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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Above the Battle, by Romain Rolland
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Above the Battle
+
+Author: Romain Rolland
+
+Release Date: June 12, 2010 [EBook #32779]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABOVE THE BATTLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned
+images of public domain material from Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ABOVE THE BATTLE
+
+
+"The fire smouldering in the forest of Europe was beginning to burst
+into flames. In vain did they try to put it out in one place; it only
+broke out in another. With gusts of smoke and a shower of sparks it
+swept from one point to another, burning the dry brushwood. Already in
+the East there were skirmishes as the prelude to the great war of the
+nations. All Europe, Europe that only yesterday was sceptical and
+apathetic, like a dead wood, was swept by the flames. All men were
+possessed by the desire for battle. War was ever on the point of
+breaking out. It was stamped out, but it sprang to life again. The world
+felt that it was at the mercy of an accident that might let loose the
+dogs of war. The world lay in wait. The feeling of inevitability weighed
+heavily even upon the most pacifically minded. And ideologues, sheltered
+beneath the massive shadows of the cyclops, Proudhon, hymned in war
+man's fairest title of nobility...."
+
+_"This, then, was to be the end of the physical and moral resurrection
+of the races of the West! To such butchery they were to be borne along
+by the currents of action and passionate faith! Only a Napoleonic genius
+could have marked out a chosen, deliberate aim for this blind, onward
+rush. But nowhere in Europe was there any genius for action. It was as
+though the world had chosen the most mediocre to be its governors. The
+force of the human mind was in other things--so there was nothing to be
+done but to trust to the declivity down which they were moving. This
+both the governing and the governed classes were doing. Europe looked
+like a vast armed camp."_
+
+_Jean-Christophe_, vol. x (1912).
+
+[English translation by Gilbert Cannan, vol. iv, p. 504.]
+
+
+
+
+ABOVE THE BATTLE
+
+BY
+ROMAIN ROLLAND
+
+TRANSLATED BY
+C. K. OGDEN, M. A.
+(Editor of _The Cambridge Magazine_)
+
+CHICAGO
+
+THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY
+1916
+
+_Copyright 1916_
+
+_The Open Court Pub. Co., Chicago._
+
+_First published in 1916._
+
+(_All rights reserved._)
+
+
+    INTRODUCTION
+    CONTENTS
+    PREFACE
+    NOTES
+    FOOTNOTES
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+    _"Over the carnage rose prophetic a voice,
+    Be not dishearten'd, affection shall solve the problem of
+      freedom yet._
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _(Were you looking to be held together by lawyers?
+    Or by an agreement on a paper? or by arms?
+    Nay, nor the world, nor any living thing, will so cohere.)"_
+
+These lines of Walt Whitman will be recalled by many who read the
+following pages: for not only does Rolland himself refer to Whitman in
+his brief Introduction, but, were it not for a certain _bizarrerie_
+apart from their context, the words "Over the Carnage" might perhaps
+have stood on the cover of this volume as a striking variant on
+_Au-dessus de la Mêlée_.
+
+Yet though the voice comes to us over the carnage, its message is not
+marred by the passions of the moment. After eighteen months of war we
+are learning to look about us more calmly, and to distinguish amid the
+ruins those of Europe's intellectual leaders who have not been swept off
+their feet by the fury of the tempest. Almost alone Romain Rolland has
+stood the test. The two main characteristics which strike us in all that
+he writes are lucidity and common sense--the qualities most needed by
+every one in thought upon the war. But there is another feature of
+Rolland's work which contributes to its universal appeal. He describes
+our feelings and sensations in the presence of a given situation, not
+what actually passes before our eyes: he describes the effects and
+causes of things, but not the things themselves. Through his work for
+the _Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre_, to which one of
+the articles now collected is largely devoted, he is, moreover, in a
+position to observe every phase of the great battle between ideals and
+between nations which fills him with such anguish and indignation. And
+with his matchless insight and sympathy he gives permanent form to our
+vague feelings in these noble and inspiring essays.
+
+It will not, however, surprise the vast public who have read
+_Jean-Christophe_ to find that while so many have capitulated to the
+madness of the terrible year through which we have passed, Rolland has
+remained firm, and has surpassed himself. He was prepared. As the
+extract placed at the beginning of this volume shows, he was one of the
+few who realized only too well the horror he was powerless to prevent.
+Yet he made every effort to open the eyes of Europe and especially of
+the young, so many of whom had learned to look up to him as a leader. To
+these young men, one of the finest essays in the present collection is
+primarily addressed--_O jeunesse héroique du monde_....
+
+Eighteen months have passed and they still endure the terrible ordeal,
+the young men of Germany and France, whom he had striven so hard to
+bring together; on whose aspirations and failings _Jean-Christophe_ is a
+critical commentary. The movements and tendencies of society were there
+given a dramatic embodiment, permeated for Rolland by the Life
+Force--that struggle between Good and Bad, Love and Hatred, which makes
+life worth living. All is set down with the clear analysis of feeling
+natural to a musical critic. But in spite of his burning words on the
+destruction of Rheims, Rolland, as is clear from his other critical and
+biographical writings, is more interested in men than in their
+achievements. And the men of today interest him most passionately.
+"Young men," he has said, "do not bother about the old people. Make a
+stepping-stone of our bodies and go forward."
+
+And above all it is the permanent things in life with which he is
+concerned. As Mr. Lowes Dickinson puts it, "M. Rolland is one of the
+many who believe, though their voice for the moment may be silenced,
+that the spiritual forces that are important and ought to prevail are
+the international ones; that co-operation, not war, is the right destiny
+of nations; and that all that is valuable in each people may be
+maintained in and by friendly intercourse with the others. The war
+between these two ideals is the greater war that lies behind the present
+conflict. Hundreds and thousands of generous youths have gone to battle
+in the belief that they are going to a 'war that will end war,' that
+they are fighting against militarism in the cause of peace. Whether,
+indeed, it is for that they will have risked or lost their lives, only
+the event can show."
+
+The forces against such ideals are powerful, but Rolland is not
+dismayed. "Come, friends! let us make a stand! Can we not resist this
+contagion, whatever its nature and virulence be--whether moral epidemic
+or cosmic force." And he appeals not only in the name of humanity but in
+the name of that France which he loves so dearly--"la vraie France" of
+which Jaurès wrote (in the untranslatable words which Rolland has
+quoted), "qui n'est pas résumée dans une époque et dans un jour, ni dans
+le jour d'il y a des siècles, ni dans le jour d'hier, mais la France
+tout entière, dans la succession de ses jours, de ses nuits, de ses
+aurores, de ses crépuscules, de ses montées, de ses chutes, et qui, à
+travers toutes ces ombres mêlées, toutes ces lumières incomplètes et
+toutes ces vicissitudes, s'en va vers une pleine clarté qu'elle n'a pas
+encore atteinte, mais dont le pressentiment est dans sa pensée!"
+
+But though his love for France inspires every word that Rolland has
+written, the significance of the present volume is not less apparent to
+English readers. Some of the articles and letters now collected have
+already appeared in English, for the most part in the pages of _The
+Cambridge Magazine_, from which they have been widely quoted in the
+press. For help in rendering the translations as adequately as possible
+I may also take this opportunity of acknowledging my special
+indebtedness to Mr. Roger Fry,[1] who has just issued through the Omega
+Workshops a striking translation of some of the most recent French
+poetry inspired by the war; to Mr. James Wood, who has himself done part
+of the translation, particularly "pro Aris"; and to Mr. E. K. Bennett,
+of Caius College, whose version of "Above the Battle" has already been
+quoted by the Archbishop of Canterbury and others. For the most part,
+the articles here collected have not appeared in English before; and
+they have been almost inaccessible even in French, as their author
+explains in his Preface.
+
+C. K. OGDEN.
+
+MAGDALENE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, _January, 1916_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION BY THE TRANSLATOR                           7
+
+PREFACE                                                 15
+
+I. AN OPEN LETTER TO GERHART HAUPTMANN                  19
+
+II. PRO ARIS                                            23
+
+III. ABOVE THE BATTLE                                   37
+
+IV. THE LESSER OF TWO EVILS: PANGERMANISM,
+PANSLAVISM                                              56
+
+V. INTER ARMA CARITAS                                   76
+
+VI. TO THE PEOPLE THAT IS SUFFERING FOR JUSTICE         93
+
+VII. LETTER TO MY CRITICS                               97
+
+VIII. THE IDOLS                                        107
+
+IX. FOR EUROPE: MANIFESTO OF THE WRITERS AND
+THINKERS OF CATALONIA                                  122
+
+X. FOR EUROPE: AN APPEAL FROM HOLLAND TO THE
+INTELLECTUALS OF ALL NATIONS                           127
+
+XI. LETTER TO FREDERIK VAN EEDEN                       136
+
+XII. OUR NEIGHBOR THE ENEMY                            142
+
+XIII. A LETTER TO SVENSKA DAGBLADET OF STOCKHOLM       151
+
+XIV. WAR LITERATURE                                    153
+
+XV. THE MURDER OF THE ELITE                            168
+
+XVI. JAURÈS                                            181
+
+NOTES                                                  193
+
+INDEX                                                  195
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+NOTES OF ETEXT TRANSCRIBER
+
+
+It is my pleasant duty to thank the brave friends who have defended me
+during the past year, in the Parisian press:--at the end of October
+1914, Amédée Dunois in _l'Humanité_, and Henri Guilbeaux, in the
+_Bataille syndicaliste_; in the same paper, _Fernand Deprès_; Georges
+Pioch in the _Hommes du Jour_; J. M. Renaitour, in the _Bonnet Rouge_;
+Rouanet, in _l'Humanité_; Jacques Mesnil, in the _Mercure de France_,
+and Gaston Thiesson, in the _Guerre Sociale_. To these faithful comrades
+in the struggle I express my affectionate gratitude.
+
+R. R.
+
+_October, 1915._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+A great nation assailed by war has not only its frontiers to protect: it
+must also protect its good sense. It must protect itself from the
+hallucinations, injustices, and follies which the plague lets loose. To
+each his part: to the armies the protection of the soil of their native
+land; to the thinkers the defense of its thought. If they subordinate
+that thought to the passions of their people they may well be useful
+instruments of passion; but they are in danger of betraying the spirit,
+which is not the least part of a people's patrimony. One day History
+will pass judgment on each of the nations at war; she will weigh their
+measure of errors, lies, and heinous follies. Let us try and make ours
+light before her!
+
+Children are taught the Gospel of Jesus and the Christian ideal.
+Everything in the education they receive at school is designed to
+stimulate in them intellectual understanding of the great human family.
+Classical education makes them see, beyond the differences of race, the
+roots and the common trunk of our civilization. Art makes them love the
+profound sources of the genius of a people. Science makes them believe
+in the unity of reason. The great social movement which renews the
+world, reveals the organized effort of the working classes all round
+them to unite their forces in the hopes and struggles which break the
+barriers of nations. The brightest geniuses of the earth, like Walt
+Whitman and Tolstoi, chant universal brotherhood in joy and suffering,
+or else like our Latin spirits, pierce with their criticism the
+prejudices of hatred and ignorance which separate individuals and
+peoples.
+
+Like all the men of my time, I have been brought up on these thoughts; I
+have tried in my turn to share the bread of life with my younger or less
+fortunate brothers. When the war came I did not think it my duty to deny
+these thoughts because the hour had come to put them to the test.
+
+I have been insulted. I knew that I should be and I went forward. But I
+did not know that I should be insulted without even a hearing.
+
+For several months no one in France could know my writings except
+through scraps of phrases arbitrarily extracted and mutilated by my
+enemies. It is a shameful record. For nearly a year this has gone on.
+Certain socialist or syndicalist papers may have succeeded here and
+there in getting some fragments through,[2] but it was only in the month
+of June 1915 that for the first time my chief article, the one which was
+the object of the most violent criticism, "Above the Battle," dating
+from September 1914, could be published in full (almost in full), thanks
+to the malevolent zeal of a maladroit pamphleteer, to whom I am indebted
+for bringing my words before the French public for the first time.
+
+A Frenchman does not judge his adversary unheard. Whoever does so judges
+and condemns himself: for he shows that he fears the light. I place
+before the world the texts they have slandered.[3] I shall not defend
+them. Let them defend themselves!
+
+One single word will I add. For a year I have been rich in enemies. Let
+me say this to them: they can hate me, but they will not teach me to
+hate. I have no concern with them. My business is to say what I believe
+to be fair and humane. Whether this pleases or irritates is not my
+business. I know that words once uttered make their way of themselves.
+Hopefully I sow them in the bloody soil. The harvest will come.
+
+ROMAIN ROLLAND.
+
+_September, 1915._
+
+
+
+
+I. AN OPEN LETTER TO GERHART HAUPTMANN
+
+
+_Saturday, August 29, 1914._[4]
+
+I am not, Gerhart Hauptmann, one of those Frenchmen who regard Germany
+as a nation of barbarians. I know the intellectual and moral greatness
+of your mighty race. I know all that I owe to the thinkers of old
+Germany; and even now, at this hour, I recall the example and the words
+of _our_ Goethe--for he belongs to the whole of humanity--repudiating
+all national hatreds and preserving the calmness of his soul on those
+heights "_where we feel the happiness and the misfortunes of other
+peoples as our own_." I myself have labored all my life to bring
+together the minds of our two nations; and the atrocities of this
+impious war in which, to the ruin of European civilization, they are
+involved, will never lead me to soil my spirit with hatred.
+
+Whatever pain, then, your Germany may give me, whatever reasons I may
+have to stigmatize as criminal German policy and the means it employs, I
+do not attach responsibility for it to the people which is burdened with
+it and is used as its blind instrument. It is not that I regard, as you
+do, war as a fatality. A Frenchman does not believe in fatality.
+Fatality is the excuse of souls without a will. War springs from the
+weakness and stupidity of nations. One cannot feel resentment against
+them for it; one can only pity them. I do not reproach you with our
+miseries; for yours will be no less. If France is ruined, Germany will
+be ruined too. I did not even raise my voice when I saw your armies
+violating the neutrality of noble Belgium. This flagrant breach of
+honor, which incurs the contempt of every upright conscience, is quite
+in the political tradition of your Prussian kings; it did not surprise
+me.
+
+But when I see the fury with which you are treating that magnanimous
+nation whose only crime has been to defend its independence and the
+cause of justice to the last, as you Germans yourselves did in 1813 ...
+that is too much! The world is revolted by it. Keep these savageries for
+us Frenchmen, your true enemies! But to wreak them against your
+victims, against this small, unhappy, innocent Belgian people ... how
+shameful is this!
+
+And not content to fling yourselves on living Belgium, you wage war on
+the dead, on the glories of past ages. You bombard Malines, you burn
+Rubens, and Louvain is now no more than a heap of ashes--Louvain with
+its treasures of art and of science, the sacred town! What are you,
+then, Hauptmann, and by what name do you want us to call you now, since
+you repudiate the title of barbarians? Are you the grandsons of Goethe
+or of Attila? Are you making war on enemies or on the human spirit? Kill
+men if you like, but respect masterpieces. They are the patrimony of the
+human race. You, like all the rest of us, are its depositories; in
+pillaging it, as you do, you show yourselves unworthy of our great
+heritage, unworthy to take your place in that little European army which
+is civilization's guard of honor.
+
+It is not to the opinion of the rest of the world that I address myself
+in challenging you, Hauptmann. In the name of our Europe, of which you
+have hitherto been one of the most illustrious champions, in the name of
+that civilization for which the greatest of men have striven all down
+the ages, in the name of the very honor of your Germanic race, Gerhart
+Hauptmann, I abjure you, I challenge you, you and the intellectuals of
+Germany, amongst whom I reckon so many friends, to protest with all your
+energy against this crime which is recoiling upon you.
+
+If you fail to do this, you will prove one of two things: either that
+you approve what has been done--and in that case may the opinion of
+mankind crush you--or else that you are powerless to raise a protest
+against the Huns who command you. If this be so, by what title can you
+still claim, as you have claimed, that you fight for the cause of
+liberty and human progress? You are giving the world a proof that,
+incapable of defending the liberty of the world, you are even incapable
+of defending your own, and that the best of Germany is helpless beneath
+a vile despotism which mutilates masterpieces and murders the spirit of
+man.
+
+I am expecting an answer from you, Hauptmann, an answer that may be an
+act. The opinion of Europe awaits it as I do. Think about it: at such a
+time silence itself is an act.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, Wednesday, Sept. 2, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+II. PRO ARIS[5]
+
+
+Among the many crimes of this infamous war which are all odious to us,
+why have we chosen for protest the crimes against things and not against
+men, the destruction of works and not of lives?
+
+Many are surprised by this, and have even reproached us for it--as if we
+have not as much pity as they for the bodies and hearts of the thousands
+of victims who are crucified! Yet over the armies which fall, there
+flies the vision of their love, and of _la Patrie_, to which they
+sacrifice themselves--over these lives which are passing away passes the
+holy Ark of the art and thought of centuries, borne on their shoulders.
+The bearers can change. May the Ark be saved! To the élite of the world
+falls the task of guarding it. And since the common treasure is
+threatened, may they rise to protect it!
+
+I am glad to think that in the Latin countries this sacred duty has
+always been regarded as paramount. Our France which bleeds with so many
+other wounds, has suffered nothing more cruel than the attack against
+her Parthenon, the Cathedral of Rheims, "Our Lady of France." Letters
+which I have received from sorely tried families, and from soldiers who
+for two months have borne every hardship, show me (and I am proud of it
+for them and for my people) that there was no burden heavier for them to
+bear. It is because we put spirit above flesh. Very different is the
+case of the German intellectuals, who, to my reproaches for the
+sacrilegious acts of their devastating armies, have all replied with one
+voice, "Perish every _chef-d'Å“uvre_ rather than one German soldier!"
+
+A piece of architecture like Rheims is much more than one life; it is a
+people--whose centuries vibrate like a symphony in this organ of stone.
+It is their memories of joy, of glory, and of grief; their meditations,
+ironies, dreams. It is the tree of the race, whose roots plunge to the
+profoundest depths of its soil, and whose branches stretch with a
+sublime _élan_ towards the sky. It is still more: its beauty which soars
+above the struggles of nations is the harmonious response made by the
+human race to the riddle of the world--this light of the spirit more
+necessary to souls than that of the sun.
+
+Whoever destroys this work, murders more than a man; he murders the
+purest soul of a race. His crime is inexpiable, and Dante would have it
+punished with an eternal agony, eternally renewed. We who repudiate the
+vindictive spirit of so cruel a genius, do not hold a people responsible
+for the crimes of a few. The drama which unfolds itself before our eyes,
+and whose almost certain _dénouement_ will be the crushing of the German
+hegemony, is enough for us.
+
+What brings it home to us most nearly is that not one of those who
+constitute the moral and intellectual élite of Germany--that hundred
+noble spirits, and those thousands of brave hearts of which no great
+nation was ever destitute--not one really suspects the crimes of his
+Government; the atrocities committed in Flanders, in the north and in
+the east of France during the two or three first weeks of the war; or
+(one can safely wager) the voluntary devastations of the towns of
+Belgium and the ruin of Rheims. If they came to look at the reality, I
+know that many of them would weep with grief and shame; and of all the
+shortcomings of Prussian Imperialism, the worst and the vilest is to
+have concealed its crimes from its people. For by depriving them of the
+means of protesting against those crimes, it has involved them for ever
+in the responsibility; it has abused their magnificent devotion. The
+intellectuals, however, are also guilty. For if one admits that the
+brave men, who in every country tamely feed upon the news which their
+papers and their leaders give them for nourishment, allow themselves to
+be duped, one cannot pardon those whose duty it is to seek truth in the
+midst of error, and to know the value of interested witnesses and
+passionate hallucinations. Before bursting into the midst of this
+furious debate upon which was staked the destruction of nations and of
+the treasures of the spirit, their first duty (a duty of loyalty as much
+as of common sense) should have been to consider the problems from both
+sides. By blind loyalty and culpable trustfulness they have rushed head
+foremost into the net which their Imperialism had spread. They believed
+that their first duty was, with their eyes closed, to defend the honor
+of their State against all accusation. They did not see that the noblest
+means of defending it was to disavow its faults and to cleanse their
+country of them....
+
+I have awaited this virile disavowal from the proudest spirits of
+Germany, a disavowal which would have been ennobling instead of
+humiliating. The letter which I wrote to one of them, the day after the
+brutal voice of Wolff's Agency pompously proclaimed that there remained
+of Louvain no more than a heap of ashes, was received by the entire
+élite of Germany in a spirit of enmity. They did not understand that I
+offered them the chance of releasing Germany from the fetters of those
+crimes which its Empire was forging in its name. What did I ask of them?
+What did I ask of you all, finer spirits of Germany?--to express at
+least a courageous regret for the excesses committed, and to dare to
+remind unbridled power that even the Fatherland cannot save itself
+through crime, and that above its rights are those of the human spirit.
+I only asked for _one_ voice--a _single_ free voice.... None spoke. I
+heard only the clamor of herds, the pack of intellectuals giving tongue
+on the track whereon the hunter loosed them, and that insolent
+Manifesto, in which, without the slightest effort to justify its crimes,
+you have unanimously declared that they do not exist. And your
+theologians, your pastors, your court-preachers, have stated further
+that you are very just and that you thank God for having made you
+thus.... Race of Pharisees, what chastisement from on high shall scourge
+your sacrilegious pride!... Do you not suspect the evil which you have
+done to your own people? The megalomania, a menace to the world, of an
+Ostwald or an H. S. Chamberlain,[6] the criminal determination of
+ninety-three intellectuals not to wish to see the truth, will have cost
+Germany more than ten defeats.
+
+How clumsy you are! I believe that of all your faults _maladresse_ is
+the worst. You have not said one word since the beginning of this war
+which has not been more fatal for you than all the speeches of your
+adversaries. It is you who have light-heartedly furnished the proof or
+the argument of the worst accusations that have been brought against
+you; just as your official agencies, under the stupid illusion of
+terrorizing us, have been the first to launch emphatic recitals of your
+most sinister devastations. It is you, who when the most impartial of
+your adversaries were obliged, in fairness, to limit the responsibility
+of these acts to a few of your leaders and armies, have angrily claimed
+your share. It is you who the day after the destruction of Rheims,
+which, in your inmost hearts, should have dismayed the best amongst you,
+have boasted of it in imbecile pride, instead of trying to clear
+yourselves.[7] It is you, wretched creatures, you, representatives of
+the spirit, who have not ceased to extol force and to despise the weak,
+as if you did not know that the wheel of fortune turns, that this force
+one day will weigh afresh upon you, as in past ages, when your great
+men, at least, retained the consolation of not having yielded to it the
+sovereignty of the spirit and the sacred rights of Right!... What
+reproaches, what remorse are you heaping up for the future, O blind
+guides--you who are leading into the ditch your nation, which follows
+you like the stumbling blind men of Brueghel!
+
+What poor arguments you have opposed to us for two months!
+
+1. _War is war_, say you, that is to say without common measure with the
+rest of things, above morals and reason and all the limits of ordinary
+life, a kind of supernatural state before which one can only bow without
+discussion;
+
+2. _Germany is Germany_, that is to say without common measure with the
+rest of nations. The laws which apply to others do not apply to her, and
+the rights which she arrogates to herself to violate Right appertain to
+her alone. Thus she can, without crime, tear up written promises, betray
+sworn oaths, violate the neutrality of peoples which she has pledged
+herself to defend. But she claims in return the right to find, in the
+nations which she outrages, "chivalrous adversaries," and that they
+should not be so, that they should dare to defend themselves by all the
+means and the arms that remain to them, she proclaims a crime!...
+
+One recognizes there indeed the interested teaching of your Prussian
+masters! Great minds of Germany, I do not doubt your sincerity, but you
+are no longer capable of seeing the truth. Prussian Imperialism has
+crushed down over your eyes and conscience, its spiked helmet.
+
+"_Necessity knows no law._" ... Here is the eleventh commandment, the
+message that you bring to the universe today, sons of Kant!... We have
+heard it more than once in history: it is the famous doctrine of Public
+Safety, mother of heroisms and crimes. Every nation has recourse to it
+in the hour of danger, but the greatest are those who defend against it
+their immortal soul. Fifteen years have passed since the famous trial
+which saw a single innocent man opposed to the force of the State.
+Fifteen years have passed since we French affronted and shattered the
+idol of public safety, when it threatened, as our Péguy says, "the
+eternal safety of France."
+
+Listen to him, whom you have killed; listen to a hero of the French
+conscience, writers who have the keeping of the conscience of Germany.
+
+"_Our enemies of that time_," wrote Charles Péguy, "_spoke the language
+of the_ raison d'Etat, _of the temporal safety of the people and the
+race. But we, by a profound Christian movement, by a revolutionary
+effort, at unity with traditional Christianity, aimed at no less than
+attaining the heights of sacrifice, in our anxiety for the eternal
+salvation of this people. We did not wish to place France in the
+position of having committed the unpardonable sin._"
+
+You do not trouble yourselves about that, thinkers of Germany. You
+bravely give your blood to save the mortal life, but do not bother about
+the life eternal. It is a terrible moment, I grant. Your fatherland as
+ours struggles for its life, and I understand and admire the ecstasy of
+sacrifice which impels your youth, as ours, to make of its body a
+rampart against death. "To be or not to be," do you say? No, that is not
+enough. To be the great Germany, to be the great France, worthy of their
+past, and respecting one another even while fighting, that is what I
+wish. I should blush for victory if my France bought it at the price for
+which you will pay for your temporary success. Even while the battles
+are being fought upon the plains of Belgium and amongst the chalky
+slopes of Champagne, another war is taking place upon the field of the
+spirit, and often victory below means defeat above. The conquest of
+Belgium, Malines, Louvain and Rheims, the carillons of Flanders, will
+sound a sadder knell in your history than the bells of Jena; and the
+conquered Belgians have robbed you of your glory. You know it. You are
+enraged because you know it. What is the good of vainly trying to
+deceive yourselves? Truth will be clear to you in the end. You have done
+your best to silence her--one day she will speak; she will speak by the
+mouth of one of your own in whom will be awakened the conscience of your
+race.... Oh, that he may soon appear and that we may hear his voice--the
+pure and noble voice of the redeemer who shall set you free! He who has
+lived in the intimacy of your old Germany, who has clasped her hand in
+the twisted streets of her heroic and sordid past, who has caught the
+breath of her centuries of trials and shames, remembers and waits: for
+he knows that even if she has never proved strong enough to bear victory
+without wavering, it is in her hours of trouble that she reforms
+herself, and her greatest geniuses are sons of sorrow.
+
+_September 1914._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Since these lines were written I have watched the birth of the anxiety
+which little by little is making its way into the consciences of the
+good people of Germany. First a secret doubt, kept under by a stubborn
+effort to believe the bad arguments collected by their Government to
+oppose it--documents fabricated to prove that Belgium had renounced her
+neutrality herself, false allegations (in vain repudiated four times by
+the French Government, by the Commander-in-Chief, by the Cardinal and
+the Archbishop, and by the Mayor of Rheims)--accusing the French of
+using the Cathedral of Rheims for military purposes. Lacking arguments,
+their system of defense is at times disconcerting in its naïveté.
+
+"Is it possible," they say, "that we should be accused of wishing to
+destroy artistic monuments, we, the people above all others who venerate
+art, in whom is instilled this respect from infancy, who have the
+greatest number of text books and historical collections of art and the
+longest list of lectures on æsthetics? Is it possible to accuse of the
+most barbarous actions the most humane, the most affectionate, and the
+most homely of peoples?"
+
+The idea never strikes them that Germany is not constituted by a single
+race of men, and that besides the obedient masses who are born to obey,
+to respect the law--all the laws--there is the race which commands,
+which believes itself above all laws, and which makes and unmakes them
+in the name of force and necessity (_Not_....) It is this evil marriage
+of idealism and German force which leads to these disasters. The
+idealism proves to be a woman; a woman captive, who like so many worthy
+German wives, worships her lord and master, and refuses even to think
+that he could ever be wrong.
+
+It is, however, necessary for the salvation of Germany that she should
+one day countenance the thought of divorce, or that the wife should have
+the courage to make her voice heard in the household. I already know
+several who are beginning to champion the rights of the spirit against
+force. Many a German voice has reached us lately in letters protesting
+against war and deploring with us the injustices which we deplore. I
+will not give their names in order not to compromise them. Not very
+long ago I told the "Fair"[8] which obstructed Paris that it was not
+France. I say today to the German Fair, "You are not the true Germany."
+There exists another Germany juster and more humane, whose ambition is
+not to dominate the world by force and guile, but to absorb in peace
+everything great in the thought of other races, and in return to reflect
+the harmony. With that Germany there is no dispute; we are not her
+enemies, we are the enemies of those who have almost succeeded in making
+the world forget that she still lives.
+
+_October 1914._
+
+Edition des _Cahiers Vaudois_ 10 cahier, 1914 (Lausanne, C. Tarin).
+
+
+
+
+III. ABOVE THE BATTLE
+
+
+O young men that shed your blood with so generous a joy for the starving
+earth! O heroism of the world! What a harvest for destruction to reap
+under this splendid summer sun! Young men of all nations, brought into
+conflict by a common ideal, making enemies of those who should be
+brothers; all of you, marching to your death, are dear to me.[9] Slavs,
+hastening to the aid of your race; Englishmen fighting for honor and
+right; intrepid Belgians who dared to oppose the Teutonic colossus, and
+defend against him the Thermopylæ of the West; Germans fighting to
+defend the philosophy and the birthplace of Kant against the Cossack
+avalanche; and you, above all, my young compatriots, in whom the
+generation of heroes of the Revolution lives again; you, who for years
+have confided your dreams to me, and now, on the verge of battle, bid
+me a sublime farewell.
+
+Those years of scepticism and gay frivolity in which we in France grew
+up are avenged in you; your faith, which is ours, you protect from their
+poisonous influence; and with you that faith triumphs on the
+battlefield. "A war of revenge" is the cry. Yea! revenge indeed; but in
+no spirit of Chauvinism. The revenge of faith against all the egotisms
+of the senses and of the spirit--the surrender of self to eternal ideas.
+
+One of the most powerful of the young French novelists--Corporal
+X.--writes to me:--
+
+     "What are our lives, our books, compared with the magnitude of the
+     aim? The war of the Revolution against feudalism is beginning anew.
+     The armies of the Republic will secure the triumph of democracy in
+     Europe and complete the work of the Convention. We are fighting for
+     more than our hearths and homes, for the awakening of liberty."
+     Another of these young people, of noble spirit and pure heart, who
+     will be, if he lives, the first art critic of our time--Lieutenant
+     X.:--
+
+     "My friend, could you see our Army as I do, you would be thrilled
+     with admiration for our people, for this noble race. An enthusiasm,
+     like an outburst of the Marseillaise, thrills them; heroic,
+     earnest, and even religious. I have seen the three divisions of my
+     army corps set out; the men of active service first, young men of
+     twenty marching with firm and rapid steps, without a cry, without a
+     gesture, like the ephebi of old calmly going to sacrifice. After
+     them come the reserve, men of twenty-five to thirty years, more
+     stalwart and more determined, who will reinforce the younger men
+     and make them irresistible. We, the old men of forty, the fathers
+     of families, are the base of the choir; and we too, I assure you,
+     set out confidently, resolute and unwavering. I have no wish to
+     die, but I can die now without regret; for I have lived through a
+     fortnight, which would be cheap at the price of death, a fortnight
+     which I had not dared to ask of fate. History will tell of us, for
+     we are opening a new era in the world. We are dispelling the
+     nightmare of the materialism of a mailed Germany and of armed
+     peace. It will fade like a phantom before us; the world seems to
+     breathe again. Reassure your Viennese friend,[10] France is not
+     about to die; it is her resurrection which we see. For throughout
+     history--Bouvines, the Crusades, Cathedrals, the Revolution--we
+     remain the same, the knights-errant of the world, the paladins of
+     God. I have lived long enough to see it fulfilled; and we who
+     prophesied it twenty years ago to unbelieving ears may rejoice
+     today."
+
+O my friends, may nothing mar your joy! Whatever fate has in store, you
+have risen to the pinnacle of earthly life, and borne your country with
+you. And you will be victorious. Your self-sacrifice, your courage, your
+whole-hearted faith in your sacred cause, and the unshaken certainty
+that, in defending your invaded country, you are defending the liberty
+of the world--all this assures me of your victory, young armies of the
+Marne and Meuse, whose names are graven henceforth in history by the
+side of your elders of the Great Republic. Yet even had misfortune
+decreed that you should be vanquished, and with you France itself, no
+people could have aspired to a more noble death. It would have crowned
+the life of that great people of the Crusades--it would have been their
+supreme victory. Conquerors or conquered, living or dead, rejoice! As
+one of you said to me, embracing me on the terrible threshold: "A
+splendid thing it is to fight with clean hands and a pure heart, and to
+dispense divine justice with one's life."
+
+You are doing your duty, but have others done theirs? Let us be bold and
+proclaim the truth to the elders of these young men, to their moral
+guides, to their religious and secular leaders, to the Churches, the
+great thinkers, the leaders of socialism; these living riches, these
+treasures of heroism you held in your hands; for what are you
+squandering them? What ideal have you held up to the devotion of these
+youths so eager to sacrifice themselves? Their mutual slaughter! A
+European war! A sacrilegious conflict which shows a maddened Europe
+ascending its funeral pyre, and, like Hercules, destroying itself with
+its own hands!
+
+And thus the three greatest nations of the West, the guardians of
+civilization, rush headlong to their ruin, calling in to their aid
+Cossacks, Turks, Japanese, Cingalese, Soudanese, Senegalese, Moroccans,
+Egyptians, Sikhs and Sepoys--barbarians from the poles and those from
+the equator, souls and bodies of all colors.[11] It is as if the four
+quarters of the Roman Empire at the time of the Tetrarchy had called
+upon the barbarians of the whole universe to devour each other.
+
+Is our civilization so solid that you do not fear to shake the pillars
+on which it rests? Can you not see that all falls in upon you if one
+column be shattered? Could you not have learned if not to love one
+another, at least to tolerate the great virtues and the great vices of
+each other? Was it not your duty to attempt--you have never attempted it
+in sincerity--to settle amicably the questions which divided you, the
+problem of peoples annexed against their will, the equitable division of
+productive labor and the riches of the world? Must the stronger forever
+darken the others with the shadow of his pride, and the others forever
+unite to dissipate it? Is there no end to this bloody and puerile sport,
+in which the partners change about from century to century--no end,
+until the whole of humanity is exhausted thereby?
+
+The rulers who are the criminal authors of these wars dare not accept
+the responsibility for them. Each one by underhand means seeks to lay
+the blame at the door of his adversary. The peoples who obey them
+submissively resign themselves with the thought that a power higher than
+mankind has ordered it thus. Again the venerable refrain is heard: "The
+fatality of war is stronger than our wills." The old refrain of the herd
+that makes a god of its feebleness and bows down before him. Man has
+invented fate, that he may make it responsible for the disorders of the
+universe, those disorders which it was his duty to regulate. There is no
+fatality! The only fatality is what we desire; and more often, too, what
+we do not desire enough. Let each now repeat his _mea culpa_. The
+leaders of thought, the Church, the Labor Parties did not desire war ...
+That may be.... What then did they do to prevent it? What are they doing
+to put an end to it? They are stirring up the bonfire, each one bringing
+his faggot.
+
+The most striking feature in this monstrous epic, the fact without
+precedent, is the unanimity for war in each of the nations engaged. An
+epidemic of homicidal fury, which started in Tokio ten years ago, has
+spread like a wave and overflowed the whole world. None has resisted it;
+no high thought has succeeded in keeping out of the reach of this
+scourge. A sort of demoniacal irony broods over this conflict of the
+nations, from which, whatever its result, only a mutilated Europe can
+emerge. For it is not racial passion alone which is hurling millions of
+men blindly one against another, so that not even neutral countries
+remain free of the dangerous thrill, but all the forces of the spirit,
+of reason, of faith, of poetry, and of science, all have placed
+themselves at the disposal of the armies in every state. There is not
+one amongst the leaders of thought in each country who does not proclaim
+with conviction that the cause of his people is the cause of God, the
+cause of liberty and of human progress. And I, too, proclaim it.
+
+Strange combats are being waged between metaphysicians, poets,
+historians--Eucken against Bergson; Hauptmann against Maeterlinck;
+Rolland against Hauptmann; Wells against Bernard Shaw. Kipling and
+D'Annunzio, Dehmel and de Régnier sing war hymns, Barrès and Maeterlinck
+chant paeans of hatred. Between a fugue of Bach and the organ which
+thunders _Deutschland über Alles_, Wundt, the aged philosopher of
+eighty-two, calls with his quavering voice, the students of Leipzig to
+the holy war. And each nation hurls at the other the name "Barbarians."
+
+The academy of moral science, in the person of its president, Bergson,
+declares the struggle undertaken against Germany to be "_the struggle of
+civilization itself against barbarism_." German history replies with the
+voice of Karl Lamprecht that "_this is a war between Germanism and
+barbarism and the present conflict is the logical successor of those
+against the Huns and Turks in which Germany has been engaged throughout
+the ages._" Science, following history into the lists, proclaims through
+E. Perrier, director of the Museum, member of the Academy of Sciences,
+that the Prussians do not belong to the Aryan race, but are descended in
+direct line from the men of the Stone Age called Allophyles, and adds,
+"_the modern skull, resembling by its base, the best index of the
+strength of the appetites, the skull of the fossilized man in the
+Chapelle-aux-Saints most nearly, is none other than that of Prince
+Bismarck!_"
+
+But the two moral forces whose weakness this contagious war shows up
+most clearly are Christianity and Socialism. These rival apostles of
+religious and secular internationalism have suddenly developed into the
+most ardent of nationalists. Hervé is eager to die for the standard of
+Austerlitz. The German socialists, pure trustees of the pure doctrine,
+support this bill of credit for the war in the Reichstag. They place
+themselves at the disposal of the Prussian minister, who uses their
+journals to spread abroad his lies, even into the barracks, and sends
+them as secret agents to attempt to pervert Italy. It was believed for
+the honor of their cause for a moment that two or three of them had been
+shot rather than take arms against their brothers. Indignant, they
+protest; they are all marching under arms! Liebknecht, forsooth, did not
+die for the cause of socialism;[12] but Frank, the principal champion of
+the Franco-German union, fell under French fire, fighting in the cause
+of militarism. These men have courage to die for the faith of others;
+they have no courage to die for their own.
+
+As for the representatives of the Prince of Peace--priests, pastors,
+bishops--they go into battle in their thousands, to carry out, musket in
+hand, the Divine commands: _Thou shalt not kill_, and _Love one
+another_. Each bulletin of victory, whether it be German, Austrian, or
+Russian, gives thanks to the great captain God--_unser alter Gott, notre
+Dieu_--as William II or M. Arthur Meyer says. For each has his own God,
+and each God, whether old or young, has his Levites to defend him and
+destroy the God of the others.
+
+Twenty thousand French priests are marching with the colors; Jesuits
+offer their services to the German armies; cardinals issue warlike
+mandates; and the Serb bishops of Hungary incite their faithful flocks
+to fight against their brothers in Greater Serbia. The newspapers
+report, with no expressions of astonishment, the paradoxical scene at
+the railway station at Pisa, where the Italian socialists cheered the
+young ordinands who were rejoining their regiments, all singing the
+Marseillaise together. So strong the cyclone that sweeps them all before
+it; so feeble the men it encounters on its career--and I am amongst
+them....
+
+Come, friends! Let us make a stand! Can we not resist this contagion,
+whatever its nature and virulence be--whether moral epidemic or cosmic
+force? Do we not fight against the plague, and strive even to repair the
+disaster caused by an earthquake? Or must we bow ourselves before it,
+agreeing with Luzzatti in his famous article[13] that "_In the universal
+disaster, the nations triumph_"? Shall we say with him that it is good
+and reasonable that "the demon of international war, which mows down
+thousands of beings, should be let loose," so that the great and simple
+truth, "love of our country," be understood? It would seem, then, that
+love of our country can flourish only through the hatred of other
+countries and the massacre of those who sacrifice themselves in the
+defense of them. There is in this theory a ferocious absurdity, a
+Neronian dilettantism which repels me to the very depths of my being.
+No! Love of my country does not demand that I shall hate and slay those
+noble and faithful souls who also love theirs, but rather that I should
+honor them and seek to unite with them for our common good.
+
+You Christians will say--and in this you seek consolation for having
+betrayed your Master's orders--that war exalts the virtue of sacrifice.
+And it is true that war has the privilege of bringing out the genius of
+the race in the most commonplace of hearts. It purges away, in its bath
+of blood, all dross and impurity; it tempers the metal of the soul of a
+niggardly peasant, of a timorous citizen; it can make a hero of Valmy.
+But is there no better employment for the devotion of one people than
+the devastation of another? Can we not sacrifice ourselves without
+sacrificing our neighbors also? I know well, poor souls, that many of
+you are more willing to offer your blood than to spill that of
+others.... But what a fundamental weakness! Confess, then, that you who
+are undismayed by bullets and shrapnel yet tremble before the dictates
+of racial frenzy--that Moloch that stands higher than the Church of
+Christ--the jealous pride of race. You Christians of today would not
+have refused to sacrifice to the gods of Imperial Rome; you are not
+capable of such courage! Your Pope Pius X died of grief to see the
+outbreak of this war--so it is said. And not without reason. The Jupiter
+of the Vatican who hurled thunderbolts upon those inoffensive priests
+who believed in the noble chimera of modernism--what did he do against
+those princes and those criminal rulers whose measureless ambition has
+given the world over to misery and death? May God inspire the new
+Pontiff who has just ascended the throne of St. Peter, with words and
+deeds which will cleanse the Church from the stain of this silence.
+
+As for you socialists who on both sides claim to be defending liberty
+against tyranny--French liberty against the Kaiser, German liberty
+against the Czar, is it a question of defending one despotism against
+another? Unite and attack both.
+
+There was no reason for war between the Western nations; French,
+English, and German, we are all brothers and do not hate one another.
+The war-preaching press is envenomed by a minority, a minority vitally
+interested in maintaining these hatreds; but our peoples, I know, ask
+for peace and liberty and that alone. The real tragedy, to one situated
+in the midst of the conflict and able to look down from the high
+plateaus of Switzerland into all the hostile camps, is the patent fact
+that actually each of the nations is being menaced in its dearest
+possessions--in its honor, its independence, its life. Who has brought
+these plagues upon them? Brought them to the desperate alternative of
+overwhelming their adversary or dying? None other than their
+governments, and above all, in my opinion, the three great culprits, the
+three rapacious eagles, the three empires, the tortuous policy of the
+house of Austria, the ravenous greed of Czarism, the brutality of
+Prussia. The worst enemy of each nation is not without, but within its
+frontiers, and none has the courage to fight against it. It is the
+monster of a hundred heads, the monster named Imperialism, the will to
+pride and domination, which seeks to absorb all, or subdue all, or break
+all, and will suffer no greatness except itself. For the Western nations
+Prussian imperialism is the most dangerous. Its hand uplifted in menace
+against Europe has forced us to join in arms against this outcome of a
+military and feudal caste, which is the curse not only of the rest of
+the world but also of Germany itself, whose thought it has subtly
+poisoned. We must destroy this first: but not this alone; the Russian
+autocracy too will have its turn. Every nation to a greater or less
+extent has an imperialism of its own, and whether it be military,
+financial, feudal, republican, social, or intellectual, it is always the
+octopus sucking the best blood of Europe. Let the free men of all the
+countries of Europe when this war is over take up again the motto of
+Voltaire: "_Ecrasons l'infâme!_"
+
+When the war is over! The evil is done now, the torrent let loose and we
+cannot force it back into its channel unaided. Moreover crimes have been
+committed against right, attacks on the liberties of peoples and on the
+sacred treasuries of thought, which must and will be expiated. Europe
+cannot pass over unheeded the violence done to the noble Belgian people,
+the devastation of Malines and Louvain, sacked by modern Tillys.... But
+in the name of heaven let not these crimes be expiated by similar
+crimes! Let not the hideous words "vengeance" and "retaliation" be
+heard; for a great nation does not revenge itself, it re-establishes
+justice. But let those in whose hands lies the execution of justice show
+themselves worthy of her to the end.
+
+It is our duty to keep this before them; nor will we be passive and wait
+for the fury of this conflict to spend itself. Such conduct would be
+unworthy of us who have such a task before us.
+
+Our first duty, then, all over the world, is to insist on the formation
+of a moral High Court, a tribunal of consciences, to watch and pass
+impartial judgment on any violations of the laws of nations. And since
+committees of inquiry formed by belligerents themselves would be always
+suspect, the neutral countries of the old and new world must take the
+initiative, and form a tribunal such as was suggested by Mr.
+Prenant,[14] professor of medicine at Paris, and taken up
+enthusiastically by M. Paul Seippel in the _Journal de Genève_.[15]
+
+"They should produce men of some worldly authority, and of proved civic
+morality to act as a commission of inquiry, and to follow the armies at
+a little distance. Such an organization would complete and solidify the
+Hague Court, and prepare indisputable documents for the necessary work
+of justice...."
+
+The neutral countries are too much effaced. Confronted by unbridled
+force they are inclined to believe that opinion is defeated in advance,
+and the majority of thinkers in all countries share their pessimism.
+There is a lack of courage here as well as of clear thinking. For just
+at this time the power of opinion is immense. The most despotic of
+governments, even though marching to victory, trembles before public
+opinion and seeks to court it. Nothing shows this more clearly than the
+efforts of both parties engaged in war, of their ministers, chancellors,
+sovereigns, of the Kaiser himself turned journalist, to justify their
+own crimes, and denounce the crimes of their adversary at the invisible
+tribunal of humanity. Let this invisible tribunal be seen at last, let
+us venture to constitute it. Ye know not your moral power, O ye of
+little faith! If there be a risk, will you not take it for the honor of
+humanity? What is the value of life when you have saved it at the price
+of all that is worth living for?...
+
+_Et propter vitam, vivendi perdere causas_....
+
+But for us, the artists and poets, priests and thinkers of all
+countries, remains another task. Even in time of war it remains a crime
+for finer spirits to compromise the integrity of their thought; it is
+shameful to see it serving the passion of a puerile, monstrous policy of
+race, a policy scientifically absurd--since no country possesses a race
+wholly pure. Such a policy, as Renan points out in his beautiful letter
+to Strauss,[16] "_can only lead to zoological wars, wars of
+extermination, similar to those in which various species of rodents and
+carnivorous beasts fight for their existence. This would be the end of
+that fertile admixture called humanity, composed as it is of such
+various necessary elements._" Humanity is a symphony of great collective
+souls; and he who understands and loves it only by destroying a part of
+those elements, proves himself a barbarian and shows his idea of harmony
+to be no better than the idea of order another held in Warsaw.
+
+For the finer spirits of Europe there are two dwelling-places: our
+earthly fatherland, and that other City of God. Of the one we are the
+guests, of the other the builders. To the one let us give our lives and
+our faithful hearts; but neither family, friend, nor fatherland, nor
+aught that we love has power over the spirit. The spirit is the light.
+It is our duty to lift it above tempests, and thrust aside the clouds
+which threaten to obscure it; to build higher and stronger, dominating
+the injustice and hatred of nations, the walls of that city wherein the
+souls of the whole world may assemble.
+
+I feel here how the generous heart of Switzerland is thrilled, divided
+between sympathies for the various nations, and lamenting that it cannot
+choose freely between them, nor even express them. I understand its
+torment; but I know that this is salutary. I hope it will rise thence to
+that superior joy of a harmony of races, which may be a noble example
+for the rest of Europe. It is the duty of Switzerland now to stand in
+the midst of the tempest, like an island of justice and of peace, where,
+as in the great monasteries of the early Middle Ages, the spirit may
+find a refuge from unbridled force; where the fainting swimmers of all
+nations, those who are weary of hatred, may persist, in spite of all the
+wrongs they have seen and suffered, in loving all men as their brothers.
+
+I know that such thoughts have little chance of being heard today. Young
+Europe, burning with the fever of battle, will smile with disdain and
+show its fangs like a young wolf. But when the access of fever has spent
+itself, wounded and less proud of its voracious heroism, it will come to
+itself again.
+
+Moreover I do not speak to convince it. I speak but to solace my
+conscience ... and I know that at the same time I shall solace the
+hearts of thousands of others who, in all countries, cannot or dare not
+speak themselves.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, September 15, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+IV. THE LESSER OF TWO EVILS: PANGERMANISM, PANSLAVISM
+
+
+I do not hold the doctrine expounded by a certain saintly king, that it
+is useless to enter into discussion with heretics--and we regard all
+those who do not agree with our opinions as heretics nowadays--but that
+it is sufficient to brain them. I feel the need of understanding my
+enemy's reasons. I am unwilling to believe in unfairness. Doubtless my
+enemy is as passionately sincere as I am. Why, then, should we not
+attempt to understand each other? For such an understanding, though it
+will not suppress the conflict, may perhaps suppress our hatred; and it
+is hatred more than anything else that I regard as my enemy.
+
+However much I may feel that the motives actuating the various
+combatants are not equally worthy, I have yet come to the conviction,
+after reading the papers and letters which, during the last two months,
+have arrived in Geneva from every country, that the ardor of patriotic
+faith is everywhere the same, and that each of the nations engaged in
+this mighty struggle believes itself to be the champion of liberty
+against barbarism. But liberty and barbarism do not mean the same thing
+to both sides.
+
+Barbarous despotism, the worst enemy to liberty, is exemplified for us
+Frenchmen, Englishmen, men of the West, in Prussian Imperialism; and I
+venture to think that the register of its methods is plainly set forth
+in the devastated route from Liège to Senlis, passing by way of Louvain,
+Malines, and Rheims. For Germany, the monster ("_Ungeheuer_," as the
+aged Wundt calls it), which threatens civilization is Russia, and the
+bitterest reproach which the Germans hurl against France is our alliance
+with the Empire of the Czar. I have received many letters reproaching us
+with this. In the Munich review, _Das Forum_, I read only yesterday an
+article by Wilhelm Herzog challenging me to explain my position with
+regard to Russia. Let us consider the question, then. I ask nothing
+better. By this means we shall be able to weigh the German danger and
+the Russian danger in the balance, and thus show which of the two seems
+the more threatening to us. Of the actual events of the present war
+between Germany and Russia I will say nothing. All the information we
+have comes from Russian or German sources, equally unreliable. To judge
+by them it would appear that the same ferocity exists in both camps. The
+Germans in Kalish were worthy companions of the Cossacks in Grodtken and
+Zorothowo.--It is of the German spirit and of the Russian spirit that I
+wish to speak here, for this is the important thing and of this we have
+more definite knowledge.
+
+You, my German friends--for those of you who were my friends in the past
+remain my friends in spite of fanatical demands from both sides that we
+should break off all relations--know how much I love the Germany of the
+past, and all that I owe to it. Not less than you, yourselves, I am the
+son of Beethoven, of Leibnitz, and of Goethe. But what do I owe to the
+Germany of today, or what does Europe owe to it? What art have you
+produced since the monumental work of Wagner, which marks the end of an
+epoch and belongs to the past? What new and original thought can you
+boast of since the death of Nietzsche, whose magnificent madness has
+left its traces upon you though we are unscathed by it? Where have we
+sought our spiritual food for the last forty years, when our own fertile
+soil no longer yielded sufficient for our needs? Who but the Russian
+writers have been our guides? What German writer can you set up against
+Tolstoi and Dostoievsky, those giants of poetic genius and moral
+grandeur? These are the men who have moulded my soul, and in defending
+the nation from which they sprang, I am but paying a debt which I owe to
+that nation as well as to themselves. Even if the contempt for Prussian
+Imperialism were not innate in me as a Latin, I should have learned it
+from them. Twenty years ago Tolstoi expressed his contempt for your
+Kaiser. In music, Germany, so proud of its ancient glory, has only the
+successors of Wagner, neurotic jugglers with orchestral effects, like
+Richard Strauss, but not a single sober and virile work of the quality
+of _Boris Godunov_. No German musician has opened up new roads. A single
+page of Moussorgsky or Strawinsky shows more originality, more potential
+greatness than the complete scores of Mahler and Reger. In our
+Universities, in our hospitals and Pasteur Institutes, Russian students
+and scholars work side by side with our own, and Russian
+revolutionaries who have taken refuge in Paris mingle their aspirations
+with those of our socialists.
+
+The crimes of Czarism are continually on your lips. We, too, denounce
+these crimes; for Czarism is our enemy, and what I wrote but recently, I
+repeat now. But it is likewise the enemy of the intellectual élite of
+Russia itself. This cannot be said of your intellectuals, who are so
+slavishly obedient to the commands of your rulers. A few days ago I
+received that amazing "Address to the Civilized Nations" with which the
+Imperial army-corps of German intellectuals bombarded Europe; meanwhile
+the army-corps of German Commerce (_Bureau des Deutschen Handelstages_)
+shelled the markets of the world with circulars ornamented by the figure
+of Mercury, the god of lies. This mobilization of the forces of the pen
+and of the caduceus, with which in good truth no other country could
+compete, has given us additional reason to fear the Empire's powers of
+organization, no reason to respect it more. "Civilized Nations" read,
+not without amazement, that Address, the truth of which was vouched for
+by the names of the most distinguished scientists, thinkers, and artists
+in Germany--by Behring, Ostwald, Roentgen, Eucken, Haeckel, Wundt,
+Dehmel, Hauptmann, Sudermann, Hildebrand, Klinger, Liebermann,
+Humperdinck, Weingartner, etc.--by painters and philosophers, musicians,
+theologians, chemists, economists, poets, and the professors of twenty
+universities. They learned, not without surprise, that "it is not true
+that Germany provoked the war,--it is not true that Germany criminally
+violated the neutrality of Belgium,--it is not true that Germany used
+violence against the life or the belongings of a single Belgian citizen
+without being forced to do so,--it is not true that Germany destroyed
+Louvain" (destroyed it? no indeed, she saved it!),--"it is not true that
+Germany----" It is not true that day is day and night is night! I
+confess that I could not read to the end without that feeling of
+embarrassment which I felt as a child, when I heard an elderly man whom
+I respected make false statements. I turned aside my eyes and blushed
+for him. Thank God! the crimes of Czarism never found a defender amongst
+the great artists, scholars, and thinkers of Russia. Are not Kropotkin,
+Tolstoi, Dostoievsky, and Gorki, the greatest names in its literature,
+the very ones who denounced its crimes!
+
+Russian domination has often been cruelly heavy for the smaller
+nationalities which it has swallowed up. But how comes it then, Germans,
+that the Poles prefer it to yours? Do you imagine that Europe is
+ignorant of the monstrous way in which you are exterminating the Polish
+race? Do you think that we do not receive the confidences of those
+Baltic nations who, having to choose between two conquerors, prefer the
+Russian because he is the more humane? Read the following letter which I
+received but lately from a Lett, who, though he has suffered severely at
+the hands of the Russians, yet sides ardently with them against you. My
+German friends, you are either strangely ignorant of the state of mind
+of the nations which surround you, or you think us extremely simple and
+ill-informed. Your imperialism, beneath its veneer of civilization,
+seems to me no less ferocious than Czarism towards everything that
+ventures to oppose its avaricious desire for universal dominion. But
+whereas immense and mysterious Russia, overflowing with young and
+revolutionary forces, gives us hope of a coming renewal, your Germany
+bases its systematic harshness on a culture too antiquated and
+scholastic to allow of any hope of amendment. If I had any such
+hope--and I once had it, my friends--you have taken great pains to rob
+me of it, you, artists and scholars, who drew up that address in which
+you pride yourself on your complete unity with Prussian Imperialism.
+Know once for all that there is nothing more overwhelming for us Latins,
+nothing more difficult to endure, than your militarization of the
+intellect. If, by some awful fate, this spirit were triumphant, I should
+leave Europe for ever. To live here would be intolerable to me.
+
+Here, then, are some extracts from the interesting letter which I have
+received from a representative of those little nationalities which are
+being disputed between Russia and Germany. They desire to maintain their
+independence, but find themselves obliged to choose between these two
+nations, and choose Russia. It is good to hear them speak. We are too
+much inclined to listen only to the Great Powers who are now at war. Let
+us think of those little barques which the great vessels draw in their
+wake. Let us share for a moment the agony with which these little
+nationalities, forgotten by the egotism of Europe, await the final issue
+of a struggle which will decide their fate. Let England and France heed
+those beseeching eyes which are turned towards them; let young Russia,
+herself so eager for liberty, help generously to shed its benefits
+abroad.
+
+_October 10, 1914._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LETTER TO ROMAIN ROLLAND
+
+_30th September, 1914._
+
+SIR:--I desire to thank you for your article, "Above the Battle."...
+Although by my education I am more akin to the civilizations of Germany
+and Russia than to the civilization of France, yet I respect the French
+spirit more, for I am convinced, more than ever today, that it will
+furnish the greatly needed solution of the problems of national rights
+and liberty.
+
+In your article you quote the words of one of your friends, a soldier
+and a writer, who says that the French are fighting not only to defend
+their own country but to save the _liberty of the world_. You can hardly
+imagine how such words re-echo in the hearts of oppressed nations, what
+streams of sympathy are today converging from all corners of Europe upon
+France, what hopes depend upon your victory.
+
+And yet many doubts have been expressed with regard to these French and
+English assertions because both nations have allied themselves with
+Russia, whose policy is contrary to the ideas of right and liberty; and
+Germany herself maintains that it is precisely those ideas for which she
+is fighting against Russia.
+
+It would be interesting to discover what German writers and professors
+really mean when they speak of a Holy War against Russia. Do they wish
+to assist Russian revolutionaries to dethrone the Czar?--Every
+revolutionary party would refuse indignantly to accept assistance from
+Prussian militarism. Do they wish to set free the neighboring countries,
+such as Poland, which are oppressed by Russia, by incorporating them
+with the German Empire?--It is well known that the Poles who are German
+subjects have suffered much more ignoble treatment than the Russian
+Poles, though even they have every reason to complain.
+
+The Baltic provinces of Russia alone remain, and here the Germans have
+for centuries had their pioneers among the large landowners and the
+merchants in the bigger towns. These, no doubt, Russian subjects but of
+German nationality, would welcome the German armies with enthusiasm. But
+they form only a caste of nobles and of the wealthy middle-classes,
+numbering at most a few thousands, whereas the bulk of the population,
+the Lettish and Esthonian nations, would regard the absorption of these
+provinces into Germany as the worst of calamities. We know well what
+German domination means. I am a Lett and can speak with authority, for I
+know the deepest feelings and hopes of my own countrymen.
+
+The Letts are akin to the Lithuanians. They inhabit Courland, Livonia,
+and a part of the province of Vitebsk. Their intellectual center is
+Riga. There are colonies of them in all the principal towns of Russia.
+Last year the _Annales des Nationalités_ of Paris devoted two numbers to
+these two sister nations. Owing to the geographical situation of their
+country, which is only too desirable, they had the misfortune to be
+under the yoke of the Germans, before they were under the yoke of the
+Russians. To understand how much they suffered under the former it will
+be sufficient to say that, in comparison with the Germans, we think of
+the Russians as our liberators. By sheer force the Germans kept us for
+centuries in a state equivalent to slavery. Only fifty years ago the
+Russian Government set us free from this bondage; but, at the same
+time, it committed the grave injustice of leaving all our land in the
+hands of German proprietors. Nevertheless, within the last twenty or
+thirty years, we have succeeded in reclaiming from the Germans a part at
+least of our land, and in reaching a considerable level of culture,
+thanks to which, we are considered, together with the Esthonians and the
+Finns, as the most advanced people in the Russian Empire.
+
+German papers often accuse us of ingratitude, and reproach us with our
+lack of appreciation of the advantages of the culture which they boast
+of having brought us. We listen to such accusations with a bitter smile,
+and in writing the word _Kulturträger_ (bearer of civilization) add an
+exclamation mark afterwards, for the behavior of the Germans has brought
+the expression into contempt. We have acquired our culture in spite of
+their opposition, and against their will. _Even today it is the German
+representatives in the Russian Duma who veto the occasional suggestions
+on the part of the Government to make reforms in the Baltic provinces._
+These provinces are administered in a manner that differs, and differs
+for the worse, from that adopted in the other provinces of Russia. We
+still submit to laws and regulations which no longer exist in other
+parts of Europe--laws which were made in the feudal ages and have been
+rigorously maintained amongst us, thanks to the exertions of the big
+German landowners, who are always sure of a hearing at the Imperial
+Court of St. Petersburg.
+
+Formerly, when we were striving in vain to reconcile our sympathy and
+admiration for German thought and art with the narrow, haughty, and
+cruel spirit of its representatives amongst us, we explained it all by
+saying that the Germans in our provinces were of a peculiar type, and
+had little in common with other Germans. But the crimes of which they
+have been guilty in Belgium and in France show us our mistake. Germans
+are the same everywhere in the work of conquest and domination--wholly
+without humanitarian scruples. In Germany, as in Russia, there are two
+distinct tendencies--the one, provoked by the ideas of Pangermanism and
+Panslavism, is to seek national glory on the field of battle and in the
+oppression of the personalities of other nations; the other is to
+achieve the same end in the peaceful realms of thought and artistic
+creation. Just as the culture of which Goethe was typical has nothing
+in common with Prussian militarism, so Tolstoi may be considered as the
+representative of that other Russia which is so different from the one
+represented by the Russian Government of today. Certainly the gulf
+between these two tendencies is less deep in Germany than in Russia, and
+this is due to the immense size of Russia, which contains vast numbers
+of poor and ignorant human beings whom the Russian Government oppresses
+with the utmost brutality. _But it is entirely unjust always to allude
+to the Russians as barbarians; and the Germans who invariably make use
+of this word when they speak of Russia have less right than any one to
+do so._ No one who knows the intellectual world of Germany and Russia
+will venture to say that the former is much superior to the latter--they
+are simply different. _And I would add that the one fact which makes us
+feel more drawn to the intellectual world of Russia than to that of the
+Germany of today, is that it would never be capable of justifying and
+approving the brutal conduct of its Government, as the German
+intellectuals are doing now. It has often been constrained to keep
+silence, but it has never raised its voice in defense of a guilty
+Government._
+
+Let not my testimony in favor of the Russians lead any one to believe
+that I am idealizing them, or that my people, the Letts, have enjoyed
+any special privileges under their government. On the contrary! I have
+suffered more at their hands than at the hands of the Germans, and my
+nation knows only too well how heavy is the hand of the Russian
+Government, and how suffocating the atmosphere of Panslavism. In 1906 it
+was the Lett peasant and intellectual classes who enjoyed most
+frequently the privilege of being flogged; it was amongst these classes
+that the greatest number of unfortunates were shot, hanged, or
+imprisoned for life. And since that dreadful year there are to be found
+in all the principal towns of Western Europe colonies of Letts, formed
+of refugees who succeeded in escaping from the atrocities of the
+punitive expedition sent by the Russian Government against my country.
+But this fact is significant: _at the head of the majority of the
+military bands commissioned to punish the country were German officers
+who had asked for this employment, and showed so great a zeal in
+shooting down men and setting fire to houses, that they went even beyond
+the intentions of the Russian Government. In those days the places
+might count themselves fortunate which were visited by dragoons
+commanded by officers of Russian nationality; for where Russian officers
+would have ordered the knout, German officers habitually inflicted a
+sentence of death._
+
+If my nation had ever to choose between a German and a Russian
+government it would choose the latter as the lesser of two evils. I see
+in the Lett newspapers that the reservists of my country left for the
+war with enthusiasm. I do not imagine that this enthusiasm is due to the
+thought that they are fighting for the glory of a nation which, by every
+means in its power, seeks to hinder our national development, by
+forbidding instruction in our native tongue in primary schools, by
+attempting to colonize our land with Russian peasants, by compelling our
+own people to emigrate to Siberia and America, by excluding all Letts
+from any share in Government employment, etc. This enthusiasm
+nevertheless exists, and it is because the war is being waged against
+Germany, and because the Letts know that the Germans have long been
+aiming at the possession of the Baltic provinces. To prevent this we are
+prepared to make any sacrifice. We, who love our national civilization
+and know well what Panslavism and Pangermanism mean, are of opinion
+that, of the two, Panslavism is less fatal to the civilizations of small
+nations. This is really due to the character of the two races.
+
+_German oppression is always systematic, hence always efficacious. In
+addition to this, their arrogant contempt for everything that is not
+themselves, the calm and calculated method in which they carry out their
+system of persecution wherever they dominate, all this makes them
+intolerable._
+
+_Russians are less logical by nature; their minds are not so regulated
+and they are more inclined to obey the dictates of their hearts; for
+this reason they are less to be feared as oppressors. The blows which
+they strike are often extremely cruel and painful, but they can repent
+from time to time. Their manners are rougher and more brutal_ (I speak
+here more especially of civil and military officials), _but on the whole
+they are more humane than the Germans, who often conceal feelings of
+fierce savagery under the mask of perfect courtesy. In the year 1906,
+when there were executions in Russia on a large scale, there were many
+cases of suicide amongst Russian officers who could not reconcile their
+profession of soldiers with that of a hangman. The officers of German
+nationality, on the other hand, carried out their orders with
+enjoyment._
+
+Nevertheless Russian domination, though preferable to German, is still
+very oppressive. I hear the news of Russian victories with mingled
+feelings, rejoicing in so far as they are victories for the Allies, yet
+dreading the triumph of Russia. After the defeats of the Russo-Japanese
+War, when the Russian Government was weakened, it conceded certain
+liberal measures and then revoked them almost entirely as its strength
+returned. What have we to expect from a victory for Czarism, especially
+we who are not Russians, but a savage revival of the crushing ideals of
+Panslavism?
+
+This is the agonized question which the nations subject to Russia are
+asking now. I read in your article that the turn of Czarism will come
+after that of Prussianism. In what sense is this to be understood? Is it
+your opinion that another war will presently break out against Czarism,
+or will it be struck down by the blows of an internal revolution? Is it
+even possible that France and England obtained the promise of a reform
+in the internal politics of Russia before allying themselves with her?
+And is the proclamation to the Poles evidence of this? Will it have any
+real effect after the war? And those other nations oppressed by
+Russia--the Finns, the Letts, the Lithuanians, the Esthonians, the
+Armenians, the Jews...--will they too have justice done them?
+
+These questions are probably devoid of any political significance. Yet
+without perceiving in what manner France and England can set us free, we
+do direct our hopes towards them. We believe that in some way or other
+they will take care in future that their Russian ally shall show herself
+worthy of them and of the ideas for which they are fighting, lest the
+blood of those who have died in the cause of freedom go to feed the
+strength of the oppressors.
+
+Thus, sir, I have ventured uninvited to set forth rather fully to you
+the hopes and fears of a nation which has developed itself on a narrow
+strip of land between the two abysses of Pangermanism and Panslavism.
+Whilst ardently desiring the destruction of the former, we have
+everything to fear from the latter. Yet we do not aspire to political
+independence. We seek only the possibility of developing freely our
+intellectual, artistic, and economic powers, without the perpetual
+menace of being absorbed by Russia or Germany. We believe that, in
+virtue of the civilization we have acquired in the face of obstacles, we
+are worthy of the liberties and rights of man; we are convinced that as
+a nation we have qualities which will fit us to play a valuable part in
+the great symphony of civilized peoples.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, October 10, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+V. INTER ARMA CARITAS
+
+
+Once more I address myself to our friends the enemy. But this time I
+shall attempt no discussion, for discussion is impossible with those who
+avow that they do not seek for but possess the truth. For the moment
+there is no spiritual force that can pierce the thick wall of certitude
+by which Germany is barricaded against the light of day--the terrible
+certitude, the pharisaical satisfaction which pervades the monstrous
+letter of a Court preacher who glorifies God for having made him
+impeccable, irreproachable, and pure, himself, his emperor, his
+ministers, his army, and his race; and who rejoices beforehand in his
+"holy wrath" at the destruction of all who do not think as he
+thinks.[17]
+
+True, I am very far from thinking that this monument of anti-Christian
+pride represents the spirit of the better part of Germany. I know how
+many noble hearts, moderate, affectionate, incapable of doing evil and
+almost of conceiving it, go to make up her moral strength; amongst them
+are friends that I shall never cease to esteem. I know how many intrepid
+minds work ceaselessly in German science for the conquest of the truth.
+But I see on the one hand these good people so over-confident, so
+tractable, with their eyes shut, ignorant of the facts and unwilling to
+recognize anything but what it is the pleasure of their Government that
+they shall know; and on the other, the clearest minds of Germany,
+historians and savants, trained for the criticism of texts, basing their
+conviction on documents which all emanate from one alone of the parties
+concerned, and by way of peremptory proof referring us to the _ex-parte_
+affirmations of their Emperor, and of their Chancellor, like
+well-behaved scholars, whose only argument is _Magister dixit_. What
+hope remains of convincing such people that there exists a truth beyond
+that master, and that in addition to his White Book we have in our hands
+books of every kind and of every color, whose testimony demands the
+attention of an impartial judge? But do they so much as know of their
+existence, and does the master allow his class to handle the manuals of
+his enemies? Our disagreement is not only as regards the facts of the
+case; it is due to difference in mind itself. Between the spirit of
+Germany today and that of the rest of Europe there is no longer a point
+of contact. We speak to them of _Humanity_; they reply with
+_Uebermensch_, _Uebervolk_, and it goes without saying that they
+themselves are the Uebervolk. Germany seems to be overcome by a morbid
+exaltation, a collective madness, for which there is no remedy but time.
+According to the view of medical experts in analogous cases such forms
+of madness develop rapidly, and are suddenly followed by profound
+depression. We can then but wait, and in the meantime defend ourselves
+to the best of our ability from the madness of Ajax.
+
+Certainly Ajax has given us plenty of work to do. Look at the ruins
+around us! We may bring aid to the victims--yet how little can we
+achieve? In the eternal struggle between good and evil the scales are
+not evenly balanced. We need a century to re-create what one day can
+destroy. The fury of madness, on the other hand, endures only for a day;
+patient labor is our lot throughout the years. It knows no pause, even
+in those hours when the world seems at an end. The vine-growers of
+Champagne gather in their vintage though the bombs of the rival armies
+explode around them--and we, too, can do our share! There is work for
+all who find themselves outside the battle. Especially for those who
+still can write, it seems to me that there should be something better to
+do than to brandish a pen dipped in blood and seated at their tables to
+cry "Kill! Kill!" I hate the war, but even more do I hate those who
+glorify it without taking part. What would we say of officers who
+marched behind their men? The noblest rôle of those who follow in the
+rear is to pick up their friends who fall, and to bear in mind even
+during the battle those fair words so often forgotten--_Inter arma
+caritas_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Amidst all the misery which every man of feeling can do his share to
+relieve, let us recall the fate of the prisoner of war. But knowing that
+Germany today blushes at her former sentimentality, I carefully refrain
+from appealing to her pity by whinings, as they call them, about the
+destruction of Louvain and Rheims. "War is war." Granted!--then it is
+natural that it drags in its train thousands of prisoners, officers and
+men.
+
+For the moment I shall say only a word about these, in order to comfort
+as far as possible the families who are searching for them, and are so
+anxious about their fate. On both sides hateful rumors circulate only
+too easily, rumors given currency by an unscrupulous press, rumors which
+would have us believe that the most elementary laws of humanity are
+trampled under foot by the enemy. Only the other day an Austrian friend
+wrote to me, maddened by the lies of some paper or other, to beg me to
+help the German wounded in France, who are left without any aid. And
+have I not heard or read the same unworthy fears expressed by Frenchmen
+as regards their wounded, who are said to be maltreated in Germany? But
+it is all a lie--on both sides; and those of us whose task it is to
+receive the true information from either camp must affirm the contrary.
+Speaking generally (for in so many thousands of cases one cannot, of
+course, be sure that there will not here and there be individual
+exceptions) this war, whose actual conduct has provoked a degree of
+harshness which our knowledge of previous wars in the West would not
+have allowed us to expect, is by contrast less cruel to all
+those--prisoners and wounded--who are put out of the battle line.
+
+The letters that we receive and documents already published--especially
+an interesting account which appeared in the _Neue Zürcher Zeitung_ of
+October 18th, written by Dr. Schneeli, who had just been visiting the
+hospitals and prisoners' camps in Germany--show that in that country
+efforts are being made to reconcile the ideals of humanity with the
+exigencies of war. They make it clear that there is no difference
+between the care bestowed by the Germans on their own wounded and those
+of the enemy, and that friendly relations exist between the prisoners
+and their guards, who all share the same food.
+
+I could wish that a similar inquiry might be made and published on the
+camps where German prisoners are concentrated in France. In the meantime
+accounts which reach me from individuals disclose a similar
+situation,[18] and there is plenty of reliable evidence that in Germany
+and France alike the wounded of both countries are living in terms of
+friendship. There are even soldiers who refuse to have their wounds
+dressed or receive their rations before their comrades the enemy have
+received similar attention. And who knows if it is not perhaps in the
+ranks of the contending armies that the feelings of national hatred are
+least violent? For there one learns to appreciate the courage of one's
+adversaries, since the same sufferings are common to all, and since
+where all energy is directed towards action there is none left for
+personal animosity. It is amongst those who are not actively engaged
+that there is developed the harsh and implacable brand of hatred, of
+which certain intellectuals provide terrible examples.
+
+The moral situation of the military prisoner is therefore not so
+overwhelming as might be imagined, and his lot, sad as it is, is less to
+be pitied than that of another class of prisoners of whom I shall speak
+later. The feeling of duty accomplished, the memory of the struggle,
+glorifies his misfortune in his own eyes, and even in those of the
+enemy. He is not totally abandoned to the foe; international conventions
+protect him; the Red Cross watches over him, and it is possible to
+discover where he is and to come to his assistance.
+
+In this work the admirable _Agence internationale des prisonniers de
+guerre_, most providentially established some two months after the
+commencement of the war, has caused the name of Geneva to be known and
+blessed in the most remote corners of France and Germany. It only needs,
+like Providence itself, to gain the co-operation of those over whose
+interests it watches, that is to say, of the States concerned which have
+been somewhat slow in supplying the lists we need. Under the ægis of the
+International Committee of the Red Cross, with M. Gustave Ador as
+president and M. Max Dollfus as director, some 300 voluntary workers,
+drawn from all classes of society, are assisting in its charitable work.
+More than 15,000 letters a day pass through its hands. It daily
+transmits about 7,000 letters between prisoners and their families, and
+is responsible for the safe dispatch of some 4,000 francs on an average.
+The precise information which it is able to communicate was very meager
+at the start, but soon increased, until a thousand cases could be dealt
+with in the course of a single day; and this number rapidly increased
+with the arrival of more complete lists from the Governments concerned.
+
+This renewal of intercourse between a prisoner and his family is not the
+only beneficial result of our organization. Its peaceful work, its
+impartial knowledge of the actual facts in the belligerent countries,
+contribute to modify the hatred which wild stories have exasperated, and
+to reveal what remains of humanity in the most envenomed enemy. It can
+also draw the attention of the different Governments, or at least of the
+general public, to cases where a speedy understanding would be in the
+interest of both parties--as, for instance, in the exchange of men who
+are so seriously wounded that they will be quite unable to take further
+part in the war, and whom it is useless and inhuman to keep languishing
+far from their friends. Finally, it can effectively direct public
+generosity, which often hesitates for want of guidance. It can, for
+instance, point out to neutral countries, who are so ungrudging in their
+anxiety to aid the sufferings of the combatants, where help is most
+urgently needed--for the wounded prisoners, convalescents leaving the
+hospital without linen or boots, and with no claims on the enemy for
+further support.[19]
+
+Instead of showering gifts (which, no doubt, are never superfluous) on
+the armies who can and should be supported by the peoples for whom they
+are fighting, neutrals might well reserve the greater part of their
+generosity for those who are most destitute, those whose need is the
+greatest, for they are feeble, broken, and alone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But there is another class of prisoners on whom I would like interest to
+be specially concentrated, for their situation is far more precarious,
+unprotected as they are by any international convention. These are the
+civil prisoners. They are one of the innovations of this unbridled war,
+which seems to have set itself to violate all the rights of humanity. In
+former wars it was only a question of a few hostages arrested here and
+there as a guarantee of good faith for the pledge of some conquered
+town. Never until now had one heard of populations taken bodily into
+captivity on the model of ancient conquests--a custom actively revived
+since the beginning of this war. Such a contingency not having been
+foreseen, no conventions existed to regulate the situation in the laws
+of war, if the words have any meaning. And as it would have been awkward
+to formulate fresh laws in the midst of the struggle, it seemed more
+simple to overlook them. It has been as though these unfortunates did
+not exist.
+
+But they do exist, and in thousands. Their number seems about equal on
+both sides. Which of the belligerents took the initiative in these
+captures? At present certainty is impossible. It seems clear that in the
+second half of July Germany ordered the arrest of a number of Alsatian
+civilians. To this France replied the day after her mobilization by
+declaring prisoners Germans and Austrians then to be found on her
+territory. The casting of this vast net was followed by similar action
+in Germany and Austria, though, perhaps, with less result. The conquest
+of Belgium and the invasion of the North of France brought about a
+redoubling of these measures aggravated by violence. The Germans, on
+retiring after their defeat on the Marne, methodically made a clean
+sweep in the towns and villages of Picardy and Flanders of all persons
+capable of bearing arms--500 men at Douai, at Amiens 1,800 summoned
+before the citadel on some apparently harmless pretext, and carried off
+without even the possibility of returning for a change of clothes.
+
+In many cases the captures had not even the excuse of military utility.
+In the village of Sompuis (Marne) on September 10th, the Saxons seized a
+helpless village priest of seventy-three, scarcely able to walk, and
+five old men of ages from sixty to seventy, one of whom was lame, and
+took them away on foot. Elsewhere women and children are taken, happy if
+they can remain together. Here a husband, mad with grief, searches for
+his wife and son aged three, who have disappeared since the Germans
+passed through Quièvrechain (Nord). There it is a mother and her
+children taken by the French near Guebwiller; the children were sent
+back, but not the mother. A French captain, wounded by the bursting of a
+shell, saw his wife also wounded by German bullets at Nomêny
+(Meurthe-et-Moselle); since when she has disappeared, taken he does not
+know where. An old peasant woman of sixty-three is taken away from her
+husband near Villers-aux-Vents (Meuse) by a company of Germans. A child
+of sixteen is seized at its mother's house at Mulhouse.
+
+Such action shows an utter lack of human feeling, and is almost more
+absurd than cruel. It really appears as though people had been
+deliberately separated from all who were dearest to them; and of those
+who have so disappeared no trace remains by which they can at present be
+found. I am not speaking of Belgium; there the silence is as of the
+grave. Of what is taking place there nothing has been heard in the
+outer world for three months. Are the villages and towns still in
+existence? I have before me letters from parents (in some cases
+belonging to neutral nations) begging for news of their children of
+twelve or eight years of age, detained in Belgium since hostilities
+broke out. I have even found in the lists of these vanished
+children--doubtless prisoners of war--youthful citizens of four or two
+years of age. Are we to understand that they too could have been
+mobilized?
+
+We see the anguish of the survivors. Imagine the distress of those who
+have disappeared, deprived of money or the means of obtaining any from
+their families. What misery is revealed in the first letters received
+from such families interned in France or Germany! A mother whose little
+boy is ill, although rich, cannot procure any money. Another, with two
+children, requests us to warn her family that if after the war, nothing
+more is heard of her, it will mean that she has died of hunger. These
+cries of misery seemed in the noise of battle to fall on deaf ears for
+the first two months. The Red Cross itself, absorbed in its immense
+task, reserved all its help for the military prisoners, and the
+Governments seemed to show a superb disdain for their unfortunate
+citizens. Of what use are such as cannot serve! Yet these are the most
+innocent victims of this war. They have not taken part in it, and
+nothing had prepared them for such calamities.
+
+Fortunately a man of generous sympathies (he will not forgive me for
+publishing his name), Dr. Ferrière, was touched by the misfortunes of
+these outcasts of the war. With a tenacity as patient as it was
+passionate, he set himself to construct in the swarming hive of Red
+Cross workers a special department to deal with their distress. Refusing
+to be discouraged by the innumerable difficulties and the remote chances
+of success, he persevered, limiting himself at first to drawing up lists
+of the missing, and trying to inspire confidence in their anxious
+friends. He then attempted by every means in his power to discover the
+place of internment, and to re-establish communications between
+relations and friends. What joy when one can announce to a family that
+the son or the father has been found! Every one of us at our table--for
+I, too, had the honor of sharing in the work--rejoices as though he were
+a member of that family. And as luck would have it the first letter of
+this kind which I had to write was to comfort some good people in my own
+little town in the Nivernais.
+
+Great progress has already been made. The most pressing needs have
+obtained a hearing. The Governments have agreed to liberate women,
+children under seventeen, and men over sixty. Repatriation began on
+October 23rd through the Bureau of Berne, created by the Federal
+Council. It remains, if not to deliver the others (we cannot count on
+this before the end of the war), at any rate to put them in
+communication with their families. In such cases, as in many others,
+more can be expected from the charitable efforts of private individuals
+than from Governments. The friends with whom we communicated in Germany
+or Austria as in France have replied with enthusiasm, all showing a
+generous desire to take part in our work. It is such questions
+transcending national pride which reveal the underlying fellowship of
+the nations which are tearing each other to pieces, and the sacrilegious
+folly of war. How friends and enemies are drawn together in the face of
+common suffering which the efforts of all humanity would hardly suffice
+to alleviate!
+
+When after three months of fratricidal struggle one has felt the calming
+influence of this wide human sympathy, and turns once more to the field
+of strife, the rasping cries of hate in the press inspire only horror
+and pity. What object have they in view? They wish to punish crimes and
+are a crime in themselves; for murderous words are the seeds of future
+murder. In the diseased organism of a fevered Europe everything vibrates
+and reverberates without end. Every word, every action, arouses
+reprisals. Him who fans hatred, hatred flares up to consume. Heroes of
+officialdom! bullies of the press! the blows which you deal very often
+reach your own people, little though you think it--your soldiers, your
+prisoners, delivered into the hands of the enemy. They answer for the
+harm which you have done, and you escape the danger.
+
+We cannot stop the war, but we can make it less bitter. There are
+medicines for the body. We need medicines for the soul, to dress the
+wounds of hatred and vengeance by which the world is being poisoned. We
+who write--let that be our task. And as the Red Cross pursues its work
+of mercy in the midst of the combat, like the bees of Holy Writ that
+made their honey in the jaws of the lion, let us try to support its
+efforts. Let our thoughts follow the ambulances that gather up the
+wounded on the field of battle. May _Notre-Dame la Misère_ lay on the
+brow of raging Europe her stern but succoring hand. May she open the
+eyes of these peoples, blinded by pride, and show them that they are
+but poor human flocks, equal in the face of suffering; suffering at all
+times so great that there is no reason to add to the burden.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, October 30, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+VI. TO THE PEOPLE THAT IS SUFFERING FOR JUSTICE
+
+(For _King Albert's Book_.[20])
+
+
+Belgium has just written an Epic, whose echoes will resound throughout
+the ages. Like the three hundred Spartans, the little Belgian army
+confronts for three months the German Colossus; Leman-Leonides; the
+Thermopylæ of Liège; Louvain, like Troy, burnt; the deeds of King Albert
+surrounded by his valiant men: with what legendary grandeur are these
+figures already invested, and history has not yet completed their story!
+The heroism of this people, who, without a murmur, sacrificed everything
+for honor, has burst like a thunderclap upon us at a time when the
+spirit of victorious Germany was enthroning in the world a conception of
+political realism, resting stolidly on force and self-interest. It was
+a liberation of the oppressed idealism of the West. And that the signal
+should have been given by this little nation seemed a miracle.
+
+Men call the sudden appearance of a hidden reality a miracle. It is the
+shock of danger which makes us best understand the character of
+individuals and of nations. What discoveries this war has caused us to
+make in those around us, even among those nearest and dearest to us!
+What heroic hearts and savage beasts! The inner soul, not a new soul,
+reveals itself.
+
+In this fearful hour Belgium has seen the hidden genius of her race
+emerge. The sterling qualities that she has displayed during the last
+three months evoke admiration; it should not surprise any one who, in
+the pages of history, has felt, coursing through the ages, the vigorous
+sap of her people. Small in numbers and in territory, but one of the
+greatest in Europe in virtue of her overflowing vitality. The Belgians
+of today are the sons of the Flemings of Courtrai. The men of this land
+never feared to oppose their powerful neighbors, the kings of France or
+Spain--now heroes, now victims, Artevelde and Egmont. Their soil,
+watered by the blood of millions of warriors, is the most fertile in
+Europe in the harvests of the spirit. From it arose the art of modern
+painting, spread throughout the world by the school of the van Eycks at
+the time of the Renaissance. From it arose the art of modern music, of
+that polyphony which thrilled through France, Germany, and Italy for
+nearly two centuries. From it, too, came the superb poetic efflorescence
+of our times; and the two writers who most brilliantly represent French
+literature in the world, Maeterlinck and Verhaeren, are Belgian. They
+are the people who have suffered most and have borne their sufferings
+most bravely and cheerfully; the martyr-people of Philip II and of
+Kaiser Wilhelm; and they are the people of Rubens, the people of
+Kermesses and of Till Ulenspiegel.
+
+He who knows the amazing epic re-told by Charles de Coster: _The heroic,
+joyous, and glorious adventures of Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedjak_, those
+two Flemish worthies who might take their places side by side with the
+immortal Don Quixote and his Sancho Panza--he who has seen that
+dauntless spirit at work, rough and facetious, rebellious by nature,
+always offending the established powers, running the gauntlet of all
+trials and hardships, and emerging from them always gay and
+smiling--realizes also the destinies of the nation that gave birth to
+Ulenspiegel, and even in the darkest hour fearlessly looks towards the
+approaching dawn of rich and happy days. Belgium may be invaded. The
+Belgian people will never be conquered nor crushed. The Belgian people
+cannot die.
+
+At the end of the story of _Till Ulenspiegel_, when they think he is
+dead, and are going to bury him, he wakes up:
+
+     _"Are they," he asks, "going to bury Ulenspiegel the soul, Nele the
+     heart of mother Flanders? Sleep, perhaps, but die, no! Come,
+     Nele."_
+
+     _And he departed, singing his sixth song. But no one knows where he
+     sang his last._
+
+
+
+
+VII. LETTER TO MY CRITICS[21]
+
+
+_November 17, 1914._
+
+There has reached me, after much delay, at Geneva, where I am engaged on
+the International work of Prisoners of War, the echo of attacks against
+me in certain newspapers, roused by the articles that I have published
+in the _Journal de Genève_, or rather by two or three passages
+arbitrarily chosen from those articles (for they themselves are scarcely
+known to anybody in France). My best reply will be to collect what I
+have written and publish it in Paris. I would not add a word of
+explanation, for there is not a line that I did not think it my right
+and my duty to set down. Moreover, I think that there is better work to
+do at this moment than to defend oneself; there are others to defend,
+the thousands of victims who are fighting in France. Time devoted to
+polemics is like a theft from these unfortunates, from these prisoners
+and families, whose hands seeking each other across space we are trying
+to unite at Geneva.
+
+But not content with attacking me personally, they have attacked ideas
+and a cause which I believe to be that of the true France; and since my
+friends expect me to defend these thoughts which are also theirs, I
+profit by the hospitality which is offered me to reply distinctly and
+frankly in good French.
+
+I have published four articles: a letter to Gerhart Hauptmann, written
+the day after the devastation of Louvain, "Above the Battle," "The
+Lesser of Two Evils," and "Inter Arma Caritas." In these four articles I
+have stated that of all the imperialisms which are the scourge of the
+world, Prussian Military Imperialism is the worst. I have declared that
+it is the enemy of European liberty, the enemy of Western civilization,
+the enemy of Germany herself, and that it must be destroyed. On this
+point I imagine we are agreed.
+
+To what do my critics take exception? Without entering into the
+discussion of certain points of detail, such as the appeal made by the
+Allies to the forces of Asia and Africa of which I disapprove, and
+still disapprove because I see in it a near and grave danger for Europe
+and for the Allies themselves, and because this danger is already
+materializing in threats of disturbance in the world of Islam--exception
+is taken essentially on two grounds:
+
+1. My refusal to include the German people and its military and
+intellectual rulers in the same denunciation.
+
+2. The esteem and friendship which I have for the individuals in the
+country with which we are at war.
+
+I will reply first of all without ambiguity to this second reproach.
+Yes, I have German friends as I have French, Italian, and English
+friends, and friends of every race. They are my wealth: I am proud of it
+and keep it. When one has had the good fortune to meet in this world
+loyal souls with whom one shares one's most intimate thoughts, and with
+whom one has formed bonds of brotherly union, such bonds are sacred, and
+not to be broken asunder in the hour of trial. He would be a coward who
+timidly ceased to own them, in order to obey the insolent summons of a
+public opinion which has no right over the heart. Does the love of
+country demand this unkindness of thought which is associated with the
+name Cornélienne? Cornéille himself has given the answer:
+
+    --_Albe vous a nommé, je ne vous connais plus._
+    --_Je vous connais encore, et c'est ce qui me tue._
+
+Certain letters, which I shall reproduce later, will show the grief,
+sometimes almost tragic, that such friendships mean in these moments.
+Thanks to them, we have at least been able to defend ourselves against a
+hatred which is more murderous than war, since it is an infection
+produced by its wounds; and it does as much harm to those whom it
+possesses as to those against whom it is directed.
+
+This poison I see with apprehension spreading at the present moment.
+Amongst the victim populations, the cruelties and ravages committed by
+the German armies have brought to birth a desire for reprisals. This,
+when once in existence, is not for the press to exasperate, for such a
+desire runs the risk of leading to dangerous injustice--dangerous not
+only for the conquered but above all for the conquerors. France has, in
+this war, the chance of playing the nobler part, the rarest chance that
+the world has even seen. A German wrote to me a few weeks ago: "France
+has won in this war a prodigious moral triumph. The sympathies of the
+whole world are drawn towards her; and, most extraordinary of all,
+Germany herself has a secret leaning towards her enemy." All should wish
+that this moral triumph may be hers to the end, and that she may remain
+to the end just, straightforward, and humane. I could never distinguish
+the cause of France from that of humanity. It is just because I am
+French that I leave to our Prussian enemies the motto: "_Oderint, dum
+metuant._" I wish France to be loved, I wish her to be victorious not
+only by force, not only by right (that would be difficult enough), but
+by that large and generous heart which is pre-eminently hers. I wish her
+to be strong enough to fight without hatred and to regard even those
+against whom she is forced to fight as misguided brothers who must be
+pitied when they have been rendered harmless.
+
+Our soldiers know it well, and I say nothing here of letters from the
+front which tell us of compassion and kindness between the combatants.
+But the civilians who are outside the combat, who do not fight, but
+talk, who write and embroil themselves in a factitious and lunatic
+agitation and are never exhausted; these are delivered over to the winds
+of feverish violence. And there is the danger. For they form opinion,
+the only opinion that can be expressed (all others are forbidden). It
+is for these that I write, not for those who are fighting (they have no
+need of us!).
+
+And when I hear the publicists trying to rouse the energies of the
+nation by all the stimulants at their disposal for this one object, the
+total crushing of the enemy nation, I think it my duty to rise in
+opposition to what I believe to be at once a moral and a political
+error. You make war against a State, not against a people. It would be
+monstrous to hold sixty-five million men responsible for the acts of
+some thousands--perhaps some hundreds. Here in French Switzerland, so
+passionately in sympathy with France, so eager both in its sympathies
+and in the duty of restraining them, I have been able for three months,
+by reading German letters and pamphlets, to examine closely the
+conscience of the German nation. And I have been able thus to take
+account of a good many facts which escape the greater part of the French
+people. The first, the most striking, the most ignored, is that there is
+not in Germany as a whole any real hatred of France (all the hatred is
+turned against England). The especial pathos of the situation lies in
+the fact that the French spirit only really began to exercise an
+attraction upon Germany some two or three years ago. Germany was
+beginning to discover the true France, the France of work and of faith.
+The new generations, the young classes that they have just led to the
+abattoir of Ypres and Dixmude, numbered the purest souls, the greatest
+idealists, those most possessed by the dream of universal brotherhood.
+If I say that for many among them the war has been a laceration, "a
+horror, a failure, a renunciation of every ideal, an abdication of the
+spirit," as one of them wrote on the eve of his death--if I say that the
+death of Péguy has been mourned by many young Germans, no one would
+believe me. But belief will be a necessity the day I publish the
+documents which I have collected.
+
+It is somewhat better understood in France how this German nation,
+enveloped in the network of lies woven by its Government, and abandoning
+herself thereto with a blind and obstinate loyalty, is profoundly
+convinced that she was attacked, hemmed in by the jealousy of the world;
+and that she must defend herself at all costs or die. It is among the
+chivalrous traditions of France to render homage to the courage of an
+adversary. One owes it to that adversary to recognize that in default of
+other virtues the spirit of sacrifice is, in the present instance,
+almost boundless. It would be a great mistake to force it to extremes.
+Instead of driving this blind people to a magnificent and desperate
+defense, let us try to open their eyes. It is not impossible. An
+Alsatian patriot, to whom one could not impute indulgence for Germany,
+Dr. Bucher of Strasbourg, told me not long since, that even though the
+German is full of haughty prejudices carefully fostered by his teachers,
+he is at any rate always amenable to discussion and his docile spirit is
+accessible to arguments. As an example, I would instance the secret
+evolution that I see in progress in the thought of certain Germans.
+Numbers of German letters that I have read this month begin to utter
+agonized questionings as to the legitimacy of the proceedings of Germany
+in Belgium. I have seen this anxiety growing, little by little, in
+consciences which at first reposed in the conviction of their right.
+Truth is slowly dawning. What will happen if its light conquers and
+spreads? Carry truth in your hands! Let it be our strongest weapon! Let
+us, like the soldiers of the Revolution, whose hearts live again in our
+troops, fight not against our enemies, but for them. In saving the
+world, let us save them too. France does not break old chains in order
+to rivet new.
+
+Your thoughts are fixed on victory. I think of the peace which will
+follow. For however insistently the most militarist among you may talk,
+venturing as did an article to hold out the delightful promise of a
+perpetual war--"a war which will last after this war, indefinitely...."[22]
+(it will come to an end, nevertheless--for lack of combatants!) ...
+there must come a day when you will stretch out the hand of friendship,
+you and your neighbors across the Rhine, if it were only to come to an
+agreement, for the sake of your own business. You will have to
+re-establish supportable and humane relations: so set to work in such a
+manner as not to make them impossible! Do not break down all the
+bridges, since it will ever be necessary to cross the river. Do not
+destroy the future. A good open, clean wound will heal; but do not
+poison it. Let us be on our guard against hatred. If we prepare for war
+in peace according to the wisdom of nations, we should also prepare for
+peace in war. It is a task which seems to me not unworthy of those among
+us who find themselves outside the struggle, and who through the life of
+the spirit have wider relations with the universe--a little lay church
+which, today more than the other, preserves its faith in the unity of
+human thought and believes that all men are sons of the same Father. In
+any case, if such a faith merits insult, the insults constitute an honor
+that we will claim as ours before the tribunal of posterity.
+
+
+
+
+VIII. THE IDOLS
+
+
+For more than forty centuries it has been the effort of great minds who
+have attained liberty to extend this blessing to others; to liberate
+humanity and to teach men to see reality without fear or error, to look
+themselves in the face without false pride or false humility and to
+recognize their weakness and their strength, that they may know their
+true position in the universe. They have illumined the path with the
+brightness of their lives and their example, like the star of the magi,
+that mankind may have light.
+
+Their efforts have failed. For more than forty centuries humanity has
+remained in bondage--I do not say to masters (for such are of the order
+of the flesh, of which I am not speaking here; and their chains break
+sooner or later), but to the phantoms of their own minds. Such servitude
+comes from within. We grow faint in the endeavor to cut the bonds which
+bind mankind, who straightway tie them again to be more firmly
+enthralled. Of every liberator men make a master. Every ideal which
+ought to liberate is transformed into a clumsy idol. The history of
+humanity is the history of Idols and of their successive reigns; and as
+humanity grows older the power of the Idol seems to wax greater and more
+destructive.
+
+At first the divinities were of wood, of stone, or of metal. Those at
+any rate were not proof against the axe or against fire. Others followed
+that no material force could reach, for they were graven in the
+invisible mind. Yet all aspired to material dominion, and to secure for
+them that dominion the peoples of the world have poured out their best
+blood: Idols of religions and of nationality: the Idol of liberty whose
+reign was established in Europe by the armies of the _sans-culotte_ at
+the point of the bayonet. The masters have changed, the slaves are still
+the same. Our century has made the acquaintance of two new species. The
+Idol of Race, at first the outcome of noble ideas, became in the
+laboratories of spectacled savants the Moloch which Germany herself
+hurled against France in 1870 and which her enemies now wish to use
+against the Germany of today. The latest on the scene is that authentic
+product of German science, fraternally allied to the labors of industry,
+of commerce, and of the firm of Krupp--the Idol of Kultur surrounded by
+its Levites, the thinkers of Germany.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The common feature of the cult of all Idols is the adaptation of an
+ideal to the evil instincts of mankind. Man cultivates the vices which
+are profitable to him, but feels the necessity of legitimizing them;
+being unwilling to sacrifice them, he must idealize them. That is why
+the problem at which he has never ceased to labor throughout the
+centuries has been to harmonize his ideals with his own mediocrity. He
+has always succeeded. The crowd has no difficulty here. It sets side by
+side its virtues and its vices, its heroism and its meanness. The force
+of its passions and the rapid course of the days which carry it along
+cause it to forget its lack of logic.
+
+But the intelligent few cannot satisfy themselves with so little effort.
+Not that they are, as is often said, less readily swayed by passion.
+This is a grave error; the richer a life becomes the more does it offer
+for passion to devour, and history sufficiently shows the terrifying
+paroxysms to which the lives of religious leaders and revolutionaries
+have attained. But these toilers in the spirit love careful work, and
+are repelled by popular modes of thought which perpetually break through
+the meshes of reasoning. They have to make a more closely woven net in
+which instinct and idea, cost what it may, combine to form a stouter
+tissue. They thus achieve monstrous _chefs-d'Å“uvre_. Give an
+intellectual any ideal and any evil passion and he will always succeed
+in harmonizing the twain. The love of God and the love of mankind have
+been invoked in order to burn, kill, and pillage. The fraternity of 1793
+was sister to the Holy Guillotine. We have in our time seen Churchmen
+seeking and finding in the Gospels the justification of Banking and of
+War. Since the outbreak of the war a clergyman of Würtemberg established
+the fact that _neither Christ nor John the Baptist nor the apostles
+desired to suppress militarism_.[23] A clever intellectual is a conjuror
+in ideas. "_Nothing in my hands--nothing up my sleeves._" The great
+trick is to extract from any given idea its precise contrary--war from
+the Sermon on the Mount, or, like Professor Ostwald, the military
+dictatorship of the Kaiser from the dream of an intellectual
+internationalism. For such conjurors these things are but child's play.
+
+Let us expose them, by examining the words of this Dr. Ostwald, who has
+appeared during the last few months as the Baptist of the Gospel of the
+spiked helmet.
+
+Here is the Idol to begin with--_Kultur (made in Germany), with a
+capital K "rectiligne et de quatre pointes, comme un chevel de frise,"_
+as Miguel de Unamuno wrote to me. All around are little gods, the
+children of its loins: _Kulturstaat_, _Kulturbund_, _Kulturimperium_....
+
+_"I am now" (it is the voice of Ostwald[24]) "going to explain to you
+the great secret of Germany. We, or rather the Germanic race, have
+discovered the factor of Organization. Other peoples still live under
+the régime of individualism while we are under that of Organization. The
+stage of Organization is a more advanced stage of civilization."_
+
+It is surely clear that, like those missionaries who, in order to carry
+the Christian faith to heathen peoples, secure the co-operation of a
+squadron and a landing party which straightway establish in the
+idolatrous country commercial stores protected by a ring of cannon,
+German intelligence cannot without selfishness keep her treasures to
+herself. She is obliged to share them.
+
+"_Germany wishes to organize Europe, for Europe has hitherto not been
+organized. With us everything tends to elicit from each individual the
+maximal output in the direction most favorable for society. That for us
+is liberty in its highest form._"
+
+We may well pause to marvel at this way of talking about human "culture"
+as though it were a question of asparagus and artichokes. Of this
+happiness, and these advantages, this maximal output, this market-garden
+culture, this liberty of artichokes subjected to a judicious forcing
+process, Professor Ostwald does not wish to deprive the other peoples of
+Europe. As they are so unenlightened as not to acquiesce with
+enthusiasm:
+
+"_War will make them participate in the form of this organization in our
+higher civilization._"
+
+Thereupon the chemist-philosopher, who is also in his leisure hours a
+politician and a strategist, sketches in bold outline the picture of the
+victories of Germany and a remodeled Europe--a United States of Europe
+under the paternal sceptre of his mailed Kaiser: England crushed, France
+disarmed, and Russia dismembered. His colleague Haeckel completes this
+joyous _exposé_ by dividing Belgium, the British Empire, and the North
+of France--like Perrette of the fable before her pitcher broke.
+Unfortunately neither Haeckel nor Ostwald tells us if their plan for the
+establishment of this higher civilization included the destruction of
+the Halle of Ypres, of the Library at Louvain, of the Cathedral at
+Rheims. After all these conquests, divisions, and devastations, let us
+not overlook this wonderful sentence of which Ostwald certainly did not
+realize the sinister buffoonery, worthy of a Molière: "You know that I
+am a pacifist."
+
+However far the high priests of a cult may allow their emotion to carry
+them, their profession of faith still retains a certain diplomatic
+reserve which does not hamper their followers. Thus the
+_Kulturmenschen_. But the zeal of their Levites must frequently disturb
+the serenity of Moses and Aaron--Haeckel and Ostwald--by its intemperate
+frankness. I do not know what they think of the article of Thomas Mann
+which appeared in the November number of the _Neue Rundschau_: "Gedanken
+im Kriege." But I do know what certain French intellectuals will think
+of it. Germany could not offer them a more terrible weapon against
+herself.
+
+In an access of delirious pride and exasperated fanaticism Mann employs
+his envenomed pen to justify the worst accusations that have been made
+against Germany. While an Ostwald endeavors to identify the cause of
+_Kultur_ with that of civilization, Mann proclaims: "They have nothing
+in common. The present war is that of _Kultur_ (i. e., of Germany)
+against civilization." And pushing this outrageous boast of pride to the
+point of madness, he defines civilization as Reason (_Vernunft,
+Aufklärung_), Gentleness (_Sittigung, Sänftigung_), Spirit (_Geist,
+Auflösung_), and Kultur as "a spiritual _organization_ of the world"
+which does not exclude "bloody savagery." Kultur is "the sublimation of
+the demoniacal" (_die Sublimierung des Dämonischen_). It is "above
+morality, above reason, and above science." While Ostwald and Haeckel
+see in militarism merely an arm or instrument of which Kultur makes use
+to secure victory, Thomas Mann affirms that Kultur and Militarism are
+brothers--their ideal is the same, their aim the same, their principle
+the same. Their enemy is peace, is spirit ("_Ja, der Geist ist zivil,
+ist bürgerlich_"). He finally dares to inscribe on his own and his
+country's banner the words, "Law is the friend of the weak; it would
+reduce the world to a level. War brings out strength."
+
+    _Das Gesetz ist der Freund des Schwachen,_
+    _Möchte gern die Welt verflachen_
+    _Aber der Krieg lässt die Kraft erscheinen...._
+
+In this criminal glorification of violence, Thomas Mann himself has been
+surpassed. Ostwald preached the victory of Kultur, if necessary by
+Force; Mann proved that Kultur is Force. Some one was needed to cast
+aside the last veil of reserve and say "Force alone. All else be
+silent." We have read extracts from the cynical article in which
+Maximilian Harden, treating the desperate efforts of his Government to
+excuse the violation of Belgian neutrality as feeble lies, dared to
+write:
+
+"_Why on earth all this fuss? Might creates our Right. Did a powerful
+man ever submit himself to the crazy pretensions or to the judgment of a
+band of weaklings?_"
+
+What a testimony to the madness into which German intelligence has been
+precipitated by pride and struggle, and to the moral anarchy of this
+Empire, whose _organization_ is imposing only to the eyes of those who
+do not see farther than the façade! Who cannot see the weakness of a
+Government which gags its socialist press and yet tolerates such an
+insulting contradiction as this? Who does not see that such words
+defame Germany before the whole world for centuries to come? These
+miserable intellectuals imagine that with their display of infuriated
+Nietzcheism and Bismarckism they are acting heroically and impressing
+the world. They merely disgust it. They wish to be believed. People are
+only too ready to believe them. The whole of Germany will be made
+responsible for the delirium of a few writers. Germany will one day
+realize she has had no more deadly enemy than her own intellectuals.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I write here without prejudice, for I am certainly not proud of our
+French intellectuals. The Idol of Race, or of Civilization, or of
+Latinity, which they so greatly abuse, does not satisfy me. I do not
+like any idol--not even that of Humanity. But at any rate those to which
+my country bows down are less dangerous. They are not aggressive, and,
+moreover, there remains even in the most fanatical of our intellectuals
+a basis of native common sense, of which the Germans of whom I have just
+spoken seem to have lost all trace. But it must be admitted that on
+neither side have they brought honor to the cause of reason, which they
+have not been able to protect against the winds of violence and folly.
+There is a saying of Emerson's which is applicable to their failure:
+
+"_Nothing is more rare in any man than an act of his own._"
+
+Their acts and their writings have come to them from others, from
+outside, from public opinion, blind and menacing. I do not wish to
+condemn those who have been obliged to remain silent either because they
+are in the armies, or because the censorship which rules in countries
+involved in war has imposed silence upon them. But the unheard-of
+weakness with which the leaders of thought have everywhere abdicated to
+the collective madness has certainly proved their lack of _character_.
+
+Certain somewhat paradoxical passages in my own writings have caused me
+at times to be styled an anti-intellectual; an absurd charge to bring
+against one who has given his life to the worship of thought. But it is
+true that Intellectualism has often appeared to me as a mere caricature
+of Thought--Thought mutilated, deformed, and petrified, powerless, not
+only to dominate the drama of life, but even to understand it. And the
+events of to-day have proved me more in the right than I wished to be.
+The intellectual lives too much in the realm of shadows, of ideas.
+Ideas have no existence in themselves, but only through the hopes or
+experiences which can fill them. They are either summaries, or
+hypotheses; frames for what has been or will be; convenient or necessary
+formulæ. One cannot live and act without them, but the evil is that
+people make them into oppressive realities. No one contributes more to
+this than the intellectual, whose trade it is to handle them, who,
+biased by his profession, is always tempted to subordinate reality to
+them. Let there supervene a collective passion which completes his
+blindness, and it will be cast in the form of the idea which can best
+serve its purpose: it transfers its life-blood to that idea, and the
+idea magnifies and glorifies it in turn. Nothing is more long-lived in a
+man than a phantom which his own mind has created, a phantom in which
+are combined the madness of his heart and the madness of his head. Hence
+the intellectuals in the present crisis have not been overcome by the
+warlike contagion less than others, but they have themselves contributed
+to spreading it. I would add (for it is their punishment) that they are
+victims of the contagion for a longer period: for whilst simple folk
+constantly submit to the test of every-day action and of experience, and
+modify their ideas without conscious regret, the intellectual finds
+himself bound in the net of his own creation and every word that he
+writes draws the bonds tighter. Hence while we see that in the soldiers
+of all armies the fire of hate is rapidly dying down and that they
+already fraternize from trench to trench, the writers redouble their
+furious arguments. We can easily prophesy that when the remembrance of
+this senseless war has passed away among the people its bitterness will
+still be smouldering in the hearts of the intellectuals....
+
+Who shall break the idols? Who shall open the eyes of their fanatical
+followers? Who shall make them understand that no god of their minds,
+religious or secular, has the right to force himself on other human
+beings--even he who seems the most worthy--or to despise them? Admitting
+that your _Kultur_ on German soil produces the sturdiest and most
+abundant human crop, who has entrusted to you the mission of cultivating
+other lands? Cultivate your own garden. We will cultivate ours. There is
+a sacred flower for which I would give all the products of your
+artificial culture. It is the wild violet of Liberty. You do not care
+about it. You tread it under foot. But it will not die. It will live
+longer than your masterpieces of barrack and hot-house. It is not
+afraid of the wind. It has braved other tempests than that of today. It
+grows under brambles and under dead leaves. Intellectuals of Germany,
+intellectuals of France, labor and sow on the fields of your own minds:
+respect those of others. Before _organizing_ the world you have enough
+to do to _organize_ your own private world. Try for a moment to forget
+your ideas and behold yourselves. And above all, look at us. Champions
+of _Kultur_ and of Civilization, of the Germanic races and of Latinity,
+enemies, friends, let us look one another in the eyes. My brother, do
+you not see there a heart similar to your own, with the same hopes, the
+same egoism, and the same heroism and power of dream which forever
+refashions its gossamer web? _Vois-tu pas que tu es moi_? said the old
+Hugo to one of his enemies....
+
+The true man of culture is not he who makes of himself and his ideal the
+center of the universe, but who looking around him sees, as in the sky
+the stream of the Milky Way, thousands of little flames which flow with
+his own; and who seeks neither to absorb them nor to impose upon them
+his own course, but to give himself the religious persuasion of their
+value and of the common source of the fire by which all alike are fed.
+Intelligence of the mind is nothing without that of the heart. It is
+nothing also without good sense and humor--good sense which shows to
+every people and to every being their place in the universe--and humor
+which is the critic of misguided reason, the soldier who, following the
+chariot to the Capitol, reminds Cæsar in his hour of triumph that he is
+bald.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, December 4, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+IX. FOR EUROPE: MANIFESTO OF THE WRITERS AND THINKERS OF CATALONIA
+
+
+National passions are triumphant. For five months they have rent our
+Europe. They think they will soon have compassed its destruction and
+effaced its image in the hearts of the last of these who remain faithful
+to it. But they are mistaken. They have renewed the faith that we had in
+it. They have made us recognize its value and our love. And from one
+country to another we have discovered our unknown brothers, sons of the
+same mother, who in the hour when she is denied, consecrate themselves
+to her defence.
+
+Today, it is from Spain that the voice reaches us, from the thinkers of
+Catalonia. Let us pass on their appeal which comes to us from the shores
+of the Mediterranean, like the sound of a Christmas bell. Another day
+the bells of Northern Europe will be heard in their turn. And soon all
+will ring together in unison. The test is good. Let us be thankful.
+Those who desired to separate us have joined our hands.
+
+R. R.
+
+_December 31, 1914._
+
+
+MANIFESTO OF THE _FRIENDS OF THE MORAL UNITY OF EUROPE_
+
+A number of literary and scientific men at Barcelona, as far removed
+from amorphous internationalism on the one hand as from mere
+parochialism on the other, have banded themselves together _to affirm
+their unchangeable belief in the moral unity of Europe_, and to further
+this belief as far as the suffocating conditions resulting from the
+present tragic circumstances permit.
+
+We set out from the principle that the terrible war which today is
+rending the heart of this Europe of ours is, by implication, a _Civil
+War_.
+
+A civil war does not exactly mean an unjust war; still, it can only be
+justified by a conflict between great ideals, and if we desire the
+triumph of one or the other of these ideals, it must be for the sake of
+the entire European Commonwealth and its general well-being. None of the
+belligerents, therefore, can be allowed to aim at the complete
+destruction of its opponents; and it is even less legitimate to start
+out from the criminal hypothesis that one or another of the parties is
+_de facto_ already excluded from this superior commonwealth.
+
+Yet we have seen with pain assertions such as these approved and
+deliriously spread abroad; and not always amongst common people, or by
+the voices of those who speak not with authority. For three months it
+seemed as if our ideal Europe were ship-wrecked, but a reaction is
+making its appearance already. A thousand indications assure us that, in
+the world of intellect at any rate, the winds are quieting down, and
+that in the best minds the eternal values will soon spring up once more.
+
+It is our purpose to assist in this reaction, to contribute to making it
+known, and, as far as we are able, to ensure its triumph. We are not
+alone. We have with us in every quarter of the world the ardent
+aspirations of far-sighted minds, and the unvoiced wishes of thousands
+of men of good will, who, beyond their sympathies and personal
+preferences, are determined to remain faithful to the cause of this
+moral unity.
+
+And above all we have, in the far distant future, the appreciation of
+the men who tomorrow will applaud this modest work to which we are
+devoting ourselves today.
+
+We will begin by giving the greatest possible publicity to those
+actions, declarations, and manifestations--whether they emanate from
+belligerent or neutral nations--in which the effort of reviving the
+feeling of a higher unity and a generous altruism may become apparent.
+Later we shall be able to extend our activities and place them at the
+service of new enterprises. We demand nothing more of our friends, of
+our press, and of our fellow citizens than a little attention for these
+quickenings of reality, a little respect for the interests of a higher
+humanity, and a little love for the great traditions and the rich
+possibilities of a _unified Europe_.
+
+BARCELONA, _November 27, 1914_.
+
+
+EUGENIO D'ORS, Member of the Institute; MANUEL DE MONTOLIU, Author;
+AURELIO RAS, Director of the Review _Estudio_; AUGUSTIN MURUA,
+University Professor; TELESFORO DE ARANZADI, University Professor;
+MIGUEL S. OLIVER; JUAN PALAU, publicist; PABLO VILA, Director of _Mont
+d'Or_ College; ENRIQUE JARDI, Barrister; E. MESSEGUER, publicist; CARMEN
+KARR, Director of the _Residencia de Estudiantes El Hogar_; ESTEBAN
+TERRADES, Member of the Institute; JOSE ZULUETA, Member of Parliament;
+R. JORI, Author; EUDALDO DURAN REYNALS, Librarian of the _Biblioteca de
+Cataluna_; RAFAEL CAMPALANS, Engineer; J. M. LOPEZ-PICO, Author; R.
+RUCABADO, Author; E. CUELLO CALOU, University Professor; MANUEL
+REVENLOS, Professor of the _Escuela de Funcionarios_; J. FARRAN MAYORAL,
+Author; JAIME MASSO TORRENTS, Member of the Institute; JORGE RUBIO
+BALAGUER, Director of the _Biblioteca de Cataluna_.
+
+_Translated from the Spanish by R. R._
+
+_Journal de Genève_, January 9, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+X. FOR EUROPE: AN APPEAL FROM HOLLAND TO THE INTELLECTUALS OF ALL
+NATIONS
+
+
+In the preceding chapter, in which I put before my readers the fine
+manifesto of the Catalonian intellectuals "For the Moral Unity of
+Europe," I stated that after this appeal from the Mediterranean South I
+would make known those of the North. Amongst the latter here is the
+voice of Holland:--
+
+The _Nederlandsche Anti-Oorlog Road_ (Dutch Anti-War Council) is perhaps
+the most important attempt that these last months has seen to unify
+pacifist thought. Whilst recognizing the value of what has been done for
+some years past in favor of peace, the N. A. O. R. is convinced that
+"all this work could have been much more effective, and could even have
+prevented the present catastrophe, if it had been better taken in hand."
+There has been lack of co-operation, wastage of energy, lack of
+penetration to the mass of the people. The problem is to discover if
+this internal defect cannot be remedied. "Will the world-wide tragedy of
+rivalry continue even inside the pacifist movement, or will this war
+teach those who are fighting against it the necessity of an energetic
+organization and preparation?"
+
+To this task the N.A.O.R. is devoting itself. Founded on October 8,
+1914, it had succeeded by January 15th in securing the adhesion of 350
+Dutch societies (official, political, of all parties, religious,
+intellectual, labor), and its manifestoes brought together the
+signatures of more than a hundred of the most illustrious names of the
+Netherlands--statesmen, prelates, officers, writers, professors,
+artists, business men, etc. It therefore represents a considerable moral
+force.
+
+Let it be said at once that the N.A.O.R. does not look for an immediate
+end of the war by a peace at any price. On the one hand it declares
+itself "it has formed no presumptuous idea of its strength; it has no
+naïve confidence in vague peace formulæ, nor even in well-defined mutual
+obligations. The universal war of today has, alas! taught it much in
+this respect also." And, moreover, it is quite aware that a peace at
+any price, under present conditions, would only be a consecration of
+injustice. The great public meetings which it has organized on December
+15th in the chief towns of the Netherlands have unanimously declared
+that such a peace seemed neither possible nor even desirable. I will add
+that certain of the articles of the N.A.O.R. suggest, with all the
+reserve necessitated by its attitude of neutrality and its profound
+desire for impartiality, the direction of its suppressed sympathies.
+Especially the following:--
+
+"To repair the harm done by this war to the prestige of law in
+international relations. To bow before the law, whether customary or
+codified in treaties is a duty, even where sanction is wanting. Reform
+will be in vain: if there is not respect for law, and nations refuse to
+keep their word, a durable peace is out of the question."
+
+The object of the N.A.O.R. is especially to study the conditions in
+which we can realize a just, humane, and durable peace, which will
+secure for Europe a long future of fruitful tranquility and of common
+work, and to interest the public opinion of all nations in securing such
+a peace. I cannot analyze here, owing to lack of space, the various
+public manifestoes, the _Appeal to the People of Holland_ (October,
+1914), or the _Appeal for Co-operation and the Preparation of Peace_, a
+kind of attempt to mobilize the pacifist armies (November). The latter
+of these contains ideas which agree in many cases with those of the
+_Union of Democratic Control_ (the abolition of secret diplomacy, and a
+larger control of foreign affairs by Parliaments; the prohibition of
+special armament industries; the establishment of the elementary
+principle of international law, that no country shall be annexed without
+the consent, freely expressed, of the population). I will content myself
+here with publishing the manifesto addressed to the thinkers, writers,
+artists, and scientists of all nations. In this manifesto we shall find
+support for the tasks which we ourselves have undertaken in working to
+keep the thought of Europe sheltered from the ravages of the war, and in
+continually recalling it to the recognition of its highest duty, which
+is, even in the worst storms of passion, to safeguard the spiritual
+unity bf civilized humanity.
+
+R. R.
+
+_February 7, 1915._
+
+
+NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOG RAAD
+
+Immediately after the European war had broken out, several groups of
+intellectuals belonging to the warring nations have advocated the
+justice of their country's cause in manifestoes and pamphlets, which
+they have scattered in great numbers throughout the neutral states.[25]
+And this still goes on; side by side with the war of the sword a no less
+vehement war is carried on with the pen.
+
+Those writings have also reached us, the undersigned, all subjects of a
+neutral state. We have read them with the greatest interest, as they
+enable us to form a clear opinion not only of the frame of mind brought
+about by the outbreak of the war among the intellectuals of the warring
+nations, but also of the opinions they hold about the causes and the
+nature of the present war.
+
+It has not surprised us neutrals to see that the spokesmen of the
+opposing nations are equally convinced of the justice of their cause.
+Neither has it surprised us that those spokesmen evince such a strong
+inclination to advocate their rights before the neutral states. Indeed,
+in such a terrible struggle it is a psychologic necessity for all the
+nations concerned that they should believe implicitly in the justice of
+their cause; they must ardently desire to testify to their faith before
+others. Only an unshakable confidence in the absolute justice of their
+cause can keep them from wavering or despairing during the gigantic
+struggle.
+
+But we have perceived with great sorrow that the greater part of those
+writings are absolutely lacking in the slightest effort to be just
+towards opponents; that the meanest and most malicious motives are
+ascribed to them.
+
+We respect the conviction of every one of the warring nations that they
+are fighting for a just cause. Even if we should have formed an opinion
+about the origin of the war, we should yet not think the present a fit
+moment to oppose different opinions or arguments to each other. This
+should be the work of the future, when scientific research will be able
+to consider all the facts quietly, when national passions will have
+subsided and the nations will listen with more composure to the verdict
+of history.
+
+Yet we think it our duty and we consider it a privilege given to us as
+neutrals to utter a serious warning against the systematic rousing of a
+lasting bitterness between the now warring parties.
+
+Though fully aware that the late events have irritated the feeling of
+nationality to the utmost, yet we believe that patriotism should not
+prevent any one from doing justice to the character of one's enemy;
+that faith in the virtues of one's own nation need not be coupled with
+the idea that all vices are inherent in the opposing nation; that
+confidence in the justice of one's own cause should not make one forget
+that the other side cherishes that conviction with the same energy.
+
+Besides, no one should forget that the question: "What nations will be
+enemies?" depends on political relations, which vary according to
+unexpected circumstances. Today's enemy may be tomorrow's friend.
+
+The tone, in which of late not only the papers to which we have referred
+above, but also the newspaper press of the warring nations has written
+about the enemy, threatens to arouse and to perpetuate the bitterest
+hatred.
+
+To the evils directly resulting from the war, will be added the
+regrettable consequence that co-operation between the belligerent
+nations in art, science, and all other labors of peace will be delayed
+for some time, nay, even made quite impossible. Yet the time will come
+after this war, when the nations will have to resume some form of
+intercourse, social as well as spiritual.
+
+The fewer fierce accusations have been breathed on either side, the less
+one nation has attacked the character of the other: in short, the less
+lasting bitterness has been roused, so much the easier will it be
+afterwards to take up again the broken threads of international
+intercourse.
+
+This rousing of hatred and bitterness is also an impediment in the way
+that leads our thoughts towards peace.
+
+Every one who in word or writing rails at the enemy or excites national
+passions is responsible for the longer duration of this horrible war.
+
+Therefore, we the undersigned, appeal to all those of the same mind,
+especially among those belonging to the warring nations, to co-operate
+for this purpose: that in word and writing everything be avoided that
+may rouse lasting animosity.
+
+We especially address this appeal to those who influence public opinion
+in their own country, to men of science and to artists, to those who
+long ago have realized that in all civilized countries there are men and
+women with the same notions of justice and morality as they have
+themselves.
+
+May the representatives of all countries--according to the saying of a
+Dutch statesmen--remember what unites them and not only what separates
+them!
+
+_Signed_:--H.-C. DRESSELHUYS, Secretary-General of the Ministry of
+Justice, _President_ of the N.A.O.R. J.-H. SCHAPER, member of the
+Second Chamber, _Vice-President_. Madame M. ASSER-THORBEKE, secretary of
+the Dutch League for Women's Suffrage. Professor Dr. D. VAN EMBDEN,
+Professor of law at Amsterdam. Dr. KOOLEN, member of the Second Chamber.
+V.-H. RUTGERS, member of the Second Chamber. Baron de JONG VAN BEEK EN
+DONK, _Secretary_ of the N.A.O.R. (and also subscribed to by 130
+politicians, intellectuals, and artists, including FREDERIK VAN EEDEN,
+WILLEM MENGELBERG, etc.). Office: Theresiastraat, 51, The Hague.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, February 15, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XI. LETTER TO FREDERIK VAN EEDEN
+
+
+_January 12, 1915._
+
+MY DEAR FRIEND:
+
+You offer me the hospitality of your paper _De Amsterdammer_. I thank
+you and accept. It is good to take one's stand with those free souls who
+resist the unrestrained fury of national passions. In this hideous
+struggle, with which the conflicting peoples are rending Europe, let us
+at least preserve our flag, and rally round that. We must re-create
+European opinion. That is our first duty. Among these millions who are
+only conscious of being Germans, Austrians, Frenchmen, Russians,
+English, etc., let us strive to be _men_, who, rising above the selfish
+aims of short-lived nations, do not lose sight of the interests of
+civilization as a whole--that civilization which each race mistakenly
+identifies with its own, to destroy that of the others. I wish your
+noble country,[26] which has always preserved its political and moral
+independence among the great surrounding states, could become the hearth
+of this ideal Europe we believe in--the hearth round which shall gather
+all those who seek to rebuild her.
+
+Everywhere there are men who think thus though they are unknown one to
+another. Let us get to know them. Let us bring together each and all.
+Here I would introduce to you two important groups, one from the North
+and one from the South--the Catalonian thinkers who have formed the
+society of _Amis de l'Unité Morale de l'Europe_ at Barcelona--I send you
+their fine appeal: and the _Union of Democratic Control_ founded in
+London and inspired by indignation against this European war, and by the
+firm determination to render it impossible for the diplomatists and
+militarists to inaugurate another. I am having the programmes and the
+first publications sent to you. This Union, whose general Council
+contains members of Parliament, and authors like Norman Angell, Israel
+Zangwill, and Vernon Lee, has already formed twenty branches in towns in
+Great Britain.
+
+Let us try and unite permanently all such organizations, though each has
+its racial characteristics and peculiarities, for all aim at
+re-establishing the peace of Europe as best they may. With them let us
+take stock of our united resources. Then we can act.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What shall we do? Try to put an end to the struggle? It is no use
+thinking of that now. The brute is loose; and the Governments have
+succeeded so well in spreading hatred and violence abroad that even if
+they wished they could not bring it back again into control. The damage
+is irreparable. It is possible that the neutral countries of Europe and
+the United States of America may decide one day to interfere, and
+endeavor to put an end to a war which, if it continued indefinitely,
+would threaten to ruin them as well as the belligerents. But I do not
+know what one must expect from this too tardy intervention.
+
+In any case I see another outlet for our activity. Let the war be what
+it may--we can no longer intervene; but at least we must try to make the
+scourge productive of as little evil and as much good as possible. And
+in order to do this we must get public opinion all the world over to see
+to it that the peace of the future shall be just, that the greed of the
+conqueror (whoever that may be) and the intrigues of diplomacy, do not
+make it the seed of a new war of revenge; and that the moral crimes
+committed in the past are not repeated or allowed to stain yet darker
+the record of humanity. That is why I hold the first article of the
+Union of Democratic Control as a sacred principle: "No Province shall be
+transferred from one Government to another without the consent by
+plebiscite of the population of such province." We must oppose those
+odious maxims which have weighed too long on the populations they
+enslave and which quite recently Professor Lasson dared to repeat as a
+threat for the future, in his cynical Catechism of Force (_Das
+Kulturideal und der Krieg_).[27]
+
+And this principle must be proposed and adopted at once without any
+delay. If we waited to announce it until--the war being over--the
+congress of the Powers were assembled, we should be suspected of wishing
+to make justice serve the interest of the conquered. It is now, when the
+forces of the two sides are equal, that we must establish this
+primordial right which soars over all the armies.
+
+From this principle we can deduce an immediate application. Since the
+whole of Europe is disorganized let us profit by it to set in order
+this untidy house! For a long time injustices have been accumulating.
+The moment of settling the general account will be an opportunity of
+rectifying them. The duty of all of us who feel for the brotherhood of
+mankind is to stand for the rights of the small nations. There are some
+in both camps: Schleswig, Alsace, Lorraine, Poland, the Baltic nations,
+Armenia, the Jewish people. At the beginning of the war Russia made some
+generous promises. We have registered them in our minds; let her not
+forget them! We are as determined about Poland, torn by the claws of
+three imperial eagles, as we are about Belgium crucified. We remember
+all. It is because our fathers, obsessed by their narrow realism and by
+selfish fears, let the rights of the people of Eastern Europe be
+violated, that today the West is shattered, and the sword hangs over the
+small nations, over you, my friends, as over the country which is
+befriending me, Switzerland. Whoever harms one of us harms all the
+others. Let us unite! Above all race questions, which are for the most
+part a mask behind which pride crouches and the interests of the
+financial or aristocratic classes dissemble, there is a law of humanity,
+eternal and universal, of which we are all the servants and guardians;
+it is that of the right of a people to rule themselves. And he who
+violates shall be the enemy of all.
+
+R. R.
+
+_De Amsterdammer Weekblad voor Nederland_, January
+24, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XII. OUR NEIGHBOR THE ENEMY
+
+
+_March 15, 1915._
+
+While the war tempest rages, uprooting the strongest souls and dragging
+them along in its furious cyclone, I continue my humble pilgrimage,
+trying to discover beneath the ruins the rare hearts who have remained
+faithful to the old ideal of human fraternity. What a sad joy I have in
+collecting and helping them!
+
+I know that each of their efforts--like mine--that each of their words
+of love, rouses and turns against them the hostility of the two hostile
+camps. The combatants, pitted against each other, agree in hating those
+who refuse to hate. Europe is like a besieged town. Fever is raging.
+Whoever will not rave like the rest is suspected. And in these hurried
+times when justice cannot wait to study evidence, every suspect is a
+traitor. Whoever insists, in the midst of war, on defending peace among
+men knows that he risks his own peace, his reputation, his friends, for
+his belief. But of what value is a belief for which no risks are run?
+
+Certainly it is put to the test in these days, when every day brings the
+echo of violence, injustice, and new cruelties. But was it not still
+more tried when it was entrusted to the fishermen of Judea by him whom
+humanity pretends to honor still--with its lips more than with its
+heart? The rivers of blood, the burnt towns, all the atrocities of
+thought and action, will never efface in our tortured souls the luminous
+track of the Galilean barque, nor the deep vibrations of the great
+voices which from across the centuries proclaim reason as man's true
+home. You choose to forget them, and to say (like many writers of today)
+that this war will begin a new era in the history of mankind, a reversal
+of former values, and that from it alone will future progress be dated.
+That is always the language of passion. Passion passes away. Reason
+remains--reason and love. Let us continue to search for their young
+shoots amidst the bloody ruins.
+
+I feel the same joy when I find the fragile and valiant flowers of human
+pity piercing the icy crust of hatred that covers Europe, as we feel in
+these chilly March days when we see the first flowers appear above the
+soil. They show that the warmth of life persists below the surface of
+the earth, that fraternal love persists below the surface of the
+nations, and that soon nothing will prevent it rising again.
+
+I have on several occasions shown how the neutral countries have become
+the refuge of this European spirit, which seems driven from the
+belligerent countries by the armies of the pen, more savage than the
+others because they risk nothing. The efforts made in Holland or in
+Spain to save the moral unity of Europe, the burning charity and
+untiring help that Switzerland lavishes on prisoners, on wounded, on
+victims of both sides, are a great comfort to oppressed souls, who in
+every country are suffocating in the atmosphere of hatred forced on
+them, and who look for purer air. But I find still more beautiful and
+touching the signs of fraternal aid between friends and enemies in
+belligerent countries, however rare and feeble they may be.
+
+If there are two countries between which the present war seems specially
+to have created an abyss of hatred and misunderstanding, they are
+England and Germany. The writers and publicists of Germany, whose orders
+are to profess for France rather sympathy and compassion than
+animosity, and who are even constrained to distinguish between the
+people and the Government of Russia, have vowed eternal hatred against
+England. _Hasse England_ has become their _Delenda Carthago_. The most
+moderate declare that the struggle cannot be ended except by the
+destruction of the _Seeherrschaft_ (naval supremacy) of Britain. And
+Great Britain is not less determined to continue the conflict until
+German militarism has been totally eradicated. Yet it is precisely
+between these two nations that the noblest bonds of mutual assistance
+for the misfortunes of the enemy have been formed and maintained.
+
+Two days after the declaration of war there was founded in London by the
+Archbishop of Canterbury and by well known persons, such as J.
+Allen-Baker, M.P., the Right-Hon. W. H. Dickinson, M.P., Lord and Lady
+Courtney of Penwith, the _Emergency Committee for the Assistance of
+Germans, Austrians, and Hungarians in Distress_. This work, which
+affects a large part of England, consists in paying the repatriation
+expenses of destitute civilians, of accompanying German women and girls
+on their return journey, of securing hospitality in families for poor
+Germans and finding work for them. By the end of December almost £10,000
+had been spent in this way. Several sub-committees visit Prisoners'
+Camps, facilitate correspondence between the belligerent nations, or
+undertake, for Christmas, to convey to interned alien enemies more than
+20,000 parcels and 200 Christmas trees. Another English society, already
+in existence before the war, the _Society of Friends of Foreigners in
+Distress_, regularly looks after 1,800 German and Austrian families.
+Finally, the Central Bureau (London) of the International Union of Women
+Suffrage Societies has rendered great service to foreigners, paying for
+the return journey of between seven and eight thousand women.
+
+In Germany there has been founded at Berlin a similar Bureau for giving
+information and assistance to Germans abroad, and to foreigners in
+Germany (_Auskunfts-und Hilfsstelle für Deutsche im Ausland und
+Ausländer in Deutschland_). Amongst its members may be noted
+aristocratic names, and persons well known in the religious and academic
+world: Frau Marie von Bülow-Mœrlins, Helene Græfin Harrach, Nora
+Freiin von Schleinitz, Professors W. Foerster, D. Baumgarten, Paul
+Natorp, Martin Rade, Siegmund-Schultze, etc. At its head is a lady of
+deep religious feeling, Dr. Elisabeth Rotten. As will be readily
+imagined, an undertaking of this kind has not failed to evoke suspicion
+and opposition in nationalist quarters. But it has emerged successful,
+and persists; and here are the terms in which it justifies its high
+mission against the ravings of German Chauvinism:
+
+"Since the beginning of the war we have recognized the obligation to
+interest ourselves in the welfare of foreigners stranded in Germany.
+Efforts such as ours are as unpopular in our country as in other
+countries. At a time when the whole German people is engaged in
+resisting the enemy, it seems superfluous to render to those who belong
+to foreign countries more than minimum services to which they are
+legally entitled. But it is not only the thought of our kinsmen abroad
+which urges us to this work, it is our own desire to render friendly
+service (_Freundendienste_) to those who, through no fault of their own,
+are in difficulties because of the war. Even in war time, our neighbor
+is he who is in need of our help; and love for one's enemy
+(_Feindesliebe_) remains a sign whereby those who retain their faith in
+the Lord may recognize one another....
+
+"We have been able to reassure German families as to the lot of their
+members in enemy countries, and in return to vouch to foreigners for the
+fact that their friends in our country will be able to rely on us for
+assistance if they need it. We have been able to help as neighbors
+(_Naechstendienste_) innocent enemies, in whom we see human brothers and
+sisters. Above and beyond this practical aid, we find consolation and
+comfort in being able freely to hearken, even in such times as these, to
+the voice of humanity, and to the command 'love thy neighbor.' The
+tragedy which bursts over the earth on every side, which fills all our
+being with a religious respect for human suffering, but also stirs our
+love and self-sacrifice, enlarges our hearts and leaves no room except
+for feelings of affirmation and benevolent action.
+
+"Our desire to help and to alleviate suffering knows no frontiers. This
+need is all the more urgent when we find in the sufferings of others the
+traits of what we ourselves also suffer. What unites men goes deeper
+into our being than what separates them. That we can tend the wounds
+that we are constrained to deal, and that the same is the case in the
+enemy's country, gives promise of the brighter days which will come. In
+the midst of the tempest which destroys all around us so many things
+which we consider worthy of eternal existence, the possibility of such
+action strengthens our courage and gives us hope that new bridges will
+be rebuilt, on which the men who now find themselves separated, will
+once more be closely united in a common effort."
+
+I dedicate these noble words to my friends amongst the people of France,
+who have so often, by letter or by message, declared to me their
+sympathy for such thoughts and their unchanging faith in humanity. I
+dedicate them to all in France who, even in these days, by their justice
+and goodness contribute to make their country loved, as much as she
+makes herself admired by her arms--to those who assure her of the name
+which I read with emotion on a postcard written yesterday, on his way to
+Geneva, by a badly wounded German who had been repatriated: the name of
+_gutes Frankreich_, "good France," or, as our tender-hearted old writers
+used to say, "_Douce_ France."
+
+R. R.
+
+I take this opportunity of recommending to my French readers the
+publication of Mme. Arthur Spitzer (Geneva): _Le Paquet du prisonnier de
+guerre_. It has contributors in Paris, and was founded in November "to
+bring comfort in their misery to such French, Belgians, and English
+prisoners as cannot be assisted by their families." It begs all who wish
+to send a parcel to a relation or friend who has been taken prisoner, to
+send with it, when possible, a similar consignment for some other
+prisoner--one of their fellow countrymen without relations, friends, or
+resources. May this noble thought of solidarity be extended later, in
+more humane times, so that whoever helps a prisoner belonging to his own
+country may be willing at the same time to help an enemy prisoner!
+
+R. R.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, March 15, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XIII. A LETTER TO SVENSKA DAGBLADET OF STOCKHOLM[28]
+
+
+The European thought of tomorrow is with the armies. The furious
+intellectuals in one camp and the other who insult one another do not
+represent it at all. The voice of the peoples who will return from the
+war, after having experienced the terrible reality, will send back into
+the silence of obscurity these men who have revealed themselves as
+unworthy to be spiritual guides of the human race. Amongst those who
+thus retire more than one St. Peter will then hear the cock crow, and
+will weep saying, "Lord, I have denied thee!"
+
+The destinies of humanity will rise superior to those of all the
+nations. Nothing will be able to prevent the reforming of the bonds
+between the thought of the hostile nations. Whatever nation should stand
+aside would commit suicide. For by means of these bonds the tide of life
+is kept in motion.
+
+But they have never been completely broken, even at the height of the
+war. The war has even had the sad advantage of grouping together
+throughout the universe the minds who reject national hatred. It has
+tempered their strength, it has welded their wills into a solid block.
+Those are mistaken who think that the ideals of a free human fraternity
+are at present stifled! They are but silent under the gag of military
+(and civil) dictation which reigns throughout Europe. But the gag will
+fall, and they will burst forth with explosive force. I am agonized by
+the sufferings of millions of innocent victims, sacrificed today on the
+field of battle, but I have no anxiety for the future unity of European
+society. It will be realized anew. The war of today is its baptism of
+blood.
+
+R. R.
+
+_April 10, 1915._
+
+
+
+
+XIV. WAR LITERATURE
+
+
+The intellectuals on both sides have been much in evidence since the
+beginning of the war; they have, indeed, brought so much violence and
+passion to bear upon it, that it might almost be called their war!
+
+It seems to me, however, that attention has not been sufficiently drawn
+to the fact that, with a few exceptions, it is only the voice of the
+older generation that has been heard--the voice of Academicians, and
+Professoren, of distinguished members of the press and the universities,
+of poets of established reputations, and the doyens of literature, art,
+and science.
+
+As far as France is concerned, the explanation of this is simple: nearly
+all those up to the age of forty-eight who are able to bear arms are now
+acting instead of talking. In Germany the situation is rather different,
+since for various reasons, which I shall not attempt to elucidate, much
+of the literary youth of the nation has remained at home, and continues
+to publish books. Even those who are at the front contrive to send
+articles and poems to the Reviews (for the passion for writing dies hard
+in Germany).
+
+It seems to me to be of importance to ascertain what spiritual currents
+are influencing the young intellectuals of Germany.[29]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It has been pointed out that in all countries the extremest views have
+been expressed by writers who have already passed _el mezzo del
+cammino_. We shall attempt to find the reason for this at some later
+date. At present we are content again to verify this fact in the case of
+German writers. Almost all the celebrated and acknowledged poets, all
+those who were rich in years and in honor, were swept off their feet at
+the beginning of the war. And this fact is all the more curious because
+some of them had been up to that time the apostles of peace, of pity,
+and of humanitarianism. Dehmel, the enemy of war, the friend of all men,
+who said that he did not know to which of the ten nationalities he owed
+his intellect, is now writing Battle Songs (_Schlachtenlieder_), and
+Songs of the Flag (_Fahnenlieder_), apostrophizing the enemy, praising
+and dealing death. (At the age of fifty-one he is learning to bear arms,
+and has enlisted against the Russians.) Gerhart Hauptmann, whom Fritz
+von Unruh calls "the poet of brotherly love," has shaken off his
+neurasthenia, and bids men "mow down the grass which drips with blood."
+Franz Wedekind is pouring out invectives against Czarism, Lissauer
+against England. Arno Holz is raving deliriously. Petzold desires to be
+in every bullet that enters an enemy's heart; whilst Richard Nordhausen
+has written an Ode to a Howitzer.[30]
+
+At first the younger writers as well were possessed with the same
+madness for war; but, in contact with the sufferings they endured and
+inflicted, it quickly disappeared. Fritz von Unruh enlisted as a Uhlan,
+and left for the front, crying "Paris, Paris is our goal!" Since the
+Battle of the Aisne, in September, he has written "Der Lamm": "_Lamb of
+God, I have seen thy look of suffering. Give us peace and rest; lead us
+back to the heaven of love, and give us back our dead_." Rudolf
+Leonhard sang of war at the beginning, and is still fighting; on
+re-reading his poems shortly afterwards, he wrote on the front page:
+"_These were written during the madness of the first weeks. That madness
+has spent itself, and only our strength is left. We shall again win
+control over ourselves and love one another._" Poets, hitherto unknown,
+are revealed by the cry of compassion wrung from their anguished hearts.
+To Andrea Fram, who has remained at home, it is a grief that he does not
+suffer, whilst thousands of others suffer and die. "_All thy love, and
+all thy agony, in spite of thy ardent desire, avail not to soothe the
+last hour of a single man who is dying yonder._" Upon Ludwig Marck each
+minute weighs like a nightmare:--
+
+    Menschen in Not....
+    Brüder dir tot....
+    Krieg ist im Land....
+
+The poet who writes under the pseudonym of Dr. Owlglass proposed a new
+ideal for Germany, on the seventieth anniversary of the birth of
+Nietzsche (October 15th): not the superman, but at least--man. And Franz
+Werfel realizes this ideal in poems thrilling with a mournful humanity,
+which takes part in the sacrament of misery and death:
+
+"_We are bound together not only by our common words and deeds, but
+still more by the dying glance, the last hours, the mortal anguish of
+the breaking heart. And whether you bow down before the tyrant, or gaze
+trembling into the beloved's countenance, or mark down your enemy with
+pitiless glance, think of the eye that will grow dim, of the failing
+breath, the parched lips and clenched hands, the final solitude, and the
+brow that grows moist in the last agony.... Be kind.... Tenderness is
+wisdom, kindness is reason[31].... We are strangers all upon this
+earth, and die but to be reunited._"[32]
+
+But the one German poet who has written the serenest and loftiest words,
+and preserved in the midst of this demoniacal war an attitude worthy of
+Goethe, is Hermann Hesse. He continues to live at Berne, and, sheltered
+there from the moral contagion, he has deliberately kept aloof from the
+combat. All will remember his noble article in the _Neue Zürcher
+Zeitung_ of November 3rd, "_O Freunde, nicht diese Töne!_" in which he
+implored the artists and thinkers of Europe "to save what little peace"
+might yet be saved, and not to join with their pens in destroying the
+future of Europe. Since then he has written some beautiful poems, one
+of which, an Invocation to Peace, is inspired with deep feeling and
+classical simplicity, and will find its way to many an oppressed heart.
+
+    Jeder hat's gehabt
+    Keiner hat's geschätzt.
+    Jeden hat der süsse Quell gelabt.
+    O wie klingt der Name Friede jetzt!
+
+    Klingt so fern und zag,
+    Klingt so tränenschwer,
+    Keiner weiss und kennt den Tag,
+    Jeder sehnt ihn vol Verlangen her....
+
+("Each one possessed it, but no one prized it. Like a cool spring it
+refreshed us all. What a sound the word Peace has for us now!
+
+"Distant it sounds, and fearful, and heavy with tears. No one knows or
+can name the day for which all sigh with such longing.")
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The attitude of the younger reviews is curious: for whereas the older,
+traditional reviews (those which correspond to our _Revue des Deux
+Mondes_ or our _Revue de Paris_) are more or less affected by military
+fervor--thus, for instance, the _Neue Rundschau_, which printed Thomas
+Mann's notorious vagaries on Culture and Civilization (_Gedanken im
+Kriege_)--many of the younger ones affect a haughty detachment from
+actual events.
+
+That impassive publication, _Blätter für die Kunst_, over which broods
+the invisible personality of Stefan George, published at the end of 1914
+a volume of poems of 156 pages, which did not contain a single line
+referring to the war. A note at the end affirms that the points of view
+of the various authors have not changed on account of recent events, and
+anticipates the objection that "this is not the time for poetry," by the
+saying of Jean Paul: "No period has so much need of poetry, as the one
+which thinks it can do without it."
+
+_Die Aktion_, a vibrating, audacious Berlin review, with an ultra-modern
+point of view, totally different from the calm impersonality of _Blätter
+für die Kunst_, stated in its issue of August 15, 1914, that it would
+not concern itself with politics, but would contain only literature and
+art. And if it finds room in its literary columns for the war poems sent
+from the field of battle by the military doctors, Wilhelm Klemm and Hans
+Kock, it is in consideration of their value as art, and not for the
+vivacity of their patriotic sentiments; for it scoffs mercilessly at
+the ridiculous bards of German Chauvinism, at Heinrich Vierordt, the
+author of _Deutschland, hasse_, at the criminal poets who stir up hatred
+with their false stories, and at Professor Haeckel. The dilettantism of
+this review is extreme. Its weekly issues contain translations from the
+French of André Gide, Péguy, and Léon Bloy, and reproductions of the
+works of Daumier, Delacroix, Cézanne, Matisse, and R. de la Fresnaye:
+(cubism flourishes in this Berlin review). The issue of October 24th is
+devoted to Péguy, and contains, as frontispiece, Egon Schiele's portrait
+of the man, who is honored by Franz Pfemfert, the editor, as "the purest
+and most vigorous moral force in French literature of today." Let us
+hasten to add, however, that, as is often the case on the other side of
+the Rhine, they are carried away by their zeal in deploring his death as
+of one of their countrymen, and in proclaiming themselves his heirs. But
+the pride which admires is at least superior to the pride which
+disparages.
+
+The most important of these young reviews is _Die Weissen Blätter_;
+important on account of the variety of questions it deals with, and the
+value and number of its contributors, as well as for the
+broad-mindedness of its editor--René Schickele. An Alsatian by birth,
+he belongs to those who feel most acutely the bitterness of the present
+struggle. After an interval of three months _Die Weissen Blätter_, which
+almost corresponds to our _Nouvelle Revue Française_, reappeared in
+January last with the following declaration, akin to that of the _Revue
+des Nations_, at Berne. "_It seems good to us to begin the work of
+reconstruction, in the midst of the war, and to aid in preparing for the
+victory of the spirit. The community of Europe is at present apparently
+destroyed. Is it not the duty of all of us who are not bearing arms, to
+live from today onwards according to the dictates of our conscience, as
+it will be the duty of every German when once the war is over?_"
+
+By the side of these disinterested manifestoes about actual politics,
+appear lengthy historical novels (_Tycho Brahé_ by Max Brod) and
+satirical comedies by Carl Sternheim, who continues to scourge the upper
+classes of German society, and the capitalists, for _Die Weissen
+Blätter_ is open to all questions of the day. But in spite of the actual
+differences which must necessarily exist between a German and a French
+review, we cannot but point out the frankly hostile attitude of these
+writers to all the excesses of Chauvinism. The articles of Max Scheler,
+"Europe and the War," show an impartial attitude which is entirely
+praiseworthy. The review opens its columns to the loyal Annette Kolb,
+who, as the daughter of a German father and of a French mother, suffers
+keenly in this conflict between the parts of her nature, and has lately
+raised a tempest in Dresden, where in a public lecture she had the
+courage to admit her fidelity to both sides, and to express her regret
+that Germany should fail to understand France. In the February number,
+under the title "Ganz niedrich hängen!" there appeared a violent
+repudiation of the _Krieg mit dem Maul_ (the war of tongues); "_If
+journalists hope to inspire courage by insulting the enemy, they are
+mistaken--we refuse such stimulants. We dare to maintain our opinion,
+that the humblest volunteer of the enemy, who from an unreasoned but
+exalted sentiment of patriotism, fires upon us from an ambush, knowing
+well what he risks, is much superior to those journalists who profit by
+the public feeling of the day, and under cover of high-sounding words of
+patriotism do not fight the enemy but spit upon him._"
+
+Of all these young writers who are striving to preserve the integrity of
+their minds against the force of national passions, the one whose
+personality has been most exalted by this tempest, the most eloquent,
+courageous, and decided of all is Wilhelm Herzog. He is the editor of
+the _Forum_ at Munich, and like our own Péguy, when he began to publish
+his _Cahiers de la Quinzaine_, he fills almost the whole of his review
+with his own burning articles. The enthusiastic biographer of H. von
+Kleist, he sees and judges the events of his own time with the eyes of
+that indomitable spirit. The German censor attempts in vain to silence
+him and to forbid the publication of the lectures of Spitteler and of
+Annette Kolb; his indignation and cries of vengeful irony spread even to
+us. He attacks bitterly the ninety-three intellectuals who "_fancy they
+are all Ajaxes because they bray the loudest_," those politicians of the
+school of Haeckel, who make a new division of the world, those patriotic
+bards who insult other nations; he attacks Thomas Mann mercilessly,
+scoffs at his sophistry, and defends France, the French Army,[33] and
+French civilization against him; he points out that the great men of
+Germany (Grünwald, Dürer, Bach, and Mozart amongst others) have always
+been persecuted, humiliated, and calumniated.[34] In an article entitled
+"_Der neue Geist_,"[35] after having scoffed at the banality that has
+reappeared in the German theaters, and the literary mediocrity of
+patriotic productions, he asked where this "new spirit" may be found,
+and this gives him an opportunity to demolish Ostwald and Lasson.
+
+"_Where is it to be found? In the Hochschulen? Have we not read that
+incredibly clumsy_ (unwahrscheinlich plumpen) _appeal of the 99
+professors? Have we not appreciated the statements of that double
+centenarian_ (des zweihundertjährige Mummelgreises) _mummy Lasson? When
+I was studying philosophy as an undergraduate at the University of
+Berlin, the theatre in which he lectured was a place of amusement_
+(Lachkabinett) _for us--nothing more. And today people take him
+seriously! English, French, and Italian papers print his senile
+babblings against Holland, as typical of the_ Stimmung _of the German
+intellectuals. The wrong that these privy councillors and professors
+have done us with their Aufklärungsarbeit can hardly be measured. They
+have isolated themselves from humanity by their inability to realize the
+feelings of others._"
+
+In opposition to these false representatives of a nation, these cultured
+gossips and political adventurers, he extols the silent ones, the great
+mass of the people of all nations who suffer in silence; and he joins
+with them in "the invisible community of sorrow."
+
+"_One who is suffering and knows that his sorrow is shared by millions
+of other beings, will bear it calmly; he will accept it willingly even,
+because he knows that he is enriched thereby, made stronger, more
+tender, more humane._"[36]
+
+And he quotes the words of old Meister Eckehart: "_Suffering is the
+fastest steed that will bear you to perfection._"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At the close of this summary review of the young writers of the war, a
+place must be found for those whom the war has crushed--they counted
+amongst the best. Ernst Stadler was an enthusiastic admirer of French
+art and of the French spirit. He translated Francis Jammes, and on the
+eve of his death, in November, he was writing to Stefan Zweig from the
+trenches about the poems of Verlaine, which he was translating. The
+unfortunate George Trakl, the poet of melancholy, was made lieutenant of
+a sanitary column in Galicia, and the sight of so much suffering drove
+him to despair and death. And there are many hidden tragedies, still
+unrevealed. When they are made known, humanity will tremble in
+contemplating its handiwork.
+
+I reflected, as doubtless many of my French readers have also done, in
+reading through these German writings inspired by the war--writings
+through which from time to time there passes a mighty breath of revolt
+and sorrow--that our young writers are not writing "literature." Instead
+of books they give us deeds, and their letters. And in re-reading some
+of their letters I thought that ours had chosen the better part. It is
+not for me now to point out the position that this heroic correspondence
+will occupy, not only in our history but also in our literature. Into it
+the flower of our youth has put all its life, its faith and its genius:
+and for some of those letters I would give many of the finest lines of
+the noblest poems. Whatever be the result of this war, and the opinion
+as to its value later, it will be recognized that France has written on
+paper, mud-stained and often blotted with blood, some of its sublimest
+pages. Assuredly this war touches us more nearly than it does our
+adversaries, for who of us would have the heart to write a play or a
+novel whilst his country is in danger and his brothers dying?
+
+But I will make no comparisons between the two nations. For the present
+the essential thing is to show that even in Germany there are certain
+finer minds who are fighting against the spirit which we hate--the
+spirit of grasping imperialism and inhuman pride, of military caste and
+the megalomania of pedants. They are but a minority--we have no
+illusions about that--and we ought to redouble our efforts on that
+account to vanquish the common enemy. Why then should we trouble to make
+these generous but feeble voices heard? Because their merit is the
+greater for being so little heeded; because it is the duty of those who
+are fighting for justice to render justice in their turn to all those
+men, even when they dwell in a country in which the state represents the
+violation of right by _Faustrecht_, who are defending with us the spirit
+of liberty.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, April 19, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XV. THE MURDER OF THE ÉLITE
+
+
+The phrase is not new-coined today;[37] but the fact is. Never in any
+period, have we seen humanity throwing into the bloody arena all its
+intellectual and moral reserves, its priests, its thinkers, its
+scholars, its artists, the whole future of the spirit--wasting its
+geniuses as food for cannon.
+
+A great thing, doubtless, when the struggle is great, when a people
+fights for an eternal cause, the fervor of which fires the whole nation,
+from the smallest to the greatest; when it fuses all the egoisms,
+purifies desire, and out of many souls makes one unanimous soul. But if
+the cause be suspect or if it is tainted (as we judge that of our
+adversaries to be), what will be the situation of a moral élite which
+has preserved the sad and lofty privilege of perceiving at least a part
+of the truth, and which must nevertheless fight and die and kill for a
+faith which it doubts?
+
+Those passionate natures that are intoxicated by fighting or are
+voluntarily blinded by the necessities of action are not troubled by
+these questions. For them the enemy is a single mass; nothing else
+exists for them but this, for they have to break it; it is their
+function and their duty. And to each his special duty. But if minorities
+do not exist for such men, they do exist for us who, since we are not
+fighting, have the liberty and the duty to see every aspect of the
+case--we who form part of the eternal minority, the minority which has
+been, is, and always will be eternally oppressed. It is for us to hear
+and to proclaim these moral sufferings! Plenty of others repeat or
+invent the jubilant echoes of the struggle. May other voices be raised
+to give the tragic accents of the fight and its sacred horror!
+
+I shall take my examples from the enemy camp, for several reasons:
+because the German cause being from the first tainted with injustice,
+the sufferings of the few who are just, and the still fewer who have
+spiritual perceptions are greater there than elsewhere; because these
+evidences appear openly in publications whose boldness the German
+censorship has not perceived; because I bow with respect to the heroic
+discipline of silence which France in fighting imposes on her
+sufferings. (Would to God that this silence were not broken by those
+who, trying to deny these sufferings, profane the grandeur of the
+sacrifice by the revolting levity of their silly jests in newspapers
+which are without either gravity or dignity.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have shown in the last chapter that a part of the intellectual youth
+of Germany was far from sharing the war-madness of its elders. I cited
+certain energetic reproofs delivered by these young writers to the
+theorists of imperialism. And these writers are not, as one might think
+from an article in the _Temps_ (though I gladly pay a tribute to its
+honesty), merely a small group as narrow as that of our symbolists. They
+count among them writers who appeal to a large public and who do not set
+out in any way (except for the group of Stefan George) to write for a
+_select few_--they wish to write for all. I stated, too, that the
+boldest review of all, Wilhelm Herzog's _Forum_, was read in the German
+trenches and received approbation thence.
+
+But what is more astonishing, this spirit of criticism has possessed
+some of the combatants and even made its appearance among German
+officers. In the November-December number of the _Friedens-Warte_,
+published in Berlin, Vienna, and Leipzig, by Dr. Alfred H. Fried, there
+occurs "An appeal to the Germanic peoples," addressed, at the end of
+October, by Baron Marschall von Biberstein, Landrat of Prussia and
+captain in the 1st Foot Guards reserve. This article was written in a
+trench north of Arras, where on the 11th of November, Biberstein was
+killed. He expresses unreservedly his horror of the war and his ardent
+desire that it may be the last: "_That is the conviction of those at the
+front who are witnesses of the unspeakable horrors of modern warfare._"
+Even more praiseworthy is Biberstein's frankness when he decides to
+begin a confession and a _mea culpa_ for the sins of Germany. "_The war
+has opened my eyes_," he says, "_to our terrible unlovableness
+(Unbeliebtheit). Everything has its cause; we must have given cause for
+this hatred; and even in part have justified it.... Let us hope that it
+will not be the least of the advantages of this war that Germany will
+turn round on herself, will search out and recognize her faults and
+correct them._" Unfortunately even this article is spoiled by Germanic
+pride which, desiring a world peace, sets out to impose it on the world.
+Herein it recalls in some respects the bellicose pacifism of the too
+celebrated Ostwald.
+
+But another officer (of whom I spoke in my last chapter) the poet Fritz
+von Unruh, first Lieutenant of Uhlans on the western front, has written
+dramatic scenes in verse and prose. These have appeared recently under
+the title _Before the Decision (Vor der Entscheidung)_. It is a dramatic
+poem in which the author has noted his own impressions and his moral
+transformations. The hero, who like himself, is an officer of Uhlans,
+passes through various centers of the war and remains everywhere a
+stranger; his soul is detached from murderous passions, he sees the
+abominable reality until his sufferings from it amount to agony. The two
+scenes reproduced by the _Neue Zürcher Zeitung_ show us a muddy and
+bloodstained trench, where German soldiers, like beasts in a
+slaughter-house, die or await death with bitter words--and officers
+getting drunk on champagne around a 42mm. mortar, laughing and getting
+excited till they fall beneath the weight of sleep and fatigue.
+
+From the first scene I take these terrible words of one of those who
+wait in the trenches under fire of the machine guns, a _Dreissigjæhriger_
+(man of thirty).
+
+     In my village they are laughing--they drink to each victory. They
+     slaughter us like butcher's cattle--and they say "It's war!" When
+     it is over, they are no fools, they will feast us for three years.
+     But the first cripple won't be grey headed before they will laugh
+     at his white hairs.
+
+And the Uhlan, possessed by horror in the midst of the massacre, falls
+on his knees and prays:
+
+     Thou who gavest life and takest it--how shall I recognize Thee? (In
+     these trenches strewn with mutilated bodies) I find Thee not. Does
+     the piercing cry of these thousands suffocated in the terrible
+     embrace of Death reach not up to Thee? Or is it lost in frozen
+     space? For whom does Thy Springtime blossom? For whom is the
+     splendor of Thy suns? For whom, O God? I ask it of thee in the name
+     of all those whose mouths are closed by courage and by fear in face
+     of the horror of Thy darkness: What heat is left within me? What
+     light of truth? Can this massacre be Thy will? Is it indeed Thy
+     will?
+
+(_He loses consciousness and falls._)
+
+A pain less lyrical, less ecstatic, more simple, more reflective, and
+nearer to ourselves marks the sequence of _Feldpostbriefe_ of Dr. Albert
+Klein, teacher in the Oberrealschule at Giessen and Lieutenant of the
+Landwehr, killed on the 12th of February in Champagne.[38] Passing over
+what are, perhaps, the most striking pages from the point of view of
+artistic quality and power of thought, I will only give two extracts
+from these letters which are likely to be of special interest to French
+readers.
+
+The first describes for us with an unusual frankness the moral condition
+of the German army:
+
+     Brave, without care for his own life! Who is there among us that is
+     that? We all know too well our own worth and our own possibilities;
+     we are in the flower of our age: force is in our arms and in our
+     souls; and as no one willingly dies, no one is brave (_tapfer_) in
+     the usual sense of the word: or at least such are very rare. It is
+     just because bravery is so rare in life, it is just for that that
+     we expend so much religion, poetry, and thought (and this begins
+     already at school), in celebrating as the highest fate death for
+     one's fatherland, until it attains its climax in the false heroism
+     which makes such a sensation about us in newspapers and speeches
+     and which is so cheap--and also in the true heroism of a small
+     number who do risk themselves and lead on the others.... We do our
+     duty, we do what we _ought_; but it is a passive virtue.... When I
+     read in the papers the scribblings of those who have a bad
+     conscience because they are safely in the rear--when I read this
+     talk which makes every soldier into a hero, I feel hurt. Heroism
+     is a rare growth, and you cannot build on it a citizen army. To
+     keep such an army together the men must respect their superiors,
+     and even fear them more than the enemy. And the superiors must be
+     conscientious, do their duty well, know their business thoroughly,
+     decide rapidly, and have control of their nerves. When we read the
+     praises which those behind the line write of us, we blush. Thank
+     God, old-fashioned, robust shame is not dead in us.... Ah! my dear
+     friends, those who are here don't speak so complacently of death,
+     of disease, of sacrifice, and of victory as do those who behind the
+     line ring the bells, make speeches, and write newspapers. The men
+     here accustom themselves as best they may to the bitter necessity
+     of suffering and of death if fate wills; but they know and see that
+     many noble sacrifices, innumerable, innumerable sacrifices have
+     already been made, and that already for a long while we shall have
+     had more than enough of destruction on our side as well as the
+     other. It is precisely when one has to look suffering in the face
+     as I have that a tie begins to be formed that unites one to those
+     over there, on the other side (and one that unites you too with
+     them, my friends! Yes, surely you feel it too, don't you?) If I
+     come back from here (which I scarcely hope for any more) my dearest
+     duty will be to soak myself in the study and the thoughts of those
+     who have been our enemies. I wish to reconstruct my nature on a
+     wider basis.... And I believe that it will be easier after this war
+     than after any other to be a human being.
+
+The second fragment is the account of a touching encounter with a French
+prisoner:
+
+     Yesterday evening I was strangely touched. I happened to see a
+     convoy of prisoners and I talked to one of them, a colleague of
+     mine, Professor of classical philology in the college of F----.
+     Such an open-minded, intelligent man, and with such a fine military
+     bearing, like all his fellows, although they had just been through
+     a terrible experience of machine-gun fire.... It was a proof to me
+     of the senselessness of the war. I thought how much one would have
+     liked to be the friend of these men, who are so near us in their
+     education, their mode of life, the circle of their thought and
+     their interest. We started talking about a book on Rousseau and we
+     began to dispute like old philologists.... How much we are alike in
+     force and worth! And how little truth there is in what our papers
+     tell us of the shaken and exhausted conditions of the French
+     troops! As true, or rather as untrue, as what the French newspapers
+     write about us.... My French colleague showed in his remarks such a
+     balanced mind and such understanding and admiration of German
+     thought! To think that we were made so clearly to be friends and
+     that we had to be separated! I was altogether overcome, and sat
+     down crushed by it. I thought and thought and could not escape my
+     mood by any sophistry. No end, no end to war, which for nearly six
+     months now has swallowed in its gulf men, fortunes, and happiness!
+     And this feeling is the same with us as with the other side. It is
+     always the same picture: we do the same thing, we suffer the same
+     thing, we are the same thing. And it is precisely for this reason
+     that we are so bitterly at enmity....
+
+The same accent of troubled anguish, together with a despair which at
+moments nearly reaches to madness, and at others breathes a religious
+fervor, are seen in the letters of a German soldier to a teacher in
+German Switzerland. (We have known of these at the Prisoners' Agency for
+three or four months and they were published in _Foi et Vie_ of April
+15th.[39] They have been passed over in silence, so we shall persist in
+calling attention to them, for they thoroughly deserve it). In these
+letters, which cover from the second fortnight of August to the end of
+December, we see from the 25th of August onwards the evidence of a
+desire for peace among the German soldiers.
+
+     We all, even those who were hottest for the fight at the beginning,
+     want nothing now but peace, our officers just as much as
+     ourselves.... Convinced as we are of the necessity to conquer,
+     warlike enthusiasm does not exist among us; we fulfil our duty, but
+     the sacrifice is hard. We suffer in our souls.... I cannot tell you
+     the sufferings I endure....
+
+     September 20th. A friend writes to me: "On the 20th to 25th of
+     August I took part in big battles; since then I suffer morally even
+     to complete exhaustion, both physical and spiritual. My soul finds
+     no repose.... This war will show us how much of the beast still
+     survives in man, and this revelation will cause us to make a great
+     step out of animalism: if not, it is all up with us!"
+
+     November 28th. (_A splendid passage where one almost hears the
+     voice of Tolstoi._) What are all the torments of war compared to
+     the thoughts that obsess us night and day? When I am on some hill
+     from which my view commands the plain, this is the idea which
+     ceaselessly tortures me: down there in the valley the war rages;
+     those brown lines which furrow the landscape are full of men who
+     are facing one another as enemies. And up there on the hill
+     opposite you there is, perhaps, a man who, like you, is
+     contemplating the woods and the blue sky and perhaps ruminating the
+     same thoughts as you, his enemy! This continual proximity might
+     make one mad! And one is tempted to envy one's comrades who can
+     kill time in sleeping and playing cards.
+
+     December 17th. The desire for peace is intense in every one; at
+     least, in all those who are at the front and who are obliged to
+     assassinate and be assassinated. The newspapers say that it's
+     hardly possible to restrain the warlike ardor of the fighters....
+     They lie--consciously or unconsciously. Our chaplains in their
+     sermons dispute the legend that our military ardor is
+     slackening.... You can hardly believe how such tittle-tattle annoys
+     us. Let them be silent, and let them not talk about things of which
+     they can know nothing! Or better still, let them come not as
+     almoners who keep to the rear, but into the firing-line, rifle in
+     hand! Perhaps then they will get to know of the inner changes which
+     take place in so many of us. According to these chaplains, any one
+     who is without warlike enthusiasm is not a man such as our age
+     demands. To me it seems that we are greater heroes than the others,
+     we, who without being upheld by warlike enthusiasm, accomplish
+     faithfully our duty, while hating war with our whole souls.... They
+     talk of a holy war ... I know of no holy war. I only know of one
+     war which is the sum of all that is inhuman, impious, and bestial
+     in man; it is God's chastisement and a call to repentance for the
+     people that throws itself into war or lets itself be drawn into it.
+     God sends men through this hell so that they may learn to love
+     heaven. For the German people this war seems to me to be a
+     punishment and a call to repentance,--and most of all for our
+     German Church. I have friends who suffer at the idea of being
+     unable to do anything for the fatherland. Let them stay at home
+     with a calm conscience! All depends on their peaceful work. But let
+     the war enthusiasts come! Perhaps they will learn to keep silent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Why publish these pages?" I shall be asked by some people in France.
+"What good is it, when once war is let loose, to arouse pity for our
+adversaries, at the risk of blunting the ardor of the combatants?"--I
+answer, because it is the truth, and because the truth substantiates our
+judgment, the judgment of the whole world against the German leaders and
+their policy. What their armies have done we know; but that they were
+able to do it containing as they did such elements as those whose
+confessions we have just heard, incriminates still more deeply their
+masters. From the depths of the battlefield, these voices of a
+sacrificed minority rise up as a vengeful condemnation of the
+oppressors. To the accusations drawn up against predatory Empires and
+their inhuman pride, in the name of violated right, of outraged humanity
+by the victim peoples and by the combatants, is added the cry of pain of
+the nobler souls of their own people whom the bad shepherds who let
+loose this war have led and constrained into murder and madness. To
+sacrifice one's body is not the worst suffering, but also to sacrifice,
+to deny, to kill one's own soul!--You who die at least for a just cause,
+and who, full of sap and loaded with faith, fall like ripe fruit, how
+sweet is your lot beside this torture! But we shall so act that these
+sufferings shall not be vain.
+
+Let the conscience of humanity hear and accept their complaint! It will
+resound in the future above the glory of battles; and whether she wills
+or no, History will place it on her register. History will do justice
+between the hangmen and their peoples. And the peoples will learn how to
+deliver themselves from their hangmen.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, June 14, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XVI. JAURÈS
+
+
+Battles are being fought under our eyes in which thousands of men are
+dying, yet the sacrifice of their lives does not always influence the
+issue of the combat. In other cases the death of a single man may be a
+great battle lost for the whole of humanity. The murder of Jaurès was
+such a disaster.
+
+Whole centuries were needed to produce such a life; rich civilizations
+of North and South, of past and present, spread out on the good soil of
+France, matured beneath our Western skies. The mysterious chance which
+combines elements and forces will not easily produce a noble spirit like
+his a second time.
+
+Jaurès is a type, almost unique in modern times, of the great political
+orator who is also a great thinker, and who combines vast culture with
+penetrating observation, and moral grandeur with energetic activity. We
+must go back to antiquity to find one who, like him, could stir the
+crowd and give pleasure to the few; pour out his overflowing genius not
+only in his speeches and social treatises, but also in his philosophical
+and historical works;[40] and leave on all things the impress of his
+personality, the furrow of his robust labor, the seeds of his
+progressive mind. I have listened to him often in the Chamber, at
+socialist congresses, at meetings held on behalf of oppressed nations;
+he even did me the honor of presenting my _Danton_ to the people of
+Paris. Again I see his full face, calm and happy like that of a kindly,
+bearded ogre; his small eyes, bright and smiling; eyes as quick to
+follow the flight of ideas as to observe human nature. I see him pacing
+up and down the platform, walking with heavy steps like a bear, his arms
+crossed behind his back, and turning sharply to hurl at the crowd, in
+his monotonous, metallic voice, words like the call of a trumpet, which
+reached the farthest seats in the vast amphitheatre, and went straight
+to the heart, making the soul of the whole multitude leap in one united
+emotion. What beauty there was in the sight of these proletarian masses
+stirred by the visions which Jaurès evoked from distant horizons,
+imbibing the thought of Greece through the voice of their tribune!
+
+Of all this man's gifts the most fundamental was to be essentially a
+_man_--not the man of a single profession, or class, or party, or
+idea--but a complete, harmonious, and free man. His all-comprehensive
+nature could be the slave of nothing. The highest manifestations of life
+flowed together and met in him. His intelligence demanded unity,[41] his
+heart was full of a passion for liberty,[42] and this twofold instinct
+protected him alike from party despotism and anarchy. His spirit sought
+to encompass all things, not in order to do violence to them, but to
+bring them into harmony. Above all, he had the power of seeing the
+_human_ element in all things, and this universal sympathy was equally
+averse to narrow negation and fanatical affirmation. All intolerance
+inspired him with horror.[43]
+
+He had put himself at the head of a great revolutionary party, but it
+was with the desire "of saving the great work of democratic revolution
+from the sickening and brutal odor of blood, murder, and hatred which
+still clings to the memory of the middle-class Revolution." In his own
+name, and in the name of his party, he demanded "with regard to all
+doctrines, respect for the human personality and for the spirit which is
+manifested in each." The mere feeling of the moral antagonism which
+exists between man and man, even when there is no open conflict, the
+sense of the invisible barriers which render human brotherhood
+impossible, was painful to him. He could not read those words of
+Cardinal Newman in which he speaks of the gulf of damnation, which, even
+in this life, is fixed between men, without having "a sort of
+nightmare.... He saw the abyss ready to gape beneath the feet of fragile
+and unhappy human beings who think themselves bound together by a
+community of sympathy and suffering"--the sadness of this thought
+obsessed him.
+
+To fill in this abyss of misunderstanding was his life-work. Herein lay
+the originality of his standpoint, that although he was the spokesman of
+the most advanced parties, he became the continual mediator between
+conflicting ideas. He sought to unite them all in the service of
+progress and of the common good. In philosophy he united idealism and
+realism--in history, the past and the present--in politics, the love of
+his own country and a respect for other countries.[44] He refrained from
+denouncing that which has been, in the name of that which is to be, as
+many so-called free-thinkers have done; and far from condemning, he
+upheld the theories of all those who had been fighters in past
+centuries, to whatever party they might have belonged. "We reverence the
+past," he said. "Not in vain have blazed the hearths of all the
+generations of mankind--but it is we who are advancing, who are
+fighting for a new ideal, it is we who are the true inheritors of the
+hearth of our ancestors. We have taken the flame thereof, you have
+preserved only the ashes." (January, 1909.) In his Introduction to
+_l'Histoire socialiste de la Révolution_, in which he attempts to
+reconcile Plutarch, Michelet, and Karl Marx, he writes: "We hail with
+equal respect all men of heroic will. History, even when conceived as a
+study of economic forms, will never dispense with individual valor and
+nobility. The moral level of society tomorrow will be determined by the
+standard of morality of conscience today. So that, to offer the examples
+of all the heroic fighters who for the past century have been inspired
+by an ideal and held death in sublime contempt, is to do revolutionary
+work." In everything he touches he achieves a generous synthesis of
+life; he imposes his grand panoramic conception of the universe, the
+sense of the manifold and moving unity of all things. This admirable
+equilibrium of countless elements presupposes in the man who achieves it
+magnificent health of body and of mind, a mastery of his whole being.
+And Jaurès possessed this mastery, and because of it he was the pilot of
+European democracy.
+
+How clear and far reaching was his foresight! In years to come, when the
+record of the war of today is set down, he will appear therein as a
+terrible witness. Was there anything he did not foresee? One needs only
+to read through his speeches during the last ten years.[45] It is yet
+too early, in the midst of the conflict, to quote freely his predictions
+concerning the coming retribution. Let us recall only his agonized
+presentiment, ever since the year 1905, of the monstrous war which was
+imminent;[46] his consciousness "of the antagonism, now muffled, now
+acute, but always profound and terrible, between Germany and England"
+(November 18, 1909);[47] his denunciation of the secret dealings of
+European finance and diplomacy, dealings which are encouraged by the
+"torpor of public spirit"; his cry of alarm at "the sensational lies of
+the press, actuated by the rotten system of capitalism, sowing panic and
+hatred, and playing cynically with the lives of millions of men, through
+mere financial considerations or delirious pride"; his contemptuous
+words for those whom he calls "the jockeys of his country"; his clear
+perception of all responsibilities;[48] his foreknowledge of the
+domesticated attitude which would be adopted in case of war by the
+Social-democratic party of Germany, to whom he showed, as in a mirror
+(at the Amsterdam Congress in 1904) their haughty weakness, their lack
+of revolutionary tradition, their want of parliamentary strength, their
+"formidable powerlessness";[49] of the attitude which certain leaders of
+French Socialism, too, and amongst others Jules Guesde, would maintain
+in the conflict between the great States of Europe;[50] and, looking
+even beyond the war, his premonition of the consequences, near and
+remote, national and international, of this conflict of nations.
+
+How would he have acted had he lived? The proletariat of Europe looked
+to him for guidance, and had faith in him--Camille Huysmans has said so
+in the speech delivered at his grave in the name of the Workers'
+International.[51] There can be no doubt that when he had fought against
+the war until all hope of preventing it was gone, he would have yielded
+loyally to the common duty of national defense and taken part in it with
+all his might. He had announced this point of view at the Congress in
+Stuttgart, in 1907, in full agreement therein with Vandervelde and
+Bebel: "If, whatever the circumstances, a nation were to refuse from the
+outset to defend itself, it would be entirely at the mercy of the
+Governments of violence, barbarism, and reaction.... A unity of mankind
+which was the result of the absorption of conquered nations by one
+dominating nation would be a unity realized in slavery." On his return
+to Paris, in giving an account of the Congress to French Socialists
+(September 7, 1907, at the Tivoli Vaux-Hall), he impressed upon them
+their double duty--war against war, so long as it is only a menace upon
+the horizon, and in the hour of danger war in defense of national
+independence. For this great European was also a great Frenchman.[52]
+Yet it is certain, too, that the firm accomplishment of his patriotic
+duty would not have prevented him from maintaining his human ideals, and
+watching with untiring eyes for every opportunity of reconstructing the
+shattered unity. Certainly he would not have allowed the vessel of
+socialism to drift, as his feeble successors have done.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He has passed from us. But the reflection of his luminous genius, his
+kindness in the bitter struggle, his indestructible optimism even in the
+midst of disaster, shine above the carnage of Europe, over which the
+dusk is gathering, like the splendor of the setting sun.
+
+There is one page which he wrote, which cannot be read without
+emotion--an immortal page in which he represents the noble Herakles,
+resting after his labors on the maternal earth:
+
+"There are hours," he says, "when in feeling the earth beneath our feet,
+we experience a joy deep and tranquil as the earth herself. How often
+on my journey along footpaths and across fields I have realized suddenly
+that it was indeed the earth on which I trod, that I belonged to her, as
+she belonged to me! Then without thinking I went more slowly, because it
+was not worth while to hasten across her surface, because I was
+conscious of her and possessed her at each step I took, and my soul was
+moving within her depths. How many times at the fall of day, as I lay by
+the side of a ditch, my eyes turned towards the faint blue of the
+eastern sky, I have suddenly realized that the earth was speeding on her
+journey hastening from the fatigues of the day and the limited horizons
+which the sun illumines, and rushing with prodigious force towards the
+serenity of night and unlimited horizons, and bearing me with her. I
+felt in my body as in my soul, and in the earth herself as in my body,
+the thrill of this journey, and a strange sweetness in those blue spaces
+which opened out before us, without a shock, without a fold, without a
+murmur. Oh! how much deeper and more intense is this kinship of our
+flesh with the earth, than the vague and wandering kinship of our eyes
+with the starry heavens. How much less beautiful the night with its
+stars would be to us, did we not feel ourselves at the same time bound
+to the earth."
+
+He has returned to the earth--that earth which belonged to him, that
+earth to which he belonged. They have again taken possession of each
+other, and his spirit is even now warming and humanizing her. Beneath
+the torrents of blood shed upon his tomb the new life and the peace of
+tomorrow are already springing. It was a favorite and often repeated
+thought of Jaurès, as of Heraclitus of old, that nothing can interrupt
+the flow of things, that "peace is only a form or aspect of war, war
+only a form or aspect of peace, and what is conflict today is the
+beginning of the reconciliation of tomorrow."
+
+R. R.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, August 2, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+TO PAGE 19 ("LETTER TO GERHART HAUPTMANN")
+
+The letter to Gerhart Hauptmann, written after the destruction of
+Louvain, and in the stress of the emotion aroused by the first news, was
+provoked by a high-sounding article of Hauptmann which appeared a few
+days previously. In that letter he rebutted the accusation of barbarism
+hurled against Germany, and returned it ... against Belgium. The article
+ended as follows:
+
+" ... I assure M. Maeterlinck that no one in Germany thinks of imitating
+the act of his 'civilized nation.' We prefer to be and to remain the
+German barbarians for whom the women and the children of our enemies are
+sacred. I can assure him that we never thoughtlessly massacre and make
+martyrs of Belgian women and children. Our witnesses are on our
+frontiers; the socialist beside the bourgeois, the peasant beside the
+savant, and the prince beside the workman: and all fight with a full
+realization of the object, for a noble and rich national treasure, for
+internal and external goods which aid the progress and the ascent of
+humanity."
+
+
+TO PAGE 41 ("ABOVE THE BATTLE")
+
+My enemies have not failed to make use of this passage to attribute to
+me sentiments of contempt with regard to the peoples of Asia and Africa.
+This charge is all the less justified in that I have precious
+friendships amongst the intellectuals of Asia, with whom I have remained
+in correspondence during this war. These friends have been so little
+misled as to my real thought that one of them, a leading Hindu writer,
+Ananda Coomaraswamy, has dedicated to me an admirable essay which
+appeared in the _New Age_ (December 1914), entitled "A World Policy for
+India," but--
+
+1. Asiatic troops, recruited amongst races of professional warriors, in
+no way represent the thought of Asia, as Coomaraswamy agrees.
+
+2. The heroism of the troops of Africa and Asia is not under discussion.
+There was no need for the hecatombs, which have been made during the
+past year, to evoke admiration for their splendid devotion.
+
+3. As regards barbarism, I am glad to confess that now the "white-skins"
+can no longer reproach "skins, black, red, or yellow" in this respect.
+
+4. It is not the latter but the former whom I blame. I denounce today
+once more with as much vigor as fourteen months ago, the short-sighted
+policy which has introduced Africa and Asia[53] into the quarrels of
+Europe. The future will justify my indictment.
+
+R. R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Abattoir of Ypres and Dixmude, the, 103.
+
+Absurdity, a ferocious, 47.
+
+Academicians and Professoren, the voice of, 153.
+
+Academy of moral science, the, 44.
+
+Address to the Civilized Nations, 60.
+
+Ador, M. Gustave, 83.
+
+Adversary, A Frenchman does not judge his, unheard, 17, 31.
+
+_Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre_, 83.
+
+Ajax, the madness of, 78.
+
+Albert, King, 93.
+
+Allies, the, 73, 98.
+
+Allophyles, 44.
+
+Angell, Norman, 137.
+
+Apostles, rival, 45.
+
+Architecture like Rheims, a piece of, 24.
+
+Archbishop of Canterbury, 12, 145.
+
+Arguments, furious, 119.
+
+Armies of the Marne and Meuse, 40.
+
+Art, 16.
+
+Aryan race, 44.
+
+Asia and Africa, forces of, 99;
+  ethnological signification of the terms of, 194.
+
+Atrocities committed in Flanders, 25;
+  in Russia, 70.
+
+Attila, 21.
+
+_Auskunfts- und Hilfsstelle für Deutsche im Ausland und Ausländer
+  in Deutschland_, 146.
+
+Austerlitz, 45.
+
+Austria, 50.
+
+Authors of these wars, criminal, 42.
+
+
+Babut, C. E., 76.
+
+Bach, 44, 163.
+
+Baker, M. P., J. Allen-, 145.
+
+Banking and war, the justification of, 110.
+
+Baptism of blood, 152.
+
+Barbarians from the poles and those from the equator, 41, 44.
+
+Barrès, 44.
+
+Baumgarten, D., 146.
+
+Bebel, 189.
+
+Bees of Holy Writ, the, 91.
+
+Beethoven, 58.
+
+Behring, 61.
+
+Belgium, the neutrality of noble, 20, 87, 93, 94.
+
+Bennett, E. K., 12.
+
+Bergson, 43.
+
+Bishops, 46.
+
+Bismarck, Prince, 45.
+
+Blind loyalty, 26.
+
+Bloody soil, 18.
+
+Bonfire, stirring up the, 42.
+
+Books of every kind and of every color, 77.
+
+Boris Godunov, 59.
+
+Brotherhood, 16, 101.
+
+Brueghel, the stumbling blind men of, 30.
+
+Bucher, Dr., of Strasbourg, 104.
+
+Bull in the arena, a, 28.
+
+
+Cæsar, 121.
+
+_Cambridge Magazine, The_, 11.
+
+Cardinals, 46.
+
+Caste, a military and feudal, 50.
+
+Catalonia, the thinkers of, 122.
+
+Catechism of Force, 139.
+
+Censor, the German, 163.
+
+Central Bureau, the, 146.
+
+Chamberlain, H. S., 28.
+
+Chauvinism, 38, 147, 160.
+
+Christianity and socialism, 45.
+
+Christians of today, 48.
+
+Cingalese, 41.
+
+City of God, 54.
+
+Civilization, the common trunk of our, 16, 41.
+
+Civil war, a, 123.
+
+Combatants, compassion and kindness between the, 101.
+
+Combats, strange, 43.
+
+Comparisons between the two nations, 167.
+
+Congress in Stuttgart in 1907, the, 189.
+
+Contagion, can we not resist this, 47.
+
+Coomaraswamy, Ananda, 194.
+
+Cornélienne, 100.
+
+Correvon, Rev. Ch., 110.
+
+Cosmic force, 11.
+
+Cossack avalanche, the, 37, 41.
+
+Coster, Charles de, 95.
+
+Courtney, Lord and Lady, of Penwith, 145.
+
+Cubism, 160.
+
+Cyclone, the, 46.
+
+Czarism, the ravenous greed of, 50, 60.
+
+
+Danger for Europe, grave, 99.
+
+D'Annunzio, 44.
+
+Dante, 25.
+
+Dehmel, 44, 61, 154.
+
+"_Der neue Geist_," 163.
+
+Destiny of nations, 10.
+
+De Unamuno, Miguel, 29.
+
+_Deutschland Ãœber Alles_, 44.
+
+Dickinson, Lowes, 10.
+
+Dickinson, Right-Hon. W. H., 145.
+
+Dilettantism, neronian, 47.
+
+Dogs of war, the, 2.
+
+Dollfus, M. Max., 83.
+
+Don Quixote, 95.
+
+Dostoievsky, 59, 61.
+
+Dryander, Dr. Ernst, 76.
+
+Dunois, Amédée, 14.
+
+Dürer, 163.
+
+Dutch Anti-War Council, 127.
+
+Duty, to seek truth in the midst of error, 26, 169.
+
+
+Eagles, the three rapacious, 50.
+
+Eckehart, Meister, 165.
+
+Egyptians, 41.
+
+Elite of the World, the, 23.
+
+Emergency committee for the assistance of Germans, Austrians, 144.
+
+Emerson's, a saying of, 117.
+
+Enemies, "for a year I (Rolland) have been rich in," 18.
+
+England, all the hatred is turned against, 102, 145.
+
+Enthusiasm, heroic, earnest, and even religious, 38.
+
+Ephebi of old calmly going to sacrifice, the, 39.
+
+Epic, this monstrous, 43.
+
+Epidemic of homicidal fury, an, 43.
+
+Esthonian nations, 66.
+
+Eucken, 43.
+
+Europe, a mutilated, 43, 123.
+
+Eycks, Van, 95.
+
+
+Faith in the virtues of one's own nation, 133.
+
+Fatality, 20; of war, 42.
+
+Father, all men are sons of the same, 106.
+
+Fatherland, our earthly, 54.
+
+Finns, the, 67.
+
+Ferrière, M. Adolphe, 89, 168.
+
+Flogged, the privilege of being, 70.
+
+Foerster, Professor W., 146.
+
+Fram, Andrea, 156.
+
+France is ruined, if, 20;
+  the true, 98;
+  sublime history, 166.
+
+Frank, 45.
+
+Fratricidal struggle, 90.
+
+Fried, Dr. Alfred H., 171.
+
+Friendly relations exist between the prisoners and their guards, 81.
+
+Fry, Mr. Roger, 11.
+
+Funeral pyre, Europe ascending its, 41.
+
+
+Galilean barque, the, 143.
+
+George, Stefan, 159, 170.
+
+German prisoners concentrated in France, 81;
+  my, friends, 99.
+
+Germany, 19;
+  intellectual élite of, 25;
+  Kultur, 28;
+  great minds of, 30, 31;
+  and England, 187.
+
+God, the great captain, 46.
+
+Goethe, our, 19, 58.
+
+Gondolf, Friedr., 29.
+
+Good and evil, the eternal struggle between, 78.
+
+Gorki, 61.
+
+Greatness, intellectual and moral, 19.
+
+Grodtken, 58.
+
+Grünwald, 163.
+
+Guesde, Jules, 188.
+
+Guilbeaux, Henri, 14.
+
+
+Haeckel, Professor Ernst, 61, 113, 160.
+
+Hague Court, the, 52.
+
+Hallucinations, passionate, 26.
+
+Hangmen, the people will learn how to deliver themselves from their, 180.
+
+Harden, Maximilian, 115.
+
+Harmony of races, a, 55.
+
+Harrach, Helene Græfin, 146.
+
+Hatred, the wounds of, 91, 100.
+
+Hauptmann, 19, 43, 61, 98, 155.
+
+Herakles, 190.
+
+Hercules, 41.
+
+Heretics, 56.
+
+Hervé, 45.
+
+Herzog, Wilhelm, 57, 163, 170.
+
+Hesse, Hermann, 157.
+
+High Court, a moral, 51.
+
+Hildebrand, 61.
+
+History will pass judgment on each of the nations at war, 15.
+
+Holy Guillotine, 110.
+
+Holy War against Russia, a, 65.
+
+Holz, Arno, 155.
+
+Honor of their state, to defend the, 26.
+
+Hugo, Victor, 120.
+
+Human Mind, the force of, 2.
+
+Humanity is a symphony of great collective souls, 54.
+
+Humperdinck, 61.
+
+Hungarians in distress, 145.
+
+Huns, the, 22.
+
+Huysmans, Camille, 188.
+
+
+Idealism and German force, 35.
+
+Ideas have no existence in themselves, 118.
+
+Idols, the history of humanity is the history of, 108.
+
+Imperialism, military, financial, feudal, republican, social
+  or intellectual, 50, 98.
+
+Imperial Rome, 48.
+
+Insulted without even a hearing, 16.
+
+Intellectual élite of Russia, the, 60.
+
+Intellectual leaders, Europe's, 8.
+
+Intellectuals, guilty, 26;
+  of Germany, 22;
+  the criminal determination of ninety-three, 28;
+  provide terrible examples of hatred, 82;
+  French, 116;
+  the furious, 151.
+
+Intelligence of the mind, 120.
+
+Intelligent few, the, 109.
+
+Internationalism, intellectual, 111.
+
+International union of women suffrage societies, 146.
+
+Invisible tribunal of humanity, 53.
+
+Ideologues, 2.
+
+Invocation to Peace, 158.
+
+Islam, threats of disturbance in the world of, 99.
+
+
+Japanese, 41.
+
+Jaurès, 11;
+  a favorite thought of, 192;
+  democracy, 186;
+  the murder of, 181.
+
+Jean-Christophe, 8.
+
+Jena, the bells of, 33.
+
+Jesuits, 46.
+
+Jesus, 15.
+
+Journalists, 162.
+
+Jupiter of the Vatican, 48.
+
+Justice to small nations, 74.
+
+
+Kalish, 58.
+
+Kant, sons of, 31, 37.
+
+Kill! Kill! I hate the war, 79.
+
+Kipling, 44.
+
+Klein, Dr. Albert, 173.
+
+Klemm, Wilhelm, 159.
+
+Klinger, 61.
+
+Knights-errant of the world, the, 39.
+
+Kock, Hans, 159.
+
+Kolb, Annette, 162, 163.
+
+Kropotkin, 61.
+
+Krupp, 109.
+
+Kultur, 28.
+
+Kulturträger, 67.
+
+
+Labor parties did not desire war, 42.
+
+_Lamm, der_, 155.
+
+Lamprecht, Karl, 44.
+
+_La Patrie_, 23.
+
+Lasson, 164.
+
+Law is the friend of the weak, 28.
+
+Laws of Nations, the, 52.
+
+Lawyers, 7.
+
+Lee, Vernon, 137.
+
+Legand, René, 187.
+
+Leibnitz, 58.
+
+Leonhard, Rudolf, 156.
+
+_Le Paquet du prisonnier de guerre_, 149.
+
+Letter to Romain Rolland, 64.
+
+Letts, the, 66.
+
+Levites, 46.
+
+Liberator, men make a master of every, 108.
+
+Liberty against barbarism, 57.
+
+Liberty, fighting for the awakening of, 38;
+  of the world, 64;
+  the wild violet of, 119.
+
+Liebermann, 61.
+
+Liebknecht, 45.
+
+Life Force, the, 9.
+
+Life, the value of, 53.
+
+Lissauer, 155.
+
+Lithuanians, 66.
+
+Louvain, 21.
+
+Love of our country, 47.
+
+Luzzatti, 47.
+
+
+Maeterlinck, 95, 193.
+
+Mahler, 59.
+
+Maladresse, 29.
+
+Malines, 21.
+
+Manifesto of Intellectuals, 27.
+
+Mann, Thomas, 28, 113, 163.
+
+Marck, Ludwig, 156.
+
+Marx, Karl, 186.
+
+Maury, M. Lucien, 168.
+
+Medicines for the soul, 91.
+
+Mesnil, Jacques, 14.
+
+Meyer, M. Arthur, 46.
+
+Michelet, 186.
+
+Middle Ages, the great monasteries of the early, 55.
+
+Militarization of the intellect, 63.
+
+Minds, the effort of great, 107.
+
+Minority vitally interested in maintaining these hatreds, 49.
+
+Miracle, men call the sudden appearance of a hidden reality a, 94.
+
+Mobilization of the forces of the pen, this, 60.
+
+Modernism, the noble chimera of, 49.
+
+Mœrlins, Frau Marie von Bülow-, 146.
+
+Molière, 113.
+
+Moloch, 48, 108.
+
+Moral epidemic, 11.
+
+Moral triumph, France has won in this war a prodigious, 100.
+
+Moroccans, 41.
+
+Mozart, 163.
+
+
+Nations subject to Russia are asking agonized questions, 73.
+
+Natorp, Paul, 146.
+
+"Necessity knows no law," 31.
+
+_Nederlandsche Anti-Oorlog Raad_, 127.
+
+Neutral countries are too much effaced, 52.
+
+Neutrality, Belgium's, 34.
+
+Newman, Cardinal, 184.
+
+Newspaper-press of the warring nations, 133.
+
+Newspapers, of both countries give publicity only to prejudiced stories
+  unfavorable to the enemy, 81;
+  jests in, 170;
+  those who behind the line ring the bells, make speeches, and write, 175;
+  they lie--consciously or unconsciously, 178.
+
+Nietzsche, 58.
+
+Nivernais, my own little town in the, 89.
+
+Nordhausen, Richard, 155.
+
+_Notre-Dame la Misère_, 91.
+
+
+Ode to a Howitzer, an, 155.
+
+Official agencies, 29.
+
+Officialdom, heroes of, 91.
+
+Omega workshops, the, 12.
+
+Organization, 111.
+
+Ostwald, 28, 111, 164.
+
+
+Paladins of God, the, 39.
+
+Pamphleteer, a maladroit, 17.
+
+Pangermanism, 68.
+
+Panslavism, 68, 71.
+
+Passion, the language of, 143.
+
+Patrimony of the human race, the, 21.
+
+Patriotism, the true formula of, 185.
+
+Peace, man deteriorates in, 28;
+  armed, 39;
+  of Europe, the, 137.
+
+Pedants of Barbarism, 29.
+
+Pedants, the megalomania of, 167.
+
+Péguy, Charles, 31, 32, 37.
+
+Pen dipped in blood, a, 79;
+  armies of the, 144.
+
+Perrier, E., 44.
+
+Perrette of the fable, 113.
+
+Petzold, 155.
+
+Pioch, Georges, 14.
+
+Plutarch, 186.
+
+Polemics is like a theft from these unfortunates, time devoted to, 98.
+
+Policy, German, 20.
+
+Pontiff, the new, 49.
+
+Pope Pius X died of grief to see the outbreak of this war, 48.
+
+Prelude to the great war of the nations, 2.
+
+Prenant, Mr., 52.
+
+Press, the war-preaching French, English and German, 49;
+  an unscrupulous, 80;
+  bullies of the, 91.
+
+Prisoner, the moral situation of the military, 82.
+
+Prisoners, civil, 85;
+  of war, 97;
+  Agency, 177.
+
+Priests are marching with the colors, 46.
+
+Problem of freedom, the, 7.
+
+Protest, the poverty of, 17.
+
+Proudhon, 2.
+
+Prussian Imperialism, 26, 50, 57.
+
+Psychologic necessity, 131.
+
+Public opinion, 53.
+
+Public safety, the famous doctrine of, 31.
+
+Publicists trying to rouse the energies of the nation, 102.
+
+
+Questions which divided you, the, 41.
+
+
+Race, the idol of, 108.
+
+Racial frenzy, 48.
+
+Rade, Martin, 146.
+
+Rappoport, Charles, 187.
+
+Reason, the unity of, 16.
+
+Red Cross, the, 82, 88.
+
+Redeemer, the, 33.
+
+Reger, 59.
+
+Régnier, de, 44.
+
+Renaitour, J. M., 14.
+
+Renan, 53.
+
+Repatriation, 90.
+
+Reprisals, a desire for, 100.
+
+Responsible for the longer duration of this horrible war? who are, 134.
+
+Retaliation, 51.
+
+Revolution, an internal, 73.
+
+Rheims, 9;
+  Cathedral, 23, 24.
+
+Rhine, your neighbors across the, 105.
+
+Riga, 66.
+
+Rivalry, the world-wide tragedy of, 128.
+
+Rodin, 17.
+
+Roentgen, 61.
+
+Rolland, Romain, 8;
+  letters to, 64;
+  attacks against, 97.
+
+Roman Empire at the time of the Tetrarchy, the, 41.
+
+Rotten, Dr. Elizabeth, 146.
+
+Rouanet, 14.
+
+Rubens, 21.
+
+Rulers, 42.
+
+Rumors circulate only too easily, 80.
+
+Russia, our alliance with, 57;
+  nations subject to, 73;
+  generous promises of, 140.
+
+Russian, autocracy, the, 50;
+  writers have been our guides for the last forty years, 59;
+  the hand of the, Government, 70;
+  evils of, Government, 71;
+  domination very oppressive, 73.
+
+
+Sacrifice, the ecstasy of, 32.
+
+Sacrilegious conflict, a, 40.
+
+Sancho Panza, 95.
+
+Savageries, 21.
+
+Scheler, Max, 162.
+
+Schickele, René, 160.
+
+Schleinitz, Nora Freiin von, 146.
+
+Schneeli, Dr., 81.
+
+Schrenck, 110.
+
+Schultze, Siegmund-, 146.
+
+Seeherrschaft of Britain, 145.
+
+Seippel, M. Paul, 52.
+
+Senegalese, 41.
+
+Sepoys, 41.
+
+Sermon on the Mount, the, 110.
+
+Shaw, Bernard, 43.
+
+Shameful record, a, 17.
+
+Sikhs, 41.
+
+Silence itself is an act, at such a time, 22;
+  the heroic discipline of France in, 170.
+
+Sin, the unpardonable, 32.
+
+Socialism, the leaders of, 40;
+  drifting, 190.
+
+Socialists, German, 45;
+  Italian, 46;
+  unite and attack both Kaiser and Czar, 49.
+
+Society of friends of foreigners in distress, 146.
+
+Sons of sorrow, geniuses are, 34.
+
+Soudanese, 41.
+
+Spirit above flesh, put, 24;
+  is the light, the, 54.
+
+Spiritual forces, 10;
+  guides of the human race, 151.
+
+Sport, this bloody and puerile, 42.
+
+Stepping-stone, a human, 10.
+
+Stern, Josef Luitpol, 155.
+
+Sterheim, Carl, 161.
+
+Strauss, 53;
+  Richard, neurotic jugglers with orchestral effects, 59.
+
+Strawinsky, 59.
+
+Sudermann, 61.
+
+Switzerland, 49;
+  the generous heart of, 54.
+
+
+Tenderness is wisdom, 157.
+
+Teutonic colossus, the, 47.
+
+Thermopylæ of Liège, the, 93.
+
+Thiesson, Gaston, 14.
+
+Thoma, Hans, 29.
+
+Till Ulenspiegel, 95.
+
+Tillys, modern, 51.
+
+Tokio, 43.
+
+Tolstoi, 16, 59.
+
+Trakl, George, 165.
+
+Trustfulness, culpable, 26.
+
+Turks, 41.
+
+
+Uebervolk, 78.
+
+Unamuno, Miguel de, 111.
+
+Underhand means, 42.
+
+Unified Europe, a, 125.
+
+Union of Democratic Control, 137.
+
+United States of Europe, a, 112.
+
+Unity of European Future, 152.
+
+
+Valmy, a hero of, 48.
+
+Vandervelde, 189.
+
+Verdict of history, the, 132.
+
+Verhaeren, 95.
+
+Vices which are profitable, 109.
+
+Victory below means defeat above, 33.
+
+Vierordt, Heinrich, 160.
+
+Voltaire, the motto of, 51.
+
+Von Biberstein, Baron Marschall, 171.
+
+Von Unruh, Fritz, 155, 172.
+
+
+Wagner, 58.
+
+War, that lies behind the present conflict, the greater, 10;
+  as a fatality, 20;
+  is war, 30;
+  international, 47;
+  between the Western nations, no reason for, 49;
+  the delightful promise of a perpetual, 105;
+  of the pen, 131.
+
+Warsaw, 54.
+
+Wedekind, Franz, 155.
+
+Weingartner, 61.
+
+Wells, 43.
+
+Werfel, Franz, 156.
+
+Whitman, Walt, 7;
+  and Tolstoi, 16.
+
+William II, 46.
+
+Wolff's Agency, 27.
+
+Wood, James, 12.
+
+Workers' International, the, 188.
+
+Wound will heal, a good open clean, 105;
+  wounded of both countries are living in terms of friendship, in
+  Germany and France alike, 82.
+
+Writers, German, 154.
+
+Wundt, 44, 61.
+
+
+Zangwill, Israel, 137.
+
+Zorothowo, 58.
+
+Zweig, Stefan, 165.
+
+
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+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] For translating "The Murder of the Elite."
+
+[2] One article only, "The Idols," may, I think, have been published in
+its entirety in _La Bataille syndicaliste_.
+
+[3] I leave my articles in their chronological order. I have changed
+nothing in them. The reader will notice, in the stress of events,
+certain contradictions and hasty judgments which I would modify
+today.... In general, the sentiments expressed have arisen out of
+indignation and pity. In proportion as the immensity of the ruin extends
+one feels the poverty of protest, as before an earthquake. "There is
+more than one war," wrote the aged Rodin to me on the 1st of October,
+1914. "What is happening is like a punishment which falls on the world."
+
+[4] A telegram from Berlin (Wolff's Agency), reproduced by the _Gazette
+de Lousanne_, August 29, 1914, has just announced that "the old town of
+Louvain, rich in works of art, exists no more to-day."
+
+[5] Written after the bombardment of Rheims Cathedral.
+
+[6] When I wrote this, I had not yet seen the monstrous article by
+Thomas Mann (in the _Neue Rundschau_ of November 1914), where, in a fit
+of fury and injured pride, he savagely claimed for Germany, as a title
+to glory, all the crimes of which her adversaries accuse her. He dared
+to write that the present war was a war of German Kultur "against
+Civilization," proclaiming that German thought had no other ideal than
+militarism, and inscribes on his banner the following lines, the apology
+of force oppressing weakness:
+
+     "_Den der Mensch verkümmert im Frieden,_
+      _Müssige Ruh ist das Grab des Muts._
+      _Das Gesetz ist der Freund des Schwachen,_
+      _Alles will es nur eben machen._
+      _Möchte gern die Welt verflachen,_
+      _Aber der Krieg lässt die Kraft erscheinen...._"
+
+(_Man deteriorates in peace. Idle rest is the tomb of courage. Law is
+the friend of the weak, it aims at levelling all; it would reduce the
+world to a level. War brings out strength._)
+
+Even so a bull in the arena, mad with rage, rushes with lowered head on
+the matador's sword, and impales himself.
+
+[7] As one of these 'pedants of barbarism' (so Miguel de Unamuno rightly
+describes them) writes, "one has the right to destroy; if one has the
+force to create" (Wer stark ist zu schaffen, der darf auch
+zerstören).--Friedr Gundolf: _Tat und Wort im Krieg_, published in the
+_Frankfurter Zeitung_, October 11th. Cf. the article of the aged Hans
+Thoma, in the _Leipziger Illustrierte Zeitung_ of October 1st.
+
+[8] _Jean-Christophe_, part V, "La Foire sur la Place." In vol. III of
+the English version.--TRANS.
+
+[9] At the very hour I wrote these lines, Charles Péguy died.
+
+[10] Alludes to a Viennese writer who had told me, a few weeks before
+the declaration of war, that a disaster for France would be a disaster
+for the liberal thinkers of Germany too.
+
+[11] See note, p. 193.
+
+[12] Liebknecht has since gloriously cleared his honor of the
+compromises of his party. I here express admiration of his attitude. (R.
+R., January 1915.)
+
+[13] Recently published in the _Corriere della Sera_ and translated by
+the _Journal de Genève_, September 1914.
+
+[14] _Le Temps_, September 4, 1914.
+
+[15] Issues of September 16 and 17, 1914: _La Guerre et le Droit_.
+
+[16] Letter dated September 15, 1871, published in _Réforme
+intellectuelle et morale_.
+
+[17] Open letter of Dr. Ernst Dryander, the First Court Preacher and
+Vice-President of the Higher Ecclesiastical Council, to C. E. Babut,
+Pastor of Nimes, September 15, 1914 (published in _l'Essor_ for the 10th
+October and the _Journal de Genève_, 18th October).
+
+[18] The newspapers of both countries give publicity only to prejudiced
+stories unfavorable to the enemy. One would imagine that they devote
+themselves to collecting only the worst cases, in order to preserve the
+atmosphere of hatred; and those to which they give predominance are
+often doubtful and always exceptional. No mention is made of anything
+that would tell in a contrary direction of prisoners who are grateful
+for their treatment, as in the letters which we have to transmit to
+their families--in which, for example, a German civil prisoner speaks of
+a pleasant walk, or of sea bathing, he has been allowed to enjoy. I have
+even come across the case of an entomologist who is peacefully absorbed
+in his researches, and profiting by his enforced sojourn in the South of
+France to complete his collection of insects.
+
+[19] On this point, I would echo the appeal in the article cited above,
+from the _Neue Zürcher Zeitung_.
+
+[20] Published by the _Daily Telegraph_, London, 1914.
+
+[21] The Editor of a great Paris paper having offered to publish my
+reply to those who attacked me, I sent him this article, which never
+appeared.
+
+[22] Paul Bourget.
+
+[23] The Evangelical pastor Schrenck in an article on "War and the New
+Testament," quoted with approval by the Rev. Ch. Correvon in the
+_Journal religieus_ of Neuchatel, November 14th.
+
+[24] In a declaration to the editor of the Swedish paper _Dagen_.
+
+[25] The famous "Appeal to the Civilized Nations" had been sent out
+shortly before this by the ninety-three German intellectuals.
+
+[26] Holland.
+
+[27] "To let a people," he said, "or still more a fraction of a people,
+decide international questions, for instance, which state shall control
+them, is as good as making the children of a house vote for their
+father. It is the most ridiculous fallacy that human wit has ever
+invented."
+
+[28] The _Svenska Dagbladet_ sent to the principal intellectuals of
+Europe an inquiry on the subject of the results which the war would
+have, "for international collaboration, in the domain of the spirit." It
+asked "with anxiety, to what extent it would be possible, once peace was
+concluded, to establish relations between the scientists, writers, and
+artists of the different nations."
+
+[29] The literary appreciation of the work cited is here treated as of
+secondary importance, in order that evidence may be discovered with
+regard to the thought of Germany.
+
+[30] See the article of Josef Luitpol Stern, "Dichter," in _Die Weissen
+Blätter_, March 1915.
+
+[31] Hohe Gemeinschaft.
+
+[32] Fremde sind wir auf der Erde alle.
+
+[33] _Die Ueberschätzung der Kunst_ (December 1914).
+
+[34] _Von der Vaterlandsliebe_ (January 1915).
+
+[35] December 1914.
+
+[36] _Hymne auf den Schmerz_ (January 1915).--It is to be noted that the
+_Forum_ is read in the trenches, and that it has received many letters
+of approval from the front. (_Der Phrasenrausch und seine Bekaempfer_,
+February 1915.)
+
+[37] I take the phrase from M. Lucien Maury in an article written before
+the war: (_Journal de Genève_) March 30, 1914. This is quoted recently
+by M. Adolphe Ferrière who, in his remarkable Doctor's thesis, _La loi
+du Progrès_ attempts to solve the tragic problem of the part played by
+the élite.
+
+[38] The review _Die Tat_, published by Eug. Diederichs at Jena, prints
+long extracts from them in its issue for May 1915.
+
+[39] With an introduction by C. E. Babut.
+
+[40] His principal philosophical work is his Doctor's thesis: _La
+réalité du monde sensible_ (1891). Another thesis (in Latin) dates from
+the same year: _Des origines du socialisme allemand_, in which he goes
+back to the Christian socialism of Luther.
+
+His great historical work is his _Histoire sociale de la Révolution_.
+Very interesting is his discussion with Paul Lafargue on _l'Idéalisme et
+le matérialisme dans la conception de l'histoire_.
+
+[41] "The need of unity is the profoundest and noblest of the human
+mind" (_La réalité du monde sensible_).
+
+[42] "This young democracy must be given a taste for liberty. It has a
+passion for equality; it has not in the same degree an idea of liberty,
+which is acquired much more slowly and with greater difficulty. We must
+give the children of the people, by means of a sufficiently lofty
+exercise of their powers of thinking, a sense of the value of man and
+consequently of the value of liberty, without which man does not exist."
+(To the teachers, January 15, 1888.)
+
+[43] "As for myself, I have never made use of violence to attack
+beliefs, whatever they may be; nay, more, I have always abstained even
+from that form of violence which consists in insult. Insult expresses a
+weak and feverish revolt, rather than the liberty of reason." (1901.)
+
+[44] "The true formula of patriotism is the equal right of all countries
+to liberty and justice; it is the duty of every citizen to increase in
+his own country the forces of liberty and justice. Those are but sorry
+patriots who in order to love and serve one country, find it necessary
+to decry the others, the other great moral forces of humanity." (1905.)
+
+[45] Or the extracts given by Charles Rappoport in his excellent book
+_Jean Jaurès, l'homme, le penseur, le socialiste_ (1915, Paris,
+_l'Emancipatrice_), with an introduction by Anatole France. From this
+book are quoted the passages referred to in the notes which follow.
+_Jean Jaurès_, a brochure by René Legand, should also be read.
+
+[46] Rappoport, _op. cit._, pp. 70-77.
+
+[47] Rappoport, p. 234.
+
+[48] In his speech at Vaise, near Lyon, July 25, 1914, six days before
+his death, he said: "Every people appears throughout the streets of
+Europe carrying its little torch; and now comes the conflagration."
+
+[49] Rappoport, p. 61.
+
+[50] Rappoport p. 369-70.
+
+[51] "Throughout the world there are six millions of us, organized
+workmen, for whom the name of Jaurès was the incarnation of the noblest
+and most complete aspiration.... I remember what he was for the workmen
+of other countries. I see still the foreign delegates who awaited his
+words before forming their final opinions; even when they were not in
+agreement with him they were glad to approach his point of view. He was
+more than the Word: he was the Conscience."
+
+[52] Who has spoken more nobly than he of the eternal France, "the true
+France, that is not summed up by an epoch or by a day, neither by the
+day of long ago, nor the day that has just passed, but the whole of
+France complete in the succession of her days, of her nights, of her
+dawns, of her shadows, of her heights and of her depths; of France, who,
+across all these mingled shades, all these half-lights and all these
+vicissitudes, goes forward towards a brilliance which she has not yet
+attained, but which is foreshadowed in her thought!" (1910.)
+
+See his masterly picture of French history, and his magnificent eulogy
+of France, at the Conference of 1905, which he was prevented from
+delivering in Berlin, and which Robert Fischer read in his place.
+
+[53] The terms Asia and Africa have not, of course, a geographical but
+an ethnological signification. Turkey is not, and never has been,
+European; and it is difficult to decide up to what points certain of the
+Balkan Powers are European.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections of typographical erros made by the etext transcriber:
+
+Tolstoï=>Tolstoi
+
+Auslænder, Auslander=>Ausländer
+
+Deutschland Uber Alles=>Deutschland Ãœber Alles
+
+Amédee=>Amédée
+
+Rene Schickele=>René Schickele
+
+René Legan=>René Legand
+
+Barrés=>Barrès
+
+Caesar=>Cæsar
+
+Cornelienne=>Cornélienne
+
+Ferriere=>Ferrière
+
+Hervè=>Hervé
+
+Kulturtrager=>Kulturträger
+
+Léonhard=>Leonhard
+
+Liége=>Liège
+
+Peguy=>Péguy
+
+Regnier=>Régnier
+
+Thermopylae=>Thermopylæ
+
+Zorothowa=>Zorothowo
+
+Graefin=>Græfin
+
+Notre-Dame la Misere=>Notre-Dame la Misère
+
+Moliere=>Molière
+
+Jaurés=>Jaurès
+
+èlan=>élan
+
+dènouement=>dénouement
+
+Dr. Ernst Drylander=>Dr. Ernst Dryander
+
+Idealogues=>Ideologues
+
+NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOGRAAD=>NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOG RAAD
+
+Sterheim=>Sternheim
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Above the Battle, by Romain Rolland
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Above the Battle, by Romain Rolland
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Above the Battle
+
+Author: Romain Rolland
+
+Release Date: June 12, 2010 [EBook #32779]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABOVE THE BATTLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned
+images of public domain material from the Google Print
+project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ABOVE THE BATTLE
+
+
+"The fire smouldering in the forest of Europe was beginning to burst
+into flames. In vain did they try to put it out in one place; it only
+broke out in another. With gusts of smoke and a shower of sparks it
+swept from one point to another, burning the dry brushwood. Already in
+the East there were skirmishes as the prelude to the great war of the
+nations. All Europe, Europe that only yesterday was sceptical and
+apathetic, like a dead wood, was swept by the flames. All men were
+possessed by the desire for battle. War was ever on the point of
+breaking out. It was stamped out, but it sprang to life again. The world
+felt that it was at the mercy of an accident that might let loose the
+dogs of war. The world lay in wait. The feeling of inevitability weighed
+heavily even upon the most pacifically minded. And ideologues, sheltered
+beneath the massive shadows of the cyclops, Proudhon, hymned in war
+man's fairest title of nobility...."
+
+_"This, then, was to be the end of the physical and moral resurrection
+of the races of the West! To such butchery they were to be borne along
+by the currents of action and passionate faith! Only a Napoleonic genius
+could have marked out a chosen, deliberate aim for this blind, onward
+rush. But nowhere in Europe was there any genius for action. It was as
+though the world had chosen the most mediocre to be its governors. The
+force of the human mind was in other things--so there was nothing to be
+done but to trust to the declivity down which they were moving. This
+both the governing and the governed classes were doing. Europe looked
+like a vast armed camp."_
+
+_Jean-Christophe_, vol. x (1912).
+
+[English translation by Gilbert Cannan, vol. iv, p. 504.]
+
+
+
+
+ABOVE THE BATTLE
+
+BY
+ROMAIN ROLLAND
+
+TRANSLATED BY
+C. K. OGDEN, M. A.
+(Editor of _The Cambridge Magazine_)
+
+CHICAGO
+
+THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY
+1916
+
+_Copyright 1916_
+
+_The Open Court Pub. Co., Chicago._
+
+_First published in 1916._
+
+(_All rights reserved._)
+
+
+    INTRODUCTION
+    CONTENTS
+    PREFACE
+    NOTES
+    FOOTNOTES
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+    _"Over the carnage rose prophetic a voice,
+    Be not dishearten'd, affection shall solve the problem of
+      freedom yet._
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _(Were you looking to be held together by lawyers?
+    Or by an agreement on a paper? or by arms?
+    Nay, nor the world, nor any living thing, will so cohere.)"_
+
+These lines of Walt Whitman will be recalled by many who read the
+following pages: for not only does Rolland himself refer to Whitman in
+his brief Introduction, but, were it not for a certain _bizarrerie_
+apart from their context, the words "Over the Carnage" might perhaps
+have stood on the cover of this volume as a striking variant on
+_Au-dessus de la Mêlée_.
+
+Yet though the voice comes to us over the carnage, its message is not
+marred by the passions of the moment. After eighteen months of war we
+are learning to look about us more calmly, and to distinguish amid the
+ruins those of Europe's intellectual leaders who have not been swept off
+their feet by the fury of the tempest. Almost alone Romain Rolland has
+stood the test. The two main characteristics which strike us in all that
+he writes are lucidity and common sense--the qualities most needed by
+every one in thought upon the war. But there is another feature of
+Rolland's work which contributes to its universal appeal. He describes
+our feelings and sensations in the presence of a given situation, not
+what actually passes before our eyes: he describes the effects and
+causes of things, but not the things themselves. Through his work for
+the _Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre_, to which one of
+the articles now collected is largely devoted, he is, moreover, in a
+position to observe every phase of the great battle between ideals and
+between nations which fills him with such anguish and indignation. And
+with his matchless insight and sympathy he gives permanent form to our
+vague feelings in these noble and inspiring essays.
+
+It will not, however, surprise the vast public who have read
+_Jean-Christophe_ to find that while so many have capitulated to the
+madness of the terrible year through which we have passed, Rolland has
+remained firm, and has surpassed himself. He was prepared. As the
+extract placed at the beginning of this volume shows, he was one of the
+few who realized only too well the horror he was powerless to prevent.
+Yet he made every effort to open the eyes of Europe and especially of
+the young, so many of whom had learned to look up to him as a leader. To
+these young men, one of the finest essays in the present collection is
+primarily addressed--_O jeunesse héroique du monde_....
+
+Eighteen months have passed and they still endure the terrible ordeal,
+the young men of Germany and France, whom he had striven so hard to
+bring together; on whose aspirations and failings _Jean-Christophe_ is a
+critical commentary. The movements and tendencies of society were there
+given a dramatic embodiment, permeated for Rolland by the Life
+Force--that struggle between Good and Bad, Love and Hatred, which makes
+life worth living. All is set down with the clear analysis of feeling
+natural to a musical critic. But in spite of his burning words on the
+destruction of Rheims, Rolland, as is clear from his other critical and
+biographical writings, is more interested in men than in their
+achievements. And the men of today interest him most passionately.
+"Young men," he has said, "do not bother about the old people. Make a
+stepping-stone of our bodies and go forward."
+
+And above all it is the permanent things in life with which he is
+concerned. As Mr. Lowes Dickinson puts it, "M. Rolland is one of the
+many who believe, though their voice for the moment may be silenced,
+that the spiritual forces that are important and ought to prevail are
+the international ones; that co-operation, not war, is the right destiny
+of nations; and that all that is valuable in each people may be
+maintained in and by friendly intercourse with the others. The war
+between these two ideals is the greater war that lies behind the present
+conflict. Hundreds and thousands of generous youths have gone to battle
+in the belief that they are going to a 'war that will end war,' that
+they are fighting against militarism in the cause of peace. Whether,
+indeed, it is for that they will have risked or lost their lives, only
+the event can show."
+
+The forces against such ideals are powerful, but Rolland is not
+dismayed. "Come, friends! let us make a stand! Can we not resist this
+contagion, whatever its nature and virulence be--whether moral epidemic
+or cosmic force." And he appeals not only in the name of humanity but in
+the name of that France which he loves so dearly--"la vraie France" of
+which Jaurès wrote (in the untranslatable words which Rolland has
+quoted), "qui n'est pas résumée dans une époque et dans un jour, ni dans
+le jour d'il y a des siècles, ni dans le jour d'hier, mais la France
+tout entière, dans la succession de ses jours, de ses nuits, de ses
+aurores, de ses crépuscules, de ses montées, de ses chutes, et qui, à
+travers toutes ces ombres mêlées, toutes ces lumières incomplètes et
+toutes ces vicissitudes, s'en va vers une pleine clarté qu'elle n'a pas
+encore atteinte, mais dont le pressentiment est dans sa pensée!"
+
+But though his love for France inspires every word that Rolland has
+written, the significance of the present volume is not less apparent to
+English readers. Some of the articles and letters now collected have
+already appeared in English, for the most part in the pages of _The
+Cambridge Magazine_, from which they have been widely quoted in the
+press. For help in rendering the translations as adequately as possible
+I may also take this opportunity of acknowledging my special
+indebtedness to Mr. Roger Fry,[1] who has just issued through the Omega
+Workshops a striking translation of some of the most recent French
+poetry inspired by the war; to Mr. James Wood, who has himself done part
+of the translation, particularly "pro Aris"; and to Mr. E. K. Bennett,
+of Caius College, whose version of "Above the Battle" has already been
+quoted by the Archbishop of Canterbury and others. For the most part,
+the articles here collected have not appeared in English before; and
+they have been almost inaccessible even in French, as their author
+explains in his Preface.
+
+C. K. OGDEN.
+
+MAGDALENE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, _January, 1916_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION BY THE TRANSLATOR                           7
+
+PREFACE                                                 15
+
+I. AN OPEN LETTER TO GERHART HAUPTMANN                  19
+
+II. PRO ARIS                                            23
+
+III. ABOVE THE BATTLE                                   37
+
+IV. THE LESSER OF TWO EVILS: PANGERMANISM,
+PANSLAVISM                                              56
+
+V. INTER ARMA CARITAS                                   76
+
+VI. TO THE PEOPLE THAT IS SUFFERING FOR JUSTICE         93
+
+VII. LETTER TO MY CRITICS                               97
+
+VIII. THE IDOLS                                        107
+
+IX. FOR EUROPE: MANIFESTO OF THE WRITERS AND
+THINKERS OF CATALONIA                                  122
+
+X. FOR EUROPE: AN APPEAL FROM HOLLAND TO THE
+INTELLECTUALS OF ALL NATIONS                           127
+
+XI. LETTER TO FREDERIK VAN EEDEN                       136
+
+XII. OUR NEIGHBOR THE ENEMY                            142
+
+XIII. A LETTER TO SVENSKA DAGBLADET OF STOCKHOLM       151
+
+XIV. WAR LITERATURE                                    153
+
+XV. THE MURDER OF THE ELITE                            168
+
+XVI. JAURÈS                                            181
+
+NOTES                                                  193
+
+INDEX                                                  195
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+NOTES OF ETEXT TRANSCRIBER
+
+
+It is my pleasant duty to thank the brave friends who have defended me
+during the past year, in the Parisian press:--at the end of October
+1914, Amédée Dunois in _l'Humanité_, and Henri Guilbeaux, in the
+_Bataille syndicaliste_; in the same paper, _Fernand Deprès_; Georges
+Pioch in the _Hommes du Jour_; J. M. Renaitour, in the _Bonnet Rouge_;
+Rouanet, in _l'Humanité_; Jacques Mesnil, in the _Mercure de France_,
+and Gaston Thiesson, in the _Guerre Sociale_. To these faithful comrades
+in the struggle I express my affectionate gratitude.
+
+R. R.
+
+_October, 1915._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+A great nation assailed by war has not only its frontiers to protect: it
+must also protect its good sense. It must protect itself from the
+hallucinations, injustices, and follies which the plague lets loose. To
+each his part: to the armies the protection of the soil of their native
+land; to the thinkers the defense of its thought. If they subordinate
+that thought to the passions of their people they may well be useful
+instruments of passion; but they are in danger of betraying the spirit,
+which is not the least part of a people's patrimony. One day History
+will pass judgment on each of the nations at war; she will weigh their
+measure of errors, lies, and heinous follies. Let us try and make ours
+light before her!
+
+Children are taught the Gospel of Jesus and the Christian ideal.
+Everything in the education they receive at school is designed to
+stimulate in them intellectual understanding of the great human family.
+Classical education makes them see, beyond the differences of race, the
+roots and the common trunk of our civilization. Art makes them love the
+profound sources of the genius of a people. Science makes them believe
+in the unity of reason. The great social movement which renews the
+world, reveals the organized effort of the working classes all round
+them to unite their forces in the hopes and struggles which break the
+barriers of nations. The brightest geniuses of the earth, like Walt
+Whitman and Tolstoi, chant universal brotherhood in joy and suffering,
+or else like our Latin spirits, pierce with their criticism the
+prejudices of hatred and ignorance which separate individuals and
+peoples.
+
+Like all the men of my time, I have been brought up on these thoughts; I
+have tried in my turn to share the bread of life with my younger or less
+fortunate brothers. When the war came I did not think it my duty to deny
+these thoughts because the hour had come to put them to the test.
+
+I have been insulted. I knew that I should be and I went forward. But I
+did not know that I should be insulted without even a hearing.
+
+For several months no one in France could know my writings except
+through scraps of phrases arbitrarily extracted and mutilated by my
+enemies. It is a shameful record. For nearly a year this has gone on.
+Certain socialist or syndicalist papers may have succeeded here and
+there in getting some fragments through,[2] but it was only in the month
+of June 1915 that for the first time my chief article, the one which was
+the object of the most violent criticism, "Above the Battle," dating
+from September 1914, could be published in full (almost in full), thanks
+to the malevolent zeal of a maladroit pamphleteer, to whom I am indebted
+for bringing my words before the French public for the first time.
+
+A Frenchman does not judge his adversary unheard. Whoever does so judges
+and condemns himself: for he shows that he fears the light. I place
+before the world the texts they have slandered.[3] I shall not defend
+them. Let them defend themselves!
+
+One single word will I add. For a year I have been rich in enemies. Let
+me say this to them: they can hate me, but they will not teach me to
+hate. I have no concern with them. My business is to say what I believe
+to be fair and humane. Whether this pleases or irritates is not my
+business. I know that words once uttered make their way of themselves.
+Hopefully I sow them in the bloody soil. The harvest will come.
+
+ROMAIN ROLLAND.
+
+_September, 1915._
+
+
+
+
+I. AN OPEN LETTER TO GERHART HAUPTMANN
+
+
+_Saturday, August 29, 1914._[4]
+
+I am not, Gerhart Hauptmann, one of those Frenchmen who regard Germany
+as a nation of barbarians. I know the intellectual and moral greatness
+of your mighty race. I know all that I owe to the thinkers of old
+Germany; and even now, at this hour, I recall the example and the words
+of _our_ Goethe--for he belongs to the whole of humanity--repudiating
+all national hatreds and preserving the calmness of his soul on those
+heights "_where we feel the happiness and the misfortunes of other
+peoples as our own_." I myself have labored all my life to bring
+together the minds of our two nations; and the atrocities of this
+impious war in which, to the ruin of European civilization, they are
+involved, will never lead me to soil my spirit with hatred.
+
+Whatever pain, then, your Germany may give me, whatever reasons I may
+have to stigmatize as criminal German policy and the means it employs, I
+do not attach responsibility for it to the people which is burdened with
+it and is used as its blind instrument. It is not that I regard, as you
+do, war as a fatality. A Frenchman does not believe in fatality.
+Fatality is the excuse of souls without a will. War springs from the
+weakness and stupidity of nations. One cannot feel resentment against
+them for it; one can only pity them. I do not reproach you with our
+miseries; for yours will be no less. If France is ruined, Germany will
+be ruined too. I did not even raise my voice when I saw your armies
+violating the neutrality of noble Belgium. This flagrant breach of
+honor, which incurs the contempt of every upright conscience, is quite
+in the political tradition of your Prussian kings; it did not surprise
+me.
+
+But when I see the fury with which you are treating that magnanimous
+nation whose only crime has been to defend its independence and the
+cause of justice to the last, as you Germans yourselves did in 1813 ...
+that is too much! The world is revolted by it. Keep these savageries for
+us Frenchmen, your true enemies! But to wreak them against your
+victims, against this small, unhappy, innocent Belgian people ... how
+shameful is this!
+
+And not content to fling yourselves on living Belgium, you wage war on
+the dead, on the glories of past ages. You bombard Malines, you burn
+Rubens, and Louvain is now no more than a heap of ashes--Louvain with
+its treasures of art and of science, the sacred town! What are you,
+then, Hauptmann, and by what name do you want us to call you now, since
+you repudiate the title of barbarians? Are you the grandsons of Goethe
+or of Attila? Are you making war on enemies or on the human spirit? Kill
+men if you like, but respect masterpieces. They are the patrimony of the
+human race. You, like all the rest of us, are its depositories; in
+pillaging it, as you do, you show yourselves unworthy of our great
+heritage, unworthy to take your place in that little European army which
+is civilization's guard of honor.
+
+It is not to the opinion of the rest of the world that I address myself
+in challenging you, Hauptmann. In the name of our Europe, of which you
+have hitherto been one of the most illustrious champions, in the name of
+that civilization for which the greatest of men have striven all down
+the ages, in the name of the very honor of your Germanic race, Gerhart
+Hauptmann, I abjure you, I challenge you, you and the intellectuals of
+Germany, amongst whom I reckon so many friends, to protest with all your
+energy against this crime which is recoiling upon you.
+
+If you fail to do this, you will prove one of two things: either that
+you approve what has been done--and in that case may the opinion of
+mankind crush you--or else that you are powerless to raise a protest
+against the Huns who command you. If this be so, by what title can you
+still claim, as you have claimed, that you fight for the cause of
+liberty and human progress? You are giving the world a proof that,
+incapable of defending the liberty of the world, you are even incapable
+of defending your own, and that the best of Germany is helpless beneath
+a vile despotism which mutilates masterpieces and murders the spirit of
+man.
+
+I am expecting an answer from you, Hauptmann, an answer that may be an
+act. The opinion of Europe awaits it as I do. Think about it: at such a
+time silence itself is an act.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, Wednesday, Sept. 2, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+II. PRO ARIS[5]
+
+
+Among the many crimes of this infamous war which are all odious to us,
+why have we chosen for protest the crimes against things and not against
+men, the destruction of works and not of lives?
+
+Many are surprised by this, and have even reproached us for it--as if we
+have not as much pity as they for the bodies and hearts of the thousands
+of victims who are crucified! Yet over the armies which fall, there
+flies the vision of their love, and of _la Patrie_, to which they
+sacrifice themselves--over these lives which are passing away passes the
+holy Ark of the art and thought of centuries, borne on their shoulders.
+The bearers can change. May the Ark be saved! To the élite of the world
+falls the task of guarding it. And since the common treasure is
+threatened, may they rise to protect it!
+
+I am glad to think that in the Latin countries this sacred duty has
+always been regarded as paramount. Our France which bleeds with so many
+other wounds, has suffered nothing more cruel than the attack against
+her Parthenon, the Cathedral of Rheims, "Our Lady of France." Letters
+which I have received from sorely tried families, and from soldiers who
+for two months have borne every hardship, show me (and I am proud of it
+for them and for my people) that there was no burden heavier for them to
+bear. It is because we put spirit above flesh. Very different is the
+case of the German intellectuals, who, to my reproaches for the
+sacrilegious acts of their devastating armies, have all replied with one
+voice, "Perish every _chef-d'oeuvre_ rather than one German soldier!"
+
+A piece of architecture like Rheims is much more than one life; it is a
+people--whose centuries vibrate like a symphony in this organ of stone.
+It is their memories of joy, of glory, and of grief; their meditations,
+ironies, dreams. It is the tree of the race, whose roots plunge to the
+profoundest depths of its soil, and whose branches stretch with a
+sublime _élan_ towards the sky. It is still more: its beauty which soars
+above the struggles of nations is the harmonious response made by the
+human race to the riddle of the world--this light of the spirit more
+necessary to souls than that of the sun.
+
+Whoever destroys this work, murders more than a man; he murders the
+purest soul of a race. His crime is inexpiable, and Dante would have it
+punished with an eternal agony, eternally renewed. We who repudiate the
+vindictive spirit of so cruel a genius, do not hold a people responsible
+for the crimes of a few. The drama which unfolds itself before our eyes,
+and whose almost certain _dénouement_ will be the crushing of the German
+hegemony, is enough for us.
+
+What brings it home to us most nearly is that not one of those who
+constitute the moral and intellectual élite of Germany--that hundred
+noble spirits, and those thousands of brave hearts of which no great
+nation was ever destitute--not one really suspects the crimes of his
+Government; the atrocities committed in Flanders, in the north and in
+the east of France during the two or three first weeks of the war; or
+(one can safely wager) the voluntary devastations of the towns of
+Belgium and the ruin of Rheims. If they came to look at the reality, I
+know that many of them would weep with grief and shame; and of all the
+shortcomings of Prussian Imperialism, the worst and the vilest is to
+have concealed its crimes from its people. For by depriving them of the
+means of protesting against those crimes, it has involved them for ever
+in the responsibility; it has abused their magnificent devotion. The
+intellectuals, however, are also guilty. For if one admits that the
+brave men, who in every country tamely feed upon the news which their
+papers and their leaders give them for nourishment, allow themselves to
+be duped, one cannot pardon those whose duty it is to seek truth in the
+midst of error, and to know the value of interested witnesses and
+passionate hallucinations. Before bursting into the midst of this
+furious debate upon which was staked the destruction of nations and of
+the treasures of the spirit, their first duty (a duty of loyalty as much
+as of common sense) should have been to consider the problems from both
+sides. By blind loyalty and culpable trustfulness they have rushed head
+foremost into the net which their Imperialism had spread. They believed
+that their first duty was, with their eyes closed, to defend the honor
+of their State against all accusation. They did not see that the noblest
+means of defending it was to disavow its faults and to cleanse their
+country of them....
+
+I have awaited this virile disavowal from the proudest spirits of
+Germany, a disavowal which would have been ennobling instead of
+humiliating. The letter which I wrote to one of them, the day after the
+brutal voice of Wolff's Agency pompously proclaimed that there remained
+of Louvain no more than a heap of ashes, was received by the entire
+élite of Germany in a spirit of enmity. They did not understand that I
+offered them the chance of releasing Germany from the fetters of those
+crimes which its Empire was forging in its name. What did I ask of them?
+What did I ask of you all, finer spirits of Germany?--to express at
+least a courageous regret for the excesses committed, and to dare to
+remind unbridled power that even the Fatherland cannot save itself
+through crime, and that above its rights are those of the human spirit.
+I only asked for _one_ voice--a _single_ free voice.... None spoke. I
+heard only the clamor of herds, the pack of intellectuals giving tongue
+on the track whereon the hunter loosed them, and that insolent
+Manifesto, in which, without the slightest effort to justify its crimes,
+you have unanimously declared that they do not exist. And your
+theologians, your pastors, your court-preachers, have stated further
+that you are very just and that you thank God for having made you
+thus.... Race of Pharisees, what chastisement from on high shall scourge
+your sacrilegious pride!... Do you not suspect the evil which you have
+done to your own people? The megalomania, a menace to the world, of an
+Ostwald or an H. S. Chamberlain,[6] the criminal determination of
+ninety-three intellectuals not to wish to see the truth, will have cost
+Germany more than ten defeats.
+
+How clumsy you are! I believe that of all your faults _maladresse_ is
+the worst. You have not said one word since the beginning of this war
+which has not been more fatal for you than all the speeches of your
+adversaries. It is you who have light-heartedly furnished the proof or
+the argument of the worst accusations that have been brought against
+you; just as your official agencies, under the stupid illusion of
+terrorizing us, have been the first to launch emphatic recitals of your
+most sinister devastations. It is you, who when the most impartial of
+your adversaries were obliged, in fairness, to limit the responsibility
+of these acts to a few of your leaders and armies, have angrily claimed
+your share. It is you who the day after the destruction of Rheims,
+which, in your inmost hearts, should have dismayed the best amongst you,
+have boasted of it in imbecile pride, instead of trying to clear
+yourselves.[7] It is you, wretched creatures, you, representatives of
+the spirit, who have not ceased to extol force and to despise the weak,
+as if you did not know that the wheel of fortune turns, that this force
+one day will weigh afresh upon you, as in past ages, when your great
+men, at least, retained the consolation of not having yielded to it the
+sovereignty of the spirit and the sacred rights of Right!... What
+reproaches, what remorse are you heaping up for the future, O blind
+guides--you who are leading into the ditch your nation, which follows
+you like the stumbling blind men of Brueghel!
+
+What poor arguments you have opposed to us for two months!
+
+1. _War is war_, say you, that is to say without common measure with the
+rest of things, above morals and reason and all the limits of ordinary
+life, a kind of supernatural state before which one can only bow without
+discussion;
+
+2. _Germany is Germany_, that is to say without common measure with the
+rest of nations. The laws which apply to others do not apply to her, and
+the rights which she arrogates to herself to violate Right appertain to
+her alone. Thus she can, without crime, tear up written promises, betray
+sworn oaths, violate the neutrality of peoples which she has pledged
+herself to defend. But she claims in return the right to find, in the
+nations which she outrages, "chivalrous adversaries," and that they
+should not be so, that they should dare to defend themselves by all the
+means and the arms that remain to them, she proclaims a crime!...
+
+One recognizes there indeed the interested teaching of your Prussian
+masters! Great minds of Germany, I do not doubt your sincerity, but you
+are no longer capable of seeing the truth. Prussian Imperialism has
+crushed down over your eyes and conscience, its spiked helmet.
+
+"_Necessity knows no law._" ... Here is the eleventh commandment, the
+message that you bring to the universe today, sons of Kant!... We have
+heard it more than once in history: it is the famous doctrine of Public
+Safety, mother of heroisms and crimes. Every nation has recourse to it
+in the hour of danger, but the greatest are those who defend against it
+their immortal soul. Fifteen years have passed since the famous trial
+which saw a single innocent man opposed to the force of the State.
+Fifteen years have passed since we French affronted and shattered the
+idol of public safety, when it threatened, as our Péguy says, "the
+eternal safety of France."
+
+Listen to him, whom you have killed; listen to a hero of the French
+conscience, writers who have the keeping of the conscience of Germany.
+
+"_Our enemies of that time_," wrote Charles Péguy, "_spoke the language
+of the_ raison d'Etat, _of the temporal safety of the people and the
+race. But we, by a profound Christian movement, by a revolutionary
+effort, at unity with traditional Christianity, aimed at no less than
+attaining the heights of sacrifice, in our anxiety for the eternal
+salvation of this people. We did not wish to place France in the
+position of having committed the unpardonable sin._"
+
+You do not trouble yourselves about that, thinkers of Germany. You
+bravely give your blood to save the mortal life, but do not bother about
+the life eternal. It is a terrible moment, I grant. Your fatherland as
+ours struggles for its life, and I understand and admire the ecstasy of
+sacrifice which impels your youth, as ours, to make of its body a
+rampart against death. "To be or not to be," do you say? No, that is not
+enough. To be the great Germany, to be the great France, worthy of their
+past, and respecting one another even while fighting, that is what I
+wish. I should blush for victory if my France bought it at the price for
+which you will pay for your temporary success. Even while the battles
+are being fought upon the plains of Belgium and amongst the chalky
+slopes of Champagne, another war is taking place upon the field of the
+spirit, and often victory below means defeat above. The conquest of
+Belgium, Malines, Louvain and Rheims, the carillons of Flanders, will
+sound a sadder knell in your history than the bells of Jena; and the
+conquered Belgians have robbed you of your glory. You know it. You are
+enraged because you know it. What is the good of vainly trying to
+deceive yourselves? Truth will be clear to you in the end. You have done
+your best to silence her--one day she will speak; she will speak by the
+mouth of one of your own in whom will be awakened the conscience of your
+race.... Oh, that he may soon appear and that we may hear his voice--the
+pure and noble voice of the redeemer who shall set you free! He who has
+lived in the intimacy of your old Germany, who has clasped her hand in
+the twisted streets of her heroic and sordid past, who has caught the
+breath of her centuries of trials and shames, remembers and waits: for
+he knows that even if she has never proved strong enough to bear victory
+without wavering, it is in her hours of trouble that she reforms
+herself, and her greatest geniuses are sons of sorrow.
+
+_September 1914._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Since these lines were written I have watched the birth of the anxiety
+which little by little is making its way into the consciences of the
+good people of Germany. First a secret doubt, kept under by a stubborn
+effort to believe the bad arguments collected by their Government to
+oppose it--documents fabricated to prove that Belgium had renounced her
+neutrality herself, false allegations (in vain repudiated four times by
+the French Government, by the Commander-in-Chief, by the Cardinal and
+the Archbishop, and by the Mayor of Rheims)--accusing the French of
+using the Cathedral of Rheims for military purposes. Lacking arguments,
+their system of defense is at times disconcerting in its naïveté.
+
+"Is it possible," they say, "that we should be accused of wishing to
+destroy artistic monuments, we, the people above all others who venerate
+art, in whom is instilled this respect from infancy, who have the
+greatest number of text books and historical collections of art and the
+longest list of lectures on æsthetics? Is it possible to accuse of the
+most barbarous actions the most humane, the most affectionate, and the
+most homely of peoples?"
+
+The idea never strikes them that Germany is not constituted by a single
+race of men, and that besides the obedient masses who are born to obey,
+to respect the law--all the laws--there is the race which commands,
+which believes itself above all laws, and which makes and unmakes them
+in the name of force and necessity (_Not_....) It is this evil marriage
+of idealism and German force which leads to these disasters. The
+idealism proves to be a woman; a woman captive, who like so many worthy
+German wives, worships her lord and master, and refuses even to think
+that he could ever be wrong.
+
+It is, however, necessary for the salvation of Germany that she should
+one day countenance the thought of divorce, or that the wife should have
+the courage to make her voice heard in the household. I already know
+several who are beginning to champion the rights of the spirit against
+force. Many a German voice has reached us lately in letters protesting
+against war and deploring with us the injustices which we deplore. I
+will not give their names in order not to compromise them. Not very
+long ago I told the "Fair"[8] which obstructed Paris that it was not
+France. I say today to the German Fair, "You are not the true Germany."
+There exists another Germany juster and more humane, whose ambition is
+not to dominate the world by force and guile, but to absorb in peace
+everything great in the thought of other races, and in return to reflect
+the harmony. With that Germany there is no dispute; we are not her
+enemies, we are the enemies of those who have almost succeeded in making
+the world forget that she still lives.
+
+_October 1914._
+
+Edition des _Cahiers Vaudois_ 10 cahier, 1914 (Lausanne, C. Tarin).
+
+
+
+
+III. ABOVE THE BATTLE
+
+
+O young men that shed your blood with so generous a joy for the starving
+earth! O heroism of the world! What a harvest for destruction to reap
+under this splendid summer sun! Young men of all nations, brought into
+conflict by a common ideal, making enemies of those who should be
+brothers; all of you, marching to your death, are dear to me.[9] Slavs,
+hastening to the aid of your race; Englishmen fighting for honor and
+right; intrepid Belgians who dared to oppose the Teutonic colossus, and
+defend against him the Thermopylæ of the West; Germans fighting to
+defend the philosophy and the birthplace of Kant against the Cossack
+avalanche; and you, above all, my young compatriots, in whom the
+generation of heroes of the Revolution lives again; you, who for years
+have confided your dreams to me, and now, on the verge of battle, bid
+me a sublime farewell.
+
+Those years of scepticism and gay frivolity in which we in France grew
+up are avenged in you; your faith, which is ours, you protect from their
+poisonous influence; and with you that faith triumphs on the
+battlefield. "A war of revenge" is the cry. Yea! revenge indeed; but in
+no spirit of Chauvinism. The revenge of faith against all the egotisms
+of the senses and of the spirit--the surrender of self to eternal ideas.
+
+One of the most powerful of the young French novelists--Corporal
+X.--writes to me:--
+
+     "What are our lives, our books, compared with the magnitude of the
+     aim? The war of the Revolution against feudalism is beginning anew.
+     The armies of the Republic will secure the triumph of democracy in
+     Europe and complete the work of the Convention. We are fighting for
+     more than our hearths and homes, for the awakening of liberty."
+     Another of these young people, of noble spirit and pure heart, who
+     will be, if he lives, the first art critic of our time--Lieutenant
+     X.:--
+
+     "My friend, could you see our Army as I do, you would be thrilled
+     with admiration for our people, for this noble race. An enthusiasm,
+     like an outburst of the Marseillaise, thrills them; heroic,
+     earnest, and even religious. I have seen the three divisions of my
+     army corps set out; the men of active service first, young men of
+     twenty marching with firm and rapid steps, without a cry, without a
+     gesture, like the ephebi of old calmly going to sacrifice. After
+     them come the reserve, men of twenty-five to thirty years, more
+     stalwart and more determined, who will reinforce the younger men
+     and make them irresistible. We, the old men of forty, the fathers
+     of families, are the base of the choir; and we too, I assure you,
+     set out confidently, resolute and unwavering. I have no wish to
+     die, but I can die now without regret; for I have lived through a
+     fortnight, which would be cheap at the price of death, a fortnight
+     which I had not dared to ask of fate. History will tell of us, for
+     we are opening a new era in the world. We are dispelling the
+     nightmare of the materialism of a mailed Germany and of armed
+     peace. It will fade like a phantom before us; the world seems to
+     breathe again. Reassure your Viennese friend,[10] France is not
+     about to die; it is her resurrection which we see. For throughout
+     history--Bouvines, the Crusades, Cathedrals, the Revolution--we
+     remain the same, the knights-errant of the world, the paladins of
+     God. I have lived long enough to see it fulfilled; and we who
+     prophesied it twenty years ago to unbelieving ears may rejoice
+     today."
+
+O my friends, may nothing mar your joy! Whatever fate has in store, you
+have risen to the pinnacle of earthly life, and borne your country with
+you. And you will be victorious. Your self-sacrifice, your courage, your
+whole-hearted faith in your sacred cause, and the unshaken certainty
+that, in defending your invaded country, you are defending the liberty
+of the world--all this assures me of your victory, young armies of the
+Marne and Meuse, whose names are graven henceforth in history by the
+side of your elders of the Great Republic. Yet even had misfortune
+decreed that you should be vanquished, and with you France itself, no
+people could have aspired to a more noble death. It would have crowned
+the life of that great people of the Crusades--it would have been their
+supreme victory. Conquerors or conquered, living or dead, rejoice! As
+one of you said to me, embracing me on the terrible threshold: "A
+splendid thing it is to fight with clean hands and a pure heart, and to
+dispense divine justice with one's life."
+
+You are doing your duty, but have others done theirs? Let us be bold and
+proclaim the truth to the elders of these young men, to their moral
+guides, to their religious and secular leaders, to the Churches, the
+great thinkers, the leaders of socialism; these living riches, these
+treasures of heroism you held in your hands; for what are you
+squandering them? What ideal have you held up to the devotion of these
+youths so eager to sacrifice themselves? Their mutual slaughter! A
+European war! A sacrilegious conflict which shows a maddened Europe
+ascending its funeral pyre, and, like Hercules, destroying itself with
+its own hands!
+
+And thus the three greatest nations of the West, the guardians of
+civilization, rush headlong to their ruin, calling in to their aid
+Cossacks, Turks, Japanese, Cingalese, Soudanese, Senegalese, Moroccans,
+Egyptians, Sikhs and Sepoys--barbarians from the poles and those from
+the equator, souls and bodies of all colors.[11] It is as if the four
+quarters of the Roman Empire at the time of the Tetrarchy had called
+upon the barbarians of the whole universe to devour each other.
+
+Is our civilization so solid that you do not fear to shake the pillars
+on which it rests? Can you not see that all falls in upon you if one
+column be shattered? Could you not have learned if not to love one
+another, at least to tolerate the great virtues and the great vices of
+each other? Was it not your duty to attempt--you have never attempted it
+in sincerity--to settle amicably the questions which divided you, the
+problem of peoples annexed against their will, the equitable division of
+productive labor and the riches of the world? Must the stronger forever
+darken the others with the shadow of his pride, and the others forever
+unite to dissipate it? Is there no end to this bloody and puerile sport,
+in which the partners change about from century to century--no end,
+until the whole of humanity is exhausted thereby?
+
+The rulers who are the criminal authors of these wars dare not accept
+the responsibility for them. Each one by underhand means seeks to lay
+the blame at the door of his adversary. The peoples who obey them
+submissively resign themselves with the thought that a power higher than
+mankind has ordered it thus. Again the venerable refrain is heard: "The
+fatality of war is stronger than our wills." The old refrain of the herd
+that makes a god of its feebleness and bows down before him. Man has
+invented fate, that he may make it responsible for the disorders of the
+universe, those disorders which it was his duty to regulate. There is no
+fatality! The only fatality is what we desire; and more often, too, what
+we do not desire enough. Let each now repeat his _mea culpa_. The
+leaders of thought, the Church, the Labor Parties did not desire war ...
+That may be.... What then did they do to prevent it? What are they doing
+to put an end to it? They are stirring up the bonfire, each one bringing
+his faggot.
+
+The most striking feature in this monstrous epic, the fact without
+precedent, is the unanimity for war in each of the nations engaged. An
+epidemic of homicidal fury, which started in Tokio ten years ago, has
+spread like a wave and overflowed the whole world. None has resisted it;
+no high thought has succeeded in keeping out of the reach of this
+scourge. A sort of demoniacal irony broods over this conflict of the
+nations, from which, whatever its result, only a mutilated Europe can
+emerge. For it is not racial passion alone which is hurling millions of
+men blindly one against another, so that not even neutral countries
+remain free of the dangerous thrill, but all the forces of the spirit,
+of reason, of faith, of poetry, and of science, all have placed
+themselves at the disposal of the armies in every state. There is not
+one amongst the leaders of thought in each country who does not proclaim
+with conviction that the cause of his people is the cause of God, the
+cause of liberty and of human progress. And I, too, proclaim it.
+
+Strange combats are being waged between metaphysicians, poets,
+historians--Eucken against Bergson; Hauptmann against Maeterlinck;
+Rolland against Hauptmann; Wells against Bernard Shaw. Kipling and
+D'Annunzio, Dehmel and de Régnier sing war hymns, Barrès and Maeterlinck
+chant paeans of hatred. Between a fugue of Bach and the organ which
+thunders _Deutschland über Alles_, Wundt, the aged philosopher of
+eighty-two, calls with his quavering voice, the students of Leipzig to
+the holy war. And each nation hurls at the other the name "Barbarians."
+
+The academy of moral science, in the person of its president, Bergson,
+declares the struggle undertaken against Germany to be "_the struggle of
+civilization itself against barbarism_." German history replies with the
+voice of Karl Lamprecht that "_this is a war between Germanism and
+barbarism and the present conflict is the logical successor of those
+against the Huns and Turks in which Germany has been engaged throughout
+the ages._" Science, following history into the lists, proclaims through
+E. Perrier, director of the Museum, member of the Academy of Sciences,
+that the Prussians do not belong to the Aryan race, but are descended in
+direct line from the men of the Stone Age called Allophyles, and adds,
+"_the modern skull, resembling by its base, the best index of the
+strength of the appetites, the skull of the fossilized man in the
+Chapelle-aux-Saints most nearly, is none other than that of Prince
+Bismarck!_"
+
+But the two moral forces whose weakness this contagious war shows up
+most clearly are Christianity and Socialism. These rival apostles of
+religious and secular internationalism have suddenly developed into the
+most ardent of nationalists. Hervé is eager to die for the standard of
+Austerlitz. The German socialists, pure trustees of the pure doctrine,
+support this bill of credit for the war in the Reichstag. They place
+themselves at the disposal of the Prussian minister, who uses their
+journals to spread abroad his lies, even into the barracks, and sends
+them as secret agents to attempt to pervert Italy. It was believed for
+the honor of their cause for a moment that two or three of them had been
+shot rather than take arms against their brothers. Indignant, they
+protest; they are all marching under arms! Liebknecht, forsooth, did not
+die for the cause of socialism;[12] but Frank, the principal champion of
+the Franco-German union, fell under French fire, fighting in the cause
+of militarism. These men have courage to die for the faith of others;
+they have no courage to die for their own.
+
+As for the representatives of the Prince of Peace--priests, pastors,
+bishops--they go into battle in their thousands, to carry out, musket in
+hand, the Divine commands: _Thou shalt not kill_, and _Love one
+another_. Each bulletin of victory, whether it be German, Austrian, or
+Russian, gives thanks to the great captain God--_unser alter Gott, notre
+Dieu_--as William II or M. Arthur Meyer says. For each has his own God,
+and each God, whether old or young, has his Levites to defend him and
+destroy the God of the others.
+
+Twenty thousand French priests are marching with the colors; Jesuits
+offer their services to the German armies; cardinals issue warlike
+mandates; and the Serb bishops of Hungary incite their faithful flocks
+to fight against their brothers in Greater Serbia. The newspapers
+report, with no expressions of astonishment, the paradoxical scene at
+the railway station at Pisa, where the Italian socialists cheered the
+young ordinands who were rejoining their regiments, all singing the
+Marseillaise together. So strong the cyclone that sweeps them all before
+it; so feeble the men it encounters on its career--and I am amongst
+them....
+
+Come, friends! Let us make a stand! Can we not resist this contagion,
+whatever its nature and virulence be--whether moral epidemic or cosmic
+force? Do we not fight against the plague, and strive even to repair the
+disaster caused by an earthquake? Or must we bow ourselves before it,
+agreeing with Luzzatti in his famous article[13] that "_In the universal
+disaster, the nations triumph_"? Shall we say with him that it is good
+and reasonable that "the demon of international war, which mows down
+thousands of beings, should be let loose," so that the great and simple
+truth, "love of our country," be understood? It would seem, then, that
+love of our country can flourish only through the hatred of other
+countries and the massacre of those who sacrifice themselves in the
+defense of them. There is in this theory a ferocious absurdity, a
+Neronian dilettantism which repels me to the very depths of my being.
+No! Love of my country does not demand that I shall hate and slay those
+noble and faithful souls who also love theirs, but rather that I should
+honor them and seek to unite with them for our common good.
+
+You Christians will say--and in this you seek consolation for having
+betrayed your Master's orders--that war exalts the virtue of sacrifice.
+And it is true that war has the privilege of bringing out the genius of
+the race in the most commonplace of hearts. It purges away, in its bath
+of blood, all dross and impurity; it tempers the metal of the soul of a
+niggardly peasant, of a timorous citizen; it can make a hero of Valmy.
+But is there no better employment for the devotion of one people than
+the devastation of another? Can we not sacrifice ourselves without
+sacrificing our neighbors also? I know well, poor souls, that many of
+you are more willing to offer your blood than to spill that of
+others.... But what a fundamental weakness! Confess, then, that you who
+are undismayed by bullets and shrapnel yet tremble before the dictates
+of racial frenzy--that Moloch that stands higher than the Church of
+Christ--the jealous pride of race. You Christians of today would not
+have refused to sacrifice to the gods of Imperial Rome; you are not
+capable of such courage! Your Pope Pius X died of grief to see the
+outbreak of this war--so it is said. And not without reason. The Jupiter
+of the Vatican who hurled thunderbolts upon those inoffensive priests
+who believed in the noble chimera of modernism--what did he do against
+those princes and those criminal rulers whose measureless ambition has
+given the world over to misery and death? May God inspire the new
+Pontiff who has just ascended the throne of St. Peter, with words and
+deeds which will cleanse the Church from the stain of this silence.
+
+As for you socialists who on both sides claim to be defending liberty
+against tyranny--French liberty against the Kaiser, German liberty
+against the Czar, is it a question of defending one despotism against
+another? Unite and attack both.
+
+There was no reason for war between the Western nations; French,
+English, and German, we are all brothers and do not hate one another.
+The war-preaching press is envenomed by a minority, a minority vitally
+interested in maintaining these hatreds; but our peoples, I know, ask
+for peace and liberty and that alone. The real tragedy, to one situated
+in the midst of the conflict and able to look down from the high
+plateaus of Switzerland into all the hostile camps, is the patent fact
+that actually each of the nations is being menaced in its dearest
+possessions--in its honor, its independence, its life. Who has brought
+these plagues upon them? Brought them to the desperate alternative of
+overwhelming their adversary or dying? None other than their
+governments, and above all, in my opinion, the three great culprits, the
+three rapacious eagles, the three empires, the tortuous policy of the
+house of Austria, the ravenous greed of Czarism, the brutality of
+Prussia. The worst enemy of each nation is not without, but within its
+frontiers, and none has the courage to fight against it. It is the
+monster of a hundred heads, the monster named Imperialism, the will to
+pride and domination, which seeks to absorb all, or subdue all, or break
+all, and will suffer no greatness except itself. For the Western nations
+Prussian imperialism is the most dangerous. Its hand uplifted in menace
+against Europe has forced us to join in arms against this outcome of a
+military and feudal caste, which is the curse not only of the rest of
+the world but also of Germany itself, whose thought it has subtly
+poisoned. We must destroy this first: but not this alone; the Russian
+autocracy too will have its turn. Every nation to a greater or less
+extent has an imperialism of its own, and whether it be military,
+financial, feudal, republican, social, or intellectual, it is always the
+octopus sucking the best blood of Europe. Let the free men of all the
+countries of Europe when this war is over take up again the motto of
+Voltaire: "_Ecrasons l'infâme!_"
+
+When the war is over! The evil is done now, the torrent let loose and we
+cannot force it back into its channel unaided. Moreover crimes have been
+committed against right, attacks on the liberties of peoples and on the
+sacred treasuries of thought, which must and will be expiated. Europe
+cannot pass over unheeded the violence done to the noble Belgian people,
+the devastation of Malines and Louvain, sacked by modern Tillys.... But
+in the name of heaven let not these crimes be expiated by similar
+crimes! Let not the hideous words "vengeance" and "retaliation" be
+heard; for a great nation does not revenge itself, it re-establishes
+justice. But let those in whose hands lies the execution of justice show
+themselves worthy of her to the end.
+
+It is our duty to keep this before them; nor will we be passive and wait
+for the fury of this conflict to spend itself. Such conduct would be
+unworthy of us who have such a task before us.
+
+Our first duty, then, all over the world, is to insist on the formation
+of a moral High Court, a tribunal of consciences, to watch and pass
+impartial judgment on any violations of the laws of nations. And since
+committees of inquiry formed by belligerents themselves would be always
+suspect, the neutral countries of the old and new world must take the
+initiative, and form a tribunal such as was suggested by Mr.
+Prenant,[14] professor of medicine at Paris, and taken up
+enthusiastically by M. Paul Seippel in the _Journal de Genève_.[15]
+
+"They should produce men of some worldly authority, and of proved civic
+morality to act as a commission of inquiry, and to follow the armies at
+a little distance. Such an organization would complete and solidify the
+Hague Court, and prepare indisputable documents for the necessary work
+of justice...."
+
+The neutral countries are too much effaced. Confronted by unbridled
+force they are inclined to believe that opinion is defeated in advance,
+and the majority of thinkers in all countries share their pessimism.
+There is a lack of courage here as well as of clear thinking. For just
+at this time the power of opinion is immense. The most despotic of
+governments, even though marching to victory, trembles before public
+opinion and seeks to court it. Nothing shows this more clearly than the
+efforts of both parties engaged in war, of their ministers, chancellors,
+sovereigns, of the Kaiser himself turned journalist, to justify their
+own crimes, and denounce the crimes of their adversary at the invisible
+tribunal of humanity. Let this invisible tribunal be seen at last, let
+us venture to constitute it. Ye know not your moral power, O ye of
+little faith! If there be a risk, will you not take it for the honor of
+humanity? What is the value of life when you have saved it at the price
+of all that is worth living for?...
+
+_Et propter vitam, vivendi perdere causas_....
+
+But for us, the artists and poets, priests and thinkers of all
+countries, remains another task. Even in time of war it remains a crime
+for finer spirits to compromise the integrity of their thought; it is
+shameful to see it serving the passion of a puerile, monstrous policy of
+race, a policy scientifically absurd--since no country possesses a race
+wholly pure. Such a policy, as Renan points out in his beautiful letter
+to Strauss,[16] "_can only lead to zoological wars, wars of
+extermination, similar to those in which various species of rodents and
+carnivorous beasts fight for their existence. This would be the end of
+that fertile admixture called humanity, composed as it is of such
+various necessary elements._" Humanity is a symphony of great collective
+souls; and he who understands and loves it only by destroying a part of
+those elements, proves himself a barbarian and shows his idea of harmony
+to be no better than the idea of order another held in Warsaw.
+
+For the finer spirits of Europe there are two dwelling-places: our
+earthly fatherland, and that other City of God. Of the one we are the
+guests, of the other the builders. To the one let us give our lives and
+our faithful hearts; but neither family, friend, nor fatherland, nor
+aught that we love has power over the spirit. The spirit is the light.
+It is our duty to lift it above tempests, and thrust aside the clouds
+which threaten to obscure it; to build higher and stronger, dominating
+the injustice and hatred of nations, the walls of that city wherein the
+souls of the whole world may assemble.
+
+I feel here how the generous heart of Switzerland is thrilled, divided
+between sympathies for the various nations, and lamenting that it cannot
+choose freely between them, nor even express them. I understand its
+torment; but I know that this is salutary. I hope it will rise thence to
+that superior joy of a harmony of races, which may be a noble example
+for the rest of Europe. It is the duty of Switzerland now to stand in
+the midst of the tempest, like an island of justice and of peace, where,
+as in the great monasteries of the early Middle Ages, the spirit may
+find a refuge from unbridled force; where the fainting swimmers of all
+nations, those who are weary of hatred, may persist, in spite of all the
+wrongs they have seen and suffered, in loving all men as their brothers.
+
+I know that such thoughts have little chance of being heard today. Young
+Europe, burning with the fever of battle, will smile with disdain and
+show its fangs like a young wolf. But when the access of fever has spent
+itself, wounded and less proud of its voracious heroism, it will come to
+itself again.
+
+Moreover I do not speak to convince it. I speak but to solace my
+conscience ... and I know that at the same time I shall solace the
+hearts of thousands of others who, in all countries, cannot or dare not
+speak themselves.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, September 15, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+IV. THE LESSER OF TWO EVILS: PANGERMANISM, PANSLAVISM
+
+
+I do not hold the doctrine expounded by a certain saintly king, that it
+is useless to enter into discussion with heretics--and we regard all
+those who do not agree with our opinions as heretics nowadays--but that
+it is sufficient to brain them. I feel the need of understanding my
+enemy's reasons. I am unwilling to believe in unfairness. Doubtless my
+enemy is as passionately sincere as I am. Why, then, should we not
+attempt to understand each other? For such an understanding, though it
+will not suppress the conflict, may perhaps suppress our hatred; and it
+is hatred more than anything else that I regard as my enemy.
+
+However much I may feel that the motives actuating the various
+combatants are not equally worthy, I have yet come to the conviction,
+after reading the papers and letters which, during the last two months,
+have arrived in Geneva from every country, that the ardor of patriotic
+faith is everywhere the same, and that each of the nations engaged in
+this mighty struggle believes itself to be the champion of liberty
+against barbarism. But liberty and barbarism do not mean the same thing
+to both sides.
+
+Barbarous despotism, the worst enemy to liberty, is exemplified for us
+Frenchmen, Englishmen, men of the West, in Prussian Imperialism; and I
+venture to think that the register of its methods is plainly set forth
+in the devastated route from Liège to Senlis, passing by way of Louvain,
+Malines, and Rheims. For Germany, the monster ("_Ungeheuer_," as the
+aged Wundt calls it), which threatens civilization is Russia, and the
+bitterest reproach which the Germans hurl against France is our alliance
+with the Empire of the Czar. I have received many letters reproaching us
+with this. In the Munich review, _Das Forum_, I read only yesterday an
+article by Wilhelm Herzog challenging me to explain my position with
+regard to Russia. Let us consider the question, then. I ask nothing
+better. By this means we shall be able to weigh the German danger and
+the Russian danger in the balance, and thus show which of the two seems
+the more threatening to us. Of the actual events of the present war
+between Germany and Russia I will say nothing. All the information we
+have comes from Russian or German sources, equally unreliable. To judge
+by them it would appear that the same ferocity exists in both camps. The
+Germans in Kalish were worthy companions of the Cossacks in Grodtken and
+Zorothowo.--It is of the German spirit and of the Russian spirit that I
+wish to speak here, for this is the important thing and of this we have
+more definite knowledge.
+
+You, my German friends--for those of you who were my friends in the past
+remain my friends in spite of fanatical demands from both sides that we
+should break off all relations--know how much I love the Germany of the
+past, and all that I owe to it. Not less than you, yourselves, I am the
+son of Beethoven, of Leibnitz, and of Goethe. But what do I owe to the
+Germany of today, or what does Europe owe to it? What art have you
+produced since the monumental work of Wagner, which marks the end of an
+epoch and belongs to the past? What new and original thought can you
+boast of since the death of Nietzsche, whose magnificent madness has
+left its traces upon you though we are unscathed by it? Where have we
+sought our spiritual food for the last forty years, when our own fertile
+soil no longer yielded sufficient for our needs? Who but the Russian
+writers have been our guides? What German writer can you set up against
+Tolstoi and Dostoievsky, those giants of poetic genius and moral
+grandeur? These are the men who have moulded my soul, and in defending
+the nation from which they sprang, I am but paying a debt which I owe to
+that nation as well as to themselves. Even if the contempt for Prussian
+Imperialism were not innate in me as a Latin, I should have learned it
+from them. Twenty years ago Tolstoi expressed his contempt for your
+Kaiser. In music, Germany, so proud of its ancient glory, has only the
+successors of Wagner, neurotic jugglers with orchestral effects, like
+Richard Strauss, but not a single sober and virile work of the quality
+of _Boris Godunov_. No German musician has opened up new roads. A single
+page of Moussorgsky or Strawinsky shows more originality, more potential
+greatness than the complete scores of Mahler and Reger. In our
+Universities, in our hospitals and Pasteur Institutes, Russian students
+and scholars work side by side with our own, and Russian
+revolutionaries who have taken refuge in Paris mingle their aspirations
+with those of our socialists.
+
+The crimes of Czarism are continually on your lips. We, too, denounce
+these crimes; for Czarism is our enemy, and what I wrote but recently, I
+repeat now. But it is likewise the enemy of the intellectual élite of
+Russia itself. This cannot be said of your intellectuals, who are so
+slavishly obedient to the commands of your rulers. A few days ago I
+received that amazing "Address to the Civilized Nations" with which the
+Imperial army-corps of German intellectuals bombarded Europe; meanwhile
+the army-corps of German Commerce (_Bureau des Deutschen Handelstages_)
+shelled the markets of the world with circulars ornamented by the figure
+of Mercury, the god of lies. This mobilization of the forces of the pen
+and of the caduceus, with which in good truth no other country could
+compete, has given us additional reason to fear the Empire's powers of
+organization, no reason to respect it more. "Civilized Nations" read,
+not without amazement, that Address, the truth of which was vouched for
+by the names of the most distinguished scientists, thinkers, and artists
+in Germany--by Behring, Ostwald, Roentgen, Eucken, Haeckel, Wundt,
+Dehmel, Hauptmann, Sudermann, Hildebrand, Klinger, Liebermann,
+Humperdinck, Weingartner, etc.--by painters and philosophers, musicians,
+theologians, chemists, economists, poets, and the professors of twenty
+universities. They learned, not without surprise, that "it is not true
+that Germany provoked the war,--it is not true that Germany criminally
+violated the neutrality of Belgium,--it is not true that Germany used
+violence against the life or the belongings of a single Belgian citizen
+without being forced to do so,--it is not true that Germany destroyed
+Louvain" (destroyed it? no indeed, she saved it!),--"it is not true that
+Germany----" It is not true that day is day and night is night! I
+confess that I could not read to the end without that feeling of
+embarrassment which I felt as a child, when I heard an elderly man whom
+I respected make false statements. I turned aside my eyes and blushed
+for him. Thank God! the crimes of Czarism never found a defender amongst
+the great artists, scholars, and thinkers of Russia. Are not Kropotkin,
+Tolstoi, Dostoievsky, and Gorki, the greatest names in its literature,
+the very ones who denounced its crimes!
+
+Russian domination has often been cruelly heavy for the smaller
+nationalities which it has swallowed up. But how comes it then, Germans,
+that the Poles prefer it to yours? Do you imagine that Europe is
+ignorant of the monstrous way in which you are exterminating the Polish
+race? Do you think that we do not receive the confidences of those
+Baltic nations who, having to choose between two conquerors, prefer the
+Russian because he is the more humane? Read the following letter which I
+received but lately from a Lett, who, though he has suffered severely at
+the hands of the Russians, yet sides ardently with them against you. My
+German friends, you are either strangely ignorant of the state of mind
+of the nations which surround you, or you think us extremely simple and
+ill-informed. Your imperialism, beneath its veneer of civilization,
+seems to me no less ferocious than Czarism towards everything that
+ventures to oppose its avaricious desire for universal dominion. But
+whereas immense and mysterious Russia, overflowing with young and
+revolutionary forces, gives us hope of a coming renewal, your Germany
+bases its systematic harshness on a culture too antiquated and
+scholastic to allow of any hope of amendment. If I had any such
+hope--and I once had it, my friends--you have taken great pains to rob
+me of it, you, artists and scholars, who drew up that address in which
+you pride yourself on your complete unity with Prussian Imperialism.
+Know once for all that there is nothing more overwhelming for us Latins,
+nothing more difficult to endure, than your militarization of the
+intellect. If, by some awful fate, this spirit were triumphant, I should
+leave Europe for ever. To live here would be intolerable to me.
+
+Here, then, are some extracts from the interesting letter which I have
+received from a representative of those little nationalities which are
+being disputed between Russia and Germany. They desire to maintain their
+independence, but find themselves obliged to choose between these two
+nations, and choose Russia. It is good to hear them speak. We are too
+much inclined to listen only to the Great Powers who are now at war. Let
+us think of those little barques which the great vessels draw in their
+wake. Let us share for a moment the agony with which these little
+nationalities, forgotten by the egotism of Europe, await the final issue
+of a struggle which will decide their fate. Let England and France heed
+those beseeching eyes which are turned towards them; let young Russia,
+herself so eager for liberty, help generously to shed its benefits
+abroad.
+
+_October 10, 1914._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LETTER TO ROMAIN ROLLAND
+
+_30th September, 1914._
+
+SIR:--I desire to thank you for your article, "Above the Battle."...
+Although by my education I am more akin to the civilizations of Germany
+and Russia than to the civilization of France, yet I respect the French
+spirit more, for I am convinced, more than ever today, that it will
+furnish the greatly needed solution of the problems of national rights
+and liberty.
+
+In your article you quote the words of one of your friends, a soldier
+and a writer, who says that the French are fighting not only to defend
+their own country but to save the _liberty of the world_. You can hardly
+imagine how such words re-echo in the hearts of oppressed nations, what
+streams of sympathy are today converging from all corners of Europe upon
+France, what hopes depend upon your victory.
+
+And yet many doubts have been expressed with regard to these French and
+English assertions because both nations have allied themselves with
+Russia, whose policy is contrary to the ideas of right and liberty; and
+Germany herself maintains that it is precisely those ideas for which she
+is fighting against Russia.
+
+It would be interesting to discover what German writers and professors
+really mean when they speak of a Holy War against Russia. Do they wish
+to assist Russian revolutionaries to dethrone the Czar?--Every
+revolutionary party would refuse indignantly to accept assistance from
+Prussian militarism. Do they wish to set free the neighboring countries,
+such as Poland, which are oppressed by Russia, by incorporating them
+with the German Empire?--It is well known that the Poles who are German
+subjects have suffered much more ignoble treatment than the Russian
+Poles, though even they have every reason to complain.
+
+The Baltic provinces of Russia alone remain, and here the Germans have
+for centuries had their pioneers among the large landowners and the
+merchants in the bigger towns. These, no doubt, Russian subjects but of
+German nationality, would welcome the German armies with enthusiasm. But
+they form only a caste of nobles and of the wealthy middle-classes,
+numbering at most a few thousands, whereas the bulk of the population,
+the Lettish and Esthonian nations, would regard the absorption of these
+provinces into Germany as the worst of calamities. We know well what
+German domination means. I am a Lett and can speak with authority, for I
+know the deepest feelings and hopes of my own countrymen.
+
+The Letts are akin to the Lithuanians. They inhabit Courland, Livonia,
+and a part of the province of Vitebsk. Their intellectual center is
+Riga. There are colonies of them in all the principal towns of Russia.
+Last year the _Annales des Nationalités_ of Paris devoted two numbers to
+these two sister nations. Owing to the geographical situation of their
+country, which is only too desirable, they had the misfortune to be
+under the yoke of the Germans, before they were under the yoke of the
+Russians. To understand how much they suffered under the former it will
+be sufficient to say that, in comparison with the Germans, we think of
+the Russians as our liberators. By sheer force the Germans kept us for
+centuries in a state equivalent to slavery. Only fifty years ago the
+Russian Government set us free from this bondage; but, at the same
+time, it committed the grave injustice of leaving all our land in the
+hands of German proprietors. Nevertheless, within the last twenty or
+thirty years, we have succeeded in reclaiming from the Germans a part at
+least of our land, and in reaching a considerable level of culture,
+thanks to which, we are considered, together with the Esthonians and the
+Finns, as the most advanced people in the Russian Empire.
+
+German papers often accuse us of ingratitude, and reproach us with our
+lack of appreciation of the advantages of the culture which they boast
+of having brought us. We listen to such accusations with a bitter smile,
+and in writing the word _Kulturträger_ (bearer of civilization) add an
+exclamation mark afterwards, for the behavior of the Germans has brought
+the expression into contempt. We have acquired our culture in spite of
+their opposition, and against their will. _Even today it is the German
+representatives in the Russian Duma who veto the occasional suggestions
+on the part of the Government to make reforms in the Baltic provinces._
+These provinces are administered in a manner that differs, and differs
+for the worse, from that adopted in the other provinces of Russia. We
+still submit to laws and regulations which no longer exist in other
+parts of Europe--laws which were made in the feudal ages and have been
+rigorously maintained amongst us, thanks to the exertions of the big
+German landowners, who are always sure of a hearing at the Imperial
+Court of St. Petersburg.
+
+Formerly, when we were striving in vain to reconcile our sympathy and
+admiration for German thought and art with the narrow, haughty, and
+cruel spirit of its representatives amongst us, we explained it all by
+saying that the Germans in our provinces were of a peculiar type, and
+had little in common with other Germans. But the crimes of which they
+have been guilty in Belgium and in France show us our mistake. Germans
+are the same everywhere in the work of conquest and domination--wholly
+without humanitarian scruples. In Germany, as in Russia, there are two
+distinct tendencies--the one, provoked by the ideas of Pangermanism and
+Panslavism, is to seek national glory on the field of battle and in the
+oppression of the personalities of other nations; the other is to
+achieve the same end in the peaceful realms of thought and artistic
+creation. Just as the culture of which Goethe was typical has nothing
+in common with Prussian militarism, so Tolstoi may be considered as the
+representative of that other Russia which is so different from the one
+represented by the Russian Government of today. Certainly the gulf
+between these two tendencies is less deep in Germany than in Russia, and
+this is due to the immense size of Russia, which contains vast numbers
+of poor and ignorant human beings whom the Russian Government oppresses
+with the utmost brutality. _But it is entirely unjust always to allude
+to the Russians as barbarians; and the Germans who invariably make use
+of this word when they speak of Russia have less right than any one to
+do so._ No one who knows the intellectual world of Germany and Russia
+will venture to say that the former is much superior to the latter--they
+are simply different. _And I would add that the one fact which makes us
+feel more drawn to the intellectual world of Russia than to that of the
+Germany of today, is that it would never be capable of justifying and
+approving the brutal conduct of its Government, as the German
+intellectuals are doing now. It has often been constrained to keep
+silence, but it has never raised its voice in defense of a guilty
+Government._
+
+Let not my testimony in favor of the Russians lead any one to believe
+that I am idealizing them, or that my people, the Letts, have enjoyed
+any special privileges under their government. On the contrary! I have
+suffered more at their hands than at the hands of the Germans, and my
+nation knows only too well how heavy is the hand of the Russian
+Government, and how suffocating the atmosphere of Panslavism. In 1906 it
+was the Lett peasant and intellectual classes who enjoyed most
+frequently the privilege of being flogged; it was amongst these classes
+that the greatest number of unfortunates were shot, hanged, or
+imprisoned for life. And since that dreadful year there are to be found
+in all the principal towns of Western Europe colonies of Letts, formed
+of refugees who succeeded in escaping from the atrocities of the
+punitive expedition sent by the Russian Government against my country.
+But this fact is significant: _at the head of the majority of the
+military bands commissioned to punish the country were German officers
+who had asked for this employment, and showed so great a zeal in
+shooting down men and setting fire to houses, that they went even beyond
+the intentions of the Russian Government. In those days the places
+might count themselves fortunate which were visited by dragoons
+commanded by officers of Russian nationality; for where Russian officers
+would have ordered the knout, German officers habitually inflicted a
+sentence of death._
+
+If my nation had ever to choose between a German and a Russian
+government it would choose the latter as the lesser of two evils. I see
+in the Lett newspapers that the reservists of my country left for the
+war with enthusiasm. I do not imagine that this enthusiasm is due to the
+thought that they are fighting for the glory of a nation which, by every
+means in its power, seeks to hinder our national development, by
+forbidding instruction in our native tongue in primary schools, by
+attempting to colonize our land with Russian peasants, by compelling our
+own people to emigrate to Siberia and America, by excluding all Letts
+from any share in Government employment, etc. This enthusiasm
+nevertheless exists, and it is because the war is being waged against
+Germany, and because the Letts know that the Germans have long been
+aiming at the possession of the Baltic provinces. To prevent this we are
+prepared to make any sacrifice. We, who love our national civilization
+and know well what Panslavism and Pangermanism mean, are of opinion
+that, of the two, Panslavism is less fatal to the civilizations of small
+nations. This is really due to the character of the two races.
+
+_German oppression is always systematic, hence always efficacious. In
+addition to this, their arrogant contempt for everything that is not
+themselves, the calm and calculated method in which they carry out their
+system of persecution wherever they dominate, all this makes them
+intolerable._
+
+_Russians are less logical by nature; their minds are not so regulated
+and they are more inclined to obey the dictates of their hearts; for
+this reason they are less to be feared as oppressors. The blows which
+they strike are often extremely cruel and painful, but they can repent
+from time to time. Their manners are rougher and more brutal_ (I speak
+here more especially of civil and military officials), _but on the whole
+they are more humane than the Germans, who often conceal feelings of
+fierce savagery under the mask of perfect courtesy. In the year 1906,
+when there were executions in Russia on a large scale, there were many
+cases of suicide amongst Russian officers who could not reconcile their
+profession of soldiers with that of a hangman. The officers of German
+nationality, on the other hand, carried out their orders with
+enjoyment._
+
+Nevertheless Russian domination, though preferable to German, is still
+very oppressive. I hear the news of Russian victories with mingled
+feelings, rejoicing in so far as they are victories for the Allies, yet
+dreading the triumph of Russia. After the defeats of the Russo-Japanese
+War, when the Russian Government was weakened, it conceded certain
+liberal measures and then revoked them almost entirely as its strength
+returned. What have we to expect from a victory for Czarism, especially
+we who are not Russians, but a savage revival of the crushing ideals of
+Panslavism?
+
+This is the agonized question which the nations subject to Russia are
+asking now. I read in your article that the turn of Czarism will come
+after that of Prussianism. In what sense is this to be understood? Is it
+your opinion that another war will presently break out against Czarism,
+or will it be struck down by the blows of an internal revolution? Is it
+even possible that France and England obtained the promise of a reform
+in the internal politics of Russia before allying themselves with her?
+And is the proclamation to the Poles evidence of this? Will it have any
+real effect after the war? And those other nations oppressed by
+Russia--the Finns, the Letts, the Lithuanians, the Esthonians, the
+Armenians, the Jews...--will they too have justice done them?
+
+These questions are probably devoid of any political significance. Yet
+without perceiving in what manner France and England can set us free, we
+do direct our hopes towards them. We believe that in some way or other
+they will take care in future that their Russian ally shall show herself
+worthy of them and of the ideas for which they are fighting, lest the
+blood of those who have died in the cause of freedom go to feed the
+strength of the oppressors.
+
+Thus, sir, I have ventured uninvited to set forth rather fully to you
+the hopes and fears of a nation which has developed itself on a narrow
+strip of land between the two abysses of Pangermanism and Panslavism.
+Whilst ardently desiring the destruction of the former, we have
+everything to fear from the latter. Yet we do not aspire to political
+independence. We seek only the possibility of developing freely our
+intellectual, artistic, and economic powers, without the perpetual
+menace of being absorbed by Russia or Germany. We believe that, in
+virtue of the civilization we have acquired in the face of obstacles, we
+are worthy of the liberties and rights of man; we are convinced that as
+a nation we have qualities which will fit us to play a valuable part in
+the great symphony of civilized peoples.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, October 10, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+V. INTER ARMA CARITAS
+
+
+Once more I address myself to our friends the enemy. But this time I
+shall attempt no discussion, for discussion is impossible with those who
+avow that they do not seek for but possess the truth. For the moment
+there is no spiritual force that can pierce the thick wall of certitude
+by which Germany is barricaded against the light of day--the terrible
+certitude, the pharisaical satisfaction which pervades the monstrous
+letter of a Court preacher who glorifies God for having made him
+impeccable, irreproachable, and pure, himself, his emperor, his
+ministers, his army, and his race; and who rejoices beforehand in his
+"holy wrath" at the destruction of all who do not think as he
+thinks.[17]
+
+True, I am very far from thinking that this monument of anti-Christian
+pride represents the spirit of the better part of Germany. I know how
+many noble hearts, moderate, affectionate, incapable of doing evil and
+almost of conceiving it, go to make up her moral strength; amongst them
+are friends that I shall never cease to esteem. I know how many intrepid
+minds work ceaselessly in German science for the conquest of the truth.
+But I see on the one hand these good people so over-confident, so
+tractable, with their eyes shut, ignorant of the facts and unwilling to
+recognize anything but what it is the pleasure of their Government that
+they shall know; and on the other, the clearest minds of Germany,
+historians and savants, trained for the criticism of texts, basing their
+conviction on documents which all emanate from one alone of the parties
+concerned, and by way of peremptory proof referring us to the _ex-parte_
+affirmations of their Emperor, and of their Chancellor, like
+well-behaved scholars, whose only argument is _Magister dixit_. What
+hope remains of convincing such people that there exists a truth beyond
+that master, and that in addition to his White Book we have in our hands
+books of every kind and of every color, whose testimony demands the
+attention of an impartial judge? But do they so much as know of their
+existence, and does the master allow his class to handle the manuals of
+his enemies? Our disagreement is not only as regards the facts of the
+case; it is due to difference in mind itself. Between the spirit of
+Germany today and that of the rest of Europe there is no longer a point
+of contact. We speak to them of _Humanity_; they reply with
+_Uebermensch_, _Uebervolk_, and it goes without saying that they
+themselves are the Uebervolk. Germany seems to be overcome by a morbid
+exaltation, a collective madness, for which there is no remedy but time.
+According to the view of medical experts in analogous cases such forms
+of madness develop rapidly, and are suddenly followed by profound
+depression. We can then but wait, and in the meantime defend ourselves
+to the best of our ability from the madness of Ajax.
+
+Certainly Ajax has given us plenty of work to do. Look at the ruins
+around us! We may bring aid to the victims--yet how little can we
+achieve? In the eternal struggle between good and evil the scales are
+not evenly balanced. We need a century to re-create what one day can
+destroy. The fury of madness, on the other hand, endures only for a day;
+patient labor is our lot throughout the years. It knows no pause, even
+in those hours when the world seems at an end. The vine-growers of
+Champagne gather in their vintage though the bombs of the rival armies
+explode around them--and we, too, can do our share! There is work for
+all who find themselves outside the battle. Especially for those who
+still can write, it seems to me that there should be something better to
+do than to brandish a pen dipped in blood and seated at their tables to
+cry "Kill! Kill!" I hate the war, but even more do I hate those who
+glorify it without taking part. What would we say of officers who
+marched behind their men? The noblest rôle of those who follow in the
+rear is to pick up their friends who fall, and to bear in mind even
+during the battle those fair words so often forgotten--_Inter arma
+caritas_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Amidst all the misery which every man of feeling can do his share to
+relieve, let us recall the fate of the prisoner of war. But knowing that
+Germany today blushes at her former sentimentality, I carefully refrain
+from appealing to her pity by whinings, as they call them, about the
+destruction of Louvain and Rheims. "War is war." Granted!--then it is
+natural that it drags in its train thousands of prisoners, officers and
+men.
+
+For the moment I shall say only a word about these, in order to comfort
+as far as possible the families who are searching for them, and are so
+anxious about their fate. On both sides hateful rumors circulate only
+too easily, rumors given currency by an unscrupulous press, rumors which
+would have us believe that the most elementary laws of humanity are
+trampled under foot by the enemy. Only the other day an Austrian friend
+wrote to me, maddened by the lies of some paper or other, to beg me to
+help the German wounded in France, who are left without any aid. And
+have I not heard or read the same unworthy fears expressed by Frenchmen
+as regards their wounded, who are said to be maltreated in Germany? But
+it is all a lie--on both sides; and those of us whose task it is to
+receive the true information from either camp must affirm the contrary.
+Speaking generally (for in so many thousands of cases one cannot, of
+course, be sure that there will not here and there be individual
+exceptions) this war, whose actual conduct has provoked a degree of
+harshness which our knowledge of previous wars in the West would not
+have allowed us to expect, is by contrast less cruel to all
+those--prisoners and wounded--who are put out of the battle line.
+
+The letters that we receive and documents already published--especially
+an interesting account which appeared in the _Neue Zürcher Zeitung_ of
+October 18th, written by Dr. Schneeli, who had just been visiting the
+hospitals and prisoners' camps in Germany--show that in that country
+efforts are being made to reconcile the ideals of humanity with the
+exigencies of war. They make it clear that there is no difference
+between the care bestowed by the Germans on their own wounded and those
+of the enemy, and that friendly relations exist between the prisoners
+and their guards, who all share the same food.
+
+I could wish that a similar inquiry might be made and published on the
+camps where German prisoners are concentrated in France. In the meantime
+accounts which reach me from individuals disclose a similar
+situation,[18] and there is plenty of reliable evidence that in Germany
+and France alike the wounded of both countries are living in terms of
+friendship. There are even soldiers who refuse to have their wounds
+dressed or receive their rations before their comrades the enemy have
+received similar attention. And who knows if it is not perhaps in the
+ranks of the contending armies that the feelings of national hatred are
+least violent? For there one learns to appreciate the courage of one's
+adversaries, since the same sufferings are common to all, and since
+where all energy is directed towards action there is none left for
+personal animosity. It is amongst those who are not actively engaged
+that there is developed the harsh and implacable brand of hatred, of
+which certain intellectuals provide terrible examples.
+
+The moral situation of the military prisoner is therefore not so
+overwhelming as might be imagined, and his lot, sad as it is, is less to
+be pitied than that of another class of prisoners of whom I shall speak
+later. The feeling of duty accomplished, the memory of the struggle,
+glorifies his misfortune in his own eyes, and even in those of the
+enemy. He is not totally abandoned to the foe; international conventions
+protect him; the Red Cross watches over him, and it is possible to
+discover where he is and to come to his assistance.
+
+In this work the admirable _Agence internationale des prisonniers de
+guerre_, most providentially established some two months after the
+commencement of the war, has caused the name of Geneva to be known and
+blessed in the most remote corners of France and Germany. It only needs,
+like Providence itself, to gain the co-operation of those over whose
+interests it watches, that is to say, of the States concerned which have
+been somewhat slow in supplying the lists we need. Under the ægis of the
+International Committee of the Red Cross, with M. Gustave Ador as
+president and M. Max Dollfus as director, some 300 voluntary workers,
+drawn from all classes of society, are assisting in its charitable work.
+More than 15,000 letters a day pass through its hands. It daily
+transmits about 7,000 letters between prisoners and their families, and
+is responsible for the safe dispatch of some 4,000 francs on an average.
+The precise information which it is able to communicate was very meager
+at the start, but soon increased, until a thousand cases could be dealt
+with in the course of a single day; and this number rapidly increased
+with the arrival of more complete lists from the Governments concerned.
+
+This renewal of intercourse between a prisoner and his family is not the
+only beneficial result of our organization. Its peaceful work, its
+impartial knowledge of the actual facts in the belligerent countries,
+contribute to modify the hatred which wild stories have exasperated, and
+to reveal what remains of humanity in the most envenomed enemy. It can
+also draw the attention of the different Governments, or at least of the
+general public, to cases where a speedy understanding would be in the
+interest of both parties--as, for instance, in the exchange of men who
+are so seriously wounded that they will be quite unable to take further
+part in the war, and whom it is useless and inhuman to keep languishing
+far from their friends. Finally, it can effectively direct public
+generosity, which often hesitates for want of guidance. It can, for
+instance, point out to neutral countries, who are so ungrudging in their
+anxiety to aid the sufferings of the combatants, where help is most
+urgently needed--for the wounded prisoners, convalescents leaving the
+hospital without linen or boots, and with no claims on the enemy for
+further support.[19]
+
+Instead of showering gifts (which, no doubt, are never superfluous) on
+the armies who can and should be supported by the peoples for whom they
+are fighting, neutrals might well reserve the greater part of their
+generosity for those who are most destitute, those whose need is the
+greatest, for they are feeble, broken, and alone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But there is another class of prisoners on whom I would like interest to
+be specially concentrated, for their situation is far more precarious,
+unprotected as they are by any international convention. These are the
+civil prisoners. They are one of the innovations of this unbridled war,
+which seems to have set itself to violate all the rights of humanity. In
+former wars it was only a question of a few hostages arrested here and
+there as a guarantee of good faith for the pledge of some conquered
+town. Never until now had one heard of populations taken bodily into
+captivity on the model of ancient conquests--a custom actively revived
+since the beginning of this war. Such a contingency not having been
+foreseen, no conventions existed to regulate the situation in the laws
+of war, if the words have any meaning. And as it would have been awkward
+to formulate fresh laws in the midst of the struggle, it seemed more
+simple to overlook them. It has been as though these unfortunates did
+not exist.
+
+But they do exist, and in thousands. Their number seems about equal on
+both sides. Which of the belligerents took the initiative in these
+captures? At present certainty is impossible. It seems clear that in the
+second half of July Germany ordered the arrest of a number of Alsatian
+civilians. To this France replied the day after her mobilization by
+declaring prisoners Germans and Austrians then to be found on her
+territory. The casting of this vast net was followed by similar action
+in Germany and Austria, though, perhaps, with less result. The conquest
+of Belgium and the invasion of the North of France brought about a
+redoubling of these measures aggravated by violence. The Germans, on
+retiring after their defeat on the Marne, methodically made a clean
+sweep in the towns and villages of Picardy and Flanders of all persons
+capable of bearing arms--500 men at Douai, at Amiens 1,800 summoned
+before the citadel on some apparently harmless pretext, and carried off
+without even the possibility of returning for a change of clothes.
+
+In many cases the captures had not even the excuse of military utility.
+In the village of Sompuis (Marne) on September 10th, the Saxons seized a
+helpless village priest of seventy-three, scarcely able to walk, and
+five old men of ages from sixty to seventy, one of whom was lame, and
+took them away on foot. Elsewhere women and children are taken, happy if
+they can remain together. Here a husband, mad with grief, searches for
+his wife and son aged three, who have disappeared since the Germans
+passed through Quièvrechain (Nord). There it is a mother and her
+children taken by the French near Guebwiller; the children were sent
+back, but not the mother. A French captain, wounded by the bursting of a
+shell, saw his wife also wounded by German bullets at Nomêny
+(Meurthe-et-Moselle); since when she has disappeared, taken he does not
+know where. An old peasant woman of sixty-three is taken away from her
+husband near Villers-aux-Vents (Meuse) by a company of Germans. A child
+of sixteen is seized at its mother's house at Mulhouse.
+
+Such action shows an utter lack of human feeling, and is almost more
+absurd than cruel. It really appears as though people had been
+deliberately separated from all who were dearest to them; and of those
+who have so disappeared no trace remains by which they can at present be
+found. I am not speaking of Belgium; there the silence is as of the
+grave. Of what is taking place there nothing has been heard in the
+outer world for three months. Are the villages and towns still in
+existence? I have before me letters from parents (in some cases
+belonging to neutral nations) begging for news of their children of
+twelve or eight years of age, detained in Belgium since hostilities
+broke out. I have even found in the lists of these vanished
+children--doubtless prisoners of war--youthful citizens of four or two
+years of age. Are we to understand that they too could have been
+mobilized?
+
+We see the anguish of the survivors. Imagine the distress of those who
+have disappeared, deprived of money or the means of obtaining any from
+their families. What misery is revealed in the first letters received
+from such families interned in France or Germany! A mother whose little
+boy is ill, although rich, cannot procure any money. Another, with two
+children, requests us to warn her family that if after the war, nothing
+more is heard of her, it will mean that she has died of hunger. These
+cries of misery seemed in the noise of battle to fall on deaf ears for
+the first two months. The Red Cross itself, absorbed in its immense
+task, reserved all its help for the military prisoners, and the
+Governments seemed to show a superb disdain for their unfortunate
+citizens. Of what use are such as cannot serve! Yet these are the most
+innocent victims of this war. They have not taken part in it, and
+nothing had prepared them for such calamities.
+
+Fortunately a man of generous sympathies (he will not forgive me for
+publishing his name), Dr. Ferrière, was touched by the misfortunes of
+these outcasts of the war. With a tenacity as patient as it was
+passionate, he set himself to construct in the swarming hive of Red
+Cross workers a special department to deal with their distress. Refusing
+to be discouraged by the innumerable difficulties and the remote chances
+of success, he persevered, limiting himself at first to drawing up lists
+of the missing, and trying to inspire confidence in their anxious
+friends. He then attempted by every means in his power to discover the
+place of internment, and to re-establish communications between
+relations and friends. What joy when one can announce to a family that
+the son or the father has been found! Every one of us at our table--for
+I, too, had the honor of sharing in the work--rejoices as though he were
+a member of that family. And as luck would have it the first letter of
+this kind which I had to write was to comfort some good people in my own
+little town in the Nivernais.
+
+Great progress has already been made. The most pressing needs have
+obtained a hearing. The Governments have agreed to liberate women,
+children under seventeen, and men over sixty. Repatriation began on
+October 23rd through the Bureau of Berne, created by the Federal
+Council. It remains, if not to deliver the others (we cannot count on
+this before the end of the war), at any rate to put them in
+communication with their families. In such cases, as in many others,
+more can be expected from the charitable efforts of private individuals
+than from Governments. The friends with whom we communicated in Germany
+or Austria as in France have replied with enthusiasm, all showing a
+generous desire to take part in our work. It is such questions
+transcending national pride which reveal the underlying fellowship of
+the nations which are tearing each other to pieces, and the sacrilegious
+folly of war. How friends and enemies are drawn together in the face of
+common suffering which the efforts of all humanity would hardly suffice
+to alleviate!
+
+When after three months of fratricidal struggle one has felt the calming
+influence of this wide human sympathy, and turns once more to the field
+of strife, the rasping cries of hate in the press inspire only horror
+and pity. What object have they in view? They wish to punish crimes and
+are a crime in themselves; for murderous words are the seeds of future
+murder. In the diseased organism of a fevered Europe everything vibrates
+and reverberates without end. Every word, every action, arouses
+reprisals. Him who fans hatred, hatred flares up to consume. Heroes of
+officialdom! bullies of the press! the blows which you deal very often
+reach your own people, little though you think it--your soldiers, your
+prisoners, delivered into the hands of the enemy. They answer for the
+harm which you have done, and you escape the danger.
+
+We cannot stop the war, but we can make it less bitter. There are
+medicines for the body. We need medicines for the soul, to dress the
+wounds of hatred and vengeance by which the world is being poisoned. We
+who write--let that be our task. And as the Red Cross pursues its work
+of mercy in the midst of the combat, like the bees of Holy Writ that
+made their honey in the jaws of the lion, let us try to support its
+efforts. Let our thoughts follow the ambulances that gather up the
+wounded on the field of battle. May _Notre-Dame la Misère_ lay on the
+brow of raging Europe her stern but succoring hand. May she open the
+eyes of these peoples, blinded by pride, and show them that they are
+but poor human flocks, equal in the face of suffering; suffering at all
+times so great that there is no reason to add to the burden.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, October 30, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+VI. TO THE PEOPLE THAT IS SUFFERING FOR JUSTICE
+
+(For _King Albert's Book_.[20])
+
+
+Belgium has just written an Epic, whose echoes will resound throughout
+the ages. Like the three hundred Spartans, the little Belgian army
+confronts for three months the German Colossus; Leman-Leonides; the
+Thermopylæ of Liège; Louvain, like Troy, burnt; the deeds of King Albert
+surrounded by his valiant men: with what legendary grandeur are these
+figures already invested, and history has not yet completed their story!
+The heroism of this people, who, without a murmur, sacrificed everything
+for honor, has burst like a thunderclap upon us at a time when the
+spirit of victorious Germany was enthroning in the world a conception of
+political realism, resting stolidly on force and self-interest. It was
+a liberation of the oppressed idealism of the West. And that the signal
+should have been given by this little nation seemed a miracle.
+
+Men call the sudden appearance of a hidden reality a miracle. It is the
+shock of danger which makes us best understand the character of
+individuals and of nations. What discoveries this war has caused us to
+make in those around us, even among those nearest and dearest to us!
+What heroic hearts and savage beasts! The inner soul, not a new soul,
+reveals itself.
+
+In this fearful hour Belgium has seen the hidden genius of her race
+emerge. The sterling qualities that she has displayed during the last
+three months evoke admiration; it should not surprise any one who, in
+the pages of history, has felt, coursing through the ages, the vigorous
+sap of her people. Small in numbers and in territory, but one of the
+greatest in Europe in virtue of her overflowing vitality. The Belgians
+of today are the sons of the Flemings of Courtrai. The men of this land
+never feared to oppose their powerful neighbors, the kings of France or
+Spain--now heroes, now victims, Artevelde and Egmont. Their soil,
+watered by the blood of millions of warriors, is the most fertile in
+Europe in the harvests of the spirit. From it arose the art of modern
+painting, spread throughout the world by the school of the van Eycks at
+the time of the Renaissance. From it arose the art of modern music, of
+that polyphony which thrilled through France, Germany, and Italy for
+nearly two centuries. From it, too, came the superb poetic efflorescence
+of our times; and the two writers who most brilliantly represent French
+literature in the world, Maeterlinck and Verhaeren, are Belgian. They
+are the people who have suffered most and have borne their sufferings
+most bravely and cheerfully; the martyr-people of Philip II and of
+Kaiser Wilhelm; and they are the people of Rubens, the people of
+Kermesses and of Till Ulenspiegel.
+
+He who knows the amazing epic re-told by Charles de Coster: _The heroic,
+joyous, and glorious adventures of Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedjak_, those
+two Flemish worthies who might take their places side by side with the
+immortal Don Quixote and his Sancho Panza--he who has seen that
+dauntless spirit at work, rough and facetious, rebellious by nature,
+always offending the established powers, running the gauntlet of all
+trials and hardships, and emerging from them always gay and
+smiling--realizes also the destinies of the nation that gave birth to
+Ulenspiegel, and even in the darkest hour fearlessly looks towards the
+approaching dawn of rich and happy days. Belgium may be invaded. The
+Belgian people will never be conquered nor crushed. The Belgian people
+cannot die.
+
+At the end of the story of _Till Ulenspiegel_, when they think he is
+dead, and are going to bury him, he wakes up:
+
+     _"Are they," he asks, "going to bury Ulenspiegel the soul, Nele the
+     heart of mother Flanders? Sleep, perhaps, but die, no! Come,
+     Nele."_
+
+     _And he departed, singing his sixth song. But no one knows where he
+     sang his last._
+
+
+
+
+VII. LETTER TO MY CRITICS[21]
+
+
+_November 17, 1914._
+
+There has reached me, after much delay, at Geneva, where I am engaged on
+the International work of Prisoners of War, the echo of attacks against
+me in certain newspapers, roused by the articles that I have published
+in the _Journal de Genève_, or rather by two or three passages
+arbitrarily chosen from those articles (for they themselves are scarcely
+known to anybody in France). My best reply will be to collect what I
+have written and publish it in Paris. I would not add a word of
+explanation, for there is not a line that I did not think it my right
+and my duty to set down. Moreover, I think that there is better work to
+do at this moment than to defend oneself; there are others to defend,
+the thousands of victims who are fighting in France. Time devoted to
+polemics is like a theft from these unfortunates, from these prisoners
+and families, whose hands seeking each other across space we are trying
+to unite at Geneva.
+
+But not content with attacking me personally, they have attacked ideas
+and a cause which I believe to be that of the true France; and since my
+friends expect me to defend these thoughts which are also theirs, I
+profit by the hospitality which is offered me to reply distinctly and
+frankly in good French.
+
+I have published four articles: a letter to Gerhart Hauptmann, written
+the day after the devastation of Louvain, "Above the Battle," "The
+Lesser of Two Evils," and "Inter Arma Caritas." In these four articles I
+have stated that of all the imperialisms which are the scourge of the
+world, Prussian Military Imperialism is the worst. I have declared that
+it is the enemy of European liberty, the enemy of Western civilization,
+the enemy of Germany herself, and that it must be destroyed. On this
+point I imagine we are agreed.
+
+To what do my critics take exception? Without entering into the
+discussion of certain points of detail, such as the appeal made by the
+Allies to the forces of Asia and Africa of which I disapprove, and
+still disapprove because I see in it a near and grave danger for Europe
+and for the Allies themselves, and because this danger is already
+materializing in threats of disturbance in the world of Islam--exception
+is taken essentially on two grounds:
+
+1. My refusal to include the German people and its military and
+intellectual rulers in the same denunciation.
+
+2. The esteem and friendship which I have for the individuals in the
+country with which we are at war.
+
+I will reply first of all without ambiguity to this second reproach.
+Yes, I have German friends as I have French, Italian, and English
+friends, and friends of every race. They are my wealth: I am proud of it
+and keep it. When one has had the good fortune to meet in this world
+loyal souls with whom one shares one's most intimate thoughts, and with
+whom one has formed bonds of brotherly union, such bonds are sacred, and
+not to be broken asunder in the hour of trial. He would be a coward who
+timidly ceased to own them, in order to obey the insolent summons of a
+public opinion which has no right over the heart. Does the love of
+country demand this unkindness of thought which is associated with the
+name Cornélienne? Cornéille himself has given the answer:
+
+    --_Albe vous a nommé, je ne vous connais plus._
+    --_Je vous connais encore, et c'est ce qui me tue._
+
+Certain letters, which I shall reproduce later, will show the grief,
+sometimes almost tragic, that such friendships mean in these moments.
+Thanks to them, we have at least been able to defend ourselves against a
+hatred which is more murderous than war, since it is an infection
+produced by its wounds; and it does as much harm to those whom it
+possesses as to those against whom it is directed.
+
+This poison I see with apprehension spreading at the present moment.
+Amongst the victim populations, the cruelties and ravages committed by
+the German armies have brought to birth a desire for reprisals. This,
+when once in existence, is not for the press to exasperate, for such a
+desire runs the risk of leading to dangerous injustice--dangerous not
+only for the conquered but above all for the conquerors. France has, in
+this war, the chance of playing the nobler part, the rarest chance that
+the world has even seen. A German wrote to me a few weeks ago: "France
+has won in this war a prodigious moral triumph. The sympathies of the
+whole world are drawn towards her; and, most extraordinary of all,
+Germany herself has a secret leaning towards her enemy." All should wish
+that this moral triumph may be hers to the end, and that she may remain
+to the end just, straightforward, and humane. I could never distinguish
+the cause of France from that of humanity. It is just because I am
+French that I leave to our Prussian enemies the motto: "_Oderint, dum
+metuant._" I wish France to be loved, I wish her to be victorious not
+only by force, not only by right (that would be difficult enough), but
+by that large and generous heart which is pre-eminently hers. I wish her
+to be strong enough to fight without hatred and to regard even those
+against whom she is forced to fight as misguided brothers who must be
+pitied when they have been rendered harmless.
+
+Our soldiers know it well, and I say nothing here of letters from the
+front which tell us of compassion and kindness between the combatants.
+But the civilians who are outside the combat, who do not fight, but
+talk, who write and embroil themselves in a factitious and lunatic
+agitation and are never exhausted; these are delivered over to the winds
+of feverish violence. And there is the danger. For they form opinion,
+the only opinion that can be expressed (all others are forbidden). It
+is for these that I write, not for those who are fighting (they have no
+need of us!).
+
+And when I hear the publicists trying to rouse the energies of the
+nation by all the stimulants at their disposal for this one object, the
+total crushing of the enemy nation, I think it my duty to rise in
+opposition to what I believe to be at once a moral and a political
+error. You make war against a State, not against a people. It would be
+monstrous to hold sixty-five million men responsible for the acts of
+some thousands--perhaps some hundreds. Here in French Switzerland, so
+passionately in sympathy with France, so eager both in its sympathies
+and in the duty of restraining them, I have been able for three months,
+by reading German letters and pamphlets, to examine closely the
+conscience of the German nation. And I have been able thus to take
+account of a good many facts which escape the greater part of the French
+people. The first, the most striking, the most ignored, is that there is
+not in Germany as a whole any real hatred of France (all the hatred is
+turned against England). The especial pathos of the situation lies in
+the fact that the French spirit only really began to exercise an
+attraction upon Germany some two or three years ago. Germany was
+beginning to discover the true France, the France of work and of faith.
+The new generations, the young classes that they have just led to the
+abattoir of Ypres and Dixmude, numbered the purest souls, the greatest
+idealists, those most possessed by the dream of universal brotherhood.
+If I say that for many among them the war has been a laceration, "a
+horror, a failure, a renunciation of every ideal, an abdication of the
+spirit," as one of them wrote on the eve of his death--if I say that the
+death of Péguy has been mourned by many young Germans, no one would
+believe me. But belief will be a necessity the day I publish the
+documents which I have collected.
+
+It is somewhat better understood in France how this German nation,
+enveloped in the network of lies woven by its Government, and abandoning
+herself thereto with a blind and obstinate loyalty, is profoundly
+convinced that she was attacked, hemmed in by the jealousy of the world;
+and that she must defend herself at all costs or die. It is among the
+chivalrous traditions of France to render homage to the courage of an
+adversary. One owes it to that adversary to recognize that in default of
+other virtues the spirit of sacrifice is, in the present instance,
+almost boundless. It would be a great mistake to force it to extremes.
+Instead of driving this blind people to a magnificent and desperate
+defense, let us try to open their eyes. It is not impossible. An
+Alsatian patriot, to whom one could not impute indulgence for Germany,
+Dr. Bucher of Strasbourg, told me not long since, that even though the
+German is full of haughty prejudices carefully fostered by his teachers,
+he is at any rate always amenable to discussion and his docile spirit is
+accessible to arguments. As an example, I would instance the secret
+evolution that I see in progress in the thought of certain Germans.
+Numbers of German letters that I have read this month begin to utter
+agonized questionings as to the legitimacy of the proceedings of Germany
+in Belgium. I have seen this anxiety growing, little by little, in
+consciences which at first reposed in the conviction of their right.
+Truth is slowly dawning. What will happen if its light conquers and
+spreads? Carry truth in your hands! Let it be our strongest weapon! Let
+us, like the soldiers of the Revolution, whose hearts live again in our
+troops, fight not against our enemies, but for them. In saving the
+world, let us save them too. France does not break old chains in order
+to rivet new.
+
+Your thoughts are fixed on victory. I think of the peace which will
+follow. For however insistently the most militarist among you may talk,
+venturing as did an article to hold out the delightful promise of a
+perpetual war--"a war which will last after this war, indefinitely...."[22]
+(it will come to an end, nevertheless--for lack of combatants!) ...
+there must come a day when you will stretch out the hand of friendship,
+you and your neighbors across the Rhine, if it were only to come to an
+agreement, for the sake of your own business. You will have to
+re-establish supportable and humane relations: so set to work in such a
+manner as not to make them impossible! Do not break down all the
+bridges, since it will ever be necessary to cross the river. Do not
+destroy the future. A good open, clean wound will heal; but do not
+poison it. Let us be on our guard against hatred. If we prepare for war
+in peace according to the wisdom of nations, we should also prepare for
+peace in war. It is a task which seems to me not unworthy of those among
+us who find themselves outside the struggle, and who through the life of
+the spirit have wider relations with the universe--a little lay church
+which, today more than the other, preserves its faith in the unity of
+human thought and believes that all men are sons of the same Father. In
+any case, if such a faith merits insult, the insults constitute an honor
+that we will claim as ours before the tribunal of posterity.
+
+
+
+
+VIII. THE IDOLS
+
+
+For more than forty centuries it has been the effort of great minds who
+have attained liberty to extend this blessing to others; to liberate
+humanity and to teach men to see reality without fear or error, to look
+themselves in the face without false pride or false humility and to
+recognize their weakness and their strength, that they may know their
+true position in the universe. They have illumined the path with the
+brightness of their lives and their example, like the star of the magi,
+that mankind may have light.
+
+Their efforts have failed. For more than forty centuries humanity has
+remained in bondage--I do not say to masters (for such are of the order
+of the flesh, of which I am not speaking here; and their chains break
+sooner or later), but to the phantoms of their own minds. Such servitude
+comes from within. We grow faint in the endeavor to cut the bonds which
+bind mankind, who straightway tie them again to be more firmly
+enthralled. Of every liberator men make a master. Every ideal which
+ought to liberate is transformed into a clumsy idol. The history of
+humanity is the history of Idols and of their successive reigns; and as
+humanity grows older the power of the Idol seems to wax greater and more
+destructive.
+
+At first the divinities were of wood, of stone, or of metal. Those at
+any rate were not proof against the axe or against fire. Others followed
+that no material force could reach, for they were graven in the
+invisible mind. Yet all aspired to material dominion, and to secure for
+them that dominion the peoples of the world have poured out their best
+blood: Idols of religions and of nationality: the Idol of liberty whose
+reign was established in Europe by the armies of the _sans-culotte_ at
+the point of the bayonet. The masters have changed, the slaves are still
+the same. Our century has made the acquaintance of two new species. The
+Idol of Race, at first the outcome of noble ideas, became in the
+laboratories of spectacled savants the Moloch which Germany herself
+hurled against France in 1870 and which her enemies now wish to use
+against the Germany of today. The latest on the scene is that authentic
+product of German science, fraternally allied to the labors of industry,
+of commerce, and of the firm of Krupp--the Idol of Kultur surrounded by
+its Levites, the thinkers of Germany.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The common feature of the cult of all Idols is the adaptation of an
+ideal to the evil instincts of mankind. Man cultivates the vices which
+are profitable to him, but feels the necessity of legitimizing them;
+being unwilling to sacrifice them, he must idealize them. That is why
+the problem at which he has never ceased to labor throughout the
+centuries has been to harmonize his ideals with his own mediocrity. He
+has always succeeded. The crowd has no difficulty here. It sets side by
+side its virtues and its vices, its heroism and its meanness. The force
+of its passions and the rapid course of the days which carry it along
+cause it to forget its lack of logic.
+
+But the intelligent few cannot satisfy themselves with so little effort.
+Not that they are, as is often said, less readily swayed by passion.
+This is a grave error; the richer a life becomes the more does it offer
+for passion to devour, and history sufficiently shows the terrifying
+paroxysms to which the lives of religious leaders and revolutionaries
+have attained. But these toilers in the spirit love careful work, and
+are repelled by popular modes of thought which perpetually break through
+the meshes of reasoning. They have to make a more closely woven net in
+which instinct and idea, cost what it may, combine to form a stouter
+tissue. They thus achieve monstrous _chefs-d'oeuvre_. Give an
+intellectual any ideal and any evil passion and he will always succeed
+in harmonizing the twain. The love of God and the love of mankind have
+been invoked in order to burn, kill, and pillage. The fraternity of 1793
+was sister to the Holy Guillotine. We have in our time seen Churchmen
+seeking and finding in the Gospels the justification of Banking and of
+War. Since the outbreak of the war a clergyman of Würtemberg established
+the fact that _neither Christ nor John the Baptist nor the apostles
+desired to suppress militarism_.[23] A clever intellectual is a conjuror
+in ideas. "_Nothing in my hands--nothing up my sleeves._" The great
+trick is to extract from any given idea its precise contrary--war from
+the Sermon on the Mount, or, like Professor Ostwald, the military
+dictatorship of the Kaiser from the dream of an intellectual
+internationalism. For such conjurors these things are but child's play.
+
+Let us expose them, by examining the words of this Dr. Ostwald, who has
+appeared during the last few months as the Baptist of the Gospel of the
+spiked helmet.
+
+Here is the Idol to begin with--_Kultur (made in Germany), with a
+capital K "rectiligne et de quatre pointes, comme un chevel de frise,"_
+as Miguel de Unamuno wrote to me. All around are little gods, the
+children of its loins: _Kulturstaat_, _Kulturbund_, _Kulturimperium_....
+
+_"I am now" (it is the voice of Ostwald[24]) "going to explain to you
+the great secret of Germany. We, or rather the Germanic race, have
+discovered the factor of Organization. Other peoples still live under
+the régime of individualism while we are under that of Organization. The
+stage of Organization is a more advanced stage of civilization."_
+
+It is surely clear that, like those missionaries who, in order to carry
+the Christian faith to heathen peoples, secure the co-operation of a
+squadron and a landing party which straightway establish in the
+idolatrous country commercial stores protected by a ring of cannon,
+German intelligence cannot without selfishness keep her treasures to
+herself. She is obliged to share them.
+
+"_Germany wishes to organize Europe, for Europe has hitherto not been
+organized. With us everything tends to elicit from each individual the
+maximal output in the direction most favorable for society. That for us
+is liberty in its highest form._"
+
+We may well pause to marvel at this way of talking about human "culture"
+as though it were a question of asparagus and artichokes. Of this
+happiness, and these advantages, this maximal output, this market-garden
+culture, this liberty of artichokes subjected to a judicious forcing
+process, Professor Ostwald does not wish to deprive the other peoples of
+Europe. As they are so unenlightened as not to acquiesce with
+enthusiasm:
+
+"_War will make them participate in the form of this organization in our
+higher civilization._"
+
+Thereupon the chemist-philosopher, who is also in his leisure hours a
+politician and a strategist, sketches in bold outline the picture of the
+victories of Germany and a remodeled Europe--a United States of Europe
+under the paternal sceptre of his mailed Kaiser: England crushed, France
+disarmed, and Russia dismembered. His colleague Haeckel completes this
+joyous _exposé_ by dividing Belgium, the British Empire, and the North
+of France--like Perrette of the fable before her pitcher broke.
+Unfortunately neither Haeckel nor Ostwald tells us if their plan for the
+establishment of this higher civilization included the destruction of
+the Halle of Ypres, of the Library at Louvain, of the Cathedral at
+Rheims. After all these conquests, divisions, and devastations, let us
+not overlook this wonderful sentence of which Ostwald certainly did not
+realize the sinister buffoonery, worthy of a Molière: "You know that I
+am a pacifist."
+
+However far the high priests of a cult may allow their emotion to carry
+them, their profession of faith still retains a certain diplomatic
+reserve which does not hamper their followers. Thus the
+_Kulturmenschen_. But the zeal of their Levites must frequently disturb
+the serenity of Moses and Aaron--Haeckel and Ostwald--by its intemperate
+frankness. I do not know what they think of the article of Thomas Mann
+which appeared in the November number of the _Neue Rundschau_: "Gedanken
+im Kriege." But I do know what certain French intellectuals will think
+of it. Germany could not offer them a more terrible weapon against
+herself.
+
+In an access of delirious pride and exasperated fanaticism Mann employs
+his envenomed pen to justify the worst accusations that have been made
+against Germany. While an Ostwald endeavors to identify the cause of
+_Kultur_ with that of civilization, Mann proclaims: "They have nothing
+in common. The present war is that of _Kultur_ (i. e., of Germany)
+against civilization." And pushing this outrageous boast of pride to the
+point of madness, he defines civilization as Reason (_Vernunft,
+Aufklärung_), Gentleness (_Sittigung, Sänftigung_), Spirit (_Geist,
+Auflösung_), and Kultur as "a spiritual _organization_ of the world"
+which does not exclude "bloody savagery." Kultur is "the sublimation of
+the demoniacal" (_die Sublimierung des Dämonischen_). It is "above
+morality, above reason, and above science." While Ostwald and Haeckel
+see in militarism merely an arm or instrument of which Kultur makes use
+to secure victory, Thomas Mann affirms that Kultur and Militarism are
+brothers--their ideal is the same, their aim the same, their principle
+the same. Their enemy is peace, is spirit ("_Ja, der Geist ist zivil,
+ist bürgerlich_"). He finally dares to inscribe on his own and his
+country's banner the words, "Law is the friend of the weak; it would
+reduce the world to a level. War brings out strength."
+
+    _Das Gesetz ist der Freund des Schwachen,_
+    _Möchte gern die Welt verflachen_
+    _Aber der Krieg lässt die Kraft erscheinen...._
+
+In this criminal glorification of violence, Thomas Mann himself has been
+surpassed. Ostwald preached the victory of Kultur, if necessary by
+Force; Mann proved that Kultur is Force. Some one was needed to cast
+aside the last veil of reserve and say "Force alone. All else be
+silent." We have read extracts from the cynical article in which
+Maximilian Harden, treating the desperate efforts of his Government to
+excuse the violation of Belgian neutrality as feeble lies, dared to
+write:
+
+"_Why on earth all this fuss? Might creates our Right. Did a powerful
+man ever submit himself to the crazy pretensions or to the judgment of a
+band of weaklings?_"
+
+What a testimony to the madness into which German intelligence has been
+precipitated by pride and struggle, and to the moral anarchy of this
+Empire, whose _organization_ is imposing only to the eyes of those who
+do not see farther than the façade! Who cannot see the weakness of a
+Government which gags its socialist press and yet tolerates such an
+insulting contradiction as this? Who does not see that such words
+defame Germany before the whole world for centuries to come? These
+miserable intellectuals imagine that with their display of infuriated
+Nietzcheism and Bismarckism they are acting heroically and impressing
+the world. They merely disgust it. They wish to be believed. People are
+only too ready to believe them. The whole of Germany will be made
+responsible for the delirium of a few writers. Germany will one day
+realize she has had no more deadly enemy than her own intellectuals.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I write here without prejudice, for I am certainly not proud of our
+French intellectuals. The Idol of Race, or of Civilization, or of
+Latinity, which they so greatly abuse, does not satisfy me. I do not
+like any idol--not even that of Humanity. But at any rate those to which
+my country bows down are less dangerous. They are not aggressive, and,
+moreover, there remains even in the most fanatical of our intellectuals
+a basis of native common sense, of which the Germans of whom I have just
+spoken seem to have lost all trace. But it must be admitted that on
+neither side have they brought honor to the cause of reason, which they
+have not been able to protect against the winds of violence and folly.
+There is a saying of Emerson's which is applicable to their failure:
+
+"_Nothing is more rare in any man than an act of his own._"
+
+Their acts and their writings have come to them from others, from
+outside, from public opinion, blind and menacing. I do not wish to
+condemn those who have been obliged to remain silent either because they
+are in the armies, or because the censorship which rules in countries
+involved in war has imposed silence upon them. But the unheard-of
+weakness with which the leaders of thought have everywhere abdicated to
+the collective madness has certainly proved their lack of _character_.
+
+Certain somewhat paradoxical passages in my own writings have caused me
+at times to be styled an anti-intellectual; an absurd charge to bring
+against one who has given his life to the worship of thought. But it is
+true that Intellectualism has often appeared to me as a mere caricature
+of Thought--Thought mutilated, deformed, and petrified, powerless, not
+only to dominate the drama of life, but even to understand it. And the
+events of to-day have proved me more in the right than I wished to be.
+The intellectual lives too much in the realm of shadows, of ideas.
+Ideas have no existence in themselves, but only through the hopes or
+experiences which can fill them. They are either summaries, or
+hypotheses; frames for what has been or will be; convenient or necessary
+formulæ. One cannot live and act without them, but the evil is that
+people make them into oppressive realities. No one contributes more to
+this than the intellectual, whose trade it is to handle them, who,
+biased by his profession, is always tempted to subordinate reality to
+them. Let there supervene a collective passion which completes his
+blindness, and it will be cast in the form of the idea which can best
+serve its purpose: it transfers its life-blood to that idea, and the
+idea magnifies and glorifies it in turn. Nothing is more long-lived in a
+man than a phantom which his own mind has created, a phantom in which
+are combined the madness of his heart and the madness of his head. Hence
+the intellectuals in the present crisis have not been overcome by the
+warlike contagion less than others, but they have themselves contributed
+to spreading it. I would add (for it is their punishment) that they are
+victims of the contagion for a longer period: for whilst simple folk
+constantly submit to the test of every-day action and of experience, and
+modify their ideas without conscious regret, the intellectual finds
+himself bound in the net of his own creation and every word that he
+writes draws the bonds tighter. Hence while we see that in the soldiers
+of all armies the fire of hate is rapidly dying down and that they
+already fraternize from trench to trench, the writers redouble their
+furious arguments. We can easily prophesy that when the remembrance of
+this senseless war has passed away among the people its bitterness will
+still be smouldering in the hearts of the intellectuals....
+
+Who shall break the idols? Who shall open the eyes of their fanatical
+followers? Who shall make them understand that no god of their minds,
+religious or secular, has the right to force himself on other human
+beings--even he who seems the most worthy--or to despise them? Admitting
+that your _Kultur_ on German soil produces the sturdiest and most
+abundant human crop, who has entrusted to you the mission of cultivating
+other lands? Cultivate your own garden. We will cultivate ours. There is
+a sacred flower for which I would give all the products of your
+artificial culture. It is the wild violet of Liberty. You do not care
+about it. You tread it under foot. But it will not die. It will live
+longer than your masterpieces of barrack and hot-house. It is not
+afraid of the wind. It has braved other tempests than that of today. It
+grows under brambles and under dead leaves. Intellectuals of Germany,
+intellectuals of France, labor and sow on the fields of your own minds:
+respect those of others. Before _organizing_ the world you have enough
+to do to _organize_ your own private world. Try for a moment to forget
+your ideas and behold yourselves. And above all, look at us. Champions
+of _Kultur_ and of Civilization, of the Germanic races and of Latinity,
+enemies, friends, let us look one another in the eyes. My brother, do
+you not see there a heart similar to your own, with the same hopes, the
+same egoism, and the same heroism and power of dream which forever
+refashions its gossamer web? _Vois-tu pas que tu es moi_? said the old
+Hugo to one of his enemies....
+
+The true man of culture is not he who makes of himself and his ideal the
+center of the universe, but who looking around him sees, as in the sky
+the stream of the Milky Way, thousands of little flames which flow with
+his own; and who seeks neither to absorb them nor to impose upon them
+his own course, but to give himself the religious persuasion of their
+value and of the common source of the fire by which all alike are fed.
+Intelligence of the mind is nothing without that of the heart. It is
+nothing also without good sense and humor--good sense which shows to
+every people and to every being their place in the universe--and humor
+which is the critic of misguided reason, the soldier who, following the
+chariot to the Capitol, reminds Cæsar in his hour of triumph that he is
+bald.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, December 4, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+IX. FOR EUROPE: MANIFESTO OF THE WRITERS AND THINKERS OF CATALONIA
+
+
+National passions are triumphant. For five months they have rent our
+Europe. They think they will soon have compassed its destruction and
+effaced its image in the hearts of the last of these who remain faithful
+to it. But they are mistaken. They have renewed the faith that we had in
+it. They have made us recognize its value and our love. And from one
+country to another we have discovered our unknown brothers, sons of the
+same mother, who in the hour when she is denied, consecrate themselves
+to her defence.
+
+Today, it is from Spain that the voice reaches us, from the thinkers of
+Catalonia. Let us pass on their appeal which comes to us from the shores
+of the Mediterranean, like the sound of a Christmas bell. Another day
+the bells of Northern Europe will be heard in their turn. And soon all
+will ring together in unison. The test is good. Let us be thankful.
+Those who desired to separate us have joined our hands.
+
+R. R.
+
+_December 31, 1914._
+
+
+MANIFESTO OF THE _FRIENDS OF THE MORAL UNITY OF EUROPE_
+
+A number of literary and scientific men at Barcelona, as far removed
+from amorphous internationalism on the one hand as from mere
+parochialism on the other, have banded themselves together _to affirm
+their unchangeable belief in the moral unity of Europe_, and to further
+this belief as far as the suffocating conditions resulting from the
+present tragic circumstances permit.
+
+We set out from the principle that the terrible war which today is
+rending the heart of this Europe of ours is, by implication, a _Civil
+War_.
+
+A civil war does not exactly mean an unjust war; still, it can only be
+justified by a conflict between great ideals, and if we desire the
+triumph of one or the other of these ideals, it must be for the sake of
+the entire European Commonwealth and its general well-being. None of the
+belligerents, therefore, can be allowed to aim at the complete
+destruction of its opponents; and it is even less legitimate to start
+out from the criminal hypothesis that one or another of the parties is
+_de facto_ already excluded from this superior commonwealth.
+
+Yet we have seen with pain assertions such as these approved and
+deliriously spread abroad; and not always amongst common people, or by
+the voices of those who speak not with authority. For three months it
+seemed as if our ideal Europe were ship-wrecked, but a reaction is
+making its appearance already. A thousand indications assure us that, in
+the world of intellect at any rate, the winds are quieting down, and
+that in the best minds the eternal values will soon spring up once more.
+
+It is our purpose to assist in this reaction, to contribute to making it
+known, and, as far as we are able, to ensure its triumph. We are not
+alone. We have with us in every quarter of the world the ardent
+aspirations of far-sighted minds, and the unvoiced wishes of thousands
+of men of good will, who, beyond their sympathies and personal
+preferences, are determined to remain faithful to the cause of this
+moral unity.
+
+And above all we have, in the far distant future, the appreciation of
+the men who tomorrow will applaud this modest work to which we are
+devoting ourselves today.
+
+We will begin by giving the greatest possible publicity to those
+actions, declarations, and manifestations--whether they emanate from
+belligerent or neutral nations--in which the effort of reviving the
+feeling of a higher unity and a generous altruism may become apparent.
+Later we shall be able to extend our activities and place them at the
+service of new enterprises. We demand nothing more of our friends, of
+our press, and of our fellow citizens than a little attention for these
+quickenings of reality, a little respect for the interests of a higher
+humanity, and a little love for the great traditions and the rich
+possibilities of a _unified Europe_.
+
+BARCELONA, _November 27, 1914_.
+
+
+EUGENIO D'ORS, Member of the Institute; MANUEL DE MONTOLIU, Author;
+AURELIO RAS, Director of the Review _Estudio_; AUGUSTIN MURUA,
+University Professor; TELESFORO DE ARANZADI, University Professor;
+MIGUEL S. OLIVER; JUAN PALAU, publicist; PABLO VILA, Director of _Mont
+d'Or_ College; ENRIQUE JARDI, Barrister; E. MESSEGUER, publicist; CARMEN
+KARR, Director of the _Residencia de Estudiantes El Hogar_; ESTEBAN
+TERRADES, Member of the Institute; JOSE ZULUETA, Member of Parliament;
+R. JORI, Author; EUDALDO DURAN REYNALS, Librarian of the _Biblioteca de
+Cataluna_; RAFAEL CAMPALANS, Engineer; J. M. LOPEZ-PICO, Author; R.
+RUCABADO, Author; E. CUELLO CALOU, University Professor; MANUEL
+REVENLOS, Professor of the _Escuela de Funcionarios_; J. FARRAN MAYORAL,
+Author; JAIME MASSO TORRENTS, Member of the Institute; JORGE RUBIO
+BALAGUER, Director of the _Biblioteca de Cataluna_.
+
+_Translated from the Spanish by R. R._
+
+_Journal de Genève_, January 9, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+X. FOR EUROPE: AN APPEAL FROM HOLLAND TO THE INTELLECTUALS OF ALL
+NATIONS
+
+
+In the preceding chapter, in which I put before my readers the fine
+manifesto of the Catalonian intellectuals "For the Moral Unity of
+Europe," I stated that after this appeal from the Mediterranean South I
+would make known those of the North. Amongst the latter here is the
+voice of Holland:--
+
+The _Nederlandsche Anti-Oorlog Road_ (Dutch Anti-War Council) is perhaps
+the most important attempt that these last months has seen to unify
+pacifist thought. Whilst recognizing the value of what has been done for
+some years past in favor of peace, the N. A. O. R. is convinced that
+"all this work could have been much more effective, and could even have
+prevented the present catastrophe, if it had been better taken in hand."
+There has been lack of co-operation, wastage of energy, lack of
+penetration to the mass of the people. The problem is to discover if
+this internal defect cannot be remedied. "Will the world-wide tragedy of
+rivalry continue even inside the pacifist movement, or will this war
+teach those who are fighting against it the necessity of an energetic
+organization and preparation?"
+
+To this task the N.A.O.R. is devoting itself. Founded on October 8,
+1914, it had succeeded by January 15th in securing the adhesion of 350
+Dutch societies (official, political, of all parties, religious,
+intellectual, labor), and its manifestoes brought together the
+signatures of more than a hundred of the most illustrious names of the
+Netherlands--statesmen, prelates, officers, writers, professors,
+artists, business men, etc. It therefore represents a considerable moral
+force.
+
+Let it be said at once that the N.A.O.R. does not look for an immediate
+end of the war by a peace at any price. On the one hand it declares
+itself "it has formed no presumptuous idea of its strength; it has no
+naïve confidence in vague peace formulæ, nor even in well-defined mutual
+obligations. The universal war of today has, alas! taught it much in
+this respect also." And, moreover, it is quite aware that a peace at
+any price, under present conditions, would only be a consecration of
+injustice. The great public meetings which it has organized on December
+15th in the chief towns of the Netherlands have unanimously declared
+that such a peace seemed neither possible nor even desirable. I will add
+that certain of the articles of the N.A.O.R. suggest, with all the
+reserve necessitated by its attitude of neutrality and its profound
+desire for impartiality, the direction of its suppressed sympathies.
+Especially the following:--
+
+"To repair the harm done by this war to the prestige of law in
+international relations. To bow before the law, whether customary or
+codified in treaties is a duty, even where sanction is wanting. Reform
+will be in vain: if there is not respect for law, and nations refuse to
+keep their word, a durable peace is out of the question."
+
+The object of the N.A.O.R. is especially to study the conditions in
+which we can realize a just, humane, and durable peace, which will
+secure for Europe a long future of fruitful tranquility and of common
+work, and to interest the public opinion of all nations in securing such
+a peace. I cannot analyze here, owing to lack of space, the various
+public manifestoes, the _Appeal to the People of Holland_ (October,
+1914), or the _Appeal for Co-operation and the Preparation of Peace_, a
+kind of attempt to mobilize the pacifist armies (November). The latter
+of these contains ideas which agree in many cases with those of the
+_Union of Democratic Control_ (the abolition of secret diplomacy, and a
+larger control of foreign affairs by Parliaments; the prohibition of
+special armament industries; the establishment of the elementary
+principle of international law, that no country shall be annexed without
+the consent, freely expressed, of the population). I will content myself
+here with publishing the manifesto addressed to the thinkers, writers,
+artists, and scientists of all nations. In this manifesto we shall find
+support for the tasks which we ourselves have undertaken in working to
+keep the thought of Europe sheltered from the ravages of the war, and in
+continually recalling it to the recognition of its highest duty, which
+is, even in the worst storms of passion, to safeguard the spiritual
+unity bf civilized humanity.
+
+R. R.
+
+_February 7, 1915._
+
+
+NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOG RAAD
+
+Immediately after the European war had broken out, several groups of
+intellectuals belonging to the warring nations have advocated the
+justice of their country's cause in manifestoes and pamphlets, which
+they have scattered in great numbers throughout the neutral states.[25]
+And this still goes on; side by side with the war of the sword a no less
+vehement war is carried on with the pen.
+
+Those writings have also reached us, the undersigned, all subjects of a
+neutral state. We have read them with the greatest interest, as they
+enable us to form a clear opinion not only of the frame of mind brought
+about by the outbreak of the war among the intellectuals of the warring
+nations, but also of the opinions they hold about the causes and the
+nature of the present war.
+
+It has not surprised us neutrals to see that the spokesmen of the
+opposing nations are equally convinced of the justice of their cause.
+Neither has it surprised us that those spokesmen evince such a strong
+inclination to advocate their rights before the neutral states. Indeed,
+in such a terrible struggle it is a psychologic necessity for all the
+nations concerned that they should believe implicitly in the justice of
+their cause; they must ardently desire to testify to their faith before
+others. Only an unshakable confidence in the absolute justice of their
+cause can keep them from wavering or despairing during the gigantic
+struggle.
+
+But we have perceived with great sorrow that the greater part of those
+writings are absolutely lacking in the slightest effort to be just
+towards opponents; that the meanest and most malicious motives are
+ascribed to them.
+
+We respect the conviction of every one of the warring nations that they
+are fighting for a just cause. Even if we should have formed an opinion
+about the origin of the war, we should yet not think the present a fit
+moment to oppose different opinions or arguments to each other. This
+should be the work of the future, when scientific research will be able
+to consider all the facts quietly, when national passions will have
+subsided and the nations will listen with more composure to the verdict
+of history.
+
+Yet we think it our duty and we consider it a privilege given to us as
+neutrals to utter a serious warning against the systematic rousing of a
+lasting bitterness between the now warring parties.
+
+Though fully aware that the late events have irritated the feeling of
+nationality to the utmost, yet we believe that patriotism should not
+prevent any one from doing justice to the character of one's enemy;
+that faith in the virtues of one's own nation need not be coupled with
+the idea that all vices are inherent in the opposing nation; that
+confidence in the justice of one's own cause should not make one forget
+that the other side cherishes that conviction with the same energy.
+
+Besides, no one should forget that the question: "What nations will be
+enemies?" depends on political relations, which vary according to
+unexpected circumstances. Today's enemy may be tomorrow's friend.
+
+The tone, in which of late not only the papers to which we have referred
+above, but also the newspaper press of the warring nations has written
+about the enemy, threatens to arouse and to perpetuate the bitterest
+hatred.
+
+To the evils directly resulting from the war, will be added the
+regrettable consequence that co-operation between the belligerent
+nations in art, science, and all other labors of peace will be delayed
+for some time, nay, even made quite impossible. Yet the time will come
+after this war, when the nations will have to resume some form of
+intercourse, social as well as spiritual.
+
+The fewer fierce accusations have been breathed on either side, the less
+one nation has attacked the character of the other: in short, the less
+lasting bitterness has been roused, so much the easier will it be
+afterwards to take up again the broken threads of international
+intercourse.
+
+This rousing of hatred and bitterness is also an impediment in the way
+that leads our thoughts towards peace.
+
+Every one who in word or writing rails at the enemy or excites national
+passions is responsible for the longer duration of this horrible war.
+
+Therefore, we the undersigned, appeal to all those of the same mind,
+especially among those belonging to the warring nations, to co-operate
+for this purpose: that in word and writing everything be avoided that
+may rouse lasting animosity.
+
+We especially address this appeal to those who influence public opinion
+in their own country, to men of science and to artists, to those who
+long ago have realized that in all civilized countries there are men and
+women with the same notions of justice and morality as they have
+themselves.
+
+May the representatives of all countries--according to the saying of a
+Dutch statesmen--remember what unites them and not only what separates
+them!
+
+_Signed_:--H.-C. DRESSELHUYS, Secretary-General of the Ministry of
+Justice, _President_ of the N.A.O.R. J.-H. SCHAPER, member of the
+Second Chamber, _Vice-President_. Madame M. ASSER-THORBEKE, secretary of
+the Dutch League for Women's Suffrage. Professor Dr. D. VAN EMBDEN,
+Professor of law at Amsterdam. Dr. KOOLEN, member of the Second Chamber.
+V.-H. RUTGERS, member of the Second Chamber. Baron de JONG VAN BEEK EN
+DONK, _Secretary_ of the N.A.O.R. (and also subscribed to by 130
+politicians, intellectuals, and artists, including FREDERIK VAN EEDEN,
+WILLEM MENGELBERG, etc.). Office: Theresiastraat, 51, The Hague.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, February 15, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XI. LETTER TO FREDERIK VAN EEDEN
+
+
+_January 12, 1915._
+
+MY DEAR FRIEND:
+
+You offer me the hospitality of your paper _De Amsterdammer_. I thank
+you and accept. It is good to take one's stand with those free souls who
+resist the unrestrained fury of national passions. In this hideous
+struggle, with which the conflicting peoples are rending Europe, let us
+at least preserve our flag, and rally round that. We must re-create
+European opinion. That is our first duty. Among these millions who are
+only conscious of being Germans, Austrians, Frenchmen, Russians,
+English, etc., let us strive to be _men_, who, rising above the selfish
+aims of short-lived nations, do not lose sight of the interests of
+civilization as a whole--that civilization which each race mistakenly
+identifies with its own, to destroy that of the others. I wish your
+noble country,[26] which has always preserved its political and moral
+independence among the great surrounding states, could become the hearth
+of this ideal Europe we believe in--the hearth round which shall gather
+all those who seek to rebuild her.
+
+Everywhere there are men who think thus though they are unknown one to
+another. Let us get to know them. Let us bring together each and all.
+Here I would introduce to you two important groups, one from the North
+and one from the South--the Catalonian thinkers who have formed the
+society of _Amis de l'Unité Morale de l'Europe_ at Barcelona--I send you
+their fine appeal: and the _Union of Democratic Control_ founded in
+London and inspired by indignation against this European war, and by the
+firm determination to render it impossible for the diplomatists and
+militarists to inaugurate another. I am having the programmes and the
+first publications sent to you. This Union, whose general Council
+contains members of Parliament, and authors like Norman Angell, Israel
+Zangwill, and Vernon Lee, has already formed twenty branches in towns in
+Great Britain.
+
+Let us try and unite permanently all such organizations, though each has
+its racial characteristics and peculiarities, for all aim at
+re-establishing the peace of Europe as best they may. With them let us
+take stock of our united resources. Then we can act.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What shall we do? Try to put an end to the struggle? It is no use
+thinking of that now. The brute is loose; and the Governments have
+succeeded so well in spreading hatred and violence abroad that even if
+they wished they could not bring it back again into control. The damage
+is irreparable. It is possible that the neutral countries of Europe and
+the United States of America may decide one day to interfere, and
+endeavor to put an end to a war which, if it continued indefinitely,
+would threaten to ruin them as well as the belligerents. But I do not
+know what one must expect from this too tardy intervention.
+
+In any case I see another outlet for our activity. Let the war be what
+it may--we can no longer intervene; but at least we must try to make the
+scourge productive of as little evil and as much good as possible. And
+in order to do this we must get public opinion all the world over to see
+to it that the peace of the future shall be just, that the greed of the
+conqueror (whoever that may be) and the intrigues of diplomacy, do not
+make it the seed of a new war of revenge; and that the moral crimes
+committed in the past are not repeated or allowed to stain yet darker
+the record of humanity. That is why I hold the first article of the
+Union of Democratic Control as a sacred principle: "No Province shall be
+transferred from one Government to another without the consent by
+plebiscite of the population of such province." We must oppose those
+odious maxims which have weighed too long on the populations they
+enslave and which quite recently Professor Lasson dared to repeat as a
+threat for the future, in his cynical Catechism of Force (_Das
+Kulturideal und der Krieg_).[27]
+
+And this principle must be proposed and adopted at once without any
+delay. If we waited to announce it until--the war being over--the
+congress of the Powers were assembled, we should be suspected of wishing
+to make justice serve the interest of the conquered. It is now, when the
+forces of the two sides are equal, that we must establish this
+primordial right which soars over all the armies.
+
+From this principle we can deduce an immediate application. Since the
+whole of Europe is disorganized let us profit by it to set in order
+this untidy house! For a long time injustices have been accumulating.
+The moment of settling the general account will be an opportunity of
+rectifying them. The duty of all of us who feel for the brotherhood of
+mankind is to stand for the rights of the small nations. There are some
+in both camps: Schleswig, Alsace, Lorraine, Poland, the Baltic nations,
+Armenia, the Jewish people. At the beginning of the war Russia made some
+generous promises. We have registered them in our minds; let her not
+forget them! We are as determined about Poland, torn by the claws of
+three imperial eagles, as we are about Belgium crucified. We remember
+all. It is because our fathers, obsessed by their narrow realism and by
+selfish fears, let the rights of the people of Eastern Europe be
+violated, that today the West is shattered, and the sword hangs over the
+small nations, over you, my friends, as over the country which is
+befriending me, Switzerland. Whoever harms one of us harms all the
+others. Let us unite! Above all race questions, which are for the most
+part a mask behind which pride crouches and the interests of the
+financial or aristocratic classes dissemble, there is a law of humanity,
+eternal and universal, of which we are all the servants and guardians;
+it is that of the right of a people to rule themselves. And he who
+violates shall be the enemy of all.
+
+R. R.
+
+_De Amsterdammer Weekblad voor Nederland_, January
+24, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XII. OUR NEIGHBOR THE ENEMY
+
+
+_March 15, 1915._
+
+While the war tempest rages, uprooting the strongest souls and dragging
+them along in its furious cyclone, I continue my humble pilgrimage,
+trying to discover beneath the ruins the rare hearts who have remained
+faithful to the old ideal of human fraternity. What a sad joy I have in
+collecting and helping them!
+
+I know that each of their efforts--like mine--that each of their words
+of love, rouses and turns against them the hostility of the two hostile
+camps. The combatants, pitted against each other, agree in hating those
+who refuse to hate. Europe is like a besieged town. Fever is raging.
+Whoever will not rave like the rest is suspected. And in these hurried
+times when justice cannot wait to study evidence, every suspect is a
+traitor. Whoever insists, in the midst of war, on defending peace among
+men knows that he risks his own peace, his reputation, his friends, for
+his belief. But of what value is a belief for which no risks are run?
+
+Certainly it is put to the test in these days, when every day brings the
+echo of violence, injustice, and new cruelties. But was it not still
+more tried when it was entrusted to the fishermen of Judea by him whom
+humanity pretends to honor still--with its lips more than with its
+heart? The rivers of blood, the burnt towns, all the atrocities of
+thought and action, will never efface in our tortured souls the luminous
+track of the Galilean barque, nor the deep vibrations of the great
+voices which from across the centuries proclaim reason as man's true
+home. You choose to forget them, and to say (like many writers of today)
+that this war will begin a new era in the history of mankind, a reversal
+of former values, and that from it alone will future progress be dated.
+That is always the language of passion. Passion passes away. Reason
+remains--reason and love. Let us continue to search for their young
+shoots amidst the bloody ruins.
+
+I feel the same joy when I find the fragile and valiant flowers of human
+pity piercing the icy crust of hatred that covers Europe, as we feel in
+these chilly March days when we see the first flowers appear above the
+soil. They show that the warmth of life persists below the surface of
+the earth, that fraternal love persists below the surface of the
+nations, and that soon nothing will prevent it rising again.
+
+I have on several occasions shown how the neutral countries have become
+the refuge of this European spirit, which seems driven from the
+belligerent countries by the armies of the pen, more savage than the
+others because they risk nothing. The efforts made in Holland or in
+Spain to save the moral unity of Europe, the burning charity and
+untiring help that Switzerland lavishes on prisoners, on wounded, on
+victims of both sides, are a great comfort to oppressed souls, who in
+every country are suffocating in the atmosphere of hatred forced on
+them, and who look for purer air. But I find still more beautiful and
+touching the signs of fraternal aid between friends and enemies in
+belligerent countries, however rare and feeble they may be.
+
+If there are two countries between which the present war seems specially
+to have created an abyss of hatred and misunderstanding, they are
+England and Germany. The writers and publicists of Germany, whose orders
+are to profess for France rather sympathy and compassion than
+animosity, and who are even constrained to distinguish between the
+people and the Government of Russia, have vowed eternal hatred against
+England. _Hasse England_ has become their _Delenda Carthago_. The most
+moderate declare that the struggle cannot be ended except by the
+destruction of the _Seeherrschaft_ (naval supremacy) of Britain. And
+Great Britain is not less determined to continue the conflict until
+German militarism has been totally eradicated. Yet it is precisely
+between these two nations that the noblest bonds of mutual assistance
+for the misfortunes of the enemy have been formed and maintained.
+
+Two days after the declaration of war there was founded in London by the
+Archbishop of Canterbury and by well known persons, such as J.
+Allen-Baker, M.P., the Right-Hon. W. H. Dickinson, M.P., Lord and Lady
+Courtney of Penwith, the _Emergency Committee for the Assistance of
+Germans, Austrians, and Hungarians in Distress_. This work, which
+affects a large part of England, consists in paying the repatriation
+expenses of destitute civilians, of accompanying German women and girls
+on their return journey, of securing hospitality in families for poor
+Germans and finding work for them. By the end of December almost £10,000
+had been spent in this way. Several sub-committees visit Prisoners'
+Camps, facilitate correspondence between the belligerent nations, or
+undertake, for Christmas, to convey to interned alien enemies more than
+20,000 parcels and 200 Christmas trees. Another English society, already
+in existence before the war, the _Society of Friends of Foreigners in
+Distress_, regularly looks after 1,800 German and Austrian families.
+Finally, the Central Bureau (London) of the International Union of Women
+Suffrage Societies has rendered great service to foreigners, paying for
+the return journey of between seven and eight thousand women.
+
+In Germany there has been founded at Berlin a similar Bureau for giving
+information and assistance to Germans abroad, and to foreigners in
+Germany (_Auskunfts-und Hilfsstelle für Deutsche im Ausland und
+Ausländer in Deutschland_). Amongst its members may be noted
+aristocratic names, and persons well known in the religious and academic
+world: Frau Marie von Bülow-Moerlins, Helene Græfin Harrach, Nora
+Freiin von Schleinitz, Professors W. Foerster, D. Baumgarten, Paul
+Natorp, Martin Rade, Siegmund-Schultze, etc. At its head is a lady of
+deep religious feeling, Dr. Elisabeth Rotten. As will be readily
+imagined, an undertaking of this kind has not failed to evoke suspicion
+and opposition in nationalist quarters. But it has emerged successful,
+and persists; and here are the terms in which it justifies its high
+mission against the ravings of German Chauvinism:
+
+"Since the beginning of the war we have recognized the obligation to
+interest ourselves in the welfare of foreigners stranded in Germany.
+Efforts such as ours are as unpopular in our country as in other
+countries. At a time when the whole German people is engaged in
+resisting the enemy, it seems superfluous to render to those who belong
+to foreign countries more than minimum services to which they are
+legally entitled. But it is not only the thought of our kinsmen abroad
+which urges us to this work, it is our own desire to render friendly
+service (_Freundendienste_) to those who, through no fault of their own,
+are in difficulties because of the war. Even in war time, our neighbor
+is he who is in need of our help; and love for one's enemy
+(_Feindesliebe_) remains a sign whereby those who retain their faith in
+the Lord may recognize one another....
+
+"We have been able to reassure German families as to the lot of their
+members in enemy countries, and in return to vouch to foreigners for the
+fact that their friends in our country will be able to rely on us for
+assistance if they need it. We have been able to help as neighbors
+(_Naechstendienste_) innocent enemies, in whom we see human brothers and
+sisters. Above and beyond this practical aid, we find consolation and
+comfort in being able freely to hearken, even in such times as these, to
+the voice of humanity, and to the command 'love thy neighbor.' The
+tragedy which bursts over the earth on every side, which fills all our
+being with a religious respect for human suffering, but also stirs our
+love and self-sacrifice, enlarges our hearts and leaves no room except
+for feelings of affirmation and benevolent action.
+
+"Our desire to help and to alleviate suffering knows no frontiers. This
+need is all the more urgent when we find in the sufferings of others the
+traits of what we ourselves also suffer. What unites men goes deeper
+into our being than what separates them. That we can tend the wounds
+that we are constrained to deal, and that the same is the case in the
+enemy's country, gives promise of the brighter days which will come. In
+the midst of the tempest which destroys all around us so many things
+which we consider worthy of eternal existence, the possibility of such
+action strengthens our courage and gives us hope that new bridges will
+be rebuilt, on which the men who now find themselves separated, will
+once more be closely united in a common effort."
+
+I dedicate these noble words to my friends amongst the people of France,
+who have so often, by letter or by message, declared to me their
+sympathy for such thoughts and their unchanging faith in humanity. I
+dedicate them to all in France who, even in these days, by their justice
+and goodness contribute to make their country loved, as much as she
+makes herself admired by her arms--to those who assure her of the name
+which I read with emotion on a postcard written yesterday, on his way to
+Geneva, by a badly wounded German who had been repatriated: the name of
+_gutes Frankreich_, "good France," or, as our tender-hearted old writers
+used to say, "_Douce_ France."
+
+R. R.
+
+I take this opportunity of recommending to my French readers the
+publication of Mme. Arthur Spitzer (Geneva): _Le Paquet du prisonnier de
+guerre_. It has contributors in Paris, and was founded in November "to
+bring comfort in their misery to such French, Belgians, and English
+prisoners as cannot be assisted by their families." It begs all who wish
+to send a parcel to a relation or friend who has been taken prisoner, to
+send with it, when possible, a similar consignment for some other
+prisoner--one of their fellow countrymen without relations, friends, or
+resources. May this noble thought of solidarity be extended later, in
+more humane times, so that whoever helps a prisoner belonging to his own
+country may be willing at the same time to help an enemy prisoner!
+
+R. R.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, March 15, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XIII. A LETTER TO SVENSKA DAGBLADET OF STOCKHOLM[28]
+
+
+The European thought of tomorrow is with the armies. The furious
+intellectuals in one camp and the other who insult one another do not
+represent it at all. The voice of the peoples who will return from the
+war, after having experienced the terrible reality, will send back into
+the silence of obscurity these men who have revealed themselves as
+unworthy to be spiritual guides of the human race. Amongst those who
+thus retire more than one St. Peter will then hear the cock crow, and
+will weep saying, "Lord, I have denied thee!"
+
+The destinies of humanity will rise superior to those of all the
+nations. Nothing will be able to prevent the reforming of the bonds
+between the thought of the hostile nations. Whatever nation should stand
+aside would commit suicide. For by means of these bonds the tide of life
+is kept in motion.
+
+But they have never been completely broken, even at the height of the
+war. The war has even had the sad advantage of grouping together
+throughout the universe the minds who reject national hatred. It has
+tempered their strength, it has welded their wills into a solid block.
+Those are mistaken who think that the ideals of a free human fraternity
+are at present stifled! They are but silent under the gag of military
+(and civil) dictation which reigns throughout Europe. But the gag will
+fall, and they will burst forth with explosive force. I am agonized by
+the sufferings of millions of innocent victims, sacrificed today on the
+field of battle, but I have no anxiety for the future unity of European
+society. It will be realized anew. The war of today is its baptism of
+blood.
+
+R. R.
+
+_April 10, 1915._
+
+
+
+
+XIV. WAR LITERATURE
+
+
+The intellectuals on both sides have been much in evidence since the
+beginning of the war; they have, indeed, brought so much violence and
+passion to bear upon it, that it might almost be called their war!
+
+It seems to me, however, that attention has not been sufficiently drawn
+to the fact that, with a few exceptions, it is only the voice of the
+older generation that has been heard--the voice of Academicians, and
+Professoren, of distinguished members of the press and the universities,
+of poets of established reputations, and the doyens of literature, art,
+and science.
+
+As far as France is concerned, the explanation of this is simple: nearly
+all those up to the age of forty-eight who are able to bear arms are now
+acting instead of talking. In Germany the situation is rather different,
+since for various reasons, which I shall not attempt to elucidate, much
+of the literary youth of the nation has remained at home, and continues
+to publish books. Even those who are at the front contrive to send
+articles and poems to the Reviews (for the passion for writing dies hard
+in Germany).
+
+It seems to me to be of importance to ascertain what spiritual currents
+are influencing the young intellectuals of Germany.[29]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It has been pointed out that in all countries the extremest views have
+been expressed by writers who have already passed _el mezzo del
+cammino_. We shall attempt to find the reason for this at some later
+date. At present we are content again to verify this fact in the case of
+German writers. Almost all the celebrated and acknowledged poets, all
+those who were rich in years and in honor, were swept off their feet at
+the beginning of the war. And this fact is all the more curious because
+some of them had been up to that time the apostles of peace, of pity,
+and of humanitarianism. Dehmel, the enemy of war, the friend of all men,
+who said that he did not know to which of the ten nationalities he owed
+his intellect, is now writing Battle Songs (_Schlachtenlieder_), and
+Songs of the Flag (_Fahnenlieder_), apostrophizing the enemy, praising
+and dealing death. (At the age of fifty-one he is learning to bear arms,
+and has enlisted against the Russians.) Gerhart Hauptmann, whom Fritz
+von Unruh calls "the poet of brotherly love," has shaken off his
+neurasthenia, and bids men "mow down the grass which drips with blood."
+Franz Wedekind is pouring out invectives against Czarism, Lissauer
+against England. Arno Holz is raving deliriously. Petzold desires to be
+in every bullet that enters an enemy's heart; whilst Richard Nordhausen
+has written an Ode to a Howitzer.[30]
+
+At first the younger writers as well were possessed with the same
+madness for war; but, in contact with the sufferings they endured and
+inflicted, it quickly disappeared. Fritz von Unruh enlisted as a Uhlan,
+and left for the front, crying "Paris, Paris is our goal!" Since the
+Battle of the Aisne, in September, he has written "Der Lamm": "_Lamb of
+God, I have seen thy look of suffering. Give us peace and rest; lead us
+back to the heaven of love, and give us back our dead_." Rudolf
+Leonhard sang of war at the beginning, and is still fighting; on
+re-reading his poems shortly afterwards, he wrote on the front page:
+"_These were written during the madness of the first weeks. That madness
+has spent itself, and only our strength is left. We shall again win
+control over ourselves and love one another._" Poets, hitherto unknown,
+are revealed by the cry of compassion wrung from their anguished hearts.
+To Andrea Fram, who has remained at home, it is a grief that he does not
+suffer, whilst thousands of others suffer and die. "_All thy love, and
+all thy agony, in spite of thy ardent desire, avail not to soothe the
+last hour of a single man who is dying yonder._" Upon Ludwig Marck each
+minute weighs like a nightmare:--
+
+    Menschen in Not....
+    Brüder dir tot....
+    Krieg ist im Land....
+
+The poet who writes under the pseudonym of Dr. Owlglass proposed a new
+ideal for Germany, on the seventieth anniversary of the birth of
+Nietzsche (October 15th): not the superman, but at least--man. And Franz
+Werfel realizes this ideal in poems thrilling with a mournful humanity,
+which takes part in the sacrament of misery and death:
+
+"_We are bound together not only by our common words and deeds, but
+still more by the dying glance, the last hours, the mortal anguish of
+the breaking heart. And whether you bow down before the tyrant, or gaze
+trembling into the beloved's countenance, or mark down your enemy with
+pitiless glance, think of the eye that will grow dim, of the failing
+breath, the parched lips and clenched hands, the final solitude, and the
+brow that grows moist in the last agony.... Be kind.... Tenderness is
+wisdom, kindness is reason[31].... We are strangers all upon this
+earth, and die but to be reunited._"[32]
+
+But the one German poet who has written the serenest and loftiest words,
+and preserved in the midst of this demoniacal war an attitude worthy of
+Goethe, is Hermann Hesse. He continues to live at Berne, and, sheltered
+there from the moral contagion, he has deliberately kept aloof from the
+combat. All will remember his noble article in the _Neue Zürcher
+Zeitung_ of November 3rd, "_O Freunde, nicht diese Töne!_" in which he
+implored the artists and thinkers of Europe "to save what little peace"
+might yet be saved, and not to join with their pens in destroying the
+future of Europe. Since then he has written some beautiful poems, one
+of which, an Invocation to Peace, is inspired with deep feeling and
+classical simplicity, and will find its way to many an oppressed heart.
+
+    Jeder hat's gehabt
+    Keiner hat's geschätzt.
+    Jeden hat der süsse Quell gelabt.
+    O wie klingt der Name Friede jetzt!
+
+    Klingt so fern und zag,
+    Klingt so tränenschwer,
+    Keiner weiss und kennt den Tag,
+    Jeder sehnt ihn vol Verlangen her....
+
+("Each one possessed it, but no one prized it. Like a cool spring it
+refreshed us all. What a sound the word Peace has for us now!
+
+"Distant it sounds, and fearful, and heavy with tears. No one knows or
+can name the day for which all sigh with such longing.")
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The attitude of the younger reviews is curious: for whereas the older,
+traditional reviews (those which correspond to our _Revue des Deux
+Mondes_ or our _Revue de Paris_) are more or less affected by military
+fervor--thus, for instance, the _Neue Rundschau_, which printed Thomas
+Mann's notorious vagaries on Culture and Civilization (_Gedanken im
+Kriege_)--many of the younger ones affect a haughty detachment from
+actual events.
+
+That impassive publication, _Blätter für die Kunst_, over which broods
+the invisible personality of Stefan George, published at the end of 1914
+a volume of poems of 156 pages, which did not contain a single line
+referring to the war. A note at the end affirms that the points of view
+of the various authors have not changed on account of recent events, and
+anticipates the objection that "this is not the time for poetry," by the
+saying of Jean Paul: "No period has so much need of poetry, as the one
+which thinks it can do without it."
+
+_Die Aktion_, a vibrating, audacious Berlin review, with an ultra-modern
+point of view, totally different from the calm impersonality of _Blätter
+für die Kunst_, stated in its issue of August 15, 1914, that it would
+not concern itself with politics, but would contain only literature and
+art. And if it finds room in its literary columns for the war poems sent
+from the field of battle by the military doctors, Wilhelm Klemm and Hans
+Kock, it is in consideration of their value as art, and not for the
+vivacity of their patriotic sentiments; for it scoffs mercilessly at
+the ridiculous bards of German Chauvinism, at Heinrich Vierordt, the
+author of _Deutschland, hasse_, at the criminal poets who stir up hatred
+with their false stories, and at Professor Haeckel. The dilettantism of
+this review is extreme. Its weekly issues contain translations from the
+French of André Gide, Péguy, and Léon Bloy, and reproductions of the
+works of Daumier, Delacroix, Cézanne, Matisse, and R. de la Fresnaye:
+(cubism flourishes in this Berlin review). The issue of October 24th is
+devoted to Péguy, and contains, as frontispiece, Egon Schiele's portrait
+of the man, who is honored by Franz Pfemfert, the editor, as "the purest
+and most vigorous moral force in French literature of today." Let us
+hasten to add, however, that, as is often the case on the other side of
+the Rhine, they are carried away by their zeal in deploring his death as
+of one of their countrymen, and in proclaiming themselves his heirs. But
+the pride which admires is at least superior to the pride which
+disparages.
+
+The most important of these young reviews is _Die Weissen Blätter_;
+important on account of the variety of questions it deals with, and the
+value and number of its contributors, as well as for the
+broad-mindedness of its editor--René Schickele. An Alsatian by birth,
+he belongs to those who feel most acutely the bitterness of the present
+struggle. After an interval of three months _Die Weissen Blätter_, which
+almost corresponds to our _Nouvelle Revue Française_, reappeared in
+January last with the following declaration, akin to that of the _Revue
+des Nations_, at Berne. "_It seems good to us to begin the work of
+reconstruction, in the midst of the war, and to aid in preparing for the
+victory of the spirit. The community of Europe is at present apparently
+destroyed. Is it not the duty of all of us who are not bearing arms, to
+live from today onwards according to the dictates of our conscience, as
+it will be the duty of every German when once the war is over?_"
+
+By the side of these disinterested manifestoes about actual politics,
+appear lengthy historical novels (_Tycho Brahé_ by Max Brod) and
+satirical comedies by Carl Sternheim, who continues to scourge the upper
+classes of German society, and the capitalists, for _Die Weissen
+Blätter_ is open to all questions of the day. But in spite of the actual
+differences which must necessarily exist between a German and a French
+review, we cannot but point out the frankly hostile attitude of these
+writers to all the excesses of Chauvinism. The articles of Max Scheler,
+"Europe and the War," show an impartial attitude which is entirely
+praiseworthy. The review opens its columns to the loyal Annette Kolb,
+who, as the daughter of a German father and of a French mother, suffers
+keenly in this conflict between the parts of her nature, and has lately
+raised a tempest in Dresden, where in a public lecture she had the
+courage to admit her fidelity to both sides, and to express her regret
+that Germany should fail to understand France. In the February number,
+under the title "Ganz niedrich hängen!" there appeared a violent
+repudiation of the _Krieg mit dem Maul_ (the war of tongues); "_If
+journalists hope to inspire courage by insulting the enemy, they are
+mistaken--we refuse such stimulants. We dare to maintain our opinion,
+that the humblest volunteer of the enemy, who from an unreasoned but
+exalted sentiment of patriotism, fires upon us from an ambush, knowing
+well what he risks, is much superior to those journalists who profit by
+the public feeling of the day, and under cover of high-sounding words of
+patriotism do not fight the enemy but spit upon him._"
+
+Of all these young writers who are striving to preserve the integrity of
+their minds against the force of national passions, the one whose
+personality has been most exalted by this tempest, the most eloquent,
+courageous, and decided of all is Wilhelm Herzog. He is the editor of
+the _Forum_ at Munich, and like our own Péguy, when he began to publish
+his _Cahiers de la Quinzaine_, he fills almost the whole of his review
+with his own burning articles. The enthusiastic biographer of H. von
+Kleist, he sees and judges the events of his own time with the eyes of
+that indomitable spirit. The German censor attempts in vain to silence
+him and to forbid the publication of the lectures of Spitteler and of
+Annette Kolb; his indignation and cries of vengeful irony spread even to
+us. He attacks bitterly the ninety-three intellectuals who "_fancy they
+are all Ajaxes because they bray the loudest_," those politicians of the
+school of Haeckel, who make a new division of the world, those patriotic
+bards who insult other nations; he attacks Thomas Mann mercilessly,
+scoffs at his sophistry, and defends France, the French Army,[33] and
+French civilization against him; he points out that the great men of
+Germany (Grünwald, Dürer, Bach, and Mozart amongst others) have always
+been persecuted, humiliated, and calumniated.[34] In an article entitled
+"_Der neue Geist_,"[35] after having scoffed at the banality that has
+reappeared in the German theaters, and the literary mediocrity of
+patriotic productions, he asked where this "new spirit" may be found,
+and this gives him an opportunity to demolish Ostwald and Lasson.
+
+"_Where is it to be found? In the Hochschulen? Have we not read that
+incredibly clumsy_ (unwahrscheinlich plumpen) _appeal of the 99
+professors? Have we not appreciated the statements of that double
+centenarian_ (des zweihundertjährige Mummelgreises) _mummy Lasson? When
+I was studying philosophy as an undergraduate at the University of
+Berlin, the theatre in which he lectured was a place of amusement_
+(Lachkabinett) _for us--nothing more. And today people take him
+seriously! English, French, and Italian papers print his senile
+babblings against Holland, as typical of the_ Stimmung _of the German
+intellectuals. The wrong that these privy councillors and professors
+have done us with their Aufklärungsarbeit can hardly be measured. They
+have isolated themselves from humanity by their inability to realize the
+feelings of others._"
+
+In opposition to these false representatives of a nation, these cultured
+gossips and political adventurers, he extols the silent ones, the great
+mass of the people of all nations who suffer in silence; and he joins
+with them in "the invisible community of sorrow."
+
+"_One who is suffering and knows that his sorrow is shared by millions
+of other beings, will bear it calmly; he will accept it willingly even,
+because he knows that he is enriched thereby, made stronger, more
+tender, more humane._"[36]
+
+And he quotes the words of old Meister Eckehart: "_Suffering is the
+fastest steed that will bear you to perfection._"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At the close of this summary review of the young writers of the war, a
+place must be found for those whom the war has crushed--they counted
+amongst the best. Ernst Stadler was an enthusiastic admirer of French
+art and of the French spirit. He translated Francis Jammes, and on the
+eve of his death, in November, he was writing to Stefan Zweig from the
+trenches about the poems of Verlaine, which he was translating. The
+unfortunate George Trakl, the poet of melancholy, was made lieutenant of
+a sanitary column in Galicia, and the sight of so much suffering drove
+him to despair and death. And there are many hidden tragedies, still
+unrevealed. When they are made known, humanity will tremble in
+contemplating its handiwork.
+
+I reflected, as doubtless many of my French readers have also done, in
+reading through these German writings inspired by the war--writings
+through which from time to time there passes a mighty breath of revolt
+and sorrow--that our young writers are not writing "literature." Instead
+of books they give us deeds, and their letters. And in re-reading some
+of their letters I thought that ours had chosen the better part. It is
+not for me now to point out the position that this heroic correspondence
+will occupy, not only in our history but also in our literature. Into it
+the flower of our youth has put all its life, its faith and its genius:
+and for some of those letters I would give many of the finest lines of
+the noblest poems. Whatever be the result of this war, and the opinion
+as to its value later, it will be recognized that France has written on
+paper, mud-stained and often blotted with blood, some of its sublimest
+pages. Assuredly this war touches us more nearly than it does our
+adversaries, for who of us would have the heart to write a play or a
+novel whilst his country is in danger and his brothers dying?
+
+But I will make no comparisons between the two nations. For the present
+the essential thing is to show that even in Germany there are certain
+finer minds who are fighting against the spirit which we hate--the
+spirit of grasping imperialism and inhuman pride, of military caste and
+the megalomania of pedants. They are but a minority--we have no
+illusions about that--and we ought to redouble our efforts on that
+account to vanquish the common enemy. Why then should we trouble to make
+these generous but feeble voices heard? Because their merit is the
+greater for being so little heeded; because it is the duty of those who
+are fighting for justice to render justice in their turn to all those
+men, even when they dwell in a country in which the state represents the
+violation of right by _Faustrecht_, who are defending with us the spirit
+of liberty.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, April 19, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XV. THE MURDER OF THE ÉLITE
+
+
+The phrase is not new-coined today;[37] but the fact is. Never in any
+period, have we seen humanity throwing into the bloody arena all its
+intellectual and moral reserves, its priests, its thinkers, its
+scholars, its artists, the whole future of the spirit--wasting its
+geniuses as food for cannon.
+
+A great thing, doubtless, when the struggle is great, when a people
+fights for an eternal cause, the fervor of which fires the whole nation,
+from the smallest to the greatest; when it fuses all the egoisms,
+purifies desire, and out of many souls makes one unanimous soul. But if
+the cause be suspect or if it is tainted (as we judge that of our
+adversaries to be), what will be the situation of a moral élite which
+has preserved the sad and lofty privilege of perceiving at least a part
+of the truth, and which must nevertheless fight and die and kill for a
+faith which it doubts?
+
+Those passionate natures that are intoxicated by fighting or are
+voluntarily blinded by the necessities of action are not troubled by
+these questions. For them the enemy is a single mass; nothing else
+exists for them but this, for they have to break it; it is their
+function and their duty. And to each his special duty. But if minorities
+do not exist for such men, they do exist for us who, since we are not
+fighting, have the liberty and the duty to see every aspect of the
+case--we who form part of the eternal minority, the minority which has
+been, is, and always will be eternally oppressed. It is for us to hear
+and to proclaim these moral sufferings! Plenty of others repeat or
+invent the jubilant echoes of the struggle. May other voices be raised
+to give the tragic accents of the fight and its sacred horror!
+
+I shall take my examples from the enemy camp, for several reasons:
+because the German cause being from the first tainted with injustice,
+the sufferings of the few who are just, and the still fewer who have
+spiritual perceptions are greater there than elsewhere; because these
+evidences appear openly in publications whose boldness the German
+censorship has not perceived; because I bow with respect to the heroic
+discipline of silence which France in fighting imposes on her
+sufferings. (Would to God that this silence were not broken by those
+who, trying to deny these sufferings, profane the grandeur of the
+sacrifice by the revolting levity of their silly jests in newspapers
+which are without either gravity or dignity.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have shown in the last chapter that a part of the intellectual youth
+of Germany was far from sharing the war-madness of its elders. I cited
+certain energetic reproofs delivered by these young writers to the
+theorists of imperialism. And these writers are not, as one might think
+from an article in the _Temps_ (though I gladly pay a tribute to its
+honesty), merely a small group as narrow as that of our symbolists. They
+count among them writers who appeal to a large public and who do not set
+out in any way (except for the group of Stefan George) to write for a
+_select few_--they wish to write for all. I stated, too, that the
+boldest review of all, Wilhelm Herzog's _Forum_, was read in the German
+trenches and received approbation thence.
+
+But what is more astonishing, this spirit of criticism has possessed
+some of the combatants and even made its appearance among German
+officers. In the November-December number of the _Friedens-Warte_,
+published in Berlin, Vienna, and Leipzig, by Dr. Alfred H. Fried, there
+occurs "An appeal to the Germanic peoples," addressed, at the end of
+October, by Baron Marschall von Biberstein, Landrat of Prussia and
+captain in the 1st Foot Guards reserve. This article was written in a
+trench north of Arras, where on the 11th of November, Biberstein was
+killed. He expresses unreservedly his horror of the war and his ardent
+desire that it may be the last: "_That is the conviction of those at the
+front who are witnesses of the unspeakable horrors of modern warfare._"
+Even more praiseworthy is Biberstein's frankness when he decides to
+begin a confession and a _mea culpa_ for the sins of Germany. "_The war
+has opened my eyes_," he says, "_to our terrible unlovableness
+(Unbeliebtheit). Everything has its cause; we must have given cause for
+this hatred; and even in part have justified it.... Let us hope that it
+will not be the least of the advantages of this war that Germany will
+turn round on herself, will search out and recognize her faults and
+correct them._" Unfortunately even this article is spoiled by Germanic
+pride which, desiring a world peace, sets out to impose it on the world.
+Herein it recalls in some respects the bellicose pacifism of the too
+celebrated Ostwald.
+
+But another officer (of whom I spoke in my last chapter) the poet Fritz
+von Unruh, first Lieutenant of Uhlans on the western front, has written
+dramatic scenes in verse and prose. These have appeared recently under
+the title _Before the Decision (Vor der Entscheidung)_. It is a dramatic
+poem in which the author has noted his own impressions and his moral
+transformations. The hero, who like himself, is an officer of Uhlans,
+passes through various centers of the war and remains everywhere a
+stranger; his soul is detached from murderous passions, he sees the
+abominable reality until his sufferings from it amount to agony. The two
+scenes reproduced by the _Neue Zürcher Zeitung_ show us a muddy and
+bloodstained trench, where German soldiers, like beasts in a
+slaughter-house, die or await death with bitter words--and officers
+getting drunk on champagne around a 42mm. mortar, laughing and getting
+excited till they fall beneath the weight of sleep and fatigue.
+
+From the first scene I take these terrible words of one of those who
+wait in the trenches under fire of the machine guns, a _Dreissigjæhriger_
+(man of thirty).
+
+     In my village they are laughing--they drink to each victory. They
+     slaughter us like butcher's cattle--and they say "It's war!" When
+     it is over, they are no fools, they will feast us for three years.
+     But the first cripple won't be grey headed before they will laugh
+     at his white hairs.
+
+And the Uhlan, possessed by horror in the midst of the massacre, falls
+on his knees and prays:
+
+     Thou who gavest life and takest it--how shall I recognize Thee? (In
+     these trenches strewn with mutilated bodies) I find Thee not. Does
+     the piercing cry of these thousands suffocated in the terrible
+     embrace of Death reach not up to Thee? Or is it lost in frozen
+     space? For whom does Thy Springtime blossom? For whom is the
+     splendor of Thy suns? For whom, O God? I ask it of thee in the name
+     of all those whose mouths are closed by courage and by fear in face
+     of the horror of Thy darkness: What heat is left within me? What
+     light of truth? Can this massacre be Thy will? Is it indeed Thy
+     will?
+
+(_He loses consciousness and falls._)
+
+A pain less lyrical, less ecstatic, more simple, more reflective, and
+nearer to ourselves marks the sequence of _Feldpostbriefe_ of Dr. Albert
+Klein, teacher in the Oberrealschule at Giessen and Lieutenant of the
+Landwehr, killed on the 12th of February in Champagne.[38] Passing over
+what are, perhaps, the most striking pages from the point of view of
+artistic quality and power of thought, I will only give two extracts
+from these letters which are likely to be of special interest to French
+readers.
+
+The first describes for us with an unusual frankness the moral condition
+of the German army:
+
+     Brave, without care for his own life! Who is there among us that is
+     that? We all know too well our own worth and our own possibilities;
+     we are in the flower of our age: force is in our arms and in our
+     souls; and as no one willingly dies, no one is brave (_tapfer_) in
+     the usual sense of the word: or at least such are very rare. It is
+     just because bravery is so rare in life, it is just for that that
+     we expend so much religion, poetry, and thought (and this begins
+     already at school), in celebrating as the highest fate death for
+     one's fatherland, until it attains its climax in the false heroism
+     which makes such a sensation about us in newspapers and speeches
+     and which is so cheap--and also in the true heroism of a small
+     number who do risk themselves and lead on the others.... We do our
+     duty, we do what we _ought_; but it is a passive virtue.... When I
+     read in the papers the scribblings of those who have a bad
+     conscience because they are safely in the rear--when I read this
+     talk which makes every soldier into a hero, I feel hurt. Heroism
+     is a rare growth, and you cannot build on it a citizen army. To
+     keep such an army together the men must respect their superiors,
+     and even fear them more than the enemy. And the superiors must be
+     conscientious, do their duty well, know their business thoroughly,
+     decide rapidly, and have control of their nerves. When we read the
+     praises which those behind the line write of us, we blush. Thank
+     God, old-fashioned, robust shame is not dead in us.... Ah! my dear
+     friends, those who are here don't speak so complacently of death,
+     of disease, of sacrifice, and of victory as do those who behind the
+     line ring the bells, make speeches, and write newspapers. The men
+     here accustom themselves as best they may to the bitter necessity
+     of suffering and of death if fate wills; but they know and see that
+     many noble sacrifices, innumerable, innumerable sacrifices have
+     already been made, and that already for a long while we shall have
+     had more than enough of destruction on our side as well as the
+     other. It is precisely when one has to look suffering in the face
+     as I have that a tie begins to be formed that unites one to those
+     over there, on the other side (and one that unites you too with
+     them, my friends! Yes, surely you feel it too, don't you?) If I
+     come back from here (which I scarcely hope for any more) my dearest
+     duty will be to soak myself in the study and the thoughts of those
+     who have been our enemies. I wish to reconstruct my nature on a
+     wider basis.... And I believe that it will be easier after this war
+     than after any other to be a human being.
+
+The second fragment is the account of a touching encounter with a French
+prisoner:
+
+     Yesterday evening I was strangely touched. I happened to see a
+     convoy of prisoners and I talked to one of them, a colleague of
+     mine, Professor of classical philology in the college of F----.
+     Such an open-minded, intelligent man, and with such a fine military
+     bearing, like all his fellows, although they had just been through
+     a terrible experience of machine-gun fire.... It was a proof to me
+     of the senselessness of the war. I thought how much one would have
+     liked to be the friend of these men, who are so near us in their
+     education, their mode of life, the circle of their thought and
+     their interest. We started talking about a book on Rousseau and we
+     began to dispute like old philologists.... How much we are alike in
+     force and worth! And how little truth there is in what our papers
+     tell us of the shaken and exhausted conditions of the French
+     troops! As true, or rather as untrue, as what the French newspapers
+     write about us.... My French colleague showed in his remarks such a
+     balanced mind and such understanding and admiration of German
+     thought! To think that we were made so clearly to be friends and
+     that we had to be separated! I was altogether overcome, and sat
+     down crushed by it. I thought and thought and could not escape my
+     mood by any sophistry. No end, no end to war, which for nearly six
+     months now has swallowed in its gulf men, fortunes, and happiness!
+     And this feeling is the same with us as with the other side. It is
+     always the same picture: we do the same thing, we suffer the same
+     thing, we are the same thing. And it is precisely for this reason
+     that we are so bitterly at enmity....
+
+The same accent of troubled anguish, together with a despair which at
+moments nearly reaches to madness, and at others breathes a religious
+fervor, are seen in the letters of a German soldier to a teacher in
+German Switzerland. (We have known of these at the Prisoners' Agency for
+three or four months and they were published in _Foi et Vie_ of April
+15th.[39] They have been passed over in silence, so we shall persist in
+calling attention to them, for they thoroughly deserve it). In these
+letters, which cover from the second fortnight of August to the end of
+December, we see from the 25th of August onwards the evidence of a
+desire for peace among the German soldiers.
+
+     We all, even those who were hottest for the fight at the beginning,
+     want nothing now but peace, our officers just as much as
+     ourselves.... Convinced as we are of the necessity to conquer,
+     warlike enthusiasm does not exist among us; we fulfil our duty, but
+     the sacrifice is hard. We suffer in our souls.... I cannot tell you
+     the sufferings I endure....
+
+     September 20th. A friend writes to me: "On the 20th to 25th of
+     August I took part in big battles; since then I suffer morally even
+     to complete exhaustion, both physical and spiritual. My soul finds
+     no repose.... This war will show us how much of the beast still
+     survives in man, and this revelation will cause us to make a great
+     step out of animalism: if not, it is all up with us!"
+
+     November 28th. (_A splendid passage where one almost hears the
+     voice of Tolstoi._) What are all the torments of war compared to
+     the thoughts that obsess us night and day? When I am on some hill
+     from which my view commands the plain, this is the idea which
+     ceaselessly tortures me: down there in the valley the war rages;
+     those brown lines which furrow the landscape are full of men who
+     are facing one another as enemies. And up there on the hill
+     opposite you there is, perhaps, a man who, like you, is
+     contemplating the woods and the blue sky and perhaps ruminating the
+     same thoughts as you, his enemy! This continual proximity might
+     make one mad! And one is tempted to envy one's comrades who can
+     kill time in sleeping and playing cards.
+
+     December 17th. The desire for peace is intense in every one; at
+     least, in all those who are at the front and who are obliged to
+     assassinate and be assassinated. The newspapers say that it's
+     hardly possible to restrain the warlike ardor of the fighters....
+     They lie--consciously or unconsciously. Our chaplains in their
+     sermons dispute the legend that our military ardor is
+     slackening.... You can hardly believe how such tittle-tattle annoys
+     us. Let them be silent, and let them not talk about things of which
+     they can know nothing! Or better still, let them come not as
+     almoners who keep to the rear, but into the firing-line, rifle in
+     hand! Perhaps then they will get to know of the inner changes which
+     take place in so many of us. According to these chaplains, any one
+     who is without warlike enthusiasm is not a man such as our age
+     demands. To me it seems that we are greater heroes than the others,
+     we, who without being upheld by warlike enthusiasm, accomplish
+     faithfully our duty, while hating war with our whole souls.... They
+     talk of a holy war ... I know of no holy war. I only know of one
+     war which is the sum of all that is inhuman, impious, and bestial
+     in man; it is God's chastisement and a call to repentance for the
+     people that throws itself into war or lets itself be drawn into it.
+     God sends men through this hell so that they may learn to love
+     heaven. For the German people this war seems to me to be a
+     punishment and a call to repentance,--and most of all for our
+     German Church. I have friends who suffer at the idea of being
+     unable to do anything for the fatherland. Let them stay at home
+     with a calm conscience! All depends on their peaceful work. But let
+     the war enthusiasts come! Perhaps they will learn to keep silent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Why publish these pages?" I shall be asked by some people in France.
+"What good is it, when once war is let loose, to arouse pity for our
+adversaries, at the risk of blunting the ardor of the combatants?"--I
+answer, because it is the truth, and because the truth substantiates our
+judgment, the judgment of the whole world against the German leaders and
+their policy. What their armies have done we know; but that they were
+able to do it containing as they did such elements as those whose
+confessions we have just heard, incriminates still more deeply their
+masters. From the depths of the battlefield, these voices of a
+sacrificed minority rise up as a vengeful condemnation of the
+oppressors. To the accusations drawn up against predatory Empires and
+their inhuman pride, in the name of violated right, of outraged humanity
+by the victim peoples and by the combatants, is added the cry of pain of
+the nobler souls of their own people whom the bad shepherds who let
+loose this war have led and constrained into murder and madness. To
+sacrifice one's body is not the worst suffering, but also to sacrifice,
+to deny, to kill one's own soul!--You who die at least for a just cause,
+and who, full of sap and loaded with faith, fall like ripe fruit, how
+sweet is your lot beside this torture! But we shall so act that these
+sufferings shall not be vain.
+
+Let the conscience of humanity hear and accept their complaint! It will
+resound in the future above the glory of battles; and whether she wills
+or no, History will place it on her register. History will do justice
+between the hangmen and their peoples. And the peoples will learn how to
+deliver themselves from their hangmen.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, June 14, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XVI. JAURÈS
+
+
+Battles are being fought under our eyes in which thousands of men are
+dying, yet the sacrifice of their lives does not always influence the
+issue of the combat. In other cases the death of a single man may be a
+great battle lost for the whole of humanity. The murder of Jaurès was
+such a disaster.
+
+Whole centuries were needed to produce such a life; rich civilizations
+of North and South, of past and present, spread out on the good soil of
+France, matured beneath our Western skies. The mysterious chance which
+combines elements and forces will not easily produce a noble spirit like
+his a second time.
+
+Jaurès is a type, almost unique in modern times, of the great political
+orator who is also a great thinker, and who combines vast culture with
+penetrating observation, and moral grandeur with energetic activity. We
+must go back to antiquity to find one who, like him, could stir the
+crowd and give pleasure to the few; pour out his overflowing genius not
+only in his speeches and social treatises, but also in his philosophical
+and historical works;[40] and leave on all things the impress of his
+personality, the furrow of his robust labor, the seeds of his
+progressive mind. I have listened to him often in the Chamber, at
+socialist congresses, at meetings held on behalf of oppressed nations;
+he even did me the honor of presenting my _Danton_ to the people of
+Paris. Again I see his full face, calm and happy like that of a kindly,
+bearded ogre; his small eyes, bright and smiling; eyes as quick to
+follow the flight of ideas as to observe human nature. I see him pacing
+up and down the platform, walking with heavy steps like a bear, his arms
+crossed behind his back, and turning sharply to hurl at the crowd, in
+his monotonous, metallic voice, words like the call of a trumpet, which
+reached the farthest seats in the vast amphitheatre, and went straight
+to the heart, making the soul of the whole multitude leap in one united
+emotion. What beauty there was in the sight of these proletarian masses
+stirred by the visions which Jaurès evoked from distant horizons,
+imbibing the thought of Greece through the voice of their tribune!
+
+Of all this man's gifts the most fundamental was to be essentially a
+_man_--not the man of a single profession, or class, or party, or
+idea--but a complete, harmonious, and free man. His all-comprehensive
+nature could be the slave of nothing. The highest manifestations of life
+flowed together and met in him. His intelligence demanded unity,[41] his
+heart was full of a passion for liberty,[42] and this twofold instinct
+protected him alike from party despotism and anarchy. His spirit sought
+to encompass all things, not in order to do violence to them, but to
+bring them into harmony. Above all, he had the power of seeing the
+_human_ element in all things, and this universal sympathy was equally
+averse to narrow negation and fanatical affirmation. All intolerance
+inspired him with horror.[43]
+
+He had put himself at the head of a great revolutionary party, but it
+was with the desire "of saving the great work of democratic revolution
+from the sickening and brutal odor of blood, murder, and hatred which
+still clings to the memory of the middle-class Revolution." In his own
+name, and in the name of his party, he demanded "with regard to all
+doctrines, respect for the human personality and for the spirit which is
+manifested in each." The mere feeling of the moral antagonism which
+exists between man and man, even when there is no open conflict, the
+sense of the invisible barriers which render human brotherhood
+impossible, was painful to him. He could not read those words of
+Cardinal Newman in which he speaks of the gulf of damnation, which, even
+in this life, is fixed between men, without having "a sort of
+nightmare.... He saw the abyss ready to gape beneath the feet of fragile
+and unhappy human beings who think themselves bound together by a
+community of sympathy and suffering"--the sadness of this thought
+obsessed him.
+
+To fill in this abyss of misunderstanding was his life-work. Herein lay
+the originality of his standpoint, that although he was the spokesman of
+the most advanced parties, he became the continual mediator between
+conflicting ideas. He sought to unite them all in the service of
+progress and of the common good. In philosophy he united idealism and
+realism--in history, the past and the present--in politics, the love of
+his own country and a respect for other countries.[44] He refrained from
+denouncing that which has been, in the name of that which is to be, as
+many so-called free-thinkers have done; and far from condemning, he
+upheld the theories of all those who had been fighters in past
+centuries, to whatever party they might have belonged. "We reverence the
+past," he said. "Not in vain have blazed the hearths of all the
+generations of mankind--but it is we who are advancing, who are
+fighting for a new ideal, it is we who are the true inheritors of the
+hearth of our ancestors. We have taken the flame thereof, you have
+preserved only the ashes." (January, 1909.) In his Introduction to
+_l'Histoire socialiste de la Révolution_, in which he attempts to
+reconcile Plutarch, Michelet, and Karl Marx, he writes: "We hail with
+equal respect all men of heroic will. History, even when conceived as a
+study of economic forms, will never dispense with individual valor and
+nobility. The moral level of society tomorrow will be determined by the
+standard of morality of conscience today. So that, to offer the examples
+of all the heroic fighters who for the past century have been inspired
+by an ideal and held death in sublime contempt, is to do revolutionary
+work." In everything he touches he achieves a generous synthesis of
+life; he imposes his grand panoramic conception of the universe, the
+sense of the manifold and moving unity of all things. This admirable
+equilibrium of countless elements presupposes in the man who achieves it
+magnificent health of body and of mind, a mastery of his whole being.
+And Jaurès possessed this mastery, and because of it he was the pilot of
+European democracy.
+
+How clear and far reaching was his foresight! In years to come, when the
+record of the war of today is set down, he will appear therein as a
+terrible witness. Was there anything he did not foresee? One needs only
+to read through his speeches during the last ten years.[45] It is yet
+too early, in the midst of the conflict, to quote freely his predictions
+concerning the coming retribution. Let us recall only his agonized
+presentiment, ever since the year 1905, of the monstrous war which was
+imminent;[46] his consciousness "of the antagonism, now muffled, now
+acute, but always profound and terrible, between Germany and England"
+(November 18, 1909);[47] his denunciation of the secret dealings of
+European finance and diplomacy, dealings which are encouraged by the
+"torpor of public spirit"; his cry of alarm at "the sensational lies of
+the press, actuated by the rotten system of capitalism, sowing panic and
+hatred, and playing cynically with the lives of millions of men, through
+mere financial considerations or delirious pride"; his contemptuous
+words for those whom he calls "the jockeys of his country"; his clear
+perception of all responsibilities;[48] his foreknowledge of the
+domesticated attitude which would be adopted in case of war by the
+Social-democratic party of Germany, to whom he showed, as in a mirror
+(at the Amsterdam Congress in 1904) their haughty weakness, their lack
+of revolutionary tradition, their want of parliamentary strength, their
+"formidable powerlessness";[49] of the attitude which certain leaders of
+French Socialism, too, and amongst others Jules Guesde, would maintain
+in the conflict between the great States of Europe;[50] and, looking
+even beyond the war, his premonition of the consequences, near and
+remote, national and international, of this conflict of nations.
+
+How would he have acted had he lived? The proletariat of Europe looked
+to him for guidance, and had faith in him--Camille Huysmans has said so
+in the speech delivered at his grave in the name of the Workers'
+International.[51] There can be no doubt that when he had fought against
+the war until all hope of preventing it was gone, he would have yielded
+loyally to the common duty of national defense and taken part in it with
+all his might. He had announced this point of view at the Congress in
+Stuttgart, in 1907, in full agreement therein with Vandervelde and
+Bebel: "If, whatever the circumstances, a nation were to refuse from the
+outset to defend itself, it would be entirely at the mercy of the
+Governments of violence, barbarism, and reaction.... A unity of mankind
+which was the result of the absorption of conquered nations by one
+dominating nation would be a unity realized in slavery." On his return
+to Paris, in giving an account of the Congress to French Socialists
+(September 7, 1907, at the Tivoli Vaux-Hall), he impressed upon them
+their double duty--war against war, so long as it is only a menace upon
+the horizon, and in the hour of danger war in defense of national
+independence. For this great European was also a great Frenchman.[52]
+Yet it is certain, too, that the firm accomplishment of his patriotic
+duty would not have prevented him from maintaining his human ideals, and
+watching with untiring eyes for every opportunity of reconstructing the
+shattered unity. Certainly he would not have allowed the vessel of
+socialism to drift, as his feeble successors have done.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He has passed from us. But the reflection of his luminous genius, his
+kindness in the bitter struggle, his indestructible optimism even in the
+midst of disaster, shine above the carnage of Europe, over which the
+dusk is gathering, like the splendor of the setting sun.
+
+There is one page which he wrote, which cannot be read without
+emotion--an immortal page in which he represents the noble Herakles,
+resting after his labors on the maternal earth:
+
+"There are hours," he says, "when in feeling the earth beneath our feet,
+we experience a joy deep and tranquil as the earth herself. How often
+on my journey along footpaths and across fields I have realized suddenly
+that it was indeed the earth on which I trod, that I belonged to her, as
+she belonged to me! Then without thinking I went more slowly, because it
+was not worth while to hasten across her surface, because I was
+conscious of her and possessed her at each step I took, and my soul was
+moving within her depths. How many times at the fall of day, as I lay by
+the side of a ditch, my eyes turned towards the faint blue of the
+eastern sky, I have suddenly realized that the earth was speeding on her
+journey hastening from the fatigues of the day and the limited horizons
+which the sun illumines, and rushing with prodigious force towards the
+serenity of night and unlimited horizons, and bearing me with her. I
+felt in my body as in my soul, and in the earth herself as in my body,
+the thrill of this journey, and a strange sweetness in those blue spaces
+which opened out before us, without a shock, without a fold, without a
+murmur. Oh! how much deeper and more intense is this kinship of our
+flesh with the earth, than the vague and wandering kinship of our eyes
+with the starry heavens. How much less beautiful the night with its
+stars would be to us, did we not feel ourselves at the same time bound
+to the earth."
+
+He has returned to the earth--that earth which belonged to him, that
+earth to which he belonged. They have again taken possession of each
+other, and his spirit is even now warming and humanizing her. Beneath
+the torrents of blood shed upon his tomb the new life and the peace of
+tomorrow are already springing. It was a favorite and often repeated
+thought of Jaurès, as of Heraclitus of old, that nothing can interrupt
+the flow of things, that "peace is only a form or aspect of war, war
+only a form or aspect of peace, and what is conflict today is the
+beginning of the reconciliation of tomorrow."
+
+R. R.
+
+_Journal de Genève_, August 2, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+TO PAGE 19 ("LETTER TO GERHART HAUPTMANN")
+
+The letter to Gerhart Hauptmann, written after the destruction of
+Louvain, and in the stress of the emotion aroused by the first news, was
+provoked by a high-sounding article of Hauptmann which appeared a few
+days previously. In that letter he rebutted the accusation of barbarism
+hurled against Germany, and returned it ... against Belgium. The article
+ended as follows:
+
+" ... I assure M. Maeterlinck that no one in Germany thinks of imitating
+the act of his 'civilized nation.' We prefer to be and to remain the
+German barbarians for whom the women and the children of our enemies are
+sacred. I can assure him that we never thoughtlessly massacre and make
+martyrs of Belgian women and children. Our witnesses are on our
+frontiers; the socialist beside the bourgeois, the peasant beside the
+savant, and the prince beside the workman: and all fight with a full
+realization of the object, for a noble and rich national treasure, for
+internal and external goods which aid the progress and the ascent of
+humanity."
+
+
+TO PAGE 41 ("ABOVE THE BATTLE")
+
+My enemies have not failed to make use of this passage to attribute to
+me sentiments of contempt with regard to the peoples of Asia and Africa.
+This charge is all the less justified in that I have precious
+friendships amongst the intellectuals of Asia, with whom I have remained
+in correspondence during this war. These friends have been so little
+misled as to my real thought that one of them, a leading Hindu writer,
+Ananda Coomaraswamy, has dedicated to me an admirable essay which
+appeared in the _New Age_ (December 1914), entitled "A World Policy for
+India," but--
+
+1. Asiatic troops, recruited amongst races of professional warriors, in
+no way represent the thought of Asia, as Coomaraswamy agrees.
+
+2. The heroism of the troops of Africa and Asia is not under discussion.
+There was no need for the hecatombs, which have been made during the
+past year, to evoke admiration for their splendid devotion.
+
+3. As regards barbarism, I am glad to confess that now the "white-skins"
+can no longer reproach "skins, black, red, or yellow" in this respect.
+
+4. It is not the latter but the former whom I blame. I denounce today
+once more with as much vigor as fourteen months ago, the short-sighted
+policy which has introduced Africa and Asia[53] into the quarrels of
+Europe. The future will justify my indictment.
+
+R. R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Abattoir of Ypres and Dixmude, the, 103.
+
+Absurdity, a ferocious, 47.
+
+Academicians and Professoren, the voice of, 153.
+
+Academy of moral science, the, 44.
+
+Address to the Civilized Nations, 60.
+
+Ador, M. Gustave, 83.
+
+Adversary, A Frenchman does not judge his, unheard, 17, 31.
+
+_Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre_, 83.
+
+Ajax, the madness of, 78.
+
+Albert, King, 93.
+
+Allies, the, 73, 98.
+
+Allophyles, 44.
+
+Angell, Norman, 137.
+
+Apostles, rival, 45.
+
+Architecture like Rheims, a piece of, 24.
+
+Archbishop of Canterbury, 12, 145.
+
+Arguments, furious, 119.
+
+Armies of the Marne and Meuse, 40.
+
+Art, 16.
+
+Aryan race, 44.
+
+Asia and Africa, forces of, 99;
+  ethnological signification of the terms of, 194.
+
+Atrocities committed in Flanders, 25;
+  in Russia, 70.
+
+Attila, 21.
+
+_Auskunfts- und Hilfsstelle für Deutsche im Ausland und Ausländer
+  in Deutschland_, 146.
+
+Austerlitz, 45.
+
+Austria, 50.
+
+Authors of these wars, criminal, 42.
+
+
+Babut, C. E., 76.
+
+Bach, 44, 163.
+
+Baker, M. P., J. Allen-, 145.
+
+Banking and war, the justification of, 110.
+
+Baptism of blood, 152.
+
+Barbarians from the poles and those from the equator, 41, 44.
+
+Barrès, 44.
+
+Baumgarten, D., 146.
+
+Bebel, 189.
+
+Bees of Holy Writ, the, 91.
+
+Beethoven, 58.
+
+Behring, 61.
+
+Belgium, the neutrality of noble, 20, 87, 93, 94.
+
+Bennett, E. K., 12.
+
+Bergson, 43.
+
+Bishops, 46.
+
+Bismarck, Prince, 45.
+
+Blind loyalty, 26.
+
+Bloody soil, 18.
+
+Bonfire, stirring up the, 42.
+
+Books of every kind and of every color, 77.
+
+Boris Godunov, 59.
+
+Brotherhood, 16, 101.
+
+Brueghel, the stumbling blind men of, 30.
+
+Bucher, Dr., of Strasbourg, 104.
+
+Bull in the arena, a, 28.
+
+
+Cæsar, 121.
+
+_Cambridge Magazine, The_, 11.
+
+Cardinals, 46.
+
+Caste, a military and feudal, 50.
+
+Catalonia, the thinkers of, 122.
+
+Catechism of Force, 139.
+
+Censor, the German, 163.
+
+Central Bureau, the, 146.
+
+Chamberlain, H. S., 28.
+
+Chauvinism, 38, 147, 160.
+
+Christianity and socialism, 45.
+
+Christians of today, 48.
+
+Cingalese, 41.
+
+City of God, 54.
+
+Civilization, the common trunk of our, 16, 41.
+
+Civil war, a, 123.
+
+Combatants, compassion and kindness between the, 101.
+
+Combats, strange, 43.
+
+Comparisons between the two nations, 167.
+
+Congress in Stuttgart in 1907, the, 189.
+
+Contagion, can we not resist this, 47.
+
+Coomaraswamy, Ananda, 194.
+
+Cornélienne, 100.
+
+Correvon, Rev. Ch., 110.
+
+Cosmic force, 11.
+
+Cossack avalanche, the, 37, 41.
+
+Coster, Charles de, 95.
+
+Courtney, Lord and Lady, of Penwith, 145.
+
+Cubism, 160.
+
+Cyclone, the, 46.
+
+Czarism, the ravenous greed of, 50, 60.
+
+
+Danger for Europe, grave, 99.
+
+D'Annunzio, 44.
+
+Dante, 25.
+
+Dehmel, 44, 61, 154.
+
+"_Der neue Geist_," 163.
+
+Destiny of nations, 10.
+
+De Unamuno, Miguel, 29.
+
+_Deutschland Über Alles_, 44.
+
+Dickinson, Lowes, 10.
+
+Dickinson, Right-Hon. W. H., 145.
+
+Dilettantism, neronian, 47.
+
+Dogs of war, the, 2.
+
+Dollfus, M. Max., 83.
+
+Don Quixote, 95.
+
+Dostoievsky, 59, 61.
+
+Dryander, Dr. Ernst, 76.
+
+Dunois, Amédée, 14.
+
+Dürer, 163.
+
+Dutch Anti-War Council, 127.
+
+Duty, to seek truth in the midst of error, 26, 169.
+
+
+Eagles, the three rapacious, 50.
+
+Eckehart, Meister, 165.
+
+Egyptians, 41.
+
+Elite of the World, the, 23.
+
+Emergency committee for the assistance of Germans, Austrians, 144.
+
+Emerson's, a saying of, 117.
+
+Enemies, "for a year I (Rolland) have been rich in," 18.
+
+England, all the hatred is turned against, 102, 145.
+
+Enthusiasm, heroic, earnest, and even religious, 38.
+
+Ephebi of old calmly going to sacrifice, the, 39.
+
+Epic, this monstrous, 43.
+
+Epidemic of homicidal fury, an, 43.
+
+Esthonian nations, 66.
+
+Eucken, 43.
+
+Europe, a mutilated, 43, 123.
+
+Eycks, Van, 95.
+
+
+Faith in the virtues of one's own nation, 133.
+
+Fatality, 20; of war, 42.
+
+Father, all men are sons of the same, 106.
+
+Fatherland, our earthly, 54.
+
+Finns, the, 67.
+
+Ferrière, M. Adolphe, 89, 168.
+
+Flogged, the privilege of being, 70.
+
+Foerster, Professor W., 146.
+
+Fram, Andrea, 156.
+
+France is ruined, if, 20;
+  the true, 98;
+  sublime history, 166.
+
+Frank, 45.
+
+Fratricidal struggle, 90.
+
+Fried, Dr. Alfred H., 171.
+
+Friendly relations exist between the prisoners and their guards, 81.
+
+Fry, Mr. Roger, 11.
+
+Funeral pyre, Europe ascending its, 41.
+
+
+Galilean barque, the, 143.
+
+George, Stefan, 159, 170.
+
+German prisoners concentrated in France, 81;
+  my, friends, 99.
+
+Germany, 19;
+  intellectual élite of, 25;
+  Kultur, 28;
+  great minds of, 30, 31;
+  and England, 187.
+
+God, the great captain, 46.
+
+Goethe, our, 19, 58.
+
+Gondolf, Friedr., 29.
+
+Good and evil, the eternal struggle between, 78.
+
+Gorki, 61.
+
+Greatness, intellectual and moral, 19.
+
+Grodtken, 58.
+
+Grünwald, 163.
+
+Guesde, Jules, 188.
+
+Guilbeaux, Henri, 14.
+
+
+Haeckel, Professor Ernst, 61, 113, 160.
+
+Hague Court, the, 52.
+
+Hallucinations, passionate, 26.
+
+Hangmen, the people will learn how to deliver themselves from their, 180.
+
+Harden, Maximilian, 115.
+
+Harmony of races, a, 55.
+
+Harrach, Helene Græfin, 146.
+
+Hatred, the wounds of, 91, 100.
+
+Hauptmann, 19, 43, 61, 98, 155.
+
+Herakles, 190.
+
+Hercules, 41.
+
+Heretics, 56.
+
+Hervé, 45.
+
+Herzog, Wilhelm, 57, 163, 170.
+
+Hesse, Hermann, 157.
+
+High Court, a moral, 51.
+
+Hildebrand, 61.
+
+History will pass judgment on each of the nations at war, 15.
+
+Holy Guillotine, 110.
+
+Holy War against Russia, a, 65.
+
+Holz, Arno, 155.
+
+Honor of their state, to defend the, 26.
+
+Hugo, Victor, 120.
+
+Human Mind, the force of, 2.
+
+Humanity is a symphony of great collective souls, 54.
+
+Humperdinck, 61.
+
+Hungarians in distress, 145.
+
+Huns, the, 22.
+
+Huysmans, Camille, 188.
+
+
+Idealism and German force, 35.
+
+Ideas have no existence in themselves, 118.
+
+Idols, the history of humanity is the history of, 108.
+
+Imperialism, military, financial, feudal, republican, social
+  or intellectual, 50, 98.
+
+Imperial Rome, 48.
+
+Insulted without even a hearing, 16.
+
+Intellectual élite of Russia, the, 60.
+
+Intellectual leaders, Europe's, 8.
+
+Intellectuals, guilty, 26;
+  of Germany, 22;
+  the criminal determination of ninety-three, 28;
+  provide terrible examples of hatred, 82;
+  French, 116;
+  the furious, 151.
+
+Intelligence of the mind, 120.
+
+Intelligent few, the, 109.
+
+Internationalism, intellectual, 111.
+
+International union of women suffrage societies, 146.
+
+Invisible tribunal of humanity, 53.
+
+Ideologues, 2.
+
+Invocation to Peace, 158.
+
+Islam, threats of disturbance in the world of, 99.
+
+
+Japanese, 41.
+
+Jaurès, 11;
+  a favorite thought of, 192;
+  democracy, 186;
+  the murder of, 181.
+
+Jean-Christophe, 8.
+
+Jena, the bells of, 33.
+
+Jesuits, 46.
+
+Jesus, 15.
+
+Journalists, 162.
+
+Jupiter of the Vatican, 48.
+
+Justice to small nations, 74.
+
+
+Kalish, 58.
+
+Kant, sons of, 31, 37.
+
+Kill! Kill! I hate the war, 79.
+
+Kipling, 44.
+
+Klein, Dr. Albert, 173.
+
+Klemm, Wilhelm, 159.
+
+Klinger, 61.
+
+Knights-errant of the world, the, 39.
+
+Kock, Hans, 159.
+
+Kolb, Annette, 162, 163.
+
+Kropotkin, 61.
+
+Krupp, 109.
+
+Kultur, 28.
+
+Kulturträger, 67.
+
+
+Labor parties did not desire war, 42.
+
+_Lamm, der_, 155.
+
+Lamprecht, Karl, 44.
+
+_La Patrie_, 23.
+
+Lasson, 164.
+
+Law is the friend of the weak, 28.
+
+Laws of Nations, the, 52.
+
+Lawyers, 7.
+
+Lee, Vernon, 137.
+
+Legand, René, 187.
+
+Leibnitz, 58.
+
+Leonhard, Rudolf, 156.
+
+_Le Paquet du prisonnier de guerre_, 149.
+
+Letter to Romain Rolland, 64.
+
+Letts, the, 66.
+
+Levites, 46.
+
+Liberator, men make a master of every, 108.
+
+Liberty against barbarism, 57.
+
+Liberty, fighting for the awakening of, 38;
+  of the world, 64;
+  the wild violet of, 119.
+
+Liebermann, 61.
+
+Liebknecht, 45.
+
+Life Force, the, 9.
+
+Life, the value of, 53.
+
+Lissauer, 155.
+
+Lithuanians, 66.
+
+Louvain, 21.
+
+Love of our country, 47.
+
+Luzzatti, 47.
+
+
+Maeterlinck, 95, 193.
+
+Mahler, 59.
+
+Maladresse, 29.
+
+Malines, 21.
+
+Manifesto of Intellectuals, 27.
+
+Mann, Thomas, 28, 113, 163.
+
+Marck, Ludwig, 156.
+
+Marx, Karl, 186.
+
+Maury, M. Lucien, 168.
+
+Medicines for the soul, 91.
+
+Mesnil, Jacques, 14.
+
+Meyer, M. Arthur, 46.
+
+Michelet, 186.
+
+Middle Ages, the great monasteries of the early, 55.
+
+Militarization of the intellect, 63.
+
+Minds, the effort of great, 107.
+
+Minority vitally interested in maintaining these hatreds, 49.
+
+Miracle, men call the sudden appearance of a hidden reality a, 94.
+
+Mobilization of the forces of the pen, this, 60.
+
+Modernism, the noble chimera of, 49.
+
+Moerlins, Frau Marie von Bülow-, 146.
+
+Molière, 113.
+
+Moloch, 48, 108.
+
+Moral epidemic, 11.
+
+Moral triumph, France has won in this war a prodigious, 100.
+
+Moroccans, 41.
+
+Mozart, 163.
+
+
+Nations subject to Russia are asking agonized questions, 73.
+
+Natorp, Paul, 146.
+
+"Necessity knows no law," 31.
+
+_Nederlandsche Anti-Oorlog Raad_, 127.
+
+Neutral countries are too much effaced, 52.
+
+Neutrality, Belgium's, 34.
+
+Newman, Cardinal, 184.
+
+Newspaper-press of the warring nations, 133.
+
+Newspapers, of both countries give publicity only to prejudiced stories
+  unfavorable to the enemy, 81;
+  jests in, 170;
+  those who behind the line ring the bells, make speeches, and write, 175;
+  they lie--consciously or unconsciously, 178.
+
+Nietzsche, 58.
+
+Nivernais, my own little town in the, 89.
+
+Nordhausen, Richard, 155.
+
+_Notre-Dame la Misère_, 91.
+
+
+Ode to a Howitzer, an, 155.
+
+Official agencies, 29.
+
+Officialdom, heroes of, 91.
+
+Omega workshops, the, 12.
+
+Organization, 111.
+
+Ostwald, 28, 111, 164.
+
+
+Paladins of God, the, 39.
+
+Pamphleteer, a maladroit, 17.
+
+Pangermanism, 68.
+
+Panslavism, 68, 71.
+
+Passion, the language of, 143.
+
+Patrimony of the human race, the, 21.
+
+Patriotism, the true formula of, 185.
+
+Peace, man deteriorates in, 28;
+  armed, 39;
+  of Europe, the, 137.
+
+Pedants of Barbarism, 29.
+
+Pedants, the megalomania of, 167.
+
+Péguy, Charles, 31, 32, 37.
+
+Pen dipped in blood, a, 79;
+  armies of the, 144.
+
+Perrier, E., 44.
+
+Perrette of the fable, 113.
+
+Petzold, 155.
+
+Pioch, Georges, 14.
+
+Plutarch, 186.
+
+Polemics is like a theft from these unfortunates, time devoted to, 98.
+
+Policy, German, 20.
+
+Pontiff, the new, 49.
+
+Pope Pius X died of grief to see the outbreak of this war, 48.
+
+Prelude to the great war of the nations, 2.
+
+Prenant, Mr., 52.
+
+Press, the war-preaching French, English and German, 49;
+  an unscrupulous, 80;
+  bullies of the, 91.
+
+Prisoner, the moral situation of the military, 82.
+
+Prisoners, civil, 85;
+  of war, 97;
+  Agency, 177.
+
+Priests are marching with the colors, 46.
+
+Problem of freedom, the, 7.
+
+Protest, the poverty of, 17.
+
+Proudhon, 2.
+
+Prussian Imperialism, 26, 50, 57.
+
+Psychologic necessity, 131.
+
+Public opinion, 53.
+
+Public safety, the famous doctrine of, 31.
+
+Publicists trying to rouse the energies of the nation, 102.
+
+
+Questions which divided you, the, 41.
+
+
+Race, the idol of, 108.
+
+Racial frenzy, 48.
+
+Rade, Martin, 146.
+
+Rappoport, Charles, 187.
+
+Reason, the unity of, 16.
+
+Red Cross, the, 82, 88.
+
+Redeemer, the, 33.
+
+Reger, 59.
+
+Régnier, de, 44.
+
+Renaitour, J. M., 14.
+
+Renan, 53.
+
+Repatriation, 90.
+
+Reprisals, a desire for, 100.
+
+Responsible for the longer duration of this horrible war? who are, 134.
+
+Retaliation, 51.
+
+Revolution, an internal, 73.
+
+Rheims, 9;
+  Cathedral, 23, 24.
+
+Rhine, your neighbors across the, 105.
+
+Riga, 66.
+
+Rivalry, the world-wide tragedy of, 128.
+
+Rodin, 17.
+
+Roentgen, 61.
+
+Rolland, Romain, 8;
+  letters to, 64;
+  attacks against, 97.
+
+Roman Empire at the time of the Tetrarchy, the, 41.
+
+Rotten, Dr. Elizabeth, 146.
+
+Rouanet, 14.
+
+Rubens, 21.
+
+Rulers, 42.
+
+Rumors circulate only too easily, 80.
+
+Russia, our alliance with, 57;
+  nations subject to, 73;
+  generous promises of, 140.
+
+Russian, autocracy, the, 50;
+  writers have been our guides for the last forty years, 59;
+  the hand of the, Government, 70;
+  evils of, Government, 71;
+  domination very oppressive, 73.
+
+
+Sacrifice, the ecstasy of, 32.
+
+Sacrilegious conflict, a, 40.
+
+Sancho Panza, 95.
+
+Savageries, 21.
+
+Scheler, Max, 162.
+
+Schickele, René, 160.
+
+Schleinitz, Nora Freiin von, 146.
+
+Schneeli, Dr., 81.
+
+Schrenck, 110.
+
+Schultze, Siegmund-, 146.
+
+Seeherrschaft of Britain, 145.
+
+Seippel, M. Paul, 52.
+
+Senegalese, 41.
+
+Sepoys, 41.
+
+Sermon on the Mount, the, 110.
+
+Shaw, Bernard, 43.
+
+Shameful record, a, 17.
+
+Sikhs, 41.
+
+Silence itself is an act, at such a time, 22;
+  the heroic discipline of France in, 170.
+
+Sin, the unpardonable, 32.
+
+Socialism, the leaders of, 40;
+  drifting, 190.
+
+Socialists, German, 45;
+  Italian, 46;
+  unite and attack both Kaiser and Czar, 49.
+
+Society of friends of foreigners in distress, 146.
+
+Sons of sorrow, geniuses are, 34.
+
+Soudanese, 41.
+
+Spirit above flesh, put, 24;
+  is the light, the, 54.
+
+Spiritual forces, 10;
+  guides of the human race, 151.
+
+Sport, this bloody and puerile, 42.
+
+Stepping-stone, a human, 10.
+
+Stern, Josef Luitpol, 155.
+
+Sterheim, Carl, 161.
+
+Strauss, 53;
+  Richard, neurotic jugglers with orchestral effects, 59.
+
+Strawinsky, 59.
+
+Sudermann, 61.
+
+Switzerland, 49;
+  the generous heart of, 54.
+
+
+Tenderness is wisdom, 157.
+
+Teutonic colossus, the, 47.
+
+Thermopylæ of Liège, the, 93.
+
+Thiesson, Gaston, 14.
+
+Thoma, Hans, 29.
+
+Till Ulenspiegel, 95.
+
+Tillys, modern, 51.
+
+Tokio, 43.
+
+Tolstoi, 16, 59.
+
+Trakl, George, 165.
+
+Trustfulness, culpable, 26.
+
+Turks, 41.
+
+
+Uebervolk, 78.
+
+Unamuno, Miguel de, 111.
+
+Underhand means, 42.
+
+Unified Europe, a, 125.
+
+Union of Democratic Control, 137.
+
+United States of Europe, a, 112.
+
+Unity of European Future, 152.
+
+
+Valmy, a hero of, 48.
+
+Vandervelde, 189.
+
+Verdict of history, the, 132.
+
+Verhaeren, 95.
+
+Vices which are profitable, 109.
+
+Victory below means defeat above, 33.
+
+Vierordt, Heinrich, 160.
+
+Voltaire, the motto of, 51.
+
+Von Biberstein, Baron Marschall, 171.
+
+Von Unruh, Fritz, 155, 172.
+
+
+Wagner, 58.
+
+War, that lies behind the present conflict, the greater, 10;
+  as a fatality, 20;
+  is war, 30;
+  international, 47;
+  between the Western nations, no reason for, 49;
+  the delightful promise of a perpetual, 105;
+  of the pen, 131.
+
+Warsaw, 54.
+
+Wedekind, Franz, 155.
+
+Weingartner, 61.
+
+Wells, 43.
+
+Werfel, Franz, 156.
+
+Whitman, Walt, 7;
+  and Tolstoi, 16.
+
+William II, 46.
+
+Wolff's Agency, 27.
+
+Wood, James, 12.
+
+Workers' International, the, 188.
+
+Wound will heal, a good open clean, 105;
+  wounded of both countries are living in terms of friendship, in
+  Germany and France alike, 82.
+
+Writers, German, 154.
+
+Wundt, 44, 61.
+
+
+Zangwill, Israel, 137.
+
+Zorothowo, 58.
+
+Zweig, Stefan, 165.
+
+
+THE OPEN COURT
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+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] For translating "The Murder of the Elite."
+
+[2] One article only, "The Idols," may, I think, have been published in
+its entirety in _La Bataille syndicaliste_.
+
+[3] I leave my articles in their chronological order. I have changed
+nothing in them. The reader will notice, in the stress of events,
+certain contradictions and hasty judgments which I would modify
+today.... In general, the sentiments expressed have arisen out of
+indignation and pity. In proportion as the immensity of the ruin extends
+one feels the poverty of protest, as before an earthquake. "There is
+more than one war," wrote the aged Rodin to me on the 1st of October,
+1914. "What is happening is like a punishment which falls on the world."
+
+[4] A telegram from Berlin (Wolff's Agency), reproduced by the _Gazette
+de Lousanne_, August 29, 1914, has just announced that "the old town of
+Louvain, rich in works of art, exists no more to-day."
+
+[5] Written after the bombardment of Rheims Cathedral.
+
+[6] When I wrote this, I had not yet seen the monstrous article by
+Thomas Mann (in the _Neue Rundschau_ of November 1914), where, in a fit
+of fury and injured pride, he savagely claimed for Germany, as a title
+to glory, all the crimes of which her adversaries accuse her. He dared
+to write that the present war was a war of German Kultur "against
+Civilization," proclaiming that German thought had no other ideal than
+militarism, and inscribes on his banner the following lines, the apology
+of force oppressing weakness:
+
+     "_Den der Mensch verkümmert im Frieden,_
+      _Müssige Ruh ist das Grab des Muts._
+      _Das Gesetz ist der Freund des Schwachen,_
+      _Alles will es nur eben machen._
+      _Möchte gern die Welt verflachen,_
+      _Aber der Krieg lässt die Kraft erscheinen...._"
+
+(_Man deteriorates in peace. Idle rest is the tomb of courage. Law is
+the friend of the weak, it aims at levelling all; it would reduce the
+world to a level. War brings out strength._)
+
+Even so a bull in the arena, mad with rage, rushes with lowered head on
+the matador's sword, and impales himself.
+
+[7] As one of these 'pedants of barbarism' (so Miguel de Unamuno rightly
+describes them) writes, "one has the right to destroy; if one has the
+force to create" (Wer stark ist zu schaffen, der darf auch
+zerstören).--Friedr Gundolf: _Tat und Wort im Krieg_, published in the
+_Frankfurter Zeitung_, October 11th. Cf. the article of the aged Hans
+Thoma, in the _Leipziger Illustrierte Zeitung_ of October 1st.
+
+[8] _Jean-Christophe_, part V, "La Foire sur la Place." In vol. III of
+the English version.--TRANS.
+
+[9] At the very hour I wrote these lines, Charles Péguy died.
+
+[10] Alludes to a Viennese writer who had told me, a few weeks before
+the declaration of war, that a disaster for France would be a disaster
+for the liberal thinkers of Germany too.
+
+[11] See note, p. 193.
+
+[12] Liebknecht has since gloriously cleared his honor of the
+compromises of his party. I here express admiration of his attitude. (R.
+R., January 1915.)
+
+[13] Recently published in the _Corriere della Sera_ and translated by
+the _Journal de Genève_, September 1914.
+
+[14] _Le Temps_, September 4, 1914.
+
+[15] Issues of September 16 and 17, 1914: _La Guerre et le Droit_.
+
+[16] Letter dated September 15, 1871, published in _Réforme
+intellectuelle et morale_.
+
+[17] Open letter of Dr. Ernst Dryander, the First Court Preacher and
+Vice-President of the Higher Ecclesiastical Council, to C. E. Babut,
+Pastor of Nimes, September 15, 1914 (published in _l'Essor_ for the 10th
+October and the _Journal de Genève_, 18th October).
+
+[18] The newspapers of both countries give publicity only to prejudiced
+stories unfavorable to the enemy. One would imagine that they devote
+themselves to collecting only the worst cases, in order to preserve the
+atmosphere of hatred; and those to which they give predominance are
+often doubtful and always exceptional. No mention is made of anything
+that would tell in a contrary direction of prisoners who are grateful
+for their treatment, as in the letters which we have to transmit to
+their families--in which, for example, a German civil prisoner speaks of
+a pleasant walk, or of sea bathing, he has been allowed to enjoy. I have
+even come across the case of an entomologist who is peacefully absorbed
+in his researches, and profiting by his enforced sojourn in the South of
+France to complete his collection of insects.
+
+[19] On this point, I would echo the appeal in the article cited above,
+from the _Neue Zürcher Zeitung_.
+
+[20] Published by the _Daily Telegraph_, London, 1914.
+
+[21] The Editor of a great Paris paper having offered to publish my
+reply to those who attacked me, I sent him this article, which never
+appeared.
+
+[22] Paul Bourget.
+
+[23] The Evangelical pastor Schrenck in an article on "War and the New
+Testament," quoted with approval by the Rev. Ch. Correvon in the
+_Journal religieus_ of Neuchatel, November 14th.
+
+[24] In a declaration to the editor of the Swedish paper _Dagen_.
+
+[25] The famous "Appeal to the Civilized Nations" had been sent out
+shortly before this by the ninety-three German intellectuals.
+
+[26] Holland.
+
+[27] "To let a people," he said, "or still more a fraction of a people,
+decide international questions, for instance, which state shall control
+them, is as good as making the children of a house vote for their
+father. It is the most ridiculous fallacy that human wit has ever
+invented."
+
+[28] The _Svenska Dagbladet_ sent to the principal intellectuals of
+Europe an inquiry on the subject of the results which the war would
+have, "for international collaboration, in the domain of the spirit." It
+asked "with anxiety, to what extent it would be possible, once peace was
+concluded, to establish relations between the scientists, writers, and
+artists of the different nations."
+
+[29] The literary appreciation of the work cited is here treated as of
+secondary importance, in order that evidence may be discovered with
+regard to the thought of Germany.
+
+[30] See the article of Josef Luitpol Stern, "Dichter," in _Die Weissen
+Blätter_, March 1915.
+
+[31] Hohe Gemeinschaft.
+
+[32] Fremde sind wir auf der Erde alle.
+
+[33] _Die Ueberschätzung der Kunst_ (December 1914).
+
+[34] _Von der Vaterlandsliebe_ (January 1915).
+
+[35] December 1914.
+
+[36] _Hymne auf den Schmerz_ (January 1915).--It is to be noted that the
+_Forum_ is read in the trenches, and that it has received many letters
+of approval from the front. (_Der Phrasenrausch und seine Bekaempfer_,
+February 1915.)
+
+[37] I take the phrase from M. Lucien Maury in an article written before
+the war: (_Journal de Genève_) March 30, 1914. This is quoted recently
+by M. Adolphe Ferrière who, in his remarkable Doctor's thesis, _La loi
+du Progrès_ attempts to solve the tragic problem of the part played by
+the élite.
+
+[38] The review _Die Tat_, published by Eug. Diederichs at Jena, prints
+long extracts from them in its issue for May 1915.
+
+[39] With an introduction by C. E. Babut.
+
+[40] His principal philosophical work is his Doctor's thesis: _La
+réalité du monde sensible_ (1891). Another thesis (in Latin) dates from
+the same year: _Des origines du socialisme allemand_, in which he goes
+back to the Christian socialism of Luther.
+
+His great historical work is his _Histoire sociale de la Révolution_.
+Very interesting is his discussion with Paul Lafargue on _l'Idéalisme et
+le matérialisme dans la conception de l'histoire_.
+
+[41] "The need of unity is the profoundest and noblest of the human
+mind" (_La réalité du monde sensible_).
+
+[42] "This young democracy must be given a taste for liberty. It has a
+passion for equality; it has not in the same degree an idea of liberty,
+which is acquired much more slowly and with greater difficulty. We must
+give the children of the people, by means of a sufficiently lofty
+exercise of their powers of thinking, a sense of the value of man and
+consequently of the value of liberty, without which man does not exist."
+(To the teachers, January 15, 1888.)
+
+[43] "As for myself, I have never made use of violence to attack
+beliefs, whatever they may be; nay, more, I have always abstained even
+from that form of violence which consists in insult. Insult expresses a
+weak and feverish revolt, rather than the liberty of reason." (1901.)
+
+[44] "The true formula of patriotism is the equal right of all countries
+to liberty and justice; it is the duty of every citizen to increase in
+his own country the forces of liberty and justice. Those are but sorry
+patriots who in order to love and serve one country, find it necessary
+to decry the others, the other great moral forces of humanity." (1905.)
+
+[45] Or the extracts given by Charles Rappoport in his excellent book
+_Jean Jaurès, l'homme, le penseur, le socialiste_ (1915, Paris,
+_l'Emancipatrice_), with an introduction by Anatole France. From this
+book are quoted the passages referred to in the notes which follow.
+_Jean Jaurès_, a brochure by René Legand, should also be read.
+
+[46] Rappoport, _op. cit._, pp. 70-77.
+
+[47] Rappoport, p. 234.
+
+[48] In his speech at Vaise, near Lyon, July 25, 1914, six days before
+his death, he said: "Every people appears throughout the streets of
+Europe carrying its little torch; and now comes the conflagration."
+
+[49] Rappoport, p. 61.
+
+[50] Rappoport p. 369-70.
+
+[51] "Throughout the world there are six millions of us, organized
+workmen, for whom the name of Jaurès was the incarnation of the noblest
+and most complete aspiration.... I remember what he was for the workmen
+of other countries. I see still the foreign delegates who awaited his
+words before forming their final opinions; even when they were not in
+agreement with him they were glad to approach his point of view. He was
+more than the Word: he was the Conscience."
+
+[52] Who has spoken more nobly than he of the eternal France, "the true
+France, that is not summed up by an epoch or by a day, neither by the
+day of long ago, nor the day that has just passed, but the whole of
+France complete in the succession of her days, of her nights, of her
+dawns, of her shadows, of her heights and of her depths; of France, who,
+across all these mingled shades, all these half-lights and all these
+vicissitudes, goes forward towards a brilliance which she has not yet
+attained, but which is foreshadowed in her thought!" (1910.)
+
+See his masterly picture of French history, and his magnificent eulogy
+of France, at the Conference of 1905, which he was prevented from
+delivering in Berlin, and which Robert Fischer read in his place.
+
+[53] The terms Asia and Africa have not, of course, a geographical but
+an ethnological signification. Turkey is not, and never has been,
+European; and it is difficult to decide up to what points certain of the
+Balkan Powers are European.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections of typographical erros made by the etext transcriber:
+
+Tolstoï=>Tolstoi
+
+Auslænder, Auslander=>Ausländer
+
+Deutschland Uber Alles=>Deutschland Über Alles
+
+Amédee=>Amédée
+
+Rene Schickele=>René Schickele
+
+René Legan=>René Legand
+
+Barrés=>Barrès
+
+Caesar=>Cæsar
+
+Cornelienne=>Cornélienne
+
+Ferriere=>Ferrière
+
+Hervè=>Hervé
+
+Kulturtrager=>Kulturträger
+
+Léonhard=>Leonhard
+
+Liége=>Liège
+
+Peguy=>Péguy
+
+Regnier=>Régnier
+
+Thermopylae=>Thermopylæ
+
+Zorothowa=>Zorothowo
+
+Graefin=>Græfin
+
+Notre-Dame la Misere=>Notre-Dame la Misère
+
+Moliere=>Molière
+
+Jaurés=>Jaurès
+
+èlan=>élan
+
+dènouement=>dénouement
+
+Dr. Ernst Drylander=>Dr. Ernst Dryander
+
+Idealogues=>Ideologues
+
+NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOGRAAD=>NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOG RAAD
+
+Sterheim=>Sternheim
+
+
+
+
+
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+  The Project Gutenberg eBook of Above The Battle, by Romain Rolland.
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Above the Battle, by Romain Rolland
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
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+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Above the Battle
+
+Author: Romain Rolland
+
+Release Date: June 12, 2010 [EBook #32779]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABOVE THE BATTLE ***
+
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+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h3>ABOVE THE BATTLE</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_002" id="page_002">{2}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The fire smouldering in the forest of Europe was beginning to burst
+into flames. In vain did they try to put it out in one place; it only
+broke out in another. With gusts of smoke and a shower of sparks it
+swept from one point to another, burning the dry brushwood. Already in
+the East there were skirmishes as the prelude to the great war of the
+nations. All Europe, Europe that only yesterday was sceptical and
+apathetic, like a dead wood, was swept by the flames. All men were
+possessed by the desire for battle. War was ever on the point of
+breaking out. It was stamped out, but it sprang to life again. The world
+felt that it was at the mercy of an accident that might let loose the
+dogs of war. The world lay in wait. The feeling of inevitability weighed
+heavily even upon the most pacifically minded. And ideologues, sheltered
+beneath the massive shadows of the cyclops, Proudhon, hymned in war
+man's fairest title of nobility...."</p>
+
+<p><i>"This, then, was to be the end of the physical and moral resurrection
+of the races of the West! To such butchery they were to be borne along
+by the currents of action and passionate faith! Only a Napoleonic genius
+could have marked out a chosen, deliberate aim for this blind, onward
+rush. But nowhere in Europe was there any genius for action. It was as
+though the world had chosen the most mediocre to be its governors. The
+force of the human mind was in other things&mdash;so there was nothing to be
+done but to trust to the declivity down which they were moving. This
+both the governing and the governed classes were doing. Europe looked
+like a vast armed camp."</i></p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<i>Jean-Christophe</i>, vol. x (1912).<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_003" id="page_003">{3}</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="c">[English translation by Gilbert Cannan, vol. iv, p. 504.]</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_004" id="page_004">{4}</a></span></p>
+
+<h1>
+ABOVE THE BATTLE</h1>
+
+<h3>BY<br />
+ROMAIN ROLLAND</h3>
+
+<p class="c">TRANSLATED BY<br />
+C. K. OGDEN, M. A.<br />
+(Editor of <i>The Cambridge Magazine</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="c top15">CHICAGO<br />
+THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY<br />
+1916</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_005" id="page_005">{5}</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_006" id="page_006">{6}</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="c top15"><i>Copyright 1916</i><br />
+<i>The Open Court Pub. Co., Chicago.</i><br />
+<i>First published in 1916.</i><br />
+(<i>All rights reserved.</i>)</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_007" id="page_007">{7}</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="toc"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a><br />
+<a href="#CONTENTS">Contents</a><br />
+<a href="#PREFACE">Preface</a><br />
+<a href="#NOTES">Notes</a><br />
+<a href="#FOOTNOTES">Footnotes</a></p>
+
+<h3><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h3>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>"Over the carnage rose prophetic a voice,</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Be not dishearten'd, affection shall solve the problem of freedom yet.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="asterisks"> .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>(Were you looking to be held together by lawyers?</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Or by an agreement on a paper? or by arms?</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Nay, nor the world, nor any living thing, will so cohere.)"</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="top5">These lines of Walt Whitman will be recalled by many who read the
+following pages: for not only does Rolland himself refer to Whitman in
+his brief Introduction, but, were it not for a certain <i>bizarrerie</i>
+apart from their context, the words "Over the Carnage" might perhaps
+have stood on the cover of this volume as a striking variant on
+<i>Au-dessus de la Mêlée</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Yet though the voice comes to us over the carnage, its message is not
+marred by the passions of the moment. After eighteen months of war we
+are learning<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_008" id="page_008">{8}</a></span> to look about us more calmly, and to distinguish amid the
+ruins those of Europe's intellectual leaders who have not been swept off
+their feet by the fury of the tempest. Almost alone Romain Rolland has
+stood the test. The two main characteristics which strike us in all that
+he writes are lucidity and common sense&mdash;the qualities most needed by
+every one in thought upon the war. But there is another feature of
+Rolland's work which contributes to its universal appeal. He describes
+our feelings and sensations in the presence of a given situation, not
+what actually passes before our eyes: he describes the effects and
+causes of things, but not the things themselves. Through his work for
+the <i>Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre</i>, to which one of
+the articles now collected is largely devoted, he is, moreover, in a
+position to observe every phase of the great battle between ideals and
+between nations which fills him with such anguish and indignation. And
+with his matchless insight and sympathy he gives permanent form to our
+vague feelings in these noble and inspiring essays.</p>
+
+<p>It will not, however, surprise the vast public who have read
+<i>Jean-Christophe</i> to find that while so many have capitulated to the
+madness of the terrible<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_009" id="page_009">{9}</a></span> year through which we have passed, Rolland has
+remained firm, and has surpassed himself. He was prepared. As the
+extract placed at the beginning of this volume shows, he was one of the
+few who realized only too well the horror he was powerless to prevent.
+Yet he made every effort to open the eyes of Europe and especially of
+the young, so many of whom had learned to look up to him as a leader. To
+these young men, one of the finest essays in the present collection is
+primarily addressed&mdash;<i>O jeunesse héroique du monde</i>....</p>
+
+<p>Eighteen months have passed and they still endure the terrible ordeal,
+the young men of Germany and France, whom he had striven so hard to
+bring together; on whose aspirations and failings <i>Jean-Christophe</i> is a
+critical commentary. The movements and tendencies of society were there
+given a dramatic embodiment, permeated for Rolland by the Life
+Force&mdash;that struggle between Good and Bad, Love and Hatred, which makes
+life worth living. All is set down with the clear analysis of feeling
+natural to a musical critic. But in spite of his burning words on the
+destruction of Rheims, Rolland, as is clear from his other critical and
+biographical writings, is more interested in men than<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_010" id="page_010">{10}</a></span> in their
+achievements. And the men of today interest him most passionately.
+"Young men," he has said, "do not bother about the old people. Make a
+stepping-stone of our bodies and go forward."</p>
+
+<p>And above all it is the permanent things in life with which he is
+concerned. As Mr. Lowes Dickinson puts it, "M. Rolland is one of the
+many who believe, though their voice for the moment may be silenced,
+that the spiritual forces that are important and ought to prevail are
+the international ones; that co-operation, not war, is the right destiny
+of nations; and that all that is valuable in each people may be
+maintained in and by friendly intercourse with the others. The war
+between these two ideals is the greater war that lies behind the present
+conflict. Hundreds and thousands of generous youths have gone to battle
+in the belief that they are going to a 'war that will end war,' that
+they are fighting against militarism in the cause of peace. Whether,
+indeed, it is for that they will have risked or lost their lives, only
+the event can show."</p>
+
+<p>The forces against such ideals are powerful, but Rolland is not
+dismayed. "Come, friends! let us make a stand! Can we not resist this
+contagion, whatever its nature and virulence be&mdash;whether<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_011" id="page_011">{11}</a></span> moral epidemic
+or cosmic force." And he appeals not only in the name of humanity but in
+the name of that France which he loves so dearly&mdash;"la vraie France" of
+which Jaurès wrote (in the untranslatable words which Rolland has
+quoted), "qui n'est pas résumée dans une époque et dans un jour, ni dans
+le jour d'il y a des siècles, ni dans le jour d'hier, mais la France
+tout entière, dans la succession de ses jours, de ses nuits, de ses
+aurores, de ses crépuscules, de ses montées, de ses chutes, et qui, à
+travers toutes ces ombres mêlées, toutes ces lumières incomplètes et
+toutes ces vicissitudes, s'en va vers une pleine clarté qu'elle n'a pas
+encore atteinte, mais dont le pressentiment est dans sa pensée!"</p>
+
+<p>But though his love for France inspires every word that Rolland has
+written, the significance of the present volume is not less apparent to
+English readers. Some of the articles and letters now collected have
+already appeared in English, for the most part in the pages of <i>The
+Cambridge Magazine</i>, from which they have been widely quoted in the
+press. For help in rendering the translations as adequately as possible
+I may also take this opportunity of acknowledging my special
+indebtedness to Mr. Roger Fry,<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> who<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_012" id="page_012">{12}</a></span> has just issued through the Omega
+Workshops a striking translation of some of the most recent French
+poetry inspired by the war; to Mr. James Wood, who has himself done part
+of the translation, particularly "pro Aris"; and to Mr. E. K. Bennett,
+of Caius College, whose version of "Above the Battle" has already been
+quoted by the Archbishop of Canterbury and others. For the most part,
+the articles here collected have not appeared in English before; and
+they have been almost inaccessible even in French, as their author
+explains in his Preface.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+C. K. OGDEN.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Magdalene College, Cambridge</span>, <i>January, 1916</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_013" id="page_013">{13}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h3>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="toc">
+<tr valign="top"><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction by the Translator</a></span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_007">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PREFACE">Preface</a></span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_015">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#I">I.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">An Open Letter to Gerhart Hauptmann</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_019">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#II">II.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Pro Aris</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_023">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#III">III.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Above the Battle</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_037">37</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#IV">IV.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Lesser of Two Evils: Pangermanism, Panslavism</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_056">56</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#V">V.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Inter Arma Caritas</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_076">76</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#VI">VI.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">To the People That Is Suffering for Justice</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_093">93</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#VII">VII.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Letter to My Critics</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_097">97</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#VIII">VIII.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Idols</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#IX">IX.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">For Europe: Manifesto of the Writers and Thinkers of Catalonia</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_122">122</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#X">X.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">For Europe: An Appeal from Holland to the Intellectuals of all Nations</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_127">127</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#XI">XI.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Letter To Frederik Van Eeden</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_136">136</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#XII">XII.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Our Neighbor the Enemy</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_142">142</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#XIII">XIII.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">A Letter to Svenska Dagbladet of Stockholm</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_151">151</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#XIV">XIV.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">War Literature</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#XV">XV.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">The Murder of the Elite</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_168">168</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="right"><a href="#XVI">XVI.</a></td><td><span class="smcap">Jaurès</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_181">181</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#NOTES">Notes</a></span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_193">193</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INDEX">Index</a></span></td><td align="right"><a href="#page_195">195</a></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#FOOTNOTES">Footnotes</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr valign="top"><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap"><a href="#TRANSCRIBER">Notes of etext transcriber</a></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_014" id="page_014">{14}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thanks">
+<p>It is my pleasant duty to thank the brave friends who have defended me
+during the past year, in the Parisian press:&mdash;at the end of October
+1914, Amédée Dunois in <i>l'Humanité</i>, and Henri Guilbeaux, in the
+<i>Bataille syndicaliste</i>; in the same paper, <i>Fernand Deprès</i>; Georges
+Pioch in the <i>Hommes du Jour</i>; J. M. Renaitour, in the <i>Bonnet Rouge</i>;
+Rouanet, in <i>l'Humanité</i>; Jacques Mesnil, in the <i>Mercure de France</i>,
+and Gaston Thiesson, in the <i>Guerre Sociale</i>. To these faithful comrades
+in the struggle I express my affectionate gratitude.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+R. R.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><i>October, 1915.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_015" id="page_015">{15}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h3>
+
+<p>A great nation assailed by war has not only its frontiers to protect: it
+must also protect its good sense. It must protect itself from the
+hallucinations, injustices, and follies which the plague lets loose. To
+each his part: to the armies the protection of the soil of their native
+land; to the thinkers the defense of its thought. If they subordinate
+that thought to the passions of their people they may well be useful
+instruments of passion; but they are in danger of betraying the spirit,
+which is not the least part of a people's patrimony. One day History
+will pass judgment on each of the nations at war; she will weigh their
+measure of errors, lies, and heinous follies. Let us try and make ours
+light before her!</p>
+
+<p>Children are taught the Gospel of Jesus and the Christian ideal.
+Everything in the education they receive at school is designed to
+stimulate in them intellectual understanding of the great human family.
+Classical education makes them see, beyond<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_016" id="page_016">{16}</a></span> the differences of race, the
+roots and the common trunk of our civilization. Art makes them love the
+profound sources of the genius of a people. Science makes them believe
+in the unity of reason. The great social movement which renews the
+world, reveals the organized effort of the working classes all round
+them to unite their forces in the hopes and struggles which break the
+barriers of nations. The brightest geniuses of the earth, like Walt
+Whitman and Tolstoi, chant universal brotherhood in joy and suffering,
+or else like our Latin spirits, pierce with their criticism the
+prejudices of hatred and ignorance which separate individuals and
+peoples.</p>
+
+<p>Like all the men of my time, I have been brought up on these thoughts; I
+have tried in my turn to share the bread of life with my younger or less
+fortunate brothers. When the war came I did not think it my duty to deny
+these thoughts because the hour had come to put them to the test.</p>
+
+<p>I have been insulted. I knew that I should be and I went forward. But I
+did not know that I should be insulted without even a hearing.</p>
+
+<p>For several months no one in France could know my writings except
+through scraps of phrases arbitrarily extracted and mutilated by my
+enemies. It<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_017" id="page_017">{17}</a></span> is a shameful record. For nearly a year this has gone on.
+Certain socialist or syndicalist papers may have succeeded here and
+there in getting some fragments through,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> but it was only in the month
+of June 1915 that for the first time my chief article, the one which was
+the object of the most violent criticism, "Above the Battle," dating
+from September 1914, could be published in full (almost in full), thanks
+to the malevolent zeal of a maladroit pamphleteer, to whom I am indebted
+for bringing my words before the French public for the first time.</p>
+
+<p>A Frenchman does not judge his adversary unheard. Whoever does so judges
+and condemns himself: for he shows that he fears the light. I place
+before the world the texts they have slandered.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> I shall not defend
+them. Let them defend themselves!<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_018" id="page_018">{18}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One single word will I add. For a year I have been rich in enemies. Let
+me say this to them: they can hate me, but they will not teach me to
+hate. I have no concern with them. My business is to say what I believe
+to be fair and humane. Whether this pleases or irritates is not my
+business. I know that words once uttered make their way of themselves.
+Hopefully I sow them in the bloody soil. The harvest will come.</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+ROMAIN ROLLAND.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><i>September, 1915.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_019" id="page_019">{19}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="I" id="I"></a>I. AN OPEN LETTER TO GERHART HAUPTMANN</h3>
+
+<p class="r">
+<i>Saturday, August 29, 1914.</i><a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>I am not, Gerhart Hauptmann, one of those Frenchmen who regard Germany
+as a nation of barbarians. I know the intellectual and moral greatness
+of your mighty race. I know all that I owe to the thinkers of old
+Germany; and even now, at this hour, I recall the example and the words
+of <i>our</i> Goethe&mdash;for he belongs to the whole of humanity&mdash;repudiating
+all national hatreds and preserving the calmness of his soul on those
+heights "<i>where we feel the happiness and the misfortunes of other
+peoples as our own</i>." I myself have labored all my life to bring
+together the minds of our two nations; and the atrocities of this
+impious war in which, to the ruin of European civilization, they are
+involved, will never lead me to soil my spirit with hatred.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_020" id="page_020">{20}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Whatever pain, then, your Germany may give me, whatever reasons I may
+have to stigmatize as criminal German policy and the means it employs, I
+do not attach responsibility for it to the people which is burdened with
+it and is used as its blind instrument. It is not that I regard, as you
+do, war as a fatality. A Frenchman does not believe in fatality.
+Fatality is the excuse of souls without a will. War springs from the
+weakness and stupidity of nations. One cannot feel resentment against
+them for it; one can only pity them. I do not reproach you with our
+miseries; for yours will be no less. If France is ruined, Germany will
+be ruined too. I did not even raise my voice when I saw your armies
+violating the neutrality of noble Belgium. This flagrant breach of
+honor, which incurs the contempt of every upright conscience, is quite
+in the political tradition of your Prussian kings; it did not surprise
+me.</p>
+
+<p>But when I see the fury with which you are treating that magnanimous
+nation whose only crime has been to defend its independence and the
+cause of justice to the last, as you Germans yourselves did in 1813 ...
+that is too much! The world is revolted by it. Keep these savageries for
+us<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_021" id="page_021">{21}</a></span> Frenchmen, your true enemies! But to wreak them against your
+victims, against this small, unhappy, innocent Belgian people ... how
+shameful is this!</p>
+
+<p>And not content to fling yourselves on living Belgium, you wage war on
+the dead, on the glories of past ages. You bombard Malines, you burn
+Rubens, and Louvain is now no more than a heap of ashes&mdash;Louvain with
+its treasures of art and of science, the sacred town! What are you,
+then, Hauptmann, and by what name do you want us to call you now, since
+you repudiate the title of barbarians? Are you the grandsons of Goethe
+or of Attila? Are you making war on enemies or on the human spirit? Kill
+men if you like, but respect masterpieces. They are the patrimony of the
+human race. You, like all the rest of us, are its depositories; in
+pillaging it, as you do, you show yourselves unworthy of our great
+heritage, unworthy to take your place in that little European army which
+is civilization's guard of honor.</p>
+
+<p>It is not to the opinion of the rest of the world that I address myself
+in challenging you, Hauptmann. In the name of our Europe, of which you
+have hitherto been one of the most illustrious champions, in the name of
+that civilization for which<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_022" id="page_022">{22}</a></span> the greatest of men have striven all down
+the ages, in the name of the very honor of your Germanic race, Gerhart
+Hauptmann, I abjure you, I challenge you, you and the intellectuals of
+Germany, amongst whom I reckon so many friends, to protest with all your
+energy against this crime which is recoiling upon you.</p>
+
+<p>If you fail to do this, you will prove one of two things: either that
+you approve what has been done&mdash;and in that case may the opinion of
+mankind crush you&mdash;or else that you are powerless to raise a protest
+against the Huns who command you. If this be so, by what title can you
+still claim, as you have claimed, that you fight for the cause of
+liberty and human progress? You are giving the world a proof that,
+incapable of defending the liberty of the world, you are even incapable
+of defending your own, and that the best of Germany is helpless beneath
+a vile despotism which mutilates masterpieces and murders the spirit of
+man.</p>
+
+<p>I am expecting an answer from you, Hauptmann, an answer that may be an
+act. The opinion of Europe awaits it as I do. Think about it: at such a
+time silence itself is an act.</p>
+
+<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, Wednesday, Sept. 2, 1914.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_023" id="page_023">{23}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="II" id="II"></a>II. PRO ARIS<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></h3>
+
+<p>Among the many crimes of this infamous war which are all odious to us,
+why have we chosen for protest the crimes against things and not against
+men, the destruction of works and not of lives?</p>
+
+<p>Many are surprised by this, and have even reproached us for it&mdash;as if we
+have not as much pity as they for the bodies and hearts of the thousands
+of victims who are crucified! Yet over the armies which fall, there
+flies the vision of their love, and of <i>la Patrie</i>, to which they
+sacrifice themselves&mdash;over these lives which are passing away passes the
+holy Ark of the art and thought of centuries, borne on their shoulders.
+The bearers can change. May the Ark be saved! To the élite of the world
+falls the task of guarding it. And since the common treasure is
+threatened, may they rise to protect it!</p>
+
+<p>I am glad to think that in the Latin countries this<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_024" id="page_024">{24}</a></span> sacred duty has
+always been regarded as paramount. Our France which bleeds with so many
+other wounds, has suffered nothing more cruel than the attack against
+her Parthenon, the Cathedral of Rheims, "Our Lady of France." Letters
+which I have received from sorely tried families, and from soldiers who
+for two months have borne every hardship, show me (and I am proud of it
+for them and for my people) that there was no burden heavier for them to
+bear. It is because we put spirit above flesh. Very different is the
+case of the German intellectuals, who, to my reproaches for the
+sacrilegious acts of their devastating armies, have all replied with one
+voice, "Perish every <i>chef-d'&#339;uvre</i> rather than one German soldier!"</p>
+
+<p>A piece of architecture like Rheims is much more than one life; it is a
+people&mdash;whose centuries vibrate like a symphony in this organ of stone.
+It is their memories of joy, of glory, and of grief; their meditations,
+ironies, dreams. It is the tree of the race, whose roots plunge to the
+profoundest depths of its soil, and whose branches stretch with a
+sublime <i>élan</i> towards the sky. It is still more: its beauty which soars
+above the struggles of nations is the harmonious response made by the
+human race to<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_025" id="page_025">{25}</a></span> the riddle of the world&mdash;this light of the spirit more
+necessary to souls than that of the sun.</p>
+
+<p>Whoever destroys this work, murders more than a man; he murders the
+purest soul of a race. His crime is inexpiable, and Dante would have it
+punished with an eternal agony, eternally renewed. We who repudiate the
+vindictive spirit of so cruel a genius, do not hold a people responsible
+for the crimes of a few. The drama which unfolds itself before our eyes,
+and whose almost certain <i>dénouement</i> will be the crushing of the German
+hegemony, is enough for us.</p>
+
+<p>What brings it home to us most nearly is that not one of those who
+constitute the moral and intellectual élite of Germany&mdash;that hundred
+noble spirits, and those thousands of brave hearts of which no great
+nation was ever destitute&mdash;not one really suspects the crimes of his
+Government; the atrocities committed in Flanders, in the north and in
+the east of France during the two or three first weeks of the war; or
+(one can safely wager) the voluntary devastations of the towns of
+Belgium and the ruin of Rheims. If they came to look at the reality, I
+know that many of them would weep with grief and shame; and of all the
+shortcomings of Prussian<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_026" id="page_026">{26}</a></span> Imperialism, the worst and the vilest is to
+have concealed its crimes from its people. For by depriving them of the
+means of protesting against those crimes, it has involved them for ever
+in the responsibility; it has abused their magnificent devotion. The
+intellectuals, however, are also guilty. For if one admits that the
+brave men, who in every country tamely feed upon the news which their
+papers and their leaders give them for nourishment, allow themselves to
+be duped, one cannot pardon those whose duty it is to seek truth in the
+midst of error, and to know the value of interested witnesses and
+passionate hallucinations. Before bursting into the midst of this
+furious debate upon which was staked the destruction of nations and of
+the treasures of the spirit, their first duty (a duty of loyalty as much
+as of common sense) should have been to consider the problems from both
+sides. By blind loyalty and culpable trustfulness they have rushed head
+foremost into the net which their Imperialism had spread. They believed
+that their first duty was, with their eyes closed, to defend the honor
+of their State against all accusation. They did not see that the noblest
+means of defending it was to disavow<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_027" id="page_027">{27}</a></span> its faults and to cleanse their
+country of them....</p>
+
+<p>I have awaited this virile disavowal from the proudest spirits of
+Germany, a disavowal which would have been ennobling instead of
+humiliating. The letter which I wrote to one of them, the day after the
+brutal voice of Wolff's Agency pompously proclaimed that there remained
+of Louvain no more than a heap of ashes, was received by the entire
+élite of Germany in a spirit of enmity. They did not understand that I
+offered them the chance of releasing Germany from the fetters of those
+crimes which its Empire was forging in its name. What did I ask of them?
+What did I ask of you all, finer spirits of Germany?&mdash;to express at
+least a courageous regret for the excesses committed, and to dare to
+remind unbridled power that even the Fatherland cannot save itself
+through crime, and that above its rights are those of the human spirit.
+I only asked for <i>one</i> voice&mdash;a <i>single</i> free voice.... None spoke. I
+heard only the clamor of herds, the pack of intellectuals giving tongue
+on the track whereon the hunter loosed them, and that insolent
+Manifesto, in which, without the slightest effort to justify its crimes,
+you have unanimously declared<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_028" id="page_028">{28}</a></span> that they do not exist. And your
+theologians, your pastors, your court-preachers, have stated further
+that you are very just and that you thank God for having made you
+thus.... Race of Pharisees, what chastisement from on high shall scourge
+your sacrilegious pride!... Do you not suspect the evil which you have
+done to your own people? The megalomania, a menace to the world, of an
+Ostwald or an H. S. Chamberlain,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> the criminal determination of
+ninety-three intellectuals not to wish to see the truth, will have cost
+Germany more than ten defeats.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_029" id="page_029">{29}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>How clumsy you are! I believe that of all your faults <i>maladresse</i> is
+the worst. You have not said one word since the beginning of this war
+which has not been more fatal for you than all the speeches of your
+adversaries. It is you who have light-heartedly furnished the proof or
+the argument of the worst accusations that have been brought against
+you; just as your official agencies, under the stupid illusion of
+terrorizing us, have been the first to launch emphatic recitals of your
+most sinister devastations. It is you, who when the most impartial of
+your adversaries were obliged, in fairness, to limit the responsibility
+of these acts to a few of your leaders and armies, have angrily claimed
+your share. It is you who the day after the destruction of Rheims,
+which, in your inmost hearts, should have dismayed the best amongst you,
+have boasted of it in imbecile pride, instead of trying to clear
+yourselves.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> It is you, wretched creatures, you, representatives of
+the spirit, who have not ceased<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_030" id="page_030">{30}</a></span> to extol force and to despise the weak,
+as if you did not know that the wheel of fortune turns, that this force
+one day will weigh afresh upon you, as in past ages, when your great
+men, at least, retained the consolation of not having yielded to it the
+sovereignty of the spirit and the sacred rights of Right!... What
+reproaches, what remorse are you heaping up for the future, O blind
+guides&mdash;you who are leading into the ditch your nation, which follows
+you like the stumbling blind men of Brueghel!</p>
+
+<p>What poor arguments you have opposed to us for two months!</p>
+
+<p>1. <i>War is war</i>, say you, that is to say without common measure with the
+rest of things, above morals and reason and all the limits of ordinary
+life, a kind of supernatural state before which one can only bow without
+discussion;</p>
+
+<p>2. <i>Germany is Germany</i>, that is to say without common measure with the
+rest of nations. The laws which apply to others do not apply to her, and
+the rights which she arrogates to herself to violate Right appertain to
+her alone. Thus she can, without crime, tear up written promises, betray
+sworn oaths, violate the neutrality of peoples which she<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_031" id="page_031">{31}</a></span> has pledged
+herself to defend. But she claims in return the right to find, in the
+nations which she outrages, "chivalrous adversaries," and that they
+should not be so, that they should dare to defend themselves by all the
+means and the arms that remain to them, she proclaims a crime!...</p>
+
+<p>One recognizes there indeed the interested teaching of your Prussian
+masters! Great minds of Germany, I do not doubt your sincerity, but you
+are no longer capable of seeing the truth. Prussian Imperialism has
+crushed down over your eyes and conscience, its spiked helmet.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Necessity knows no law.</i>" ... Here is the eleventh commandment, the
+message that you bring to the universe today, sons of Kant!... We have
+heard it more than once in history: it is the famous doctrine of Public
+Safety, mother of heroisms and crimes. Every nation has recourse to it
+in the hour of danger, but the greatest are those who defend against it
+their immortal soul. Fifteen years have passed since the famous trial
+which saw a single innocent man opposed to the force of the State.
+Fifteen years have passed since we French affronted and shattered the
+idol of public safety, when it threatened, as our Péguy says, "the
+eternal safety of France."<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_032" id="page_032">{32}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Listen to him, whom you have killed; listen to a hero of the French
+conscience, writers who have the keeping of the conscience of Germany.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Our enemies of that time</i>," wrote Charles Péguy, "<i>spoke the language
+of the</i> raison d'Etat, <i>of the temporal safety of the people and the
+race. But we, by a profound Christian movement, by a revolutionary
+effort, at unity with traditional Christianity, aimed at no less than
+attaining the heights of sacrifice, in our anxiety for the eternal
+salvation of this people. We did not wish to place France in the
+position of having committed the unpardonable sin.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>You do not trouble yourselves about that, thinkers of Germany. You
+bravely give your blood to save the mortal life, but do not bother about
+the life eternal. It is a terrible moment, I grant. Your fatherland as
+ours struggles for its life, and I understand and admire the ecstasy of
+sacrifice which impels your youth, as ours, to make of its body a
+rampart against death. "To be or not to be," do you say? No, that is not
+enough. To be the great Germany, to be the great France, worthy of their
+past, and respecting one another even while fighting, that is what I
+wish. I should blush for victory if my France bought it at the price for
+which you will pay<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_033" id="page_033">{33}</a></span> for your temporary success. Even while the battles
+are being fought upon the plains of Belgium and amongst the chalky
+slopes of Champagne, another war is taking place upon the field of the
+spirit, and often victory below means defeat above. The conquest of
+Belgium, Malines, Louvain and Rheims, the carillons of Flanders, will
+sound a sadder knell in your history than the bells of Jena; and the
+conquered Belgians have robbed you of your glory. You know it. You are
+enraged because you know it. What is the good of vainly trying to
+deceive yourselves? Truth will be clear to you in the end. You have done
+your best to silence her&mdash;one day she will speak; she will speak by the
+mouth of one of your own in whom will be awakened the conscience of your
+race.... Oh, that he may soon appear and that we may hear his voice&mdash;the
+pure and noble voice of the redeemer who shall set you free! He who has
+lived in the intimacy of your old Germany, who has clasped her hand in
+the twisted streets of her heroic and sordid past, who has caught the
+breath of her centuries of trials and shames, remembers and waits: for
+he knows that even if she has never proved strong enough to bear victory
+without wavering, it is in her hours of<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_034" id="page_034">{34}</a></span> trouble that she reforms
+herself, and her greatest geniuses are sons of sorrow.</p>
+
+<p><i>September 1914.</i></p>
+
+<p class="asterisks">* * *</p>
+
+<p>Since these lines were written I have watched the birth of the anxiety
+which little by little is making its way into the consciences of the
+good people of Germany. First a secret doubt, kept under by a stubborn
+effort to believe the bad arguments collected by their Government to
+oppose it&mdash;documents fabricated to prove that Belgium had renounced her
+neutrality herself, false allegations (in vain repudiated four times by
+the French Government, by the Commander-in-Chief, by the Cardinal and
+the Archbishop, and by the Mayor of Rheims)&mdash;accusing the French of
+using the Cathedral of Rheims for military purposes. Lacking arguments,
+their system of defense is at times disconcerting in its naïveté.</p>
+
+<p>"Is it possible," they say, "that we should be accused of wishing to
+destroy artistic monuments, we, the people above all others who venerate
+art, in whom is instilled this respect from infancy, who have the
+greatest number of text books and historical collections of art and the
+longest list of lectures<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_035" id="page_035">{35}</a></span> on æsthetics? Is it possible to accuse of the
+most barbarous actions the most humane, the most affectionate, and the
+most homely of peoples?"</p>
+
+<p>The idea never strikes them that Germany is not constituted by a single
+race of men, and that besides the obedient masses who are born to obey,
+to respect the law&mdash;all the laws&mdash;there is the race which commands,
+which believes itself above all laws, and which makes and unmakes them
+in the name of force and necessity (<i>Not</i>....) It is this evil marriage
+of idealism and German force which leads to these disasters. The
+idealism proves to be a woman; a woman captive, who like so many worthy
+German wives, worships her lord and master, and refuses even to think
+that he could ever be wrong.</p>
+
+<p>It is, however, necessary for the salvation of Germany that she should
+one day countenance the thought of divorce, or that the wife should have
+the courage to make her voice heard in the household. I already know
+several who are beginning to champion the rights of the spirit against
+force. Many a German voice has reached us lately in letters protesting
+against war and deploring with us the injustices which we deplore. I
+will not give their names in order not to compromise them. Not<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_036" id="page_036">{36}</a></span> very
+long ago I told the "Fair"<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> which obstructed Paris that it was not
+France. I say today to the German Fair, "You are not the true Germany."
+There exists another Germany juster and more humane, whose ambition is
+not to dominate the world by force and guile, but to absorb in peace
+everything great in the thought of other races, and in return to reflect
+the harmony. With that Germany there is no dispute; we are not her
+enemies, we are the enemies of those who have almost succeeded in making
+the world forget that she still lives.</p>
+
+<p><i>October 1914.</i></p>
+
+<p>Edition des <i>Cahiers Vaudois</i> 10 cahier, 1914 (Lausanne, C. Tarin).<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_037" id="page_037">{37}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="III" id="III"></a>III. ABOVE THE BATTLE</h3>
+
+<p>O young men that shed your blood with so generous a joy for the starving
+earth! O heroism of the world! What a harvest for destruction to reap
+under this splendid summer sun! Young men of all nations, brought into
+conflict by a common ideal, making enemies of those who should be
+brothers; all of you, marching to your death, are dear to me.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Slavs,
+hastening to the aid of your race; Englishmen fighting for honor and
+right; intrepid Belgians who dared to oppose the Teutonic colossus, and
+defend against him the Thermopylæ of the West; Germans fighting to
+defend the philosophy and the birthplace of Kant against the Cossack
+avalanche; and you, above all, my young compatriots, in whom the
+generation of heroes of the Revolution lives again; you, who for years
+have confided your<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_038" id="page_038">{38}</a></span> dreams to me, and now, on the verge of battle, bid
+me a sublime farewell.</p>
+
+<p>Those years of scepticism and gay frivolity in which we in France grew
+up are avenged in you; your faith, which is ours, you protect from their
+poisonous influence; and with you that faith triumphs on the
+battlefield. "A war of revenge" is the cry. Yea! revenge indeed; but in
+no spirit of Chauvinism. The revenge of faith against all the egotisms
+of the senses and of the spirit&mdash;the surrender of self to eternal ideas.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most powerful of the young French novelists&mdash;Corporal
+X.&mdash;writes to me:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"What are our lives, our books, compared with the magnitude of the
+aim? The war of the Revolution against feudalism is beginning anew.
+The armies of the Republic will secure the triumph of democracy in
+Europe and complete the work of the Convention. We are fighting for
+more than our hearths and homes, for the awakening of liberty."
+Another of these young people, of noble spirit and pure heart, who
+will be, if he lives, the first art critic of our time&mdash;Lieutenant
+X.:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"My friend, could you see our Army as I do, you would be thrilled
+with admiration for our people, for this noble race. An enthusiasm,
+like an outburst of the Marseillaise, thrills them; heroic,
+earnest, and even religious. I have seen the three divisions of my
+army corps set out; the men of active service first, young men of
+twenty marching with firm and rapid steps, without a cry, without a
+gesture, like<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_039" id="page_039">{39}</a></span> the ephebi of old calmly going to sacrifice. After
+them come the reserve, men of twenty-five to thirty years, more
+stalwart and more determined, who will reinforce the younger men
+and make them irresistible. We, the old men of forty, the fathers
+of families, are the base of the choir; and we too, I assure you,
+set out confidently, resolute and unwavering. I have no wish to
+die, but I can die now without regret; for I have lived through a
+fortnight, which would be cheap at the price of death, a fortnight
+which I had not dared to ask of fate. History will tell of us, for
+we are opening a new era in the world. We are dispelling the
+nightmare of the materialism of a mailed Germany and of armed
+peace. It will fade like a phantom before us; the world seems to
+breathe again. Reassure your Viennese friend,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> France is not
+about to die; it is her resurrection which we see. For throughout
+history&mdash;Bouvines, the Crusades, Cathedrals, the Revolution&mdash;we
+remain the same, the knights-errant of the world, the paladins of
+God. I have lived long enough to see it fulfilled; and we who
+prophesied it twenty years ago to unbelieving ears may rejoice
+today."</p></div>
+
+<p>O my friends, may nothing mar your joy! Whatever fate has in store, you
+have risen to the pinnacle of earthly life, and borne your country with
+you. And you will be victorious. Your self-sacrifice, your courage, your
+whole-hearted faith in your sacred cause, and the unshaken certainty
+that, in defending your invaded country, you are defending<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_040" id="page_040">{40}</a></span> the liberty
+of the world&mdash;all this assures me of your victory, young armies of the
+Marne and Meuse, whose names are graven henceforth in history by the
+side of your elders of the Great Republic. Yet even had misfortune
+decreed that you should be vanquished, and with you France itself, no
+people could have aspired to a more noble death. It would have crowned
+the life of that great people of the Crusades&mdash;it would have been their
+supreme victory. Conquerors or conquered, living or dead, rejoice! As
+one of you said to me, embracing me on the terrible threshold: "A
+splendid thing it is to fight with clean hands and a pure heart, and to
+dispense divine justice with one's life."</p>
+
+<p>You are doing your duty, but have others done theirs? Let us be bold and
+proclaim the truth to the elders of these young men, to their moral
+guides, to their religious and secular leaders, to the Churches, the
+great thinkers, the leaders of socialism; these living riches, these
+treasures of heroism you held in your hands; for what are you
+squandering them? What ideal have you held up to the devotion of these
+youths so eager to sacrifice themselves? Their mutual slaughter! A
+European war! A sacrilegious conflict which shows a maddened<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_041" id="page_041">{41}</a></span> Europe
+ascending its funeral pyre, and, like Hercules, destroying itself with
+its own hands!</p>
+
+<p>And thus the three greatest nations of the West, the guardians of
+civilization, rush headlong to their ruin, calling in to their aid
+Cossacks, Turks, Japanese, Cingalese, Soudanese, Senegalese, Moroccans,
+Egyptians, Sikhs and Sepoys&mdash;barbarians from the poles and those from
+the equator, souls and bodies of all colors.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> It is as if the four
+quarters of the Roman Empire at the time of the Tetrarchy had called
+upon the barbarians of the whole universe to devour each other.</p>
+
+<p>Is our civilization so solid that you do not fear to shake the pillars
+on which it rests? Can you not see that all falls in upon you if one
+column be shattered? Could you not have learned if not to love one
+another, at least to tolerate the great virtues and the great vices of
+each other? Was it not your duty to attempt&mdash;you have never attempted it
+in sincerity&mdash;to settle amicably the questions which divided you, the
+problem of peoples annexed against their will, the equitable division of
+productive labor and the riches of the world? Must the stronger forever
+darken the others with the shadow of his<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_042" id="page_042">{42}</a></span> pride, and the others forever
+unite to dissipate it? Is there no end to this bloody and puerile sport,
+in which the partners change about from century to century&mdash;no end,
+until the whole of humanity is exhausted thereby?</p>
+
+<p>The rulers who are the criminal authors of these wars dare not accept
+the responsibility for them. Each one by underhand means seeks to lay
+the blame at the door of his adversary. The peoples who obey them
+submissively resign themselves with the thought that a power higher than
+mankind has ordered it thus. Again the venerable refrain is heard: "The
+fatality of war is stronger than our wills." The old refrain of the herd
+that makes a god of its feebleness and bows down before him. Man has
+invented fate, that he may make it responsible for the disorders of the
+universe, those disorders which it was his duty to regulate. There is no
+fatality! The only fatality is what we desire; and more often, too, what
+we do not desire enough. Let each now repeat his <i>mea culpa</i>. The
+leaders of thought, the Church, the Labor Parties did not desire war ...
+That may be.... What then did they do to prevent it? What are they doing
+to put an end to it? They are stirring up the bonfire, each one bringing
+his faggot.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_043" id="page_043">{43}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The most striking feature in this monstrous epic, the fact without
+precedent, is the unanimity for war in each of the nations engaged. An
+epidemic of homicidal fury, which started in Tokio ten years ago, has
+spread like a wave and overflowed the whole world. None has resisted it;
+no high thought has succeeded in keeping out of the reach of this
+scourge. A sort of demoniacal irony broods over this conflict of the
+nations, from which, whatever its result, only a mutilated Europe can
+emerge. For it is not racial passion alone which is hurling millions of
+men blindly one against another, so that not even neutral countries
+remain free of the dangerous thrill, but all the forces of the spirit,
+of reason, of faith, of poetry, and of science, all have placed
+themselves at the disposal of the armies in every state. There is not
+one amongst the leaders of thought in each country who does not proclaim
+with conviction that the cause of his people is the cause of God, the
+cause of liberty and of human progress. And I, too, proclaim it.</p>
+
+<p>Strange combats are being waged between metaphysicians, poets,
+historians&mdash;Eucken against Bergson; Hauptmann against Maeterlinck;
+Rolland against Hauptmann; Wells against Bernard Shaw.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_044" id="page_044">{44}</a></span> Kipling and
+D'Annunzio, Dehmel and de Régnier sing war hymns, Barrès and Maeterlinck
+chant paeans of hatred. Between a fugue of Bach and the organ which
+thunders <i>Deutschland über Alles</i>, Wundt, the aged philosopher of
+eighty-two, calls with his quavering voice, the students of Leipzig to
+the holy war. And each nation hurls at the other the name "Barbarians."</p>
+
+<p>The academy of moral science, in the person of its president, Bergson,
+declares the struggle undertaken against Germany to be "<i>the struggle of
+civilization itself against barbarism</i>." German history replies with the
+voice of Karl Lamprecht that "<i>this is a war between Germanism and
+barbarism and the present conflict is the logical successor of those
+against the Huns and Turks in which Germany has been engaged throughout
+the ages.</i>" Science, following history into the lists, proclaims through
+E. Perrier, director of the Museum, member of the Academy of Sciences,
+that the Prussians do not belong to the Aryan race, but are descended in
+direct line from the men of the Stone Age called Allophyles, and adds,
+"<i>the modern skull, resembling by its base, the best index of the
+strength of the appetites, the skull of the fossilized man in the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_045" id="page_045">{45}</a></span>
+Chapelle-aux-Saints most nearly, is none other than that of Prince
+Bismarck!</i>"</p>
+
+<p>But the two moral forces whose weakness this contagious war shows up
+most clearly are Christianity and Socialism. These rival apostles of
+religious and secular internationalism have suddenly developed into the
+most ardent of nationalists. Hervé is eager to die for the standard of
+Austerlitz. The German socialists, pure trustees of the pure doctrine,
+support this bill of credit for the war in the Reichstag. They place
+themselves at the disposal of the Prussian minister, who uses their
+journals to spread abroad his lies, even into the barracks, and sends
+them as secret agents to attempt to pervert Italy. It was believed for
+the honor of their cause for a moment that two or three of them had been
+shot rather than take arms against their brothers. Indignant, they
+protest; they are all marching under arms! Liebknecht, forsooth, did not
+die for the cause of socialism;<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> but Frank, the principal champion of
+the Franco-German union, fell under French fire, fighting in the cause
+of militarism. These men have courage to die for the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_046" id="page_046">{46}</a></span> faith of others;
+they have no courage to die for their own.</p>
+
+<p>As for the representatives of the Prince of Peace&mdash;priests, pastors,
+bishops&mdash;they go into battle in their thousands, to carry out, musket in
+hand, the Divine commands: <i>Thou shalt not kill</i>, and <i>Love one
+another</i>. Each bulletin of victory, whether it be German, Austrian, or
+Russian, gives thanks to the great captain God&mdash;<i>unser alter Gott, notre
+Dieu</i>&mdash;as William II or M. Arthur Meyer says. For each has his own God,
+and each God, whether old or young, has his Levites to defend him and
+destroy the God of the others.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty thousand French priests are marching with the colors; Jesuits
+offer their services to the German armies; cardinals issue warlike
+mandates; and the Serb bishops of Hungary incite their faithful flocks
+to fight against their brothers in Greater Serbia. The newspapers
+report, with no expressions of astonishment, the paradoxical scene at
+the railway station at Pisa, where the Italian socialists cheered the
+young ordinands who were rejoining their regiments, all singing the
+Marseillaise together. So strong the cyclone that sweeps them all before
+it; so feeble the men it encounters on its career&mdash;and I am amongst
+them....<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_047" id="page_047">{47}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Come, friends! Let us make a stand! Can we not resist this contagion,
+whatever its nature and virulence be&mdash;whether moral epidemic or cosmic
+force? Do we not fight against the plague, and strive even to repair the
+disaster caused by an earthquake? Or must we bow ourselves before it,
+agreeing with Luzzatti in his famous article<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> that "<i>In the universal
+disaster, the nations triumph</i>"? Shall we say with him that it is good
+and reasonable that "the demon of international war, which mows down
+thousands of beings, should be let loose," so that the great and simple
+truth, "love of our country," be understood? It would seem, then, that
+love of our country can flourish only through the hatred of other
+countries and the massacre of those who sacrifice themselves in the
+defense of them. There is in this theory a ferocious absurdity, a
+Neronian dilettantism which repels me to the very depths of my being.
+No! Love of my country does not demand that I shall hate and slay those
+noble and faithful souls who also love theirs, but rather that I should
+honor them and seek to unite with them for our common good.</p>
+
+<p>You Christians will say&mdash;and in this you seek<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_048" id="page_048">{48}</a></span> consolation for having
+betrayed your Master's orders&mdash;that war exalts the virtue of sacrifice.
+And it is true that war has the privilege of bringing out the genius of
+the race in the most commonplace of hearts. It purges away, in its bath
+of blood, all dross and impurity; it tempers the metal of the soul of a
+niggardly peasant, of a timorous citizen; it can make a hero of Valmy.
+But is there no better employment for the devotion of one people than
+the devastation of another? Can we not sacrifice ourselves without
+sacrificing our neighbors also? I know well, poor souls, that many of
+you are more willing to offer your blood than to spill that of
+others.... But what a fundamental weakness! Confess, then, that you who
+are undismayed by bullets and shrapnel yet tremble before the dictates
+of racial frenzy&mdash;that Moloch that stands higher than the Church of
+Christ&mdash;the jealous pride of race. You Christians of today would not
+have refused to sacrifice to the gods of Imperial Rome; you are not
+capable of such courage! Your Pope Pius X died of grief to see the
+outbreak of this war&mdash;so it is said. And not without reason. The Jupiter
+of the Vatican who hurled thunderbolts upon those inoffensive priests
+who believed in the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_049" id="page_049">{49}</a></span> noble chimera of modernism&mdash;what did he do against
+those princes and those criminal rulers whose measureless ambition has
+given the world over to misery and death? May God inspire the new
+Pontiff who has just ascended the throne of St. Peter, with words and
+deeds which will cleanse the Church from the stain of this silence.</p>
+
+<p>As for you socialists who on both sides claim to be defending liberty
+against tyranny&mdash;French liberty against the Kaiser, German liberty
+against the Czar, is it a question of defending one despotism against
+another? Unite and attack both.</p>
+
+<p>There was no reason for war between the Western nations; French,
+English, and German, we are all brothers and do not hate one another.
+The war-preaching press is envenomed by a minority, a minority vitally
+interested in maintaining these hatreds; but our peoples, I know, ask
+for peace and liberty and that alone. The real tragedy, to one situated
+in the midst of the conflict and able to look down from the high
+plateaus of Switzerland into all the hostile camps, is the patent fact
+that actually each of the nations is being menaced in its dearest
+possessions&mdash;in its honor, its independence, its life. Who has brought
+these plagues upon them? Brought<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_050" id="page_050">{50}</a></span> them to the desperate alternative of
+overwhelming their adversary or dying? None other than their
+governments, and above all, in my opinion, the three great culprits, the
+three rapacious eagles, the three empires, the tortuous policy of the
+house of Austria, the ravenous greed of Czarism, the brutality of
+Prussia. The worst enemy of each nation is not without, but within its
+frontiers, and none has the courage to fight against it. It is the
+monster of a hundred heads, the monster named Imperialism, the will to
+pride and domination, which seeks to absorb all, or subdue all, or break
+all, and will suffer no greatness except itself. For the Western nations
+Prussian imperialism is the most dangerous. Its hand uplifted in menace
+against Europe has forced us to join in arms against this outcome of a
+military and feudal caste, which is the curse not only of the rest of
+the world but also of Germany itself, whose thought it has subtly
+poisoned. We must destroy this first: but not this alone; the Russian
+autocracy too will have its turn. Every nation to a greater or less
+extent has an imperialism of its own, and whether it be military,
+financial, feudal, republican, social, or intellectual, it is always the
+octopus sucking the best blood of Europe. Let<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_051" id="page_051">{51}</a></span> the free men of all the
+countries of Europe when this war is over take up again the motto of
+Voltaire: "<i>Ecrasons l'infâme!</i>"</p>
+
+<p>When the war is over! The evil is done now, the torrent let loose and we
+cannot force it back into its channel unaided. Moreover crimes have been
+committed against right, attacks on the liberties of peoples and on the
+sacred treasuries of thought, which must and will be expiated. Europe
+cannot pass over unheeded the violence done to the noble Belgian people,
+the devastation of Malines and Louvain, sacked by modern Tillys.... But
+in the name of heaven let not these crimes be expiated by similar
+crimes! Let not the hideous words "vengeance" and "retaliation" be
+heard; for a great nation does not revenge itself, it re-establishes
+justice. But let those in whose hands lies the execution of justice show
+themselves worthy of her to the end.</p>
+
+<p>It is our duty to keep this before them; nor will we be passive and wait
+for the fury of this conflict to spend itself. Such conduct would be
+unworthy of us who have such a task before us.</p>
+
+<p>Our first duty, then, all over the world, is to insist on the formation
+of a moral High Court, a<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_052" id="page_052">{52}</a></span> tribunal of consciences, to watch and pass
+impartial judgment on any violations of the laws of nations. And since
+committees of inquiry formed by belligerents themselves would be always
+suspect, the neutral countries of the old and new world must take the
+initiative, and form a tribunal such as was suggested by Mr.
+Prenant,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> professor of medicine at Paris, and taken up
+enthusiastically by M. Paul Seippel in the <i>Journal de Genève</i>.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p>"They should produce men of some worldly authority, and of proved civic
+morality to act as a commission of inquiry, and to follow the armies at
+a little distance. Such an organization would complete and solidify the
+Hague Court, and prepare indisputable documents for the necessary work
+of justice...."</p>
+
+<p>The neutral countries are too much effaced. Confronted by unbridled
+force they are inclined to believe that opinion is defeated in advance,
+and the majority of thinkers in all countries share their pessimism.
+There is a lack of courage here as well as of clear thinking. For just
+at this time the power of opinion is immense. The most despotic of
+governments, even though marching to victory, trembles<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_053" id="page_053">{53}</a></span> before public
+opinion and seeks to court it. Nothing shows this more clearly than the
+efforts of both parties engaged in war, of their ministers, chancellors,
+sovereigns, of the Kaiser himself turned journalist, to justify their
+own crimes, and denounce the crimes of their adversary at the invisible
+tribunal of humanity. Let this invisible tribunal be seen at last, let
+us venture to constitute it. Ye know not your moral power, O ye of
+little faith! If there be a risk, will you not take it for the honor of
+humanity? What is the value of life when you have saved it at the price
+of all that is worth living for?...</p>
+
+<p><i>Et propter vitam, vivendi perdere causas</i>....</p>
+
+<p>But for us, the artists and poets, priests and thinkers of all
+countries, remains another task. Even in time of war it remains a crime
+for finer spirits to compromise the integrity of their thought; it is
+shameful to see it serving the passion of a puerile, monstrous policy of
+race, a policy scientifically absurd&mdash;since no country possesses a race
+wholly pure. Such a policy, as Renan points out in his beautiful letter
+to Strauss,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> "<i>can only lead to<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_054" id="page_054">{54}</a></span> zoological wars, wars of
+extermination, similar to those in which various species of rodents and
+carnivorous beasts fight for their existence. This would be the end of
+that fertile admixture called humanity, composed as it is of such
+various necessary elements.</i>" Humanity is a symphony of great collective
+souls; and he who understands and loves it only by destroying a part of
+those elements, proves himself a barbarian and shows his idea of harmony
+to be no better than the idea of order another held in Warsaw.</p>
+
+<p>For the finer spirits of Europe there are two dwelling-places: our
+earthly fatherland, and that other City of God. Of the one we are the
+guests, of the other the builders. To the one let us give our lives and
+our faithful hearts; but neither family, friend, nor fatherland, nor
+aught that we love has power over the spirit. The spirit is the light.
+It is our duty to lift it above tempests, and thrust aside the clouds
+which threaten to obscure it; to build higher and stronger, dominating
+the injustice and hatred of nations, the walls of that city wherein the
+souls of the whole world may assemble.</p>
+
+<p>I feel here how the generous heart of Switzerland<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_055" id="page_055">{55}</a></span> is thrilled, divided
+between sympathies for the various nations, and lamenting that it cannot
+choose freely between them, nor even express them. I understand its
+torment; but I know that this is salutary. I hope it will rise thence to
+that superior joy of a harmony of races, which may be a noble example
+for the rest of Europe. It is the duty of Switzerland now to stand in
+the midst of the tempest, like an island of justice and of peace, where,
+as in the great monasteries of the early Middle Ages, the spirit may
+find a refuge from unbridled force; where the fainting swimmers of all
+nations, those who are weary of hatred, may persist, in spite of all the
+wrongs they have seen and suffered, in loving all men as their brothers.</p>
+
+<p>I know that such thoughts have little chance of being heard today. Young
+Europe, burning with the fever of battle, will smile with disdain and
+show its fangs like a young wolf. But when the access of fever has spent
+itself, wounded and less proud of its voracious heroism, it will come to
+itself again.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover I do not speak to convince it. I speak but to solace my
+conscience ... and I know that at the same time I shall solace the
+hearts of thousands of others who, in all countries, cannot or dare not
+speak themselves.</p>
+
+<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, September 15, 1914.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_056" id="page_056">{56}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="IV" id="IV"></a>IV. THE LESSER OF TWO EVILS: PANGERMANISM, PANSLAVISM</h3>
+
+<p>I do not hold the doctrine expounded by a certain saintly king, that it
+is useless to enter into discussion with heretics&mdash;and we regard all
+those who do not agree with our opinions as heretics nowadays&mdash;but that
+it is sufficient to brain them. I feel the need of understanding my
+enemy's reasons. I am unwilling to believe in unfairness. Doubtless my
+enemy is as passionately sincere as I am. Why, then, should we not
+attempt to understand each other? For such an understanding, though it
+will not suppress the conflict, may perhaps suppress our hatred; and it
+is hatred more than anything else that I regard as my enemy.</p>
+
+<p>However much I may feel that the motives actuating the various
+combatants are not equally worthy, I have yet come to the conviction,
+after reading the papers and letters which, during the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_057" id="page_057">{57}</a></span> last two months,
+have arrived in Geneva from every country, that the ardor of patriotic
+faith is everywhere the same, and that each of the nations engaged in
+this mighty struggle believes itself to be the champion of liberty
+against barbarism. But liberty and barbarism do not mean the same thing
+to both sides.</p>
+
+<p>Barbarous despotism, the worst enemy to liberty, is exemplified for us
+Frenchmen, Englishmen, men of the West, in Prussian Imperialism; and I
+venture to think that the register of its methods is plainly set forth
+in the devastated route from Liège to Senlis, passing by way of Louvain,
+Malines, and Rheims. For Germany, the monster ("<i>Ungeheuer</i>," as the
+aged Wundt calls it), which threatens civilization is Russia, and the
+bitterest reproach which the Germans hurl against France is our alliance
+with the Empire of the Czar. I have received many letters reproaching us
+with this. In the Munich review, <i>Das Forum</i>, I read only yesterday an
+article by Wilhelm Herzog challenging me to explain my position with
+regard to Russia. Let us consider the question, then. I ask nothing
+better. By this means we shall be able to weigh the German danger and
+the Russian danger in the balance, and thus show<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_058" id="page_058">{58}</a></span> which of the two seems
+the more threatening to us. Of the actual events of the present war
+between Germany and Russia I will say nothing. All the information we
+have comes from Russian or German sources, equally unreliable. To judge
+by them it would appear that the same ferocity exists in both camps. The
+Germans in Kalish were worthy companions of the Cossacks in Grodtken and
+Zorothowo.&mdash;It is of the German spirit and of the Russian spirit that I
+wish to speak here, for this is the important thing and of this we have
+more definite knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>You, my German friends&mdash;for those of you who were my friends in the past
+remain my friends in spite of fanatical demands from both sides that we
+should break off all relations&mdash;know how much I love the Germany of the
+past, and all that I owe to it. Not less than you, yourselves, I am the
+son of Beethoven, of Leibnitz, and of Goethe. But what do I owe to the
+Germany of today, or what does Europe owe to it? What art have you
+produced since the monumental work of Wagner, which marks the end of an
+epoch and belongs to the past? What new and original thought can you
+boast of since the death of Nietzsche, whose magnificent<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_059" id="page_059">{59}</a></span> madness has
+left its traces upon you though we are unscathed by it? Where have we
+sought our spiritual food for the last forty years, when our own fertile
+soil no longer yielded sufficient for our needs? Who but the Russian
+writers have been our guides? What German writer can you set up against
+Tolstoi and Dostoievsky, those giants of poetic genius and moral
+grandeur? These are the men who have moulded my soul, and in defending
+the nation from which they sprang, I am but paying a debt which I owe to
+that nation as well as to themselves. Even if the contempt for Prussian
+Imperialism were not innate in me as a Latin, I should have learned it
+from them. Twenty years ago Tolstoi expressed his contempt for your
+Kaiser. In music, Germany, so proud of its ancient glory, has only the
+successors of Wagner, neurotic jugglers with orchestral effects, like
+Richard Strauss, but not a single sober and virile work of the quality
+of <i>Boris Godunov</i>. No German musician has opened up new roads. A single
+page of Moussorgsky or Strawinsky shows more originality, more potential
+greatness than the complete scores of Mahler and Reger. In our
+Universities, in our hospitals and Pasteur Institutes, Russian students
+and scholars work side by side<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_060" id="page_060">{60}</a></span> with our own, and Russian
+revolutionaries who have taken refuge in Paris mingle their aspirations
+with those of our socialists.</p>
+
+<p>The crimes of Czarism are continually on your lips. We, too, denounce
+these crimes; for Czarism is our enemy, and what I wrote but recently, I
+repeat now. But it is likewise the enemy of the intellectual élite of
+Russia itself. This cannot be said of your intellectuals, who are so
+slavishly obedient to the commands of your rulers. A few days ago I
+received that amazing "Address to the Civilized Nations" with which the
+Imperial army-corps of German intellectuals bombarded Europe; meanwhile
+the army-corps of German Commerce (<i>Bureau des Deutschen Handelstages</i>)
+shelled the markets of the world with circulars ornamented by the figure
+of Mercury, the god of lies. This mobilization of the forces of the pen
+and of the caduceus, with which in good truth no other country could
+compete, has given us additional reason to fear the Empire's powers of
+organization, no reason to respect it more. "Civilized Nations" read,
+not without amazement, that Address, the truth of which was vouched for
+by the names of the most distinguished scientists, thinkers, and artists
+in Germany<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_061" id="page_061">{61}</a></span>&mdash;by Behring, Ostwald, Roentgen, Eucken, Haeckel, Wundt,
+Dehmel, Hauptmann, Sudermann, Hildebrand, Klinger, Liebermann,
+Humperdinck, Weingartner, etc.&mdash;by painters and philosophers, musicians,
+theologians, chemists, economists, poets, and the professors of twenty
+universities. They learned, not without surprise, that "it is not true
+that Germany provoked the war,&mdash;it is not true that Germany criminally
+violated the neutrality of Belgium,&mdash;it is not true that Germany used
+violence against the life or the belongings of a single Belgian citizen
+without being forced to do so,&mdash;it is not true that Germany destroyed
+Louvain" (destroyed it? no indeed, she saved it!),&mdash;"it is not true that
+Germany&mdash;&mdash;" It is not true that day is day and night is night! I
+confess that I could not read to the end without that feeling of
+embarrassment which I felt as a child, when I heard an elderly man whom
+I respected make false statements. I turned aside my eyes and blushed
+for him. Thank God! the crimes of Czarism never found a defender amongst
+the great artists, scholars, and thinkers of Russia. Are not Kropotkin,
+Tolstoi, Dostoievsky, and Gorki, the greatest names in its literature,
+the very ones who denounced its crimes!<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_062" id="page_062">{62}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Russian domination has often been cruelly heavy for the smaller
+nationalities which it has swallowed up. But how comes it then, Germans,
+that the Poles prefer it to yours? Do you imagine that Europe is
+ignorant of the monstrous way in which you are exterminating the Polish
+race? Do you think that we do not receive the confidences of those
+Baltic nations who, having to choose between two conquerors, prefer the
+Russian because he is the more humane? Read the following letter which I
+received but lately from a Lett, who, though he has suffered severely at
+the hands of the Russians, yet sides ardently with them against you. My
+German friends, you are either strangely ignorant of the state of mind
+of the nations which surround you, or you think us extremely simple and
+ill-informed. Your imperialism, beneath its veneer of civilization,
+seems to me no less ferocious than Czarism towards everything that
+ventures to oppose its avaricious desire for universal dominion. But
+whereas immense and mysterious Russia, overflowing with young and
+revolutionary forces, gives us hope of a coming renewal, your Germany
+bases its systematic harshness on a culture too antiquated and
+scholastic to allow of any hope of amendment. If I had any<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_063" id="page_063">{63}</a></span> such
+hope&mdash;and I once had it, my friends&mdash;you have taken great pains to rob
+me of it, you, artists and scholars, who drew up that address in which
+you pride yourself on your complete unity with Prussian Imperialism.
+Know once for all that there is nothing more overwhelming for us Latins,
+nothing more difficult to endure, than your militarization of the
+intellect. If, by some awful fate, this spirit were triumphant, I should
+leave Europe for ever. To live here would be intolerable to me.</p>
+
+<p>Here, then, are some extracts from the interesting letter which I have
+received from a representative of those little nationalities which are
+being disputed between Russia and Germany. They desire to maintain their
+independence, but find themselves obliged to choose between these two
+nations, and choose Russia. It is good to hear them speak. We are too
+much inclined to listen only to the Great Powers who are now at war. Let
+us think of those little barques which the great vessels draw in their
+wake. Let us share for a moment the agony with which these little
+nationalities, forgotten by the egotism of Europe, await the final issue
+of a struggle which will decide their fate. Let England and France heed
+those beseeching eyes which are turned towards<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_064" id="page_064">{64}</a></span> them; let young Russia,
+herself so eager for liberty, help generously to shed its benefits
+abroad.</p>
+
+<p><i>October 10, 1914.</i></p>
+
+<p class="asterisks">* * *</p>
+
+<p class="c">LETTER TO ROMAIN ROLLAND</p>
+
+<p class="r">
+<i>30th September, 1914.</i><br />
+</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:&mdash;I desire to thank you for your article, "Above the Battle."...
+Although by my education I am more akin to the civilizations of Germany
+and Russia than to the civilization of France, yet I respect the French
+spirit more, for I am convinced, more than ever today, that it will
+furnish the greatly needed solution of the problems of national rights
+and liberty.</p>
+
+<p>In your article you quote the words of one of your friends, a soldier
+and a writer, who says that the French are fighting not only to defend
+their own country but to save the <i>liberty of the world</i>. You can hardly
+imagine how such words re-echo in the hearts of oppressed nations, what
+streams of sympathy are today converging from all corners of Europe upon
+France, what hopes depend upon your victory.</p>
+
+<p>And yet many doubts have been expressed with<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_065" id="page_065">{65}</a></span> regard to these French and
+English assertions because both nations have allied themselves with
+Russia, whose policy is contrary to the ideas of right and liberty; and
+Germany herself maintains that it is precisely those ideas for which she
+is fighting against Russia.</p>
+
+<p>It would be interesting to discover what German writers and professors
+really mean when they speak of a Holy War against Russia. Do they wish
+to assist Russian revolutionaries to dethrone the Czar?&mdash;Every
+revolutionary party would refuse indignantly to accept assistance from
+Prussian militarism. Do they wish to set free the neighboring countries,
+such as Poland, which are oppressed by Russia, by incorporating them
+with the German Empire?&mdash;It is well known that the Poles who are German
+subjects have suffered much more ignoble treatment than the Russian
+Poles, though even they have every reason to complain.</p>
+
+<p>The Baltic provinces of Russia alone remain, and here the Germans have
+for centuries had their pioneers among the large landowners and the
+merchants in the bigger towns. These, no doubt, Russian subjects but of
+German nationality, would welcome the German armies with enthusiasm. But
+they<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_066" id="page_066">{66}</a></span> form only a caste of nobles and of the wealthy middle-classes,
+numbering at most a few thousands, whereas the bulk of the population,
+the Lettish and Esthonian nations, would regard the absorption of these
+provinces into Germany as the worst of calamities. We know well what
+German domination means. I am a Lett and can speak with authority, for I
+know the deepest feelings and hopes of my own countrymen.</p>
+
+<p>The Letts are akin to the Lithuanians. They inhabit Courland, Livonia,
+and a part of the province of Vitebsk. Their intellectual center is
+Riga. There are colonies of them in all the principal towns of Russia.
+Last year the <i>Annales des Nationalités</i> of Paris devoted two numbers to
+these two sister nations. Owing to the geographical situation of their
+country, which is only too desirable, they had the misfortune to be
+under the yoke of the Germans, before they were under the yoke of the
+Russians. To understand how much they suffered under the former it will
+be sufficient to say that, in comparison with the Germans, we think of
+the Russians as our liberators. By sheer force the Germans kept us for
+centuries in a state equivalent to slavery. Only fifty years ago the
+Russian Government<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_067" id="page_067">{67}</a></span> set us free from this bondage; but, at the same
+time, it committed the grave injustice of leaving all our land in the
+hands of German proprietors. Nevertheless, within the last twenty or
+thirty years, we have succeeded in reclaiming from the Germans a part at
+least of our land, and in reaching a considerable level of culture,
+thanks to which, we are considered, together with the Esthonians and the
+Finns, as the most advanced people in the Russian Empire.</p>
+
+<p>German papers often accuse us of ingratitude, and reproach us with our
+lack of appreciation of the advantages of the culture which they boast
+of having brought us. We listen to such accusations with a bitter smile,
+and in writing the word <i>Kulturträger</i> (bearer of civilization) add an
+exclamation mark afterwards, for the behavior of the Germans has brought
+the expression into contempt. We have acquired our culture in spite of
+their opposition, and against their will. <i>Even today it is the German
+representatives in the Russian Duma who veto the occasional suggestions
+on the part of the Government to make reforms in the Baltic provinces.</i>
+These provinces are administered in a manner that differs, and differs
+for the worse, from that adopted in the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_068" id="page_068">{68}</a></span> other provinces of Russia. We
+still submit to laws and regulations which no longer exist in other
+parts of Europe&mdash;laws which were made in the feudal ages and have been
+rigorously maintained amongst us, thanks to the exertions of the big
+German landowners, who are always sure of a hearing at the Imperial
+Court of St. Petersburg.</p>
+
+<p>Formerly, when we were striving in vain to reconcile our sympathy and
+admiration for German thought and art with the narrow, haughty, and
+cruel spirit of its representatives amongst us, we explained it all by
+saying that the Germans in our provinces were of a peculiar type, and
+had little in common with other Germans. But the crimes of which they
+have been guilty in Belgium and in France show us our mistake. Germans
+are the same everywhere in the work of conquest and domination&mdash;wholly
+without humanitarian scruples. In Germany, as in Russia, there are two
+distinct tendencies&mdash;the one, provoked by the ideas of Pangermanism and
+Panslavism, is to seek national glory on the field of battle and in the
+oppression of the personalities of other nations; the other is to
+achieve the same end in the peaceful realms of thought and artistic
+creation. Just as the culture of which Goethe was<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_069" id="page_069">{69}</a></span> typical has nothing
+in common with Prussian militarism, so Tolstoi may be considered as the
+representative of that other Russia which is so different from the one
+represented by the Russian Government of today. Certainly the gulf
+between these two tendencies is less deep in Germany than in Russia, and
+this is due to the immense size of Russia, which contains vast numbers
+of poor and ignorant human beings whom the Russian Government oppresses
+with the utmost brutality. <i>But it is entirely unjust always to allude
+to the Russians as barbarians; and the Germans who invariably make use
+of this word when they speak of Russia have less right than any one to
+do so.</i> No one who knows the intellectual world of Germany and Russia
+will venture to say that the former is much superior to the latter&mdash;they
+are simply different. <i>And I would add that the one fact which makes us
+feel more drawn to the intellectual world of Russia than to that of the
+Germany of today, is that it would never be capable of justifying and
+approving the brutal conduct of its Government, as the German
+intellectuals are doing now. It has often been constrained to keep
+silence, but it has never raised its voice in defense of a guilty
+Government.</i><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_070" id="page_070">{70}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Let not my testimony in favor of the Russians lead any one to believe
+that I am idealizing them, or that my people, the Letts, have enjoyed
+any special privileges under their government. On the contrary! I have
+suffered more at their hands than at the hands of the Germans, and my
+nation knows only too well how heavy is the hand of the Russian
+Government, and how suffocating the atmosphere of Panslavism. In 1906 it
+was the Lett peasant and intellectual classes who enjoyed most
+frequently the privilege of being flogged; it was amongst these classes
+that the greatest number of unfortunates were shot, hanged, or
+imprisoned for life. And since that dreadful year there are to be found
+in all the principal towns of Western Europe colonies of Letts, formed
+of refugees who succeeded in escaping from the atrocities of the
+punitive expedition sent by the Russian Government against my country.
+But this fact is significant: <i>at the head of the majority of the
+military bands commissioned to punish the country were German officers
+who had asked for this employment, and showed so great a zeal in
+shooting down men and setting fire to houses, that they went even beyond
+the intentions of the Russian Government. In those days the places<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_071" id="page_071">{71}</a></span>
+might count themselves fortunate which were visited by dragoons
+commanded by officers of Russian nationality; for where Russian officers
+would have ordered the knout, German officers habitually inflicted a
+sentence of death.</i></p>
+
+<p>If my nation had ever to choose between a German and a Russian
+government it would choose the latter as the lesser of two evils. I see
+in the Lett newspapers that the reservists of my country left for the
+war with enthusiasm. I do not imagine that this enthusiasm is due to the
+thought that they are fighting for the glory of a nation which, by every
+means in its power, seeks to hinder our national development, by
+forbidding instruction in our native tongue in primary schools, by
+attempting to colonize our land with Russian peasants, by compelling our
+own people to emigrate to Siberia and America, by excluding all Letts
+from any share in Government employment, etc. This enthusiasm
+nevertheless exists, and it is because the war is being waged against
+Germany, and because the Letts know that the Germans have long been
+aiming at the possession of the Baltic provinces. To prevent this we are
+prepared to make any sacrifice. We, who love our national civilization
+and know well what Panslavism<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_072" id="page_072">{72}</a></span> and Pangermanism mean, are of opinion
+that, of the two, Panslavism is less fatal to the civilizations of small
+nations. This is really due to the character of the two races.</p>
+
+<p><i>German oppression is always systematic, hence always efficacious. In
+addition to this, their arrogant contempt for everything that is not
+themselves, the calm and calculated method in which they carry out their
+system of persecution wherever they dominate, all this makes them
+intolerable.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Russians are less logical by nature; their minds are not so regulated
+and they are more inclined to obey the dictates of their hearts; for
+this reason they are less to be feared as oppressors. The blows which
+they strike are often extremely cruel and painful, but they can repent
+from time to time. Their manners are rougher and more brutal</i> (I speak
+here more especially of civil and military officials), <i>but on the whole
+they are more humane than the Germans, who often conceal feelings of
+fierce savagery under the mask of perfect courtesy. In the year 1906,
+when there were executions in Russia on a large scale, there were many
+cases of suicide amongst Russian officers who could not reconcile their
+profession of soldiers with that of a<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_073" id="page_073">{73}</a></span> hangman. The officers of German
+nationality, on the other hand, carried out their orders with
+enjoyment.</i></p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless Russian domination, though preferable to German, is still
+very oppressive. I hear the news of Russian victories with mingled
+feelings, rejoicing in so far as they are victories for the Allies, yet
+dreading the triumph of Russia. After the defeats of the Russo-Japanese
+War, when the Russian Government was weakened, it conceded certain
+liberal measures and then revoked them almost entirely as its strength
+returned. What have we to expect from a victory for Czarism, especially
+we who are not Russians, but a savage revival of the crushing ideals of
+Panslavism?</p>
+
+<p>This is the agonized question which the nations subject to Russia are
+asking now. I read in your article that the turn of Czarism will come
+after that of Prussianism. In what sense is this to be understood? Is it
+your opinion that another war will presently break out against Czarism,
+or will it be struck down by the blows of an internal revolution? Is it
+even possible that France and England obtained the promise of a reform
+in the internal politics of Russia before allying themselves with her?
+And is<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_074" id="page_074">{74}</a></span> the proclamation to the Poles evidence of this? Will it have any
+real effect after the war? And those other nations oppressed by
+Russia&mdash;the Finns, the Letts, the Lithuanians, the Esthonians, the
+Armenians, the Jews...&mdash;will they too have justice done them?</p>
+
+<p>These questions are probably devoid of any political significance. Yet
+without perceiving in what manner France and England can set us free, we
+do direct our hopes towards them. We believe that in some way or other
+they will take care in future that their Russian ally shall show herself
+worthy of them and of the ideas for which they are fighting, lest the
+blood of those who have died in the cause of freedom go to feed the
+strength of the oppressors.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, sir, I have ventured uninvited to set forth rather fully to you
+the hopes and fears of a nation which has developed itself on a narrow
+strip of land between the two abysses of Pangermanism and Panslavism.
+Whilst ardently desiring the destruction of the former, we have
+everything to fear from the latter. Yet we do not aspire to political
+independence. We seek only the possibility of developing freely our
+intellectual, artistic, and economic powers, without the perpetual
+menace of<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_075" id="page_075">{75}</a></span> being absorbed by Russia or Germany. We believe that, in
+virtue of the civilization we have acquired in the face of obstacles, we
+are worthy of the liberties and rights of man; we are convinced that as
+a nation we have qualities which will fit us to play a valuable part in
+the great symphony of civilized peoples.</p>
+
+<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, October 10, 1914.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_076" id="page_076">{76}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="V" id="V"></a>V. INTER ARMA CARITAS</h3>
+
+<p>Once more I address myself to our friends the enemy. But this time I
+shall attempt no discussion, for discussion is impossible with those who
+avow that they do not seek for but possess the truth. For the moment
+there is no spiritual force that can pierce the thick wall of certitude
+by which Germany is barricaded against the light of day&mdash;the terrible
+certitude, the pharisaical satisfaction which pervades the monstrous
+letter of a Court preacher who glorifies God for having made him
+impeccable, irreproachable, and pure, himself, his emperor, his
+ministers, his army, and his race; and who rejoices beforehand in his
+"holy wrath" at the destruction of all who do not think as he
+thinks.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_077" id="page_077">{77}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>True, I am very far from thinking that this monument of anti-Christian
+pride represents the spirit of the better part of Germany. I know how
+many noble hearts, moderate, affectionate, incapable of doing evil and
+almost of conceiving it, go to make up her moral strength; amongst them
+are friends that I shall never cease to esteem. I know how many intrepid
+minds work ceaselessly in German science for the conquest of the truth.
+But I see on the one hand these good people so over-confident, so
+tractable, with their eyes shut, ignorant of the facts and unwilling to
+recognize anything but what it is the pleasure of their Government that
+they shall know; and on the other, the clearest minds of Germany,
+historians and savants, trained for the criticism of texts, basing their
+conviction on documents which all emanate from one alone of the parties
+concerned, and by way of peremptory proof referring us to the <i>ex-parte</i>
+affirmations of their Emperor, and of their Chancellor, like
+well-behaved scholars, whose only argument is <i>Magister dixit</i>. What
+hope remains of convincing such people that there exists a truth beyond
+that master, and that in addition to his White Book we have in our hands
+books of every kind and of every color, whose testimony demands the
+attention of an impartial judge? But<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_078" id="page_078">{78}</a></span> do they so much as know of their
+existence, and does the master allow his class to handle the manuals of
+his enemies? Our disagreement is not only as regards the facts of the
+case; it is due to difference in mind itself. Between the spirit of
+Germany today and that of the rest of Europe there is no longer a point
+of contact. We speak to them of <i>Humanity</i>; they reply with
+<i>Uebermensch</i>, <i>Uebervolk</i>, and it goes without saying that they
+themselves are the Uebervolk. Germany seems to be overcome by a morbid
+exaltation, a collective madness, for which there is no remedy but time.
+According to the view of medical experts in analogous cases such forms
+of madness develop rapidly, and are suddenly followed by profound
+depression. We can then but wait, and in the meantime defend ourselves
+to the best of our ability from the madness of Ajax.</p>
+
+<p>Certainly Ajax has given us plenty of work to do. Look at the ruins
+around us! We may bring aid to the victims&mdash;yet how little can we
+achieve? In the eternal struggle between good and evil the scales are
+not evenly balanced. We need a century to re-create what one day can
+destroy. The fury of madness, on the other hand, endures only for a day;
+patient labor is our lot throughout the years. It knows no pause, even
+in those hours when the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_079" id="page_079">{79}</a></span> world seems at an end. The vine-growers of
+Champagne gather in their vintage though the bombs of the rival armies
+explode around them&mdash;and we, too, can do our share! There is work for
+all who find themselves outside the battle. Especially for those who
+still can write, it seems to me that there should be something better to
+do than to brandish a pen dipped in blood and seated at their tables to
+cry "Kill! Kill!" I hate the war, but even more do I hate those who
+glorify it without taking part. What would we say of officers who
+marched behind their men? The noblest rôle of those who follow in the
+rear is to pick up their friends who fall, and to bear in mind even
+during the battle those fair words so often forgotten&mdash;<i>Inter arma
+caritas</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="asterisks">* * *</p>
+
+<p>Amidst all the misery which every man of feeling can do his share to
+relieve, let us recall the fate of the prisoner of war. But knowing that
+Germany today blushes at her former sentimentality, I carefully refrain
+from appealing to her pity by whinings, as they call them, about the
+destruction of Louvain and Rheims. "War is war." Granted!&mdash;then it is
+natural that it drags in its train thousands of prisoners, officers and
+men.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_080" id="page_080">{80}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For the moment I shall say only a word about these, in order to comfort
+as far as possible the families who are searching for them, and are so
+anxious about their fate. On both sides hateful rumors circulate only
+too easily, rumors given currency by an unscrupulous press, rumors which
+would have us believe that the most elementary laws of humanity are
+trampled under foot by the enemy. Only the other day an Austrian friend
+wrote to me, maddened by the lies of some paper or other, to beg me to
+help the German wounded in France, who are left without any aid. And
+have I not heard or read the same unworthy fears expressed by Frenchmen
+as regards their wounded, who are said to be maltreated in Germany? But
+it is all a lie&mdash;on both sides; and those of us whose task it is to
+receive the true information from either camp must affirm the contrary.
+Speaking generally (for in so many thousands of cases one cannot, of
+course, be sure that there will not here and there be individual
+exceptions) this war, whose actual conduct has provoked a degree of
+harshness which our knowledge of previous wars in the West would not
+have allowed us to expect, is by contrast less cruel to all
+those&mdash;prisoners and wounded&mdash;who are put out of the battle line.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_081" id="page_081">{81}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The letters that we receive and documents already published&mdash;especially
+an interesting account which appeared in the <i>Neue Zürcher Zeitung</i> of
+October 18th, written by Dr. Schneeli, who had just been visiting the
+hospitals and prisoners' camps in Germany&mdash;show that in that country
+efforts are being made to reconcile the ideals of humanity with the
+exigencies of war. They make it clear that there is no difference
+between the care bestowed by the Germans on their own wounded and those
+of the enemy, and that friendly relations exist between the prisoners
+and their guards, who all share the same food.</p>
+
+<p>I could wish that a similar inquiry might be made and published on the
+camps where German prisoners are concentrated in France. In the meantime
+accounts which reach me from individuals disclose a similar
+situation,<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> and there is plenty of reliable<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_082" id="page_082">{82}</a></span> evidence that in Germany
+and France alike the wounded of both countries are living in terms of
+friendship. There are even soldiers who refuse to have their wounds
+dressed or receive their rations before their comrades the enemy have
+received similar attention. And who knows if it is not perhaps in the
+ranks of the contending armies that the feelings of national hatred are
+least violent? For there one learns to appreciate the courage of one's
+adversaries, since the same sufferings are common to all, and since
+where all energy is directed towards action there is none left for
+personal animosity. It is amongst those who are not actively engaged
+that there is developed the harsh and implacable brand of hatred, of
+which certain intellectuals provide terrible examples.</p>
+
+<p>The moral situation of the military prisoner is therefore not so
+overwhelming as might be imagined, and his lot, sad as it is, is less to
+be pitied than that of another class of prisoners of whom I shall speak
+later. The feeling of duty accomplished, the memory of the struggle,
+glorifies his misfortune in his own eyes, and even in those of the
+enemy. He is not totally abandoned to the foe; international conventions
+protect him; the Red Cross watches<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_083" id="page_083">{83}</a></span> over him, and it is possible to
+discover where he is and to come to his assistance.</p>
+
+<p>In this work the admirable <i>Agence internationale des prisonniers de
+guerre</i>, most providentially established some two months after the
+commencement of the war, has caused the name of Geneva to be known and
+blessed in the most remote corners of France and Germany. It only needs,
+like Providence itself, to gain the co-operation of those over whose
+interests it watches, that is to say, of the States concerned which have
+been somewhat slow in supplying the lists we need. Under the ægis of the
+International Committee of the Red Cross, with M. Gustave Ador as
+president and M. Max Dollfus as director, some 300 voluntary workers,
+drawn from all classes of society, are assisting in its charitable work.
+More than 15,000 letters a day pass through its hands. It daily
+transmits about 7,000 letters between prisoners and their families, and
+is responsible for the safe dispatch of some 4,000 francs on an average.
+The precise information which it is able to communicate was very meager
+at the start, but soon increased, until a thousand cases could be dealt
+with in the course of a single day; and this number rapidly increased
+with the arrival of more complete lists from the Governments concerned.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_084" id="page_084">{84}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This renewal of intercourse between a prisoner and his family is not the
+only beneficial result of our organization. Its peaceful work, its
+impartial knowledge of the actual facts in the belligerent countries,
+contribute to modify the hatred which wild stories have exasperated, and
+to reveal what remains of humanity in the most envenomed enemy. It can
+also draw the attention of the different Governments, or at least of the
+general public, to cases where a speedy understanding would be in the
+interest of both parties&mdash;as, for instance, in the exchange of men who
+are so seriously wounded that they will be quite unable to take further
+part in the war, and whom it is useless and inhuman to keep languishing
+far from their friends. Finally, it can effectively direct public
+generosity, which often hesitates for want of guidance. It can, for
+instance, point out to neutral countries, who are so ungrudging in their
+anxiety to aid the sufferings of the combatants, where help is most
+urgently needed&mdash;for the wounded prisoners, convalescents leaving the
+hospital without linen or boots, and with no claims on the enemy for
+further support.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>Instead of showering gifts (which, no doubt, are<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_085" id="page_085">{85}</a></span> never superfluous) on
+the armies who can and should be supported by the peoples for whom they
+are fighting, neutrals might well reserve the greater part of their
+generosity for those who are most destitute, those whose need is the
+greatest, for they are feeble, broken, and alone.</p>
+
+<p class="asterisks">* * *</p>
+
+<p>But there is another class of prisoners on whom I would like interest to
+be specially concentrated, for their situation is far more precarious,
+unprotected as they are by any international convention. These are the
+civil prisoners. They are one of the innovations of this unbridled war,
+which seems to have set itself to violate all the rights of humanity. In
+former wars it was only a question of a few hostages arrested here and
+there as a guarantee of good faith for the pledge of some conquered
+town. Never until now had one heard of populations taken bodily into
+captivity on the model of ancient conquests&mdash;a custom actively revived
+since the beginning of this war. Such a contingency not having been
+foreseen, no conventions existed to regulate the situation in the laws
+of war, if the words have any meaning. And as it would have been awkward
+to formulate fresh laws in the midst of the struggle, it seemed more
+simple to overlook them. It has been as though these unfortunates did
+not exist.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_086" id="page_086">{86}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But they do exist, and in thousands. Their number seems about equal on
+both sides. Which of the belligerents took the initiative in these
+captures? At present certainty is impossible. It seems clear that in the
+second half of July Germany ordered the arrest of a number of Alsatian
+civilians. To this France replied the day after her mobilization by
+declaring prisoners Germans and Austrians then to be found on her
+territory. The casting of this vast net was followed by similar action
+in Germany and Austria, though, perhaps, with less result. The conquest
+of Belgium and the invasion of the North of France brought about a
+redoubling of these measures aggravated by violence. The Germans, on
+retiring after their defeat on the Marne, methodically made a clean
+sweep in the towns and villages of Picardy and Flanders of all persons
+capable of bearing arms&mdash;500 men at Douai, at Amiens 1,800 summoned
+before the citadel on some apparently harmless pretext, and carried off
+without even the possibility of returning for a change of clothes.</p>
+
+<p>In many cases the captures had not even the excuse of military utility.
+In the village of Sompuis (Marne) on September 10th, the Saxons seized a
+helpless village priest of seventy-three, scarcely able<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_087" id="page_087">{87}</a></span> to walk, and
+five old men of ages from sixty to seventy, one of whom was lame, and
+took them away on foot. Elsewhere women and children are taken, happy if
+they can remain together. Here a husband, mad with grief, searches for
+his wife and son aged three, who have disappeared since the Germans
+passed through Quièvrechain (Nord). There it is a mother and her
+children taken by the French near Guebwiller; the children were sent
+back, but not the mother. A French captain, wounded by the bursting of a
+shell, saw his wife also wounded by German bullets at Nomêny
+(Meurthe-et-Moselle); since when she has disappeared, taken he does not
+know where. An old peasant woman of sixty-three is taken away from her
+husband near Villers-aux-Vents (Meuse) by a company of Germans. A child
+of sixteen is seized at its mother's house at Mulhouse.</p>
+
+<p>Such action shows an utter lack of human feeling, and is almost more
+absurd than cruel. It really appears as though people had been
+deliberately separated from all who were dearest to them; and of those
+who have so disappeared no trace remains by which they can at present be
+found. I am not speaking of Belgium; there the silence is as of the
+grave. Of what is taking place there nothing has<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_088" id="page_088">{88}</a></span> been heard in the
+outer world for three months. Are the villages and towns still in
+existence? I have before me letters from parents (in some cases
+belonging to neutral nations) begging for news of their children of
+twelve or eight years of age, detained in Belgium since hostilities
+broke out. I have even found in the lists of these vanished
+children&mdash;doubtless prisoners of war&mdash;youthful citizens of four or two
+years of age. Are we to understand that they too could have been
+mobilized?</p>
+
+<p>We see the anguish of the survivors. Imagine the distress of those who
+have disappeared, deprived of money or the means of obtaining any from
+their families. What misery is revealed in the first letters received
+from such families interned in France or Germany! A mother whose little
+boy is ill, although rich, cannot procure any money. Another, with two
+children, requests us to warn her family that if after the war, nothing
+more is heard of her, it will mean that she has died of hunger. These
+cries of misery seemed in the noise of battle to fall on deaf ears for
+the first two months. The Red Cross itself, absorbed in its immense
+task, reserved all its help for the military prisoners, and the
+Governments seemed to show a superb disdain for their unfortunate
+citizens. Of what use are such as cannot<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_089" id="page_089">{89}</a></span> serve! Yet these are the most
+innocent victims of this war. They have not taken part in it, and
+nothing had prepared them for such calamities.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately a man of generous sympathies (he will not forgive me for
+publishing his name), Dr. Ferrière, was touched by the misfortunes of
+these outcasts of the war. With a tenacity as patient as it was
+passionate, he set himself to construct in the swarming hive of Red
+Cross workers a special department to deal with their distress. Refusing
+to be discouraged by the innumerable difficulties and the remote chances
+of success, he persevered, limiting himself at first to drawing up lists
+of the missing, and trying to inspire confidence in their anxious
+friends. He then attempted by every means in his power to discover the
+place of internment, and to re-establish communications between
+relations and friends. What joy when one can announce to a family that
+the son or the father has been found! Every one of us at our table&mdash;for
+I, too, had the honor of sharing in the work&mdash;rejoices as though he were
+a member of that family. And as luck would have it the first letter of
+this kind which I had to write was to comfort some good people in my own
+little town in the Nivernais.</p>
+
+<p>Great progress has already been made. The most<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_090" id="page_090">{90}</a></span> pressing needs have
+obtained a hearing. The Governments have agreed to liberate women,
+children under seventeen, and men over sixty. Repatriation began on
+October 23rd through the Bureau of Berne, created by the Federal
+Council. It remains, if not to deliver the others (we cannot count on
+this before the end of the war), at any rate to put them in
+communication with their families. In such cases, as in many others,
+more can be expected from the charitable efforts of private individuals
+than from Governments. The friends with whom we communicated in Germany
+or Austria as in France have replied with enthusiasm, all showing a
+generous desire to take part in our work. It is such questions
+transcending national pride which reveal the underlying fellowship of
+the nations which are tearing each other to pieces, and the sacrilegious
+folly of war. How friends and enemies are drawn together in the face of
+common suffering which the efforts of all humanity would hardly suffice
+to alleviate!</p>
+
+<p>When after three months of fratricidal struggle one has felt the calming
+influence of this wide human sympathy, and turns once more to the field
+of strife, the rasping cries of hate in the press inspire only horror
+and pity. What object have they<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_091" id="page_091">{91}</a></span> in view? They wish to punish crimes and
+are a crime in themselves; for murderous words are the seeds of future
+murder. In the diseased organism of a fevered Europe everything vibrates
+and reverberates without end. Every word, every action, arouses
+reprisals. Him who fans hatred, hatred flares up to consume. Heroes of
+officialdom! bullies of the press! the blows which you deal very often
+reach your own people, little though you think it&mdash;your soldiers, your
+prisoners, delivered into the hands of the enemy. They answer for the
+harm which you have done, and you escape the danger.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot stop the war, but we can make it less bitter. There are
+medicines for the body. We need medicines for the soul, to dress the
+wounds of hatred and vengeance by which the world is being poisoned. We
+who write&mdash;let that be our task. And as the Red Cross pursues its work
+of mercy in the midst of the combat, like the bees of Holy Writ that
+made their honey in the jaws of the lion, let us try to support its
+efforts. Let our thoughts follow the ambulances that gather up the
+wounded on the field of battle. May <i>Notre-Dame la Misère</i> lay on the
+brow of raging Europe her stern but succoring hand. May she open the
+eyes of these peoples,<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_092" id="page_092">{92}</a></span> blinded by pride, and show them that they are
+but poor human flocks, equal in the face of suffering; suffering at all
+times so great that there is no reason to add to the burden.</p>
+
+<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, October 30, 1914.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_093" id="page_093">{93}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="VI" id="VI"></a>VI. TO THE PEOPLE THAT IS SUFFERING FOR JUSTICE</h3>
+
+<p class="c">(For <i>King Albert's Book</i>.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>)</p>
+
+<p>Belgium has just written an Epic, whose echoes will resound throughout
+the ages. Like the three hundred Spartans, the little Belgian army
+confronts for three months the German Colossus; Leman-Leonides; the
+Thermopylæ of Liège; Louvain, like Troy, burnt; the deeds of King Albert
+surrounded by his valiant men: with what legendary grandeur are these
+figures already invested, and history has not yet completed their story!
+The heroism of this people, who, without a murmur, sacrificed everything
+for honor, has burst like a thunderclap upon us at a time when the
+spirit of victorious Germany was enthroning in the world a conception of
+political realism, resting stolidly on force and self-interest.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_094" id="page_094">{94}</a></span> It was
+a liberation of the oppressed idealism of the West. And that the signal
+should have been given by this little nation seemed a miracle.</p>
+
+<p>Men call the sudden appearance of a hidden reality a miracle. It is the
+shock of danger which makes us best understand the character of
+individuals and of nations. What discoveries this war has caused us to
+make in those around us, even among those nearest and dearest to us!
+What heroic hearts and savage beasts! The inner soul, not a new soul,
+reveals itself.</p>
+
+<p>In this fearful hour Belgium has seen the hidden genius of her race
+emerge. The sterling qualities that she has displayed during the last
+three months evoke admiration; it should not surprise any one who, in
+the pages of history, has felt, coursing through the ages, the vigorous
+sap of her people. Small in numbers and in territory, but one of the
+greatest in Europe in virtue of her overflowing vitality. The Belgians
+of today are the sons of the Flemings of Courtrai. The men of this land
+never feared to oppose their powerful neighbors, the kings of France or
+Spain&mdash;now heroes, now victims, Artevelde and Egmont. Their soil,
+watered by the blood of millions of warriors, is the most fertile in
+<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_095" id="page_095">{95}</a></span>Europe in the harvests of the spirit. From it arose the art of modern
+painting, spread throughout the world by the school of the van Eycks at
+the time of the Renaissance. From it arose the art of modern music, of
+that polyphony which thrilled through France, Germany, and Italy for
+nearly two centuries. From it, too, came the superb poetic efflorescence
+of our times; and the two writers who most brilliantly represent French
+literature in the world, Maeterlinck and Verhaeren, are Belgian. They
+are the people who have suffered most and have borne their sufferings
+most bravely and cheerfully; the martyr-people of Philip II and of
+Kaiser Wilhelm; and they are the people of Rubens, the people of
+Kermesses and of Till Ulenspiegel.</p>
+
+<p>He who knows the amazing epic re-told by Charles de Coster: <i>The heroic,
+joyous, and glorious adventures of Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedjak</i>, those
+two Flemish worthies who might take their places side by side with the
+immortal Don Quixote and his Sancho Panza&mdash;he who has seen that
+dauntless spirit at work, rough and facetious, rebellious by nature,
+always offending the established powers, running the gauntlet of all
+trials and hardships, and emerging from them always gay and
+smiling&mdash;realizes also the destinies of the nation that gave birth to
+Ulenspiegel, and even in the darkest<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_096" id="page_096">{96}</a></span> hour fearlessly looks towards the
+approaching dawn of rich and happy days. Belgium may be invaded. The
+Belgian people will never be conquered nor crushed. The Belgian people
+cannot die.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the story of <i>Till Ulenspiegel</i>, when they think he is
+dead, and are going to bury him, he wakes up:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>"Are they," he asks, "going to bury Ulenspiegel the soul, Nele the
+heart of mother Flanders? Sleep, perhaps, but die, no! Come,
+Nele."</i></p>
+
+<p><i>And he departed, singing his sixth song. But no one knows where he
+sang his last.</i></p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_097" id="page_097">{97}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="VII" id="VII"></a>VII. LETTER TO MY CRITICS<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></h3>
+
+<p class="r"><i>November 17, 1914.</i></p>
+
+<p>There has reached me, after much delay, at Geneva, where I am engaged on
+the International work of Prisoners of War, the echo of attacks against
+me in certain newspapers, roused by the articles that I have published
+in the <i>Journal de Genève</i>, or rather by two or three passages
+arbitrarily chosen from those articles (for they themselves are scarcely
+known to anybody in France). My best reply will be to collect what I
+have written and publish it in Paris. I would not add a word of
+explanation, for there is not a line that I did not think it my right
+and my duty to set down. Moreover, I think that there is better work to
+do at this moment than to defend oneself; there are others to defend,
+the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_098" id="page_098">{98}</a></span> thousands of victims who are fighting in France. Time devoted to
+polemics is like a theft from these unfortunates, from these prisoners
+and families, whose hands seeking each other across space we are trying
+to unite at Geneva.</p>
+
+<p>But not content with attacking me personally, they have attacked ideas
+and a cause which I believe to be that of the true France; and since my
+friends expect me to defend these thoughts which are also theirs, I
+profit by the hospitality which is offered me to reply distinctly and
+frankly in good French.</p>
+
+<p>I have published four articles: a letter to Gerhart Hauptmann, written
+the day after the devastation of Louvain, "Above the Battle," "The
+Lesser of Two Evils," and "Inter Arma Caritas." In these four articles I
+have stated that of all the imperialisms which are the scourge of the
+world, Prussian Military Imperialism is the worst. I have declared that
+it is the enemy of European liberty, the enemy of Western civilization,
+the enemy of Germany herself, and that it must be destroyed. On this
+point I imagine we are agreed.</p>
+
+<p>To what do my critics take exception? Without entering into the
+discussion of certain points of detail, such as the appeal made by the
+Allies to the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_099" id="page_099">{99}</a></span> forces of Asia and Africa of which I disapprove, and
+still disapprove because I see in it a near and grave danger for Europe
+and for the Allies themselves, and because this danger is already
+materializing in threats of disturbance in the world of Islam&mdash;exception
+is taken essentially on two grounds:</p>
+
+<p>1. My refusal to include the German people and its military and
+intellectual rulers in the same denunciation.</p>
+
+<p>2. The esteem and friendship which I have for the individuals in the
+country with which we are at war.</p>
+
+<p>I will reply first of all without ambiguity to this second reproach.
+Yes, I have German friends as I have French, Italian, and English
+friends, and friends of every race. They are my wealth: I am proud of it
+and keep it. When one has had the good fortune to meet in this world
+loyal souls with whom one shares one's most intimate thoughts, and with
+whom one has formed bonds of brotherly union, such bonds are sacred, and
+not to be broken asunder in the hour of trial. He would be a coward who
+timidly ceased to own them, in order to obey the insolent summons of a
+public opinion which has no right over the heart. Does the love of
+country demand this unkindness of thought which is associated<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_100" id="page_100">{100}</a></span> with the
+name Cornélienne? Cornéille himself has given the answer:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">&mdash;<i>Albe vous a nommé, je ne vous connais plus.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">&mdash;<i>Je vous connais encore, et c'est ce qui me tue.</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Certain letters, which I shall reproduce later, will show the grief,
+sometimes almost tragic, that such friendships mean in these moments.
+Thanks to them, we have at least been able to defend ourselves against a
+hatred which is more murderous than war, since it is an infection
+produced by its wounds; and it does as much harm to those whom it
+possesses as to those against whom it is directed.</p>
+
+<p>This poison I see with apprehension spreading at the present moment.
+Amongst the victim populations, the cruelties and ravages committed by
+the German armies have brought to birth a desire for reprisals. This,
+when once in existence, is not for the press to exasperate, for such a
+desire runs the risk of leading to dangerous injustice&mdash;dangerous not
+only for the conquered but above all for the conquerors. France has, in
+this war, the chance of playing the nobler part, the rarest chance that
+the world has even seen. A German wrote to me a few weeks ago: "France
+has won in this war a prodigious moral triumph. The sympathies of the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_101" id="page_101">{101}</a></span>
+whole world are drawn towards her; and, most extraordinary of all,
+Germany herself has a secret leaning towards her enemy." All should wish
+that this moral triumph may be hers to the end, and that she may remain
+to the end just, straightforward, and humane. I could never distinguish
+the cause of France from that of humanity. It is just because I am
+French that I leave to our Prussian enemies the motto: "<i>Oderint, dum
+metuant.</i>" I wish France to be loved, I wish her to be victorious not
+only by force, not only by right (that would be difficult enough), but
+by that large and generous heart which is pre-eminently hers. I wish her
+to be strong enough to fight without hatred and to regard even those
+against whom she is forced to fight as misguided brothers who must be
+pitied when they have been rendered harmless.</p>
+
+<p>Our soldiers know it well, and I say nothing here of letters from the
+front which tell us of compassion and kindness between the combatants.
+But the civilians who are outside the combat, who do not fight, but
+talk, who write and embroil themselves in a factitious and lunatic
+agitation and are never exhausted; these are delivered over to the winds
+of feverish violence. And there is the danger. For they form opinion,
+the only opinion that can<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_102" id="page_102">{102}</a></span> be expressed (all others are forbidden). It
+is for these that I write, not for those who are fighting (they have no
+need of us!).</p>
+
+<p>And when I hear the publicists trying to rouse the energies of the
+nation by all the stimulants at their disposal for this one object, the
+total crushing of the enemy nation, I think it my duty to rise in
+opposition to what I believe to be at once a moral and a political
+error. You make war against a State, not against a people. It would be
+monstrous to hold sixty-five million men responsible for the acts of
+some thousands&mdash;perhaps some hundreds. Here in French Switzerland, so
+passionately in sympathy with France, so eager both in its sympathies
+and in the duty of restraining them, I have been able for three months,
+by reading German letters and pamphlets, to examine closely the
+conscience of the German nation. And I have been able thus to take
+account of a good many facts which escape the greater part of the French
+people. The first, the most striking, the most ignored, is that there is
+not in Germany as a whole any real hatred of France (all the hatred is
+turned against England). The especial pathos of the situation lies in
+the fact that the French spirit only really began to exercise an
+attraction upon Germany some two or three years<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_103" id="page_103">{103}</a></span> ago. Germany was
+beginning to discover the true France, the France of work and of faith.
+The new generations, the young classes that they have just led to the
+abattoir of Ypres and Dixmude, numbered the purest souls, the greatest
+idealists, those most possessed by the dream of universal brotherhood.
+If I say that for many among them the war has been a laceration, "a
+horror, a failure, a renunciation of every ideal, an abdication of the
+spirit," as one of them wrote on the eve of his death&mdash;if I say that the
+death of Péguy has been mourned by many young Germans, no one would
+believe me. But belief will be a necessity the day I publish the
+documents which I have collected.</p>
+
+<p>It is somewhat better understood in France how this German nation,
+enveloped in the network of lies woven by its Government, and abandoning
+herself thereto with a blind and obstinate loyalty, is profoundly
+convinced that she was attacked, hemmed in by the jealousy of the world;
+and that she must defend herself at all costs or die. It is among the
+chivalrous traditions of France to render homage to the courage of an
+adversary. One owes it to that adversary to recognize that in default of
+other virtues the spirit of sacrifice is, in the present instance,
+almost boundless. It would be a great mistake to<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_104" id="page_104">{104}</a></span> force it to extremes.
+Instead of driving this blind people to a magnificent and desperate
+defense, let us try to open their eyes. It is not impossible. An
+Alsatian patriot, to whom one could not impute indulgence for Germany,
+Dr. Bucher of Strasbourg, told me not long since, that even though the
+German is full of haughty prejudices carefully fostered by his teachers,
+he is at any rate always amenable to discussion and his docile spirit is
+accessible to arguments. As an example, I would instance the secret
+evolution that I see in progress in the thought of certain Germans.
+Numbers of German letters that I have read this month begin to utter
+agonized questionings as to the legitimacy of the proceedings of Germany
+in Belgium. I have seen this anxiety growing, little by little, in
+consciences which at first reposed in the conviction of their right.
+Truth is slowly dawning. What will happen if its light conquers and
+spreads? Carry truth in your hands! Let it be our strongest weapon! Let
+us, like the soldiers of the Revolution, whose hearts live again in our
+troops, fight not against our enemies, but for them. In saving the
+world, let us save them too. France does not break old chains in order
+to rivet new.</p>
+
+<p>Your thoughts are fixed on victory. I think of<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_105" id="page_105">{105}</a></span> the peace which will
+follow. For however insistently the most militarist among you may talk,
+venturing as did an article to hold out the delightful promise of a
+perpetual war&mdash;"a war which will last after this war,
+indefinitely...."<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> (it will come to an end, nevertheless&mdash;for lack of
+combatants!) ... there must come a day when you will stretch out the
+hand of friendship, you and your neighbors across the Rhine, if it were
+only to come to an agreement, for the sake of your own business. You
+will have to re-establish supportable and humane relations: so set to
+work in such a manner as not to make them impossible! Do not break down
+all the bridges, since it will ever be necessary to cross the river. Do
+not destroy the future. A good open, clean wound will heal; but do not
+poison it. Let us be on our guard against hatred. If we prepare for war
+in peace according to the wisdom of nations, we should also prepare for
+peace in war. It is a task which seems to me not unworthy of those among
+us who find themselves outside the struggle, and who through the life of
+the spirit have wider relations with the universe&mdash;a little lay church
+which, today more than the other, preserves its faith in the unity of
+human thought and believes that all<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_106" id="page_106">{106}</a></span> men are sons of the same Father. In
+any case, if such a faith merits insult, the insults constitute an honor
+that we will claim as ours before the tribunal of posterity.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_107" id="page_107">{107}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="VIII" id="VIII"></a>VIII. THE IDOLS</h3>
+
+<p>For more than forty centuries it has been the effort of great minds who
+have attained liberty to extend this blessing to others; to liberate
+humanity and to teach men to see reality without fear or error, to look
+themselves in the face without false pride or false humility and to
+recognize their weakness and their strength, that they may know their
+true position in the universe. They have illumined the path with the
+brightness of their lives and their example, like the star of the magi,
+that mankind may have light.</p>
+
+<p>Their efforts have failed. For more than forty centuries humanity has
+remained in bondage&mdash;I do not say to masters (for such are of the order
+of the flesh, of which I am not speaking here; and their chains break
+sooner or later), but to the phantoms of their own minds. Such servitude
+comes from within. We grow faint in the endeavor to cut the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_108" id="page_108">{108}</a></span> bonds which
+bind mankind, who straightway tie them again to be more firmly
+enthralled. Of every liberator men make a master. Every ideal which
+ought to liberate is transformed into a clumsy idol. The history of
+humanity is the history of Idols and of their successive reigns; and as
+humanity grows older the power of the Idol seems to wax greater and more
+destructive.</p>
+
+<p>At first the divinities were of wood, of stone, or of metal. Those at
+any rate were not proof against the axe or against fire. Others followed
+that no material force could reach, for they were graven in the
+invisible mind. Yet all aspired to material dominion, and to secure for
+them that dominion the peoples of the world have poured out their best
+blood: Idols of religions and of nationality: the Idol of liberty whose
+reign was established in Europe by the armies of the <i>sans-culotte</i> at
+the point of the bayonet. The masters have changed, the slaves are still
+the same. Our century has made the acquaintance of two new species. The
+Idol of Race, at first the outcome of noble ideas, became in the
+laboratories of spectacled savants the Moloch which Germany herself
+hurled against France in 1870 and which her enemies now wish to use
+against the Germany of today. The latest on the scene is<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_109" id="page_109">{109}</a></span> that authentic
+product of German science, fraternally allied to the labors of industry,
+of commerce, and of the firm of Krupp&mdash;the Idol of Kultur surrounded by
+its Levites, the thinkers of Germany.</p>
+
+<p class="asterisks">* * *</p>
+
+<p>The common feature of the cult of all Idols is the adaptation of an
+ideal to the evil instincts of mankind. Man cultivates the vices which
+are profitable to him, but feels the necessity of legitimizing them;
+being unwilling to sacrifice them, he must idealize them. That is why
+the problem at which he has never ceased to labor throughout the
+centuries has been to harmonize his ideals with his own mediocrity. He
+has always succeeded. The crowd has no difficulty here. It sets side by
+side its virtues and its vices, its heroism and its meanness. The force
+of its passions and the rapid course of the days which carry it along
+cause it to forget its lack of logic.</p>
+
+<p>But the intelligent few cannot satisfy themselves with so little effort.
+Not that they are, as is often said, less readily swayed by passion.
+This is a grave error; the richer a life becomes the more does it offer
+for passion to devour, and history sufficiently shows the terrifying
+paroxysms to which the lives<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_110" id="page_110">{110}</a></span> of religious leaders and revolutionaries
+have attained. But these toilers in the spirit love careful work, and
+are repelled by popular modes of thought which perpetually break through
+the meshes of reasoning. They have to make a more closely woven net in
+which instinct and idea, cost what it may, combine to form a stouter
+tissue. They thus achieve monstrous <i>chefs-d'&#339;uvre</i>. Give an
+intellectual any ideal and any evil passion and he will always succeed
+in harmonizing the twain. The love of God and the love of mankind have
+been invoked in order to burn, kill, and pillage. The fraternity of 1793
+was sister to the Holy Guillotine. We have in our time seen Churchmen
+seeking and finding in the Gospels the justification of Banking and of
+War. Since the outbreak of the war a clergyman of Würtemberg established
+the fact that <i>neither Christ nor John the Baptist nor the apostles
+desired to suppress militarism</i>.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> A clever intellectual is a conjuror
+in ideas. "<i>Nothing in my hands&mdash;nothing up my sleeves.</i>" The great
+trick is to extract from any given idea its precise contrary&mdash;war from
+the Sermon on the Mount, or, like Professor<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_111" id="page_111">{111}</a></span> Ostwald, the military
+dictatorship of the Kaiser from the dream of an intellectual
+internationalism. For such conjurors these things are but child's play.</p>
+
+<p>Let us expose them, by examining the words of this Dr. Ostwald, who has
+appeared during the last few months as the Baptist of the Gospel of the
+spiked helmet.</p>
+
+<p>Here is the Idol to begin with&mdash;<i>Kultur (made in Germany), with a
+capital K "rectiligne et de quatre pointes, comme un chevel de frise,"</i>
+as Miguel de Unamuno wrote to me. All around are little gods, the
+children of its loins: <i>Kulturstaat</i>, <i>Kulturbund</i>, <i>Kulturimperium</i>....</p>
+
+<p><i>"I am now" (it is the voice of Ostwald<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>) "going to explain to you
+the great secret of Germany. We, or rather the Germanic race, have
+discovered the factor of Organization. Other peoples still live under
+the régime of individualism while we are under that of Organization. The
+stage of Organization is a more advanced stage of civilization."</i></p>
+
+<p>It is surely clear that, like those missionaries who, in order to carry
+the Christian faith to heathen peoples, secure the co-operation of a
+squadron and a landing party which straightway establish in the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_112" id="page_112">{112}</a></span>
+idolatrous country commercial stores protected by a ring of cannon,
+German intelligence cannot without selfishness keep her treasures to
+herself. She is obliged to share them.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Germany wishes to organize Europe, for Europe has hitherto not been
+organized. With us everything tends to elicit from each individual the
+maximal output in the direction most favorable for society. That for us
+is liberty in its highest form.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>We may well pause to marvel at this way of talking about human "culture"
+as though it were a question of asparagus and artichokes. Of this
+happiness, and these advantages, this maximal output, this market-garden
+culture, this liberty of artichokes subjected to a judicious forcing
+process, Professor Ostwald does not wish to deprive the other peoples of
+Europe. As they are so unenlightened as not to acquiesce with
+enthusiasm:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>War will make them participate in the form of this organization in our
+higher civilization.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>Thereupon the chemist-philosopher, who is also in his leisure hours a
+politician and a strategist, sketches in bold outline the picture of the
+victories of Germany and a remodeled Europe&mdash;a United States of Europe
+under the paternal sceptre of his mailed Kaiser: England crushed, France
+disarmed,<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_113" id="page_113">{113}</a></span> and Russia dismembered. His colleague Haeckel completes this
+joyous <i>exposé</i> by dividing Belgium, the British Empire, and the North
+of France&mdash;like Perrette of the fable before her pitcher broke.
+Unfortunately neither Haeckel nor Ostwald tells us if their plan for the
+establishment of this higher civilization included the destruction of
+the Halle of Ypres, of the Library at Louvain, of the Cathedral at
+Rheims. After all these conquests, divisions, and devastations, let us
+not overlook this wonderful sentence of which Ostwald certainly did not
+realize the sinister buffoonery, worthy of a Molière: "You know that I
+am a pacifist."</p>
+
+<p>However far the high priests of a cult may allow their emotion to carry
+them, their profession of faith still retains a certain diplomatic
+reserve which does not hamper their followers. Thus the
+<i>Kulturmenschen</i>. But the zeal of their Levites must frequently disturb
+the serenity of Moses and Aaron&mdash;Haeckel and Ostwald&mdash;by its intemperate
+frankness. I do not know what they think of the article of Thomas Mann
+which appeared in the November number of the <i>Neue Rundschau</i>: "Gedanken
+im Kriege." But I do know what certain French intellectuals will think
+of it. Germany could not offer them a more terrible weapon against
+herself.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_114" id="page_114">{114}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In an access of delirious pride and exasperated fanaticism Mann employs
+his envenomed pen to justify the worst accusations that have been made
+against Germany. While an Ostwald endeavors to identify the cause of
+<i>Kultur</i> with that of civilization, Mann proclaims: "They have nothing
+in common. The present war is that of <i>Kultur</i> (i. e., of Germany)
+against civilization." And pushing this outrageous boast of pride to the
+point of madness, he defines civilization as Reason (<i>Vernunft,
+Aufklärung</i>), Gentleness (<i>Sittigung, Sänftigung</i>), Spirit (<i>Geist,
+Auflösung</i>), and Kultur as "a spiritual <i>organization</i> of the world"
+which does not exclude "bloody savagery." Kultur is "the sublimation of
+the demoniacal" (<i>die Sublimierung des Dämonischen</i>). It is "above
+morality, above reason, and above science." While Ostwald and Haeckel
+see in militarism merely an arm or instrument of which Kultur makes use
+to secure victory, Thomas Mann affirms that Kultur and Militarism are
+brothers&mdash;their ideal is the same, their aim the same, their principle
+the same. Their enemy is peace, is spirit ("<i>Ja, der Geist ist zivil,
+ist bürgerlich</i>"). He finally dares to inscribe on his own and his
+country's banner the words, "Law is the friend of the weak; it would
+reduce the world to a level. War brings out strength."<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_115" id="page_115">{115}</a></span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Das Gesetz ist der Freund des Schwachen,</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Möchte gern die Welt verflachen</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Aber der Krieg lässt die Kraft erscheinen....</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>In this criminal glorification of violence, Thomas Mann himself has been
+surpassed. Ostwald preached the victory of Kultur, if necessary by
+Force; Mann proved that Kultur is Force. Some one was needed to cast
+aside the last veil of reserve and say "Force alone. All else be
+silent." We have read extracts from the cynical article in which
+Maximilian Harden, treating the desperate efforts of his Government to
+excuse the violation of Belgian neutrality as feeble lies, dared to
+write:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Why on earth all this fuss? Might creates our Right. Did a powerful
+man ever submit himself to the crazy pretensions or to the judgment of a
+band of weaklings?</i>"</p>
+
+<p>What a testimony to the madness into which German intelligence has been
+precipitated by pride and struggle, and to the moral anarchy of this
+Empire, whose <i>organization</i> is imposing only to the eyes of those who
+do not see farther than the façade! Who cannot see the weakness of a
+Government which gags its socialist press and yet tolerates such an
+insulting contradiction as this?<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_116" id="page_116">{116}</a></span> Who does not see that such words
+defame Germany before the whole world for centuries to come? These
+miserable intellectuals imagine that with their display of infuriated
+Nietzcheism and Bismarckism they are acting heroically and impressing
+the world. They merely disgust it. They wish to be believed. People are
+only too ready to believe them. The whole of Germany will be made
+responsible for the delirium of a few writers. Germany will one day
+realize she has had no more deadly enemy than her own intellectuals.</p>
+
+<p class="asterisks">* * *</p>
+
+<p>I write here without prejudice, for I am certainly not proud of our
+French intellectuals. The Idol of Race, or of Civilization, or of
+Latinity, which they so greatly abuse, does not satisfy me. I do not
+like any idol&mdash;not even that of Humanity. But at any rate those to which
+my country bows down are less dangerous. They are not aggressive, and,
+moreover, there remains even in the most fanatical of our intellectuals
+a basis of native common sense, of which the Germans of whom I have just
+spoken seem to have lost all trace. But it must be admitted that on
+neither side have they brought honor to the cause of reason, which they
+have not<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_117" id="page_117">{117}</a></span> been able to protect against the winds of violence and folly.
+There is a saying of Emerson's which is applicable to their failure:</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Nothing is more rare in any man than an act of his own.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>Their acts and their writings have come to them from others, from
+outside, from public opinion, blind and menacing. I do not wish to
+condemn those who have been obliged to remain silent either because they
+are in the armies, or because the censorship which rules in countries
+involved in war has imposed silence upon them. But the unheard-of
+weakness with which the leaders of thought have everywhere abdicated to
+the collective madness has certainly proved their lack of <i>character</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Certain somewhat paradoxical passages in my own writings have caused me
+at times to be styled an anti-intellectual; an absurd charge to bring
+against one who has given his life to the worship of thought. But it is
+true that Intellectualism has often appeared to me as a mere caricature
+of Thought&mdash;Thought mutilated, deformed, and petrified, powerless, not
+only to dominate the drama of life, but even to understand it. And the
+events of to-day have proved me more in the right than I wished to be.
+The intellectual lives too much in the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_118" id="page_118">{118}</a></span> realm of shadows, of ideas.
+Ideas have no existence in themselves, but only through the hopes or
+experiences which can fill them. They are either summaries, or
+hypotheses; frames for what has been or will be; convenient or necessary
+formulæ. One cannot live and act without them, but the evil is that
+people make them into oppressive realities. No one contributes more to
+this than the intellectual, whose trade it is to handle them, who,
+biased by his profession, is always tempted to subordinate reality to
+them. Let there supervene a collective passion which completes his
+blindness, and it will be cast in the form of the idea which can best
+serve its purpose: it transfers its life-blood to that idea, and the
+idea magnifies and glorifies it in turn. Nothing is more long-lived in a
+man than a phantom which his own mind has created, a phantom in which
+are combined the madness of his heart and the madness of his head. Hence
+the intellectuals in the present crisis have not been overcome by the
+warlike contagion less than others, but they have themselves contributed
+to spreading it. I would add (for it is their punishment) that they are
+victims of the contagion for a longer period: for whilst simple folk
+constantly submit to the test of every-day action and of experience, and
+modify their ideas<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_119" id="page_119">{119}</a></span> without conscious regret, the intellectual finds
+himself bound in the net of his own creation and every word that he
+writes draws the bonds tighter. Hence while we see that in the soldiers
+of all armies the fire of hate is rapidly dying down and that they
+already fraternize from trench to trench, the writers redouble their
+furious arguments. We can easily prophesy that when the remembrance of
+this senseless war has passed away among the people its bitterness will
+still be smouldering in the hearts of the intellectuals....</p>
+
+<p>Who shall break the idols? Who shall open the eyes of their fanatical
+followers? Who shall make them understand that no god of their minds,
+religious or secular, has the right to force himself on other human
+beings&mdash;even he who seems the most worthy&mdash;or to despise them? Admitting
+that your <i>Kultur</i> on German soil produces the sturdiest and most
+abundant human crop, who has entrusted to you the mission of cultivating
+other lands? Cultivate your own garden. We will cultivate ours. There is
+a sacred flower for which I would give all the products of your
+artificial culture. It is the wild violet of Liberty. You do not care
+about it. You tread it under foot. But it will not die. It will live
+longer than your masterpieces of barrack<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_120" id="page_120">{120}</a></span> and hot-house. It is not
+afraid of the wind. It has braved other tempests than that of today. It
+grows under brambles and under dead leaves. Intellectuals of Germany,
+intellectuals of France, labor and sow on the fields of your own minds:
+respect those of others. Before <i>organizing</i> the world you have enough
+to do to <i>organize</i> your own private world. Try for a moment to forget
+your ideas and behold yourselves. And above all, look at us. Champions
+of <i>Kultur</i> and of Civilization, of the Germanic races and of Latinity,
+enemies, friends, let us look one another in the eyes. My brother, do
+you not see there a heart similar to your own, with the same hopes, the
+same egoism, and the same heroism and power of dream which forever
+refashions its gossamer web? <i>Vois-tu pas que tu es moi</i>? said the old
+Hugo to one of his enemies....</p>
+
+<p>The true man of culture is not he who makes of himself and his ideal the
+center of the universe, but who looking around him sees, as in the sky
+the stream of the Milky Way, thousands of little flames which flow with
+his own; and who seeks neither to absorb them nor to impose upon them
+his own course, but to give himself the religious persuasion of their
+value and of the common source of the fire by which all alike are fed.
+Intelligence of the mind<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_121" id="page_121">{121}</a></span> is nothing without that of the heart. It is
+nothing also without good sense and humor&mdash;good sense which shows to
+every people and to every being their place in the universe&mdash;and humor
+which is the critic of misguided reason, the soldier who, following the
+chariot to the Capitol, reminds Cæsar in his hour of triumph that he is
+bald.</p>
+
+<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, December 4, 1914.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_122" id="page_122">{122}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="IX" id="IX"></a>IX. FOR EUROPE: MANIFESTO OF THE WRITERS AND THINKERS OF CATALONIA</h3>
+
+<p>National passions are triumphant. For five months they have rent our
+Europe. They think they will soon have compassed its destruction and
+effaced its image in the hearts of the last of these who remain faithful
+to it. But they are mistaken. They have renewed the faith that we had in
+it. They have made us recognize its value and our love. And from one
+country to another we have discovered our unknown brothers, sons of the
+same mother, who in the hour when she is denied, consecrate themselves
+to her defence.</p>
+
+<p>Today, it is from Spain that the voice reaches us, from the thinkers of
+Catalonia. Let us pass on their appeal which comes to us from the shores
+of the Mediterranean, like the sound of a Christmas bell. Another day
+the bells of Northern Europe will be heard in their turn. And soon all
+will ring<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_123" id="page_123">{123}</a></span> together in unison. The test is good. Let us be thankful.
+Those who desired to separate us have joined our hands.</p>
+
+<p class="r">R. R.</p>
+
+<p><i>December 31, 1914.</i></p>
+
+<p class="c">MANIFESTO OF THE <i>FRIENDS OF THE MORAL UNITY OF EUROPE</i></p>
+
+<p>A number of literary and scientific men at Barcelona, as far removed
+from amorphous internationalism on the one hand as from mere
+parochialism on the other, have banded themselves together <i>to affirm
+their unchangeable belief in the moral unity of Europe</i>, and to further
+this belief as far as the suffocating conditions resulting from the
+present tragic circumstances permit.</p>
+
+<p>We set out from the principle that the terrible war which today is
+rending the heart of this Europe of ours is, by implication, a <i>Civil
+War</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A civil war does not exactly mean an unjust war; still, it can only be
+justified by a conflict between great ideals, and if we desire the
+triumph of one or the other of these ideals, it must be for the sake of
+the entire European Commonwealth and its general well-being. None of the
+belligerents, therefore, can be allowed to aim at the complete
+destruction<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_124" id="page_124">{124}</a></span> of its opponents; and it is even less legitimate to start
+out from the criminal hypothesis that one or another of the parties is
+<i>de facto</i> already excluded from this superior commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p>Yet we have seen with pain assertions such as these approved and
+deliriously spread abroad; and not always amongst common people, or by
+the voices of those who speak not with authority. For three months it
+seemed as if our ideal Europe were ship-wrecked, but a reaction is
+making its appearance already. A thousand indications assure us that, in
+the world of intellect at any rate, the winds are quieting down, and
+that in the best minds the eternal values will soon spring up once more.</p>
+
+<p>It is our purpose to assist in this reaction, to contribute to making it
+known, and, as far as we are able, to ensure its triumph. We are not
+alone. We have with us in every quarter of the world the ardent
+aspirations of far-sighted minds, and the unvoiced wishes of thousands
+of men of good will, who, beyond their sympathies and personal
+preferences, are determined to remain faithful to the cause of this
+moral unity.</p>
+
+<p>And above all we have, in the far distant future, the appreciation of
+the men who tomorrow will applaud this modest work to which we are
+devoting ourselves today.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_125" id="page_125">{125}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We will begin by giving the greatest possible publicity to those
+actions, declarations, and manifestations&mdash;whether they emanate from
+belligerent or neutral nations&mdash;in which the effort of reviving the
+feeling of a higher unity and a generous altruism may become apparent.
+Later we shall be able to extend our activities and place them at the
+service of new enterprises. We demand nothing more of our friends, of
+our press, and of our fellow citizens than a little attention for these
+quickenings of reality, a little respect for the interests of a higher
+humanity, and a little love for the great traditions and the rich
+possibilities of a <i>unified Europe</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Barcelona</span>, <i>November 27, 1914</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eugenio D'Ors</span>, Member of the Institute; <span class="smcap">Manuel De Montoliu</span>, Author;
+<span class="smcap">Aurelio Ras</span>, Director of the Review <i>Estudio</i>; <span class="smcap">Augustin Murua</span>,
+University Professor; <span class="smcap">Telesforo de Aranzadi</span>, University Professor;
+<span class="smcap">Miguel S. Oliver</span>; <span class="smcap">Juan Palau</span>, publicist; <span class="smcap">Pablo Vila</span>, Director of <i>Mont
+d'Or</i> College; <span class="smcap">Enrique Jardi</span>, Barrister; <span class="smcap">E. Messeguer</span>, publicist; <span class="smcap">Carmen
+Karr</span>, Director of the <i>Residencia de Estudiantes El Hogar</i>; <span class="smcap">Esteban
+Terrades</span>, Member of the Institute; <span class="smcap">Jose Zulueta</span>, Member of Parliament;
+<span class="smcap">R. Jori</span>, Author; <span class="smcap">Eudaldo Duran</span><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_126" id="page_126">{126}</a></span> <span class="smcap">Reynals</span>, Librarian of the <i>Biblioteca de
+Cataluna</i>; <span class="smcap">Rafael Campalans</span>, Engineer; <span class="smcap">J. M. Lopez-Pico</span>, Author; <span class="smcap">R.
+Rucabado</span>, Author; <span class="smcap">E. Cuello Calou</span>, University Professor; <span class="smcap">Manuel
+Revenlos</span>, Professor of the <i>Escuela de Funcionarios</i>; <span class="smcap">J. Farran Mayoral</span>,
+Author; <span class="smcap">Jaime Masso Torrents</span>, Member of the Institute; <span class="smcap">Jorge Rubio
+Balaguer</span>, Director of the <i>Biblioteca de Cataluna</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="r"><i>Translated from the Spanish by R. R.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, January 9, 1915.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_127" id="page_127">{127}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="X" id="X"></a>X. FOR EUROPE: AN APPEAL FROM HOLLAND TO THE INTELLECTUALS OF ALL
+NATIONS</h3>
+
+<p>In the preceding chapter, in which I put before my readers the fine
+manifesto of the Catalonian intellectuals "For the Moral Unity of
+Europe," I stated that after this appeal from the Mediterranean South I
+would make known those of the North. Amongst the latter here is the
+voice of Holland:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Nederlandsche Anti-Oorlog Road</i> (Dutch Anti-War Council) is perhaps
+the most important attempt that these last months has seen to unify
+pacifist thought. Whilst recognizing the value of what has been done for
+some years past in favor of peace, the N. A. O. R. is convinced that
+"all this work could have been much more effective, and could even have
+prevented the present catastrophe, if it had been better taken in hand."
+There has been<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_128" id="page_128">{128}</a></span> lack of co-operation, wastage of energy, lack of
+penetration to the mass of the people. The problem is to discover if
+this internal defect cannot be remedied. "Will the world-wide tragedy of
+rivalry continue even inside the pacifist movement, or will this war
+teach those who are fighting against it the necessity of an energetic
+organization and preparation?"</p>
+
+<p>To this task the <span class="smcap">N.A.O.R.</span> is devoting itself. Founded on October 8,
+1914, it had succeeded by January 15th in securing the adhesion of 350
+Dutch societies (official, political, of all parties, religious,
+intellectual, labor), and its manifestoes brought together the
+signatures of more than a hundred of the most illustrious names of the
+Netherlands&mdash;statesmen, prelates, officers, writers, professors,
+artists, business men, etc. It therefore represents a considerable moral
+force.</p>
+
+<p>Let it be said at once that the <span class="smcap">N.A.O.R.</span> does not look for an immediate
+end of the war by a peace at any price. On the one hand it declares
+itself "it has formed no presumptuous idea of its strength; it has no
+naïve confidence in vague peace formulæ, nor even in well-defined mutual
+obligations. The universal war of today has, alas! taught it much in
+this respect also." And, moreover, it is<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_129" id="page_129">{129}</a></span> quite aware that a peace at
+any price, under present conditions, would only be a consecration of
+injustice. The great public meetings which it has organized on December
+15th in the chief towns of the Netherlands have unanimously declared
+that such a peace seemed neither possible nor even desirable. I will add
+that certain of the articles of the <span class="smcap">N.A.O.R.</span> suggest, with all the
+reserve necessitated by its attitude of neutrality and its profound
+desire for impartiality, the direction of its suppressed sympathies.
+Especially the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"To repair the harm done by this war to the prestige of law in
+international relations. To bow before the law, whether customary or
+codified in treaties is a duty, even where sanction is wanting. Reform
+will be in vain: if there is not respect for law, and nations refuse to
+keep their word, a durable peace is out of the question."</p>
+
+<p>The object of the <span class="smcap">N.A.O.R.</span> is especially to study the conditions in
+which we can realize a just, humane, and durable peace, which will
+secure for Europe a long future of fruitful tranquility and of common
+work, and to interest the public opinion of all nations in securing such
+a peace. I cannot analyze here, owing to lack of space, the various
+public manifestoes, the <i>Appeal to the People of<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_130" id="page_130">{130}</a></span> Holland</i> (October,
+1914), or the <i>Appeal for Co-operation and the Preparation of Peace</i>, a
+kind of attempt to mobilize the pacifist armies (November). The latter
+of these contains ideas which agree in many cases with those of the
+<i>Union of Democratic Control</i> (the abolition of secret diplomacy, and a
+larger control of foreign affairs by Parliaments; the prohibition of
+special armament industries; the establishment of the elementary
+principle of international law, that no country shall be annexed without
+the consent, freely expressed, of the population). I will content myself
+here with publishing the manifesto addressed to the thinkers, writers,
+artists, and scientists of all nations. In this manifesto we shall find
+support for the tasks which we ourselves have undertaken in working to
+keep the thought of Europe sheltered from the ravages of the war, and in
+continually recalling it to the recognition of its highest duty, which
+is, even in the worst storms of passion, to safeguard the spiritual
+unity bf civilized humanity.</p>
+
+<p class="r">R. R.</p>
+
+<p><i>February 7, 1915.</i></p>
+
+<p class="c">NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOG RAAD</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the European war had broken out, several groups of
+intellectuals belonging to the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_131" id="page_131">{131}</a></span> warring nations have advocated the
+justice of their country's cause in manifestoes and pamphlets, which
+they have scattered in great numbers throughout the neutral states.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>
+And this still goes on; side by side with the war of the sword a no less
+vehement war is carried on with the pen.</p>
+
+<p>Those writings have also reached us, the undersigned, all subjects of a
+neutral state. We have read them with the greatest interest, as they
+enable us to form a clear opinion not only of the frame of mind brought
+about by the outbreak of the war among the intellectuals of the warring
+nations, but also of the opinions they hold about the causes and the
+nature of the present war.</p>
+
+<p>It has not surprised us neutrals to see that the spokesmen of the
+opposing nations are equally convinced of the justice of their cause.
+Neither has it surprised us that those spokesmen evince such a strong
+inclination to advocate their rights before the neutral states. Indeed,
+in such a terrible struggle it is a psychologic necessity for all the
+nations concerned that they should believe implicitly in the justice of
+their cause; they must ardently desire to testify to their faith before
+others. Only an unshakable<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_132" id="page_132">{132}</a></span> confidence in the absolute justice of their
+cause can keep them from wavering or despairing during the gigantic
+struggle.</p>
+
+<p>But we have perceived with great sorrow that the greater part of those
+writings are absolutely lacking in the slightest effort to be just
+towards opponents; that the meanest and most malicious motives are
+ascribed to them.</p>
+
+<p>We respect the conviction of every one of the warring nations that they
+are fighting for a just cause. Even if we should have formed an opinion
+about the origin of the war, we should yet not think the present a fit
+moment to oppose different opinions or arguments to each other. This
+should be the work of the future, when scientific research will be able
+to consider all the facts quietly, when national passions will have
+subsided and the nations will listen with more composure to the verdict
+of history.</p>
+
+<p>Yet we think it our duty and we consider it a privilege given to us as
+neutrals to utter a serious warning against the systematic rousing of a
+lasting bitterness between the now warring parties.</p>
+
+<p>Though fully aware that the late events have irritated the feeling of
+nationality to the utmost, yet we believe that patriotism should not
+prevent any one from doing justice to the character of one's<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_133" id="page_133">{133}</a></span> enemy;
+that faith in the virtues of one's own nation need not be coupled with
+the idea that all vices are inherent in the opposing nation; that
+confidence in the justice of one's own cause should not make one forget
+that the other side cherishes that conviction with the same energy.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, no one should forget that the question: "What nations will be
+enemies?" depends on political relations, which vary according to
+unexpected circumstances. Today's enemy may be tomorrow's friend.</p>
+
+<p>The tone, in which of late not only the papers to which we have referred
+above, but also the newspaper press of the warring nations has written
+about the enemy, threatens to arouse and to perpetuate the bitterest
+hatred.</p>
+
+<p>To the evils directly resulting from the war, will be added the
+regrettable consequence that co-operation between the belligerent
+nations in art, science, and all other labors of peace will be delayed
+for some time, nay, even made quite impossible. Yet the time will come
+after this war, when the nations will have to resume some form of
+intercourse, social as well as spiritual.</p>
+
+<p>The fewer fierce accusations have been breathed on either side, the less
+one nation has attacked the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_134" id="page_134">{134}</a></span> character of the other: in short, the less
+lasting bitterness has been roused, so much the easier will it be
+afterwards to take up again the broken threads of international
+intercourse.</p>
+
+<p>This rousing of hatred and bitterness is also an impediment in the way
+that leads our thoughts towards peace.</p>
+
+<p>Every one who in word or writing rails at the enemy or excites national
+passions is responsible for the longer duration of this horrible war.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, we the undersigned, appeal to all those of the same mind,
+especially among those belonging to the warring nations, to co-operate
+for this purpose: that in word and writing everything be avoided that
+may rouse lasting animosity.</p>
+
+<p>We especially address this appeal to those who influence public opinion
+in their own country, to men of science and to artists, to those who
+long ago have realized that in all civilized countries there are men and
+women with the same notions of justice and morality as they have
+themselves.</p>
+
+<p>May the representatives of all countries&mdash;according to the saying of a
+Dutch statesmen&mdash;remember what unites them and not only what separates
+them!</p>
+
+<p><i>Signed</i>:&mdash;<span class="smcap">H.-c. Dresselhuys</span>, Secretary-General of the Ministry of
+Justice, <i>President</i> of the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_135" id="page_135">{135}</a></span> N.A.O.R. <span class="smcap">J.-H. Schaper</span>, member of the
+Second Chamber, <i>Vice-President</i>. Madame <span class="smcap">M. Asser-Thorbeke</span>, secretary of
+the Dutch League for Women's Suffrage. Professor Dr. <span class="smcap">D. van Embden</span>,
+Professor of law at Amsterdam. Dr. <span class="smcap">Koolen</span>, member of the Second Chamber.
+<span class="smcap">V.-H. Rutgers</span>, member of the Second Chamber. Baron de <span class="smcap">Jong van Beek en
+Donk</span>, <i>Secretary</i> of the N.A.O.R. (and also subscribed to by 130
+politicians, intellectuals, and artists, including <span class="smcap">Frederik van Eeden</span>,
+<span class="smcap">Willem Mengelberg</span>, etc.). Office: Theresiastraat, 51, The Hague.</p>
+
+<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, February 15, 1915.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_136" id="page_136">{136}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="XI" id="XI"></a>XI. LETTER TO FREDERIK VAN EEDEN</h3>
+
+<p class="r"><i>January 12, 1915.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Friend</span>:</p>
+
+<p>You offer me the hospitality of your paper <i>De Amsterdammer</i>. I thank
+you and accept. It is good to take one's stand with those free souls who
+resist the unrestrained fury of national passions. In this hideous
+struggle, with which the conflicting peoples are rending Europe, let us
+at least preserve our flag, and rally round that. We must re-create
+European opinion. That is our first duty. Among these millions who are
+only conscious of being Germans, Austrians, Frenchmen, Russians,
+English, etc., let us strive to be <i>men</i>, who, rising above the selfish
+aims of short-lived nations, do not lose sight of the interests of
+civilization as a whole&mdash;that civilization which each race mistakenly
+identifies with its own, to destroy that of the others. I wish your
+noble country,<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> which has always preserved its<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_137" id="page_137">{137}</a></span> political and moral
+independence among the great surrounding states, could become the hearth
+of this ideal Europe we believe in&mdash;the hearth round which shall gather
+all those who seek to rebuild her.</p>
+
+<p>Everywhere there are men who think thus though they are unknown one to
+another. Let us get to know them. Let us bring together each and all.
+Here I would introduce to you two important groups, one from the North
+and one from the South&mdash;the Catalonian thinkers who have formed the
+society of <i>Amis de l'Unité Morale de l'Europe</i> at Barcelona&mdash;I send you
+their fine appeal: and the <i>Union of Democratic Control</i> founded in
+London and inspired by indignation against this European war, and by the
+firm determination to render it impossible for the diplomatists and
+militarists to inaugurate another. I am having the programmes and the
+first publications sent to you. This Union, whose general Council
+contains members of Parliament, and authors like Norman Angell, Israel
+Zangwill, and Vernon Lee, has already formed twenty branches in towns in
+Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Let us try and unite permanently all such organizations, though each has
+its racial characteristics and peculiarities, for all aim at
+re-establishing the peace of Europe as best they may. With them let<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_138" id="page_138">{138}</a></span> us
+take stock of our united resources. Then we can act.</p>
+
+<p class="asterisks">* * *</p>
+
+<p>What shall we do? Try to put an end to the struggle? It is no use
+thinking of that now. The brute is loose; and the Governments have
+succeeded so well in spreading hatred and violence abroad that even if
+they wished they could not bring it back again into control. The damage
+is irreparable. It is possible that the neutral countries of Europe and
+the United States of America may decide one day to interfere, and
+endeavor to put an end to a war which, if it continued indefinitely,
+would threaten to ruin them as well as the belligerents. But I do not
+know what one must expect from this too tardy intervention.</p>
+
+<p>In any case I see another outlet for our activity. Let the war be what
+it may&mdash;we can no longer intervene; but at least we must try to make the
+scourge productive of as little evil and as much good as possible. And
+in order to do this we must get public opinion all the world over to see
+to it that the peace of the future shall be just, that the greed of the
+conqueror (whoever that may be) and the intrigues of diplomacy, do not
+make it the seed of a new war of revenge; and that the moral crimes<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_139" id="page_139">{139}</a></span>
+committed in the past are not repeated or allowed to stain yet darker
+the record of humanity. That is why I hold the first article of the
+Union of Democratic Control as a sacred principle: "No Province shall be
+transferred from one Government to another without the consent by
+plebiscite of the population of such province." We must oppose those
+odious maxims which have weighed too long on the populations they
+enslave and which quite recently Professor Lasson dared to repeat as a
+threat for the future, in his cynical Catechism of Force (<i>Das
+Kulturideal und der Krieg</i>).<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
+
+<p>And this principle must be proposed and adopted at once without any
+delay. If we waited to announce it until&mdash;the war being over&mdash;the
+congress of the Powers were assembled, we should be suspected of wishing
+to make justice serve the interest of the conquered. It is now, when the
+forces of the two sides are equal, that we must establish this
+primordial right which soars over all the armies.</p>
+
+<p>From this principle we can deduce an immediate application. Since the
+whole of Europe is disorganized<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_140" id="page_140">{140}</a></span> let us profit by it to set in order
+this untidy house! For a long time injustices have been accumulating.
+The moment of settling the general account will be an opportunity of
+rectifying them. The duty of all of us who feel for the brotherhood of
+mankind is to stand for the rights of the small nations. There are some
+in both camps: Schleswig, Alsace, Lorraine, Poland, the Baltic nations,
+Armenia, the Jewish people. At the beginning of the war Russia made some
+generous promises. We have registered them in our minds; let her not
+forget them! We are as determined about Poland, torn by the claws of
+three imperial eagles, as we are about Belgium crucified. We remember
+all. It is because our fathers, obsessed by their narrow realism and by
+selfish fears, let the rights of the people of Eastern Europe be
+violated, that today the West is shattered, and the sword hangs over the
+small nations, over you, my friends, as over the country which is
+befriending me, Switzerland. Whoever harms one of us harms all the
+others. Let us unite! Above all race questions, which are for the most
+part a mask behind which pride crouches and the interests of the
+financial or aristocratic classes dissemble, there is a law of humanity,
+eternal and universal, of which we are all the servants and<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_141" id="page_141">{141}</a></span> guardians;
+it is that of the right of a people to rule themselves. And he who
+violates shall be the enemy of all.</p>
+
+<p class="r">R. R.</p>
+
+<p><i>De Amsterdammer Weekblad voor Nederland</i>, January 24, 1915.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_142" id="page_142">{142}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="XII" id="XII"></a>XII. OUR NEIGHBOR THE ENEMY</h3>
+
+<p class="r"><i>March 15, 1915.</i></p>
+
+<p>While the war tempest rages, uprooting the strongest souls and dragging
+them along in its furious cyclone, I continue my humble pilgrimage,
+trying to discover beneath the ruins the rare hearts who have remained
+faithful to the old ideal of human fraternity. What a sad joy I have in
+collecting and helping them!</p>
+
+<p>I know that each of their efforts&mdash;like mine&mdash;that each of their words
+of love, rouses and turns against them the hostility of the two hostile
+camps. The combatants, pitted against each other, agree in hating those
+who refuse to hate. Europe is like a besieged town. Fever is raging.
+Whoever will not rave like the rest is suspected. And in these hurried
+times when justice cannot wait to study evidence, every suspect is a
+traitor. Whoever insists, in the midst of war, on defending peace among<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_143" id="page_143">{143}</a></span>
+men knows that he risks his own peace, his reputation, his friends, for
+his belief. But of what value is a belief for which no risks are run?</p>
+
+<p>Certainly it is put to the test in these days, when every day brings the
+echo of violence, injustice, and new cruelties. But was it not still
+more tried when it was entrusted to the fishermen of Judea by him whom
+humanity pretends to honor still&mdash;with its lips more than with its
+heart? The rivers of blood, the burnt towns, all the atrocities of
+thought and action, will never efface in our tortured souls the luminous
+track of the Galilean barque, nor the deep vibrations of the great
+voices which from across the centuries proclaim reason as man's true
+home. You choose to forget them, and to say (like many writers of today)
+that this war will begin a new era in the history of mankind, a reversal
+of former values, and that from it alone will future progress be dated.
+That is always the language of passion. Passion passes away. Reason
+remains&mdash;reason and love. Let us continue to search for their young
+shoots amidst the bloody ruins.</p>
+
+<p>I feel the same joy when I find the fragile and valiant flowers of human
+pity piercing the icy crust of hatred that covers Europe, as we feel in
+these chilly March days when we see the first flowers appear<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_144" id="page_144">{144}</a></span> above the
+soil. They show that the warmth of life persists below the surface of
+the earth, that fraternal love persists below the surface of the
+nations, and that soon nothing will prevent it rising again.</p>
+
+<p>I have on several occasions shown how the neutral countries have become
+the refuge of this European spirit, which seems driven from the
+belligerent countries by the armies of the pen, more savage than the
+others because they risk nothing. The efforts made in Holland or in
+Spain to save the moral unity of Europe, the burning charity and
+untiring help that Switzerland lavishes on prisoners, on wounded, on
+victims of both sides, are a great comfort to oppressed souls, who in
+every country are suffocating in the atmosphere of hatred forced on
+them, and who look for purer air. But I find still more beautiful and
+touching the signs of fraternal aid between friends and enemies in
+belligerent countries, however rare and feeble they may be.</p>
+
+<p>If there are two countries between which the present war seems specially
+to have created an abyss of hatred and misunderstanding, they are
+England and Germany. The writers and publicists of Germany, whose orders
+are to profess for France rather sympathy and compassion than
+animosity,<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_145" id="page_145">{145}</a></span> and who are even constrained to distinguish between the
+people and the Government of Russia, have vowed eternal hatred against
+England. <i>Hasse England</i> has become their <i>Delenda Carthago</i>. The most
+moderate declare that the struggle cannot be ended except by the
+destruction of the <i>Seeherrschaft</i> (naval supremacy) of Britain. And
+Great Britain is not less determined to continue the conflict until
+German militarism has been totally eradicated. Yet it is precisely
+between these two nations that the noblest bonds of mutual assistance
+for the misfortunes of the enemy have been formed and maintained.</p>
+
+<p>Two days after the declaration of war there was founded in London by the
+Archbishop of Canterbury and by well known persons, such as J.
+Allen-Baker, M.P., the Right-Hon. W. H. Dickinson, M.P., Lord and Lady
+Courtney of Penwith, the <i>Emergency Committee for the Assistance of
+Germans, Austrians, and Hungarians in Distress</i>. This work, which
+affects a large part of England, consists in paying the repatriation
+expenses of destitute civilians, of accompanying German women and girls
+on their return journey, of securing hospitality in families for poor
+Germans and finding work for them. By the end of December almost £10,000
+had<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_146" id="page_146">{146}</a></span> been spent in this way. Several sub-committees visit Prisoners'
+Camps, facilitate correspondence between the belligerent nations, or
+undertake, for Christmas, to convey to interned alien enemies more than
+20,000 parcels and 200 Christmas trees. Another English society, already
+in existence before the war, the <i>Society of Friends of Foreigners in
+Distress</i>, regularly looks after 1,800 German and Austrian families.
+Finally, the Central Bureau (London) of the International Union of Women
+Suffrage Societies has rendered great service to foreigners, paying for
+the return journey of between seven and eight thousand women.</p>
+
+<p>In Germany there has been founded at Berlin a similar Bureau for giving
+information and assistance to Germans abroad, and to foreigners in
+Germany (<i>Auskunfts-und Hilfsstelle für Deutsche im Ausland und
+Ausländer in Deutschland</i>). Amongst its members may be noted
+aristocratic names, and persons well known in the religious and academic
+world: Frau Marie von Bülow-M&#339;rlins, Helene Græfin Harrach, Nora
+Freiin von Schleinitz, Professors W. Foerster, D. Baumgarten, Paul
+Natorp, Martin Rade, Siegmund-Schultze, etc. At its head is a lady of
+deep religious feeling, Dr. Elisabeth Rotten. As will be readily
+imagined, an undertaking<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_147" id="page_147">{147}</a></span> of this kind has not failed to evoke suspicion
+and opposition in nationalist quarters. But it has emerged successful,
+and persists; and here are the terms in which it justifies its high
+mission against the ravings of German Chauvinism:</p>
+
+<p>"Since the beginning of the war we have recognized the obligation to
+interest ourselves in the welfare of foreigners stranded in Germany.
+Efforts such as ours are as unpopular in our country as in other
+countries. At a time when the whole German people is engaged in
+resisting the enemy, it seems superfluous to render to those who belong
+to foreign countries more than minimum services to which they are
+legally entitled. But it is not only the thought of our kinsmen abroad
+which urges us to this work, it is our own desire to render friendly
+service (<i>Freundendienste</i>) to those who, through no fault of their own,
+are in difficulties because of the war. Even in war time, our neighbor
+is he who is in need of our help; and love for one's enemy
+(<i>Feindesliebe</i>) remains a sign whereby those who retain their faith in
+the Lord may recognize one another....</p>
+
+<p>"We have been able to reassure German families as to the lot of their
+members in enemy countries, and in return to vouch to foreigners for the
+fact<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_148" id="page_148">{148}</a></span> that their friends in our country will be able to rely on us for
+assistance if they need it. We have been able to help as neighbors
+(<i>Naechstendienste</i>) innocent enemies, in whom we see human brothers and
+sisters. Above and beyond this practical aid, we find consolation and
+comfort in being able freely to hearken, even in such times as these, to
+the voice of humanity, and to the command 'love thy neighbor.' The
+tragedy which bursts over the earth on every side, which fills all our
+being with a religious respect for human suffering, but also stirs our
+love and self-sacrifice, enlarges our hearts and leaves no room except
+for feelings of affirmation and benevolent action.</p>
+
+<p>"Our desire to help and to alleviate suffering knows no frontiers. This
+need is all the more urgent when we find in the sufferings of others the
+traits of what we ourselves also suffer. What unites men goes deeper
+into our being than what separates them. That we can tend the wounds
+that we are constrained to deal, and that the same is the case in the
+enemy's country, gives promise of the brighter days which will come. In
+the midst of the tempest which destroys all around us so many things
+which we consider worthy of eternal existence, the possibility of such
+action strengthens<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_149" id="page_149">{149}</a></span> our courage and gives us hope that new bridges will
+be rebuilt, on which the men who now find themselves separated, will
+once more be closely united in a common effort."</p>
+
+<p>I dedicate these noble words to my friends amongst the people of France,
+who have so often, by letter or by message, declared to me their
+sympathy for such thoughts and their unchanging faith in humanity. I
+dedicate them to all in France who, even in these days, by their justice
+and goodness contribute to make their country loved, as much as she
+makes herself admired by her arms&mdash;to those who assure her of the name
+which I read with emotion on a postcard written yesterday, on his way to
+Geneva, by a badly wounded German who had been repatriated: the name of
+<i>gutes Frankreich</i>, "good France," or, as our tender-hearted old writers
+used to say, "<i>Douce</i> France."</p>
+
+<p class="r">R. R.</p>
+
+<p>I take this opportunity of recommending to my French readers the
+publication of Mme. Arthur Spitzer (Geneva): <i>Le Paquet du prisonnier de
+guerre</i>. It has contributors in Paris, and was founded in November "to
+bring comfort in their misery to such French, Belgians, and English<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_150" id="page_150">{150}</a></span>
+prisoners as cannot be assisted by their families." It begs all who wish
+to send a parcel to a relation or friend who has been taken prisoner, to
+send with it, when possible, a similar consignment for some other
+prisoner&mdash;one of their fellow countrymen without relations, friends, or
+resources. May this noble thought of solidarity be extended later, in
+more humane times, so that whoever helps a prisoner belonging to his own
+country may be willing at the same time to help an enemy prisoner!</p>
+
+<p class="r">R. R.</p>
+
+<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, March 15, 1915.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_151" id="page_151">{151}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="XIII" id="XIII"></a>XIII. A LETTER TO SVENSKA DAGBLADET OF STOCKHOLM<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></h3>
+
+<p>The European thought of tomorrow is with the armies. The furious
+intellectuals in one camp and the other who insult one another do not
+represent it at all. The voice of the peoples who will return from the
+war, after having experienced the terrible reality, will send back into
+the silence of obscurity these men who have revealed themselves as
+unworthy to be spiritual guides of the human race. Amongst those who
+thus retire more than one St. Peter will then hear the cock crow, and
+will weep saying, "Lord, I have denied thee!"</p>
+
+<p>The destinies of humanity will rise superior to those of all the
+nations. Nothing will be able to<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_152" id="page_152">{152}</a></span> prevent the reforming of the bonds
+between the thought of the hostile nations. Whatever nation should stand
+aside would commit suicide. For by means of these bonds the tide of life
+is kept in motion.</p>
+
+<p>But they have never been completely broken, even at the height of the
+war. The war has even had the sad advantage of grouping together
+throughout the universe the minds who reject national hatred. It has
+tempered their strength, it has welded their wills into a solid block.
+Those are mistaken who think that the ideals of a free human fraternity
+are at present stifled! They are but silent under the gag of military
+(and civil) dictation which reigns throughout Europe. But the gag will
+fall, and they will burst forth with explosive force. I am agonized by
+the sufferings of millions of innocent victims, sacrificed today on the
+field of battle, but I have no anxiety for the future unity of European
+society. It will be realized anew. The war of today is its baptism of
+blood.</p>
+
+<p class="r">R. R.</p>
+
+<p><i>April 10, 1915.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_153" id="page_153">{153}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="XIV" id="XIV"></a>XIV. WAR LITERATURE</h3>
+
+<p>The intellectuals on both sides have been much in evidence since the
+beginning of the war; they have, indeed, brought so much violence and
+passion to bear upon it, that it might almost be called their war!</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me, however, that attention has not been sufficiently drawn
+to the fact that, with a few exceptions, it is only the voice of the
+older generation that has been heard&mdash;the voice of Academicians, and
+Professoren, of distinguished members of the press and the universities,
+of poets of established reputations, and the doyens of literature, art,
+and science.</p>
+
+<p>As far as France is concerned, the explanation of this is simple: nearly
+all those up to the age of forty-eight who are able to bear arms are now
+acting instead of talking. In Germany the situation is rather different,
+since for various reasons,<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_154" id="page_154">{154}</a></span> which I shall not attempt to elucidate, much
+of the literary youth of the nation has remained at home, and continues
+to publish books. Even those who are at the front contrive to send
+articles and poems to the Reviews (for the passion for writing dies hard
+in Germany).</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me to be of importance to ascertain what spiritual currents
+are influencing the young intellectuals of Germany.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
+
+<p class="asterisks">* * *</p>
+
+<p>It has been pointed out that in all countries the extremest views have
+been expressed by writers who have already passed <i>el mezzo del
+cammino</i>. We shall attempt to find the reason for this at some later
+date. At present we are content again to verify this fact in the case of
+German writers. Almost all the celebrated and acknowledged poets, all
+those who were rich in years and in honor, were swept off their feet at
+the beginning of the war. And this fact is all the more curious because
+some of them had been up to that time the apostles of peace, of pity,
+and of humanitarianism. Dehmel, the enemy of war, the friend of all men,
+who said<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_155" id="page_155">{155}</a></span> that he did not know to which of the ten nationalities he owed
+his intellect, is now writing Battle Songs (<i>Schlachtenlieder</i>), and
+Songs of the Flag (<i>Fahnenlieder</i>), apostrophizing the enemy, praising
+and dealing death. (At the age of fifty-one he is learning to bear arms,
+and has enlisted against the Russians.) Gerhart Hauptmann, whom Fritz
+von Unruh calls "the poet of brotherly love," has shaken off his
+neurasthenia, and bids men "mow down the grass which drips with blood."
+Franz Wedekind is pouring out invectives against Czarism, Lissauer
+against England. Arno Holz is raving deliriously. Petzold desires to be
+in every bullet that enters an enemy's heart; whilst Richard Nordhausen
+has written an Ode to a Howitzer.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<p>At first the younger writers as well were possessed with the same
+madness for war; but, in contact with the sufferings they endured and
+inflicted, it quickly disappeared. Fritz von Unruh enlisted as a Uhlan,
+and left for the front, crying "Paris, Paris is our goal!" Since the
+Battle of the Aisne, in September, he has written "Der Lamm": "<i>Lamb of
+God, I have seen thy look of suffering. Give us peace and rest; lead us
+back to the heaven of love, and give us back<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_156" id="page_156">{156}</a></span> our dead</i>." Rudolf
+Leonhard sang of war at the beginning, and is still fighting; on
+re-reading his poems shortly afterwards, he wrote on the front page:
+"<i>These were written during the madness of the first weeks. That madness
+has spent itself, and only our strength is left. We shall again win
+control over ourselves and love one another.</i>" Poets, hitherto unknown,
+are revealed by the cry of compassion wrung from their anguished hearts.
+To Andrea Fram, who has remained at home, it is a grief that he does not
+suffer, whilst thousands of others suffer and die. "<i>All thy love, and
+all thy agony, in spite of thy ardent desire, avail not to soothe the
+last hour of a single man who is dying yonder.</i>" Upon Ludwig Marck each
+minute weighs like a nightmare:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Menschen in Not....</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Brüder dir tot....</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Krieg ist im Land....</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The poet who writes under the pseudonym of Dr. Owlglass proposed a new
+ideal for Germany, on the seventieth anniversary of the birth of
+Nietzsche (October 15th): not the superman, but at least&mdash;man. And Franz
+Werfel realizes this ideal in poems thrilling with a mournful humanity,
+which takes part in the sacrament of misery and death:<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_157" id="page_157">{157}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"<i>We are bound together not only by our common words and deeds, but
+still more by the dying glance, the last hours, the mortal anguish of
+the breaking heart. And whether you bow down before the tyrant, or gaze
+trembling into the beloved's countenance, or mark down your enemy with
+pitiless glance, think of the eye that will grow dim, of the failing
+breath, the parched lips and clenched hands, the final solitude, and the
+brow that grows moist in the last agony.... Be kind.... Tenderness is
+wisdom, kindness is reason<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>.... We are strangers all upon this
+earth, and die but to be reunited.</i>"<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p>
+
+<p>But the one German poet who has written the serenest and loftiest words,
+and preserved in the midst of this demoniacal war an attitude worthy of
+Goethe, is Hermann Hesse. He continues to live at Berne, and, sheltered
+there from the moral contagion, he has deliberately kept aloof from the
+combat. All will remember his noble article in the <i>Neue Zürcher
+Zeitung</i> of November 3rd, "<i>O Freunde, nicht diese Töne!</i>" in which he
+implored the artists and thinkers of Europe "to save what little peace"
+might yet be saved, and not to join with their pens in destroying the
+future of Europe.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_158" id="page_158">{158}</a></span> Since then he has written some beautiful poems, one
+of which, an Invocation to Peace, is inspired with deep feeling and
+classical simplicity, and will find its way to many an oppressed heart.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Jeder hat's gehabt</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Keiner hat's geschätzt.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Jeden hat der süsse Quell gelabt.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">O wie klingt der Name Friede jetzt!</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Klingt so fern und zag,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Klingt so tränenschwer,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Keiner weiss und kennt den Tag,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">Jeder sehnt ihn vol Verlangen her....</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>("Each one possessed it, but no one prized it. Like a cool spring it
+refreshed us all. What a sound the word Peace has for us now!</p>
+
+<p>"Distant it sounds, and fearful, and heavy with tears. No one knows or
+can name the day for which all sigh with such longing.")</p>
+
+<p class="asterisks">* * *</p>
+
+<p>The attitude of the younger reviews is curious: for whereas the older,
+traditional reviews (those which correspond to our <i>Revue des Deux
+Mondes</i> or our <i>Revue de Paris</i>) are more or less affected by military
+fervor&mdash;thus, for instance, the <i>Neue<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_159" id="page_159">{159}</a></span> Rundschau</i>, which printed Thomas
+Mann's notorious vagaries on Culture and Civilization (<i>Gedanken im
+Kriege</i>)&mdash;many of the younger ones affect a haughty detachment from
+actual events.</p>
+
+<p>That impassive publication, <i>Blätter für die Kunst</i>, over which broods
+the invisible personality of Stefan George, published at the end of 1914
+a volume of poems of 156 pages, which did not contain a single line
+referring to the war. A note at the end affirms that the points of view
+of the various authors have not changed on account of recent events, and
+anticipates the objection that "this is not the time for poetry," by the
+saying of Jean Paul: "No period has so much need of poetry, as the one
+which thinks it can do without it."</p>
+
+<p><i>Die Aktion</i>, a vibrating, audacious Berlin review, with an ultra-modern
+point of view, totally different from the calm impersonality of <i>Blätter
+für die Kunst</i>, stated in its issue of August 15, 1914, that it would
+not concern itself with politics, but would contain only literature and
+art. And if it finds room in its literary columns for the war poems sent
+from the field of battle by the military doctors, Wilhelm Klemm and Hans
+Kock, it is in consideration of their value as art, and not for the
+vivacity of their patriotic sentiments; for it scoffs mercilessly at
+the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_160" id="page_160">{160}</a></span> ridiculous bards of German Chauvinism, at Heinrich Vierordt, the
+author of <i>Deutschland, hasse</i>, at the criminal poets who stir up hatred
+with their false stories, and at Professor Haeckel. The dilettantism of
+this review is extreme. Its weekly issues contain translations from the
+French of André Gide, Péguy, and Léon Bloy, and reproductions of the
+works of Daumier, Delacroix, Cézanne, Matisse, and R. de la Fresnaye:
+(cubism flourishes in this Berlin review). The issue of October 24th is
+devoted to Péguy, and contains, as frontispiece, Egon Schiele's portrait
+of the man, who is honored by Franz Pfemfert, the editor, as "the purest
+and most vigorous moral force in French literature of today." Let us
+hasten to add, however, that, as is often the case on the other side of
+the Rhine, they are carried away by their zeal in deploring his death as
+of one of their countrymen, and in proclaiming themselves his heirs. But
+the pride which admires is at least superior to the pride which
+disparages.</p>
+
+<p>The most important of these young reviews is <i>Die Weissen Blätter</i>;
+important on account of the variety of questions it deals with, and the
+value and number of its contributors, as well as for the
+<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_161" id="page_161">{161}</a></span>broad-mindedness of its editor&mdash;René Schickele. An Alsatian by birth,
+he belongs to those who feel most acutely the bitterness of the present
+struggle. After an interval of three months <i>Die Weissen Blätter</i>, which
+almost corresponds to our <i>Nouvelle Revue Française</i>, reappeared in
+January last with the following declaration, akin to that of the <i>Revue
+des Nations</i>, at Berne. "<i>It seems good to us to begin the work of
+reconstruction, in the midst of the war, and to aid in preparing for the
+victory of the spirit. The community of Europe is at present apparently
+destroyed. Is it not the duty of all of us who are not bearing arms, to
+live from today onwards according to the dictates of our conscience, as
+it will be the duty of every German when once the war is over?</i>"</p>
+
+<p>By the side of these disinterested manifestoes about actual politics,
+appear lengthy historical novels (<i>Tycho Brahé</i> by Max Brod) and
+satirical comedies by Carl Sternheim, who continues to scourge the upper
+classes of German society, and the capitalists, for <i>Die Weissen
+Blätter</i> is open to all questions of the day. But in spite of the actual
+differences which must necessarily exist between a German and a French
+review, we cannot but point out the frankly hostile attitude of these
+writers to all the excesses of Chauvinism. The articles of Max<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_162" id="page_162">{162}</a></span> Scheler,
+"Europe and the War," show an impartial attitude which is entirely
+praiseworthy. The review opens its columns to the loyal Annette Kolb,
+who, as the daughter of a German father and of a French mother, suffers
+keenly in this conflict between the parts of her nature, and has lately
+raised a tempest in Dresden, where in a public lecture she had the
+courage to admit her fidelity to both sides, and to express her regret
+that Germany should fail to understand France. In the February number,
+under the title "Ganz niedrich hängen!" there appeared a violent
+repudiation of the <i>Krieg mit dem Maul</i> (the war of tongues); "<i>If
+journalists hope to inspire courage by insulting the enemy, they are
+mistaken&mdash;we refuse such stimulants. We dare to maintain our opinion,
+that the humblest volunteer of the enemy, who from an unreasoned but
+exalted sentiment of patriotism, fires upon us from an ambush, knowing
+well what he risks, is much superior to those journalists who profit by
+the public feeling of the day, and under cover of high-sounding words of
+patriotism do not fight the enemy but spit upon him.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>Of all these young writers who are striving to preserve the integrity of
+their minds against the force of national passions, the one whose
+personality has been most exalted by this tempest, the most<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_163" id="page_163">{163}</a></span> eloquent,
+courageous, and decided of all is Wilhelm Herzog. He is the editor of
+the <i>Forum</i> at Munich, and like our own Péguy, when he began to publish
+his <i>Cahiers de la Quinzaine</i>, he fills almost the whole of his review
+with his own burning articles. The enthusiastic biographer of H. von
+Kleist, he sees and judges the events of his own time with the eyes of
+that indomitable spirit. The German censor attempts in vain to silence
+him and to forbid the publication of the lectures of Spitteler and of
+Annette Kolb; his indignation and cries of vengeful irony spread even to
+us. He attacks bitterly the ninety-three intellectuals who "<i>fancy they
+are all Ajaxes because they bray the loudest</i>," those politicians of the
+school of Haeckel, who make a new division of the world, those patriotic
+bards who insult other nations; he attacks Thomas Mann mercilessly,
+scoffs at his sophistry, and defends France, the French Army,<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> and
+French civilization against him; he points out that the great men of
+Germany (Grünwald, Dürer, Bach, and Mozart amongst others) have always
+been persecuted, humiliated, and calumniated.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> In an article entitled
+"<i>Der neue Geist</i>,"<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> after having scoffed at the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_164" id="page_164">{164}</a></span> banality that has
+reappeared in the German theaters, and the literary mediocrity of
+patriotic productions, he asked where this "new spirit" may be found,
+and this gives him an opportunity to demolish Ostwald and Lasson.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Where is it to be found? In the Hochschulen? Have we not read that
+incredibly clumsy</i> (unwahrscheinlich plumpen) <i>appeal of the 99
+professors? Have we not appreciated the statements of that double
+centenarian</i> (des zweihundertjährige Mummelgreises) <i>mummy Lasson? When
+I was studying philosophy as an undergraduate at the University of
+Berlin, the theatre in which he lectured was a place of amusement</i>
+(Lachkabinett) <i>for us&mdash;nothing more. And today people take him
+seriously! English, French, and Italian papers print his senile
+babblings against Holland, as typical of the</i> Stimmung <i>of the German
+intellectuals. The wrong that these privy councillors and professors
+have done us with their Aufklärungsarbeit can hardly be measured. They
+have isolated themselves from humanity by their inability to realize the
+feelings of others.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>In opposition to these false representatives of a nation, these cultured
+gossips and political adventurers, he extols the silent ones, the great
+mass of the people of all nations who suffer in silence;<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_165" id="page_165">{165}</a></span> and he joins
+with them in "the invisible community of sorrow."</p>
+
+<p>"<i>One who is suffering and knows that his sorrow is shared by millions
+of other beings, will bear it calmly; he will accept it willingly even,
+because he knows that he is enriched thereby, made stronger, more
+tender, more humane.</i>"<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p>
+
+<p>And he quotes the words of old Meister Eckehart: "<i>Suffering is the
+fastest steed that will bear you to perfection.</i>"</p>
+
+<p class="asterisks">* * *</p>
+
+<p>At the close of this summary review of the young writers of the war, a
+place must be found for those whom the war has crushed&mdash;they counted
+amongst the best. Ernst Stadler was an enthusiastic admirer of French
+art and of the French spirit. He translated Francis Jammes, and on the
+eve of his death, in November, he was writing to Stefan Zweig from the
+trenches about the poems of Verlaine, which he was translating. The
+unfortunate George Trakl, the poet of melancholy, was made lieutenant of
+a sanitary column in Galicia, and the sight of so much<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_166" id="page_166">{166}</a></span> suffering drove
+him to despair and death. And there are many hidden tragedies, still
+unrevealed. When they are made known, humanity will tremble in
+contemplating its handiwork.</p>
+
+<p>I reflected, as doubtless many of my French readers have also done, in
+reading through these German writings inspired by the war&mdash;writings
+through which from time to time there passes a mighty breath of revolt
+and sorrow&mdash;that our young writers are not writing "literature." Instead
+of books they give us deeds, and their letters. And in re-reading some
+of their letters I thought that ours had chosen the better part. It is
+not for me now to point out the position that this heroic correspondence
+will occupy, not only in our history but also in our literature. Into it
+the flower of our youth has put all its life, its faith and its genius:
+and for some of those letters I would give many of the finest lines of
+the noblest poems. Whatever be the result of this war, and the opinion
+as to its value later, it will be recognized that France has written on
+paper, mud-stained and often blotted with blood, some of its sublimest
+pages. Assuredly this war touches us more nearly than it does our
+adversaries, for who of us would have the heart to write a play or a
+novel whilst his country is in danger and his brothers dying?<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_167" id="page_167">{167}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But I will make no comparisons between the two nations. For the present
+the essential thing is to show that even in Germany there are certain
+finer minds who are fighting against the spirit which we hate&mdash;the
+spirit of grasping imperialism and inhuman pride, of military caste and
+the megalomania of pedants. They are but a minority&mdash;we have no
+illusions about that&mdash;and we ought to redouble our efforts on that
+account to vanquish the common enemy. Why then should we trouble to make
+these generous but feeble voices heard? Because their merit is the
+greater for being so little heeded; because it is the duty of those who
+are fighting for justice to render justice in their turn to all those
+men, even when they dwell in a country in which the state represents the
+violation of right by <i>Faustrecht</i>, who are defending with us the spirit
+of liberty.</p>
+
+<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, April 19, 1915.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_168" id="page_168">{168}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="XV" id="XV"></a>XV. THE MURDER OF THE ÉLITE</h3>
+
+<p>The phrase is not new-coined today;<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> but the fact is. Never in any
+period, have we seen humanity throwing into the bloody arena all its
+intellectual and moral reserves, its priests, its thinkers, its
+scholars, its artists, the whole future of the spirit&mdash;wasting its
+geniuses as food for cannon.</p>
+
+<p>A great thing, doubtless, when the struggle is great, when a people
+fights for an eternal cause, the fervor of which fires the whole nation,
+from the smallest to the greatest; when it fuses all the egoisms,
+purifies desire, and out of many souls makes one unanimous soul. But if
+the cause be suspect or if it is tainted (as we judge that of our
+adversaries to be), what will be the situation of a<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_169" id="page_169">{169}</a></span> moral élite which
+has preserved the sad and lofty privilege of perceiving at least a part
+of the truth, and which must nevertheless fight and die and kill for a
+faith which it doubts?</p>
+
+<p>Those passionate natures that are intoxicated by fighting or are
+voluntarily blinded by the necessities of action are not troubled by
+these questions. For them the enemy is a single mass; nothing else
+exists for them but this, for they have to break it; it is their
+function and their duty. And to each his special duty. But if minorities
+do not exist for such men, they do exist for us who, since we are not
+fighting, have the liberty and the duty to see every aspect of the
+case&mdash;we who form part of the eternal minority, the minority which has
+been, is, and always will be eternally oppressed. It is for us to hear
+and to proclaim these moral sufferings! Plenty of others repeat or
+invent the jubilant echoes of the struggle. May other voices be raised
+to give the tragic accents of the fight and its sacred horror!</p>
+
+<p>I shall take my examples from the enemy camp, for several reasons:
+because the German cause being from the first tainted with injustice,
+the sufferings of the few who are just, and the still fewer who have
+spiritual perceptions are greater there than elsewhere; because these
+evidences appear openly<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_170" id="page_170">{170}</a></span> in publications whose boldness the German
+censorship has not perceived; because I bow with respect to the heroic
+discipline of silence which France in fighting imposes on her
+sufferings. (Would to God that this silence were not broken by those
+who, trying to deny these sufferings, profane the grandeur of the
+sacrifice by the revolting levity of their silly jests in newspapers
+which are without either gravity or dignity.)</p>
+
+<p class="asterisks">* * *</p>
+
+<p>I have shown in the last chapter that a part of the intellectual youth
+of Germany was far from sharing the war-madness of its elders. I cited
+certain energetic reproofs delivered by these young writers to the
+theorists of imperialism. And these writers are not, as one might think
+from an article in the <i>Temps</i> (though I gladly pay a tribute to its
+honesty), merely a small group as narrow as that of our symbolists. They
+count among them writers who appeal to a large public and who do not set
+out in any way (except for the group of Stefan George) to write for a
+<i>select few</i>&mdash;they wish to write for all. I stated, too, that the
+boldest review of all, Wilhelm Herzog's <i>Forum</i>, was read in the German
+trenches and received approbation thence.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_171" id="page_171">{171}</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But what is more astonishing, this spirit of criticism has possessed
+some of the combatants and even made its appearance among German
+officers. In the November-December number of the <i>Friedens-Warte</i>,
+published in Berlin, Vienna, and Leipzig, by Dr. Alfred H. Fried, there
+occurs "An appeal to the Germanic peoples," addressed, at the end of
+October, by Baron Marschall von Biberstein, Landrat of Prussia and
+captain in the 1st Foot Guards reserve. This article was written in a
+trench north of Arras, where on the 11th of November, Biberstein was
+killed. He expresses unreservedly his horror of the war and his ardent
+desire that it may be the last: "<i>That is the conviction of those at the
+front who are witnesses of the unspeakable horrors of modern warfare.</i>"
+Even more praiseworthy is Biberstein's frankness when he decides to
+begin a confession and a <i>mea culpa</i> for the sins of Germany. "<i>The war
+has opened my eyes</i>," he says, "<i>to our terrible unlovableness
+(Unbeliebtheit). Everything has its cause; we must have given cause for
+this hatred; and even in part have justified it.... Let us hope that it
+will not be the least of the advantages of this war that Germany will
+turn round on herself, will search out and recognize her faults and
+correct them.</i>" Unfortunately even this article is spoiled<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_172" id="page_172">{172}</a></span> by Germanic
+pride which, desiring a world peace, sets out to impose it on the world.
+Herein it recalls in some respects the bellicose pacifism of the too
+celebrated Ostwald.</p>
+
+<p>But another officer (of whom I spoke in my last chapter) the poet Fritz
+von Unruh, first Lieutenant of Uhlans on the western front, has written
+dramatic scenes in verse and prose. These have appeared recently under
+the title <i>Before the Decision (Vor der Entscheidung)</i>. It is a dramatic
+poem in which the author has noted his own impressions and his moral
+transformations. The hero, who like himself, is an officer of Uhlans,
+passes through various centers of the war and remains everywhere a
+stranger; his soul is detached from murderous passions, he sees the
+abominable reality until his sufferings from it amount to agony. The two
+scenes reproduced by the <i>Neue Zürcher Zeitung</i> show us a muddy and
+bloodstained trench, where German soldiers, like beasts in a
+slaughter-house, die or await death with bitter words&mdash;and officers
+getting drunk on champagne around a 42mm. mortar, laughing and getting
+excited till they fall beneath the weight of sleep and fatigue.</p>
+
+<p>From the first scene I take these terrible words of one of those who
+wait in the trenches under fire<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_173" id="page_173">{173}</a></span> of the machine guns, a
+<i>Dreissigjæhriger</i> (man of thirty).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>In my village they are laughing&mdash;they drink to each victory. They
+slaughter us like butcher's cattle&mdash;and they say "It's war!" When
+it is over, they are no fools, they will feast us for three years.
+But the first cripple won't be grey headed before they will laugh
+at his white hairs.</p></div>
+
+<p>And the Uhlan, possessed by horror in the midst of the massacre, falls
+on his knees and prays:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Thou who gavest life and takest it&mdash;how shall I recognize Thee? (In
+these trenches strewn with mutilated bodies) I find Thee not. Does
+the piercing cry of these thousands suffocated in the terrible
+embrace of Death reach not up to Thee? Or is it lost in frozen
+space? For whom does Thy Springtime blossom? For whom is the
+splendor of Thy suns? For whom, O God? I ask it of thee in the name
+of all those whose mouths are closed by courage and by fear in face
+of the horror of Thy darkness: What heat is left within me? What
+light of truth? Can this massacre be Thy will? Is it indeed Thy
+will?</p>
+
+<p class="c">(<i>He loses consciousness and falls.</i>)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A pain less lyrical, less ecstatic, more simple, more reflective, and
+nearer to ourselves marks the sequence of <i>Feldpostbriefe</i> of Dr. Albert
+Klein, teacher in the Oberrealschule at Giessen and Lieutenant of the
+Landwehr, killed on the 12th of February<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_174" id="page_174">{174}</a></span> in Champagne.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> Passing over
+what are, perhaps, the most striking pages from the point of view of
+artistic quality and power of thought, I will only give two extracts
+from these letters which are likely to be of special interest to French
+readers.</p>
+
+<p>The first describes for us with an unusual frankness the moral condition
+of the German army:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Brave, without care for his own life! Who is there among us that is
+that? We all know too well our own worth and our own possibilities;
+we are in the flower of our age: force is in our arms and in our
+souls; and as no one willingly dies, no one is brave (<i>tapfer</i>) in
+the usual sense of the word: or at least such are very rare. It is
+just because bravery is so rare in life, it is just for that that
+we expend so much religion, poetry, and thought (and this begins
+already at school), in celebrating as the highest fate death for
+one's fatherland, until it attains its climax in the false heroism
+which makes such a sensation about us in newspapers and speeches
+and which is so cheap&mdash;and also in the true heroism of a small
+number who do risk themselves and lead on the others.... We do our
+duty, we do what we <i>ought</i>; but it is a passive virtue.... When I
+read in the papers the scribblings of those who have a bad
+conscience because they are safely in the rear&mdash;when I read this
+talk which makes every soldier into a hero, I feel hurt. Heroism
+is<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_175" id="page_175">{175}</a></span> a rare growth, and you cannot build on it a citizen army. To
+keep such an army together the men must respect their superiors,
+and even fear them more than the enemy. And the superiors must be
+conscientious, do their duty well, know their business thoroughly,
+decide rapidly, and have control of their nerves. When we read the
+praises which those behind the line write of us, we blush. Thank
+God, old-fashioned, robust shame is not dead in us.... Ah! my dear
+friends, those who are here don't speak so complacently of death,
+of disease, of sacrifice, and of victory as do those who behind the
+line ring the bells, make speeches, and write newspapers. The men
+here accustom themselves as best they may to the bitter necessity
+of suffering and of death if fate wills; but they know and see that
+many noble sacrifices, innumerable, innumerable sacrifices have
+already been made, and that already for a long while we shall have
+had more than enough of destruction on our side as well as the
+other. It is precisely when one has to look suffering in the face
+as I have that a tie begins to be formed that unites one to those
+over there, on the other side (and one that unites you too with
+them, my friends! Yes, surely you feel it too, don't you?) If I
+come back from here (which I scarcely hope for any more) my dearest
+duty will be to soak myself in the study and the thoughts of those
+who have been our enemies. I wish to reconstruct my nature on a
+wider basis.... And I believe that it will be easier after this war
+than after any other to be a human being.</p></div>
+
+<p>The second fragment is the account of a touching encounter with a French
+prisoner:<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_176" id="page_176">{176}</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Yesterday evening I was strangely touched. I happened to see a
+convoy of prisoners and I talked to one of them, a colleague of
+mine, Professor of classical philology in the college of F&mdash;&mdash;.
+Such an open-minded, intelligent man, and with such a fine military
+bearing, like all his fellows, although they had just been through
+a terrible experience of machine-gun fire.... It was a proof to me
+of the senselessness of the war. I thought how much one would have
+liked to be the friend of these men, who are so near us in their
+education, their mode of life, the circle of their thought and
+their interest. We started talking about a book on Rousseau and we
+began to dispute like old philologists.... How much we are alike in
+force and worth! And how little truth there is in what our papers
+tell us of the shaken and exhausted conditions of the French
+troops! As true, or rather as untrue, as what the French newspapers
+write about us.... My French colleague showed in his remarks such a
+balanced mind and such understanding and admiration of German
+thought! To think that we were made so clearly to be friends and
+that we had to be separated! I was altogether overcome, and sat
+down crushed by it. I thought and thought and could not escape my
+mood by any sophistry. No end, no end to war, which for nearly six
+months now has swallowed in its gulf men, fortunes, and happiness!
+And this feeling is the same with us as with the other side. It is
+always the same picture: we do the same thing, we suffer the same
+thing, we are the same thing. And it is precisely for this reason
+that we are so bitterly at enmity....</p></div>
+
+<p>The same accent of troubled anguish, together<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_177" id="page_177">{177}</a></span> with a despair which at
+moments nearly reaches to madness, and at others breathes a religious
+fervor, are seen in the letters of a German soldier to a teacher in
+German Switzerland. (We have known of these at the Prisoners' Agency for
+three or four months and they were published in <i>Foi et Vie</i> of April
+15th.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> They have been passed over in silence, so we shall persist in
+calling attention to them, for they thoroughly deserve it). In these
+letters, which cover from the second fortnight of August to the end of
+December, we see from the 25th of August onwards the evidence of a
+desire for peace among the German soldiers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>We all, even those who were hottest for the fight at the beginning,
+want nothing now but peace, our officers just as much as
+ourselves.... Convinced as we are of the necessity to conquer,
+warlike enthusiasm does not exist among us; we fulfil our duty, but
+the sacrifice is hard. We suffer in our souls.... I cannot tell you
+the sufferings I endure....</p>
+
+<p>September 20th. A friend writes to me: "On the 20th to 25th of
+August I took part in big battles; since then I suffer morally even
+to complete exhaustion, both physical and spiritual. My soul finds
+no repose.... This war will show us how much of the beast still
+survives in man,<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_178" id="page_178">{178}</a></span> and this revelation will cause us to make a great
+step out of animalism: if not, it is all up with us!"</p>
+
+<p>November 28th. (<i>A splendid passage where one almost hears the
+voice of Tolstoi.</i>) What are all the torments of war compared to
+the thoughts that obsess us night and day? When I am on some hill
+from which my view commands the plain, this is the idea which
+ceaselessly tortures me: down there in the valley the war rages;
+those brown lines which furrow the landscape are full of men who
+are facing one another as enemies. And up there on the hill
+opposite you there is, perhaps, a man who, like you, is
+contemplating the woods and the blue sky and perhaps ruminating the
+same thoughts as you, his enemy! This continual proximity might
+make one mad! And one is tempted to envy one's comrades who can
+kill time in sleeping and playing cards.</p>
+
+<p>December 17th. The desire for peace is intense in every one; at
+least, in all those who are at the front and who are obliged to
+assassinate and be assassinated. The newspapers say that it's
+hardly possible to restrain the warlike ardor of the fighters....
+They lie&mdash;consciously or unconsciously. Our chaplains in their
+sermons dispute the legend that our military ardor is
+slackening.... You can hardly believe how such tittle-tattle annoys
+us. Let them be silent, and let them not talk about things of which
+they can know nothing! Or better still, let them come not as
+almoners who keep to the rear, but into the firing-line, rifle in
+hand! Perhaps then they will get to know of the inner changes which
+take place in so many of us. According to these chaplains, any one
+who is without warlike<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_179" id="page_179">{179}</a></span> enthusiasm is not a man such as our age
+demands. To me it seems that we are greater heroes than the others,
+we, who without being upheld by warlike enthusiasm, accomplish
+faithfully our duty, while hating war with our whole souls.... They
+talk of a holy war ... I know of no holy war. I only know of one
+war which is the sum of all that is inhuman, impious, and bestial
+in man; it is God's chastisement and a call to repentance for the
+people that throws itself into war or lets itself be drawn into it.
+God sends men through this hell so that they may learn to love
+heaven. For the German people this war seems to me to be a
+punishment and a call to repentance,&mdash;and most of all for our
+German Church. I have friends who suffer at the idea of being
+unable to do anything for the fatherland. Let them stay at home
+with a calm conscience! All depends on their peaceful work. But let
+the war enthusiasts come! Perhaps they will learn to keep silent.</p></div>
+
+<p class="asterisks">* * *</p>
+
+<p>"Why publish these pages?" I shall be asked by some people in France.
+"What good is it, when once war is let loose, to arouse pity for our
+adversaries, at the risk of blunting the ardor of the combatants?"&mdash;I
+answer, because it is the truth, and because the truth substantiates our
+judgment, the judgment of the whole world against the German leaders and
+their policy. What their armies have done we know; but that they were
+able to do it<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_180" id="page_180">{180}</a></span> containing as they did such elements as those whose
+confessions we have just heard, incriminates still more deeply their
+masters. From the depths of the battlefield, these voices of a
+sacrificed minority rise up as a vengeful condemnation of the
+oppressors. To the accusations drawn up against predatory Empires and
+their inhuman pride, in the name of violated right, of outraged humanity
+by the victim peoples and by the combatants, is added the cry of pain of
+the nobler souls of their own people whom the bad shepherds who let
+loose this war have led and constrained into murder and madness. To
+sacrifice one's body is not the worst suffering, but also to sacrifice,
+to deny, to kill one's own soul!&mdash;You who die at least for a just cause,
+and who, full of sap and loaded with faith, fall like ripe fruit, how
+sweet is your lot beside this torture! But we shall so act that these
+sufferings shall not be vain.</p>
+
+<p>Let the conscience of humanity hear and accept their complaint! It will
+resound in the future above the glory of battles; and whether she wills
+or no, History will place it on her register. History will do justice
+between the hangmen and their peoples. And the peoples will learn how to
+deliver themselves from their hangmen.</p>
+
+<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, June 14, 1915.<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_181" id="page_181">{181}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="XVI" id="XVI"></a>XVI. JAURÈS</h3>
+
+<p>Battles are being fought under our eyes in which thousands of men are
+dying, yet the sacrifice of their lives does not always influence the
+issue of the combat. In other cases the death of a single man may be a
+great battle lost for the whole of humanity. The murder of Jaurès was
+such a disaster.</p>
+
+<p>Whole centuries were needed to produce such a life; rich civilizations
+of North and South, of past and present, spread out on the good soil of
+France, matured beneath our Western skies. The mysterious chance which
+combines elements and forces will not easily produce a noble spirit like
+his a second time.</p>
+
+<p>Jaurès is a type, almost unique in modern times, of the great political
+orator who is also a great thinker, and who combines vast culture with
+penetrating observation, and moral grandeur with energetic activity. We
+must go back to antiquity to find<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_182" id="page_182">{182}</a></span> one who, like him, could stir the
+crowd and give pleasure to the few; pour out his overflowing genius not
+only in his speeches and social treatises, but also in his philosophical
+and historical works;<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> and leave on all things the impress of his
+personality, the furrow of his robust labor, the seeds of his
+progressive mind. I have listened to him often in the Chamber, at
+socialist congresses, at meetings held on behalf of oppressed nations;
+he even did me the honor of presenting my <i>Danton</i> to the people of
+Paris. Again I see his full face, calm and happy like that of a kindly,
+bearded ogre; his small eyes, bright and smiling; eyes as quick to
+follow the flight of ideas as to observe human nature. I see him pacing
+up and down the platform, walking with heavy steps like a bear, his arms
+crossed behind his back, and turning sharply to hurl at the crowd, in
+his monotonous, metallic voice, words like the call of a trumpet, which
+reached the farthest seats in the vast amphitheatre, and went straight
+to the heart,<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_183" id="page_183">{183}</a></span> making the soul of the whole multitude leap in one united
+emotion. What beauty there was in the sight of these proletarian masses
+stirred by the visions which Jaurès evoked from distant horizons,
+imbibing the thought of Greece through the voice of their tribune!</p>
+
+<p>Of all this man's gifts the most fundamental was to be essentially a
+<i>man</i>&mdash;not the man of a single profession, or class, or party, or
+idea&mdash;but a complete, harmonious, and free man. His all-comprehensive
+nature could be the slave of nothing. The highest manifestations of life
+flowed together and met in him. His intelligence demanded unity,<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> his
+heart was full of a passion for liberty,<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> and this twofold instinct
+protected him alike from party despotism and anarchy. His spirit sought
+to encompass all things, not in order to do violence to them, but to
+bring them into harmony. Above all, he had the power of seeing the
+<i>human</i> element in<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_184" id="page_184">{184}</a></span> all things, and this universal sympathy was equally
+averse to narrow negation and fanatical affirmation. All intolerance
+inspired him with horror.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
+
+<p>He had put himself at the head of a great revolutionary party, but it
+was with the desire "of saving the great work of democratic revolution
+from the sickening and brutal odor of blood, murder, and hatred which
+still clings to the memory of the middle-class Revolution." In his own
+name, and in the name of his party, he demanded "with regard to all
+doctrines, respect for the human personality and for the spirit which is
+manifested in each." The mere feeling of the moral antagonism which
+exists between man and man, even when there is no open conflict, the
+sense of the invisible barriers which render human brotherhood
+impossible, was painful to him. He could not read those words of
+Cardinal Newman in which he speaks of the gulf of damnation, which, even
+in this life, is fixed between men, without having "a sort of
+nightmare.... He saw the abyss ready to gape beneath the feet of fragile
+and unhappy human beings who think themselves<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_185" id="page_185">{185}</a></span> bound together by a
+community of sympathy and suffering"&mdash;the sadness of this thought
+obsessed him.</p>
+
+<p>To fill in this abyss of misunderstanding was his life-work. Herein lay
+the originality of his standpoint, that although he was the spokesman of
+the most advanced parties, he became the continual mediator between
+conflicting ideas. He sought to unite them all in the service of
+progress and of the common good. In philosophy he united idealism and
+realism&mdash;in history, the past and the present&mdash;in politics, the love of
+his own country and a respect for other countries.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> He refrained from
+denouncing that which has been, in the name of that which is to be, as
+many so-called free-thinkers have done; and far from condemning, he
+upheld the theories of all those who had been fighters in past
+centuries, to whatever party they might have belonged. "We reverence the
+past," he said. "Not in vain have blazed the hearths of all the
+generations of mankind&mdash;but it is we who are advancing, who<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_186" id="page_186">{186}</a></span> are
+fighting for a new ideal, it is we who are the true inheritors of the
+hearth of our ancestors. We have taken the flame thereof, you have
+preserved only the ashes." (January, 1909.) In his Introduction to
+<i>l'Histoire socialiste de la Révolution</i>, in which he attempts to
+reconcile Plutarch, Michelet, and Karl Marx, he writes: "We hail with
+equal respect all men of heroic will. History, even when conceived as a
+study of economic forms, will never dispense with individual valor and
+nobility. The moral level of society tomorrow will be determined by the
+standard of morality of conscience today. So that, to offer the examples
+of all the heroic fighters who for the past century have been inspired
+by an ideal and held death in sublime contempt, is to do revolutionary
+work." In everything he touches he achieves a generous synthesis of
+life; he imposes his grand panoramic conception of the universe, the
+sense of the manifold and moving unity of all things. This admirable
+equilibrium of countless elements presupposes in the man who achieves it
+magnificent health of body and of mind, a mastery of his whole being.
+And Jaurès possessed this mastery, and because of it he was the pilot of
+European democracy.</p>
+
+<p>How clear and far reaching was his foresight! In years to come, when the
+record of the war of<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_187" id="page_187">{187}</a></span> today is set down, he will appear therein as a
+terrible witness. Was there anything he did not foresee? One needs only
+to read through his speeches during the last ten years.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> It is yet
+too early, in the midst of the conflict, to quote freely his predictions
+concerning the coming retribution. Let us recall only his agonized
+presentiment, ever since the year 1905, of the monstrous war which was
+imminent;<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> his consciousness "of the antagonism, now muffled, now
+acute, but always profound and terrible, between Germany and England"
+(November 18, 1909);<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> his denunciation of the secret dealings of
+European finance and diplomacy, dealings which are encouraged by the
+"torpor of public spirit"; his cry of alarm at "the sensational lies of
+the press, actuated by the rotten system of capitalism, sowing panic and
+hatred, and playing cynically with the lives of millions of men, through
+mere financial considerations or delirious pride"; his contemptuous
+words for those whom he calls "the jockeys of his country";<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_188" id="page_188">{188}</a></span> his clear
+perception of all responsibilities;<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> his foreknowledge of the
+domesticated attitude which would be adopted in case of war by the
+Social-democratic party of Germany, to whom he showed, as in a mirror
+(at the Amsterdam Congress in 1904) their haughty weakness, their lack
+of revolutionary tradition, their want of parliamentary strength, their
+"formidable powerlessness";<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> of the attitude which certain leaders of
+French Socialism, too, and amongst others Jules Guesde, would maintain
+in the conflict between the great States of Europe;<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> and, looking
+even beyond the war, his premonition of the consequences, near and
+remote, national and international, of this conflict of nations.</p>
+
+<p>How would he have acted had he lived? The proletariat of Europe looked
+to him for guidance, and had faith in him&mdash;Camille Huysmans has said so
+in the speech delivered at his grave in the name of the Workers'
+International.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> There can be no doubt that when he had fought against
+the war<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_189" id="page_189">{189}</a></span> until all hope of preventing it was gone, he would have yielded
+loyally to the common duty of national defense and taken part in it with
+all his might. He had announced this point of view at the Congress in
+Stuttgart, in 1907, in full agreement therein with Vandervelde and
+Bebel: "If, whatever the circumstances, a nation were to refuse from the
+outset to defend itself, it would be entirely at the mercy of the
+Governments of violence, barbarism, and reaction.... A unity of mankind
+which was the result of the absorption of conquered nations by one
+dominating nation would be a unity realized in slavery." On his return
+to Paris, in giving an account of the Congress to French Socialists
+(September 7, 1907, at the Tivoli Vaux-Hall), he impressed upon them
+their double duty&mdash;war against war, so long as it is only a menace upon
+the horizon, and in the hour of danger war in defense of national
+independence. For this great European was also a great Frenchman.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>
+Yet it is certain, too, that the<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_190" id="page_190">{190}</a></span> firm accomplishment of his patriotic
+duty would not have prevented him from maintaining his human ideals, and
+watching with untiring eyes for every opportunity of reconstructing the
+shattered unity. Certainly he would not have allowed the vessel of
+socialism to drift, as his feeble successors have done.</p>
+
+<p class="asterisks">* * *</p>
+
+<p>He has passed from us. But the reflection of his luminous genius, his
+kindness in the bitter struggle, his indestructible optimism even in the
+midst of disaster, shine above the carnage of Europe, over which the
+dusk is gathering, like the splendor of the setting sun.</p>
+
+<p>There is one page which he wrote, which cannot be read without
+emotion&mdash;an immortal page in which he represents the noble Herakles,
+resting after his labors on the maternal earth:</p>
+
+<p>"There are hours," he says, "when in feeling the earth beneath our feet,
+we experience a joy deep<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_191" id="page_191">{191}</a></span> and tranquil as the earth herself. How often
+on my journey along footpaths and across fields I have realized suddenly
+that it was indeed the earth on which I trod, that I belonged to her, as
+she belonged to me! Then without thinking I went more slowly, because it
+was not worth while to hasten across her surface, because I was
+conscious of her and possessed her at each step I took, and my soul was
+moving within her depths. How many times at the fall of day, as I lay by
+the side of a ditch, my eyes turned towards the faint blue of the
+eastern sky, I have suddenly realized that the earth was speeding on her
+journey hastening from the fatigues of the day and the limited horizons
+which the sun illumines, and rushing with prodigious force towards the
+serenity of night and unlimited horizons, and bearing me with her. I
+felt in my body as in my soul, and in the earth herself as in my body,
+the thrill of this journey, and a strange sweetness in those blue spaces
+which opened out before us, without a shock, without a fold, without a
+murmur. Oh! how much deeper and more intense is this kinship of our
+flesh with the earth, than the vague and wandering kinship of our eyes
+with the starry heavens. How much less beautiful the night with its
+stars would be<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_192" id="page_192">{192}</a></span> to us, did we not feel ourselves at the same time bound
+to the earth."</p>
+
+<p>He has returned to the earth&mdash;that earth which belonged to him, that
+earth to which he belonged. They have again taken possession of each
+other, and his spirit is even now warming and humanizing her. Beneath
+the torrents of blood shed upon his tomb the new life and the peace of
+tomorrow are already springing. It was a favorite and often repeated
+thought of Jaurès, as of Heraclitus of old, that nothing can interrupt
+the flow of things, that "peace is only a form or aspect of war, war
+only a form or aspect of peace, and what is conflict today is the
+beginning of the reconciliation of tomorrow."</p>
+
+<p class="r">R. R.</p>
+
+<p><i>Journal de Genève</i>, August 2, 1915.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_193" id="page_193">{193}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="NOTES" id="NOTES"></a>NOTES</h3>
+
+<p class="c"><span class="smcap">To <a href="#page_019">Page 19</a> ("Letter To Gerhart Hauptmann")</span></p>
+
+<p>The letter to Gerhart Hauptmann, written after the destruction of
+Louvain, and in the stress of the emotion aroused by the first news, was
+provoked by a high-sounding article of Hauptmann which appeared a few
+days previously. In that letter he rebutted the accusation of barbarism
+hurled against Germany, and returned it ... against Belgium. The article
+ended as follows:</p>
+
+<p>" ... I assure M. Maeterlinck that no one in Germany thinks of imitating
+the act of his 'civilized nation.' We prefer to be and to remain the
+German barbarians for whom the women and the children of our enemies are
+sacred. I can assure him that we never thoughtlessly massacre and make
+martyrs of Belgian women and children. Our witnesses are on our
+frontiers; the socialist beside the bourgeois, the peasant beside the
+savant, and the prince beside the workman: and all fight with a full
+realization of the object, for a noble and rich national treasure, for
+internal and external goods which aid the progress and the ascent of
+humanity."</p>
+
+<p class="c"><span class="smcap">To <a href="#page_041">Page 41</a> ("Above The Battle")</span></p>
+
+<p>My enemies have not failed to make use of this passage to attribute to
+me sentiments of contempt with regard to the peoples of Asia and Africa.
+This charge is all the less<span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_194" id="page_194">{194}</a></span> justified in that I have precious
+friendships amongst the intellectuals of Asia, with whom I have remained
+in correspondence during this war. These friends have been so little
+misled as to my real thought that one of them, a leading Hindu writer,
+Ananda Coomaraswamy, has dedicated to me an admirable essay which
+appeared in the <i>New Age</i> (December 1914), entitled "A World Policy for
+India," but&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>1. Asiatic troops, recruited amongst races of professional warriors, in
+no way represent the thought of Asia, as Coomaraswamy agrees.</p>
+
+<p>2. The heroism of the troops of Africa and Asia is not under discussion.
+There was no need for the hecatombs, which have been made during the
+past year, to evoke admiration for their splendid devotion.</p>
+
+<p>3. As regards barbarism, I am glad to confess that now the "white-skins"
+can no longer reproach "skins, black, red, or yellow" in this respect.</p>
+
+<p>4. It is not the latter but the former whom I blame. I denounce today
+once more with as much vigor as fourteen months ago, the short-sighted
+policy which has introduced Africa and Asia<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> into the quarrels of
+Europe. The future will justify my indictment.</p>
+
+<p class="r">R. R.</p>
+
+<p class="smcap c ov">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenumber"><a name="page_195" id="page_195">{195}</a></span></p>
+
+<h3><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h3>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Abattoir of Ypres and Dixmude, the, <a href="#page_103">103</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Absurdity, a ferocious, <a href="#page_047">47</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Academicians and Professoren, the voice of, <a href="#page_153">153</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Academy of moral science, the, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Address to the Civilized Nations, <a href="#page_060">60</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ador, M. Gustave, <a href="#page_083">83</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Adversary, A Frenchman does not judge his, unheard, <a href="#page_017">17</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre</i>, <a href="#page_083">83</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ajax, the madness of, <a href="#page_078">78</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Albert, King, <a href="#page_093">93</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Allies, the, <a href="#page_073">73</a>, <a href="#page_098">98</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Allophyles, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Angell, Norman, <a href="#page_137">137</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Apostles, rival, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Architecture like Rheims, a piece of, <a href="#page_024">24</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="#page_012">12</a>, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Arguments, furious, <a href="#page_119">119</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Armies of the Marne and Meuse, <a href="#page_040">40</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Art, <a href="#page_016">16</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Aryan race, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Asia and Africa, forces of, <a href="#page_099">99</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">ethnological signification of the terms of, <a href="#page_194">194</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Atrocities committed in Flanders, <a href="#page_025">25</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Russia, <a href="#page_070">70</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Attila, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Auskunfts- und Hilfsstelle für Deutsche im Ausland und Ausländer in Deutschland</i>, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Austerlitz, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Austria, <a href="#page_050">50</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Authors of these wars, criminal, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Babut, C. E., <a href="#page_076">76</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bach, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Baker, M. P., J. Allen-, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Banking and war, the justification of, <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Baptism of blood, <a href="#page_152">152</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Barbarians from the poles and those from the equator, <a href="#page_041">41</a>, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Barrès, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Baumgarten, D., <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bebel, <a href="#page_189">189</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bees of Holy Writ, the, <a href="#page_091">91</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Beethoven, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Behring, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Belgium, the neutrality of noble, <a href="#page_020">20</a>, <a href="#page_087">87</a>, <a href="#page_093">93</a>, <a href="#page_094">94</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bennett, E. K., <a href="#page_012">12</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bergson, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bishops, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bismarck, Prince, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Blind loyalty, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bloody soil, <a href="#page_018">18</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bonfire, stirring up the, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Books of every kind and of every color, <a href="#page_077">77</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Boris Godunov, <a href="#page_059">59</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Brotherhood, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Brueghel, the stumbling blind men of, <a href="#page_030">30</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bucher, Dr., of Strasbourg, <a href="#page_104">104</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Bull in the arena, a, <a href="#page_028">28</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cæsar, <a href="#page_121">121</a>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Cambridge Magazine, The</i>, <a href="#page_011">11</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cardinals, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Caste, a military and feudal, <a href="#page_050">50</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Catalonia, the thinkers of, <a href="#page_122">122</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Catechism of Force, <a href="#page_139">139</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Censor, the German, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Central Bureau, the, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chamberlain, H. S., <a href="#page_028">28</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Chauvinism, <a href="#page_038">38</a>, <a href="#page_147">147</a>, <a href="#page_160">160</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Christianity and socialism, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Christians of today, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cingalese, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>City of God, <a href="#page_054">54</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Civilization, the common trunk of our, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Civil war, a, <a href="#page_123">123</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Combatants, compassion and kindness between the, <a href="#page_101">101</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Combats, strange, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Comparisons between the two nations, <a href="#page_167">167</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Congress in Stuttgart in 1907, the, <a href="#page_189">189</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Contagion, can we not resist this, <a href="#page_047">47</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Coomaraswamy, Ananda, <a href="#page_194">194</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cornélienne, <a href="#page_100">100</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Correvon, Rev. Ch., <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cosmic force, <a href="#page_011">11</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cossack avalanche, the, <a href="#page_037">37</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Coster, Charles de, <a href="#page_095">95</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Courtney, Lord and Lady, of Penwith, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cubism, <a href="#page_160">160</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Cyclone, the, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Czarism, the ravenous greed of, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_060">60</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Danger for Europe, grave, <a href="#page_099">99</a>.</li>
+
+<li>D'Annunzio, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dante, <a href="#page_025">25</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dehmel, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_061">61</a>, <a href="#page_154">154</a>.</li>
+
+<li>"<i>Der neue Geist</i>," <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Destiny of nations, <a href="#page_010">10</a>.</li>
+
+<li>De Unamuno, Miguel, <a href="#page_029">29</a>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Deutschland Über Alles</i>, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dickinson, Lowes, <a href="#page_010">10</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dickinson, Right-Hon. W. H., <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dilettantism, neronian, <a href="#page_047">47</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dogs of war, the, <a href="#page_002">2</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dollfus, M. Max., <a href="#page_083">83</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Don Quixote, <a href="#page_095">95</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dostoievsky, <a href="#page_059">59</a>, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dryander, Dr. Ernst, <a href="#page_076">76</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dunois, Amédée, <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dürer, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Dutch Anti-War Council, <a href="#page_127">127</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Duty, to seek truth in the midst of error, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_169">169</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Eagles, the three rapacious, <a href="#page_050">50</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Eckehart, Meister, <a href="#page_165">165</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Egyptians, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Elite of the World, the, <a href="#page_023">23</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Emergency committee for the assistance of Germans, Austrians, <a href="#page_144">144</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Emerson's, a saying of, <a href="#page_117">117</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Enemies, "for a year I (Rolland) have been rich in," <a href="#page_018">18</a>.</li>
+
+<li>England, all the hatred is turned against, <a href="#page_102">102</a>, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Enthusiasm, heroic, earnest, and even religious, <a href="#page_038">38</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ephebi of old calmly going to sacrifice, the, <a href="#page_039">39</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Epic, this monstrous, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Epidemic of homicidal fury, an, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Esthonian nations, <a href="#page_066">66</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Eucken, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Europe, a mutilated, <a href="#page_043">43</a>, <a href="#page_123">123</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Eycks, Van, <a href="#page_095">95</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Faith in the virtues of one's own nation, <a href="#page_133">133</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fatality, <a href="#page_020">20</a>; of war, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Father, all men are sons of the same, <a href="#page_106">106</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fatherland, our earthly, <a href="#page_054">54</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Finns, the, <a href="#page_067">67</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ferrière, M. Adolphe, <a href="#page_089">89</a>, <a href="#page_168">168</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Flogged, the privilege of being, <a href="#page_070">70</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Foerster, Professor W., <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fram, Andrea, <a href="#page_156">156</a>.</li>
+
+<li>France is ruined, if, <a href="#page_020">20</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the true, <a href="#page_098">98</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">sublime history, <a href="#page_166">166</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Frank, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fratricidal struggle, <a href="#page_090">90</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fried, Dr. Alfred H., <a href="#page_171">171</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Friendly relations exist between the prisoners and their guards, <a href="#page_081">81</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Fry, Mr. Roger, <a href="#page_011">11</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Funeral pyre, Europe ascending its, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Galilean barque, the, <a href="#page_143">143</a>.</li>
+
+<li>George, Stefan, <a href="#page_159">159</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>.</li>
+
+<li>German prisoners concentrated in France, <a href="#page_081">81</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">my, friends, <a href="#page_099">99</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Germany, <a href="#page_019">19</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">intellectual élite of, <a href="#page_025">25</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kultur, <a href="#page_028">28</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">great minds of, <a href="#page_030">30</a>, <a href="#page_031">31</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">and England, <a href="#page_187">187</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>God, the great captain, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Goethe, our, <a href="#page_019">19</a>, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gondolf, Friedr., <a href="#page_029">29</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Good and evil, the eternal struggle between, <a href="#page_078">78</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Gorki, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Greatness, intellectual and moral, <a href="#page_019">19</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Grodtken, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Grünwald, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Guesde, Jules, <a href="#page_188">188</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Guilbeaux, Henri, <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Haeckel, Professor Ernst, <a href="#page_061">61</a>, <a href="#page_113">113</a>, <a href="#page_160">160</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hague Court, the, <a href="#page_052">52</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hallucinations, passionate, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hangmen, the people will learn how to deliver themselves from their, <a href="#page_180">180</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harden, Maximilian, <a href="#page_115">115</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harmony of races, a, <a href="#page_055">55</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Harrach, Helene Græfin, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hatred, the wounds of, <a href="#page_091">91</a>, <a href="#page_100">100</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hauptmann, <a href="#page_019">19</a>, <a href="#page_043">43</a>, <a href="#page_061">61</a>, <a href="#page_098">98</a>, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Herakles, <a href="#page_190">190</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hercules, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Heretics, <a href="#page_056">56</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hervé, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Herzog, Wilhelm, <a href="#page_057">57</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a>, <a href="#page_170">170</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hesse, Hermann, <a href="#page_157">157</a>.</li>
+
+<li>High Court, a moral, <a href="#page_051">51</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hildebrand, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li>
+
+<li>History will pass judgment on each of the nations at war, <a href="#page_015">15</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Holy Guillotine, <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Holy War against Russia, a, <a href="#page_065">65</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Holz, Arno, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Honor of their state, to defend the, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hugo, Victor, <a href="#page_120">120</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Human Mind, the force of, <a href="#page_002">2</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Humanity is a symphony of great collective souls, <a href="#page_054">54</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Humperdinck, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Hungarians in distress, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Huns, the, <a href="#page_022">22</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Huysmans, Camille, <a href="#page_188">188</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Idealism and German force, <a href="#page_035">35</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ideas have no existence in themselves, <a href="#page_118">118</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Idols, the history of humanity is the history of, <a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Imperialism, military, financial, feudal, republican, social or intellectual, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_098">98</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Imperial Rome, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Insulted without even a hearing, <a href="#page_016">16</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Intellectual élite of Russia, the, <a href="#page_060">60</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Intellectual leaders, Europe's, <a href="#page_008">8</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Intellectuals, guilty, <a href="#page_026">26</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Germany, <a href="#page_022">22</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the criminal determination of ninety-three, <a href="#page_028">28</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">provide terrible examples of hatred, <a href="#page_082">82</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">French, <a href="#page_116">116</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the furious, <a href="#page_151">151</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Intelligence of the mind, <a href="#page_120">120</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Intelligent few, the, <a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Internationalism, intellectual, <a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li>
+
+<li>International union of women suffrage societies, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Invisible tribunal of humanity, <a href="#page_053">53</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ideologues, <a href="#page_002">2</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Invocation to Peace, <a href="#page_158">158</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Islam, threats of disturbance in the world of, <a href="#page_099">99</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Japanese, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jaurès, <a href="#page_011">11</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">a favorite thought of, <a href="#page_192">192</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">democracy, <a href="#page_186">186</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the murder of, <a href="#page_181">181</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Jean-Christophe, <a href="#page_008">8</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jena, the bells of, <a href="#page_033">33</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jesuits, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jesus, <a href="#page_015">15</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Journalists, <a href="#page_162">162</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Jupiter of the Vatican, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Justice to small nations, <a href="#page_074">74</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kalish, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kant, sons of, <a href="#page_031">31</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kill! Kill! I hate the war, <a href="#page_079">79</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kipling, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Klein, Dr. Albert, <a href="#page_173">173</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Klemm, Wilhelm, <a href="#page_159">159</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Klinger, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Knights-errant of the world, the, <a href="#page_039">39</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kock, Hans, <a href="#page_159">159</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kolb, Annette, <a href="#page_162">162</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kropotkin, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Krupp, <a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kultur, <a href="#page_028">28</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Kulturträger, <a href="#page_067">67</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Labor parties did not desire war, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Lamm, der</i>, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lamprecht, Karl, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li><i>La Patrie</i>, <a href="#page_023">23</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lasson, <a href="#page_164">164</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Law is the friend of the weak, <a href="#page_028">28</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Laws of Nations, the, <a href="#page_052">52</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lawyers, <a href="#page_007">7</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lee, Vernon, <a href="#page_137">137</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Legand, René, <a href="#page_187">187</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Leibnitz, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Leonhard, Rudolf, <a href="#page_156">156</a>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Le Paquet du prisonnier de guerre</i>, <a href="#page_149">149</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Letter to Romain Rolland, <a href="#page_064">64</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Letts, the, <a href="#page_066">66</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Levites, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Liberator, men make a master of every, <a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Liberty against barbarism, <a href="#page_057">57</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Liberty, fighting for the awakening of, <a href="#page_038">38</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the world, <a href="#page_064">64</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the wild violet of, <a href="#page_119">119</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Liebermann, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Liebknecht, <a href="#page_045">45</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Life Force, the, <a href="#page_009">9</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Life, the value of, <a href="#page_053">53</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lissauer, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Lithuanians, <a href="#page_066">66</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Louvain, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Love of our country, <a href="#page_047">47</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Luzzatti, <a href="#page_047">47</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Maeterlinck, <a href="#page_095">95</a>, <a href="#page_193">193</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mahler, <a href="#page_059">59</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Maladresse, <a href="#page_029">29</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Malines, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Manifesto of Intellectuals, <a href="#page_027">27</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mann, Thomas, <a href="#page_028">28</a>, <a href="#page_113">113</a>, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Marck, Ludwig, <a href="#page_156">156</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Marx, Karl, <a href="#page_186">186</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Maury, M. Lucien, <a href="#page_168">168</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Medicines for the soul, <a href="#page_091">91</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mesnil, Jacques, <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Meyer, M. Arthur, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Michelet, <a href="#page_186">186</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Middle Ages, the great monasteries of the early, <a href="#page_055">55</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Militarization of the intellect, <a href="#page_063">63</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Minds, the effort of great, <a href="#page_107">107</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Minority vitally interested in maintaining these hatreds, <a href="#page_049">49</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Miracle, men call the sudden appearance of a hidden reality a, <a href="#page_094">94</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mobilization of the forces of the pen, this, <a href="#page_060">60</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Modernism, the noble chimera of, <a href="#page_049">49</a>.</li>
+
+<li>M&#339;rlins, Frau Marie von Bülow-, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Molière, <a href="#page_113">113</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Moloch, <a href="#page_048">48</a>, <a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Moral epidemic, <a href="#page_011">11</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Moral triumph, France has won in this war a prodigious, <a href="#page_100">100</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Moroccans, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Mozart, <a href="#page_163">163</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Nations subject to Russia are asking agonized questions, <a href="#page_073">73</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Natorp, Paul, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>"Necessity knows no law," <a href="#page_031">31</a>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Nederlandsche Anti-Oorlog Raad</i>, <a href="#page_127">127</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Neutral countries are too much effaced, <a href="#page_052">52</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Neutrality, Belgium's, <a href="#page_034">34</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Newman, Cardinal, <a href="#page_184">184</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Newspaper-press of the warring nations, <a href="#page_133">133</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Newspapers, of both countries give publicity only to prejudiced stories unfavorable to the enemy, <a href="#page_081">81</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">jests in, <a href="#page_170">170</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">those who behind the line ring the bells, make speeches, and write, <a href="#page_175">175</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">they lie&mdash;consciously or unconsciously, <a href="#page_178">178</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Nietzsche, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Nivernais, my own little town in the, <a href="#page_089">89</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Nordhausen, Richard, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Notre-Dame la Misère</i>, <a href="#page_091">91</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ode to a Howitzer, an, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Official agencies, <a href="#page_029">29</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Officialdom, heroes of, <a href="#page_091">91</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Omega workshops, the, <a href="#page_012">12</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Organization, <a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Ostwald, <a href="#page_028">28</a>, <a href="#page_111">111</a>, <a href="#page_164">164</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Paladins of God, the, <a href="#page_039">39</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pamphleteer, a maladroit, <a href="#page_017">17</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pangermanism, <a href="#page_068">68</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Panslavism, <a href="#page_068">68</a>, <a href="#page_071">71</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Passion, the language of, <a href="#page_143">143</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Patrimony of the human race, the, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Patriotism, the true formula of, <a href="#page_185">185</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Peace, man deteriorates in, <a href="#page_028">28</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">armed, <a href="#page_039">39</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Europe, the, <a href="#page_137">137</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Pedants of Barbarism, <a href="#page_029">29</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pedants, the megalomania of, <a href="#page_167">167</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Péguy, Charles, <a href="#page_031">31</a>, <a href="#page_032">32</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pen dipped in blood, a, <a href="#page_079">79</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">armies of the, <a href="#page_144">144</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Perrier, E., <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Perrette of the fable, <a href="#page_113">113</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Petzold, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pioch, Georges, <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Plutarch, <a href="#page_186">186</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Polemics is like a theft from these unfortunates, time devoted to, <a href="#page_098">98</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Policy, German, <a href="#page_020">20</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pontiff, the new, <a href="#page_049">49</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Pope Pius X died of grief to see the outbreak of this war, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Prelude to the great war of the nations, <a href="#page_002">2</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Prenant, Mr., <a href="#page_052">52</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Press, the war-preaching French, English and German, <a href="#page_049">49</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">an unscrupulous, <a href="#page_080">80</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">bullies of the, <a href="#page_091">91</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Prisoner, the moral situation of the military, <a href="#page_082">82</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Prisoners, civil, <a href="#page_085">85</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">of war, <a href="#page_097">97</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agency, <a href="#page_177">177</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Priests are marching with the colors, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Problem of freedom, the, <a href="#page_007">7</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Protest, the poverty of, <a href="#page_017">17</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Proudhon, <a href="#page_002">2</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Prussian Imperialism, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_057">57</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Psychologic necessity, <a href="#page_131">131</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Public opinion, <a href="#page_053">53</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Public safety, the famous doctrine of, <a href="#page_031">31</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Publicists trying to rouse the energies of the nation, <a href="#page_102">102</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Questions which divided you, the, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Race, the idol of, <a href="#page_108">108</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Racial frenzy, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rade, Martin, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rappoport, Charles, <a href="#page_187">187</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Reason, the unity of, <a href="#page_016">16</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Red Cross, the, <a href="#page_082">82</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Redeemer, the, <a href="#page_033">33</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Reger, <a href="#page_059">59</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Régnier, de, <a href="#page_044">44</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Renaitour, J. M., <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Renan, <a href="#page_053">53</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Repatriation, <a href="#page_090">90</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Reprisals, a desire for, <a href="#page_100">100</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Responsible for the longer duration of this horrible war? who are, <a href="#page_134">134</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Retaliation, <a href="#page_051">51</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Revolution, an internal, <a href="#page_073">73</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rheims, <a href="#page_009">9</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cathedral, <a href="#page_023">23</a>, <a href="#page_024">24</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Rhine, your neighbors across the, <a href="#page_105">105</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Riga, <a href="#page_066">66</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rivalry, the world-wide tragedy of, <a href="#page_128">128</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rodin, <a href="#page_017">17</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Roentgen, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rolland, Romain, <a href="#page_008">8</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">letters to, <a href="#page_064">64</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">attacks against, <a href="#page_097">97</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Roman Empire at the time of the Tetrarchy, the, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rotten, Dr. Elizabeth, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rouanet, <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rubens, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rulers, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Rumors circulate only too easily, <a href="#page_080">80</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Russia, our alliance with, <a href="#page_057">57</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">nations subject to, <a href="#page_073">73</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">generous promises of, <a href="#page_140">140</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Russian, autocracy, the, <a href="#page_050">50</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">writers have been our guides for the last forty years, <a href="#page_059">59</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the hand of the, Government, <a href="#page_070">70</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">evils of, Government, <a href="#page_071">71</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">domination very oppressive, <a href="#page_073">73</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Sacrifice, the ecstasy of, <a href="#page_032">32</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sacrilegious conflict, a, <a href="#page_040">40</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sancho Panza, <a href="#page_095">95</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Savageries, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Scheler, Max, <a href="#page_162">162</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Schickele, René, <a href="#page_160">160</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Schleinitz, Nora Freiin von, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Schneeli, Dr., <a href="#page_081">81</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Schrenck, <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Schultze, Siegmund-, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Seeherrschaft of Britain, <a href="#page_145">145</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Seippel, M. Paul, <a href="#page_052">52</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Senegalese, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sepoys, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sermon on the Mount, the, <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Shaw, Bernard, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Shameful record, a, <a href="#page_017">17</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sikhs, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Silence itself is an act, at such a time, <a href="#page_022">22</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the heroic discipline of France in, <a href="#page_170">170</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Sin, the unpardonable, <a href="#page_032">32</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Socialism, the leaders of, <a href="#page_040">40</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">drifting, <a href="#page_190">190</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Socialists, German, <a href="#page_045">45</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Italian, <a href="#page_046">46</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">unite and attack both Kaiser and Czar, <a href="#page_049">49</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Society of friends of foreigners in distress, <a href="#page_146">146</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sons of sorrow, geniuses are, <a href="#page_034">34</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Soudanese, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Spirit above flesh, put, <a href="#page_024">24</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">is the light, the, <a href="#page_054">54</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Spiritual forces, <a href="#page_010">10</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">guides of the human race, <a href="#page_151">151</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Sport, this bloody and puerile, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Stepping-stone, a human, <a href="#page_010">10</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Stern, Josef Luitpol, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sterheim, Carl, <a href="#page_161">161</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Strauss, <a href="#page_053">53</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard, neurotic jugglers with orchestral effects, <a href="#page_059">59</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Strawinsky, <a href="#page_059">59</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Sudermann, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Switzerland, <a href="#page_049">49</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the generous heart of, <a href="#page_054">54</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Tenderness is wisdom, <a href="#page_157">157</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Teutonic colossus, the, <a href="#page_047">47</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Thermopylæ of Liège, the, <a href="#page_093">93</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Thiesson, Gaston, <a href="#page_014">14</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Thoma, Hans, <a href="#page_029">29</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Till Ulenspiegel, <a href="#page_095">95</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tillys, modern, <a href="#page_051">51</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tokio, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Tolstoi, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_059">59</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Trakl, George, <a href="#page_165">165</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Trustfulness, culpable, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Turks, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Uebervolk, <a href="#page_078">78</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Unamuno, Miguel de, <a href="#page_111">111</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Underhand means, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Unified Europe, a, <a href="#page_125">125</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Union of Democratic Control, <a href="#page_137">137</a>.</li>
+
+<li>United States of Europe, a, <a href="#page_112">112</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Unity of European Future, <a href="#page_152">152</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Valmy, a hero of, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Vandervelde, <a href="#page_189">189</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Verdict of history, the, <a href="#page_132">132</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Verhaeren, <a href="#page_095">95</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Vices which are profitable, <a href="#page_109">109</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Victory below means defeat above, <a href="#page_033">33</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Vierordt, Heinrich, <a href="#page_160">160</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Voltaire, the motto of, <a href="#page_051">51</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Von Biberstein, Baron Marschall, <a href="#page_171">171</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Von Unruh, Fritz, <a href="#page_155">155</a>, <a href="#page_172">172</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wagner, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li>
+
+<li>War, that lies behind the present conflict, the greater, <a href="#page_010">10</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">as a fatality, <a href="#page_020">20</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">is war, <a href="#page_030">30</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">international, <a href="#page_047">47</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">between the Western nations, no reason for, <a href="#page_049">49</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">the delightful promise of a perpetual, <a href="#page_105">105</a>;</span></li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the pen, <a href="#page_131">131</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Warsaw, <a href="#page_054">54</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wedekind, Franz, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Weingartner, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wells, <a href="#page_043">43</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Werfel, Franz, <a href="#page_156">156</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Whitman, Walt, <a href="#page_007">7</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Tolstoi, <a href="#page_016">16</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>William II, <a href="#page_046">46</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wolff's Agency, <a href="#page_027">27</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wood, James, <a href="#page_012">12</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Workers' International, the, <a href="#page_188">188</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wound will heal, a good open clean, <a href="#page_105">105</a>;</li>
+<li><span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded of both countries are living in terms of friendship, in Germany and France alike, <a href="#page_082">82</a>.</span></li>
+
+<li>Writers, German, <a href="#page_154">154</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Wundt, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Zangwill, Israel, <a href="#page_137">137</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Zorothowo, <a href="#page_058">58</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Zweig, Stefan, <a href="#page_165">165</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="full" />
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+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES"></a>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> For translating "The Murder of the Elite."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> One article only, "The Idols," may, I think, have been
+published in its entirety in <i>La Bataille syndicaliste</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> I leave my articles in their chronological order. I have
+changed nothing in them. The reader will notice, in the stress of
+events, certain contradictions and hasty judgments which I would modify
+today.... In general, the sentiments expressed have arisen out of
+indignation and pity. In proportion as the immensity of the ruin extends
+one feels the poverty of protest, as before an earthquake. "There is
+more than one war," wrote the aged Rodin to me on the 1st of October,
+1914. "What is happening is like a punishment which falls on the
+world."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> A telegram from Berlin (Wolff's Agency), reproduced by the
+<i>Gazette de Lousanne</i>, August 29, 1914, has just announced that "the old
+town of Louvain, rich in works of art, exists no more to-day."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Written after the bombardment of Rheims Cathedral.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> When I wrote this, I had not yet seen the monstrous article
+by Thomas Mann (in the <i>Neue Rundschau</i> of November 1914), where, in a
+fit of fury and injured pride, he savagely claimed for Germany, as a
+title to glory, all the crimes of which her adversaries accuse her. He
+dared to write that the present war was a war of German Kultur "against
+Civilization," proclaiming that German thought had no other ideal than
+militarism, and inscribes on his banner the following lines, the apology
+of force oppressing weakness:
+</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry">
+<tr><td align="left">"<i>Den der Mensch verkümmert im Frieden,</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Müssige Ruh ist das Grab des Muts.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Das Gesetz ist der Freund des Schwachen,</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Alles will es nur eben machen.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Möchte gern die Welt verflachen,</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>Aber der Krieg lässt die Kraft erscheinen....</i>"</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+(<i>Man deteriorates in peace. Idle rest is the tomb of courage. Law is
+the friend of the weak, it aims at levelling all; it would reduce the
+world to a level. War brings out strength.</i>)
+</p><p>
+Even so a bull in the arena, mad with rage, rushes with lowered head on
+the matador's sword, and impales himself.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> As one of these 'pedants of barbarism' (so Miguel de
+Unamuno rightly describes them) writes, "one has the right to destroy;
+if one has the force to create" (Wer stark ist zu schaffen, der darf
+auch zerstören).&mdash;Friedr Gundolf: <i>Tat und Wort im Krieg</i>, published in
+the <i>Frankfurter Zeitung</i>, October 11th. Cf. the article of the aged
+Hans Thoma, in the <i>Leipziger Illustrierte Zeitung</i> of October 1st.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Jean-Christophe</i>, part V, "La Foire sur la Place." In vol.
+III of the English version.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Trans.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> At the very hour I wrote these lines, Charles Péguy died.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Alludes to a Viennese writer who had told me, a few weeks
+before the declaration of war, that a disaster for France would be a
+disaster for the liberal thinkers of Germany too.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> See note, p. 193.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Liebknecht has since gloriously cleared his honor of the
+compromises of his party. I here express admiration of his attitude. (R.
+R., January 1915.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Recently published in the <i>Corriere della Sera</i> and
+translated by the <i>Journal de Genève</i>, September 1914.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <i>Le Temps</i>, September 4, 1914.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Issues of September 16 and 17, 1914: <i>La Guerre et le
+Droit</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Letter dated September 15, 1871, published in <i>Réforme
+intellectuelle et morale</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Open letter of Dr. Ernst Dryander, the First Court
+Preacher and Vice-President of the Higher Ecclesiastical Council, to C.
+E. Babut, Pastor of Nimes, September 15, 1914 (published in <i>l'Essor</i>
+for the 10th October and the <i>Journal de Genève</i>, 18th October).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> The newspapers of both countries give publicity only to
+prejudiced stories unfavorable to the enemy. One would imagine that they
+devote themselves to collecting only the worst cases, in order to
+preserve the atmosphere of hatred; and those to which they give
+predominance are often doubtful and always exceptional. No mention is
+made of anything that would tell in a contrary direction of prisoners
+who are grateful for their treatment, as in the letters which we have to
+transmit to their families&mdash;in which, for example, a German civil
+prisoner speaks of a pleasant walk, or of sea bathing, he has been
+allowed to enjoy. I have even come across the case of an entomologist
+who is peacefully absorbed in his researches, and profiting by his
+enforced sojourn in the South of France to complete his collection of
+insects.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> On this point, I would echo the appeal in the article
+cited above, from the <i>Neue Zürcher Zeitung</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Published by the <i>Daily Telegraph</i>, London, 1914.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> The Editor of a great Paris paper having offered to
+publish my reply to those who attacked me, I sent him this article,
+which never appeared.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Paul Bourget.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> The Evangelical pastor Schrenck in an article on "War and
+the New Testament," quoted with approval by the Rev. Ch. Correvon in the
+<i>Journal religieus</i> of Neuchatel, November 14th.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> In a declaration to the editor of the Swedish paper
+<i>Dagen</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> The famous "Appeal to the Civilized Nations" had been sent
+out shortly before this by the ninety-three German intellectuals.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Holland.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> "To let a people," he said, "or still more a fraction of a
+people, decide international questions, for instance, which state shall
+control them, is as good as making the children of a house vote for
+their father. It is the most ridiculous fallacy that human wit has ever
+invented."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> The <i>Svenska Dagbladet</i> sent to the principal
+intellectuals of Europe an inquiry on the subject of the results which
+the war would have, "for international collaboration, in the domain of
+the spirit." It asked "with anxiety, to what extent it would be
+possible, once peace was concluded, to establish relations between the
+scientists, writers, and artists of the different nations."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> The literary appreciation of the work cited is here
+treated as of secondary importance, in order that evidence may be
+discovered with regard to the thought of Germany.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> See the article of Josef Luitpol Stern, "Dichter," in <i>Die
+Weissen Blätter</i>, March 1915.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Hohe Gemeinschaft.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Fremde sind wir auf der Erde alle.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>Die Ueberschätzung der Kunst</i> (December 1914).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <i>Von der Vaterlandsliebe</i> (January 1915).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> December 1914.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>Hymne auf den Schmerz</i> (January 1915).&mdash;It is to be noted
+that the <i>Forum</i> is read in the trenches, and that it has received many
+letters of approval from the front. (<i>Der Phrasenrausch und seine
+Bekaempfer</i>, February 1915.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> I take the phrase from M. Lucien Maury in an article
+written before the war: (<i>Journal de Genève</i>) March 30, 1914. This is
+quoted recently by M. Adolphe Ferrière who, in his remarkable Doctor's
+thesis, <i>La loi du Progrès</i> attempts to solve the tragic problem of the
+part played by the élite.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> The review <i>Die Tat</i>, published by Eug. Diederichs at
+Jena, prints long extracts from them in its issue for May 1915.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> With an introduction by C. E. Babut.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> His principal philosophical work is his Doctor's thesis:
+<i>La réalité du monde sensible</i> (1891). Another thesis (in Latin) dates
+from the same year: <i>Des origines du socialisme allemand</i>, in which he
+goes back to the Christian socialism of Luther.
+</p><p>
+His great historical work is his <i>Histoire sociale de la Révolution</i>.
+Very interesting is his discussion with Paul Lafargue on <i>l'Idéalisme et
+le matérialisme dans la conception de l'histoire</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> "The need of unity is the profoundest and noblest of the
+human mind" (<i>La réalité du monde sensible</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> "This young democracy must be given a taste for liberty.
+It has a passion for equality; it has not in the same degree an idea of
+liberty, which is acquired much more slowly and with greater difficulty.
+We must give the children of the people, by means of a sufficiently
+lofty exercise of their powers of thinking, a sense of the value of man
+and consequently of the value of liberty, without which man does not
+exist." (To the teachers, January 15, 1888.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> "As for myself, I have never made use of violence to
+attack beliefs, whatever they may be; nay, more, I have always abstained
+even from that form of violence which consists in insult. Insult
+expresses a weak and feverish revolt, rather than the liberty of
+reason." (1901.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> "The true formula of patriotism is the equal right of all
+countries to liberty and justice; it is the duty of every citizen to
+increase in his own country the forces of liberty and justice. Those are
+but sorry patriots who in order to love and serve one country, find it
+necessary to decry the others, the other great moral forces of
+humanity." (1905.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Or the extracts given by Charles Rappoport in his
+excellent book <i>Jean Jaurès, l'homme, le penseur, le socialiste</i> (1915,
+Paris, <i>l'Emancipatrice</i>), with an introduction by Anatole France. From
+this book are quoted the passages referred to in the notes which follow.
+<i>Jean Jaurès</i>, a brochure by René Legand, should also be read.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Rappoport, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 70-77.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Rappoport, p. 234.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> In his speech at Vaise, near Lyon, July 25, 1914, six days
+before his death, he said: "Every people appears throughout the streets
+of Europe carrying its little torch; and now comes the conflagration."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Rappoport, p. 61.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Rappoport p. 369-70.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> "Throughout the world there are six millions of us,
+organized workmen, for whom the name of Jaurès was the incarnation of
+the noblest and most complete aspiration.... I remember what he was for
+the workmen of other countries. I see still the foreign delegates who
+awaited his words before forming their final opinions; even when they
+were not in agreement with him they were glad to approach his point of
+view. He was more than the Word: he was the Conscience."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Who has spoken more nobly than he of the eternal France,
+"the true France, that is not summed up by an epoch or by a day, neither
+by the day of long ago, nor the day that has just passed, but the whole
+of France complete in the succession of her days, of her nights, of her
+dawns, of her shadows, of her heights and of her depths; of France, who,
+across all these mingled shades, all these half-lights and all these
+vicissitudes, goes forward towards a brilliance which she has not yet
+attained, but which is foreshadowed in her thought!" (1910.)
+</p><p>
+See his masterly picture of French history, and his magnificent eulogy
+of France, at the Conference of 1905, which he was prevented from
+delivering in Berlin, and which Robert Fischer read in his place.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> The terms Asia and Africa have not, of course, a
+geographical but an ethnological signification. Turkey is not, and never
+has been, European; and it is difficult to decide up to what points
+certain of the Balkan Powers are European.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><a name="TRANSCRIBER" id="TRANSCRIBER"></a></p>
+<p class="c">Corrections of typographical erros made by the etext transcriber:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Tolstoï=>Tolstoi</li>
+<li>Auslænder, Auslander=>Ausländer</li>
+<li>Deutschland Uber Alles=>Deutschland Über Alles</li>
+<li>Amédee=>Amédée</li>
+<li>Rene Schickele=>René Schickele</li>
+<li>René Legan=>René Legand</li>
+<li>Barrés=>Barrès</li>
+<li>Caesar=>Cæsar</li>
+<li>Cornelienne=>Cornélienne</li>
+<li>Ferriere=>Ferrière</li>
+<li>Hervè=>Hervé</li>
+<li>Kulturtrager=>Kulturträger</li>
+<li>Léonhard=>Leonhard</li>
+<li>Liége=>Liège</li>
+<li>Peguy=>Péguy</li>
+<li>Regnier=>Régnier</li>
+<li>Thermopylae=>Thermopylæ</li>
+<li>Zorothowa=>Zorothowo</li>
+<li>Graefin=>Græfin</li>
+<li>Notre-Dame la Misere=>Notre-Dame la Misère</li>
+<li>Moliere=>Molière</li>
+<li>Jaurés=>Jaurès</li>
+<li>èlan=>élan</li>
+<li>dènouement=>dénouement</li>
+<li>Dr. Ernst Drylander=>Dr. Ernst Dryander</li>
+<li>Idealogues=>Ideologues</li>
+<li>NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOGRAAD=>NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOG RAAD</li>
+<li>Sterheim=>Sternheim</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Above the Battle, by Romain Rolland
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Above the Battle, by Romain Rolland
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Above the Battle
+
+Author: Romain Rolland
+
+Release Date: June 12, 2010 [EBook #32779]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABOVE THE BATTLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned
+images of public domain material from the Google Print
+project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ABOVE THE BATTLE
+
+
+"The fire smouldering in the forest of Europe was beginning to burst
+into flames. In vain did they try to put it out in one place; it only
+broke out in another. With gusts of smoke and a shower of sparks it
+swept from one point to another, burning the dry brushwood. Already in
+the East there were skirmishes as the prelude to the great war of the
+nations. All Europe, Europe that only yesterday was sceptical and
+apathetic, like a dead wood, was swept by the flames. All men were
+possessed by the desire for battle. War was ever on the point of
+breaking out. It was stamped out, but it sprang to life again. The world
+felt that it was at the mercy of an accident that might let loose the
+dogs of war. The world lay in wait. The feeling of inevitability weighed
+heavily even upon the most pacifically minded. And ideologues, sheltered
+beneath the massive shadows of the cyclops, Proudhon, hymned in war
+man's fairest title of nobility...."
+
+_"This, then, was to be the end of the physical and moral resurrection
+of the races of the West! To such butchery they were to be borne along
+by the currents of action and passionate faith! Only a Napoleonic genius
+could have marked out a chosen, deliberate aim for this blind, onward
+rush. But nowhere in Europe was there any genius for action. It was as
+though the world had chosen the most mediocre to be its governors. The
+force of the human mind was in other things--so there was nothing to be
+done but to trust to the declivity down which they were moving. This
+both the governing and the governed classes were doing. Europe looked
+like a vast armed camp."_
+
+_Jean-Christophe_, vol. x (1912).
+
+[English translation by Gilbert Cannan, vol. iv, p. 504.]
+
+
+
+
+ABOVE THE BATTLE
+
+BY
+ROMAIN ROLLAND
+
+TRANSLATED BY
+C. K. OGDEN, M. A.
+(Editor of _The Cambridge Magazine_)
+
+CHICAGO
+
+THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY
+1916
+
+_Copyright 1916_
+
+_The Open Court Pub. Co., Chicago._
+
+_First published in 1916._
+
+(_All rights reserved._)
+
+
+    INTRODUCTION
+    CONTENTS
+    PREFACE
+    NOTES
+    FOOTNOTES
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+    _"Over the carnage rose prophetic a voice,
+    Be not dishearten'd, affection shall solve the problem of
+      freedom yet._
+
+          *       *       *       *       *
+
+    _(Were you looking to be held together by lawyers?
+    Or by an agreement on a paper? or by arms?
+    Nay, nor the world, nor any living thing, will so cohere.)"_
+
+These lines of Walt Whitman will be recalled by many who read the
+following pages: for not only does Rolland himself refer to Whitman in
+his brief Introduction, but, were it not for a certain _bizarrerie_
+apart from their context, the words "Over the Carnage" might perhaps
+have stood on the cover of this volume as a striking variant on
+_Au-dessus de la Melee_.
+
+Yet though the voice comes to us over the carnage, its message is not
+marred by the passions of the moment. After eighteen months of war we
+are learning to look about us more calmly, and to distinguish amid the
+ruins those of Europe's intellectual leaders who have not been swept off
+their feet by the fury of the tempest. Almost alone Romain Rolland has
+stood the test. The two main characteristics which strike us in all that
+he writes are lucidity and common sense--the qualities most needed by
+every one in thought upon the war. But there is another feature of
+Rolland's work which contributes to its universal appeal. He describes
+our feelings and sensations in the presence of a given situation, not
+what actually passes before our eyes: he describes the effects and
+causes of things, but not the things themselves. Through his work for
+the _Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre_, to which one of
+the articles now collected is largely devoted, he is, moreover, in a
+position to observe every phase of the great battle between ideals and
+between nations which fills him with such anguish and indignation. And
+with his matchless insight and sympathy he gives permanent form to our
+vague feelings in these noble and inspiring essays.
+
+It will not, however, surprise the vast public who have read
+_Jean-Christophe_ to find that while so many have capitulated to the
+madness of the terrible year through which we have passed, Rolland has
+remained firm, and has surpassed himself. He was prepared. As the
+extract placed at the beginning of this volume shows, he was one of the
+few who realized only too well the horror he was powerless to prevent.
+Yet he made every effort to open the eyes of Europe and especially of
+the young, so many of whom had learned to look up to him as a leader. To
+these young men, one of the finest essays in the present collection is
+primarily addressed--_O jeunesse heroique du monde_....
+
+Eighteen months have passed and they still endure the terrible ordeal,
+the young men of Germany and France, whom he had striven so hard to
+bring together; on whose aspirations and failings _Jean-Christophe_ is a
+critical commentary. The movements and tendencies of society were there
+given a dramatic embodiment, permeated for Rolland by the Life
+Force--that struggle between Good and Bad, Love and Hatred, which makes
+life worth living. All is set down with the clear analysis of feeling
+natural to a musical critic. But in spite of his burning words on the
+destruction of Rheims, Rolland, as is clear from his other critical and
+biographical writings, is more interested in men than in their
+achievements. And the men of today interest him most passionately.
+"Young men," he has said, "do not bother about the old people. Make a
+stepping-stone of our bodies and go forward."
+
+And above all it is the permanent things in life with which he is
+concerned. As Mr. Lowes Dickinson puts it, "M. Rolland is one of the
+many who believe, though their voice for the moment may be silenced,
+that the spiritual forces that are important and ought to prevail are
+the international ones; that co-operation, not war, is the right destiny
+of nations; and that all that is valuable in each people may be
+maintained in and by friendly intercourse with the others. The war
+between these two ideals is the greater war that lies behind the present
+conflict. Hundreds and thousands of generous youths have gone to battle
+in the belief that they are going to a 'war that will end war,' that
+they are fighting against militarism in the cause of peace. Whether,
+indeed, it is for that they will have risked or lost their lives, only
+the event can show."
+
+The forces against such ideals are powerful, but Rolland is not
+dismayed. "Come, friends! let us make a stand! Can we not resist this
+contagion, whatever its nature and virulence be--whether moral epidemic
+or cosmic force." And he appeals not only in the name of humanity but in
+the name of that France which he loves so dearly--"la vraie France" of
+which Jaures wrote (in the untranslatable words which Rolland has
+quoted), "qui n'est pas resumee dans une epoque et dans un jour, ni dans
+le jour d'il y a des siecles, ni dans le jour d'hier, mais la France
+tout entiere, dans la succession de ses jours, de ses nuits, de ses
+aurores, de ses crepuscules, de ses montees, de ses chutes, et qui, a
+travers toutes ces ombres melees, toutes ces lumieres incompletes et
+toutes ces vicissitudes, s'en va vers une pleine clarte qu'elle n'a pas
+encore atteinte, mais dont le pressentiment est dans sa pensee!"
+
+But though his love for France inspires every word that Rolland has
+written, the significance of the present volume is not less apparent to
+English readers. Some of the articles and letters now collected have
+already appeared in English, for the most part in the pages of _The
+Cambridge Magazine_, from which they have been widely quoted in the
+press. For help in rendering the translations as adequately as possible
+I may also take this opportunity of acknowledging my special
+indebtedness to Mr. Roger Fry,[1] who has just issued through the Omega
+Workshops a striking translation of some of the most recent French
+poetry inspired by the war; to Mr. James Wood, who has himself done part
+of the translation, particularly "pro Aris"; and to Mr. E. K. Bennett,
+of Caius College, whose version of "Above the Battle" has already been
+quoted by the Archbishop of Canterbury and others. For the most part,
+the articles here collected have not appeared in English before; and
+they have been almost inaccessible even in French, as their author
+explains in his Preface.
+
+C. K. OGDEN.
+
+MAGDALENE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, _January, 1916_.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+INTRODUCTION BY THE TRANSLATOR                           7
+
+PREFACE                                                 15
+
+I. AN OPEN LETTER TO GERHART HAUPTMANN                  19
+
+II. PRO ARIS                                            23
+
+III. ABOVE THE BATTLE                                   37
+
+IV. THE LESSER OF TWO EVILS: PANGERMANISM,
+PANSLAVISM                                              56
+
+V. INTER ARMA CARITAS                                   76
+
+VI. TO THE PEOPLE THAT IS SUFFERING FOR JUSTICE         93
+
+VII. LETTER TO MY CRITICS                               97
+
+VIII. THE IDOLS                                        107
+
+IX. FOR EUROPE: MANIFESTO OF THE WRITERS AND
+THINKERS OF CATALONIA                                  122
+
+X. FOR EUROPE: AN APPEAL FROM HOLLAND TO THE
+INTELLECTUALS OF ALL NATIONS                           127
+
+XI. LETTER TO FREDERIK VAN EEDEN                       136
+
+XII. OUR NEIGHBOR THE ENEMY                            142
+
+XIII. A LETTER TO SVENSKA DAGBLADET OF STOCKHOLM       151
+
+XIV. WAR LITERATURE                                    153
+
+XV. THE MURDER OF THE ELITE                            168
+
+XVI. JAURES                                            181
+
+NOTES                                                  193
+
+INDEX                                                  195
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+NOTES OF ETEXT TRANSCRIBER
+
+
+It is my pleasant duty to thank the brave friends who have defended me
+during the past year, in the Parisian press:--at the end of October
+1914, Amedee Dunois in _l'Humanite_, and Henri Guilbeaux, in the
+_Bataille syndicaliste_; in the same paper, _Fernand Depres_; Georges
+Pioch in the _Hommes du Jour_; J. M. Renaitour, in the _Bonnet Rouge_;
+Rouanet, in _l'Humanite_; Jacques Mesnil, in the _Mercure de France_,
+and Gaston Thiesson, in the _Guerre Sociale_. To these faithful comrades
+in the struggle I express my affectionate gratitude.
+
+R. R.
+
+_October, 1915._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+A great nation assailed by war has not only its frontiers to protect: it
+must also protect its good sense. It must protect itself from the
+hallucinations, injustices, and follies which the plague lets loose. To
+each his part: to the armies the protection of the soil of their native
+land; to the thinkers the defense of its thought. If they subordinate
+that thought to the passions of their people they may well be useful
+instruments of passion; but they are in danger of betraying the spirit,
+which is not the least part of a people's patrimony. One day History
+will pass judgment on each of the nations at war; she will weigh their
+measure of errors, lies, and heinous follies. Let us try and make ours
+light before her!
+
+Children are taught the Gospel of Jesus and the Christian ideal.
+Everything in the education they receive at school is designed to
+stimulate in them intellectual understanding of the great human family.
+Classical education makes them see, beyond the differences of race, the
+roots and the common trunk of our civilization. Art makes them love the
+profound sources of the genius of a people. Science makes them believe
+in the unity of reason. The great social movement which renews the
+world, reveals the organized effort of the working classes all round
+them to unite their forces in the hopes and struggles which break the
+barriers of nations. The brightest geniuses of the earth, like Walt
+Whitman and Tolstoi, chant universal brotherhood in joy and suffering,
+or else like our Latin spirits, pierce with their criticism the
+prejudices of hatred and ignorance which separate individuals and
+peoples.
+
+Like all the men of my time, I have been brought up on these thoughts; I
+have tried in my turn to share the bread of life with my younger or less
+fortunate brothers. When the war came I did not think it my duty to deny
+these thoughts because the hour had come to put them to the test.
+
+I have been insulted. I knew that I should be and I went forward. But I
+did not know that I should be insulted without even a hearing.
+
+For several months no one in France could know my writings except
+through scraps of phrases arbitrarily extracted and mutilated by my
+enemies. It is a shameful record. For nearly a year this has gone on.
+Certain socialist or syndicalist papers may have succeeded here and
+there in getting some fragments through,[2] but it was only in the month
+of June 1915 that for the first time my chief article, the one which was
+the object of the most violent criticism, "Above the Battle," dating
+from September 1914, could be published in full (almost in full), thanks
+to the malevolent zeal of a maladroit pamphleteer, to whom I am indebted
+for bringing my words before the French public for the first time.
+
+A Frenchman does not judge his adversary unheard. Whoever does so judges
+and condemns himself: for he shows that he fears the light. I place
+before the world the texts they have slandered.[3] I shall not defend
+them. Let them defend themselves!
+
+One single word will I add. For a year I have been rich in enemies. Let
+me say this to them: they can hate me, but they will not teach me to
+hate. I have no concern with them. My business is to say what I believe
+to be fair and humane. Whether this pleases or irritates is not my
+business. I know that words once uttered make their way of themselves.
+Hopefully I sow them in the bloody soil. The harvest will come.
+
+ROMAIN ROLLAND.
+
+_September, 1915._
+
+
+
+
+I. AN OPEN LETTER TO GERHART HAUPTMANN
+
+
+_Saturday, August 29, 1914._[4]
+
+I am not, Gerhart Hauptmann, one of those Frenchmen who regard Germany
+as a nation of barbarians. I know the intellectual and moral greatness
+of your mighty race. I know all that I owe to the thinkers of old
+Germany; and even now, at this hour, I recall the example and the words
+of _our_ Goethe--for he belongs to the whole of humanity--repudiating
+all national hatreds and preserving the calmness of his soul on those
+heights "_where we feel the happiness and the misfortunes of other
+peoples as our own_." I myself have labored all my life to bring
+together the minds of our two nations; and the atrocities of this
+impious war in which, to the ruin of European civilization, they are
+involved, will never lead me to soil my spirit with hatred.
+
+Whatever pain, then, your Germany may give me, whatever reasons I may
+have to stigmatize as criminal German policy and the means it employs, I
+do not attach responsibility for it to the people which is burdened with
+it and is used as its blind instrument. It is not that I regard, as you
+do, war as a fatality. A Frenchman does not believe in fatality.
+Fatality is the excuse of souls without a will. War springs from the
+weakness and stupidity of nations. One cannot feel resentment against
+them for it; one can only pity them. I do not reproach you with our
+miseries; for yours will be no less. If France is ruined, Germany will
+be ruined too. I did not even raise my voice when I saw your armies
+violating the neutrality of noble Belgium. This flagrant breach of
+honor, which incurs the contempt of every upright conscience, is quite
+in the political tradition of your Prussian kings; it did not surprise
+me.
+
+But when I see the fury with which you are treating that magnanimous
+nation whose only crime has been to defend its independence and the
+cause of justice to the last, as you Germans yourselves did in 1813 ...
+that is too much! The world is revolted by it. Keep these savageries for
+us Frenchmen, your true enemies! But to wreak them against your
+victims, against this small, unhappy, innocent Belgian people ... how
+shameful is this!
+
+And not content to fling yourselves on living Belgium, you wage war on
+the dead, on the glories of past ages. You bombard Malines, you burn
+Rubens, and Louvain is now no more than a heap of ashes--Louvain with
+its treasures of art and of science, the sacred town! What are you,
+then, Hauptmann, and by what name do you want us to call you now, since
+you repudiate the title of barbarians? Are you the grandsons of Goethe
+or of Attila? Are you making war on enemies or on the human spirit? Kill
+men if you like, but respect masterpieces. They are the patrimony of the
+human race. You, like all the rest of us, are its depositories; in
+pillaging it, as you do, you show yourselves unworthy of our great
+heritage, unworthy to take your place in that little European army which
+is civilization's guard of honor.
+
+It is not to the opinion of the rest of the world that I address myself
+in challenging you, Hauptmann. In the name of our Europe, of which you
+have hitherto been one of the most illustrious champions, in the name of
+that civilization for which the greatest of men have striven all down
+the ages, in the name of the very honor of your Germanic race, Gerhart
+Hauptmann, I abjure you, I challenge you, you and the intellectuals of
+Germany, amongst whom I reckon so many friends, to protest with all your
+energy against this crime which is recoiling upon you.
+
+If you fail to do this, you will prove one of two things: either that
+you approve what has been done--and in that case may the opinion of
+mankind crush you--or else that you are powerless to raise a protest
+against the Huns who command you. If this be so, by what title can you
+still claim, as you have claimed, that you fight for the cause of
+liberty and human progress? You are giving the world a proof that,
+incapable of defending the liberty of the world, you are even incapable
+of defending your own, and that the best of Germany is helpless beneath
+a vile despotism which mutilates masterpieces and murders the spirit of
+man.
+
+I am expecting an answer from you, Hauptmann, an answer that may be an
+act. The opinion of Europe awaits it as I do. Think about it: at such a
+time silence itself is an act.
+
+_Journal de Geneve_, Wednesday, Sept. 2, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+II. PRO ARIS[5]
+
+
+Among the many crimes of this infamous war which are all odious to us,
+why have we chosen for protest the crimes against things and not against
+men, the destruction of works and not of lives?
+
+Many are surprised by this, and have even reproached us for it--as if we
+have not as much pity as they for the bodies and hearts of the thousands
+of victims who are crucified! Yet over the armies which fall, there
+flies the vision of their love, and of _la Patrie_, to which they
+sacrifice themselves--over these lives which are passing away passes the
+holy Ark of the art and thought of centuries, borne on their shoulders.
+The bearers can change. May the Ark be saved! To the elite of the world
+falls the task of guarding it. And since the common treasure is
+threatened, may they rise to protect it!
+
+I am glad to think that in the Latin countries this sacred duty has
+always been regarded as paramount. Our France which bleeds with so many
+other wounds, has suffered nothing more cruel than the attack against
+her Parthenon, the Cathedral of Rheims, "Our Lady of France." Letters
+which I have received from sorely tried families, and from soldiers who
+for two months have borne every hardship, show me (and I am proud of it
+for them and for my people) that there was no burden heavier for them to
+bear. It is because we put spirit above flesh. Very different is the
+case of the German intellectuals, who, to my reproaches for the
+sacrilegious acts of their devastating armies, have all replied with one
+voice, "Perish every _chef-d'oeuvre_ rather than one German soldier!"
+
+A piece of architecture like Rheims is much more than one life; it is a
+people--whose centuries vibrate like a symphony in this organ of stone.
+It is their memories of joy, of glory, and of grief; their meditations,
+ironies, dreams. It is the tree of the race, whose roots plunge to the
+profoundest depths of its soil, and whose branches stretch with a
+sublime _elan_ towards the sky. It is still more: its beauty which soars
+above the struggles of nations is the harmonious response made by the
+human race to the riddle of the world--this light of the spirit more
+necessary to souls than that of the sun.
+
+Whoever destroys this work, murders more than a man; he murders the
+purest soul of a race. His crime is inexpiable, and Dante would have it
+punished with an eternal agony, eternally renewed. We who repudiate the
+vindictive spirit of so cruel a genius, do not hold a people responsible
+for the crimes of a few. The drama which unfolds itself before our eyes,
+and whose almost certain _denouement_ will be the crushing of the German
+hegemony, is enough for us.
+
+What brings it home to us most nearly is that not one of those who
+constitute the moral and intellectual elite of Germany--that hundred
+noble spirits, and those thousands of brave hearts of which no great
+nation was ever destitute--not one really suspects the crimes of his
+Government; the atrocities committed in Flanders, in the north and in
+the east of France during the two or three first weeks of the war; or
+(one can safely wager) the voluntary devastations of the towns of
+Belgium and the ruin of Rheims. If they came to look at the reality, I
+know that many of them would weep with grief and shame; and of all the
+shortcomings of Prussian Imperialism, the worst and the vilest is to
+have concealed its crimes from its people. For by depriving them of the
+means of protesting against those crimes, it has involved them for ever
+in the responsibility; it has abused their magnificent devotion. The
+intellectuals, however, are also guilty. For if one admits that the
+brave men, who in every country tamely feed upon the news which their
+papers and their leaders give them for nourishment, allow themselves to
+be duped, one cannot pardon those whose duty it is to seek truth in the
+midst of error, and to know the value of interested witnesses and
+passionate hallucinations. Before bursting into the midst of this
+furious debate upon which was staked the destruction of nations and of
+the treasures of the spirit, their first duty (a duty of loyalty as much
+as of common sense) should have been to consider the problems from both
+sides. By blind loyalty and culpable trustfulness they have rushed head
+foremost into the net which their Imperialism had spread. They believed
+that their first duty was, with their eyes closed, to defend the honor
+of their State against all accusation. They did not see that the noblest
+means of defending it was to disavow its faults and to cleanse their
+country of them....
+
+I have awaited this virile disavowal from the proudest spirits of
+Germany, a disavowal which would have been ennobling instead of
+humiliating. The letter which I wrote to one of them, the day after the
+brutal voice of Wolff's Agency pompously proclaimed that there remained
+of Louvain no more than a heap of ashes, was received by the entire
+elite of Germany in a spirit of enmity. They did not understand that I
+offered them the chance of releasing Germany from the fetters of those
+crimes which its Empire was forging in its name. What did I ask of them?
+What did I ask of you all, finer spirits of Germany?--to express at
+least a courageous regret for the excesses committed, and to dare to
+remind unbridled power that even the Fatherland cannot save itself
+through crime, and that above its rights are those of the human spirit.
+I only asked for _one_ voice--a _single_ free voice.... None spoke. I
+heard only the clamor of herds, the pack of intellectuals giving tongue
+on the track whereon the hunter loosed them, and that insolent
+Manifesto, in which, without the slightest effort to justify its crimes,
+you have unanimously declared that they do not exist. And your
+theologians, your pastors, your court-preachers, have stated further
+that you are very just and that you thank God for having made you
+thus.... Race of Pharisees, what chastisement from on high shall scourge
+your sacrilegious pride!... Do you not suspect the evil which you have
+done to your own people? The megalomania, a menace to the world, of an
+Ostwald or an H. S. Chamberlain,[6] the criminal determination of
+ninety-three intellectuals not to wish to see the truth, will have cost
+Germany more than ten defeats.
+
+How clumsy you are! I believe that of all your faults _maladresse_ is
+the worst. You have not said one word since the beginning of this war
+which has not been more fatal for you than all the speeches of your
+adversaries. It is you who have light-heartedly furnished the proof or
+the argument of the worst accusations that have been brought against
+you; just as your official agencies, under the stupid illusion of
+terrorizing us, have been the first to launch emphatic recitals of your
+most sinister devastations. It is you, who when the most impartial of
+your adversaries were obliged, in fairness, to limit the responsibility
+of these acts to a few of your leaders and armies, have angrily claimed
+your share. It is you who the day after the destruction of Rheims,
+which, in your inmost hearts, should have dismayed the best amongst you,
+have boasted of it in imbecile pride, instead of trying to clear
+yourselves.[7] It is you, wretched creatures, you, representatives of
+the spirit, who have not ceased to extol force and to despise the weak,
+as if you did not know that the wheel of fortune turns, that this force
+one day will weigh afresh upon you, as in past ages, when your great
+men, at least, retained the consolation of not having yielded to it the
+sovereignty of the spirit and the sacred rights of Right!... What
+reproaches, what remorse are you heaping up for the future, O blind
+guides--you who are leading into the ditch your nation, which follows
+you like the stumbling blind men of Brueghel!
+
+What poor arguments you have opposed to us for two months!
+
+1. _War is war_, say you, that is to say without common measure with the
+rest of things, above morals and reason and all the limits of ordinary
+life, a kind of supernatural state before which one can only bow without
+discussion;
+
+2. _Germany is Germany_, that is to say without common measure with the
+rest of nations. The laws which apply to others do not apply to her, and
+the rights which she arrogates to herself to violate Right appertain to
+her alone. Thus she can, without crime, tear up written promises, betray
+sworn oaths, violate the neutrality of peoples which she has pledged
+herself to defend. But she claims in return the right to find, in the
+nations which she outrages, "chivalrous adversaries," and that they
+should not be so, that they should dare to defend themselves by all the
+means and the arms that remain to them, she proclaims a crime!...
+
+One recognizes there indeed the interested teaching of your Prussian
+masters! Great minds of Germany, I do not doubt your sincerity, but you
+are no longer capable of seeing the truth. Prussian Imperialism has
+crushed down over your eyes and conscience, its spiked helmet.
+
+"_Necessity knows no law._" ... Here is the eleventh commandment, the
+message that you bring to the universe today, sons of Kant!... We have
+heard it more than once in history: it is the famous doctrine of Public
+Safety, mother of heroisms and crimes. Every nation has recourse to it
+in the hour of danger, but the greatest are those who defend against it
+their immortal soul. Fifteen years have passed since the famous trial
+which saw a single innocent man opposed to the force of the State.
+Fifteen years have passed since we French affronted and shattered the
+idol of public safety, when it threatened, as our Peguy says, "the
+eternal safety of France."
+
+Listen to him, whom you have killed; listen to a hero of the French
+conscience, writers who have the keeping of the conscience of Germany.
+
+"_Our enemies of that time_," wrote Charles Peguy, "_spoke the language
+of the_ raison d'Etat, _of the temporal safety of the people and the
+race. But we, by a profound Christian movement, by a revolutionary
+effort, at unity with traditional Christianity, aimed at no less than
+attaining the heights of sacrifice, in our anxiety for the eternal
+salvation of this people. We did not wish to place France in the
+position of having committed the unpardonable sin._"
+
+You do not trouble yourselves about that, thinkers of Germany. You
+bravely give your blood to save the mortal life, but do not bother about
+the life eternal. It is a terrible moment, I grant. Your fatherland as
+ours struggles for its life, and I understand and admire the ecstasy of
+sacrifice which impels your youth, as ours, to make of its body a
+rampart against death. "To be or not to be," do you say? No, that is not
+enough. To be the great Germany, to be the great France, worthy of their
+past, and respecting one another even while fighting, that is what I
+wish. I should blush for victory if my France bought it at the price for
+which you will pay for your temporary success. Even while the battles
+are being fought upon the plains of Belgium and amongst the chalky
+slopes of Champagne, another war is taking place upon the field of the
+spirit, and often victory below means defeat above. The conquest of
+Belgium, Malines, Louvain and Rheims, the carillons of Flanders, will
+sound a sadder knell in your history than the bells of Jena; and the
+conquered Belgians have robbed you of your glory. You know it. You are
+enraged because you know it. What is the good of vainly trying to
+deceive yourselves? Truth will be clear to you in the end. You have done
+your best to silence her--one day she will speak; she will speak by the
+mouth of one of your own in whom will be awakened the conscience of your
+race.... Oh, that he may soon appear and that we may hear his voice--the
+pure and noble voice of the redeemer who shall set you free! He who has
+lived in the intimacy of your old Germany, who has clasped her hand in
+the twisted streets of her heroic and sordid past, who has caught the
+breath of her centuries of trials and shames, remembers and waits: for
+he knows that even if she has never proved strong enough to bear victory
+without wavering, it is in her hours of trouble that she reforms
+herself, and her greatest geniuses are sons of sorrow.
+
+_September 1914._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Since these lines were written I have watched the birth of the anxiety
+which little by little is making its way into the consciences of the
+good people of Germany. First a secret doubt, kept under by a stubborn
+effort to believe the bad arguments collected by their Government to
+oppose it--documents fabricated to prove that Belgium had renounced her
+neutrality herself, false allegations (in vain repudiated four times by
+the French Government, by the Commander-in-Chief, by the Cardinal and
+the Archbishop, and by the Mayor of Rheims)--accusing the French of
+using the Cathedral of Rheims for military purposes. Lacking arguments,
+their system of defense is at times disconcerting in its naivete.
+
+"Is it possible," they say, "that we should be accused of wishing to
+destroy artistic monuments, we, the people above all others who venerate
+art, in whom is instilled this respect from infancy, who have the
+greatest number of text books and historical collections of art and the
+longest list of lectures on aesthetics? Is it possible to accuse of the
+most barbarous actions the most humane, the most affectionate, and the
+most homely of peoples?"
+
+The idea never strikes them that Germany is not constituted by a single
+race of men, and that besides the obedient masses who are born to obey,
+to respect the law--all the laws--there is the race which commands,
+which believes itself above all laws, and which makes and unmakes them
+in the name of force and necessity (_Not_....) It is this evil marriage
+of idealism and German force which leads to these disasters. The
+idealism proves to be a woman; a woman captive, who like so many worthy
+German wives, worships her lord and master, and refuses even to think
+that he could ever be wrong.
+
+It is, however, necessary for the salvation of Germany that she should
+one day countenance the thought of divorce, or that the wife should have
+the courage to make her voice heard in the household. I already know
+several who are beginning to champion the rights of the spirit against
+force. Many a German voice has reached us lately in letters protesting
+against war and deploring with us the injustices which we deplore. I
+will not give their names in order not to compromise them. Not very
+long ago I told the "Fair"[8] which obstructed Paris that it was not
+France. I say today to the German Fair, "You are not the true Germany."
+There exists another Germany juster and more humane, whose ambition is
+not to dominate the world by force and guile, but to absorb in peace
+everything great in the thought of other races, and in return to reflect
+the harmony. With that Germany there is no dispute; we are not her
+enemies, we are the enemies of those who have almost succeeded in making
+the world forget that she still lives.
+
+_October 1914._
+
+Edition des _Cahiers Vaudois_ 10 cahier, 1914 (Lausanne, C. Tarin).
+
+
+
+
+III. ABOVE THE BATTLE
+
+
+O young men that shed your blood with so generous a joy for the starving
+earth! O heroism of the world! What a harvest for destruction to reap
+under this splendid summer sun! Young men of all nations, brought into
+conflict by a common ideal, making enemies of those who should be
+brothers; all of you, marching to your death, are dear to me.[9] Slavs,
+hastening to the aid of your race; Englishmen fighting for honor and
+right; intrepid Belgians who dared to oppose the Teutonic colossus, and
+defend against him the Thermopylae of the West; Germans fighting to
+defend the philosophy and the birthplace of Kant against the Cossack
+avalanche; and you, above all, my young compatriots, in whom the
+generation of heroes of the Revolution lives again; you, who for years
+have confided your dreams to me, and now, on the verge of battle, bid
+me a sublime farewell.
+
+Those years of scepticism and gay frivolity in which we in France grew
+up are avenged in you; your faith, which is ours, you protect from their
+poisonous influence; and with you that faith triumphs on the
+battlefield. "A war of revenge" is the cry. Yea! revenge indeed; but in
+no spirit of Chauvinism. The revenge of faith against all the egotisms
+of the senses and of the spirit--the surrender of self to eternal ideas.
+
+One of the most powerful of the young French novelists--Corporal
+X.--writes to me:--
+
+     "What are our lives, our books, compared with the magnitude of the
+     aim? The war of the Revolution against feudalism is beginning anew.
+     The armies of the Republic will secure the triumph of democracy in
+     Europe and complete the work of the Convention. We are fighting for
+     more than our hearths and homes, for the awakening of liberty."
+     Another of these young people, of noble spirit and pure heart, who
+     will be, if he lives, the first art critic of our time--Lieutenant
+     X.:--
+
+     "My friend, could you see our Army as I do, you would be thrilled
+     with admiration for our people, for this noble race. An enthusiasm,
+     like an outburst of the Marseillaise, thrills them; heroic,
+     earnest, and even religious. I have seen the three divisions of my
+     army corps set out; the men of active service first, young men of
+     twenty marching with firm and rapid steps, without a cry, without a
+     gesture, like the ephebi of old calmly going to sacrifice. After
+     them come the reserve, men of twenty-five to thirty years, more
+     stalwart and more determined, who will reinforce the younger men
+     and make them irresistible. We, the old men of forty, the fathers
+     of families, are the base of the choir; and we too, I assure you,
+     set out confidently, resolute and unwavering. I have no wish to
+     die, but I can die now without regret; for I have lived through a
+     fortnight, which would be cheap at the price of death, a fortnight
+     which I had not dared to ask of fate. History will tell of us, for
+     we are opening a new era in the world. We are dispelling the
+     nightmare of the materialism of a mailed Germany and of armed
+     peace. It will fade like a phantom before us; the world seems to
+     breathe again. Reassure your Viennese friend,[10] France is not
+     about to die; it is her resurrection which we see. For throughout
+     history--Bouvines, the Crusades, Cathedrals, the Revolution--we
+     remain the same, the knights-errant of the world, the paladins of
+     God. I have lived long enough to see it fulfilled; and we who
+     prophesied it twenty years ago to unbelieving ears may rejoice
+     today."
+
+O my friends, may nothing mar your joy! Whatever fate has in store, you
+have risen to the pinnacle of earthly life, and borne your country with
+you. And you will be victorious. Your self-sacrifice, your courage, your
+whole-hearted faith in your sacred cause, and the unshaken certainty
+that, in defending your invaded country, you are defending the liberty
+of the world--all this assures me of your victory, young armies of the
+Marne and Meuse, whose names are graven henceforth in history by the
+side of your elders of the Great Republic. Yet even had misfortune
+decreed that you should be vanquished, and with you France itself, no
+people could have aspired to a more noble death. It would have crowned
+the life of that great people of the Crusades--it would have been their
+supreme victory. Conquerors or conquered, living or dead, rejoice! As
+one of you said to me, embracing me on the terrible threshold: "A
+splendid thing it is to fight with clean hands and a pure heart, and to
+dispense divine justice with one's life."
+
+You are doing your duty, but have others done theirs? Let us be bold and
+proclaim the truth to the elders of these young men, to their moral
+guides, to their religious and secular leaders, to the Churches, the
+great thinkers, the leaders of socialism; these living riches, these
+treasures of heroism you held in your hands; for what are you
+squandering them? What ideal have you held up to the devotion of these
+youths so eager to sacrifice themselves? Their mutual slaughter! A
+European war! A sacrilegious conflict which shows a maddened Europe
+ascending its funeral pyre, and, like Hercules, destroying itself with
+its own hands!
+
+And thus the three greatest nations of the West, the guardians of
+civilization, rush headlong to their ruin, calling in to their aid
+Cossacks, Turks, Japanese, Cingalese, Soudanese, Senegalese, Moroccans,
+Egyptians, Sikhs and Sepoys--barbarians from the poles and those from
+the equator, souls and bodies of all colors.[11] It is as if the four
+quarters of the Roman Empire at the time of the Tetrarchy had called
+upon the barbarians of the whole universe to devour each other.
+
+Is our civilization so solid that you do not fear to shake the pillars
+on which it rests? Can you not see that all falls in upon you if one
+column be shattered? Could you not have learned if not to love one
+another, at least to tolerate the great virtues and the great vices of
+each other? Was it not your duty to attempt--you have never attempted it
+in sincerity--to settle amicably the questions which divided you, the
+problem of peoples annexed against their will, the equitable division of
+productive labor and the riches of the world? Must the stronger forever
+darken the others with the shadow of his pride, and the others forever
+unite to dissipate it? Is there no end to this bloody and puerile sport,
+in which the partners change about from century to century--no end,
+until the whole of humanity is exhausted thereby?
+
+The rulers who are the criminal authors of these wars dare not accept
+the responsibility for them. Each one by underhand means seeks to lay
+the blame at the door of his adversary. The peoples who obey them
+submissively resign themselves with the thought that a power higher than
+mankind has ordered it thus. Again the venerable refrain is heard: "The
+fatality of war is stronger than our wills." The old refrain of the herd
+that makes a god of its feebleness and bows down before him. Man has
+invented fate, that he may make it responsible for the disorders of the
+universe, those disorders which it was his duty to regulate. There is no
+fatality! The only fatality is what we desire; and more often, too, what
+we do not desire enough. Let each now repeat his _mea culpa_. The
+leaders of thought, the Church, the Labor Parties did not desire war ...
+That may be.... What then did they do to prevent it? What are they doing
+to put an end to it? They are stirring up the bonfire, each one bringing
+his faggot.
+
+The most striking feature in this monstrous epic, the fact without
+precedent, is the unanimity for war in each of the nations engaged. An
+epidemic of homicidal fury, which started in Tokio ten years ago, has
+spread like a wave and overflowed the whole world. None has resisted it;
+no high thought has succeeded in keeping out of the reach of this
+scourge. A sort of demoniacal irony broods over this conflict of the
+nations, from which, whatever its result, only a mutilated Europe can
+emerge. For it is not racial passion alone which is hurling millions of
+men blindly one against another, so that not even neutral countries
+remain free of the dangerous thrill, but all the forces of the spirit,
+of reason, of faith, of poetry, and of science, all have placed
+themselves at the disposal of the armies in every state. There is not
+one amongst the leaders of thought in each country who does not proclaim
+with conviction that the cause of his people is the cause of God, the
+cause of liberty and of human progress. And I, too, proclaim it.
+
+Strange combats are being waged between metaphysicians, poets,
+historians--Eucken against Bergson; Hauptmann against Maeterlinck;
+Rolland against Hauptmann; Wells against Bernard Shaw. Kipling and
+D'Annunzio, Dehmel and de Regnier sing war hymns, Barres and Maeterlinck
+chant paeans of hatred. Between a fugue of Bach and the organ which
+thunders _Deutschland ueber Alles_, Wundt, the aged philosopher of
+eighty-two, calls with his quavering voice, the students of Leipzig to
+the holy war. And each nation hurls at the other the name "Barbarians."
+
+The academy of moral science, in the person of its president, Bergson,
+declares the struggle undertaken against Germany to be "_the struggle of
+civilization itself against barbarism_." German history replies with the
+voice of Karl Lamprecht that "_this is a war between Germanism and
+barbarism and the present conflict is the logical successor of those
+against the Huns and Turks in which Germany has been engaged throughout
+the ages._" Science, following history into the lists, proclaims through
+E. Perrier, director of the Museum, member of the Academy of Sciences,
+that the Prussians do not belong to the Aryan race, but are descended in
+direct line from the men of the Stone Age called Allophyles, and adds,
+"_the modern skull, resembling by its base, the best index of the
+strength of the appetites, the skull of the fossilized man in the
+Chapelle-aux-Saints most nearly, is none other than that of Prince
+Bismarck!_"
+
+But the two moral forces whose weakness this contagious war shows up
+most clearly are Christianity and Socialism. These rival apostles of
+religious and secular internationalism have suddenly developed into the
+most ardent of nationalists. Herve is eager to die for the standard of
+Austerlitz. The German socialists, pure trustees of the pure doctrine,
+support this bill of credit for the war in the Reichstag. They place
+themselves at the disposal of the Prussian minister, who uses their
+journals to spread abroad his lies, even into the barracks, and sends
+them as secret agents to attempt to pervert Italy. It was believed for
+the honor of their cause for a moment that two or three of them had been
+shot rather than take arms against their brothers. Indignant, they
+protest; they are all marching under arms! Liebknecht, forsooth, did not
+die for the cause of socialism;[12] but Frank, the principal champion of
+the Franco-German union, fell under French fire, fighting in the cause
+of militarism. These men have courage to die for the faith of others;
+they have no courage to die for their own.
+
+As for the representatives of the Prince of Peace--priests, pastors,
+bishops--they go into battle in their thousands, to carry out, musket in
+hand, the Divine commands: _Thou shalt not kill_, and _Love one
+another_. Each bulletin of victory, whether it be German, Austrian, or
+Russian, gives thanks to the great captain God--_unser alter Gott, notre
+Dieu_--as William II or M. Arthur Meyer says. For each has his own God,
+and each God, whether old or young, has his Levites to defend him and
+destroy the God of the others.
+
+Twenty thousand French priests are marching with the colors; Jesuits
+offer their services to the German armies; cardinals issue warlike
+mandates; and the Serb bishops of Hungary incite their faithful flocks
+to fight against their brothers in Greater Serbia. The newspapers
+report, with no expressions of astonishment, the paradoxical scene at
+the railway station at Pisa, where the Italian socialists cheered the
+young ordinands who were rejoining their regiments, all singing the
+Marseillaise together. So strong the cyclone that sweeps them all before
+it; so feeble the men it encounters on its career--and I am amongst
+them....
+
+Come, friends! Let us make a stand! Can we not resist this contagion,
+whatever its nature and virulence be--whether moral epidemic or cosmic
+force? Do we not fight against the plague, and strive even to repair the
+disaster caused by an earthquake? Or must we bow ourselves before it,
+agreeing with Luzzatti in his famous article[13] that "_In the universal
+disaster, the nations triumph_"? Shall we say with him that it is good
+and reasonable that "the demon of international war, which mows down
+thousands of beings, should be let loose," so that the great and simple
+truth, "love of our country," be understood? It would seem, then, that
+love of our country can flourish only through the hatred of other
+countries and the massacre of those who sacrifice themselves in the
+defense of them. There is in this theory a ferocious absurdity, a
+Neronian dilettantism which repels me to the very depths of my being.
+No! Love of my country does not demand that I shall hate and slay those
+noble and faithful souls who also love theirs, but rather that I should
+honor them and seek to unite with them for our common good.
+
+You Christians will say--and in this you seek consolation for having
+betrayed your Master's orders--that war exalts the virtue of sacrifice.
+And it is true that war has the privilege of bringing out the genius of
+the race in the most commonplace of hearts. It purges away, in its bath
+of blood, all dross and impurity; it tempers the metal of the soul of a
+niggardly peasant, of a timorous citizen; it can make a hero of Valmy.
+But is there no better employment for the devotion of one people than
+the devastation of another? Can we not sacrifice ourselves without
+sacrificing our neighbors also? I know well, poor souls, that many of
+you are more willing to offer your blood than to spill that of
+others.... But what a fundamental weakness! Confess, then, that you who
+are undismayed by bullets and shrapnel yet tremble before the dictates
+of racial frenzy--that Moloch that stands higher than the Church of
+Christ--the jealous pride of race. You Christians of today would not
+have refused to sacrifice to the gods of Imperial Rome; you are not
+capable of such courage! Your Pope Pius X died of grief to see the
+outbreak of this war--so it is said. And not without reason. The Jupiter
+of the Vatican who hurled thunderbolts upon those inoffensive priests
+who believed in the noble chimera of modernism--what did he do against
+those princes and those criminal rulers whose measureless ambition has
+given the world over to misery and death? May God inspire the new
+Pontiff who has just ascended the throne of St. Peter, with words and
+deeds which will cleanse the Church from the stain of this silence.
+
+As for you socialists who on both sides claim to be defending liberty
+against tyranny--French liberty against the Kaiser, German liberty
+against the Czar, is it a question of defending one despotism against
+another? Unite and attack both.
+
+There was no reason for war between the Western nations; French,
+English, and German, we are all brothers and do not hate one another.
+The war-preaching press is envenomed by a minority, a minority vitally
+interested in maintaining these hatreds; but our peoples, I know, ask
+for peace and liberty and that alone. The real tragedy, to one situated
+in the midst of the conflict and able to look down from the high
+plateaus of Switzerland into all the hostile camps, is the patent fact
+that actually each of the nations is being menaced in its dearest
+possessions--in its honor, its independence, its life. Who has brought
+these plagues upon them? Brought them to the desperate alternative of
+overwhelming their adversary or dying? None other than their
+governments, and above all, in my opinion, the three great culprits, the
+three rapacious eagles, the three empires, the tortuous policy of the
+house of Austria, the ravenous greed of Czarism, the brutality of
+Prussia. The worst enemy of each nation is not without, but within its
+frontiers, and none has the courage to fight against it. It is the
+monster of a hundred heads, the monster named Imperialism, the will to
+pride and domination, which seeks to absorb all, or subdue all, or break
+all, and will suffer no greatness except itself. For the Western nations
+Prussian imperialism is the most dangerous. Its hand uplifted in menace
+against Europe has forced us to join in arms against this outcome of a
+military and feudal caste, which is the curse not only of the rest of
+the world but also of Germany itself, whose thought it has subtly
+poisoned. We must destroy this first: but not this alone; the Russian
+autocracy too will have its turn. Every nation to a greater or less
+extent has an imperialism of its own, and whether it be military,
+financial, feudal, republican, social, or intellectual, it is always the
+octopus sucking the best blood of Europe. Let the free men of all the
+countries of Europe when this war is over take up again the motto of
+Voltaire: "_Ecrasons l'infame!_"
+
+When the war is over! The evil is done now, the torrent let loose and we
+cannot force it back into its channel unaided. Moreover crimes have been
+committed against right, attacks on the liberties of peoples and on the
+sacred treasuries of thought, which must and will be expiated. Europe
+cannot pass over unheeded the violence done to the noble Belgian people,
+the devastation of Malines and Louvain, sacked by modern Tillys.... But
+in the name of heaven let not these crimes be expiated by similar
+crimes! Let not the hideous words "vengeance" and "retaliation" be
+heard; for a great nation does not revenge itself, it re-establishes
+justice. But let those in whose hands lies the execution of justice show
+themselves worthy of her to the end.
+
+It is our duty to keep this before them; nor will we be passive and wait
+for the fury of this conflict to spend itself. Such conduct would be
+unworthy of us who have such a task before us.
+
+Our first duty, then, all over the world, is to insist on the formation
+of a moral High Court, a tribunal of consciences, to watch and pass
+impartial judgment on any violations of the laws of nations. And since
+committees of inquiry formed by belligerents themselves would be always
+suspect, the neutral countries of the old and new world must take the
+initiative, and form a tribunal such as was suggested by Mr.
+Prenant,[14] professor of medicine at Paris, and taken up
+enthusiastically by M. Paul Seippel in the _Journal de Geneve_.[15]
+
+"They should produce men of some worldly authority, and of proved civic
+morality to act as a commission of inquiry, and to follow the armies at
+a little distance. Such an organization would complete and solidify the
+Hague Court, and prepare indisputable documents for the necessary work
+of justice...."
+
+The neutral countries are too much effaced. Confronted by unbridled
+force they are inclined to believe that opinion is defeated in advance,
+and the majority of thinkers in all countries share their pessimism.
+There is a lack of courage here as well as of clear thinking. For just
+at this time the power of opinion is immense. The most despotic of
+governments, even though marching to victory, trembles before public
+opinion and seeks to court it. Nothing shows this more clearly than the
+efforts of both parties engaged in war, of their ministers, chancellors,
+sovereigns, of the Kaiser himself turned journalist, to justify their
+own crimes, and denounce the crimes of their adversary at the invisible
+tribunal of humanity. Let this invisible tribunal be seen at last, let
+us venture to constitute it. Ye know not your moral power, O ye of
+little faith! If there be a risk, will you not take it for the honor of
+humanity? What is the value of life when you have saved it at the price
+of all that is worth living for?...
+
+_Et propter vitam, vivendi perdere causas_....
+
+But for us, the artists and poets, priests and thinkers of all
+countries, remains another task. Even in time of war it remains a crime
+for finer spirits to compromise the integrity of their thought; it is
+shameful to see it serving the passion of a puerile, monstrous policy of
+race, a policy scientifically absurd--since no country possesses a race
+wholly pure. Such a policy, as Renan points out in his beautiful letter
+to Strauss,[16] "_can only lead to zoological wars, wars of
+extermination, similar to those in which various species of rodents and
+carnivorous beasts fight for their existence. This would be the end of
+that fertile admixture called humanity, composed as it is of such
+various necessary elements._" Humanity is a symphony of great collective
+souls; and he who understands and loves it only by destroying a part of
+those elements, proves himself a barbarian and shows his idea of harmony
+to be no better than the idea of order another held in Warsaw.
+
+For the finer spirits of Europe there are two dwelling-places: our
+earthly fatherland, and that other City of God. Of the one we are the
+guests, of the other the builders. To the one let us give our lives and
+our faithful hearts; but neither family, friend, nor fatherland, nor
+aught that we love has power over the spirit. The spirit is the light.
+It is our duty to lift it above tempests, and thrust aside the clouds
+which threaten to obscure it; to build higher and stronger, dominating
+the injustice and hatred of nations, the walls of that city wherein the
+souls of the whole world may assemble.
+
+I feel here how the generous heart of Switzerland is thrilled, divided
+between sympathies for the various nations, and lamenting that it cannot
+choose freely between them, nor even express them. I understand its
+torment; but I know that this is salutary. I hope it will rise thence to
+that superior joy of a harmony of races, which may be a noble example
+for the rest of Europe. It is the duty of Switzerland now to stand in
+the midst of the tempest, like an island of justice and of peace, where,
+as in the great monasteries of the early Middle Ages, the spirit may
+find a refuge from unbridled force; where the fainting swimmers of all
+nations, those who are weary of hatred, may persist, in spite of all the
+wrongs they have seen and suffered, in loving all men as their brothers.
+
+I know that such thoughts have little chance of being heard today. Young
+Europe, burning with the fever of battle, will smile with disdain and
+show its fangs like a young wolf. But when the access of fever has spent
+itself, wounded and less proud of its voracious heroism, it will come to
+itself again.
+
+Moreover I do not speak to convince it. I speak but to solace my
+conscience ... and I know that at the same time I shall solace the
+hearts of thousands of others who, in all countries, cannot or dare not
+speak themselves.
+
+_Journal de Geneve_, September 15, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+IV. THE LESSER OF TWO EVILS: PANGERMANISM, PANSLAVISM
+
+
+I do not hold the doctrine expounded by a certain saintly king, that it
+is useless to enter into discussion with heretics--and we regard all
+those who do not agree with our opinions as heretics nowadays--but that
+it is sufficient to brain them. I feel the need of understanding my
+enemy's reasons. I am unwilling to believe in unfairness. Doubtless my
+enemy is as passionately sincere as I am. Why, then, should we not
+attempt to understand each other? For such an understanding, though it
+will not suppress the conflict, may perhaps suppress our hatred; and it
+is hatred more than anything else that I regard as my enemy.
+
+However much I may feel that the motives actuating the various
+combatants are not equally worthy, I have yet come to the conviction,
+after reading the papers and letters which, during the last two months,
+have arrived in Geneva from every country, that the ardor of patriotic
+faith is everywhere the same, and that each of the nations engaged in
+this mighty struggle believes itself to be the champion of liberty
+against barbarism. But liberty and barbarism do not mean the same thing
+to both sides.
+
+Barbarous despotism, the worst enemy to liberty, is exemplified for us
+Frenchmen, Englishmen, men of the West, in Prussian Imperialism; and I
+venture to think that the register of its methods is plainly set forth
+in the devastated route from Liege to Senlis, passing by way of Louvain,
+Malines, and Rheims. For Germany, the monster ("_Ungeheuer_," as the
+aged Wundt calls it), which threatens civilization is Russia, and the
+bitterest reproach which the Germans hurl against France is our alliance
+with the Empire of the Czar. I have received many letters reproaching us
+with this. In the Munich review, _Das Forum_, I read only yesterday an
+article by Wilhelm Herzog challenging me to explain my position with
+regard to Russia. Let us consider the question, then. I ask nothing
+better. By this means we shall be able to weigh the German danger and
+the Russian danger in the balance, and thus show which of the two seems
+the more threatening to us. Of the actual events of the present war
+between Germany and Russia I will say nothing. All the information we
+have comes from Russian or German sources, equally unreliable. To judge
+by them it would appear that the same ferocity exists in both camps. The
+Germans in Kalish were worthy companions of the Cossacks in Grodtken and
+Zorothowo.--It is of the German spirit and of the Russian spirit that I
+wish to speak here, for this is the important thing and of this we have
+more definite knowledge.
+
+You, my German friends--for those of you who were my friends in the past
+remain my friends in spite of fanatical demands from both sides that we
+should break off all relations--know how much I love the Germany of the
+past, and all that I owe to it. Not less than you, yourselves, I am the
+son of Beethoven, of Leibnitz, and of Goethe. But what do I owe to the
+Germany of today, or what does Europe owe to it? What art have you
+produced since the monumental work of Wagner, which marks the end of an
+epoch and belongs to the past? What new and original thought can you
+boast of since the death of Nietzsche, whose magnificent madness has
+left its traces upon you though we are unscathed by it? Where have we
+sought our spiritual food for the last forty years, when our own fertile
+soil no longer yielded sufficient for our needs? Who but the Russian
+writers have been our guides? What German writer can you set up against
+Tolstoi and Dostoievsky, those giants of poetic genius and moral
+grandeur? These are the men who have moulded my soul, and in defending
+the nation from which they sprang, I am but paying a debt which I owe to
+that nation as well as to themselves. Even if the contempt for Prussian
+Imperialism were not innate in me as a Latin, I should have learned it
+from them. Twenty years ago Tolstoi expressed his contempt for your
+Kaiser. In music, Germany, so proud of its ancient glory, has only the
+successors of Wagner, neurotic jugglers with orchestral effects, like
+Richard Strauss, but not a single sober and virile work of the quality
+of _Boris Godunov_. No German musician has opened up new roads. A single
+page of Moussorgsky or Strawinsky shows more originality, more potential
+greatness than the complete scores of Mahler and Reger. In our
+Universities, in our hospitals and Pasteur Institutes, Russian students
+and scholars work side by side with our own, and Russian
+revolutionaries who have taken refuge in Paris mingle their aspirations
+with those of our socialists.
+
+The crimes of Czarism are continually on your lips. We, too, denounce
+these crimes; for Czarism is our enemy, and what I wrote but recently, I
+repeat now. But it is likewise the enemy of the intellectual elite of
+Russia itself. This cannot be said of your intellectuals, who are so
+slavishly obedient to the commands of your rulers. A few days ago I
+received that amazing "Address to the Civilized Nations" with which the
+Imperial army-corps of German intellectuals bombarded Europe; meanwhile
+the army-corps of German Commerce (_Bureau des Deutschen Handelstages_)
+shelled the markets of the world with circulars ornamented by the figure
+of Mercury, the god of lies. This mobilization of the forces of the pen
+and of the caduceus, with which in good truth no other country could
+compete, has given us additional reason to fear the Empire's powers of
+organization, no reason to respect it more. "Civilized Nations" read,
+not without amazement, that Address, the truth of which was vouched for
+by the names of the most distinguished scientists, thinkers, and artists
+in Germany--by Behring, Ostwald, Roentgen, Eucken, Haeckel, Wundt,
+Dehmel, Hauptmann, Sudermann, Hildebrand, Klinger, Liebermann,
+Humperdinck, Weingartner, etc.--by painters and philosophers, musicians,
+theologians, chemists, economists, poets, and the professors of twenty
+universities. They learned, not without surprise, that "it is not true
+that Germany provoked the war,--it is not true that Germany criminally
+violated the neutrality of Belgium,--it is not true that Germany used
+violence against the life or the belongings of a single Belgian citizen
+without being forced to do so,--it is not true that Germany destroyed
+Louvain" (destroyed it? no indeed, she saved it!),--"it is not true that
+Germany----" It is not true that day is day and night is night! I
+confess that I could not read to the end without that feeling of
+embarrassment which I felt as a child, when I heard an elderly man whom
+I respected make false statements. I turned aside my eyes and blushed
+for him. Thank God! the crimes of Czarism never found a defender amongst
+the great artists, scholars, and thinkers of Russia. Are not Kropotkin,
+Tolstoi, Dostoievsky, and Gorki, the greatest names in its literature,
+the very ones who denounced its crimes!
+
+Russian domination has often been cruelly heavy for the smaller
+nationalities which it has swallowed up. But how comes it then, Germans,
+that the Poles prefer it to yours? Do you imagine that Europe is
+ignorant of the monstrous way in which you are exterminating the Polish
+race? Do you think that we do not receive the confidences of those
+Baltic nations who, having to choose between two conquerors, prefer the
+Russian because he is the more humane? Read the following letter which I
+received but lately from a Lett, who, though he has suffered severely at
+the hands of the Russians, yet sides ardently with them against you. My
+German friends, you are either strangely ignorant of the state of mind
+of the nations which surround you, or you think us extremely simple and
+ill-informed. Your imperialism, beneath its veneer of civilization,
+seems to me no less ferocious than Czarism towards everything that
+ventures to oppose its avaricious desire for universal dominion. But
+whereas immense and mysterious Russia, overflowing with young and
+revolutionary forces, gives us hope of a coming renewal, your Germany
+bases its systematic harshness on a culture too antiquated and
+scholastic to allow of any hope of amendment. If I had any such
+hope--and I once had it, my friends--you have taken great pains to rob
+me of it, you, artists and scholars, who drew up that address in which
+you pride yourself on your complete unity with Prussian Imperialism.
+Know once for all that there is nothing more overwhelming for us Latins,
+nothing more difficult to endure, than your militarization of the
+intellect. If, by some awful fate, this spirit were triumphant, I should
+leave Europe for ever. To live here would be intolerable to me.
+
+Here, then, are some extracts from the interesting letter which I have
+received from a representative of those little nationalities which are
+being disputed between Russia and Germany. They desire to maintain their
+independence, but find themselves obliged to choose between these two
+nations, and choose Russia. It is good to hear them speak. We are too
+much inclined to listen only to the Great Powers who are now at war. Let
+us think of those little barques which the great vessels draw in their
+wake. Let us share for a moment the agony with which these little
+nationalities, forgotten by the egotism of Europe, await the final issue
+of a struggle which will decide their fate. Let England and France heed
+those beseeching eyes which are turned towards them; let young Russia,
+herself so eager for liberty, help generously to shed its benefits
+abroad.
+
+_October 10, 1914._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LETTER TO ROMAIN ROLLAND
+
+_30th September, 1914._
+
+SIR:--I desire to thank you for your article, "Above the Battle."...
+Although by my education I am more akin to the civilizations of Germany
+and Russia than to the civilization of France, yet I respect the French
+spirit more, for I am convinced, more than ever today, that it will
+furnish the greatly needed solution of the problems of national rights
+and liberty.
+
+In your article you quote the words of one of your friends, a soldier
+and a writer, who says that the French are fighting not only to defend
+their own country but to save the _liberty of the world_. You can hardly
+imagine how such words re-echo in the hearts of oppressed nations, what
+streams of sympathy are today converging from all corners of Europe upon
+France, what hopes depend upon your victory.
+
+And yet many doubts have been expressed with regard to these French and
+English assertions because both nations have allied themselves with
+Russia, whose policy is contrary to the ideas of right and liberty; and
+Germany herself maintains that it is precisely those ideas for which she
+is fighting against Russia.
+
+It would be interesting to discover what German writers and professors
+really mean when they speak of a Holy War against Russia. Do they wish
+to assist Russian revolutionaries to dethrone the Czar?--Every
+revolutionary party would refuse indignantly to accept assistance from
+Prussian militarism. Do they wish to set free the neighboring countries,
+such as Poland, which are oppressed by Russia, by incorporating them
+with the German Empire?--It is well known that the Poles who are German
+subjects have suffered much more ignoble treatment than the Russian
+Poles, though even they have every reason to complain.
+
+The Baltic provinces of Russia alone remain, and here the Germans have
+for centuries had their pioneers among the large landowners and the
+merchants in the bigger towns. These, no doubt, Russian subjects but of
+German nationality, would welcome the German armies with enthusiasm. But
+they form only a caste of nobles and of the wealthy middle-classes,
+numbering at most a few thousands, whereas the bulk of the population,
+the Lettish and Esthonian nations, would regard the absorption of these
+provinces into Germany as the worst of calamities. We know well what
+German domination means. I am a Lett and can speak with authority, for I
+know the deepest feelings and hopes of my own countrymen.
+
+The Letts are akin to the Lithuanians. They inhabit Courland, Livonia,
+and a part of the province of Vitebsk. Their intellectual center is
+Riga. There are colonies of them in all the principal towns of Russia.
+Last year the _Annales des Nationalites_ of Paris devoted two numbers to
+these two sister nations. Owing to the geographical situation of their
+country, which is only too desirable, they had the misfortune to be
+under the yoke of the Germans, before they were under the yoke of the
+Russians. To understand how much they suffered under the former it will
+be sufficient to say that, in comparison with the Germans, we think of
+the Russians as our liberators. By sheer force the Germans kept us for
+centuries in a state equivalent to slavery. Only fifty years ago the
+Russian Government set us free from this bondage; but, at the same
+time, it committed the grave injustice of leaving all our land in the
+hands of German proprietors. Nevertheless, within the last twenty or
+thirty years, we have succeeded in reclaiming from the Germans a part at
+least of our land, and in reaching a considerable level of culture,
+thanks to which, we are considered, together with the Esthonians and the
+Finns, as the most advanced people in the Russian Empire.
+
+German papers often accuse us of ingratitude, and reproach us with our
+lack of appreciation of the advantages of the culture which they boast
+of having brought us. We listen to such accusations with a bitter smile,
+and in writing the word _Kulturtraeger_ (bearer of civilization) add an
+exclamation mark afterwards, for the behavior of the Germans has brought
+the expression into contempt. We have acquired our culture in spite of
+their opposition, and against their will. _Even today it is the German
+representatives in the Russian Duma who veto the occasional suggestions
+on the part of the Government to make reforms in the Baltic provinces._
+These provinces are administered in a manner that differs, and differs
+for the worse, from that adopted in the other provinces of Russia. We
+still submit to laws and regulations which no longer exist in other
+parts of Europe--laws which were made in the feudal ages and have been
+rigorously maintained amongst us, thanks to the exertions of the big
+German landowners, who are always sure of a hearing at the Imperial
+Court of St. Petersburg.
+
+Formerly, when we were striving in vain to reconcile our sympathy and
+admiration for German thought and art with the narrow, haughty, and
+cruel spirit of its representatives amongst us, we explained it all by
+saying that the Germans in our provinces were of a peculiar type, and
+had little in common with other Germans. But the crimes of which they
+have been guilty in Belgium and in France show us our mistake. Germans
+are the same everywhere in the work of conquest and domination--wholly
+without humanitarian scruples. In Germany, as in Russia, there are two
+distinct tendencies--the one, provoked by the ideas of Pangermanism and
+Panslavism, is to seek national glory on the field of battle and in the
+oppression of the personalities of other nations; the other is to
+achieve the same end in the peaceful realms of thought and artistic
+creation. Just as the culture of which Goethe was typical has nothing
+in common with Prussian militarism, so Tolstoi may be considered as the
+representative of that other Russia which is so different from the one
+represented by the Russian Government of today. Certainly the gulf
+between these two tendencies is less deep in Germany than in Russia, and
+this is due to the immense size of Russia, which contains vast numbers
+of poor and ignorant human beings whom the Russian Government oppresses
+with the utmost brutality. _But it is entirely unjust always to allude
+to the Russians as barbarians; and the Germans who invariably make use
+of this word when they speak of Russia have less right than any one to
+do so._ No one who knows the intellectual world of Germany and Russia
+will venture to say that the former is much superior to the latter--they
+are simply different. _And I would add that the one fact which makes us
+feel more drawn to the intellectual world of Russia than to that of the
+Germany of today, is that it would never be capable of justifying and
+approving the brutal conduct of its Government, as the German
+intellectuals are doing now. It has often been constrained to keep
+silence, but it has never raised its voice in defense of a guilty
+Government._
+
+Let not my testimony in favor of the Russians lead any one to believe
+that I am idealizing them, or that my people, the Letts, have enjoyed
+any special privileges under their government. On the contrary! I have
+suffered more at their hands than at the hands of the Germans, and my
+nation knows only too well how heavy is the hand of the Russian
+Government, and how suffocating the atmosphere of Panslavism. In 1906 it
+was the Lett peasant and intellectual classes who enjoyed most
+frequently the privilege of being flogged; it was amongst these classes
+that the greatest number of unfortunates were shot, hanged, or
+imprisoned for life. And since that dreadful year there are to be found
+in all the principal towns of Western Europe colonies of Letts, formed
+of refugees who succeeded in escaping from the atrocities of the
+punitive expedition sent by the Russian Government against my country.
+But this fact is significant: _at the head of the majority of the
+military bands commissioned to punish the country were German officers
+who had asked for this employment, and showed so great a zeal in
+shooting down men and setting fire to houses, that they went even beyond
+the intentions of the Russian Government. In those days the places
+might count themselves fortunate which were visited by dragoons
+commanded by officers of Russian nationality; for where Russian officers
+would have ordered the knout, German officers habitually inflicted a
+sentence of death._
+
+If my nation had ever to choose between a German and a Russian
+government it would choose the latter as the lesser of two evils. I see
+in the Lett newspapers that the reservists of my country left for the
+war with enthusiasm. I do not imagine that this enthusiasm is due to the
+thought that they are fighting for the glory of a nation which, by every
+means in its power, seeks to hinder our national development, by
+forbidding instruction in our native tongue in primary schools, by
+attempting to colonize our land with Russian peasants, by compelling our
+own people to emigrate to Siberia and America, by excluding all Letts
+from any share in Government employment, etc. This enthusiasm
+nevertheless exists, and it is because the war is being waged against
+Germany, and because the Letts know that the Germans have long been
+aiming at the possession of the Baltic provinces. To prevent this we are
+prepared to make any sacrifice. We, who love our national civilization
+and know well what Panslavism and Pangermanism mean, are of opinion
+that, of the two, Panslavism is less fatal to the civilizations of small
+nations. This is really due to the character of the two races.
+
+_German oppression is always systematic, hence always efficacious. In
+addition to this, their arrogant contempt for everything that is not
+themselves, the calm and calculated method in which they carry out their
+system of persecution wherever they dominate, all this makes them
+intolerable._
+
+_Russians are less logical by nature; their minds are not so regulated
+and they are more inclined to obey the dictates of their hearts; for
+this reason they are less to be feared as oppressors. The blows which
+they strike are often extremely cruel and painful, but they can repent
+from time to time. Their manners are rougher and more brutal_ (I speak
+here more especially of civil and military officials), _but on the whole
+they are more humane than the Germans, who often conceal feelings of
+fierce savagery under the mask of perfect courtesy. In the year 1906,
+when there were executions in Russia on a large scale, there were many
+cases of suicide amongst Russian officers who could not reconcile their
+profession of soldiers with that of a hangman. The officers of German
+nationality, on the other hand, carried out their orders with
+enjoyment._
+
+Nevertheless Russian domination, though preferable to German, is still
+very oppressive. I hear the news of Russian victories with mingled
+feelings, rejoicing in so far as they are victories for the Allies, yet
+dreading the triumph of Russia. After the defeats of the Russo-Japanese
+War, when the Russian Government was weakened, it conceded certain
+liberal measures and then revoked them almost entirely as its strength
+returned. What have we to expect from a victory for Czarism, especially
+we who are not Russians, but a savage revival of the crushing ideals of
+Panslavism?
+
+This is the agonized question which the nations subject to Russia are
+asking now. I read in your article that the turn of Czarism will come
+after that of Prussianism. In what sense is this to be understood? Is it
+your opinion that another war will presently break out against Czarism,
+or will it be struck down by the blows of an internal revolution? Is it
+even possible that France and England obtained the promise of a reform
+in the internal politics of Russia before allying themselves with her?
+And is the proclamation to the Poles evidence of this? Will it have any
+real effect after the war? And those other nations oppressed by
+Russia--the Finns, the Letts, the Lithuanians, the Esthonians, the
+Armenians, the Jews...--will they too have justice done them?
+
+These questions are probably devoid of any political significance. Yet
+without perceiving in what manner France and England can set us free, we
+do direct our hopes towards them. We believe that in some way or other
+they will take care in future that their Russian ally shall show herself
+worthy of them and of the ideas for which they are fighting, lest the
+blood of those who have died in the cause of freedom go to feed the
+strength of the oppressors.
+
+Thus, sir, I have ventured uninvited to set forth rather fully to you
+the hopes and fears of a nation which has developed itself on a narrow
+strip of land between the two abysses of Pangermanism and Panslavism.
+Whilst ardently desiring the destruction of the former, we have
+everything to fear from the latter. Yet we do not aspire to political
+independence. We seek only the possibility of developing freely our
+intellectual, artistic, and economic powers, without the perpetual
+menace of being absorbed by Russia or Germany. We believe that, in
+virtue of the civilization we have acquired in the face of obstacles, we
+are worthy of the liberties and rights of man; we are convinced that as
+a nation we have qualities which will fit us to play a valuable part in
+the great symphony of civilized peoples.
+
+_Journal de Geneve_, October 10, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+V. INTER ARMA CARITAS
+
+
+Once more I address myself to our friends the enemy. But this time I
+shall attempt no discussion, for discussion is impossible with those who
+avow that they do not seek for but possess the truth. For the moment
+there is no spiritual force that can pierce the thick wall of certitude
+by which Germany is barricaded against the light of day--the terrible
+certitude, the pharisaical satisfaction which pervades the monstrous
+letter of a Court preacher who glorifies God for having made him
+impeccable, irreproachable, and pure, himself, his emperor, his
+ministers, his army, and his race; and who rejoices beforehand in his
+"holy wrath" at the destruction of all who do not think as he
+thinks.[17]
+
+True, I am very far from thinking that this monument of anti-Christian
+pride represents the spirit of the better part of Germany. I know how
+many noble hearts, moderate, affectionate, incapable of doing evil and
+almost of conceiving it, go to make up her moral strength; amongst them
+are friends that I shall never cease to esteem. I know how many intrepid
+minds work ceaselessly in German science for the conquest of the truth.
+But I see on the one hand these good people so over-confident, so
+tractable, with their eyes shut, ignorant of the facts and unwilling to
+recognize anything but what it is the pleasure of their Government that
+they shall know; and on the other, the clearest minds of Germany,
+historians and savants, trained for the criticism of texts, basing their
+conviction on documents which all emanate from one alone of the parties
+concerned, and by way of peremptory proof referring us to the _ex-parte_
+affirmations of their Emperor, and of their Chancellor, like
+well-behaved scholars, whose only argument is _Magister dixit_. What
+hope remains of convincing such people that there exists a truth beyond
+that master, and that in addition to his White Book we have in our hands
+books of every kind and of every color, whose testimony demands the
+attention of an impartial judge? But do they so much as know of their
+existence, and does the master allow his class to handle the manuals of
+his enemies? Our disagreement is not only as regards the facts of the
+case; it is due to difference in mind itself. Between the spirit of
+Germany today and that of the rest of Europe there is no longer a point
+of contact. We speak to them of _Humanity_; they reply with
+_Uebermensch_, _Uebervolk_, and it goes without saying that they
+themselves are the Uebervolk. Germany seems to be overcome by a morbid
+exaltation, a collective madness, for which there is no remedy but time.
+According to the view of medical experts in analogous cases such forms
+of madness develop rapidly, and are suddenly followed by profound
+depression. We can then but wait, and in the meantime defend ourselves
+to the best of our ability from the madness of Ajax.
+
+Certainly Ajax has given us plenty of work to do. Look at the ruins
+around us! We may bring aid to the victims--yet how little can we
+achieve? In the eternal struggle between good and evil the scales are
+not evenly balanced. We need a century to re-create what one day can
+destroy. The fury of madness, on the other hand, endures only for a day;
+patient labor is our lot throughout the years. It knows no pause, even
+in those hours when the world seems at an end. The vine-growers of
+Champagne gather in their vintage though the bombs of the rival armies
+explode around them--and we, too, can do our share! There is work for
+all who find themselves outside the battle. Especially for those who
+still can write, it seems to me that there should be something better to
+do than to brandish a pen dipped in blood and seated at their tables to
+cry "Kill! Kill!" I hate the war, but even more do I hate those who
+glorify it without taking part. What would we say of officers who
+marched behind their men? The noblest role of those who follow in the
+rear is to pick up their friends who fall, and to bear in mind even
+during the battle those fair words so often forgotten--_Inter arma
+caritas_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Amidst all the misery which every man of feeling can do his share to
+relieve, let us recall the fate of the prisoner of war. But knowing that
+Germany today blushes at her former sentimentality, I carefully refrain
+from appealing to her pity by whinings, as they call them, about the
+destruction of Louvain and Rheims. "War is war." Granted!--then it is
+natural that it drags in its train thousands of prisoners, officers and
+men.
+
+For the moment I shall say only a word about these, in order to comfort
+as far as possible the families who are searching for them, and are so
+anxious about their fate. On both sides hateful rumors circulate only
+too easily, rumors given currency by an unscrupulous press, rumors which
+would have us believe that the most elementary laws of humanity are
+trampled under foot by the enemy. Only the other day an Austrian friend
+wrote to me, maddened by the lies of some paper or other, to beg me to
+help the German wounded in France, who are left without any aid. And
+have I not heard or read the same unworthy fears expressed by Frenchmen
+as regards their wounded, who are said to be maltreated in Germany? But
+it is all a lie--on both sides; and those of us whose task it is to
+receive the true information from either camp must affirm the contrary.
+Speaking generally (for in so many thousands of cases one cannot, of
+course, be sure that there will not here and there be individual
+exceptions) this war, whose actual conduct has provoked a degree of
+harshness which our knowledge of previous wars in the West would not
+have allowed us to expect, is by contrast less cruel to all
+those--prisoners and wounded--who are put out of the battle line.
+
+The letters that we receive and documents already published--especially
+an interesting account which appeared in the _Neue Zuercher Zeitung_ of
+October 18th, written by Dr. Schneeli, who had just been visiting the
+hospitals and prisoners' camps in Germany--show that in that country
+efforts are being made to reconcile the ideals of humanity with the
+exigencies of war. They make it clear that there is no difference
+between the care bestowed by the Germans on their own wounded and those
+of the enemy, and that friendly relations exist between the prisoners
+and their guards, who all share the same food.
+
+I could wish that a similar inquiry might be made and published on the
+camps where German prisoners are concentrated in France. In the meantime
+accounts which reach me from individuals disclose a similar
+situation,[18] and there is plenty of reliable evidence that in Germany
+and France alike the wounded of both countries are living in terms of
+friendship. There are even soldiers who refuse to have their wounds
+dressed or receive their rations before their comrades the enemy have
+received similar attention. And who knows if it is not perhaps in the
+ranks of the contending armies that the feelings of national hatred are
+least violent? For there one learns to appreciate the courage of one's
+adversaries, since the same sufferings are common to all, and since
+where all energy is directed towards action there is none left for
+personal animosity. It is amongst those who are not actively engaged
+that there is developed the harsh and implacable brand of hatred, of
+which certain intellectuals provide terrible examples.
+
+The moral situation of the military prisoner is therefore not so
+overwhelming as might be imagined, and his lot, sad as it is, is less to
+be pitied than that of another class of prisoners of whom I shall speak
+later. The feeling of duty accomplished, the memory of the struggle,
+glorifies his misfortune in his own eyes, and even in those of the
+enemy. He is not totally abandoned to the foe; international conventions
+protect him; the Red Cross watches over him, and it is possible to
+discover where he is and to come to his assistance.
+
+In this work the admirable _Agence internationale des prisonniers de
+guerre_, most providentially established some two months after the
+commencement of the war, has caused the name of Geneva to be known and
+blessed in the most remote corners of France and Germany. It only needs,
+like Providence itself, to gain the co-operation of those over whose
+interests it watches, that is to say, of the States concerned which have
+been somewhat slow in supplying the lists we need. Under the aegis of the
+International Committee of the Red Cross, with M. Gustave Ador as
+president and M. Max Dollfus as director, some 300 voluntary workers,
+drawn from all classes of society, are assisting in its charitable work.
+More than 15,000 letters a day pass through its hands. It daily
+transmits about 7,000 letters between prisoners and their families, and
+is responsible for the safe dispatch of some 4,000 francs on an average.
+The precise information which it is able to communicate was very meager
+at the start, but soon increased, until a thousand cases could be dealt
+with in the course of a single day; and this number rapidly increased
+with the arrival of more complete lists from the Governments concerned.
+
+This renewal of intercourse between a prisoner and his family is not the
+only beneficial result of our organization. Its peaceful work, its
+impartial knowledge of the actual facts in the belligerent countries,
+contribute to modify the hatred which wild stories have exasperated, and
+to reveal what remains of humanity in the most envenomed enemy. It can
+also draw the attention of the different Governments, or at least of the
+general public, to cases where a speedy understanding would be in the
+interest of both parties--as, for instance, in the exchange of men who
+are so seriously wounded that they will be quite unable to take further
+part in the war, and whom it is useless and inhuman to keep languishing
+far from their friends. Finally, it can effectively direct public
+generosity, which often hesitates for want of guidance. It can, for
+instance, point out to neutral countries, who are so ungrudging in their
+anxiety to aid the sufferings of the combatants, where help is most
+urgently needed--for the wounded prisoners, convalescents leaving the
+hospital without linen or boots, and with no claims on the enemy for
+further support.[19]
+
+Instead of showering gifts (which, no doubt, are never superfluous) on
+the armies who can and should be supported by the peoples for whom they
+are fighting, neutrals might well reserve the greater part of their
+generosity for those who are most destitute, those whose need is the
+greatest, for they are feeble, broken, and alone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But there is another class of prisoners on whom I would like interest to
+be specially concentrated, for their situation is far more precarious,
+unprotected as they are by any international convention. These are the
+civil prisoners. They are one of the innovations of this unbridled war,
+which seems to have set itself to violate all the rights of humanity. In
+former wars it was only a question of a few hostages arrested here and
+there as a guarantee of good faith for the pledge of some conquered
+town. Never until now had one heard of populations taken bodily into
+captivity on the model of ancient conquests--a custom actively revived
+since the beginning of this war. Such a contingency not having been
+foreseen, no conventions existed to regulate the situation in the laws
+of war, if the words have any meaning. And as it would have been awkward
+to formulate fresh laws in the midst of the struggle, it seemed more
+simple to overlook them. It has been as though these unfortunates did
+not exist.
+
+But they do exist, and in thousands. Their number seems about equal on
+both sides. Which of the belligerents took the initiative in these
+captures? At present certainty is impossible. It seems clear that in the
+second half of July Germany ordered the arrest of a number of Alsatian
+civilians. To this France replied the day after her mobilization by
+declaring prisoners Germans and Austrians then to be found on her
+territory. The casting of this vast net was followed by similar action
+in Germany and Austria, though, perhaps, with less result. The conquest
+of Belgium and the invasion of the North of France brought about a
+redoubling of these measures aggravated by violence. The Germans, on
+retiring after their defeat on the Marne, methodically made a clean
+sweep in the towns and villages of Picardy and Flanders of all persons
+capable of bearing arms--500 men at Douai, at Amiens 1,800 summoned
+before the citadel on some apparently harmless pretext, and carried off
+without even the possibility of returning for a change of clothes.
+
+In many cases the captures had not even the excuse of military utility.
+In the village of Sompuis (Marne) on September 10th, the Saxons seized a
+helpless village priest of seventy-three, scarcely able to walk, and
+five old men of ages from sixty to seventy, one of whom was lame, and
+took them away on foot. Elsewhere women and children are taken, happy if
+they can remain together. Here a husband, mad with grief, searches for
+his wife and son aged three, who have disappeared since the Germans
+passed through Quievrechain (Nord). There it is a mother and her
+children taken by the French near Guebwiller; the children were sent
+back, but not the mother. A French captain, wounded by the bursting of a
+shell, saw his wife also wounded by German bullets at Nomeny
+(Meurthe-et-Moselle); since when she has disappeared, taken he does not
+know where. An old peasant woman of sixty-three is taken away from her
+husband near Villers-aux-Vents (Meuse) by a company of Germans. A child
+of sixteen is seized at its mother's house at Mulhouse.
+
+Such action shows an utter lack of human feeling, and is almost more
+absurd than cruel. It really appears as though people had been
+deliberately separated from all who were dearest to them; and of those
+who have so disappeared no trace remains by which they can at present be
+found. I am not speaking of Belgium; there the silence is as of the
+grave. Of what is taking place there nothing has been heard in the
+outer world for three months. Are the villages and towns still in
+existence? I have before me letters from parents (in some cases
+belonging to neutral nations) begging for news of their children of
+twelve or eight years of age, detained in Belgium since hostilities
+broke out. I have even found in the lists of these vanished
+children--doubtless prisoners of war--youthful citizens of four or two
+years of age. Are we to understand that they too could have been
+mobilized?
+
+We see the anguish of the survivors. Imagine the distress of those who
+have disappeared, deprived of money or the means of obtaining any from
+their families. What misery is revealed in the first letters received
+from such families interned in France or Germany! A mother whose little
+boy is ill, although rich, cannot procure any money. Another, with two
+children, requests us to warn her family that if after the war, nothing
+more is heard of her, it will mean that she has died of hunger. These
+cries of misery seemed in the noise of battle to fall on deaf ears for
+the first two months. The Red Cross itself, absorbed in its immense
+task, reserved all its help for the military prisoners, and the
+Governments seemed to show a superb disdain for their unfortunate
+citizens. Of what use are such as cannot serve! Yet these are the most
+innocent victims of this war. They have not taken part in it, and
+nothing had prepared them for such calamities.
+
+Fortunately a man of generous sympathies (he will not forgive me for
+publishing his name), Dr. Ferriere, was touched by the misfortunes of
+these outcasts of the war. With a tenacity as patient as it was
+passionate, he set himself to construct in the swarming hive of Red
+Cross workers a special department to deal with their distress. Refusing
+to be discouraged by the innumerable difficulties and the remote chances
+of success, he persevered, limiting himself at first to drawing up lists
+of the missing, and trying to inspire confidence in their anxious
+friends. He then attempted by every means in his power to discover the
+place of internment, and to re-establish communications between
+relations and friends. What joy when one can announce to a family that
+the son or the father has been found! Every one of us at our table--for
+I, too, had the honor of sharing in the work--rejoices as though he were
+a member of that family. And as luck would have it the first letter of
+this kind which I had to write was to comfort some good people in my own
+little town in the Nivernais.
+
+Great progress has already been made. The most pressing needs have
+obtained a hearing. The Governments have agreed to liberate women,
+children under seventeen, and men over sixty. Repatriation began on
+October 23rd through the Bureau of Berne, created by the Federal
+Council. It remains, if not to deliver the others (we cannot count on
+this before the end of the war), at any rate to put them in
+communication with their families. In such cases, as in many others,
+more can be expected from the charitable efforts of private individuals
+than from Governments. The friends with whom we communicated in Germany
+or Austria as in France have replied with enthusiasm, all showing a
+generous desire to take part in our work. It is such questions
+transcending national pride which reveal the underlying fellowship of
+the nations which are tearing each other to pieces, and the sacrilegious
+folly of war. How friends and enemies are drawn together in the face of
+common suffering which the efforts of all humanity would hardly suffice
+to alleviate!
+
+When after three months of fratricidal struggle one has felt the calming
+influence of this wide human sympathy, and turns once more to the field
+of strife, the rasping cries of hate in the press inspire only horror
+and pity. What object have they in view? They wish to punish crimes and
+are a crime in themselves; for murderous words are the seeds of future
+murder. In the diseased organism of a fevered Europe everything vibrates
+and reverberates without end. Every word, every action, arouses
+reprisals. Him who fans hatred, hatred flares up to consume. Heroes of
+officialdom! bullies of the press! the blows which you deal very often
+reach your own people, little though you think it--your soldiers, your
+prisoners, delivered into the hands of the enemy. They answer for the
+harm which you have done, and you escape the danger.
+
+We cannot stop the war, but we can make it less bitter. There are
+medicines for the body. We need medicines for the soul, to dress the
+wounds of hatred and vengeance by which the world is being poisoned. We
+who write--let that be our task. And as the Red Cross pursues its work
+of mercy in the midst of the combat, like the bees of Holy Writ that
+made their honey in the jaws of the lion, let us try to support its
+efforts. Let our thoughts follow the ambulances that gather up the
+wounded on the field of battle. May _Notre-Dame la Misere_ lay on the
+brow of raging Europe her stern but succoring hand. May she open the
+eyes of these peoples, blinded by pride, and show them that they are
+but poor human flocks, equal in the face of suffering; suffering at all
+times so great that there is no reason to add to the burden.
+
+_Journal de Geneve_, October 30, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+VI. TO THE PEOPLE THAT IS SUFFERING FOR JUSTICE
+
+(For _King Albert's Book_.[20])
+
+
+Belgium has just written an Epic, whose echoes will resound throughout
+the ages. Like the three hundred Spartans, the little Belgian army
+confronts for three months the German Colossus; Leman-Leonides; the
+Thermopylae of Liege; Louvain, like Troy, burnt; the deeds of King Albert
+surrounded by his valiant men: with what legendary grandeur are these
+figures already invested, and history has not yet completed their story!
+The heroism of this people, who, without a murmur, sacrificed everything
+for honor, has burst like a thunderclap upon us at a time when the
+spirit of victorious Germany was enthroning in the world a conception of
+political realism, resting stolidly on force and self-interest. It was
+a liberation of the oppressed idealism of the West. And that the signal
+should have been given by this little nation seemed a miracle.
+
+Men call the sudden appearance of a hidden reality a miracle. It is the
+shock of danger which makes us best understand the character of
+individuals and of nations. What discoveries this war has caused us to
+make in those around us, even among those nearest and dearest to us!
+What heroic hearts and savage beasts! The inner soul, not a new soul,
+reveals itself.
+
+In this fearful hour Belgium has seen the hidden genius of her race
+emerge. The sterling qualities that she has displayed during the last
+three months evoke admiration; it should not surprise any one who, in
+the pages of history, has felt, coursing through the ages, the vigorous
+sap of her people. Small in numbers and in territory, but one of the
+greatest in Europe in virtue of her overflowing vitality. The Belgians
+of today are the sons of the Flemings of Courtrai. The men of this land
+never feared to oppose their powerful neighbors, the kings of France or
+Spain--now heroes, now victims, Artevelde and Egmont. Their soil,
+watered by the blood of millions of warriors, is the most fertile in
+Europe in the harvests of the spirit. From it arose the art of modern
+painting, spread throughout the world by the school of the van Eycks at
+the time of the Renaissance. From it arose the art of modern music, of
+that polyphony which thrilled through France, Germany, and Italy for
+nearly two centuries. From it, too, came the superb poetic efflorescence
+of our times; and the two writers who most brilliantly represent French
+literature in the world, Maeterlinck and Verhaeren, are Belgian. They
+are the people who have suffered most and have borne their sufferings
+most bravely and cheerfully; the martyr-people of Philip II and of
+Kaiser Wilhelm; and they are the people of Rubens, the people of
+Kermesses and of Till Ulenspiegel.
+
+He who knows the amazing epic re-told by Charles de Coster: _The heroic,
+joyous, and glorious adventures of Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedjak_, those
+two Flemish worthies who might take their places side by side with the
+immortal Don Quixote and his Sancho Panza--he who has seen that
+dauntless spirit at work, rough and facetious, rebellious by nature,
+always offending the established powers, running the gauntlet of all
+trials and hardships, and emerging from them always gay and
+smiling--realizes also the destinies of the nation that gave birth to
+Ulenspiegel, and even in the darkest hour fearlessly looks towards the
+approaching dawn of rich and happy days. Belgium may be invaded. The
+Belgian people will never be conquered nor crushed. The Belgian people
+cannot die.
+
+At the end of the story of _Till Ulenspiegel_, when they think he is
+dead, and are going to bury him, he wakes up:
+
+     _"Are they," he asks, "going to bury Ulenspiegel the soul, Nele the
+     heart of mother Flanders? Sleep, perhaps, but die, no! Come,
+     Nele."_
+
+     _And he departed, singing his sixth song. But no one knows where he
+     sang his last._
+
+
+
+
+VII. LETTER TO MY CRITICS[21]
+
+
+_November 17, 1914._
+
+There has reached me, after much delay, at Geneva, where I am engaged on
+the International work of Prisoners of War, the echo of attacks against
+me in certain newspapers, roused by the articles that I have published
+in the _Journal de Geneve_, or rather by two or three passages
+arbitrarily chosen from those articles (for they themselves are scarcely
+known to anybody in France). My best reply will be to collect what I
+have written and publish it in Paris. I would not add a word of
+explanation, for there is not a line that I did not think it my right
+and my duty to set down. Moreover, I think that there is better work to
+do at this moment than to defend oneself; there are others to defend,
+the thousands of victims who are fighting in France. Time devoted to
+polemics is like a theft from these unfortunates, from these prisoners
+and families, whose hands seeking each other across space we are trying
+to unite at Geneva.
+
+But not content with attacking me personally, they have attacked ideas
+and a cause which I believe to be that of the true France; and since my
+friends expect me to defend these thoughts which are also theirs, I
+profit by the hospitality which is offered me to reply distinctly and
+frankly in good French.
+
+I have published four articles: a letter to Gerhart Hauptmann, written
+the day after the devastation of Louvain, "Above the Battle," "The
+Lesser of Two Evils," and "Inter Arma Caritas." In these four articles I
+have stated that of all the imperialisms which are the scourge of the
+world, Prussian Military Imperialism is the worst. I have declared that
+it is the enemy of European liberty, the enemy of Western civilization,
+the enemy of Germany herself, and that it must be destroyed. On this
+point I imagine we are agreed.
+
+To what do my critics take exception? Without entering into the
+discussion of certain points of detail, such as the appeal made by the
+Allies to the forces of Asia and Africa of which I disapprove, and
+still disapprove because I see in it a near and grave danger for Europe
+and for the Allies themselves, and because this danger is already
+materializing in threats of disturbance in the world of Islam--exception
+is taken essentially on two grounds:
+
+1. My refusal to include the German people and its military and
+intellectual rulers in the same denunciation.
+
+2. The esteem and friendship which I have for the individuals in the
+country with which we are at war.
+
+I will reply first of all without ambiguity to this second reproach.
+Yes, I have German friends as I have French, Italian, and English
+friends, and friends of every race. They are my wealth: I am proud of it
+and keep it. When one has had the good fortune to meet in this world
+loyal souls with whom one shares one's most intimate thoughts, and with
+whom one has formed bonds of brotherly union, such bonds are sacred, and
+not to be broken asunder in the hour of trial. He would be a coward who
+timidly ceased to own them, in order to obey the insolent summons of a
+public opinion which has no right over the heart. Does the love of
+country demand this unkindness of thought which is associated with the
+name Cornelienne? Corneille himself has given the answer:
+
+    --_Albe vous a nomme, je ne vous connais plus._
+    --_Je vous connais encore, et c'est ce qui me tue._
+
+Certain letters, which I shall reproduce later, will show the grief,
+sometimes almost tragic, that such friendships mean in these moments.
+Thanks to them, we have at least been able to defend ourselves against a
+hatred which is more murderous than war, since it is an infection
+produced by its wounds; and it does as much harm to those whom it
+possesses as to those against whom it is directed.
+
+This poison I see with apprehension spreading at the present moment.
+Amongst the victim populations, the cruelties and ravages committed by
+the German armies have brought to birth a desire for reprisals. This,
+when once in existence, is not for the press to exasperate, for such a
+desire runs the risk of leading to dangerous injustice--dangerous not
+only for the conquered but above all for the conquerors. France has, in
+this war, the chance of playing the nobler part, the rarest chance that
+the world has even seen. A German wrote to me a few weeks ago: "France
+has won in this war a prodigious moral triumph. The sympathies of the
+whole world are drawn towards her; and, most extraordinary of all,
+Germany herself has a secret leaning towards her enemy." All should wish
+that this moral triumph may be hers to the end, and that she may remain
+to the end just, straightforward, and humane. I could never distinguish
+the cause of France from that of humanity. It is just because I am
+French that I leave to our Prussian enemies the motto: "_Oderint, dum
+metuant._" I wish France to be loved, I wish her to be victorious not
+only by force, not only by right (that would be difficult enough), but
+by that large and generous heart which is pre-eminently hers. I wish her
+to be strong enough to fight without hatred and to regard even those
+against whom she is forced to fight as misguided brothers who must be
+pitied when they have been rendered harmless.
+
+Our soldiers know it well, and I say nothing here of letters from the
+front which tell us of compassion and kindness between the combatants.
+But the civilians who are outside the combat, who do not fight, but
+talk, who write and embroil themselves in a factitious and lunatic
+agitation and are never exhausted; these are delivered over to the winds
+of feverish violence. And there is the danger. For they form opinion,
+the only opinion that can be expressed (all others are forbidden). It
+is for these that I write, not for those who are fighting (they have no
+need of us!).
+
+And when I hear the publicists trying to rouse the energies of the
+nation by all the stimulants at their disposal for this one object, the
+total crushing of the enemy nation, I think it my duty to rise in
+opposition to what I believe to be at once a moral and a political
+error. You make war against a State, not against a people. It would be
+monstrous to hold sixty-five million men responsible for the acts of
+some thousands--perhaps some hundreds. Here in French Switzerland, so
+passionately in sympathy with France, so eager both in its sympathies
+and in the duty of restraining them, I have been able for three months,
+by reading German letters and pamphlets, to examine closely the
+conscience of the German nation. And I have been able thus to take
+account of a good many facts which escape the greater part of the French
+people. The first, the most striking, the most ignored, is that there is
+not in Germany as a whole any real hatred of France (all the hatred is
+turned against England). The especial pathos of the situation lies in
+the fact that the French spirit only really began to exercise an
+attraction upon Germany some two or three years ago. Germany was
+beginning to discover the true France, the France of work and of faith.
+The new generations, the young classes that they have just led to the
+abattoir of Ypres and Dixmude, numbered the purest souls, the greatest
+idealists, those most possessed by the dream of universal brotherhood.
+If I say that for many among them the war has been a laceration, "a
+horror, a failure, a renunciation of every ideal, an abdication of the
+spirit," as one of them wrote on the eve of his death--if I say that the
+death of Peguy has been mourned by many young Germans, no one would
+believe me. But belief will be a necessity the day I publish the
+documents which I have collected.
+
+It is somewhat better understood in France how this German nation,
+enveloped in the network of lies woven by its Government, and abandoning
+herself thereto with a blind and obstinate loyalty, is profoundly
+convinced that she was attacked, hemmed in by the jealousy of the world;
+and that she must defend herself at all costs or die. It is among the
+chivalrous traditions of France to render homage to the courage of an
+adversary. One owes it to that adversary to recognize that in default of
+other virtues the spirit of sacrifice is, in the present instance,
+almost boundless. It would be a great mistake to force it to extremes.
+Instead of driving this blind people to a magnificent and desperate
+defense, let us try to open their eyes. It is not impossible. An
+Alsatian patriot, to whom one could not impute indulgence for Germany,
+Dr. Bucher of Strasbourg, told me not long since, that even though the
+German is full of haughty prejudices carefully fostered by his teachers,
+he is at any rate always amenable to discussion and his docile spirit is
+accessible to arguments. As an example, I would instance the secret
+evolution that I see in progress in the thought of certain Germans.
+Numbers of German letters that I have read this month begin to utter
+agonized questionings as to the legitimacy of the proceedings of Germany
+in Belgium. I have seen this anxiety growing, little by little, in
+consciences which at first reposed in the conviction of their right.
+Truth is slowly dawning. What will happen if its light conquers and
+spreads? Carry truth in your hands! Let it be our strongest weapon! Let
+us, like the soldiers of the Revolution, whose hearts live again in our
+troops, fight not against our enemies, but for them. In saving the
+world, let us save them too. France does not break old chains in order
+to rivet new.
+
+Your thoughts are fixed on victory. I think of the peace which will
+follow. For however insistently the most militarist among you may talk,
+venturing as did an article to hold out the delightful promise of a
+perpetual war--"a war which will last after this war, indefinitely...."[22]
+(it will come to an end, nevertheless--for lack of combatants!) ...
+there must come a day when you will stretch out the hand of friendship,
+you and your neighbors across the Rhine, if it were only to come to an
+agreement, for the sake of your own business. You will have to
+re-establish supportable and humane relations: so set to work in such a
+manner as not to make them impossible! Do not break down all the
+bridges, since it will ever be necessary to cross the river. Do not
+destroy the future. A good open, clean wound will heal; but do not
+poison it. Let us be on our guard against hatred. If we prepare for war
+in peace according to the wisdom of nations, we should also prepare for
+peace in war. It is a task which seems to me not unworthy of those among
+us who find themselves outside the struggle, and who through the life of
+the spirit have wider relations with the universe--a little lay church
+which, today more than the other, preserves its faith in the unity of
+human thought and believes that all men are sons of the same Father. In
+any case, if such a faith merits insult, the insults constitute an honor
+that we will claim as ours before the tribunal of posterity.
+
+
+
+
+VIII. THE IDOLS
+
+
+For more than forty centuries it has been the effort of great minds who
+have attained liberty to extend this blessing to others; to liberate
+humanity and to teach men to see reality without fear or error, to look
+themselves in the face without false pride or false humility and to
+recognize their weakness and their strength, that they may know their
+true position in the universe. They have illumined the path with the
+brightness of their lives and their example, like the star of the magi,
+that mankind may have light.
+
+Their efforts have failed. For more than forty centuries humanity has
+remained in bondage--I do not say to masters (for such are of the order
+of the flesh, of which I am not speaking here; and their chains break
+sooner or later), but to the phantoms of their own minds. Such servitude
+comes from within. We grow faint in the endeavor to cut the bonds which
+bind mankind, who straightway tie them again to be more firmly
+enthralled. Of every liberator men make a master. Every ideal which
+ought to liberate is transformed into a clumsy idol. The history of
+humanity is the history of Idols and of their successive reigns; and as
+humanity grows older the power of the Idol seems to wax greater and more
+destructive.
+
+At first the divinities were of wood, of stone, or of metal. Those at
+any rate were not proof against the axe or against fire. Others followed
+that no material force could reach, for they were graven in the
+invisible mind. Yet all aspired to material dominion, and to secure for
+them that dominion the peoples of the world have poured out their best
+blood: Idols of religions and of nationality: the Idol of liberty whose
+reign was established in Europe by the armies of the _sans-culotte_ at
+the point of the bayonet. The masters have changed, the slaves are still
+the same. Our century has made the acquaintance of two new species. The
+Idol of Race, at first the outcome of noble ideas, became in the
+laboratories of spectacled savants the Moloch which Germany herself
+hurled against France in 1870 and which her enemies now wish to use
+against the Germany of today. The latest on the scene is that authentic
+product of German science, fraternally allied to the labors of industry,
+of commerce, and of the firm of Krupp--the Idol of Kultur surrounded by
+its Levites, the thinkers of Germany.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The common feature of the cult of all Idols is the adaptation of an
+ideal to the evil instincts of mankind. Man cultivates the vices which
+are profitable to him, but feels the necessity of legitimizing them;
+being unwilling to sacrifice them, he must idealize them. That is why
+the problem at which he has never ceased to labor throughout the
+centuries has been to harmonize his ideals with his own mediocrity. He
+has always succeeded. The crowd has no difficulty here. It sets side by
+side its virtues and its vices, its heroism and its meanness. The force
+of its passions and the rapid course of the days which carry it along
+cause it to forget its lack of logic.
+
+But the intelligent few cannot satisfy themselves with so little effort.
+Not that they are, as is often said, less readily swayed by passion.
+This is a grave error; the richer a life becomes the more does it offer
+for passion to devour, and history sufficiently shows the terrifying
+paroxysms to which the lives of religious leaders and revolutionaries
+have attained. But these toilers in the spirit love careful work, and
+are repelled by popular modes of thought which perpetually break through
+the meshes of reasoning. They have to make a more closely woven net in
+which instinct and idea, cost what it may, combine to form a stouter
+tissue. They thus achieve monstrous _chefs-d'oeuvre_. Give an
+intellectual any ideal and any evil passion and he will always succeed
+in harmonizing the twain. The love of God and the love of mankind have
+been invoked in order to burn, kill, and pillage. The fraternity of 1793
+was sister to the Holy Guillotine. We have in our time seen Churchmen
+seeking and finding in the Gospels the justification of Banking and of
+War. Since the outbreak of the war a clergyman of Wuertemberg established
+the fact that _neither Christ nor John the Baptist nor the apostles
+desired to suppress militarism_.[23] A clever intellectual is a conjuror
+in ideas. "_Nothing in my hands--nothing up my sleeves._" The great
+trick is to extract from any given idea its precise contrary--war from
+the Sermon on the Mount, or, like Professor Ostwald, the military
+dictatorship of the Kaiser from the dream of an intellectual
+internationalism. For such conjurors these things are but child's play.
+
+Let us expose them, by examining the words of this Dr. Ostwald, who has
+appeared during the last few months as the Baptist of the Gospel of the
+spiked helmet.
+
+Here is the Idol to begin with--_Kultur (made in Germany), with a
+capital K "rectiligne et de quatre pointes, comme un chevel de frise,"_
+as Miguel de Unamuno wrote to me. All around are little gods, the
+children of its loins: _Kulturstaat_, _Kulturbund_, _Kulturimperium_....
+
+_"I am now" (it is the voice of Ostwald[24]) "going to explain to you
+the great secret of Germany. We, or rather the Germanic race, have
+discovered the factor of Organization. Other peoples still live under
+the regime of individualism while we are under that of Organization. The
+stage of Organization is a more advanced stage of civilization."_
+
+It is surely clear that, like those missionaries who, in order to carry
+the Christian faith to heathen peoples, secure the co-operation of a
+squadron and a landing party which straightway establish in the
+idolatrous country commercial stores protected by a ring of cannon,
+German intelligence cannot without selfishness keep her treasures to
+herself. She is obliged to share them.
+
+"_Germany wishes to organize Europe, for Europe has hitherto not been
+organized. With us everything tends to elicit from each individual the
+maximal output in the direction most favorable for society. That for us
+is liberty in its highest form._"
+
+We may well pause to marvel at this way of talking about human "culture"
+as though it were a question of asparagus and artichokes. Of this
+happiness, and these advantages, this maximal output, this market-garden
+culture, this liberty of artichokes subjected to a judicious forcing
+process, Professor Ostwald does not wish to deprive the other peoples of
+Europe. As they are so unenlightened as not to acquiesce with
+enthusiasm:
+
+"_War will make them participate in the form of this organization in our
+higher civilization._"
+
+Thereupon the chemist-philosopher, who is also in his leisure hours a
+politician and a strategist, sketches in bold outline the picture of the
+victories of Germany and a remodeled Europe--a United States of Europe
+under the paternal sceptre of his mailed Kaiser: England crushed, France
+disarmed, and Russia dismembered. His colleague Haeckel completes this
+joyous _expose_ by dividing Belgium, the British Empire, and the North
+of France--like Perrette of the fable before her pitcher broke.
+Unfortunately neither Haeckel nor Ostwald tells us if their plan for the
+establishment of this higher civilization included the destruction of
+the Halle of Ypres, of the Library at Louvain, of the Cathedral at
+Rheims. After all these conquests, divisions, and devastations, let us
+not overlook this wonderful sentence of which Ostwald certainly did not
+realize the sinister buffoonery, worthy of a Moliere: "You know that I
+am a pacifist."
+
+However far the high priests of a cult may allow their emotion to carry
+them, their profession of faith still retains a certain diplomatic
+reserve which does not hamper their followers. Thus the
+_Kulturmenschen_. But the zeal of their Levites must frequently disturb
+the serenity of Moses and Aaron--Haeckel and Ostwald--by its intemperate
+frankness. I do not know what they think of the article of Thomas Mann
+which appeared in the November number of the _Neue Rundschau_: "Gedanken
+im Kriege." But I do know what certain French intellectuals will think
+of it. Germany could not offer them a more terrible weapon against
+herself.
+
+In an access of delirious pride and exasperated fanaticism Mann employs
+his envenomed pen to justify the worst accusations that have been made
+against Germany. While an Ostwald endeavors to identify the cause of
+_Kultur_ with that of civilization, Mann proclaims: "They have nothing
+in common. The present war is that of _Kultur_ (i. e., of Germany)
+against civilization." And pushing this outrageous boast of pride to the
+point of madness, he defines civilization as Reason (_Vernunft,
+Aufklaerung_), Gentleness (_Sittigung, Saenftigung_), Spirit (_Geist,
+Aufloesung_), and Kultur as "a spiritual _organization_ of the world"
+which does not exclude "bloody savagery." Kultur is "the sublimation of
+the demoniacal" (_die Sublimierung des Daemonischen_). It is "above
+morality, above reason, and above science." While Ostwald and Haeckel
+see in militarism merely an arm or instrument of which Kultur makes use
+to secure victory, Thomas Mann affirms that Kultur and Militarism are
+brothers--their ideal is the same, their aim the same, their principle
+the same. Their enemy is peace, is spirit ("_Ja, der Geist ist zivil,
+ist buergerlich_"). He finally dares to inscribe on his own and his
+country's banner the words, "Law is the friend of the weak; it would
+reduce the world to a level. War brings out strength."
+
+    _Das Gesetz ist der Freund des Schwachen,_
+    _Moechte gern die Welt verflachen_
+    _Aber der Krieg laesst die Kraft erscheinen...._
+
+In this criminal glorification of violence, Thomas Mann himself has been
+surpassed. Ostwald preached the victory of Kultur, if necessary by
+Force; Mann proved that Kultur is Force. Some one was needed to cast
+aside the last veil of reserve and say "Force alone. All else be
+silent." We have read extracts from the cynical article in which
+Maximilian Harden, treating the desperate efforts of his Government to
+excuse the violation of Belgian neutrality as feeble lies, dared to
+write:
+
+"_Why on earth all this fuss? Might creates our Right. Did a powerful
+man ever submit himself to the crazy pretensions or to the judgment of a
+band of weaklings?_"
+
+What a testimony to the madness into which German intelligence has been
+precipitated by pride and struggle, and to the moral anarchy of this
+Empire, whose _organization_ is imposing only to the eyes of those who
+do not see farther than the facade! Who cannot see the weakness of a
+Government which gags its socialist press and yet tolerates such an
+insulting contradiction as this? Who does not see that such words
+defame Germany before the whole world for centuries to come? These
+miserable intellectuals imagine that with their display of infuriated
+Nietzcheism and Bismarckism they are acting heroically and impressing
+the world. They merely disgust it. They wish to be believed. People are
+only too ready to believe them. The whole of Germany will be made
+responsible for the delirium of a few writers. Germany will one day
+realize she has had no more deadly enemy than her own intellectuals.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I write here without prejudice, for I am certainly not proud of our
+French intellectuals. The Idol of Race, or of Civilization, or of
+Latinity, which they so greatly abuse, does not satisfy me. I do not
+like any idol--not even that of Humanity. But at any rate those to which
+my country bows down are less dangerous. They are not aggressive, and,
+moreover, there remains even in the most fanatical of our intellectuals
+a basis of native common sense, of which the Germans of whom I have just
+spoken seem to have lost all trace. But it must be admitted that on
+neither side have they brought honor to the cause of reason, which they
+have not been able to protect against the winds of violence and folly.
+There is a saying of Emerson's which is applicable to their failure:
+
+"_Nothing is more rare in any man than an act of his own._"
+
+Their acts and their writings have come to them from others, from
+outside, from public opinion, blind and menacing. I do not wish to
+condemn those who have been obliged to remain silent either because they
+are in the armies, or because the censorship which rules in countries
+involved in war has imposed silence upon them. But the unheard-of
+weakness with which the leaders of thought have everywhere abdicated to
+the collective madness has certainly proved their lack of _character_.
+
+Certain somewhat paradoxical passages in my own writings have caused me
+at times to be styled an anti-intellectual; an absurd charge to bring
+against one who has given his life to the worship of thought. But it is
+true that Intellectualism has often appeared to me as a mere caricature
+of Thought--Thought mutilated, deformed, and petrified, powerless, not
+only to dominate the drama of life, but even to understand it. And the
+events of to-day have proved me more in the right than I wished to be.
+The intellectual lives too much in the realm of shadows, of ideas.
+Ideas have no existence in themselves, but only through the hopes or
+experiences which can fill them. They are either summaries, or
+hypotheses; frames for what has been or will be; convenient or necessary
+formulae. One cannot live and act without them, but the evil is that
+people make them into oppressive realities. No one contributes more to
+this than the intellectual, whose trade it is to handle them, who,
+biased by his profession, is always tempted to subordinate reality to
+them. Let there supervene a collective passion which completes his
+blindness, and it will be cast in the form of the idea which can best
+serve its purpose: it transfers its life-blood to that idea, and the
+idea magnifies and glorifies it in turn. Nothing is more long-lived in a
+man than a phantom which his own mind has created, a phantom in which
+are combined the madness of his heart and the madness of his head. Hence
+the intellectuals in the present crisis have not been overcome by the
+warlike contagion less than others, but they have themselves contributed
+to spreading it. I would add (for it is their punishment) that they are
+victims of the contagion for a longer period: for whilst simple folk
+constantly submit to the test of every-day action and of experience, and
+modify their ideas without conscious regret, the intellectual finds
+himself bound in the net of his own creation and every word that he
+writes draws the bonds tighter. Hence while we see that in the soldiers
+of all armies the fire of hate is rapidly dying down and that they
+already fraternize from trench to trench, the writers redouble their
+furious arguments. We can easily prophesy that when the remembrance of
+this senseless war has passed away among the people its bitterness will
+still be smouldering in the hearts of the intellectuals....
+
+Who shall break the idols? Who shall open the eyes of their fanatical
+followers? Who shall make them understand that no god of their minds,
+religious or secular, has the right to force himself on other human
+beings--even he who seems the most worthy--or to despise them? Admitting
+that your _Kultur_ on German soil produces the sturdiest and most
+abundant human crop, who has entrusted to you the mission of cultivating
+other lands? Cultivate your own garden. We will cultivate ours. There is
+a sacred flower for which I would give all the products of your
+artificial culture. It is the wild violet of Liberty. You do not care
+about it. You tread it under foot. But it will not die. It will live
+longer than your masterpieces of barrack and hot-house. It is not
+afraid of the wind. It has braved other tempests than that of today. It
+grows under brambles and under dead leaves. Intellectuals of Germany,
+intellectuals of France, labor and sow on the fields of your own minds:
+respect those of others. Before _organizing_ the world you have enough
+to do to _organize_ your own private world. Try for a moment to forget
+your ideas and behold yourselves. And above all, look at us. Champions
+of _Kultur_ and of Civilization, of the Germanic races and of Latinity,
+enemies, friends, let us look one another in the eyes. My brother, do
+you not see there a heart similar to your own, with the same hopes, the
+same egoism, and the same heroism and power of dream which forever
+refashions its gossamer web? _Vois-tu pas que tu es moi_? said the old
+Hugo to one of his enemies....
+
+The true man of culture is not he who makes of himself and his ideal the
+center of the universe, but who looking around him sees, as in the sky
+the stream of the Milky Way, thousands of little flames which flow with
+his own; and who seeks neither to absorb them nor to impose upon them
+his own course, but to give himself the religious persuasion of their
+value and of the common source of the fire by which all alike are fed.
+Intelligence of the mind is nothing without that of the heart. It is
+nothing also without good sense and humor--good sense which shows to
+every people and to every being their place in the universe--and humor
+which is the critic of misguided reason, the soldier who, following the
+chariot to the Capitol, reminds Caesar in his hour of triumph that he is
+bald.
+
+_Journal de Geneve_, December 4, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+IX. FOR EUROPE: MANIFESTO OF THE WRITERS AND THINKERS OF CATALONIA
+
+
+National passions are triumphant. For five months they have rent our
+Europe. They think they will soon have compassed its destruction and
+effaced its image in the hearts of the last of these who remain faithful
+to it. But they are mistaken. They have renewed the faith that we had in
+it. They have made us recognize its value and our love. And from one
+country to another we have discovered our unknown brothers, sons of the
+same mother, who in the hour when she is denied, consecrate themselves
+to her defence.
+
+Today, it is from Spain that the voice reaches us, from the thinkers of
+Catalonia. Let us pass on their appeal which comes to us from the shores
+of the Mediterranean, like the sound of a Christmas bell. Another day
+the bells of Northern Europe will be heard in their turn. And soon all
+will ring together in unison. The test is good. Let us be thankful.
+Those who desired to separate us have joined our hands.
+
+R. R.
+
+_December 31, 1914._
+
+
+MANIFESTO OF THE _FRIENDS OF THE MORAL UNITY OF EUROPE_
+
+A number of literary and scientific men at Barcelona, as far removed
+from amorphous internationalism on the one hand as from mere
+parochialism on the other, have banded themselves together _to affirm
+their unchangeable belief in the moral unity of Europe_, and to further
+this belief as far as the suffocating conditions resulting from the
+present tragic circumstances permit.
+
+We set out from the principle that the terrible war which today is
+rending the heart of this Europe of ours is, by implication, a _Civil
+War_.
+
+A civil war does not exactly mean an unjust war; still, it can only be
+justified by a conflict between great ideals, and if we desire the
+triumph of one or the other of these ideals, it must be for the sake of
+the entire European Commonwealth and its general well-being. None of the
+belligerents, therefore, can be allowed to aim at the complete
+destruction of its opponents; and it is even less legitimate to start
+out from the criminal hypothesis that one or another of the parties is
+_de facto_ already excluded from this superior commonwealth.
+
+Yet we have seen with pain assertions such as these approved and
+deliriously spread abroad; and not always amongst common people, or by
+the voices of those who speak not with authority. For three months it
+seemed as if our ideal Europe were ship-wrecked, but a reaction is
+making its appearance already. A thousand indications assure us that, in
+the world of intellect at any rate, the winds are quieting down, and
+that in the best minds the eternal values will soon spring up once more.
+
+It is our purpose to assist in this reaction, to contribute to making it
+known, and, as far as we are able, to ensure its triumph. We are not
+alone. We have with us in every quarter of the world the ardent
+aspirations of far-sighted minds, and the unvoiced wishes of thousands
+of men of good will, who, beyond their sympathies and personal
+preferences, are determined to remain faithful to the cause of this
+moral unity.
+
+And above all we have, in the far distant future, the appreciation of
+the men who tomorrow will applaud this modest work to which we are
+devoting ourselves today.
+
+We will begin by giving the greatest possible publicity to those
+actions, declarations, and manifestations--whether they emanate from
+belligerent or neutral nations--in which the effort of reviving the
+feeling of a higher unity and a generous altruism may become apparent.
+Later we shall be able to extend our activities and place them at the
+service of new enterprises. We demand nothing more of our friends, of
+our press, and of our fellow citizens than a little attention for these
+quickenings of reality, a little respect for the interests of a higher
+humanity, and a little love for the great traditions and the rich
+possibilities of a _unified Europe_.
+
+BARCELONA, _November 27, 1914_.
+
+
+EUGENIO D'ORS, Member of the Institute; MANUEL DE MONTOLIU, Author;
+AURELIO RAS, Director of the Review _Estudio_; AUGUSTIN MURUA,
+University Professor; TELESFORO DE ARANZADI, University Professor;
+MIGUEL S. OLIVER; JUAN PALAU, publicist; PABLO VILA, Director of _Mont
+d'Or_ College; ENRIQUE JARDI, Barrister; E. MESSEGUER, publicist; CARMEN
+KARR, Director of the _Residencia de Estudiantes El Hogar_; ESTEBAN
+TERRADES, Member of the Institute; JOSE ZULUETA, Member of Parliament;
+R. JORI, Author; EUDALDO DURAN REYNALS, Librarian of the _Biblioteca de
+Cataluna_; RAFAEL CAMPALANS, Engineer; J. M. LOPEZ-PICO, Author; R.
+RUCABADO, Author; E. CUELLO CALOU, University Professor; MANUEL
+REVENLOS, Professor of the _Escuela de Funcionarios_; J. FARRAN MAYORAL,
+Author; JAIME MASSO TORRENTS, Member of the Institute; JORGE RUBIO
+BALAGUER, Director of the _Biblioteca de Cataluna_.
+
+_Translated from the Spanish by R. R._
+
+_Journal de Geneve_, January 9, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+X. FOR EUROPE: AN APPEAL FROM HOLLAND TO THE INTELLECTUALS OF ALL
+NATIONS
+
+
+In the preceding chapter, in which I put before my readers the fine
+manifesto of the Catalonian intellectuals "For the Moral Unity of
+Europe," I stated that after this appeal from the Mediterranean South I
+would make known those of the North. Amongst the latter here is the
+voice of Holland:--
+
+The _Nederlandsche Anti-Oorlog Road_ (Dutch Anti-War Council) is perhaps
+the most important attempt that these last months has seen to unify
+pacifist thought. Whilst recognizing the value of what has been done for
+some years past in favor of peace, the N. A. O. R. is convinced that
+"all this work could have been much more effective, and could even have
+prevented the present catastrophe, if it had been better taken in hand."
+There has been lack of co-operation, wastage of energy, lack of
+penetration to the mass of the people. The problem is to discover if
+this internal defect cannot be remedied. "Will the world-wide tragedy of
+rivalry continue even inside the pacifist movement, or will this war
+teach those who are fighting against it the necessity of an energetic
+organization and preparation?"
+
+To this task the N.A.O.R. is devoting itself. Founded on October 8,
+1914, it had succeeded by January 15th in securing the adhesion of 350
+Dutch societies (official, political, of all parties, religious,
+intellectual, labor), and its manifestoes brought together the
+signatures of more than a hundred of the most illustrious names of the
+Netherlands--statesmen, prelates, officers, writers, professors,
+artists, business men, etc. It therefore represents a considerable moral
+force.
+
+Let it be said at once that the N.A.O.R. does not look for an immediate
+end of the war by a peace at any price. On the one hand it declares
+itself "it has formed no presumptuous idea of its strength; it has no
+naive confidence in vague peace formulae, nor even in well-defined mutual
+obligations. The universal war of today has, alas! taught it much in
+this respect also." And, moreover, it is quite aware that a peace at
+any price, under present conditions, would only be a consecration of
+injustice. The great public meetings which it has organized on December
+15th in the chief towns of the Netherlands have unanimously declared
+that such a peace seemed neither possible nor even desirable. I will add
+that certain of the articles of the N.A.O.R. suggest, with all the
+reserve necessitated by its attitude of neutrality and its profound
+desire for impartiality, the direction of its suppressed sympathies.
+Especially the following:--
+
+"To repair the harm done by this war to the prestige of law in
+international relations. To bow before the law, whether customary or
+codified in treaties is a duty, even where sanction is wanting. Reform
+will be in vain: if there is not respect for law, and nations refuse to
+keep their word, a durable peace is out of the question."
+
+The object of the N.A.O.R. is especially to study the conditions in
+which we can realize a just, humane, and durable peace, which will
+secure for Europe a long future of fruitful tranquility and of common
+work, and to interest the public opinion of all nations in securing such
+a peace. I cannot analyze here, owing to lack of space, the various
+public manifestoes, the _Appeal to the People of Holland_ (October,
+1914), or the _Appeal for Co-operation and the Preparation of Peace_, a
+kind of attempt to mobilize the pacifist armies (November). The latter
+of these contains ideas which agree in many cases with those of the
+_Union of Democratic Control_ (the abolition of secret diplomacy, and a
+larger control of foreign affairs by Parliaments; the prohibition of
+special armament industries; the establishment of the elementary
+principle of international law, that no country shall be annexed without
+the consent, freely expressed, of the population). I will content myself
+here with publishing the manifesto addressed to the thinkers, writers,
+artists, and scientists of all nations. In this manifesto we shall find
+support for the tasks which we ourselves have undertaken in working to
+keep the thought of Europe sheltered from the ravages of the war, and in
+continually recalling it to the recognition of its highest duty, which
+is, even in the worst storms of passion, to safeguard the spiritual
+unity bf civilized humanity.
+
+R. R.
+
+_February 7, 1915._
+
+
+NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOG RAAD
+
+Immediately after the European war had broken out, several groups of
+intellectuals belonging to the warring nations have advocated the
+justice of their country's cause in manifestoes and pamphlets, which
+they have scattered in great numbers throughout the neutral states.[25]
+And this still goes on; side by side with the war of the sword a no less
+vehement war is carried on with the pen.
+
+Those writings have also reached us, the undersigned, all subjects of a
+neutral state. We have read them with the greatest interest, as they
+enable us to form a clear opinion not only of the frame of mind brought
+about by the outbreak of the war among the intellectuals of the warring
+nations, but also of the opinions they hold about the causes and the
+nature of the present war.
+
+It has not surprised us neutrals to see that the spokesmen of the
+opposing nations are equally convinced of the justice of their cause.
+Neither has it surprised us that those spokesmen evince such a strong
+inclination to advocate their rights before the neutral states. Indeed,
+in such a terrible struggle it is a psychologic necessity for all the
+nations concerned that they should believe implicitly in the justice of
+their cause; they must ardently desire to testify to their faith before
+others. Only an unshakable confidence in the absolute justice of their
+cause can keep them from wavering or despairing during the gigantic
+struggle.
+
+But we have perceived with great sorrow that the greater part of those
+writings are absolutely lacking in the slightest effort to be just
+towards opponents; that the meanest and most malicious motives are
+ascribed to them.
+
+We respect the conviction of every one of the warring nations that they
+are fighting for a just cause. Even if we should have formed an opinion
+about the origin of the war, we should yet not think the present a fit
+moment to oppose different opinions or arguments to each other. This
+should be the work of the future, when scientific research will be able
+to consider all the facts quietly, when national passions will have
+subsided and the nations will listen with more composure to the verdict
+of history.
+
+Yet we think it our duty and we consider it a privilege given to us as
+neutrals to utter a serious warning against the systematic rousing of a
+lasting bitterness between the now warring parties.
+
+Though fully aware that the late events have irritated the feeling of
+nationality to the utmost, yet we believe that patriotism should not
+prevent any one from doing justice to the character of one's enemy;
+that faith in the virtues of one's own nation need not be coupled with
+the idea that all vices are inherent in the opposing nation; that
+confidence in the justice of one's own cause should not make one forget
+that the other side cherishes that conviction with the same energy.
+
+Besides, no one should forget that the question: "What nations will be
+enemies?" depends on political relations, which vary according to
+unexpected circumstances. Today's enemy may be tomorrow's friend.
+
+The tone, in which of late not only the papers to which we have referred
+above, but also the newspaper press of the warring nations has written
+about the enemy, threatens to arouse and to perpetuate the bitterest
+hatred.
+
+To the evils directly resulting from the war, will be added the
+regrettable consequence that co-operation between the belligerent
+nations in art, science, and all other labors of peace will be delayed
+for some time, nay, even made quite impossible. Yet the time will come
+after this war, when the nations will have to resume some form of
+intercourse, social as well as spiritual.
+
+The fewer fierce accusations have been breathed on either side, the less
+one nation has attacked the character of the other: in short, the less
+lasting bitterness has been roused, so much the easier will it be
+afterwards to take up again the broken threads of international
+intercourse.
+
+This rousing of hatred and bitterness is also an impediment in the way
+that leads our thoughts towards peace.
+
+Every one who in word or writing rails at the enemy or excites national
+passions is responsible for the longer duration of this horrible war.
+
+Therefore, we the undersigned, appeal to all those of the same mind,
+especially among those belonging to the warring nations, to co-operate
+for this purpose: that in word and writing everything be avoided that
+may rouse lasting animosity.
+
+We especially address this appeal to those who influence public opinion
+in their own country, to men of science and to artists, to those who
+long ago have realized that in all civilized countries there are men and
+women with the same notions of justice and morality as they have
+themselves.
+
+May the representatives of all countries--according to the saying of a
+Dutch statesmen--remember what unites them and not only what separates
+them!
+
+_Signed_:--H.-C. DRESSELHUYS, Secretary-General of the Ministry of
+Justice, _President_ of the N.A.O.R. J.-H. SCHAPER, member of the
+Second Chamber, _Vice-President_. Madame M. ASSER-THORBEKE, secretary of
+the Dutch League for Women's Suffrage. Professor Dr. D. VAN EMBDEN,
+Professor of law at Amsterdam. Dr. KOOLEN, member of the Second Chamber.
+V.-H. RUTGERS, member of the Second Chamber. Baron de JONG VAN BEEK EN
+DONK, _Secretary_ of the N.A.O.R. (and also subscribed to by 130
+politicians, intellectuals, and artists, including FREDERIK VAN EEDEN,
+WILLEM MENGELBERG, etc.). Office: Theresiastraat, 51, The Hague.
+
+_Journal de Geneve_, February 15, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XI. LETTER TO FREDERIK VAN EEDEN
+
+
+_January 12, 1915._
+
+MY DEAR FRIEND:
+
+You offer me the hospitality of your paper _De Amsterdammer_. I thank
+you and accept. It is good to take one's stand with those free souls who
+resist the unrestrained fury of national passions. In this hideous
+struggle, with which the conflicting peoples are rending Europe, let us
+at least preserve our flag, and rally round that. We must re-create
+European opinion. That is our first duty. Among these millions who are
+only conscious of being Germans, Austrians, Frenchmen, Russians,
+English, etc., let us strive to be _men_, who, rising above the selfish
+aims of short-lived nations, do not lose sight of the interests of
+civilization as a whole--that civilization which each race mistakenly
+identifies with its own, to destroy that of the others. I wish your
+noble country,[26] which has always preserved its political and moral
+independence among the great surrounding states, could become the hearth
+of this ideal Europe we believe in--the hearth round which shall gather
+all those who seek to rebuild her.
+
+Everywhere there are men who think thus though they are unknown one to
+another. Let us get to know them. Let us bring together each and all.
+Here I would introduce to you two important groups, one from the North
+and one from the South--the Catalonian thinkers who have formed the
+society of _Amis de l'Unite Morale de l'Europe_ at Barcelona--I send you
+their fine appeal: and the _Union of Democratic Control_ founded in
+London and inspired by indignation against this European war, and by the
+firm determination to render it impossible for the diplomatists and
+militarists to inaugurate another. I am having the programmes and the
+first publications sent to you. This Union, whose general Council
+contains members of Parliament, and authors like Norman Angell, Israel
+Zangwill, and Vernon Lee, has already formed twenty branches in towns in
+Great Britain.
+
+Let us try and unite permanently all such organizations, though each has
+its racial characteristics and peculiarities, for all aim at
+re-establishing the peace of Europe as best they may. With them let us
+take stock of our united resources. Then we can act.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What shall we do? Try to put an end to the struggle? It is no use
+thinking of that now. The brute is loose; and the Governments have
+succeeded so well in spreading hatred and violence abroad that even if
+they wished they could not bring it back again into control. The damage
+is irreparable. It is possible that the neutral countries of Europe and
+the United States of America may decide one day to interfere, and
+endeavor to put an end to a war which, if it continued indefinitely,
+would threaten to ruin them as well as the belligerents. But I do not
+know what one must expect from this too tardy intervention.
+
+In any case I see another outlet for our activity. Let the war be what
+it may--we can no longer intervene; but at least we must try to make the
+scourge productive of as little evil and as much good as possible. And
+in order to do this we must get public opinion all the world over to see
+to it that the peace of the future shall be just, that the greed of the
+conqueror (whoever that may be) and the intrigues of diplomacy, do not
+make it the seed of a new war of revenge; and that the moral crimes
+committed in the past are not repeated or allowed to stain yet darker
+the record of humanity. That is why I hold the first article of the
+Union of Democratic Control as a sacred principle: "No Province shall be
+transferred from one Government to another without the consent by
+plebiscite of the population of such province." We must oppose those
+odious maxims which have weighed too long on the populations they
+enslave and which quite recently Professor Lasson dared to repeat as a
+threat for the future, in his cynical Catechism of Force (_Das
+Kulturideal und der Krieg_).[27]
+
+And this principle must be proposed and adopted at once without any
+delay. If we waited to announce it until--the war being over--the
+congress of the Powers were assembled, we should be suspected of wishing
+to make justice serve the interest of the conquered. It is now, when the
+forces of the two sides are equal, that we must establish this
+primordial right which soars over all the armies.
+
+From this principle we can deduce an immediate application. Since the
+whole of Europe is disorganized let us profit by it to set in order
+this untidy house! For a long time injustices have been accumulating.
+The moment of settling the general account will be an opportunity of
+rectifying them. The duty of all of us who feel for the brotherhood of
+mankind is to stand for the rights of the small nations. There are some
+in both camps: Schleswig, Alsace, Lorraine, Poland, the Baltic nations,
+Armenia, the Jewish people. At the beginning of the war Russia made some
+generous promises. We have registered them in our minds; let her not
+forget them! We are as determined about Poland, torn by the claws of
+three imperial eagles, as we are about Belgium crucified. We remember
+all. It is because our fathers, obsessed by their narrow realism and by
+selfish fears, let the rights of the people of Eastern Europe be
+violated, that today the West is shattered, and the sword hangs over the
+small nations, over you, my friends, as over the country which is
+befriending me, Switzerland. Whoever harms one of us harms all the
+others. Let us unite! Above all race questions, which are for the most
+part a mask behind which pride crouches and the interests of the
+financial or aristocratic classes dissemble, there is a law of humanity,
+eternal and universal, of which we are all the servants and guardians;
+it is that of the right of a people to rule themselves. And he who
+violates shall be the enemy of all.
+
+R. R.
+
+_De Amsterdammer Weekblad voor Nederland_, January
+24, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XII. OUR NEIGHBOR THE ENEMY
+
+
+_March 15, 1915._
+
+While the war tempest rages, uprooting the strongest souls and dragging
+them along in its furious cyclone, I continue my humble pilgrimage,
+trying to discover beneath the ruins the rare hearts who have remained
+faithful to the old ideal of human fraternity. What a sad joy I have in
+collecting and helping them!
+
+I know that each of their efforts--like mine--that each of their words
+of love, rouses and turns against them the hostility of the two hostile
+camps. The combatants, pitted against each other, agree in hating those
+who refuse to hate. Europe is like a besieged town. Fever is raging.
+Whoever will not rave like the rest is suspected. And in these hurried
+times when justice cannot wait to study evidence, every suspect is a
+traitor. Whoever insists, in the midst of war, on defending peace among
+men knows that he risks his own peace, his reputation, his friends, for
+his belief. But of what value is a belief for which no risks are run?
+
+Certainly it is put to the test in these days, when every day brings the
+echo of violence, injustice, and new cruelties. But was it not still
+more tried when it was entrusted to the fishermen of Judea by him whom
+humanity pretends to honor still--with its lips more than with its
+heart? The rivers of blood, the burnt towns, all the atrocities of
+thought and action, will never efface in our tortured souls the luminous
+track of the Galilean barque, nor the deep vibrations of the great
+voices which from across the centuries proclaim reason as man's true
+home. You choose to forget them, and to say (like many writers of today)
+that this war will begin a new era in the history of mankind, a reversal
+of former values, and that from it alone will future progress be dated.
+That is always the language of passion. Passion passes away. Reason
+remains--reason and love. Let us continue to search for their young
+shoots amidst the bloody ruins.
+
+I feel the same joy when I find the fragile and valiant flowers of human
+pity piercing the icy crust of hatred that covers Europe, as we feel in
+these chilly March days when we see the first flowers appear above the
+soil. They show that the warmth of life persists below the surface of
+the earth, that fraternal love persists below the surface of the
+nations, and that soon nothing will prevent it rising again.
+
+I have on several occasions shown how the neutral countries have become
+the refuge of this European spirit, which seems driven from the
+belligerent countries by the armies of the pen, more savage than the
+others because they risk nothing. The efforts made in Holland or in
+Spain to save the moral unity of Europe, the burning charity and
+untiring help that Switzerland lavishes on prisoners, on wounded, on
+victims of both sides, are a great comfort to oppressed souls, who in
+every country are suffocating in the atmosphere of hatred forced on
+them, and who look for purer air. But I find still more beautiful and
+touching the signs of fraternal aid between friends and enemies in
+belligerent countries, however rare and feeble they may be.
+
+If there are two countries between which the present war seems specially
+to have created an abyss of hatred and misunderstanding, they are
+England and Germany. The writers and publicists of Germany, whose orders
+are to profess for France rather sympathy and compassion than
+animosity, and who are even constrained to distinguish between the
+people and the Government of Russia, have vowed eternal hatred against
+England. _Hasse England_ has become their _Delenda Carthago_. The most
+moderate declare that the struggle cannot be ended except by the
+destruction of the _Seeherrschaft_ (naval supremacy) of Britain. And
+Great Britain is not less determined to continue the conflict until
+German militarism has been totally eradicated. Yet it is precisely
+between these two nations that the noblest bonds of mutual assistance
+for the misfortunes of the enemy have been formed and maintained.
+
+Two days after the declaration of war there was founded in London by the
+Archbishop of Canterbury and by well known persons, such as J.
+Allen-Baker, M.P., the Right-Hon. W. H. Dickinson, M.P., Lord and Lady
+Courtney of Penwith, the _Emergency Committee for the Assistance of
+Germans, Austrians, and Hungarians in Distress_. This work, which
+affects a large part of England, consists in paying the repatriation
+expenses of destitute civilians, of accompanying German women and girls
+on their return journey, of securing hospitality in families for poor
+Germans and finding work for them. By the end of December almost L10,000
+had been spent in this way. Several sub-committees visit Prisoners'
+Camps, facilitate correspondence between the belligerent nations, or
+undertake, for Christmas, to convey to interned alien enemies more than
+20,000 parcels and 200 Christmas trees. Another English society, already
+in existence before the war, the _Society of Friends of Foreigners in
+Distress_, regularly looks after 1,800 German and Austrian families.
+Finally, the Central Bureau (London) of the International Union of Women
+Suffrage Societies has rendered great service to foreigners, paying for
+the return journey of between seven and eight thousand women.
+
+In Germany there has been founded at Berlin a similar Bureau for giving
+information and assistance to Germans abroad, and to foreigners in
+Germany (_Auskunfts-und Hilfsstelle fuer Deutsche im Ausland und
+Auslaender in Deutschland_). Amongst its members may be noted
+aristocratic names, and persons well known in the religious and academic
+world: Frau Marie von Buelow-Moerlins, Helene Graefin Harrach, Nora
+Freiin von Schleinitz, Professors W. Foerster, D. Baumgarten, Paul
+Natorp, Martin Rade, Siegmund-Schultze, etc. At its head is a lady of
+deep religious feeling, Dr. Elisabeth Rotten. As will be readily
+imagined, an undertaking of this kind has not failed to evoke suspicion
+and opposition in nationalist quarters. But it has emerged successful,
+and persists; and here are the terms in which it justifies its high
+mission against the ravings of German Chauvinism:
+
+"Since the beginning of the war we have recognized the obligation to
+interest ourselves in the welfare of foreigners stranded in Germany.
+Efforts such as ours are as unpopular in our country as in other
+countries. At a time when the whole German people is engaged in
+resisting the enemy, it seems superfluous to render to those who belong
+to foreign countries more than minimum services to which they are
+legally entitled. But it is not only the thought of our kinsmen abroad
+which urges us to this work, it is our own desire to render friendly
+service (_Freundendienste_) to those who, through no fault of their own,
+are in difficulties because of the war. Even in war time, our neighbor
+is he who is in need of our help; and love for one's enemy
+(_Feindesliebe_) remains a sign whereby those who retain their faith in
+the Lord may recognize one another....
+
+"We have been able to reassure German families as to the lot of their
+members in enemy countries, and in return to vouch to foreigners for the
+fact that their friends in our country will be able to rely on us for
+assistance if they need it. We have been able to help as neighbors
+(_Naechstendienste_) innocent enemies, in whom we see human brothers and
+sisters. Above and beyond this practical aid, we find consolation and
+comfort in being able freely to hearken, even in such times as these, to
+the voice of humanity, and to the command 'love thy neighbor.' The
+tragedy which bursts over the earth on every side, which fills all our
+being with a religious respect for human suffering, but also stirs our
+love and self-sacrifice, enlarges our hearts and leaves no room except
+for feelings of affirmation and benevolent action.
+
+"Our desire to help and to alleviate suffering knows no frontiers. This
+need is all the more urgent when we find in the sufferings of others the
+traits of what we ourselves also suffer. What unites men goes deeper
+into our being than what separates them. That we can tend the wounds
+that we are constrained to deal, and that the same is the case in the
+enemy's country, gives promise of the brighter days which will come. In
+the midst of the tempest which destroys all around us so many things
+which we consider worthy of eternal existence, the possibility of such
+action strengthens our courage and gives us hope that new bridges will
+be rebuilt, on which the men who now find themselves separated, will
+once more be closely united in a common effort."
+
+I dedicate these noble words to my friends amongst the people of France,
+who have so often, by letter or by message, declared to me their
+sympathy for such thoughts and their unchanging faith in humanity. I
+dedicate them to all in France who, even in these days, by their justice
+and goodness contribute to make their country loved, as much as she
+makes herself admired by her arms--to those who assure her of the name
+which I read with emotion on a postcard written yesterday, on his way to
+Geneva, by a badly wounded German who had been repatriated: the name of
+_gutes Frankreich_, "good France," or, as our tender-hearted old writers
+used to say, "_Douce_ France."
+
+R. R.
+
+I take this opportunity of recommending to my French readers the
+publication of Mme. Arthur Spitzer (Geneva): _Le Paquet du prisonnier de
+guerre_. It has contributors in Paris, and was founded in November "to
+bring comfort in their misery to such French, Belgians, and English
+prisoners as cannot be assisted by their families." It begs all who wish
+to send a parcel to a relation or friend who has been taken prisoner, to
+send with it, when possible, a similar consignment for some other
+prisoner--one of their fellow countrymen without relations, friends, or
+resources. May this noble thought of solidarity be extended later, in
+more humane times, so that whoever helps a prisoner belonging to his own
+country may be willing at the same time to help an enemy prisoner!
+
+R. R.
+
+_Journal de Geneve_, March 15, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XIII. A LETTER TO SVENSKA DAGBLADET OF STOCKHOLM[28]
+
+
+The European thought of tomorrow is with the armies. The furious
+intellectuals in one camp and the other who insult one another do not
+represent it at all. The voice of the peoples who will return from the
+war, after having experienced the terrible reality, will send back into
+the silence of obscurity these men who have revealed themselves as
+unworthy to be spiritual guides of the human race. Amongst those who
+thus retire more than one St. Peter will then hear the cock crow, and
+will weep saying, "Lord, I have denied thee!"
+
+The destinies of humanity will rise superior to those of all the
+nations. Nothing will be able to prevent the reforming of the bonds
+between the thought of the hostile nations. Whatever nation should stand
+aside would commit suicide. For by means of these bonds the tide of life
+is kept in motion.
+
+But they have never been completely broken, even at the height of the
+war. The war has even had the sad advantage of grouping together
+throughout the universe the minds who reject national hatred. It has
+tempered their strength, it has welded their wills into a solid block.
+Those are mistaken who think that the ideals of a free human fraternity
+are at present stifled! They are but silent under the gag of military
+(and civil) dictation which reigns throughout Europe. But the gag will
+fall, and they will burst forth with explosive force. I am agonized by
+the sufferings of millions of innocent victims, sacrificed today on the
+field of battle, but I have no anxiety for the future unity of European
+society. It will be realized anew. The war of today is its baptism of
+blood.
+
+R. R.
+
+_April 10, 1915._
+
+
+
+
+XIV. WAR LITERATURE
+
+
+The intellectuals on both sides have been much in evidence since the
+beginning of the war; they have, indeed, brought so much violence and
+passion to bear upon it, that it might almost be called their war!
+
+It seems to me, however, that attention has not been sufficiently drawn
+to the fact that, with a few exceptions, it is only the voice of the
+older generation that has been heard--the voice of Academicians, and
+Professoren, of distinguished members of the press and the universities,
+of poets of established reputations, and the doyens of literature, art,
+and science.
+
+As far as France is concerned, the explanation of this is simple: nearly
+all those up to the age of forty-eight who are able to bear arms are now
+acting instead of talking. In Germany the situation is rather different,
+since for various reasons, which I shall not attempt to elucidate, much
+of the literary youth of the nation has remained at home, and continues
+to publish books. Even those who are at the front contrive to send
+articles and poems to the Reviews (for the passion for writing dies hard
+in Germany).
+
+It seems to me to be of importance to ascertain what spiritual currents
+are influencing the young intellectuals of Germany.[29]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It has been pointed out that in all countries the extremest views have
+been expressed by writers who have already passed _el mezzo del
+cammino_. We shall attempt to find the reason for this at some later
+date. At present we are content again to verify this fact in the case of
+German writers. Almost all the celebrated and acknowledged poets, all
+those who were rich in years and in honor, were swept off their feet at
+the beginning of the war. And this fact is all the more curious because
+some of them had been up to that time the apostles of peace, of pity,
+and of humanitarianism. Dehmel, the enemy of war, the friend of all men,
+who said that he did not know to which of the ten nationalities he owed
+his intellect, is now writing Battle Songs (_Schlachtenlieder_), and
+Songs of the Flag (_Fahnenlieder_), apostrophizing the enemy, praising
+and dealing death. (At the age of fifty-one he is learning to bear arms,
+and has enlisted against the Russians.) Gerhart Hauptmann, whom Fritz
+von Unruh calls "the poet of brotherly love," has shaken off his
+neurasthenia, and bids men "mow down the grass which drips with blood."
+Franz Wedekind is pouring out invectives against Czarism, Lissauer
+against England. Arno Holz is raving deliriously. Petzold desires to be
+in every bullet that enters an enemy's heart; whilst Richard Nordhausen
+has written an Ode to a Howitzer.[30]
+
+At first the younger writers as well were possessed with the same
+madness for war; but, in contact with the sufferings they endured and
+inflicted, it quickly disappeared. Fritz von Unruh enlisted as a Uhlan,
+and left for the front, crying "Paris, Paris is our goal!" Since the
+Battle of the Aisne, in September, he has written "Der Lamm": "_Lamb of
+God, I have seen thy look of suffering. Give us peace and rest; lead us
+back to the heaven of love, and give us back our dead_." Rudolf
+Leonhard sang of war at the beginning, and is still fighting; on
+re-reading his poems shortly afterwards, he wrote on the front page:
+"_These were written during the madness of the first weeks. That madness
+has spent itself, and only our strength is left. We shall again win
+control over ourselves and love one another._" Poets, hitherto unknown,
+are revealed by the cry of compassion wrung from their anguished hearts.
+To Andrea Fram, who has remained at home, it is a grief that he does not
+suffer, whilst thousands of others suffer and die. "_All thy love, and
+all thy agony, in spite of thy ardent desire, avail not to soothe the
+last hour of a single man who is dying yonder._" Upon Ludwig Marck each
+minute weighs like a nightmare:--
+
+    Menschen in Not....
+    Brueder dir tot....
+    Krieg ist im Land....
+
+The poet who writes under the pseudonym of Dr. Owlglass proposed a new
+ideal for Germany, on the seventieth anniversary of the birth of
+Nietzsche (October 15th): not the superman, but at least--man. And Franz
+Werfel realizes this ideal in poems thrilling with a mournful humanity,
+which takes part in the sacrament of misery and death:
+
+"_We are bound together not only by our common words and deeds, but
+still more by the dying glance, the last hours, the mortal anguish of
+the breaking heart. And whether you bow down before the tyrant, or gaze
+trembling into the beloved's countenance, or mark down your enemy with
+pitiless glance, think of the eye that will grow dim, of the failing
+breath, the parched lips and clenched hands, the final solitude, and the
+brow that grows moist in the last agony.... Be kind.... Tenderness is
+wisdom, kindness is reason[31].... We are strangers all upon this
+earth, and die but to be reunited._"[32]
+
+But the one German poet who has written the serenest and loftiest words,
+and preserved in the midst of this demoniacal war an attitude worthy of
+Goethe, is Hermann Hesse. He continues to live at Berne, and, sheltered
+there from the moral contagion, he has deliberately kept aloof from the
+combat. All will remember his noble article in the _Neue Zuercher
+Zeitung_ of November 3rd, "_O Freunde, nicht diese Toene!_" in which he
+implored the artists and thinkers of Europe "to save what little peace"
+might yet be saved, and not to join with their pens in destroying the
+future of Europe. Since then he has written some beautiful poems, one
+of which, an Invocation to Peace, is inspired with deep feeling and
+classical simplicity, and will find its way to many an oppressed heart.
+
+    Jeder hat's gehabt
+    Keiner hat's geschaetzt.
+    Jeden hat der suesse Quell gelabt.
+    O wie klingt der Name Friede jetzt!
+
+    Klingt so fern und zag,
+    Klingt so traenenschwer,
+    Keiner weiss und kennt den Tag,
+    Jeder sehnt ihn vol Verlangen her....
+
+("Each one possessed it, but no one prized it. Like a cool spring it
+refreshed us all. What a sound the word Peace has for us now!
+
+"Distant it sounds, and fearful, and heavy with tears. No one knows or
+can name the day for which all sigh with such longing.")
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The attitude of the younger reviews is curious: for whereas the older,
+traditional reviews (those which correspond to our _Revue des Deux
+Mondes_ or our _Revue de Paris_) are more or less affected by military
+fervor--thus, for instance, the _Neue Rundschau_, which printed Thomas
+Mann's notorious vagaries on Culture and Civilization (_Gedanken im
+Kriege_)--many of the younger ones affect a haughty detachment from
+actual events.
+
+That impassive publication, _Blaetter fuer die Kunst_, over which broods
+the invisible personality of Stefan George, published at the end of 1914
+a volume of poems of 156 pages, which did not contain a single line
+referring to the war. A note at the end affirms that the points of view
+of the various authors have not changed on account of recent events, and
+anticipates the objection that "this is not the time for poetry," by the
+saying of Jean Paul: "No period has so much need of poetry, as the one
+which thinks it can do without it."
+
+_Die Aktion_, a vibrating, audacious Berlin review, with an ultra-modern
+point of view, totally different from the calm impersonality of _Blaetter
+fuer die Kunst_, stated in its issue of August 15, 1914, that it would
+not concern itself with politics, but would contain only literature and
+art. And if it finds room in its literary columns for the war poems sent
+from the field of battle by the military doctors, Wilhelm Klemm and Hans
+Kock, it is in consideration of their value as art, and not for the
+vivacity of their patriotic sentiments; for it scoffs mercilessly at
+the ridiculous bards of German Chauvinism, at Heinrich Vierordt, the
+author of _Deutschland, hasse_, at the criminal poets who stir up hatred
+with their false stories, and at Professor Haeckel. The dilettantism of
+this review is extreme. Its weekly issues contain translations from the
+French of Andre Gide, Peguy, and Leon Bloy, and reproductions of the
+works of Daumier, Delacroix, Cezanne, Matisse, and R. de la Fresnaye:
+(cubism flourishes in this Berlin review). The issue of October 24th is
+devoted to Peguy, and contains, as frontispiece, Egon Schiele's portrait
+of the man, who is honored by Franz Pfemfert, the editor, as "the purest
+and most vigorous moral force in French literature of today." Let us
+hasten to add, however, that, as is often the case on the other side of
+the Rhine, they are carried away by their zeal in deploring his death as
+of one of their countrymen, and in proclaiming themselves his heirs. But
+the pride which admires is at least superior to the pride which
+disparages.
+
+The most important of these young reviews is _Die Weissen Blaetter_;
+important on account of the variety of questions it deals with, and the
+value and number of its contributors, as well as for the
+broad-mindedness of its editor--Rene Schickele. An Alsatian by birth,
+he belongs to those who feel most acutely the bitterness of the present
+struggle. After an interval of three months _Die Weissen Blaetter_, which
+almost corresponds to our _Nouvelle Revue Francaise_, reappeared in
+January last with the following declaration, akin to that of the _Revue
+des Nations_, at Berne. "_It seems good to us to begin the work of
+reconstruction, in the midst of the war, and to aid in preparing for the
+victory of the spirit. The community of Europe is at present apparently
+destroyed. Is it not the duty of all of us who are not bearing arms, to
+live from today onwards according to the dictates of our conscience, as
+it will be the duty of every German when once the war is over?_"
+
+By the side of these disinterested manifestoes about actual politics,
+appear lengthy historical novels (_Tycho Brahe_ by Max Brod) and
+satirical comedies by Carl Sternheim, who continues to scourge the upper
+classes of German society, and the capitalists, for _Die Weissen
+Blaetter_ is open to all questions of the day. But in spite of the actual
+differences which must necessarily exist between a German and a French
+review, we cannot but point out the frankly hostile attitude of these
+writers to all the excesses of Chauvinism. The articles of Max Scheler,
+"Europe and the War," show an impartial attitude which is entirely
+praiseworthy. The review opens its columns to the loyal Annette Kolb,
+who, as the daughter of a German father and of a French mother, suffers
+keenly in this conflict between the parts of her nature, and has lately
+raised a tempest in Dresden, where in a public lecture she had the
+courage to admit her fidelity to both sides, and to express her regret
+that Germany should fail to understand France. In the February number,
+under the title "Ganz niedrich haengen!" there appeared a violent
+repudiation of the _Krieg mit dem Maul_ (the war of tongues); "_If
+journalists hope to inspire courage by insulting the enemy, they are
+mistaken--we refuse such stimulants. We dare to maintain our opinion,
+that the humblest volunteer of the enemy, who from an unreasoned but
+exalted sentiment of patriotism, fires upon us from an ambush, knowing
+well what he risks, is much superior to those journalists who profit by
+the public feeling of the day, and under cover of high-sounding words of
+patriotism do not fight the enemy but spit upon him._"
+
+Of all these young writers who are striving to preserve the integrity of
+their minds against the force of national passions, the one whose
+personality has been most exalted by this tempest, the most eloquent,
+courageous, and decided of all is Wilhelm Herzog. He is the editor of
+the _Forum_ at Munich, and like our own Peguy, when he began to publish
+his _Cahiers de la Quinzaine_, he fills almost the whole of his review
+with his own burning articles. The enthusiastic biographer of H. von
+Kleist, he sees and judges the events of his own time with the eyes of
+that indomitable spirit. The German censor attempts in vain to silence
+him and to forbid the publication of the lectures of Spitteler and of
+Annette Kolb; his indignation and cries of vengeful irony spread even to
+us. He attacks bitterly the ninety-three intellectuals who "_fancy they
+are all Ajaxes because they bray the loudest_," those politicians of the
+school of Haeckel, who make a new division of the world, those patriotic
+bards who insult other nations; he attacks Thomas Mann mercilessly,
+scoffs at his sophistry, and defends France, the French Army,[33] and
+French civilization against him; he points out that the great men of
+Germany (Gruenwald, Duerer, Bach, and Mozart amongst others) have always
+been persecuted, humiliated, and calumniated.[34] In an article entitled
+"_Der neue Geist_,"[35] after having scoffed at the banality that has
+reappeared in the German theaters, and the literary mediocrity of
+patriotic productions, he asked where this "new spirit" may be found,
+and this gives him an opportunity to demolish Ostwald and Lasson.
+
+"_Where is it to be found? In the Hochschulen? Have we not read that
+incredibly clumsy_ (unwahrscheinlich plumpen) _appeal of the 99
+professors? Have we not appreciated the statements of that double
+centenarian_ (des zweihundertjaehrige Mummelgreises) _mummy Lasson? When
+I was studying philosophy as an undergraduate at the University of
+Berlin, the theatre in which he lectured was a place of amusement_
+(Lachkabinett) _for us--nothing more. And today people take him
+seriously! English, French, and Italian papers print his senile
+babblings against Holland, as typical of the_ Stimmung _of the German
+intellectuals. The wrong that these privy councillors and professors
+have done us with their Aufklaerungsarbeit can hardly be measured. They
+have isolated themselves from humanity by their inability to realize the
+feelings of others._"
+
+In opposition to these false representatives of a nation, these cultured
+gossips and political adventurers, he extols the silent ones, the great
+mass of the people of all nations who suffer in silence; and he joins
+with them in "the invisible community of sorrow."
+
+"_One who is suffering and knows that his sorrow is shared by millions
+of other beings, will bear it calmly; he will accept it willingly even,
+because he knows that he is enriched thereby, made stronger, more
+tender, more humane._"[36]
+
+And he quotes the words of old Meister Eckehart: "_Suffering is the
+fastest steed that will bear you to perfection._"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At the close of this summary review of the young writers of the war, a
+place must be found for those whom the war has crushed--they counted
+amongst the best. Ernst Stadler was an enthusiastic admirer of French
+art and of the French spirit. He translated Francis Jammes, and on the
+eve of his death, in November, he was writing to Stefan Zweig from the
+trenches about the poems of Verlaine, which he was translating. The
+unfortunate George Trakl, the poet of melancholy, was made lieutenant of
+a sanitary column in Galicia, and the sight of so much suffering drove
+him to despair and death. And there are many hidden tragedies, still
+unrevealed. When they are made known, humanity will tremble in
+contemplating its handiwork.
+
+I reflected, as doubtless many of my French readers have also done, in
+reading through these German writings inspired by the war--writings
+through which from time to time there passes a mighty breath of revolt
+and sorrow--that our young writers are not writing "literature." Instead
+of books they give us deeds, and their letters. And in re-reading some
+of their letters I thought that ours had chosen the better part. It is
+not for me now to point out the position that this heroic correspondence
+will occupy, not only in our history but also in our literature. Into it
+the flower of our youth has put all its life, its faith and its genius:
+and for some of those letters I would give many of the finest lines of
+the noblest poems. Whatever be the result of this war, and the opinion
+as to its value later, it will be recognized that France has written on
+paper, mud-stained and often blotted with blood, some of its sublimest
+pages. Assuredly this war touches us more nearly than it does our
+adversaries, for who of us would have the heart to write a play or a
+novel whilst his country is in danger and his brothers dying?
+
+But I will make no comparisons between the two nations. For the present
+the essential thing is to show that even in Germany there are certain
+finer minds who are fighting against the spirit which we hate--the
+spirit of grasping imperialism and inhuman pride, of military caste and
+the megalomania of pedants. They are but a minority--we have no
+illusions about that--and we ought to redouble our efforts on that
+account to vanquish the common enemy. Why then should we trouble to make
+these generous but feeble voices heard? Because their merit is the
+greater for being so little heeded; because it is the duty of those who
+are fighting for justice to render justice in their turn to all those
+men, even when they dwell in a country in which the state represents the
+violation of right by _Faustrecht_, who are defending with us the spirit
+of liberty.
+
+_Journal de Geneve_, April 19, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XV. THE MURDER OF THE ELITE
+
+
+The phrase is not new-coined today;[37] but the fact is. Never in any
+period, have we seen humanity throwing into the bloody arena all its
+intellectual and moral reserves, its priests, its thinkers, its
+scholars, its artists, the whole future of the spirit--wasting its
+geniuses as food for cannon.
+
+A great thing, doubtless, when the struggle is great, when a people
+fights for an eternal cause, the fervor of which fires the whole nation,
+from the smallest to the greatest; when it fuses all the egoisms,
+purifies desire, and out of many souls makes one unanimous soul. But if
+the cause be suspect or if it is tainted (as we judge that of our
+adversaries to be), what will be the situation of a moral elite which
+has preserved the sad and lofty privilege of perceiving at least a part
+of the truth, and which must nevertheless fight and die and kill for a
+faith which it doubts?
+
+Those passionate natures that are intoxicated by fighting or are
+voluntarily blinded by the necessities of action are not troubled by
+these questions. For them the enemy is a single mass; nothing else
+exists for them but this, for they have to break it; it is their
+function and their duty. And to each his special duty. But if minorities
+do not exist for such men, they do exist for us who, since we are not
+fighting, have the liberty and the duty to see every aspect of the
+case--we who form part of the eternal minority, the minority which has
+been, is, and always will be eternally oppressed. It is for us to hear
+and to proclaim these moral sufferings! Plenty of others repeat or
+invent the jubilant echoes of the struggle. May other voices be raised
+to give the tragic accents of the fight and its sacred horror!
+
+I shall take my examples from the enemy camp, for several reasons:
+because the German cause being from the first tainted with injustice,
+the sufferings of the few who are just, and the still fewer who have
+spiritual perceptions are greater there than elsewhere; because these
+evidences appear openly in publications whose boldness the German
+censorship has not perceived; because I bow with respect to the heroic
+discipline of silence which France in fighting imposes on her
+sufferings. (Would to God that this silence were not broken by those
+who, trying to deny these sufferings, profane the grandeur of the
+sacrifice by the revolting levity of their silly jests in newspapers
+which are without either gravity or dignity.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I have shown in the last chapter that a part of the intellectual youth
+of Germany was far from sharing the war-madness of its elders. I cited
+certain energetic reproofs delivered by these young writers to the
+theorists of imperialism. And these writers are not, as one might think
+from an article in the _Temps_ (though I gladly pay a tribute to its
+honesty), merely a small group as narrow as that of our symbolists. They
+count among them writers who appeal to a large public and who do not set
+out in any way (except for the group of Stefan George) to write for a
+_select few_--they wish to write for all. I stated, too, that the
+boldest review of all, Wilhelm Herzog's _Forum_, was read in the German
+trenches and received approbation thence.
+
+But what is more astonishing, this spirit of criticism has possessed
+some of the combatants and even made its appearance among German
+officers. In the November-December number of the _Friedens-Warte_,
+published in Berlin, Vienna, and Leipzig, by Dr. Alfred H. Fried, there
+occurs "An appeal to the Germanic peoples," addressed, at the end of
+October, by Baron Marschall von Biberstein, Landrat of Prussia and
+captain in the 1st Foot Guards reserve. This article was written in a
+trench north of Arras, where on the 11th of November, Biberstein was
+killed. He expresses unreservedly his horror of the war and his ardent
+desire that it may be the last: "_That is the conviction of those at the
+front who are witnesses of the unspeakable horrors of modern warfare._"
+Even more praiseworthy is Biberstein's frankness when he decides to
+begin a confession and a _mea culpa_ for the sins of Germany. "_The war
+has opened my eyes_," he says, "_to our terrible unlovableness
+(Unbeliebtheit). Everything has its cause; we must have given cause for
+this hatred; and even in part have justified it.... Let us hope that it
+will not be the least of the advantages of this war that Germany will
+turn round on herself, will search out and recognize her faults and
+correct them._" Unfortunately even this article is spoiled by Germanic
+pride which, desiring a world peace, sets out to impose it on the world.
+Herein it recalls in some respects the bellicose pacifism of the too
+celebrated Ostwald.
+
+But another officer (of whom I spoke in my last chapter) the poet Fritz
+von Unruh, first Lieutenant of Uhlans on the western front, has written
+dramatic scenes in verse and prose. These have appeared recently under
+the title _Before the Decision (Vor der Entscheidung)_. It is a dramatic
+poem in which the author has noted his own impressions and his moral
+transformations. The hero, who like himself, is an officer of Uhlans,
+passes through various centers of the war and remains everywhere a
+stranger; his soul is detached from murderous passions, he sees the
+abominable reality until his sufferings from it amount to agony. The two
+scenes reproduced by the _Neue Zuercher Zeitung_ show us a muddy and
+bloodstained trench, where German soldiers, like beasts in a
+slaughter-house, die or await death with bitter words--and officers
+getting drunk on champagne around a 42mm. mortar, laughing and getting
+excited till they fall beneath the weight of sleep and fatigue.
+
+From the first scene I take these terrible words of one of those who
+wait in the trenches under fire of the machine guns, a _Dreissigjaehriger_
+(man of thirty).
+
+     In my village they are laughing--they drink to each victory. They
+     slaughter us like butcher's cattle--and they say "It's war!" When
+     it is over, they are no fools, they will feast us for three years.
+     But the first cripple won't be grey headed before they will laugh
+     at his white hairs.
+
+And the Uhlan, possessed by horror in the midst of the massacre, falls
+on his knees and prays:
+
+     Thou who gavest life and takest it--how shall I recognize Thee? (In
+     these trenches strewn with mutilated bodies) I find Thee not. Does
+     the piercing cry of these thousands suffocated in the terrible
+     embrace of Death reach not up to Thee? Or is it lost in frozen
+     space? For whom does Thy Springtime blossom? For whom is the
+     splendor of Thy suns? For whom, O God? I ask it of thee in the name
+     of all those whose mouths are closed by courage and by fear in face
+     of the horror of Thy darkness: What heat is left within me? What
+     light of truth? Can this massacre be Thy will? Is it indeed Thy
+     will?
+
+(_He loses consciousness and falls._)
+
+A pain less lyrical, less ecstatic, more simple, more reflective, and
+nearer to ourselves marks the sequence of _Feldpostbriefe_ of Dr. Albert
+Klein, teacher in the Oberrealschule at Giessen and Lieutenant of the
+Landwehr, killed on the 12th of February in Champagne.[38] Passing over
+what are, perhaps, the most striking pages from the point of view of
+artistic quality and power of thought, I will only give two extracts
+from these letters which are likely to be of special interest to French
+readers.
+
+The first describes for us with an unusual frankness the moral condition
+of the German army:
+
+     Brave, without care for his own life! Who is there among us that is
+     that? We all know too well our own worth and our own possibilities;
+     we are in the flower of our age: force is in our arms and in our
+     souls; and as no one willingly dies, no one is brave (_tapfer_) in
+     the usual sense of the word: or at least such are very rare. It is
+     just because bravery is so rare in life, it is just for that that
+     we expend so much religion, poetry, and thought (and this begins
+     already at school), in celebrating as the highest fate death for
+     one's fatherland, until it attains its climax in the false heroism
+     which makes such a sensation about us in newspapers and speeches
+     and which is so cheap--and also in the true heroism of a small
+     number who do risk themselves and lead on the others.... We do our
+     duty, we do what we _ought_; but it is a passive virtue.... When I
+     read in the papers the scribblings of those who have a bad
+     conscience because they are safely in the rear--when I read this
+     talk which makes every soldier into a hero, I feel hurt. Heroism
+     is a rare growth, and you cannot build on it a citizen army. To
+     keep such an army together the men must respect their superiors,
+     and even fear them more than the enemy. And the superiors must be
+     conscientious, do their duty well, know their business thoroughly,
+     decide rapidly, and have control of their nerves. When we read the
+     praises which those behind the line write of us, we blush. Thank
+     God, old-fashioned, robust shame is not dead in us.... Ah! my dear
+     friends, those who are here don't speak so complacently of death,
+     of disease, of sacrifice, and of victory as do those who behind the
+     line ring the bells, make speeches, and write newspapers. The men
+     here accustom themselves as best they may to the bitter necessity
+     of suffering and of death if fate wills; but they know and see that
+     many noble sacrifices, innumerable, innumerable sacrifices have
+     already been made, and that already for a long while we shall have
+     had more than enough of destruction on our side as well as the
+     other. It is precisely when one has to look suffering in the face
+     as I have that a tie begins to be formed that unites one to those
+     over there, on the other side (and one that unites you too with
+     them, my friends! Yes, surely you feel it too, don't you?) If I
+     come back from here (which I scarcely hope for any more) my dearest
+     duty will be to soak myself in the study and the thoughts of those
+     who have been our enemies. I wish to reconstruct my nature on a
+     wider basis.... And I believe that it will be easier after this war
+     than after any other to be a human being.
+
+The second fragment is the account of a touching encounter with a French
+prisoner:
+
+     Yesterday evening I was strangely touched. I happened to see a
+     convoy of prisoners and I talked to one of them, a colleague of
+     mine, Professor of classical philology in the college of F----.
+     Such an open-minded, intelligent man, and with such a fine military
+     bearing, like all his fellows, although they had just been through
+     a terrible experience of machine-gun fire.... It was a proof to me
+     of the senselessness of the war. I thought how much one would have
+     liked to be the friend of these men, who are so near us in their
+     education, their mode of life, the circle of their thought and
+     their interest. We started talking about a book on Rousseau and we
+     began to dispute like old philologists.... How much we are alike in
+     force and worth! And how little truth there is in what our papers
+     tell us of the shaken and exhausted conditions of the French
+     troops! As true, or rather as untrue, as what the French newspapers
+     write about us.... My French colleague showed in his remarks such a
+     balanced mind and such understanding and admiration of German
+     thought! To think that we were made so clearly to be friends and
+     that we had to be separated! I was altogether overcome, and sat
+     down crushed by it. I thought and thought and could not escape my
+     mood by any sophistry. No end, no end to war, which for nearly six
+     months now has swallowed in its gulf men, fortunes, and happiness!
+     And this feeling is the same with us as with the other side. It is
+     always the same picture: we do the same thing, we suffer the same
+     thing, we are the same thing. And it is precisely for this reason
+     that we are so bitterly at enmity....
+
+The same accent of troubled anguish, together with a despair which at
+moments nearly reaches to madness, and at others breathes a religious
+fervor, are seen in the letters of a German soldier to a teacher in
+German Switzerland. (We have known of these at the Prisoners' Agency for
+three or four months and they were published in _Foi et Vie_ of April
+15th.[39] They have been passed over in silence, so we shall persist in
+calling attention to them, for they thoroughly deserve it). In these
+letters, which cover from the second fortnight of August to the end of
+December, we see from the 25th of August onwards the evidence of a
+desire for peace among the German soldiers.
+
+     We all, even those who were hottest for the fight at the beginning,
+     want nothing now but peace, our officers just as much as
+     ourselves.... Convinced as we are of the necessity to conquer,
+     warlike enthusiasm does not exist among us; we fulfil our duty, but
+     the sacrifice is hard. We suffer in our souls.... I cannot tell you
+     the sufferings I endure....
+
+     September 20th. A friend writes to me: "On the 20th to 25th of
+     August I took part in big battles; since then I suffer morally even
+     to complete exhaustion, both physical and spiritual. My soul finds
+     no repose.... This war will show us how much of the beast still
+     survives in man, and this revelation will cause us to make a great
+     step out of animalism: if not, it is all up with us!"
+
+     November 28th. (_A splendid passage where one almost hears the
+     voice of Tolstoi._) What are all the torments of war compared to
+     the thoughts that obsess us night and day? When I am on some hill
+     from which my view commands the plain, this is the idea which
+     ceaselessly tortures me: down there in the valley the war rages;
+     those brown lines which furrow the landscape are full of men who
+     are facing one another as enemies. And up there on the hill
+     opposite you there is, perhaps, a man who, like you, is
+     contemplating the woods and the blue sky and perhaps ruminating the
+     same thoughts as you, his enemy! This continual proximity might
+     make one mad! And one is tempted to envy one's comrades who can
+     kill time in sleeping and playing cards.
+
+     December 17th. The desire for peace is intense in every one; at
+     least, in all those who are at the front and who are obliged to
+     assassinate and be assassinated. The newspapers say that it's
+     hardly possible to restrain the warlike ardor of the fighters....
+     They lie--consciously or unconsciously. Our chaplains in their
+     sermons dispute the legend that our military ardor is
+     slackening.... You can hardly believe how such tittle-tattle annoys
+     us. Let them be silent, and let them not talk about things of which
+     they can know nothing! Or better still, let them come not as
+     almoners who keep to the rear, but into the firing-line, rifle in
+     hand! Perhaps then they will get to know of the inner changes which
+     take place in so many of us. According to these chaplains, any one
+     who is without warlike enthusiasm is not a man such as our age
+     demands. To me it seems that we are greater heroes than the others,
+     we, who without being upheld by warlike enthusiasm, accomplish
+     faithfully our duty, while hating war with our whole souls.... They
+     talk of a holy war ... I know of no holy war. I only know of one
+     war which is the sum of all that is inhuman, impious, and bestial
+     in man; it is God's chastisement and a call to repentance for the
+     people that throws itself into war or lets itself be drawn into it.
+     God sends men through this hell so that they may learn to love
+     heaven. For the German people this war seems to me to be a
+     punishment and a call to repentance,--and most of all for our
+     German Church. I have friends who suffer at the idea of being
+     unable to do anything for the fatherland. Let them stay at home
+     with a calm conscience! All depends on their peaceful work. But let
+     the war enthusiasts come! Perhaps they will learn to keep silent.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Why publish these pages?" I shall be asked by some people in France.
+"What good is it, when once war is let loose, to arouse pity for our
+adversaries, at the risk of blunting the ardor of the combatants?"--I
+answer, because it is the truth, and because the truth substantiates our
+judgment, the judgment of the whole world against the German leaders and
+their policy. What their armies have done we know; but that they were
+able to do it containing as they did such elements as those whose
+confessions we have just heard, incriminates still more deeply their
+masters. From the depths of the battlefield, these voices of a
+sacrificed minority rise up as a vengeful condemnation of the
+oppressors. To the accusations drawn up against predatory Empires and
+their inhuman pride, in the name of violated right, of outraged humanity
+by the victim peoples and by the combatants, is added the cry of pain of
+the nobler souls of their own people whom the bad shepherds who let
+loose this war have led and constrained into murder and madness. To
+sacrifice one's body is not the worst suffering, but also to sacrifice,
+to deny, to kill one's own soul!--You who die at least for a just cause,
+and who, full of sap and loaded with faith, fall like ripe fruit, how
+sweet is your lot beside this torture! But we shall so act that these
+sufferings shall not be vain.
+
+Let the conscience of humanity hear and accept their complaint! It will
+resound in the future above the glory of battles; and whether she wills
+or no, History will place it on her register. History will do justice
+between the hangmen and their peoples. And the peoples will learn how to
+deliver themselves from their hangmen.
+
+_Journal de Geneve_, June 14, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+XVI. JAURES
+
+
+Battles are being fought under our eyes in which thousands of men are
+dying, yet the sacrifice of their lives does not always influence the
+issue of the combat. In other cases the death of a single man may be a
+great battle lost for the whole of humanity. The murder of Jaures was
+such a disaster.
+
+Whole centuries were needed to produce such a life; rich civilizations
+of North and South, of past and present, spread out on the good soil of
+France, matured beneath our Western skies. The mysterious chance which
+combines elements and forces will not easily produce a noble spirit like
+his a second time.
+
+Jaures is a type, almost unique in modern times, of the great political
+orator who is also a great thinker, and who combines vast culture with
+penetrating observation, and moral grandeur with energetic activity. We
+must go back to antiquity to find one who, like him, could stir the
+crowd and give pleasure to the few; pour out his overflowing genius not
+only in his speeches and social treatises, but also in his philosophical
+and historical works;[40] and leave on all things the impress of his
+personality, the furrow of his robust labor, the seeds of his
+progressive mind. I have listened to him often in the Chamber, at
+socialist congresses, at meetings held on behalf of oppressed nations;
+he even did me the honor of presenting my _Danton_ to the people of
+Paris. Again I see his full face, calm and happy like that of a kindly,
+bearded ogre; his small eyes, bright and smiling; eyes as quick to
+follow the flight of ideas as to observe human nature. I see him pacing
+up and down the platform, walking with heavy steps like a bear, his arms
+crossed behind his back, and turning sharply to hurl at the crowd, in
+his monotonous, metallic voice, words like the call of a trumpet, which
+reached the farthest seats in the vast amphitheatre, and went straight
+to the heart, making the soul of the whole multitude leap in one united
+emotion. What beauty there was in the sight of these proletarian masses
+stirred by the visions which Jaures evoked from distant horizons,
+imbibing the thought of Greece through the voice of their tribune!
+
+Of all this man's gifts the most fundamental was to be essentially a
+_man_--not the man of a single profession, or class, or party, or
+idea--but a complete, harmonious, and free man. His all-comprehensive
+nature could be the slave of nothing. The highest manifestations of life
+flowed together and met in him. His intelligence demanded unity,[41] his
+heart was full of a passion for liberty,[42] and this twofold instinct
+protected him alike from party despotism and anarchy. His spirit sought
+to encompass all things, not in order to do violence to them, but to
+bring them into harmony. Above all, he had the power of seeing the
+_human_ element in all things, and this universal sympathy was equally
+averse to narrow negation and fanatical affirmation. All intolerance
+inspired him with horror.[43]
+
+He had put himself at the head of a great revolutionary party, but it
+was with the desire "of saving the great work of democratic revolution
+from the sickening and brutal odor of blood, murder, and hatred which
+still clings to the memory of the middle-class Revolution." In his own
+name, and in the name of his party, he demanded "with regard to all
+doctrines, respect for the human personality and for the spirit which is
+manifested in each." The mere feeling of the moral antagonism which
+exists between man and man, even when there is no open conflict, the
+sense of the invisible barriers which render human brotherhood
+impossible, was painful to him. He could not read those words of
+Cardinal Newman in which he speaks of the gulf of damnation, which, even
+in this life, is fixed between men, without having "a sort of
+nightmare.... He saw the abyss ready to gape beneath the feet of fragile
+and unhappy human beings who think themselves bound together by a
+community of sympathy and suffering"--the sadness of this thought
+obsessed him.
+
+To fill in this abyss of misunderstanding was his life-work. Herein lay
+the originality of his standpoint, that although he was the spokesman of
+the most advanced parties, he became the continual mediator between
+conflicting ideas. He sought to unite them all in the service of
+progress and of the common good. In philosophy he united idealism and
+realism--in history, the past and the present--in politics, the love of
+his own country and a respect for other countries.[44] He refrained from
+denouncing that which has been, in the name of that which is to be, as
+many so-called free-thinkers have done; and far from condemning, he
+upheld the theories of all those who had been fighters in past
+centuries, to whatever party they might have belonged. "We reverence the
+past," he said. "Not in vain have blazed the hearths of all the
+generations of mankind--but it is we who are advancing, who are
+fighting for a new ideal, it is we who are the true inheritors of the
+hearth of our ancestors. We have taken the flame thereof, you have
+preserved only the ashes." (January, 1909.) In his Introduction to
+_l'Histoire socialiste de la Revolution_, in which he attempts to
+reconcile Plutarch, Michelet, and Karl Marx, he writes: "We hail with
+equal respect all men of heroic will. History, even when conceived as a
+study of economic forms, will never dispense with individual valor and
+nobility. The moral level of society tomorrow will be determined by the
+standard of morality of conscience today. So that, to offer the examples
+of all the heroic fighters who for the past century have been inspired
+by an ideal and held death in sublime contempt, is to do revolutionary
+work." In everything he touches he achieves a generous synthesis of
+life; he imposes his grand panoramic conception of the universe, the
+sense of the manifold and moving unity of all things. This admirable
+equilibrium of countless elements presupposes in the man who achieves it
+magnificent health of body and of mind, a mastery of his whole being.
+And Jaures possessed this mastery, and because of it he was the pilot of
+European democracy.
+
+How clear and far reaching was his foresight! In years to come, when the
+record of the war of today is set down, he will appear therein as a
+terrible witness. Was there anything he did not foresee? One needs only
+to read through his speeches during the last ten years.[45] It is yet
+too early, in the midst of the conflict, to quote freely his predictions
+concerning the coming retribution. Let us recall only his agonized
+presentiment, ever since the year 1905, of the monstrous war which was
+imminent;[46] his consciousness "of the antagonism, now muffled, now
+acute, but always profound and terrible, between Germany and England"
+(November 18, 1909);[47] his denunciation of the secret dealings of
+European finance and diplomacy, dealings which are encouraged by the
+"torpor of public spirit"; his cry of alarm at "the sensational lies of
+the press, actuated by the rotten system of capitalism, sowing panic and
+hatred, and playing cynically with the lives of millions of men, through
+mere financial considerations or delirious pride"; his contemptuous
+words for those whom he calls "the jockeys of his country"; his clear
+perception of all responsibilities;[48] his foreknowledge of the
+domesticated attitude which would be adopted in case of war by the
+Social-democratic party of Germany, to whom he showed, as in a mirror
+(at the Amsterdam Congress in 1904) their haughty weakness, their lack
+of revolutionary tradition, their want of parliamentary strength, their
+"formidable powerlessness";[49] of the attitude which certain leaders of
+French Socialism, too, and amongst others Jules Guesde, would maintain
+in the conflict between the great States of Europe;[50] and, looking
+even beyond the war, his premonition of the consequences, near and
+remote, national and international, of this conflict of nations.
+
+How would he have acted had he lived? The proletariat of Europe looked
+to him for guidance, and had faith in him--Camille Huysmans has said so
+in the speech delivered at his grave in the name of the Workers'
+International.[51] There can be no doubt that when he had fought against
+the war until all hope of preventing it was gone, he would have yielded
+loyally to the common duty of national defense and taken part in it with
+all his might. He had announced this point of view at the Congress in
+Stuttgart, in 1907, in full agreement therein with Vandervelde and
+Bebel: "If, whatever the circumstances, a nation were to refuse from the
+outset to defend itself, it would be entirely at the mercy of the
+Governments of violence, barbarism, and reaction.... A unity of mankind
+which was the result of the absorption of conquered nations by one
+dominating nation would be a unity realized in slavery." On his return
+to Paris, in giving an account of the Congress to French Socialists
+(September 7, 1907, at the Tivoli Vaux-Hall), he impressed upon them
+their double duty--war against war, so long as it is only a menace upon
+the horizon, and in the hour of danger war in defense of national
+independence. For this great European was also a great Frenchman.[52]
+Yet it is certain, too, that the firm accomplishment of his patriotic
+duty would not have prevented him from maintaining his human ideals, and
+watching with untiring eyes for every opportunity of reconstructing the
+shattered unity. Certainly he would not have allowed the vessel of
+socialism to drift, as his feeble successors have done.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+He has passed from us. But the reflection of his luminous genius, his
+kindness in the bitter struggle, his indestructible optimism even in the
+midst of disaster, shine above the carnage of Europe, over which the
+dusk is gathering, like the splendor of the setting sun.
+
+There is one page which he wrote, which cannot be read without
+emotion--an immortal page in which he represents the noble Herakles,
+resting after his labors on the maternal earth:
+
+"There are hours," he says, "when in feeling the earth beneath our feet,
+we experience a joy deep and tranquil as the earth herself. How often
+on my journey along footpaths and across fields I have realized suddenly
+that it was indeed the earth on which I trod, that I belonged to her, as
+she belonged to me! Then without thinking I went more slowly, because it
+was not worth while to hasten across her surface, because I was
+conscious of her and possessed her at each step I took, and my soul was
+moving within her depths. How many times at the fall of day, as I lay by
+the side of a ditch, my eyes turned towards the faint blue of the
+eastern sky, I have suddenly realized that the earth was speeding on her
+journey hastening from the fatigues of the day and the limited horizons
+which the sun illumines, and rushing with prodigious force towards the
+serenity of night and unlimited horizons, and bearing me with her. I
+felt in my body as in my soul, and in the earth herself as in my body,
+the thrill of this journey, and a strange sweetness in those blue spaces
+which opened out before us, without a shock, without a fold, without a
+murmur. Oh! how much deeper and more intense is this kinship of our
+flesh with the earth, than the vague and wandering kinship of our eyes
+with the starry heavens. How much less beautiful the night with its
+stars would be to us, did we not feel ourselves at the same time bound
+to the earth."
+
+He has returned to the earth--that earth which belonged to him, that
+earth to which he belonged. They have again taken possession of each
+other, and his spirit is even now warming and humanizing her. Beneath
+the torrents of blood shed upon his tomb the new life and the peace of
+tomorrow are already springing. It was a favorite and often repeated
+thought of Jaures, as of Heraclitus of old, that nothing can interrupt
+the flow of things, that "peace is only a form or aspect of war, war
+only a form or aspect of peace, and what is conflict today is the
+beginning of the reconciliation of tomorrow."
+
+R. R.
+
+_Journal de Geneve_, August 2, 1915.
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+TO PAGE 19 ("LETTER TO GERHART HAUPTMANN")
+
+The letter to Gerhart Hauptmann, written after the destruction of
+Louvain, and in the stress of the emotion aroused by the first news, was
+provoked by a high-sounding article of Hauptmann which appeared a few
+days previously. In that letter he rebutted the accusation of barbarism
+hurled against Germany, and returned it ... against Belgium. The article
+ended as follows:
+
+" ... I assure M. Maeterlinck that no one in Germany thinks of imitating
+the act of his 'civilized nation.' We prefer to be and to remain the
+German barbarians for whom the women and the children of our enemies are
+sacred. I can assure him that we never thoughtlessly massacre and make
+martyrs of Belgian women and children. Our witnesses are on our
+frontiers; the socialist beside the bourgeois, the peasant beside the
+savant, and the prince beside the workman: and all fight with a full
+realization of the object, for a noble and rich national treasure, for
+internal and external goods which aid the progress and the ascent of
+humanity."
+
+
+TO PAGE 41 ("ABOVE THE BATTLE")
+
+My enemies have not failed to make use of this passage to attribute to
+me sentiments of contempt with regard to the peoples of Asia and Africa.
+This charge is all the less justified in that I have precious
+friendships amongst the intellectuals of Asia, with whom I have remained
+in correspondence during this war. These friends have been so little
+misled as to my real thought that one of them, a leading Hindu writer,
+Ananda Coomaraswamy, has dedicated to me an admirable essay which
+appeared in the _New Age_ (December 1914), entitled "A World Policy for
+India," but--
+
+1. Asiatic troops, recruited amongst races of professional warriors, in
+no way represent the thought of Asia, as Coomaraswamy agrees.
+
+2. The heroism of the troops of Africa and Asia is not under discussion.
+There was no need for the hecatombs, which have been made during the
+past year, to evoke admiration for their splendid devotion.
+
+3. As regards barbarism, I am glad to confess that now the "white-skins"
+can no longer reproach "skins, black, red, or yellow" in this respect.
+
+4. It is not the latter but the former whom I blame. I denounce today
+once more with as much vigor as fourteen months ago, the short-sighted
+policy which has introduced Africa and Asia[53] into the quarrels of
+Europe. The future will justify my indictment.
+
+R. R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Abattoir of Ypres and Dixmude, the, 103.
+
+Absurdity, a ferocious, 47.
+
+Academicians and Professoren, the voice of, 153.
+
+Academy of moral science, the, 44.
+
+Address to the Civilized Nations, 60.
+
+Ador, M. Gustave, 83.
+
+Adversary, A Frenchman does not judge his, unheard, 17, 31.
+
+_Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre_, 83.
+
+Ajax, the madness of, 78.
+
+Albert, King, 93.
+
+Allies, the, 73, 98.
+
+Allophyles, 44.
+
+Angell, Norman, 137.
+
+Apostles, rival, 45.
+
+Architecture like Rheims, a piece of, 24.
+
+Archbishop of Canterbury, 12, 145.
+
+Arguments, furious, 119.
+
+Armies of the Marne and Meuse, 40.
+
+Art, 16.
+
+Aryan race, 44.
+
+Asia and Africa, forces of, 99;
+  ethnological signification of the terms of, 194.
+
+Atrocities committed in Flanders, 25;
+  in Russia, 70.
+
+Attila, 21.
+
+_Auskunfts- und Hilfsstelle fuer Deutsche im Ausland und Auslaender
+  in Deutschland_, 146.
+
+Austerlitz, 45.
+
+Austria, 50.
+
+Authors of these wars, criminal, 42.
+
+
+Babut, C. E., 76.
+
+Bach, 44, 163.
+
+Baker, M. P., J. Allen-, 145.
+
+Banking and war, the justification of, 110.
+
+Baptism of blood, 152.
+
+Barbarians from the poles and those from the equator, 41, 44.
+
+Barres, 44.
+
+Baumgarten, D., 146.
+
+Bebel, 189.
+
+Bees of Holy Writ, the, 91.
+
+Beethoven, 58.
+
+Behring, 61.
+
+Belgium, the neutrality of noble, 20, 87, 93, 94.
+
+Bennett, E. K., 12.
+
+Bergson, 43.
+
+Bishops, 46.
+
+Bismarck, Prince, 45.
+
+Blind loyalty, 26.
+
+Bloody soil, 18.
+
+Bonfire, stirring up the, 42.
+
+Books of every kind and of every color, 77.
+
+Boris Godunov, 59.
+
+Brotherhood, 16, 101.
+
+Brueghel, the stumbling blind men of, 30.
+
+Bucher, Dr., of Strasbourg, 104.
+
+Bull in the arena, a, 28.
+
+
+Caesar, 121.
+
+_Cambridge Magazine, The_, 11.
+
+Cardinals, 46.
+
+Caste, a military and feudal, 50.
+
+Catalonia, the thinkers of, 122.
+
+Catechism of Force, 139.
+
+Censor, the German, 163.
+
+Central Bureau, the, 146.
+
+Chamberlain, H. S., 28.
+
+Chauvinism, 38, 147, 160.
+
+Christianity and socialism, 45.
+
+Christians of today, 48.
+
+Cingalese, 41.
+
+City of God, 54.
+
+Civilization, the common trunk of our, 16, 41.
+
+Civil war, a, 123.
+
+Combatants, compassion and kindness between the, 101.
+
+Combats, strange, 43.
+
+Comparisons between the two nations, 167.
+
+Congress in Stuttgart in 1907, the, 189.
+
+Contagion, can we not resist this, 47.
+
+Coomaraswamy, Ananda, 194.
+
+Cornelienne, 100.
+
+Correvon, Rev. Ch., 110.
+
+Cosmic force, 11.
+
+Cossack avalanche, the, 37, 41.
+
+Coster, Charles de, 95.
+
+Courtney, Lord and Lady, of Penwith, 145.
+
+Cubism, 160.
+
+Cyclone, the, 46.
+
+Czarism, the ravenous greed of, 50, 60.
+
+
+Danger for Europe, grave, 99.
+
+D'Annunzio, 44.
+
+Dante, 25.
+
+Dehmel, 44, 61, 154.
+
+"_Der neue Geist_," 163.
+
+Destiny of nations, 10.
+
+De Unamuno, Miguel, 29.
+
+_Deutschland Ueber Alles_, 44.
+
+Dickinson, Lowes, 10.
+
+Dickinson, Right-Hon. W. H., 145.
+
+Dilettantism, neronian, 47.
+
+Dogs of war, the, 2.
+
+Dollfus, M. Max., 83.
+
+Don Quixote, 95.
+
+Dostoievsky, 59, 61.
+
+Dryander, Dr. Ernst, 76.
+
+Dunois, Amedee, 14.
+
+Duerer, 163.
+
+Dutch Anti-War Council, 127.
+
+Duty, to seek truth in the midst of error, 26, 169.
+
+
+Eagles, the three rapacious, 50.
+
+Eckehart, Meister, 165.
+
+Egyptians, 41.
+
+Elite of the World, the, 23.
+
+Emergency committee for the assistance of Germans, Austrians, 144.
+
+Emerson's, a saying of, 117.
+
+Enemies, "for a year I (Rolland) have been rich in," 18.
+
+England, all the hatred is turned against, 102, 145.
+
+Enthusiasm, heroic, earnest, and even religious, 38.
+
+Ephebi of old calmly going to sacrifice, the, 39.
+
+Epic, this monstrous, 43.
+
+Epidemic of homicidal fury, an, 43.
+
+Esthonian nations, 66.
+
+Eucken, 43.
+
+Europe, a mutilated, 43, 123.
+
+Eycks, Van, 95.
+
+
+Faith in the virtues of one's own nation, 133.
+
+Fatality, 20; of war, 42.
+
+Father, all men are sons of the same, 106.
+
+Fatherland, our earthly, 54.
+
+Finns, the, 67.
+
+Ferriere, M. Adolphe, 89, 168.
+
+Flogged, the privilege of being, 70.
+
+Foerster, Professor W., 146.
+
+Fram, Andrea, 156.
+
+France is ruined, if, 20;
+  the true, 98;
+  sublime history, 166.
+
+Frank, 45.
+
+Fratricidal struggle, 90.
+
+Fried, Dr. Alfred H., 171.
+
+Friendly relations exist between the prisoners and their guards, 81.
+
+Fry, Mr. Roger, 11.
+
+Funeral pyre, Europe ascending its, 41.
+
+
+Galilean barque, the, 143.
+
+George, Stefan, 159, 170.
+
+German prisoners concentrated in France, 81;
+  my, friends, 99.
+
+Germany, 19;
+  intellectual elite of, 25;
+  Kultur, 28;
+  great minds of, 30, 31;
+  and England, 187.
+
+God, the great captain, 46.
+
+Goethe, our, 19, 58.
+
+Gondolf, Friedr., 29.
+
+Good and evil, the eternal struggle between, 78.
+
+Gorki, 61.
+
+Greatness, intellectual and moral, 19.
+
+Grodtken, 58.
+
+Gruenwald, 163.
+
+Guesde, Jules, 188.
+
+Guilbeaux, Henri, 14.
+
+
+Haeckel, Professor Ernst, 61, 113, 160.
+
+Hague Court, the, 52.
+
+Hallucinations, passionate, 26.
+
+Hangmen, the people will learn how to deliver themselves from their, 180.
+
+Harden, Maximilian, 115.
+
+Harmony of races, a, 55.
+
+Harrach, Helene Graefin, 146.
+
+Hatred, the wounds of, 91, 100.
+
+Hauptmann, 19, 43, 61, 98, 155.
+
+Herakles, 190.
+
+Hercules, 41.
+
+Heretics, 56.
+
+Herve, 45.
+
+Herzog, Wilhelm, 57, 163, 170.
+
+Hesse, Hermann, 157.
+
+High Court, a moral, 51.
+
+Hildebrand, 61.
+
+History will pass judgment on each of the nations at war, 15.
+
+Holy Guillotine, 110.
+
+Holy War against Russia, a, 65.
+
+Holz, Arno, 155.
+
+Honor of their state, to defend the, 26.
+
+Hugo, Victor, 120.
+
+Human Mind, the force of, 2.
+
+Humanity is a symphony of great collective souls, 54.
+
+Humperdinck, 61.
+
+Hungarians in distress, 145.
+
+Huns, the, 22.
+
+Huysmans, Camille, 188.
+
+
+Idealism and German force, 35.
+
+Ideas have no existence in themselves, 118.
+
+Idols, the history of humanity is the history of, 108.
+
+Imperialism, military, financial, feudal, republican, social
+  or intellectual, 50, 98.
+
+Imperial Rome, 48.
+
+Insulted without even a hearing, 16.
+
+Intellectual elite of Russia, the, 60.
+
+Intellectual leaders, Europe's, 8.
+
+Intellectuals, guilty, 26;
+  of Germany, 22;
+  the criminal determination of ninety-three, 28;
+  provide terrible examples of hatred, 82;
+  French, 116;
+  the furious, 151.
+
+Intelligence of the mind, 120.
+
+Intelligent few, the, 109.
+
+Internationalism, intellectual, 111.
+
+International union of women suffrage societies, 146.
+
+Invisible tribunal of humanity, 53.
+
+Ideologues, 2.
+
+Invocation to Peace, 158.
+
+Islam, threats of disturbance in the world of, 99.
+
+
+Japanese, 41.
+
+Jaures, 11;
+  a favorite thought of, 192;
+  democracy, 186;
+  the murder of, 181.
+
+Jean-Christophe, 8.
+
+Jena, the bells of, 33.
+
+Jesuits, 46.
+
+Jesus, 15.
+
+Journalists, 162.
+
+Jupiter of the Vatican, 48.
+
+Justice to small nations, 74.
+
+
+Kalish, 58.
+
+Kant, sons of, 31, 37.
+
+Kill! Kill! I hate the war, 79.
+
+Kipling, 44.
+
+Klein, Dr. Albert, 173.
+
+Klemm, Wilhelm, 159.
+
+Klinger, 61.
+
+Knights-errant of the world, the, 39.
+
+Kock, Hans, 159.
+
+Kolb, Annette, 162, 163.
+
+Kropotkin, 61.
+
+Krupp, 109.
+
+Kultur, 28.
+
+Kulturtraeger, 67.
+
+
+Labor parties did not desire war, 42.
+
+_Lamm, der_, 155.
+
+Lamprecht, Karl, 44.
+
+_La Patrie_, 23.
+
+Lasson, 164.
+
+Law is the friend of the weak, 28.
+
+Laws of Nations, the, 52.
+
+Lawyers, 7.
+
+Lee, Vernon, 137.
+
+Legand, Rene, 187.
+
+Leibnitz, 58.
+
+Leonhard, Rudolf, 156.
+
+_Le Paquet du prisonnier de guerre_, 149.
+
+Letter to Romain Rolland, 64.
+
+Letts, the, 66.
+
+Levites, 46.
+
+Liberator, men make a master of every, 108.
+
+Liberty against barbarism, 57.
+
+Liberty, fighting for the awakening of, 38;
+  of the world, 64;
+  the wild violet of, 119.
+
+Liebermann, 61.
+
+Liebknecht, 45.
+
+Life Force, the, 9.
+
+Life, the value of, 53.
+
+Lissauer, 155.
+
+Lithuanians, 66.
+
+Louvain, 21.
+
+Love of our country, 47.
+
+Luzzatti, 47.
+
+
+Maeterlinck, 95, 193.
+
+Mahler, 59.
+
+Maladresse, 29.
+
+Malines, 21.
+
+Manifesto of Intellectuals, 27.
+
+Mann, Thomas, 28, 113, 163.
+
+Marck, Ludwig, 156.
+
+Marx, Karl, 186.
+
+Maury, M. Lucien, 168.
+
+Medicines for the soul, 91.
+
+Mesnil, Jacques, 14.
+
+Meyer, M. Arthur, 46.
+
+Michelet, 186.
+
+Middle Ages, the great monasteries of the early, 55.
+
+Militarization of the intellect, 63.
+
+Minds, the effort of great, 107.
+
+Minority vitally interested in maintaining these hatreds, 49.
+
+Miracle, men call the sudden appearance of a hidden reality a, 94.
+
+Mobilization of the forces of the pen, this, 60.
+
+Modernism, the noble chimera of, 49.
+
+Moerlins, Frau Marie von Buelow-, 146.
+
+Moliere, 113.
+
+Moloch, 48, 108.
+
+Moral epidemic, 11.
+
+Moral triumph, France has won in this war a prodigious, 100.
+
+Moroccans, 41.
+
+Mozart, 163.
+
+
+Nations subject to Russia are asking agonized questions, 73.
+
+Natorp, Paul, 146.
+
+"Necessity knows no law," 31.
+
+_Nederlandsche Anti-Oorlog Raad_, 127.
+
+Neutral countries are too much effaced, 52.
+
+Neutrality, Belgium's, 34.
+
+Newman, Cardinal, 184.
+
+Newspaper-press of the warring nations, 133.
+
+Newspapers, of both countries give publicity only to prejudiced stories
+  unfavorable to the enemy, 81;
+  jests in, 170;
+  those who behind the line ring the bells, make speeches, and write, 175;
+  they lie--consciously or unconsciously, 178.
+
+Nietzsche, 58.
+
+Nivernais, my own little town in the, 89.
+
+Nordhausen, Richard, 155.
+
+_Notre-Dame la Misere_, 91.
+
+
+Ode to a Howitzer, an, 155.
+
+Official agencies, 29.
+
+Officialdom, heroes of, 91.
+
+Omega workshops, the, 12.
+
+Organization, 111.
+
+Ostwald, 28, 111, 164.
+
+
+Paladins of God, the, 39.
+
+Pamphleteer, a maladroit, 17.
+
+Pangermanism, 68.
+
+Panslavism, 68, 71.
+
+Passion, the language of, 143.
+
+Patrimony of the human race, the, 21.
+
+Patriotism, the true formula of, 185.
+
+Peace, man deteriorates in, 28;
+  armed, 39;
+  of Europe, the, 137.
+
+Pedants of Barbarism, 29.
+
+Pedants, the megalomania of, 167.
+
+Peguy, Charles, 31, 32, 37.
+
+Pen dipped in blood, a, 79;
+  armies of the, 144.
+
+Perrier, E., 44.
+
+Perrette of the fable, 113.
+
+Petzold, 155.
+
+Pioch, Georges, 14.
+
+Plutarch, 186.
+
+Polemics is like a theft from these unfortunates, time devoted to, 98.
+
+Policy, German, 20.
+
+Pontiff, the new, 49.
+
+Pope Pius X died of grief to see the outbreak of this war, 48.
+
+Prelude to the great war of the nations, 2.
+
+Prenant, Mr., 52.
+
+Press, the war-preaching French, English and German, 49;
+  an unscrupulous, 80;
+  bullies of the, 91.
+
+Prisoner, the moral situation of the military, 82.
+
+Prisoners, civil, 85;
+  of war, 97;
+  Agency, 177.
+
+Priests are marching with the colors, 46.
+
+Problem of freedom, the, 7.
+
+Protest, the poverty of, 17.
+
+Proudhon, 2.
+
+Prussian Imperialism, 26, 50, 57.
+
+Psychologic necessity, 131.
+
+Public opinion, 53.
+
+Public safety, the famous doctrine of, 31.
+
+Publicists trying to rouse the energies of the nation, 102.
+
+
+Questions which divided you, the, 41.
+
+
+Race, the idol of, 108.
+
+Racial frenzy, 48.
+
+Rade, Martin, 146.
+
+Rappoport, Charles, 187.
+
+Reason, the unity of, 16.
+
+Red Cross, the, 82, 88.
+
+Redeemer, the, 33.
+
+Reger, 59.
+
+Regnier, de, 44.
+
+Renaitour, J. M., 14.
+
+Renan, 53.
+
+Repatriation, 90.
+
+Reprisals, a desire for, 100.
+
+Responsible for the longer duration of this horrible war? who are, 134.
+
+Retaliation, 51.
+
+Revolution, an internal, 73.
+
+Rheims, 9;
+  Cathedral, 23, 24.
+
+Rhine, your neighbors across the, 105.
+
+Riga, 66.
+
+Rivalry, the world-wide tragedy of, 128.
+
+Rodin, 17.
+
+Roentgen, 61.
+
+Rolland, Romain, 8;
+  letters to, 64;
+  attacks against, 97.
+
+Roman Empire at the time of the Tetrarchy, the, 41.
+
+Rotten, Dr. Elizabeth, 146.
+
+Rouanet, 14.
+
+Rubens, 21.
+
+Rulers, 42.
+
+Rumors circulate only too easily, 80.
+
+Russia, our alliance with, 57;
+  nations subject to, 73;
+  generous promises of, 140.
+
+Russian, autocracy, the, 50;
+  writers have been our guides for the last forty years, 59;
+  the hand of the, Government, 70;
+  evils of, Government, 71;
+  domination very oppressive, 73.
+
+
+Sacrifice, the ecstasy of, 32.
+
+Sacrilegious conflict, a, 40.
+
+Sancho Panza, 95.
+
+Savageries, 21.
+
+Scheler, Max, 162.
+
+Schickele, Rene, 160.
+
+Schleinitz, Nora Freiin von, 146.
+
+Schneeli, Dr., 81.
+
+Schrenck, 110.
+
+Schultze, Siegmund-, 146.
+
+Seeherrschaft of Britain, 145.
+
+Seippel, M. Paul, 52.
+
+Senegalese, 41.
+
+Sepoys, 41.
+
+Sermon on the Mount, the, 110.
+
+Shaw, Bernard, 43.
+
+Shameful record, a, 17.
+
+Sikhs, 41.
+
+Silence itself is an act, at such a time, 22;
+  the heroic discipline of France in, 170.
+
+Sin, the unpardonable, 32.
+
+Socialism, the leaders of, 40;
+  drifting, 190.
+
+Socialists, German, 45;
+  Italian, 46;
+  unite and attack both Kaiser and Czar, 49.
+
+Society of friends of foreigners in distress, 146.
+
+Sons of sorrow, geniuses are, 34.
+
+Soudanese, 41.
+
+Spirit above flesh, put, 24;
+  is the light, the, 54.
+
+Spiritual forces, 10;
+  guides of the human race, 151.
+
+Sport, this bloody and puerile, 42.
+
+Stepping-stone, a human, 10.
+
+Stern, Josef Luitpol, 155.
+
+Sterheim, Carl, 161.
+
+Strauss, 53;
+  Richard, neurotic jugglers with orchestral effects, 59.
+
+Strawinsky, 59.
+
+Sudermann, 61.
+
+Switzerland, 49;
+  the generous heart of, 54.
+
+
+Tenderness is wisdom, 157.
+
+Teutonic colossus, the, 47.
+
+Thermopylae of Liege, the, 93.
+
+Thiesson, Gaston, 14.
+
+Thoma, Hans, 29.
+
+Till Ulenspiegel, 95.
+
+Tillys, modern, 51.
+
+Tokio, 43.
+
+Tolstoi, 16, 59.
+
+Trakl, George, 165.
+
+Trustfulness, culpable, 26.
+
+Turks, 41.
+
+
+Uebervolk, 78.
+
+Unamuno, Miguel de, 111.
+
+Underhand means, 42.
+
+Unified Europe, a, 125.
+
+Union of Democratic Control, 137.
+
+United States of Europe, a, 112.
+
+Unity of European Future, 152.
+
+
+Valmy, a hero of, 48.
+
+Vandervelde, 189.
+
+Verdict of history, the, 132.
+
+Verhaeren, 95.
+
+Vices which are profitable, 109.
+
+Victory below means defeat above, 33.
+
+Vierordt, Heinrich, 160.
+
+Voltaire, the motto of, 51.
+
+Von Biberstein, Baron Marschall, 171.
+
+Von Unruh, Fritz, 155, 172.
+
+
+Wagner, 58.
+
+War, that lies behind the present conflict, the greater, 10;
+  as a fatality, 20;
+  is war, 30;
+  international, 47;
+  between the Western nations, no reason for, 49;
+  the delightful promise of a perpetual, 105;
+  of the pen, 131.
+
+Warsaw, 54.
+
+Wedekind, Franz, 155.
+
+Weingartner, 61.
+
+Wells, 43.
+
+Werfel, Franz, 156.
+
+Whitman, Walt, 7;
+  and Tolstoi, 16.
+
+William II, 46.
+
+Wolff's Agency, 27.
+
+Wood, James, 12.
+
+Workers' International, the, 188.
+
+Wound will heal, a good open clean, 105;
+  wounded of both countries are living in terms of friendship, in
+  Germany and France alike, 82.
+
+Writers, German, 154.
+
+Wundt, 44, 61.
+
+
+Zangwill, Israel, 137.
+
+Zorothowo, 58.
+
+Zweig, Stefan, 165.
+
+
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+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] For translating "The Murder of the Elite."
+
+[2] One article only, "The Idols," may, I think, have been published in
+its entirety in _La Bataille syndicaliste_.
+
+[3] I leave my articles in their chronological order. I have changed
+nothing in them. The reader will notice, in the stress of events,
+certain contradictions and hasty judgments which I would modify
+today.... In general, the sentiments expressed have arisen out of
+indignation and pity. In proportion as the immensity of the ruin extends
+one feels the poverty of protest, as before an earthquake. "There is
+more than one war," wrote the aged Rodin to me on the 1st of October,
+1914. "What is happening is like a punishment which falls on the world."
+
+[4] A telegram from Berlin (Wolff's Agency), reproduced by the _Gazette
+de Lousanne_, August 29, 1914, has just announced that "the old town of
+Louvain, rich in works of art, exists no more to-day."
+
+[5] Written after the bombardment of Rheims Cathedral.
+
+[6] When I wrote this, I had not yet seen the monstrous article by
+Thomas Mann (in the _Neue Rundschau_ of November 1914), where, in a fit
+of fury and injured pride, he savagely claimed for Germany, as a title
+to glory, all the crimes of which her adversaries accuse her. He dared
+to write that the present war was a war of German Kultur "against
+Civilization," proclaiming that German thought had no other ideal than
+militarism, and inscribes on his banner the following lines, the apology
+of force oppressing weakness:
+
+     "_Den der Mensch verkuemmert im Frieden,_
+      _Muessige Ruh ist das Grab des Muts._
+      _Das Gesetz ist der Freund des Schwachen,_
+      _Alles will es nur eben machen._
+      _Moechte gern die Welt verflachen,_
+      _Aber der Krieg laesst die Kraft erscheinen...._"
+
+(_Man deteriorates in peace. Idle rest is the tomb of courage. Law is
+the friend of the weak, it aims at levelling all; it would reduce the
+world to a level. War brings out strength._)
+
+Even so a bull in the arena, mad with rage, rushes with lowered head on
+the matador's sword, and impales himself.
+
+[7] As one of these 'pedants of barbarism' (so Miguel de Unamuno rightly
+describes them) writes, "one has the right to destroy; if one has the
+force to create" (Wer stark ist zu schaffen, der darf auch
+zerstoeren).--Friedr Gundolf: _Tat und Wort im Krieg_, published in the
+_Frankfurter Zeitung_, October 11th. Cf. the article of the aged Hans
+Thoma, in the _Leipziger Illustrierte Zeitung_ of October 1st.
+
+[8] _Jean-Christophe_, part V, "La Foire sur la Place." In vol. III of
+the English version.--TRANS.
+
+[9] At the very hour I wrote these lines, Charles Peguy died.
+
+[10] Alludes to a Viennese writer who had told me, a few weeks before
+the declaration of war, that a disaster for France would be a disaster
+for the liberal thinkers of Germany too.
+
+[11] See note, p. 193.
+
+[12] Liebknecht has since gloriously cleared his honor of the
+compromises of his party. I here express admiration of his attitude. (R.
+R., January 1915.)
+
+[13] Recently published in the _Corriere della Sera_ and translated by
+the _Journal de Geneve_, September 1914.
+
+[14] _Le Temps_, September 4, 1914.
+
+[15] Issues of September 16 and 17, 1914: _La Guerre et le Droit_.
+
+[16] Letter dated September 15, 1871, published in _Reforme
+intellectuelle et morale_.
+
+[17] Open letter of Dr. Ernst Dryander, the First Court Preacher and
+Vice-President of the Higher Ecclesiastical Council, to C. E. Babut,
+Pastor of Nimes, September 15, 1914 (published in _l'Essor_ for the 10th
+October and the _Journal de Geneve_, 18th October).
+
+[18] The newspapers of both countries give publicity only to prejudiced
+stories unfavorable to the enemy. One would imagine that they devote
+themselves to collecting only the worst cases, in order to preserve the
+atmosphere of hatred; and those to which they give predominance are
+often doubtful and always exceptional. No mention is made of anything
+that would tell in a contrary direction of prisoners who are grateful
+for their treatment, as in the letters which we have to transmit to
+their families--in which, for example, a German civil prisoner speaks of
+a pleasant walk, or of sea bathing, he has been allowed to enjoy. I have
+even come across the case of an entomologist who is peacefully absorbed
+in his researches, and profiting by his enforced sojourn in the South of
+France to complete his collection of insects.
+
+[19] On this point, I would echo the appeal in the article cited above,
+from the _Neue Zuercher Zeitung_.
+
+[20] Published by the _Daily Telegraph_, London, 1914.
+
+[21] The Editor of a great Paris paper having offered to publish my
+reply to those who attacked me, I sent him this article, which never
+appeared.
+
+[22] Paul Bourget.
+
+[23] The Evangelical pastor Schrenck in an article on "War and the New
+Testament," quoted with approval by the Rev. Ch. Correvon in the
+_Journal religieus_ of Neuchatel, November 14th.
+
+[24] In a declaration to the editor of the Swedish paper _Dagen_.
+
+[25] The famous "Appeal to the Civilized Nations" had been sent out
+shortly before this by the ninety-three German intellectuals.
+
+[26] Holland.
+
+[27] "To let a people," he said, "or still more a fraction of a people,
+decide international questions, for instance, which state shall control
+them, is as good as making the children of a house vote for their
+father. It is the most ridiculous fallacy that human wit has ever
+invented."
+
+[28] The _Svenska Dagbladet_ sent to the principal intellectuals of
+Europe an inquiry on the subject of the results which the war would
+have, "for international collaboration, in the domain of the spirit." It
+asked "with anxiety, to what extent it would be possible, once peace was
+concluded, to establish relations between the scientists, writers, and
+artists of the different nations."
+
+[29] The literary appreciation of the work cited is here treated as of
+secondary importance, in order that evidence may be discovered with
+regard to the thought of Germany.
+
+[30] See the article of Josef Luitpol Stern, "Dichter," in _Die Weissen
+Blaetter_, March 1915.
+
+[31] Hohe Gemeinschaft.
+
+[32] Fremde sind wir auf der Erde alle.
+
+[33] _Die Ueberschaetzung der Kunst_ (December 1914).
+
+[34] _Von der Vaterlandsliebe_ (January 1915).
+
+[35] December 1914.
+
+[36] _Hymne auf den Schmerz_ (January 1915).--It is to be noted that the
+_Forum_ is read in the trenches, and that it has received many letters
+of approval from the front. (_Der Phrasenrausch und seine Bekaempfer_,
+February 1915.)
+
+[37] I take the phrase from M. Lucien Maury in an article written before
+the war: (_Journal de Geneve_) March 30, 1914. This is quoted recently
+by M. Adolphe Ferriere who, in his remarkable Doctor's thesis, _La loi
+du Progres_ attempts to solve the tragic problem of the part played by
+the elite.
+
+[38] The review _Die Tat_, published by Eug. Diederichs at Jena, prints
+long extracts from them in its issue for May 1915.
+
+[39] With an introduction by C. E. Babut.
+
+[40] His principal philosophical work is his Doctor's thesis: _La
+realite du monde sensible_ (1891). Another thesis (in Latin) dates from
+the same year: _Des origines du socialisme allemand_, in which he goes
+back to the Christian socialism of Luther.
+
+His great historical work is his _Histoire sociale de la Revolution_.
+Very interesting is his discussion with Paul Lafargue on _l'Idealisme et
+le materialisme dans la conception de l'histoire_.
+
+[41] "The need of unity is the profoundest and noblest of the human
+mind" (_La realite du monde sensible_).
+
+[42] "This young democracy must be given a taste for liberty. It has a
+passion for equality; it has not in the same degree an idea of liberty,
+which is acquired much more slowly and with greater difficulty. We must
+give the children of the people, by means of a sufficiently lofty
+exercise of their powers of thinking, a sense of the value of man and
+consequently of the value of liberty, without which man does not exist."
+(To the teachers, January 15, 1888.)
+
+[43] "As for myself, I have never made use of violence to attack
+beliefs, whatever they may be; nay, more, I have always abstained even
+from that form of violence which consists in insult. Insult expresses a
+weak and feverish revolt, rather than the liberty of reason." (1901.)
+
+[44] "The true formula of patriotism is the equal right of all countries
+to liberty and justice; it is the duty of every citizen to increase in
+his own country the forces of liberty and justice. Those are but sorry
+patriots who in order to love and serve one country, find it necessary
+to decry the others, the other great moral forces of humanity." (1905.)
+
+[45] Or the extracts given by Charles Rappoport in his excellent book
+_Jean Jaures, l'homme, le penseur, le socialiste_ (1915, Paris,
+_l'Emancipatrice_), with an introduction by Anatole France. From this
+book are quoted the passages referred to in the notes which follow.
+_Jean Jaures_, a brochure by Rene Legand, should also be read.
+
+[46] Rappoport, _op. cit._, pp. 70-77.
+
+[47] Rappoport, p. 234.
+
+[48] In his speech at Vaise, near Lyon, July 25, 1914, six days before
+his death, he said: "Every people appears throughout the streets of
+Europe carrying its little torch; and now comes the conflagration."
+
+[49] Rappoport, p. 61.
+
+[50] Rappoport p. 369-70.
+
+[51] "Throughout the world there are six millions of us, organized
+workmen, for whom the name of Jaures was the incarnation of the noblest
+and most complete aspiration.... I remember what he was for the workmen
+of other countries. I see still the foreign delegates who awaited his
+words before forming their final opinions; even when they were not in
+agreement with him they were glad to approach his point of view. He was
+more than the Word: he was the Conscience."
+
+[52] Who has spoken more nobly than he of the eternal France, "the true
+France, that is not summed up by an epoch or by a day, neither by the
+day of long ago, nor the day that has just passed, but the whole of
+France complete in the succession of her days, of her nights, of her
+dawns, of her shadows, of her heights and of her depths; of France, who,
+across all these mingled shades, all these half-lights and all these
+vicissitudes, goes forward towards a brilliance which she has not yet
+attained, but which is foreshadowed in her thought!" (1910.)
+
+See his masterly picture of French history, and his magnificent eulogy
+of France, at the Conference of 1905, which he was prevented from
+delivering in Berlin, and which Robert Fischer read in his place.
+
+[53] The terms Asia and Africa have not, of course, a geographical but
+an ethnological signification. Turkey is not, and never has been,
+European; and it is difficult to decide up to what points certain of the
+Balkan Powers are European.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections of typographical erros made by the etext transcriber:
+
+Tolstoi=>Tolstoi
+
+Auslaender, Auslander=>Auslaender
+
+Deutschland Uber Alles=>Deutschland Ueber Alles
+
+Amedee=>Amedee
+
+Rene Schickele=>Rene Schickele
+
+Rene Legan=>Rene Legand
+
+Barres=>Barres
+
+Caesar=>Caesar
+
+Cornelienne=>Cornelienne
+
+Ferriere=>Ferriere
+
+Herve=>Herve
+
+Kulturtrager=>Kulturtraeger
+
+Leonhard=>Leonhard
+
+Liege=>Liege
+
+Peguy=>Peguy
+
+Regnier=>Regnier
+
+Thermopylae=>Thermopylae
+
+Zorothowa=>Zorothowo
+
+Graefin=>Graefin
+
+Notre-Dame la Misere=>Notre-Dame la Misere
+
+Moliere=>Moliere
+
+Jaures=>Jaures
+
+elan=>elan
+
+denouement=>denouement
+
+Dr. Ernst Drylander=>Dr. Ernst Dryander
+
+Idealogues=>Ideologues
+
+NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOGRAAD=>NEDERLANDSCHE ANTI-OORLOG RAAD
+
+Sterheim=>Sternheim
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Above the Battle, by Romain Rolland
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