already know +several who are beginning to champion the rights of the spirit against +force. Many a German voice has reached us lately in letters protesting +against war and deploring with us the injustices which we deplore. I +will not give their names in order not to compromise them. Not<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_036" id="page_036">{36}</a></span> very +long ago I told the "Fair"<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> which obstructed Paris that it was not +France. I say today to the German Fair, "You are not the true Germany." +There exists another Germany juster and more humane, whose ambition is +not to dominate the world by force and guile, but to absorb in peace +everything great in the thought of other races, and in return to reflect +the harmony. With that Germany there is no dispute; we are not her +enemies, we are the enemies of those who have almost succeeded in making +the world forget that she still lives.</p> + +<p><i>October 1914.</i></p> + +<p>Edition des <i>Cahiers Vaudois</i> 10 cahier, 1914 (Lausanne, C. Tarin).<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_037" id="page_037">{37}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="III" id="III"></a>III. ABOVE THE BATTLE</h3> + +<p>O young men that shed your blood with so generous a joy for the starving +earth! O heroism of the world! What a harvest for destruction to reap +under this splendid summer sun! Young men of all nations, brought into +conflict by a common ideal, making enemies of those who should be +brothers; all of you, marching to your death, are dear to me.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Slavs, +hastening to the aid of your race; Englishmen fighting for honor and +right; intrepid Belgians who dared to oppose the Teutonic colossus, and +defend against him the Thermopylæ of the West; Germans fighting to +defend the philosophy and the birthplace of Kant against the Cossack +avalanche; and you, above all, my young compatriots, in whom the +generation of heroes of the Revolution lives again; you, who for years +have confided your<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_038" id="page_038">{38}</a></span> dreams to me, and now, on the verge of battle, bid +me a sublime farewell.</p> + +<p>Those years of scepticism and gay frivolity in which we in France grew +up are avenged in you; your faith, which is ours, you protect from their +poisonous influence; and with you that faith triumphs on the +battlefield. "A war of revenge" is the cry. Yea! revenge indeed; but in +no spirit of Chauvinism. The revenge of faith against all the egotisms +of the senses and of the spirit—the surrender of self to eternal ideas.</p> + +<p>One of the most powerful of the young French novelists—Corporal +X.—writes to me:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"What are our lives, our books, compared with the magnitude of the +aim? The war of the Revolution against feudalism is beginning anew. +The armies of the Republic will secure the triumph of democracy in +Europe and complete the work of the Convention. We are fighting for +more than our hearths and homes, for the awakening of liberty." +Another of these young people, of noble spirit and pure heart, who +will be, if he lives, the first art critic of our time—Lieutenant +X.:—</p> + +<p>"My friend, could you see our Army as I do, you would be thrilled +with admiration for our people, for this noble race. An enthusiasm, +like an outburst of the Marseillaise, thrills them; heroic, +earnest, and even religious. I have seen the three divisions of my +army corps set out; the men of active service first, young men of +twenty marching with firm and rapid steps, without a cry, without a +gesture, like<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_039" id="page_039">{39}</a></span> the ephebi of old calmly going to sacrifice. After +them come the reserve, men of twenty-five to thirty years, more +stalwart and more determined, who will reinforce the younger men +and make them irresistible. We, the old men of forty, the fathers +of families, are the base of the choir; and we too, I assure you, +set out confidently, resolute and unwavering. I have no wish to +die, but I can die now without regret; for I have lived through a +fortnight, which would be cheap at the price of death, a fortnight +which I had not dared to ask of fate. History will tell of us, for +we are opening a new era in the world. We are dispelling the +nightmare of the materialism of a mailed Germany and of armed +peace. It will fade like a phantom before us; the world seems to +breathe again. Reassure your Viennese friend,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> France is not +about to die; it is her resurrection which we see. For throughout +history—Bouvines, the Crusades, Cathedrals, the Revolution—we +remain the same, the knights-errant of the world, the paladins of +God. I have lived long enough to see it fulfilled; and we who +prophesied it twenty years ago to unbelieving ears may rejoice +today."</p></div> + +<p>O my friends, may nothing mar your joy! Whatever fate has in store, you +have risen to the pinnacle of earthly life, and borne your country with +you. And you will be victorious. Your self-sacrifice, your courage, your +whole-hearted faith in your sacred cause, and the unshaken certainty +that, in defending your invaded country, you are defending<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_040" id="page_040">{40}</a></span> the liberty +of the world—all this assures me of your victory, young armies of the +Marne and Meuse, whose names are graven henceforth in history by the +side of your elders of the Great Republic. Yet even had misfortune +decreed that you should be vanquished, and with you France itself, no +people could have aspired to a more noble death. It would have crowned +the life of that great people of the Crusades—it would have been their +supreme victory. Conquerors or conquered, living or dead, rejoice! As +one of you said to me, embracing me on the terrible threshold: "A +splendid thing it is to fight with clean hands and a pure heart, and to +dispense divine justice with one's life."</p> + +<p>You are doing your duty, but have others done theirs? Let us be bold and +proclaim the truth to the elders of these young men, to their moral +guides, to their religious and secular leaders, to the Churches, the +great thinkers, the leaders of socialism; these living riches, these +treasures of heroism you held in your hands; for what are you +squandering them? What ideal have you held up to the devotion of these +youths so eager to sacrifice themselves? Their mutual slaughter! A +European war! A sacrilegious conflict which shows a maddened<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_041" id="page_041">{41}</a></span> Europe +ascending its funeral pyre, and, like Hercules, destroying itself with +its own hands!</p> + +<p>And thus the three greatest nations of the West, the guardians of +civilization, rush headlong to their ruin, calling in to their aid +Cossacks, Turks, Japanese, Cingalese, Soudanese, Senegalese, Moroccans, +Egyptians, Sikhs and Sepoys—barbarians from the poles and those from +the equator, souls and bodies of all colors.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> It is as if the four +quarters of the Roman Empire at the time of the Tetrarchy had called +upon the barbarians of the whole universe to devour each other.</p> + +<p>Is our civilization so solid that you do not fear to shake the pillars +on which it rests? Can you not see that all falls in upon you if one +column be shattered? Could you not have learned if not to love one +another, at least to tolerate the great virtues and the great vices of +each other? Was it not your duty to attempt—you have never attempted it +in sincerity—to settle amicably the questions which divided you, the +problem of peoples annexed against their will, the equitable division of +productive labor and the riches of the world? Must the stronger forever +darken the others with the shadow of his<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_042" id="page_042">{42}</a></span> pride, and the others forever +unite to dissipate it? Is there no end to this bloody and puerile sport, +in which the partners change about from century to century—no end, +until the whole of humanity is exhausted thereby?</p> + +<p>The rulers who are the criminal authors of these wars dare not accept +the responsibility for them. Each one by underhand means seeks to lay +the blame at the door of his adversary. The peoples who obey them +submissively resign themselves with the thought that a power higher than +mankind has ordered it thus. Again the venerable refrain is heard: "The +fatality of war is stronger than our wills." The old refrain of the herd +that makes a god of its feebleness and bows down before him. Man has +invented fate, that he may make it responsible for the disorders of the +universe, those disorders which it was his duty to regulate. There is no +fatality! The only fatality is what we desire; and more often, too, what +we do not desire enough. Let each now repeat his <i>mea culpa</i>. The +leaders of thought, the Church, the Labor Parties did not desire war ... +That may be.... What then did they do to prevent it? What are they doing +to put an end to it? They are stirring up the bonfire, each one bringing +his faggot.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_043" id="page_043">{43}</a></span></p> + +<p>The most striking feature in this monstrous epic, the fact without +precedent, is the unanimity for war in each of the nations engaged. An +epidemic of homicidal fury, which started in Tokio ten years ago, has +spread like a wave and overflowed the whole world. None has resisted it; +no high thought has succeeded in keeping out of the reach of this +scourge. A sort of demoniacal irony broods over this conflict of the +nations, from which, whatever its result, only a mutilated Europe can +emerge. For it is not racial passion alone which is hurling millions of +men blindly one against another, so that not even neutral countries +remain free of the dangerous thrill, but all the forces of the spirit, +of reason, of faith, of poetry, and of science, all have placed +themselves at the disposal of the armies in every state. There is not +one amongst the leaders of thought in each country who does not proclaim +with conviction that the cause of his people is the cause of God, the +cause of liberty and of human progress. And I, too, proclaim it.</p> + +<p>Strange combats are being waged between metaphysicians, poets, +historians—Eucken against Bergson; Hauptmann against Maeterlinck; +Rolland against Hauptmann; Wells against Bernard Shaw.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_044" id="page_044">{44}</a></span> Kipling and +D'Annunzio, Dehmel and de Régnier sing war hymns, Barrès and Maeterlinck +chant paeans of hatred. Between a fugue of Bach and the organ which +thunders <i>Deutschland über Alles</i>, Wundt, the aged philosopher of +eighty-two, calls with his quavering voice, the students of Leipzig to +the holy war. And each nation hurls at the other the name "Barbarians."</p> + +<p>The academy of moral science, in the person of its president, Bergson, +declares the struggle undertaken against Germany to be "<i>the struggle of +civilization itself against barbarism</i>." German history replies with the +voice of Karl Lamprecht that "<i>this is a war between Germanism and +barbarism and the present conflict is the logical successor of those +against the Huns and Turks in which Germany has been engaged throughout +the ages.</i>" Science, following history into the lists, proclaims through +E. Perrier, director of the Museum, member of the Academy of Sciences, +that the Prussians do not belong to the Aryan race, but are descended in +direct line from the men of the Stone Age called Allophyles, and adds, +"<i>the modern skull, resembling by its base, the best index of the +strength of the appetites, the skull of the fossilized man in the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_045" id="page_045">{45}</a></span> +Chapelle-aux-Saints most nearly, is none other than that of Prince +Bismarck!</i>"</p> + +<p>But the two moral forces whose weakness this contagious war shows up +most clearly are Christianity and Socialism. These rival apostles of +religious and secular internationalism have suddenly developed into the +most ardent of nationalists. Hervé is eager to die for the standard of +Austerlitz. The German socialists, pure trustees of the pure doctrine, +support this bill of credit for the war in the Reichstag. They place +themselves at the disposal of the Prussian minister, who uses their +journals to spread abroad his lies, even into the barracks, and sends +them as secret agents to attempt to pervert Italy. It was believed for +the honor of their cause for a moment that two or three of them had been +shot rather than take arms against their brothers. Indignant, they +protest; they are all marching under arms! Liebknecht, forsooth, did not +die for the cause of socialism;<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> but Frank, the principal champion of +the Franco-German union, fell under French fire, fighting in the cause +of militarism. These men have courage to die for the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_046" id="page_046">{46}</a></span> faith of others; +they have no courage to die for their own.</p> + +<p>As for the representatives of the Prince of Peace—priests, pastors, +bishops—they go into battle in their thousands, to carry out, musket in +hand, the Divine commands: <i>Thou shalt not kill</i>, and <i>Love one +another</i>. Each bulletin of victory, whether it be German, Austrian, or +Russian, gives thanks to the great captain God—<i>unser alter Gott, notre +Dieu</i>—as William II or M. Arthur Meyer says. For each has his own God, +and each God, whether old or young, has his Levites to defend him and +destroy the God of the others.</p> + +<p>Twenty thousand French priests are marching with the colors; Jesuits +offer their services to the German armies; cardinals issue warlike +mandates; and the Serb bishops of Hungary incite their faithful flocks +to fight against their brothers in Greater Serbia. The newspapers +report, with no expressions of astonishment, the paradoxical scene at +the railway station at Pisa, where the Italian socialists cheered the +young ordinands who were rejoining their regiments, all singing the +Marseillaise together. So strong the cyclone that sweeps them all before +it; so feeble the men it encounters on its career—and I am amongst +them....<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_047" id="page_047">{47}</a></span></p> + +<p>Come, friends! Let us make a stand! Can we not resist this contagion, +whatever its nature and virulence be—whether moral epidemic or cosmic +force? Do we not fight against the plague, and strive even to repair the +disaster caused by an earthquake? Or must we bow ourselves before it, +agreeing with Luzzatti in his famous article<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> that "<i>In the universal +disaster, the nations triumph</i>"? Shall we say with him that it is good +and reasonable that "the demon of international war, which mows down +thousands of beings, should be let loose," so that the great and simple +truth, "love of our country," be understood? It would seem, then, that +love of our country can flourish only through the hatred of other +countries and the massacre of those who sacrifice themselves in the +defense of them. There is in this theory a ferocious absurdity, a +Neronian dilettantism which repels me to the very depths of my being. +No! Love of my country does not demand that I shall hate and slay those +noble and faithful souls who also love theirs, but rather that I should +honor them and seek to unite with them for our common good.</p> + +<p>You Christians will say—and in this you seek<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_048" id="page_048">{48}</a></span> consolation for having +betrayed your Master's orders—that war exalts the virtue of sacrifice. +And it is true that war has the privilege of bringing out the genius of +the race in the most commonplace of hearts. It purges away, in its bath +of blood, all dross and impurity; it tempers the metal of the soul of a +niggardly peasant, of a timorous citizen; it can make a hero of Valmy. +But is there no better employment for the devotion of one people than +the devastation of another? Can we not sacrifice ourselves without +sacrificing our neighbors also? I know well, poor souls, that many of +you are more willing to offer your blood than to spill that of +others.... But what a fundamental weakness! Confess, then, that you who +are undismayed by bullets and shrapnel yet tremble before the dictates +of racial frenzy—that Moloch that stands higher than the Church of +Christ—the jealous pride of race. You Christians of today would not +have refused to sacrifice to the gods of Imperial Rome; you are not +capable of such courage! Your Pope Pius X died of grief to see the +outbreak of this war—so it is said. And not without reason. The Jupiter +of the Vatican who hurled thunderbolts upon those inoffensive priests +who believed in the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_049" id="page_049">{49}</a></span> noble chimera of modernism—what did he do against +those princes and those criminal rulers whose measureless ambition has +given the world over to misery and death? May God inspire the new +Pontiff who has just ascended the throne of St. Peter, with words and +deeds which will cleanse the Church from the stain of this silence.</p> + +<p>As for you socialists who on both sides claim to be defending liberty +against tyranny—French liberty against the Kaiser, German liberty +against the Czar, is it a question of defending one despotism against +another? Unite and attack both.</p> + +<p>There was no reason for war between the Western nations; French, +English, and German, we are all brothers and do not hate one another. +The war-preaching press is envenomed by a minority, a minority vitally +interested in maintaining these hatreds; but our peoples, I know, ask +for peace and liberty and that alone. The real tragedy, to one situated +in the midst of the conflict and able to look down from the high +plateaus of Switzerland into all the hostile camps, is the patent fact +that actually each of the nations is being menaced in its dearest +possessions—in its honor, its independence, its life. Who has brought +these plagues upon them? Brought<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_050" id="page_050">{50}</a></span> them to the desperate alternative of +overwhelming their adversary or dying? None other than their +governments, and above all, in my opinion, the three great culprits, the +three rapacious eagles, the three empires, the tortuous policy of the +house of Austria, the ravenous greed of Czarism, the brutality of +Prussia. The worst enemy of each nation is not without, but within its +frontiers, and none has the courage to fight against it. It is the +monster of a hundred heads, the monster named Imperialism, the will to +pride and domination, which seeks to absorb all, or subdue all, or break +all, and will suffer no greatness except itself. For the Western nations +Prussian imperialism is the most dangerous. Its hand uplifted in menace +against Europe has forced us to join in arms against this outcome of a +military and feudal caste, which is the curse not only of the rest of +the world but also of Germany itself, whose thought it has subtly +poisoned. We must destroy this first: but not this alone; the Russian +autocracy too will have its turn. Every nation to a greater or less +extent has an imperialism of its own, and whether it be military, +financial, feudal, republican, social, or intellectual, it is always the +octopus sucking the best blood of Europe. Let<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_051" id="page_051">{51}</a></span> the free men of all the +countries of Europe when this war is over take up again the motto of +Voltaire: "<i>Ecrasons l'infâme!</i>"</p> + +<p>When the war is over! The evil is done now, the torrent let loose and we +cannot force it back into its channel unaided. Moreover crimes have been +committed against right, attacks on the liberties of peoples and on the +sacred treasuries of thought, which must and will be expiated. Europe +cannot pass over unheeded the violence done to the noble Belgian people, +the devastation of Malines and Louvain, sacked by modern Tillys.... But +in the name of heaven let not these crimes be expiated by similar +crimes! Let not the hideous words "vengeance" and "retaliation" be +heard; for a great nation does not revenge itself, it re-establishes +justice. But let those in whose hands lies the execution of justice show +themselves worthy of her to the end.</p> + +<p>It is our duty to keep this before them; nor will we be passive and wait +for the fury of this conflict to spend itself. Such conduct would be +unworthy of us who have such a task before us.</p> + +<p>Our first duty, then, all over the world, is to insist on the formation +of a moral High Court, a<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_052" id="page_052">{52}</a></span> tribunal of consciences, to watch and pass +impartial judgment on any violations of the laws of nations. And since +committees of inquiry formed by belligerents themselves would be always +suspect, the neutral countries of the old and new world must take the +initiative, and form a tribunal such as was suggested by Mr. +Prenant,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> professor of medicine at Paris, and taken up +enthusiastically by M. Paul Seippel in the <i>Journal de Genève</i>.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> + +<p>"They should produce men of some worldly authority, and of proved civic +morality to act as a commission of inquiry, and to follow the armies at +a little distance. Such an organization would complete and solidify the +Hague Court, and prepare indisputable documents for the necessary work +of justice...."</p> + +<p>The neutral countries are too much effaced. Confronted by unbridled +force they are inclined to believe that opinion is defeated in advance, +and the majority of thinkers in all countries share their pessimism. +There is a lack of courage here as well as of clear thinking. For just +at this time the power of opinion is immense. The most despotic of +governments, even though marching to victory, trembles<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_053" id="page_053">{53}</a></span> before public +opinion and seeks to court it. Nothing shows this more clearly than the +efforts of both parties engaged in war, of their ministers, chancellors, +sovereigns, of the Kaiser himself turned journalist, to justify their +own crimes, and denounce the crimes of their adversary at the invisible +tribunal of humanity. Let this invisible tribunal be seen at last, let +us venture to constitute it. Ye know not your moral power, O ye of +little faith! If there be a risk, will you not take it for the honor of +humanity? What is the value of life when you have saved it at the price +of all that is worth living for?...</p> + +<p><i>Et propter vitam, vivendi perdere causas</i>....</p> + +<p>But for us, the artists and poets, priests and thinkers of all +countries, remains another task. Even in time of war it remains a crime +for finer spirits to compromise the integrity of their thought; it is +shameful to see it serving the passion of a puerile, monstrous policy of +race, a policy scientifically absurd—since no country possesses a race +wholly pure. Such a policy, as Renan points out in his beautiful letter +to Strauss,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> "<i>can only lead to<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_054" id="page_054">{54}</a></span> zoological wars, wars of +extermination, similar to those in which various species of rodents and +carnivorous beasts fight for their existence. This would be the end of +that fertile admixture called humanity, composed as it is of such +various necessary elements.</i>" Humanity is a symphony of great collective +souls; and he who understands and loves it only by destroying a part of +those elements, proves himself a barbarian and shows his idea of harmony +to be no better than the idea of order another held in Warsaw.</p> + +<p>For the finer spirits of Europe there are two dwelling-places: our +earthly fatherland, and that other City of God. Of the one we are the +guests, of the other the builders. To the one let us give our lives and +our faithful hearts; but neither family, friend, nor fatherland, nor +aught that we love has power over the spirit. The spirit is the light. +It is our duty to lift it above tempests, and thrust aside the clouds +which threaten to obscure it; to build higher and stronger, dominating +the injustice and hatred of nations, the walls of that city wherein the +souls of the whole world may assemble.</p> + +<p>I feel here how the generous heart of Switzerland<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_055" id="page_055">{55}</a></span> is thrilled, divided +between sympathies for the various nations, and lamenting that it cannot +choose freely between them, nor even express them. I understand its +torment; but I know that this is salutary. I hope it will rise thence to +that superior joy of a harmony of races, which may be a noble example +for the rest of Europe. It is the duty of Switzerland now to stand in +the midst of the tempest, like an island of justice and of peace, where, +as in the great monasteries of the early Middle Ages, the spirit may +find a refuge from unbridled force; where the fainting swimmers of all +nations, those who are weary of hatred, may persist, in spite of all the +wrongs they have seen and suffered, in loving all men as their brothers.</p> + +<p>I know that such thoughts have little chance of being heard today. Young +Europe, burning with the fever of battle, will smile with disdain and +show its fangs like a young wolf. But when the access of fever has spent +itself, wounded and less proud of its voracious heroism, it will come to +itself again.</p> + +<p>Moreover I do not speak to convince it. I speak but to solace my +conscience ... and I know that at the same time I shall solace the +hearts of thousands of others who, in all countries, cannot or dare not +speak themselves.</p> + +<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, September 15, 1914.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_056" id="page_056">{56}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV. THE LESSER OF TWO EVILS: PANGERMANISM, PANSLAVISM</h3> + +<p>I do not hold the doctrine expounded by a certain saintly king, that it +is useless to enter into discussion with heretics—and we regard all +those who do not agree with our opinions as heretics nowadays—but that +it is sufficient to brain them. I feel the need of understanding my +enemy's reasons. I am unwilling to believe in unfairness. Doubtless my +enemy is as passionately sincere as I am. Why, then, should we not +attempt to understand each other? For such an understanding, though it +will not suppress the conflict, may perhaps suppress our hatred; and it +is hatred more than anything else that I regard as my enemy.</p> + +<p>However much I may feel that the motives actuating the various +combatants are not equally worthy, I have yet come to the conviction, +after reading the papers and letters which, during the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_057" id="page_057">{57}</a></span> last two months, +have arrived in Geneva from every country, that the ardor of patriotic +faith is everywhere the same, and that each of the nations engaged in +this mighty struggle believes itself to be the champion of liberty +against barbarism. But liberty and barbarism do not mean the same thing +to both sides.</p> + +<p>Barbarous despotism, the worst enemy to liberty, is exemplified for us +Frenchmen, Englishmen, men of the West, in Prussian Imperialism; and I +venture to think that the register of its methods is plainly set forth +in the devastated route from Liège to Senlis, passing by way of Louvain, +Malines, and Rheims. For Germany, the monster ("<i>Ungeheuer</i>," as the +aged Wundt calls it), which threatens civilization is Russia, and the +bitterest reproach which the Germans hurl against France is our alliance +with the Empire of the Czar. I have received many letters reproaching us +with this. In the Munich review, <i>Das Forum</i>, I read only yesterday an +article by Wilhelm Herzog challenging me to explain my position with +regard to Russia. Let us consider the question, then. I ask nothing +better. By this means we shall be able to weigh the German danger and +the Russian danger in the balance, and thus show<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_058" id="page_058">{58}</a></span> which of the two seems +the more threatening to us. Of the actual events of the present war +between Germany and Russia I will say nothing. All the information we +have comes from Russian or German sources, equally unreliable. To judge +by them it would appear that the same ferocity exists in both camps. The +Germans in Kalish were worthy companions of the Cossacks in Grodtken and +Zorothowo.—It is of the German spirit and of the Russian spirit that I +wish to speak here, for this is the important thing and of this we have +more definite knowledge.</p> + +<p>You, my German friends—for those of you who were my friends in the past +remain my friends in spite of fanatical demands from both sides that we +should break off all relations—know how much I love the Germany of the +past, and all that I owe to it. Not less than you, yourselves, I am the +son of Beethoven, of Leibnitz, and of Goethe. But what do I owe to the +Germany of today, or what does Europe owe to it? What art have you +produced since the monumental work of Wagner, which marks the end of an +epoch and belongs to the past? What new and original thought can you +boast of since the death of Nietzsche, whose magnificent<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_059" id="page_059">{59}</a></span> madness has +left its traces upon you though we are unscathed by it? Where have we +sought our spiritual food for the last forty years, when our own fertile +soil no longer yielded sufficient for our needs? Who but the Russian +writers have been our guides? What German writer can you set up against +Tolstoi and Dostoievsky, those giants of poetic genius and moral +grandeur? These are the men who have moulded my soul, and in defending +the nation from which they sprang, I am but paying a debt which I owe to +that nation as well as to themselves. Even if the contempt for Prussian +Imperialism were not innate in me as a Latin, I should have learned it +from them. Twenty years ago Tolstoi expressed his contempt for your +Kaiser. In music, Germany, so proud of its ancient glory, has only the +successors of Wagner, neurotic jugglers with orchestral effects, like +Richard Strauss, but not a single sober and virile work of the quality +of <i>Boris Godunov</i>. No German musician has opened up new roads. A single +page of Moussorgsky or Strawinsky shows more originality, more potential +greatness than the complete scores of Mahler and Reger. In our +Universities, in our hospitals and Pasteur Institutes, Russian students +and scholars work side by side<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_060" id="page_060">{60}</a></span> with our own, and Russian +revolutionaries who have taken refuge in Paris mingle their aspirations +with those of our socialists.</p> + +<p>The crimes of Czarism are continually on your lips. We, too, denounce +these crimes; for Czarism is our enemy, and what I wrote but recently, I +repeat now. But it is likewise the enemy of the intellectual élite of +Russia itself. This cannot be said of your intellectuals, who are so +slavishly obedient to the commands of your rulers. A few days ago I +received that amazing "Address to the Civilized Nations" with which the +Imperial army-corps of German intellectuals bombarded Europe; meanwhile +the army-corps of German Commerce (<i>Bureau des Deutschen Handelstages</i>) +shelled the markets of the world with circulars ornamented by the figure +of Mercury, the god of lies. This mobilization of the forces of the pen +and of the caduceus, with which in good truth no other country could +compete, has given us additional reason to fear the Empire's powers of +organization, no reason to respect it more. "Civilized Nations" read, +not without amazement, that Address, the truth of which was vouched for +by the names of the most distinguished scientists, thinkers, and artists +in Germany<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_061" id="page_061">{61}</a></span>—by Behring, Ostwald, Roentgen, Eucken, Haeckel, Wundt, +Dehmel, Hauptmann, Sudermann, Hildebrand, Klinger, Liebermann, +Humperdinck, Weingartner, etc.—by painters and philosophers, musicians, +theologians, chemists, economists, poets, and the professors of twenty +universities. They learned, not without surprise, that "it is not true +that Germany provoked the war,—it is not true that Germany criminally +violated the neutrality of Belgium,—it is not true that Germany used +violence against the life or the belongings of a single Belgian citizen +without being forced to do so,—it is not true that Germany destroyed +Louvain" (destroyed it? no indeed, she saved it!),—"it is not true that +Germany——" It is not true that day is day and night is night! I +confess that I could not read to the end without that feeling of +embarrassment which I felt as a child, when I heard an elderly man whom +I respected make false statements. I turned aside my eyes and blushed +for him. Thank God! the crimes of Czarism never found a defender amongst +the great artists, scholars, and thinkers of Russia. Are not Kropotkin, +Tolstoi, Dostoievsky, and Gorki, the greatest names in its literature, +the very ones who denounced its crimes!<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_062" id="page_062">{62}</a></span></p> + +<p>Russian domination has often been cruelly heavy for the smaller +nationalities which it has swallowed up. But how comes it then, Germans, +that the Poles prefer it to yours? Do you imagine that Europe is +ignorant of the monstrous way in which you are exterminating the Polish +race? Do you think that we do not receive the confidences of those +Baltic nations who, having to choose between two conquerors, prefer the +Russian because he is the more humane? Read the following letter which I +received but lately from a Lett, who, though he has suffered severely at +the hands of the Russians, yet sides ardently with them against you. My +German friends, you are either strangely ignorant of the state of mind +of the nations which surround you, or you think us extremely simple and +ill-informed. Your imperialism, beneath its veneer of civilization, +seems to me no less ferocious than Czarism towards everything that +ventures to oppose its avaricious desire for universal dominion. But +whereas immense and mysterious Russia, overflowing with young and +revolutionary forces, gives us hope of a coming renewal, your Germany +bases its systematic harshness on a culture too antiquated and +scholastic to allow of any hope of amendment. If I had any<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_063" id="page_063">{63}</a></span> such +hope—and I once had it, my friends—you have taken great pains to rob +me of it, you, artists and scholars, who drew up that address in which +you pride yourself on your complete unity with Prussian Imperialism. +Know once for all that there is nothing more overwhelming for us Latins, +nothing more difficult to endure, than your militarization of the +intellect. If, by some awful fate, this spirit were triumphant, I should +leave Europe for ever. To live here would be intolerable to me.</p> + +<p>Here, then, are some extracts from the interesting letter which I have +received from a representative of those little nationalities which are +being disputed between Russia and Germany. They desire to maintain their +independence, but find themselves obliged to choose between these two +nations, and choose Russia. It is good to hear them speak. We are too +much inclined to listen only to the Great Powers who are now at war. Let +us think of those little barques which the great vessels draw in their +wake. Let us share for a moment the agony with which these little +nationalities, forgotten by the egotism of Europe, await the final issue +of a struggle which will decide their fate. Let England and France heed +those beseeching eyes which are turned towards<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_064" id="page_064">{64}</a></span> them; let young Russia, +herself so eager for liberty, help generously to shed its benefits +abroad.</p> + +<p><i>October 10, 1914.</i></p> + +<p class="asterisks">* * *</p> + +<p class="c">LETTER TO ROMAIN ROLLAND</p> + +<p class="r"> +<i>30th September, 1914.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:—I desire to thank you for your article, "Above the Battle."... +Although by my education I am more akin to the civilizations of Germany +and Russia than to the civilization of France, yet I respect the French +spirit more, for I am convinced, more than ever today, that it will +furnish the greatly needed solution of the problems of national rights +and liberty.</p> + +<p>In your article you quote the words of one of your friends, a soldier +and a writer, who says that the French are fighting not only to defend +their own country but to save the <i>liberty of the world</i>. You can hardly +imagine how such words re-echo in the hearts of oppressed nations, what +streams of sympathy are today converging from all corners of Europe upon +France, what hopes depend upon your victory.</p> + +<p>And yet many doubts have been expressed with<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_065" id="page_065">{65}</a></span> regard to these French and +English assertions because both nations have allied themselves with +Russia, whose policy is contrary to the ideas of right and liberty; and +Germany herself maintains that it is precisely those ideas for which she +is fighting against Russia.</p> + +<p>It would be interesting to discover what German writers and professors +really mean when they speak of a Holy War against Russia. Do they wish +to assist Russian revolutionaries to dethrone the Czar?—Every +revolutionary party would refuse indignantly to accept assistance from +Prussian militarism. Do they wish to set free the neighboring countries, +such as Poland, which are oppressed by Russia, by incorporating them +with the German Empire?—It is well known that the Poles who are German +subjects have suffered much more ignoble treatment than the Russian +Poles, though even they have every reason to complain.</p> + +<p>The Baltic provinces of Russia alone remain, and here the Germans have +for centuries had their pioneers among the large landowners and the +merchants in the bigger towns. These, no doubt, Russian subjects but of +German nationality, would welcome the German armies with enthusiasm. But +they<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_066" id="page_066">{66}</a></span> form only a caste of nobles and of the wealthy middle-classes, +numbering at most a few thousands, whereas the bulk of the population, +the Lettish and Esthonian nations, would regard the absorption of these +provinces into Germany as the worst of calamities. We know well what +German domination means. I am a Lett and can speak with authority, for I +know the deepest feelings and hopes of my own countrymen.</p> + +<p>The Letts are akin to the Lithuanians. They inhabit Courland, Livonia, +and a part of the province of Vitebsk. Their intellectual center is +Riga. There are colonies of them in all the principal towns of Russia. +Last year the <i>Annales des Nationalités</i> of Paris devoted two numbers to +these two sister nations. Owing to the geographical situation of their +country, which is only too desirable, they had the misfortune to be +under the yoke of the Germans, before they were under the yoke of the +Russians. To understand how much they suffered under the former it will +be sufficient to say that, in comparison with the Germans, we think of +the Russians as our liberators. By sheer force the Germans kept us for +centuries in a state equivalent to slavery. Only fifty years ago the +Russian Government<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_067" id="page_067">{67}</a></span> set us free from this bondage; but, at the same +time, it committed the grave injustice of leaving all our land in the +hands of German proprietors. Nevertheless, within the last twenty or +thirty years, we have succeeded in reclaiming from the Germans a part at +least of our land, and in reaching a considerable level of culture, +thanks to which, we are considered, together with the Esthonians and the +Finns, as the most advanced people in the Russian Empire.</p> + +<p>German papers often accuse us of ingratitude, and reproach us with our +lack of appreciation of the advantages of the culture which they boast +of having brought us. We listen to such accusations with a bitter smile, +and in writing the word <i>Kulturträger</i> (bearer of civilization) add an +exclamation mark afterwards, for the behavior of the Germans has brought +the expression into contempt. We have acquired our culture in spite of +their opposition, and against their will. <i>Even today it is the German +representatives in the Russian Duma who veto the occasional suggestions +on the part of the Government to make reforms in the Baltic provinces.</i> +These provinces are administered in a manner that differs, and differs +for the worse, from that adopted in the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_068" id="page_068">{68}</a></span> other provinces of Russia. We +still submit to laws and regulations which no longer exist in other +parts of Europe—laws which were made in the feudal ages and have been +rigorously maintained amongst us, thanks to the exertions of the big +German landowners, who are always sure of a hearing at the Imperial +Court of St. Petersburg.</p> + +<p>Formerly, when we were striving in vain to reconcile our sympathy and +admiration for German thought and art with the narrow, haughty, and +cruel spirit of its representatives amongst us, we explained it all by +saying that the Germans in our provinces were of a peculiar type, and +had little in common with other Germans. But the crimes of which they +have been guilty in Belgium and in France show us our mistake. Germans +are the same everywhere in the work of conquest and domination—wholly +without humanitarian scruples. In Germany, as in Russia, there are two +distinct tendencies—the one, provoked by the ideas of Pangermanism and +Panslavism, is to seek national glory on the field of battle and in the +oppression of the personalities of other nations; the other is to +achieve the same end in the peaceful realms of thought and artistic +creation. Just as the culture of which Goethe was<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_069" id="page_069">{69}</a></span> typical has nothing +in common with Prussian militarism, so Tolstoi may be considered as the +representative of that other Russia which is so different from the one +represented by the Russian Government of today. Certainly the gulf +between these two tendencies is less deep in Germany than in Russia, and +this is due to the immense size of Russia, which contains vast numbers +of poor and ignorant human beings whom the Russian Government oppresses +with the utmost brutality. <i>But it is entirely unjust always to allude +to the Russians as barbarians; and the Germans who invariably make use +of this word when they speak of Russia have less right than any one to +do so.</i> No one who knows the intellectual world of Germany and Russia +will venture to say that the former is much superior to the latter—they +are simply different. <i>And I would add that the one fact which makes us +feel more drawn to the intellectual world of Russia than to that of the +Germany of today, is that it would never be capable of justifying and +approving the brutal conduct of its Government, as the German +intellectuals are doing now. It has often been constrained to keep +silence, but it has never raised its voice in defense of a guilty +Government.</i><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_070" id="page_070">{70}</a></span></p> + +<p>Let not my testimony in favor of the Russians lead any one to believe +that I am idealizing them, or that my people, the Letts, have enjoyed +any special privileges under their government. On the contrary! I have +suffered more at their hands than at the hands of the Germans, and my +nation knows only too well how heavy is the hand of the Russian +Government, and how suffocating the atmosphere of Panslavism. In 1906 it +was the Lett peasant and intellectual classes who enjoyed most +frequently the privilege of being flogged; it was amongst these classes +that the greatest number of unfortunates were shot, hanged, or +imprisoned for life. And since that dreadful year there are to be found +in all the principal towns of Western Europe colonies of Letts, formed +of refugees who succeeded in escaping from the atrocities of the +punitive expedition sent by the Russian Government against my country. +But this fact is significant: <i>at the head of the majority of the +military bands commissioned to punish the country were German officers +who had asked for this employment, and showed so great a zeal in +shooting down men and setting fire to houses, that they went even beyond +the intentions of the Russian Government. In those days the places<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_071" id="page_071">{71}</a></span> +might count themselves fortunate which were visited by dragoons +commanded by officers of Russian nationality; for where Russian officers +would have ordered the knout, German officers habitually inflicted a +sentence of death.</i></p> + +<p>If my nation had ever to choose between a German and a Russian +government it would choose the latter as the lesser of two evils. I see +in the Lett newspapers that the reservists of my country left for the +war with enthusiasm. I do not imagine that this enthusiasm is due to the +thought that they are fighting for the glory of a nation which, by every +means in its power, seeks to hinder our national development, by +forbidding instruction in our native tongue in primary schools, by +attempting to colonize our land with Russian peasants, by compelling our +own people to emigrate to Siberia and America, by excluding all Letts +from any share in Government employment, etc. This enthusiasm +nevertheless exists, and it is because the war is being waged against +Germany, and because the Letts know that the Germans have long been +aiming at the possession of the Baltic provinces. To prevent this we are +prepared to make any sacrifice. We, who love our national civilization +and know well what Panslavism<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_072" id="page_072">{72}</a></span> and Pangermanism mean, are of opinion +that, of the two, Panslavism is less fatal to the civilizations of small +nations. This is really due to the character of the two races.</p> + +<p><i>German oppression is always systematic, hence always efficacious. In +addition to this, their arrogant contempt for everything that is not +themselves, the calm and calculated method in which they carry out their +system of persecution wherever they dominate, all this makes them +intolerable.</i></p> + +<p><i>Russians are less logical by nature; their minds are not so regulated +and they are more inclined to obey the dictates of their hearts; for +this reason they are less to be feared as oppressors. The blows which +they strike are often extremely cruel and painful, but they can repent +from time to time. Their manners are rougher and more brutal</i> (I speak +here more especially of civil and military officials), <i>but on the whole +they are more humane than the Germans, who often conceal feelings of +fierce savagery under the mask of perfect courtesy. In the year 1906, +when there were executions in Russia on a large scale, there were many +cases of suicide amongst Russian officers who could not reconcile their +profession of soldiers with that of a<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_073" id="page_073">{73}</a></span> hangman. The officers of German +nationality, on the other hand, carried out their orders with +enjoyment.</i></p> + +<p>Nevertheless Russian domination, though preferable to German, is still +very oppressive. I hear the news of Russian victories with mingled +feelings, rejoicing in so far as they are victories for the Allies, yet +dreading the triumph of Russia. After the defeats of the Russo-Japanese +War, when the Russian Government was weakened, it conceded certain +liberal measures and then revoked them almost entirely as its strength +returned. What have we to expect from a victory for Czarism, especially +we who are not Russians, but a savage revival of the crushing ideals of +Panslavism?</p> + +<p>This is the agonized question which the nations subject to Russia are +asking now. I read in your article that the turn of Czarism will come +after that of Prussianism. In what sense is this to be understood? Is it +your opinion that another war will presently break out against Czarism, +or will it be struck down by the blows of an internal revolution? Is it +even possible that France and England obtained the promise of a reform +in the internal politics of Russia before allying themselves with her? +And is<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_074" id="page_074">{74}</a></span> the proclamation to the Poles evidence of this? Will it have any +real effect after the war? And those other nations oppressed by +Russia—the Finns, the Letts, the Lithuanians, the Esthonians, the +Armenians, the Jews...—will they too have justice done them?</p> + +<p>These questions are probably devoid of any political significance. Yet +without perceiving in what manner France and England can set us free, we +do direct our hopes towards them. We believe that in some way or other +they will take care in future that their Russian ally shall show herself +worthy of them and of the ideas for which they are fighting, lest the +blood of those who have died in the cause of freedom go to feed the +strength of the oppressors.</p> + +<p>Thus, sir, I have ventured uninvited to set forth rather fully to you +the hopes and fears of a nation which has developed itself on a narrow +strip of land between the two abysses of Pangermanism and Panslavism. +Whilst ardently desiring the destruction of the former, we have +everything to fear from the latter. Yet we do not aspire to political +independence. We seek only the possibility of developing freely our +intellectual, artistic, and economic powers, without the perpetual +menace of<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_075" id="page_075">{75}</a></span> being absorbed by Russia or Germany. We believe that, in +virtue of the civilization we have acquired in the face of obstacles, we +are worthy of the liberties and rights of man; we are convinced that as +a nation we have qualities which will fit us to play a valuable part in +the great symphony of civilized peoples.</p> + +<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, October 10, 1914.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_076" id="page_076">{76}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="V" id="V"></a>V. INTER ARMA CARITAS</h3> + +<p>Once more I address myself to our friends the enemy. But this time I +shall attempt no discussion, for discussion is impossible with those who +avow that they do not seek for but possess the truth. For the moment +there is no spiritual force that can pierce the thick wall of certitude +by which Germany is barricaded against the light of day—the terrible +certitude, the pharisaical satisfaction which pervades the monstrous +letter of a Court preacher who glorifies God for having made him +impeccable, irreproachable, and pure, himself, his emperor, his +ministers, his army, and his race; and who rejoices beforehand in his +"holy wrath" at the destruction of all who do not think as he +thinks.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_077" id="page_077">{77}</a></span></p> + +<p>True, I am very far from thinking that this monument of anti-Christian +pride represents the spirit of the better part of Germany. I know how +many noble hearts, moderate, affectionate, incapable of doing evil and +almost of conceiving it, go to make up her moral strength; amongst them +are friends that I shall never cease to esteem. I know how many intrepid +minds work ceaselessly in German science for the conquest of the truth. +But I see on the one hand these good people so over-confident, so +tractable, with their eyes shut, ignorant of the facts and unwilling to +recognize anything but what it is the pleasure of their Government that +they shall know; and on the other, the clearest minds of Germany, +historians and savants, trained for the criticism of texts, basing their +conviction on documents which all emanate from one alone of the parties +concerned, and by way of peremptory proof referring us to the <i>ex-parte</i> +affirmations of their Emperor, and of their Chancellor, like +well-behaved scholars, whose only argument is <i>Magister dixit</i>. What +hope remains of convincing such people that there exists a truth beyond +that master, and that in addition to his White Book we have in our hands +books of every kind and of every color, whose testimony demands the +attention of an impartial judge? But<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_078" id="page_078">{78}</a></span> do they so much as know of their +existence, and does the master allow his class to handle the manuals of +his enemies? Our disagreement is not only as regards the facts of the +case; it is due to difference in mind itself. Between the spirit of +Germany today and that of the rest of Europe there is no longer a point +of contact. We speak to them of <i>Humanity</i>; they reply with +<i>Uebermensch</i>, <i>Uebervolk</i>, and it goes without saying that they +themselves are the Uebervolk. Germany seems to be overcome by a morbid +exaltation, a collective madness, for which there is no remedy but time. +According to the view of medical experts in analogous cases such forms +of madness develop rapidly, and are suddenly followed by profound +depression. We can then but wait, and in the meantime defend ourselves +to the best of our ability from the madness of Ajax.</p> + +<p>Certainly Ajax has given us plenty of work to do. Look at the ruins +around us! We may bring aid to the victims—yet how little can we +achieve? In the eternal struggle between good and evil the scales are +not evenly balanced. We need a century to re-create what one day can +destroy. The fury of madness, on the other hand, endures only for a day; +patient labor is our lot throughout the years. It knows no pause, even +in those hours when the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_079" id="page_079">{79}</a></span> world seems at an end. The vine-growers of +Champagne gather in their vintage though the bombs of the rival armies +explode around them—and we, too, can do our share! There is work for +all who find themselves outside the battle. Especially for those who +still can write, it seems to me that there should be something better to +do than to brandish a pen dipped in blood and seated at their tables to +cry "Kill! Kill!" I hate the war, but even more do I hate those who +glorify it without taking part. What would we say of officers who +marched behind their men? The noblest rôle of those who follow in the +rear is to pick up their friends who fall, and to bear in mind even +during the battle those fair words so often forgotten—<i>Inter arma +caritas</i>.</p> + +<p class="asterisks">* * *</p> + +<p>Amidst all the misery which every man of feeling can do his share to +relieve, let us recall the fate of the prisoner of war. But knowing that +Germany today blushes at her former sentimentality, I carefully refrain +from appealing to her pity by whinings, as they call them, about the +destruction of Louvain and Rheims. "War is war." Granted!—then it is +natural that it drags in its train thousands of prisoners, officers and +men.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_080" id="page_080">{80}</a></span></p> + +<p>For the moment I shall say only a word about these, in order to comfort +as far as possible the families who are searching for them, and are so +anxious about their fate. On both sides hateful rumors circulate only +too easily, rumors given currency by an unscrupulous press, rumors which +would have us believe that the most elementary laws of humanity are +trampled under foot by the enemy. Only the other day an Austrian friend +wrote to me, maddened by the lies of some paper or other, to beg me to +help the German wounded in France, who are left without any aid. And +have I not heard or read the same unworthy fears expressed by Frenchmen +as regards their wounded, who are said to be maltreated in Germany? But +it is all a lie—on both sides; and those of us whose task it is to +receive the true information from either camp must affirm the contrary. +Speaking generally (for in so many thousands of cases one cannot, of +course, be sure that there will not here and there be individual +exceptions) this war, whose actual conduct has provoked a degree of +harshness which our knowledge of previous wars in the West would not +have allowed us to expect, is by contrast less cruel to all +those—prisoners and wounded—who are put out of the battle line.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_081" id="page_081">{81}</a></span></p> + +<p>The letters that we receive and documents already published—especially +an interesting account which appeared in the <i>Neue Zürcher Zeitung</i> of +October 18th, written by Dr. Schneeli, who had just been visiting the +hospitals and prisoners' camps in Germany—show that in that country +efforts are being made to reconcile the ideals of humanity with the +exigencies of war. They make it clear that there is no difference +between the care bestowed by the Germans on their own wounded and those +of the enemy, and that friendly relations exist between the prisoners +and their guards, who all share the same food.</p> + +<p>I could wish that a similar inquiry might be made and published on the +camps where German prisoners are concentrated in France. In the meantime +accounts which reach me from individuals disclose a similar +situation,<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> and there is plenty of reliable<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_082" id="page_082">{82}</a></span> evidence that in Germany +and France alike the wounded of both countries are living in terms of +friendship. There are even soldiers who refuse to have their wounds +dressed or receive their rations before their comrades the enemy have +received similar attention. And who knows if it is not perhaps in the +ranks of the contending armies that the feelings of national hatred are +least violent? For there one learns to appreciate the courage of one's +adversaries, since the same sufferings are common to all, and since +where all energy is directed towards action there is none left for +personal animosity. It is amongst those who are not actively engaged +that there is developed the harsh and implacable brand of hatred, of +which certain intellectuals provide terrible examples.</p> + +<p>The moral situation of the military prisoner is therefore not so +overwhelming as might be imagined, and his lot, sad as it is, is less to +be pitied than that of another class of prisoners of whom I shall speak +later. The feeling of duty accomplished, the memory of the struggle, +glorifies his misfortune in his own eyes, and even in those of the +enemy. He is not totally abandoned to the foe; international conventions +protect him; the Red Cross watches<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_083" id="page_083">{83}</a></span> over him, and it is possible to +discover where he is and to come to his assistance.</p> + +<p>In this work the admirable <i>Agence internationale des prisonniers de +guerre</i>, most providentially established some two months after the +commencement of the war, has caused the name of Geneva to be known and +blessed in the most remote corners of France and Germany. It only needs, +like Providence itself, to gain the co-operation of those over whose +interests it watches, that is to say, of the States concerned which have +been somewhat slow in supplying the lists we need. Under the ægis of the +International Committee of the Red Cross, with M. Gustave Ador as +president and M. Max Dollfus as director, some 300 voluntary workers, +drawn from all classes of society, are assisting in its charitable work. +More than 15,000 letters a day pass through its hands. It daily +transmits about 7,000 letters between prisoners and their families, and +is responsible for the safe dispatch of some 4,000 francs on an average. +The precise information which it is able to communicate was very meager +at the start, but soon increased, until a thousand cases could be dealt +with in the course of a single day; and this number rapidly increased +with the arrival of more complete lists from the Governments concerned.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_084" id="page_084">{84}</a></span></p> + +<p>This renewal of intercourse between a prisoner and his family is not the +only beneficial result of our organization. Its peaceful work, its +impartial knowledge of the actual facts in the belligerent countries, +contribute to modify the hatred which wild stories have exasperated, and +to reveal what remains of humanity in the most envenomed enemy. It can +also draw the attention of the different Governments, or at least of the +general public, to cases where a speedy understanding would be in the +interest of both parties—as, for instance, in the exchange of men who +are so seriously wounded that they will be quite unable to take further +part in the war, and whom it is useless and inhuman to keep languishing +far from their friends. Finally, it can effectively direct public +generosity, which often hesitates for want of guidance. It can, for +instance, point out to neutral countries, who are so ungrudging in their +anxiety to aid the sufferings of the combatants, where help is most +urgently needed—for the wounded prisoners, convalescents leaving the +hospital without linen or boots, and with no claims on the enemy for +further support.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Instead of showering gifts (which, no doubt, are<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_085" id="page_085">{85}</a></span> never superfluous) on +the armies who can and should be supported by the peoples for whom they +are fighting, neutrals might well reserve the greater part of their +generosity for those who are most destitute, those whose need is the +greatest, for they are feeble, broken, and alone.</p> + +<p class="asterisks">* * *</p> + +<p>But there is another class of prisoners on whom I would like interest to +be specially concentrated, for their situation is far more precarious, +unprotected as they are by any international convention. These are the +civil prisoners. They are one of the innovations of this unbridled war, +which seems to have set itself to violate all the rights of humanity. In +former wars it was only a question of a few hostages arrested here and +there as a guarantee of good faith for the pledge of some conquered +town. Never until now had one heard of populations taken bodily into +captivity on the model of ancient conquests—a custom actively revived +since the beginning of this war. Such a contingency not having been +foreseen, no conventions existed to regulate the situation in the laws +of war, if the words have any meaning. And as it would have been awkward +to formulate fresh laws in the midst of the struggle, it seemed more +simple to overlook them. It has been as though these unfortunates did +not exist.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_086" id="page_086">{86}</a></span></p> + +<p>But they do exist, and in thousands. Their number seems about equal on +both sides. Which of the belligerents took the initiative in these +captures? At present certainty is impossible. It seems clear that in the +second half of July Germany ordered the arrest of a number of Alsatian +civilians. To this France replied the day after her mobilization by +declaring prisoners Germans and Austrians then to be found on her +territory. The casting of this vast net was followed by similar action +in Germany and Austria, though, perhaps, with less result. The conquest +of Belgium and the invasion of the North of France brought about a +redoubling of these measures aggravated by violence. The Germans, on +retiring after their defeat on the Marne, methodically made a clean +sweep in the towns and villages of Picardy and Flanders of all persons +capable of bearing arms—500 men at Douai, at Amiens 1,800 summoned +before the citadel on some apparently harmless pretext, and carried off +without even the possibility of returning for a change of clothes.</p> + +<p>In many cases the captures had not even the excuse of military utility. +In the village of Sompuis (Marne) on September 10th, the Saxons seized a +helpless village priest of seventy-three, scarcely able<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_087" id="page_087">{87}</a></span> to walk, and +five old men of ages from sixty to seventy, one of whom was lame, and +took them away on foot. Elsewhere women and children are taken, happy if +they can remain together. Here a husband, mad with grief, searches for +his wife and son aged three, who have disappeared since the Germans +passed through Quièvrechain (Nord). There it is a mother and her +children taken by the French near Guebwiller; the children were sent +back, but not the mother. A French captain, wounded by the bursting of a +shell, saw his wife also wounded by German bullets at Nomêny +(Meurthe-et-Moselle); since when she has disappeared, taken he does not +know where. An old peasant woman of sixty-three is taken away from her +husband near Villers-aux-Vents (Meuse) by a company of Germans. A child +of sixteen is seized at its mother's house at Mulhouse.</p> + +<p>Such action shows an utter lack of human feeling, and is almost more +absurd than cruel. It really appears as though people had been +deliberately separated from all who were dearest to them; and of those +who have so disappeared no trace remains by which they can at present be +found. I am not speaking of Belgium; there the silence is as of the +grave. Of what is taking place there nothing has<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_088" id="page_088">{88}</a></span> been heard in the +outer world for three months. Are the villages and towns still in +existence? I have before me letters from parents (in some cases +belonging to neutral nations) begging for news of their children of +twelve or eight years of age, detained in Belgium since hostilities +broke out. I have even found in the lists of these vanished +children—doubtless prisoners of war—youthful citizens of four or two +years of age. Are we to understand that they too could have been +mobilized?</p> + +<p>We see the anguish of the survivors. Imagine the distress of those who +have disappeared, deprived of money or the means of obtaining any from +their families. What misery is revealed in the first letters received +from such families interned in France or Germany! A mother whose little +boy is ill, although rich, cannot procure any money. Another, with two +children, requests us to warn her family that if after the war, nothing +more is heard of her, it will mean that she has died of hunger. These +cries of misery seemed in the noise of battle to fall on deaf ears for +the first two months. The Red Cross itself, absorbed in its immense +task, reserved all its help for the military prisoners, and the +Governments seemed to show a superb disdain for their unfortunate +citizens. Of what use are such as cannot<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_089" id="page_089">{89}</a></span> serve! Yet these are the most +innocent victims of this war. They have not taken part in it, and +nothing had prepared them for such calamities.</p> + +<p>Fortunately a man of generous sympathies (he will not forgive me for +publishing his name), Dr. Ferrière, was touched by the misfortunes of +these outcasts of the war. With a tenacity as patient as it was +passionate, he set himself to construct in the swarming hive of Red +Cross workers a special department to deal with their distress. Refusing +to be discouraged by the innumerable difficulties and the remote chances +of success, he persevered, limiting himself at first to drawing up lists +of the missing, and trying to inspire confidence in their anxious +friends. He then attempted by every means in his power to discover the +place of internment, and to re-establish communications between +relations and friends. What joy when one can announce to a family that +the son or the father has been found! Every one of us at our table—for +I, too, had the honor of sharing in the work—rejoices as though he were +a member of that family. And as luck would have it the first letter of +this kind which I had to write was to comfort some good people in my own +little town in the Nivernais.</p> + +<p>Great progress has already been made. The most<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_090" id="page_090">{90}</a></span> pressing needs have +obtained a hearing. The Governments have agreed to liberate women, +children under seventeen, and men over sixty. Repatriation began on +October 23rd through the Bureau of Berne, created by the Federal +Council. It remains, if not to deliver the others (we cannot count on +this before the end of the war), at any rate to put them in +communication with their families. In such cases, as in many others, +more can be expected from the charitable efforts of private individuals +than from Governments. The friends with whom we communicated in Germany +or Austria as in France have replied with enthusiasm, all showing a +generous desire to take part in our work. It is such questions +transcending national pride which reveal the underlying fellowship of +the nations which are tearing each other to pieces, and the sacrilegious +folly of war. How friends and enemies are drawn together in the face of +common suffering which the efforts of all humanity would hardly suffice +to alleviate!</p> + +<p>When after three months of fratricidal struggle one has felt the calming +influence of this wide human sympathy, and turns once more to the field +of strife, the rasping cries of hate in the press inspire only horror +and pity. What object have they<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_091" id="page_091">{91}</a></span> in view? They wish to punish crimes and +are a crime in themselves; for murderous words are the seeds of future +murder. In the diseased organism of a fevered Europe everything vibrates +and reverberates without end. Every word, every action, arouses +reprisals. Him who fans hatred, hatred flares up to consume. Heroes of +officialdom! bullies of the press! the blows which you deal very often +reach your own people, little though you think it—your soldiers, your +prisoners, delivered into the hands of the enemy. They answer for the +harm which you have done, and you escape the danger.</p> + +<p>We cannot stop the war, but we can make it less bitter. There are +medicines for the body. We need medicines for the soul, to dress the +wounds of hatred and vengeance by which the world is being poisoned. We +who write—let that be our task. And as the Red Cross pursues its work +of mercy in the midst of the combat, like the bees of Holy Writ that +made their honey in the jaws of the lion, let us try to support its +efforts. Let our thoughts follow the ambulances that gather up the +wounded on the field of battle. May <i>Notre-Dame la Misère</i> lay on the +brow of raging Europe her stern but succoring hand. May she open the +eyes of these peoples,<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_092" id="page_092">{92}</a></span> blinded by pride, and show them that they are +but poor human flocks, equal in the face of suffering; suffering at all +times so great that there is no reason to add to the burden.</p> + +<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, October 30, 1914.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_093" id="page_093">{93}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI. TO THE PEOPLE THAT IS SUFFERING FOR JUSTICE</h3> + +<p class="c">(For <i>King Albert's Book</i>.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>)</p> + +<p>Belgium has just written an Epic, whose echoes will resound throughout +the ages. Like the three hundred Spartans, the little Belgian army +confronts for three months the German Colossus; Leman-Leonides; the +Thermopylæ of Liège; Louvain, like Troy, burnt; the deeds of King Albert +surrounded by his valiant men: with what legendary grandeur are these +figures already invested, and history has not yet completed their story! +The heroism of this people, who, without a murmur, sacrificed everything +for honor, has burst like a thunderclap upon us at a time when the +spirit of victorious Germany was enthroning in the world a conception of +political realism, resting stolidly on force and self-interest.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_094" id="page_094">{94}</a></span> It was +a liberation of the oppressed idealism of the West. And that the signal +should have been given by this little nation seemed a miracle.</p> + +<p>Men call the sudden appearance of a hidden reality a miracle. It is the +shock of danger which makes us best understand the character of +individuals and of nations. What discoveries this war has caused us to +make in those around us, even among those nearest and dearest to us! +What heroic hearts and savage beasts! The inner soul, not a new soul, +reveals itself.</p> + +<p>In this fearful hour Belgium has seen the hidden genius of her race +emerge. The sterling qualities that she has displayed during the last +three months evoke admiration; it should not surprise any one who, in +the pages of history, has felt, coursing through the ages, the vigorous +sap of her people. Small in numbers and in territory, but one of the +greatest in Europe in virtue of her overflowing vitality. The Belgians +of today are the sons of the Flemings of Courtrai. The men of this land +never feared to oppose their powerful neighbors, the kings of France or +Spain—now heroes, now victims, Artevelde and Egmont. Their soil, +watered by the blood of millions of warriors, is the most fertile in +<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_095" id="page_095">{95}</a></span>Europe in the harvests of the spirit. From it arose the art of modern +painting, spread throughout the world by the school of the van Eycks at +the time of the Renaissance. From it arose the art of modern music, of +that polyphony which thrilled through France, Germany, and Italy for +nearly two centuries. From it, too, came the superb poetic efflorescence +of our times; and the two writers who most brilliantly represent French +literature in the world, Maeterlinck and Verhaeren, are Belgian. They +are the people who have suffered most and have borne their sufferings +most bravely and cheerfully; the martyr-people of Philip II and of +Kaiser Wilhelm; and they are the people of Rubens, the people of +Kermesses and of Till Ulenspiegel.</p> + +<p>He who knows the amazing epic re-told by Charles de Coster: <i>The heroic, +joyous, and glorious adventures of Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedjak</i>, those +two Flemish worthies who might take their places side by side with the +immortal Don Quixote and his Sancho Panza—he who has seen that +dauntless spirit at work, rough and facetious, rebellious by nature, +always offending the established powers, running the gauntlet of all +trials and hardships, and emerging from them always gay and +smiling—realizes also the destinies of the nation that gave birth to +Ulenspiegel, and even in the darkest<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_096" id="page_096">{96}</a></span> hour fearlessly looks towards the +approaching dawn of rich and happy days. Belgium may be invaded. The +Belgian people will never be conquered nor crushed. The Belgian people +cannot die.</p> + +<p>At the end of the story of <i>Till Ulenspiegel</i>, when they think he is +dead, and are going to bury him, he wakes up:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>"Are they," he asks, "going to bury Ulenspiegel the soul, Nele the +heart of mother Flanders? Sleep, perhaps, but die, no! Come, +Nele."</i></p> + +<p><i>And he departed, singing his sixth song. But no one knows where he +sang his last.</i></p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_097" id="page_097">{97}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII. LETTER TO MY CRITICS<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></h3> + +<p class="r"><i>November 17, 1914.</i></p> + +<p>There has reached me, after much delay, at Geneva, where I am engaged on +the International work of Prisoners of War, the echo of attacks against +me in certain newspapers, roused by the articles that I have published +in the <i>Journal de Genève</i>, or rather by two or three passages +arbitrarily chosen from those articles (for they themselves are scarcely +known to anybody in France). My best reply will be to collect what I +have written and publish it in Paris. I would not add a word of +explanation, for there is not a line that I did not think it my right +and my duty to set down. Moreover, I think that there is better work to +do at this moment than to defend oneself; there are others to defend, +the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_098" id="page_098">{98}</a></span> thousands of victims who are fighting in France. Time devoted to +polemics is like a theft from these unfortunates, from these prisoners +and families, whose hands seeking each other across space we are trying +to unite at Geneva.</p> + +<p>But not content with attacking me personally, they have attacked ideas +and a cause which I believe to be that of the true France; and since my +friends expect me to defend these thoughts which are also theirs, I +profit by the hospitality which is offered me to reply distinctly and +frankly in good French.</p> + +<p>I have published four articles: a letter to Gerhart Hauptmann, written +the day after the devastation of Louvain, "Above the Battle," "The +Lesser of Two Evils," and "Inter Arma Caritas." In these four articles I +have stated that of all the imperialisms which are the scourge of the +world, Prussian Military Imperialism is the worst. I have declared that +it is the enemy of European liberty, the enemy of Western civilization, +the enemy of Germany herself, and that it must be destroyed. On this +point I imagine we are agreed.</p> + +<p>To what do my critics take exception? Without entering into the +discussion of certain points of detail, such as the appeal made by the +Allies to the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_099" id="page_099">{99}</a></span> forces of Asia and Africa of which I disapprove, and +still disapprove because I see in it a near and grave danger for Europe +and for the Allies themselves, and because this danger is already +materializing in threats of disturbance in the world of Islam—exception +is taken essentially on two grounds:</p> + +<p>1. My refusal to include the German people and its military and +intellectual rulers in the same denunciation.</p> + +<p>2. The esteem and friendship which I have for the individuals in the +country with which we are at war.</p> + +<p>I will reply first of all without ambiguity to this second reproach. +Yes, I have German friends as I have French, Italian, and English +friends, and friends of every race. They are my wealth: I am proud of it +and keep it. When one has had the good fortune to meet in this world +loyal souls with whom one shares one's most intimate thoughts, and with +whom one has formed bonds of brotherly union, such bonds are sacred, and +not to be broken asunder in the hour of trial. He would be a coward who +timidly ceased to own them, in order to obey the insolent summons of a +public opinion which has no right over the heart. Does the love of +country demand this unkindness of thought which is associated<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_100" id="page_100">{100}</a></span> with the +name Cornélienne? Cornéille himself has given the answer:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry"> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">—<i>Albe vous a nommé, je ne vous connais plus.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">—<i>Je vous connais encore, et c'est ce qui me tue.</i></td></tr> +</table> + +<p>Certain letters, which I shall reproduce later, will show the grief, +sometimes almost tragic, that such friendships mean in these moments. +Thanks to them, we have at least been able to defend ourselves against a +hatred which is more murderous than war, since it is an infection +produced by its wounds; and it does as much harm to those whom it +possesses as to those against whom it is directed.</p> + +<p>This poison I see with apprehension spreading at the present moment. +Amongst the victim populations, the cruelties and ravages committed by +the German armies have brought to birth a desire for reprisals. This, +when once in existence, is not for the press to exasperate, for such a +desire runs the risk of leading to dangerous injustice—dangerous not +only for the conquered but above all for the conquerors. France has, in +this war, the chance of playing the nobler part, the rarest chance that +the world has even seen. A German wrote to me a few weeks ago: "France +has won in this war a prodigious moral triumph. The sympathies of the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_101" id="page_101">{101}</a></span> +whole world are drawn towards her; and, most extraordinary of all, +Germany herself has a secret leaning towards her enemy." All should wish +that this moral triumph may be hers to the end, and that she may remain +to the end just, straightforward, and humane. I could never distinguish +the cause of France from that of humanity. It is just because I am +French that I leave to our Prussian enemies the motto: "<i>Oderint, dum +metuant.</i>" I wish France to be loved, I wish her to be victorious not +only by force, not only by right (that would be difficult enough), but +by that large and generous heart which is pre-eminently hers. I wish her +to be strong enough to fight without hatred and to regard even those +against whom she is forced to fight as misguided brothers who must be +pitied when they have been rendered harmless.</p> + +<p>Our soldiers know it well, and I say nothing here of letters from the +front which tell us of compassion and kindness between the combatants. +But the civilians who are outside the combat, who do not fight, but +talk, who write and embroil themselves in a factitious and lunatic +agitation and are never exhausted; these are delivered over to the winds +of feverish violence. And there is the danger. For they form opinion, +the only opinion that can<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_102" id="page_102">{102}</a></span> be expressed (all others are forbidden). It +is for these that I write, not for those who are fighting (they have no +need of us!).</p> + +<p>And when I hear the publicists trying to rouse the energies of the +nation by all the stimulants at their disposal for this one object, the +total crushing of the enemy nation, I think it my duty to rise in +opposition to what I believe to be at once a moral and a political +error. You make war against a State, not against a people. It would be +monstrous to hold sixty-five million men responsible for the acts of +some thousands—perhaps some hundreds. Here in French Switzerland, so +passionately in sympathy with France, so eager both in its sympathies +and in the duty of restraining them, I have been able for three months, +by reading German letters and pamphlets, to examine closely the +conscience of the German nation. And I have been able thus to take +account of a good many facts which escape the greater part of the French +people. The first, the most striking, the most ignored, is that there is +not in Germany as a whole any real hatred of France (all the hatred is +turned against England). The especial pathos of the situation lies in +the fact that the French spirit only really began to exercise an +attraction upon Germany some two or three years<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_103" id="page_103">{103}</a></span> ago. Germany was +beginning to discover the true France, the France of work and of faith. +The new generations, the young classes that they have just led to the +abattoir of Ypres and Dixmude, numbered the purest souls, the greatest +idealists, those most possessed by the dream of universal brotherhood. +If I say that for many among them the war has been a laceration, "a +horror, a failure, a renunciation of every ideal, an abdication of the +spirit," as one of them wrote on the eve of his death—if I say that the +death of Péguy has been mourned by many young Germans, no one would +believe me. But belief will be a necessity the day I publish the +documents which I have collected.</p> + +<p>It is somewhat better understood in France how this German nation, +enveloped in the network of lies woven by its Government, and abandoning +herself thereto with a blind and obstinate loyalty, is profoundly +convinced that she was attacked, hemmed in by the jealousy of the world; +and that she must defend herself at all costs or die. It is among the +chivalrous traditions of France to render homage to the courage of an +adversary. One owes it to that adversary to recognize that in default of +other virtues the spirit of sacrifice is, in the present instance, +almost boundless. It would be a great mistake to<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_104" id="page_104">{104}</a></span> force it to extremes. +Instead of driving this blind people to a magnificent and desperate +defense, let us try to open their eyes. It is not impossible. An +Alsatian patriot, to whom one could not impute indulgence for Germany, +Dr. Bucher of Strasbourg, told me not long since, that even though the +German is full of haughty prejudices carefully fostered by his teachers, +he is at any rate always amenable to discussion and his docile spirit is +accessible to arguments. As an example, I would instance the secret +evolution that I see in progress in the thought of certain Germans. +Numbers of German letters that I have read this month begin to utter +agonized questionings as to the legitimacy of the proceedings of Germany +in Belgium. I have seen this anxiety growing, little by little, in +consciences which at first reposed in the conviction of their right. +Truth is slowly dawning. What will happen if its light conquers and +spreads? Carry truth in your hands! Let it be our strongest weapon! Let +us, like the soldiers of the Revolution, whose hearts live again in our +troops, fight not against our enemies, but for them. In saving the +world, let us save them too. France does not break old chains in order +to rivet new.</p> + +<p>Your thoughts are fixed on victory. I think of<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_105" id="page_105">{105}</a></span> the peace which will +follow. For however insistently the most militarist among you may talk, +venturing as did an article to hold out the delightful promise of a +perpetual war—"a war which will last after this war, +indefinitely...."<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> (it will come to an end, nevertheless—for lack of +combatants!) ... there must come a day when you will stretch out the +hand of friendship, you and your neighbors across the Rhine, if it were +only to come to an agreement, for the sake of your own business. You +will have to re-establish supportable and humane relations: so set to +work in such a manner as not to make them impossible! Do not break down +all the bridges, since it will ever be necessary to cross the river. Do +not destroy the future. A good open, clean wound will heal; but do not +poison it. Let us be on our guard against hatred. If we prepare for war +in peace according to the wisdom of nations, we should also prepare for +peace in war. It is a task which seems to me not unworthy of those among +us who find themselves outside the struggle, and who through the life of +the spirit have wider relations with the universe—a little lay church +which, today more than the other, preserves its faith in the unity of +human thought and believes that all<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_106" id="page_106">{106}</a></span> men are sons of the same Father. In +any case, if such a faith merits insult, the insults constitute an honor +that we will claim as ours before the tribunal of posterity.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_107" id="page_107">{107}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII. THE IDOLS</h3> + +<p>For more than forty centuries it has been the effort of great minds who +have attained liberty to extend this blessing to others; to liberate +humanity and to teach men to see reality without fear or error, to look +themselves in the face without false pride or false humility and to +recognize their weakness and their strength, that they may know their +true position in the universe. They have illumined the path with the +brightness of their lives and their example, like the star of the magi, +that mankind may have light.</p> + +<p>Their efforts have failed. For more than forty centuries humanity has +remained in bondage—I do not say to masters (for such are of the order +of the flesh, of which I am not speaking here; and their chains break +sooner or later), but to the phantoms of their own minds. Such servitude +comes from within. We grow faint in the endeavor to cut the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_108" id="page_108">{108}</a></span> bonds which +bind mankind, who straightway tie them again to be more firmly +enthralled. Of every liberator men make a master. Every ideal which +ought to liberate is transformed into a clumsy idol. The history of +humanity is the history of Idols and of their successive reigns; and as +humanity grows older the power of the Idol seems to wax greater and more +destructive.</p> + +<p>At first the divinities were of wood, of stone, or of metal. Those at +any rate were not proof against the axe or against fire. Others followed +that no material force could reach, for they were graven in the +invisible mind. Yet all aspired to material dominion, and to secure for +them that dominion the peoples of the world have poured out their best +blood: Idols of religions and of nationality: the Idol of liberty whose +reign was established in Europe by the armies of the <i>sans-culotte</i> at +the point of the bayonet. The masters have changed, the slaves are still +the same. Our century has made the acquaintance of two new species. The +Idol of Race, at first the outcome of noble ideas, became in the +laboratories of spectacled savants the Moloch which Germany herself +hurled against France in 1870 and which her enemies now wish to use +against the Germany of today. The latest on the scene is<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_109" id="page_109">{109}</a></span> that authentic +product of German science, fraternally allied to the labors of industry, +of commerce, and of the firm of Krupp—the Idol of Kultur surrounded by +its Levites, the thinkers of Germany.</p> + +<p class="asterisks">* * *</p> + +<p>The common feature of the cult of all Idols is the adaptation of an +ideal to the evil instincts of mankind. Man cultivates the vices which +are profitable to him, but feels the necessity of legitimizing them; +being unwilling to sacrifice them, he must idealize them. That is why +the problem at which he has never ceased to labor throughout the +centuries has been to harmonize his ideals with his own mediocrity. He +has always succeeded. The crowd has no difficulty here. It sets side by +side its virtues and its vices, its heroism and its meanness. The force +of its passions and the rapid course of the days which carry it along +cause it to forget its lack of logic.</p> + +<p>But the intelligent few cannot satisfy themselves with so little effort. +Not that they are, as is often said, less readily swayed by passion. +This is a grave error; the richer a life becomes the more does it offer +for passion to devour, and history sufficiently shows the terrifying +paroxysms to which the lives<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_110" id="page_110">{110}</a></span> of religious leaders and revolutionaries +have attained. But these toilers in the spirit love careful work, and +are repelled by popular modes of thought which perpetually break through +the meshes of reasoning. They have to make a more closely woven net in +which instinct and idea, cost what it may, combine to form a stouter +tissue. They thus achieve monstrous <i>chefs-d'œuvre</i>. Give an +intellectual any ideal and any evil passion and he will always succeed +in harmonizing the twain. The love of God and the love of mankind have +been invoked in order to burn, kill, and pillage. The fraternity of 1793 +was sister to the Holy Guillotine. We have in our time seen Churchmen +seeking and finding in the Gospels the justification of Banking and of +War. Since the outbreak of the war a clergyman of Würtemberg established +the fact that <i>neither Christ nor John the Baptist nor the apostles +desired to suppress militarism</i>.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> A clever intellectual is a conjuror +in ideas. "<i>Nothing in my hands—nothing up my sleeves.</i>" The great +trick is to extract from any given idea its precise contrary—war from +the Sermon on the Mount, or, like Professor<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_111" id="page_111">{111}</a></span> Ostwald, the military +dictatorship of the Kaiser from the dream of an intellectual +internationalism. For such conjurors these things are but child's play.</p> + +<p>Let us expose them, by examining the words of this Dr. Ostwald, who has +appeared during the last few months as the Baptist of the Gospel of the +spiked helmet.</p> + +<p>Here is the Idol to begin with—<i>Kultur (made in Germany), with a +capital K "rectiligne et de quatre pointes, comme un chevel de frise,"</i> +as Miguel de Unamuno wrote to me. All around are little gods, the +children of its loins: <i>Kulturstaat</i>, <i>Kulturbund</i>, <i>Kulturimperium</i>....</p> + +<p><i>"I am now" (it is the voice of Ostwald<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>) "going to explain to you +the great secret of Germany. We, or rather the Germanic race, have +discovered the factor of Organization. Other peoples still live under +the régime of individualism while we are under that of Organization. The +stage of Organization is a more advanced stage of civilization."</i></p> + +<p>It is surely clear that, like those missionaries who, in order to carry +the Christian faith to heathen peoples, secure the co-operation of a +squadron and a landing party which straightway establish in the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_112" id="page_112">{112}</a></span> +idolatrous country commercial stores protected by a ring of cannon, +German intelligence cannot without selfishness keep her treasures to +herself. She is obliged to share them.</p> + +<p>"<i>Germany wishes to organize Europe, for Europe has hitherto not been +organized. With us everything tends to elicit from each individual the +maximal output in the direction most favorable for society. That for us +is liberty in its highest form.</i>"</p> + +<p>We may well pause to marvel at this way of talking about human "culture" +as though it were a question of asparagus and artichokes. Of this +happiness, and these advantages, this maximal output, this market-garden +culture, this liberty of artichokes subjected to a judicious forcing +process, Professor Ostwald does not wish to deprive the other peoples of +Europe. As they are so unenlightened as not to acquiesce with +enthusiasm:</p> + +<p>"<i>War will make them participate in the form of this organization in our +higher civilization.</i>"</p> + +<p>Thereupon the chemist-philosopher, who is also in his leisure hours a +politician and a strategist, sketches in bold outline the picture of the +victories of Germany and a remodeled Europe—a United States of Europe +under the paternal sceptre of his mailed Kaiser: England crushed, France +disarmed,<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_113" id="page_113">{113}</a></span> and Russia dismembered. His colleague Haeckel completes this +joyous <i>exposé</i> by dividing Belgium, the British Empire, and the North +of France—like Perrette of the fable before her pitcher broke. +Unfortunately neither Haeckel nor Ostwald tells us if their plan for the +establishment of this higher civilization included the destruction of +the Halle of Ypres, of the Library at Louvain, of the Cathedral at +Rheims. After all these conquests, divisions, and devastations, let us +not overlook this wonderful sentence of which Ostwald certainly did not +realize the sinister buffoonery, worthy of a Molière: "You know that I +am a pacifist."</p> + +<p>However far the high priests of a cult may allow their emotion to carry +them, their profession of faith still retains a certain diplomatic +reserve which does not hamper their followers. Thus the +<i>Kulturmenschen</i>. But the zeal of their Levites must frequently disturb +the serenity of Moses and Aaron—Haeckel and Ostwald—by its intemperate +frankness. I do not know what they think of the article of Thomas Mann +which appeared in the November number of the <i>Neue Rundschau</i>: "Gedanken +im Kriege." But I do know what certain French intellectuals will think +of it. Germany could not offer them a more terrible weapon against +herself.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_114" id="page_114">{114}</a></span></p> + +<p>In an access of delirious pride and exasperated fanaticism Mann employs +his envenomed pen to justify the worst accusations that have been made +against Germany. While an Ostwald endeavors to identify the cause of +<i>Kultur</i> with that of civilization, Mann proclaims: "They have nothing +in common. The present war is that of <i>Kultur</i> (i. e., of Germany) +against civilization." And pushing this outrageous boast of pride to the +point of madness, he defines civilization as Reason (<i>Vernunft, +Aufklärung</i>), Gentleness (<i>Sittigung, Sänftigung</i>), Spirit (<i>Geist, +Auflösung</i>), and Kultur as "a spiritual <i>organization</i> of the world" +which does not exclude "bloody savagery." Kultur is "the sublimation of +the demoniacal" (<i>die Sublimierung des Dämonischen</i>). It is "above +morality, above reason, and above science." While Ostwald and Haeckel +see in militarism merely an arm or instrument of which Kultur makes use +to secure victory, Thomas Mann affirms that Kultur and Militarism are +brothers—their ideal is the same, their aim the same, their principle +the same. Their enemy is peace, is spirit ("<i>Ja, der Geist ist zivil, +ist bürgerlich</i>"). He finally dares to inscribe on his own and his +country's banner the words, "Law is the friend of the weak; it would +reduce the world to a level. War brings out strength."<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_115" id="page_115">{115}</a></span></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry"> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Das Gesetz ist der Freund des Schwachen,</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Möchte gern die Welt verflachen</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Aber der Krieg lässt die Kraft erscheinen....</i></td></tr> +</table> + +<p>In this criminal glorification of violence, Thomas Mann himself has been +surpassed. Ostwald preached the victory of Kultur, if necessary by +Force; Mann proved that Kultur is Force. Some one was needed to cast +aside the last veil of reserve and say "Force alone. All else be +silent." We have read extracts from the cynical article in which +Maximilian Harden, treating the desperate efforts of his Government to +excuse the violation of Belgian neutrality as feeble lies, dared to +write:</p> + +<p>"<i>Why on earth all this fuss? Might creates our Right. Did a powerful +man ever submit himself to the crazy pretensions or to the judgment of a +band of weaklings?</i>"</p> + +<p>What a testimony to the madness into which German intelligence has been +precipitated by pride and struggle, and to the moral anarchy of this +Empire, whose <i>organization</i> is imposing only to the eyes of those who +do not see farther than the façade! Who cannot see the weakness of a +Government which gags its socialist press and yet tolerates such an +insulting contradiction as this?<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_116" id="page_116">{116}</a></span> Who does not see that such words +defame Germany before the whole world for centuries to come? These +miserable intellectuals imagine that with their display of infuriated +Nietzcheism and Bismarckism they are acting heroically and impressing +the world. They merely disgust it. They wish to be believed. People are +only too ready to believe them. The whole of Germany will be made +responsible for the delirium of a few writers. Germany will one day +realize she has had no more deadly enemy than her own intellectuals.</p> + +<p class="asterisks">* * *</p> + +<p>I write here without prejudice, for I am certainly not proud of our +French intellectuals. The Idol of Race, or of Civilization, or of +Latinity, which they so greatly abuse, does not satisfy me. I do not +like any idol—not even that of Humanity. But at any rate those to which +my country bows down are less dangerous. They are not aggressive, and, +moreover, there remains even in the most fanatical of our intellectuals +a basis of native common sense, of which the Germans of whom I have just +spoken seem to have lost all trace. But it must be admitted that on +neither side have they brought honor to the cause of reason, which they +have not<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_117" id="page_117">{117}</a></span> been able to protect against the winds of violence and folly. +There is a saying of Emerson's which is applicable to their failure:</p> + +<p>"<i>Nothing is more rare in any man than an act of his own.</i>"</p> + +<p>Their acts and their writings have come to them from others, from +outside, from public opinion, blind and menacing. I do not wish to +condemn those who have been obliged to remain silent either because they +are in the armies, or because the censorship which rules in countries +involved in war has imposed silence upon them. But the unheard-of +weakness with which the leaders of thought have everywhere abdicated to +the collective madness has certainly proved their lack of <i>character</i>.</p> + +<p>Certain somewhat paradoxical passages in my own writings have caused me +at times to be styled an anti-intellectual; an absurd charge to bring +against one who has given his life to the worship of thought. But it is +true that Intellectualism has often appeared to me as a mere caricature +of Thought—Thought mutilated, deformed, and petrified, powerless, not +only to dominate the drama of life, but even to understand it. And the +events of to-day have proved me more in the right than I wished to be. +The intellectual lives too much in the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_118" id="page_118">{118}</a></span> realm of shadows, of ideas. +Ideas have no existence in themselves, but only through the hopes or +experiences which can fill them. They are either summaries, or +hypotheses; frames for what has been or will be; convenient or necessary +formulæ. One cannot live and act without them, but the evil is that +people make them into oppressive realities. No one contributes more to +this than the intellectual, whose trade it is to handle them, who, +biased by his profession, is always tempted to subordinate reality to +them. Let there supervene a collective passion which completes his +blindness, and it will be cast in the form of the idea which can best +serve its purpose: it transfers its life-blood to that idea, and the +idea magnifies and glorifies it in turn. Nothing is more long-lived in a +man than a phantom which his own mind has created, a phantom in which +are combined the madness of his heart and the madness of his head. Hence +the intellectuals in the present crisis have not been overcome by the +warlike contagion less than others, but they have themselves contributed +to spreading it. I would add (for it is their punishment) that they are +victims of the contagion for a longer period: for whilst simple folk +constantly submit to the test of every-day action and of experience, and +modify their ideas<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_119" id="page_119">{119}</a></span> without conscious regret, the intellectual finds +himself bound in the net of his own creation and every word that he +writes draws the bonds tighter. Hence while we see that in the soldiers +of all armies the fire of hate is rapidly dying down and that they +already fraternize from trench to trench, the writers redouble their +furious arguments. We can easily prophesy that when the remembrance of +this senseless war has passed away among the people its bitterness will +still be smouldering in the hearts of the intellectuals....</p> + +<p>Who shall break the idols? Who shall open the eyes of their fanatical +followers? Who shall make them understand that no god of their minds, +religious or secular, has the right to force himself on other human +beings—even he who seems the most worthy—or to despise them? Admitting +that your <i>Kultur</i> on German soil produces the sturdiest and most +abundant human crop, who has entrusted to you the mission of cultivating +other lands? Cultivate your own garden. We will cultivate ours. There is +a sacred flower for which I would give all the products of your +artificial culture. It is the wild violet of Liberty. You do not care +about it. You tread it under foot. But it will not die. It will live +longer than your masterpieces of barrack<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_120" id="page_120">{120}</a></span> and hot-house. It is not +afraid of the wind. It has braved other tempests than that of today. It +grows under brambles and under dead leaves. Intellectuals of Germany, +intellectuals of France, labor and sow on the fields of your own minds: +respect those of others. Before <i>organizing</i> the world you have enough +to do to <i>organize</i> your own private world. Try for a moment to forget +your ideas and behold yourselves. And above all, look at us. Champions +of <i>Kultur</i> and of Civilization, of the Germanic races and of Latinity, +enemies, friends, let us look one another in the eyes. My brother, do +you not see there a heart similar to your own, with the same hopes, the +same egoism, and the same heroism and power of dream which forever +refashions its gossamer web? <i>Vois-tu pas que tu es moi</i>? said the old +Hugo to one of his enemies....</p> + +<p>The true man of culture is not he who makes of himself and his ideal the +center of the universe, but who looking around him sees, as in the sky +the stream of the Milky Way, thousands of little flames which flow with +his own; and who seeks neither to absorb them nor to impose upon them +his own course, but to give himself the religious persuasion of their +value and of the common source of the fire by which all alike are fed. +Intelligence of the mind<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_121" id="page_121">{121}</a></span> is nothing without that of the heart. It is +nothing also without good sense and humor—good sense which shows to +every people and to every being their place in the universe—and humor +which is the critic of misguided reason, the soldier who, following the +chariot to the Capitol, reminds Cæsar in his hour of triumph that he is +bald.</p> + +<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, December 4, 1914.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_122" id="page_122">{122}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX. FOR EUROPE: MANIFESTO OF THE WRITERS AND THINKERS OF CATALONIA</h3> + +<p>National passions are triumphant. For five months they have rent our +Europe. They think they will soon have compassed its destruction and +effaced its image in the hearts of the last of these who remain faithful +to it. But they are mistaken. They have renewed the faith that we had in +it. They have made us recognize its value and our love. And from one +country to another we have discovered our unknown brothers, sons of the +same mother, who in the hour when she is denied, consecrate themselves +to her defence.</p> + +<p>Today, it is from Spain that the voice reaches us, from the thinkers of +Catalonia. Let us pass on their appeal which comes to us from the shores +of the Mediterranean, like the sound of a Christmas bell. Another day +the bells of Northern Europe will be heard in their turn. And soon all +will ring<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_123" id="page_123">{123}</a></span> together in unison. The test is good. Let us be thankful. +Those who desired to separate us have joined our hands.</p> + +<p class="r">R. R.</p> + +<p><i>December 31, 1914.</i></p> + +<p class="c">MANIFESTO OF THE <i>FRIENDS OF THE MORAL UNITY OF EUROPE</i></p> + +<p>A number of literary and scientific men at Barcelona, as far removed +from amorphous internationalism on the one hand as from mere +parochialism on the other, have banded themselves together <i>to affirm +their unchangeable belief in the moral unity of Europe</i>, and to further +this belief as far as the suffocating conditions resulting from the +present tragic circumstances permit.</p> + +<p>We set out from the principle that the terrible war which today is +rending the heart of this Europe of ours is, by implication, a <i>Civil +War</i>.</p> + +<p>A civil war does not exactly mean an unjust war; still, it can only be +justified by a conflict between great ideals, and if we desire the +triumph of one or the other of these ideals, it must be for the sake of +the entire European Commonwealth and its general well-being. None of the +belligerents, therefore, can be allowed to aim at the complete +destruction<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_124" id="page_124">{124}</a></span> of its opponents; and it is even less legitimate to start +out from the criminal hypothesis that one or another of the parties is +<i>de facto</i> already excluded from this superior commonwealth.</p> + +<p>Yet we have seen with pain assertions such as these approved and +deliriously spread abroad; and not always amongst common people, or by +the voices of those who speak not with authority. For three months it +seemed as if our ideal Europe were ship-wrecked, but a reaction is +making its appearance already. A thousand indications assure us that, in +the world of intellect at any rate, the winds are quieting down, and +that in the best minds the eternal values will soon spring up once more.</p> + +<p>It is our purpose to assist in this reaction, to contribute to making it +known, and, as far as we are able, to ensure its triumph. We are not +alone. We have with us in every quarter of the world the ardent +aspirations of far-sighted minds, and the unvoiced wishes of thousands +of men of good will, who, beyond their sympathies and personal +preferences, are determined to remain faithful to the cause of this +moral unity.</p> + +<p>And above all we have, in the far distant future, the appreciation of +the men who tomorrow will applaud this modest work to which we are +devoting ourselves today.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_125" id="page_125">{125}</a></span></p> + +<p>We will begin by giving the greatest possible publicity to those +actions, declarations, and manifestations—whether they emanate from +belligerent or neutral nations—in which the effort of reviving the +feeling of a higher unity and a generous altruism may become apparent. +Later we shall be able to extend our activities and place them at the +service of new enterprises. We demand nothing more of our friends, of +our press, and of our fellow citizens than a little attention for these +quickenings of reality, a little respect for the interests of a higher +humanity, and a little love for the great traditions and the rich +possibilities of a <i>unified Europe</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Barcelona</span>, <i>November 27, 1914</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eugenio D'Ors</span>, Member of the Institute; <span class="smcap">Manuel De Montoliu</span>, Author; +<span class="smcap">Aurelio Ras</span>, Director of the Review <i>Estudio</i>; <span class="smcap">Augustin Murua</span>, +University Professor; <span class="smcap">Telesforo de Aranzadi</span>, University Professor; +<span class="smcap">Miguel S. Oliver</span>; <span class="smcap">Juan Palau</span>, publicist; <span class="smcap">Pablo Vila</span>, Director of <i>Mont +d'Or</i> College; <span class="smcap">Enrique Jardi</span>, Barrister; <span class="smcap">E. Messeguer</span>, publicist; <span class="smcap">Carmen +Karr</span>, Director of the <i>Residencia de Estudiantes El Hogar</i>; <span class="smcap">Esteban +Terrades</span>, Member of the Institute; <span class="smcap">Jose Zulueta</span>, Member of Parliament; +<span class="smcap">R. Jori</span>, Author; <span class="smcap">Eudaldo Duran</span><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_126" id="page_126">{126}</a></span> <span class="smcap">Reynals</span>, Librarian of the <i>Biblioteca de +Cataluna</i>; <span class="smcap">Rafael Campalans</span>, Engineer; <span class="smcap">J. M. Lopez-Pico</span>, Author; <span class="smcap">R. +Rucabado</span>, Author; <span class="smcap">E. Cuello Calou</span>, University Professor; <span class="smcap">Manuel +Revenlos</span>, Professor of the <i>Escuela de Funcionarios</i>; <span class="smcap">J. Farran Mayoral</span>, +Author; <span class="smcap">Jaime Masso Torrents</span>, Member of the Institute; <span class="smcap">Jorge Rubio +Balaguer</span>, Director of the <i>Biblioteca de Cataluna</i>.</p> + +<p class="r"><i>Translated from the Spanish by R. R.</i></p> + +<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, January 9, 1915.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_127" id="page_127">{127}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="X" id="X"></a>X. FOR EUROPE: AN APPEAL FROM HOLLAND TO THE INTELLECTUALS OF ALL +NATIONS</h3> + +<p>In the preceding chapter, in which I put before my readers the fine +manifesto of the Catalonian intellectuals "For the Moral Unity of +Europe," I stated that after this appeal from the Mediterranean South I +would make known those of the North. Amongst the latter here is the +voice of Holland:—</p> + +<p>The <i>Nederlandsche Anti-Oorlog Road</i> (Dutch Anti-War Council) is perhaps +the most important attempt that these last months has seen to unify +pacifist thought. Whilst recognizing the value of what has been done for +some years past in favor of peace, the N. A. O. R. is convinced that +"all this work could have been much more effective, and could even have +prevented the present catastrophe, if it had been better taken in hand." +There has been<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_128" id="page_128">{128}</a></span> lack of co-operation, wastage of energy, lack of +penetration to the mass of the people. The problem is to discover if +this internal defect cannot be remedied. "Will the world-wide tragedy of +rivalry continue even inside the pacifist movement, or will this war +teach those who are fighting against it the necessity of an energetic +organization and preparation?"</p> + +<p>To this task the <span class="smcap">N.A.O.R.</span> is devoting itself. Founded on October 8, +1914, it had succeeded by January 15th in securing the adhesion of 350 +Dutch societies (official, political, of all parties, religious, +intellectual, labor), and its manifestoes brought together the +signatures of more than a hundred of the most illustrious names of the +Netherlands—statesmen, prelates, officers, writers, professors, +artists, business men, etc. It therefore represents a considerable moral +force.</p> + +<p>Let it be said at once that the <span class="smcap">N.A.O.R.</span> does not look for an immediate +end of the war by a peace at any price. On the one hand it declares +itself "it has formed no presumptuous idea of its strength; it has no +naïve confidence in vague peace formulæ, nor even in well-defined mutual +obligations. The universal war of today has, alas! taught it much in +this respect also." And, moreover, it is<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_129" id="page_129">{129}</a></span> quite aware that a peace at +any price, under present conditions, would only be a consecration of +injustice. The great public meetings which it has organized on December +15th in the chief towns of the Netherlands have unanimously declared +that such a peace seemed neither possible nor even desirable. I will add +that certain of the articles of the <span class="smcap">N.A.O.R.</span> suggest, with all the +reserve necessitated by its attitude of neutrality and its profound +desire for impartiality, the direction of its suppressed sympathies. +Especially the following:—</p> + +<p>"To repair the harm done by this war to the prestige of law in +international relations. To bow before the law, whether customary or +codified in treaties is a duty, even where sanction is wanting. Reform +will be in vain: if there is not respect for law, and nations refuse to +keep their word, a durable peace is out of the question."</p> + +<p>The object of the <span class="smcap">N.A.O.R.</span> is especially to study the conditions in +which we can realize a just, humane, and durable peace, which will +secure for Europe a long future of fruitful tranquility and of common +work, and to interest the public opinion of all nations in securing such +a peace. I cannot analyze here, owing to lack of space, the various +public manifestoes, the <i>Appeal to the People of<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_130" id="page_130">{130}</a></span> Holland</i> (October, +1914), or the <i>Appeal for Co-operation and the Preparation of Peace</i>, a +kind of attempt to mobilize the pacifist armies (November). The latter +of these contains ideas which agree in many cases with those of the +<i>Union of Democratic Control</i> (the abolition of secret diplomacy, and a +larger control of foreign affairs by Parliaments; the prohibition of +special armament industries; the establishment of the elementary +principle of international law, that no country shall be annexed without +the consent, freely expressed, of the population). I will content myself +here with publishing the manifesto addressed to the thinkers, writers, +artists, and scientists of all nations. In this manifesto we shall find +support for the tasks which we ourselves have undertaken in working to +keep the thought of Europe sheltered from the ravages of the war, and in +continually recalling it to the recognition of its highest duty, which +is, even in the worst storms of passion, to safeguard the spiritual +unity bf civilized humanity.</p> + +<p class="r">R. R.</p> + +<p><i>February 7, 1915.</i></p> + +<p class="c">NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOG RAAD</p> + +<p>Immediately after the European war had broken out, several groups of +intellectuals belonging to the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_131" id="page_131">{131}</a></span> warring nations have advocated the +justice of their country's cause in manifestoes and pamphlets, which +they have scattered in great numbers throughout the neutral states.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> +And this still goes on; side by side with the war of the sword a no less +vehement war is carried on with the pen.</p> + +<p>Those writings have also reached us, the undersigned, all subjects of a +neutral state. We have read them with the greatest interest, as they +enable us to form a clear opinion not only of the frame of mind brought +about by the outbreak of the war among the intellectuals of the warring +nations, but also of the opinions they hold about the causes and the +nature of the present war.</p> + +<p>It has not surprised us neutrals to see that the spokesmen of the +opposing nations are equally convinced of the justice of their cause. +Neither has it surprised us that those spokesmen evince such a strong +inclination to advocate their rights before the neutral states. Indeed, +in such a terrible struggle it is a psychologic necessity for all the +nations concerned that they should believe implicitly in the justice of +their cause; they must ardently desire to testify to their faith before +others. Only an unshakable<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_132" id="page_132">{132}</a></span> confidence in the absolute justice of their +cause can keep them from wavering or despairing during the gigantic +struggle.</p> + +<p>But we have perceived with great sorrow that the greater part of those +writings are absolutely lacking in the slightest effort to be just +towards opponents; that the meanest and most malicious motives are +ascribed to them.</p> + +<p>We respect the conviction of every one of the warring nations that they +are fighting for a just cause. Even if we should have formed an opinion +about the origin of the war, we should yet not think the present a fit +moment to oppose different opinions or arguments to each other. This +should be the work of the future, when scientific research will be able +to consider all the facts quietly, when national passions will have +subsided and the nations will listen with more composure to the verdict +of history.</p> + +<p>Yet we think it our duty and we consider it a privilege given to us as +neutrals to utter a serious warning against the systematic rousing of a +lasting bitterness between the now warring parties.</p> + +<p>Though fully aware that the late events have irritated the feeling of +nationality to the utmost, yet we believe that patriotism should not +prevent any one from doing justice to the character of one's<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_133" id="page_133">{133}</a></span> enemy; +that faith in the virtues of one's own nation need not be coupled with +the idea that all vices are inherent in the opposing nation; that +confidence in the justice of one's own cause should not make one forget +that the other side cherishes that conviction with the same energy.</p> + +<p>Besides, no one should forget that the question: "What nations will be +enemies?" depends on political relations, which vary according to +unexpected circumstances. Today's enemy may be tomorrow's friend.</p> + +<p>The tone, in which of late not only the papers to which we have referred +above, but also the newspaper press of the warring nations has written +about the enemy, threatens to arouse and to perpetuate the bitterest +hatred.</p> + +<p>To the evils directly resulting from the war, will be added the +regrettable consequence that co-operation between the belligerent +nations in art, science, and all other labors of peace will be delayed +for some time, nay, even made quite impossible. Yet the time will come +after this war, when the nations will have to resume some form of +intercourse, social as well as spiritual.</p> + +<p>The fewer fierce accusations have been breathed on either side, the less +one nation has attacked the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_134" id="page_134">{134}</a></span> character of the other: in short, the less +lasting bitterness has been roused, so much the easier will it be +afterwards to take up again the broken threads of international +intercourse.</p> + +<p>This rousing of hatred and bitterness is also an impediment in the way +that leads our thoughts towards peace.</p> + +<p>Every one who in word or writing rails at the enemy or excites national +passions is responsible for the longer duration of this horrible war.</p> + +<p>Therefore, we the undersigned, appeal to all those of the same mind, +especially among those belonging to the warring nations, to co-operate +for this purpose: that in word and writing everything be avoided that +may rouse lasting animosity.</p> + +<p>We especially address this appeal to those who influence public opinion +in their own country, to men of science and to artists, to those who +long ago have realized that in all civilized countries there are men and +women with the same notions of justice and morality as they have +themselves.</p> + +<p>May the representatives of all countries—according to the saying of a +Dutch statesmen—remember what unites them and not only what separates +them!</p> + +<p><i>Signed</i>:—<span class="smcap">H.-c. Dresselhuys</span>, Secretary-General of the Ministry of +Justice, <i>President</i> of the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_135" id="page_135">{135}</a></span> N.A.O.R. <span class="smcap">J.-H. Schaper</span>, member of the +Second Chamber, <i>Vice-President</i>. Madame <span class="smcap">M. Asser-Thorbeke</span>, secretary of +the Dutch League for Women's Suffrage. Professor Dr. <span class="smcap">D. van Embden</span>, +Professor of law at Amsterdam. Dr. <span class="smcap">Koolen</span>, member of the Second Chamber. +<span class="smcap">V.-H. Rutgers</span>, member of the Second Chamber. Baron de <span class="smcap">Jong van Beek en +Donk</span>, <i>Secretary</i> of the N.A.O.R. (and also subscribed to by 130 +politicians, intellectuals, and artists, including <span class="smcap">Frederik van Eeden</span>, +<span class="smcap">Willem Mengelberg</span>, etc.). Office: Theresiastraat, 51, The Hague.</p> + +<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, February 15, 1915.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_136" id="page_136">{136}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI. LETTER TO FREDERIK VAN EEDEN</h3> + +<p class="r"><i>January 12, 1915.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Friend</span>:</p> + +<p>You offer me the hospitality of your paper <i>De Amsterdammer</i>. I thank +you and accept. It is good to take one's stand with those free souls who +resist the unrestrained fury of national passions. In this hideous +struggle, with which the conflicting peoples are rending Europe, let us +at least preserve our flag, and rally round that. We must re-create +European opinion. That is our first duty. Among these millions who are +only conscious of being Germans, Austrians, Frenchmen, Russians, +English, etc., let us strive to be <i>men</i>, who, rising above the selfish +aims of short-lived nations, do not lose sight of the interests of +civilization as a whole—that civilization which each race mistakenly +identifies with its own, to destroy that of the others. I wish your +noble country,<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> which has always preserved its<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_137" id="page_137">{137}</a></span> political and moral +independence among the great surrounding states, could become the hearth +of this ideal Europe we believe in—the hearth round which shall gather +all those who seek to rebuild her.</p> + +<p>Everywhere there are men who think thus though they are unknown one to +another. Let us get to know them. Let us bring together each and all. +Here I would introduce to you two important groups, one from the North +and one from the South—the Catalonian thinkers who have formed the +society of <i>Amis de l'Unité Morale de l'Europe</i> at Barcelona—I send you +their fine appeal: and the <i>Union of Democratic Control</i> founded in +London and inspired by indignation against this European war, and by the +firm determination to render it impossible for the diplomatists and +militarists to inaugurate another. I am having the programmes and the +first publications sent to you. This Union, whose general Council +contains members of Parliament, and authors like Norman Angell, Israel +Zangwill, and Vernon Lee, has already formed twenty branches in towns in +Great Britain.</p> + +<p>Let us try and unite permanently all such organizations, though each has +its racial characteristics and peculiarities, for all aim at +re-establishing the peace of Europe as best they may. With them let<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_138" id="page_138">{138}</a></span> us +take stock of our united resources. Then we can act.</p> + +<p class="asterisks">* * *</p> + +<p>What shall we do? Try to put an end to the struggle? It is no use +thinking of that now. The brute is loose; and the Governments have +succeeded so well in spreading hatred and violence abroad that even if +they wished they could not bring it back again into control. The damage +is irreparable. It is possible that the neutral countries of Europe and +the United States of America may decide one day to interfere, and +endeavor to put an end to a war which, if it continued indefinitely, +would threaten to ruin them as well as the belligerents. But I do not +know what one must expect from this too tardy intervention.</p> + +<p>In any case I see another outlet for our activity. Let the war be what +it may—we can no longer intervene; but at least we must try to make the +scourge productive of as little evil and as much good as possible. And +in order to do this we must get public opinion all the world over to see +to it that the peace of the future shall be just, that the greed of the +conqueror (whoever that may be) and the intrigues of diplomacy, do not +make it the seed of a new war of revenge; and that the moral crimes<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_139" id="page_139">{139}</a></span> +committed in the past are not repeated or allowed to stain yet darker +the record of humanity. That is why I hold the first article of the +Union of Democratic Control as a sacred principle: "No Province shall be +transferred from one Government to another without the consent by +plebiscite of the population of such province." We must oppose those +odious maxims which have weighed too long on the populations they +enslave and which quite recently Professor Lasson dared to repeat as a +threat for the future, in his cynical Catechism of Force (<i>Das +Kulturideal und der Krieg</i>).<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<p>And this principle must be proposed and adopted at once without any +delay. If we waited to announce it until—the war being over—the +congress of the Powers were assembled, we should be suspected of wishing +to make justice serve the interest of the conquered. It is now, when the +forces of the two sides are equal, that we must establish this +primordial right which soars over all the armies.</p> + +<p>From this principle we can deduce an immediate application. Since the +whole of Europe is disorganized<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_140" id="page_140">{140}</a></span> let us profit by it to set in order +this untidy house! For a long time injustices have been accumulating. +The moment of settling the general account will be an opportunity of +rectifying them. The duty of all of us who feel for the brotherhood of +mankind is to stand for the rights of the small nations. There are some +in both camps: Schleswig, Alsace, Lorraine, Poland, the Baltic nations, +Armenia, the Jewish people. At the beginning of the war Russia made some +generous promises. We have registered them in our minds; let her not +forget them! We are as determined about Poland, torn by the claws of +three imperial eagles, as we are about Belgium crucified. We remember +all. It is because our fathers, obsessed by their narrow realism and by +selfish fears, let the rights of the people of Eastern Europe be +violated, that today the West is shattered, and the sword hangs over the +small nations, over you, my friends, as over the country which is +befriending me, Switzerland. Whoever harms one of us harms all the +others. Let us unite! Above all race questions, which are for the most +part a mask behind which pride crouches and the interests of the +financial or aristocratic classes dissemble, there is a law of humanity, +eternal and universal, of which we are all the servants and<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_141" id="page_141">{141}</a></span> guardians; +it is that of the right of a people to rule themselves. And he who +violates shall be the enemy of all.</p> + +<p class="r">R. R.</p> + +<p><i>De Amsterdammer Weekblad voor Nederland</i>, January 24, 1915.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_142" id="page_142">{142}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="XII" id="XII"></a>XII. OUR NEIGHBOR THE ENEMY</h3> + +<p class="r"><i>March 15, 1915.</i></p> + +<p>While the war tempest rages, uprooting the strongest souls and dragging +them along in its furious cyclone, I continue my humble pilgrimage, +trying to discover beneath the ruins the rare hearts who have remained +faithful to the old ideal of human fraternity. What a sad joy I have in +collecting and helping them!</p> + +<p>I know that each of their efforts—like mine—that each of their words +of love, rouses and turns against them the hostility of the two hostile +camps. The combatants, pitted against each other, agree in hating those +who refuse to hate. Europe is like a besieged town. Fever is raging. +Whoever will not rave like the rest is suspected. And in these hurried +times when justice cannot wait to study evidence, every suspect is a +traitor. Whoever insists, in the midst of war, on defending peace among<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_143" id="page_143">{143}</a></span> +men knows that he risks his own peace, his reputation, his friends, for +his belief. But of what value is a belief for which no risks are run?</p> + +<p>Certainly it is put to the test in these days, when every day brings the +echo of violence, injustice, and new cruelties. But was it not still +more tried when it was entrusted to the fishermen of Judea by him whom +humanity pretends to honor still—with its lips more than with its +heart? The rivers of blood, the burnt towns, all the atrocities of +thought and action, will never efface in our tortured souls the luminous +track of the Galilean barque, nor the deep vibrations of the great +voices which from across the centuries proclaim reason as man's true +home. You choose to forget them, and to say (like many writers of today) +that this war will begin a new era in the history of mankind, a reversal +of former values, and that from it alone will future progress be dated. +That is always the language of passion. Passion passes away. Reason +remains—reason and love. Let us continue to search for their young +shoots amidst the bloody ruins.</p> + +<p>I feel the same joy when I find the fragile and valiant flowers of human +pity piercing the icy crust of hatred that covers Europe, as we feel in +these chilly March days when we see the first flowers appear<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_144" id="page_144">{144}</a></span> above the +soil. They show that the warmth of life persists below the surface of +the earth, that fraternal love persists below the surface of the +nations, and that soon nothing will prevent it rising again.</p> + +<p>I have on several occasions shown how the neutral countries have become +the refuge of this European spirit, which seems driven from the +belligerent countries by the armies of the pen, more savage than the +others because they risk nothing. The efforts made in Holland or in +Spain to save the moral unity of Europe, the burning charity and +untiring help that Switzerland lavishes on prisoners, on wounded, on +victims of both sides, are a great comfort to oppressed souls, who in +every country are suffocating in the atmosphere of hatred forced on +them, and who look for purer air. But I find still more beautiful and +touching the signs of fraternal aid between friends and enemies in +belligerent countries, however rare and feeble they may be.</p> + +<p>If there are two countries between which the present war seems specially +to have created an abyss of hatred and misunderstanding, they are +England and Germany. The writers and publicists of Germany, whose orders +are to profess for France rather sympathy and compassion than +animosity,<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_145" id="page_145">{145}</a></span> and who are even constrained to distinguish between the +people and the Government of Russia, have vowed eternal hatred against +England. <i>Hasse England</i> has become their <i>Delenda Carthago</i>. The most +moderate declare that the struggle cannot be ended except by the +destruction of the <i>Seeherrschaft</i> (naval supremacy) of Britain. And +Great Britain is not less determined to continue the conflict until +German militarism has been totally eradicated. Yet it is precisely +between these two nations that the noblest bonds of mutual assistance +for the misfortunes of the enemy have been formed and maintained.</p> + +<p>Two days after the declaration of war there was founded in London by the +Archbishop of Canterbury and by well known persons, such as J. +Allen-Baker, M.P., the Right-Hon. W. H. Dickinson, M.P., Lord and Lady +Courtney of Penwith, the <i>Emergency Committee for the Assistance of +Germans, Austrians, and Hungarians in Distress</i>. This work, which +affects a large part of England, consists in paying the repatriation +expenses of destitute civilians, of accompanying German women and girls +on their return journey, of securing hospitality in families for poor +Germans and finding work for them. By the end of December almost £10,000 +had<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_146" id="page_146">{146}</a></span> been spent in this way. Several sub-committees visit Prisoners' +Camps, facilitate correspondence between the belligerent nations, or +undertake, for Christmas, to convey to interned alien enemies more than +20,000 parcels and 200 Christmas trees. Another English society, already +in existence before the war, the <i>Society of Friends of Foreigners in +Distress</i>, regularly looks after 1,800 German and Austrian families. +Finally, the Central Bureau (London) of the International Union of Women +Suffrage Societies has rendered great service to foreigners, paying for +the return journey of between seven and eight thousand women.</p> + +<p>In Germany there has been founded at Berlin a similar Bureau for giving +information and assistance to Germans abroad, and to foreigners in +Germany (<i>Auskunfts-und Hilfsstelle für Deutsche im Ausland und +Ausländer in Deutschland</i>). Amongst its members may be noted +aristocratic names, and persons well known in the religious and academic +world: Frau Marie von Bülow-Mœrlins, Helene Græfin Harrach, Nora +Freiin von Schleinitz, Professors W. Foerster, D. Baumgarten, Paul +Natorp, Martin Rade, Siegmund-Schultze, etc. At its head is a lady of +deep religious feeling, Dr. Elisabeth Rotten. As will be readily +imagined, an undertaking<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_147" id="page_147">{147}</a></span> of this kind has not failed to evoke suspicion +and opposition in nationalist quarters. But it has emerged successful, +and persists; and here are the terms in which it justifies its high +mission against the ravings of German Chauvinism:</p> + +<p>"Since the beginning of the war we have recognized the obligation to +interest ourselves in the welfare of foreigners stranded in Germany. +Efforts such as ours are as unpopular in our country as in other +countries. At a time when the whole German people is engaged in +resisting the enemy, it seems superfluous to render to those who belong +to foreign countries more than minimum services to which they are +legally entitled. But it is not only the thought of our kinsmen abroad +which urges us to this work, it is our own desire to render friendly +service (<i>Freundendienste</i>) to those who, through no fault of their own, +are in difficulties because of the war. Even in war time, our neighbor +is he who is in need of our help; and love for one's enemy +(<i>Feindesliebe</i>) remains a sign whereby those who retain their faith in +the Lord may recognize one another....</p> + +<p>"We have been able to reassure German families as to the lot of their +members in enemy countries, and in return to vouch to foreigners for the +fact<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_148" id="page_148">{148}</a></span> that their friends in our country will be able to rely on us for +assistance if they need it. We have been able to help as neighbors +(<i>Naechstendienste</i>) innocent enemies, in whom we see human brothers and +sisters. Above and beyond this practical aid, we find consolation and +comfort in being able freely to hearken, even in such times as these, to +the voice of humanity, and to the command 'love thy neighbor.' The +tragedy which bursts over the earth on every side, which fills all our +being with a religious respect for human suffering, but also stirs our +love and self-sacrifice, enlarges our hearts and leaves no room except +for feelings of affirmation and benevolent action.</p> + +<p>"Our desire to help and to alleviate suffering knows no frontiers. This +need is all the more urgent when we find in the sufferings of others the +traits of what we ourselves also suffer. What unites men goes deeper +into our being than what separates them. That we can tend the wounds +that we are constrained to deal, and that the same is the case in the +enemy's country, gives promise of the brighter days which will come. In +the midst of the tempest which destroys all around us so many things +which we consider worthy of eternal existence, the possibility of such +action strengthens<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_149" id="page_149">{149}</a></span> our courage and gives us hope that new bridges will +be rebuilt, on which the men who now find themselves separated, will +once more be closely united in a common effort."</p> + +<p>I dedicate these noble words to my friends amongst the people of France, +who have so often, by letter or by message, declared to me their +sympathy for such thoughts and their unchanging faith in humanity. I +dedicate them to all in France who, even in these days, by their justice +and goodness contribute to make their country loved, as much as she +makes herself admired by her arms—to those who assure her of the name +which I read with emotion on a postcard written yesterday, on his way to +Geneva, by a badly wounded German who had been repatriated: the name of +<i>gutes Frankreich</i>, "good France," or, as our tender-hearted old writers +used to say, "<i>Douce</i> France."</p> + +<p class="r">R. R.</p> + +<p>I take this opportunity of recommending to my French readers the +publication of Mme. Arthur Spitzer (Geneva): <i>Le Paquet du prisonnier de +guerre</i>. It has contributors in Paris, and was founded in November "to +bring comfort in their misery to such French, Belgians, and English<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_150" id="page_150">{150}</a></span> +prisoners as cannot be assisted by their families." It begs all who wish +to send a parcel to a relation or friend who has been taken prisoner, to +send with it, when possible, a similar consignment for some other +prisoner—one of their fellow countrymen without relations, friends, or +resources. May this noble thought of solidarity be extended later, in +more humane times, so that whoever helps a prisoner belonging to his own +country may be willing at the same time to help an enemy prisoner!</p> + +<p class="r">R. R.</p> + +<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, March 15, 1915.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_151" id="page_151">{151}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="XIII" id="XIII"></a>XIII. A LETTER TO SVENSKA DAGBLADET OF STOCKHOLM<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></h3> + +<p>The European thought of tomorrow is with the armies. The furious +intellectuals in one camp and the other who insult one another do not +represent it at all. The voice of the peoples who will return from the +war, after having experienced the terrible reality, will send back into +the silence of obscurity these men who have revealed themselves as +unworthy to be spiritual guides of the human race. Amongst those who +thus retire more than one St. Peter will then hear the cock crow, and +will weep saying, "Lord, I have denied thee!"</p> + +<p>The destinies of humanity will rise superior to those of all the +nations. Nothing will be able to<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_152" id="page_152">{152}</a></span> prevent the reforming of the bonds +between the thought of the hostile nations. Whatever nation should stand +aside would commit suicide. For by means of these bonds the tide of life +is kept in motion.</p> + +<p>But they have never been completely broken, even at the height of the +war. The war has even had the sad advantage of grouping together +throughout the universe the minds who reject national hatred. It has +tempered their strength, it has welded their wills into a solid block. +Those are mistaken who think that the ideals of a free human fraternity +are at present stifled! They are but silent under the gag of military +(and civil) dictation which reigns throughout Europe. But the gag will +fall, and they will burst forth with explosive force. I am agonized by +the sufferings of millions of innocent victims, sacrificed today on the +field of battle, but I have no anxiety for the future unity of European +society. It will be realized anew. The war of today is its baptism of +blood.</p> + +<p class="r">R. R.</p> + +<p><i>April 10, 1915.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_153" id="page_153">{153}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="XIV" id="XIV"></a>XIV. WAR LITERATURE</h3> + +<p>The intellectuals on both sides have been much in evidence since the +beginning of the war; they have, indeed, brought so much violence and +passion to bear upon it, that it might almost be called their war!</p> + +<p>It seems to me, however, that attention has not been sufficiently drawn +to the fact that, with a few exceptions, it is only the voice of the +older generation that has been heard—the voice of Academicians, and +Professoren, of distinguished members of the press and the universities, +of poets of established reputations, and the doyens of literature, art, +and science.</p> + +<p>As far as France is concerned, the explanation of this is simple: nearly +all those up to the age of forty-eight who are able to bear arms are now +acting instead of talking. In Germany the situation is rather different, +since for various reasons,<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_154" id="page_154">{154}</a></span> which I shall not attempt to elucidate, much +of the literary youth of the nation has remained at home, and continues +to publish books. Even those who are at the front contrive to send +articles and poems to the Reviews (for the passion for writing dies hard +in Germany).</p> + +<p>It seems to me to be of importance to ascertain what spiritual currents +are influencing the young intellectuals of Germany.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p> + +<p class="asterisks">* * *</p> + +<p>It has been pointed out that in all countries the extremest views have +been expressed by writers who have already passed <i>el mezzo del +cammino</i>. We shall attempt to find the reason for this at some later +date. At present we are content again to verify this fact in the case of +German writers. Almost all the celebrated and acknowledged poets, all +those who were rich in years and in honor, were swept off their feet at +the beginning of the war. And this fact is all the more curious because +some of them had been up to that time the apostles of peace, of pity, +and of humanitarianism. Dehmel, the enemy of war, the friend of all men, +who said<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_155" id="page_155">{155}</a></span> that he did not know to which of the ten nationalities he owed +his intellect, is now writing Battle Songs (<i>Schlachtenlieder</i>), and +Songs of the Flag (<i>Fahnenlieder</i>), apostrophizing the enemy, praising +and dealing death. (At the age of fifty-one he is learning to bear arms, +and has enlisted against the Russians.) Gerhart Hauptmann, whom Fritz +von Unruh calls "the poet of brotherly love," has shaken off his +neurasthenia, and bids men "mow down the grass which drips with blood." +Franz Wedekind is pouring out invectives against Czarism, Lissauer +against England. Arno Holz is raving deliriously. Petzold desires to be +in every bullet that enters an enemy's heart; whilst Richard Nordhausen +has written an Ode to a Howitzer.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p> + +<p>At first the younger writers as well were possessed with the same +madness for war; but, in contact with the sufferings they endured and +inflicted, it quickly disappeared. Fritz von Unruh enlisted as a Uhlan, +and left for the front, crying "Paris, Paris is our goal!" Since the +Battle of the Aisne, in September, he has written "Der Lamm": "<i>Lamb of +God, I have seen thy look of suffering. Give us peace and rest; lead us +back to the heaven of love, and give us back<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_156" id="page_156">{156}</a></span> our dead</i>." Rudolf +Leonhard sang of war at the beginning, and is still fighting; on +re-reading his poems shortly afterwards, he wrote on the front page: +"<i>These were written during the madness of the first weeks. That madness +has spent itself, and only our strength is left. We shall again win +control over ourselves and love one another.</i>" Poets, hitherto unknown, +are revealed by the cry of compassion wrung from their anguished hearts. +To Andrea Fram, who has remained at home, it is a grief that he does not +suffer, whilst thousands of others suffer and die. "<i>All thy love, and +all thy agony, in spite of thy ardent desire, avail not to soothe the +last hour of a single man who is dying yonder.</i>" Upon Ludwig Marck each +minute weighs like a nightmare:—</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry"> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Menschen in Not....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Brüder dir tot....</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Krieg ist im Land....</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The poet who writes under the pseudonym of Dr. Owlglass proposed a new +ideal for Germany, on the seventieth anniversary of the birth of +Nietzsche (October 15th): not the superman, but at least—man. And Franz +Werfel realizes this ideal in poems thrilling with a mournful humanity, +which takes part in the sacrament of misery and death:<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_157" id="page_157">{157}</a></span></p> + +<p>"<i>We are bound together not only by our common words and deeds, but +still more by the dying glance, the last hours, the mortal anguish of +the breaking heart. And whether you bow down before the tyrant, or gaze +trembling into the beloved's countenance, or mark down your enemy with +pitiless glance, think of the eye that will grow dim, of the failing +breath, the parched lips and clenched hands, the final solitude, and the +brow that grows moist in the last agony.... Be kind.... Tenderness is +wisdom, kindness is reason<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>.... We are strangers all upon this +earth, and die but to be reunited.</i>"<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p> + +<p>But the one German poet who has written the serenest and loftiest words, +and preserved in the midst of this demoniacal war an attitude worthy of +Goethe, is Hermann Hesse. He continues to live at Berne, and, sheltered +there from the moral contagion, he has deliberately kept aloof from the +combat. All will remember his noble article in the <i>Neue Zürcher +Zeitung</i> of November 3rd, "<i>O Freunde, nicht diese Töne!</i>" in which he +implored the artists and thinkers of Europe "to save what little peace" +might yet be saved, and not to join with their pens in destroying the +future of Europe.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_158" id="page_158">{158}</a></span> Since then he has written some beautiful poems, one +of which, an Invocation to Peace, is inspired with deep feeling and +classical simplicity, and will find its way to many an oppressed heart.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry"> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Jeder hat's gehabt</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Keiner hat's geschätzt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Jeden hat der süsse Quell gelabt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">O wie klingt der Name Friede jetzt!</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Klingt so fern und zag,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Klingt so tränenschwer,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Keiner weiss und kennt den Tag,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Jeder sehnt ihn vol Verlangen her....</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>("Each one possessed it, but no one prized it. Like a cool spring it +refreshed us all. What a sound the word Peace has for us now!</p> + +<p>"Distant it sounds, and fearful, and heavy with tears. No one knows or +can name the day for which all sigh with such longing.")</p> + +<p class="asterisks">* * *</p> + +<p>The attitude of the younger reviews is curious: for whereas the older, +traditional reviews (those which correspond to our <i>Revue des Deux +Mondes</i> or our <i>Revue de Paris</i>) are more or less affected by military +fervor—thus, for instance, the <i>Neue<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_159" id="page_159">{159}</a></span> Rundschau</i>, which printed Thomas +Mann's notorious vagaries on Culture and Civilization (<i>Gedanken im +Kriege</i>)—many of the younger ones affect a haughty detachment from +actual events.</p> + +<p>That impassive publication, <i>Blätter für die Kunst</i>, over which broods +the invisible personality of Stefan George, published at the end of 1914 +a volume of poems of 156 pages, which did not contain a single line +referring to the war. A note at the end affirms that the points of view +of the various authors have not changed on account of recent events, and +anticipates the objection that "this is not the time for poetry," by the +saying of Jean Paul: "No period has so much need of poetry, as the one +which thinks it can do without it."</p> + +<p><i>Die Aktion</i>, a vibrating, audacious Berlin review, with an ultra-modern +point of view, totally different from the calm impersonality of <i>Blätter +für die Kunst</i>, stated in its issue of August 15, 1914, that it would +not concern itself with politics, but would contain only literature and +art. And if it finds room in its literary columns for the war poems sent +from the field of battle by the military doctors, Wilhelm Klemm and Hans +Kock, it is in consideration of their value as art, and not for the +vivacity of their patriotic sentiments; for it scoffs mercilessly at +the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_160" id="page_160">{160}</a></span> ridiculous bards of German Chauvinism, at Heinrich Vierordt, the +author of <i>Deutschland, hasse</i>, at the criminal poets who stir up hatred +with their false stories, and at Professor Haeckel. The dilettantism of +this review is extreme. Its weekly issues contain translations from the +French of André Gide, Péguy, and Léon Bloy, and reproductions of the +works of Daumier, Delacroix, Cézanne, Matisse, and R. de la Fresnaye: +(cubism flourishes in this Berlin review). The issue of October 24th is +devoted to Péguy, and contains, as frontispiece, Egon Schiele's portrait +of the man, who is honored by Franz Pfemfert, the editor, as "the purest +and most vigorous moral force in French literature of today." Let us +hasten to add, however, that, as is often the case on the other side of +the Rhine, they are carried away by their zeal in deploring his death as +of one of their countrymen, and in proclaiming themselves his heirs. But +the pride which admires is at least superior to the pride which +disparages.</p> + +<p>The most important of these young reviews is <i>Die Weissen Blätter</i>; +important on account of the variety of questions it deals with, and the +value and number of its contributors, as well as for the +<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_161" id="page_161">{161}</a></span>broad-mindedness of its editor—René Schickele. An Alsatian by birth, +he belongs to those who feel most acutely the bitterness of the present +struggle. After an interval of three months <i>Die Weissen Blätter</i>, which +almost corresponds to our <i>Nouvelle Revue Française</i>, reappeared in +January last with the following declaration, akin to that of the <i>Revue +des Nations</i>, at Berne. "<i>It seems good to us to begin the work of +reconstruction, in the midst of the war, and to aid in preparing for the +victory of the spirit. The community of Europe is at present apparently +destroyed. Is it not the duty of all of us who are not bearing arms, to +live from today onwards according to the dictates of our conscience, as +it will be the duty of every German when once the war is over?</i>"</p> + +<p>By the side of these disinterested manifestoes about actual politics, +appear lengthy historical novels (<i>Tycho Brahé</i> by Max Brod) and +satirical comedies by Carl Sternheim, who continues to scourge the upper +classes of German society, and the capitalists, for <i>Die Weissen +Blätter</i> is open to all questions of the day. But in spite of the actual +differences which must necessarily exist between a German and a French +review, we cannot but point out the frankly hostile attitude of these +writers to all the excesses of Chauvinism. The articles of Max<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_162" id="page_162">{162}</a></span> Scheler, +"Europe and the War," show an impartial attitude which is entirely +praiseworthy. The review opens its columns to the loyal Annette Kolb, +who, as the daughter of a German father and of a French mother, suffers +keenly in this conflict between the parts of her nature, and has lately +raised a tempest in Dresden, where in a public lecture she had the +courage to admit her fidelity to both sides, and to express her regret +that Germany should fail to understand France. In the February number, +under the title "Ganz niedrich hängen!" there appeared a violent +repudiation of the <i>Krieg mit dem Maul</i> (the war of tongues); "<i>If +journalists hope to inspire courage by insulting the enemy, they are +mistaken—we refuse such stimulants. We dare to maintain our opinion, +that the humblest volunteer of the enemy, who from an unreasoned but +exalted sentiment of patriotism, fires upon us from an ambush, knowing +well what he risks, is much superior to those journalists who profit by +the public feeling of the day, and under cover of high-sounding words of +patriotism do not fight the enemy but spit upon him.</i>"</p> + +<p>Of all these young writers who are striving to preserve the integrity of +their minds against the force of national passions, the one whose +personality has been most exalted by this tempest, the most<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_163" id="page_163">{163}</a></span> eloquent, +courageous, and decided of all is Wilhelm Herzog. He is the editor of +the <i>Forum</i> at Munich, and like our own Péguy, when he began to publish +his <i>Cahiers de la Quinzaine</i>, he fills almost the whole of his review +with his own burning articles. The enthusiastic biographer of H. von +Kleist, he sees and judges the events of his own time with the eyes of +that indomitable spirit. The German censor attempts in vain to silence +him and to forbid the publication of the lectures of Spitteler and of +Annette Kolb; his indignation and cries of vengeful irony spread even to +us. He attacks bitterly the ninety-three intellectuals who "<i>fancy they +are all Ajaxes because they bray the loudest</i>," those politicians of the +school of Haeckel, who make a new division of the world, those patriotic +bards who insult other nations; he attacks Thomas Mann mercilessly, +scoffs at his sophistry, and defends France, the French Army,<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> and +French civilization against him; he points out that the great men of +Germany (Grünwald, Dürer, Bach, and Mozart amongst others) have always +been persecuted, humiliated, and calumniated.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> In an article entitled +"<i>Der neue Geist</i>,"<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> after having scoffed at the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_164" id="page_164">{164}</a></span> banality that has +reappeared in the German theaters, and the literary mediocrity of +patriotic productions, he asked where this "new spirit" may be found, +and this gives him an opportunity to demolish Ostwald and Lasson.</p> + +<p>"<i>Where is it to be found? In the Hochschulen? Have we not read that +incredibly clumsy</i> (unwahrscheinlich plumpen) <i>appeal of the 99 +professors? Have we not appreciated the statements of that double +centenarian</i> (des zweihundertjährige Mummelgreises) <i>mummy Lasson? When +I was studying philosophy as an undergraduate at the University of +Berlin, the theatre in which he lectured was a place of amusement</i> +(Lachkabinett) <i>for us—nothing more. And today people take him +seriously! English, French, and Italian papers print his senile +babblings against Holland, as typical of the</i> Stimmung <i>of the German +intellectuals. The wrong that these privy councillors and professors +have done us with their Aufklärungsarbeit can hardly be measured. They +have isolated themselves from humanity by their inability to realize the +feelings of others.</i>"</p> + +<p>In opposition to these false representatives of a nation, these cultured +gossips and political adventurers, he extols the silent ones, the great +mass of the people of all nations who suffer in silence;<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_165" id="page_165">{165}</a></span> and he joins +with them in "the invisible community of sorrow."</p> + +<p>"<i>One who is suffering and knows that his sorrow is shared by millions +of other beings, will bear it calmly; he will accept it willingly even, +because he knows that he is enriched thereby, made stronger, more +tender, more humane.</i>"<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p> + +<p>And he quotes the words of old Meister Eckehart: "<i>Suffering is the +fastest steed that will bear you to perfection.</i>"</p> + +<p class="asterisks">* * *</p> + +<p>At the close of this summary review of the young writers of the war, a +place must be found for those whom the war has crushed—they counted +amongst the best. Ernst Stadler was an enthusiastic admirer of French +art and of the French spirit. He translated Francis Jammes, and on the +eve of his death, in November, he was writing to Stefan Zweig from the +trenches about the poems of Verlaine, which he was translating. The +unfortunate George Trakl, the poet of melancholy, was made lieutenant of +a sanitary column in Galicia, and the sight of so much<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_166" id="page_166">{166}</a></span> suffering drove +him to despair and death. And there are many hidden tragedies, still +unrevealed. When they are made known, humanity will tremble in +contemplating its handiwork.</p> + +<p>I reflected, as doubtless many of my French readers have also done, in +reading through these German writings inspired by the war—writings +through which from time to time there passes a mighty breath of revolt +and sorrow—that our young writers are not writing "literature." Instead +of books they give us deeds, and their letters. And in re-reading some +of their letters I thought that ours had chosen the better part. It is +not for me now to point out the position that this heroic correspondence +will occupy, not only in our history but also in our literature. Into it +the flower of our youth has put all its life, its faith and its genius: +and for some of those letters I would give many of the finest lines of +the noblest poems. Whatever be the result of this war, and the opinion +as to its value later, it will be recognized that France has written on +paper, mud-stained and often blotted with blood, some of its sublimest +pages. Assuredly this war touches us more nearly than it does our +adversaries, for who of us would have the heart to write a play or a +novel whilst his country is in danger and his brothers dying?<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_167" id="page_167">{167}</a></span></p> + +<p>But I will make no comparisons between the two nations. For the present +the essential thing is to show that even in Germany there are certain +finer minds who are fighting against the spirit which we hate—the +spirit of grasping imperialism and inhuman pride, of military caste and +the megalomania of pedants. They are but a minority—we have no +illusions about that—and we ought to redouble our efforts on that +account to vanquish the common enemy. Why then should we trouble to make +these generous but feeble voices heard? Because their merit is the +greater for being so little heeded; because it is the duty of those who +are fighting for justice to render justice in their turn to all those +men, even when they dwell in a country in which the state represents the +violation of right by <i>Faustrecht</i>, who are defending with us the spirit +of liberty.</p> + +<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, April 19, 1915.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_168" id="page_168">{168}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="XV" id="XV"></a>XV. THE MURDER OF THE ÉLITE</h3> + +<p>The phrase is not new-coined today;<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> but the fact is. Never in any +period, have we seen humanity throwing into the bloody arena all its +intellectual and moral reserves, its priests, its thinkers, its +scholars, its artists, the whole future of the spirit—wasting its +geniuses as food for cannon.</p> + +<p>A great thing, doubtless, when the struggle is great, when a people +fights for an eternal cause, the fervor of which fires the whole nation, +from the smallest to the greatest; when it fuses all the egoisms, +purifies desire, and out of many souls makes one unanimous soul. But if +the cause be suspect or if it is tainted (as we judge that of our +adversaries to be), what will be the situation of a<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_169" id="page_169">{169}</a></span> moral élite which +has preserved the sad and lofty privilege of perceiving at least a part +of the truth, and which must nevertheless fight and die and kill for a +faith which it doubts?</p> + +<p>Those passionate natures that are intoxicated by fighting or are +voluntarily blinded by the necessities of action are not troubled by +these questions. For them the enemy is a single mass; nothing else +exists for them but this, for they have to break it; it is their +function and their duty. And to each his special duty. But if minorities +do not exist for such men, they do exist for us who, since we are not +fighting, have the liberty and the duty to see every aspect of the +case—we who form part of the eternal minority, the minority which has +been, is, and always will be eternally oppressed. It is for us to hear +and to proclaim these moral sufferings! Plenty of others repeat or +invent the jubilant echoes of the struggle. May other voices be raised +to give the tragic accents of the fight and its sacred horror!</p> + +<p>I shall take my examples from the enemy camp, for several reasons: +because the German cause being from the first tainted with injustice, +the sufferings of the few who are just, and the still fewer who have +spiritual perceptions are greater there than elsewhere; because these +evidences appear openly<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_170" id="page_170">{170}</a></span> in publications whose boldness the German +censorship has not perceived; because I bow with respect to the heroic +discipline of silence which France in fighting imposes on her +sufferings. (Would to God that this silence were not broken by those +who, trying to deny these sufferings, profane the grandeur of the +sacrifice by the revolting levity of their silly jests in newspapers +which are without either gravity or dignity.)</p> + +<p class="asterisks">* * *</p> + +<p>I have shown in the last chapter that a part of the intellectual youth +of Germany was far from sharing the war-madness of its elders. I cited +certain energetic reproofs delivered by these young writers to the +theorists of imperialism. And these writers are not, as one might think +from an article in the <i>Temps</i> (though I gladly pay a tribute to its +honesty), merely a small group as narrow as that of our symbolists. They +count among them writers who appeal to a large public and who do not set +out in any way (except for the group of Stefan George) to write for a +<i>select few</i>—they wish to write for all. I stated, too, that the +boldest review of all, Wilhelm Herzog's <i>Forum</i>, was read in the German +trenches and received approbation thence.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_171" id="page_171">{171}</a></span></p> + +<p>But what is more astonishing, this spirit of criticism has possessed +some of the combatants and even made its appearance among German +officers. In the November-December number of the <i>Friedens-Warte</i>, +published in Berlin, Vienna, and Leipzig, by Dr. Alfred H. Fried, there +occurs "An appeal to the Germanic peoples," addressed, at the end of +October, by Baron Marschall von Biberstein, Landrat of Prussia and +captain in the 1st Foot Guards reserve. This article was written in a +trench north of Arras, where on the 11th of November, Biberstein was +killed. He expresses unreservedly his horror of the war and his ardent +desire that it may be the last: "<i>That is the conviction of those at the +front who are witnesses of the unspeakable horrors of modern warfare.</i>" +Even more praiseworthy is Biberstein's frankness when he decides to +begin a confession and a <i>mea culpa</i> for the sins of Germany. "<i>The war +has opened my eyes</i>," he says, "<i>to our terrible unlovableness +(Unbeliebtheit). Everything has its cause; we must have given cause for +this hatred; and even in part have justified it.... Let us hope that it +will not be the least of the advantages of this war that Germany will +turn round on herself, will search out and recognize her faults and +correct them.</i>" Unfortunately even this article is spoiled<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_172" id="page_172">{172}</a></span> by Germanic +pride which, desiring a world peace, sets out to impose it on the world. +Herein it recalls in some respects the bellicose pacifism of the too +celebrated Ostwald.</p> + +<p>But another officer (of whom I spoke in my last chapter) the poet Fritz +von Unruh, first Lieutenant of Uhlans on the western front, has written +dramatic scenes in verse and prose. These have appeared recently under +the title <i>Before the Decision (Vor der Entscheidung)</i>. It is a dramatic +poem in which the author has noted his own impressions and his moral +transformations. The hero, who like himself, is an officer of Uhlans, +passes through various centers of the war and remains everywhere a +stranger; his soul is detached from murderous passions, he sees the +abominable reality until his sufferings from it amount to agony. The two +scenes reproduced by the <i>Neue Zürcher Zeitung</i> show us a muddy and +bloodstained trench, where German soldiers, like beasts in a +slaughter-house, die or await death with bitter words—and officers +getting drunk on champagne around a 42mm. mortar, laughing and getting +excited till they fall beneath the weight of sleep and fatigue.</p> + +<p>From the first scene I take these terrible words of one of those who +wait in the trenches under fire<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_173" id="page_173">{173}</a></span> of the machine guns, a +<i>Dreissigjæhriger</i> (man of thirty).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In my village they are laughing—they drink to each victory. They +slaughter us like butcher's cattle—and they say "It's war!" When +it is over, they are no fools, they will feast us for three years. +But the first cripple won't be grey headed before they will laugh +at his white hairs.</p></div> + +<p>And the Uhlan, possessed by horror in the midst of the massacre, falls +on his knees and prays:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Thou who gavest life and takest it—how shall I recognize Thee? (In +these trenches strewn with mutilated bodies) I find Thee not. Does +the piercing cry of these thousands suffocated in the terrible +embrace of Death reach not up to Thee? Or is it lost in frozen +space? For whom does Thy Springtime blossom? For whom is the +splendor of Thy suns? For whom, O God? I ask it of thee in the name +of all those whose mouths are closed by courage and by fear in face +of the horror of Thy darkness: What heat is left within me? What +light of truth? Can this massacre be Thy will? Is it indeed Thy +will?</p> + +<p class="c">(<i>He loses consciousness and falls.</i>)</p> +</div> + +<p>A pain less lyrical, less ecstatic, more simple, more reflective, and +nearer to ourselves marks the sequence of <i>Feldpostbriefe</i> of Dr. Albert +Klein, teacher in the Oberrealschule at Giessen and Lieutenant of the +Landwehr, killed on the 12th of February<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_174" id="page_174">{174}</a></span> in Champagne.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> Passing over +what are, perhaps, the most striking pages from the point of view of +artistic quality and power of thought, I will only give two extracts +from these letters which are likely to be of special interest to French +readers.</p> + +<p>The first describes for us with an unusual frankness the moral condition +of the German army:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Brave, without care for his own life! Who is there among us that is +that? We all know too well our own worth and our own possibilities; +we are in the flower of our age: force is in our arms and in our +souls; and as no one willingly dies, no one is brave (<i>tapfer</i>) in +the usual sense of the word: or at least such are very rare. It is +just because bravery is so rare in life, it is just for that that +we expend so much religion, poetry, and thought (and this begins +already at school), in celebrating as the highest fate death for +one's fatherland, until it attains its climax in the false heroism +which makes such a sensation about us in newspapers and speeches +and which is so cheap—and also in the true heroism of a small +number who do risk themselves and lead on the others.... We do our +duty, we do what we <i>ought</i>; but it is a passive virtue.... When I +read in the papers the scribblings of those who have a bad +conscience because they are safely in the rear—when I read this +talk which makes every soldier into a hero, I feel hurt. Heroism +is<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_175" id="page_175">{175}</a></span> a rare growth, and you cannot build on it a citizen army. To +keep such an army together the men must respect their superiors, +and even fear them more than the enemy. And the superiors must be +conscientious, do their duty well, know their business thoroughly, +decide rapidly, and have control of their nerves. When we read the +praises which those behind the line write of us, we blush. Thank +God, old-fashioned, robust shame is not dead in us.... Ah! my dear +friends, those who are here don't speak so complacently of death, +of disease, of sacrifice, and of victory as do those who behind the +line ring the bells, make speeches, and write newspapers. The men +here accustom themselves as best they may to the bitter necessity +of suffering and of death if fate wills; but they know and see that +many noble sacrifices, innumerable, innumerable sacrifices have +already been made, and that already for a long while we shall have +had more than enough of destruction on our side as well as the +other. It is precisely when one has to look suffering in the face +as I have that a tie begins to be formed that unites one to those +over there, on the other side (and one that unites you too with +them, my friends! Yes, surely you feel it too, don't you?) If I +come back from here (which I scarcely hope for any more) my dearest +duty will be to soak myself in the study and the thoughts of those +who have been our enemies. I wish to reconstruct my nature on a +wider basis.... And I believe that it will be easier after this war +than after any other to be a human being.</p></div> + +<p>The second fragment is the account of a touching encounter with a French +prisoner:<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_176" id="page_176">{176}</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Yesterday evening I was strangely touched. I happened to see a +convoy of prisoners and I talked to one of them, a colleague of +mine, Professor of classical philology in the college of F——. +Such an open-minded, intelligent man, and with such a fine military +bearing, like all his fellows, although they had just been through +a terrible experience of machine-gun fire.... It was a proof to me +of the senselessness of the war. I thought how much one would have +liked to be the friend of these men, who are so near us in their +education, their mode of life, the circle of their thought and +their interest. We started talking about a book on Rousseau and we +began to dispute like old philologists.... How much we are alike in +force and worth! And how little truth there is in what our papers +tell us of the shaken and exhausted conditions of the French +troops! As true, or rather as untrue, as what the French newspapers +write about us.... My French colleague showed in his remarks such a +balanced mind and such understanding and admiration of German +thought! To think that we were made so clearly to be friends and +that we had to be separated! I was altogether overcome, and sat +down crushed by it. I thought and thought and could not escape my +mood by any sophistry. No end, no end to war, which for nearly six +months now has swallowed in its gulf men, fortunes, and happiness! +And this feeling is the same with us as with the other side. It is +always the same picture: we do the same thing, we suffer the same +thing, we are the same thing. And it is precisely for this reason +that we are so bitterly at enmity....</p></div> + +<p>The same accent of troubled anguish, together<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_177" id="page_177">{177}</a></span> with a despair which at +moments nearly reaches to madness, and at others breathes a religious +fervor, are seen in the letters of a German soldier to a teacher in +German Switzerland. (We have known of these at the Prisoners' Agency for +three or four months and they were published in <i>Foi et Vie</i> of April +15th.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> They have been passed over in silence, so we shall persist in +calling attention to them, for they thoroughly deserve it). In these +letters, which cover from the second fortnight of August to the end of +December, we see from the 25th of August onwards the evidence of a +desire for peace among the German soldiers.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We all, even those who were hottest for the fight at the beginning, +want nothing now but peace, our officers just as much as +ourselves.... Convinced as we are of the necessity to conquer, +warlike enthusiasm does not exist among us; we fulfil our duty, but +the sacrifice is hard. We suffer in our souls.... I cannot tell you +the sufferings I endure....</p> + +<p>September 20th. A friend writes to me: "On the 20th to 25th of +August I took part in big battles; since then I suffer morally even +to complete exhaustion, both physical and spiritual. My soul finds +no repose.... This war will show us how much of the beast still +survives in man,<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_178" id="page_178">{178}</a></span> and this revelation will cause us to make a great +step out of animalism: if not, it is all up with us!"</p> + +<p>November 28th. (<i>A splendid passage where one almost hears the +voice of Tolstoi.</i>) What are all the torments of war compared to +the thoughts that obsess us night and day? When I am on some hill +from which my view commands the plain, this is the idea which +ceaselessly tortures me: down there in the valley the war rages; +those brown lines which furrow the landscape are full of men who +are facing one another as enemies. And up there on the hill +opposite you there is, perhaps, a man who, like you, is +contemplating the woods and the blue sky and perhaps ruminating the +same thoughts as you, his enemy! This continual proximity might +make one mad! And one is tempted to envy one's comrades who can +kill time in sleeping and playing cards.</p> + +<p>December 17th. The desire for peace is intense in every one; at +least, in all those who are at the front and who are obliged to +assassinate and be assassinated. The newspapers say that it's +hardly possible to restrain the warlike ardor of the fighters.... +They lie—consciously or unconsciously. Our chaplains in their +sermons dispute the legend that our military ardor is +slackening.... You can hardly believe how such tittle-tattle annoys +us. Let them be silent, and let them not talk about things of which +they can know nothing! Or better still, let them come not as +almoners who keep to the rear, but into the firing-line, rifle in +hand! Perhaps then they will get to know of the inner changes which +take place in so many of us. According to these chaplains, any one +who is without warlike<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_179" id="page_179">{179}</a></span> enthusiasm is not a man such as our age +demands. To me it seems that we are greater heroes than the others, +we, who without being upheld by warlike enthusiasm, accomplish +faithfully our duty, while hating war with our whole souls.... They +talk of a holy war ... I know of no holy war. I only know of one +war which is the sum of all that is inhuman, impious, and bestial +in man; it is God's chastisement and a call to repentance for the +people that throws itself into war or lets itself be drawn into it. +God sends men through this hell so that they may learn to love +heaven. For the German people this war seems to me to be a +punishment and a call to repentance,—and most of all for our +German Church. I have friends who suffer at the idea of being +unable to do anything for the fatherland. Let them stay at home +with a calm conscience! All depends on their peaceful work. But let +the war enthusiasts come! Perhaps they will learn to keep silent.</p></div> + +<p class="asterisks">* * *</p> + +<p>"Why publish these pages?" I shall be asked by some people in France. +"What good is it, when once war is let loose, to arouse pity for our +adversaries, at the risk of blunting the ardor of the combatants?"—I +answer, because it is the truth, and because the truth substantiates our +judgment, the judgment of the whole world against the German leaders and +their policy. What their armies have done we know; but that they were +able to do it<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_180" id="page_180">{180}</a></span> containing as they did such elements as those whose +confessions we have just heard, incriminates still more deeply their +masters. From the depths of the battlefield, these voices of a +sacrificed minority rise up as a vengeful condemnation of the +oppressors. To the accusations drawn up against predatory Empires and +their inhuman pride, in the name of violated right, of outraged humanity +by the victim peoples and by the combatants, is added the cry of pain of +the nobler souls of their own people whom the bad shepherds who let +loose this war have led and constrained into murder and madness. To +sacrifice one's body is not the worst suffering, but also to sacrifice, +to deny, to kill one's own soul!—You who die at least for a just cause, +and who, full of sap and loaded with faith, fall like ripe fruit, how +sweet is your lot beside this torture! But we shall so act that these +sufferings shall not be vain.</p> + +<p>Let the conscience of humanity hear and accept their complaint! It will +resound in the future above the glory of battles; and whether she wills +or no, History will place it on her register. History will do justice +between the hangmen and their peoples. And the peoples will learn how to +deliver themselves from their hangmen.</p> + +<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, June 14, 1915.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_181" id="page_181">{181}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="XVI" id="XVI"></a>XVI. JAURÈS</h3> + +<p>Battles are being fought under our eyes in which thousands of men are +dying, yet the sacrifice of their lives does not always influence the +issue of the combat. In other cases the death of a single man may be a +great battle lost for the whole of humanity. The murder of Jaurès was +such a disaster.</p> + +<p>Whole centuries were needed to produce such a life; rich civilizations +of North and South, of past and present, spread out on the good soil of +France, matured beneath our Western skies. The mysterious chance which +combines elements and forces will not easily produce a noble spirit like +his a second time.</p> + +<p>Jaurès is a type, almost unique in modern times, of the great political +orator who is also a great thinker, and who combines vast culture with +penetrating observation, and moral grandeur with energetic activity. We +must go back to antiquity to find<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_182" id="page_182">{182}</a></span> one who, like him, could stir the +crowd and give pleasure to the few; pour out his overflowing genius not +only in his speeches and social treatises, but also in his philosophical +and historical works;<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> and leave on all things the impress of his +personality, the furrow of his robust labor, the seeds of his +progressive mind. I have listened to him often in the Chamber, at +socialist congresses, at meetings held on behalf of oppressed nations; +he even did me the honor of presenting my <i>Danton</i> to the people of +Paris. Again I see his full face, calm and happy like that of a kindly, +bearded ogre; his small eyes, bright and smiling; eyes as quick to +follow the flight of ideas as to observe human nature. I see him pacing +up and down the platform, walking with heavy steps like a bear, his arms +crossed behind his back, and turning sharply to hurl at the crowd, in +his monotonous, metallic voice, words like the call of a trumpet, which +reached the farthest seats in the vast amphitheatre, and went straight +to the heart,<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_183" id="page_183">{183}</a></span> making the soul of the whole multitude leap in one united +emotion. What beauty there was in the sight of these proletarian masses +stirred by the visions which Jaurès evoked from distant horizons, +imbibing the thought of Greece through the voice of their tribune!</p> + +<p>Of all this man's gifts the most fundamental was to be essentially a +<i>man</i>—not the man of a single profession, or class, or party, or +idea—but a complete, harmonious, and free man. His all-comprehensive +nature could be the slave of nothing. The highest manifestations of life +flowed together and met in him. His intelligence demanded unity,<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> his +heart was full of a passion for liberty,<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> and this twofold instinct +protected him alike from party despotism and anarchy. His spirit sought +to encompass all things, not in order to do violence to them, but to +bring them into harmony. Above all, he had the power of seeing the +<i>human</i> element in<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_184" id="page_184">{184}</a></span> all things, and this universal sympathy was equally +averse to narrow negation and fanatical affirmation. All intolerance +inspired him with horror.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> + +<p>He had put himself at the head of a great revolutionary party, but it +was with the desire "of saving the great work of democratic revolution +from the sickening and brutal odor of blood, murder, and hatred which +still clings to the memory of the middle-class Revolution." In his own +name, and in the name of his party, he demanded "with regard to all +doctrines, respect for the human personality and for the spirit which is +manifested in each." The mere feeling of the moral antagonism which +exists between man and man, even when there is no open conflict, the +sense of the invisible barriers which render human brotherhood +impossible, was painful to him. He could not read those words of +Cardinal Newman in which he speaks of the gulf of damnation, which, even +in this life, is fixed between men, without having "a sort of +nightmare.... He saw the abyss ready to gape beneath the feet of fragile +and unhappy human beings who think themselves<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_185" id="page_185">{185}</a></span> bound together by a +community of sympathy and suffering"—the sadness of this thought +obsessed him.</p> + +<p>To fill in this abyss of misunderstanding was his life-work. Herein lay +the originality of his standpoint, that although he was the spokesman of +the most advanced parties, he became the continual mediator between +conflicting ideas. He sought to unite them all in the service of +progress and of the common good. In philosophy he united idealism and +realism—in history, the past and the present—in politics, the love of +his own country and a respect for other countries.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> He refrained from +denouncing that which has been, in the name of that which is to be, as +many so-called free-thinkers have done; and far from condemning, he +upheld the theories of all those who had been fighters in past +centuries, to whatever party they might have belonged. "We reverence the +past," he said. "Not in vain have blazed the hearths of all the +generations of mankind—but it is we who are advancing, who<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_186" id="page_186">{186}</a></span> are +fighting for a new ideal, it is we who are the true inheritors of the +hearth of our ancestors. We have taken the flame thereof, you have +preserved only the ashes." (January, 1909.) In his Introduction to +<i>l'Histoire socialiste de la Révolution</i>, in which he attempts to +reconcile Plutarch, Michelet, and Karl Marx, he writes: "We hail with +equal respect all men of heroic will. History, even when conceived as a +study of economic forms, will never dispense with individual valor and +nobility. The moral level of society tomorrow will be determined by the +standard of morality of conscience today. So that, to offer the examples +of all the heroic fighters who for the past century have been inspired +by an ideal and held death in sublime contempt, is to do revolutionary +work." In everything he touches he achieves a generous synthesis of +life; he imposes his grand panoramic conception of the universe, the +sense of the manifold and moving unity of all things. This admirable +equilibrium of countless elements presupposes in the man who achieves it +magnificent health of body and of mind, a mastery of his whole being. +And Jaurès possessed this mastery, and because of it he was the pilot of +European democracy.</p> + +<p>How clear and far reaching was his foresight! In years to come, when the +record of the war of<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_187" id="page_187">{187}</a></span> today is set down, he will appear therein as a +terrible witness. Was there anything he did not foresee? One needs only +to read through his speeches during the last ten years.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> It is yet +too early, in the midst of the conflict, to quote freely his predictions +concerning the coming retribution. Let us recall only his agonized +presentiment, ever since the year 1905, of the monstrous war which was +imminent;<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> his consciousness "of the antagonism, now muffled, now +acute, but always profound and terrible, between Germany and England" +(November 18, 1909);<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> his denunciation of the secret dealings of +European finance and diplomacy, dealings which are encouraged by the +"torpor of public spirit"; his cry of alarm at "the sensational lies of +the press, actuated by the rotten system of capitalism, sowing panic and +hatred, and playing cynically with the lives of millions of men, through +mere financial considerations or delirious pride"; his contemptuous +words for those whom he calls "the jockeys of his country";<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_188" id="page_188">{188}</a></span> his clear +perception of all responsibilities;<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> his foreknowledge of the +domesticated attitude which would be adopted in case of war by the +Social-democratic party of Germany, to whom he showed, as in a mirror +(at the Amsterdam Congress in 1904) their haughty weakness, their lack +of revolutionary tradition, their want of parliamentary strength, their +"formidable powerlessness";<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> of the attitude which certain leaders of +French Socialism, too, and amongst others Jules Guesde, would maintain +in the conflict between the great States of Europe;<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> and, looking +even beyond the war, his premonition of the consequences, near and +remote, national and international, of this conflict of nations.</p> + +<p>How would he have acted had he lived? The proletariat of Europe looked +to him for guidance, and had faith in him—Camille Huysmans has said so +in the speech delivered at his grave in the name of the Workers' +International.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> There can be no doubt that when he had fought against +the war<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_189" id="page_189">{189}</a></span> until all hope of preventing it was gone, he would have yielded +loyally to the common duty of national defense and taken part in it with +all his might. He had announced this point of view at the Congress in +Stuttgart, in 1907, in full agreement therein with Vandervelde and +Bebel: "If, whatever the circumstances, a nation were to refuse from the +outset to defend itself, it would be entirely at the mercy of the +Governments of violence, barbarism, and reaction.... A unity of mankind +which was the result of the absorption of conquered nations by one +dominating nation would be a unity realized in slavery." On his return +to Paris, in giving an account of the Congress to French Socialists +(September 7, 1907, at the Tivoli Vaux-Hall), he impressed upon them +their double duty—war against war, so long as it is only a menace upon +the horizon, and in the hour of danger war in defense of national +independence. For this great European was also a great Frenchman.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> +Yet it is certain, too, that the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_190" id="page_190">{190}</a></span> firm accomplishment of his patriotic +duty would not have prevented him from maintaining his human ideals, and +watching with untiring eyes for every opportunity of reconstructing the +shattered unity. Certainly he would not have allowed the vessel of +socialism to drift, as his feeble successors have done.</p> + +<p class="asterisks">* * *</p> + +<p>He has passed from us. But the reflection of his luminous genius, his +kindness in the bitter struggle, his indestructible optimism even in the +midst of disaster, shine above the carnage of Europe, over which the +dusk is gathering, like the splendor of the setting sun.</p> + +<p>There is one page which he wrote, which cannot be read without +emotion—an immortal page in which he represents the noble Herakles, +resting after his labors on the maternal earth:</p> + +<p>"There are hours," he says, "when in feeling the earth beneath our feet, +we experience a joy deep<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_191" id="page_191">{191}</a></span> and tranquil as the earth herself. How often +on my journey along footpaths and across fields I have realized suddenly +that it was indeed the earth on which I trod, that I belonged to her, as +she belonged to me! Then without thinking I went more slowly, because it +was not worth while to hasten across her surface, because I was +conscious of her and possessed her at each step I took, and my soul was +moving within her depths. How many times at the fall of day, as I lay by +the side of a ditch, my eyes turned towards the faint blue of the +eastern sky, I have suddenly realized that the earth was speeding on her +journey hastening from the fatigues of the day and the limited horizons +which the sun illumines, and rushing with prodigious force towards the +serenity of night and unlimited horizons, and bearing me with her. I +felt in my body as in my soul, and in the earth herself as in my body, +the thrill of this journey, and a strange sweetness in those blue spaces +which opened out before us, without a shock, without a fold, without a +murmur. Oh! how much deeper and more intense is this kinship of our +flesh with the earth, than the vague and wandering kinship of our eyes +with the starry heavens. How much less beautiful the night with its +stars would be<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_192" id="page_192">{192}</a></span> to us, did we not feel ourselves at the same time bound +to the earth."</p> + +<p>He has returned to the earth—that earth which belonged to him, that +earth to which he belonged. They have again taken possession of each +other, and his spirit is even now warming and humanizing her. Beneath +the torrents of blood shed upon his tomb the new life and the peace of +tomorrow are already springing. It was a favorite and often repeated +thought of Jaurès, as of Heraclitus of old, that nothing can interrupt +the flow of things, that "peace is only a form or aspect of war, war +only a form or aspect of peace, and what is conflict today is the +beginning of the reconciliation of tomorrow."</p> + +<p class="r">R. R.</p> + +<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, August 2, 1915.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_193" id="page_193">{193}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="NOTES" id="NOTES"></a>NOTES</h3> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">To <a href="#page_019">Page 19</a> ("Letter To Gerhart Hauptmann")</span></p> + +<p>The letter to Gerhart Hauptmann, written after the destruction of +Louvain, and in the stress of the emotion aroused by the first news, was +provoked by a high-sounding article of Hauptmann which appeared a few +days previously. In that letter he rebutted the accusation of barbarism +hurled against Germany, and returned it ... against Belgium. The article +ended as follows:</p> + +<p>" ... I assure M. Maeterlinck that no one in Germany thinks of imitating +the act of his 'civilized nation.' We prefer to be and to remain the +German barbarians for whom the women and the children of our enemies are +sacred. I can assure him that we never thoughtlessly massacre and make +martyrs of Belgian women and children. Our witnesses are on our +frontiers; the socialist beside the bourgeois, the peasant beside the +savant, and the prince beside the workman: and all fight with a full +realization of the object, for a noble and rich national treasure, for +internal and external goods which aid the progress and the ascent of +humanity."</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">To <a href="#page_041">Page 41</a> ("Above The Battle")</span></p> + +<p>My enemies have not failed to make use of this passage to attribute to +me sentiments of contempt with regard to the peoples of Asia and Africa. +This charge is all the less<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_194" id="page_194">{194}</a></span> justified in that I have precious +friendships amongst the intellectuals of Asia, with whom I have remained +in correspondence during this war. These friends have been so little +misled as to my real thought that one of them, a leading Hindu writer, +Ananda Coomaraswamy, has dedicated to me an admirable essay which +appeared in the <i>New Age</i> (December 1914), entitled "A World Policy for +India," but—</p> + +<p>1. Asiatic troops, recruited amongst races of professional warriors, in +no way represent the thought of Asia, as Coomaraswamy agrees.</p> + +<p>2. The heroism of the troops of Africa and Asia is not under discussion. +There was no need for the hecatombs, which have been made during the +past year, to evoke admiration for their splendid devotion.</p> + +<p>3. As regards barbarism, I am glad to confess that now the "white-skins" +can no longer reproach "skins, black, red, or yellow" in this respect.</p> + +<p>4. It is not the latter but the former whom I blame. I denounce today +once more with as much vigor as fourteen months ago, the short-sighted +policy which has introduced Africa and Asia<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> into the quarrels of +Europe. The future will justify my indictment.</p> + +<p class="r">R. R.</p> + +<p class="smcap c ov"> PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. </p> + +<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_195" id="page_195">{195}</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h3> + +<ul> +<li>Abattoir of Ypres and Dixmude, the, <a href="#page_103">103</a>.</li> + +<li>Absurdity, a ferocious, <a href="#page_047">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Academicians and Professoren, the voice of, <a href="#page_153">153</a>.</li> + +<li>Academy of moral science, the, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Address to the Civilized Nations, <a href="#page_060">60</a>.</li> + +<li>Ador, M. Gustave, <a href="#page_083">83</a>.</li> + +<li>Adversary, A Frenchman does not judge his, unheard, <a href="#page_017">17</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre</i>, <a href="#page_083">83</a>.</li> + +<li>Ajax, the madness of, <a href="#page_078">78</a>.</li> + +<li>Albert, King, <a href="#page_093">93</a>.</li> + +<li>Allies, the, <a href="#page_073">73</a>, <a href="#page_098">98</a>.</li> + +<li>Allophyles, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Angell, Norman, <a href="#page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>Apostles, rival, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Architecture like Rheims, a piece of, <a href="#page_024">24</a>.</li> + +<li>Archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="#page_012">12</a>, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>Arguments, furious, <a href="#page_119">119</a>.</li> + +<li>Armies of the Marne and Meuse, <a href="#page_040">40</a>.</li> + +<li>Art, <a href="#page_016">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Aryan race, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Asia and Africa, forces of, <a href="#page_099">99</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">ethnological signification of the terms of, <a href="#page_194">194</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Atrocities committed in Flanders, <a href="#page_025">25</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Russia, <a href="#page_070">70</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Attila, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Auskunfts- und Hilfsstelle für Deutsche im Ausland und Ausländer in Deutschland</i>, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>Austerlitz, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Austria, <a href="#page_050">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Authors of these wars, criminal, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Babut, C. E., <a href="#page_076">76</a>.</li> + +<li>Bach, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>Baker, M. P., J. Allen-, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>Banking and war, the justification of, <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Baptism of blood, <a href="#page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>Barbarians from the poles and those from the equator, <a href="#page_041">41</a>, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Barrès, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Baumgarten, D., <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>Bebel, <a href="#page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>Bees of Holy Writ, the, <a href="#page_091">91</a>.</li> + +<li>Beethoven, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Behring, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Belgium, the neutrality of noble, <a href="#page_020">20</a>, <a href="#page_087">87</a>, <a href="#page_093">93</a>, <a href="#page_094">94</a>.</li> + +<li>Bennett, E. K., <a href="#page_012">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Bergson, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Bishops, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Bismarck, Prince, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Blind loyalty, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Bloody soil, <a href="#page_018">18</a>.</li> + +<li>Bonfire, stirring up the, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Books of every kind and of every color, <a href="#page_077">77</a>.</li> + +<li>Boris Godunov, <a href="#page_059">59</a>.</li> + +<li>Brotherhood, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_101">101</a>.</li> + +<li>Brueghel, the stumbling blind men of, <a href="#page_030">30</a>.</li> + +<li>Bucher, Dr., of Strasbourg, <a href="#page_104">104</a>.</li> + +<li>Bull in the arena, a, <a href="#page_028">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Cæsar, <a href="#page_121">121</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Cambridge Magazine, The</i>, <a href="#page_011">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Cardinals, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Caste, a military and feudal, <a href="#page_050">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Catalonia, the thinkers of, <a href="#page_122">122</a>.</li> + +<li>Catechism of Force, <a href="#page_139">139</a>.</li> + +<li>Censor, the German, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>Central Bureau, the, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>Chamberlain, H. S., <a href="#page_028">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Chauvinism, <a href="#page_038">38</a>, <a href="#page_147">147</a>, <a href="#page_160">160</a>.</li> + +<li>Christianity and socialism, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Christians of today, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Cingalese, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>City of God, <a href="#page_054">54</a>.</li> + +<li>Civilization, the common trunk of our, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Civil war, a, <a href="#page_123">123</a>.</li> + +<li>Combatants, compassion and kindness between the, <a href="#page_101">101</a>.</li> + +<li>Combats, strange, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Comparisons between the two nations, <a href="#page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>Congress in Stuttgart in 1907, the, <a href="#page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>Contagion, can we not resist this, <a href="#page_047">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Coomaraswamy, Ananda, <a href="#page_194">194</a>.</li> + +<li>Cornélienne, <a href="#page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li>Correvon, Rev. Ch., <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Cosmic force, <a href="#page_011">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Cossack avalanche, the, <a href="#page_037">37</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Coster, Charles de, <a href="#page_095">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Courtney, Lord and Lady, of Penwith, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>Cubism, <a href="#page_160">160</a>.</li> + +<li>Cyclone, the, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Czarism, the ravenous greed of, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_060">60</a>.</li> + +<li>Danger for Europe, grave, <a href="#page_099">99</a>.</li> + +<li>D'Annunzio, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Dante, <a href="#page_025">25</a>.</li> + +<li>Dehmel, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_061">61</a>, <a href="#page_154">154</a>.</li> + +<li>"<i>Der neue Geist</i>," <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>Destiny of nations, <a href="#page_010">10</a>.</li> + +<li>De Unamuno, Miguel, <a href="#page_029">29</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Deutschland Über Alles</i>, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Dickinson, Lowes, <a href="#page_010">10</a>.</li> + +<li>Dickinson, Right-Hon. W. H., <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>Dilettantism, neronian, <a href="#page_047">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Dogs of war, the, <a href="#page_002">2</a>.</li> + +<li>Dollfus, M. Max., <a href="#page_083">83</a>.</li> + +<li>Don Quixote, <a href="#page_095">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Dostoievsky, <a href="#page_059">59</a>, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Dryander, Dr. Ernst, <a href="#page_076">76</a>.</li> + +<li>Dunois, Amédée, <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Dürer, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>Dutch Anti-War Council, <a href="#page_127">127</a>.</li> + +<li>Duty, to seek truth in the midst of error, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_169">169</a>.</li> + +<li>Eagles, the three rapacious, <a href="#page_050">50</a>.</li> + +<li>Eckehart, Meister, <a href="#page_165">165</a>.</li> + +<li>Egyptians, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Elite of the World, the, <a href="#page_023">23</a>.</li> + +<li>Emergency committee for the assistance of Germans, Austrians, <a href="#page_144">144</a>.</li> + +<li>Emerson's, a saying of, <a href="#page_117">117</a>.</li> + +<li>Enemies, "for a year I (Rolland) have been rich in," <a href="#page_018">18</a>.</li> + +<li>England, all the hatred is turned against, <a href="#page_102">102</a>, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>Enthusiasm, heroic, earnest, and even religious, <a href="#page_038">38</a>.</li> + +<li>Ephebi of old calmly going to sacrifice, the, <a href="#page_039">39</a>.</li> + +<li>Epic, this monstrous, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Epidemic of homicidal fury, an, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Esthonian nations, <a href="#page_066">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Eucken, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Europe, a mutilated, <a href="#page_043">43</a>, <a href="#page_123">123</a>.</li> + +<li>Eycks, Van, <a href="#page_095">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Faith in the virtues of one's own nation, <a href="#page_133">133</a>.</li> + +<li>Fatality, <a href="#page_020">20</a>; of war, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Father, all men are sons of the same, <a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li> + +<li>Fatherland, our earthly, <a href="#page_054">54</a>.</li> + +<li>Finns, the, <a href="#page_067">67</a>.</li> + +<li>Ferrière, M. Adolphe, <a href="#page_089">89</a>, <a href="#page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li>Flogged, the privilege of being, <a href="#page_070">70</a>.</li> + +<li>Foerster, Professor W., <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>Fram, Andrea, <a href="#page_156">156</a>.</li> + +<li>France is ruined, if, <a href="#page_020">20</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the true, <a href="#page_098">98</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">sublime history, <a href="#page_166">166</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Frank, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Fratricidal struggle, <a href="#page_090">90</a>.</li> + +<li>Fried, Dr. Alfred H., <a href="#page_171">171</a>.</li> + +<li>Friendly relations exist between the prisoners and their guards, <a href="#page_081">81</a>.</li> + +<li>Fry, Mr. Roger, <a href="#page_011">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Funeral pyre, Europe ascending its, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Galilean barque, the, <a href="#page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>George, Stefan, <a href="#page_159">159</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>German prisoners concentrated in France, <a href="#page_081">81</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">my, friends, <a href="#page_099">99</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Germany, <a href="#page_019">19</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">intellectual élite of, <a href="#page_025">25</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kultur, <a href="#page_028">28</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">great minds of, <a href="#page_030">30</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">and England, <a href="#page_187">187</a>.</span></li> + +<li>God, the great captain, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Goethe, our, <a href="#page_019">19</a>, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Gondolf, Friedr., <a href="#page_029">29</a>.</li> + +<li>Good and evil, the eternal struggle between, <a href="#page_078">78</a>.</li> + +<li>Gorki, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Greatness, intellectual and moral, <a href="#page_019">19</a>.</li> + +<li>Grodtken, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Grünwald, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>Guesde, Jules, <a href="#page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>Guilbeaux, Henri, <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Haeckel, Professor Ernst, <a href="#page_061">61</a>, <a href="#page_113">113</a>, <a href="#page_160">160</a>.</li> + +<li>Hague Court, the, <a href="#page_052">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Hallucinations, passionate, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Hangmen, the people will learn how to deliver themselves from their, <a href="#page_180">180</a>.</li> + +<li>Harden, Maximilian, <a href="#page_115">115</a>.</li> + +<li>Harmony of races, a, <a href="#page_055">55</a>.</li> + +<li>Harrach, Helene Græfin, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>Hatred, the wounds of, <a href="#page_091">91</a>, <a href="#page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li>Hauptmann, <a href="#page_019">19</a>, <a href="#page_043">43</a>, <a href="#page_061">61</a>, <a href="#page_098">98</a>, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>Herakles, <a href="#page_190">190</a>.</li> + +<li>Hercules, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Heretics, <a href="#page_056">56</a>.</li> + +<li>Hervé, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Herzog, Wilhelm, <a href="#page_057">57</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>.</li> + +<li>Hesse, Hermann, <a href="#page_157">157</a>.</li> + +<li>High Court, a moral, <a href="#page_051">51</a>.</li> + +<li>Hildebrand, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li> + +<li>History will pass judgment on each of the nations at war, <a href="#page_015">15</a>.</li> + +<li>Holy Guillotine, <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Holy War against Russia, a, <a href="#page_065">65</a>.</li> + +<li>Holz, Arno, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>Honor of their state, to defend the, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Hugo, Victor, <a href="#page_120">120</a>.</li> + +<li>Human Mind, the force of, <a href="#page_002">2</a>.</li> + +<li>Humanity is a symphony of great collective souls, <a href="#page_054">54</a>.</li> + +<li>Humperdinck, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Hungarians in distress, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>Huns, the, <a href="#page_022">22</a>.</li> + +<li>Huysmans, Camille, <a href="#page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>Idealism and German force, <a href="#page_035">35</a>.</li> + +<li>Ideas have no existence in themselves, <a href="#page_118">118</a>.</li> + +<li>Idols, the history of humanity is the history of, <a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>Imperialism, military, financial, feudal, republican, social or intellectual, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_098">98</a>.</li> + +<li>Imperial Rome, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Insulted without even a hearing, <a href="#page_016">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Intellectual élite of Russia, the, <a href="#page_060">60</a>.</li> + +<li>Intellectual leaders, Europe's, <a href="#page_008">8</a>.</li> + +<li>Intellectuals, guilty, <a href="#page_026">26</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Germany, <a href="#page_022">22</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the criminal determination of ninety-three, <a href="#page_028">28</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">provide terrible examples of hatred, <a href="#page_082">82</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">French, <a href="#page_116">116</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the furious, <a href="#page_151">151</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Intelligence of the mind, <a href="#page_120">120</a>.</li> + +<li>Intelligent few, the, <a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Internationalism, intellectual, <a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>International union of women suffrage societies, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>Invisible tribunal of humanity, <a href="#page_053">53</a>.</li> + +<li>Ideologues, <a href="#page_002">2</a>.</li> + +<li>Invocation to Peace, <a href="#page_158">158</a>.</li> + +<li>Islam, threats of disturbance in the world of, <a href="#page_099">99</a>.</li> + +<li>Japanese, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Jaurès, <a href="#page_011">11</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">a favorite thought of, <a href="#page_192">192</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">democracy, <a href="#page_186">186</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the murder of, <a href="#page_181">181</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Jean-Christophe, <a href="#page_008">8</a>.</li> + +<li>Jena, the bells of, <a href="#page_033">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Jesuits, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Jesus, <a href="#page_015">15</a>.</li> + +<li>Journalists, <a href="#page_162">162</a>.</li> + +<li>Jupiter of the Vatican, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Justice to small nations, <a href="#page_074">74</a>.</li> + +<li>Kalish, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Kant, sons of, <a href="#page_031">31</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Kill! Kill! I hate the war, <a href="#page_079">79</a>.</li> + +<li>Kipling, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Klein, Dr. Albert, <a href="#page_173">173</a>.</li> + +<li>Klemm, Wilhelm, <a href="#page_159">159</a>.</li> + +<li>Klinger, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Knights-errant of the world, the, <a href="#page_039">39</a>.</li> + +<li>Kock, Hans, <a href="#page_159">159</a>.</li> + +<li>Kolb, Annette, <a href="#page_162">162</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>Kropotkin, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Krupp, <a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Kultur, <a href="#page_028">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Kulturträger, <a href="#page_067">67</a>.</li> + +<li>Labor parties did not desire war, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Lamm, der</i>, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>Lamprecht, Karl, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li> + +<li><i>La Patrie</i>, <a href="#page_023">23</a>.</li> + +<li>Lasson, <a href="#page_164">164</a>.</li> + +<li>Law is the friend of the weak, <a href="#page_028">28</a>.</li> + +<li>Laws of Nations, the, <a href="#page_052">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Lawyers, <a href="#page_007">7</a>.</li> + +<li>Lee, Vernon, <a href="#page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>Legand, René, <a href="#page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>Leibnitz, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Leonhard, Rudolf, <a href="#page_156">156</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Le Paquet du prisonnier de guerre</i>, <a href="#page_149">149</a>.</li> + +<li>Letter to Romain Rolland, <a href="#page_064">64</a>.</li> + +<li>Letts, the, <a href="#page_066">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Levites, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Liberator, men make a master of every, <a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>Liberty against barbarism, <a href="#page_057">57</a>.</li> + +<li>Liberty, fighting for the awakening of, <a href="#page_038">38</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the world, <a href="#page_064">64</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the wild violet of, <a href="#page_119">119</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Liebermann, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Liebknecht, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li> + +<li>Life Force, the, <a href="#page_009">9</a>.</li> + +<li>Life, the value of, <a href="#page_053">53</a>.</li> + +<li>Lissauer, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>Lithuanians, <a href="#page_066">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Louvain, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.</li> + +<li>Love of our country, <a href="#page_047">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Luzzatti, <a href="#page_047">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Maeterlinck, <a href="#page_095">95</a>, <a href="#page_193">193</a>.</li> + +<li>Mahler, <a href="#page_059">59</a>.</li> + +<li>Maladresse, <a href="#page_029">29</a>.</li> + +<li>Malines, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.</li> + +<li>Manifesto of Intellectuals, <a href="#page_027">27</a>.</li> + +<li>Mann, Thomas, <a href="#page_028">28</a>, <a href="#page_113">113</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>Marck, Ludwig, <a href="#page_156">156</a>.</li> + +<li>Marx, Karl, <a href="#page_186">186</a>.</li> + +<li>Maury, M. Lucien, <a href="#page_168">168</a>.</li> + +<li>Medicines for the soul, <a href="#page_091">91</a>.</li> + +<li>Mesnil, Jacques, <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Meyer, M. Arthur, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Michelet, <a href="#page_186">186</a>.</li> + +<li>Middle Ages, the great monasteries of the early, <a href="#page_055">55</a>.</li> + +<li>Militarization of the intellect, <a href="#page_063">63</a>.</li> + +<li>Minds, the effort of great, <a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li> + +<li>Minority vitally interested in maintaining these hatreds, <a href="#page_049">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Miracle, men call the sudden appearance of a hidden reality a, <a href="#page_094">94</a>.</li> + +<li>Mobilization of the forces of the pen, this, <a href="#page_060">60</a>.</li> + +<li>Modernism, the noble chimera of, <a href="#page_049">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Mœrlins, Frau Marie von Bülow-, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>Molière, <a href="#page_113">113</a>.</li> + +<li>Moloch, <a href="#page_048">48</a>, <a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>Moral epidemic, <a href="#page_011">11</a>.</li> + +<li>Moral triumph, France has won in this war a prodigious, <a href="#page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li>Moroccans, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Mozart, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li> + +<li>Nations subject to Russia are asking agonized questions, <a href="#page_073">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Natorp, Paul, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>"Necessity knows no law," <a href="#page_031">31</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Nederlandsche Anti-Oorlog Raad</i>, <a href="#page_127">127</a>.</li> + +<li>Neutral countries are too much effaced, <a href="#page_052">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Neutrality, Belgium's, <a href="#page_034">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Newman, Cardinal, <a href="#page_184">184</a>.</li> + +<li>Newspaper-press of the warring nations, <a href="#page_133">133</a>.</li> + +<li>Newspapers, of both countries give publicity only to prejudiced stories unfavorable to the enemy, <a href="#page_081">81</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">jests in, <a href="#page_170">170</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">those who behind the line ring the bells, make speeches, and write, <a href="#page_175">175</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">they lie—consciously or unconsciously, <a href="#page_178">178</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Nietzsche, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Nivernais, my own little town in the, <a href="#page_089">89</a>.</li> + +<li>Nordhausen, Richard, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Notre-Dame la Misère</i>, <a href="#page_091">91</a>.</li> + +<li>Ode to a Howitzer, an, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>Official agencies, <a href="#page_029">29</a>.</li> + +<li>Officialdom, heroes of, <a href="#page_091">91</a>.</li> + +<li>Omega workshops, the, <a href="#page_012">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Organization, <a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Ostwald, <a href="#page_028">28</a>, <a href="#page_111">111</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>.</li> + +<li>Paladins of God, the, <a href="#page_039">39</a>.</li> + +<li>Pamphleteer, a maladroit, <a href="#page_017">17</a>.</li> + +<li>Pangermanism, <a href="#page_068">68</a>.</li> + +<li>Panslavism, <a href="#page_068">68</a>, <a href="#page_071">71</a>.</li> + +<li>Passion, the language of, <a href="#page_143">143</a>.</li> + +<li>Patrimony of the human race, the, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.</li> + +<li>Patriotism, the true formula of, <a href="#page_185">185</a>.</li> + +<li>Peace, man deteriorates in, <a href="#page_028">28</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">armed, <a href="#page_039">39</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Europe, the, <a href="#page_137">137</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Pedants of Barbarism, <a href="#page_029">29</a>.</li> + +<li>Pedants, the megalomania of, <a href="#page_167">167</a>.</li> + +<li>Péguy, Charles, <a href="#page_031">31</a>, <a href="#page_032">32</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a>.</li> + +<li>Pen dipped in blood, a, <a href="#page_079">79</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">armies of the, <a href="#page_144">144</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Perrier, E., <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Perrette of the fable, <a href="#page_113">113</a>.</li> + +<li>Petzold, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>Pioch, Georges, <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Plutarch, <a href="#page_186">186</a>.</li> + +<li>Polemics is like a theft from these unfortunates, time devoted to, <a href="#page_098">98</a>.</li> + +<li>Policy, German, <a href="#page_020">20</a>.</li> + +<li>Pontiff, the new, <a href="#page_049">49</a>.</li> + +<li>Pope Pius X died of grief to see the outbreak of this war, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Prelude to the great war of the nations, <a href="#page_002">2</a>.</li> + +<li>Prenant, Mr., <a href="#page_052">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Press, the war-preaching French, English and German, <a href="#page_049">49</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">an unscrupulous, <a href="#page_080">80</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">bullies of the, <a href="#page_091">91</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Prisoner, the moral situation of the military, <a href="#page_082">82</a>.</li> + +<li>Prisoners, civil, <a href="#page_085">85</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">of war, <a href="#page_097">97</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agency, <a href="#page_177">177</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Priests are marching with the colors, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Problem of freedom, the, <a href="#page_007">7</a>.</li> + +<li>Protest, the poverty of, <a href="#page_017">17</a>.</li> + +<li>Proudhon, <a href="#page_002">2</a>.</li> + +<li>Prussian Imperialism, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_057">57</a>.</li> + +<li>Psychologic necessity, <a href="#page_131">131</a>.</li> + +<li>Public opinion, <a href="#page_053">53</a>.</li> + +<li>Public safety, the famous doctrine of, <a href="#page_031">31</a>.</li> + +<li>Publicists trying to rouse the energies of the nation, <a href="#page_102">102</a>.</li> + +<li>Questions which divided you, the, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Race, the idol of, <a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li> + +<li>Racial frenzy, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Rade, Martin, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>Rappoport, Charles, <a href="#page_187">187</a>.</li> + +<li>Reason, the unity of, <a href="#page_016">16</a>.</li> + +<li>Red Cross, the, <a href="#page_082">82</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a>.</li> + +<li>Redeemer, the, <a href="#page_033">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Reger, <a href="#page_059">59</a>.</li> + +<li>Régnier, de, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li> + +<li>Renaitour, J. M., <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Renan, <a href="#page_053">53</a>.</li> + +<li>Repatriation, <a href="#page_090">90</a>.</li> + +<li>Reprisals, a desire for, <a href="#page_100">100</a>.</li> + +<li>Responsible for the longer duration of this horrible war? who are, <a href="#page_134">134</a>.</li> + +<li>Retaliation, <a href="#page_051">51</a>.</li> + +<li>Revolution, an internal, <a href="#page_073">73</a>.</li> + +<li>Rheims, <a href="#page_009">9</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cathedral, <a href="#page_023">23</a>, <a href="#page_024">24</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Rhine, your neighbors across the, <a href="#page_105">105</a>.</li> + +<li>Riga, <a href="#page_066">66</a>.</li> + +<li>Rivalry, the world-wide tragedy of, <a href="#page_128">128</a>.</li> + +<li>Rodin, <a href="#page_017">17</a>.</li> + +<li>Roentgen, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Rolland, Romain, <a href="#page_008">8</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters to, <a href="#page_064">64</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">attacks against, <a href="#page_097">97</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Roman Empire at the time of the Tetrarchy, the, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Rotten, Dr. Elizabeth, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>Rouanet, <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Rubens, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.</li> + +<li>Rulers, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Rumors circulate only too easily, <a href="#page_080">80</a>.</li> + +<li>Russia, our alliance with, <a href="#page_057">57</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">nations subject to, <a href="#page_073">73</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">generous promises of, <a href="#page_140">140</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Russian, autocracy, the, <a href="#page_050">50</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">writers have been our guides for the last forty years, <a href="#page_059">59</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the hand of the, Government, <a href="#page_070">70</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">evils of, Government, <a href="#page_071">71</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">domination very oppressive, <a href="#page_073">73</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Sacrifice, the ecstasy of, <a href="#page_032">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Sacrilegious conflict, a, <a href="#page_040">40</a>.</li> + +<li>Sancho Panza, <a href="#page_095">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Savageries, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.</li> + +<li>Scheler, Max, <a href="#page_162">162</a>.</li> + +<li>Schickele, René, <a href="#page_160">160</a>.</li> + +<li>Schleinitz, Nora Freiin von, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>Schneeli, Dr., <a href="#page_081">81</a>.</li> + +<li>Schrenck, <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Schultze, Siegmund-, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>Seeherrschaft of Britain, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li> + +<li>Seippel, M. Paul, <a href="#page_052">52</a>.</li> + +<li>Senegalese, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Sepoys, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Sermon on the Mount, the, <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li> + +<li>Shaw, Bernard, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Shameful record, a, <a href="#page_017">17</a>.</li> + +<li>Sikhs, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Silence itself is an act, at such a time, <a href="#page_022">22</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the heroic discipline of France in, <a href="#page_170">170</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Sin, the unpardonable, <a href="#page_032">32</a>.</li> + +<li>Socialism, the leaders of, <a href="#page_040">40</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">drifting, <a href="#page_190">190</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Socialists, German, <a href="#page_045">45</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Italian, <a href="#page_046">46</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">unite and attack both Kaiser and Czar, <a href="#page_049">49</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Society of friends of foreigners in distress, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li> + +<li>Sons of sorrow, geniuses are, <a href="#page_034">34</a>.</li> + +<li>Soudanese, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Spirit above flesh, put, <a href="#page_024">24</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">is the light, the, <a href="#page_054">54</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Spiritual forces, <a href="#page_010">10</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">guides of the human race, <a href="#page_151">151</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Sport, this bloody and puerile, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Stepping-stone, a human, <a href="#page_010">10</a>.</li> + +<li>Stern, Josef Luitpol, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>Sterheim, Carl, <a href="#page_161">161</a>.</li> + +<li>Strauss, <a href="#page_053">53</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, neurotic jugglers with orchestral effects, <a href="#page_059">59</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Strawinsky, <a href="#page_059">59</a>.</li> + +<li>Sudermann, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Switzerland, <a href="#page_049">49</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the generous heart of, <a href="#page_054">54</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Tenderness is wisdom, <a href="#page_157">157</a>.</li> + +<li>Teutonic colossus, the, <a href="#page_047">47</a>.</li> + +<li>Thermopylæ of Liège, the, <a href="#page_093">93</a>.</li> + +<li>Thiesson, Gaston, <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li> + +<li>Thoma, Hans, <a href="#page_029">29</a>.</li> + +<li>Till Ulenspiegel, <a href="#page_095">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Tillys, modern, <a href="#page_051">51</a>.</li> + +<li>Tokio, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Tolstoi, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_059">59</a>.</li> + +<li>Trakl, George, <a href="#page_165">165</a>.</li> + +<li>Trustfulness, culpable, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.</li> + +<li>Turks, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li> + +<li>Uebervolk, <a href="#page_078">78</a>.</li> + +<li>Unamuno, Miguel de, <a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li> + +<li>Underhand means, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li> + +<li>Unified Europe, a, <a href="#page_125">125</a>.</li> + +<li>Union of Democratic Control, <a href="#page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>United States of Europe, a, <a href="#page_112">112</a>.</li> + +<li>Unity of European Future, <a href="#page_152">152</a>.</li> + +<li>Valmy, a hero of, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.</li> + +<li>Vandervelde, <a href="#page_189">189</a>.</li> + +<li>Verdict of history, the, <a href="#page_132">132</a>.</li> + +<li>Verhaeren, <a href="#page_095">95</a>.</li> + +<li>Vices which are profitable, <a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li> + +<li>Victory below means defeat above, <a href="#page_033">33</a>.</li> + +<li>Vierordt, Heinrich, <a href="#page_160">160</a>.</li> + +<li>Voltaire, the motto of, <a href="#page_051">51</a>.</li> + +<li>Von Biberstein, Baron Marschall, <a href="#page_171">171</a>.</li> + +<li>Von Unruh, Fritz, <a href="#page_155">155</a>, <a href="#page_172">172</a>.</li> + +<li>Wagner, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li> + +<li>War, that lies behind the present conflict, the greater, <a href="#page_010">10</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">as a fatality, <a href="#page_020">20</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">is war, <a href="#page_030">30</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">international, <a href="#page_047">47</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">between the Western nations, no reason for, <a href="#page_049">49</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the delightful promise of a perpetual, <a href="#page_105">105</a>;</span></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the pen, <a href="#page_131">131</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Warsaw, <a href="#page_054">54</a>.</li> + +<li>Wedekind, Franz, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li> + +<li>Weingartner, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Wells, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li> + +<li>Werfel, Franz, <a href="#page_156">156</a>.</li> + +<li>Whitman, Walt, <a href="#page_007">7</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Tolstoi, <a href="#page_016">16</a>.</span></li> + +<li>William II, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li> + +<li>Wolff's Agency, <a href="#page_027">27</a>.</li> + +<li>Wood, James, <a href="#page_012">12</a>.</li> + +<li>Workers' International, the, <a href="#page_188">188</a>.</li> + +<li>Wound will heal, a good open clean, <a href="#page_105">105</a>;</li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded of both countries are living in terms of friendship, in Germany and France alike, <a href="#page_082">82</a>.</span></li> + +<li>Writers, German, <a href="#page_154">154</a>.</li> + +<li>Wundt, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li> + +<li>Zangwill, Israel, <a href="#page_137">137</a>.</li> + +<li>Zorothowo, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li> + +<li>Zweig, Stefan, <a href="#page_165">165</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>THE OPEN COURT<br /> +INTERNATIONAL SERIES OF BOOKS ON THE GREAT WAR</h3> + +<hr style="width:5%;" /> + +<p class="hang"><b>Above the Battle.</b> By Romain Rolland. An eloquent appeal to the youth of +the world to declare a strike against war. Cloth, $1.00.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Justice in War Time.</b> An appeal to intellectuals. By Hon. Bertrand +Russell, Trinity College, Cambridge, England. Pp. 300. Cloth, $1.00; +paper, 50 cents.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Carlyle and the War.</b> By Marshall Kelly of London, England. Pp. 260. +Cloth, $1.00.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Germany Misjudged.</b> An appeal to international good will. By Roland +Hugins, Cornell University. Pp. 155. Cloth, $1.00.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Belgium and Germany.</b> A neutral Dutch view of the war. By Dr. J. H. +Labberton, translated from the Dutch by William Ellery Leonard. Pp. 115. +Cloth, $1.00.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p class="c">OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY<br /> +Chicago</p> + +<p class="c">PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS OF<br />THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY<br />Established in 1887 by Edward C. 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The old +dogmatism must be surrendered and will have to give place to a higher +and more religious conception, which from the methods employed is called +"The Religion of Science."</p> + +<hr style="width: 5%;" /> + +<p class="c">Terms of Subscription</p> + +<p class="nind">Postpaid, $1.00 a year for the U. S. and Mexico; Canada, $1.25; for +countries in the Universal Postal Union, $1.35. Single copies, 10c.</p> + +<p>A fair impression of the work of THE OPEN COURT may be obtained from the +Twenty Year Index, recently published. Sent free on request to readers +of this advertisement.</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="c">THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY<br /> +P. O. Drawer F <span style="margin-left: 10em;">Chicago</span></p> + +<p class="c">THE MONIST<br /> +A Quarterly Magazine Devoted to the Philosophy of Science<br /> +Editor: Dr. Paul Carus</p> + +<hr style="width: 5%;" /> + +<p>The Philosophy of Science is an application of the scientific method to +philosophy. It is a systematization of positive facts; it takes +experience as its foundation, and uses the formal relations of +experience (mathematics, logic, etc.) as its method. All truths form one +consistent system and any dualism of irreconcilable statements indicates +a problem arising from either faulty reasoning or an insufficient +knowledge of facts. Science always implies Monism, i. e., a unitary +world-conception.</p> + +<p>"The Monist" also discusses the Fundamental Problems of Philosophy in +their Relations to all the Practical Religious, Ethical and Sociological +Questions of the day.</p> + +<hr style="width: 5%;" /> + +<p class="c">Terms of Subscription</p> + +<p class="nind">In the U. S., Canada and Mexico, yearly, postpaid, $2.00; foreign +postage, 25 cents additional; single copies, 60 cents. In England and +the U. P. 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Max Müller. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>The Diseases of Personality.</b> By Th. Ribot. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>The Psychology of Attention.</b> By Th. Ribot. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>The Psychic Life of Micro-Organisms.</b> By Alfred Binet. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>The Nature of the State.</b> By Paul Carus. 20c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>On Double Consciousness.</b> By Alfred Binet. 25c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Fundamental Problems.</b> By Paul Carus. 60c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Diseases of the Will.</b> By Th. Ribot. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>On the Origin of Language, The Logos Theory.</b> By Ludwig Noiré. 20c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>The Free Trade Struggle in England.</b> By M. M. Trumbull. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>The Gospel of Buddha.</b> By Paul Carus. 40c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Primer of Philosophy.</b> By Paul Carus. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>On Memory, and The Specific Energies of the Nervous System.</b> By Ewald +Hering. 20c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>An Examination of Weismannism.</b> By George J. Romanes. 40c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>On Germinal Selection as a Source of Definite Variation.</b> By August +Weismann. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Popular Scientific Lectures.</b> By Ernst Mach. 60c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Ancient India; Its Language and Religions.</b> By H. Oldenberg. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>The Prophets of Israel.</b> By C. H. Cornill. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Thoughts on Religion.</b> By G. J. Romanes. 60c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Philosophy of Ancient India.</b> By Richard Garbe. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Martin Luther.</b> By Gustav Freytag. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Rationalism.</b> By George Jacob Holyoake. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Chinese Philosophy.</b> By Paul Carus. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution.</b> By Carl von +Nageli. Summary. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Mathematical Essays and Recreations.</b> By Herman Schubert. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>Truth on Trial.</b> By Paul Carus. 60c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>The Pieroma; An Essay on the Sources of Christianity.</b> By Paul Carus. +60c.</p> + +<p class="hang"><b>The Ethical Problem.</b> By Paul Carus. 60c.</p> + +<p class="c">THE<br />RELIGION OF SCIENCE LIBRARY</p> + +<hr style="width: 5%;" /> + +<p class="hang">Buddhism and Its Christian Critics. By Paul Carus. 60c.</p> + +<p class="hang">Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking +Truth in the Sciences. By René Descartes. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang">Kant and Spencer. By Paul Carus. 25c.</p> + +<p class="hang">The Soul of Man. By Paul Carus. 85c.</p> + +<p class="hang">Whence and Whither. By Paul Carus. 35c.</p> + +<p class="hang">Enquiry Concerning the Human Understanding and Selections from a +Treatise of Human Nature. By David Hume. Paper, 40c.</p> + +<p class="hang">An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. By David Hume. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang">The Psychology of Reasoning. By Alfred Binet. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang">A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. By George +Berkeley. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang">Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous. By George Berkeley. 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang">Public Worship: A Study of the Psychology of Religion. By John P. Hylan. +30c.</p> + +<p class="hang">The Meditations and Selections from the Principles of Rene Descartes. +Tr. by John Veitch. 40c.</p> + +<p class="hang">Leibniz's Discourse on Metaphysics. Tr. by Geo. R. Montgomery. 60c.</p> + +<p class="hang">Kant's Prolegomena. Edited in English by Paul Carus. 60c.</p> + +<p class="hang">St. Anselm: Proslogium, Monologium, an Appendix in Behalf of the Fool by +Gaunilon; and Cur Deus Homo. Tr. by Sidney Norton Deane. 60c.</p> + +<p class="hang">The Metaphysical System of Hobbes. By Mary Whiton Calkins. 50c.</p> + +<p class="hang">Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Books II and IV (with +omissions). By Mary Whiton Calkins. 60c.</p> + +<p class="hang">The Principles of Descartes' Philosophy. By Benedictus De Spinoza. +Paper, 40c.</p> + +<p class="hang">The Vocation of Man. By Johann Gottlieb Fichte. Paper, 30c.</p> + +<p class="hang">Aristotle on His Predecessors. Tr. by A. E. Taylor. 40c.</p> + +<p class="hang">Spinoza's Short Treatise on God, Man and Human Welfare. Tr. by Lydia +Gillingham Robinson. 50c. The Mechanistic Principle. By Paul Carus. 60c.</p> + +<p class="hang">Behind the Scenes with Mediums. By Abbot. 60c.</p> + +<hr style="width:5%;" /> + +<p class="c">Sent postpaid to any address in the U. P. U. at prices quoted.<br /> +The Open Court Pub. Co., P. O. Drawer F, Chicago</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES"></a>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> For translating "The Murder of the Elite."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> One article only, "The Idols," may, I think, have been +published in its entirety in <i>La Bataille syndicaliste</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> I leave my articles in their chronological order. I have +changed nothing in them. The reader will notice, in the stress of +events, certain contradictions and hasty judgments which I would modify +today.... In general, the sentiments expressed have arisen out of +indignation and pity. In proportion as the immensity of the ruin extends +one feels the poverty of protest, as before an earthquake. "There is +more than one war," wrote the aged Rodin to me on the 1st of October, +1914. "What is happening is like a punishment which falls on the +world."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> A telegram from Berlin (Wolff's Agency), reproduced by the +<i>Gazette de Lousanne</i>, August 29, 1914, has just announced that "the old +town of Louvain, rich in works of art, exists no more to-day."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Written after the bombardment of Rheims Cathedral.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> When I wrote this, I had not yet seen the monstrous article +by Thomas Mann (in the <i>Neue Rundschau</i> of November 1914), where, in a +fit of fury and injured pride, he savagely claimed for Germany, as a +title to glory, all the crimes of which her adversaries accuse her. He +dared to write that the present war was a war of German Kultur "against +Civilization," proclaiming that German thought had no other ideal than +militarism, and inscribes on his banner the following lines, the apology +of force oppressing weakness: +</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry"> +<tr><td align="left">"<i>Den der Mensch verkümmert im Frieden,</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Müssige Ruh ist das Grab des Muts.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Das Gesetz ist der Freund des Schwachen,</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Alles will es nur eben machen.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Möchte gern die Welt verflachen,</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Aber der Krieg lässt die Kraft erscheinen....</i>"</td></tr> +</table> + +<p> +(<i>Man deteriorates in peace. Idle rest is the tomb of courage. Law is +the friend of the weak, it aims at levelling all; it would reduce the +world to a level. War brings out strength.</i>) +</p><p> +Even so a bull in the arena, mad with rage, rushes with lowered head on +the matador's sword, and impales himself.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> As one of these 'pedants of barbarism' (so Miguel de +Unamuno rightly describes them) writes, "one has the right to destroy; +if one has the force to create" (Wer stark ist zu schaffen, der darf +auch zerstören).—Friedr Gundolf: <i>Tat und Wort im Krieg</i>, published in +the <i>Frankfurter Zeitung</i>, October 11th. Cf. the article of the aged +Hans Thoma, in the <i>Leipziger Illustrierte Zeitung</i> of October 1st.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Jean-Christophe</i>, part V, "La Foire sur la Place." In vol. +III of the English version.—<span class="smcap">Trans.</span></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> At the very hour I wrote these lines, Charles Péguy died.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Alludes to a Viennese writer who had told me, a few weeks +before the declaration of war, that a disaster for France would be a +disaster for the liberal thinkers of Germany too.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> See note, p. 193.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Liebknecht has since gloriously cleared his honor of the +compromises of his party. I here express admiration of his attitude. (R. +R., January 1915.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Recently published in the <i>Corriere della Sera</i> and +translated by the <i>Journal de Genève</i>, September 1914.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <i>Le Temps</i>, September 4, 1914.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Issues of September 16 and 17, 1914: <i>La Guerre et le +Droit</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Letter dated September 15, 1871, published in <i>Réforme +intellectuelle et morale</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Open letter of Dr. Ernst Dryander, the First Court +Preacher and Vice-President of the Higher Ecclesiastical Council, to C. +E. Babut, Pastor of Nimes, September 15, 1914 (published in <i>l'Essor</i> +for the 10th October and the <i>Journal de Genève</i>, 18th October).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> The newspapers of both countries give publicity only to +prejudiced stories unfavorable to the enemy. One would imagine that they +devote themselves to collecting only the worst cases, in order to +preserve the atmosphere of hatred; and those to which they give +predominance are often doubtful and always exceptional. No mention is +made of anything that would tell in a contrary direction of prisoners +who are grateful for their treatment, as in the letters which we have to +transmit to their families—in which, for example, a German civil +prisoner speaks of a pleasant walk, or of sea bathing, he has been +allowed to enjoy. I have even come across the case of an entomologist +who is peacefully absorbed in his researches, and profiting by his +enforced sojourn in the South of France to complete his collection of +insects.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> On this point, I would echo the appeal in the article +cited above, from the <i>Neue Zürcher Zeitung</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Published by the <i>Daily Telegraph</i>, London, 1914.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> The Editor of a great Paris paper having offered to +publish my reply to those who attacked me, I sent him this article, +which never appeared.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Paul Bourget.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> The Evangelical pastor Schrenck in an article on "War and +the New Testament," quoted with approval by the Rev. Ch. Correvon in the +<i>Journal religieus</i> of Neuchatel, November 14th.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> In a declaration to the editor of the Swedish paper +<i>Dagen</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> The famous "Appeal to the Civilized Nations" had been sent +out shortly before this by the ninety-three German intellectuals.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Holland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> "To let a people," he said, "or still more a fraction of a +people, decide international questions, for instance, which state shall +control them, is as good as making the children of a house vote for +their father. It is the most ridiculous fallacy that human wit has ever +invented."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> The <i>Svenska Dagbladet</i> sent to the principal +intellectuals of Europe an inquiry on the subject of the results which +the war would have, "for international collaboration, in the domain of +the spirit." It asked "with anxiety, to what extent it would be +possible, once peace was concluded, to establish relations between the +scientists, writers, and artists of the different nations."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> The literary appreciation of the work cited is here +treated as of secondary importance, in order that evidence may be +discovered with regard to the thought of Germany.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> See the article of Josef Luitpol Stern, "Dichter," in <i>Die +Weissen Blätter</i>, March 1915.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Hohe Gemeinschaft.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Fremde sind wir auf der Erde alle.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>Die Ueberschätzung der Kunst</i> (December 1914).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <i>Von der Vaterlandsliebe</i> (January 1915).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> December 1914.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>Hymne auf den Schmerz</i> (January 1915).—It is to be noted +that the <i>Forum</i> is read in the trenches, and that it has received many +letters of approval from the front. (<i>Der Phrasenrausch und seine +Bekaempfer</i>, February 1915.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> I take the phrase from M. Lucien Maury in an article +written before the war: (<i>Journal de Genève</i>) March 30, 1914. This is +quoted recently by M. Adolphe Ferrière who, in his remarkable Doctor's +thesis, <i>La loi du Progrès</i> attempts to solve the tragic problem of the +part played by the élite.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> The review <i>Die Tat</i>, published by Eug. Diederichs at +Jena, prints long extracts from them in its issue for May 1915.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> With an introduction by C. E. Babut.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> His principal philosophical work is his Doctor's thesis: +<i>La réalité du monde sensible</i> (1891). Another thesis (in Latin) dates +from the same year: <i>Des origines du socialisme allemand</i>, in which he +goes back to the Christian socialism of Luther. +</p><p> +His great historical work is his <i>Histoire sociale de la Révolution</i>. +Very interesting is his discussion with Paul Lafargue on <i>l'Idéalisme et +le matérialisme dans la conception de l'histoire</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> "The need of unity is the profoundest and noblest of the +human mind" (<i>La réalité du monde sensible</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> "This young democracy must be given a taste for liberty. +It has a passion for equality; it has not in the same degree an idea of +liberty, which is acquired much more slowly and with greater difficulty. +We must give the children of the people, by means of a sufficiently +lofty exercise of their powers of thinking, a sense of the value of man +and consequently of the value of liberty, without which man does not +exist." (To the teachers, January 15, 1888.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> "As for myself, I have never made use of violence to +attack beliefs, whatever they may be; nay, more, I have always abstained +even from that form of violence which consists in insult. Insult +expresses a weak and feverish revolt, rather than the liberty of +reason." (1901.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> "The true formula of patriotism is the equal right of all +countries to liberty and justice; it is the duty of every citizen to +increase in his own country the forces of liberty and justice. Those are +but sorry patriots who in order to love and serve one country, find it +necessary to decry the others, the other great moral forces of +humanity." (1905.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Or the extracts given by Charles Rappoport in his +excellent book <i>Jean Jaurès, l'homme, le penseur, le socialiste</i> (1915, +Paris, <i>l'Emancipatrice</i>), with an introduction by Anatole France. From +this book are quoted the passages referred to in the notes which follow. +<i>Jean Jaurès</i>, a brochure by René Legand, should also be read.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Rappoport, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 70-77.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Rappoport, p. 234.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> In his speech at Vaise, near Lyon, July 25, 1914, six days +before his death, he said: "Every people appears throughout the streets +of Europe carrying its little torch; and now comes the conflagration."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Rappoport, p. 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Rappoport p. 369-70.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> "Throughout the world there are six millions of us, +organized workmen, for whom the name of Jaurès was the incarnation of +the noblest and most complete aspiration.... I remember what he was for +the workmen of other countries. I see still the foreign delegates who +awaited his words before forming their final opinions; even when they +were not in agreement with him they were glad to approach his point of +view. He was more than the Word: he was the Conscience."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Who has spoken more nobly than he of the eternal France, +"the true France, that is not summed up by an epoch or by a day, neither +by the day of long ago, nor the day that has just passed, but the whole +of France complete in the succession of her days, of her nights, of her +dawns, of her shadows, of her heights and of her depths; of France, who, +across all these mingled shades, all these half-lights and all these +vicissitudes, goes forward towards a brilliance which she has not yet +attained, but which is foreshadowed in her thought!" (1910.) +</p><p> +See his masterly picture of French history, and his magnificent eulogy +of France, at the Conference of 1905, which he was prevented from +delivering in Berlin, and which Robert Fischer read in his place.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> The terms Asia and Africa have not, of course, a +geographical but an ethnological signification. Turkey is not, and never +has been, European; and it is difficult to decide up to what points +certain of the Balkan Powers are European.</p></div> + +<hr /> + +<p><a name="TRANSCRIBER" id="TRANSCRIBER"></a></p> +<p class="c">Corrections of typographical erros made by the etext transcriber:</p> +<ul> +<li>Tolstoï=>Tolstoi</li> +<li>Auslænder, Auslander=>Ausländer</li> +<li>Deutschland Uber Alles=>Deutschland Über Alles</li> +<li>Amédee=>Amédée</li> +<li>Rene Schickele=>René Schickele</li> +<li>René Legan=>René Legand</li> +<li>Barrés=>Barrès</li> +<li>Caesar=>Cæsar</li> +<li>Cornelienne=>Cornélienne</li> +<li>Ferriere=>Ferrière</li> +<li>Hervè=>Hervé</li> +<li>Kulturtrager=>Kulturträger</li> +<li>Léonhard=>Leonhard</li> +<li>Liége=>Liège</li> +<li>Peguy=>Péguy</li> +<li>Regnier=>Régnier</li> +<li>Thermopylae=>Thermopylæ</li> +<li>Zorothowa=>Zorothowo</li> +<li>Graefin=>Græfin</li> +<li>Notre-Dame la Misere=>Notre-Dame la Misère</li> +<li>Moliere=>Molière</li> +<li>Jaurés=>Jaurès</li> +<li>èlan=>élan</li> +<li>dènouement=>dénouement</li> +<li>Dr. Ernst Drylander=>Dr. Ernst Dryander</li> +<li>Idealogues=>Ideologues</li> +<li>NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOGRAAD=>NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOG RAAD</li> +<li>Sterheim=>Sternheim</li> +</ul> + +</div> + +<hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Above the Battle, by Romain Rolland + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABOVE THE BATTLE *** + +***** This file should be named 32779-h.htm or 32779-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/7/7/32779/ + +Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned +images of public domain material from Google Print project.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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