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diff --git a/31621.txt b/31621.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56ac877 --- /dev/null +++ b/31621.txt @@ -0,0 +1,919 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Description of a New Softshell Turtle From +the Southeastern United States, by Robert G. Webb + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Description of a New Softshell Turtle From the Southeastern United States + +Author: Robert G. Webb + +Release Date: March 13, 2010 [EBook #31621] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TURTLE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 11, No. 9, pp. 517-525, 2 pls., 1 fig. +August 14, 1959 + + +Description of a New Softshell Turtle +From the Southeastern United States + +BY + +ROBERT G. WEBB + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1959 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, +Robert W. Wilson + + +Volume 11, No. 9, pp. 517-525, 2 pls., 1 Fig. +Published August 14, 1959 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + +PRINTED IN +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1959 + +27-8360 + + + + +Description of a New Softshell Turtle +From the Southeastern United States + +BY + +ROBERT G. WEBB + + +Examination of softshell turtles allied to _Trionyx muticus_ from the +southeastern United States discloses the presence of an undescribed +subspecies inhabiting river systems of the Gulf Coast. + +The author is indebted to Mr. Roger Conant for constructive criticism +of the manuscript. I am grateful also to many fellow students for +assistance in field work or for other courtesies, especially William E. +Brode, Franklin Sogandares-Bernal, Ernest A. Liner, Donald W. Tinkle, +Paul K. Anderson, and John K. Greer. The photographs were provided +through the cooperation of Roger and Isabelle Hunt Conant and John M. +Legler. + +Collections from which specimens were obtained are as follows: TU +(Tulane University), USNM (United States National Museum), MCZ (Museum +of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College), CNHM (Chicago Natural History +Museum), KU (Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas), UI +(Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois). + +Measurements (in millimeters) were made with a Vernier caliper and a +metal tape; those of the holotype were made to the nearest one-tenth +millimeter. Plastral length was measured from the posterior edge of the +plastron to the anteriormost edge of the ventral surface; other +measurements were maximal. Depth of shell was taken only on hatchlings +and an immature female. Hatchlings were arbitrarily designated as +specimens having plastrons shorter than 44 mm; sex of all specimens +except adult males was determined by dissection unless otherwise noted. + + +=Trionyx muticus calvatus= new subspecies + +Gulf Coast Smooth Softshell + + _Amyda mutica_ (in part), Stejneger, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., + 94(1):23-24, 1944. + + _Amyda muticus_ (in part), Cook, Jour. Mississippi Acad. + Sci., 1941-1947, p. 185, 1946. + + _Trionyx muticus_ Anderson, Copeia, 3:211, August 28, 1958. + + _Holotype._--UI 31071, hatchling, sex undetermined, from the + Pearl River, Roses Bluff, 14 miles northeast Jackson, Rankin + County, Mississippi; obtained by William F. Childers on + August 25, 1952 (Plate 1). + + _Paratypes._--A total of 20 alcoholic specimens: TU 17301, + hatchling male (Plate 2). TU 17302-.1, 16682, three + hatchling females, and TU 13473, adult female, from the + Escambia River, 2 miles east and 1 mile north of Century, + Escambia County, Florida; TU 17306, adult female, from the + Pearl River, 9 miles south of Monticello, Lawrence County, + Mississippi; USNM 7655, hatchling, sex undetermined, and KU + 47117-19, three adult males, from the Pearl River, 1 mile + south to 4 miles north of Monticello, Lawrence County, + Mississippi; TU 17303-.4, 17304-.3, five hatchling males and + four hatchling females, from the Pearl River, Varnado, + Washington Parish, Louisiana; TU 17305, immature female, no + data. + + _Diagnosis and definition._--A subspecies of softshell + turtle most closely allied to _Trionyx muticus muticus_ but + differing from that subspecies in having: (1) a juvenal + pattern of large, circular spots, (2) no stripes on dorsal + surface of snout, and (3) postocular stripe with thick, + black borders immediately behind eye in adult males. _T. m. + calvatus_ resembles _T. m. muticus_, and differs from the + several subspecies of _Trionyx spinifer_ in having: (1) no + enlarged tubercles on anterior edge of carapace, (2) no + ridge projecting from nasal septum, and (3) a smooth dorsal + surface on carapace in adult males. _T. m. calvatus_ and _T. + m. muticus_ resemble _T. ferox_ in having a smooth dorsal + surface on carapace in adult males, but differ from _T. + ferox_ in having: (1) no tubercles along anterior edge of + carapace, and (2) no ridge projecting from nasal septum. + + _Description of holotype._--Carapace circular, widest at + region of bridge; margin entire; dorsal surface smooth; + anterior margin of carapace lacking tubercles; blunt + vertebral ridge evident anteriorly; maximum length, 53.1 mm; + greatest width, 46.3 mm; greatest depth, 11.5 mm. + + Plastron small, extending slightly farther forward than + carapace; anterior lobe truncate with slight midventral + indentation; posterior lobe rounded, sides forming acute + angle; certain features of bony elements of plastron visible + through overlying skin; width of bony bridge, 4.5 mm; + maximum length of plastron, 37.5 mm. + + Head extended to level of eyes; head terminating in long, + rounded, flexible snout; nostrils rounded with no ridges + projecting from nasal septum; jaws closed, each covered by + fleshy lips except anteriorly where horny portions of jaws + are exposed; iris with dark stripe through pupil. + + Forefeet and hind feet well-webbed and with five digits + each; each limb with nails on first three digits; dorsal + surface of each forelimb with four cornified areas, three of + which have a free edge; each hind limb with two cornified + areas, one smooth on posterodorsal surface and other with + free edge on posteroventral surface. + + Tail terminating in flexible point and not extending beyond + posterior edge of carapace; anus to tip of tail, 2.6 mm; + anus to posterior edge of carapace, 8.1 mm. + + In preservative: Ground color of carapace dark tan having + pattern of 49 brownish spots; 47 spots circular; two spots + noticeably elongate, one representing fusion of two circular + spots; 17 spots on carapace not exceeding 2.0 mm in + diameter, whereas 32 spots range from 2.5 to 4.0 mm in + diameter; periphery of carapace pale except anteriorly; + maximum width of pale margin (posteriorly), 3.3 mm; junction + of pale margin and dorsal ground color formed by rough-edged + line composed of small, closely-set dots; pattern of fine + punctations and other marks on dorsal surface of forelimbs + and hind limbs. + + Ground color of underparts whitish, lacking markings; top of + head and snout gray, lacking markings; lower eyelids with + small dark dots. + + _Description of paratypes._--Adult females (2 specimens). No + striping on dorsal surface of snout; pale postocular stripe + not distinct, dark borders obscure (head not extended in TU + 13473); carapace circular, pale brown with mottled pattern; + carapace lacking pattern of large spots; dark marks present + in pale margin of carapace; dorsal surface of soft parts of + body finely stippled, larger marks on hind limbs and on + anterior surface of forelimbs near their insertions; + plastron and ventral surface of soft parts of body without + markings. Maximal measurements, respectively, are: length of + plastron, 172 and 180 mm; length of carapace, 238 and 263 + mm; width of carapace, 203 and 218 mm; width of head, 28 + and? mm. + + Immature female (1 specimen). Carapace circular having + juvenal pattern of large spots, some of which have borders + darker than their centers and are best described as ocelli; + junction of pale margin and ground color of carapace formed + by ill-defined, ragged dark border; dorsal surface of + forelimbs and hind limbs finely streaked and dotted, larger + marks occurring toward insertions of forelimbs; lower border + of pale postocular stripe in contact with upper margin of + postlabial pale stripe; no stripes on dorsal surface of + snout; fine markings on dorsal surface of neck. Maximal + measurements are: length of plastron, 56 mm; length of + carapace, 82 mm; width of carapace, 77 mm; depth of shell, + 13 mm; width of head, 12 mm. + + Adult males (3 specimens). No striping on dorsal surface of + snout; pale postocular stripe with thick, black borders + immediately behind eye; width of black borders equal to + approximately one-half width of pale postocular stripe; + dorsal surface of soft parts of body with indistinct + markings that are larger on hind limbs; plastron and ventral + surface of soft parts of body without markings; small dark + spots posteriorly along ventral edge of carapace; pale + margin of carapace lacking markings or having few small + black spots; carapace circular with or without pattern of + large spots. Maximal measurements of smallest and largest + specimens, respectively, are: length of plastron, 108 and + 118 mm; length of carapace, 160 and 177 mm; width of + carapace, 142 and 152 mm; width of head, 21 mm. + + Hatchlings (14 specimens). These paratypes resemble the + holotype in all features mentioned; markings on neck tend to + form longitudinal streaks in TU 17303 and 17304. There are + no secondary sexual differences in hatchling turtles. + + There is some variation in hatchling turtles. Four from the + Escambia River have dorsal spots 3 mm or larger in greatest + diameter and on three specimens the dorsal spots number 27, + 37 and 37 (total number not discernable in TU 16682); none + of the dorsal spots is ocellate. Maximal measurements of + these three hatchlings, respectively, are: length of + plastron, 35, 36 and 37 mm; length of carapace, 50, 50 and + 52 mm; width of carapace, 44, 45 and 47 mm; depth of shell, + 11 mm; width of head, 9 mm. Nine hatchlings from the Pearl + River at Varnado have more (all small) dorsal spots, which + may be ocellate. The dorsal spots and ocelli do not exceed 2 + mm in their greatest diameter except that some of those of + TU 17304 are 3 mm; the spots range in number from 38 (TU + 17303) to 63 (TU 17304). Maximal measurements of the + smallest and largest specimens, holotype excepted, are: + length of plastron, 30 and 33 mm; length of carapace, 42 + and 46 mm; width of carapace, 37 and 43 mm; depth of shell, + 9 and 10 mm; width of head, 9 and 10 mm. The holotype + resembles hatchlings from the Escambia River in having + large, non-ocellate dorsal spots 3 mm in greatest diameter, + and larger measurements. + + One other specimen (not designated as a paratype), + consisting of a head with a few attached cervical vertebrae, + was obtained on a sand bank of the Escambia River, Florida. + The postocular stripe, bright yellow with black borders, was + especially vivid in this adult male (KU 47116). + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Map of southeastern United States showing record +stations of _Trionyx muticus calvatus_ (solid symbols) and _Trionyx m. +muticus_ (open symbols). Circles indicate specimens examined; triangles +indicate records in the literature. The question mark refers to a +specimen bearing catalogue number 17236 in the collection of Tulane +University (see comments on page 524 concerning No. 17236 from the +Amite River).] + + _Range._--_Trionyx m. calvatus_ is known from the Pearl, + Pascagoula and Escambia river drainages and is to be + expected in the Tombigbee-Alabama river drainage (Fig. 1). + Tinkle (1958:41, fig. 53, stippled) has indicated the + probable range of _calvatus_. This subspecies is unknown + from the Mississippi and Tennessee river drainages, which + are inhabited by _T. m. muticus_. The western limit of + distribution is the Pearl River drainage and probably those + streams of the Florida Parishes of Louisiana that drain into + Lake Ponchartrain. The most easterly record of occurrence + for _T. m. calvatus_ is in the Escambia River drainage; the + eastern extent of geographic range is not known. + + I have seen three preserved young turtles having the + characteristic spotted pattern from the Pascagoula drainage + in eastern Mississippi. These specimens are uncatalogued and + in the collections at Mississippi Southern College, + Hattiesburg, Mississippi. + + There is a specimen of _T. m. muticus_ labeled as from + Mobile, Alabama (MCZ 1596), for which I believe the locality + datum is incorrect. It is a young turtle having a + well-defined pattern on the carapace and is without doubt a + representative of _T. m. muticus_. Mobile is in the large + drainage basin, of the Tombigbee, Black Warrior, Coosa and + Alabama rivers, which is between the Escambia and Pearl + rivers. + + Yarrow (1882:28) reported a specimen of _Amyda mutica_, USNM + 11630, from Gainesville, Florida. This record was questioned + by Cahn (1937:179), and has been disregarded by subsequent + authors. Stejneger (1944:23) lists this specimen number with + uncertainty from Mt. Carmel, Illinois. The exact geographic + provenance of this specimen is seemingly unknown. + + _Habitat._--I have collected eggs of _T. m. calvatus_ on + sand banks of the Escambia River, Florida. The Escambia + River has a sand-gravel bottom, extensive sandy banks, a + moderately-rapid current, and is flanked by a thick riparian + forest. It is approximately 80 feet wide with fallen trees + and brush intermittently emergent along the shoreline. The + sand bar-habitat along the Pearl River has been mentioned by + Anderson (1958:212). All records thus far are from lotic + habitats. + + _Comparisons._--_Trionyx m. calvatus_ is most closely + related to _Trionyx m. muticus_. Both subspecies have the + following characteristics: (1) no enlarged tubercles on the + anterior edge of the carapace, (2) no ridge projecting from + the nasal septum, and (3) a smooth carapace in adult males. + These characters distinguish these two subspecies from the + several subspecies of _T. spinifer_, and, except for the + smooth carapace in adult males, from _T. ferox_. Another + feature of _T. m. calvatus_ and _T. m. muticus_, not known + to be definitive or diagnostic but noticed on occasion, is + the pale orange cast, in life, of the dorsal surface of the + carapace and soft parts of the body in young of these + turtles. + + The spotted pattern of juveniles of _calvatus_ is easily + distinguished from the pattern of _muticus_ (small dots, + streaks and dashes) figured by Agassiz (1857, vol. 2, pt. 3, + pl. 6, fig. 6), Smith (1950:154, fig. 104), Conant + (1938:192, pl. 21, fig. 1; 1958, pl. 11, opposite p. 94), + and Cahn (1937:177, pl. 24C). + + Unfortunately, the distinctive dorsal spotting in young + _calvatus_ becomes obscure or absent in some adults of both + sexes. Spotting in large males is not so well-defined as in + juveniles; it may be absent (TU 17306.3), or indicated by + two obscure spots (KU 17117), but is usually evident, at + least posteriorly. The spotted pattern is absent in large + females, which have a pale, mottled and blotched pattern of + lichen-like figures; dorsal spots are obscure in TU 17305 + (length of plastron, 56 mm). + + Two additional features are, so far as known, universal in + _calvatus_; these are: (1) the absence of striping on the + dorsal surface of the snout, and (2) the presence of thick, + black borders of the postocular stripe in adult males. These + features have also been observed in some specimens of + _muticus_; their presence in _muticus_ cannot be properly + evaluated at this time, and is seemingly not due to + individual variation. These two characters, however, coupled + with the distinctive juvenile pattern of spots, serve, in + combination, to distinguish _calvatus_ from _muticus_. + +_Discussion._--The two populations are recognized as subspecies +because: (1) there is close resemblance, (2) the diagnostic characters +pertaining to pattern are few and superficial, and (3) the geographic +ranges are allopatric, but juxtaposed. It is probable that _muticus_ +and _calvatus_ would be capable of interbreeding if they were not +spatially isolated. It should be pointed out, however, that there is no +evidence of intergradation between _muticus_ and _calvatus_ in the +lower Mississippi Valley as has been reported for the subspecies of _T. +spinifer_ (Conant and Goin, 1948), and that the degree of difference +between _calvatus_ and _muticus_ is greater than that between some +subspecies of _T. spinifer_. + + _Specimens examined._--All the localities listed below are + plotted on the distribution map (Fig. 1). Only those + specimens of _T. muticus muticus_ are listed that serve to + delimit the range of _T. m. calvatus_. Fortunately, the + identification of the specimens of _muticus_ is certain as + all show the characteristic juvenile pattern, except the + large female, TU 7543, from southeastern Louisiana. USNM + 95133-34 (carapaces and plastrons only) and TU 17236 are + females, which lack the diagnostic spotted pattern of + _calvatus_; the former are referred to this subspecies on + geographic grounds (Pearl River at Columbia, Mississippi). + TU 17236, from the Amite River, is dubiously relegated to + _calvatus_ on the supposition that this river and others in + the Lake Ponchartrain drainage will yield the characteristic + juveniles. + + _Trionyx m. calvatus_ (33 specimens): TU 13473, 16682, + 17301, 17302-.1, KU 47116 (skull only), Escambia River, 2 + miles east, 1 mile north Century, Escambia Co., Florida; TU + 17303-.4, 17304-.3, Pearl River, Varnado, Washington Par., + Louisiana; TU 17306-.3, Pearl River, 9 miles south + Monticello, Lawrence Co., Mississippi; TU 16956, KU + 47117-19, USNM 7655, Pearl River, vicinity of Monticello, + Lawrence Co., Mississippi; TU 17236?, Amite River, near + Baton Rouge, Louisiana; TU 13795, Bogue Chitto River, Enon, + Washington Par., Louisiana; TU 17305, no data, Louisiana; + USNM 95133-34, Pearl River, Columbia, Marion Co., + Mississippi; UI 31071, Pearl River, 14 miles northeast + Jackson, Rankin Co., Mississippi; Uncatalogued, see page + 523, Leaf River, 3 miles southeast New Augusta, Perry Co., + Mississippi. + + _Trionyx m. muticus_ (6 specimens): TU 5989, Ouachita River, + Monroe, Ouachita Par., Louisiana; TU 7543, Vacherie, St. + James Par., Louisiana; CNHM 7845, Gayles, Caddo Par., + Louisiana; USNM 92605, Greenville, Washington Co., + Mississippi; USNM 113228, Jonesville, Catahoula Par., + Louisiana; USNM 118167, Wheeler Reservoir, Tennessee River, + Alabama. + + _=Records in the Literature.=_--USNM 113228, referred to + above as _Trionyx m. muticus_ is listed by Stejneger + (1944:56) as _Amyda s. spinifera_; four of the specimens + listed above (USNM 7655, 92605, 95133-34) are recorded by + Stejneger (_op. cit._:23-34) as _Amyda mutica_. Cook + (1946:185) records seven specimens of the _muticus_ group + from Mississippi as follows: 1, no data; 1, Vicksburg, + Warren Co.; 3, Forrest Co.; 1, Crawford Bridge, Jones Co.; + 1, Lake Park, Columbus, Lowndes Co. I have not seen these + specimens; they are plotted on the distribution map--the + one from Vicksburg as _muticus_ and the others as _calvatus_ + on geographic grounds. The hatchlings of _Trionyx muticus_ + referred to by Anderson (_loc. cit._) include the nine + paratypes from Varnado, Louisiana. + +[Illustration: PLATE 13 + +_Trionyx muticus calvatus_ new subspecies, hatchling, UI 31071, +holotype (x 1.3). Top, dorsal view. Bottom, ventral view, Photographs +by John M. Legler.] + +[Illustration: PLATE 14 + +_Trionyx muticus calvatus_ new subspecies, hatchling male, TU 17301, +paratype (x 1.3). Top, dorsal view. Bottom, lateral view of left side. +Photographs by Isabelle Hunt Conant.] + + +LITERATURE CITED + +ANDERSON, P. K. + + 1958. The photic responses and water-approach behavior of + hatchling turtles. Copeia, 1958, 3:211-215, 5 figs., August + 28. + +AGASSIZ, L. + + 1857. Contributions to the natural history of the United + States. Vol. II, Part III. Embryology of the turtle. Little, + Brown and Co., Boston, pp. 451-643, 27 pls. + +CAHN, A. + + 1937. The turtles of Illinois. Illinois Biol. Monogr., + 16(1-2):1-218, 31 pls., 15 figs., 20 maps, August 31. + +CONANT, R. + + 1938. The reptiles of Ohio. Amer. Midl. Nat., 20(1):1-200, + 26 pls., 38 maps, July. + + 1958. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern + North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, pp. vii+366, 40 + pls., 62 figs., 248 maps. + +CONANT, R., and C. J. GOIN. + + 1948. A new subspecies of soft-shelled turtle from the + central United States, with comments on the application of + the name _Amyda_. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, + 510:1-19, 2 pls., 1 map, June 15. + +COOK, F. A. + + 1946. Distribution of species of Amyda in Mississippi. + Journ. Mississippi Acad. Sci., 1941-1947:185-190. + +SMITH, H. M. + + 1950. Handbook of amphibians and reptiles of Kansas. Univ. + Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., Misc. Publ., 2:1-336, 233 figs., + September 12. + +STEJNEGER, L. + + 1944. Notes on the American soft-shell turtles with special + reference to _Amyda Agassizii_. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., + 94(1):1-75, 30 pls. + +TINKLE, D. W. + + 1958. The systematics and ecology of the _Sternothaerus + carinatus_ complex (Testudinata, Chelydridae). Tulane Stud. + Zool., 6(1):1-56, 57 figs. + +YARROW, H. C. + + 1882. Check list of North American Reptilia and Batrachia, + with catalogue of specimens in the U. S. National Museum. + Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24:1-249. + + +_Transmitted April 30, 1959._ + + +27-8360 + + + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes + +Italicized text is shown within _underscores_. + +Bold text is shown within =equal signs=. + +Repositioned the map and plates between paragraphs. + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Description of a New Softshell Turtle +From the Southeastern United States, by Robert G. 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