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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Description of a New Softshell Turtle From
+the Southeastern United States, by Robert G. Webb
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Description of a New Softshell Turtle From the Southeastern United States
+
+Author: Robert G. Webb
+
+Release Date: March 13, 2010 [EBook #31621]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TURTLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
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+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
+MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Volume 11, No. 9, pp. 517-525, 2 pls., 1 fig.
+August 14, 1959
+
+
+Description of a New Softshell Turtle
+From the Southeastern United States
+
+BY
+
+ROBERT G. WEBB
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+LAWRENCE
+1959
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
+Robert W. Wilson
+
+
+Volume 11, No. 9, pp. 517-525, 2 pls., 1 Fig.
+Published August 14, 1959
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+
+PRINTED IN
+THE STATE PRINTING PLANT
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+1959
+
+27-8360
+
+
+
+
+Description of a New Softshell Turtle
+From the Southeastern United States
+
+BY
+
+ROBERT G. WEBB
+
+
+Examination of softshell turtles allied to _Trionyx muticus_ from the
+southeastern United States discloses the presence of an undescribed
+subspecies inhabiting river systems of the Gulf Coast.
+
+The author is indebted to Mr. Roger Conant for constructive criticism
+of the manuscript. I am grateful also to many fellow students for
+assistance in field work or for other courtesies, especially William E.
+Brode, Franklin Sogandares-Bernal, Ernest A. Liner, Donald W. Tinkle,
+Paul K. Anderson, and John K. Greer. The photographs were provided
+through the cooperation of Roger and Isabelle Hunt Conant and John M.
+Legler.
+
+Collections from which specimens were obtained are as follows: TU
+(Tulane University), USNM (United States National Museum), MCZ (Museum
+of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College), CNHM (Chicago Natural History
+Museum), KU (Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas), UI
+(Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois).
+
+Measurements (in millimeters) were made with a Vernier caliper and a
+metal tape; those of the holotype were made to the nearest one-tenth
+millimeter. Plastral length was measured from the posterior edge of the
+plastron to the anteriormost edge of the ventral surface; other
+measurements were maximal. Depth of shell was taken only on hatchlings
+and an immature female. Hatchlings were arbitrarily designated as
+specimens having plastrons shorter than 44 mm; sex of all specimens
+except adult males was determined by dissection unless otherwise noted.
+
+
+=Trionyx muticus calvatus= new subspecies
+
+Gulf Coast Smooth Softshell
+
+     _Amyda mutica_ (in part), Stejneger, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
+     94(1):23-24, 1944.
+
+     _Amyda muticus_ (in part), Cook, Jour. Mississippi Acad.
+     Sci., 1941-1947, p. 185, 1946.
+
+     _Trionyx muticus_ Anderson, Copeia, 3:211, August 28, 1958.
+
+     _Holotype._--UI 31071, hatchling, sex undetermined, from the
+     Pearl River, Roses Bluff, 14 miles northeast Jackson, Rankin
+     County, Mississippi; obtained by William F. Childers on
+     August 25, 1952 (Plate 1).
+
+     _Paratypes._--A total of 20 alcoholic specimens: TU 17301,
+     hatchling male (Plate 2). TU 17302-.1, 16682, three
+     hatchling females, and TU 13473, adult female, from the
+     Escambia River, 2 miles east and 1 mile north of Century,
+     Escambia County, Florida; TU 17306, adult female, from the
+     Pearl River, 9 miles south of Monticello, Lawrence County,
+     Mississippi; USNM 7655, hatchling, sex undetermined, and KU
+     47117-19, three adult males, from the Pearl River, 1 mile
+     south to 4 miles north of Monticello, Lawrence County,
+     Mississippi; TU 17303-.4, 17304-.3, five hatchling males and
+     four hatchling females, from the Pearl River, Varnado,
+     Washington Parish, Louisiana; TU 17305, immature female, no
+     data.
+
+     _Diagnosis and definition._--A subspecies of softshell
+     turtle most closely allied to _Trionyx muticus muticus_ but
+     differing from that subspecies in having: (1) a juvenal
+     pattern of large, circular spots, (2) no stripes on dorsal
+     surface of snout, and (3) postocular stripe with thick,
+     black borders immediately behind eye in adult males. _T. m.
+     calvatus_ resembles _T. m. muticus_, and differs from the
+     several subspecies of _Trionyx spinifer_ in having: (1) no
+     enlarged tubercles on anterior edge of carapace, (2) no
+     ridge projecting from nasal septum, and (3) a smooth dorsal
+     surface on carapace in adult males. _T. m. calvatus_ and _T.
+     m. muticus_ resemble _T. ferox_ in having a smooth dorsal
+     surface on carapace in adult males, but differ from _T.
+     ferox_ in having: (1) no tubercles along anterior edge of
+     carapace, and (2) no ridge projecting from nasal septum.
+
+     _Description of holotype._--Carapace circular, widest at
+     region of bridge; margin entire; dorsal surface smooth;
+     anterior margin of carapace lacking tubercles; blunt
+     vertebral ridge evident anteriorly; maximum length, 53.1 mm;
+     greatest width, 46.3 mm; greatest depth, 11.5 mm.
+
+     Plastron small, extending slightly farther forward than
+     carapace; anterior lobe truncate with slight midventral
+     indentation; posterior lobe rounded, sides forming acute
+     angle; certain features of bony elements of plastron visible
+     through overlying skin; width of bony bridge, 4.5 mm;
+     maximum length of plastron, 37.5 mm.
+
+     Head extended to level of eyes; head terminating in long,
+     rounded, flexible snout; nostrils rounded with no ridges
+     projecting from nasal septum; jaws closed, each covered by
+     fleshy lips except anteriorly where horny portions of jaws
+     are exposed; iris with dark stripe through pupil.
+
+     Forefeet and hind feet well-webbed and with five digits
+     each; each limb with nails on first three digits; dorsal
+     surface of each forelimb with four cornified areas, three of
+     which have a free edge; each hind limb with two cornified
+     areas, one smooth on posterodorsal surface and other with
+     free edge on posteroventral surface.
+
+     Tail terminating in flexible point and not extending beyond
+     posterior edge of carapace; anus to tip of tail, 2.6 mm;
+     anus to posterior edge of carapace, 8.1 mm.
+
+     In preservative: Ground color of carapace dark tan having
+     pattern of 49 brownish spots; 47 spots circular; two spots
+     noticeably elongate, one representing fusion of two circular
+     spots; 17 spots on carapace not exceeding 2.0 mm in
+     diameter, whereas 32 spots range from 2.5 to 4.0 mm in
+     diameter; periphery of carapace pale except anteriorly;
+     maximum width of pale margin (posteriorly), 3.3 mm; junction
+     of pale margin and dorsal ground color formed by rough-edged
+     line composed of small, closely-set dots; pattern of fine
+     punctations and other marks on dorsal surface of forelimbs
+     and hind limbs.
+
+     Ground color of underparts whitish, lacking markings; top of
+     head and snout gray, lacking markings; lower eyelids with
+     small dark dots.
+
+     _Description of paratypes._--Adult females (2 specimens). No
+     striping on dorsal surface of snout; pale postocular stripe
+     not distinct, dark borders obscure (head not extended in TU
+     13473); carapace circular, pale brown with mottled pattern;
+     carapace lacking pattern of large spots; dark marks present
+     in pale margin of carapace; dorsal surface of soft parts of
+     body finely stippled, larger marks on hind limbs and on
+     anterior surface of forelimbs near their insertions;
+     plastron and ventral surface of soft parts of body without
+     markings. Maximal measurements, respectively, are: length of
+     plastron, 172 and 180 mm; length of carapace, 238 and 263
+     mm; width of carapace, 203 and 218 mm; width of head, 28
+     and? mm.
+
+     Immature female (1 specimen). Carapace circular having
+     juvenal pattern of large spots, some of which have borders
+     darker than their centers and are best described as ocelli;
+     junction of pale margin and ground color of carapace formed
+     by ill-defined, ragged dark border; dorsal surface of
+     forelimbs and hind limbs finely streaked and dotted, larger
+     marks occurring toward insertions of forelimbs; lower border
+     of pale postocular stripe in contact with upper margin of
+     postlabial pale stripe; no stripes on dorsal surface of
+     snout; fine markings on dorsal surface of neck. Maximal
+     measurements are: length of plastron, 56 mm; length of
+     carapace, 82 mm; width of carapace, 77 mm; depth of shell,
+     13 mm; width of head, 12 mm.
+
+     Adult males (3 specimens). No striping on dorsal surface of
+     snout; pale postocular stripe with thick, black borders
+     immediately behind eye; width of black borders equal to
+     approximately one-half width of pale postocular stripe;
+     dorsal surface of soft parts of body with indistinct
+     markings that are larger on hind limbs; plastron and ventral
+     surface of soft parts of body without markings; small dark
+     spots posteriorly along ventral edge of carapace; pale
+     margin of carapace lacking markings or having few small
+     black spots; carapace circular with or without pattern of
+     large spots. Maximal measurements of smallest and largest
+     specimens, respectively, are: length of plastron, 108 and
+     118 mm; length of carapace, 160 and 177 mm; width of
+     carapace, 142 and 152 mm; width of head, 21 mm.
+
+     Hatchlings (14 specimens). These paratypes resemble the
+     holotype in all features mentioned; markings on neck tend to
+     form longitudinal streaks in TU 17303 and 17304. There are
+     no secondary sexual differences in hatchling turtles.
+
+     There is some variation in hatchling turtles. Four from the
+     Escambia River have dorsal spots 3 mm or larger in greatest
+     diameter and on three specimens the dorsal spots number 27,
+     37 and 37 (total number not discernable in TU 16682); none
+     of the dorsal spots is ocellate. Maximal measurements of
+     these three hatchlings, respectively, are: length of
+     plastron, 35, 36 and 37 mm; length of carapace, 50, 50 and
+     52 mm; width of carapace, 44, 45 and 47 mm; depth of shell,
+     11 mm; width of head, 9 mm. Nine hatchlings from the Pearl
+     River at Varnado have more (all small) dorsal spots, which
+     may be ocellate. The dorsal spots and ocelli do not exceed 2
+     mm in their greatest diameter except that some of those of
+     TU 17304 are 3 mm; the spots range in number from 38 (TU
+     17303) to 63 (TU 17304). Maximal measurements of the
+     smallest and largest specimens, holotype excepted, are:
+     length of plastron, 30 and 33 mm; length of carapace, 42
+     and 46 mm; width of carapace, 37 and 43 mm; depth of shell,
+     9 and 10 mm; width of head, 9 and 10 mm. The holotype
+     resembles hatchlings from the Escambia River in having
+     large, non-ocellate dorsal spots 3 mm in greatest diameter,
+     and larger measurements.
+
+     One other specimen (not designated as a paratype),
+     consisting of a head with a few attached cervical vertebrae,
+     was obtained on a sand bank of the Escambia River, Florida.
+     The postocular stripe, bright yellow with black borders, was
+     especially vivid in this adult male (KU 47116).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. Map of southeastern United States showing record
+stations of _Trionyx muticus calvatus_ (solid symbols) and _Trionyx m.
+muticus_ (open symbols). Circles indicate specimens examined; triangles
+indicate records in the literature. The question mark refers to a
+specimen bearing catalogue number 17236 in the collection of Tulane
+University (see comments on page 524 concerning No. 17236 from the
+Amite River).]
+
+     _Range._--_Trionyx m. calvatus_ is known from the Pearl,
+     Pascagoula and Escambia river drainages and is to be
+     expected in the Tombigbee-Alabama river drainage (Fig. 1).
+     Tinkle (1958:41, fig. 53, stippled) has indicated the
+     probable range of _calvatus_. This subspecies is unknown
+     from the Mississippi and Tennessee river drainages, which
+     are inhabited by _T. m. muticus_. The western limit of
+     distribution is the Pearl River drainage and probably those
+     streams of the Florida Parishes of Louisiana that drain into
+     Lake Ponchartrain. The most easterly record of occurrence
+     for _T. m. calvatus_ is in the Escambia River drainage; the
+     eastern extent of geographic range is not known.
+
+     I have seen three preserved young turtles having the
+     characteristic spotted pattern from the Pascagoula drainage
+     in eastern Mississippi. These specimens are uncatalogued and
+     in the collections at Mississippi Southern College,
+     Hattiesburg, Mississippi.
+
+     There is a specimen of _T. m. muticus_ labeled as from
+     Mobile, Alabama (MCZ 1596), for which I believe the locality
+     datum is incorrect. It is a young turtle having a
+     well-defined pattern on the carapace and is without doubt a
+     representative of _T. m. muticus_. Mobile is in the large
+     drainage basin, of the Tombigbee, Black Warrior, Coosa and
+     Alabama rivers, which is between the Escambia and Pearl
+     rivers.
+
+     Yarrow (1882:28) reported a specimen of _Amyda mutica_, USNM
+     11630, from Gainesville, Florida. This record was questioned
+     by Cahn (1937:179), and has been disregarded by subsequent
+     authors. Stejneger (1944:23) lists this specimen number with
+     uncertainty from Mt. Carmel, Illinois. The exact geographic
+     provenance of this specimen is seemingly unknown.
+
+     _Habitat._--I have collected eggs of _T. m. calvatus_ on
+     sand banks of the Escambia River, Florida. The Escambia
+     River has a sand-gravel bottom, extensive sandy banks, a
+     moderately-rapid current, and is flanked by a thick riparian
+     forest. It is approximately 80 feet wide with fallen trees
+     and brush intermittently emergent along the shoreline. The
+     sand bar-habitat along the Pearl River has been mentioned by
+     Anderson (1958:212). All records thus far are from lotic
+     habitats.
+
+     _Comparisons._--_Trionyx m. calvatus_ is most closely
+     related to _Trionyx m. muticus_. Both subspecies have the
+     following characteristics: (1) no enlarged tubercles on the
+     anterior edge of the carapace, (2) no ridge projecting from
+     the nasal septum, and (3) a smooth carapace in adult males.
+     These characters distinguish these two subspecies from the
+     several subspecies of _T. spinifer_, and, except for the
+     smooth carapace in adult males, from _T. ferox_. Another
+     feature of _T. m. calvatus_ and _T. m. muticus_, not known
+     to be definitive or diagnostic but noticed on occasion, is
+     the pale orange cast, in life, of the dorsal surface of the
+     carapace and soft parts of the body in young of these
+     turtles.
+
+     The spotted pattern of juveniles of _calvatus_ is easily
+     distinguished from the pattern of _muticus_ (small dots,
+     streaks and dashes) figured by Agassiz (1857, vol. 2, pt. 3,
+     pl. 6, fig. 6), Smith (1950:154, fig. 104), Conant
+     (1938:192, pl. 21, fig. 1; 1958, pl. 11, opposite p. 94),
+     and Cahn (1937:177, pl. 24C).
+
+     Unfortunately, the distinctive dorsal spotting in young
+     _calvatus_ becomes obscure or absent in some adults of both
+     sexes. Spotting in large males is not so well-defined as in
+     juveniles; it may be absent (TU 17306.3), or indicated by
+     two obscure spots (KU 17117), but is usually evident, at
+     least posteriorly. The spotted pattern is absent in large
+     females, which have a pale, mottled and blotched pattern of
+     lichen-like figures; dorsal spots are obscure in TU 17305
+     (length of plastron, 56 mm).
+
+     Two additional features are, so far as known, universal in
+     _calvatus_; these are: (1) the absence of striping on the
+     dorsal surface of the snout, and (2) the presence of thick,
+     black borders of the postocular stripe in adult males. These
+     features have also been observed in some specimens of
+     _muticus_; their presence in _muticus_ cannot be properly
+     evaluated at this time, and is seemingly not due to
+     individual variation. These two characters, however, coupled
+     with the distinctive juvenile pattern of spots, serve, in
+     combination, to distinguish _calvatus_ from _muticus_.
+
+_Discussion._--The two populations are recognized as subspecies
+because: (1) there is close resemblance, (2) the diagnostic characters
+pertaining to pattern are few and superficial, and (3) the geographic
+ranges are allopatric, but juxtaposed. It is probable that _muticus_
+and _calvatus_ would be capable of interbreeding if they were not
+spatially isolated. It should be pointed out, however, that there is no
+evidence of intergradation between _muticus_ and _calvatus_ in the
+lower Mississippi Valley as has been reported for the subspecies of _T.
+spinifer_ (Conant and Goin, 1948), and that the degree of difference
+between _calvatus_ and _muticus_ is greater than that between some
+subspecies of _T. spinifer_.
+
+     _Specimens examined._--All the localities listed below are
+     plotted on the distribution map (Fig. 1). Only those
+     specimens of _T. muticus muticus_ are listed that serve to
+     delimit the range of _T. m. calvatus_. Fortunately, the
+     identification of the specimens of _muticus_ is certain as
+     all show the characteristic juvenile pattern, except the
+     large female, TU 7543, from southeastern Louisiana. USNM
+     95133-34 (carapaces and plastrons only) and TU 17236 are
+     females, which lack the diagnostic spotted pattern of
+     _calvatus_; the former are referred to this subspecies on
+     geographic grounds (Pearl River at Columbia, Mississippi).
+     TU 17236, from the Amite River, is dubiously relegated to
+     _calvatus_ on the supposition that this river and others in
+     the Lake Ponchartrain drainage will yield the characteristic
+     juveniles.
+
+     _Trionyx m. calvatus_ (33 specimens): TU 13473, 16682,
+     17301, 17302-.1, KU 47116 (skull only), Escambia River, 2
+     miles east, 1 mile north Century, Escambia Co., Florida; TU
+     17303-.4, 17304-.3, Pearl River, Varnado, Washington Par.,
+     Louisiana; TU 17306-.3, Pearl River, 9 miles south
+     Monticello, Lawrence Co., Mississippi; TU 16956, KU
+     47117-19, USNM 7655, Pearl River, vicinity of Monticello,
+     Lawrence Co., Mississippi; TU 17236?, Amite River, near
+     Baton Rouge, Louisiana; TU 13795, Bogue Chitto River, Enon,
+     Washington Par., Louisiana; TU 17305, no data, Louisiana;
+     USNM 95133-34, Pearl River, Columbia, Marion Co.,
+     Mississippi; UI 31071, Pearl River, 14 miles northeast
+     Jackson, Rankin Co., Mississippi; Uncatalogued, see page
+     523, Leaf River, 3 miles southeast New Augusta, Perry Co.,
+     Mississippi.
+
+     _Trionyx m. muticus_ (6 specimens): TU 5989, Ouachita River,
+     Monroe, Ouachita Par., Louisiana; TU 7543, Vacherie, St.
+     James Par., Louisiana; CNHM 7845, Gayles, Caddo Par.,
+     Louisiana; USNM 92605, Greenville, Washington Co.,
+     Mississippi; USNM 113228, Jonesville, Catahoula Par.,
+     Louisiana; USNM 118167, Wheeler Reservoir, Tennessee River,
+     Alabama.
+
+     _=Records in the Literature.=_--USNM 113228, referred to
+     above as _Trionyx m. muticus_ is listed by Stejneger
+     (1944:56) as _Amyda s. spinifera_; four of the specimens
+     listed above (USNM 7655, 92605, 95133-34) are recorded by
+     Stejneger (_op. cit._:23-34) as _Amyda mutica_. Cook
+     (1946:185) records seven specimens of the _muticus_ group
+     from Mississippi as follows: 1, no data; 1, Vicksburg,
+     Warren Co.; 3, Forrest Co.; 1, Crawford Bridge, Jones Co.;
+     1, Lake Park, Columbus, Lowndes Co. I have not seen these
+     specimens; they are plotted on the distribution map--the
+     one from Vicksburg as _muticus_ and the others as _calvatus_
+     on geographic grounds. The hatchlings of _Trionyx muticus_
+     referred to by Anderson (_loc. cit._) include the nine
+     paratypes from Varnado, Louisiana.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 13
+
+_Trionyx muticus calvatus_ new subspecies, hatchling, UI 31071,
+holotype (× 1.3). Top, dorsal view. Bottom, ventral view, Photographs
+by John M. Legler.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 14
+
+_Trionyx muticus calvatus_ new subspecies, hatchling male, TU 17301,
+paratype (× 1.3). Top, dorsal view. Bottom, lateral view of left side.
+Photographs by Isabelle Hunt Conant.]
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+ANDERSON, P. K.
+
+     1958. The photic responses and water-approach behavior of
+     hatchling turtles. Copeia, 1958, 3:211-215, 5 figs., August
+     28.
+
+AGASSIZ, L.
+
+     1857. Contributions to the natural history of the United
+     States. Vol. II, Part III. Embryology of the turtle. Little,
+     Brown and Co., Boston, pp. 451-643, 27 pls.
+
+CAHN, A.
+
+     1937. The turtles of Illinois. Illinois Biol. Monogr.,
+     16(1-2):1-218, 31 pls., 15 figs., 20 maps, August 31.
+
+CONANT, R.
+
+     1938. The reptiles of Ohio. Amer. Midl. Nat., 20(1):1-200,
+     26 pls., 38 maps, July.
+
+     1958. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern
+     North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, pp. vii+366, 40
+     pls., 62 figs., 248 maps.
+
+CONANT, R., and C. J. GOIN.
+
+     1948. A new subspecies of soft-shelled turtle from the
+     central United States, with comments on the application of
+     the name _Amyda_. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan,
+     510:1-19, 2 pls., 1 map, June 15.
+
+COOK, F. A.
+
+     1946. Distribution of species of Amyda in Mississippi.
+     Journ. Mississippi Acad. Sci., 1941-1947:185-190.
+
+SMITH, H. M.
+
+     1950. Handbook of amphibians and reptiles of Kansas. Univ.
+     Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., Misc. Publ., 2:1-336, 233 figs.,
+     September 12.
+
+STEJNEGER, L.
+
+     1944. Notes on the American soft-shell turtles with special
+     reference to _Amyda Agassizii_. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
+     94(1):1-75, 30 pls.
+
+TINKLE, D. W.
+
+     1958. The systematics and ecology of the _Sternothaerus
+     carinatus_ complex (Testudinata, Chelydridae). Tulane Stud.
+     Zool., 6(1):1-56, 57 figs.
+
+YARROW, H. C.
+
+     1882. Check list of North American Reptilia and Batrachia,
+     with catalogue of specimens in the U. S. National Museum.
+     Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24:1-249.
+
+
+_Transmitted April 30, 1959._
+
+
+27-8360
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+Italicized text is shown within _underscores_.
+
+Bold text is shown within =equal signs=.
+
+Repositioned the map and plates between paragraphs.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Description of a New Softshell Turtle
+From the Southeastern United States, by Robert G. Webb
+
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Description of a New Softshell Turtle
+From the Southeastern United States, by Robert G. Webb.
+    </title>
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+    margin-left: 10%;
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Description of a New Softshell Turtle From
+the Southeastern United States, by Robert G. Webb
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Description of a New Softshell Turtle From the Southeastern United States
+
+Author: Robert G. Webb
+
+Release Date: March 13, 2010 [EBook #31621]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span><br /><br />
+
+Volume 11, No. 9, pp. 517-525, 2 pls., 1 fig.<br />
+August 14, 1959</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 25%;" />
+<h1>Description of a New Softshell Turtle<br />
+From the Southeastern United States</h1>
+
+<p class="title">BY<br /><br />
+
+<big>ROBERT G. WEBB</big><br /><br /><br />
+
+
+<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br />
+1959<br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+
+<p class="title">
+<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br />
+<br />
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br />
+Robert W. Wilson<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Volume 11, No. 9, pp. 517-525, 2 pls., 1 Fig.<br />
+Published August 14, 1959<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br />
+Lawrence, Kansas<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<small>PRINTED IN<br />
+THE STATE PRINTING PLANT<br />
+TOPEKA, KANSAS<br />
+1959<br />
+<br />
+27-8360<br />
+</small></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519">[Pg 519]</a></span></p>
+<h2>
+Description of a New Softshell Turtle<br />
+From the Southeastern United States<br />
+</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><small>BY</small><br /><br />
+
+ROBERT G. WEBB</p>
+
+
+<p>Examination of softshell turtles allied to <i>Trionyx muticus</i> from
+the southeastern United States discloses the presence of an undescribed
+subspecies inhabiting river systems of the Gulf Coast.</p>
+
+<p>The author is indebted to Mr. Roger Conant for constructive criticism
+of the manuscript. I am grateful also to many fellow students
+for assistance in field work or for other courtesies, especially William
+E. Brode, Franklin Sogandares-Bernal, Ernest A. Liner,
+Donald W. Tinkle, Paul K. Anderson, and John K. Greer. The
+photographs were provided through the cooperation of Roger and
+Isabelle Hunt Conant and John M. Legler.</p>
+
+<p>Collections from which specimens were obtained are as follows:
+TU (Tulane University), USNM (United States National Museum),
+MCZ (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College),
+CNHM (Chicago Natural History Museum), KU (Museum of
+Natural History, University of Kansas), UI (Museum of Natural
+History, University of Illinois).</p>
+
+<p>Measurements (in millimeters) were made with a Vernier caliper
+and a metal tape; those of the holotype were made to the nearest
+one-tenth millimeter. Plastral length was measured from the
+posterior edge of the plastron to the anteriormost edge of the
+ventral surface; other measurements were maximal. Depth of shell
+was taken only on hatchlings and an immature female. Hatchlings
+were arbitrarily designated as specimens having plastrons shorter
+than 44 mm; sex of all specimens except adult males was determined
+by dissection unless otherwise noted.</p>
+
+
+<h3><b>Trionyx muticus calvatus</b> <span style="font-weight: normal">new subspecies<br /><br />
+
+Gulf Coast Smooth Softshell</span><br /></h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Amyda mutica</i> (in part), Stejneger, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
+94(1):23-24, 1944.</p>
+
+<p><i>Amyda muticus</i> (in part), Cook, Jour. Mississippi Acad. Sci.,
+1941-1947, p. 185, 1946.</p>
+
+<p><i>Trionyx muticus</i> Anderson, Copeia, 3:211, August 28, 1958.</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Holotype.</i>&mdash;UI 31071, hatchling, sex undetermined, from the Pearl River,
+Roses Bluff, 14 miles northeast Jackson, Rankin County, Mississippi; obtained
+by William F. Childers on August 25, 1952 (Plate 1).</p>
+
+<p><i>Paratypes.</i>&mdash;A total of 20 alcoholic specimens: TU 17301, hatchling male
+(Plate 2). TU 17302-.1, 16682, three hatchling females, and TU 13473,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_520" id="Page_520">[Pg 520]</a></span>
+adult female, from the Escambia River, 2 miles east and 1 mile north of
+Century, Escambia County, Florida; TU 17306, adult female, from the Pearl
+River, 9 miles south of Monticello, Lawrence County, Mississippi; USNM
+7655, hatchling, sex undetermined, and KU 47117-19, three adult males, from
+the Pearl River, 1 mile south to 4 miles north of Monticello, Lawrence County,
+Mississippi; TU 17303-.4, 17304-.3, five hatchling males and four hatchling
+females, from the Pearl River, Varnado, Washington Parish, Louisiana; TU
+17305, immature female, no data.</p>
+
+<p><i>Diagnosis and definition.</i>&mdash;A subspecies of softshell turtle most closely allied
+to <i>Trionyx muticus muticus</i> but differing from that subspecies in having:
+(1) a juvenal pattern of large, circular spots, (2) no stripes on dorsal surface
+of snout, and (3) postocular stripe with thick, black borders immediately behind
+eye in adult males. <i>T. m. calvatus</i> resembles <i>T. m. muticus</i>, and differs
+from the several subspecies of <i>Trionyx spinifer</i> in having: (1) no enlarged
+tubercles on anterior edge of carapace, (2) no ridge projecting from nasal
+septum, and (3) a smooth dorsal surface on carapace in adult males.
+<i>T. m. calvatus</i> and <i>T. m. muticus</i> resemble <i>T. ferox</i> in having a smooth dorsal
+surface on carapace in adult males, but differ from <i>T. ferox</i> in having: (1) no
+tubercles along anterior edge of carapace, and (2) no ridge projecting from
+nasal septum.</p>
+
+<p><i>Description of holotype.</i>&mdash;Carapace circular, widest at region of bridge;
+margin entire; dorsal surface smooth; anterior margin of carapace lacking
+tubercles; blunt vertebral ridge evident anteriorly; maximum length, 53.1 mm;
+greatest width, 46.3 mm; greatest depth, 11.5 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Plastron small, extending slightly farther forward than carapace; anterior
+lobe truncate with slight midventral indentation; posterior lobe rounded,
+sides forming acute angle; certain features of bony elements of plastron visible
+through overlying skin; width of bony bridge, 4.5 mm; maximum length of
+plastron, 37.5 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Head extended to level of eyes; head terminating in long, rounded, flexible
+snout; nostrils rounded with no ridges projecting from nasal septum; jaws
+closed, each covered by fleshy lips except anteriorly where horny portions of
+jaws are exposed; iris with dark stripe through pupil.</p>
+
+<p>Forefeet and hind feet well-webbed and with five digits each; each limb
+with nails on first three digits; dorsal surface of each forelimb with four
+cornified areas, three of which have a free edge; each hind limb with two
+cornified areas, one smooth on posterodorsal surface and other with free edge
+on posteroventral surface.</p>
+
+<p>Tail terminating in flexible point and not extending beyond posterior edge
+of carapace; anus to tip of tail, 2.6 mm; anus to posterior edge of carapace,
+8.1 mm.</p>
+
+<p>In preservative: Ground color of carapace dark tan having pattern of 49
+brownish spots; 47 spots circular; two spots noticeably elongate, one representing
+fusion of two circular spots; 17 spots on carapace not exceeding
+2.0 mm in diameter, whereas 32 spots range from 2.5 to 4.0 mm in diameter;
+periphery of carapace pale except anteriorly; maximum width of pale margin
+(posteriorly), 3.3 mm; junction of pale margin and dorsal ground color formed
+by rough-edged line composed of small, closely-set dots; pattern of fine
+punctations and other marks on dorsal surface of forelimbs and hind limbs.</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_521" id="Page_521">[Pg 521]</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Ground color of underparts whitish, lacking markings; top of head and snout
+gray, lacking markings; lower eyelids with small dark dots.</p>
+
+<p><i>Description of paratypes.</i>&mdash;Adult females (2 specimens). No striping on
+dorsal surface of snout; pale postocular stripe not distinct, dark borders
+obscure (head not extended in TU 13473); carapace circular, pale brown with
+mottled pattern; carapace lacking pattern of large spots; dark marks present
+in pale margin of carapace; dorsal surface of soft parts of body finely stippled,
+larger marks on hind limbs and on anterior surface of forelimbs near their insertions;
+plastron and ventral surface of soft parts of body without markings.
+Maximal measurements, respectively, are: length of plastron, 172 and 180 mm;
+length of carapace, 238 and 263 mm; width of carapace, 203 and 218 mm;
+width of head, 28 and? mm.</p>
+
+<p>Immature female (1 specimen). Carapace circular having juvenal pattern
+of large spots, some of which have borders darker than their centers and are
+best described as ocelli; junction of pale margin and ground color of carapace
+formed by ill-defined, ragged dark border; dorsal surface of forelimbs and
+hind limbs finely streaked and dotted, larger marks occurring toward insertions
+of forelimbs; lower border of pale postocular stripe in contact with
+upper margin of postlabial pale stripe; no stripes on dorsal surface of snout;
+fine markings on dorsal surface of neck. Maximal measurements are: length of
+plastron, 56 mm; length of carapace, 82 mm; width of carapace, 77 mm;
+depth of shell, 13 mm; width of head, 12 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Adult males (3 specimens). No striping on dorsal surface of snout; pale
+postocular stripe with thick, black borders immediately behind eye; width of
+black borders equal to approximately one-half width of pale postocular stripe;
+dorsal surface of soft parts of body with indistinct markings that are larger
+on hind limbs; plastron and ventral surface of soft parts of body without
+markings; small dark spots posteriorly along ventral edge of carapace; pale
+margin of carapace lacking markings or having few small black spots; carapace
+circular with or without pattern of large spots. Maximal measurements of
+smallest and largest specimens, respectively, are: length of plastron, 108 and
+118 mm; length of carapace, 160 and 177 mm; width of carapace, 142 and
+152 mm; width of head, 21 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Hatchlings (14 specimens). These paratypes resemble the holotype in
+all features mentioned; markings on neck tend to form longitudinal streaks in
+TU 17303 and 17304. There are no secondary sexual differences in hatchling
+turtles.</p>
+
+<p>There is some variation in hatchling turtles. Four from the Escambia River
+have dorsal spots 3 mm or larger in greatest diameter and on three specimens
+the dorsal spots number 27, 37 and 37 (total number not discernable in
+TU 16682); none of the dorsal spots is ocellate. Maximal measurements of
+these three hatchlings, respectively, are: length of plastron, 35, 36 and 37 mm;
+length of carapace, 50, 50 and 52 mm; width of carapace, 44, 45 and 47 mm;
+depth of shell, 11 mm; width of head, 9 mm. Nine hatchlings from the Pearl
+River at Varnado have more (all small) dorsal spots, which may be ocellate.
+The dorsal spots and ocelli do not exceed 2 mm in their greatest diameter
+except that some of those of TU 17304 are 3 mm; the spots range in number
+from 38 (TU 17303) to 63 (TU 17304). Maximal measurements of the
+smallest and largest specimens, holotype excepted, are: length of plastron, 30<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_522" id="Page_522">[Pg 522]</a></span>
+and 33 mm; length of carapace, 42 and 46 mm; width of carapace, 37 and 43
+mm; depth of shell, 9 and 10 mm; width of head, 9 and 10 mm. The holotype
+resembles hatchlings from the Escambia River in having large, non-ocellate
+dorsal spots 3 mm in greatest diameter, and larger measurements.</p>
+
+<p>One other specimen (not designated as a paratype), consisting of a head
+with a few attached cervical vertebrae, was obtained on a sand bank of the
+Escambia River, Florida. The postocular stripe, bright yellow with black
+borders, was especially vivid in this adult male (KU 47116).</p></div>
+
+<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="fig1" id="fig1"></a>
+<img src="images/image001.png" width="600" height="589" alt="Fig. 1. Map of southeastern United States showing record stations of Trionyx
+muticus calvatus (solid symbols) and Trionyx m. muticus (open symbols).
+Circles indicate specimens examined; triangles indicate records in the literature.
+The question mark refers to a specimen bearing catalogue number 17236 in
+the collection of Tulane University (see comments on page 524 concerning
+No. 17236 from the Amite River)." title="Fig. 1. Map of southeastern United States showing record stations of Trionyx
+muticus calvatus (solid symbols) and Trionyx m. muticus (open symbols).
+Circles indicate specimens examined; triangles indicate records in the literature.
+The question mark refers to a specimen bearing catalogue number 17236 in
+the collection of Tulane University (see comments on page 524 concerning
+No. 17236 from the Amite River)." />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Map of southeastern United States showing record stations of Trionyx
+muticus calvatus (solid symbols) and Trionyx m. muticus (open symbols).
+Circles indicate specimens examined; triangles indicate records in the literature.
+The question mark refers to a specimen bearing catalogue number 17236 in
+the collection of Tulane University (see comments on page <a href="#Page_524">524</a> concerning
+No. 17236 from the Amite River).</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Range.</i>&mdash;<i>Trionyx m. calvatus</i> is known from the Pearl, Pascagoula and
+Escambia river drainages and is to be expected in the Tombigbee-Alabama
+river drainage (<a href="#fig1">Fig. 1</a>). Tinkle (1958:41, fig. 53, stippled) has indicated
+the probable range of <i>calvatus</i>. This subspecies is unknown from the Mississippi
+and Tennessee river drainages, which are inhabited by <i>T. m. muticus</i>. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_523" id="Page_523">[Pg 523]</a></span>
+western limit of distribution is the Pearl River drainage and probably those
+streams of the Florida Parishes of Louisiana that drain into Lake Ponchartrain.
+The most easterly record of occurrence for <i>T. m. calvatus</i> is in the Escambia
+River drainage; the eastern extent of geographic range is not known.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen three preserved young turtles having the characteristic spotted
+pattern from the Pascagoula drainage in eastern Mississippi. These specimens
+are uncatalogued and in the collections at Mississippi Southern College,
+Hattiesburg, Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>There is a specimen of <i>T. m. muticus</i> labeled as from Mobile, Alabama
+(MCZ 1596), for which I believe the locality datum is incorrect. It is a
+young turtle having a well-defined pattern on the carapace and is without
+doubt a representative of <i>T. m. muticus</i>. Mobile is in the large drainage basin,
+of the Tombigbee, Black Warrior, Coosa and Alabama rivers, which is between
+the Escambia and Pearl rivers.</p>
+
+<p>Yarrow (1882:28) reported a specimen of <i>Amyda mutica</i>, USNM 11630,
+from Gainesville, Florida. This record was questioned by Cahn (1937:179),
+and has been disregarded by subsequent authors. Stejneger (1944:23) lists
+this specimen number with uncertainty from Mt. Carmel, Illinois. The exact
+geographic provenance of this specimen is seemingly unknown.</p>
+
+<p><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;I have collected eggs of <i>T. m. calvatus</i> on sand banks of the
+Escambia River, Florida. The Escambia River has a sand-gravel bottom,
+extensive sandy banks, a moderately-rapid current, and is flanked by a thick
+riparian forest. It is approximately 80 feet wide with fallen trees and brush
+intermittently emergent along the shoreline. The sand bar-habitat along the
+Pearl River has been mentioned by Anderson (1958:212). All records thus
+far are from lotic habitats.</p>
+
+<p><i>Comparisons.</i>&mdash;<i>Trionyx m. calvatus</i> is most closely related to <i>Trionyx m.
+muticus</i>. Both subspecies have the following characteristics: (1) no enlarged
+tubercles on the anterior edge of the carapace, (2) no ridge projecting
+from the nasal septum, and (3) a smooth carapace in adult males. These
+characters distinguish these two subspecies from the several subspecies of
+<i>T. spinifer</i>, and, except for the smooth carapace in adult males, from <i>T. ferox</i>.
+Another feature of <i>T. m. calvatus</i> and <i>T. m. muticus</i>, not known to be definitive
+or diagnostic but noticed on occasion, is the pale orange cast, in life, of the
+dorsal surface of the carapace and soft parts of the body in young of these
+turtles.</p>
+
+<p>The spotted pattern of juveniles of <i>calvatus</i> is easily distinguished from
+the pattern of <i>muticus</i> (small dots, streaks and dashes) figured by Agassiz
+(1857, vol. 2, pt. 3, pl. 6, fig. 6), Smith (1950:154, fig. 104), Conant (1938:192,
+pl. 21, fig. 1; 1958, pl. 11, opposite p. 94), and Cahn (1937:177, pl. 24C).</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, the distinctive dorsal spotting in young <i>calvatus</i> becomes
+obscure or absent in some adults of both sexes. Spotting in large males is
+not so well-defined as in juveniles; it may be absent (TU 17306.3), or indicated
+by two obscure spots (KU 17117), but is usually evident, at least
+posteriorly. The spotted pattern is absent in large females, which have a pale,
+mottled and blotched pattern of lichen-like figures; dorsal spots are obscure
+in TU 17305 (length of plastron, 56 mm).</p>
+
+<p>Two additional features are, so far as known, universal in <i>calvatus</i>; these
+are: (1) the absence of striping on the dorsal surface of the snout, and (2)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_524" id="Page_524">[Pg 524]</a></span>
+the presence of thick, black borders of the postocular stripe in adult males.
+These features have also been observed in some specimens of <i>muticus</i>; their
+presence in <i>muticus</i> cannot be properly evaluated at this time, and is seemingly
+not due to individual variation. These two characters, however, coupled
+with the distinctive juvenile pattern of spots, serve, in combination, to distinguish
+<i>calvatus</i> from <i>muticus</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p><i>Discussion.</i>&mdash;The two populations are recognized as subspecies
+because: (1) there is close resemblance, (2) the diagnostic characters
+pertaining to pattern are few and superficial, and (3) the
+geographic ranges are allopatric, but juxtaposed. It is probable
+that <i>muticus</i> and <i>calvatus</i> would be capable of interbreeding if they
+were not spatially isolated. It should be pointed out, however,
+that there is no evidence of intergradation between <i>muticus</i> and
+<i>calvatus</i> in the lower Mississippi Valley as has been reported for
+the subspecies of <i>T. spinifer</i> (Conant and Goin, 1948), and that the
+degree of difference between <i>calvatus</i> and <i>muticus</i> is greater than
+that between some subspecies of <i>T. spinifer</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i><b>Specimens examined.</b></i>&mdash;All the localities listed below are plotted on the
+distribution map <a href="#fig1">(Fig. 1</a>). Only those specimens of <i>T. muticus muticus</i> are
+listed that serve to delimit the range of <i>T. m. calvatus</i>. Fortunately, the
+identification of the specimens of <i>muticus</i> is certain as all show the characteristic
+juvenile pattern, except the large female, TU 7543, from southeastern
+Louisiana. USNM 95133-34 (carapaces and plastrons only) and TU 17236
+are females, which lack the diagnostic spotted pattern of <i>calvatus</i>; the former
+are referred to this subspecies on geographic grounds (Pearl River at Columbia,
+Mississippi). TU 17236, from the Amite River, is dubiously relegated to
+<i>calvatus</i> on the supposition that this river and others in the Lake Ponchartrain
+drainage will yield the characteristic juveniles.</p>
+
+<p><i>Trionyx m. calvatus</i> (33 specimens): TU 13473, 16682, 17301, 17302-.1,
+KU 47116 (skull only), Escambia River, 2 miles east, 1 mile north Century,
+Escambia Co., Florida; TU 17303-.4, 17304-.3, Pearl River, Varnado, Washington
+Par., Louisiana; TU 17306-.3, Pearl River, 9 miles south Monticello,
+Lawrence Co., Mississippi; TU 16956, KU 47117-19, USNM 7655, Pearl
+River, vicinity of Monticello, Lawrence Co., Mississippi; TU 17236?, Amite
+River, near Baton Rouge, Louisiana; TU 13795, Bogue Chitto River, Enon,
+Washington Par., Louisiana; TU 17305, no data, Louisiana; USNM 95133-34,
+Pearl River, Columbia, Marion Co., Mississippi; UI 31071, Pearl River, 14
+miles northeast Jackson, Rankin Co., Mississippi; Uncatalogued, see page
+<a href="#Page_523">523</a>, Leaf River, 3 miles southeast New Augusta, Perry Co., Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p><i>Trionyx m. muticus</i> (6 specimens): TU 5989, Ouachita River, Monroe,
+Ouachita Par., Louisiana; TU 7543, Vacherie, St. James Par., Louisiana;
+CNHM 7845, Gayles, Caddo Par., Louisiana; USNM 92605, Greenville, Washington
+Co., Mississippi; USNM 113228, Jonesville, Catahoula Par., Louisiana;
+USNM 118167, Wheeler Reservoir, Tennessee River, Alabama.</p>
+
+<p><i><b>Records in the Literature.</b></i>&mdash;USNM 113228, referred to above as <i>Trionyx m.
+muticus</i> is listed by Stejneger (1944:56) as <i>Amyda s. spinifera</i>; four of the
+specimens listed above (USNM 7655, 92605, 95133-34) are recorded by
+Stejneger (<i>op. cit.</i>:23-34) as <i>Amyda mutica</i>. Cook (1946:185) records seven
+specimens of the <i>muticus</i> group from Mississippi as follows: 1, no data;
+1, Vicksburg, Warren Co.; 3, Forrest Co.; 1, Crawford Bridge, Jones Co.;
+1, Lake Park, Columbus, Lowndes Co. I have not seen these specimens;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_525" id="Page_525">[Pg 525]</a></span>
+they are plotted on the distribution map&mdash;the one from Vicksburg as <i>muticus</i>
+and the others as <i>calvatus</i> on geographic grounds. The hatchlings of
+<i>Trionyx muticus</i> referred to by Anderson (<i>loc. cit.</i>) include the nine paratypes
+from Varnado, Louisiana.</p></div>
+
+<p class="figcenter" style="width: 302px;">
+<a name="pl_13" id="pl_13"></a>
+<a href="images/image013.jpg">
+<img src="images/image002.jpg" width="302" height="560" alt="PLATE 13
+
+Trionyx muticus calvatus new subspecies, hatchling, UI 31071,
+holotype (&times; 1.3). Top, dorsal view. Bottom, ventral view,
+Photographs by John M. Legler." title="PLATE 13
+
+Trionyx muticus calvatus new subspecies, hatchling, UI 31071,
+holotype (&times; 1.3). Top, dorsal view. Bottom, ventral view,
+Photographs by John M. Legler." />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE 13<br /><br />
+
+<i>Trionyx muticus calvatus</i> new subspecies, hatchling, UI 31071,
+holotype (&times; 1.3). Top, dorsal view. Bottom, ventral view,
+Photographs by John M. Legler.</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p class="figcenter" style="width: 494px;">
+<a name="pl_14" id="pl_14"></a>
+<a href="images/image014.jpg">
+<img src="images/image003.jpg" width="494" height="580" alt="PLATE 14
+
+Trionyx muticus calvatus new subspecies, hatchling male, TU 17301, paratype
+(&times; 1.3). Top, dorsal view. Bottom, lateral view of left side. Photographs
+by Isabelle Hunt Conant." title="PLATE 14
+
+Trionyx muticus calvatus new subspecies, hatchling male, TU 17301, paratype
+(&times; 1.3). Top, dorsal view. Bottom, lateral view of left side. Photographs
+by Isabelle Hunt Conant." />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE 14<br /><br />
+
+<i>Trionyx muticus calvatus</i> new subspecies, hatchling male, TU 17301, paratype
+(&times; 1.3). Top, dorsal view. Bottom, lateral view of left side. Photographs
+by Isabelle Hunt Conant.</span>
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3>LITERATURE CITED</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Anderson, P. K.</span></p>
+
+<p class="i4">1958. The photic responses and water-approach behavior of hatchling
+turtles. Copeia, 1958, 3:211-215, 5 figs., August 28.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Agassiz, L.</span></p>
+
+<p class="i4">1857. Contributions to the natural history of the United States. Vol. II,
+Part III. Embryology of the turtle. Little, Brown and Co., Boston,
+pp. 451-643, 27 pls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cahn, A.</span></p>
+
+<p class="i4">1937. The turtles of Illinois. Illinois Biol. Monogr., 16(1-2):1-218, 31
+pls., 15 figs., 20 maps, August 31.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Conant, R.</span></p>
+
+<p class="i4">1938. The reptiles of Ohio. Amer. Midl. Nat., 20(1):1-200, 26 pls., 38
+maps, July.</p>
+
+<p class="i4">1958. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern North America.
+Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, pp. vii+366, 40 pls., 62 figs.,
+248 maps.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Conant, R.</span>, and <span class="smcap">C. J. Goin</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="i4">1948. A new subspecies of soft-shelled turtle from the central United
+States, with comments on the application of the name <i>Amyda</i>.
+Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 510:1-19, 2 pls., 1 map,
+June 15.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cook, F. A.</span></p>
+
+<p class="i4">1946. Distribution of species of Amyda in Mississippi. Journ. Mississippi
+Acad. Sci., 1941-1947:185-190.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Smith, H. M.</span></p>
+
+<p class="i4">1950. Handbook of amphibians and reptiles of Kansas. Univ. Kansas
+Mus. Nat. Hist., Misc. Publ., 2:1-336, 233 figs., September 12.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stejneger, L.</span></p>
+
+<p class="i4">1944. Notes on the American soft-shell turtles with special reference to
+<i>Amyda Agassizii</i>. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 94(1):1-75, 30 pls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tinkle, D. W.</span></p>
+
+<p class="i4">1958. The systematics and ecology of the <i>Sternothaerus carinatus</i> complex
+(Testudinata, Chelydridae). Tulane Stud. Zool., 6(1):1-56,
+57 figs.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Yarrow, H. C.</span></p>
+
+<p class="i4">1882. Check list of North American Reptilia and Batrachia, with catalogue
+of specimens in the U. S. National Museum. Bull. U. S.
+Nat. Mus., 24:1-249.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Transmitted April 30, 1959.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><small>27-8360</small></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3>
+
+<p>Repositioned the map and plates between paragraphs. Click on the Plates for enlarged views.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Description of a New Softshell Turtle
+From the Southeastern United States, by Robert G. Webb
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Description of a New Softshell Turtle From
+the Southeastern United States, by Robert G. Webb
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Description of a New Softshell Turtle From the Southeastern United States
+
+Author: Robert G. Webb
+
+Release Date: March 13, 2010 [EBook #31621]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TURTLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
+MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Volume 11, No. 9, pp. 517-525, 2 pls., 1 fig.
+August 14, 1959
+
+
+Description of a New Softshell Turtle
+From the Southeastern United States
+
+BY
+
+ROBERT G. WEBB
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+LAWRENCE
+1959
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
+Robert W. Wilson
+
+
+Volume 11, No. 9, pp. 517-525, 2 pls., 1 Fig.
+Published August 14, 1959
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+
+PRINTED IN
+THE STATE PRINTING PLANT
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+1959
+
+27-8360
+
+
+
+
+Description of a New Softshell Turtle
+From the Southeastern United States
+
+BY
+
+ROBERT G. WEBB
+
+
+Examination of softshell turtles allied to _Trionyx muticus_ from the
+southeastern United States discloses the presence of an undescribed
+subspecies inhabiting river systems of the Gulf Coast.
+
+The author is indebted to Mr. Roger Conant for constructive criticism
+of the manuscript. I am grateful also to many fellow students for
+assistance in field work or for other courtesies, especially William E.
+Brode, Franklin Sogandares-Bernal, Ernest A. Liner, Donald W. Tinkle,
+Paul K. Anderson, and John K. Greer. The photographs were provided
+through the cooperation of Roger and Isabelle Hunt Conant and John M.
+Legler.
+
+Collections from which specimens were obtained are as follows: TU
+(Tulane University), USNM (United States National Museum), MCZ (Museum
+of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College), CNHM (Chicago Natural History
+Museum), KU (Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas), UI
+(Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois).
+
+Measurements (in millimeters) were made with a Vernier caliper and a
+metal tape; those of the holotype were made to the nearest one-tenth
+millimeter. Plastral length was measured from the posterior edge of the
+plastron to the anteriormost edge of the ventral surface; other
+measurements were maximal. Depth of shell was taken only on hatchlings
+and an immature female. Hatchlings were arbitrarily designated as
+specimens having plastrons shorter than 44 mm; sex of all specimens
+except adult males was determined by dissection unless otherwise noted.
+
+
+=Trionyx muticus calvatus= new subspecies
+
+Gulf Coast Smooth Softshell
+
+     _Amyda mutica_ (in part), Stejneger, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
+     94(1):23-24, 1944.
+
+     _Amyda muticus_ (in part), Cook, Jour. Mississippi Acad.
+     Sci., 1941-1947, p. 185, 1946.
+
+     _Trionyx muticus_ Anderson, Copeia, 3:211, August 28, 1958.
+
+     _Holotype._--UI 31071, hatchling, sex undetermined, from the
+     Pearl River, Roses Bluff, 14 miles northeast Jackson, Rankin
+     County, Mississippi; obtained by William F. Childers on
+     August 25, 1952 (Plate 1).
+
+     _Paratypes._--A total of 20 alcoholic specimens: TU 17301,
+     hatchling male (Plate 2). TU 17302-.1, 16682, three
+     hatchling females, and TU 13473, adult female, from the
+     Escambia River, 2 miles east and 1 mile north of Century,
+     Escambia County, Florida; TU 17306, adult female, from the
+     Pearl River, 9 miles south of Monticello, Lawrence County,
+     Mississippi; USNM 7655, hatchling, sex undetermined, and KU
+     47117-19, three adult males, from the Pearl River, 1 mile
+     south to 4 miles north of Monticello, Lawrence County,
+     Mississippi; TU 17303-.4, 17304-.3, five hatchling males and
+     four hatchling females, from the Pearl River, Varnado,
+     Washington Parish, Louisiana; TU 17305, immature female, no
+     data.
+
+     _Diagnosis and definition._--A subspecies of softshell
+     turtle most closely allied to _Trionyx muticus muticus_ but
+     differing from that subspecies in having: (1) a juvenal
+     pattern of large, circular spots, (2) no stripes on dorsal
+     surface of snout, and (3) postocular stripe with thick,
+     black borders immediately behind eye in adult males. _T. m.
+     calvatus_ resembles _T. m. muticus_, and differs from the
+     several subspecies of _Trionyx spinifer_ in having: (1) no
+     enlarged tubercles on anterior edge of carapace, (2) no
+     ridge projecting from nasal septum, and (3) a smooth dorsal
+     surface on carapace in adult males. _T. m. calvatus_ and _T.
+     m. muticus_ resemble _T. ferox_ in having a smooth dorsal
+     surface on carapace in adult males, but differ from _T.
+     ferox_ in having: (1) no tubercles along anterior edge of
+     carapace, and (2) no ridge projecting from nasal septum.
+
+     _Description of holotype._--Carapace circular, widest at
+     region of bridge; margin entire; dorsal surface smooth;
+     anterior margin of carapace lacking tubercles; blunt
+     vertebral ridge evident anteriorly; maximum length, 53.1 mm;
+     greatest width, 46.3 mm; greatest depth, 11.5 mm.
+
+     Plastron small, extending slightly farther forward than
+     carapace; anterior lobe truncate with slight midventral
+     indentation; posterior lobe rounded, sides forming acute
+     angle; certain features of bony elements of plastron visible
+     through overlying skin; width of bony bridge, 4.5 mm;
+     maximum length of plastron, 37.5 mm.
+
+     Head extended to level of eyes; head terminating in long,
+     rounded, flexible snout; nostrils rounded with no ridges
+     projecting from nasal septum; jaws closed, each covered by
+     fleshy lips except anteriorly where horny portions of jaws
+     are exposed; iris with dark stripe through pupil.
+
+     Forefeet and hind feet well-webbed and with five digits
+     each; each limb with nails on first three digits; dorsal
+     surface of each forelimb with four cornified areas, three of
+     which have a free edge; each hind limb with two cornified
+     areas, one smooth on posterodorsal surface and other with
+     free edge on posteroventral surface.
+
+     Tail terminating in flexible point and not extending beyond
+     posterior edge of carapace; anus to tip of tail, 2.6 mm;
+     anus to posterior edge of carapace, 8.1 mm.
+
+     In preservative: Ground color of carapace dark tan having
+     pattern of 49 brownish spots; 47 spots circular; two spots
+     noticeably elongate, one representing fusion of two circular
+     spots; 17 spots on carapace not exceeding 2.0 mm in
+     diameter, whereas 32 spots range from 2.5 to 4.0 mm in
+     diameter; periphery of carapace pale except anteriorly;
+     maximum width of pale margin (posteriorly), 3.3 mm; junction
+     of pale margin and dorsal ground color formed by rough-edged
+     line composed of small, closely-set dots; pattern of fine
+     punctations and other marks on dorsal surface of forelimbs
+     and hind limbs.
+
+     Ground color of underparts whitish, lacking markings; top of
+     head and snout gray, lacking markings; lower eyelids with
+     small dark dots.
+
+     _Description of paratypes._--Adult females (2 specimens). No
+     striping on dorsal surface of snout; pale postocular stripe
+     not distinct, dark borders obscure (head not extended in TU
+     13473); carapace circular, pale brown with mottled pattern;
+     carapace lacking pattern of large spots; dark marks present
+     in pale margin of carapace; dorsal surface of soft parts of
+     body finely stippled, larger marks on hind limbs and on
+     anterior surface of forelimbs near their insertions;
+     plastron and ventral surface of soft parts of body without
+     markings. Maximal measurements, respectively, are: length of
+     plastron, 172 and 180 mm; length of carapace, 238 and 263
+     mm; width of carapace, 203 and 218 mm; width of head, 28
+     and? mm.
+
+     Immature female (1 specimen). Carapace circular having
+     juvenal pattern of large spots, some of which have borders
+     darker than their centers and are best described as ocelli;
+     junction of pale margin and ground color of carapace formed
+     by ill-defined, ragged dark border; dorsal surface of
+     forelimbs and hind limbs finely streaked and dotted, larger
+     marks occurring toward insertions of forelimbs; lower border
+     of pale postocular stripe in contact with upper margin of
+     postlabial pale stripe; no stripes on dorsal surface of
+     snout; fine markings on dorsal surface of neck. Maximal
+     measurements are: length of plastron, 56 mm; length of
+     carapace, 82 mm; width of carapace, 77 mm; depth of shell,
+     13 mm; width of head, 12 mm.
+
+     Adult males (3 specimens). No striping on dorsal surface of
+     snout; pale postocular stripe with thick, black borders
+     immediately behind eye; width of black borders equal to
+     approximately one-half width of pale postocular stripe;
+     dorsal surface of soft parts of body with indistinct
+     markings that are larger on hind limbs; plastron and ventral
+     surface of soft parts of body without markings; small dark
+     spots posteriorly along ventral edge of carapace; pale
+     margin of carapace lacking markings or having few small
+     black spots; carapace circular with or without pattern of
+     large spots. Maximal measurements of smallest and largest
+     specimens, respectively, are: length of plastron, 108 and
+     118 mm; length of carapace, 160 and 177 mm; width of
+     carapace, 142 and 152 mm; width of head, 21 mm.
+
+     Hatchlings (14 specimens). These paratypes resemble the
+     holotype in all features mentioned; markings on neck tend to
+     form longitudinal streaks in TU 17303 and 17304. There are
+     no secondary sexual differences in hatchling turtles.
+
+     There is some variation in hatchling turtles. Four from the
+     Escambia River have dorsal spots 3 mm or larger in greatest
+     diameter and on three specimens the dorsal spots number 27,
+     37 and 37 (total number not discernable in TU 16682); none
+     of the dorsal spots is ocellate. Maximal measurements of
+     these three hatchlings, respectively, are: length of
+     plastron, 35, 36 and 37 mm; length of carapace, 50, 50 and
+     52 mm; width of carapace, 44, 45 and 47 mm; depth of shell,
+     11 mm; width of head, 9 mm. Nine hatchlings from the Pearl
+     River at Varnado have more (all small) dorsal spots, which
+     may be ocellate. The dorsal spots and ocelli do not exceed 2
+     mm in their greatest diameter except that some of those of
+     TU 17304 are 3 mm; the spots range in number from 38 (TU
+     17303) to 63 (TU 17304). Maximal measurements of the
+     smallest and largest specimens, holotype excepted, are:
+     length of plastron, 30 and 33 mm; length of carapace, 42
+     and 46 mm; width of carapace, 37 and 43 mm; depth of shell,
+     9 and 10 mm; width of head, 9 and 10 mm. The holotype
+     resembles hatchlings from the Escambia River in having
+     large, non-ocellate dorsal spots 3 mm in greatest diameter,
+     and larger measurements.
+
+     One other specimen (not designated as a paratype),
+     consisting of a head with a few attached cervical vertebrae,
+     was obtained on a sand bank of the Escambia River, Florida.
+     The postocular stripe, bright yellow with black borders, was
+     especially vivid in this adult male (KU 47116).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. Map of southeastern United States showing record
+stations of _Trionyx muticus calvatus_ (solid symbols) and _Trionyx m.
+muticus_ (open symbols). Circles indicate specimens examined; triangles
+indicate records in the literature. The question mark refers to a
+specimen bearing catalogue number 17236 in the collection of Tulane
+University (see comments on page 524 concerning No. 17236 from the
+Amite River).]
+
+     _Range._--_Trionyx m. calvatus_ is known from the Pearl,
+     Pascagoula and Escambia river drainages and is to be
+     expected in the Tombigbee-Alabama river drainage (Fig. 1).
+     Tinkle (1958:41, fig. 53, stippled) has indicated the
+     probable range of _calvatus_. This subspecies is unknown
+     from the Mississippi and Tennessee river drainages, which
+     are inhabited by _T. m. muticus_. The western limit of
+     distribution is the Pearl River drainage and probably those
+     streams of the Florida Parishes of Louisiana that drain into
+     Lake Ponchartrain. The most easterly record of occurrence
+     for _T. m. calvatus_ is in the Escambia River drainage; the
+     eastern extent of geographic range is not known.
+
+     I have seen three preserved young turtles having the
+     characteristic spotted pattern from the Pascagoula drainage
+     in eastern Mississippi. These specimens are uncatalogued and
+     in the collections at Mississippi Southern College,
+     Hattiesburg, Mississippi.
+
+     There is a specimen of _T. m. muticus_ labeled as from
+     Mobile, Alabama (MCZ 1596), for which I believe the locality
+     datum is incorrect. It is a young turtle having a
+     well-defined pattern on the carapace and is without doubt a
+     representative of _T. m. muticus_. Mobile is in the large
+     drainage basin, of the Tombigbee, Black Warrior, Coosa and
+     Alabama rivers, which is between the Escambia and Pearl
+     rivers.
+
+     Yarrow (1882:28) reported a specimen of _Amyda mutica_, USNM
+     11630, from Gainesville, Florida. This record was questioned
+     by Cahn (1937:179), and has been disregarded by subsequent
+     authors. Stejneger (1944:23) lists this specimen number with
+     uncertainty from Mt. Carmel, Illinois. The exact geographic
+     provenance of this specimen is seemingly unknown.
+
+     _Habitat._--I have collected eggs of _T. m. calvatus_ on
+     sand banks of the Escambia River, Florida. The Escambia
+     River has a sand-gravel bottom, extensive sandy banks, a
+     moderately-rapid current, and is flanked by a thick riparian
+     forest. It is approximately 80 feet wide with fallen trees
+     and brush intermittently emergent along the shoreline. The
+     sand bar-habitat along the Pearl River has been mentioned by
+     Anderson (1958:212). All records thus far are from lotic
+     habitats.
+
+     _Comparisons._--_Trionyx m. calvatus_ is most closely
+     related to _Trionyx m. muticus_. Both subspecies have the
+     following characteristics: (1) no enlarged tubercles on the
+     anterior edge of the carapace, (2) no ridge projecting from
+     the nasal septum, and (3) a smooth carapace in adult males.
+     These characters distinguish these two subspecies from the
+     several subspecies of _T. spinifer_, and, except for the
+     smooth carapace in adult males, from _T. ferox_. Another
+     feature of _T. m. calvatus_ and _T. m. muticus_, not known
+     to be definitive or diagnostic but noticed on occasion, is
+     the pale orange cast, in life, of the dorsal surface of the
+     carapace and soft parts of the body in young of these
+     turtles.
+
+     The spotted pattern of juveniles of _calvatus_ is easily
+     distinguished from the pattern of _muticus_ (small dots,
+     streaks and dashes) figured by Agassiz (1857, vol. 2, pt. 3,
+     pl. 6, fig. 6), Smith (1950:154, fig. 104), Conant
+     (1938:192, pl. 21, fig. 1; 1958, pl. 11, opposite p. 94),
+     and Cahn (1937:177, pl. 24C).
+
+     Unfortunately, the distinctive dorsal spotting in young
+     _calvatus_ becomes obscure or absent in some adults of both
+     sexes. Spotting in large males is not so well-defined as in
+     juveniles; it may be absent (TU 17306.3), or indicated by
+     two obscure spots (KU 17117), but is usually evident, at
+     least posteriorly. The spotted pattern is absent in large
+     females, which have a pale, mottled and blotched pattern of
+     lichen-like figures; dorsal spots are obscure in TU 17305
+     (length of plastron, 56 mm).
+
+     Two additional features are, so far as known, universal in
+     _calvatus_; these are: (1) the absence of striping on the
+     dorsal surface of the snout, and (2) the presence of thick,
+     black borders of the postocular stripe in adult males. These
+     features have also been observed in some specimens of
+     _muticus_; their presence in _muticus_ cannot be properly
+     evaluated at this time, and is seemingly not due to
+     individual variation. These two characters, however, coupled
+     with the distinctive juvenile pattern of spots, serve, in
+     combination, to distinguish _calvatus_ from _muticus_.
+
+_Discussion._--The two populations are recognized as subspecies
+because: (1) there is close resemblance, (2) the diagnostic characters
+pertaining to pattern are few and superficial, and (3) the geographic
+ranges are allopatric, but juxtaposed. It is probable that _muticus_
+and _calvatus_ would be capable of interbreeding if they were not
+spatially isolated. It should be pointed out, however, that there is no
+evidence of intergradation between _muticus_ and _calvatus_ in the
+lower Mississippi Valley as has been reported for the subspecies of _T.
+spinifer_ (Conant and Goin, 1948), and that the degree of difference
+between _calvatus_ and _muticus_ is greater than that between some
+subspecies of _T. spinifer_.
+
+     _Specimens examined._--All the localities listed below are
+     plotted on the distribution map (Fig. 1). Only those
+     specimens of _T. muticus muticus_ are listed that serve to
+     delimit the range of _T. m. calvatus_. Fortunately, the
+     identification of the specimens of _muticus_ is certain as
+     all show the characteristic juvenile pattern, except the
+     large female, TU 7543, from southeastern Louisiana. USNM
+     95133-34 (carapaces and plastrons only) and TU 17236 are
+     females, which lack the diagnostic spotted pattern of
+     _calvatus_; the former are referred to this subspecies on
+     geographic grounds (Pearl River at Columbia, Mississippi).
+     TU 17236, from the Amite River, is dubiously relegated to
+     _calvatus_ on the supposition that this river and others in
+     the Lake Ponchartrain drainage will yield the characteristic
+     juveniles.
+
+     _Trionyx m. calvatus_ (33 specimens): TU 13473, 16682,
+     17301, 17302-.1, KU 47116 (skull only), Escambia River, 2
+     miles east, 1 mile north Century, Escambia Co., Florida; TU
+     17303-.4, 17304-.3, Pearl River, Varnado, Washington Par.,
+     Louisiana; TU 17306-.3, Pearl River, 9 miles south
+     Monticello, Lawrence Co., Mississippi; TU 16956, KU
+     47117-19, USNM 7655, Pearl River, vicinity of Monticello,
+     Lawrence Co., Mississippi; TU 17236?, Amite River, near
+     Baton Rouge, Louisiana; TU 13795, Bogue Chitto River, Enon,
+     Washington Par., Louisiana; TU 17305, no data, Louisiana;
+     USNM 95133-34, Pearl River, Columbia, Marion Co.,
+     Mississippi; UI 31071, Pearl River, 14 miles northeast
+     Jackson, Rankin Co., Mississippi; Uncatalogued, see page
+     523, Leaf River, 3 miles southeast New Augusta, Perry Co.,
+     Mississippi.
+
+     _Trionyx m. muticus_ (6 specimens): TU 5989, Ouachita River,
+     Monroe, Ouachita Par., Louisiana; TU 7543, Vacherie, St.
+     James Par., Louisiana; CNHM 7845, Gayles, Caddo Par.,
+     Louisiana; USNM 92605, Greenville, Washington Co.,
+     Mississippi; USNM 113228, Jonesville, Catahoula Par.,
+     Louisiana; USNM 118167, Wheeler Reservoir, Tennessee River,
+     Alabama.
+
+     _=Records in the Literature.=_--USNM 113228, referred to
+     above as _Trionyx m. muticus_ is listed by Stejneger
+     (1944:56) as _Amyda s. spinifera_; four of the specimens
+     listed above (USNM 7655, 92605, 95133-34) are recorded by
+     Stejneger (_op. cit._:23-34) as _Amyda mutica_. Cook
+     (1946:185) records seven specimens of the _muticus_ group
+     from Mississippi as follows: 1, no data; 1, Vicksburg,
+     Warren Co.; 3, Forrest Co.; 1, Crawford Bridge, Jones Co.;
+     1, Lake Park, Columbus, Lowndes Co. I have not seen these
+     specimens; they are plotted on the distribution map--the
+     one from Vicksburg as _muticus_ and the others as _calvatus_
+     on geographic grounds. The hatchlings of _Trionyx muticus_
+     referred to by Anderson (_loc. cit._) include the nine
+     paratypes from Varnado, Louisiana.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 13
+
+_Trionyx muticus calvatus_ new subspecies, hatchling, UI 31071,
+holotype (x 1.3). Top, dorsal view. Bottom, ventral view, Photographs
+by John M. Legler.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 14
+
+_Trionyx muticus calvatus_ new subspecies, hatchling male, TU 17301,
+paratype (x 1.3). Top, dorsal view. Bottom, lateral view of left side.
+Photographs by Isabelle Hunt Conant.]
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+ANDERSON, P. K.
+
+     1958. The photic responses and water-approach behavior of
+     hatchling turtles. Copeia, 1958, 3:211-215, 5 figs., August
+     28.
+
+AGASSIZ, L.
+
+     1857. Contributions to the natural history of the United
+     States. Vol. II, Part III. Embryology of the turtle. Little,
+     Brown and Co., Boston, pp. 451-643, 27 pls.
+
+CAHN, A.
+
+     1937. The turtles of Illinois. Illinois Biol. Monogr.,
+     16(1-2):1-218, 31 pls., 15 figs., 20 maps, August 31.
+
+CONANT, R.
+
+     1938. The reptiles of Ohio. Amer. Midl. Nat., 20(1):1-200,
+     26 pls., 38 maps, July.
+
+     1958. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern
+     North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, pp. vii+366, 40
+     pls., 62 figs., 248 maps.
+
+CONANT, R., and C. J. GOIN.
+
+     1948. A new subspecies of soft-shelled turtle from the
+     central United States, with comments on the application of
+     the name _Amyda_. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan,
+     510:1-19, 2 pls., 1 map, June 15.
+
+COOK, F. A.
+
+     1946. Distribution of species of Amyda in Mississippi.
+     Journ. Mississippi Acad. Sci., 1941-1947:185-190.
+
+SMITH, H. M.
+
+     1950. Handbook of amphibians and reptiles of Kansas. Univ.
+     Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., Misc. Publ., 2:1-336, 233 figs.,
+     September 12.
+
+STEJNEGER, L.
+
+     1944. Notes on the American soft-shell turtles with special
+     reference to _Amyda Agassizii_. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
+     94(1):1-75, 30 pls.
+
+TINKLE, D. W.
+
+     1958. The systematics and ecology of the _Sternothaerus
+     carinatus_ complex (Testudinata, Chelydridae). Tulane Stud.
+     Zool., 6(1):1-56, 57 figs.
+
+YARROW, H. C.
+
+     1882. Check list of North American Reptilia and Batrachia,
+     with catalogue of specimens in the U. S. National Museum.
+     Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24:1-249.
+
+
+_Transmitted April 30, 1959._
+
+
+27-8360
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+Italicized text is shown within _underscores_.
+
+Bold text is shown within =equal signs=.
+
+Repositioned the map and plates between paragraphs.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Description of a New Softshell Turtle
+From the Southeastern United States, by Robert G. Webb
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