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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/31385-0.txt b/31385-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a22c225 --- /dev/null +++ b/31385-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7693 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Diplomatic History of the +Jewish Question, by Lucien Wolf + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes on the Diplomatic History of the Jewish Question + +Author: Lucien Wolf + +Release Date: February 25, 2010 [EBook #31385] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH QUESTION *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Chuck Greif and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY + +OF THE JEWISH QUESTION + + + + +NOTES ON + +THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF +THE JEWISH QUESTION + +WITH TEXTS OF PROTOCOLS, TREATY +STIPULATIONS AND OTHER PUBLIC +ACTS AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS + +BY +LUCIEN WOLF + +PUBLISHED BY THE +JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND + +_Mocatta Library and Museum_ +UNIVERSITY COLLEGE +(_University of London_) +GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C. 1 +1919 + +_All rights reserved_ + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The substance of this volume was read as a Paper before the Jewish +Historical Society of England on February 11, 1918. It has now been +expanded and supplied with a full equipment of documents--Protocols of +Congresses and Conferences, Treaty Stipulations, Diplomatic +Correspondence and other public Acts--in the hope that it may prove +useful as a permanent record, and serviceable to those of our communal +organisations whose duty it will be to bring the still unsolved aspects +of the Jewish Question before the coming Peace Conference. + +Besides helping to indicate the lines on which Jewish action should +travel in this matter, the State Papers here quoted may also serve to +remind the Plenipotentiaries themselves that the Jewish Question is far +from being a subsidiary issue in the Reconstruction of Europe, that they +have a great tradition of effort and achievement in regard to it, and +that this tradition, apart from the high merits of the task itself, +imposes upon them the solemn obligation of solving the Question +completely and finally now that the opportunity of doing so presents +itself free from all restraints of a selfish and calculating diplomacy. +It is not only that the edifice of Religious Liberty in Europe has to be +completed, but also that some six millions of human beings have to be +freed from political and civil disabilities and social and economic +restrictions which for calculated cruelty have no parallels outside the +Dark Ages. The Peace Conference will have accomplished relatively little +if a shred of this blackest of all European scandals is allowed to +survive its deliberations. + +This collection does not pretend to be complete. The aim has been only +to illustrate adequately the main lines of the theme with a view to +practical questions which may arise in connection with the Peace +Conference. American documents have been only sparely quoted, for the +reason that the American Jewish Historical Society has already published +a very full collection of such documents. (Cyrus Adler: "Jews in the +Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States.") The many generous +interventions of the Vatican on behalf of persecuted Jews have also been +omitted partly for a similar reason (see Stern: "Urkundliche Beiträge +über die Stellung der Päpste zu den Juden") and partly because they have +very little direct bearing on the diplomatic activities of the Great +Powers during the period under discussion. + +My grateful acknowledgements are due to the Foreign Office for kindly +permitting me to copy the documents relating to Palestine, which will be +found appended to Chapter IV, and to Lieut. J. B. Morton, who was good +enough to relieve me of much of the work of reading the proof-sheets. I +have also to thank Mr. D. Mitrani for the generous help he gave me in +preparing the Index. + +L. W. + +GRAY'S INN, LONDON. + +_December 1918._ + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + + +I. INTRODUCTION + + ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY GENERALLY 1 + + +II. INTERVENTIONS ON GROUNDS OF HUMANITY 6 + + (_a_) PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN BOHEMIA (1744-1745) 7 + DOCUMENTS-- + Petition to King George II, 1744 7 + Appeal of Bohemian Jews, 1744 9 + The Decree of the Empress, 1744 10 + Instructions to the British Ambassador in Vienna, 1744 11 + + (_b_) THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815) 12 + DOCUMENTS-- + List from Klüber 14 + Art. XVI of Annexe IX of Final Act of Congress, 1815 14 + + (_c_) THE CONGRESS OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1818) 15 + DOCUMENT-- + Protocol of Nov. 21, 1818 16 + + (_d_) THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON (1830) 17 + DOCUMENT-- + Protocol of Feb. 3, 1830 17 + + (_e_) THE CONGRESS OF PARIS (1856-1858) 18 + DOCUMENTS-- + Art. IX of the Treaty of Paris, 1856 21 + Extracts from the Hatti-Humayoun of Feb. 18, 1856 21 + Conferences of Constantinople: Protocol of Feb. 11, 1856 23 + Art. XLVI of Convention of Paris of Aug. 10, 1858 23 + + (_f_) THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1878) 23 + DOCUMENTS-- + Extracts from Protocols of June 24, 25, 26, + and 28, and July 1, 4, and 10, 1878 25 + Extracts from Treaty of Berlin: Arts. XLIV and LXII, 1878 33 + Mr. White to the Marquis of Salisbury, Oct. 25, 1879 34 + Identic Note to Rumanian Government, Feb. 20, 1880 35 + + (_g_) RUMANIA AND THE POWERS (1902) 36 + DOCUMENTS-- + Dispatch from Mr. John Hay to U.S. Minister at Athens, + July 17, 1902 38 + American Circular Note to the Great Powers, Aug. 11, 1902 44 + Mr. Bertie to Mr. Choate, Sept. 2, 1902 44 + + (_h_) THE CONFERENCES OF LONDON, ST. PETERSBURG, + AND BUCHAREST (1912-1913) 45 + DOCUMENTS-- + Conference of Bucharest: Protocol of July 23, 1913 47 + Jewish Conjoint Committee to Sir Edward Grey, Oct. 13, 1913 48 + Sir Eyre A. Crowe to Conjoint Committee, Oct. 29, 1913 51 + Conjoint Committee to Sir Edward Grey, Nov. 13, 1913 51 + The same to the same, March 12, 1914 52 + + (_i_) THE JEWISH QUESTION AND THE BALANCE OF POWER (1890 and 1906) 54 + DOCUMENT-- + The proposed Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance: Secret Russian + Memorandum, Jan. 3, 1906 57 + + +III. INTERVENTIONS BY RIGHT + + (_a_) STATUS OF JEWS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES 63 + DOCUMENT-- + Art. XIV, Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699 71 + Interpretation by Austrian Government, Dec. 28, 1815 71 + Arts. I, III, and VI of Franco-Swiss Treaty, 1827 71 + Secret Note by French Negotiator, Aug. 7, 1826 72 + Speech of King Louis-Philippe, Nov. 5, 1835 73 + Extract from Franco-Swiss Treaty, June 30, 1864 73 + Art. I, Anglo-Swiss Treaty, Sept. 6, 1855 73 + Art. I, American-Swiss Treaty, Nov. 6, 1855 74 + Interpretation by United States, 1857 74 + Mr. Seward to U.S. Minister in Switzerland, Sept. 14, 1861 75 + Art. I, Russo-American Treaty, 1832 75 + Mr. Blaine to U.S. Minister in St. Petersburg, July 29, 1881 76 + Resolution of U.S. House of Representatives, Dec. 13, 1911 79 + Resolution of U.S. Senate, Dec. 20, 1911 79 + Arts. I and XI, Anglo-Russian Treaty, 1859 80 + Interpretation by Great Britain, 1862 and 1881 81 + The Marquis of Salisbury to Sir Julian Goldsmid, Jan. 29, 1891 82 + Sir Edward Grey to Jewish Conjoint Committee, Oct. 1, 1912 82 + Art. XIII, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 83 + + (_b_) CONSULAR PROTECTION 83 + DOCUMENTS-- + Earl Russell to the Jewish Board of Deputies, Feb. 1, 1864 86 + Art. III, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1727-28 87 + Art. III, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 87 + Art. IV, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 87 + Franco-Moorish Règlement, Aug. 19, 1863 88 + + (_c_) THE CONFERENCES OF MADRID (1880) AND ALGECIRAS (1906) 88 + DOCUMENTS-- + Madrid: Protocols of May 20 and June 24, 1880 90 + Art. VI, Treaty of Madrid, 1880 91 + Edict of the Sultan of Morocco, 1864 92 + Madrid: Protocol of June 26, 1880 92 + Algeciras: Protocol of April 2, 1906 98 + + +IV. THE PALESTINE QUESTION AND THE NATIONAL RESTORATION OF THE JEWS 100 + + DOCUMENTS-- + Russian Memorandum, Oct. 1840 107 + Austrian Memorandum, Oct. 1840 111 + Lord Clanricarde to Lord Palmerston, Feb. 23. 1841 113 + Mémoire of the King of Prussia, Feb. 24, 1841 114 + Baron Bülow to Lord Palmerston, March 6, 1841 116 + Lord Beauvale to Lord Palmerston, March 2, 1841 116 + Lord Palmerston to Lord Beauvale, March 11, 1841 117 + Further Austrian Memorandum, March 31, 1841 117 + Col. Churchill to Sir Moses Montefiore, June 14, 1841 119 + The same to the same, Aug. 15, 1842 121 + Resolution of the Jewish Board of Deputies, Nov. 8, 1843 123 + Col. Churchill to the Board of Deputies, Jan. 8, 1843 123 + Art. V of Agreement between Great Britain, France and Russia, + Feb. 21, 1917 124 + Mr. Balfour to Lord Rothschild, Nov. 2, 1917 124 + + +APPENDIX. + + International Anti-Semitism in 1498 126 + DOCUMENT-- + Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 18, 1498 126 + + +INDEX 127 + +FOOTNOTES + + + + +NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE JEWISH QUESTION. + + + + +I. INTRODUCTION. + +ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY GENERALLY. + + +The Jewish Question is part of the general question of Religious +Toleration. Together with the questions relating to the toleration of +"Turks and Infidels," it raises the question of Religious Liberty in its +most acute form. It is both local and international. Locally it seeks a +solution through Civil and Political Emancipation on the basis of +Religious Toleration. Internationally it arises when a State or +combination of States which has been gained to the cause of Religious +Toleration intervenes for the protection or emancipation of the +oppressed Jewish subjects of another State. There have been, however, at +least two occasions when the interventions have taken the contrary form +of efforts to promote the persecution or restraint of Jews as such.[1] + +As an altruistic form of international action the principle of +intervention has been of slow growth. It required an atmosphere of +toleration on a wide scale, and, before this atmosphere could be +created, Christian States had to learn toleration for themselves by a +hard experience of its necessity. They had, in the first place, to +secure toleration for their own nationals and the converts of their +Churches in heathen countries where the people could not be coerced or +lectured with impunity. In the next place they had to achieve toleration +among themselves. + +Toleration among the Christian Churches--the so-called peace of +Christendom--became necessary owing to the struggle between the +Reformation and the Counter-Reformation; but it took the Thirty Years' +War to prove its necessity. The proof is embodied for all time in the +Peace of Westphalia--chiefly in the Treaty of Osnabruck, which was +signed in 1648, at the same time as the famous Treaty of Münster. The +ostensible effect of the Peace of Westphalia was to place Roman +Catholicism and Protestantism on an equal legal footing throughout +Europe. A secondary effect was to give a very marked stimulus to the +cause of Religious Liberty generally. We may recognise its first fruits +in, among other things, the campaign for unrestricted religious +toleration during the Commonwealth in England, and its application to +the Jews.[2] + +It was not until 1814 that this principle was extended by Treaty beyond +the pale of Christendom. This was in the Protocol of the four allied +Powers--Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria--by which the union +of Belgium with Holland was recognised. The return of the House of +Orange to the Netherlands after the fall of Napoleon had entailed the +promulgation of a new Constitution, which, in view of the democratic +traditions of the French occupation, was necessarily of a liberal type. +Among its concessions was an article granting the fullest religious +liberty. When the Powers were called upon to sanction the union with +Belgium, they did so on condition that the new Constitution should be +applied to the whole country, and, in view of the religious differences +prevailing, emphasised the article on Religious Liberty. This is the +form in which it appears in the Protocol:-- + + * * * * * + +Art. I.--Cette réunion devra être entière et complète, de façon que les +2 Pays ne forment qu'un seul et même État régi par la Constitution déjà +établie en Hollande, et qui sera modifiée, d'un commun accord, d'après +les nouvelles circonstances. + +Art. II.--Il ne sera rien innové aux Articles de cette Constitution qui +assurent à tous les Cultes une protection et une faveur égales, et +garantissent l'admission de tous les Citoyens, quelle que soit leur +croyance réligieuse, aux emplois et offices publics. + + * * * * * + +Incidentally the legal effect of this stipulation was to emancipate the +Dutch Jews, though, as a matter of fact, the few disabilities under +which they laboured did not immediately disappear. The Protocol was +afterwards ratified by the Congress of Vienna and added to the Final Act +as part of the Tenth Annexe,[3] though in other respects the Congress +did not evince a very generous conception of Religious Liberty. + +The conquest of religious liberty for Christians in heathen lands was a +more convincing object lesson than the Peace of Westphalia. It was +difficult for one Christian Church to acknowledge its equality with +another Christian Church and to tolerate heresy, but it was far more +distasteful to have to come to terms with the heathen and to accept +toleration at his hands. + +This was not altogether an altruistic form of political action. It was +in some of its aspects part of the elementary duty of every State to +protect its nationals in foreign countries. + +The earliest instances of this action we find in China, where, in the +thirteenth century, the Papacy concluded Treaties with the Mongol +Emperors for the protection of Christian Missions.[4] It was not, +however, until the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858 that Great Britain and +France secured religious liberty for Christians in China. + +In the Mussulman Levant, toleration for foreign Christians was secured +by the so-called Capitulations. These were, in effect, treaties, +although they were in the form of grants by the Sultans. They gave large +exterritorial jurisdiction to the Ambassadors and Consuls of the States +on whom they were conferred. The earliest grant of this kind occurs in +the ninth century, when the Emperor Charlemagne obtained guarantees for +his subjects visiting the Levant from the famous Khalif Haroun +al-Rashid.[5] Later on, all the leading Christian States negotiated +Capitulations with the Sultans. The existing British Capitulations are +dated 1675, but an earlier grant was made in 1583. + +One of the main objects of the Capitulations, besides personal security +and trading rights, was to assure religious liberty for the nationals +of the grantees. This benefited Jews at an early date, as the +Capitulations and similar treaties generally provided for certain +immunities for the native interpreters, servants and other employees of +the privileged foreigners. As Jews were frequently so employed, they +thus acquired protection against Moslem fanaticism. + +In this way arose the system of Consular Protection which was long a +boon to Jews in the Ottoman Empire and in the Barbary States.[6] + +In spite of these experiences the idea of diplomatic intervention for +the promotion of religious toleration in foreign States, especially on +behalf of non-Christians, has only prevailed within narrow limits. It +has been largely circumvented by the fact that such interventions must, +even with the best will in the world, be more or less conditioned by the +_raison d'état_. Unless they are likely to promote policy, or at any +rate to coincide with policy, the usual course when they are invoked is +to take refuge in the so-called principle of non-intervention. + +It was, indeed, not until the seventeenth century that the question was +seriously discussed at all by the jurists, although Cromwell had already +laid down the splendid principle, in the case of the persecution of the +Vaudois, that "to be indifferent to such things is a great sin, and a +deeper sin still is it to be blind to them from policy or ambition." The +first impulses of the international lawyers were much in the Cromwellian +spirit. Bacon, Grotius, and Puffendorff all strongly maintained the +legality not only of diplomatic but also of armed intervention to put +down tyranny or misgovernment in a neighbouring State, and a century +later they were followed by Vattel. Sweden acted upon the principle in +her intervention on behalf of the Protestants of Poland in 1707, and, in +1792, it was given its widest scope, and was formally adopted, by the +French Revolution in the famous decree of the Convention which promised +"fraternity and succour to all peoples who wish to recover their +liberty." + +The doctrine, however, lingered only anæmically through the early +decades of the nineteenth century. In face of the growing delicacy of +the international system, it was gradually abandoned for the +conservative principle of non-intervention, based on the independence +and equality of all States.[7] But even this principle has not always +been observed in regard to small States, although, curiously enough, +Russia invoked it against Great Britain for the protection of King +"Bomba" of Sicily, in the case of the Neapolitan prison horrors.[8] +Abstention from intervention in certain glaring cases of inhumanity by +foreign Governments--such as the persecution of the Russian Jews--has +been defended on the ground of absence of treaty rights, but, as a +matter of fact, this argument, too, has not been consistently adhered +to.[9] In all cases, whether of great or small States, treaty rights or +no treaty rights, the real test has almost always been the frigid +_raison d'état_. The United States has been less affected by this +restriction than the European Powers, and on many occasions has shown a +really noble example of the purest altruism in international +politics.[10] + + + + +II. INTERVENTIONS ON GROUNDS OF HUMANITY. + + +Long before the Peace of Westphalia an attempt was made by the famous +Jewess, Donna Gracia Nasi, to obtain protection for her persecuted +co-religionists by diplomatic action, and it proved successful. The +circumstances will be narrated presently.[11] It stood, however, alone +for two hundred years. Even after the Peace eminent Jews, who sought in +a like way to enlist the sympathy and help of European governments, +failed. Menasseh ben Israel made representations in this sense on behalf +of the oppressed Jews of Poland, Prussia, Spain, and Portugal to both +Queen Christina of Sweden and Oliver Cromwell, but although he met with +much and genuine sympathy he found the _raison d'état_--and probably +also a lingering reluctance to regard Jews as quite within the pale of +humanity--too strong for him.[12] A decade later a similar attempt was +made by Fernando Mendes da Costa, one of the founders of the +Anglo-Jewish Community, and a member of a very distinguished Portuguese +Marrano family. From a letter of his which is still extant,[13] it seems +that he was deeply concerned in helping the persecuted Marranos in Spain +and Portugal, and he had a scheme for organising an emigration of his +hapless brethren on a large scale to Italy and England. He received much +help from Don Francisco Manuel de Mello, the distinguished Portuguese +soldier, author and diplomatist, and through him interested Queen +Katharine of Braganza and Charles II in the scheme. It appears, too, +that, with the support of these eminent personages, the scheme was +brought to the notice of the Pope, but of its subsequent fate we know +nothing. + + +(_a_) PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN BOHEMIA (1744-45). + +The earliest actual intervention of a Great Power on behalf of the Jews +on humanitarian grounds took place in 1744-45, when Great Britain and +Holland made strong and successful representations to the Government of +the Empress Maria Theresa for the protection of the Jews of Bohemia and +Moravia. The intervening Powers were allies of the Empress in the War of +the Austrian Succession which was then raging. During the war some +prejudice had been caused to the Austrian Jews through the imprudence of +some of their co-religionists in Lorraine, who had obtained "safe +conducts" from the French Military Authorities to enable them to cross +the frontier into France. Reprisals against the Jews in Bohemia and +Moravia were taken by the Empress in the shape of a decree of wholesale +banishment. The decree was enforced with the utmost severity, and over +20,000 Jews were compelled to leave Prague in the depth of winter, with +little or no prospect of finding shelter elsewhere. Appeals for help +were addressed to foreign communities, and among the recipients of them +was Aaron Franks, then presiding Warden of the Great Synagogue in +London. Together with his wealthy and influential relative, Moses Hart, +he at once petitioned King George, who consented to receive him in +personal audience. His Majesty manifested every sympathy with the +persecuted Jews, and the result was that the British Ambassador in +Vienna[14] was instructed to make representations, in concert with the +Dutch Ambassador, to the Austrian Government. The representations were +received in excellent spirit, and, in deference to them, the Empress +consented to revoke the decree and permit the Jews to return to their +homes.[15] + + +DOCUMENTS. + +PETITION TO KING GEORGE II (_B. M. Add. MSS._ 23,819, _f._ 63). + +To his Most Sacred Majesty + + * * * * * + +The Petition of Moses Hart and Aaron Franks of the City of London +Merchants In behalf of their Brethren the Distressed Jews of the Kingdom +of Bohemia. + +Humbly Sheweth + +That your Majesty's Petitioners have receiv'd a Copy of an Edict +published and Issued by Her Majesty the Queen of Hungary from their said +Brethren the Jews of the said Kingdom of Bohemia by which (together with +several letters that have been transmitted to them Requesting them to +Commiserate their distress'd condition and Interceed with his Brittanick +Majesty on their behalf) it appears that their said Brethren are to be +utterly Expelled the said Kingdom and that by the last day of January +next Ensuing No Jew is to be found in any of the Towns belonging to +Prague. That after the Expiration of six Months to be accounted from the +said last day of January No Jew is to be suffered or found in the +Hereditary Dominion of her said Majesty, and in case any should be found +they are to suffer Military Chastisement. + +Your Petitioners most humbly beg leave to observe that in the said Edict +there is no reason or cause assign'd for the Expulsion of their said +Brethren who therefore Suspect that it is fomented by their inveterate +enemies for motives which they cannot account for as they have always +acted as dutiful, Faithful and Loyal Subjects to their most Gracious +Sovereign the said Queen of Hungary even during the many Revolutions +that have happened in Prague within these few Years and notwithstanding +the great Devastation and Excesses which Naturally occur'd therefrom +they have continued and still do continue firm and unshaken in their +Principles of Affection & Fidelity to her said Majesty and her most +Illustrious House. + +Your Petitioners far from Vindicating any Particular Persons in the +Crimes they may have committed during the last Revolution (if any such +there are) desire Adequate Punishments to be inflicted on them; but +humbly hope that the Innocent will not be permitted to suffer for Crimes +which they have in no wise been Accessary to and humbly Remonstrate that +the Expulsion of fifty thousand Familys and upwards from their Native +Country at so critical a Juncture who (as Your Petitioners are informed +and believe) always Contributed and Concurr'd in strengthening her +Majesty's hands against her Enemies must in its consequences prove +Detrimental and Prejudicial to the true Interest of the common Cause and +more immediately so to her Hungarian Majesty. + +In tender Consideration whereof Your Petitioners (in behalf of the +aforesaid distress'd people) most humbly Supplicate your Majesty in your +great & known Equity & Compassion to Interpose Your Majesty's Good +Offices upon this Occasion with the Queen of Hungary in order to prevail +upon her said Majesty to revoke the said Edict or at least to Suspend +the time of the Expulsion of their said Brethren & to establish a +Commission of Enquiry in order to discriminate the Innocent from the +Guilty and Punish those only who have deserv'd her said Majesty's +Displeasure. + +And Your Petitioners as in duty bound shall ever pray &c. + +MOSES HART. + +AARON FRANKS. + +(Endorsed:) + +MOSES HART & AARON FRANKS Petition in behalf of the Bohemian Jews &c. in +Ld. Harrington's of the 28 Decr./8 Jany. 1745. sent to Sir Thos. +Robinson 27 [_sic_] Decr. 1744. + + * * * * * + +APPEAL OF THE BOHEMIAN JEWS (_Ibid. f. 64_). + +PRAGUE, _1st Decr. 1744. N.S._ + +It is Certainly very Notorious all the Callamities Which have +overwhelm'd us to such a Degree that we had hardly power to Withstand +them. but None were in Competition with this Last. by a Decree from her +Majesty our Sovereign Queen of Hungaria. To Banish all the Jews out of +the Kingdom of Bohemia. Within the Term of 5 Weeks. Which is the Latter +End of January for those in Prague. & those in Bohemia are allow'd 6 +Months. as appears by the original Decree of Her Majesty--Therefore What +shall we poor Souls do, in the first place, the Children Women, infirm & +Aged. Which are not in a Condition to Walk. Especially at this present +Juncture Being Cold & frosty Weather. Likewise In the Condition we are +at Present in for the Stripd many Hundreds quite to their shirts. Not +only that. but the World Is Closed to us. by reason all Roads are filled +with Troops. Which way Soever we Turn we Can find no Relief. Neither do +we know the reason for the Decree. Excepting some false persons. Who +Contrive falsities on purpose To breed ill will against us by our Lords +Who Protected us. Which they have Done. + +Therefore Brethren. We Humbly Beg you wou'd Commiserate our Condition +Considering the Eminent Danger Many Thousands Souls are in by this +Decree. & Not Delay Interceeding for Recommendations from all Courts +that we may have time allowed us. for a Commission of Inquiry. + +SIMON SPIRA &c. + +MOSES IZAAC. + +SIMON COHEN. + +MENAHEM MENDAL. + +ABRAHAM. + +SAMUEL SPIRA. + +MEYER MOSES, &c. + +(Endorsed:) + +Representation from the Jews at Prague + +Sent to Sir Thos. Robinson 28 Decr./Jany 8. 1744-5. + + * * * * * + +THE DECREE OF THE EMPRESS (_Ibid. fol. 66_). + +After Mature Deliberation We have been Induced by many weighty Reasons +and Considerations to resolve and Determine that no JEW shall hereafter +be Suffered or permitted to Dwell in our Hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia, +which our Resolution, We Will Shall be put in Execution in Manner +following. + +1st. That on the last Day of the Month of January 1745 next Ensuing No +Jew shall be found in any of our Towns belonging to Prague, and in Case +any shall, Military Chastisement shall be inflicted on them. + +2nd. They are hereby permitted to Stay and remain in the Kingdom six +Months to be Accounted from the Latter end of December Instant and to +Determine at the latter end of the Month of June 1745 to Settle their +Affairs and in order to Dispose of their Effects Estate and Credit which +they shall not be able to Carry with them by the last Day of January. + +That after their retreat from Prague (towards the Country) on the last +day of January as is aforementioned, No Jew shall be permitted to +Reenter the said City by Day (without having a Certificate from the +Commissary appointed to Execute the Contents hereof) and absolutely None +shall be Suffered to Stay a Single Night; And the Said Commissary is +hereby Directed to take the Necessary Precautions for Executing this Our +Will and Pleasure, and due Care that None of his Certificates be +Improperly made use of by Enabling them to Enter the City too frequently +excepting such as he shall grant thro' favour to the Principal Merchants +who will stand in Greater Need than others of entring the City often. + +3rd. After the Determination of the said Six Months all the Jews shall +quitt all our Hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia and Shall Never more be +found on the Borders thereof, and in Case any Shall, Military +Chastisement shall be inflicted on them as aforesaid. + +4th. Our Meaning and Intention is not only that the Jews of the City of +Prague and all others who live in any Part of our Hereditary Kingdom of +Bohemia shall quitt the Same within the Thirtieth day of June 1745 but +also that No Jew shall on the said Day be found in the said Kingdom or +Settle in any of our Hereditary Countrys. + +5th. And we do hereby Ordain and Appoint our Trusty and Well-beloved +Privy Councellor and Vice President of the Royal Bohemian Kingdom The +Right Honourable Philip Knakowsky Count Collowrath punctually to +perform the Contents hereof hereby requiring all and Every Person whom +these Presents or the Execution thereof may Concern to aid and Assist +the said Philip Count Collowrath and Do hereby further Positively Order +that the Contents hereof be Published in the Towns belonging to Prague +and our whole Country to the End that no Intelligence be given thereof +to those who Shall have any Dealings and Transactions with Jews. + +Witness Ourself + +Given at Vienna the 18th day of December 1744. + + * * * * * + +INSTRUCTIONS TO THE BRITISH AMBASSADOR IN VIENNA (_Ibid. fols. 61-61 +d._). + +Separate. + +WHITEHALL, _28th Decr. 1744._ + +SIR,--The principal Merchants of the Jewish Nation established here, +having made an humble Application to His Majesty, that he would be +pleased to intercede with the Queen of Hungary for a Reversal of the +Sentence passed upon Their Brethren in Bohemia (amounting, as They +affirm, to no less than Sixty Thousand Families), by Her Majesty's late +Edict, whereby They are ordered to depart that Kingdom in Six Months +time, and His Majesty finding that the States General have already +interposed Their Good Offices in Their Behalf; It is the King's +Pleasure, that you should join with Mor. Burmannia in endeavouring to +dissuade the Court of Vienna from putting the said Sentence in +Execution, hinting to Them in the tenderest and most friendly Manner, +the Prejudice that the World might conceive against the Queen's +Proceedings in that Affair, if such Numbers of innocent People were made +to suffer for the Fault of some few Traytors, and, at the same time, +shewing Them, the great Loss that would accrue to Her Majesty's Revenue, +and to the Wealth and Strength of her Kingdom of Bohemia, by depriving +it at once of so vast Numbers of it's Inhabitants: You will find +inclosed the Petition presented to His Majesty by the Jews here, as +above-mentioned, together with the Representation sent hither to Them +from Those in Bohemia, and I am to add to what is above, that, as His +Majesty does extremely commiserate the terrible circumstances of +Distress to which so many poor and innocent Families must be reduced, if +this Edict takes place, He is most earnestly desirous of procuring the +Repeal of it by His Royal Intercession, in such Manner that the Guilty +only may be brought to Punishment; for obtaining which, you are to exert +yourself with all possible Zeal and Diligence. + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +HARRINGTON. + +SIR THOMAS ROBINSON. + + * * * * * + + +(_b_) CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815). + +The next appearance of the Jewish Question in the field of international +politics was at the Congress of Vienna, sixty years later. The Congress +was not favourable to liberal reforms of any kind, either national or +religious. Its aim was to vindicate the vested interests of Legitimism +against the doctrines of the French Revolution. In its final shape the +policy of the Congress was embodied in the Holy Alliance. British +foreign policy, then under the guidance of Castlereagh, was distinctly +favourable to this policy. Nevertheless, there were curious +cross-currents at the Congress, and what liberalism there was came, +strangely enough, in large part from the Russian Tsar, Alexander I. He +had moments of liberalism so pronounced that Metternich called him "the +crowned _sans-culotte_." + +It is curious to note that the Jewish Board of Deputies in England did +not move during the Congress. The reason is perhaps not difficult to +understand. They were always timid in regard to high politics, and, in +1783, when it was proposed to address the King on the American Peace, +they actually passed a resolution declaring that it was their duty to +avoid such "political concerns."[16] In the case of the Congress of +Vienna, however, they may well have felt that they could not touch the +question of religious liberty, and especially of Jewish emancipation, +without risking an imputation of Jacobinism. Moreover, the British +Cabinet then in power was a Coalition Cabinet of pro-Catholics and +anti-Catholics, and they could not well listen to any proposals that +they should champion Jewish emancipation in Vienna, while in Downing +Street the question of Roman Catholic emancipation could not even be +discussed. + +Fortunately, these considerations did not apply to the German Jews. +Frankfurt and the Hansa towns sent deputations to Vienna to plead the +cause of Jewish emancipation. The Frankfurt deputation was headed by +Jacob Baruch, father of Ludwig Boerne. They managed to secure the +support of both Hardenberg and Metternich, and when it was found that +the Tsar was not averse from some concession to the Jews, they agreed to +propose the insertion of a clause--or rather half a clause--in the +Final Act of the Conference providing for the gradual extension of civil +rights to the Jews of Germany. + +Unfortunately for a long time this concession remained a dead letter, +owing not only to the ill-will of the German Governments themselves, but +to an apparently harmless verbal amendment which was introduced into the +clause by the Redaction Committee at the last moment. In the final +_alinea_ it was stipulated that "the rights already conferred on the +Jews in the several Federated States shall be maintained." The object of +this was to secure to the Jews of Germany the liberties granted to them +by Napoleon during the French occupation. This design was frustrated by +the Redaction Committee, at whose instance the word "_by_" was +substituted for "_in_," the result being that the rights secured to the +Jews were not those of the French occupation, but only those which had +been grudgingly, and in very small measure, granted to them by the +Federated States themselves in the dark days before the Napoleonic +irruption. + +Thus the provision of the Treaty of Vienna relating to the Jews of +Germany remained a dead letter, partly because of the amendment +introduced into it at the last moment, and partly because the +authorities had no intention of carrying it out. The Jews complained, +and both Prussia and Austria, under the influence of Hardenberg and +Metternich, protested.[17] Nathan Rothschild in London brought the case +of the recalcitrant Frankfurt authorities to the notice of the Duke of +Wellington, who persuaded Castlereagh in 1816 to make representations +with a view to their protection.[18] All these efforts, however, proved +futile, and Nathan Rothschild could only avenge himself by the public +announcement that his firm would refuse to accept bills drawn in any +German city where the Jews were denied their treaty rights.[19] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +_The following is a list of the documents relating to the Jewish +Question at the Vienna Congress given in Klüber: "Akten des Wiener +Kongresses."_ + + * * * * * + +1. Unterthänige Vorstellung und Bittschrift der Israelitischen Gemeinde +zu Frankfurt-am-Main an den hohen Kongress zu Wien mit Beilage übergeben +daselbst am 10ten Oktober 1814. + +2. Schreiben des Deputierten der Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt/M +an den Königlichen-Preussischen ersten Herrn Bevollmächtigten Fürsten +von Hardenberg wegen Erhaltung der von dem Grossherzog von Frankfurt +jener Gemeinde bewilligten Rechtzustandes. Datiert Wien, 12ten Mai, +1815. + +3. Antwort seiner Durchlaucht des Fürsten von Hardenberg auf +vorstehendes Schreiben. Datiert Wien, 18ten Mai, 1815. + +4. Erlass des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen ersten Bevollmächtigten und +Kongress-Präsidenten Herrn Fürsten von Metternich an die Deputierten der +Israelitischen Gemeinde der Stadt Frankfurt-am-Main als Antwort auf die +von diesen an den Kongress eingereichte Bittschrift. Datiert Wien, 9ten +Juni, 1815. + +5. Anmerkung des Herausgebers (Klübers) zu vorstehenden Erlass an die +Deputierten der Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt-am-Main. + +6. Note des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen Herrn Bevollmächtigten und +Kongress Präsidenten Fürsten von Metternich, wodurch derselbe dem +Bevollmächtigten der freien Stadt Frankfurt Herrn Syndicus Danz die von +dem allerhöchsten verbündeten Mächten, neuerdings erfolgte Bestätigung +der Selbständigkeit und Freiheit der Stadt Frankfurt anzeigt. Datiert +Wien, 9ten Juni, 1815 mit einer Beilage. + +7. Accessions Urkunde der freien Stadt Frankfurt. + + * * * * * + +(See also documents relating to the abolition of the Feudal land-tenure +System on the left bank of the Rhine, effected during the domination of +the French revolutionary Government, vol. vi., pp. 396-426.) + + * * * * * + +8. Erlass des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen ersten Bevollmächtigten und +Kongress Präsidenten Fürsten von Metternich an den Bevollmächtigten +Israelitischen Gemeinden Deutschland Doktor und Advokaten Carl August +Buchholz aus Lübeck betreffend die Verbesserung des Rechtzustandes der +Juden, vol. 9, p. 334. + + * * * * * + +The Article of the Final Act relating to the Jews is Article XVI of +Annexe IX, "Acte sur la Constitution Fédérative de l'Allemagne." It runs +as follows:-- + + * * * * * + +XVI.--La différence des Confessions Chrétiennes dans les Pays et +Territoires de la Confédération Allemande, n'en entraînera aucune dans +la jouissance des droits civils et politiques. + +La Diète prendra en considération les moyens d'opérer de la manière la +plus uniforme, l'amélioration de l'état civil de ceux qui professent la +Religion Juive en Allemagne, et s'occupera particulièrement des mesures, +par lesquelles on pourra leur assurer et leur garantir dans les États de +la Confédération, la jouissance des Droits Civils, à condition qu'ils se +soumettent à toutes les obligations des autres Citoyens. En attendant +les Droits accordés déjà aux Membres de cette Religion par tel ou tel +État en particulier, leur sont conservés. + +(British and Foreign State Papers, vol. ii. pp. 132-3.) + + * * * * * + + +(_c_) THE CONGRESS OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1818). + +At the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, the question was once more brought +before the Great Powers. This time the initiative was taken by a +well-known English conversionist, the Rev. Lewis Way, of Stanstead, +Sussex. There was, however, no trace of conversionism in his efforts on +this occasion, and there can be no question that the Jewish Community +owe him a great debt of gratitude. He proceeded to Aix some weeks before +the Congress met, and presented to the Tsar Alexander a short scheme of +Jewish emancipation. The Tsar encouraged him to amplify it, and this he +did in two elaborate memoirs, one describing the situation of the Jews, +and the other embodying a scheme under which they might be invested with +civil rights. To this he added a short memorandum drawn up at his +request by Dohm, the veteran champion of the Jews, who came to Aix for +that special purpose. By command of the Tsar, these documents were +presented to the Congress at its sitting on November 21, 1818, and were +made the subject of a special Protocol, in which sympathy was expressed +for "the praiseworthy object of his proposals." The plenipotentiaries +further declared that the solution of the Jewish Question was a matter +which should "equally occupy the statesman and the friend of +humanity."[20] It is interesting to note that in his scheme Way +declares himself to be a believer in Jewish Nationalism, and it is for +this reason that he does not ask for more than civil rights for the +Jews, as he regards their exile in Europe as an intermediate stage of +their history. In this he was probably influenced by the prevalent +anti-French atmosphere, inasmuch as the French Jews, in their compact +with Napoleon, made by the Sanhedrin in 1806, had solemnly repudiated +Jewish Nationalism, and had thus rendered themselves eligible for +political, as well as civil, rights.[21] + + +DOCUMENT. + +For the texts of the documents referred to above see "Mémoires sur +l'état des Israélites, dédiés et présentés à leur Majestés Impériales et +Royales, Réunies au Congrès d'Aix-la-Chapelle" [by the Rev. Lewis Way, +A.M.], Paris, 1819. + +The Protocol of the Congress at which these "Mémoires" were considered +runs as follows:-- + + * * * * * + +PROTOCOLE. + +_Séance du 21 Novembre, 1818._ _Entre les cinq Cabinets._ + +Messieurs les SS. de Russie ont communiqué l'imprimé ci-joint, relatif à +une réforme dans la législation civile et politique en ce qui concerne +la nation juive. La conférence, sans entrer absolument dans toutes les +vues de l'auteur de cette pièce, a rendu justice à la tendance générale +et au but louable de ses propositions. MM. les SS. d'Autriche et de +Prusse se sont déclarés prêts à donner, sur l'état de la question dans +les deux monarchies, tous les éclaircissements qui pourraient servir à +la solution d'un problème qui doit également occuper l'homme d'état et +l'ami de l'humanité. + + Signé: METTERNICH. + RICHELIEU. + CASTLEREAGH. + WELLINGTON. + HARDENBERG. + BERNSTORFF. + NESSELRODE. + CAPODISTRIAS. + + + * * * * * + + +(_d_) THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON (1830). + +The growing symptoms of an impending break-up of the Ottoman Empire +visibly extended the practical applications of the doctrine of religious +liberty in the field of international politics. In emancipating the +Christian feudatories of the Porte, account had to be taken of the large +Moslem and Jewish minorities inhabiting those States. It was impossible +to emancipate the Christians and at the same time to place +non-Christians under disabilities, especially where they had governments +of their own faith to whom they might appeal and who might resort to +reprisals. Hence, the parity of all religions in the Levant had to be +recognised. + +The point first arose in the settlement of the Greek question in 1830. +In this question it was not only the Moslems who had to be considered. +France renounced in favour of the new Kingdom her Protectorate over the +Catholics, which she derived from her capitulations with Turkey. Hence, +besides the Moslems, guarantees had to be exacted for the religious +liberty of Catholics in Greece. These guarantees were the subject of the +third Protocol of the Conference of London, February 3, 1830. At the +same time it was stipulated that there should be perfect equality for +the subjects of the new State, whatever might be their religion. Neither +Moslems nor Jews were expressly mentioned, but it is in virtue of this +Protocol that the Jews of Greece enjoy their present status as Greek +Nationals. The Jews of Greece were thus the first Jews of the Levant to +be fully emancipated. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +PROTOCOL _No. 3 of the Conference held at the Foreign Office, London, on +3 February, 1830_. + +Present: The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain, France and Russia. + +The Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg having been called, by the united +suffrages of the three Courts of the Alliance, to the Sovreignty of +Greece, the French Plenipotentiary requested the attention of the +Conference to the particular situation in which his Government is +placed, relative to a portion of the Greek population. + +He represented that for many ages France has been entitled to exercise, +in favour of the Catholics subjected to the Sultan, an especial +protection, which His Most Christian Majesty deems it to be his duty to +deposit at the present moment in the hands of the future Sovereign of +Greece, so far as the provinces which are to form the new State are +concerned; but in divesting himself of this prerogative, His Most +Christian Majesty owes it to himself, and he owes it to a people who +have lived so long under the protection of his ancestors, to require +that the Catholics of the continent and of the islands shall find in the +organization which is about to be given to Greece, guarantees which may +be substituted for the influence which France has hitherto exercised in +their favour. + +The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain and Russia appreciated the +justice of this demand; and it was decided that the Catholic religion +should enjoy in the new State the free and public exercise of its +worship, that its property should be guaranteed to it, that its bishops +should be maintained in the integrity of the functions, rights and +privileges, which they have enjoyed under the protection of the Kings of +France, and that, lastly, agreeably to the same principle, the +properties belonging to the antient French Missions, or French +Establishments, shall be recognized and respected. + +The Plenipotentiaries of the three Allied Courts being desirous moreover +of giving to Greece a new proof of the benevolent anxiety of their +Sovereigns respecting it, and of preserving that country from the +calamities which the rivalry of the religions therein professed might +excite, agreed that all the subjects of the new State, whatever may be +their religion, shall be admissable to all public employments, +functions, and honours, and be treated on the footing of a perfect +equality, without regard to difference of creed in all their relations, +religious, civil or political. + + (Signed) ABERDEEN + MONTMOREN Y-LAVAL. + LIEVEN. + +(Holland: "The European Concert in the Eastern Question," pp. 32, 33.) + + * * * * * + + +(_e_) THE CONGRESS OF PARIS (1856-1858). + +The Jewish Question was more expressly discussed twenty-six years later, +at the Congress of Paris, and the subsidiary conferences which had to +settle the great political problems arising out of the Crimean War. +Meanwhile, under the influence of Sir Moses Montefiore, and more +especially of his jealousy of M. Crémieux, the Jewish Board of Deputies +had plucked up a measure of courage, and had begun to take a more active +interest in the larger political questions which involved the future of +their foreign co-religionists. In the international discussions of the +question of religious liberty which preceded the outbreak of war, the +Powers only concerned themselves with the Christian communities. The +French Jews at once took alarm, and the Central Consistory addressed the +Emperor Napoleon III and applied to the Board of Deputies in London to +make similar representations to the British Government. Both bodies had, +however, been anticipated by the personal activity of the Rothschilds in +Paris and London. Baron James, through his gifted friend and co-worker, +Albert Cohn, had already entered into direct negotiations with the +Turkish Government, and Baron Lionel and Sir Anthony de Rothschild had +interviewed Lord Clarendon, who, at their instance, had given +instructions to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe to take special note of the +Jewish Question. Thus, when the letter of the French Consistory was read +at the Meeting of the Board of Deputies on April 24, 1854, that body +found that it had little to do. Nevertheless, it addressed a formal +letter to Lord Clarendon on May 10, and, five days later, received an +assurance from him that it might rely on a favourable consideration of +the situation of the Jews of Turkey at the hands of His Majesty's +Government.[22] + +Nevertheless, the Treaty of Paris of 1856, which more or less settled +all the questions arising out of the war, does not mention the Jews in +any of its articles. This is not to say that it did not fulfil Lord +Clarendon's pledges. As a matter of fact, it deals with both the +situation of the Jews in Turkey and with that of the Jews in the +liberated Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Thus, Article IX, +which takes note of the Turkish _Hatti-Humayoun_ of February 18, 1856, +is intended to refer to the Jews as well as to all other non-Mussulmans. +The history of this aspect of the Article is a little curious. Shortly +after the outbreak of the war in 1854, Turkey prepared a draft treaty of +peace containing an article providing for the religious liberty of +Christian communities. Through the inter-position of Baron James de +Rothschild of Paris, this article was reconsidered, and another was +inserted granting equal rights to all Ottoman subjects, without +distinction of creed. This was the germ of the famous _Hatti-Humayoun_. +That the latter was intended to deal equally with Jews and Christians is +shown by its Article II, in which the same privileges are expressly +granted to the Turkish Grand Rabbis as to the ecclesiastical heads of +the Christian confessions.[23] + +The absence of any direct reference to the Jews, or even to equal rights +for all religious communities in the Principalities, is less +satisfactory. The omission is in the first place due to the circumstance +that the Treaty in itself is incomplete. Articles XXIII, XXIV, and XXV +refer the question of the constitutional reorganisation of the +Principalities to a Commission which was to meet at Bucharest and +consult Divans of the two Principalities with a view to making the +necessary recommendations to the Powers.[24] This Commission did not +report until 1858, when its proposals were considered by a fresh +Conference of the Powers, which based upon them the scheme embodied in +the Convention of Paris of August 19 of that year. The question of +religious liberty is dealt with in Article XLVI of that instrument.[25] +Originally it was intended to assure complete emancipation and equality +for all non-Christian communities in the Principalities, and articles to +this effect were adopted by the preparatory Conference of +Constantinople, in its Protocol of February 11, 1856, with the express +design of relieving the Jews, whose sufferings had already become a +matter of European notoriety.[26] The Rumanians, however, were already +strongly hostile to Jewish emancipation, and the reigning Prince of +Moldavia misled the Powers with specious promises of a type which has +since become bitterly familiar to the Jews all over the world.[27] The +Report of the Bucharest Commission of 1858 accepted these promises and +excluded all references to Religious Liberty from its scheme.[28] The +first draft of the Convention submitted to the Conference of the Powers +did likewise,[29] but ultimately a compromise amendment was introduced +by which the Powers agreed (Art. XLVI) to limit political rights to +Christians, while providing for the extension of these rights to +non-Christians by subsequent legislative arrangements.[30] This +concession to the Rumanians was made on the express pledge that the +original scheme of the Conference at Constantinople would be gradually +realised.[31] Needless to say, the pledge was never fulfilled. In +dealing, however, with the question, the Convention of Paris had one +merit. It lent no support to the subsequent theory of the Rumanians, +that the Jews were foreigners in a secular sense in their own country, +but, on the contrary, assumed that their status was as much that of +Moldavians and Wallachians as was the status of the native Christians. + + +DOCUMENTS. + +ARTICLE IX OF THE TREATY OF PARIS. _March 30, 1856._ + + * * * * * + +Art. IX. His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, having, in his constant +solicitude for the welfare of his subjects, issued a Firman[32] which, +while ameliorating their condition without distinction of religion or of +race, records his generous intentions towards the Christian populations +of his Empire, and wishing to give a further proof of his sentiments in +that respect, has resolved to communicate to the Contracting Parties the +said Firman emanating spontaneously from his sovereign will. + +The Contracting Powers recognise the high value of this communication. +It is clearly understood that it cannot, in any case, give to the said +Powers the right to interfere, either collectively or separately, in the +relations of His Majesty the Sultan with his subjects, nor in the +internal administration of the Empire. + +(Holland: "European Concert," &c., p. 246.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM THE HATTI-HUMAYOUN OF FEB. 18, 1856. + +I. Les garanties promises et accordées à tous nos sujets par le +_Hatti-cherif_ de Gulhané et par les lois du _Tanzimat_, sans +distinction de culte, pour la sécurité de leur personne et de leurs +biens, et pour la conservation de leur honneur, sont rappelées et +consacrées de nouveau; il sera pris des mesures efficaces pour que ces +garanties reçoivent leur plein et entier effet. + +II. Sont reconnus et maintenus, en totalité, les immunités et privilèges +spirituels donnés et accordés par nos illustres ancêtres, et à des dates +postérieures, aux communautés chrétiennes et autres, non musulmanes, +établies dans notre empire, sous notre égide protectrice.... Les +patriarches, métropolitains (archevêques), délégués et évêques, ainsi +que les grands-rabbins, prêteront serment à leur entrée en fonctions, +d'après une formule qui sera concertée entre notre Sublime-Porte et les +chefs spirituels des différentes communautés. + +III....L'administration des affaires temporelles des communautés +chrétiennes et autres, non musulmanes, sera placée sous le sauvegarde +d'un conseil, dont les membres seront choisis parmi le clergé et les +laïques de chaque communauté. + +VII. Le gouvernement prendra les mesures énergiques et nécessaires pour +assurer à chaque culte, quel que soit le nombre de ses adhérents, la +pleine liberté de son exercice. + +VIII. Tout mot et toute expression ou appellation tendant à rendre une +classe de mes sujets inférieure à l'autre, à raison du culte, de la +langue ou de la race, sont à jamais abolis et effacés du protocole +administratif. + +IX. La loi punira l'emploi, entre particuliers, ou de la part des agents +de l'autorité, de toute expression ou qualification injurieuse ou +blessant. + +X. Le culte de toutes les croyances et religions existant dans mes +États, y étant pratiqué en toute liberté, aucun de mes sujets ne sera +empêché d'exercer la religion qu'il professe. + +XI. Personne ne sera ni vexé, ni inquiété à cet égard. + +XII. Personne ne sera contraint à changer de culte ou de religion. + +XIII. Les agents et employés de l'État sont choisis par nous; ils sont +nommés par décrét impérial; et comme tous nos sujets, sans distinction +de nationalité, seront admissibles aux emplois et services publics, ils +seront aptes à les occuper, selon leur capacité, et conformément à des +règles dont l'application sera générale. + +XIV. Tous nos sujets, sans différence ni distinctions, seront reçus dans +les écoles civiles et militaires du gouvernement, pourvu qu'ils +remplissent les conditions d'âge et d'examen spécifiés dans les +règlements organiques des dites écoles. + +XV. De plus, chaque communauté est autorisée à établir des écoles +publiques pour les sciences, les arts et l'industrie; seulement le mode +d'enseignement et le choix des professeurs de ces sortes d'écoles seront +placés sous l'inspection et le contrôle d'un conseil mixte d'instruction +publique, dont les membres seront nommés par nous. + +(Holland: _op. cit._, pp. 330-332.) + +CONFERENCES OF CONSTANTINOPLE (1856).--_Protocol of Feb. 11._ + +XIII. Tous les cultes et ceux qui les professent jouiront d'une égale +liberté et d'une égale protection dans les deux principautés. + +XV. Les étrangers pourront posséder des biens-fonds en Moldavie et en +Valachie, en acquittant les mêmes charges que les indigènes, et en se +soumettant aux lois. + +XVI. Tous les Moldaves et tous les Valaques seront, sans exception, +admissibles aux emplois publics. + +XVIII. Toutes les classes de la population, sans aucune distinction de +naissance ni de culte, jouiront de l'égalité des droits civils, et +particulièrement du droit de propriété, dans toutes les formes; mais +l'exercice des droits politiques sera suspendu pour les indigènes placés +sous une protection étrangère. + +(Ubicini, "La Question des Principautés," p. 13.) + + * * * * * + +ART. XLVI OF THE CONVENTION OF PARIS OF AUGUST 10, 1858. + +XLVI. Les Moldaves et les Valaques seront tous égaux devant la loi, +devant l'impôt, et également admissibles aux emplois publics dans l'une +et l'autre Principauté. + +Leur liberté individuelle sera garantie. Personne ne pourra être retenu, +arrêté, ni poursuivi que conformément à la loi. + +Personne ne pourra être exproprié que légalement, pour cause d'intérêt +public, et moyennant indemnité. + +Les Moldaves et les Valaques de tous les rits Chrétiens jouiront +également des droits politiques. La jouissance de ces droits pourra être +étendue aux autres cultes par les dispositions législatives.[33] + +Tous les privilèges, exemptions, ou monopoles, dont jouissent encore +certaines classes, seront abolis; et il sera procédé sans retard à la +révision de la loi qui règle les rapports des propriétaires du sol avec +les cultivateurs, en vue d'améliorer l'état des paysans. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. xlviii. pp. 77-78.) + + * * * * * + + +(_f_) THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1878). + +Not only were the promises of the Prince of Moldavia not realised, but, +during the next twenty years, the Jews of the Principalities were more +cruelly persecuted than ever. The persecution extended beyond the +frontiers to Servia, and it soon became the leading preoccupation of the +Jews throughout the world. Owing to their protests, the Powers +frequently intervened.[34] Rumania then took the impudent course of +resenting this interference in her internal affairs, on the ground that, +by international comity, they were no concern of foreign States. In +1867, this provoked a notable retort from Great Britain. In a despatch +sent to Bucharest in that year, the following sentence appears: "The +peculiar position of the Jews places them under the protection of the +civilised world."[35] + +When the Congress of Berlin met in 1878, to reconsider the Eastern +Question, the situation of the Jews in Eastern Europe, and more +particularly in the Balkans, took its place in the front rank of the +preoccupations of the Powers. Several long protocols are entirely +devoted to it.[36] The result was that the Treaty of Berlin dealt +comprehensively with the whole question of religious liberty, and +stipulated separately for such liberty in all the States of the Levant. +The Treaty is thus, as the Jewish Conjoint Committee described it, in +their important Memorandum of November 1908, "above all a great charter +of Emancipation, especially of civil and religious equality."[37] This +principle is embodied in no fewer than five of its articles, relating to +every political division of the vast region with which it deals, and in +each case it is asserted as the fundamental basis of the liberties +conferred on the various States.[38] In a word, it made it a principle +of European policy that no new State or transfer of territory should be +recognised unless the fullest religious liberty and civil and political +equality were guaranteed to the inhabitants. Thus it marks the triumph +of the principle first tentatively laid down for Holland and Belgium in +Article II of the Protocol of June 1814. Though applied to Greece in the +Protocol of February 1830, it had had to wait nearly fifty years for +universal acceptance. + +All the States concerned frankly and honestly accepted this principle, +and put it into operation, except Rumania. By a repetition of the +specious promises of 1858, she again obtained permission to emancipate +her Jews gradually, it being understood that the process would be +hastened, and that full emancipation would be accomplished within a +reasonable time. Unfortunately the phrasing of the articles embodying +the principle left a technical loophole of which Rumania very +dexterously availed herself, inasmuch as it did not make provision +against the application, under Rumanian law, of the _jus sanguinis_ to +the Jews who _quâ_ Jews were held to be aliens. The point was not +ignored by the Congress, but no attempt was made to satisfy it as the +intentions of the Congress were clear enough and reliance was placed on +the good faith of Rumania.[39] The result is that for forty years +Rumania has evaded both the will of the Congress and her own promises; +and to-day the Jews of that country, with the exception of a handful who +have been emancipated by individual Acts of Parliament, are the only +Jews in Europe who are denied equal rights with their fellow-citizens. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN. + +_Protocole No._ 5.--_Séance du 24 Juin, 1878._ + +M. Waddington donne lecture de deux Articles Additionnels proposés par +les Plénipotentiaires de France, et dont voici le texte:-- + +"Art. I. Tous les sujets Bulgares, quelle que soit leur religion, +jouiront d'une complète égalité de droits. Ils pourront concourir à tous +les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et la différence de croyance +ne pourra leur être opposée comme un motif d'exclusion. + +"L'exercice et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront +entièrement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée soit à +l'organisation hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels. + +"II. Une pleine et entière liberté est assurée aux religieux et évêques +Catholiques étrangers pour l'exercice de leur culte en Bulgarie et dans +la Roumélie Orientale. Ils seront maintenus dans l'exercice de leurs +droits et privilèges, et leurs propriétés seront respectées." + +Le Président dit que ces deux propositions seront imprimées, +distribuées, et placées à un ordre du jour ultérieur. + +Après un échange d'observations entre le Comte Schouvaloff et M. +Waddington sur la portée des deux propositions de M. le Premier +Plénipotentiaire de France, il demeure entendu que la première +s'applique à la Bulgarie, et l'autre à la Bulgarie et à la Roumélie +Orientale ensemble. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. lxix., p. 917.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 6--_Séance du 25 Juin, 1878._ + +L'ordre du jour appelle ensuite les deux propositions Françaises +insérées dans le Protocole 5, et relatives à la liberté des cultes. + +Sur la première, M. Desprez demande la substitution des mots "habitants +de la Principauté de Bulgarie" à ceux de "sujets Bulgares"; cette +modification est admise, et la proposition acceptée à l'unanimité. Sur +la seconde proposition particulièrement relative aux évêques et +religieux Catholiques, le Comte Schouvaloff propose de substituer à ces +mots, "les ecclésiastiques et religieux étrangers." + +Lord Salisbury désirerait que la même législation fût, sous ce rapport, +établie pour la Roumélie, et pour les autres provinces de la Turquie. + +Carathéodory Pacha déclare qu'en effet une proposition concernant le +libre exercice du culte dans la province de Roumélie Orientale paraît +tout-à -fait superflue, cette province devant être soumise à l'autorité +du Sultan, et, par conséquent, aux principes et aux lois communs à +toutes les parties de l'Empire, et qui établissent la tolérance pour +tous les cultes également. + +M. Waddington, prenant acte de ces paroles, annonce l'intention +d'introduire quelques changements dans la rédaction de sa proposition, +et demande l'ajournement de la discussion à demain. + +(_Ibid._, p. 935.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 7--_Séance du 26 Juin, 1878._ + +Le Président soumet au Congrès l'Article Additionnel présenté par les +Plénipotentiaires Français dans une séance précédente, et relatif aux +religieux Catholiques étrangers en Bulgarie et en Roumélie Orientale. + +Lord Salisbury regrette que les Plénipotentiaires de France ne donnent +pas suite à leur proposition en étendant sa portée à toute la Turquie +d'Europe. Son Excellence y aurait vu un important progrès réalisé. + +M. Waddington répond que le progrès dont parle Lord Salisbury a été +obtenu par l'acceptation dans la séance d'hier, de la première +proposition Française qui consacre l'entière liberté des cultes. + +Lord Salisbury ayant fait remarquer que cette proposition ne concernait +que la Bulgarie, le Président dit que, pour sa part, il s'associe au +désir que la liberté des cultes soit réclamée pour toute la Turquie, +tant en Europe qu'en Asie, mais il se demande si l'on obtiendrait sur +ce point l'assentiment des Plénipotentiaires Ottomans. + +Carathéodory Pacha déclare, qu'en répondant hier à M. Waddington, il +s'en est simplement rapporté à la législation générale de l'Empire +Ottoman ainsi qu'aux Traités et Conventions. Son Excellence ajoute que +la tolérance dont jouissent tous les cultes en Turquie ne fait aucun +doute, et qu'en l'absence d'une proposition plus étendue sur laquelle il +aurait alors à s'expliquer, il se croit en droit de considérer comme +superflue une mention spéciale pour la Roumélie Orientale. + +Le Président constate que l'unanimité du Congrès s'associe au désir de +la France de prendre acte des déclarations données par la Turquie en +faveur de la liberté religieuse. Tel était le but des Plénipotentiaires +Français, et il a été atteint. Lord Salisbury désirerait aller au delà , +et faire étendre la proposition primitive non seulement à la Bulgarie et +la Roumélie, mais à tout l'Empire Ottoman. En ce qui concerne +l'Allemagne, le Prince de Bismarck, qui a donné son adhésion à la +proposition Française, aurait aussi volontiers admis celle de Lord +Salisbury, mais la discussion d'une question aussi complexe détournerait +le Congrès de l'objet de sa séance présente. Son Altesse Sérénissime +demande toutefois à Lord Salisbury s'il entend présenter à cet égard une +motion spéciale. + +M. le Second Plénipotentiaire de la Grande Bretagne se réserve de +revenir sur ce point à propos de l'Article XXII du Traité de San +Stéfano. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff ajoute que le désir de Lord Salisbury de voir +étendre la liberté religieuse autant que possible en Europe et en Asie +lui semble très justifié. Son Altesse désirerait qu'il fut fait mention +au Protocole de son adhésion au v[oe]u de M. le Plénipotentiaire +d'Angleterre, et fait observer que le Congrès ayant cherché à éffacer +les frontières éthnographiques, et à les remplacer par de frontières +commerciales et stratégiques, les Plénipotentiaires de Russie souhaitent +d'autant plus que ces frontières ne deviennent point des barrières +religieuses. + +Le Président résume la discussion en disant qu'il sera inscrit au +Protocole que l'unanimité du Congrès s'est ralliée à la proposition +Française, et que la plupart des Plénipotentiaires ont formé des v[oe]ux +pour l'extension de la liberté des cultes. Ce point sera compris +d'ailleurs dans la discussion de l'Article XXII du Traité de San +Stéfano. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 942-943.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 8.--_Séance du 28 Juin, 1878._ + +Lord Salisbury reconnaît l'indépendance de la Serbie, mais pense qu'il +serait opportun de stipuler dans la Principauté le grand principe de la +liberté religieuse. + +M. Waddington admet également l'indépendance de la Serbie, mais sous le +bénéfice de la proposition suivante identique à celle que le Congrès a +acceptée pour la Bulgarie:-- + +"Les habitants de la Principauté de Serbie, quelle que soit leur +religion, jouiront d'une complète égalité de droits. Ils pourront +concourir à tous les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et exercer +toutes les professions, et la différence de croyance ne pourra leur être +opposée comme un motif d'exclusion. + +"L'exercice et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront +entièrement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée soit à +l'organisation hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels." + +Le Prince Gortchacow craint que cette rédaction ne s'applique surtout +aux Israélites, et sans se montrer contraire aux principes généraux qui +y sont énoncés, son Altesse Sérénissime ne voudrait pas que la question +Israélite, qui viendra plus tard, fût prejugée par une déclaration +préalable. S'il ne s'agit que de la liberté religieuse, le Prince +Gortchacow déclare qu'elle a toujours été appliquée en Russie; il donne +pour sa part à ce principe l'adhésion la plus complète et serait prêt à +l'étendre dans le sens le plus large. Mais s'il s'agit de droits civils +et politiques, son Altesse Sérénissime demande à ne pas confondre les +Israélites de Berlin, Paris, Londres, ou Vienne, auxquels on ne saurait +assurément refuser aucun droit politique et civil, avec les Juifs de la +Serbie, de la Roumanie, et de quelques provinces Russes, qui sont, à son +avis, un véritable fléau pour les populations indigènes. + +Le Président ayant fait remarquer qu'il conviendrait peut-être +d'attribuer à la restriction des droits civils et politiques ce +regrettable état des Israélites, le Prince Gortchacow rappelle qu'en +Russie, le Gouvernement, dans certaines provinces, a dû, sous +l'impulsion d'une nécessité absolue et justifié par l'expérience, +soumettre les Israélites à un régime exceptionnel pour sauvegarder les +intérêts des populations. + +M. Waddington croit qu'il est important de saisir cette occasion +solennelle pour faire affirmer les principes de la liberté religieuse +par les Représentants de l'Europe. Son Excellence ajoute que la Serbie, +qui demande à entrer dans la famille Européenne sur le même pied que les +autres États, doit au préalable reconnaître les principes qui sont la +base de l'organisation sociale dans tous les États de l'Europe, et les +accepter comme une condition nécessaire de la faveur qu'elle sollicite. + +Le Prince Gortchacow persiste à penser que les droits civils et +politiques ne sauraient être attribués aux Juifs d'une manière absolue +en Serbie. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff fait remarquer que ces observations ne constituent +pas une opposition de principe à la proposition Française: l'élément +Israélite, trop considérable dans certaines provinces Russes, a dû y +être l'objet d'une réglementation spéciale, mais son Excellence espère +que, dans l'avenir, on pourra prévenir les inconvénients incontestables +signalés par le Prince Gortchacow sans toucher à la liberté religieuse +dont la Russie désire le développement. + +Le Prince de Bismarck adhère à la proposition Française, en déclarant +que l'assentiment de l'Allemagne est toujours acquis à toute motion +favorable à la liberté religieuse. + +Le Comte de Launay dit qu'au nom de l'Italie il s'empresse d'adhérer au +principe de la liberté religieuse, qui forme une des bases essentielles +des institutions de son pays, et qu'il s'associe aux déclarations faites +à ce sujet par l'Allemagne, la France, et la Grande Bretagne. + +Le Comte Andrássy s'exprime dans le même sens, et les Plénipotentiaires +Ottomans n'élèvent aucune objection. + +Le Prince de Bismarck, après avoir constaté les resultats du vote, +déclare que le Congrès admet l'indépendance de la Serbie, mais sous la +condition que la liberté religieuse sera reconnue dans la Principauté. +Son Altesse Sérénissime ajoute que la Commission de Rédaction, en +formulant cette décision, devra constater la connexité établie par le +Congrès entre la proclamation de l'indépendence Serbe et la +reconnaissance de la liberté religieuse. + +(_Ibid._ pp. 959-961.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 10--_Séance du 1er Juillet, 1878._ + +M. Waddington déclare que, fidèles aux principes qui les ont inspirés +jusqu'ici, les Plénipotentiaires de France demandent que le Congrès pose +à l'indépendance Roumaine les mêmes conditions qu'à l'indépendance +Serbe. Son Excellence ne se dissimule pas les difficultés locales qui +existent en Roumanie, mais, après avoir mûrement examiné les arguments +qu'on peut faire valoir dans un sens et dans l'autre, les +Plénipotentiaires de France ont jugé préférable de ne point se départir +de la grande règle de l'égalité des droits et de la liberté des cultes. +Il est difficile, d'ailleurs, que le Gouvernement Roumain repousse, sur +son territoire, le principe admis en Turquie pour ses propres sujets. +Son Excellence pense qu'il n'y a pas à hésiter que la Roumanie, +demandant à entrer dans la grande famille Européenne, doit accepter les +charges et même les ennuis de la situation dont elle réclame le +bénéfice, et que l'on ne trouvera, de longtemps, une occasion aussi +solennelle et décisive d'affirmir de nouveau les principes qui font +l'honneur et la sécurité des nations civilisées. Quant aux difficultés +locales, M. le Premier Plénipotentiaire de France estime qu'elles seront +plus aisément surmontées lorsque ces principes auront été reconnus en +Roumanie et que la race Juive saura qu'elle n'a rien à attendre que de +ses propres efforts et de la solidarité de ses intérêts avec ceux des +populations indigènes. M. Waddington termine en insistant pour que les +mêmes conditions d'ordre politique et religieux indiquées pour la Serbie +soient également imposées à l'État Roumain. + +Le Prince de Bismarck faisant allusion aux principes du droit public en +vigueur d'après la Constitution de l'Empire Allemand, et à l'intérêt que +l'opinion publique attache à ce que les mêmes principes suivis dans la +politique intérieure soient appliqués à la politique étrangère, déclare +s'associer, au nom de l'Allemagne, à la proposition Française. + +Le Comte Andrássy adhère à la proposition Française. + +Lord Beaconsfield dit qu'il donne une complète adhesion, au nom du +Gouvernement Anglais, à la proposition Française. Son Excellence ne +saurait supposer un instant que le Congrès reconnaîtrait l'indépendance +de la Roumanie en dehors de cette condition. + +Les Plénipotentiaires Italiens font la même déclaration. + +Le Prince Gortchacow, se référant aux expressions par lesquelles a été +motivée la proposition Française et qui donnent la plus grande extension +à la liberté religieuse, se rallie entièrement à cette proposition. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff ajoute que l'adhésion de la Russie à l'indépendance +est cependant subordonnée à l'acceptation par la Roumanie de la +retrocession réclamée par le Gouvernement Russe. + +Les Plénipotentiaires Ottomans n'élèvent aucune objection contre les +principes présentés par les Plénipotentiaires Français, et le Président +constate que le Congrès est unanime à n'accorder l'indépendance à la +Roumanie qu'aux mêmes conditions posées à la Serbie. + +Le Baron de Haymerle lit une motion relative à la liberté des cultes +dans le Monténégro:-- + +"Tous les habitants du Monténégro jouiront d'une pleine et entière +liberté de l'exercice et de la pratique extérieure de leurs cultes, et +aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée soit à l'organisation +hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec +leurs chefs spirituels." + +Le Congrès décide le renvoi à la Commission de Rédaction. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 982-983, 989, 990.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 12--Séance du 4 Juillet, 1878._ + +Le Président fait mention des pétitions de la liste No. 9, et notamment +de la communication adressée au Congrès par M. Ristitch, faisant savoir +au Congrès que le Prince Milan l'a autorisé à déclarer que le +Gouvernement Serbe saisira la première occasion, après la conclusion de +la paix, pour abolir par la voie légale la dernière restriction qui +existe encore en Serbie relativement à la position des Israélites. Son +Altesse Sérénissime, sans vouloir entrer dans l'examen de la question, +fait remarquer que les mots "la voie légale" semblent une réserve qu'il +signale à l'attention de la haute assemblée. Le Prince de Bismarck +croit devoir constater qu'en aucun cas cette réserve ne saurait infirmer +l'autorité des décisions du Congrès. + +Le Congrès passe à l'Article XXII du Traité de San Stéfano relatif aux +ecclésiastiques Russes et aux moines de Mont Athos. + +Le Marquis de Salisbury rappelle qu'avant la séance il a fait distribuer +à ses collègues une proposition tendant à substituer à l'Article XXII +les dispositions suivantes:-- + +"Tous les habitants de l'Empire Ottoman en Europe, quelle que soit leur +religion, jouiront d'une complète égalité de droits. Ils pourront +concourir à tous les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et seront +également admis en témoignage devant les Tribunaux. + +"L'exercice et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront +entièrement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée, soit à +l'organisation hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels. + +"Les ecclésiastiques, les pèlerins, et les moines de toutes les +nationalités, voyageant ou séjournant dans la Turquie d'Europe et +d'Asie, jouiront d'une entière égalité de droits, avantages et +privilèges. + +"Le droit de protection officielle est reconnu aux Représentants +Diplomatiques et aux Agents Consulaires des Puissances en Turquie, tant +à l'égard des personnes sus-indiquées que de leurs possessions, +établissements religieux, de bienfaisance, et autres dans les Lieux +Saints et ailleurs. + +"Les moines du Mont Athos seront maintenus dans leurs possessions et +avantages antérieurs, et jouiront, sans aucune exception, d'une entière +égalité de droits et prérogatives." + +Lord Salisbury explique que les deux premiers alineas de cette +proposition représentent l'application à l'Empire Ottoman des principes +adoptés par le Congrès, sur la demande de la France, en ce qui concerne +la Serbie et la Roumanie; les trois derniers alineas ont pour but +d'étendre aux ecclésiastiques de toutes les nationalités le bénéfice des +stipulations de l'Article XXII spéciales aux ecclésiastiques Russes. + +Le Président fait également remarquer que la portée de la proposition +Anglaise est la substitution de la Chrétienté tout entière à une seule +nationalité, et commence la lecture du document par alineas. + +Sur le premier alinea, Carathéodory Pacha dit que, sans doute, les +principes de la proposition sont acceptés par la Turquie, mais son +Excellence ne voudrait pas qu'ils fussent considérés comme une +innovation, et donne lecture, à ce sujet, de la communication suivante +qu'il vient de recevoir de son Gouvernement:-- + +"En présence des déclarations faites au sein du Congrès dans différentes +circonstances en faveur de la tolérance religieuse, vous êtes autorisé à +déclarer, de votre côté, que le sentiment de la Sublime Porte à cet +égard s'accorde parfaitement avec le but poursuivi par l'Europe. Ses +plus constantes traditions, sa politique séculaire, l'instinct de ses +populations, tout l'y pousse. Dans tout l'Empire les religions les plus +différentes sont professées par des millions de sujets du Sultan, et +personne n'a été gêné dans sa croyance et dans l'exercice de son culte. +Le Gouvernement Impérial est décidé à maintenir dans toute sa force ce +principe, et a lui donner toute l'extension qu'il comporte." + +Le Premier Plénipotentiaire de Turquie désirerait, en conséquence, que, +si le Congrès se rallie à la proposition Anglaise, il fût, du moins, +constaté dans le texte que les principes dont il s'agit sont conformes à +ceux qui dirigent son Gouvernement. Son Excellence ajoute que, +contrairement à ce qui se passait en Serbie et en Roumanie, il n'existe +dans la législation de l'Empire aucune inégalité ou incapacité fondées +sur des motifs religieux, et demande l'addition de quelques mots +indiquant que cette règle a toujours été appliquée dans l'Empire Ottoman +non seulement en Europe, mais en Asie. Le Congrès pourrait, par exemple, +ajouter "conformément aux déclarations de la Porte et aux dispositions +antérieures, qu'elle affirme vouloir maintenir." + +Lord Salisbury n'a pas d'objections contre la demande de Carathéodory +Pacha, tout en faisant observer que ces dispositions se rencontrent, en +effet, dans les déclarations de la Porte, mais n'ont pas toujours été +observées dans la pratique. Au surplus, son Excellence ne s'oppose point +à ce que le Comité de Rédaction soit invité à insérer l'addition +réclamée par les Plénipotentiaires Ottomans. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 1002-3, 1009-10.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 17.--Séance du 10 Juillet 1878._ + +Le Président invite le Rapporteur de la Commission de Rédaction à lire +le travail préparatoire du Traité. + +M. Desprez fait connaître à la haute assemblée que le texte du préambule +n'est pas encore arrêté, mai lui sera soumis dans la prochaine séance. +Article V, qui a pour objet l'égalité des droits et la liberté des +cultes, a donné lieu à des difficultés de rédaction; cet Article, en +effet, est commun à la Bulgarie, au Monténégro, à la Serbie, à la +Roumanie, et la Commission devait trouver une même formule pour diverses +situations; il était particulièrement malaisé d'y comprendre les +Israélites de Roumanie, dont la situation est indéterminée au point de +vue de la nationalité. Le Comte de Launay, dans le but de prévenir tout +malentendu, a proposé, au cours de la discussion, l'insertion de la +phrase suivante: "Les Israélites de Roumanie, pour autant qu'ils +n'appartiennent pas à une nationalité étrangère, acquièrent, de plein +droit, la nationalité Roumaine." + +Le Prince de Bismarck signale les inconvénients qu'il y aurait à +modifier les résolutions adoptées par le Congrès et qui ont formé la +base des travaux de la Commission de Rédaction. Il est nécessaire que +le Congrès s'oppose à toute tentative de revenir sur le fond. + +M. Desprez ajoute que la Commission a maintenu sa rédaction primitive, +qui lui paraît de nature à concilier tous les intérêts en cause, et que +M. de Launay s'est borné à demander l'insertion de sa motion au +Protocole. + +Le Prince Gortchacow rappelle les observations qu'il a présenté, dans +une précédente séance, à propos des droits politiques et civils des +Israélites en Roumanie. Son Altesse Sérénissime ne veut pas renouveler +ses objections, mais tient à déclarer de nouveau qu'il ne partage pas, +sur ce point, l'opinion énoncée dans le Traité. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 1058-1059.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM THE TREATY OF BERLIN, SIGNED JULY 13, 1878. + +XLIV. En Roumanie la distinction des croyances religieuses et des +confessions ne pourra être opposée à personne comme un motif d'exclusion +ou d'incapacité en ce qui concerne la jouissance des droits civils et +politiques, l'admission aux emplois publics, fonctions, et honneurs, ou +l'exercice des différentes professions et industries dans quelque +localité que ce soit. + +La liberté et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront assurées +à tous les ressortissants de l'État Roumain aussi bien qu'aux étrangers, +et aucune entrave ne sera apportée, soit à l'organisation hiérarchique +des différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec leurs chefs +spirituels. + +Les nationaux de toutes les Puissances, commerçants ou autres, seront +traités en Roumanie, sans distinction de religion, sur le pied d'une +parfaite égalité. + + * * * * * + +[Articles V, XXVII, and XXXV, relating respectively to Bulgaria, +Montenegro, and Servia, are in the same form with the exception of the +last _alinéa_, which only appears in the above quoted article.] + + * * * * * + +LXII. La Sublime Porte ayant exprimé la volonté de maintenir le principe +de la liberté religieuse en y donnant l'extension la plus large, les +Parties Contractantes prennent acte de cette déclaration spontanée. + +Dans aucune partie de l'Empire Ottoman la différence de religion ne +pourra être opposée à personne comme un motif d'exclusion ou +d'incapacité en ce qui concerne l'usage des droits civils et politiques, +l'admission aux emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, ou l'exercice +des différentes professions et industries. + +Tous seront admis sans distinction de religion à témoigner devant les +tribunaux. + +La liberté et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes sont assurés à +tous, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée, soit à l'organisation +hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec +leurs chefs spirituels. + +Les ecclésiastiques, les pèlerins, et les moines de toutes les +nationalités voyageant dans la Turquie d'Europe ou la Turquie d'Asie +jouiront des mêmes droits, avantages et privilèges. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 764, 766-767.) + + * * * * * + +REVISION OF THE RUMANIAN CONSTITUTION (1879). + +_No. 115. Mr. White to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Rec. November 4.)_ + +BUCHAREST, _October 25, 1879_. + +MY LORD,--I have the honour to forward to your Lordship an authorized +French translation of the Constitutional amendment concerning +naturalization and religious equality as promulgated by a Decree this +morning. + +I have, &c., + +W. A. WHITE. + +THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. + + * * * * * + +(TRADUCTION.) + +_Article Unique.--À la place de l'Article 7 de la Constitution soumis à +la revision, on mettra le suivant_:-- + +Article 7. La distinction de croyances religieuses et de confessions ne +constituera point en Roumanie un obstacle à l'acquisition des droits +civils et politiques et à leur exercice. + +§ 1. L'étranger pourra, sans distinction de religion, et qu'il soit +soumis ou non à une protection étrangère, obtenir la naturalisation sous +les conditions suivantes: + +(_a_) Il addressera au Gouvernement sa pétition de naturalisation, par +laquelle il fera connaître le capital qu'il possède, la profession ou +l'industrie qu'il exerce, et la volonté d'établir en Roumanie son +domicile. + +(_b_) À la suite de cette demande il habitera le pays pendant dix +années, et il prouvera, par ses actions, qu'il est utile au pays. + +§ 2. Pourront être dispensés du stage: + +(_a_) Ceux qui auront introduit dans le pays des industries, des +inventions utiles, ou qui posséderont des talents distingués, ceux qui +auront fondé de grands établissements de commerce ou d'industrie. + +(_b_) Ceux qui, nés et élevés dans le pays, de parents y établis, +n'auront jamais joui, ni les uns ni les autres, d'une protection +étrangère. + +(_c_) Ceux qui auront servi sous les drapeaux pendant la Guerre de +l'Indépendance, lesquels pourront être naturalisés d'une manière +collective, sur la proposition du Gouvernement, par une seule Loi et +sans autre formalité. + +3. La naturalisation ne peut être accordée que par la Loi, et +individuellement. + +4. Une Loi spéciale déterminera, le mode d'après lequel les étrangers +pourront établir leur domicile en Roumanie. + +5. Les Roumains ou ceux qui seront naturalisés Roumains pourront +acquérir des immeubles ruraux en Roumanie. Les droits déjà acquis seront +respectés. Les Conventions Internationales actuellement existantes +restent en vigueur, avec toutes leurs clauses et jusqu'à l'expiration de +leur durée. + +(_Ibid._, lxxi. 1176-77.) + + * * * * * + +THE COMPACT WITH RUMANIA (1880). + +_English Text of Identic Note presented to the Roumanian Government, +February 20, 1880._ + +The Undersigned, British Representative at Bucharest, has the honour, by +order of his Government, to convey to M. Boeresco, the Minister for +Foreign Affairs of Roumania, the following communication:-- + +Her Britannic Majesty's Government have been informed, through the Agent +of His Royal Highness the Prince of Roumania at Paris, of the +promulgation, on the 25th October, 1879, of a Law, voted by the +"Chambres de Revision" of the Principality, for the purpose of bringing +the text of the Roumanian Constitution into conformity with the +stipulations inserted in Article XLIV of the Treaty of Berlin. + +Her Majesty's Government cannot consider the new Constitutional +provisions which have been brought to their cognizance--and particularly +those by which persons belonging to a non-Christian creed domiciled in +Roumania, and not belonging to any foreign nationality, are required to +submit to the formalities of individual naturalization--as being a +complete fulfilment of the views of the Powers signatories of the Treaty +of Berlin. + +Trusting, however, to the determination of the Prince's Government to +approximate more and more, in the execution of these provisions, to the +liberal intentions entertained by the Powers, and taking note of the +positive assurances to that effect which have been conveyed to them, the +Government of Her Britannic Majesty, being desirous of giving to the +Roumanian nation a proof of their friendly sentiments, have decided to +recognize the Principality of Roumania as an independent State. Her +Majesty's Government consequently declare themselves ready to enter +into regular diplomatic relations with the Prince's Government. + +In bringing the decision come to by his Government to the knowledge of +the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Undersigned, &c. + +W. A. WHITE. + +BUCHAREST, _February 20, 1880_. + +(_Ibid._, p. 1187.) + + * * * * * + + +(_g_) RUMANIA AND THE POWERS (1902). + +It must be confessed--and, indeed, it has been avowed by prominent +Rumanians themselves[40]--that Rumania's evasion of the Treaty of Berlin +has been a monument of resourceful duplicity and bad faith. Accomplished +by pretending to regard the native Jews as foreigners, it actually +placed them in a far worse position than they had held in 1858, when at +any rate their national character as Moldavians or Wallachians was not +contested. But, not only have they been refused emancipation and stamped +as foreigners, but, in their character of foreigners, without a State to +protect them, they have been made the victims of special and cruel +disabilities, which in practice do not and cannot affect other +foreigners. + +One peculiarly barbarous act of persecution of this kind which was +attempted in 1902 nearly brought about a serious intervention by the +Great Powers to compel Rumania to observe her Treaty obligations. An Act +was passed by the Rumanian Parliament forbidding foreigners to exercise +any handicraft in Rumania unless Rumanians were assured similar +privileges in the parent States of such foreigners. The result of this +Act would have been to deprive all the Jewish artizans in Rumania of the +means of earning their livelihood, as, being foreigners without a parent +State of their own, they could not prove the reciprocity required by the +law. Prompt steps were taken to bring this project to the notice of the +Great Powers, chiefly by the late Lord Rothschild in London and Mr. +Jacob Schiff in Washington. Lord Rothschild was the first to move. In +June 1901 he forwarded to His Majesty's Government an elaborate +Memorandum setting forth the intolerable situation of the Rumanian Jews +and especially emphasising its international dangers as a stimulus of +undesirable immigration in other countries.[41] At the same time he +brought all his great influence to bear privately on individual members +of the Government. From Lord Lansdowne he received the warmest sympathy, +and the Foreign Office at once set inquiries on foot with a view to +ascertaining whether combined action by the Powers signatory of the +Berlin Treaty would be practicable. The responses, however, were not +encouraging.[42] Meanwhile the action of the London Jews had been +communicated to Mr. Oscar Straus in New York, and he persuaded Mr. +Schiff to bring the question to the knowledge of President Roosevelt. +The President, deeply moved by Mr. Schiff's story, acted with +characteristic energy. In July 1902 the Secretary of State, Mr. John +Hay, under the guise of a despatch giving instructions to the United +States Minister at Athens in regard to certain negotiations then pending +for a Naturalisation Treaty with Rumania, formulated a powerful +indictment of the persecutions. Three weeks later the American +Ambassadors in London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, Rome, and +Constantinople were instructed to communicate this despatch to the +Governments to which they were accredited, and to ascertain from them +whether it might not be possible to take some steps to secure from +Rumania the fulfilment of her obligations under Article XLIV of the +Treaty of Berlin.[43] Thus supported, Lord Lansdowne no longer +hesitated. In September he despatched a Circular to the Great Powers +definitely proposing combined representations at Bucharest.[44] + +As soon as this _démarche_ got wind Rumania hastened to annul the +offending law, and otherwise to restrain her anti-Semitic zeal. Nothing +more was heard of the proposed collective intervention, but it is now +known that Lord Lansdowne's proposal never took final shape because the +Russian and German Governments refused to associate themselves with it. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +DISPATCH FROM MR. JOHN HAY (U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE) TO THE U.S. +MINISTER AT ATHENS. + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_July 17, 1902_. + +_Charles S. Wilson, Esquire, etc., etc., etc., Athens._ + +SIR,--Your legation's despatch No. 19, of the 13th of February last, +reported having submitted to the Roumanian Government, through its +diplomatic representative in Greece, as the outcome of conference had by +Mr. Francis with him on the subject, a tentative draft of the +naturalization convention, on the lines of the draft previously +submitted to the Servian Government, and Mr. Francis added that His +Excellency the Roumanian Minister had informed him of his hearty +approval of the project, which he had forwarded to his Government with +his unqualified endorsement. Minister Francis was instructed on March 4 +that his action was approved. No report of progress has since been +received from your legation, but it is presumed that the matter is +receiving the consideration due to its importance. + +For its part, the Government of the United States regards the conclusion +of conventions of this character as of the highest value, because not +only establishing and recognizing the right of the citizens of the +foreign State to expatriate themselves voluntarily and acquire the +citizenship of this country, but also because establishing beyond the +pale of doubt the absolute equality of such naturalized persons with +native citizens of the United States in all that concerns their relation +to or intercourse with the country of their former allegiance. + +The right of citizens of the United States to resort to and transact +affairs of business or commerce in another country, without molestation +or disfavor of any kind, is set forth in the general treaties of amity +and commerce which the United States have concluded with foreign +nations, thus declaring what this Government holds to be a necessary +feature of the mutual intercourse of civilized nations and confirming +the principles of equality, equity and comity which underlie their +relations to one another. This right is not created by treaties; it is +recognized by them as a necessity of national existence, and we apply +the precept to other countries, whether it be conventionally declared or +not, as fully as we expect its extension to us. + +In some instances, other governments, taking a less broad view, regard +the rights of intercourse of alien citizens as not extending to their +former subjects who may have acquired another nationality. So far as +this position is founded on national sovereignty and asserts a claim to +the allegiance and service of the subject not to be extinguished save by +the consent of the sovereign, it finds precedent and warrant which it is +immaterial to the purpose of this instruction to discuss. Where such a +claim exists, it becomes the province of a naturalization convention to +adjust it on a ground of common advantage, substituting the general +sanction of treaty for the individual permission of expatriation and +recognizing the subject who may have changed allegiance as being on the +same plane with the natural or native citizens of the other contracting +State. + +Some States, few in number, be it said, make distinction between +different classes of citizens of the foreign State, denying to some the +rights of innocent intercourse and commerce which by comity and natural +right are accorded to the stranger, and doing this without regard to the +origin of the persons adversely affected. One country in particular, +although maintaining with the United States a treaty which unqualifiedly +guarantees to citizens of this country the rights of visit, sojourn and +commerce of the Empire, yet assumes to prohibit those rights to Hebrew +citizens of the United States, whether native or naturalized.[45] This +Government can lose no opportunity to controvert such a distinction, +wherever it may appear. It cannot admit such discrimination among its +own citizens, and can never assent that a foreign State, of its own +volition, can apply a religious test to debar any American citizen from +the favor due to all. + +There is no treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and +Roumania, but this Government is pleased to believe that Roumania +follows the precepts of comity in this regard as completely and +unreservedly as we ourselves do, and that the American in Roumania is as +welcome and as free in matters of sojourn and commerce and legal resorts +as the Roumanian is in the United States. We hear no suggestion that any +differential treatment of our citizens is there imposed. No religious +test is known to bar any American from resorting to Roumania for +business or pleasure. No attempt has been made to set up any such test +in the United States whereby any American citizen might be denied +recourse to the representatives of Roumania in order to authenticate +documents necessary to the establishment of his legal rights or the +furtherance of his personal interests in Roumania. And in welcoming +negotiations for a convention of naturalization Roumania gives proof of +her desire to confirm all American citizens in their inherently just +rights. + +Another consideration, of cognate character, presents itself. In the +absence of a naturalization convention, some few States hold +self-expatriation without the previous consent of the sovereign to be +punishable, or to entail consequences indistinguishable from banishment. +Turkey, for instance, only tacitly assents to the expatriation of +Ottoman subjects, so long as they remain outside Turkish jurisdiction. +Should they return thereto their acquired alienship is ignored. Should +they seek to cure the matter by asking permission to be naturalized +abroad, consent is coupled with the condition of non-return to Turkey. +It is the object of a naturalization convention to remedy this feature +by placing the naturalized alien on a parity with the natural-born +citizen and according him due recognition as such. This consideration +gives us added satisfaction that negotiations on the subject have been +auspiciously inaugurated with Roumania. If I have mentioned this aspect +of the matter, it is in order that the two Governments may be in accord +as to the bases of their agreement in this regard; for it is +indispensable that the essential purpose of the proposed convention +should not be impaired or perverted by any coupled condition of +banishment imposed independently by the act of either contracting party. + +The United States welcomes now, as it has welcomed from the foundation +of its government, the voluntary immigration of all aliens coming hither +under conditions fitting them to become merged in the body-politic of +this land. Our laws provide the means for them to become incorporated +indistinguishably in the mass of citizens, and prescribe their absolute +equality with the native born, guaranteeing to them equal civil rights +at home and equal protection abroad. The conditions are few, looking to +their coming as free agents, so circumstanced physically and morally as +to supply the healthful and intelligent material of free citizenhood. +The pauper, the criminal, the contagiously or incurably diseased, are +excluded from the benefits of immigration only when they are likely to +become a source of danger or a burden upon the community. The voluntary +character of their coming is essential,--hence we shut out all +immigration assisted or constrained by foreign agencies. The purpose of +our generous treatment of the alien immigrant is to benefit us and him +alike,--not to afford to another State a field upon which to cast its +own objectionable elements. A convention of naturalization may not be +construed as an instrument to facilitate any such process. The alien, +coming hither voluntarily and prepared to take upon himself the +preparatory, and in due course the definite obligations of citizenship, +retains thereafter, in domestic and international relations, the initial +character of free agency, in the full enjoyment of which it is incumbent +upon his adoptive State to protect him. + +The foregoing considerations, whilst pertinent to the examination of the +purpose and scope of a naturalization treaty, have a larger aim. It +behoves the State to scrutinize most jealously the character of the +immigration from a foreign land, and, if it be obnoxious to objection, +to examine the causes which render it so. Should those causes originate +in the act of another sovereign State, to the detriment of its +neighbors, it is the prerogative of an injured State to point out the +evil and to make remonstrance; for with nations, as with individuals, +the social law holds good that the right of each is bounded by the right +of the neighbor. + +The condition of a large class of the inhabitants of Roumania has for +many years been a source of grave concern to the United States. I refer +to the Roumanian Jews, numbering some 400,000. Long ago, while the +Danubian principalities labored under oppressive conditions which only +war and a general action of the European Powers sufficed to end, the +persecution of the indigenous Jews under Turkish rule called forth in +1872 the strong remonstrance of the United States. The Treaty of Berlin +was hailed as a cure for the wrong, in view of the express provisions of +its 44th article, prescribing that "in Roumania, the difference of +religious creeds and confessions shall not be alleged against any person +as a ground for exclusion or incapacity in matters relating to the +enjoyment of civil and political rights, admissions to public +employments, functions, and honors, or the exercise of the various +professions and industries in any locality whatsoever," and stipulating +freedom in the exercise of all forms of worship to Roumanian dependents +and foreigners alike, as well as guaranteeing that all foreigners in +Roumania shall be treated, without distinction of creed, on a footing of +perfect equality. + +With the lapse of time these just prescriptions have been rendered +nugatory in great part, as regards the native Jews, by the legislation +and municipal regulations of Roumania. Starting from the arbitrary and +controvertible premises that the native Jews of Roumania domiciled there +for centuries are "aliens not subject to foreign protection," the +ability of the Jew to earn even the scanty means of existence that +suffice for a frugal race has been constricted by degrees, until nearly +every opportunity to win a livelihood is denied; and until the helpless +poverty of the Jew has constrained an exodus of such proportions as to +cause general concern. + +The political disabilities of the Jews in Roumania, their exclusion from +the public service and the learned professions, the limitations of their +civil rights, and the imposition upon them of exceptional taxes, +involving as they do wrongs repugnant to the moral sense of liberal +modern peoples, are not so directly in point for my present purpose as +the public acts which attack the inherent right of man as a bread winner +in the ways of agriculture and trade. The Jews are prohibited from +owning land, or even from cultivating it as common laborers. They are +debarred from residing in the rural districts. Many branches of petty +trade and manual production are closed to them in the over-crowded +cities where they are forced to dwell and engage against fearful odds, +in the desperate struggle for existence. Even as ordinary artisans or +hired laborers they may only find employment in the proportion of one +"unprotected alien" to two "Roumanians" under any one employer. In +short, by the cumulative effect of successive restrictions, the Jews of +Roumania have become reduced to a state of wretched misery. Shut out +from nearly every avenue of self-support which is open to the poor of +other lands, and ground down by poverty as the natural result of their +discriminatory treatment, they are rendered incapable of lifting +themselves from the enforced degradation they endure. Even were the +fields of education open to them, of civil employment and of commerce, +as to "Roumanian citizens," their penury would prevent rising by +individual effort. Human beings, so circumstanced, have virtually no +alternatives but submissive suffering, or flight to some land less +unfavourable to them. Removal under such conditions is not and cannot be +the healthy intelligent emigration of a free and self-reliant being. It +must be, in most cases, the mere transplantation of an artificially +produced diseased growth to a new place. + +Granting that, in better and more healthful surroundings, the morbid +conditions will eventually change for good, such emigration is +necessarily for a time a burden to the community upon which the +fugitives may be cast. Self-reliance, and the knowledge and ability that +evolve the power of self-support must be developed, and, at the same +time, avenues of employment must be opened in quarters where competition +is already keen and opportunities scarce. The teachings of history, and +the experience of our own nation, show that the Jews possess in a high +degree the mental and moral qualifications of conscientious citizenhood. +No class of emigrants is more welcome to our shores when coming equipped +in mind and body for entrance upon the struggle for bread, and inspired +with the high purpose to give the best service of heart and brain to the +land they adopt of their own free will. But when they come as outcasts, +made doubly paupers by physical and moral oppression in their native +land, and thrown upon the long-suffering generosity of a more favored +community, their migration lacks the essential conditions which make +alien immigration either acceptable or beneficial. So well is this +appreciated on the Continent, that, even in the countries where +anti-Semitism has no foothold, it is difficult for these fleeing Jews to +obtain any lodging. America is their only goal. + +The United States offers asylum to the oppressed of all lands. But its +sympathy with them in no wise impairs its just liberty and right to +weigh the acts of the oppressor in the light of their effects upon this +country, and to judge accordingly. + +Putting together the facts now painfully brought home to this Government +during the past few years: that many of the inhabitants of Roumania are +being forced, by artificially adverse discriminations, to quit their +native country; that the hospitable asylum offered by this country is +almost the only refuge left to them; that they come hither unfitted by +the conditions of their exile to take part in the new life of this land +under circumstances either profitable to themselves or beneficial to the +community; and that they are objects of charity from the outset and for +a long time,--the right of remonstrance against the acts of the +Roumanian Government is clearly established in favor of this Government. +Whether consciously and of purpose, or not, these helpless people, +burdened and spurned by their native land, are forced by the sovereign +power of Roumania upon the charity of the United States. This Government +cannot be a tacit party to such an international wrong. It is +constrained to protest against the treatment to which the Jews of +Roumania are subjected, not alone because it has unimpeachable ground to +remonstrate against the resultant injury to itself, but in the name of +humanity. The United States may not authoritatively appeal to the +stipulations of the Treaty of Berlin, to which it was not and cannot +become a signatory, but it does earnestly appeal to the principles +consigned therein, because they are the principles of international law +and eternal justice, advocating the broad toleration which that solemn +compact enjoins, and standing ready to lend its moral support to the +fulfilment thereof by its co-signatories, for the act of Roumania itself +has effectively joined the United States to them as an interested party +in this regard. + +Occupying this ground and maintaining these views, it behoves us to see +that in concluding a naturalization convention no implication may exist +of obligation on the part of the United States to receive and convert +these unfortunates into citizens, and to eliminate any possible +inference of some condition or effect tantamount to banishment from +Roumania with inhibition of return or imposition of such legal +disability upon them by reason of their creed, as may impair their +interests in that country or operate to deny them judicial remedies +there which all American citizens may justly claim in accordance with +the law and comity of nations. + +I am, Sir, + +Your obedient servant, + +JOHN HAY. + + + * * * * * + + +AMERICAN CIRCULAR NOTE TO THE GREAT POWERS. + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_August 11, 1902_. + +SIR,--In the course of an instruction recently sent to the Minister +accredited to the Government of Roumania in regard to the bases of +negotiation begun with that Government looking to a convention of +naturalization between the United States and Roumania, certain +considerations were set forth for the Minister's guidance concerning the +character of the emigration from that country, the causes which +constrain it, and the consequences so far as they adversely affect the +United States. + +It has seemed to the President appropriate that these considerations, +relating as they do to the obligations entered into by the signatories +of the Treaty of Berlin of July 13, 1878, should be brought to the +attention of the Governments concerned and commended to their +consideration in the hope that, if they are so fortunate as to meet the +approval of the several Powers, such measures as to them may seem wise +may be taken to persuade the Government of Roumania to reconsider the +subject of the grievances in question. + + * * * * * + +(This note continues in the language of the foregoing despatch from the +words: "The United States welcomes now, etc." down to words: "as an +interested party in this regard.") + + * * * * * + +You will take an early occasion to read this instruction to the Minister +for Foreign Affairs and, should he request it, leave with him a copy. + +JOHN HAY. + + * * * * * + +_Reply of Great Britain._ + +(Mr. Bertie to Mr. Choate.) + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_September 2, 1902_. + +YOUR EXCELLENCY,--I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your +note of the 23rd ultimo, inclosing a copy of a dispatch from Mr. +Secretary Hay on the subject of the conditions of the Jews in Roumania. + +His Majesty's Government joins with the United States Government in +deploring the depressed condition of the Roumanian Jews and in regarding +with apprehension the results of their enforced emigration. + +His Majesty's Government will place themselves in communication with +the other Powers signatory of the Treaty of Berlin, with a view to a +joint representation to the Roumanian Government on the subject. + +FRANCIS BERTIE. + +(_In the absence of the Marquis of Lansdowne._) + +("Foreign Relations of the United States (1902)," pp. 910 _et seq._, 42 +_et seq._, and 550). + + * * * * * + + +(_h_) THE CONFERENCES OF LONDON, ST. PETERSBURG AND BUCHAREST (1912-13). + +In connection with the Balkan complications of the last ten years, which +form the overture to the present war, the Jewish organisations in +Western Europe and America--chiefly the London Jewish Conjoint +Committee--lost no opportunity of keeping the grievances of the Rumanian +Jews before the Great Powers and of maintaining the liberties already +won in South-Eastern Europe. The work has been of a more arduous and +far-reaching character than the public suspect, and, although it has not +achieved final success, it has been far from unfruitful. Of this work it +is only possible to speak in a very summary way, as much of it is still +confidential and all of it is directly related to negotiations still +pending and necessarily belonging to the domain of what is invidiously +called secret diplomacy. + +In 1908, on the occasion of the annexation of Bosnia and the Herzegovina +by Austria-Hungary, the Conjoint Committee seized the opportunity of +endeavouring to reopen the Rumano-Jewish Question. The annexation was a +technical infraction of the Berlin Treaty and required the sanction of +the Great Powers, for which probably a Conference would be held. The +Conjoint Committee addressed to Sir Edward Grey a request that the scope +of the proposed Conference should be extended to other infractions of +the Treaty, and accompanied it with a review of the Rumano-Jewish +Question, which constitutes one of the most important State Papers +produced in the Jewish community.[46] Unfortunately the projected +Conference was abandoned, but Sir Edward Grey was so impressed by the +statements of the Conjoint Committee that he ordered an investigation to +be made, and he afterwards formally avowed, in a letter to the Conjoint +Committee, that the charges made in the Memorandum were accurate and +that Rumania had not fulfilled her Treaty pledges. This perhaps may not +seem to be a great gain, but those who know anything of international +politics will be aware that an official statement of this kind has +considerable practical importance, and, indeed, it was not lost upon the +Cabinet of Bucharest. + +The last occasions on which attempts were made to put an end to the +Rumanian scandal were in connection with the Conferences of London, St. +Petersburg, and Bucharest, which liquidated the various questions +arising out of the Balkan wars in 1912-13. Here two questions confronted +the Conjoint Committee. While the international questions at issue were +confined to the trans-Danubian States, all that was necessary was to +secure for the populations of the transferred territories in that region +a reaffirmation of the clauses of the Treaties of 1830 and 1878, by +which the liberties of racial and religious minorities were guaranteed. +When, however, Rumania joined in the war, this question became of much +greater importance, and it involved the reopening of the whole question +of Rumania's violation of the Treaty of Berlin. In spite of the efforts +of the Conjoint Committee, neither the three Conferences of London, nor +the Conference of St. Petersburg dealt with these questions. At the +Conference of Bucharest the United States Government, at the instance of +the American Jewish Committee, made a suggestion that the civil and +religious liberties of the populations of the territories transferred +under the proposed Treaty should be specially guaranteed. On the +proposal of the Rumanian Prime Minister, however, the Conference agreed +that such securities were not necessary, but expressed their readiness +to give a verbal assurance that the wishes of the United States would be +fully realised.[47] A long correspondence ensued between the Conjoint +Committee and the Foreign Office, and eventually Sir Edward Grey agreed +to a suggestion of the Committee that the Great Powers should be +consulted with a view to making their sanction of the new territorial +arrangements in the Balkans conditional on the guarantee of full civil +and religious liberty to all the inhabitants of the annexed +territories.[48] This important assurance was reaffirmed by the +Secretary of State towards the end of July 1914, within a week of the +outbreak of the present war. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +EXTRACT FROM THE PROTOCOLS OF THE CONFERENCE OF BUCHAREST. + +_Protocole No. 6.--Séance du Mardi, 23 Juillet (5 Août), 1913._ + +[Le Président] fait part à la Conférence de la note suivante que lui a +remise S.E. Monsieur Jackson, Ministre des États-Unis d'Amérique à +Bucarest. + +"Le Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique désire faire savoir qu'il +regarderait avec satisfaction si une provision accordant pleine liberté +civile et religieuse aux habitants de tout territoire que pourrait être +assujetti à la souverainté de quiconque des cinq Puissances ou qui +pourrait être transféré de la jurisdiction de l'une des Puissances à +celle d'une autre, pourrait être introduite dans toute convention +conclue à Bucarest." + +M. Maioresco estime que les délégués sont unanimes à reconnaître +pleinement, en fait et en droit, le principe qui a inspiré la note +précitée, le droit public des États constitutionnels représentés à cette +Conférence en ayant consacré de longue date l'application. Le Président +pense donc que la note des États-Unis d'Amérique ne saurait soulever +aucune difficulté: il est peut-être bon de rappeler quelquefois les +principes, même lorsqu'ils sont universellement admis. Aussi, croit-il +être l'interprète des sentiments de MM. les Plénipotentiaires en +déclarant que les habitants de tout territoire nouvellement acquis +auront, sans distinction de religion, la même pleine liberté civile et +religieuse que tous les autres habitants de l'état. + +M. Venizelos considère qu'à la suite des déclarations du Président, qui +seront consignées au Protocole, toute insertion dans le traité à +conclure, d'un principe déjà universellement reconnu serait superflue. + +Cette manière de voir de M. le premier délégué de Grèce a recueilli +l'assentiment unanime. + +("Le Traité de Paix de Bucarest--Protocoles de la Conférence," Bucarest, +1913, pp. 24-25.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE CONJOINT COMMITTEE AND SIR +EDWARD GREY. + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_13th October, 1913_. + +SIR,--The Jewish Conjoint Foreign Committee of the London Committee of +Deputies of British Jews and the Anglo-Jewish Association have had under +their consideration the diplomatic acts--principally the Treaty of +Bucharest--by which the new territorial system in the Near East has been +adjusted, and they have instructed us to invite the attention of His +Majesty's Government to the omission from those documents of provisions +either confirming or repeating on their own account, for the benefit of +the annexed territories, the guarantees of civil and religious liberty +and equality contained in the Protocol No. 3 of the Conference of London +of February 3rd, 1830, and in Articles V, XXVII, XXXIV, XLIV, and LXII +of the Treaty of Berlin. + +Owing to the vast changes which have been made in the distribution of +the Jewish communities throughout the region lying between the Danube +and the Ægean, and more especially in view of the annexations to the +Kingdom of Roumania, where hitherto the Civil and Religious Liberty +Clauses of the Treaty of Berlin have been systematically evaded, this +question has caused the Jewish people the gravest anxiety. The Conjoint +Committee are well aware that in four of the annexing States, namely, +Greece, Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro, the Constitutions provide for +the equal rights of all religious denominations, and they gratefully +acknowledge that for many years past the Jews in those countries have +had no reason to complain; but in the new conditions of mixed races and +creeds which confront those States, and in face of the symptoms already +apparent of an accentuation of the long-standing inter-confessional +bitterness and strife, they prefer not to relinquish the international +obligations by which the rights of their co-religionists have hitherto +been secured. In this view they find themselves supported not only by +all the Jewish communities of the Balkans, but also by all of the +religious minorities in the dominions which have recently changed hands. +The reasonableness of their view is further supported by the +constitutional changes effected in like circumstances in Moldo-Wallachia +and Servia three-quarters of a century ago to the prejudice of the Jews, +and also by the continued encouragement to religious intolerance +afforded by the legalised oppression of a quarter of a million Jews in +the Kingdom of Roumania. + +The question was not ignored at the Peace Conference at Bucharest, but +it failed to receive any contractual solution. At the sitting of August +8th a scheme of religious, scholastic and cultural liberty was +discussed, but no agreement was reached, owing to irreconcilable +differences between the Patriarchists and the Exarchists. Moreover, the +scheme as drawn up was confined to Christian communities (Protocol No. +10). At the sitting of August 5th, the question was raised in its wider +aspects by a communication from the United States Government expressing +the hope that a provision would be introduced into the Treaty "according +full civil and religious liberty to the inhabitants of any territory +subject to the sovereignty of any of the five Powers, or which might be +transferred from the jurisdiction of any one of them to that of +another." This also met with no adequate response. M. Maioresco, the +Chief Roumanian plenipotentiary, expressed the opinion that such a +provision was unnecessary, "as the principle inspiring it had long been +recognised, in fact and in law, by the public law of the Constitutional +States represented at the Conference," but he added that he was willing +to declare on behalf of the plenipotentiaries that "the inhabitants of +any territory newly acquired will have, without distinction of religion, +the same full civil and religious liberty, as all the other inhabitants +of the State." In this view the other plenipotentiaries concurred. +(Protocol No. 6.) + +The Jewish Conjoint Committee regret that they are unable to accept +either the reasoning or the assurances of M. Maioresco for the following +reasons:-- + +1. Even if it were true that the constitutions of all the five +contracting States assure civil and religious liberty to their +inhabitants without distinction of religion--Roumania herself is a +flagrant exception--it would not afford as permanent a guarantee as an +international obligation. The circumstances which render such a +guarantee necessary in the present case have already been referred to +above. + +2. In previous territorial changes in the Near East, the liberal +provisions of the constitutions of the annexing States have not been +held sufficient for the protection of religious minorities. Thus, in +1864, when the Ionian Islands were transferred to Greece, the Powers +specifically extended to the new territories the civil and religious +liberty obligations imposed on the Hellenic Kingdom in 1830 (see Article +IV of the Treaty of London of March 20th, 1864). Again in 1881, when +Thessaly was ceded to Greece, the religious liberty obligations of 1830 +were repeated in the Treaty of Cession for the benefit of the Mussulman +population (Convention of May 14th, 1881, Article VIII). A similar +course was adopted by the Great Powers in 1886, when Eastern Roumelia +was virtually annexed to Bulgaria (Article IV of Arrangement of April +5th, 1886; _cf._ Eastern Roumelia Statute, Article XXIV). + +3. Roumania herself is not content to rely on the national constitutions +of the other Balkan States where the destinies of her own expatriated +brethren in race and religion are concerned. Although she persuaded the +Conference of Bucharest to reject the American proposal to insert +binding guarantees for the equitable treatment of racial and religious +minorities in the annexed territories generally, she insisted on the +adoption of an Annexe to the Protocols of the Conference pledging the +signatory States to grant equal rights and religious and scholastic +freedom to the Koutzo-Vlachs residing within their dominions. It is +difficult to understand why these Treaty guarantees should be required +for communities which have a Government at Bucharest, attached to them +by racial and religious sympathies, to look after their interests, and +not for the Jews, who have no such resource in the event of their rights +being ignored. + +4. The terms of M. Maioresco's declaration in regard to "the inhabitants +of any territory newly acquired" are ambiguous, and in the case of the +Jews of the northern districts of Bulgaria, now annexed to Roumania, +might, and no doubt would be, interpreted as assimilating them to the +oppressed Jewish communities of the annexed State. Moreover, in view of +what happened to the Jews of the Dobrudja when that province was +acquired by Roumania in 1878, any unilateral assurances from the Cabinet +of Bucharest on this subject must fail to inspire confidence. The action +of the Roumanian Government on that occasion was dealt with by us in the +letter we had the honour of addressing to you on July 13th last, and it +will consequently suffice to state now that the Jews of the Dobrudja +were deprived of their national rights for thirty years after the +annexation, and even then they experienced great difficulty in obtaining +them. We cannot contemplate without anxiety the possibility of a +repetition of this application of the principle formulated by M. +Maioresco. + +For these reasons the Jewish Conjoint Committee regard with grave +apprehension the omission from the Treaty of Bucharest of guarantees of +civil and religious equality for the inhabitants of the territories +which have changed hands in virtue of that instrument, and they trust +they may rely on His Majesty's Government to take such steps as will +assure to those inhabitants the full enjoyment of the high protection +accorded them by the London Protocol of 1830 and the Treaty of Berlin. + +They venture to suggest that the objects they have in view might be +attained by a collective note to the States signatory of the Treaties of +London, Bucharest and Constantinople, declaring that the Great Powers +regard the Civil and Religious Liberty clauses of the Protocol of 1830 +and the Treaty of Berlin as binding upon all of them within their new +frontiers and throughout all their territories. The Committee hope that +His Majesty's Government may see their way to propose such a note to +the Great Powers. + +We are, Sir, + +Your humble and obedient Servants, + +D. L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + + * * * * * + +TO THE RT. HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., HIS MAJESTY'S +PRINCIPAL SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS, ETC., ETC., ETC. + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_October 29th, 1913_. + +GENTLEMEN,--I am directed by Secretary Sir E. Grey to acknowledge the +receipt of your letter of October 13th, and to observe in reply that the +Articles of the Treaty of Berlin, to which you refer, are in no way +abrogated by the territorial changes in the Near East, and remain as +binding as they have been hitherto as regards all territories covered by +those Articles at the time when the Treaty was signed. + +His Majesty's Government will, however, consult with the other Powers as +to the policy of reaffirming in some way the provisions of the Treaty of +Berlin for the protection of the religious and other liberties of +minorities in the territories referred to, when the question of giving +formal recognition by the Powers to the recent territorial changes in +the Balkan Peninsula is raised. + +I am, Gentlemen, + +Your most obedient, humble servant, + +EYRE A. CROWE. + +THE CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE. + + * * * * * + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_17th November, 1913_. + +SIR,--We have had the honour of receiving the letter of the 29th ult. +addressed to us on your behalf by Sir Eyre A. Crowe, and we have duly +submitted it to our colleagues of the Conjoint Jewish Committee. + +We are desired by the Committee to thank you for this communication and +to express their lively satisfaction with the assurances you are good +enough to give them and which appear to them to meet the necessities of +the case they had the honour of placing before you. + +The Committee propose, with your permission, to submit to you at a later +stage, for the consideration of His Majesty's Government, an amended +formula of civil and religious liberty in the Balkans, which they think +will more clearly express the intentions of the Conference of London and +the Congress of Berlin than the provisions on the same subject contained +in the Protocol No. 3 of 1830 and the Treaty of 1878. They trust that +His Majesty's Government may find it possible to make this or some +similar amendment the basis for the proposed consultation with the other +Great Powers, as they venture to think that in this way a means may be +found of obviating a repetition of the misunderstandings by which the +Jews of Roumania have hitherto been deprived of the rights sought to be +conferred upon them by the Treaty of Berlin, besides securing the rights +of other religious and racial minorities in the Balkans on a footing of +perfect equality. + +We, are, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble servants, + +DAVID L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of the Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + + * * * * * + +TO THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., ETC., ETC. + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_12th March, 1914_. + +SIR,--Referring to the letter we had the honour of addressing to you on +the 17th November last, we now beg to submit to you, for the +consideration of His Majesty's Government, a revised formula of civil +and religious liberty in the Balkans in the hope that His Majesty's +Government may be able to recommend it to the other Great Powers +signatory of the Treaty of Berlin for application to the territories +which have recently changed hands in the Near East under the provisions +of the Treaties of London and Bucharest, and their subsidiary diplomatic +Acts. + +As you are aware, Civil and Religious Liberty in Bulgaria, Montenegro, +Servia and Roumania is at present guaranteed in identic terms by +Articles V, XXVII, XXXIV-V, XLIV of the Treaty of Berlin, and in Greece +by the concluding _alinéa_ of Protocol No. 3 of the Conference of London +of the 3rd February 1830. We beg to suggest that in the extension of +these stipulations to the new territories they shall be elucidated by +the addition to each of the following paragraph:-- + + * * * * * + +All persons of whatever religious belief born or residing in the +territories annexed to the Kingdom of---- in virtue of the Treaties of +London and Bucharest, and who do not claim a foreign nationality and +cannot be shown to be claimed as nationals of a foreign state shall be +entitled to full civil and political rights as nationals of the Kingdom +of---- in accordance with the foregoing stipulations. + + * * * * * + +Some slight modification of this paragraph will be required to meet the +special circumstances of each case, as, for example, the omission of the +reference to the Treaty of London in the case of Roumania, and perhaps, +the insertion of the paragraph before the final _alinéa_ of Article XLIV +of the Treaty of Berlin instead of its addition to that Article. + +In making this proposal we are chiefly actuated by a desire to obviate +as far as may be possible a repetition in the territories annexed to the +Kingdom of Roumania of the cruel evasion of Article XLIV of the Treaty +of Berlin by which the native Jews of Roumania have hitherto been +deprived of their civil and political rights. It will be within your +recollection that this evasion was contrived by arbitrarily declaring +all the native Jews to be _ipso facto_ foreigners and by submitting them +in that capacity to harsh disabilities which, while apparently +applicable to all foreigners, in reality only affected them. We are +further impressed by the fact that Bulgaria, Servia and Greece have each +acquired a considerable addition to their Jewish populations and, +although we acknowledge most gratefully the fidelity with which those +States have hitherto performed their obligation in regard to civil and +religious liberty, we think it wise, in view of the evil precedent +created by Roumania, to strengthen the hands of their rulers and +statesmen by extending those obligations in the form we now suggest to +the territories they have recently acquired. + +Our aims will, we think, be attained by the formula suggested above +without in any way enlarging the scope of the original stipulations, as +those stipulations were understood by their authors and the majority of +the States to which they have hitherto been applied. It is to be noted +that a similar amendment of Article XLIV was actually suggested by the +Italian representative, the Count de Launay, at the Berlin Congress, +with a view to obviating the very evasion of the Treaty subsequently +effected by Roumania, and it was only rejected by the Congress because +it was desired to adopt an identic formula for all the Balkan States and +because it was felt that the formula as it stood "paraît de nature à +concilier tous les intérêts en cause." (British and Foreign State +Papers, vol. lxix. pp. 1058-9.) + +Now that it has been shown that this anticipation was illusory, we +venture to hope that His Majesty's Government may see their way to +realize the intentions of the Berlin Congress by suggesting to the Great +Powers the amendment we have proposed, and that their recognition of the +territorial changes in the Near East will be made conditional upon its +adoption by all the annexing States, and more particularly by the +Kingdom of Roumania. + +We are, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble servants, + +DAVID L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + +TO THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., ETC., ETC. + + * * * * * + +(For the humanitarian interventions on behalf of the Jews of Morocco see +"The Conferences of Madrid and Algeciras," _infra_, pp. 88-99.) + + +(_i_) THE JEWISH QUESTION AND THE BALANCE OF POWER (1890 AND 1906). + +It will be noted that none of the diplomatic interventions took +cognizance of the ill-treatment of the Jews in Russia,[49] although +until the recent Revolution it afforded, in magnitude and cruelty, the +worst example of religious persecution known to modern Europe.[50] The +cynical reason has already been indicated. But if international politics +has affected to ignore the Jewish question in Russia, that question has +not been without a very distinct influence on the evolution of the +European international system. No survey of the Jewish problem in +international politics would be complete without a reference to the +curious part played by the Russo-Jewish question in the orientation of +Russian policy which made for the alliance with France and through it +for the Triple Entente. It is well known that even after the termination +of the Russo-German secret treaty of mutual neutrality in 1890, the Tsar +Alexander III remained for a long time reluctant to come to terms with +Republican France. Towards the end of 1890 there was a fresh outbreak of +official anti-Semitism in Russia, and the bitter cry of the persecuted +Jews was heard all over Europe. At that moment it happened that +negotiations for a large loan had been entered into by the Russian +Treasury with the house of Rothschild, and a preliminary contract had +actually been signed. As soon as the news of the persecutions reached +New Court, Lord Rothschild resolved to break off the negotiations. At +his instance, M. Wyshnigradski, the Russian Finance Minister, was +informed by the Paris House that unless the oppression of the Jews were +stopped they would be compelled to withdraw from the loan operation. +Deeply mortified by this attempt on the part of a Jewish banking firm to +deal with him _de puissance à puissance_, the Tsar peremptorily +cancelled the contract and ordered that overtures should be made to a +non-Jewish French syndicate headed by M. Hoskier of Paris. Thus was +forged the main financial link in the chain of common interests which +soon after led to the Dual Alliance. Incidentally, it may be mentioned +that one of the effects of the Alliance was to secure to the Tsar a much +larger immunity from criticism in his persistent ill-treatment of the +Jews.[51] + +Fifteen years later the Jewish question also played a part in the +curious Russo-German _rapprochement_ which nearly wrecked the Dual +Alliance. Much light has been shed upon this incident by the recent +publication of the late Tsar's secret correspondence with the German +Emperor[52] and other Russian State documents, notably a Memorandum on +the Jewish question drawn up by Count Lamsdorf in January 1906.[53] +Negotiations for the adhesion of Russia to the Anglo-French Entente had +been opened in the winter of 1903, but owing to the war with Japan and +the revolutionary outbreak in Russia the Tsar's views on the subject had +changed. Worked on by the German Emperor, he imagined himself a victim +of English intrigue, and he concluded with the Kaiser at Bjoerkoeon July +23, 1905, the bases of a new Triple Alliance to consist of Russia, +Germany, and France. While the Treaty was still unratified certain +reactionaries in Russia seized the opportunity of endeavouring to give +it a specially anti-Jewish bias. On the one hand the bureaucracy had +persuaded themselves that the Jews were the main authors of the October +Revolution, and on the other Count Witte and his colleagues in the +Cabinet were furious at the renewed rebuffs they had received at the +hands of the House of Rothschild in their efforts to raise new loans on +the Paris and London markets.[54] It was in these circumstances that +Count Lamsdorf prepared a Memorandum proposing to the Tsar that an +agreement should be concluded with Germany providing for the special +_surveillance_ of Jewish activities on the lines of a secret Protocol +which had been drawn up by the two Powers on March 14, 1904, for the +similar _surveillance_ and extradition of Anarchists.[55] At the same +time the Count suggested that the Pope should be asked to adhere to this +new Holy Alliance. This strange proposal was approved by the Tsar, who +ordered the immediate initiation of negotiations with the +Wilhelmstrasse. In due course this instruction was acted upon,[56] but +in the following May Count Lamsdorf fell, and with the entry of M. +Izvolsky into the Russian Foreign Office a new and saner direction was +given to Russian Foreign policy. Nothing more was heard either of the +Bjoerkoe Treaty or of the proposed Triple Alliance against the Jews. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +THE PROPOSED ANTI-SEMITIC TRIPLE ALLIANCE. + +(The footnotes appended to the following document are those of Count +Lamsdorf himself. Footnotes by the Editor will be found at the end.) + +_Secret._ + +ON THE ANARCHISTS. + +The events of the year 1905, which became particularly acute at the +beginning of October last, and, after a number of so-called "strikes," +culminated in an armed revolt at Moscow and in other cities and +localities of the Empire, show quite clearly that the Russian +revolutionary movement, apart from its deep social economic causes of an +_internal_ nature, has also a quite definite _international_ character. +This side of the revolutionary movement, which deserves very serious +attention, manifests itself chiefly in the fact that it is supported to +a large extent from abroad. + +This is clearly indicated by the striking phenomenon that the Russian +revolutionists dispose of an enormous quantity of _arms_ imported from +abroad, as well as of considerable _pecuniary means_, since there can be +no doubt that the revolutionary movement hostile to the Government, +including the organising of various kinds of strikes, must have cost the +revolutionaries large sums of money. + +Since it must be recognised that such support of the revolutionary +movement with arms and money could hardly be set to the account of +foreign governments (with the exception of certain isolated cases, as +for instance, the support of the Finnish movement by Sweden, and perhaps +the partial support of the Polish movement by Austria), one inevitably +arrives at the further conclusion that the support of our revolutionary +movement enters into the calculations of some _foreign capitalist +organisations_. + +This result must be coupled with the fact that the Russian revolutionary +movement is altogether distinguished by an alien racial character, since +it was precisely the various allogenes--the Armenians, Georgians, Letts, +Esthonians, Finns, Poles, etc.--who rose one after another against the +Imperial Government for the purpose of obtaining, if not complete +political autonomy, at least equal rights with the native population of +the Empire. When one considers, moreover, that, as is established with +sufficient certainty, among these allogenes a most important part is +played by the Jews, who have figured and still figure as a specially +active and aggressive element of the revolution, whether as individuals, +or as leaders of the movement, or in the shape of entire organisations +(_e.g._ the Jewish Bund in the Western region), one may assume with +certainty that the aforesaid support of the revolutionary movement from +abroad emanates precisely from _Jewish_ capitalist circles. + +In this respect one cannot ignore the coincidence of several phenomena +which could hardly be accidental. This coincidence rather logically +leads to the further result that our revolutionary movement is not only, +as already stated, _supported_ from abroad, but to a certain extent also +_directed_ from there. The strikes broke out with particular force +precisely in October last, that is to say, at a time when our Government +was making the attempt to bring about a large foreign loan without the +participation of the Rothschilds,[A] and just in the nick of time for +the frustration of the realisation of that financial scheme. The panic +provoked by it among the holders of Russian securities and the hurried +sale of those securities could not but procure in the end, as was safely +to be expected, new profits for the Jewish capitalists and bankers, who +speculated consciously and openly, as in Paris for instance, on the fall +of Russian securities.[57] + +On the other hand, the hostile movement against the Government, which +flared up immediately after the promulgation of the Manifesto of October +30th, assumed for a time milder forms as soon as the bulk of the Russian +people, of whom the revolutionists had taken no account at first, +responded to the hostile manifestations against the Government by +pogroms upon the Jews.[B] + +This connexion between the Russian revolutionary movement and the +foreign Jewish organisations is, moreover, confirmed in an obvious +manner by some significant facts which have even percolated through the +Press. Thus, for instance, the above-mentioned wholesale importation of +arms into Russia, which, as it transpires from the Agency reports, is +carried on very largely from the continent of Europe _via England_, +becomes quite intelligible when one considers that already in June 1905, +precisely in England, an Anglo-Jewish Committee for collecting donations +for the equipment of fighting groups among Russian Jews was openly +organised with the most active co-operation of the well-known Russophobe +publicist Lucien Wolf.[C] On the other hand, on account of the +melancholy consequences of the revolutionary agitation, which recoiled +upon the Jews themselves, in the very same England a Committee of Jewish +capitalists was founded under the presidency of Lord Rothschild, which +concentrated enormous sums of money, collected by way of subscriptions +in France, England and Germany, for the ostensible purpose of granting +relief to the Jewish subjects of Russia who had suffered by the pogroms. +Lastly, the Jews in America are organising collections both for the +victims and for the arming of the Jewish youths, without formally +separating these two aims from one another.[58][D] There is thus no +room for doubt as to the close connexion of the Russian revolution with +the Jewish question in general, and with the foreign Jewish +organisations in particular, which connexion is already perfectly clear +from the point of view of its fundamental principles, since the founders +of the Socialist doctrine, Lassalle and Marx, who wield so great an +influence on the present mind of the Russian University youth, were +notoriously both of Jewish origin. Nor can it be in any way doubted that +the practical direction of the Russian revolutionary movement is in +Jewish hands. While our newspapers pass over, no doubt intentionally, +the leading part played by them in almost complete silence, it is no +longer deemed necessary to make a secret of it abroad, even in Socialist +circles. A member of the Jewish Working-men's Union (Bund), named +Hervaille, thus declared openly at a meeting of the Dutch Socialists at +Amsterdam on the 22nd October (November 4th) that in spite of the +persecutions to which they were subjected, it is precisely the Jews who +are standing at the head of the Russian revolutionary movement.[59] In +Italy, numerous meetings of sympathy with the said movement, which in +the course of last November were organised at Rome, Milan, Turin, etc. +ostensibly, "Pro liberta Russa," ended in manifestations "Pro ebrei +Russi."[60] + +Thus, with the evident promotion of the Russian revolution by the Jews +of all countries, in one form or another, to a larger or smaller extent, +providing it above all with intelligent leaders, arms and pecuniary +means, the so-to-say international side of our revolutionary movement +becomes perfectly clear, and at the same time reveals those forces which +the Imperial Government must combat, as well as the factors of State and +public life abroad, on which it must rely in this struggle. + +Starting from the idea set out above, namely, that our revolutionary +movement is being actively supported and partly directed by the forces +of universal Jewry, we also discover with great probability the +organising and intellectual centre where the main supports and feeding +organs of the militant hostility to the Government in Russia are hiding +themselves. That is the famous pan-Jewish universal union established in +the year 1860, the "Alliance Israélite Universelle," with a Central +Committee in Paris, which possesses gigantic pecuniary means, disposes +of an enormous membership, and is supported by the Masonic lodges of +every description (according to some reports, they have again been +carried into Russia in recent years), which represent the obedient +organs of that universal organisation.[61][E] The principal aim of the +"Alliance Israélite Universelle"--the all-round triumph of +anti-Christian and anti-monarchist Jewry (which has already taken +practical possession of France) by means of Socialism which is to serve +as a bait for the ignorant masses--could not but find the State system +of Russia--a land of peasants, Orthodoxy and monarchism--an obstacle in +its path. Hence the fight against the existing Government, which was +started with consummate calculation at the very moment of our greatest +weakness brought about by the Japanese war. That is also why the chief +watchword of this inexorable campaign at the present moment is +universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage; that is to say, it fights +for a principle which if recognised by the Government would bring about +immediately, even before the meeting of the State Duma, the complete +removal of the existing historical-legal impediments to the triumph of +Jewry in Russia, though their complete abolition is not likely to be +welcome to the future chosen men of the Russian land either. + +The said factors, which support the fight of the revolutionary elements +against the Imperial Government from abroad, also afford on the other +hand the opportunity of recognising those forces by whose joint work a +favourable soil for a successful struggle with international +revolutionary Socialism might be created. As a matter of fact, there can +be no doubt that, in accordance with the main considerations set out +above, the universally organised international revolutionary Jewry must +be confronted by other enemies, apart from Russia, who by that alone +must become the friends and allies of the Imperial Government. +Anti-monarchist Jewry, sustained by money, cannot help undermining in +every way the Monarchical German Empire, sustained by its material +power. On the other hand, owing to a tradition centuries old, the +universally organised anti-Christian Judaism cannot help seeing an +irreconcilable enemy in the only Christian community that is likewise +organised on a universal and centralised basis, viz. the Roman Catholic +Church. + +It seems, therefore, that the friendly relations which have recently +been brought about so happily between the Imperial Government and the +German Empire,[F] as well as the Holy See, are destined to exercise a +very beneficent influence with regard to the anti-monarchical and +anti-Christian revolutionary movement in Europe. + +As for the Vatican, it must be remembered first of all that the +Protestant Government of Germany has recognised long ago the full +importance of the Holy See for the defence of the traditional +foundations of European culture. While in its internal policy, it is +leaning on the Catholic Centre-party, it has necessarily arrived at a +friendly accord with the Pope in its foreign policy as well. As for +Russia, the friendly assistance of the Vatican might likewise prove to +be of supreme importance just in the sense indicated above. Even apart +from the authoritative influence of the Holy See, through the medium of +the local clergy, especially in our Polish affairs--in this respect, the +latest Encyclical of the Pope to the Bishops of Poland presents a +significant step in meeting the wishes of the Russian Government--the +Vatican could render us an invaluable service by communicating +matter-of-fact data on the dissolving Jewish freemasonry organisation +and its branches, whose threads converge in Paris--an organisation about +which our Government is unfortunately but little informed, whereas the +Vatican is sure to watch its activity in the most attentive manner. + +As for Germany, on the other hand, any further approach of its +Government towards Russia--and one of a still closer nature than the +agreement founded on the Protocol of March 1st, 1904, on combating +Anarchism--would meet with unqualified sympathy at Berlin, since it +cannot be overlooked that, next to Russia, Germany is undoubtedly the +first State that will have to sustain the struggle with the +Social-Revolutionary party. Both the Government and Society in Germany +already take note at the present moment with the greatest apprehension +of the indubitable effect of the Russian events on the Social-Democratic +and Labour question, not to mention the movement of specific hostility +to the Government in the Provinces of Prussian Poland. + +Indeed, the West-European Socialists of various nationalities do not +consider it any longer necessary to make a secret of their intention to +inaugurate in this very month of January 1906, a movement hostile to the +Government of Germany--which is to reach its highest development on the +1st of May 1906--and has already started it in Prussia and in Saxony +with the self-same watchword of "Universal Suffrage." It could hardly be +doubted that behind this movement--which they intend to organise, in +accordance with the resolutions passed by the Socialist Congresses held +at Jena and Breslau, by the same means as in Russia--there stand in +reality the above indicated international aims and considerations of +principle, that is to say, the same anti-Christian and anti-monarchical +factors which had likewise been and are still in operation in the +Russian revolutionary movement. At any rate, according to an observation +by the _Deutsche Tageszeitung_, which has made it its special aim to +organise the fight against the impending general European revolution, +the more candid publicists of Social-Revolutionary tendencies are +already expressing unceremoniously their hope that the Russian movement +of hostility to the Government only presents a prelude to that general +European upheaval which, among other things, is to destroy utterly the +monarchical order of contemporary Europe. When one places oneself on +this standpoint, one cannot help perceiving in everything said above +nothing else but partial manifestations of a general revolutionary +scheme the menace of which is not confined to Russia, and which, +according to the formula of the well-known Liebknecht, consists +essentially in realising a Republic in politics, Socialism in economics, +and Atheism in the domain of religion. + +In view of the considerations set forth above, no doubt can remain as to +the absolute necessity of a confidential and sincere exchange of views +on our part, in the sense indicated above, with the leading spheres both +at Berlin and Rome. It could become the foundation of a most useful +joint action, first, for the purpose of organising a vigilant +supervision, and then also for an active joint struggle against the +common foe of the Christian and monarchical order of Europe. As a first +step in the said direction, and for the purpose of elucidating the main +principles for a future programme of joint action, it seems to be +desirable to confine ourselves for the present to a quite confidential +exchange of views with the German Government. + +(Signed) COUNT LAMSDORF. + + Negotiations must be entered into _immediately_. } + I share entirely the opinions herein expressed. } Endorsement in the + } Tsar's handwriting. + TSARSKOYE SELO, } + _January 3rd (O.S.) 1906_. } + +(Translated from the Russian text in vol. vi. of "Secret Documents," +published by the Soviet Commission of Foreign Affairs.) + + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +[A] _Supra_, p. 56 (note). + +[B] How these pogroms were organised by the Russian Secret Police will +be found described from authentic documents in Semenoff: _The Russian +Government and the Massacres_. + +[C] This is not quite accurate. The object of the Committee was to +assist the Self-Defence groups of Russian Jews in resisting the pogroms. +No arms were exported to Russia, as the groups in question, and indeed +the Russian Revolutionists themselves, found it quite easy to purchase +arms from the Imperial Russian magazines. + +[D] This also is quite untrue, as the published accounts of the Funds +show. + +[E] Freemasons will be able to judge of the accuracy of this statement. +It will suffice to say here that it is as untrue as it is ludicrous. The +same remark applies to the absurd reference to the Alliance Israélite. + +[F] This is clearly a reference to the Bjoerkoe interview and shows that +M. Izvolsky was in error when he stated that the Agreement resulting +from the interview was disapproved by Count Lamsdorf. (See interview +with M. Izvolsky in _Le Temps_, September 15, 1917.) + + + + +III. INTERVENTIONS BY RIGHT. + + +(_a_) STATUS OF JEWS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. + +Not all the diplomatic interventions on behalf of Jews have proceeded on +humanitarian grounds. Through the political assimilation of the Jews +with the populations among whom they dwell, and more particularly +through their emancipation in the various countries of Western Europe +and America, they have acquired the same rights in foreign countries +under International Law and treaties as their Christian fellow-citizens. +Unfortunately this has not been universally recognised, and it has +frequently happened that, when they travelled into countries where +Jewish disabilities still lingered, they were held liable as Jews to +ill-treatment from which their Christian fellow-countrymen were free. +The question of the legality of this ill-treatment arose at an early +date. + +In 1556, the Jews in the Papal States suffered a terrible persecution at +the hands of the fanatical Pope Paul IV. This culminated in the +imprisonment of all the Marranos or Crypto Jews of Ancona, and their +sentence to the stake. At that time the most influential Jews in Europe +were the Mendes or Nasi Family of Portugal and the Low Countries, the +head of which was the famous Donna Gracia Nasi. Her son-in-law, who +afterwards became Duke of Naxos in the service of the Porte, for whom he +conquered Cyprus, was the Rothschild as well as the Disraeli of his +day.[62] The Italian Jews sent piteous appeals to Donna Gracia, who was +then settled in Constantinople. She at once addressed herself to the +reigning Sultan, Solyman the Magnificent, and entreated his +intervention, on the ground that the Marrano Jews in Ancona were for the +most part Turkish subjects. The appeal was well conceived, for the +Sultan was outraged by the idea that subjects of his could be maltreated +by a foreign potentate. He promptly responded (March 9, 1556) by sending +an ultimatum to the Pope, demanding the immediate release of his +unjustly accused lieges, under pain of reprisals on the foreign +Christians within his own dominions.[63] The Turk in those days was not +in the habit of treating Christian States with an excess of ceremony, +and the Pope realised the wisdom of complying with the ultimatum. He +revenged himself, however, by burning those of the prisoners who could +not be shown to be Turkish subjects.[64] + +This incident is of peculiar interest for its bearing on the still much +debated question of the political status of Jews in the lands of their +"Dispersion." The Turkish Jews in 1556 seem to have had no doubt that +they were full nationals of the Ottoman Porte and as such entitled to +the protection of the Turkish Sultan. The precedent, however, was far +from decisive. In other circumstances other views have prevailed. Thus +in 1655, when the Commonwealth declared war on Spain, and an order was +issued for the confiscation of the property of Spaniards in England, +some of the Spanish Crypto Jews, then resident in London, appealed +against the order on the ground that their national status was that of +Jews and not that of Spaniards. This plea was allowed by the Admiralty +Commissioners, to whom it was referred, and they discharged the orders +made against the appellants.[65] + +The question slumbered for a century and a half, and when it reappeared +the Turk was again on the side of the light. In 1815, there was a +dispute on this subject between Austria and Turkey. At that time the +Jews of Turkey were treated better than the Jews of Austria. Austria +applied to Turkish Jews visiting her territories the disabilities +imposed upon her own Jews. Turkey protested on the ground that, +according to the treaties--mainly the Treaty of Carlowitz--in force +between the two powers, Austria had no right to make any distinction +between Turkish Jews and other subjects of the Ottoman Porte. This +contention was held to be valid by the Austrian Government, and the +incident was terminated by the issue of an instruction to the police of +Lower Austria, where the disabilities complained of were in force, +ordering them to treat all Turkish subjects alike without distinction of +race or creed. + +The Treaty of Carlowitz by which this case was governed left very little +option to the Austrian Government,[66] inasmuch as the reciprocity for +which it stipulated was not based, as in other treaties, on what is +known as "National treatment," that is to say that the nationals of each +contracting party visiting the territories of the other shall be treated +on the same footing as the nationals of the territories they visit. The +reason, no doubt, was that the racial and religious heterogeneity of +both Empires, and the differential treatment to which it gave rise in +their respective internal administrations, could not be recognised +internationally without grave risk of friction and controversy. The +lesson was not lost on other States, especially those which desired to +maintain their differential treatment of Jews as against the doctrine of +undenominational Nationality which was chiefly championed by France. The +result was a strengthening of the "National treatment" clause of +commercial treaties, and this, with the progress of religious liberty, +led to a succession of fresh international disputes. + +For many years, curiously enough, the chief offender was the democratic +Swiss Confederation, the Federal constitution of which was exclusively +Christian, while the Cantonal legislation was in many cases frankly and +even aggressively anti-Semitic. Until 1827 the Swiss Commercial Treaties +contained no hint of religious differentiation, but in that year, +availing themselves of the reactionary and clerical sympathies of the +government of Charles X, the Federal Authorities negotiated a Treaty +with France containing a "National treatment" clause, under which the +powers of the separate Cantons to deal as they pleased with Jews were, +in effect, reserved. But this was not all. Lest the clause should be +misinterpreted, the French Minister at Berne was authorised to address a +secret Note to the President of the Swiss Diet acknowledging that it +implied the desired restriction, on "the Jewish subjects of the +King."[67] The transaction was obviously one which could not stand the +light of the Revolution of 1830, and when three years later the +Government of the Canton of Basle applied the Treaty in all its rigour +to French Jews, the Duc de Broglie, then French Minister for Foreign +Affairs, issued an Ordinance suspending the operation of the Treaty in +regard to the offending Canton, and followed this up by severing +diplomatic relations and by placing a military cordon on the +frontier.[68] The King himself approved the action of his Minister in an +energetic speech to a deputation of the Consistoire Israélite. However, +in 1835 the Ordinance was withdrawn, and until 1850 the peace was more +or less preserved by a tacit _modus vivendi_. + +The resistance of France was rendered difficult, partly by perplexities +of general politics, but more immediately by the fact that the question +was a larger one than it had at first appeared. In February 1840 a +French Jew had been refused a _permis de séjour_ by the police of +Dresden on the ground that Jews were not permitted to reside in the +city. The case was precisely similar to that of Switzerland, and M. +Guizot, who was then Foreign Minister, hesitated to take up a strong +attitude as he was afraid that the precedent might involve him in +complications with other countries.[69] Nevertheless, French public +opinion was aroused, and the Chamber, after a lively debate, called upon +the Government to make suitable representations to Saxony.[70] In 1850 a +Commercial Treaty between the United States and Switzerland was signed +at Berne, but the American Senate, on the advice of the President, +refused to ratify it because it discriminated against +non-Christians.[71] This was followed almost immediately by a revival of +the anti-Semitic activity of the Basle police, chiefly at the expense of +French Jews resident in the Canton. The French Government again +protested energetically and insisted on the withdrawal of the police +measures. The demand was sulkily complied with, the Cantonal Government +reserving what they called "the principle."[72] + +In 1855 a new phase of the conflict was opened by the negotiation of two +further Commercial Treaties with Switzerland--one by Great Britain and +the other by the United States--in both of which the invidious +reservations, substantially as in the French Treaty of 1827, were +retained.[73] Some mystery attaches to the circumstances in which these +treaties were signed and ratified,[74] but the probable explanation is +that the Swiss negotiators promised in effect that there should be no +discrimination. This conjecture is confirmed by the action of the +Federal Assembly in the following year, in proposing a modification of +the Constitution by which equal rights should be accorded to the Jews in +all the Cantons. Unfortunately not all the Cantons agreed,[75] and in +1857 American public opinion became much excited at the discovery that +in the Canton of Neufchatel American citizens of the Jewish faith could +not be protected by American passports.[76] From this time until 1861 +the United States took the place of France as the champion of Religious +Liberty in Switzerland, and was strongly supported by Great Britain.[77] +Her efforts, however, were not successful, and it was still reserved for +France to settle the question. + +The opportunity presented itself when in the early sixties, under the +influence of Cobden and Chevalier, France denounced all her Commercial +Treaties. In negotiating the new Treaty with Switzerland she resolutely +set her face against all discriminations, or possibilities of +discrimination, between French citizens on the score of religion. The +result was that she obtained in her new Treaty (June 30, 1864) a form of +article without precedent in instruments of the kind.[78] In place of +"National treatment," French citizens in Switzerland "without +distinction of creed" were assured the same treatment as was accorded to +"Christians."[79] This striking victory was speedily followed by the +abolition of all Jewish disabilities throughout the Confederation.[80] + +A series of more formidable cases of the same kind arose at a later +period out of the disabilities imposed on Jews in Russia. The Powers +mainly affected were the United States and Great Britain. Both had +Treaties of Commerce with Russia, the American Treaty having been +concluded in 1832 and the British in 1859. Both Treaties contained, in +substantially the same form, articles guaranteeing reciprocal "National +treatment" to the subjects of the High Contracting parties. There is, +however, an extraordinary contrast in the interpretation of these +Treaties by the British and American Governments respectively. + +The question first came up for consideration in 1862. Certain British +Jews resident in Warsaw complained that the disabilities imposed upon +native Jews were also imposed upon them, and they appealed to Her +Majesty's Government for protection. Lord John Russell held that the +articles of the Treaty of 1859, by which British subjects in Russia and +Russian subjects in England were to be treated on an equal footing with +the nationals of those countries, did not mean that British Jews in +Russia should be treated as British subjects, but that they should only +have equal treatment with their oppressed co-religionists. He +accordingly declined to seek any relief for the petitioners.[81] The +case gave rise to no controversy, not only because the British and +Russian Governments were at one in their interpretation of the Treaty, +but because the facts were not made public at the time. It proved, +however, a fatal and humiliating precedent. In 1880 a terrible era of +persecution was inaugurated for the Jews of Russia, and it soon reacted +on their foreign brethren visiting the country. Towards the end of the +year a naturalised British Jew named Lewisohn was expelled from St. +Petersburg because he was a Jew, and he invoked the protection of his +Government. Lord Granville, who was then Foreign Secretary, was at first +disposed to regard the expulsion as a violation of the Treaty,[82] but +later on he became acquainted with the precedent of 1862, and he +declined to depart from it.[83] In 1890, at the instance of the Jewish +Conjoint Committee, Lord Salisbury submitted the question to the Law +Officers of the Crown, with the result that the precedent set by Lord +John Russell was confirmed on its merits and not--as in the case of Lord +Granville--_quâ_ precedent only.[84] The last occasion on which an +effort was made to obtain a reversal of this decision was in 1912. The +Conjoint Committee addressed to the Secretary of State, Sir Edward Grey, +an elaborate Memorandum reviewing the history and legal aspects of the +question.[85] The reply was in effect a reaffirmation of the previous +decisions, but the grounds on which it was rested were different. Sir +Edward Grey did not discuss the reasonableness of the established +interpretation, but he pleaded that any departure from it would only +lead to the termination of the Treaty, and that this would serve neither +British nor Jewish interests.[86] + +The dispute with the United States pursued a very different course. In +its earliest stages it was dealt with by minor diplomatic and consular +officials very much in the spirit of Lord John Russell,[87] but when in +1880 the Russian Government began to expel American Jews from St. +Petersburg, the question was taken in hand by the Secretary of State as +one of gravity. It was at once recognised that a religious +discrimination between American citizens could not be tolerated in any +American Treaty. This was quite apart from the question of the legal +interpretation of the Treaty of 1832.[88] That question, however, was +dealt with vigorously by Mr. Blaine in July 1881. He took the broad view +that the intention of the United States in 1832 was not, and could not +have been, that which the Russian Government read into the Treaty, that +the Russian interpretation was indefensible on moral grounds, and that +on such questions local law cannot be permitted to override the express +terms of a Treaty.[89] On this basis the United States patiently sought +a reversal of the Russian view, but without success. The fight lasted +thirty years. Eventually American public opinion became agitated, an +organised movement for the termination of the obnoxious treaty was set +on foot, and in December 1911 the House of Representatives at Washington +sent a strongly worded joint resolution to the Senate declaring that +Russia had violated the Treaty and calling upon the President to +denounce it. The Russian Ambassador in Washington expressed official +disapproval of the resolution, but President Taft acted upon it without +waiting for the Senate, and denounced the Treaty on December 15. +Thereupon the Senate contented itself with a joint resolution approving +the action of the President.[90] + +The question of the status of Jews in foreign lands has also arisen in +Palestine and Morocco. In 1882 the Turkish Government, fearing a Zionist +propaganda, prohibited the settlement of foreign Jews in the Holy Land. +The United States protested, and in 1887 and 1888 similar action was +taken by Great Britain and France. In the following year the +restriction was removed.[91] In the case of Morocco, Great Britain +solved the question in advance by stipulating in her Treaty with that +country, negotiated in 1855, that her Christian, Mohammedan, and Jewish +subjects visiting and residing in Morocco should be treated on an equal +footing.[92] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +ART. XIV.--TREATY OF CARLOWITZ BETWEEN THE EMPEROR AND THE GRAND SULTAN, +_Jan. 26, 1699_.[93] + +XIV. Trade shall be free for the Subjects of both Partys, in all the +Kingdoms and Dominions of both Empires, according to the antient sacred +Capitulations. And that it may be carry'd on by both Partys with Profit +and without Fraud and Deceit, the same shall be settled by Stipulations +between Commissarys deputed on both sides, well vers'd in Merchandize, +at the time of solemn Embassys on both sides, and as has been observ'd +with other Nations in Friendship with the Sublime Empire, so his +Imperial Majesty's subjects of what Nation soever, shall enjoy the +Security and Advantage of Trade in the Kingdoms of the Sublime Empire, +as well as the usual Privileges in a fitting manner. + +("Collection of Treatys of Peace and Commerce," London, 1732, vol. iv. +p. 298.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Austrian Government. Instructions to Police of Lower +Austria, Dec. 28, 1815._ + +"All differences established between Turkish Jews and other subjects of +the Ottoman Porte appear contrary to the spirit of the Treaties. These +speak of 'Turkish subjects' without making any exception. It is +consequently to this quality only that one must have regard, and not in +any case to the religion or profession of individuals." + +(Quoted by M. Carnot in Debate in French Chamber. _Moniteur_, May 29, +1841.) + + * * * * * + +ARTS. I, III AND VI OF FRANCO-SWISS TREATY, MAY 30, 1827. + +Article premier.--Les Français seront reçus et traités, dans chaque +canton de la Confédération, relativement à leurs personnes et à leurs +propriétés, sur le même pied et de la même manière que le sont ou +pourront l'être à l'avenir les ressortissants suisses des autres +cantons. Tout genre d'industrie et de commerce permis aux ressortissants +suisses des divers cantons le sera également aux Français et sans qu'on +puisse exiger d'eux aucune condition pécuniaire ou autre plus onéreuse. +Lorsqu'ils prendront domicile ou formeront un établissement dans les +cantons qui admettent les ressortissants de leurs co-états, ils ne +seront également astreints à aucune autre condition que ces derniers. + +Art. 3.--Les Suisses jouiront en France des mêmes droits et avantages +que l'article premier assure aux Français en Suisse, de telle sorte qu'à +l'égard des cantons qui, sous les rapports spécifiés audit article +premier, traiteront les Français comme leurs propres ressortissants, +ceux-ci seront, sous les mêmes rapports, traités en France comme les +nationaux. Sa Majesté Très Chrétienne garantit aux autres cantons les +mêmes droits et avantages dont ils feront jouir ses sujets. + +Art. 6.--Les Français établis en Suisse, de même que les Suisses établis +en France en vertu du traité de 1803, continueront à jouir des droits +qui leur étaient acquis. Toutes les dispositions de la présente +convention leur seront d'ailleurs applicables. + +(Brisac: "Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France," pp. +10-11.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by French Negotiator. Secret Note to the Swiss Diet, +August 7, 1826._ + +Le premier point qui a paru avoir besoin de quelques éclaircissements +est relatif aux israélites sujets du roi, lesquels, en cette dernière +qualité, pourraient se croire autorisés à réclamer, dans tous les +cantons suisses, le bénéfice de l'article 5 du projet de traité arrêté +entre la commission de la Diète et moi. Je ferai observer à cet égard +que, cet article premier n'accordant aux Français que les droits qui +sont accordés par chaque canton suisse aux ressortissants des autres +cantons, il s'ensuit nécessairement que, dans ceux des cantons où le +domicile et tout nouvel établissement serait interdit, par les lois du +canton souverain, aux individus de la religion de Moïse, les sujets du +roi qui professent cette religion ne sauraient se prévaloir de l'article +en question pour réclamer une exception à la règle générale du canton +suisse. Il est toutefois bien entendu que c'est une conséquence directe +de l'article 6 du projet de traité, que ceux d'entre les israélites +d'origine française qui se seraient établis sur le territoire de la +Confédération sous le régime de l'acte de médiation et en vertu du +traité de 1803, continueront à jouir des droits qui leur étaient acquis. + +(Brisac: _op. cit._, pp. 12-13.) + + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by France (1835). Speech by King Louis Philippe to a +Deputation from the Consistoire Israélite, November 5, 1835._ + +Le roi a répondu: + +"Oui, dans tous les temps j'ai regardé comme injustes et impolitiques +les mesures qui établissaient entre les citoyens d'une même nation des +différences de qualifications sociales fondées sur la diversité des +croyances religieuses. Comme roi j'ai soutenu ce principe, et je vous ai +déjà témoigné plusieurs fois combien j'avais joui qu'il m'eût été +réservé de vous en faire l'application. J'espère qu'elle deviendra +générale, je le désire beaucoup. Je crois que c'est dans l'intérêt bien +entendu de tous les peuples, et la raison doit finir par l'emporter sur +les préjugés, comme l'eau qui tombe goutte à goutte finit par percer le +plus dur rocher. Tels sont au moins mes désirs et mes espérances; mais +je ne puis me mêler de ce qui se passe dans les autres États, à moins +que les intérêts français n'en soient lésés, ainsi que cela est arrivé +dans le canton de Bâle campagne. J'avoue que j'ai été bien aise d'avoir +cette occasion de bien établir que sous mon règne tous les Français +jouissent des mêmes droits et que tous obtiennent la même protection de +la part de mon gouvernement. J'espère que mes efforts ne seront pas +infructueux et que, dans l'affaire même dont vous m'entretenez, le +canton reviendra sur une détermination aussi contraire à nos traités +avec la Suisse qu'à l'esprit du siècle où nous vivons. Pour moi, je suis +heureux d'avoir donné l'exemple de votre complète émancipation, et je +vous remercie de la justice que vous rendez à mes actes et à mes +intentions; je suis bien touché de ce que vous venez de m'exprimer." + +(_Moniteur_, Nov. 12, 1835.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACT FROM FRANCO-SWISS TREATY OF ESTABLISHMENT, _June 30, 1864_. + +"Tous les Français sans distinction de culte seront reçus et traités à +l'avenir dans chacun des Cantons suisses sur le même pied que les +ressortissants chrétiens des autres Cantons." + +(Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 53.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. ANGLO-SWISS TREATY, _September 6, 1855_. + +Article I. The subjects of Her Britannic Majesty shall be admitted to +reside in each of the Swiss Cantons on the same conditions, and on the +same footing, as citizens of the other Swiss Cantons. In the same +manner, Swiss citizens shall be admitted to reside in all the +territories of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on the +same conditions, and on the same footing as British subjects. + +Consequently, the subjects and citizens of either of the two Contracting +Parties shall, provided they conform to the laws of the country, be at +liberty, with their families, to enter, establish themselves, reside, +and remain in any part of the territories of the other. They may hire +and occupy houses and warehouses for the purposes of residence and +commerce, and may exercise, conformably to the laws of the country, any +profession or business, or carry on trade in articles of lawful commerce +by wholesale or retail, and may conduct such trade either in person or +by any brokers or agents whom they may think fit to employ, provided +such brokers or agents shall themselves also fulfil the conditions +necessary for being admitted to reside in the country. They shall not be +subject to any taxes, charges or conditions in respect of residence, +establishment, passports, licences to reside, establish themselves, or +to trade, in respect of permission to exercise their profession, +business, trade, or occupation, greater or more onerous than those which +are or may be imposed upon the subjects or citizens of the country in +which they reside; and they shall, in all these respects, enjoy every +right, privilege, and exemption which is or may be accorded to subjects +or citizens of the country, or to subjects or citizens of the most +favoured nation. + +(Bernhardt, "Handbook of Treaties, &c., relating to Commerce," Lond. +1908, pp. 915-916.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. AMERICAN-SWISS TREATY, _November 6, 1855_. + +Art. I. "The citizens of the United States of America and the citizens +of Switzerland shall be admitted and treated upon a footing of +reciprocal equality in the two countries, where such admission and +treatment shall not conflict with the constitutional or legal +provisions, as well Federal as State and Cantonal, of the contracting +parties. + +(_Pub. Amer. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. xi. p. 15.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by the United States, 1857. Letter from the Assistant +Secretary of State to the Jews of Baltimore._ + +_August 13, 1857._ + +In compliance with your request, I enclose herewith a copy of the treaty +between the United States and Switzerland which was proclaimed in 1855. +It was originally concluded in 1850, but was amended with a view to +avoid some objections which were made on the very subject to which you +refer. In its present form, although it may not remove some +difficulties with reference to those who profess the Israelitish faith, +yet I do not see that it discriminates against this class of our +citizens in any mode whatever. Undoubtedly in some portions of the +Confederation the local laws are less liberal to Israelites than to +others, and this is deeply to be regretted; but the Government of the +United States has no control over the legislation of a foreign State and +can only employ its influence and good offices to relieve the +difficulties which such legislation may impose in any given case. + +JOHN APPLETON. + +(_Ibid._, p. 23.) + + * * * * * + +_Action by the United States, 1861. Instruction to Mr. Fogg, Minister to +Switzerland._ + +_September 14, 1861._ + +SIR,--Among the important instructions addressed to your predecessor are +those concerning the restrictions of certain of the Swiss Cantons +against citizens of the United States professing Judaism--a subject +which received at Mr. Fay's hands a large share of earnest attention and +upon which he addressed the department repeatedly and at much length. It +is very desirable that his efforts to procure the removal of the +restrictions referred to, which, though not completely successful, have +no doubt had much effect in smoothing the way to such a result, should +be followed up by you. You will therefore, after having fully acquainted +yourself with what Mr. Fay has done in the premises and with the views +of the department as expressed to him in the despatches on file in the +Legation, take such steps as you may deem judicious and legal to advance +the benevolent object in question. It is not doubted that further proper +appeals to the justice and liberality of the authorities of the several +Cantons whose laws discriminate against Israelitish citizens of the +United States, will result in a removal of the odious restrictions and a +recognition of the just rights of those citizens. + +WILLIAM H. SEWARD, + +_Secretary of State_. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 47-48.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. RUSSO-AMERICAN TREATY, _December_ 18, 1832. + +Article I. There shall be between the territories of the high +contracting parties a reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation. + +The inhabitants of their respective states shall mutually have liberty +to enter the ports, places and rivers of each party wherever foreign +commerce is permitted. They shall be at liberty to sojourn and reside in +all parts whatsoever of said territories, in order to attend to their +affairs; and they shall enjoy, to that effect, the same security and +protection as natives of the country wherein they reside, on condition +of submitting to the laws and ordinances there prevailing, and +particularly to the regulations in force concerning commerce. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. xx. p. 267.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by United States, 1881. Dispatch of Secretary of State +to the American Minister in St. Petersburg._ + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_July_ 29, 1881. + +SIR,--...The case would clearly be one in which the obligation of a +treaty is supreme and where the local law must yield. These questions of +the conflict of local law and international treaty stipulations are +among the most common which have engaged the attention of publicists, +and it is their concurrent judgment that where a treaty creates a +privilege for aliens in express terms it cannot be limited by the +operations of domestic law without a serious breach of the good faith +which governs the intercourse of nations. So long as such a conventional +engagement in favor of the citizens in another State exists, the law +governing natives in like cases is manifestly inapplicable. + +I need hardly enlarge on the point that the Government of the United +States concludes its treaties with foreign States for the equal +protection of all classes of American citizens. It can make absolutely +no discrimination between them, whatever be their origin or creed. So +that they abide by the laws at home or abroad it must give them due +protection and expect like protection for them. Any unfriendly or +discriminatory act against them on the part of a foreign power with +which we are at peace would call for our earnest remonstrance, whether a +treaty existed or not. The friendliness of our relations with foreign +nations is emphasized by the treaties we have concluded with them. We +have been moved to enter into such international compacts by +considerations of mutual benefit and reciprocity, by the same +considerations, in short, which have animated the Russian Government +from the time of the noble and tolerant declarations of the Empress +Catherine in 1784 to those of the ukase of 1860. We have looked to the +spirit rather than to the letter of those engagements, and believed that +they should be interpreted in the broadest way; and it is therefore a +source of unfeigned regret to us when a Government, to which we are +allied by so many historical ties as to that of Russia, shows a +disposition in its dealings with us to take advantage of technicalities, +to appeal to the rigid letter and not the reciprocal motive of its +international engagements in justification of the expulsion from its +territories of peaceable American citizens resorting thither under the +good faith of treaties and accused of no wrong-doing or of no violation +of the commercial code of the land, but of the simple adherence to the +faith of their fathers.... + +I can readily conceive that statutes bristling with difficulties remain +unrepealed in the volumes of the law of Russia as well as of other +nations. Even we ourselves have our obsolete "blue laws," and their +literal enforcement, if such a thing were possible, might to-day subject +a Russian of freethinking proclivities, in Maryland or Delaware, to the +penalty of having his tongue bored through with a red-hot iron for +blasphemy. Happily the spirit of progress is of higher authority than +the letter of outworn laws, and statutory enactments are not so +inelastic but that they relax and change with the general advancement of +peoples in the path of tolerance. + +The simple fact that thousands of Israelites to-day pursue their +callings unmolested in St. Petersburg, under the shadow of ancient +proscriptive laws, is in itself an eloquent testimony to the principle +of progress. And so, too, in Spain, where the persecution and expulsion +of the Jews is one of the most notable and deplorable facts in history, +and where the edicts of the earlier sovereigns remain unrepealed, we see +to-day an offer of protection and assured right of domicile made to +Israelites of every race.... + +I had the honor in my letter of the 20th ultimo to Mr. Bartholomey to +acquaint him with the general views of the President in relation to this +matter. + +I cannot better bring this instruction to a close than by repeating and +amplifying those views which the President so firmly holds, and which he +so anxiously desires to have recognized and responded to by the Russian +Government. + +He conceives that the intention of the United States in negotiating the +treaty of December 18, 1832, and the distinct and enlightened reciprocal +engagements then entered into with the Government of Russia, give us +moral ground to expect careful attention to our opinions as to its +rational interpretation in the broadest and most impartial sense; that +he would deeply regret, in view of the gratifying friendliness of the +relations of the two countries which he is so desirous to maintain, to +find that this large national sentiment fails to control the present +issue, or that a narrow and rigid limitation of the construction +possible to the treaty stipulation between the two countries is likely +to be adhered to; that if, after a frank comparison of the views of the +two Governments, in the most amicable spirit and with the most earnest +desire to reach a mutually agreeable conclusion, the treaty stipulations +between the United States and Russia are found insufficient to determine +questions of nationality and tolerance of individual faith, or to secure +to American citizens in Russia the treatment which Russians receive in +the United States, it is simply due to the good relations of the two +countries that the stipulations should be made sufficient in these +regards; and we can look for no clearer evidence of the good will which +Russia professes toward us than a frank declaration of her readiness to +come to a distinct agreement with us on these points in an earnest and +generous spirit. + +I have observed that in your conferences on this subject heretofore with +the minister of foreign affairs, as reported in your dispatches, you +have on some occasions given discreet expression to the feelings of +sympathy and gratification with which this Government and people regard +any steps taken in foreign countries in the direction of a liberal +tolerance analogous to that which forms the fundamental principle of our +national existence. Such expressions were natural on your part and +reflected a sentiment which we all feel. But in making the President's +views known to the minister I desire that you will carefully subordinate +such sentiments to the simple consideration of what is conscientiously +believed to be due to our citizens in foreign lands. You will distinctly +impress upon him that, regardful of the sovereignty of Russia, we do not +submit any suggestions touching the laws and customs of the Empire +except where those laws and customs conflict with and destroy the rights +of American citizens as assured by treaty obligations. + +You can further advise him that we can make no new treaty with Russia +nor accept any construction of our existing treaty which shall +discriminate against any class of American citizens on account of their +religious faith. + +I cannot but feel assured that this earnest presentation of the views of +this Government will accord with the sense of justice and equity of that +of Russia and that the questions at issue will soon find their natural +solution in harmony with the noble spirit of tolerance which pervaded +the ukase of the Empress Catherine a century ago, and with the +statesmanlike declaration of the principle of reciprocity found in the +late decree of the Czar Alexander II in 1860. + +You may read this dispatch to the minister for foreign affairs, and +should he desire a copy you will give it to him. + +JAMES G. BLAINE. + +("For. Relat. of the U.S.," 1881, pp. 1030 _et seq._) + + + * * * * * + + +DENUNCIATION BY UNITED STATES, 1911. + +_Resolution of the House of Representatives, December 13, 1911._ + +Resolved, etc., That the people of the United States assert as a +fundamental principle that the rights of its citizens shall not be +impaired at home or abroad because of race or religion; that the +Government of the United States concludes its treaties for the equal +protection of all classes of its citizens, without regard to race or +religion; that the Government of the United States will not be a party +to any treaty which discriminates, or which by one of the parties +thereto is so construed as to discriminate, between American citizens on +the ground of race or religion; that the Government of Russia has +violated the treaty between the United States and Russia, concluded at +St. Petersburg, December 18, 1832, refusing to honor American passports +duly issued to American citizens, on account of race and religion; that +in the judgment of the Congress the said treaty, for the reasons +aforesaid, ought to be terminated at the earliest possible time; that +for the aforesaid reasons the said treaty is hereby declared to be +terminated and of no further force and effect from the expiration of one +year after the date of notification to the Government of Russia of the +terms of this resolution, and that to this end the President is hereby +charged with the duty of communicating such notice to the Government of +Russia. + +("Congressional Record," xlviii. 280, 304-305.) + + * * * * * + +_Resolution of the Senate, December 20, 1911._ + +Whereas the treaty of commerce and navigation between the United States +and Russia concluded on the 18th day of December, 1832, provides in +Article XII thereof that it "shall continue in force until the first day +of January in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and +thirty-nine, and if one year before that day one of the high contracting +parties shall not have announced to the other by an official +notification its intention to arrest the operation thereof this treaty +shall remain obligatory one year beyond that day, and so on until the +expiration of the year which shall commence after the date of a similar +notification"; and + +Whereas on the 17th day of December, 1911, the President caused to be +delivered to the Imperial Russian Government by the American Ambassador +at St. Petersburg an official notification on behalf of the Government +of the United States announcing intention to terminate the operation of +this treaty upon the expiration of the year commencing on the 1st day of +January 1912; and + +Whereas said treaty is no longer responsive in various respects to the +political principles and commercial needs of the two countries; and + +Whereas the constructions placed thereon by the respective contracting +parties differ upon matters of fundamental importance and interest to +each; Therefore be it + +Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States +of America in Congress assembled, That the notice thus given by the +President of the United States to the Government of the Empire of Russia +to terminate said treaty in accordance with the terms of the Treaty is +hereby adopted and ratified. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 493-522.) + + * * * * * + +ARTS. I AND XI, ANGLO-RUSSIAN TREATY, _January 12, 1859_. + +Article I. There shall be between all the dominions and possessions of +the two High Contracting Parties, reciprocal freedom of commerce and +navigation. The subjects of each of the two Contracting Parties, +respectively, shall have liberty freely and securely to come, with their +ships and cargoes, to all places, ports and rivers in the dominions and +possessions of the other, to which other foreigners are or may be +permitted to come; and shall, throughout the whole extent of the +dominions and possessions of the other, enjoy the same rights, +privileges, liberties, favours, immunities and exemptions in matters of +commerce and navigation, which are or may be enjoyed by native subjects +generally. + +It is understood, however, that the preceding stipulations in no wise +affect the laws, decrees, and special regulations regarding commerce, +industry, and police, in vigour in each of the two countries, and +generally applicable to all foreigners. + +Article XI. The subjects of either of the two High Contracting Parties, +conforming themselves to the laws of the country, shall have:-- + +1. Full liberty, with their families, to enter, travel, or reside in any +part of the dominions and possessions of the other Contracting Party. + +2. They shall be permitted, in the towns and ports, to hire or possess +the houses, warehouses, shops and premises, which may be necessary for +them. + +3. They may carry on their commerce, either in person or by any agents +whom they may think fit to employ. + +4. They shall not be subject, in respect of their persons or property, +or in respect of passports, licences for residence or establishment, nor +in respect of their commerce or industry, to any taxes, whether general +or local, nor to imposts or obligations of any kind whatever, other or +greater than those which are or may be imposed upon native subjects. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, pp. 721, 724-725.) + + + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1862 and 1881. Despatch from Lord +Granville to H.B.M. Ambassador at St. Petersburg._ + +_Earl Granville to Sir E. Thornton._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_December 28th, 1881_. + +SIR,--In my preceding despatch of to-day I have discussed the question +whether Mr. Lewisohn, in the arbitrary expulsion from Russia to which he +was subjected in September of last year, was treated in accordance with +the Russian law as applied to foreign Jews. It now remains to be +considered whether Her Majesty's Government are entitled to claim for a +British subject of the Jewish faith immunity from the operation of these +laws, under the Treaty between Great Britain and Russia of 1859. + +It will be seen that Article I of that Treaty secures to foreigners the +same rights as are enjoyed by native subjects generally, but the +stipulations of that Article are not to affect the laws, decrees, and +special regulations regarding commerce, industry and police in vigour in +each of the two countries, and applicable to foreigners generally; and +again, by Article XI, they are not to be subjected to imposts or +obligations of any kind whatever other and greater than those which are +or may be imposed on native subjects. + +The Treaty is no doubt open to two possible constructions: the one, that +it only assures to British subjects of any particular creed the same +privileges as are enjoyed by Russian subjects of the same creed; the +other that the privileges accorded to British subjects are accorded to +all alike, without regard to the religious body to which they belong. + +If the latter construction be adopted, British Jews in Russia would be +entitled to be relieved from the disabilities to which native Jews are +liable, but such a construction would also involve the supposition that +Russia had agreed to create a state of things inconsistent with the +traditions of her Government, which could not fail to be a source of +embarrassment to her. + +Upon an examination of the archives of this Department, it has been +found that the position of the Jews in Russia formed the subject of a +complaint from certain British subjects of that religion at Warsaw in +1862, and that Her Majesty's Government then came to the conclusion that +they would not be justified in claiming exemption for British Jews in +Russia from disabilities to which their Russian co-religionists were +liable by law. + +On that occasion Earl Russell informed Lord Napier, then Her Majesty's +Ambassador at St. Petersburgh, that the effect of the 1st and 11th +Articles of the Treaty was to place British subjects on the footing of +Russian subjects before the law, each class being alike, and one not +more than the other amenable to all general laws applicable in like +cases; that as Russian subjects, being Jews, incurred certain +disabilities, the equality intended and provided for by the Treaty was +not infringed by British subjects who were Jews and resident in Russia +sharing the same disabilities. The despatch went on to say that it would +seem to be beyond the scope and general intent of a Treaty of Commerce +and Navigation if it were to be held to repeal in the persons of +foreigners the legal disabilities to which, for reasons of general State +policy, particular classes of individual natives of the country had been +subjected, and it was hardly to be supposed that such an interpretation +would be accepted or adopted by an independent Government as against +itself. + +Her Majesty's Government feel that they cannot now insist upon a +construction of the Treaty at variance with that which was placed upon +it in 1862. + +I am, &c., + +GRANVILLE. + +("Parl. Paper, Russia," No. 4 (1881), p. 21.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1891. Letter from the Marquis of +Salisbury to Sir Julian Goldsmid._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_January 29th, 1891_. + +SIR,--With reference to the letter from this office of the 16th ultimo +and to previous correspondence respecting the position of British Jews +in Russia, I am directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to inform you that +the question has been fully considered in communication with the Law +Officers of the Crown. + +Her Majesty's Government are advised that, so long as the disabilities +to which British and Russian Jews are subjected are substantially the +same, it is not open to Her Majesty's Government to depart from the +interpretation of Treaties laid down in Lord Granville's despatch of +December 28, 1881. + +You will find a copy of this despatch on page 21 of the Parliamentary +Paper "Russia No. 4, 1881." + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient, humble Servant, + +T. H. SANDERSON. + + * * * * * + + +SIR J. GOLDSMID, BART., M.P. + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1912. Letter from Sir Edward Grey to +the Conjoint Committee._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_October 1st, 1912_. + +GENTLEMEN,--Secretary Sir E. Grey has had under his careful +consideration your Memorial of August 2nd last on the subject of the +grievances caused by the restrictions imposed in Russia on British +subjects of the Jewish faith in regard to the interpretation of Articles +I and XI of the Treaty of Commerce between this country and Russia of +January 12th, 1859. + +I am to inform you that, inasmuch as the construction which should be +placed on the Articles of the Treaty was carefully considered by His +Majesty's Government in 1862, and again in 1881, His Majesty's +Government would not now be able to reverse the decision then arrived +at, and that an attempt to do so, or to interpret and utilise the Treaty +in a sense contrary to the spirit of that decision, would only lead to +its termination by formal notice as provided for by the Treaty at the +end of twelve months. Such result would in no way advance the interests +of those whom you represent, and would in other respects be +disadvantageous to British interests. Sir E. Grey, therefore, regrets +that he is unable to approach the Russian Government in the sense +desired. + +I am, Gentlemen, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +EYRE A. CROWE. + +THE CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +("Annual Report, Board of Deputies, 1912," pp. 81-82.) + + * * * * * + +ART. XIII. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY, _December 9, 1856_. + +Article XIII. All British subjects, whether Mahometans, Jews, or +Christians, shall alike enjoy all the rights and privileges granted by +the present Treaty and the Convention of Commerce and Navigation which +has also been concluded this day, or which shall at any time be granted +to the most favoured nation. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, p. 561.) + + * * * * * + + + * * * * * + +(_b_) CONSULAR PROTECTION. + +Besides natural born and naturalised Jewish subjects of intervening +States, there is another class of Jews on whose behalf protective +interventions have been exercised on grounds of right. These are native +Jews who for one reason or another have acquired Consular Protection +under the Capitulations and other exterritorial privileges enjoyed by +foreign States in Oriental and semi-barbarous countries. The origin of +this protection has already been briefly described.[94] + + * * * * * + +The exact national status of the persons on whom it is conferred is not +easy to define, but in the Foreign Jurisdiction Orders in Council they +are assimilated with "British subjects" so far as British exterritorial +jurisdiction is concerned,[95] and this roughly has been the practice of +all States exercising Consular Protection. + +The system lent itself easily to abuse and fraud, chiefly because +exterritoriality in the countries in which it was exercised generally +carried with it immunity not only from arbitrary exactions but also from +ordinary taxation. Moreover, in the case of native Jews who often +suffered from Moslem fanaticism--chiefly in Morocco and Persia--Consular +Protection was exercised from motives of humanity, and for that purpose +more or less fictitious qualifications were found for them. We get a +curious glimpse of the loose way in which Consular Protection was +granted from the Anglo-Turkish Treaty of 1809. Under the Capitulations +(Arts. LIX and LX) native interpreters and servants of the Embassy were +free of taxes and indeed of Turkish jurisdiction generally. By the +Treaty of 1809 (Art. IX) it was agreed that in future the _berats_ of +interpreters should not issue to "artizans, shopkeepers, bankers and +other persons not acting as interpreters."[96] Owing to this stipulation +and the sensitiveness of the Porte in regard to its jurisdiction over +its own subjects, irregular Protections were discontinued in Turkey. +This, however, was not a source of serious grievance to Jews, as on the +whole they have been extremely well treated in the Ottoman Empire. + +It is not generally known--and the fact may prove of peculiar importance +at the present moment--that all Russian Jews settled in Palestine are, +on certain conditions, entitled to claim British protection and so much +of the status of British subjects as this privilege implies. In 1849, +when there was a considerable influx of Russian Jews into Jerusalem, the +Russian Government, having no Consul in the city and for other reasons, +desired to get rid of the responsibility of protecting them. Accordingly +an arrangement was arrived at between the British and Russian +authorities permitting such Jews, on receiving papers of dismissal from +their Russian allegiance from the Vice-Consul at Jaffa, to register at +the British Consulate as British protégés. A large number availed +themselves of the privilege. There is nothing to show that the Agreement +of 1849 was ever cancelled.[97] + +In Morocco the Consular Protection System affected Jews more closely +than in Turkey. It was for many years their sole protection against the +oppressions of the Bashaws and the cruel fanaticism of the people, and +on this ground there was much to be said for its so-called abuses and +irregularities. The right of protection seems to have been derived from +a very loosely worded article of the Anglo-Moorish Treaty of 1728, +granting immunity from taxation to all the native servants of British +subjects, whether Moors or Jews.[98] This Treaty was abrogated by the +general Treaty of 1856 (Article XXXVIII) and a more definite scope was +given to British Consular jurisdiction (Article III), but in a Treaty of +Commerce signed on the same day, it was expressly stipulated (Article +IV) that native agents employed by British subjects "shall be treated +and regarded as other subjects of the Moorish dominions."[99] +Nevertheless, the old abuses continued in virtue of the "Most favoured +nation" clause,[100] and a very large number of native Jews received +protection at the hands of the Consuls of all the Powers, partly on +account of their usefulness and partly on account of the insecurity of +their lives and property under the Moorish authorities. + +It was, however, difficult to restrain Moorish fanaticism, and the +Consuls were frequently called upon to protect their Jewish protégés or +to avenge outrages of which they became victims.[101] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +PROTECTION OF RUSSIAN JEWS IN PALESTINE.--THE AGREEMENT OF 1849. + +_Earl Russell to the Jewish Board of Deputies._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_February 1st, 1864_. + +SIR,--I am directed by Earl Russell to acknowledge the receipt of your +two letters of the 29th of December and 22nd inst., in the former of +which you enclose a Memorial to His Lordship from the Jews of Safed and +Tiberias, praying that they may again be placed under British +protection, of which they assert that they were deprived by Mr. Consul +Finn under the circumstances stated by them. + +I am now to state to you in reply for the information of the +Memorialists that Her Majesty's Government have every disposition to +give effect to the arrangements which were made with the Russian Consul +General in 1849, namely to afford British protection to those Jews who, +having declined to return to Russia, have divested themselves of their +Russian Nationality, and so forfeited the protection to which _primâ +facie_ they were entitled to look. But I am to add that it must be +distinctly understood that this can only be done by the production on +the part of the individual seeking British protection of the formal +letter of Dismissal from the Russian Consulate, shewing that he has been +cast off from Russian protection, and would thus be left otherwise +unprotected. If he can produce no such letter, Her Majesty's Consular +Officers will not be entitled to grant to such individual British +protection. + +Mr. Finn acted erroneously in originally supposing that British +protection could be granted to Russian Jews without the production of +formal letters of dismissal, and it was in consequence of instructions +from Her Majesty's Government that he withdrew British Consular +protection from those persons who could not produce such letters. Lord +Russell, however, is of opinion that Mr. Finn has shewn satisfactorily +that his good offices have nevertheless not unfrequently been extended +to the Jewish Communities at Safed and Tiberias, and that they have no +just reason to complain of him. + +A delay has been occasioned in answering your first letter by the +necessity of communicating with Mr. Finn and of making other inquiries +with regard to the statements contained in the Memorial. + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +I. HAMMOND. + +J. M. MONTEFIORE, ESQ., + +4 GT. STANHOPE ST., MAYFAIR. + +(Minute Books of Board of Deputies, 1864.) + + +ART. III. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY _of January 14, 1727-8_. + +III. That the Menial Servants of his Britannic Majesty's Subjects, the +Natives of the Country, either Moors or Jews, be exempt from Taxes of +all kinds. + +("A General Collection of Treaties" (1732), iv. 458.) + + * * * * * + +ART. III. ANGLO-MOORISH GENERAL TREATY _of December 9, 1856_. + +EXTRACT. + +Article III....The British Chargé d'Affaires shall be at liberty to +choose his own interpreters and servants, either from the Mussulmans or +others, and neither his interpreters nor servants shall be compelled to +pay any capitation tax, forced contribution, or other similar or +corresponding charge. With respect to the Consuls or Vice-Consuls who +shall reside at the ports under the orders of the said Chargé +d'Affaires, they shall be at liberty to choose one interpreter, one +guard, and two servants, either from the Mussulmans or others; and +neither the interpreter, nor the guard, nor their servants, shall be +compelled to pay any capitation tax, forced contribution, or other +similar or corresponding charge. If the said Chargé d'Affaires should +appoint a subject of the Sultan of Morocco as Vice-Consul at a Moorish +port, the said Vice-Consul, and those members of his family who may +dwell within his house, shall be respected, and exempted from the +payment of any capitation tax, or other similar or corresponding charge; +but the said Vice-Consul shall not take under his protection any subject +of the Sultan of Morocco except the members of his family dwelling under +his roof. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, p. 556.) + + * * * * * + +ART. IV. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY OF COMMERCE _of December 9, 1856_. + +EXTRACT. + +Article IV. The subjects of Her Britannic Majesty within the dominions +of His Majesty the Sultan shall be free to manage their own affairs +themselves, or to commit those affairs to the management of any persons +whom they may appoint as their broker, factor or agent; nor shall such +British subjects be restrained in their choice of persons to act in such +capacities; nor shall they be called upon to pay any salary or +remuneration to any person whom they shall not choose to employ; but +those persons who shall be thus employed, and who are subjects of the +Sultan of Morocco, shall be treated and regarded as other subjects of +the Moorish dominions. + +(_Ibid._ p. 573.) + + + * * * * * + + +FRANCO-MOORISH "RÈGLEMENT" REGARDING PROTECTION, _August 19, 1863_. + +EXTRACTS. + +La protection est individuelle et temporaire. + +Elle ne s'applique pas en général aux parents de l'individu protégé. + +Elle ne peut s'appliquer à sa famille, c'est-à -dire à la femme et aux +enfants demeurant sous le même toit. + +Elle est tout au plus viagère, jamais héréditaire, sauf la seule +exception admise en faveur de la famille Benchimol, qui, de père en +fils, a fourni et fournit des censaux interprètes au port de Tanger. + +Les protégés se divisent en deux catégories: + +La première catégorie comprend les indigènes employés par la Légation et +par les différentes Autorités consulaires. + +La seconde catégorie se compose des facteurs, courtiers ou agents +indigènes employés par les négociants français pour leurs affaires de +commerce.... + +Le nombre des courtiers indigènes jouissant de la protection française +est limité à deux par maison de commerce. Par exception, les maisons de +commerce qui ont des comptoirs dans différents ports pourront avoir des +courtiers attachés à chacun de ces comptoirs et jouissant à ce titre de +la protection française.... + +Il est entendu, que les cultivateurs, gardiens de troupeaux ou autres +paysans indigènes au service des Français ne pourront être l'objet de +poursuites judiciaires sans que l'Autorité consulaire compétente en soit +immédiatement informée, afin que celle-ci puisse sauvegarder l'intérêt +de ses nationaux.... + +(De Card: "Les Traités entre la France et le Maroc" (Paris, 1898), pp. +221-22.) + + * * * * * + + +(_c_) THE CONFERENCES OF MADRID (1800) AND ALGECIRAS (1906). + +Through the efforts of the British Minister at Tangier, Sir John +Drummond Hay, who had negotiated the Treaties of 1856 and who was +strongly opposed to the abuses of the Protection system, a Conference of +the Powers and other interested States was held at Madrid in 1880 with +the object of introducing reforms.[102] A new Convention, containing a +few fresh restrictions, was agreed upon, but, as a matter of fact, the +Conference was a failure, owing to the reluctance of France to abandon a +system which gave her an advantage against Great Britain in promoting +her influence in Morocco.[103] For obvious reasons, Jewish influence +was also largely used to the same end. The Jewish factor of the problem +came out very prominently in the debates of the Conference. All the +protégés referred to by name were Jews, such as the families of +Benchimol, Moses Nahon, David Buzaglo, and Isaac Toledano.[104] One of +the few reforms carried out by the Conference was the abolition of +hereditary protection. An exception was, however, made in the case of +the Jewish family of Benchimol, whose rights in this respect had been +guaranteed in the Convention of 1863 with France, and a special +reservation to this effect was inserted in the new Treaty.[105] + +The Conference also dealt with the general questions of Religious +Liberty in Morocco and of the treatment of native Jews. In 1864 Sir +Moses Montefiore, as President of the Jewish Board of Deputies and with +the support of the British Government, had undertaken a mission to +Morocco in order to secure an improvement in the treatment of the +non-Mohammedan population, and more particularly the Jews. He succeeded +in obtaining from the Sultan a remarkable Edict assuring to the Jews a +perfect equality of treatment with all the other subjects of the +Sultan.[106] This Edict had not been observed, and, at the instance of +the Pope, the Madrid Conference adopted a Declaration calling upon the +Shereefian Government to give effect to it and at the same time to +assure Religious Liberty to all its subjects. The result was to extract +from the Sultan a formal reaffirmation of the Montefiore Edict.[107] + +A similar course was pursued by the Conference which met at Algeciras in +1906 to consider the Moorish question in its wider political aspects. +The intervening quarter of a century had been as barren of reforms as +the period which elapsed between the granting of the Edict of 1864 and +the meeting of the Madrid Conference. The maltreatment of the Jews had +continued, and had been the subject of frequent complaints by the +Alliance Israélite, the Anglo-Jewish Association, and the American +Jewish Committee, and of remonstrances by their respective Governments. +Accordingly at the instance of the United States Government, the +question was brought before the Algeciras Conference, and, at the +sitting of that body on April 2, 1906, a resolution was adopted, again +calling upon the Sultan of Morocco to see "that the Jews of his Empire +and all his subjects, without distinction of faith, were treated with +justice and equality."[108] + +No steps, however, were taken to enforce this resolution, and it was not +even made a treaty obligation. That, however, was of little consequence, +for, very shortly after, the Moorish Empire virtually disappeared, and a +French Protectorate was proclaimed. The Jews of Morocco are now in the +same situation as their brethren in Algiers and Tunis, which, however, +is not to say that it is entirely satisfactory. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE MADRID CONFERENCE (1880). + +_Protocole No. 3.--Séance du 20 Mai, 1880._ + +Sur la question de la protection héréditaire, le Plénipotentiaire de +France rappelle que la Convention de 1863 accorde formellement cette +protection à la famille Benchimol. Les raisons qui ont motivé cette +exception ont été dûment appreciées à cette époque par le Gouvernement +Marocain; elles ont conservé toute leur force, et il est impossible au +Gouvernement Français d'abandonner une famille qui jouit depuis 17 ans +de la plus juste considération. Il demande le maintien de cette +exception si légitime. + +Le Plénipotentiaire du Portugal, tout en maintenant dans toute son +étendue le droit au traitement de la nation la plus favorisée, reconnu +toujours au Portugal et récemment encore lors des Ambassades spéciales +envoyées par sa Majesté Chérifienne en 1875 et 1877, admet que la France +puisse alléguer des motifs spéciaux en faveur d'une exception qui, selon +lui, n'invalide pas le principe. Il accepte donc sans reserve que la +protection ne soit pas héréditaire, avec l'exception unique établi +nominativement dans la Convention de 1863. Seulement pour le cas où le +Gouvernement Marocain accorderait par la suite d'autres exceptions de +cette nature, il réserverait le droit du Gouvernement Portugais de +réclamer une exception analogue. + +Pareille réserve est faite par les autres Plénipotentiaires. + +"La protection n'est point héréditaire. Une seule exception est +maintenue en faveur de la famille Benchimol, comme étant établie dans la +Convention de 1863; mais elle ne saurait créer un précédent. Cependant +si le Souverain du Maroc accordait une autre exception, toutes les +Puissances représentées à la Conférence auraient le droit de réclamer +une exception pareille." + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 11.--Séance du 24 Juin, 1880._ + +Le Plénipotentiaire d'Italie demande la parole, et s'exprime en ces +termes:-- + +"...L'Italie a toujours maintenu inaltérable son droit consuétudinaire +sans jamais en abuser. En effet, en examinant le chiffre de 108, auquel +montent ses protégés, on trouvera que 11 seulement sont protégés en +vertu du droit consuétudinaire. + +"Six sont d'anciens Vice-Consuls et interprètes des États Italiens +composant actuellement le Royaume d'Italie. Le nombre de ceux qui ont +rendu ainsi des services à l'Italie est de six et non d'un seul (M. +Moses Nahon), comme M. le Ministre des Affaires Etrangères du Maroc +avait cru pouvoir l'affirmer dans la séance du 19 Juillet, 1879, des +Conférences de Tanger. + +"La veuve David Buzaglo et ses deux fils composent la famille d'un Agent +Diplomatique Italien, et jouisse à ce titre de la protection. + +"La veuve Isaac Toldano et 8 autres personnes appartiennent à la famille +de Joseph Toldano, Interprète de la Légation d'Italie, famille qui +jusqu'à présent a joui de la protection héréditaire comme la famille +Benchimol, protégée par la France." + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," lxxi. 825-826, 872, 873-874.) + + * * * * * + +ART. VI. TREATY OF MADRID, _July 6, 1880_.[109] + +VI. La protection s'étend sur la famille du protégé. Sa demeure est +respectée. + +Il est entendu que la famille ne se compose que de la femme, des +enfants, et des parents mineurs qui habitent sous le même toit. + +La protection n'est pas héréditaire. Une seule exception, déjà établie +par la Convention de 1863, et qui ne saurait créer un précédent, est +maintenue en faveur de la famille Benchimol. + +Cependant, si le Sultan du Maroc accordait une autre exception, chacune +des Puissances Contractantes aurait le droit de réclamer une concession +semblable. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 641-642.) + + + * * * * * + + +THE MONTEFIORE EDICT, 1864. + +In the Name of God, the Merciful and Gracious. There is no power but in +God, the High and Mighty. + +Be it known by this our Royal Edict--may God exalt and bless its purport +and elevate the same to the high heavens, as he does the sun and +moon!--that it is our command, that all Jews residing within our +dominions, be the condition in which the Almighty God has placed them +whatever it may, shall be treated by our Governors, Administrators, and +all other subjects, in manner conformable with the evenly balanced +scales of Justice, and that in the administration of the Courts of Law +they (the Jews) shall occupy a position of perfect equality with all +other people; so that not even a fractional portion of the smallest +imaginable particle of injustice shall reach any of them, nor shall they +be subjected to anything of an objectionable nature. Neither they (the +Authorities) nor any one else shall do them (the Jews) wrong, whether to +their persons or to their property. Nor shall any tradesman among them, +or artizan, be compelled to work against his will. The work of everyone +shall be duly recompensed, for injustice here is injustice in Heaven, +and we cannot countenance it in any matter affecting either their (the +Jews') rights or the rights of others, our own dignity being itself +opposed to such a course. All persons in our regard have an equal claim +to justice; and if any person should wrong or injure one of them (the +Jews), we will, with the help of God, punish him. + +The commands hereinbefore set forth had been given and made known before +now; but we repeat them, and add force to them, in order that they may +be more clearly understood, and more strictly carried into effect, as +well as serve for a warning to such as may be evilly disposed towards +them (the Jews), and that the Jews shall thus enjoy for the future more +security than heretofore, whilst the fear to injure them shall be +greatly increased. + +This Decree, blessed by God, is promulgated on the 26th of Shaban, 1280 +(15 February 1864). Peace! + +(Loewe, "Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore," vol. ii. p. 153.) + + * * * * * + +FURTHER EXTRACT FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE MADRID CONFERENCE (1880). + +_Protocole No. 12.--Séance du 26 Juin, 1880._ + +Le Président observe que la Conférence, ayant accompli, et au delà , la +tâche qu'elle s'était proposée, est à la veille de se dissoudre. Mais il +doit porter à la connaissance de ses membres, avant qu'ils ne se +séparent, une communication importante qui a été adressée par le +Saint-Siège au Gouvernement de Sa Majesté Catholique. + +M. Canovas del Castillo donne lecture de la production suivante d'une +lettre, en date du 4 Mai, 1880, qu'il a reçue de son Eminence le +Cardinal Nina: + +"EXCELLENCE,--Le Saint-Père, obéissant au devoirs de sa mission +apostolique, ne peut que mettre à profit toutes les occasions qui se +présentent de veiller aux intérêts du Catholicisme, sur n'importe quel +point du globe. Ayant appris que dans le courant de ce mois un Congrès +Diplomatique doit se réunir sous votre présidence pour s'occuper des +affaires du Maroc, Sa Sainteté, tout en reconnaissant que parmi les +questions qui seront soumises à la délibération de la Conférence, celle +qui se rapporte à la liberté religieuse dans l'Empire Marocain n'a pas +été particulièrement désignée, croit cependant que rien n'interdirait +aux Plénipotentiaires réunis à Madrid de porter leur attention sur un +sujet si important pour le bienêtre des habitants du Maroc, quand même +il ne serait considéré qu'au point de vue matériel. + +"Il n'est point douteux que, de même qu'au dernier Congrès de Berlin les +appels faits par mon illustre prédécesseur, le Cardinal Franchi, aux +Représentants de la France et de l'Autriche, MM. Waddington et Andrássy, +eurent pour résultat de faire accueillir et voter, avec l'approbation +générale, les demandes de Sa Sainteté relatives à la liberté de la +religion Catholique pour les sujets de la Sublime Porte et des États qui +l'avoisinent, de même la proposition que je fais en ce moment trouvera +un accueil non moins favorable de la part des dignes Représentants à la +veille de se réunir dans la capitale d'une nation si dévouée au +Saint-Siège, et liée par tant d'intérêts à l'Empire du Maroc. D'autre +part, il n'est pas permis de présumer que le Gouvernement Marocain, uni +par un lien si étroit au Représentant suprême de l'Islamisme, puisse se +réfuser à suivre l'exemple qui lui a été offert par l'adhésion de +l'Empereur des Ottomans aux Articles stipulés dans le Congrès de Berlin, +lorsque la Conférence qui va se réunir lui proposera d'adopter une +résolution analogue. + +"Obéissant à ces considérations, le Saint-Père m'a chargé de m'adresser +à votre Excellence, digne Président de l'Assemblée, et de faire appel, +en son nom Pontifical, à ses sentiments comme Catholique et comme +Espagnol, afin quelle veuille bien se charger de proposer et de défendre +au sein du Congrès la proposition sus-indiquée, qui porte que les sujets +du Sultan, ainsi que les étrangers, jouiront au Maroc du libre exercice +du culte Catholique, sans que par ce motif ils aient à souffrir tort ou +préjudice dans leurs droits civils ou politiques. + +"Le Saint-Père ne méconnait point les obstacles qu'oppose l'état actuel +du Maroc à la réalisation de cette liberté; mais ces obstacles, loin de +décourager, doivent stimuler les c[oe]urs généreux qui n'envisagent que +la grandeur du but à atteindre. + +"Du reste, une fois que le Gouvernement Marocain aura accepté le +principe en question, et pris vis-à -vis des Puissances étrangères +l'engagement de s'y conformer, si ces Puissances, d'accord avec +l'Espagne, dont les relations avec le Maroc présentent un caractère tout +spécial, voulaient prendre une attitude semblable à celle qu'elles ont +adoptée en Orient, on pourrait avec raison espérer que le progrès de la +civilisation améneraient bientôt, par des voies pacifiques, le libre +exercice du culte Catholique dans ces régions Africaines. + +"En me conformant aux ordres de l'auguste Pontife, je dois en même temps +vous faire savoir que le Saint-Père est animé d'une conviction intime +que vous répondrez à son appel paternel et que les Représentants des +autres Puissances seconderont vos efforts, en accueillant avec faveur +une demande conforme aux principes aujourd'hui admis du droit public +international. + +"Le Saint-Père croit également qu'en agissant ainsi, votre Excellence +répondra aux sentiments bien connus de Sa Majesté le Roi, son auguste +Souverain, en faveur de notre sainte religion. + +Je saisis, &c., + +"L. CARD. NINA. + +"A son Excellence M. CANOVAS DEL CASTILLO." + +M. Cánovas del Castillo a eu l'honneur de répondre à Mgr. le Nonce +Apostolique à Madrid, avec lequel il s'est entretenu à ce sujet, que le +Plénipotentiaire d'Espagne était prêt à présenter, et à appuyer au sein +de la Conférence, la proposition du Saint-Siège, aussitôt qu'il serait +avéré que les Représentants des autres Puissances pourraient consentir à +traiter des questions en dehors de celles qui avaient motivé leur +réunion; il devrait, en particulier, consulter son collègue le +Représentant de la Grande-Bretagne, dont le Gouvernement a pris +l'initiative de la convocation des Plénipotentiaires, sur l'opportunité +qu'il y aurait à saisir la Conférence de cette proposition. M. Cánovas a +ajouté que, si la Conférence admettait en principe la possibilité de +traiter des questions étrangères au but déterminé qu'elle s'était +proposé, le Plénipotentiaire d'Espagne tiendrait à honneur de remplir la +mission que le Saint-Siège daignait lui confier, et qu'il était persuadé +que la communication du Saint-Père serait accueillie, en ce cas, avec +toute la déférence due à sa haute origine. + +Il a rappelé en même temps que le Traité de 1861 assure la liberté +religieuse aux Catholiques Espagnols au Maroc, et que d'autre part le +Traité Anglais de 1856 stipulait également, pour les sujets +Britanniques, le libre exercice de leur culte. + +Ayant acquis postérieurement la conviction que les Plénipotentiaires +sont disposés à examiner cette question, le Président estime que la +Conférence devra faire une déclaration érigeant en règle générale le +principe que le Maroc a déjà admis par des Traités. + +Le Plénipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie prend alors la parole, et dit que +le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté Impériale et Royale Apostolique, à la +suite d'une démarche analogue du Saint-Siège, a pu s'assurer, de son +côté que les autres Cabinets seraient, en effet, disposés à se joindre à +un v[oe]u comme celui dont vient de prendre l'initiative le Président de +la Conférence, pourvu que ce v[oe]u fut exprimé en faveur de tous les +habitants non-Musulmans du Maroc, et que la Conférence recommandât en +même temps à la sagesse du Sultan du Maroc l'abolition des incapacités +qui pèsent encore sur certaines classes de ses sujets en raison de leurs +croyances. + +C'est dans ce sens, et pour donner une forme plus précise à ce v[oe]u, +que M. le Comte Ludolf a été chargé de préparer le projet d'Adresse au +Souverain du Maroc qu'il a l'honneur de soumettre à la Conférence. + +Le Plénipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie donne lecture du document en ces +termes:-- + +"La Conférence, au moment de se dissoudre, informée par son Président de +la demande exprimée en faveur de l'Église Catholique par Sa Sainteté le +Souverain Pontife, dans le lettre dont lecture vient d'être fait, +demande de son côté que le libre exercice de tous les cultes soit +reconnu au Maroc. + +"La Conférence, d'autant plus convaincu que ce v[oe]u trouvera un +accueil favorable auprès de Sa Majesté Chérifienne que l'illustre +Souverain du Maroc a déjà donné une preuve manifeste de sa tolérance et +de sa sollicitude pour le bien-être de ses sujets non-Musulmans, en +confirmant en 1874 le Décret accordé par Sa Majesté le Sultan Sidi +Mohammed, sous le 26 Chaban de 1280 (Février 1864) à Sir Moses +Montefiore, Décret qui proclame que tous les sujets de l'Empire du Maroc +doivent avoir le même rang devant la loi: que par conséquent les Juifs +du Maroc doivent être traités conformément à la justice et à l'équité, +et qu'aucune violence ne doit être exercée à l'égard de leurs personnes +ni de leurs biens. + +"A la suite de ce Décret, bien des lois humiliantes, édictées contre les +non-Musulmans dans des temps antérieurs, ont été mises hors de pratique, +et le sort des races non-Musulmans au Maroc est devenu plus supportable. + +"Toutefois, ces lois ne sont pas encore toutes formellement révoquées, +et quelques-unes même continuent à être en vigueur dans plus d'un +endroit de l'intérieur de l'Empire. De même, le libre exercice de leurs +cultes n'est pas encore accordé d'une manière légale aux sujets +non-Musulmans de Sa Majesté Chérifienne, et beaucoup de restrictions +existent encore pour ces derniers qui sont contraires à l'esprit du +Décret du 26 Chaban, 1280, et à cette règle si élémentaire et si +universellement respectée, que les sujets d'un même pays, de quelque +race ou de quelque religion qu'ils soient, des qu'ils accomplissent +fidèlement leurs devoirs envers le Souverain, doivent jouir d'une +parfaite identité de droits et d'une complète égalité devant la loi. + +"Le Sultan Abdul Medjid, Empéreur des Ottomans, à déjà , en 1839, par le +Hatti-Chérif de Gulhané, reconnu spontanément et inscrit dans la +législation de son pays ce même principe, qui a été développé et +consacré depuis par ses successeurs, en 1856 et dernièrement encore en +1878, de façon qu'on ne saurait douter qu'il ne se laisse parfaitement +concilier avec la loi Mahométane. + +"Quoique persuadée que l'illustre Souverain du Maroc est animé, non +moins que le Sultan de la Turquie, d'intentions bienveillantes envers +ses sujets non-Musulmans, la Conférence croirait manquer à un devoir si +elle ne témoignait le vif et profond intérêt qu'elle prend à la prompte +amélioration de leur sort. A cet effet, la Conférence, au nom des Hautes +Puissances représentées dans son sein, fait appel à Sa Majesté +Chérifienne afin que, fidèle à ses sentiments de justice et de +générosité, elle manifeste sa ferme volonté-- + +"1. De faire respecter dans ses États le principe que tous ceux qui y +habitent et qui y habiteront à l'avenir pourront professer et exercer +sans entraves leurs cultes; + +"2. De préscrire à son Gouvernement, comme base immuable de la +législation du Maroc, la maxime, déjà adoptée dans le Décret du 26 +Chaban, 1280, et d'après laquelle ni la religion ni la race ne pourront +jamais être un motif pour établir une différence dans le traitement par +et devant la loi entre ses sujets Musulmans et non-Musulmans, ni servir +de prétexte pour imposer à ces derniers des humiliations, pour les +priver d'un droit civil quelconque, ou pour les empêcher d'exercer +librement toutes les professions et industries qui sont permises aux +sujets Musulmans de l'Empire. + +"Une pareille manifestation non seulement honorerait le règne de Sa +Majesté Chérifienne, mais inaugurerait aussi pour ses États une ère +nouvelle de prospérité. + +"Les Soussignés, en deposant le présent acte entre les mains de son +Excellence Cid Mohammed Vargas, prient M. le Plénipotentiaire du Maroc +de le soumettre à Sa Majesté Chérifienne, qui ne lui réfusera certes pas +la sérieuse attention que mérite un v[oe]u exprimé au nom des Puissances +que les Soussignés ont l'honneur de représenter. + +"_Madrid, le 26 Juin, 1880._" + +Ce texte est approuvé par les Plénipotentiaires, à l'exception du +Représentant de Sa Majesté Chérifienne, qui ne peut que s'engager à +porter à la connaissance de son Souverain les v[oe]ux que les +Plénipotentiaires viennent d'exprimer au nom de leurs Gouvernements +respectifs. + +Cid Mohammed Vargas croit cependant devoir rappeler qu'au Maroc les +Musulmans, les Chrétiens, et les Juifs suivent leur religion, sans qu'il +y soit mis d'empêchement ni d'obstacle. + +Le Plénipotentiaire du Maroc n'a pas d'instructions de son Souverain qui +lui permettent de traiter cette question ou toute autre qui, comme elle, +ne se rattacherait pas directement à l'objet de sa mission à Madrid. +Néanmoins, en vue de l'Adresse que vient d'adopter la Conférence, il +croit devoir lui communiquer une lettre qu'il a reçu de Sa Majesté le +Sultan Muley-el-Hassan, et qui a trait aux Juifs ses sujets. Il en donne +lecture en ces termes:-- + +"Louange à Dieu unique! Que la bénédiction de Dieu soit sur Mahomet, +notre Seigneur et Maître, sur sa famille, et ses compagnons! + +"A notre estimé serviteur, le Taleb Mohammed Vargas. Que Dieu te soit +propice, et que la paix soit sur toi, ainsi que la bénédiction de Dieu +Très Haut et sa miséricorde. + +"Et puis:-- + +"Il est parvenu à notre connaissance que certains Juifs de nos sujets se +sont plaints à plusieurs reprises à leurs frères résidant en Europe et +aux Représentants étrangers à Tanger, de ce qu'ils ne parviennent pas à +obtenir justice dans leurs réclamations relatives à meurtres, vols, &c. +Ils prétendent que les Gouverneurs montrent de l'indifférence à leur +faire avoir satisfaction des personnes qui les attaquent, et que leurs +demandes n'arrivent jamais à notre Majesté Chérifienne, si ce n'est par +l'entremise de personnes (les Juifs résidant en Europe et les +Représentants étrangers). + +"Notre volonté Chérifienne est qu'ils obtiennent justice sans +l'intervention des Puissances ni des Représentants, parce qu'ils sont +nos sujets et nos tributaires, ayant par là les mêmes droits que les +Musulmans devant nous, et tous abus contre eux étant défendu par notre +religion. + +"C'est pourquoi nous t'ordonnons d'accepter la réclamation de tout Juif +qui se plaindra de ne pas obtenir justice d'un Gouverneur, et de nous en +donner connaissance lorsque tu ne trouveras pas le moyen d'y faire +droit. + +"Nous avons envoyé des ordres en ce sens aux Gouverneurs des villes, des +ports, et de la campagne, afin qu'ils en donnent connaissance aux Juifs, +et en même temps nous les avons prévenus que si quelqu'un d'eux s'oppose +ou met des difficultés à ce que la plainte d'un Juif parvienne à toi, +nous le punirons très sévèrement. + +"Nous t'ordonnons de traiter leurs affaires avec toute justice et de ne +rien nous cacher sur l'arbitraire des Gouverneurs à leur égard, car tous +les hommes sont égaux pour nous en matière de justice. + +"_Le 22 Joumadi premier, an 1297._" + +Le Président donnant acte au Représentant du Maroc de cette +communication, constate, au nom de tous les Plénipotentiaires, la vive +satisfaction avec laquelle la Conférence accueille les déclarations qui +viennent de lui être faites. Les Plénipotentiaires voient dans le +principe, qu'elles établissent, d'un appel au Ministre des Affaires +Étrangères, à la fois une preuve des sentiments de justice qui animent +Sa Majesté Chérifienne à l'égard de ses sujets Israélites, et l'annonce +du prompt accomplissement des v[oe]ux exprimés par la Conférence. + +("British and Foreign State Papers," vol. lxxi. pp. 881-887.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE ALGECIRAS CONFERENCE, 1906. + +No. 33. _2 Avril, 1906. Dix-septième Séance._ + +S. Exc. M. White (États-Unis) prononce ensuite les paroles suivantes: +"Le Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique a toujours considéré comme un +devoir de s'associer à tout ce qui pourrait contribuer au progrès des +idées d'humanité et assurer le respect dû à toutes les croyances +religieuses. Animé par ces sentiments et par l'amitié qui a si longtemps +subsisté entre lui et l'Empire marocain dont il suit le développement +avec un profond intérêt, mon Gouvernement m'a chargé d'invoquer le +concours de la Conférence, au moment où elle est sur le point de +terminer ses travaux, en vue de l'émission d'un v[oe]u pour le bien-être +des israélites au Maroc. Je suis heureux de constater que la condition +des sujets israélites de S.M. Chérifienne a été de beaucoup améliorée +pendant le règne de feu le Sultan Mouley-el-Hassan et que le Sultan +actuel paraît, autant qu'il lui a été possible, les avoir traités avec +équité et bienveillance. Mais les agents du Makhzen, dans les parties du +pays éloignées du pouvoir central ne s'inspirent pas toujours +suffisamment des sentiments de tolérance et de justice qui animent leur +souverain. La Délégation americaine vient donc prier la Conférence de +vouloir bien émettre le v[oe]u que S.M. Chérifienne continue dans la +bonne voie inaugurée par son père et maintenue par Sa Majesté elle-même +par rapport à ses sujets israélites et qu'elle vise à ce que son +Gouvernement ne néglige aucune occasion de faire savoir à ses +fonctionnaires que le Sultan tient à ce que les israélites de son Empire +et tous ses sujets, sans distinction de croyance, soient traités avec +justice et équité." + +S. Exc. Sir Arthur Nicolson (Grande-Bretagne) déclare que, conformément +aux instructions de son Gouvernement, il est heureux de se rallier à la +proposition du premier Délégué des États-Unis. + +S. Exc. M. le Duc de Almodovar del Rio (Espagne) s'exprime en ces +termes: "Je m'associe, au nom de S.M. Catholique, aux hauts sentiments +de tolérance religieuse qui viennent d'être exprimés par S. Exc. le +premier Délégué des États-Unis; et je tiens d'autant plus à me rallier à +sa proposition que le sort des populations israélites au Maroc, +rattachées à l'Espagne par des liens de descendance et dont la langue +habituelle continue à être la langue castillane, qui fut naguère celle +de leurs ancêtres, est particulièrement intéressant aux yeux du peuple +espagnol d'aujourd'hui." + +LL. EE. MM. de Radowitz (Allemagne) et Revoil (France) se rallient +également au v[oe]u de M. le premier Délégué des États-Unis. + +S. Exc. M. le Marquis Visconti Venosta (Italie) déclare qu'il adhère au +v[oe]u dont S. Exc. le premier Délégué des États-Unis a pris +l'initiative. Il reconnaît que, dans ces derniers temps, les Souverains +du Maroc ont donné de preuves de tolérance vis-à -vis de leurs sujets +non-musulmans; mais il ne reste pas moins à désirer que les conditions +des juifs dans l'intérieur de l'Empire soient mises au même niveau et +entourées des mêmes garanties que dans les villes et ports de la côte. +La Conférence, dans le cours de ses travaux, s'est toujours préoccupée +du progrès et de la prospérité du Maroc; elle restera fidèle au même +esprit en exprimant à S.M. le Sultan le v[oe]u que tous ses sujets, +quelle que soit leur religion, soient appelés à jouir des mêmes droits, +ainsi que du même traitement devant la loi et que les ordres que S.M. +Chérifienne a donnés ou donnera à cet effet soient fidèlement exécutés. +L'assentiment de l'Italie est toujours acquis à l'affirmation des +principes de liberté religieuse qui sont une des bases de ses +institutions politiques et sociales. + +S. Exc. le Baron Joostens (Belgique) déclare que la Délégation belge +s'associe entièrement à la déclaration que vient de faire S. Exc. M. le +Marquis Visconti-Venosta. + +LL. EE. le Jonkheer Testa (Pays-Bas), M. le Comte Cassini (Russie) et M. +Sager (Suède) adhèrent aussi aux sentiments exprimés par MM. les +premiers Délégués des États-Unis et d'Italie. + +Le v[oe]u proposé par S. Exc. M. White est adopté par l'unanimité des +Délégués des Puissances. + +LL. EE. MM. les Délégués marocains expliquent qu'ils ne manqueront pas +de faire connaître cette décision à S.M. le Sultan, qui certainement +aura à c[oe]ur de procéder dans l'espèce de la même façon que feu son +père. + +S. Exc. M. White (États-Unis) remercie MM. les Délégués des Puissances +d'une adhésion qui répond si entièrement aux vues du Gouvernement des +États-Unis et aux sentiments personnels du Président Roosevelt. + +("Protocoles et Comptes Rendus de la Conférence d'Algésiras" (Paris, +1906), pp. 246-248.) + + * * * * * + + + + +IV. THE PALESTINE QUESTION AND THE NATIONAL RESTORATION OF THE JEWS. + + +Until quite recently the question of the national restoration of the +Jews to Palestine did not play a conspicuous part, or, indeed, much of a +part at all, in practical international politics. This is not a little +strange in view of the great mass of religious opinion which has always +been deeply interested in it. It may be profitable to indicate some of +the reasons. + +In the first place, from the middle of the second down to the middle of +the nineteenth centuries the Palestine problem, as a political problem, +was exclusively concerned with the custody of the Holy Places of +Christendom. After the failure of the many attempts to oust the Turk, +the question became one of diplomatic accommodation, and under the +Capitulations with France and the Treaties of Carlowitz and Passarowitz +between the Holy Roman Empire and the Grand Signior, various expedients +were adopted by which Christian interests in Jerusalem might be +reconciled with the local political rights of the Ottoman Porte. This +difficult problem absorbed the Oriental activities of European diplomacy +until after the Crimean War, and it left no room for the consideration +of Jewish claims. + +In the second place the question during the whole of this period was +always primarily one of eschatology rather than of practical politics. +Even when the Millenarian mystics sometimes crossed the border-line, the +case they presented was not calculated to conciliate sovereign princes. +We have a curious instance of this in the first Zionist book published +in London, "The World's Great Restoration, or Calling of the +Jewes"--(London, 1621)--which was written by Sir Henry Finch, the +eminent serjeant-at-law, although his name does not appear on the title +page.[110] Among other items in Finch's programme was one to the effect +that all Christian princes should surrender their power and do homage +"to the temporal supreme Empire of the Jewish nation." When James I read +the book he was furious. He said he was "too auld a King to do his +homage at Jerusalem," and he ordered Finch to be thrown into gaol.[111] +In 1795 an exactly similar proposal was made by an ex-naval officer, one +Richard Brothers, who announced himself as King of the Jews. He also was +prosecuted, but was found to be a lunatic.[112] A certain political +interest attaches to the case of Brothers; inasmuch as his scheme for +the National Restoration of the Jews was brought before the House of +Commons by one of his adherents, Mr. Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, M.P., +with a motion for the printing and distribution of Brothers's proposal. +The motion failed to find a seconder.[113] + +In the third place, unless the Restoration were favoured by the Ottoman +Government, all schemes to compass it in normal times ran counter to +international law and the comity of nations. This point was actually +decided in this sense by the Law Courts some seventy years ago in the +case of Habershon _v._ Vardon. The case related to a bequest by one +Nadir Baxter for the political restoration of the Jews in Jerusalem. The +bequest was held void, and the Vice-Chancellor, in giving judgment, +said: "If it could be understood to mean anything it was to create a +revolution in a friendly country."[114] + +In the fourth place the idea was likely to weaken the doctrine of the +integrity of Turkey, and, for this and other reasons, was inconsistent +with the interests and traditional policy of Great Britain and other +Western States. It was all the more inconsistent because this policy +originally shaped itself in deference to religious considerations far +more precious to Englishmen than the national cause of the Jews. In the +sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the struggle between the +Reformation and the Counter-Reformation was at its height, the naval +balance of power in the Mediterranean rested between Spain and Turkey. +Hence a bias towards Turkey on the part of Protestant States was +inevitable. Curiously enough, the Jews, who were then hostile to Spain, +supported the pro-Turkish policy of England, as they did in 1876-78 on +account of their antipathy to Russia. In the time of Cromwell this +consideration was reinforced by our trade interests in the Levant and in +India. A century later the tradition became again imperative owing to +the fear of Russia and afterwards of Napoleon. All this rendered a +strong and friendly Turkey necessary to us, and hence to entertain the +idea of a National Restoration of the Jews to Palestine was to risk +offence to a valued ally. + +A fifth reason was the indifference of the Jews themselves. Until the +Zionist movement was founded twenty years ago there was scarcely any +symptom of a Jewish desire for international action on their behalf in +the Palestine question. This was not for want of opportunity or even for +want of suggestion from others. In 1840, when Mehemet Ali was driven out +of Palestine and Syria by the Powers, the future of Palestine was open +for discussion.[115] The country, with all its Hebrew and Christian +shrines, was in the hands of Christendom, who could have done with it as +it pleased. Not a voice was raised among the Jews for the restoration of +the land to them. And this, be it remembered, was when Sir Moses +Montefiore and M. Crémieux were busy in the East in connection with the +Damascus Blood Accusation, and when Lord Palmerston was proposing to +take the Jews under British protection as a separate nationality.[116] +Instead of championing the national aspirations of the Jews, they +contented themselves with obtaining the famous Hatti-Humayoun, or +Charter of Liberties for the Jews of Turkey, by which they were more +nearly assimilated to Turkish Nationals.[117] In the following year the +Powers were actually discussing the future of Palestine, but the Jews +again made no move. Even while the negotiations were in progress, a +scheme for restoring the Jews as the political masters of the country +was drawn up by a Christian, Colonel Churchill, then British Consul in +Syria, and submitted by him to Sir Moses Montefiore and the Board of +Deputies. Its reception was curiously frigid. Whilst piously blessing +Colonel Churchill's proposals, the Board declined to take any +initiative.[118] It was the same in 1878 when Lord Beaconsfield annexed +Cyprus and secured a British Protectorate over Asiatic Turkey. No +opportunity could have seemed better for the promotion of Zionist aims, +but when Laurence Oliphant pointed this out he found scarcely an echo +beyond a small circle of obscure Jewish dreamers in Southern +Russia.[119] Indeed, until the time of Herzl all the most prominent +protagonists of Zionism were Christians. The Dane, Holger Paulli, who in +1697 presented a Zionist scheme to King William III of England with a +view to its submission to the Peace Conference of Ryswick, was a +Christian,[120] and even the notorious Jewish pseudo-Messiah, Sabbathai +Zevi, who raised the flag of Jewish nationality in Syria thirty years +earlier, owed more of his inspiration to English Fifth Monarchy teaching +than to Jewish tradition.[121] + +Nevertheless, there were two occasions on which the Jewish aspects of +the Palestine question did enter the field of practical international +politics. + +The first was in 1799, when Napoleon carried out his audacious raid on +British interests in the East by his expedition to Egypt and Syria. A +scheme for enlisting the support of the Jews by founding a Jewish +Commonwealth in Palestine formed part of the plans for the expedition +secretly prepared by the Directory in 1798, and French public opinion +was familiarised with it by a good deal of propagandist literature. The +Jews were alleged to be anxious to support the French in the Levant, and +a bogus Zionist scheme--very much on the Herzlian lines--supposed to be +written by an Italian Jew--was widely circulated in France. It embodied +an appeal to the Jews of the world to form a representative council +through which they could negotiate with the Directory for Palestine. It +was supported in a very soberly reasoned article by the _Décade +Philosophique et Littéraire_, and was soon after published in the London +Press and reprinted as a twopenny pamphlet by the _Courier_.[122] Ten +months later Napoleon, marching from El Arish on the road which has +lately been traversed by General Allenby, published a proclamation +inviting the Jews of Asia and Africa to rally to his standard "for the +restoration of the ancient kingdom of Jerusalem."[123] The scheme +collapsed with the battles of Acre and Aboukir. + +The second occasion was in 1841, when the Powers had to decide on the +fate of Syria and Palestine wrested by them from Mehemet Ali. It is true +that the Jewish element in the question received very scanty attention +and evoked no positive sympathy, but, at any rate, it was mentioned, and +this fact indicates that the Powers had begun to realise that the future +of Palestine was not exclusively a Christian question. The exchange of +views which then took place is, however, interesting for other reasons. +The documents, which are now published for the first time, comprise four +separate schemes for solving the Palestine problem, and the +considerations discussed in connection with them constitute a body of +material which may be usefully studied at the present moment. + +The first scheme, apparently suggested by France, contemplated the +creation of a small autonomous Ecclesiastical State, consisting of +Jerusalem, constituted as a Free City, with a limited _rayon_ of +territory. This was to be governed by a Christian municipality, +organised and protected by the Great Christian Powers.[124] Russia +raised objections in October 1840, and incidentally took occasion to +ridicule the idea of a National Restoration of the Jews.[125] Both +Russia and Austria were anxious to preserve the Turkish domination, and +to that end made counter-proposals. The Russian scheme proposed that +Palestine should become a separate Pashalik, that the Church of the +Orient should be restored, that the Greek Patriarch should resume his +residence in Jerusalem, and that an special Church and Monastery should +be founded for the use of the Russian clergy and pilgrims. The Austrian +scheme proposed to leave the Turkish administration untouched except in +regard to jurisdiction over Christians. This was to be confided to a +high Turkish official directly responsible to Constantinople and advised +by a Council of Procureurs appointed by the Great Powers.[126] Russia +opposed the Austrian scheme.[127] Thereupon Prussia put forward a fourth +scheme of a far more ambitious character.[128] It provided for a +European Protectorate of the Holy Cities of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and +Nazareth, and a sort of national autonomy for the various Christian +sects which might be extended to the Jews, the whole to be governed by +three Residents appointed by the Christian Powers. Each Resident was to +have a small military guard. The Protestant Church, under the joint +protection of Great Britain and Prussia, was to be recognised as on an +equal footing with the other Churches, and to establish its headquarters +and other institutions--including schools for Jews--on Mount Zion, which +was to be fortified.[129] This scheme was strongly opposed by Austria, +in whose view Lord Palmerston concurred.[130] Russia also opposed it, +but in Paris it was received sympathetically.[131] + +In the end all these schemes were dropped, and Palestine was handed back +to the Porte practically without any new conditions. Prussia, however, +continued her negotiations with Great Britain, both with a view to +general reforms and to the recognition of the Protestant Church in +Jerusalem. For this purpose she sent Baron Bunsen to London on a special +embassy.[132] Among the reforms proposed by him were facilities for the +purchase of land, "as many persons in Protestant Germany, Jews and +Christians, are desirous of settling in Palestine."[133] Eventually he +negotiated with Palmerston the Anglo-Prussian Agreement for the +establishment of a Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem. There is a curious +reference to the Restoration of the Jews in Bunsen's account of this +transaction:[134] + + * * * * * + +"Monday, 19th July, 1841.--This is a great day. I am just returned from +Lord Palmerston; the principle is admitted, and orders to be transmitted +accordingly to Lord Ponsonby at Constantinople, to demand the +acknowledgement required. The successor of St. James will embark in +October; he is by race an Israelite,--born a Prussian in Breslau,--in +confession belonging to the Church of England--ripened (by hard work) in +Ireland--twenty years Professor of Hebrew and Arabic in England (in what +is now King's College).[135] So the beginning is made, please God, for +the restoration of Israel." + + * * * * * + +It should be added that probably one of the reasons why, during recent +years, the British Government has held aloof from the Palestine question +is that by the Treaty of London of July 15, 1840, Palestine was +recognised as an integral part of Syria,[136] and that in 1878, at the +Berlin Congress, Lord Salisbury agreed to recognise the whole of Syria +as a French sphere of interest in return for the French recognition of +the Cyprus Convention between Great Britain and Turkey.[137] It is to be +assumed from the terms of the Secret Agreement of February 21, +1917,[138] that British interests in the Suez Canal and other more +recent events have modified that arrangement. + +During the present war the growing strength of the Zionist movement, and +the energy of its leaders, have forced the Restoration idea on the +attention of the Great Powers. In November 1917 Great Britain led the +way with a promise to give sympathetic consideration to the aims of the +Zionists.[139] With this promise the other Entente Powers have since +associated themselves. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +THE GREAT POWERS AND PALESTINE, 1840-1841. + +_Memorandum delivered by the Russian Government to the Prussian +Government in October 1840._ + +Des opinions diverses et pour la plupart contradictoires, ont circulé +récemment en Europe, et surtout en France, sur les facilités que les +grandes Puissances intervenues dans les affaires de l'Orient, auraient, +dans ce moment, pour accomplir l'[oe]uvre que les Croisés d'autrefois +avaient vainement tentée dans leurs longues et sanglantes guerres. Le +projet d'ériger une Souveraineté Chrétienne en Palestine, a été mis, si +non sérieusement discuté. D'autres ont pensé à la possibilité de faire +revivre l'ancien ordre des Chevaliers du St. Sépulcre pour lui confier +la garde de ce sanctuaire. Il y a eu même quelques individus qui ont +exprimé le v[oe]u d'appeler dans la ville de Salomon les Juifs dispersés +dans différents pays pour tenter la conversion sociale et religieuse de +ce peuple d'antique et coupable origine. + +Il serait superflu de discuter ici tous ces projets, on ne s'arrêtera +qu'à l'examen d'une autre combinaison dont la réalisation serait +désirable, si elle était possible. Il s'agirait de l'assentiment de la +Porte et d'une entente entre les principales cours de l'Europe pour +ériger Jérusalem une ville libre, avec un rayon de territoire convenable +et sous une administration municipale organisée sous les auspices des +Puissances qui se déclareraient les protectrices et les garanties de ce +petit état ecclésiastique.[140] + +Un pareil arrangement doit assurément réunir beaucoup de suffrages. +Cependant, avant d'aborder la question d'une manière sérieuse, soit avec +les autres Cabinets, soit avec le Divan il importe de calculer d'avance +les moyens dont on disposera pour mener l'[oe]uvre à bon terme, les +difficultés locales qu'on aura à surmonter dans la réalisation du plan +convenu et les probabilités qui s'offrent pour le maintien du nouvel +ordre de choses qu'on parviendrait à établir. Sous tous ces rapports on +peut consulter avec profit les renseignements et les donnés que le +Ministère de Sa Majesté possède, et qui lui ont été fournis en partie +par les indigènes, mais plus particulièrement par deux employés du +service de S.M. qui ont visité la terre sainte à des époques +différentes, et recueilli sur les lieux mêmes des informations dont on +ne saurait revoquer en doute l'exactitude. + +Il résulte de l'ensemble de ces informations: + +1. Que la ville de Jérusalem, située entre la Syrie, l'Egypte et le +désert, a été de tout temps exposée d'une part aux incursions des Arabes +Bédouins et de l'autre aux vexations des Pachas voisins. + +2. Que sa population, composée d'environ 15/m. âmes, parmi lesquelles on +compte à peine un millier de Chrétiens appartenant à diverses +communions, n'offre guère d'éléments propres à la formation d'une +administration municipale indigène, digne de quelque confiance, sous le +rapport politique ou religieux. + +3. Que l'éloignement des côtes de la mer, distantes de la ville de près +de deux journées de marche à travers une route escarpée et déserte, ne +permettrait pas aux bâtiments de guerre Européens de prendre sous la +protection de leurs canons la défense de la cité et de ses habitants. + +4. Que la population Musulmane et Arabe établie depuis des siècles dans +le pays et qui possède dans la seule ville de Jérusalem plus de trente +mosquées, ainsi que le fameux temple de Salomon que les premiers califes +conquérants ont rebâti, s'assujettiraient difficilement à un +Gouvernement Chrétien quelconque, qui ne disposerait pas de beaucoup de +ressources et d'une forte garnison, pour en imposer aux hordes des +Bédouins et pour réduire par les armes tout ce qui s'opposerait au +nouvel ordre de choses. + +Les mêmes rapports signalent, sous les plus tristes couleurs, la +désunion profonde et la rivalité incessante qui existe entre les +Chrétiens des diverses communions, admis à l'adoration du St. Sépulcre +et dont les scandaleuses dissensions, loin d'être amorties ou contenues +par la sainteté du lieu, y ont éclaté souvent avec une vivacité haîneuse +et une obstination fanatique que la présence des autorités Musulmanes +pouvait seule contenir dans de certaines bornes. + +Nous savons enfin de manière à ne pas pouvoir en douter que les +religieux Latins, pour la plupart Espagnols et Portugais d'origine, et +qui, durant leur mission en terre sainte, se trouvent sous la protection +spéciale de la France, sont les principaux fauteurs de cette rivalité +si peu évangélique, en s'élevant sans cesse des prétentions sur la +possession exclusive et la garde du St. Sépulcre et en invoquant en leur +faveur les traités de François I avec la Porte et même les souvenirs des +Baudouin et de Godefroi. + + * * * * * + +_Enclosure in Russian Mem. of October 1840._ + +1. Publication d'un nouveau Hatti Schérif avec pleine confirmation de +tous ceux qui ont été émanés sous les règnes antérieurs en faveur de +l'Église et du Clergé de Jérusalem. + +2. Nomination d'un Pacha ou moschir de la Palestine, homme de sens et de +justice, qui fixerait sa résidence, soit à Jérusalem, soit à Jaffa, avec +une autorité civile et militaire, suffisante pour y maintenir le bon +ordre et pour faire respecter les lieux de sa jurisdiction par les +Bédouins du désert qui, n'étant plus contenus par la crainte des troupes +Égyptiennes, recommenceront probablement bientôt leurs brigandages +habituels sur les couvents Chrétiens des environs de Jérusalem et sur +les caravanes des pèlerins que la dévotion appelle des pays les plus +éloignés. + +3. Défense positive au Clergé Grec comme à celui des Catholiques et des +Arméniens, de renouveler leurs dissensions anciennes et souvent puériles +en cherchant à se calomnier mutuellement et à s'exclure des églises et +des oratoires, dont les Hatti Chériffs précités ont fixé la possession à +chacune de ces communautés. + +4. Défense sévère au Mollah et au Cadi de Jérusalem de rançonner les +religieux et les supérieurs des couvens, toutes les fois que ces +ecclésiastiques ont recours à la justice locale, ou qu'ils cherchent à +se disculper de quelque avanie. + +5. La crainte de ces mêmes avanies et les frais considérables +d'installation, auxquels étaient exposés les patriarches de Jérusalem +toutes les fois qu'ils se rendaient dans leur diocèse, ayant obligé +depuis quelques années ces prélats à séjourner à Constantinople, en +laissant à leurs vicaires le gouvernement de leur église, la Porte +ferait aujourd'hui un acte de politique et d'équité à la fois, en +accordant au patriarche actuel d'autorisation et les facilités dont il +peut avoir besoin, pour se rendre sur les lieux de sa jurisdiction +spirituelle, et veiller de près à la discipline de ses subordonnés et au +redressement des désordres ou des abus, que les troubles récens et les +changemens politiques survenus dans ces contrés, peuvent y avoir +introduits. + +6. Toute innovation dans l'antique hiérarchie de l'église d'Orient +serait rejeté comme dangereuse et inutile et toute réclamation de +priorité ou de privilège de la part des religieux des autres communions, +ne serait admise qu'après un examen impartial et approfondi de la +question. Dans les cas de cette nature, il semblerait que le tribunal +le plus compétent, à en juger, serait une commission ou conseil du +Gouverneur de la province, du patriarche de Jérusalem, ou en son +absence, de son vicaire, du supérieur des ecclésiastiques Arméniens et +d'un commissaire ad hoc, choisi et nommé par la Porte parmi les prélats +les mieux réputés de la nation Grecque établis à Constantinople. + +Ce conseil pourrait aussi fixer aux deservans des cultes respectifs, les +heures des prières et des cérémonies, en régularisant d'une manière +équitable et définitive ce point qui a été souvent un sujet de litige et +qui a même occasionné des rixes scandaleuses dans l'enceinte d'un +Temple, où l'union et l'humilité devraient règner constamment. + +7. La réparation des églises et des couvens ruinés ou endommagés par le +temps et les incendies, sera permise par les autorités locales, toutes +les fois que les supérieurs de ces communautés en demanderont +l'autorisation, et le Gouvernement n'exigera pas dans ces occasions des +cadeaux ou des bénéfices arbitraires. + +8. Défense sévère serait faite aux soldats Turcs préposés à la garde des +portes de l'église qui renferme le Saint Sépulcre, de s'introduire dans +l'antérieur du temple, sous prétexte d'y faire la police. Ces gardiens +recevraient également l'ordre de témoigner tous les égards et tout le +respect qui sont dûs au patriarche et à ses délégués. + +9. Pour ce qui concerne plus spécialement les pèlerins Russes qui +visitent chaque année les lieux saintes, la sublime Porte serait invitée +à prescrire à ces officiers civils et militaires de leur accorder toute +protection et assistance. Et afin que ces voyageurs, étrangers pour la +plupart aux usages et à la langue du pays, ne soient exposés à des +avanies ou à des retards dans l'accomplissement de leurs v[oe]ux, le +consul de S.M. Impériale résidant à Jaffa aura l'autorisation +d'accompagner, toutes les fois qu'il le jugera nécessaire, la caravane +des pèlerins de sa nation et de veiller sur eux pendant le tems de leur +séjour à Jérusalem. + +10. Les religieux de la plupart des nations chrétiennes possèdent à +Jérusalem des établissements pieux où ils se réunissent, soit pour y +demeurer, soit pour y célébrer les cérémonies de leur rit dans leur +propre langue. + +Les ecclésiastiques Russes sont seuls privés de cet avantage, et doivent +par conséquent recourir, toutes les fois qu'ils visitent la terre +sainte, à l'hospitalité et à l'assistance spirituelle de leurs +co-religionaires les ecclésiastiques Grecs. Il serait de toute justice +que la Porte autorisât le Patriarche d'assigner une des églises ou +monastères de la ville à l'usage exclusif du clergé et des pèlerins +Russes, et que les autorités civiles et militaires du pays eussent +l'ordre précis de reconnaître et de respecter cet établissement, comme +étant placé sous la protection spéciale de la Russie et sur le +surveillance de son Consul. + + * * * * * + +_Memorandum delivered by the Austrian Government to the Prussian +Government in October 1840._ + +Les succès obtenus en Syrie qui ont amené la soumission de Méhémet Ali +et la détermination de Sa Hautesse de la faire suivre par l'investiture +du Pacha d'Egypte du Gouvernement héréditaire de cette Province viennent +de mettre au grand jour le résultat vers lequel tendaient les +transactions de Londres, dictées par les v[oe]ux uniformes des +Puissances Chrétiennes, d'assurer la paix politique de l'Europe par le +maintien de l'indépendance et de l'intégrité de l'Empire Ottoman qui +devait ressortir du règlement définitif des rapports entre la Sublime +Porte et le Gouvernement de l'Egypte. La Syrie qui avait été placée +pendant quelque tems sous la domination de ce dernier et avait offert +aux étrangers une sécurité analogue à celle qu'ils trouvaient en Egypte, +pendant que la population indigène Syrienne se voyant assimilée à celle +de cette province et menacée de perdre toutes les conditions d'un état +social tout différent et basé sur des lois positives, des transactions +historiques et des habitudes gouvernementales garantissant la propriété, +la liberté du commerce, &c., &c.; la Syrie rentrée maintenant par les +succès des armées du Sultan et de ses alliés sous la domination du Grand +Seigneur, réclame les soins les plus assidus du Gouvernement Ottoman, +afin d'ôter tout prétexte raisonnable à ceux qui voudraient déverser un +blâme sur les résultats obtenus en 1840, en alléguant que la condition +de cette Province intéressante, aurait empiré à leur suite. + +Les Puissances qui ont prêté leurs conseils et leurs secours à S.H. dans +le but invariable d'assurer l'indépendance de son pouvoir et l'intégrité +de son Empire contre les usurpations d'un sujet rebelle, doivent +abandonner maintenant au Sultan le soin de faire participer ses sujets +en Syrie aux bienveillantes dispositions pour ses peuples, énoncées dès +le commencement de son règne par le Hat de Gulhané; et si leurs conseils +doivent tendre à hâter leur réalisation, elles auront dans les voies +d'une sage politique, à en surveiller l'exécution. + +Mais le fait même, nouveau dans l'histoire, du secours porté par des +Puissances Chrétiennes au Grand Seigneur contre un sujet rebelle, auquel +l'opinion publique attribuait le mérite d'avoir procuré, dans les pays +soumis à sa domination de fait, aux Chrétiens tant indigènes +qu'étrangers plus de sécurité pour leurs personnes et une plus grande +tolérance que celles qu'ils y trouvaient auparavant, impose à ces +Puissances comme devoir de conscience de peser mûrement les moyens pour +épargner tant au Grand Seigneur, leur allié, qu'à Elles-mêmes, le blâme +qui pourrait ressortir pour Elles, si la condition des Chrétiens en +Syrie allait se présenter sous un jour moins favorable, à la suite de la +réintégration de cette Province sous la domination directe du Grand +Seigneur. C'est pour obvier à cette fâcheuse éventualité que le Cabinet +Impérial soumet à ses Alliés les considérations suivantes: + +Les Chrétiens en Syrie sont ou fixés dans le pays, ou ils y résident +temporairement. Les premiers constitués en corps de nations, comme +Maronites, Arméniens, &c., &c., jouissent d'une existence politique +découlant de capitulations, traités, privilèges, &c., &c., et se +trouvent sous des Chefs ressortant de ces derniers; la Sublime Porte +vient d'énoncer sa ferme volonté de donner à cet état de choses, les +développements et la fixité qu'il réclame et pour lequel ces Populations +ont acquis un nouveau titre à la suite du dévouement qu'elles viennent +de montrer pour rentrer sous la domination légitime. + +Une autre partie de la population sédentaire Chrétienne est répandue +dans le reste du pays, soumise aux lois générales et protégée par le Hat +de Gulhané. Elle ne saurait demander que la stricte observation de ces +dispositions par les autorités locales, et toute la tendance du +Gouvernement Ottoman est là pour la leur assurer dans l'avenir. + +La population Chrétienne transitoire se compose en partie de ceux qui y +arrivent comme étrangers pour leurs affaires de commerce, les traités +existant avec les différentes Puissances et la protection consulaire +assurent leur condition. Mais la Syrie renferme les lieux que l'origine +de la Religion Chrétienne a sanctifiés pour toujours et où la piété des +fidèles a établi de nombreuses fondations et qui ont attiré de tous tems +de nombreux pèlerins; ces fondations et ces pèlerins ont joui depuis +l'occupation Mahométane de nombreux privilèges, qui, à partir de 1059 +jusqu'en 1803, se sont succédés et dont l'effet n'a pu être suspendu ou +contrarié que par le fait des autorités locales Musulmanes, qui, au lieu +de se conformer aux dispositions souveraines et à l'esprit de la +législation et du centre, gardiennes de la foi jurée, et favorables à +une tolérance conforme aux principes du Coran et à un Gouvernement +éclairé, se sont laissées égarer par un esprit de lucre et de +partialité. + +Il paraît donc que l'action tutélaire _du centre du Gouvernement_, qui +doit vouloir le maintien des concessions faites, des privilèges donnés, +&c., &c., a manqué jusqu'ici d'organes propres pour obvier à ces abus, +et que le but spécial, dont ils sont l'objet, la protection des lieux +saints et des pèlerins de toute la Chrétienté qui vont les visiter, ne +saurait être atteint, tant qu'il ne formerait qu'une des attributions +des administrations ordinaires; ne serait-ce pas ici le cas pour que la +Porte se décidât à nommer _un employé spécial_, afin d'assurer le +maintien des anciens privilèges et l'exécution des dispositions du Hat +de Gulhané à l'égard des lieux saints, et les Chrétiens qui forment la +population sédentaire et mouvante Chrétienne de ces lieux? + +Cet employé d'un rang assez élevé pour assurer sa position et garantir +les attributions de sa place vis-à -vis l'autorité du Pacha revêtu du +Gouvernement civil et militaire, cet employé chargé directement de tout +ce qui aurait rapport aux lieux saints et aux pèlerins et mis en contact +avec les représentans des Gouvernemens Chrétiens nommés ad hoc, qui, +sous la dénomination de _Procureurs_, auraient à soutenir les droits de +leurs nationaux sous le point de vue confessionnel; cet employé placé +pour sa personne en rapport direct avec le centre du Gouvernement à +Constantinople, ne recevant d'ordres que de là où toute réclamation +possible contre lui et tout appel en dernière instance s'adresserait +également par les organes diplomatiques des Puissances Chrétiennes, +répondrait à un besoin qu'il est facile de pressentir dès ce jour, et +dont l'expérience démontrera ou l'utilité, s'il est nommé à tems, ou la +nécessité si l'on tarde à y pourvoir. + +Il ne s'agit pas de faire du nouveau pour le fond; il s'agit de +maintenir des privilèges, et de régulariser de nouveau ce qui a existé +et ce qui est tombé en désuétude dans le cours des siècles. Le pèlerin +religieux est respectable aux yeux du croyant, le gardien des lieux +saints ne l'est pas moins, le Gouvernement central et l'esprit religieux +du peuple le reconnaissent et le sentent également; ce n'est que les +abus des passions et des positions subalternes qui ont fait et qui font +le mal et auxquels il s'agit d'opposer la digue d'une entente entre les +Puissances et la Porte qui aurait pour objet de régulariser l'action +d'une autorité bien organisée dépendant directement du centre de +l'Empire, autorité qui ne saurait avoir un autre intérêt que celui de +répondre au but de son institution. + +(F.O. Docs. 64/235.) + + * * * * * + +_Lord Clanricarde to Lord Palmerston (Extract)._ + +ST. PETERSBURG, + +_February 23, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--...The memorandum of Prince Metternich, suggesting the +establishment of a Turkish Commissioner in the Holy Land, for the +protection of Christian Pilgrims, and Travellers, and proposing a joint, +or simultaneous application from the European Powers to the Porte, in +which France might take a part, and thus be drawn out of her isolated +position, has been coldly received by the Russian Government. Count +Nesselrode said it did not appear to him a necessary or desirable +measure, and that the Consuls in Syria were adequate to protect the +Europeans, whom Commerce, piety, or curiosity might attract to that +Country.... + +The Emperor and his Ministers seem to think that age, and a great sense +of the responsibility that is upon him, have of late much increased +Prince Metternich's natural caution and timidity. + +I have the Honour to be with the Highest Respect, My Lord, + +Your Lordship's most obedient Humble Servant, + +CLANRICARDE. + +THE VISCOUNT PALMERSTON, G.C.B. + +(F.O. Docs. 63/271.) + + + * * * * * + +_Mémoire of the King of Prussia dated February 24, 1841, delivered to +Lord Palmerston by Baron Bülow._ + +Les événements importants qui viennent de s'accomplir en Orient, ont +replacé sous l'autorité souveraine du Sultan la Palestine et y ont +rétabli l'état politique qui existait avant l'occupation de Méhémet Ali. +Ce n'est pas par ses propres moyens que le Sultan a réussi à expulser +son vassal rebelle de cette contrée, berceau du christianisme et cher à +toutes les communions de la grande Eglise chrétienne. Le chef de la +religion musulmane doit ce succès à un Traité que quatre des Puissances +chrétiennes ont conclu avec lui et qui a reçu son exécution par la +valeur chevaleresque de militaires chrétiens. Plus le noble +désintéressement des Puissances qui ont porté secours à l'Empereur des +Ottomans, leur fournit des titres à sa reconnaissance moins il peut être +douteux que ces mêmes Puissances sont pleinement en droit de réclamer de +ce souverain des concessions dans un but purement spirituel et +uniquement destinées à relever l'exercice du culte chrétien de la triste +condition où il se trouve dans la contrée même qui l'a vu naître. + +Le Roi, notre auguste maître, a saisi cette idée. Profondément attaché à +ses convictions religieuses et pénétré de ses devoirs comme Prince +chrétien, Sa Majesté se reconnaît dans le concours de la Prusse aux +stipulations du 15 Juillet 1839 un droit et se sent la vocation de +signaler à l'attention des autres Puissances chrétiennes l'opportunité +du moment actuel et les précieuses facilités qu'il offre, pour obtenir +du Grand-Seigneur l'amélioration du sort des chrétiens qui habitent la +Terre sainte, l'affranchissement de leur culte et l'établissement +d'institutions qui garantissent à l'avenir aux Chrétiens de toutes les +confessions le libre accès des lieux, objets de leur vénération et +témoins des événemens sur lesquels repose l'espérance de leur salut +éternel. + +Sa Majesté est persuadée que les autres Souverains partageront les +sentiments qu'Elle professe Elle-même. D'ailleurs il est incontestable +que depuis une demi-siècle, les esprits les plus élevés ont déjà plaidé +la cause que le Roi, notre auguste maître, recommande à la sollicitude +des grandes Cours Européennes. Il serait superflu de citer des noms, +mais le nombre et la qualité des voyageurs de toutes les nations et de +toutes les confessions chrétiennes, qui affluent à Jérusalem, attestent +déjà que la Chrétienté prend toujours un vif intérêt aux lieux saints et +que cet intérêt, loin de se refroidir, se ravive avec le progrès que +l'esprit religieux fait en Europe. + +En comptant avec une entière assurance sur les sympathies de SS.MM. +l'Empereur d'Autriche, de Russie et de la Reine de la Grande Bretagne +pour les v[oe]ux qu'il forme à ce sujet, le Roi, notre auguste maître, +Leur fait proposer de faire valoir auprès de la Porte Ottomane les +immenses services qu'elles viennent de lui rendre, pour l'engager à +conclure avec les grandes Puissances Européennes un arrangement qui +place les villes saintes de Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth, sauf les +droits de souveraineté du Sultan, sous la protection commune de ces +Puissances. + +D'après les idées de Sa Majesté l'arrangement à conclure porterait que + +1. Les populations chrétiennes des dites villes, les églises, couvents, +hospitaux qui en dépendent, ainsi que les pèlerins, les savants, les +artistes, les artisans chrétiens, &c., &c., qui y feraient un séjour +passager, obtiendraient des immunités et des franchises telles que +l'intervention des autorités turques dans leur administration intérieure +fût exclue. Ces immunités et franchises seraient cependant accordées +sans préjudice des droits de Souveraineté du Sultan. + +2. Les habitans chrétiens des dites villes cesseraient d'appartenir à la +catégorie de Rayahs; ils seraient à l'avenir _exclusivement_ +justiciables, quant à leur personnes et quant à leur propriétés, des +Résidents des cinq grandes Puissances Européennes, de manière que leurs +obligations envers la Porte se réduiraient à un tribut dont le montant +annuel serait acquitté par la communauté (non par les individus). + +3. Le propriété des lieux saints à Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth +passerait aux cinq grandes Puissances chrétiennes et ferait l'objet d'un +arrangement spécial à conclure avec ceux qui se trouvent maintenant en +possession de ces localités. + +4. Les chrétiens habitant soit pour toujours soit temporairement les +villes saintes, se formeraient d'après les différentes confessions, en +autant de corps spéciaux, catholiques-romains, grecs, évangéliques. Les +Arméniens et les Syriens se joindraient au premier ou au second de ces +corps, selon leur rit actuel. Chacun de ces corps serait considéré comme +une communauté spéciale légalement constituée. Toutes les communautés +jouiraient de droits fixés d'avance à l'égard des lieux saints; la +communauté évangélique serait autorisée à établir un culte selon ses +rits, à fonder un hospital, &c., &c. Les Chrétiens de cette confession +seraient admis à faire leur dévotion dans l'église du St. Sépulcre et +dans la Basilique de Bethléhem, dont les parties seraient spécialement +destinées à leur usage. + +5. La direction des communautés serait confiée à trois Résidents. Celui +de la communauté catholique serait à la nomination de l'Autriche et de +la France, la Russie nommerait le Résident pour la communauté grecque; +la Grande Bretagne et la Prusse celui des protestants. Chaque Puissance +qui nommerait un résident, mettrait à sa disposition un garde de 60 +soldats. La formation de ses gardes ferait l'objet d'une stipulation +ultérieure. + +On choisirait quelques points pour les fortifier autant qu'il le +faudrait, pour les mettre à l'abri d'une incursion subite de hordes +arabes et pour que les communautés chrétiennes pussent s'en servir pour +mettre en sûreté les vases sacrés précieux et leurs propriétés en +général. + +L'ancienne place du temple et la mosquée d'Omar resteraient dans tous +les cas aux Turcs. + +On pourrait encore soumettre à une délibération commune, si les cinq +Puissances ne stipuleraient pas également en faveur des Juifs domiciliés +à Jérusalem et de ceux qui s'y rendent en pèlerinage, des immunités +analogues à celles à obtenir pour les Chrétiens. + + * * * * * + +_Covering Letter from Baron Bülow to Lord Palmerston, March 6, 1841 +(Extract)._ + +...Il faudra donc faire obtenir aux membres de l'église évangélique +(sans distinction des communions spéciales qui la composent) la +propriété exclusive d'une place distincte près du St. Sépulcre de +Jérusalem et dans l'église du même nom pour y faire leurs prières et +pour y célébrer leur culte. Cette place serait mise sous la protection +spéciale des deux Puissances qui en garantiraient la possession paisible +à la communauté protestante. Il s'agira aussi d'acquérir pour cette +communauté le mont Sion afin d'y bâtir un hospice pour tous ceux qui +visiteront ces contrés par des motifs religieux ou scientifiques, +d'établir des presbytères et des hospitaux, de fonder des écoles pour +les enfans de la population protestante (peut-être aussi pour les enfans +juifs), enfin de construire des ouvrages de fortification dont la faible +garnison, mentionnée dans le mémoire, aura besoin pour se défendre.... + +(F.O. Docs., 64/235.) + + * * * * * + +_Lord Beauvale to Lord Palmerston._ + +VIENNA, _March 2nd, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--The King of Prussia has sent His Minister at this Court a +proposition for regulating the position of the Christians in Syria, +which, if it were acted upon, would in Prince Metternich's opinion throw +that Country into inextricable confusion. His Highness transmitted a few +days back a memorandum on the subject to London which He persists in +regarding as establishing the only advantageous mode of treating the +question, and as He purposes drawing up a statement of his objections to +the Prussian proposition, He earnestly entreats that no acquiescence may +be given to any part of it on behalf of the British Government until +those objections have been submitted to Your Lordship. + +I have the honor to be with the greatest respect, My Lord, + +Your Lordship's Most Obedient Humble Servant, + +BEAUVALE. + +THE VISCOUNT PALMERSTON, G.C.B. + +(F.O. Docs., 7/298.) + + + * * * * * + +_Lord Palmerston to Lord Beauvale, (Draft)._ + +F.O., _March 11th, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--With reference to Your Excellency's despatch No. 38 of the 2nd +instant reporting Prince Metternich's objections to the Prussian scheme +for regulating the position of the Christians in Syria, I have to inform +Your Excellency that H.M.'s Government agree very much with Prince +Metternich's as to that scheme. + +P. + +(F.O. Docs. 1/296.) + + * * * * * + +_Memorandum of Austrian Government delivered to Lord Palmerston by +Prince Esterhazy, March 31, 1841._ + +Sur le Mémorandum du 3 Février[141] et le mémoire Prussien, relativement +à la protection des Chrétiens en Syrie. + +La différence entre le mémorandum du 3 fév. et le mémoire prussien +consiste en ce que le premier fournit un moyen pratique pour _porter +remède_ au mal existant, sans entreprendre une reforme dangereuse, +tandis que l'autre tend à introduire _un nouvel ordre de choses_ en +faveur de la représentation de l'Église évangélique, par des moyens +inexécutables. + +_Le travail du 3 fevr._ se base sur la vérité, que ni les populations +chrétiennes sédentaires et mouvantes, ni les couvens des trois +confessions, catholique, grecque et arménienne, n'ont jamais eu à se +plaindre d'un manque de tolérance musulmane. C'est un témoignage +irrécusable qu'on peut recueillir sur les lieux auprès de ceux même qui +y sont les plus intéressés. + +Des firmans sans nombre, relatifs à des privilèges et à la donation de +lieux saints aux environs de Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth se +trouvent déposés aux archives des différens couvens, et s'ils n'ont +point été mis en exécution et forment le sujet de disputes continuelles +entre les trois confessions, la faute n'en est pas au Gouvernement Turc, +mais uniquement _à la vénalité_ des Musselims, comme autorités locales. + +L'exécution des firmans toujours mise arbitrairement à un prix très +élevé est devenu de la part des Musselims une spéculation financière. + +La désunion regrettable qui règne entre les confessions, ou comme on les +appelle sur les lieux, les trois nations, exploite cette corruptibilité, +tantôt pour suspendre l'exécution d'un firman jalousé, tantôt pour +obtenir moyennant l'intervention du Musselim un second firman annullant +le premier, ce qui a surtout lieu, lorsqu'il s'agit de la donation d'un +lieu saint. En pareil cas la confession la plus offrante est sûre +d'atteindre son but et rien n'est plus à désirer que _la punition sévère +du trafic illicite et honteux_, qui se pratique avec les firmans et +l'irrévocabilité _de ceux une fois émanés_. + +C'est donc en parfaite connoissance du véritable siége du mal, que le +mémorandum du 3 février _a cherché le remède dans le renfort de l'action +tutélaire du Gouv. par un employé sultanique spécial d'un rang assez +élevé pour être placé à côté des Musselims; employé qui serait chargé +directement de tout ce qui aurait rapport aux lieux saints et aux +pèlerins--qui serait mis en contact avec les Représentans des +Gouvernement Chrétiens nommés ad hoc, sous la dénomination de procureurs +et qui ne recevrait d'ordres que de Constantinople où les plaintes +élevées contre lui seraient portées à la connoissance du Gouvernement +dans la voie diplomatique_. + +_Le mémoire prussien_ tendant à établir sur les lieux une représentation +de l'église évangélique et sa participation aux fondations existantes, +suscite une question _toute nouvelle_, dont la portée n'est pas à +calculer. + +Sans considérer l'opposition de Rome, du St. Synode de St. Pétersbourg, +et du Patriarchat grec à Constantinople le mémoire suggère des moyens +qui, loin de porter remède au mal existant, feraient naître des +nouvelles complications et accroître la désunion parmi les confessions +chrétiennes. Ce regrettable résultat serait surtout amené par les points +suivans du mémoire prussien: + +A. _La propriété des lieux saints à Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth +passerait aux cinq grandes Puissances._ + +Mais cette propriété est aux différentes confessions, qui déjà jalouses +de la partager entre _trois_, ne voudraient certainement pas faire une +cession de droits acquis, en faveur d'une _quatrième prétendant_. + +B. _Les Chrétiens évangéliques auraient dans l'église du St. Sépulcre à +Jérusalem et dans celle de Bethléhem des parties spécialement destinées +à leur usage._ + +Mais dans ces deux églises chaque pouce de terrain est disputé par les +trois confessions. Toute la Basilique de Bethléhem fut adjugée, il y a +80 ans, aux Grecs; en vertu d'un firman obtenu par des sommes +considérables, eux et les Arméniens possèdent _seuls_ la propriété de la +Grotte de la Nativité; les moins franciscains n'osent point y dire la +messe, et il n'y a que l'autel de la Ste. Crèche qui appartienne à ces +derniers. Dans le temple de Jérusalem existent les mêmes subdivisions +exclusives. Chaque chapelle forme pour ainsi dire une monopole; celle du +Calvaire est partagée en deux--l'autel des Grecs occupant la place de +l'exaltation de la croix, celui des Catholiques celle du crucifiement. +Comment faire entrer une quatrième confession dans un partage déjà si +contesté? La répartition toute faite de localités dont la propriété est +aussi hautement appréciée par la confession qui la possède qu'enviée par +la confession qui voudrait l'usurper, s'opposerait du reste à une +pareille entreprise. + +C. _Chaque Puissance, qui nommerait un résident, mettrait à sa +disposition 60 soldats._ + +A part d'autres considérations qui rendent ce moyen inadmissible, il +fournirait des armes à une guerre de religion en petit qui, vu les +élémens de jalousie et de discorde déjà existans, ne manquerait pas +d'éclater. + +(F.O. Docs. 7/302.) + + * * * * * + +BRITISH JEWS AND PALESTINE, 1841-1843. + +_Colonel Churchill to Sir Moses Montefiore._ + +_June 14th, 1841._ + +MY DEAR SIR MOSES,--I have not yet had the pleasure of hearing from you, +but I would fain hope that my letters have reached you safe. + +I enclose you a petition which has been drawn by the Brothers Harari, in +which they state their claims and their earnest desire to be immediately +under British protection. I am sorry to say that such a measure is much +required even now, not only for them, but also for all the Jews in +Damascus. + +They are still liable to persecutions similar to those from which, +through your active and generous intervention, they have so lately +escaped. The Christians still regard them with malevolence, and the +statement in the petition enclosed is perfectly correct. + +I cannot conceal from you my most anxious desire to see your countrymen +endeavour once more to resume their existence as a people. I consider +the object to be perfectly attainable. But, two things are indispensably +necessary. Firstly, that the Jews will themselves take up the matter +universally and unanimously. Secondly, that the European Powers will aid +them in their views. It is for the Jews to make a commencement. Let the +principal persons of their community place themselves at the head of the +movement. Let them meet, concert and petition. In fact the agitation +must be simultaneous throughout Europe. There is no Government which can +possibly take offence at such public meetings. The result would be that +you would conjure up a new element in Eastern diplomacy--an element +which under such auspices as those of the wealthy and influential +members of the Jewish community could not fail not only of attracting +great attention and of exciting extraordinary interest, but also of +producing great events. + +Were the resources which you all possess steadily directed towards the +regeneration of Syria and Palestine, there cannot be a doubt but that, +under the blessing of the Most High, those countries would amply repay +the undertaking, and that you would end by obtaining the sovereignty of +at least Palestine. That the present attempt to prop up the Turkish +Empire as at present constituted is a miserable failure, we who see +what is going on around us must at once acknowledge. What turn events +will take no one can possibly tell, but of this I am perfectly certain +that these countries must be rescued from the grasp of ignorant and +fanatical rulers, that the march of civilisation _must_ progress, and +its various elements of commercial prosperity _must_ be developed. It is +needless to observe that such will never be the case under the +blundering and decrepit despotism of the Turks or the Egyptians. Syria +and Palestine, in a word, must be taken under European protection and +governed in the sense and according to the spirit of European +administration. It must ultimately come to this. What a great advantage +it would be, nay, how indispensably necessary, when at length the +Eastern Question comes to be argued and debated with this new ray of +light thrown around it, for the Jews to be ready and prepared to say: +"Behold us here all waiting, burning to return to that land which you +seek to remould and regenerate. Already we feel ourselves a people. The +sentiment has gone forth amongst us and has been agitated and has become +to us a second nature; that Palestine demands back again her sons. We +only ask a summons from these Powers on whose counsels the fate of the +East depends to enter upon the glorious task of rescuing our beloved +country from the withering influence of centuries of desolation and of +crowning her plains and valleys and mountain-tops once more, with all +the beauty and freshness and abundance of her pristine greatness." I say +it is for the Jews to be ready against such a crisis in diplomacy. I +therefore would strenuously urge this subject upon your calm +consideration, upon the consideration of those who, by their position +and influence amongst you are most likely to take the lead in such a +glorious struggle for national existence. I had once intended to have +addressed the Jews here in their Synagogue upon the subject, but I have +reflected that such a proceeding might have awakened the jealousy of the +local Government. I have, however, prepared a rough petition which will +be signed by all the Jews here and in other parts of Syria, and which I +shall then forward to you. Probably two or three months will elapse +first. There are many considerations to be weighed and examined as the +question develops itself--but a _beginning_ must be made--a resolution +must be taken, _an agitation must be commenced_, and where the stake is +"Country and Home" where is the heart that will not leap and bound to +the appeal? + +I am the Resident Officer at Damascus until further order. + +Believe me to be, Dear Sir Moses, + +Yours very faithfully, + +CHAS. H. CHURCHILL. + +Before closing my letter, I cannot avoid offering one or two further +considerations. + +Supposing that you and your colleagues should at once and earnestly +interest yourselves upon this important subject of the recovery of your +ancient country, it appears to me (forming my opinions upon the present +attitude of affairs in the Turkish Empire) that it could only be as +subjects of the Porte that you could commence to regain a footing in +Palestine. Your first object would be to interest the Five Great Powers +in your views and to get them to advocate your view with the Sultan upon +the clear understanding that the Jews, if permitted to colonise any part +of Syria and Palestine, should be under the protection of the Great +Powers, that they should have the internal regulation of their own +affairs, that they should be exempt from military service (except on +their own account as a measure of defence against the incursions of the +Bedouin Arabs), and that they should only be called upon to pay a +tribute to the Porte on the usual mode of taxation. + +No doubt, such an undertaking will require _Patriotism_ in the fullest +sense of the word, energy and great perseverance. It will require large +capital at the outset, but with good prospect of remuneration, returned +after the lapse of a few years. + +In all enterprises men must be prepared to make great sacrifices, +whether of time, health or resources. To reflect calmly before +commencing an undertaking and once begun to carry it through, +vanquishing, surmounting, triumphing over every obstacle, this is worthy +of man's existence and carries with it its own reward, if the judgment +is sound, the head clear and the heart honest. I humbly venture to give +my opinion upon a subject, which no doubt has already occupied your +thought--and the bare mention of which, I know, makes every Jewish heart +vibrate. The only question is--_when_ and _how_. + +The blessing of the Most High must be invoked on the endeavour. +Political events seem to warrant the conclusion that the hour is nigh at +hand when the Jewish people may justly and with every reasonable +prospect of success put their hands to the glorious work of National +Regeneration. If you think otherwise I shall bend at once to your +decision, only begging you to appreciate my motive, which is simply an +ardent desire for the welfare and prosperity of a people to whom we all +owe our possession of those blessed truths which direct our minds with +unerring faith to the enjoyment of another and better world.--C. H. C. + +I will keep you "au fait" of all that passes in this country if you wish +it. + + * * * * * + +_15th August, 1842._ + +MY DEAR SIR MOSES,--I have delayed until now sending to you a written +statement of my proposition regarding the Jews of Syria and Palestine +partly because I knew you were absent last week from England and partly +because I wished to keep the document by me for a few days previous to +committing it finally to your care. The subject, I am sure, must in your +eyes appear most worthy of consideration, and I trust that when you have +perused my paper and matured the contents in your mind, you will come to +such a decision as will induce you to give my proposition your warmest +support. It appears to me that it might with advantage be brought under +the notice of the Jews on the Continent, and if this be your opinion, +perhaps you could get my paper, which, as you will perceive, I have +drawn up in the shape of an "address," translated into German and +forwarded to your friends in Prussia and Germany. I do sincerely believe +that were the Jews as a body, both in England and on the Continent of +Europe, to so arrange as to present a joint application to the British +Government in the sense I propose, they would have reason to rejoice +hereafter that they had taken such a step. + +I have nothing more to add, as my Document, which I enclose, will +express to you all I can say upon the subject. + +The only question that remains for your personal consideration is +whether you possess the power of having the proposition laid before the +leading Jews, abroad as well as in England for their deliberate +judgment. + +May I beg you to present my kind regards to Lady Montefiore, and believe +me to be, + +Dear Sir Moses, + +Yours most sincerely, + +CHAS. H. CHURCHILL. + + * * * * * + +_Proposal of Colonel Churchill (Extract)._ + +Human efforts preceded by prayer and undertaken in faith the whole +history of your nation shows to be almost invariably blessed. If such +then be your conviction it remains for you to consider whether you may +not in all humility, but with earnest sincerity and confiding hope +direct your most strenuous attention towards the land of your Fathers +with the view of doing all in your power to ameliorate the conditions of +your brethren now residing there and with heartfelt aspiration of being +approved by Almighty God whilst you endeavour as much as in you lies to +render that Land once more a refuge and resting-place to such of your +brethren scattered throughout the world as may resort to it. + +Hundreds and thousands of your countrymen would strain every effort to +accomplish the means of living amidst those scenes rendered sacred by +ancient recollections, and which they regard with filial affection, but +the dread of the insecurity of life and property which has rested so +long upon the soil of "Judea" has hitherto been a bar to the +accomplishment of their natural desire. + +My proposition is that the Jews of England conjointly with their +brethren on the Continent of Europe should make an application to the +British Government through the Earl of Aberdeen to accredit and send out +a fit and proper person to reside in Syria for the sole and express +purpose of superintending and watching over the interests of the Jews +residing in that country. The duties and powers of such a public officer +to be a matter of arrangement between the Secretary of State for Foreign +Affairs and the Committee of Jews conducting the negotiations. It is, I +hope, superfluous for me to enlarge upon the incalculable benefit which +would accrue to your nation at large were such an important measure to +be accomplished, or to allude more than briefly to the spirit of +confidence and revival which would be excited in the breasts of your +fellow-countrymen all over the world were they to be held and +acknowledged agents for the Jewish people resident in Syria and +Palestine under the auspices and sanction of Great Britain.... + +..."God has put into my heart the desire to serve His ancient people. +...I have discharged a duty imposed on me by my conscience."... + + * * * * * + +_Resolution of the Board of Deputies of British Jews._ + +_November 8th, 1842._ + +That the President be requested to reply to Colonel Churchill to the +effect that this Board, being appointed for the fulfilment of special +duties and deriving its pecuniary resources from the contributions to +the several congregations it represents, is precluded from originating +any measures for carrying out the benevolent views of Colonel Churchill +respecting the Jews of Syria, that this Board is fully convinced that +much good would arise from the realisation of Colonel Churchill's +intentions, but is of opinion that any measures in reference to this +subject should emanate from the general body of the Jews throughout +Europe, and that this Board doubts not that if the Jews of other +countries entertain the proposition those of Great Britain would be +ready and desirous to contribute towards it their most zealous support. + + * * * * * + +_Colonel Churchill to the Secretary of the Board of Deputies._ + +BEYROUT, _Jany._ 8_th_, 1843. + +SIR,--I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the official +Communication which the Board of Deputies of British Jews has been +pleased to address to me. + +It affords me the greatest gratification to learn that the British Jews +would zealously co-operate with the general body of their countrymen in +endeavouring to procure the permanent amelioration of the condition of +Jews in Syria and Palestine. + +I humbly venture to express a hope that the Board of Deputies will still +continue to entertain this subject, and that it will not think it +inexpedient to endeavour to ascertain the feelings and wishes of the +Jews in the rest of Europe on a question so interesting and important, +one in which is necessarily involved that of the prospective +regeneration of their long-suffering and afflicted country. + +I beg leave to offer my best thanks and warmest acknowledgements to the +Board of Deputies for the kind manner in which it has been pleased to +receive my previous communication, and to assure it that my services are +ever at its command. + +I have the honour to be, &c., + +CHAS. CHURCHILL. + +(Minute-Books of Board of Deputies, 1841-43.) + + * * * * * + +THE ENTENTE POWERS AND PALESTINE, 1917. + +_Extract from Agreement between Great Britain, France and Russia, dated +February 21, 1917._ + +"5.... With a view to securing the religious interests of the Entente +Powers, Palestine, with the Holy Places, is separated from Turkish +territory and subjected to a special régime to be determined by +agreement between Russia, France and England." + +(_Manchester Guardian_, January 19, 1918.) + + * * * * * + +GREAT BRITAIN AND ZIONISM, 1917. + +_Mr. Balfour to Lord Rothschild._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_November 2nd, 1917_. + +DEAR LORD ROTHSCHILD,--I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on +behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of +sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, +and approved by, the Cabinet:-- + +"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in +Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their +best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being +clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the +civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in +Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any +other country." + +I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the +knowledge of the Zionist Federation. + +Yours sincerely, + +ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR. + +(_Times_, November 9, 1917.) + + + * * * * * + + + + +APPENDIX. + +INTERNATIONAL ANTI-SEMITISM IN 1498. + + +The earliest appearance of the Jewish Question in international European +politics--or rather the earliest reference to it in the British State +Papers--happened in 1498, shortly after the great expulsion of the Jews +from Spain. In that year Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain sent a mission +to England on business connected with Prince Arthur's marriage. The +mission was apparently instructed to deal with the Jewish Question. The +envoys expressed to the King their sorrow that, while Spain had been +purged of infidelity, Flanders and England were infested by that +scourge. Thereupon, according to a dispatch from the chief of the +mission, Henry VII, laying both hands on his breast, swore that he would +persecute without mercy any Jew or heretic that the King or Queen of +Spain might point out in his dominions. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +_De Carta del soprior de Santa Cruza Sus Alts. (Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz +to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 18, 1498). Extract._ + + * * * * * + +Acabada nuestra embasada hable al Rey de Inglaterra solo.... + +Al otro cabo que le dixe que en su Reyno y en Flandes estaban muchos +conversos de los Reynos de V.A. y algunos fuydos por miedo de la +Inquisicion y quan firmes V.A. estaban en su amistad y hermandad y que +los sobredichos siempre procuraban el contrario que le avisaban dello, +holgo mucho de tal avis y dixo la mano puesta en los pechos que por la +fe de su coraçon que no decia el de marranos mas del mejor de su Reyno +si contra lo que yo le decia algo le dixiese, no le oiria ni le ternia +por suyo, y que si S.A. le mandaien airsar si en su tierra hay algun +judio o herege que por la fe de su corazon et los castigaria bien. Fue +esta habla larga y por ser nuevo oficial abrevie, huelga mucho el Rey de +Inglaterra en fablar de la Princesa de Gales.... + +(Record Office: "Spanish Transcripts," Series I, vol. I, B. 205.) + + + * * * * * + + + + +INDEX. + + +Abdul Medjid, Sultan of Turkey, 96 + +Aberdeen, Earl of, 18, 123 + +Adler, Cyrus, 67, 70, 71 + +Agreement, Anglo-Prussian (1841), 106 + +Alexander I, Tsar, 12, 15 + +Alexander II, Tsar, 78 + +Alexander III, Tsar, 55 + +Alexander, Bishop, 106 + +Alexander, D. L., 51, 52, 54 + +Algeciras, Conference of (1906), 54, 88; + Protocols, 98-99 + +Allenby, General, 104 + +Alliance Israélite, 59, 60, 89 + +Almodovar del Rio, Duc de, 98 + +American-Jewish Committee, 89 + +American House of Representatives, Resolution, 79 + +American Senate, Resolution, 79-80 + +American-Swiss Treaty (1855), 74 + +"Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon," 103 + +Anarchists, 57 + +Ancona, Jews of, 63 + +Andrássy, Count, 30, 93 + +Anglo-French Entente, 56 + +Anglo-Jewish Association, 45, 51, 69, 89 + +Anglo-Moorish Treaty (1856), 78, 83, 87 + +Anglo-Prussian Agreement (1841), 106 + +Anglo-Russian Treaty (1859), 80 + +Anglo-Swiss Treaty (1855), 73 + +Anglo-Turkish Treaty (1809), 84 + +Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance, 57-62 + +Appleton, John, 75 + +Austria, 64, 65 + +Austrian Instruction (1815), 71 + +Austrian Jews, 7 + + +Balance of Power, The, 54 + +Balfour, Arthur James, 124, 125 + +Baltimore, Jews of, 74 + +Bartholomey, Mr., 77 + +Baruch, Jacob, 12 + +Baxter, Nadir, 101 + +Beaconsfield, Earl of, 30, 103 + +Beauvale, Lord, 106, 116, 117 + +Belgium and Holland, Union of, 2 + +Benchimol Family, 88, 89, 90, 91 + +Berlin, Congress of (1878), 23-36, 52 + +Berlin, Treaty of (1878), 24, 33 + +Bernhardt, "Handbook of Treaties, &c.," 74, 80, 83, 84, 87 + +Bernstorff, Count, 16 + +Bertie, Francis, 44, 45 + +Bethlehem, 105 + +Bismarck, Prince, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32 + +Bjoerkoe interview, 56, 62 + +Blaine, James G. (U.S. Secretary of State), 54, 70, 78 + +"Blue Laws," 77 + +Boerne, Ludwig, 12 + +Bohemia, Jews of, 7-11 + +Brisac, J., 66, 67, 68, 72, 73 + +Broglie, Duc de, 66 + +Brothers, Richard, 101 + +Bucharest Commission, 20 + +Bucharest, Treaty of (1913), 50 + +Bulgaria, 26, 33 + +Bülow, Baron, 105, 114, 116 + +Bund, Jewish, 57, 59 + +Bunsen, Baron, 106 + +Buzaglo, David, 89, 91 + +Canovas Del Castillo, Señor, 93, 94 + +Capitulations, 3, 4, 83, 100 + +Capodistrias, Count, 16 + +Carathéodory Pacha, 26, 27, 31, 32 + +Carlowitz, Treaty of (1699), 64, 71, 100 + +Cassini, Count, 99 + +Castlereagh, Viscount, 12, 13, 16 + +Catharine of Braganza, Queen, 6 + +Catherine of Russia, Empress, 76, 78 + +"Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France," 66 + +Charlemagne, Emperor, 3 + +Charles II, King of England, 6 + +Charles X, King of France, 65 + +Chevalier, Michel, 67 + +China, religious liberty in, 3 + +Choate, Joseph H., 44 + +Christendom, Peace of, 2 + +Christian Missions, protection of, 3 + +Christina, Queen of Sweden, 6 + +Churchill, Colonel, C. H., 103, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124 + +Circular Note to Great Powers, American (1902), 44 + +Clarendon, Earl of, 19, 67 + +Clanricarde, Marquis of, 113 + +Cobden, Richard, 67 + +Cohn, Albert, 19 + +Conferences:-- + Algeciras (1906), 54, 88 + Bucharest (1913), 45, 47, 48, 49 + Constantinople (1856), 20, 21, 23 + London (1830), 17, 52 + London (1912), 13, 45, 47 + Madrid (1880), 54, 88 + Ryswick (1697), 103 + St. Petersburg (1912-13), 45-47 + _See also_ Protocols and Treaties + +Congresses:-- + Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), 15, 16 + Berlin (1878), 23, 25-33, 36 + Paris (1856), 18-23 + Vienna (1815), 3, 12-15 + _See also_ Protocols and Treaties + +Consistoire Israélite, 66 + +Consular Protection, 4, 82-85, 86-88 + +Convention, Cyprus (1878), 107 + +Convention of Paris (1858), 20, 21, 23 + +Crémieux, Adolphe, 18, 102 + +Cromwell, Oliver, 4, 6, 102 + +Crowe, Sir Eyre, 51, 83 + +Cyprus, 103 + +Cyprus Convention (1878), 107 + + +Damascus, 120 + +Daudet, Ernest, 55 + +"Décade Philosophique et Littéraire," 104 + +De Card, "Les Traités entre la France et le Maroc," 88 + +Declaration on Palestine, British (1917), 124-5 + +De Launay, Count, 29, 32, 53 + +De Mello, Don Francisco Manuel, 6 + +Deschamps, Emile, 59 + +Despatch, American, to U.S. Minister at Athens (1902), 38 + +Desprez, M., 26, 32, 33 + +Dicey, Professor A. V., 5, 54 + +D'Israeli, "Genius of Judaism," 101 + +Dobrudja, 50 + +Dohm, C. W., 15 + + +Eastern Roumelia, 26, 79 + +Edict of Sultan of Morocco, 89, 92 + +El Arish, 104 + +Esterhazy, Prince, 117 + + +Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 126 + +Finch, Sir Henry, 100, 101 + +Finn, James, 86, 102; + "Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles," 85 + +Fogg, Mr., 75 + +Foreign Jews Protection Society, 64 + +Foster, J. W., 70 + +France, 65, 66 + +Franchi, Cardinal, 93 + +Franco-Moorish Règlement (1863), 88 + +Franco-Swiss Treaty (1827), 71 + +Franco-Swiss Treaty (1864), 73 + +Franks, Aaron, 7, 8, 9 + +Freemasons, 59, 60, 62 + +Fuller, "A Pisgah Sight of Palestine," 100 + + +George II, King of England, 7-9 + +German Jews, 12, 13 + +Goldsmid, Sir Julian, 82 + +Gortchacow, Prince, 28, 29, 30, 33 + +Graetz, "Geschichte der Juden," 103 + +Granville, Earl, 69; + despatch of, 81-82 + +Greece, Jews of, 17 + +Grey, Sir Edward, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 54, 69, 82 + +Grey, Viscount (_see_ Sir Edward) + +Guizot, 66, 105, 107 + + +Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey, M.P., 101 + +Hammond, J., 86 + +Hardenberg, Prince, 12, 13, 16 + +Haroun al-Rashid, Khalif, 3 + +Harrington, Lord, 11 + +Hart, Moses, 7, 8, 9 + +_Hatti-Humayoun_ (1856), 19-22 + +Hay, John (U.S. Secretary of State), 37, 38, 43, 44; + despatch on Rumania, 38-43 + +Hay, Sir John Drummond, 85, 88 + +Haymerle, Baron, 30 + +Henry VII, King of England, 126 + +Hervaille, 59 + +Herzl, Theodor, 104 + +"Histoire Diplomatique de l'Alliance Franco-Russe," 55 + +Holland, 7 + +Holland, Jews of, 2, 3 + +Holland, "The European Concert in the Eastern Question," 18, 21, 22 + +Holy Alliance, 12 + +Holy Roman Empire, 100 + +Hoskier, M., 55 + + +_Izviestia_, 56 + +Izvolsky, A., 56, 62 + + +Jackson, J. B. (U.S. Minister at Bucharest), 47 + +Jaffa, 85 + +James I, King of England, 101 + +Jerusalem, 101, 104, 108, 109, 115, 117 + +Jewish Board of Deputies, 12, 45, 47, 51, 69, 86, 89, 103, 123, 124 + +Jewish Bund, 57 + +Jewish Conjoint Committee, 24, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 69, 82, 83 + +"Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States," 37 + +Jewish Nationalism, 16 + +"Jews and the War," 24, 45 + +Jews in Bohemia, 7-11 + +Jews in Foreign Countries, Status of, 63-83 + +Jews in Morocco, 83-85, 87-99 + +Jews in Rumania, 28-48 + +Jews in Russia, 54 + +Jews in Russia, American Despatch, 76-78, 81-83 + +Jews in Switzerland, 72-73 + +"Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the U.S.," 70 + +Jews, National Restoration of, 100-125 + +Jews of Baltimore, 74 + +Joostens, Baron, 99 + + +Kamarowsky, 105, 106 + +Klüber, "Akten des Wiener Kongresses," 14 + +Kohler, Max, 37 + +Koutzo-Vlachs, 50 + +Lamsdorf, Count, 55, 56, 62 + +Lansdowne, Marquis of, 37, 38 + +Lassalle, Ferdinand, 59 + +"Legal Sufferings of Jews in Russia," 54 + +Lemoine, "Napoléon et les Juifs," 104 + +Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, Prince, 17 + +Leven, Narcisse, 24, 85 + +Lewisohn, Leon, 69, 81 + +Lieven, Count, 18 + +Loeb, Isidor, 24 + +Loewe, "Diaries of Sir Moses Montefiore," 89, 92 + +London, Treaty of (1840), 106 + +Louis Philippe, King of France, 66; + speech of (1835), 73 + +Ludolf, Count, 95 + + +Madrid, Conference of (1880), 54, 88; + Protocols, 90-98 + +Madrid, Treaty of (1880), 91 + +Maiorescu, Titu (Rumanian Prime Minister), 46, 47, 49, 50 + +Maria Theresa, Empress, 7-11 + +Marranos (or Crypto-Jews), 63, 64 + +Marx, Karl, 59 + +Mehemet Ali, 102 + +"Memorandum on the Grievances of British Subjects of the Jewish Faith," 69 + +"Memorandum on Treaty Rights of Jews of Rumania" (1908), 45 + +Memorandum (Palestine), Austrian (1840), 111-113; + (1841), 117-119 + +Memorandum (Palestine), Prussian (1841), 114-116 + +Memorandum (Palestine) of Russian Government (1840), 107-110 + +Menasseh ben Israel, 6 + +Mendes da Costa, Fernando, 6 + +Metternich, Prince, 12, 13, 16, 113, 116, 117, 118 + +Milan, Prince, 30 + +Mohammed Vargas, Cid, 96, 97 + +Moldavia, Jews in, 19, 21 + +Moldavians and Wallachians, 23 + +Montefiore, Claude G., 51, 52, 54 + +Montefiore, Joseph Meyer, 86 + +Montefiore, Lady, 122 + +Montefiore, Sir Moses, 18, 89, 95, 102, 103, 119, 121 + +Montenegro, 30, 33 + +Montmoren y Laval, 18 + +Moravia, Jews of, 7 + +Morocco, Jews of, 70 + +Morocco, Religious Liberty in, 89-99 + +Mount Athos, 31 + +Muley-el-Hassan, Sultan of Morocco, 97, 98 + + +Nahon, Moses, 89, 91 + +Napier, Lord, 81 + +Napoleon I, Emperor, 102, 104 + +Napoleon III, Emperor, 19 + +Nasi, Donna Gracia, 6, 63 + +Nasi, Don Joseph (_see_ Naxos, Duke of) + +"National Treatment," 65, 68 + +Nationality, Jewish, 64 + +Naxos, Duke of, 63 + +Nazareth, 105 + +Neapolitan prison horrors, 5 + +Nelidow, Actual Privy Councillor, 58 + +Nesselrode, Count, 16, 113 + +Nicholas II, Tsar, 56, 62 + +Nicolson, Sir Arthur, 98 + +"Nikky-Willy" correspondence, 55 + +Nina, Cardinal, 94 + + +Oliphant, Lawrence, 103 + +Omar, Mosque of, 116 + +Ottoman Empire, Jews in, 3, 4 + + +Palestine Declaration, British (1917), 124-125 + +Palestine, Jews in, 70 + +Palestine Question, 100-125 + +Palestine, Russian Jews in, 84, 85 + +Palestine, Secret Agreement (1917), 107, 124 + +Palestine Memorandum, Austrian (1840), 111-113; (1841), 117-119 + +Palestine Memorandum, Prussian (1841), 114-116 + +Palestine Memorandum, Russian (1840), 107-110 + +Palmerston, Viscount, 102, 105, 106, 113, 114, 116, 117 + +Paris, Convention of (1858), 23 + +Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718), 71, 100 + +Passport Question in Russia, 68 + +Paul IV, Pope, 63, 64 + +Paulli, Holger, 103 + +Peace of Christendom, 2 + +Peace of Westphalia, 2, 3, 6 + +Petition concerning Jews of Bohemia, 7-11 + +Piggott, Sir Francis, "Exterritoriality," 84 + +Pogroms, 62 + +Poland, Jews of, 6 + +Poland, Protestants of, 4 + +Ponsonby, Lord, 106 + +Pope, the, 93, 95 + +Portugal, Jews of, 6 + +Prince of Wales (Arthur), 126 + +Protocols:-- + Anti-Anarchist (1904), 56 + Algeciras Conference (1906), 98-99 + Conference of Bucharest (1913), 47 + Conference of Constantinople (1856), 20, 23 + Conference of London (1830), 17, 18 + Conference, Madrid (1880), 90-98 + Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), 16 + Congress of Berlin (1878), 25-33 + Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, 2, 3 + _See also_ Conferences, Congresses and Treaties + +Prussia, Jews of, 6 + +Prussia, King of, 114 + + +Radowitz, Herr von, 99 + +Règlement, Franco-Moorish (1863), 88 + +Religious Liberty, 1, 2, 3, 17, 20, 21 + +"Restoration of the Hebrews, The," 101 + +Revoil, M., 99 + +Richelieu, 16 + +Ristitch, 30 + +Robinson, Sir Thomas, 7, 9, 11 + +Roosevelt, Theodore, 37, 99 + +Rothschild, Sir Anthony de, 19 + +Rothschild, Baron James de, 19, 20 + +Rothschild, Baron Lionel de, 19 + +Rothschild, Leopold de, 13 + +Rothschild, Lord, 36, 37, 55, 56, 58 + +Rothschild, Lord (second), 124 + +Rothschild, Nathan, 13 + +Rumania, 24, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38, 48 + +Rumania and the Powers (1902), 36-45 + +Rumania, American Circular Note on, 44 + +Rumania, Identic Note to (1880), 35-36 + +Rumania, Jews of, 28 + +Rumanian Constitution, Art. VII, 34-35 + +Russell, Earl, 81, 86 (_see_ Russell, Lord John) + +Russell, Lord John, 68, 69, 70 + +Russia, Jews in, 54, 76-78, 81-83 + +"Russian Government and the Massacres," 54 + +Russian Jews in Palestine, 84, 85 + +Russian Jews, persecution of, 5 + +Russian Revolution, 54 + +Russian Secret Documents, 62 + +Russo-American Treaty (1832), 75 + +Russo-American Treaty (1832), denunciation of, 79-80 + +Ryswick, Conference of (1697), 103 + + +Sabbathai Zevi, 103 + +Sager, M., 99 + +Salisbury, Marquis of, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 69, 82, 106 + +Samuel, Henry, Case of, 64 + +Sanderson, Sir T. H., 69, 82 + +Santa Cruz, Sub-Prior of, 126 + +Saxony, 66 + +Schiff, Jacob, 36, 37 + +Schouvaloff, Count, 26, 27, 28, 30 + +Secret Agreement (Palestine) (1917), 107, 124 + +Secret Note to Swiss Diet, French (1826), 72 + +Séménoff, M., 54, 62 + +Servia, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32 + +Servia, Jews of, 28 + +Seward, William H. (U.S. Secretary of State), 75 + +Sidi Mohammed, Sultan of Morocco, 95 + +Socialists, 59, 60, 61 + +Solyman the Magnificent, 63, 64 + +Spain, Jews of, 6 + +Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, 19 + +Straus, Oscar, 37, 103 + +Stroock, 67 + +Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz, 126 + +Suliotis, M., 36 + +Sweden, 4, 57 + +Switzerland, 65, 66, 67, 68 + +"Switzerland and American Jews," 67 + +Switzerland, Jews in, 72-73 + + +Tatistcheff, M., 105 + +Testa, Jonkheer, 99 + +Thirty Years War, 2 + +Thornton, Sir E., 81 + +Toledano, Isaac, 89, 91 + +Treaties:-- + American-Swiss (1855), 66, 67, 73 + Anglo-Moorish (1727-8), 87 + Anglo-Moorish (1856), 83, 87 + Anglo-Russian (1859), 68, 80 + Anglo-Swiss (1855), 67, 73 + Anglo-Turkish (1809), 87 + Berlin (1878), 24, 37 + Bucharest (1913), 50 + Carlowitz (1699), 64, 71, 100 + Franco-Swiss (1827), 65, 71 + Franco-Swiss (1864), 68, 73 + London (1840), 106 + London (1864), 49 + Madrid (1880), 91 + Münster (1648), 2 + Osnabruck (1648), 2 + Paris (1856), 20-22 + Passarowitz (1718), 71, 100 + Russo-American (1832), 68, 70, 75 + San Stéfano (1878), 27, 31 + Tientsin (1858), 3 + Vienna (1815), 13-15 + _See also_ Conferences, Congresses, Conventions, Protocols and Règlement + +Turkey, 31, 33, 37, 40, 63, 64, 65 + +Turkey, Jews in, 19 + + +Ubicini, "Question des Principautés," 23 + +United States, 46, 66, 67 + +United States, Religious Liberty in, 38-43 + +Universal Suffrage, 61 + + +Vatican, 60, 61 + +Vaudois, persecution of the, 4 + +Venizelos, M., 47 + +Visconti Venosta, Viscount, 99 + + +Waddington, M., 25, 26, 28, 29, 93 + +Wallachia, Jews in, 19, 21 + +Wallachians and Moldavians, 23 + +Warsaw, British Jews in, 68 + +Way, Rev. Lewis, 15, 16 + +Wellington, Duke of, 13, 16 + +Westphalia, Peace of, 2 + +White, Henry, 98, 99 + +White, Sir W. A., 34, 36 + +William II, Emperor of Germany, 56 + +William III, King of England, 103 + +Wilson, Charles S., 38 + +Witte, Count, 56 + +Wolf, Lucien, 54, 58; + "Sir Moses Montefiore," 89 + +Wolf, Simon, 37 + +"World's Great Restoration, The," 100 + +Wyshnigradski, M., 55 + + +Zion, Mount, 116 + +Zionism, 103, 104, 107, 124 + + +Printed by SPOTTISWOODE, BALLANTYNE & CO. LTD. Colchester, London & +Eton, England + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] _Infra_, pp. 57-62 and Appendix. + +[2] Wolf: _Menasseh b. Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell_, pp. xviii +_et seq._ + +[3] The Protocol was accepted by the Dutch King on July 21, 1814. Its +text will be found in _British and Foreign State Papers_, ii. 141-142. + +[4] Guasco: "L'Église Catholique et la Liberté Religieuse dans l'Empire +Chinois" (_Revue Générale de Droit International Public_, x. 53 _et +seq._) + +[5] Verney and Dambmann: _Puissances Etrangères dans le Levant_, pp. +69-80. + +[6] _Infra_, pp. 83 _et seq._ + +[7] The historical and juridical aspects of the question have been fully +discussed by Professor Rougier in the _Revue Générale de Droit +International Public_, xvii. 468 _et seq._ + +[8] Martin: _Life of the Prince Consort_, iii. 510-511. + +[9] For a vigorous exposition of the duty of civilised States in such +cases, see Prof. A. Dicey's introduction to _Legal Sufferings of the +Jews in Russia_, p. x. + +[10] See Straus: _The American Spirit_ (New York). For documentary +examples relating to the Jews, see Cyrus Adler: _Jews in the Diplomatic +Correspondence of the United States_. + +[11] _Infra_, pp. 63-64. + +[12] Kayserling: "Menasseh b. Israel" (_Misc. Heb. Lit._ ii. 29); +_Harleian Miscellany_, vii. 618. + +[13] Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 29,868, _f._ 1. + +[14] Sir Thomas Robinson, "l'infatigable Robinson" of Carlyle's +_Frederick_, afterwards Lord Grantham. + +[15] Graetz: _Geschichte der Juden_, x. 393-394. + +[16] Emanuel: _A Century and a Half of Anglo-Jewish History_, p. 9. + +[17] Graetz: _Geschichte_, xi. 324-328. See also Kohler: _Jewish Rights +at International Congresses_, pp. 6-20. + +[18] _Diary of Sir Moses Montefiore_, 1817, p. 192. (Ramsgate +Theological College MSS.) Kohler: _op. cit._ pp. 25-26. + +[19] Communication from the late Mr. Leopold de Rothschild. See also +_Gentleman's Magazine_, Oct. 1819, p. 362. + +[20] _Infra_, p. 16. The Protocol does not appear in the Protocols of +the Congress published in the _British and Foreign State Papers_, and is +usually excluded from the official records of the Congress. Its text is, +however, given in Way's _Mémoires_ (Paris, 1819) as an unpaginated +Appendix. + +[21] _Procès-Verbal des Séances de l'Assemblée Juive_ (Paris, 1806), pp. +47-49; _Actes du Grand Sanhédrin_, pp. 65-73, 83, 90-91. + +[22] Emanuel: _op. cit._, p. 66. The facts are given more fully by Loeb: +_Biographie d'Albert Cohn_ (Paris, 1878), pp. 48-49. + +[23] Loeb: _op. cit._, p. 49 (supplemented by private sources), Holland: +_The European Concert in the Eastern Question_, p. 330. + +[24] Holland: _op. cit._, pp. 233-234, 251. + +[25] _British and Foreign State Papers_, xlviii. 78. + +[26] Loeb: _Situation des Israélites en Turquie, en Serbie, et en +Roumanie_ (1877), p. 200. + +[27] _The Jews and the War_, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16. (Privately printed +by Jewish Conjoint Committee.) + +[28] _British and Foreign State Papers_, xlviii. 97. + +[29] _Ibid._ p. 113. + +[30] _Ibid._ p. 120. + +[31] _Jews and the War_, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16. + +[32] The _Hatti-Humayoun_ (see next document). + +[33] This _alinéa_ did not appear in the scheme drawn up by the +Bucharest Commission, but was inserted by the Conference. + +[34] Loeb: _Situation_, pp. 139-196. Narcisse Leven: _Cinquante ans +d'histoire_, pp. 93-146. + +[35] _British and Foreign State Papers_, lxii. p. 705. + +[36] _Infra_, pp. 25-33. + +[37] _Jews and the War_, p. 29. + +[38] _Infra_, p. 33. + +[39] _Infra_, p. 32. Extract from Protocol No. 17. + +[40] "Le Traité de Berlin," writes M. Suliotis in the _Journal du droit +international privé_ (xiv. 563), "a cru faire merveille en faveur des +étrangers, mais la Roumanie a su habilement éluder les inconvénients qui +pouvaient resulter de l'application de l'article VII. dans le sens du +Traité de Berlin, qui n'a eu d'autres résultats que de rendre plus +difficile la situation des étrangers." + +[41] Dated June 13, 1901. It is not printed. Its argument is largely +reproduced in the Memorandum of the Conjoint Committee of November 1908, +for full text of which see _Jews and the War_, pp. 14 _et seq._ + +[42] Private information and documents. + +[43] For a detailed and documented account of the American intervention, +but without the full texts of the Notes of Secretary Hay (_infra_, pp. +38-45), see Kohler and Wolf: _Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States_ +(the American Jewish Committee, 1916), pp. 80-83, 108-137. + +[44] Semi-official communiqué to the newspapers through Reuter's Agency, +September 23, 1902. The fact was also privately communicated by Lord +Lansdowne to Lord Rothschild at the time. + +[45] This is a reference to Russia. _Infra_, pp. 69-70. + +[46] "Memorandum on the Treaty Rights of the Jews of Rumania" (November +1908). Printed for confidential use, 16 pp. fcp. Reprinted in _Jews and +the War_, pp. 14-30. Also in the Annual Reports of the Board of Deputies +and Anglo-Jewish Association (1909), and in Kohler and Wolf, _op. cit._ + +[47] _Infra_, p. 47. + +[48] _Infra_, p. 51. For a fuller text of the correspondence, see Annual +Report of the Board of Deputies (1913), pp. 54-74. + +[49] The United States was a conspicuous exception. See especially Mr. +Blaine's despatch of February 18, 1891. (_Foreign Relations of U.S._ +1891, p. 737.) + +[50] Wolf and Dicey: _Legal Sufferings of the Jews in Russia_ (London, +1912). Semenoff and Wolf: _The Russian Government and the Massacres_ +(London, 1907). + +[51] The story is told by M. Ernest Daudet in his _Histoire Diplomatique +de l'Alliance Franco-Russe_, pp. 261-262, but the present writer is able +to confirm it from other sources. + +[52] The famous "Nikky-Willy" correspondence (see _Times_, September 4, +1917; _Daily Telegraph_, September 4, 27 and 29, 1917; and _Morning +Post_, September 15, 1917.) + +[53] _Infra_, pp. 57-62. + +[54] The statement in the Memorandum that Messrs. Rothschild had been +excluded by the Russian Government from these loan operations is +inaccurate. The exclusion had come from the other side, and at the very +time that the Memorandum was being prepared Count Witte had sent +representatives of the Finance Ministry to London to endeavour to +overcome Lord Rothschild's reluctance. + +[55] This Protocol is published in vol. vi. of the _Secret Documents_ +published by the Russian Revolutionary Government in February 1918. + +[56] Secret letter from the Kaiser to the Tsar published in the Soviet +organ _Inviestia_, December 19, 1917. + +[57] Actual Privy Councillor Nelidow's despatch of December 1-14, 1905. + +[58] Communicated by Emil Deschamps in the _Journal de St. Pétersbourg_, +of December 23, 1905. + +[59] Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at the Hague of October 24, +1905, No. 22. + +[60] Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at Rome of November 29, 1905, +No. 23. + +[61] According to the rules of French Freemasonry, promotion to the +eighteenth degree makes the recipient automatically a member of the +"Alliance Israélite Universelle," while out of the nine members of the +Secret Supreme Council of Freemasonry five must be Jews. + +[62] Levy: _Don Joseph Nasi_, _Herzog von Naxos und seine Familie_ +(Breslau, 1859). See also Graetz: _Geschichte_, vol. ix. _passim_. + +[63] The text of the Sultan's letter is preserved in the rare _Lettere +di Principi_ (Venice, 1581), iii. 171. + +[64] Graetz: _Geschichte_, ix. 361, and 571-572. + +[65] _Transactions, Jewish Historical Society_, iv. 478 _et seq._ The +plea has been revived during the present war, but with less success. It +was largely used by Russian Jews in order to escape conscription under +the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1916. (See Petition of Foreign Jews +Protection Society, _Herald_, July 22 and 29, 1916.) See also the case +of the prosecution of Henry Samuel, _Times_, September 19, 1918. + +[66] _Infra_, p. 71. + +[67] Brisac: _Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France_ +(Lausanne, 1916), pp. 9-13. _Infra_, pp. 71-72. + +[68] Brisac: _op. cit._, pp. 14-15, 16-17. + +[69] Jewish disabilities still existed in England, Germany, Austria, +Russia, the Italian States, Spain and Portugal. + +[70] May 28, 1841. A full report of the debate will be found in the +_Moniteur_, May 29, 1841. + +[71] Stroock: "Switzerland and American Jews," in _Publications of the +American Jewish Historical Society_, xi. 7-8, 15. + +[72] Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 27-33. + +[73] _Infra_, pp. 73-74. + +[74] Stroock: _op. cit._, p. 15. + +[75] Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 37. + +[76] Stroock: _op. cit._, pp. 24-32. + +[77] Lord Clarendon on December 17, 1857, instructed the British +Minister at Berne to make representations to the Swiss Government +(Stroock: p. 36). The bulk of the official correspondence of the United +States on the subject is printed by Cyrus Adler in _Publications of the +American Jewish Historical Society_, xv. 25-39. + +[78] _Infra_, p. 73. + +[79] This was not in the Commercial Treaty but in a separate Treaty of +Establishment signed the same day. + +[80] Sanctioned by the Referendum of January 14, 1866 (Brisac, p. 54). + +[81] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 4 (1881), p. 21. _Infra_, pp. 81-82. + +[82] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 3 (1881), pp. 17-18. + +[83] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 4 (1881), pp. 21-22. _Infra_, p. 82. + +[84] Letter from Sir T. H. Sanderson on behalf of the Marquis of +Salisbury, January 29, 1891. + +[85] "Memorandum on the grievances of British subjects of the Jewish +faith in regard to the interpretation of Articles I and XI of the +Anglo-Russian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of January 12, 1859" +(August 2, 1912). Printed for confidential use, 9 pp. fcp. The text +together with further correspondence has been reprinted in the Annual +Reports of the Board of Deputies and the Anglo-Jewish Association for +1912. + +[86] _Infra_, pp. 82-83. + +[87] Cyrus Adler: _Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the United +States_, pp. 73-74. See also dispatch from Mr. Foster, October 18, 1880, +in _Foreign Relations of the United States_, 1881, p. 991. + +[88] See dispatches quoted by C. Adler, _op. cit._, pp. 75-96 from +_Foreign Relations_ 1880 and 1881. + +[89] _Infra_, pp. 76-78. + +[90] _Infra_, pp. 79-80. + +[91] Cyrus Adler: _op. cit._, pp. 7-19. See also _infra_, p. 103 (note). + +[92] _Infra_, p. 83. + +[93] Confirmed by Art. XIII of the Treaty of Passarowitz, July 21, 1718. + +[94] _Supra_, pp. 3-4. + +[95] Piggott: _Exterritoriality_ (Lond. 1907), pp. 67-68. + +[96] Bernhardt: _op. cit._, pp. 947, 957. + +[97] _Infra_, p. 86. Further details will be found in Mr. Finn's +_Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles_ (Lond. 1878), i. 112-114. + +[98] _Infra_, p. 87. + +[99] _Infra_, p. 87. + +[100] _Memoir of Sir John Drummond Hay_ (Lond. 1896), pp. 322-323. See +also stipulations of French Treaty (_infra_, p. 88). + +[101] For details of these cases see Leven: _Cinquante Ans d'Histoire_, +pp. 158 _et seq._ Annual Reports of the Anglo-Jewish Association. + +[102] _Memoir of Sir J. D. Hay_, pp. 321-323. + +[103] _Ibid._, p. 323. + +[104] _Infra_, pp. 90-91. + +[105] _Infra_, p. 93. + +[106] _Infra_, p. 92. See also Wolf: _Sir Moses Montefiore_ (Lond. +1884), pp. 213-232, and Loewe: _Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore_, ii. +148-153. + +[107] _Infra_, p. 97. + +[108] _Infra_, p. 98. + +[109] _Cf. supra_, p. 89. + +[110] Fuller: _A Pisgah Sight of Palestine_ (Lond. 1650), bk. iv. p. +194. + +[111] D'Israeli: _Genius of Judaism_, pp. 200-201. + +[112] _The Restoration of the Hebrews to Jerusalem by the Year of 1798 +under the Revealed Prince and Prophet_ (Lond. 1794). _A letter from Mr. +Brothers to Miss Cott with an Address to the Members of His Britannic +Majesty's Council_ (Lond. 1798). _The Curious Trial of Mr. Brothers... +on a Statute of Lunacy_ (Lond. 1795). + +[113] _Mr. Halhed's Speech in the House of Commons... on Monday, May the +4th, 1795_ (Lond. 1795). + +[114] Law Reports: 4 De Gex & Smale, 467. + +[115] For details see _infra_, pp. 104-106. + +[116] Finn: _op. cit._, i. 106. The passage is worth quoting: "In 1839, +Lord Palmerston's direction to his first Consul in Jerusalem was 'to +afford protection to the Jews generally.' The words were simply those, +broad and general, as under the circumstances they ought to be, leaving +after events to work out their own modifications. The instruction, +however, seemed to bear on its face a recognition that the Jews are a +nation by themselves and that contingencies might possibly arise in +which their relations to Mohammedans should become difficult, though it +was impossible to foresee the shape that future transactions might +assume upon the impending expulsion of the Egyptians from Syria." + +[117] See text of Firman in Loewe: _Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore_, i. +278-279. + +[118] _Infra_, pp. 119-124. + +[119] _Memoir of Laurence Oliphant_, ii. 179. As late as January 1888 +Mr. Oscar Straus, the United States Minister in Constantinople and +himself a Jew, assured the Grand Vizier, with regard to the +establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine, "that no such purpose +actuated the Jews throughout the world" (_Foreign Relations of U.S._, +1888, p. 1559). + +[120] _Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon_ (1702), _Novus in +Belgio Judaeorum Rex_, p. 25. + +[121] Graetz: _Geschichte_, x. 207. + +[122] "Re-establishment of the Jewish Government, with a letter from a +Jew to his Brethren; copied from the _Courier_, June 10, 1798." + +[123] Lemoine: _Napoléon et les Juifs_ (Paris, 1900), p. 72. + +[124] _Infra_, p. 107. There is no trace of this scheme in the Foreign +Office papers except in the reference here quoted from the Russian +Memorandum, but Tatistcheff, who saw the Russian set of these papers in +the Petrograd Foreign Office, describes a scheme submitted by Guizot to +Palmerston and Metternich which seems to be the one referred to here. +(Kamarowsky: "La Question d'Orient," in _Revue Générale de Droit +International Public_, iii. 423.) + +[125] _Infra_, pp. 107-109. + +[126] _Infra_, pp. 111-113. + +[127] _Infra_, p. 113. + +[128] _Infra_, pp. 114-116. + +[129] Covering despatch from Baron Bülow, _infra_, p. 116. + +[130] Despatch from Lord Beauvale and draft of reply by Palmerston, +_infra_, pp. 116-117. + +[131] Kamarowsky, _op. cit._, p. 423. + +[132] _Memoirs of Bunsen_ (London, 1868), i. 593 _et seq._ + +[133] Memorandum of July 15, 1841, presented to Palmerston by Bunsen +(F.O. 64/235 Prussia). + +[134] Letter from Bunsen to his Wife (_Memoirs_, i. 608-609). + +[135] Bishop Alexander was before his conversion Minister of the Jewish +Synagogue at Plymouth. + +[136] Holland: _European Concert in Eastern Question_, p. 93. + +[137] _British and Foreign State Papers_, lxix. 1342-1353; lxxiii. 438. + +[138] _Infra_, p. 124. + +[139] _Infra_, pp. 124-125. + +[140] This was probably the scheme suggested by Guizot (_supra_, p. +105). + +[141] This Memorandum is identical with the Austrian Memorandum of +October 1840, which at the time was only communicated to the Prussian +Government (_supra_, pp. 111-113). + + * * * * * + + Notes of the transcriber of this etext: + + "Religous" changed to "Religious" + "repondu" changed to "répondu" + both "Toldano" and "Toledano" appear + "Etats-Unis" changed to "États-Unis" + "Janaury" changed to "January" + "Cánovas" and "Canovas" appear + "morocain" changed to "marocain" + "qu iont" changed to "qui ont" + "Gortschacow" changed to "Gortchacow" + "Kluber" changed to "Klüber" + "Munster" changed to "Münster" + "parait" changed to "paraît" + "Plenipotentiaire" changed to "Plénipotentiaire" + "reconnait" changed to "reconnaît" + "Bartholomei" changed to "Bartholomey" + "Litteraire" changed to "Littéraire" + "Maioresco" appears in the index as "Maiorescu" + "Séménoff" appears in the index, Semenoff in the notes. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Diplomatic History of the +Jewish Question, by Lucien Wolf + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH QUESTION *** + +***** This file should be named 31385-0.txt or 31385-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/3/8/31385/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Chuck Greif and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes on the Diplomatic History of the Jewish Question + +Author: Lucien Wolf + +Release Date: February 25, 2010 [EBook #31385] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH QUESTION *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Chuck Greif and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY + +OF THE JEWISH QUESTION + + + + +NOTES ON + +THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF +THE JEWISH QUESTION + +WITH TEXTS OF PROTOCOLS, TREATY +STIPULATIONS AND OTHER PUBLIC +ACTS AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS + +BY +LUCIEN WOLF + +PUBLISHED BY THE +JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND + +_Mocatta Library and Museum_ +UNIVERSITY COLLEGE +(_University of London_) +GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C. 1 +1919 + +_All rights reserved_ + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The substance of this volume was read as a Paper before the Jewish +Historical Society of England on February 11, 1918. It has now been +expanded and supplied with a full equipment of documents--Protocols of +Congresses and Conferences, Treaty Stipulations, Diplomatic +Correspondence and other public Acts--in the hope that it may prove +useful as a permanent record, and serviceable to those of our communal +organisations whose duty it will be to bring the still unsolved aspects +of the Jewish Question before the coming Peace Conference. + +Besides helping to indicate the lines on which Jewish action should +travel in this matter, the State Papers here quoted may also serve to +remind the Plenipotentiaries themselves that the Jewish Question is far +from being a subsidiary issue in the Reconstruction of Europe, that they +have a great tradition of effort and achievement in regard to it, and +that this tradition, apart from the high merits of the task itself, +imposes upon them the solemn obligation of solving the Question +completely and finally now that the opportunity of doing so presents +itself free from all restraints of a selfish and calculating diplomacy. +It is not only that the edifice of Religious Liberty in Europe has to be +completed, but also that some six millions of human beings have to be +freed from political and civil disabilities and social and economic +restrictions which for calculated cruelty have no parallels outside the +Dark Ages. The Peace Conference will have accomplished relatively little +if a shred of this blackest of all European scandals is allowed to +survive its deliberations. + +This collection does not pretend to be complete. The aim has been only +to illustrate adequately the main lines of the theme with a view to +practical questions which may arise in connection with the Peace +Conference. American documents have been only sparely quoted, for the +reason that the American Jewish Historical Society has already published +a very full collection of such documents. (Cyrus Adler: "Jews in the +Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States.") The many generous +interventions of the Vatican on behalf of persecuted Jews have also been +omitted partly for a similar reason (see Stern: "Urkundliche Beiträge +über die Stellung der Päpste zu den Juden") and partly because they have +very little direct bearing on the diplomatic activities of the Great +Powers during the period under discussion. + +My grateful acknowledgements are due to the Foreign Office for kindly +permitting me to copy the documents relating to Palestine, which will be +found appended to Chapter IV, and to Lieut. J. B. Morton, who was good +enough to relieve me of much of the work of reading the proof-sheets. I +have also to thank Mr. D. Mitrani for the generous help he gave me in +preparing the Index. + +L. W. + +GRAY'S INN, LONDON. + +_December 1918._ + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + + +I. INTRODUCTION + + ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY GENERALLY 1 + + +II. INTERVENTIONS ON GROUNDS OF HUMANITY 6 + + (_a_) PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN BOHEMIA (1744-1745) 7 + DOCUMENTS-- + Petition to King George II, 1744 7 + Appeal of Bohemian Jews, 1744 9 + The Decree of the Empress, 1744 10 + Instructions to the British Ambassador in Vienna, 1744 11 + + (_b_) THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815) 12 + DOCUMENTS-- + List from Klüber 14 + Art. XVI of Annexe IX of Final Act of Congress, 1815 14 + + (_c_) THE CONGRESS OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1818) 15 + DOCUMENT-- + Protocol of Nov. 21, 1818 16 + + (_d_) THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON (1830) 17 + DOCUMENT-- + Protocol of Feb. 3, 1830 17 + + (_e_) THE CONGRESS OF PARIS (1856-1858) 18 + DOCUMENTS-- + Art. IX of the Treaty of Paris, 1856 21 + Extracts from the Hatti-Humayoun of Feb. 18, 1856 21 + Conferences of Constantinople: Protocol of Feb. 11, 1856 23 + Art. XLVI of Convention of Paris of Aug. 10, 1858 23 + + (_f_) THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1878) 23 + DOCUMENTS-- + Extracts from Protocols of June 24, 25, 26, + and 28, and July 1, 4, and 10, 1878 25 + Extracts from Treaty of Berlin: Arts. XLIV and LXII, 1878 33 + Mr. White to the Marquis of Salisbury, Oct. 25, 1879 34 + Identic Note to Rumanian Government, Feb. 20, 1880 35 + + (_g_) RUMANIA AND THE POWERS (1902) 36 + DOCUMENTS-- + Dispatch from Mr. John Hay to U.S. Minister at Athens, + July 17, 1902 38 + American Circular Note to the Great Powers, Aug. 11, 1902 44 + Mr. Bertie to Mr. Choate, Sept. 2, 1902 44 + + (_h_) THE CONFERENCES OF LONDON, ST. PETERSBURG, + AND BUCHAREST (1912-1913) 45 + DOCUMENTS-- + Conference of Bucharest: Protocol of July 23, 1913 47 + Jewish Conjoint Committee to Sir Edward Grey, Oct. 13, 1913 48 + Sir Eyre A. Crowe to Conjoint Committee, Oct. 29, 1913 51 + Conjoint Committee to Sir Edward Grey, Nov. 13, 1913 51 + The same to the same, March 12, 1914 52 + + (_i_) THE JEWISH QUESTION AND THE BALANCE OF POWER (1890 and 1906) 54 + DOCUMENT-- + The proposed Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance: Secret Russian + Memorandum, Jan. 3, 1906 57 + + +III. INTERVENTIONS BY RIGHT + + (_a_) STATUS OF JEWS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES 63 + DOCUMENT-- + Art. XIV, Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699 71 + Interpretation by Austrian Government, Dec. 28, 1815 71 + Arts. I, III, and VI of Franco-Swiss Treaty, 1827 71 + Secret Note by French Negotiator, Aug. 7, 1826 72 + Speech of King Louis-Philippe, Nov. 5, 1835 73 + Extract from Franco-Swiss Treaty, June 30, 1864 73 + Art. I, Anglo-Swiss Treaty, Sept. 6, 1855 73 + Art. I, American-Swiss Treaty, Nov. 6, 1855 74 + Interpretation by United States, 1857 74 + Mr. Seward to U.S. Minister in Switzerland, Sept. 14, 1861 75 + Art. I, Russo-American Treaty, 1832 75 + Mr. Blaine to U.S. Minister in St. Petersburg, July 29, 1881 76 + Resolution of U.S. House of Representatives, Dec. 13, 1911 79 + Resolution of U.S. Senate, Dec. 20, 1911 79 + Arts. I and XI, Anglo-Russian Treaty, 1859 80 + Interpretation by Great Britain, 1862 and 1881 81 + The Marquis of Salisbury to Sir Julian Goldsmid, Jan. 29, 1891 82 + Sir Edward Grey to Jewish Conjoint Committee, Oct. 1, 1912 82 + Art. XIII, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 83 + + (_b_) CONSULAR PROTECTION 83 + DOCUMENTS-- + Earl Russell to the Jewish Board of Deputies, Feb. 1, 1864 86 + Art. III, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1727-28 87 + Art. III, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 87 + Art. IV, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 87 + Franco-Moorish Règlement, Aug. 19, 1863 88 + + (_c_) THE CONFERENCES OF MADRID (1880) AND ALGECIRAS (1906) 88 + DOCUMENTS-- + Madrid: Protocols of May 20 and June 24, 1880 90 + Art. VI, Treaty of Madrid, 1880 91 + Edict of the Sultan of Morocco, 1864 92 + Madrid: Protocol of June 26, 1880 92 + Algeciras: Protocol of April 2, 1906 98 + + +IV. THE PALESTINE QUESTION AND THE NATIONAL RESTORATION OF THE JEWS 100 + + DOCUMENTS-- + Russian Memorandum, Oct. 1840 107 + Austrian Memorandum, Oct. 1840 111 + Lord Clanricarde to Lord Palmerston, Feb. 23. 1841 113 + Mémoire of the King of Prussia, Feb. 24, 1841 114 + Baron Bülow to Lord Palmerston, March 6, 1841 116 + Lord Beauvale to Lord Palmerston, March 2, 1841 116 + Lord Palmerston to Lord Beauvale, March 11, 1841 117 + Further Austrian Memorandum, March 31, 1841 117 + Col. Churchill to Sir Moses Montefiore, June 14, 1841 119 + The same to the same, Aug. 15, 1842 121 + Resolution of the Jewish Board of Deputies, Nov. 8, 1843 123 + Col. Churchill to the Board of Deputies, Jan. 8, 1843 123 + Art. V of Agreement between Great Britain, France and Russia, + Feb. 21, 1917 124 + Mr. Balfour to Lord Rothschild, Nov. 2, 1917 124 + + +APPENDIX. + + International Anti-Semitism in 1498 126 + DOCUMENT-- + Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 18, 1498 126 + + +INDEX 127 + +FOOTNOTES + + + + +NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE JEWISH QUESTION. + + + + +I. INTRODUCTION. + +ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY GENERALLY. + + +The Jewish Question is part of the general question of Religious +Toleration. Together with the questions relating to the toleration of +"Turks and Infidels," it raises the question of Religious Liberty in its +most acute form. It is both local and international. Locally it seeks a +solution through Civil and Political Emancipation on the basis of +Religious Toleration. Internationally it arises when a State or +combination of States which has been gained to the cause of Religious +Toleration intervenes for the protection or emancipation of the +oppressed Jewish subjects of another State. There have been, however, at +least two occasions when the interventions have taken the contrary form +of efforts to promote the persecution or restraint of Jews as such.[1] + +As an altruistic form of international action the principle of +intervention has been of slow growth. It required an atmosphere of +toleration on a wide scale, and, before this atmosphere could be +created, Christian States had to learn toleration for themselves by a +hard experience of its necessity. They had, in the first place, to +secure toleration for their own nationals and the converts of their +Churches in heathen countries where the people could not be coerced or +lectured with impunity. In the next place they had to achieve toleration +among themselves. + +Toleration among the Christian Churches--the so-called peace of +Christendom--became necessary owing to the struggle between the +Reformation and the Counter-Reformation; but it took the Thirty Years' +War to prove its necessity. The proof is embodied for all time in the +Peace of Westphalia--chiefly in the Treaty of Osnabruck, which was +signed in 1648, at the same time as the famous Treaty of Münster. The +ostensible effect of the Peace of Westphalia was to place Roman +Catholicism and Protestantism on an equal legal footing throughout +Europe. A secondary effect was to give a very marked stimulus to the +cause of Religious Liberty generally. We may recognise its first fruits +in, among other things, the campaign for unrestricted religious +toleration during the Commonwealth in England, and its application to +the Jews.[2] + +It was not until 1814 that this principle was extended by Treaty beyond +the pale of Christendom. This was in the Protocol of the four allied +Powers--Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria--by which the union +of Belgium with Holland was recognised. The return of the House of +Orange to the Netherlands after the fall of Napoleon had entailed the +promulgation of a new Constitution, which, in view of the democratic +traditions of the French occupation, was necessarily of a liberal type. +Among its concessions was an article granting the fullest religious +liberty. When the Powers were called upon to sanction the union with +Belgium, they did so on condition that the new Constitution should be +applied to the whole country, and, in view of the religious differences +prevailing, emphasised the article on Religious Liberty. This is the +form in which it appears in the Protocol:-- + + * * * * * + +Art. I.--Cette réunion devra être entière et complète, de façon que les +2 Pays ne forment qu'un seul et même État régi par la Constitution déjà +établie en Hollande, et qui sera modifiée, d'un commun accord, d'après +les nouvelles circonstances. + +Art. II.--Il ne sera rien innové aux Articles de cette Constitution qui +assurent à tous les Cultes une protection et une faveur égales, et +garantissent l'admission de tous les Citoyens, quelle que soit leur +croyance réligieuse, aux emplois et offices publics. + + * * * * * + +Incidentally the legal effect of this stipulation was to emancipate the +Dutch Jews, though, as a matter of fact, the few disabilities under +which they laboured did not immediately disappear. The Protocol was +afterwards ratified by the Congress of Vienna and added to the Final Act +as part of the Tenth Annexe,[3] though in other respects the Congress +did not evince a very generous conception of Religious Liberty. + +The conquest of religious liberty for Christians in heathen lands was a +more convincing object lesson than the Peace of Westphalia. It was +difficult for one Christian Church to acknowledge its equality with +another Christian Church and to tolerate heresy, but it was far more +distasteful to have to come to terms with the heathen and to accept +toleration at his hands. + +This was not altogether an altruistic form of political action. It was +in some of its aspects part of the elementary duty of every State to +protect its nationals in foreign countries. + +The earliest instances of this action we find in China, where, in the +thirteenth century, the Papacy concluded Treaties with the Mongol +Emperors for the protection of Christian Missions.[4] It was not, +however, until the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858 that Great Britain and +France secured religious liberty for Christians in China. + +In the Mussulman Levant, toleration for foreign Christians was secured +by the so-called Capitulations. These were, in effect, treaties, +although they were in the form of grants by the Sultans. They gave large +exterritorial jurisdiction to the Ambassadors and Consuls of the States +on whom they were conferred. The earliest grant of this kind occurs in +the ninth century, when the Emperor Charlemagne obtained guarantees for +his subjects visiting the Levant from the famous Khalif Haroun +al-Rashid.[5] Later on, all the leading Christian States negotiated +Capitulations with the Sultans. The existing British Capitulations are +dated 1675, but an earlier grant was made in 1583. + +One of the main objects of the Capitulations, besides personal security +and trading rights, was to assure religious liberty for the nationals +of the grantees. This benefited Jews at an early date, as the +Capitulations and similar treaties generally provided for certain +immunities for the native interpreters, servants and other employees of +the privileged foreigners. As Jews were frequently so employed, they +thus acquired protection against Moslem fanaticism. + +In this way arose the system of Consular Protection which was long a +boon to Jews in the Ottoman Empire and in the Barbary States.[6] + +In spite of these experiences the idea of diplomatic intervention for +the promotion of religious toleration in foreign States, especially on +behalf of non-Christians, has only prevailed within narrow limits. It +has been largely circumvented by the fact that such interventions must, +even with the best will in the world, be more or less conditioned by the +_raison d'état_. Unless they are likely to promote policy, or at any +rate to coincide with policy, the usual course when they are invoked is +to take refuge in the so-called principle of non-intervention. + +It was, indeed, not until the seventeenth century that the question was +seriously discussed at all by the jurists, although Cromwell had already +laid down the splendid principle, in the case of the persecution of the +Vaudois, that "to be indifferent to such things is a great sin, and a +deeper sin still is it to be blind to them from policy or ambition." The +first impulses of the international lawyers were much in the Cromwellian +spirit. Bacon, Grotius, and Puffendorff all strongly maintained the +legality not only of diplomatic but also of armed intervention to put +down tyranny or misgovernment in a neighbouring State, and a century +later they were followed by Vattel. Sweden acted upon the principle in +her intervention on behalf of the Protestants of Poland in 1707, and, in +1792, it was given its widest scope, and was formally adopted, by the +French Revolution in the famous decree of the Convention which promised +"fraternity and succour to all peoples who wish to recover their +liberty." + +The doctrine, however, lingered only anæmically through the early +decades of the nineteenth century. In face of the growing delicacy of +the international system, it was gradually abandoned for the +conservative principle of non-intervention, based on the independence +and equality of all States.[7] But even this principle has not always +been observed in regard to small States, although, curiously enough, +Russia invoked it against Great Britain for the protection of King +"Bomba" of Sicily, in the case of the Neapolitan prison horrors.[8] +Abstention from intervention in certain glaring cases of inhumanity by +foreign Governments--such as the persecution of the Russian Jews--has +been defended on the ground of absence of treaty rights, but, as a +matter of fact, this argument, too, has not been consistently adhered +to.[9] In all cases, whether of great or small States, treaty rights or +no treaty rights, the real test has almost always been the frigid +_raison d'état_. The United States has been less affected by this +restriction than the European Powers, and on many occasions has shown a +really noble example of the purest altruism in international +politics.[10] + + + + +II. INTERVENTIONS ON GROUNDS OF HUMANITY. + + +Long before the Peace of Westphalia an attempt was made by the famous +Jewess, Donna Gracia Nasi, to obtain protection for her persecuted +co-religionists by diplomatic action, and it proved successful. The +circumstances will be narrated presently.[11] It stood, however, alone +for two hundred years. Even after the Peace eminent Jews, who sought in +a like way to enlist the sympathy and help of European governments, +failed. Menasseh ben Israel made representations in this sense on behalf +of the oppressed Jews of Poland, Prussia, Spain, and Portugal to both +Queen Christina of Sweden and Oliver Cromwell, but although he met with +much and genuine sympathy he found the _raison d'état_--and probably +also a lingering reluctance to regard Jews as quite within the pale of +humanity--too strong for him.[12] A decade later a similar attempt was +made by Fernando Mendes da Costa, one of the founders of the +Anglo-Jewish Community, and a member of a very distinguished Portuguese +Marrano family. From a letter of his which is still extant,[13] it seems +that he was deeply concerned in helping the persecuted Marranos in Spain +and Portugal, and he had a scheme for organising an emigration of his +hapless brethren on a large scale to Italy and England. He received much +help from Don Francisco Manuel de Mello, the distinguished Portuguese +soldier, author and diplomatist, and through him interested Queen +Katharine of Braganza and Charles II in the scheme. It appears, too, +that, with the support of these eminent personages, the scheme was +brought to the notice of the Pope, but of its subsequent fate we know +nothing. + + +(_a_) PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN BOHEMIA (1744-45). + +The earliest actual intervention of a Great Power on behalf of the Jews +on humanitarian grounds took place in 1744-45, when Great Britain and +Holland made strong and successful representations to the Government of +the Empress Maria Theresa for the protection of the Jews of Bohemia and +Moravia. The intervening Powers were allies of the Empress in the War of +the Austrian Succession which was then raging. During the war some +prejudice had been caused to the Austrian Jews through the imprudence of +some of their co-religionists in Lorraine, who had obtained "safe +conducts" from the French Military Authorities to enable them to cross +the frontier into France. Reprisals against the Jews in Bohemia and +Moravia were taken by the Empress in the shape of a decree of wholesale +banishment. The decree was enforced with the utmost severity, and over +20,000 Jews were compelled to leave Prague in the depth of winter, with +little or no prospect of finding shelter elsewhere. Appeals for help +were addressed to foreign communities, and among the recipients of them +was Aaron Franks, then presiding Warden of the Great Synagogue in +London. Together with his wealthy and influential relative, Moses Hart, +he at once petitioned King George, who consented to receive him in +personal audience. His Majesty manifested every sympathy with the +persecuted Jews, and the result was that the British Ambassador in +Vienna[14] was instructed to make representations, in concert with the +Dutch Ambassador, to the Austrian Government. The representations were +received in excellent spirit, and, in deference to them, the Empress +consented to revoke the decree and permit the Jews to return to their +homes.[15] + + +DOCUMENTS. + +PETITION TO KING GEORGE II (_B. M. Add. MSS._ 23,819, _f._ 63). + +To his Most Sacred Majesty + + * * * * * + +The Petition of Moses Hart and Aaron Franks of the City of London +Merchants In behalf of their Brethren the Distressed Jews of the Kingdom +of Bohemia. + +Humbly Sheweth + +That your Majesty's Petitioners have receiv'd a Copy of an Edict +published and Issued by Her Majesty the Queen of Hungary from their said +Brethren the Jews of the said Kingdom of Bohemia by which (together with +several letters that have been transmitted to them Requesting them to +Commiserate their distress'd condition and Interceed with his Brittanick +Majesty on their behalf) it appears that their said Brethren are to be +utterly Expelled the said Kingdom and that by the last day of January +next Ensuing No Jew is to be found in any of the Towns belonging to +Prague. That after the Expiration of six Months to be accounted from the +said last day of January No Jew is to be suffered or found in the +Hereditary Dominion of her said Majesty, and in case any should be found +they are to suffer Military Chastisement. + +Your Petitioners most humbly beg leave to observe that in the said Edict +there is no reason or cause assign'd for the Expulsion of their said +Brethren who therefore Suspect that it is fomented by their inveterate +enemies for motives which they cannot account for as they have always +acted as dutiful, Faithful and Loyal Subjects to their most Gracious +Sovereign the said Queen of Hungary even during the many Revolutions +that have happened in Prague within these few Years and notwithstanding +the great Devastation and Excesses which Naturally occur'd therefrom +they have continued and still do continue firm and unshaken in their +Principles of Affection & Fidelity to her said Majesty and her most +Illustrious House. + +Your Petitioners far from Vindicating any Particular Persons in the +Crimes they may have committed during the last Revolution (if any such +there are) desire Adequate Punishments to be inflicted on them; but +humbly hope that the Innocent will not be permitted to suffer for Crimes +which they have in no wise been Accessary to and humbly Remonstrate that +the Expulsion of fifty thousand Familys and upwards from their Native +Country at so critical a Juncture who (as Your Petitioners are informed +and believe) always Contributed and Concurr'd in strengthening her +Majesty's hands against her Enemies must in its consequences prove +Detrimental and Prejudicial to the true Interest of the common Cause and +more immediately so to her Hungarian Majesty. + +In tender Consideration whereof Your Petitioners (in behalf of the +aforesaid distress'd people) most humbly Supplicate your Majesty in your +great & known Equity & Compassion to Interpose Your Majesty's Good +Offices upon this Occasion with the Queen of Hungary in order to prevail +upon her said Majesty to revoke the said Edict or at least to Suspend +the time of the Expulsion of their said Brethren & to establish a +Commission of Enquiry in order to discriminate the Innocent from the +Guilty and Punish those only who have deserv'd her said Majesty's +Displeasure. + +And Your Petitioners as in duty bound shall ever pray &c. + +MOSES HART. + +AARON FRANKS. + +(Endorsed:) + +MOSES HART & AARON FRANKS Petition in behalf of the Bohemian Jews &c. in +Ld. Harrington's of the 28 Decr./8 Jany. 1745. sent to Sir Thos. +Robinson 27 [_sic_] Decr. 1744. + + * * * * * + +APPEAL OF THE BOHEMIAN JEWS (_Ibid. f. 64_). + +PRAGUE, _1st Decr. 1744. N.S._ + +It is Certainly very Notorious all the Callamities Which have +overwhelm'd us to such a Degree that we had hardly power to Withstand +them. but None were in Competition with this Last. by a Decree from her +Majesty our Sovereign Queen of Hungaria. To Banish all the Jews out of +the Kingdom of Bohemia. Within the Term of 5 Weeks. Which is the Latter +End of January for those in Prague. & those in Bohemia are allow'd 6 +Months. as appears by the original Decree of Her Majesty--Therefore What +shall we poor Souls do, in the first place, the Children Women, infirm & +Aged. Which are not in a Condition to Walk. Especially at this present +Juncture Being Cold & frosty Weather. Likewise In the Condition we are +at Present in for the Stripd many Hundreds quite to their shirts. Not +only that. but the World Is Closed to us. by reason all Roads are filled +with Troops. Which way Soever we Turn we Can find no Relief. Neither do +we know the reason for the Decree. Excepting some false persons. Who +Contrive falsities on purpose To breed ill will against us by our Lords +Who Protected us. Which they have Done. + +Therefore Brethren. We Humbly Beg you wou'd Commiserate our Condition +Considering the Eminent Danger Many Thousands Souls are in by this +Decree. & Not Delay Interceeding for Recommendations from all Courts +that we may have time allowed us. for a Commission of Inquiry. + +SIMON SPIRA &c. + +MOSES IZAAC. + +SIMON COHEN. + +MENAHEM MENDAL. + +ABRAHAM. + +SAMUEL SPIRA. + +MEYER MOSES, &c. + +(Endorsed:) + +Representation from the Jews at Prague + +Sent to Sir Thos. Robinson 28 Decr./Jany 8. 1744-5. + + * * * * * + +THE DECREE OF THE EMPRESS (_Ibid. fol. 66_). + +After Mature Deliberation We have been Induced by many weighty Reasons +and Considerations to resolve and Determine that no JEW shall hereafter +be Suffered or permitted to Dwell in our Hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia, +which our Resolution, We Will Shall be put in Execution in Manner +following. + +1st. That on the last Day of the Month of January 1745 next Ensuing No +Jew shall be found in any of our Towns belonging to Prague, and in Case +any shall, Military Chastisement shall be inflicted on them. + +2nd. They are hereby permitted to Stay and remain in the Kingdom six +Months to be Accounted from the Latter end of December Instant and to +Determine at the latter end of the Month of June 1745 to Settle their +Affairs and in order to Dispose of their Effects Estate and Credit which +they shall not be able to Carry with them by the last Day of January. + +That after their retreat from Prague (towards the Country) on the last +day of January as is aforementioned, No Jew shall be permitted to +Reenter the said City by Day (without having a Certificate from the +Commissary appointed to Execute the Contents hereof) and absolutely None +shall be Suffered to Stay a Single Night; And the Said Commissary is +hereby Directed to take the Necessary Precautions for Executing this Our +Will and Pleasure, and due Care that None of his Certificates be +Improperly made use of by Enabling them to Enter the City too frequently +excepting such as he shall grant thro' favour to the Principal Merchants +who will stand in Greater Need than others of entring the City often. + +3rd. After the Determination of the said Six Months all the Jews shall +quitt all our Hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia and Shall Never more be +found on the Borders thereof, and in Case any Shall, Military +Chastisement shall be inflicted on them as aforesaid. + +4th. Our Meaning and Intention is not only that the Jews of the City of +Prague and all others who live in any Part of our Hereditary Kingdom of +Bohemia shall quitt the Same within the Thirtieth day of June 1745 but +also that No Jew shall on the said Day be found in the said Kingdom or +Settle in any of our Hereditary Countrys. + +5th. And we do hereby Ordain and Appoint our Trusty and Well-beloved +Privy Councellor and Vice President of the Royal Bohemian Kingdom The +Right Honourable Philip Knakowsky Count Collowrath punctually to +perform the Contents hereof hereby requiring all and Every Person whom +these Presents or the Execution thereof may Concern to aid and Assist +the said Philip Count Collowrath and Do hereby further Positively Order +that the Contents hereof be Published in the Towns belonging to Prague +and our whole Country to the End that no Intelligence be given thereof +to those who Shall have any Dealings and Transactions with Jews. + +Witness Ourself + +Given at Vienna the 18th day of December 1744. + + * * * * * + +INSTRUCTIONS TO THE BRITISH AMBASSADOR IN VIENNA (_Ibid. fols. 61-61 +d._). + +Separate. + +WHITEHALL, _28th Decr. 1744._ + +SIR,--The principal Merchants of the Jewish Nation established here, +having made an humble Application to His Majesty, that he would be +pleased to intercede with the Queen of Hungary for a Reversal of the +Sentence passed upon Their Brethren in Bohemia (amounting, as They +affirm, to no less than Sixty Thousand Families), by Her Majesty's late +Edict, whereby They are ordered to depart that Kingdom in Six Months +time, and His Majesty finding that the States General have already +interposed Their Good Offices in Their Behalf; It is the King's +Pleasure, that you should join with Mor. Burmannia in endeavouring to +dissuade the Court of Vienna from putting the said Sentence in +Execution, hinting to Them in the tenderest and most friendly Manner, +the Prejudice that the World might conceive against the Queen's +Proceedings in that Affair, if such Numbers of innocent People were made +to suffer for the Fault of some few Traytors, and, at the same time, +shewing Them, the great Loss that would accrue to Her Majesty's Revenue, +and to the Wealth and Strength of her Kingdom of Bohemia, by depriving +it at once of so vast Numbers of it's Inhabitants: You will find +inclosed the Petition presented to His Majesty by the Jews here, as +above-mentioned, together with the Representation sent hither to Them +from Those in Bohemia, and I am to add to what is above, that, as His +Majesty does extremely commiserate the terrible circumstances of +Distress to which so many poor and innocent Families must be reduced, if +this Edict takes place, He is most earnestly desirous of procuring the +Repeal of it by His Royal Intercession, in such Manner that the Guilty +only may be brought to Punishment; for obtaining which, you are to exert +yourself with all possible Zeal and Diligence. + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +HARRINGTON. + +SIR THOMAS ROBINSON. + + * * * * * + + +(_b_) CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815). + +The next appearance of the Jewish Question in the field of international +politics was at the Congress of Vienna, sixty years later. The Congress +was not favourable to liberal reforms of any kind, either national or +religious. Its aim was to vindicate the vested interests of Legitimism +against the doctrines of the French Revolution. In its final shape the +policy of the Congress was embodied in the Holy Alliance. British +foreign policy, then under the guidance of Castlereagh, was distinctly +favourable to this policy. Nevertheless, there were curious +cross-currents at the Congress, and what liberalism there was came, +strangely enough, in large part from the Russian Tsar, Alexander I. He +had moments of liberalism so pronounced that Metternich called him "the +crowned _sans-culotte_." + +It is curious to note that the Jewish Board of Deputies in England did +not move during the Congress. The reason is perhaps not difficult to +understand. They were always timid in regard to high politics, and, in +1783, when it was proposed to address the King on the American Peace, +they actually passed a resolution declaring that it was their duty to +avoid such "political concerns."[16] In the case of the Congress of +Vienna, however, they may well have felt that they could not touch the +question of religious liberty, and especially of Jewish emancipation, +without risking an imputation of Jacobinism. Moreover, the British +Cabinet then in power was a Coalition Cabinet of pro-Catholics and +anti-Catholics, and they could not well listen to any proposals that +they should champion Jewish emancipation in Vienna, while in Downing +Street the question of Roman Catholic emancipation could not even be +discussed. + +Fortunately, these considerations did not apply to the German Jews. +Frankfurt and the Hansa towns sent deputations to Vienna to plead the +cause of Jewish emancipation. The Frankfurt deputation was headed by +Jacob Baruch, father of Ludwig Boerne. They managed to secure the +support of both Hardenberg and Metternich, and when it was found that +the Tsar was not averse from some concession to the Jews, they agreed to +propose the insertion of a clause--or rather half a clause--in the +Final Act of the Conference providing for the gradual extension of civil +rights to the Jews of Germany. + +Unfortunately for a long time this concession remained a dead letter, +owing not only to the ill-will of the German Governments themselves, but +to an apparently harmless verbal amendment which was introduced into the +clause by the Redaction Committee at the last moment. In the final +_alinea_ it was stipulated that "the rights already conferred on the +Jews in the several Federated States shall be maintained." The object of +this was to secure to the Jews of Germany the liberties granted to them +by Napoleon during the French occupation. This design was frustrated by +the Redaction Committee, at whose instance the word "_by_" was +substituted for "_in_," the result being that the rights secured to the +Jews were not those of the French occupation, but only those which had +been grudgingly, and in very small measure, granted to them by the +Federated States themselves in the dark days before the Napoleonic +irruption. + +Thus the provision of the Treaty of Vienna relating to the Jews of +Germany remained a dead letter, partly because of the amendment +introduced into it at the last moment, and partly because the +authorities had no intention of carrying it out. The Jews complained, +and both Prussia and Austria, under the influence of Hardenberg and +Metternich, protested.[17] Nathan Rothschild in London brought the case +of the recalcitrant Frankfurt authorities to the notice of the Duke of +Wellington, who persuaded Castlereagh in 1816 to make representations +with a view to their protection.[18] All these efforts, however, proved +futile, and Nathan Rothschild could only avenge himself by the public +announcement that his firm would refuse to accept bills drawn in any +German city where the Jews were denied their treaty rights.[19] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +_The following is a list of the documents relating to the Jewish +Question at the Vienna Congress given in Klüber: "Akten des Wiener +Kongresses."_ + + * * * * * + +1. Unterthänige Vorstellung und Bittschrift der Israelitischen Gemeinde +zu Frankfurt-am-Main an den hohen Kongress zu Wien mit Beilage übergeben +daselbst am 10ten Oktober 1814. + +2. Schreiben des Deputierten der Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt/M +an den Königlichen-Preussischen ersten Herrn Bevollmächtigten Fürsten +von Hardenberg wegen Erhaltung der von dem Grossherzog von Frankfurt +jener Gemeinde bewilligten Rechtzustandes. Datiert Wien, 12ten Mai, +1815. + +3. Antwort seiner Durchlaucht des Fürsten von Hardenberg auf +vorstehendes Schreiben. Datiert Wien, 18ten Mai, 1815. + +4. Erlass des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen ersten Bevollmächtigten und +Kongress-Präsidenten Herrn Fürsten von Metternich an die Deputierten der +Israelitischen Gemeinde der Stadt Frankfurt-am-Main als Antwort auf die +von diesen an den Kongress eingereichte Bittschrift. Datiert Wien, 9ten +Juni, 1815. + +5. Anmerkung des Herausgebers (Klübers) zu vorstehenden Erlass an die +Deputierten der Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt-am-Main. + +6. Note des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen Herrn Bevollmächtigten und +Kongress Präsidenten Fürsten von Metternich, wodurch derselbe dem +Bevollmächtigten der freien Stadt Frankfurt Herrn Syndicus Danz die von +dem allerhöchsten verbündeten Mächten, neuerdings erfolgte Bestätigung +der Selbständigkeit und Freiheit der Stadt Frankfurt anzeigt. Datiert +Wien, 9ten Juni, 1815 mit einer Beilage. + +7. Accessions Urkunde der freien Stadt Frankfurt. + + * * * * * + +(See also documents relating to the abolition of the Feudal land-tenure +System on the left bank of the Rhine, effected during the domination of +the French revolutionary Government, vol. vi., pp. 396-426.) + + * * * * * + +8. Erlass des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen ersten Bevollmächtigten und +Kongress Präsidenten Fürsten von Metternich an den Bevollmächtigten +Israelitischen Gemeinden Deutschland Doktor und Advokaten Carl August +Buchholz aus Lübeck betreffend die Verbesserung des Rechtzustandes der +Juden, vol. 9, p. 334. + + * * * * * + +The Article of the Final Act relating to the Jews is Article XVI of +Annexe IX, "Acte sur la Constitution Fédérative de l'Allemagne." It runs +as follows:-- + + * * * * * + +XVI.--La différence des Confessions Chrétiennes dans les Pays et +Territoires de la Confédération Allemande, n'en entraînera aucune dans +la jouissance des droits civils et politiques. + +La Diète prendra en considération les moyens d'opérer de la manière la +plus uniforme, l'amélioration de l'état civil de ceux qui professent la +Religion Juive en Allemagne, et s'occupera particulièrement des mesures, +par lesquelles on pourra leur assurer et leur garantir dans les États de +la Confédération, la jouissance des Droits Civils, à condition qu'ils se +soumettent à toutes les obligations des autres Citoyens. En attendant +les Droits accordés déjà aux Membres de cette Religion par tel ou tel +État en particulier, leur sont conservés. + +(British and Foreign State Papers, vol. ii. pp. 132-3.) + + * * * * * + + +(_c_) THE CONGRESS OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1818). + +At the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, the question was once more brought +before the Great Powers. This time the initiative was taken by a +well-known English conversionist, the Rev. Lewis Way, of Stanstead, +Sussex. There was, however, no trace of conversionism in his efforts on +this occasion, and there can be no question that the Jewish Community +owe him a great debt of gratitude. He proceeded to Aix some weeks before +the Congress met, and presented to the Tsar Alexander a short scheme of +Jewish emancipation. The Tsar encouraged him to amplify it, and this he +did in two elaborate memoirs, one describing the situation of the Jews, +and the other embodying a scheme under which they might be invested with +civil rights. To this he added a short memorandum drawn up at his +request by Dohm, the veteran champion of the Jews, who came to Aix for +that special purpose. By command of the Tsar, these documents were +presented to the Congress at its sitting on November 21, 1818, and were +made the subject of a special Protocol, in which sympathy was expressed +for "the praiseworthy object of his proposals." The plenipotentiaries +further declared that the solution of the Jewish Question was a matter +which should "equally occupy the statesman and the friend of +humanity."[20] It is interesting to note that in his scheme Way +declares himself to be a believer in Jewish Nationalism, and it is for +this reason that he does not ask for more than civil rights for the +Jews, as he regards their exile in Europe as an intermediate stage of +their history. In this he was probably influenced by the prevalent +anti-French atmosphere, inasmuch as the French Jews, in their compact +with Napoleon, made by the Sanhedrin in 1806, had solemnly repudiated +Jewish Nationalism, and had thus rendered themselves eligible for +political, as well as civil, rights.[21] + + +DOCUMENT. + +For the texts of the documents referred to above see "Mémoires sur +l'état des Israélites, dédiés et présentés à leur Majestés Impériales et +Royales, Réunies au Congrès d'Aix-la-Chapelle" [by the Rev. Lewis Way, +A.M.], Paris, 1819. + +The Protocol of the Congress at which these "Mémoires" were considered +runs as follows:-- + + * * * * * + +PROTOCOLE. + +_Séance du 21 Novembre, 1818._ _Entre les cinq Cabinets._ + +Messieurs les SS. de Russie ont communiqué l'imprimé ci-joint, relatif à +une réforme dans la législation civile et politique en ce qui concerne +la nation juive. La conférence, sans entrer absolument dans toutes les +vues de l'auteur de cette pièce, a rendu justice à la tendance générale +et au but louable de ses propositions. MM. les SS. d'Autriche et de +Prusse se sont déclarés prêts à donner, sur l'état de la question dans +les deux monarchies, tous les éclaircissements qui pourraient servir à +la solution d'un problème qui doit également occuper l'homme d'état et +l'ami de l'humanité. + + Signé: METTERNICH. + RICHELIEU. + CASTLEREAGH. + WELLINGTON. + HARDENBERG. + BERNSTORFF. + NESSELRODE. + CAPODISTRIAS. + + + * * * * * + + +(_d_) THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON (1830). + +The growing symptoms of an impending break-up of the Ottoman Empire +visibly extended the practical applications of the doctrine of religious +liberty in the field of international politics. In emancipating the +Christian feudatories of the Porte, account had to be taken of the large +Moslem and Jewish minorities inhabiting those States. It was impossible +to emancipate the Christians and at the same time to place +non-Christians under disabilities, especially where they had governments +of their own faith to whom they might appeal and who might resort to +reprisals. Hence, the parity of all religions in the Levant had to be +recognised. + +The point first arose in the settlement of the Greek question in 1830. +In this question it was not only the Moslems who had to be considered. +France renounced in favour of the new Kingdom her Protectorate over the +Catholics, which she derived from her capitulations with Turkey. Hence, +besides the Moslems, guarantees had to be exacted for the religious +liberty of Catholics in Greece. These guarantees were the subject of the +third Protocol of the Conference of London, February 3, 1830. At the +same time it was stipulated that there should be perfect equality for +the subjects of the new State, whatever might be their religion. Neither +Moslems nor Jews were expressly mentioned, but it is in virtue of this +Protocol that the Jews of Greece enjoy their present status as Greek +Nationals. The Jews of Greece were thus the first Jews of the Levant to +be fully emancipated. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +PROTOCOL _No. 3 of the Conference held at the Foreign Office, London, on +3 February, 1830_. + +Present: The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain, France and Russia. + +The Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg having been called, by the united +suffrages of the three Courts of the Alliance, to the Sovreignty of +Greece, the French Plenipotentiary requested the attention of the +Conference to the particular situation in which his Government is +placed, relative to a portion of the Greek population. + +He represented that for many ages France has been entitled to exercise, +in favour of the Catholics subjected to the Sultan, an especial +protection, which His Most Christian Majesty deems it to be his duty to +deposit at the present moment in the hands of the future Sovereign of +Greece, so far as the provinces which are to form the new State are +concerned; but in divesting himself of this prerogative, His Most +Christian Majesty owes it to himself, and he owes it to a people who +have lived so long under the protection of his ancestors, to require +that the Catholics of the continent and of the islands shall find in the +organization which is about to be given to Greece, guarantees which may +be substituted for the influence which France has hitherto exercised in +their favour. + +The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain and Russia appreciated the +justice of this demand; and it was decided that the Catholic religion +should enjoy in the new State the free and public exercise of its +worship, that its property should be guaranteed to it, that its bishops +should be maintained in the integrity of the functions, rights and +privileges, which they have enjoyed under the protection of the Kings of +France, and that, lastly, agreeably to the same principle, the +properties belonging to the antient French Missions, or French +Establishments, shall be recognized and respected. + +The Plenipotentiaries of the three Allied Courts being desirous moreover +of giving to Greece a new proof of the benevolent anxiety of their +Sovereigns respecting it, and of preserving that country from the +calamities which the rivalry of the religions therein professed might +excite, agreed that all the subjects of the new State, whatever may be +their religion, shall be admissable to all public employments, +functions, and honours, and be treated on the footing of a perfect +equality, without regard to difference of creed in all their relations, +religious, civil or political. + + (Signed) ABERDEEN + MONTMOREN Y-LAVAL. + LIEVEN. + +(Holland: "The European Concert in the Eastern Question," pp. 32, 33.) + + * * * * * + + +(_e_) THE CONGRESS OF PARIS (1856-1858). + +The Jewish Question was more expressly discussed twenty-six years later, +at the Congress of Paris, and the subsidiary conferences which had to +settle the great political problems arising out of the Crimean War. +Meanwhile, under the influence of Sir Moses Montefiore, and more +especially of his jealousy of M. Crémieux, the Jewish Board of Deputies +had plucked up a measure of courage, and had begun to take a more active +interest in the larger political questions which involved the future of +their foreign co-religionists. In the international discussions of the +question of religious liberty which preceded the outbreak of war, the +Powers only concerned themselves with the Christian communities. The +French Jews at once took alarm, and the Central Consistory addressed the +Emperor Napoleon III and applied to the Board of Deputies in London to +make similar representations to the British Government. Both bodies had, +however, been anticipated by the personal activity of the Rothschilds in +Paris and London. Baron James, through his gifted friend and co-worker, +Albert Cohn, had already entered into direct negotiations with the +Turkish Government, and Baron Lionel and Sir Anthony de Rothschild had +interviewed Lord Clarendon, who, at their instance, had given +instructions to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe to take special note of the +Jewish Question. Thus, when the letter of the French Consistory was read +at the Meeting of the Board of Deputies on April 24, 1854, that body +found that it had little to do. Nevertheless, it addressed a formal +letter to Lord Clarendon on May 10, and, five days later, received an +assurance from him that it might rely on a favourable consideration of +the situation of the Jews of Turkey at the hands of His Majesty's +Government.[22] + +Nevertheless, the Treaty of Paris of 1856, which more or less settled +all the questions arising out of the war, does not mention the Jews in +any of its articles. This is not to say that it did not fulfil Lord +Clarendon's pledges. As a matter of fact, it deals with both the +situation of the Jews in Turkey and with that of the Jews in the +liberated Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Thus, Article IX, +which takes note of the Turkish _Hatti-Humayoun_ of February 18, 1856, +is intended to refer to the Jews as well as to all other non-Mussulmans. +The history of this aspect of the Article is a little curious. Shortly +after the outbreak of the war in 1854, Turkey prepared a draft treaty of +peace containing an article providing for the religious liberty of +Christian communities. Through the inter-position of Baron James de +Rothschild of Paris, this article was reconsidered, and another was +inserted granting equal rights to all Ottoman subjects, without +distinction of creed. This was the germ of the famous _Hatti-Humayoun_. +That the latter was intended to deal equally with Jews and Christians is +shown by its Article II, in which the same privileges are expressly +granted to the Turkish Grand Rabbis as to the ecclesiastical heads of +the Christian confessions.[23] + +The absence of any direct reference to the Jews, or even to equal rights +for all religious communities in the Principalities, is less +satisfactory. The omission is in the first place due to the circumstance +that the Treaty in itself is incomplete. Articles XXIII, XXIV, and XXV +refer the question of the constitutional reorganisation of the +Principalities to a Commission which was to meet at Bucharest and +consult Divans of the two Principalities with a view to making the +necessary recommendations to the Powers.[24] This Commission did not +report until 1858, when its proposals were considered by a fresh +Conference of the Powers, which based upon them the scheme embodied in +the Convention of Paris of August 19 of that year. The question of +religious liberty is dealt with in Article XLVI of that instrument.[25] +Originally it was intended to assure complete emancipation and equality +for all non-Christian communities in the Principalities, and articles to +this effect were adopted by the preparatory Conference of +Constantinople, in its Protocol of February 11, 1856, with the express +design of relieving the Jews, whose sufferings had already become a +matter of European notoriety.[26] The Rumanians, however, were already +strongly hostile to Jewish emancipation, and the reigning Prince of +Moldavia misled the Powers with specious promises of a type which has +since become bitterly familiar to the Jews all over the world.[27] The +Report of the Bucharest Commission of 1858 accepted these promises and +excluded all references to Religious Liberty from its scheme.[28] The +first draft of the Convention submitted to the Conference of the Powers +did likewise,[29] but ultimately a compromise amendment was introduced +by which the Powers agreed (Art. XLVI) to limit political rights to +Christians, while providing for the extension of these rights to +non-Christians by subsequent legislative arrangements.[30] This +concession to the Rumanians was made on the express pledge that the +original scheme of the Conference at Constantinople would be gradually +realised.[31] Needless to say, the pledge was never fulfilled. In +dealing, however, with the question, the Convention of Paris had one +merit. It lent no support to the subsequent theory of the Rumanians, +that the Jews were foreigners in a secular sense in their own country, +but, on the contrary, assumed that their status was as much that of +Moldavians and Wallachians as was the status of the native Christians. + + +DOCUMENTS. + +ARTICLE IX OF THE TREATY OF PARIS. _March 30, 1856._ + + * * * * * + +Art. IX. His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, having, in his constant +solicitude for the welfare of his subjects, issued a Firman[32] which, +while ameliorating their condition without distinction of religion or of +race, records his generous intentions towards the Christian populations +of his Empire, and wishing to give a further proof of his sentiments in +that respect, has resolved to communicate to the Contracting Parties the +said Firman emanating spontaneously from his sovereign will. + +The Contracting Powers recognise the high value of this communication. +It is clearly understood that it cannot, in any case, give to the said +Powers the right to interfere, either collectively or separately, in the +relations of His Majesty the Sultan with his subjects, nor in the +internal administration of the Empire. + +(Holland: "European Concert," &c., p. 246.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM THE HATTI-HUMAYOUN OF FEB. 18, 1856. + +I. Les garanties promises et accordées à tous nos sujets par le +_Hatti-cherif_ de Gulhané et par les lois du _Tanzimat_, sans +distinction de culte, pour la sécurité de leur personne et de leurs +biens, et pour la conservation de leur honneur, sont rappelées et +consacrées de nouveau; il sera pris des mesures efficaces pour que ces +garanties reçoivent leur plein et entier effet. + +II. Sont reconnus et maintenus, en totalité, les immunités et privilèges +spirituels donnés et accordés par nos illustres ancêtres, et à des dates +postérieures, aux communautés chrétiennes et autres, non musulmanes, +établies dans notre empire, sous notre égide protectrice.... Les +patriarches, métropolitains (archevêques), délégués et évêques, ainsi +que les grands-rabbins, prêteront serment à leur entrée en fonctions, +d'après une formule qui sera concertée entre notre Sublime-Porte et les +chefs spirituels des différentes communautés. + +III....L'administration des affaires temporelles des communautés +chrétiennes et autres, non musulmanes, sera placée sous le sauvegarde +d'un conseil, dont les membres seront choisis parmi le clergé et les +laïques de chaque communauté. + +VII. Le gouvernement prendra les mesures énergiques et nécessaires pour +assurer à chaque culte, quel que soit le nombre de ses adhérents, la +pleine liberté de son exercice. + +VIII. Tout mot et toute expression ou appellation tendant à rendre une +classe de mes sujets inférieure à l'autre, à raison du culte, de la +langue ou de la race, sont à jamais abolis et effacés du protocole +administratif. + +IX. La loi punira l'emploi, entre particuliers, ou de la part des agents +de l'autorité, de toute expression ou qualification injurieuse ou +blessant. + +X. Le culte de toutes les croyances et religions existant dans mes +États, y étant pratiqué en toute liberté, aucun de mes sujets ne sera +empêché d'exercer la religion qu'il professe. + +XI. Personne ne sera ni vexé, ni inquiété à cet égard. + +XII. Personne ne sera contraint à changer de culte ou de religion. + +XIII. Les agents et employés de l'État sont choisis par nous; ils sont +nommés par décrét impérial; et comme tous nos sujets, sans distinction +de nationalité, seront admissibles aux emplois et services publics, ils +seront aptes à les occuper, selon leur capacité, et conformément à des +règles dont l'application sera générale. + +XIV. Tous nos sujets, sans différence ni distinctions, seront reçus dans +les écoles civiles et militaires du gouvernement, pourvu qu'ils +remplissent les conditions d'âge et d'examen spécifiés dans les +règlements organiques des dites écoles. + +XV. De plus, chaque communauté est autorisée à établir des écoles +publiques pour les sciences, les arts et l'industrie; seulement le mode +d'enseignement et le choix des professeurs de ces sortes d'écoles seront +placés sous l'inspection et le contrôle d'un conseil mixte d'instruction +publique, dont les membres seront nommés par nous. + +(Holland: _op. cit._, pp. 330-332.) + +CONFERENCES OF CONSTANTINOPLE (1856).--_Protocol of Feb. 11._ + +XIII. Tous les cultes et ceux qui les professent jouiront d'une égale +liberté et d'une égale protection dans les deux principautés. + +XV. Les étrangers pourront posséder des biens-fonds en Moldavie et en +Valachie, en acquittant les mêmes charges que les indigènes, et en se +soumettant aux lois. + +XVI. Tous les Moldaves et tous les Valaques seront, sans exception, +admissibles aux emplois publics. + +XVIII. Toutes les classes de la population, sans aucune distinction de +naissance ni de culte, jouiront de l'égalité des droits civils, et +particulièrement du droit de propriété, dans toutes les formes; mais +l'exercice des droits politiques sera suspendu pour les indigènes placés +sous une protection étrangère. + +(Ubicini, "La Question des Principautés," p. 13.) + + * * * * * + +ART. XLVI OF THE CONVENTION OF PARIS OF AUGUST 10, 1858. + +XLVI. Les Moldaves et les Valaques seront tous égaux devant la loi, +devant l'impôt, et également admissibles aux emplois publics dans l'une +et l'autre Principauté. + +Leur liberté individuelle sera garantie. Personne ne pourra être retenu, +arrêté, ni poursuivi que conformément à la loi. + +Personne ne pourra être exproprié que légalement, pour cause d'intérêt +public, et moyennant indemnité. + +Les Moldaves et les Valaques de tous les rits Chrétiens jouiront +également des droits politiques. La jouissance de ces droits pourra être +étendue aux autres cultes par les dispositions législatives.[33] + +Tous les privilèges, exemptions, ou monopoles, dont jouissent encore +certaines classes, seront abolis; et il sera procédé sans retard à la +révision de la loi qui règle les rapports des propriétaires du sol avec +les cultivateurs, en vue d'améliorer l'état des paysans. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. xlviii. pp. 77-78.) + + * * * * * + + +(_f_) THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1878). + +Not only were the promises of the Prince of Moldavia not realised, but, +during the next twenty years, the Jews of the Principalities were more +cruelly persecuted than ever. The persecution extended beyond the +frontiers to Servia, and it soon became the leading preoccupation of the +Jews throughout the world. Owing to their protests, the Powers +frequently intervened.[34] Rumania then took the impudent course of +resenting this interference in her internal affairs, on the ground that, +by international comity, they were no concern of foreign States. In +1867, this provoked a notable retort from Great Britain. In a despatch +sent to Bucharest in that year, the following sentence appears: "The +peculiar position of the Jews places them under the protection of the +civilised world."[35] + +When the Congress of Berlin met in 1878, to reconsider the Eastern +Question, the situation of the Jews in Eastern Europe, and more +particularly in the Balkans, took its place in the front rank of the +preoccupations of the Powers. Several long protocols are entirely +devoted to it.[36] The result was that the Treaty of Berlin dealt +comprehensively with the whole question of religious liberty, and +stipulated separately for such liberty in all the States of the Levant. +The Treaty is thus, as the Jewish Conjoint Committee described it, in +their important Memorandum of November 1908, "above all a great charter +of Emancipation, especially of civil and religious equality."[37] This +principle is embodied in no fewer than five of its articles, relating to +every political division of the vast region with which it deals, and in +each case it is asserted as the fundamental basis of the liberties +conferred on the various States.[38] In a word, it made it a principle +of European policy that no new State or transfer of territory should be +recognised unless the fullest religious liberty and civil and political +equality were guaranteed to the inhabitants. Thus it marks the triumph +of the principle first tentatively laid down for Holland and Belgium in +Article II of the Protocol of June 1814. Though applied to Greece in the +Protocol of February 1830, it had had to wait nearly fifty years for +universal acceptance. + +All the States concerned frankly and honestly accepted this principle, +and put it into operation, except Rumania. By a repetition of the +specious promises of 1858, she again obtained permission to emancipate +her Jews gradually, it being understood that the process would be +hastened, and that full emancipation would be accomplished within a +reasonable time. Unfortunately the phrasing of the articles embodying +the principle left a technical loophole of which Rumania very +dexterously availed herself, inasmuch as it did not make provision +against the application, under Rumanian law, of the _jus sanguinis_ to +the Jews who _quâ_ Jews were held to be aliens. The point was not +ignored by the Congress, but no attempt was made to satisfy it as the +intentions of the Congress were clear enough and reliance was placed on +the good faith of Rumania.[39] The result is that for forty years +Rumania has evaded both the will of the Congress and her own promises; +and to-day the Jews of that country, with the exception of a handful who +have been emancipated by individual Acts of Parliament, are the only +Jews in Europe who are denied equal rights with their fellow-citizens. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN. + +_Protocole No._ 5.--_Séance du 24 Juin, 1878._ + +M. Waddington donne lecture de deux Articles Additionnels proposés par +les Plénipotentiaires de France, et dont voici le texte:-- + +"Art. I. Tous les sujets Bulgares, quelle que soit leur religion, +jouiront d'une complète égalité de droits. Ils pourront concourir à tous +les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et la différence de croyance +ne pourra leur être opposée comme un motif d'exclusion. + +"L'exercice et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront +entièrement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée soit à +l'organisation hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels. + +"II. Une pleine et entière liberté est assurée aux religieux et évêques +Catholiques étrangers pour l'exercice de leur culte en Bulgarie et dans +la Roumélie Orientale. Ils seront maintenus dans l'exercice de leurs +droits et privilèges, et leurs propriétés seront respectées." + +Le Président dit que ces deux propositions seront imprimées, +distribuées, et placées à un ordre du jour ultérieur. + +Après un échange d'observations entre le Comte Schouvaloff et M. +Waddington sur la portée des deux propositions de M. le Premier +Plénipotentiaire de France, il demeure entendu que la première +s'applique à la Bulgarie, et l'autre à la Bulgarie et à la Roumélie +Orientale ensemble. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. lxix., p. 917.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 6--_Séance du 25 Juin, 1878._ + +L'ordre du jour appelle ensuite les deux propositions Françaises +insérées dans le Protocole 5, et relatives à la liberté des cultes. + +Sur la première, M. Desprez demande la substitution des mots "habitants +de la Principauté de Bulgarie" à ceux de "sujets Bulgares"; cette +modification est admise, et la proposition acceptée à l'unanimité. Sur +la seconde proposition particulièrement relative aux évêques et +religieux Catholiques, le Comte Schouvaloff propose de substituer à ces +mots, "les ecclésiastiques et religieux étrangers." + +Lord Salisbury désirerait que la même législation fût, sous ce rapport, +établie pour la Roumélie, et pour les autres provinces de la Turquie. + +Carathéodory Pacha déclare qu'en effet une proposition concernant le +libre exercice du culte dans la province de Roumélie Orientale paraît +tout-à-fait superflue, cette province devant être soumise à l'autorité +du Sultan, et, par conséquent, aux principes et aux lois communs à +toutes les parties de l'Empire, et qui établissent la tolérance pour +tous les cultes également. + +M. Waddington, prenant acte de ces paroles, annonce l'intention +d'introduire quelques changements dans la rédaction de sa proposition, +et demande l'ajournement de la discussion à demain. + +(_Ibid._, p. 935.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 7--_Séance du 26 Juin, 1878._ + +Le Président soumet au Congrès l'Article Additionnel présenté par les +Plénipotentiaires Français dans une séance précédente, et relatif aux +religieux Catholiques étrangers en Bulgarie et en Roumélie Orientale. + +Lord Salisbury regrette que les Plénipotentiaires de France ne donnent +pas suite à leur proposition en étendant sa portée à toute la Turquie +d'Europe. Son Excellence y aurait vu un important progrès réalisé. + +M. Waddington répond que le progrès dont parle Lord Salisbury a été +obtenu par l'acceptation dans la séance d'hier, de la première +proposition Française qui consacre l'entière liberté des cultes. + +Lord Salisbury ayant fait remarquer que cette proposition ne concernait +que la Bulgarie, le Président dit que, pour sa part, il s'associe au +désir que la liberté des cultes soit réclamée pour toute la Turquie, +tant en Europe qu'en Asie, mais il se demande si l'on obtiendrait sur +ce point l'assentiment des Plénipotentiaires Ottomans. + +Carathéodory Pacha déclare, qu'en répondant hier à M. Waddington, il +s'en est simplement rapporté à la législation générale de l'Empire +Ottoman ainsi qu'aux Traités et Conventions. Son Excellence ajoute que +la tolérance dont jouissent tous les cultes en Turquie ne fait aucun +doute, et qu'en l'absence d'une proposition plus étendue sur laquelle il +aurait alors à s'expliquer, il se croit en droit de considérer comme +superflue une mention spéciale pour la Roumélie Orientale. + +Le Président constate que l'unanimité du Congrès s'associe au désir de +la France de prendre acte des déclarations données par la Turquie en +faveur de la liberté religieuse. Tel était le but des Plénipotentiaires +Français, et il a été atteint. Lord Salisbury désirerait aller au delà, +et faire étendre la proposition primitive non seulement à la Bulgarie et +la Roumélie, mais à tout l'Empire Ottoman. En ce qui concerne +l'Allemagne, le Prince de Bismarck, qui a donné son adhésion à la +proposition Française, aurait aussi volontiers admis celle de Lord +Salisbury, mais la discussion d'une question aussi complexe détournerait +le Congrès de l'objet de sa séance présente. Son Altesse Sérénissime +demande toutefois à Lord Salisbury s'il entend présenter à cet égard une +motion spéciale. + +M. le Second Plénipotentiaire de la Grande Bretagne se réserve de +revenir sur ce point à propos de l'Article XXII du Traité de San +Stéfano. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff ajoute que le désir de Lord Salisbury de voir +étendre la liberté religieuse autant que possible en Europe et en Asie +lui semble très justifié. Son Altesse désirerait qu'il fut fait mention +au Protocole de son adhésion au v[oe]u de M. le Plénipotentiaire +d'Angleterre, et fait observer que le Congrès ayant cherché à éffacer +les frontières éthnographiques, et à les remplacer par de frontières +commerciales et stratégiques, les Plénipotentiaires de Russie souhaitent +d'autant plus que ces frontières ne deviennent point des barrières +religieuses. + +Le Président résume la discussion en disant qu'il sera inscrit au +Protocole que l'unanimité du Congrès s'est ralliée à la proposition +Française, et que la plupart des Plénipotentiaires ont formé des v[oe]ux +pour l'extension de la liberté des cultes. Ce point sera compris +d'ailleurs dans la discussion de l'Article XXII du Traité de San +Stéfano. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 942-943.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 8.--_Séance du 28 Juin, 1878._ + +Lord Salisbury reconnaît l'indépendance de la Serbie, mais pense qu'il +serait opportun de stipuler dans la Principauté le grand principe de la +liberté religieuse. + +M. Waddington admet également l'indépendance de la Serbie, mais sous le +bénéfice de la proposition suivante identique à celle que le Congrès a +acceptée pour la Bulgarie:-- + +"Les habitants de la Principauté de Serbie, quelle que soit leur +religion, jouiront d'une complète égalité de droits. Ils pourront +concourir à tous les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et exercer +toutes les professions, et la différence de croyance ne pourra leur être +opposée comme un motif d'exclusion. + +"L'exercice et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront +entièrement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée soit à +l'organisation hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels." + +Le Prince Gortchacow craint que cette rédaction ne s'applique surtout +aux Israélites, et sans se montrer contraire aux principes généraux qui +y sont énoncés, son Altesse Sérénissime ne voudrait pas que la question +Israélite, qui viendra plus tard, fût prejugée par une déclaration +préalable. S'il ne s'agit que de la liberté religieuse, le Prince +Gortchacow déclare qu'elle a toujours été appliquée en Russie; il donne +pour sa part à ce principe l'adhésion la plus complète et serait prêt à +l'étendre dans le sens le plus large. Mais s'il s'agit de droits civils +et politiques, son Altesse Sérénissime demande à ne pas confondre les +Israélites de Berlin, Paris, Londres, ou Vienne, auxquels on ne saurait +assurément refuser aucun droit politique et civil, avec les Juifs de la +Serbie, de la Roumanie, et de quelques provinces Russes, qui sont, à son +avis, un véritable fléau pour les populations indigènes. + +Le Président ayant fait remarquer qu'il conviendrait peut-être +d'attribuer à la restriction des droits civils et politiques ce +regrettable état des Israélites, le Prince Gortchacow rappelle qu'en +Russie, le Gouvernement, dans certaines provinces, a dû, sous +l'impulsion d'une nécessité absolue et justifié par l'expérience, +soumettre les Israélites à un régime exceptionnel pour sauvegarder les +intérêts des populations. + +M. Waddington croit qu'il est important de saisir cette occasion +solennelle pour faire affirmer les principes de la liberté religieuse +par les Représentants de l'Europe. Son Excellence ajoute que la Serbie, +qui demande à entrer dans la famille Européenne sur le même pied que les +autres États, doit au préalable reconnaître les principes qui sont la +base de l'organisation sociale dans tous les États de l'Europe, et les +accepter comme une condition nécessaire de la faveur qu'elle sollicite. + +Le Prince Gortchacow persiste à penser que les droits civils et +politiques ne sauraient être attribués aux Juifs d'une manière absolue +en Serbie. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff fait remarquer que ces observations ne constituent +pas une opposition de principe à la proposition Française: l'élément +Israélite, trop considérable dans certaines provinces Russes, a dû y +être l'objet d'une réglementation spéciale, mais son Excellence espère +que, dans l'avenir, on pourra prévenir les inconvénients incontestables +signalés par le Prince Gortchacow sans toucher à la liberté religieuse +dont la Russie désire le développement. + +Le Prince de Bismarck adhère à la proposition Française, en déclarant +que l'assentiment de l'Allemagne est toujours acquis à toute motion +favorable à la liberté religieuse. + +Le Comte de Launay dit qu'au nom de l'Italie il s'empresse d'adhérer au +principe de la liberté religieuse, qui forme une des bases essentielles +des institutions de son pays, et qu'il s'associe aux déclarations faites +à ce sujet par l'Allemagne, la France, et la Grande Bretagne. + +Le Comte Andrássy s'exprime dans le même sens, et les Plénipotentiaires +Ottomans n'élèvent aucune objection. + +Le Prince de Bismarck, après avoir constaté les resultats du vote, +déclare que le Congrès admet l'indépendance de la Serbie, mais sous la +condition que la liberté religieuse sera reconnue dans la Principauté. +Son Altesse Sérénissime ajoute que la Commission de Rédaction, en +formulant cette décision, devra constater la connexité établie par le +Congrès entre la proclamation de l'indépendence Serbe et la +reconnaissance de la liberté religieuse. + +(_Ibid._ pp. 959-961.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 10--_Séance du 1er Juillet, 1878._ + +M. Waddington déclare que, fidèles aux principes qui les ont inspirés +jusqu'ici, les Plénipotentiaires de France demandent que le Congrès pose +à l'indépendance Roumaine les mêmes conditions qu'à l'indépendance +Serbe. Son Excellence ne se dissimule pas les difficultés locales qui +existent en Roumanie, mais, après avoir mûrement examiné les arguments +qu'on peut faire valoir dans un sens et dans l'autre, les +Plénipotentiaires de France ont jugé préférable de ne point se départir +de la grande règle de l'égalité des droits et de la liberté des cultes. +Il est difficile, d'ailleurs, que le Gouvernement Roumain repousse, sur +son territoire, le principe admis en Turquie pour ses propres sujets. +Son Excellence pense qu'il n'y a pas à hésiter que la Roumanie, +demandant à entrer dans la grande famille Européenne, doit accepter les +charges et même les ennuis de la situation dont elle réclame le +bénéfice, et que l'on ne trouvera, de longtemps, une occasion aussi +solennelle et décisive d'affirmir de nouveau les principes qui font +l'honneur et la sécurité des nations civilisées. Quant aux difficultés +locales, M. le Premier Plénipotentiaire de France estime qu'elles seront +plus aisément surmontées lorsque ces principes auront été reconnus en +Roumanie et que la race Juive saura qu'elle n'a rien à attendre que de +ses propres efforts et de la solidarité de ses intérêts avec ceux des +populations indigènes. M. Waddington termine en insistant pour que les +mêmes conditions d'ordre politique et religieux indiquées pour la Serbie +soient également imposées à l'État Roumain. + +Le Prince de Bismarck faisant allusion aux principes du droit public en +vigueur d'après la Constitution de l'Empire Allemand, et à l'intérêt que +l'opinion publique attache à ce que les mêmes principes suivis dans la +politique intérieure soient appliqués à la politique étrangère, déclare +s'associer, au nom de l'Allemagne, à la proposition Française. + +Le Comte Andrássy adhère à la proposition Française. + +Lord Beaconsfield dit qu'il donne une complète adhesion, au nom du +Gouvernement Anglais, à la proposition Française. Son Excellence ne +saurait supposer un instant que le Congrès reconnaîtrait l'indépendance +de la Roumanie en dehors de cette condition. + +Les Plénipotentiaires Italiens font la même déclaration. + +Le Prince Gortchacow, se référant aux expressions par lesquelles a été +motivée la proposition Française et qui donnent la plus grande extension +à la liberté religieuse, se rallie entièrement à cette proposition. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff ajoute que l'adhésion de la Russie à l'indépendance +est cependant subordonnée à l'acceptation par la Roumanie de la +retrocession réclamée par le Gouvernement Russe. + +Les Plénipotentiaires Ottomans n'élèvent aucune objection contre les +principes présentés par les Plénipotentiaires Français, et le Président +constate que le Congrès est unanime à n'accorder l'indépendance à la +Roumanie qu'aux mêmes conditions posées à la Serbie. + +Le Baron de Haymerle lit une motion relative à la liberté des cultes +dans le Monténégro:-- + +"Tous les habitants du Monténégro jouiront d'une pleine et entière +liberté de l'exercice et de la pratique extérieure de leurs cultes, et +aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée soit à l'organisation +hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec +leurs chefs spirituels." + +Le Congrès décide le renvoi à la Commission de Rédaction. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 982-983, 989, 990.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 12--Séance du 4 Juillet, 1878._ + +Le Président fait mention des pétitions de la liste No. 9, et notamment +de la communication adressée au Congrès par M. Ristitch, faisant savoir +au Congrès que le Prince Milan l'a autorisé à déclarer que le +Gouvernement Serbe saisira la première occasion, après la conclusion de +la paix, pour abolir par la voie légale la dernière restriction qui +existe encore en Serbie relativement à la position des Israélites. Son +Altesse Sérénissime, sans vouloir entrer dans l'examen de la question, +fait remarquer que les mots "la voie légale" semblent une réserve qu'il +signale à l'attention de la haute assemblée. Le Prince de Bismarck +croit devoir constater qu'en aucun cas cette réserve ne saurait infirmer +l'autorité des décisions du Congrès. + +Le Congrès passe à l'Article XXII du Traité de San Stéfano relatif aux +ecclésiastiques Russes et aux moines de Mont Athos. + +Le Marquis de Salisbury rappelle qu'avant la séance il a fait distribuer +à ses collègues une proposition tendant à substituer à l'Article XXII +les dispositions suivantes:-- + +"Tous les habitants de l'Empire Ottoman en Europe, quelle que soit leur +religion, jouiront d'une complète égalité de droits. Ils pourront +concourir à tous les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et seront +également admis en témoignage devant les Tribunaux. + +"L'exercice et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront +entièrement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée, soit à +l'organisation hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels. + +"Les ecclésiastiques, les pèlerins, et les moines de toutes les +nationalités, voyageant ou séjournant dans la Turquie d'Europe et +d'Asie, jouiront d'une entière égalité de droits, avantages et +privilèges. + +"Le droit de protection officielle est reconnu aux Représentants +Diplomatiques et aux Agents Consulaires des Puissances en Turquie, tant +à l'égard des personnes sus-indiquées que de leurs possessions, +établissements religieux, de bienfaisance, et autres dans les Lieux +Saints et ailleurs. + +"Les moines du Mont Athos seront maintenus dans leurs possessions et +avantages antérieurs, et jouiront, sans aucune exception, d'une entière +égalité de droits et prérogatives." + +Lord Salisbury explique que les deux premiers alineas de cette +proposition représentent l'application à l'Empire Ottoman des principes +adoptés par le Congrès, sur la demande de la France, en ce qui concerne +la Serbie et la Roumanie; les trois derniers alineas ont pour but +d'étendre aux ecclésiastiques de toutes les nationalités le bénéfice des +stipulations de l'Article XXII spéciales aux ecclésiastiques Russes. + +Le Président fait également remarquer que la portée de la proposition +Anglaise est la substitution de la Chrétienté tout entière à une seule +nationalité, et commence la lecture du document par alineas. + +Sur le premier alinea, Carathéodory Pacha dit que, sans doute, les +principes de la proposition sont acceptés par la Turquie, mais son +Excellence ne voudrait pas qu'ils fussent considérés comme une +innovation, et donne lecture, à ce sujet, de la communication suivante +qu'il vient de recevoir de son Gouvernement:-- + +"En présence des déclarations faites au sein du Congrès dans différentes +circonstances en faveur de la tolérance religieuse, vous êtes autorisé à +déclarer, de votre côté, que le sentiment de la Sublime Porte à cet +égard s'accorde parfaitement avec le but poursuivi par l'Europe. Ses +plus constantes traditions, sa politique séculaire, l'instinct de ses +populations, tout l'y pousse. Dans tout l'Empire les religions les plus +différentes sont professées par des millions de sujets du Sultan, et +personne n'a été gêné dans sa croyance et dans l'exercice de son culte. +Le Gouvernement Impérial est décidé à maintenir dans toute sa force ce +principe, et a lui donner toute l'extension qu'il comporte." + +Le Premier Plénipotentiaire de Turquie désirerait, en conséquence, que, +si le Congrès se rallie à la proposition Anglaise, il fût, du moins, +constaté dans le texte que les principes dont il s'agit sont conformes à +ceux qui dirigent son Gouvernement. Son Excellence ajoute que, +contrairement à ce qui se passait en Serbie et en Roumanie, il n'existe +dans la législation de l'Empire aucune inégalité ou incapacité fondées +sur des motifs religieux, et demande l'addition de quelques mots +indiquant que cette règle a toujours été appliquée dans l'Empire Ottoman +non seulement en Europe, mais en Asie. Le Congrès pourrait, par exemple, +ajouter "conformément aux déclarations de la Porte et aux dispositions +antérieures, qu'elle affirme vouloir maintenir." + +Lord Salisbury n'a pas d'objections contre la demande de Carathéodory +Pacha, tout en faisant observer que ces dispositions se rencontrent, en +effet, dans les déclarations de la Porte, mais n'ont pas toujours été +observées dans la pratique. Au surplus, son Excellence ne s'oppose point +à ce que le Comité de Rédaction soit invité à insérer l'addition +réclamée par les Plénipotentiaires Ottomans. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 1002-3, 1009-10.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 17.--Séance du 10 Juillet 1878._ + +Le Président invite le Rapporteur de la Commission de Rédaction à lire +le travail préparatoire du Traité. + +M. Desprez fait connaître à la haute assemblée que le texte du préambule +n'est pas encore arrêté, mai lui sera soumis dans la prochaine séance. +Article V, qui a pour objet l'égalité des droits et la liberté des +cultes, a donné lieu à des difficultés de rédaction; cet Article, en +effet, est commun à la Bulgarie, au Monténégro, à la Serbie, à la +Roumanie, et la Commission devait trouver une même formule pour diverses +situations; il était particulièrement malaisé d'y comprendre les +Israélites de Roumanie, dont la situation est indéterminée au point de +vue de la nationalité. Le Comte de Launay, dans le but de prévenir tout +malentendu, a proposé, au cours de la discussion, l'insertion de la +phrase suivante: "Les Israélites de Roumanie, pour autant qu'ils +n'appartiennent pas à une nationalité étrangère, acquièrent, de plein +droit, la nationalité Roumaine." + +Le Prince de Bismarck signale les inconvénients qu'il y aurait à +modifier les résolutions adoptées par le Congrès et qui ont formé la +base des travaux de la Commission de Rédaction. Il est nécessaire que +le Congrès s'oppose à toute tentative de revenir sur le fond. + +M. Desprez ajoute que la Commission a maintenu sa rédaction primitive, +qui lui paraît de nature à concilier tous les intérêts en cause, et que +M. de Launay s'est borné à demander l'insertion de sa motion au +Protocole. + +Le Prince Gortchacow rappelle les observations qu'il a présenté, dans +une précédente séance, à propos des droits politiques et civils des +Israélites en Roumanie. Son Altesse Sérénissime ne veut pas renouveler +ses objections, mais tient à déclarer de nouveau qu'il ne partage pas, +sur ce point, l'opinion énoncée dans le Traité. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 1058-1059.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM THE TREATY OF BERLIN, SIGNED JULY 13, 1878. + +XLIV. En Roumanie la distinction des croyances religieuses et des +confessions ne pourra être opposée à personne comme un motif d'exclusion +ou d'incapacité en ce qui concerne la jouissance des droits civils et +politiques, l'admission aux emplois publics, fonctions, et honneurs, ou +l'exercice des différentes professions et industries dans quelque +localité que ce soit. + +La liberté et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront assurées +à tous les ressortissants de l'État Roumain aussi bien qu'aux étrangers, +et aucune entrave ne sera apportée, soit à l'organisation hiérarchique +des différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec leurs chefs +spirituels. + +Les nationaux de toutes les Puissances, commerçants ou autres, seront +traités en Roumanie, sans distinction de religion, sur le pied d'une +parfaite égalité. + + * * * * * + +[Articles V, XXVII, and XXXV, relating respectively to Bulgaria, +Montenegro, and Servia, are in the same form with the exception of the +last _alinéa_, which only appears in the above quoted article.] + + * * * * * + +LXII. La Sublime Porte ayant exprimé la volonté de maintenir le principe +de la liberté religieuse en y donnant l'extension la plus large, les +Parties Contractantes prennent acte de cette déclaration spontanée. + +Dans aucune partie de l'Empire Ottoman la différence de religion ne +pourra être opposée à personne comme un motif d'exclusion ou +d'incapacité en ce qui concerne l'usage des droits civils et politiques, +l'admission aux emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, ou l'exercice +des différentes professions et industries. + +Tous seront admis sans distinction de religion à témoigner devant les +tribunaux. + +La liberté et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes sont assurés à +tous, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée, soit à l'organisation +hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec +leurs chefs spirituels. + +Les ecclésiastiques, les pèlerins, et les moines de toutes les +nationalités voyageant dans la Turquie d'Europe ou la Turquie d'Asie +jouiront des mêmes droits, avantages et privilèges. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 764, 766-767.) + + * * * * * + +REVISION OF THE RUMANIAN CONSTITUTION (1879). + +_No. 115. Mr. White to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Rec. November 4.)_ + +BUCHAREST, _October 25, 1879_. + +MY LORD,--I have the honour to forward to your Lordship an authorized +French translation of the Constitutional amendment concerning +naturalization and religious equality as promulgated by a Decree this +morning. + +I have, &c., + +W. A. WHITE. + +THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. + + * * * * * + +(TRADUCTION.) + +_Article Unique.--À la place de l'Article 7 de la Constitution soumis à +la revision, on mettra le suivant_:-- + +Article 7. La distinction de croyances religieuses et de confessions ne +constituera point en Roumanie un obstacle à l'acquisition des droits +civils et politiques et à leur exercice. + +§ 1. L'étranger pourra, sans distinction de religion, et qu'il soit +soumis ou non à une protection étrangère, obtenir la naturalisation sous +les conditions suivantes: + +(_a_) Il addressera au Gouvernement sa pétition de naturalisation, par +laquelle il fera connaître le capital qu'il possède, la profession ou +l'industrie qu'il exerce, et la volonté d'établir en Roumanie son +domicile. + +(_b_) À la suite de cette demande il habitera le pays pendant dix +années, et il prouvera, par ses actions, qu'il est utile au pays. + +§ 2. Pourront être dispensés du stage: + +(_a_) Ceux qui auront introduit dans le pays des industries, des +inventions utiles, ou qui posséderont des talents distingués, ceux qui +auront fondé de grands établissements de commerce ou d'industrie. + +(_b_) Ceux qui, nés et élevés dans le pays, de parents y établis, +n'auront jamais joui, ni les uns ni les autres, d'une protection +étrangère. + +(_c_) Ceux qui auront servi sous les drapeaux pendant la Guerre de +l'Indépendance, lesquels pourront être naturalisés d'une manière +collective, sur la proposition du Gouvernement, par une seule Loi et +sans autre formalité. + +3. La naturalisation ne peut être accordée que par la Loi, et +individuellement. + +4. Une Loi spéciale déterminera, le mode d'après lequel les étrangers +pourront établir leur domicile en Roumanie. + +5. Les Roumains ou ceux qui seront naturalisés Roumains pourront +acquérir des immeubles ruraux en Roumanie. Les droits déjà acquis seront +respectés. Les Conventions Internationales actuellement existantes +restent en vigueur, avec toutes leurs clauses et jusqu'à l'expiration de +leur durée. + +(_Ibid._, lxxi. 1176-77.) + + * * * * * + +THE COMPACT WITH RUMANIA (1880). + +_English Text of Identic Note presented to the Roumanian Government, +February 20, 1880._ + +The Undersigned, British Representative at Bucharest, has the honour, by +order of his Government, to convey to M. Boeresco, the Minister for +Foreign Affairs of Roumania, the following communication:-- + +Her Britannic Majesty's Government have been informed, through the Agent +of His Royal Highness the Prince of Roumania at Paris, of the +promulgation, on the 25th October, 1879, of a Law, voted by the +"Chambres de Revision" of the Principality, for the purpose of bringing +the text of the Roumanian Constitution into conformity with the +stipulations inserted in Article XLIV of the Treaty of Berlin. + +Her Majesty's Government cannot consider the new Constitutional +provisions which have been brought to their cognizance--and particularly +those by which persons belonging to a non-Christian creed domiciled in +Roumania, and not belonging to any foreign nationality, are required to +submit to the formalities of individual naturalization--as being a +complete fulfilment of the views of the Powers signatories of the Treaty +of Berlin. + +Trusting, however, to the determination of the Prince's Government to +approximate more and more, in the execution of these provisions, to the +liberal intentions entertained by the Powers, and taking note of the +positive assurances to that effect which have been conveyed to them, the +Government of Her Britannic Majesty, being desirous of giving to the +Roumanian nation a proof of their friendly sentiments, have decided to +recognize the Principality of Roumania as an independent State. Her +Majesty's Government consequently declare themselves ready to enter +into regular diplomatic relations with the Prince's Government. + +In bringing the decision come to by his Government to the knowledge of +the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Undersigned, &c. + +W. A. WHITE. + +BUCHAREST, _February 20, 1880_. + +(_Ibid._, p. 1187.) + + * * * * * + + +(_g_) RUMANIA AND THE POWERS (1902). + +It must be confessed--and, indeed, it has been avowed by prominent +Rumanians themselves[40]--that Rumania's evasion of the Treaty of Berlin +has been a monument of resourceful duplicity and bad faith. Accomplished +by pretending to regard the native Jews as foreigners, it actually +placed them in a far worse position than they had held in 1858, when at +any rate their national character as Moldavians or Wallachians was not +contested. But, not only have they been refused emancipation and stamped +as foreigners, but, in their character of foreigners, without a State to +protect them, they have been made the victims of special and cruel +disabilities, which in practice do not and cannot affect other +foreigners. + +One peculiarly barbarous act of persecution of this kind which was +attempted in 1902 nearly brought about a serious intervention by the +Great Powers to compel Rumania to observe her Treaty obligations. An Act +was passed by the Rumanian Parliament forbidding foreigners to exercise +any handicraft in Rumania unless Rumanians were assured similar +privileges in the parent States of such foreigners. The result of this +Act would have been to deprive all the Jewish artizans in Rumania of the +means of earning their livelihood, as, being foreigners without a parent +State of their own, they could not prove the reciprocity required by the +law. Prompt steps were taken to bring this project to the notice of the +Great Powers, chiefly by the late Lord Rothschild in London and Mr. +Jacob Schiff in Washington. Lord Rothschild was the first to move. In +June 1901 he forwarded to His Majesty's Government an elaborate +Memorandum setting forth the intolerable situation of the Rumanian Jews +and especially emphasising its international dangers as a stimulus of +undesirable immigration in other countries.[41] At the same time he +brought all his great influence to bear privately on individual members +of the Government. From Lord Lansdowne he received the warmest sympathy, +and the Foreign Office at once set inquiries on foot with a view to +ascertaining whether combined action by the Powers signatory of the +Berlin Treaty would be practicable. The responses, however, were not +encouraging.[42] Meanwhile the action of the London Jews had been +communicated to Mr. Oscar Straus in New York, and he persuaded Mr. +Schiff to bring the question to the knowledge of President Roosevelt. +The President, deeply moved by Mr. Schiff's story, acted with +characteristic energy. In July 1902 the Secretary of State, Mr. John +Hay, under the guise of a despatch giving instructions to the United +States Minister at Athens in regard to certain negotiations then pending +for a Naturalisation Treaty with Rumania, formulated a powerful +indictment of the persecutions. Three weeks later the American +Ambassadors in London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, Rome, and +Constantinople were instructed to communicate this despatch to the +Governments to which they were accredited, and to ascertain from them +whether it might not be possible to take some steps to secure from +Rumania the fulfilment of her obligations under Article XLIV of the +Treaty of Berlin.[43] Thus supported, Lord Lansdowne no longer +hesitated. In September he despatched a Circular to the Great Powers +definitely proposing combined representations at Bucharest.[44] + +As soon as this _démarche_ got wind Rumania hastened to annul the +offending law, and otherwise to restrain her anti-Semitic zeal. Nothing +more was heard of the proposed collective intervention, but it is now +known that Lord Lansdowne's proposal never took final shape because the +Russian and German Governments refused to associate themselves with it. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +DISPATCH FROM MR. JOHN HAY (U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE) TO THE U.S. +MINISTER AT ATHENS. + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_July 17, 1902_. + +_Charles S. Wilson, Esquire, etc., etc., etc., Athens._ + +SIR,--Your legation's despatch No. 19, of the 13th of February last, +reported having submitted to the Roumanian Government, through its +diplomatic representative in Greece, as the outcome of conference had by +Mr. Francis with him on the subject, a tentative draft of the +naturalization convention, on the lines of the draft previously +submitted to the Servian Government, and Mr. Francis added that His +Excellency the Roumanian Minister had informed him of his hearty +approval of the project, which he had forwarded to his Government with +his unqualified endorsement. Minister Francis was instructed on March 4 +that his action was approved. No report of progress has since been +received from your legation, but it is presumed that the matter is +receiving the consideration due to its importance. + +For its part, the Government of the United States regards the conclusion +of conventions of this character as of the highest value, because not +only establishing and recognizing the right of the citizens of the +foreign State to expatriate themselves voluntarily and acquire the +citizenship of this country, but also because establishing beyond the +pale of doubt the absolute equality of such naturalized persons with +native citizens of the United States in all that concerns their relation +to or intercourse with the country of their former allegiance. + +The right of citizens of the United States to resort to and transact +affairs of business or commerce in another country, without molestation +or disfavor of any kind, is set forth in the general treaties of amity +and commerce which the United States have concluded with foreign +nations, thus declaring what this Government holds to be a necessary +feature of the mutual intercourse of civilized nations and confirming +the principles of equality, equity and comity which underlie their +relations to one another. This right is not created by treaties; it is +recognized by them as a necessity of national existence, and we apply +the precept to other countries, whether it be conventionally declared or +not, as fully as we expect its extension to us. + +In some instances, other governments, taking a less broad view, regard +the rights of intercourse of alien citizens as not extending to their +former subjects who may have acquired another nationality. So far as +this position is founded on national sovereignty and asserts a claim to +the allegiance and service of the subject not to be extinguished save by +the consent of the sovereign, it finds precedent and warrant which it is +immaterial to the purpose of this instruction to discuss. Where such a +claim exists, it becomes the province of a naturalization convention to +adjust it on a ground of common advantage, substituting the general +sanction of treaty for the individual permission of expatriation and +recognizing the subject who may have changed allegiance as being on the +same plane with the natural or native citizens of the other contracting +State. + +Some States, few in number, be it said, make distinction between +different classes of citizens of the foreign State, denying to some the +rights of innocent intercourse and commerce which by comity and natural +right are accorded to the stranger, and doing this without regard to the +origin of the persons adversely affected. One country in particular, +although maintaining with the United States a treaty which unqualifiedly +guarantees to citizens of this country the rights of visit, sojourn and +commerce of the Empire, yet assumes to prohibit those rights to Hebrew +citizens of the United States, whether native or naturalized.[45] This +Government can lose no opportunity to controvert such a distinction, +wherever it may appear. It cannot admit such discrimination among its +own citizens, and can never assent that a foreign State, of its own +volition, can apply a religious test to debar any American citizen from +the favor due to all. + +There is no treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and +Roumania, but this Government is pleased to believe that Roumania +follows the precepts of comity in this regard as completely and +unreservedly as we ourselves do, and that the American in Roumania is as +welcome and as free in matters of sojourn and commerce and legal resorts +as the Roumanian is in the United States. We hear no suggestion that any +differential treatment of our citizens is there imposed. No religious +test is known to bar any American from resorting to Roumania for +business or pleasure. No attempt has been made to set up any such test +in the United States whereby any American citizen might be denied +recourse to the representatives of Roumania in order to authenticate +documents necessary to the establishment of his legal rights or the +furtherance of his personal interests in Roumania. And in welcoming +negotiations for a convention of naturalization Roumania gives proof of +her desire to confirm all American citizens in their inherently just +rights. + +Another consideration, of cognate character, presents itself. In the +absence of a naturalization convention, some few States hold +self-expatriation without the previous consent of the sovereign to be +punishable, or to entail consequences indistinguishable from banishment. +Turkey, for instance, only tacitly assents to the expatriation of +Ottoman subjects, so long as they remain outside Turkish jurisdiction. +Should they return thereto their acquired alienship is ignored. Should +they seek to cure the matter by asking permission to be naturalized +abroad, consent is coupled with the condition of non-return to Turkey. +It is the object of a naturalization convention to remedy this feature +by placing the naturalized alien on a parity with the natural-born +citizen and according him due recognition as such. This consideration +gives us added satisfaction that negotiations on the subject have been +auspiciously inaugurated with Roumania. If I have mentioned this aspect +of the matter, it is in order that the two Governments may be in accord +as to the bases of their agreement in this regard; for it is +indispensable that the essential purpose of the proposed convention +should not be impaired or perverted by any coupled condition of +banishment imposed independently by the act of either contracting party. + +The United States welcomes now, as it has welcomed from the foundation +of its government, the voluntary immigration of all aliens coming hither +under conditions fitting them to become merged in the body-politic of +this land. Our laws provide the means for them to become incorporated +indistinguishably in the mass of citizens, and prescribe their absolute +equality with the native born, guaranteeing to them equal civil rights +at home and equal protection abroad. The conditions are few, looking to +their coming as free agents, so circumstanced physically and morally as +to supply the healthful and intelligent material of free citizenhood. +The pauper, the criminal, the contagiously or incurably diseased, are +excluded from the benefits of immigration only when they are likely to +become a source of danger or a burden upon the community. The voluntary +character of their coming is essential,--hence we shut out all +immigration assisted or constrained by foreign agencies. The purpose of +our generous treatment of the alien immigrant is to benefit us and him +alike,--not to afford to another State a field upon which to cast its +own objectionable elements. A convention of naturalization may not be +construed as an instrument to facilitate any such process. The alien, +coming hither voluntarily and prepared to take upon himself the +preparatory, and in due course the definite obligations of citizenship, +retains thereafter, in domestic and international relations, the initial +character of free agency, in the full enjoyment of which it is incumbent +upon his adoptive State to protect him. + +The foregoing considerations, whilst pertinent to the examination of the +purpose and scope of a naturalization treaty, have a larger aim. It +behoves the State to scrutinize most jealously the character of the +immigration from a foreign land, and, if it be obnoxious to objection, +to examine the causes which render it so. Should those causes originate +in the act of another sovereign State, to the detriment of its +neighbors, it is the prerogative of an injured State to point out the +evil and to make remonstrance; for with nations, as with individuals, +the social law holds good that the right of each is bounded by the right +of the neighbor. + +The condition of a large class of the inhabitants of Roumania has for +many years been a source of grave concern to the United States. I refer +to the Roumanian Jews, numbering some 400,000. Long ago, while the +Danubian principalities labored under oppressive conditions which only +war and a general action of the European Powers sufficed to end, the +persecution of the indigenous Jews under Turkish rule called forth in +1872 the strong remonstrance of the United States. The Treaty of Berlin +was hailed as a cure for the wrong, in view of the express provisions of +its 44th article, prescribing that "in Roumania, the difference of +religious creeds and confessions shall not be alleged against any person +as a ground for exclusion or incapacity in matters relating to the +enjoyment of civil and political rights, admissions to public +employments, functions, and honors, or the exercise of the various +professions and industries in any locality whatsoever," and stipulating +freedom in the exercise of all forms of worship to Roumanian dependents +and foreigners alike, as well as guaranteeing that all foreigners in +Roumania shall be treated, without distinction of creed, on a footing of +perfect equality. + +With the lapse of time these just prescriptions have been rendered +nugatory in great part, as regards the native Jews, by the legislation +and municipal regulations of Roumania. Starting from the arbitrary and +controvertible premises that the native Jews of Roumania domiciled there +for centuries are "aliens not subject to foreign protection," the +ability of the Jew to earn even the scanty means of existence that +suffice for a frugal race has been constricted by degrees, until nearly +every opportunity to win a livelihood is denied; and until the helpless +poverty of the Jew has constrained an exodus of such proportions as to +cause general concern. + +The political disabilities of the Jews in Roumania, their exclusion from +the public service and the learned professions, the limitations of their +civil rights, and the imposition upon them of exceptional taxes, +involving as they do wrongs repugnant to the moral sense of liberal +modern peoples, are not so directly in point for my present purpose as +the public acts which attack the inherent right of man as a bread winner +in the ways of agriculture and trade. The Jews are prohibited from +owning land, or even from cultivating it as common laborers. They are +debarred from residing in the rural districts. Many branches of petty +trade and manual production are closed to them in the over-crowded +cities where they are forced to dwell and engage against fearful odds, +in the desperate struggle for existence. Even as ordinary artisans or +hired laborers they may only find employment in the proportion of one +"unprotected alien" to two "Roumanians" under any one employer. In +short, by the cumulative effect of successive restrictions, the Jews of +Roumania have become reduced to a state of wretched misery. Shut out +from nearly every avenue of self-support which is open to the poor of +other lands, and ground down by poverty as the natural result of their +discriminatory treatment, they are rendered incapable of lifting +themselves from the enforced degradation they endure. Even were the +fields of education open to them, of civil employment and of commerce, +as to "Roumanian citizens," their penury would prevent rising by +individual effort. Human beings, so circumstanced, have virtually no +alternatives but submissive suffering, or flight to some land less +unfavourable to them. Removal under such conditions is not and cannot be +the healthy intelligent emigration of a free and self-reliant being. It +must be, in most cases, the mere transplantation of an artificially +produced diseased growth to a new place. + +Granting that, in better and more healthful surroundings, the morbid +conditions will eventually change for good, such emigration is +necessarily for a time a burden to the community upon which the +fugitives may be cast. Self-reliance, and the knowledge and ability that +evolve the power of self-support must be developed, and, at the same +time, avenues of employment must be opened in quarters where competition +is already keen and opportunities scarce. The teachings of history, and +the experience of our own nation, show that the Jews possess in a high +degree the mental and moral qualifications of conscientious citizenhood. +No class of emigrants is more welcome to our shores when coming equipped +in mind and body for entrance upon the struggle for bread, and inspired +with the high purpose to give the best service of heart and brain to the +land they adopt of their own free will. But when they come as outcasts, +made doubly paupers by physical and moral oppression in their native +land, and thrown upon the long-suffering generosity of a more favored +community, their migration lacks the essential conditions which make +alien immigration either acceptable or beneficial. So well is this +appreciated on the Continent, that, even in the countries where +anti-Semitism has no foothold, it is difficult for these fleeing Jews to +obtain any lodging. America is their only goal. + +The United States offers asylum to the oppressed of all lands. But its +sympathy with them in no wise impairs its just liberty and right to +weigh the acts of the oppressor in the light of their effects upon this +country, and to judge accordingly. + +Putting together the facts now painfully brought home to this Government +during the past few years: that many of the inhabitants of Roumania are +being forced, by artificially adverse discriminations, to quit their +native country; that the hospitable asylum offered by this country is +almost the only refuge left to them; that they come hither unfitted by +the conditions of their exile to take part in the new life of this land +under circumstances either profitable to themselves or beneficial to the +community; and that they are objects of charity from the outset and for +a long time,--the right of remonstrance against the acts of the +Roumanian Government is clearly established in favor of this Government. +Whether consciously and of purpose, or not, these helpless people, +burdened and spurned by their native land, are forced by the sovereign +power of Roumania upon the charity of the United States. This Government +cannot be a tacit party to such an international wrong. It is +constrained to protest against the treatment to which the Jews of +Roumania are subjected, not alone because it has unimpeachable ground to +remonstrate against the resultant injury to itself, but in the name of +humanity. The United States may not authoritatively appeal to the +stipulations of the Treaty of Berlin, to which it was not and cannot +become a signatory, but it does earnestly appeal to the principles +consigned therein, because they are the principles of international law +and eternal justice, advocating the broad toleration which that solemn +compact enjoins, and standing ready to lend its moral support to the +fulfilment thereof by its co-signatories, for the act of Roumania itself +has effectively joined the United States to them as an interested party +in this regard. + +Occupying this ground and maintaining these views, it behoves us to see +that in concluding a naturalization convention no implication may exist +of obligation on the part of the United States to receive and convert +these unfortunates into citizens, and to eliminate any possible +inference of some condition or effect tantamount to banishment from +Roumania with inhibition of return or imposition of such legal +disability upon them by reason of their creed, as may impair their +interests in that country or operate to deny them judicial remedies +there which all American citizens may justly claim in accordance with +the law and comity of nations. + +I am, Sir, + +Your obedient servant, + +JOHN HAY. + + + * * * * * + + +AMERICAN CIRCULAR NOTE TO THE GREAT POWERS. + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_August 11, 1902_. + +SIR,--In the course of an instruction recently sent to the Minister +accredited to the Government of Roumania in regard to the bases of +negotiation begun with that Government looking to a convention of +naturalization between the United States and Roumania, certain +considerations were set forth for the Minister's guidance concerning the +character of the emigration from that country, the causes which +constrain it, and the consequences so far as they adversely affect the +United States. + +It has seemed to the President appropriate that these considerations, +relating as they do to the obligations entered into by the signatories +of the Treaty of Berlin of July 13, 1878, should be brought to the +attention of the Governments concerned and commended to their +consideration in the hope that, if they are so fortunate as to meet the +approval of the several Powers, such measures as to them may seem wise +may be taken to persuade the Government of Roumania to reconsider the +subject of the grievances in question. + + * * * * * + +(This note continues in the language of the foregoing despatch from the +words: "The United States welcomes now, etc." down to words: "as an +interested party in this regard.") + + * * * * * + +You will take an early occasion to read this instruction to the Minister +for Foreign Affairs and, should he request it, leave with him a copy. + +JOHN HAY. + + * * * * * + +_Reply of Great Britain._ + +(Mr. Bertie to Mr. Choate.) + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_September 2, 1902_. + +YOUR EXCELLENCY,--I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your +note of the 23rd ultimo, inclosing a copy of a dispatch from Mr. +Secretary Hay on the subject of the conditions of the Jews in Roumania. + +His Majesty's Government joins with the United States Government in +deploring the depressed condition of the Roumanian Jews and in regarding +with apprehension the results of their enforced emigration. + +His Majesty's Government will place themselves in communication with +the other Powers signatory of the Treaty of Berlin, with a view to a +joint representation to the Roumanian Government on the subject. + +FRANCIS BERTIE. + +(_In the absence of the Marquis of Lansdowne._) + +("Foreign Relations of the United States (1902)," pp. 910 _et seq._, 42 +_et seq._, and 550). + + * * * * * + + +(_h_) THE CONFERENCES OF LONDON, ST. PETERSBURG AND BUCHAREST (1912-13). + +In connection with the Balkan complications of the last ten years, which +form the overture to the present war, the Jewish organisations in +Western Europe and America--chiefly the London Jewish Conjoint +Committee--lost no opportunity of keeping the grievances of the Rumanian +Jews before the Great Powers and of maintaining the liberties already +won in South-Eastern Europe. The work has been of a more arduous and +far-reaching character than the public suspect, and, although it has not +achieved final success, it has been far from unfruitful. Of this work it +is only possible to speak in a very summary way, as much of it is still +confidential and all of it is directly related to negotiations still +pending and necessarily belonging to the domain of what is invidiously +called secret diplomacy. + +In 1908, on the occasion of the annexation of Bosnia and the Herzegovina +by Austria-Hungary, the Conjoint Committee seized the opportunity of +endeavouring to reopen the Rumano-Jewish Question. The annexation was a +technical infraction of the Berlin Treaty and required the sanction of +the Great Powers, for which probably a Conference would be held. The +Conjoint Committee addressed to Sir Edward Grey a request that the scope +of the proposed Conference should be extended to other infractions of +the Treaty, and accompanied it with a review of the Rumano-Jewish +Question, which constitutes one of the most important State Papers +produced in the Jewish community.[46] Unfortunately the projected +Conference was abandoned, but Sir Edward Grey was so impressed by the +statements of the Conjoint Committee that he ordered an investigation to +be made, and he afterwards formally avowed, in a letter to the Conjoint +Committee, that the charges made in the Memorandum were accurate and +that Rumania had not fulfilled her Treaty pledges. This perhaps may not +seem to be a great gain, but those who know anything of international +politics will be aware that an official statement of this kind has +considerable practical importance, and, indeed, it was not lost upon the +Cabinet of Bucharest. + +The last occasions on which attempts were made to put an end to the +Rumanian scandal were in connection with the Conferences of London, St. +Petersburg, and Bucharest, which liquidated the various questions +arising out of the Balkan wars in 1912-13. Here two questions confronted +the Conjoint Committee. While the international questions at issue were +confined to the trans-Danubian States, all that was necessary was to +secure for the populations of the transferred territories in that region +a reaffirmation of the clauses of the Treaties of 1830 and 1878, by +which the liberties of racial and religious minorities were guaranteed. +When, however, Rumania joined in the war, this question became of much +greater importance, and it involved the reopening of the whole question +of Rumania's violation of the Treaty of Berlin. In spite of the efforts +of the Conjoint Committee, neither the three Conferences of London, nor +the Conference of St. Petersburg dealt with these questions. At the +Conference of Bucharest the United States Government, at the instance of +the American Jewish Committee, made a suggestion that the civil and +religious liberties of the populations of the territories transferred +under the proposed Treaty should be specially guaranteed. On the +proposal of the Rumanian Prime Minister, however, the Conference agreed +that such securities were not necessary, but expressed their readiness +to give a verbal assurance that the wishes of the United States would be +fully realised.[47] A long correspondence ensued between the Conjoint +Committee and the Foreign Office, and eventually Sir Edward Grey agreed +to a suggestion of the Committee that the Great Powers should be +consulted with a view to making their sanction of the new territorial +arrangements in the Balkans conditional on the guarantee of full civil +and religious liberty to all the inhabitants of the annexed +territories.[48] This important assurance was reaffirmed by the +Secretary of State towards the end of July 1914, within a week of the +outbreak of the present war. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +EXTRACT FROM THE PROTOCOLS OF THE CONFERENCE OF BUCHAREST. + +_Protocole No. 6.--Séance du Mardi, 23 Juillet (5 Août), 1913._ + +[Le Président] fait part à la Conférence de la note suivante que lui a +remise S.E. Monsieur Jackson, Ministre des États-Unis d'Amérique à +Bucarest. + +"Le Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique désire faire savoir qu'il +regarderait avec satisfaction si une provision accordant pleine liberté +civile et religieuse aux habitants de tout territoire que pourrait être +assujetti à la souverainté de quiconque des cinq Puissances ou qui +pourrait être transféré de la jurisdiction de l'une des Puissances à +celle d'une autre, pourrait être introduite dans toute convention +conclue à Bucarest." + +M. Maioresco estime que les délégués sont unanimes à reconnaître +pleinement, en fait et en droit, le principe qui a inspiré la note +précitée, le droit public des États constitutionnels représentés à cette +Conférence en ayant consacré de longue date l'application. Le Président +pense donc que la note des États-Unis d'Amérique ne saurait soulever +aucune difficulté: il est peut-être bon de rappeler quelquefois les +principes, même lorsqu'ils sont universellement admis. Aussi, croit-il +être l'interprète des sentiments de MM. les Plénipotentiaires en +déclarant que les habitants de tout territoire nouvellement acquis +auront, sans distinction de religion, la même pleine liberté civile et +religieuse que tous les autres habitants de l'état. + +M. Venizelos considère qu'à la suite des déclarations du Président, qui +seront consignées au Protocole, toute insertion dans le traité à +conclure, d'un principe déjà universellement reconnu serait superflue. + +Cette manière de voir de M. le premier délégué de Grèce a recueilli +l'assentiment unanime. + +("Le Traité de Paix de Bucarest--Protocoles de la Conférence," Bucarest, +1913, pp. 24-25.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE CONJOINT COMMITTEE AND SIR +EDWARD GREY. + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_13th October, 1913_. + +SIR,--The Jewish Conjoint Foreign Committee of the London Committee of +Deputies of British Jews and the Anglo-Jewish Association have had under +their consideration the diplomatic acts--principally the Treaty of +Bucharest--by which the new territorial system in the Near East has been +adjusted, and they have instructed us to invite the attention of His +Majesty's Government to the omission from those documents of provisions +either confirming or repeating on their own account, for the benefit of +the annexed territories, the guarantees of civil and religious liberty +and equality contained in the Protocol No. 3 of the Conference of London +of February 3rd, 1830, and in Articles V, XXVII, XXXIV, XLIV, and LXII +of the Treaty of Berlin. + +Owing to the vast changes which have been made in the distribution of +the Jewish communities throughout the region lying between the Danube +and the Ægean, and more especially in view of the annexations to the +Kingdom of Roumania, where hitherto the Civil and Religious Liberty +Clauses of the Treaty of Berlin have been systematically evaded, this +question has caused the Jewish people the gravest anxiety. The Conjoint +Committee are well aware that in four of the annexing States, namely, +Greece, Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro, the Constitutions provide for +the equal rights of all religious denominations, and they gratefully +acknowledge that for many years past the Jews in those countries have +had no reason to complain; but in the new conditions of mixed races and +creeds which confront those States, and in face of the symptoms already +apparent of an accentuation of the long-standing inter-confessional +bitterness and strife, they prefer not to relinquish the international +obligations by which the rights of their co-religionists have hitherto +been secured. In this view they find themselves supported not only by +all the Jewish communities of the Balkans, but also by all of the +religious minorities in the dominions which have recently changed hands. +The reasonableness of their view is further supported by the +constitutional changes effected in like circumstances in Moldo-Wallachia +and Servia three-quarters of a century ago to the prejudice of the Jews, +and also by the continued encouragement to religious intolerance +afforded by the legalised oppression of a quarter of a million Jews in +the Kingdom of Roumania. + +The question was not ignored at the Peace Conference at Bucharest, but +it failed to receive any contractual solution. At the sitting of August +8th a scheme of religious, scholastic and cultural liberty was +discussed, but no agreement was reached, owing to irreconcilable +differences between the Patriarchists and the Exarchists. Moreover, the +scheme as drawn up was confined to Christian communities (Protocol No. +10). At the sitting of August 5th, the question was raised in its wider +aspects by a communication from the United States Government expressing +the hope that a provision would be introduced into the Treaty "according +full civil and religious liberty to the inhabitants of any territory +subject to the sovereignty of any of the five Powers, or which might be +transferred from the jurisdiction of any one of them to that of +another." This also met with no adequate response. M. Maioresco, the +Chief Roumanian plenipotentiary, expressed the opinion that such a +provision was unnecessary, "as the principle inspiring it had long been +recognised, in fact and in law, by the public law of the Constitutional +States represented at the Conference," but he added that he was willing +to declare on behalf of the plenipotentiaries that "the inhabitants of +any territory newly acquired will have, without distinction of religion, +the same full civil and religious liberty, as all the other inhabitants +of the State." In this view the other plenipotentiaries concurred. +(Protocol No. 6.) + +The Jewish Conjoint Committee regret that they are unable to accept +either the reasoning or the assurances of M. Maioresco for the following +reasons:-- + +1. Even if it were true that the constitutions of all the five +contracting States assure civil and religious liberty to their +inhabitants without distinction of religion--Roumania herself is a +flagrant exception--it would not afford as permanent a guarantee as an +international obligation. The circumstances which render such a +guarantee necessary in the present case have already been referred to +above. + +2. In previous territorial changes in the Near East, the liberal +provisions of the constitutions of the annexing States have not been +held sufficient for the protection of religious minorities. Thus, in +1864, when the Ionian Islands were transferred to Greece, the Powers +specifically extended to the new territories the civil and religious +liberty obligations imposed on the Hellenic Kingdom in 1830 (see Article +IV of the Treaty of London of March 20th, 1864). Again in 1881, when +Thessaly was ceded to Greece, the religious liberty obligations of 1830 +were repeated in the Treaty of Cession for the benefit of the Mussulman +population (Convention of May 14th, 1881, Article VIII). A similar +course was adopted by the Great Powers in 1886, when Eastern Roumelia +was virtually annexed to Bulgaria (Article IV of Arrangement of April +5th, 1886; _cf._ Eastern Roumelia Statute, Article XXIV). + +3. Roumania herself is not content to rely on the national constitutions +of the other Balkan States where the destinies of her own expatriated +brethren in race and religion are concerned. Although she persuaded the +Conference of Bucharest to reject the American proposal to insert +binding guarantees for the equitable treatment of racial and religious +minorities in the annexed territories generally, she insisted on the +adoption of an Annexe to the Protocols of the Conference pledging the +signatory States to grant equal rights and religious and scholastic +freedom to the Koutzo-Vlachs residing within their dominions. It is +difficult to understand why these Treaty guarantees should be required +for communities which have a Government at Bucharest, attached to them +by racial and religious sympathies, to look after their interests, and +not for the Jews, who have no such resource in the event of their rights +being ignored. + +4. The terms of M. Maioresco's declaration in regard to "the inhabitants +of any territory newly acquired" are ambiguous, and in the case of the +Jews of the northern districts of Bulgaria, now annexed to Roumania, +might, and no doubt would be, interpreted as assimilating them to the +oppressed Jewish communities of the annexed State. Moreover, in view of +what happened to the Jews of the Dobrudja when that province was +acquired by Roumania in 1878, any unilateral assurances from the Cabinet +of Bucharest on this subject must fail to inspire confidence. The action +of the Roumanian Government on that occasion was dealt with by us in the +letter we had the honour of addressing to you on July 13th last, and it +will consequently suffice to state now that the Jews of the Dobrudja +were deprived of their national rights for thirty years after the +annexation, and even then they experienced great difficulty in obtaining +them. We cannot contemplate without anxiety the possibility of a +repetition of this application of the principle formulated by M. +Maioresco. + +For these reasons the Jewish Conjoint Committee regard with grave +apprehension the omission from the Treaty of Bucharest of guarantees of +civil and religious equality for the inhabitants of the territories +which have changed hands in virtue of that instrument, and they trust +they may rely on His Majesty's Government to take such steps as will +assure to those inhabitants the full enjoyment of the high protection +accorded them by the London Protocol of 1830 and the Treaty of Berlin. + +They venture to suggest that the objects they have in view might be +attained by a collective note to the States signatory of the Treaties of +London, Bucharest and Constantinople, declaring that the Great Powers +regard the Civil and Religious Liberty clauses of the Protocol of 1830 +and the Treaty of Berlin as binding upon all of them within their new +frontiers and throughout all their territories. The Committee hope that +His Majesty's Government may see their way to propose such a note to +the Great Powers. + +We are, Sir, + +Your humble and obedient Servants, + +D. L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + + * * * * * + +TO THE RT. HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., HIS MAJESTY'S +PRINCIPAL SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS, ETC., ETC., ETC. + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_October 29th, 1913_. + +GENTLEMEN,--I am directed by Secretary Sir E. Grey to acknowledge the +receipt of your letter of October 13th, and to observe in reply that the +Articles of the Treaty of Berlin, to which you refer, are in no way +abrogated by the territorial changes in the Near East, and remain as +binding as they have been hitherto as regards all territories covered by +those Articles at the time when the Treaty was signed. + +His Majesty's Government will, however, consult with the other Powers as +to the policy of reaffirming in some way the provisions of the Treaty of +Berlin for the protection of the religious and other liberties of +minorities in the territories referred to, when the question of giving +formal recognition by the Powers to the recent territorial changes in +the Balkan Peninsula is raised. + +I am, Gentlemen, + +Your most obedient, humble servant, + +EYRE A. CROWE. + +THE CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE. + + * * * * * + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_17th November, 1913_. + +SIR,--We have had the honour of receiving the letter of the 29th ult. +addressed to us on your behalf by Sir Eyre A. Crowe, and we have duly +submitted it to our colleagues of the Conjoint Jewish Committee. + +We are desired by the Committee to thank you for this communication and +to express their lively satisfaction with the assurances you are good +enough to give them and which appear to them to meet the necessities of +the case they had the honour of placing before you. + +The Committee propose, with your permission, to submit to you at a later +stage, for the consideration of His Majesty's Government, an amended +formula of civil and religious liberty in the Balkans, which they think +will more clearly express the intentions of the Conference of London and +the Congress of Berlin than the provisions on the same subject contained +in the Protocol No. 3 of 1830 and the Treaty of 1878. They trust that +His Majesty's Government may find it possible to make this or some +similar amendment the basis for the proposed consultation with the other +Great Powers, as they venture to think that in this way a means may be +found of obviating a repetition of the misunderstandings by which the +Jews of Roumania have hitherto been deprived of the rights sought to be +conferred upon them by the Treaty of Berlin, besides securing the rights +of other religious and racial minorities in the Balkans on a footing of +perfect equality. + +We, are, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble servants, + +DAVID L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of the Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + + * * * * * + +TO THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., ETC., ETC. + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_12th March, 1914_. + +SIR,--Referring to the letter we had the honour of addressing to you on +the 17th November last, we now beg to submit to you, for the +consideration of His Majesty's Government, a revised formula of civil +and religious liberty in the Balkans in the hope that His Majesty's +Government may be able to recommend it to the other Great Powers +signatory of the Treaty of Berlin for application to the territories +which have recently changed hands in the Near East under the provisions +of the Treaties of London and Bucharest, and their subsidiary diplomatic +Acts. + +As you are aware, Civil and Religious Liberty in Bulgaria, Montenegro, +Servia and Roumania is at present guaranteed in identic terms by +Articles V, XXVII, XXXIV-V, XLIV of the Treaty of Berlin, and in Greece +by the concluding _alinéa_ of Protocol No. 3 of the Conference of London +of the 3rd February 1830. We beg to suggest that in the extension of +these stipulations to the new territories they shall be elucidated by +the addition to each of the following paragraph:-- + + * * * * * + +All persons of whatever religious belief born or residing in the +territories annexed to the Kingdom of---- in virtue of the Treaties of +London and Bucharest, and who do not claim a foreign nationality and +cannot be shown to be claimed as nationals of a foreign state shall be +entitled to full civil and political rights as nationals of the Kingdom +of---- in accordance with the foregoing stipulations. + + * * * * * + +Some slight modification of this paragraph will be required to meet the +special circumstances of each case, as, for example, the omission of the +reference to the Treaty of London in the case of Roumania, and perhaps, +the insertion of the paragraph before the final _alinéa_ of Article XLIV +of the Treaty of Berlin instead of its addition to that Article. + +In making this proposal we are chiefly actuated by a desire to obviate +as far as may be possible a repetition in the territories annexed to the +Kingdom of Roumania of the cruel evasion of Article XLIV of the Treaty +of Berlin by which the native Jews of Roumania have hitherto been +deprived of their civil and political rights. It will be within your +recollection that this evasion was contrived by arbitrarily declaring +all the native Jews to be _ipso facto_ foreigners and by submitting them +in that capacity to harsh disabilities which, while apparently +applicable to all foreigners, in reality only affected them. We are +further impressed by the fact that Bulgaria, Servia and Greece have each +acquired a considerable addition to their Jewish populations and, +although we acknowledge most gratefully the fidelity with which those +States have hitherto performed their obligation in regard to civil and +religious liberty, we think it wise, in view of the evil precedent +created by Roumania, to strengthen the hands of their rulers and +statesmen by extending those obligations in the form we now suggest to +the territories they have recently acquired. + +Our aims will, we think, be attained by the formula suggested above +without in any way enlarging the scope of the original stipulations, as +those stipulations were understood by their authors and the majority of +the States to which they have hitherto been applied. It is to be noted +that a similar amendment of Article XLIV was actually suggested by the +Italian representative, the Count de Launay, at the Berlin Congress, +with a view to obviating the very evasion of the Treaty subsequently +effected by Roumania, and it was only rejected by the Congress because +it was desired to adopt an identic formula for all the Balkan States and +because it was felt that the formula as it stood "paraît de nature à +concilier tous les intérêts en cause." (British and Foreign State +Papers, vol. lxix. pp. 1058-9.) + +Now that it has been shown that this anticipation was illusory, we +venture to hope that His Majesty's Government may see their way to +realize the intentions of the Berlin Congress by suggesting to the Great +Powers the amendment we have proposed, and that their recognition of the +territorial changes in the Near East will be made conditional upon its +adoption by all the annexing States, and more particularly by the +Kingdom of Roumania. + +We are, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble servants, + +DAVID L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + +TO THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., ETC., ETC. + + * * * * * + +(For the humanitarian interventions on behalf of the Jews of Morocco see +"The Conferences of Madrid and Algeciras," _infra_, pp. 88-99.) + + +(_i_) THE JEWISH QUESTION AND THE BALANCE OF POWER (1890 AND 1906). + +It will be noted that none of the diplomatic interventions took +cognizance of the ill-treatment of the Jews in Russia,[49] although +until the recent Revolution it afforded, in magnitude and cruelty, the +worst example of religious persecution known to modern Europe.[50] The +cynical reason has already been indicated. But if international politics +has affected to ignore the Jewish question in Russia, that question has +not been without a very distinct influence on the evolution of the +European international system. No survey of the Jewish problem in +international politics would be complete without a reference to the +curious part played by the Russo-Jewish question in the orientation of +Russian policy which made for the alliance with France and through it +for the Triple Entente. It is well known that even after the termination +of the Russo-German secret treaty of mutual neutrality in 1890, the Tsar +Alexander III remained for a long time reluctant to come to terms with +Republican France. Towards the end of 1890 there was a fresh outbreak of +official anti-Semitism in Russia, and the bitter cry of the persecuted +Jews was heard all over Europe. At that moment it happened that +negotiations for a large loan had been entered into by the Russian +Treasury with the house of Rothschild, and a preliminary contract had +actually been signed. As soon as the news of the persecutions reached +New Court, Lord Rothschild resolved to break off the negotiations. At +his instance, M. Wyshnigradski, the Russian Finance Minister, was +informed by the Paris House that unless the oppression of the Jews were +stopped they would be compelled to withdraw from the loan operation. +Deeply mortified by this attempt on the part of a Jewish banking firm to +deal with him _de puissance à puissance_, the Tsar peremptorily +cancelled the contract and ordered that overtures should be made to a +non-Jewish French syndicate headed by M. Hoskier of Paris. Thus was +forged the main financial link in the chain of common interests which +soon after led to the Dual Alliance. Incidentally, it may be mentioned +that one of the effects of the Alliance was to secure to the Tsar a much +larger immunity from criticism in his persistent ill-treatment of the +Jews.[51] + +Fifteen years later the Jewish question also played a part in the +curious Russo-German _rapprochement_ which nearly wrecked the Dual +Alliance. Much light has been shed upon this incident by the recent +publication of the late Tsar's secret correspondence with the German +Emperor[52] and other Russian State documents, notably a Memorandum on +the Jewish question drawn up by Count Lamsdorf in January 1906.[53] +Negotiations for the adhesion of Russia to the Anglo-French Entente had +been opened in the winter of 1903, but owing to the war with Japan and +the revolutionary outbreak in Russia the Tsar's views on the subject had +changed. Worked on by the German Emperor, he imagined himself a victim +of English intrigue, and he concluded with the Kaiser at Bjoerkoeon July +23, 1905, the bases of a new Triple Alliance to consist of Russia, +Germany, and France. While the Treaty was still unratified certain +reactionaries in Russia seized the opportunity of endeavouring to give +it a specially anti-Jewish bias. On the one hand the bureaucracy had +persuaded themselves that the Jews were the main authors of the October +Revolution, and on the other Count Witte and his colleagues in the +Cabinet were furious at the renewed rebuffs they had received at the +hands of the House of Rothschild in their efforts to raise new loans on +the Paris and London markets.[54] It was in these circumstances that +Count Lamsdorf prepared a Memorandum proposing to the Tsar that an +agreement should be concluded with Germany providing for the special +_surveillance_ of Jewish activities on the lines of a secret Protocol +which had been drawn up by the two Powers on March 14, 1904, for the +similar _surveillance_ and extradition of Anarchists.[55] At the same +time the Count suggested that the Pope should be asked to adhere to this +new Holy Alliance. This strange proposal was approved by the Tsar, who +ordered the immediate initiation of negotiations with the +Wilhelmstrasse. In due course this instruction was acted upon,[56] but +in the following May Count Lamsdorf fell, and with the entry of M. +Izvolsky into the Russian Foreign Office a new and saner direction was +given to Russian Foreign policy. Nothing more was heard either of the +Bjoerkoe Treaty or of the proposed Triple Alliance against the Jews. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +THE PROPOSED ANTI-SEMITIC TRIPLE ALLIANCE. + +(The footnotes appended to the following document are those of Count +Lamsdorf himself. Footnotes by the Editor will be found at the end.) + +_Secret._ + +ON THE ANARCHISTS. + +The events of the year 1905, which became particularly acute at the +beginning of October last, and, after a number of so-called "strikes," +culminated in an armed revolt at Moscow and in other cities and +localities of the Empire, show quite clearly that the Russian +revolutionary movement, apart from its deep social economic causes of an +_internal_ nature, has also a quite definite _international_ character. +This side of the revolutionary movement, which deserves very serious +attention, manifests itself chiefly in the fact that it is supported to +a large extent from abroad. + +This is clearly indicated by the striking phenomenon that the Russian +revolutionists dispose of an enormous quantity of _arms_ imported from +abroad, as well as of considerable _pecuniary means_, since there can be +no doubt that the revolutionary movement hostile to the Government, +including the organising of various kinds of strikes, must have cost the +revolutionaries large sums of money. + +Since it must be recognised that such support of the revolutionary +movement with arms and money could hardly be set to the account of +foreign governments (with the exception of certain isolated cases, as +for instance, the support of the Finnish movement by Sweden, and perhaps +the partial support of the Polish movement by Austria), one inevitably +arrives at the further conclusion that the support of our revolutionary +movement enters into the calculations of some _foreign capitalist +organisations_. + +This result must be coupled with the fact that the Russian revolutionary +movement is altogether distinguished by an alien racial character, since +it was precisely the various allogenes--the Armenians, Georgians, Letts, +Esthonians, Finns, Poles, etc.--who rose one after another against the +Imperial Government for the purpose of obtaining, if not complete +political autonomy, at least equal rights with the native population of +the Empire. When one considers, moreover, that, as is established with +sufficient certainty, among these allogenes a most important part is +played by the Jews, who have figured and still figure as a specially +active and aggressive element of the revolution, whether as individuals, +or as leaders of the movement, or in the shape of entire organisations +(_e.g._ the Jewish Bund in the Western region), one may assume with +certainty that the aforesaid support of the revolutionary movement from +abroad emanates precisely from _Jewish_ capitalist circles. + +In this respect one cannot ignore the coincidence of several phenomena +which could hardly be accidental. This coincidence rather logically +leads to the further result that our revolutionary movement is not only, +as already stated, _supported_ from abroad, but to a certain extent also +_directed_ from there. The strikes broke out with particular force +precisely in October last, that is to say, at a time when our Government +was making the attempt to bring about a large foreign loan without the +participation of the Rothschilds,[A] and just in the nick of time for +the frustration of the realisation of that financial scheme. The panic +provoked by it among the holders of Russian securities and the hurried +sale of those securities could not but procure in the end, as was safely +to be expected, new profits for the Jewish capitalists and bankers, who +speculated consciously and openly, as in Paris for instance, on the fall +of Russian securities.[57] + +On the other hand, the hostile movement against the Government, which +flared up immediately after the promulgation of the Manifesto of October +30th, assumed for a time milder forms as soon as the bulk of the Russian +people, of whom the revolutionists had taken no account at first, +responded to the hostile manifestations against the Government by +pogroms upon the Jews.[B] + +This connexion between the Russian revolutionary movement and the +foreign Jewish organisations is, moreover, confirmed in an obvious +manner by some significant facts which have even percolated through the +Press. Thus, for instance, the above-mentioned wholesale importation of +arms into Russia, which, as it transpires from the Agency reports, is +carried on very largely from the continent of Europe _via England_, +becomes quite intelligible when one considers that already in June 1905, +precisely in England, an Anglo-Jewish Committee for collecting donations +for the equipment of fighting groups among Russian Jews was openly +organised with the most active co-operation of the well-known Russophobe +publicist Lucien Wolf.[C] On the other hand, on account of the +melancholy consequences of the revolutionary agitation, which recoiled +upon the Jews themselves, in the very same England a Committee of Jewish +capitalists was founded under the presidency of Lord Rothschild, which +concentrated enormous sums of money, collected by way of subscriptions +in France, England and Germany, for the ostensible purpose of granting +relief to the Jewish subjects of Russia who had suffered by the pogroms. +Lastly, the Jews in America are organising collections both for the +victims and for the arming of the Jewish youths, without formally +separating these two aims from one another.[58][D] There is thus no +room for doubt as to the close connexion of the Russian revolution with +the Jewish question in general, and with the foreign Jewish +organisations in particular, which connexion is already perfectly clear +from the point of view of its fundamental principles, since the founders +of the Socialist doctrine, Lassalle and Marx, who wield so great an +influence on the present mind of the Russian University youth, were +notoriously both of Jewish origin. Nor can it be in any way doubted that +the practical direction of the Russian revolutionary movement is in +Jewish hands. While our newspapers pass over, no doubt intentionally, +the leading part played by them in almost complete silence, it is no +longer deemed necessary to make a secret of it abroad, even in Socialist +circles. A member of the Jewish Working-men's Union (Bund), named +Hervaille, thus declared openly at a meeting of the Dutch Socialists at +Amsterdam on the 22nd October (November 4th) that in spite of the +persecutions to which they were subjected, it is precisely the Jews who +are standing at the head of the Russian revolutionary movement.[59] In +Italy, numerous meetings of sympathy with the said movement, which in +the course of last November were organised at Rome, Milan, Turin, etc. +ostensibly, "Pro liberta Russa," ended in manifestations "Pro ebrei +Russi."[60] + +Thus, with the evident promotion of the Russian revolution by the Jews +of all countries, in one form or another, to a larger or smaller extent, +providing it above all with intelligent leaders, arms and pecuniary +means, the so-to-say international side of our revolutionary movement +becomes perfectly clear, and at the same time reveals those forces which +the Imperial Government must combat, as well as the factors of State and +public life abroad, on which it must rely in this struggle. + +Starting from the idea set out above, namely, that our revolutionary +movement is being actively supported and partly directed by the forces +of universal Jewry, we also discover with great probability the +organising and intellectual centre where the main supports and feeding +organs of the militant hostility to the Government in Russia are hiding +themselves. That is the famous pan-Jewish universal union established in +the year 1860, the "Alliance Israélite Universelle," with a Central +Committee in Paris, which possesses gigantic pecuniary means, disposes +of an enormous membership, and is supported by the Masonic lodges of +every description (according to some reports, they have again been +carried into Russia in recent years), which represent the obedient +organs of that universal organisation.[61][E] The principal aim of the +"Alliance Israélite Universelle"--the all-round triumph of +anti-Christian and anti-monarchist Jewry (which has already taken +practical possession of France) by means of Socialism which is to serve +as a bait for the ignorant masses--could not but find the State system +of Russia--a land of peasants, Orthodoxy and monarchism--an obstacle in +its path. Hence the fight against the existing Government, which was +started with consummate calculation at the very moment of our greatest +weakness brought about by the Japanese war. That is also why the chief +watchword of this inexorable campaign at the present moment is +universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage; that is to say, it fights +for a principle which if recognised by the Government would bring about +immediately, even before the meeting of the State Duma, the complete +removal of the existing historical-legal impediments to the triumph of +Jewry in Russia, though their complete abolition is not likely to be +welcome to the future chosen men of the Russian land either. + +The said factors, which support the fight of the revolutionary elements +against the Imperial Government from abroad, also afford on the other +hand the opportunity of recognising those forces by whose joint work a +favourable soil for a successful struggle with international +revolutionary Socialism might be created. As a matter of fact, there can +be no doubt that, in accordance with the main considerations set out +above, the universally organised international revolutionary Jewry must +be confronted by other enemies, apart from Russia, who by that alone +must become the friends and allies of the Imperial Government. +Anti-monarchist Jewry, sustained by money, cannot help undermining in +every way the Monarchical German Empire, sustained by its material +power. On the other hand, owing to a tradition centuries old, the +universally organised anti-Christian Judaism cannot help seeing an +irreconcilable enemy in the only Christian community that is likewise +organised on a universal and centralised basis, viz. the Roman Catholic +Church. + +It seems, therefore, that the friendly relations which have recently +been brought about so happily between the Imperial Government and the +German Empire,[F] as well as the Holy See, are destined to exercise a +very beneficent influence with regard to the anti-monarchical and +anti-Christian revolutionary movement in Europe. + +As for the Vatican, it must be remembered first of all that the +Protestant Government of Germany has recognised long ago the full +importance of the Holy See for the defence of the traditional +foundations of European culture. While in its internal policy, it is +leaning on the Catholic Centre-party, it has necessarily arrived at a +friendly accord with the Pope in its foreign policy as well. As for +Russia, the friendly assistance of the Vatican might likewise prove to +be of supreme importance just in the sense indicated above. Even apart +from the authoritative influence of the Holy See, through the medium of +the local clergy, especially in our Polish affairs--in this respect, the +latest Encyclical of the Pope to the Bishops of Poland presents a +significant step in meeting the wishes of the Russian Government--the +Vatican could render us an invaluable service by communicating +matter-of-fact data on the dissolving Jewish freemasonry organisation +and its branches, whose threads converge in Paris--an organisation about +which our Government is unfortunately but little informed, whereas the +Vatican is sure to watch its activity in the most attentive manner. + +As for Germany, on the other hand, any further approach of its +Government towards Russia--and one of a still closer nature than the +agreement founded on the Protocol of March 1st, 1904, on combating +Anarchism--would meet with unqualified sympathy at Berlin, since it +cannot be overlooked that, next to Russia, Germany is undoubtedly the +first State that will have to sustain the struggle with the +Social-Revolutionary party. Both the Government and Society in Germany +already take note at the present moment with the greatest apprehension +of the indubitable effect of the Russian events on the Social-Democratic +and Labour question, not to mention the movement of specific hostility +to the Government in the Provinces of Prussian Poland. + +Indeed, the West-European Socialists of various nationalities do not +consider it any longer necessary to make a secret of their intention to +inaugurate in this very month of January 1906, a movement hostile to the +Government of Germany--which is to reach its highest development on the +1st of May 1906--and has already started it in Prussia and in Saxony +with the self-same watchword of "Universal Suffrage." It could hardly be +doubted that behind this movement--which they intend to organise, in +accordance with the resolutions passed by the Socialist Congresses held +at Jena and Breslau, by the same means as in Russia--there stand in +reality the above indicated international aims and considerations of +principle, that is to say, the same anti-Christian and anti-monarchical +factors which had likewise been and are still in operation in the +Russian revolutionary movement. At any rate, according to an observation +by the _Deutsche Tageszeitung_, which has made it its special aim to +organise the fight against the impending general European revolution, +the more candid publicists of Social-Revolutionary tendencies are +already expressing unceremoniously their hope that the Russian movement +of hostility to the Government only presents a prelude to that general +European upheaval which, among other things, is to destroy utterly the +monarchical order of contemporary Europe. When one places oneself on +this standpoint, one cannot help perceiving in everything said above +nothing else but partial manifestations of a general revolutionary +scheme the menace of which is not confined to Russia, and which, +according to the formula of the well-known Liebknecht, consists +essentially in realising a Republic in politics, Socialism in economics, +and Atheism in the domain of religion. + +In view of the considerations set forth above, no doubt can remain as to +the absolute necessity of a confidential and sincere exchange of views +on our part, in the sense indicated above, with the leading spheres both +at Berlin and Rome. It could become the foundation of a most useful +joint action, first, for the purpose of organising a vigilant +supervision, and then also for an active joint struggle against the +common foe of the Christian and monarchical order of Europe. As a first +step in the said direction, and for the purpose of elucidating the main +principles for a future programme of joint action, it seems to be +desirable to confine ourselves for the present to a quite confidential +exchange of views with the German Government. + +(Signed) COUNT LAMSDORF. + + Negotiations must be entered into _immediately_. } + I share entirely the opinions herein expressed. } Endorsement in the + } Tsar's handwriting. + TSARSKOYE SELO, } + _January 3rd (O.S.) 1906_. } + +(Translated from the Russian text in vol. vi. of "Secret Documents," +published by the Soviet Commission of Foreign Affairs.) + + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +[A] _Supra_, p. 56 (note). + +[B] How these pogroms were organised by the Russian Secret Police will +be found described from authentic documents in Semenoff: _The Russian +Government and the Massacres_. + +[C] This is not quite accurate. The object of the Committee was to +assist the Self-Defence groups of Russian Jews in resisting the pogroms. +No arms were exported to Russia, as the groups in question, and indeed +the Russian Revolutionists themselves, found it quite easy to purchase +arms from the Imperial Russian magazines. + +[D] This also is quite untrue, as the published accounts of the Funds +show. + +[E] Freemasons will be able to judge of the accuracy of this statement. +It will suffice to say here that it is as untrue as it is ludicrous. The +same remark applies to the absurd reference to the Alliance Israélite. + +[F] This is clearly a reference to the Bjoerkoe interview and shows that +M. Izvolsky was in error when he stated that the Agreement resulting +from the interview was disapproved by Count Lamsdorf. (See interview +with M. Izvolsky in _Le Temps_, September 15, 1917.) + + + + +III. INTERVENTIONS BY RIGHT. + + +(_a_) STATUS OF JEWS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. + +Not all the diplomatic interventions on behalf of Jews have proceeded on +humanitarian grounds. Through the political assimilation of the Jews +with the populations among whom they dwell, and more particularly +through their emancipation in the various countries of Western Europe +and America, they have acquired the same rights in foreign countries +under International Law and treaties as their Christian fellow-citizens. +Unfortunately this has not been universally recognised, and it has +frequently happened that, when they travelled into countries where +Jewish disabilities still lingered, they were held liable as Jews to +ill-treatment from which their Christian fellow-countrymen were free. +The question of the legality of this ill-treatment arose at an early +date. + +In 1556, the Jews in the Papal States suffered a terrible persecution at +the hands of the fanatical Pope Paul IV. This culminated in the +imprisonment of all the Marranos or Crypto Jews of Ancona, and their +sentence to the stake. At that time the most influential Jews in Europe +were the Mendes or Nasi Family of Portugal and the Low Countries, the +head of which was the famous Donna Gracia Nasi. Her son-in-law, who +afterwards became Duke of Naxos in the service of the Porte, for whom he +conquered Cyprus, was the Rothschild as well as the Disraeli of his +day.[62] The Italian Jews sent piteous appeals to Donna Gracia, who was +then settled in Constantinople. She at once addressed herself to the +reigning Sultan, Solyman the Magnificent, and entreated his +intervention, on the ground that the Marrano Jews in Ancona were for the +most part Turkish subjects. The appeal was well conceived, for the +Sultan was outraged by the idea that subjects of his could be maltreated +by a foreign potentate. He promptly responded (March 9, 1556) by sending +an ultimatum to the Pope, demanding the immediate release of his +unjustly accused lieges, under pain of reprisals on the foreign +Christians within his own dominions.[63] The Turk in those days was not +in the habit of treating Christian States with an excess of ceremony, +and the Pope realised the wisdom of complying with the ultimatum. He +revenged himself, however, by burning those of the prisoners who could +not be shown to be Turkish subjects.[64] + +This incident is of peculiar interest for its bearing on the still much +debated question of the political status of Jews in the lands of their +"Dispersion." The Turkish Jews in 1556 seem to have had no doubt that +they were full nationals of the Ottoman Porte and as such entitled to +the protection of the Turkish Sultan. The precedent, however, was far +from decisive. In other circumstances other views have prevailed. Thus +in 1655, when the Commonwealth declared war on Spain, and an order was +issued for the confiscation of the property of Spaniards in England, +some of the Spanish Crypto Jews, then resident in London, appealed +against the order on the ground that their national status was that of +Jews and not that of Spaniards. This plea was allowed by the Admiralty +Commissioners, to whom it was referred, and they discharged the orders +made against the appellants.[65] + +The question slumbered for a century and a half, and when it reappeared +the Turk was again on the side of the light. In 1815, there was a +dispute on this subject between Austria and Turkey. At that time the +Jews of Turkey were treated better than the Jews of Austria. Austria +applied to Turkish Jews visiting her territories the disabilities +imposed upon her own Jews. Turkey protested on the ground that, +according to the treaties--mainly the Treaty of Carlowitz--in force +between the two powers, Austria had no right to make any distinction +between Turkish Jews and other subjects of the Ottoman Porte. This +contention was held to be valid by the Austrian Government, and the +incident was terminated by the issue of an instruction to the police of +Lower Austria, where the disabilities complained of were in force, +ordering them to treat all Turkish subjects alike without distinction of +race or creed. + +The Treaty of Carlowitz by which this case was governed left very little +option to the Austrian Government,[66] inasmuch as the reciprocity for +which it stipulated was not based, as in other treaties, on what is +known as "National treatment," that is to say that the nationals of each +contracting party visiting the territories of the other shall be treated +on the same footing as the nationals of the territories they visit. The +reason, no doubt, was that the racial and religious heterogeneity of +both Empires, and the differential treatment to which it gave rise in +their respective internal administrations, could not be recognised +internationally without grave risk of friction and controversy. The +lesson was not lost on other States, especially those which desired to +maintain their differential treatment of Jews as against the doctrine of +undenominational Nationality which was chiefly championed by France. The +result was a strengthening of the "National treatment" clause of +commercial treaties, and this, with the progress of religious liberty, +led to a succession of fresh international disputes. + +For many years, curiously enough, the chief offender was the democratic +Swiss Confederation, the Federal constitution of which was exclusively +Christian, while the Cantonal legislation was in many cases frankly and +even aggressively anti-Semitic. Until 1827 the Swiss Commercial Treaties +contained no hint of religious differentiation, but in that year, +availing themselves of the reactionary and clerical sympathies of the +government of Charles X, the Federal Authorities negotiated a Treaty +with France containing a "National treatment" clause, under which the +powers of the separate Cantons to deal as they pleased with Jews were, +in effect, reserved. But this was not all. Lest the clause should be +misinterpreted, the French Minister at Berne was authorised to address a +secret Note to the President of the Swiss Diet acknowledging that it +implied the desired restriction, on "the Jewish subjects of the +King."[67] The transaction was obviously one which could not stand the +light of the Revolution of 1830, and when three years later the +Government of the Canton of Basle applied the Treaty in all its rigour +to French Jews, the Duc de Broglie, then French Minister for Foreign +Affairs, issued an Ordinance suspending the operation of the Treaty in +regard to the offending Canton, and followed this up by severing +diplomatic relations and by placing a military cordon on the +frontier.[68] The King himself approved the action of his Minister in an +energetic speech to a deputation of the Consistoire Israélite. However, +in 1835 the Ordinance was withdrawn, and until 1850 the peace was more +or less preserved by a tacit _modus vivendi_. + +The resistance of France was rendered difficult, partly by perplexities +of general politics, but more immediately by the fact that the question +was a larger one than it had at first appeared. In February 1840 a +French Jew had been refused a _permis de séjour_ by the police of +Dresden on the ground that Jews were not permitted to reside in the +city. The case was precisely similar to that of Switzerland, and M. +Guizot, who was then Foreign Minister, hesitated to take up a strong +attitude as he was afraid that the precedent might involve him in +complications with other countries.[69] Nevertheless, French public +opinion was aroused, and the Chamber, after a lively debate, called upon +the Government to make suitable representations to Saxony.[70] In 1850 a +Commercial Treaty between the United States and Switzerland was signed +at Berne, but the American Senate, on the advice of the President, +refused to ratify it because it discriminated against +non-Christians.[71] This was followed almost immediately by a revival of +the anti-Semitic activity of the Basle police, chiefly at the expense of +French Jews resident in the Canton. The French Government again +protested energetically and insisted on the withdrawal of the police +measures. The demand was sulkily complied with, the Cantonal Government +reserving what they called "the principle."[72] + +In 1855 a new phase of the conflict was opened by the negotiation of two +further Commercial Treaties with Switzerland--one by Great Britain and +the other by the United States--in both of which the invidious +reservations, substantially as in the French Treaty of 1827, were +retained.[73] Some mystery attaches to the circumstances in which these +treaties were signed and ratified,[74] but the probable explanation is +that the Swiss negotiators promised in effect that there should be no +discrimination. This conjecture is confirmed by the action of the +Federal Assembly in the following year, in proposing a modification of +the Constitution by which equal rights should be accorded to the Jews in +all the Cantons. Unfortunately not all the Cantons agreed,[75] and in +1857 American public opinion became much excited at the discovery that +in the Canton of Neufchatel American citizens of the Jewish faith could +not be protected by American passports.[76] From this time until 1861 +the United States took the place of France as the champion of Religious +Liberty in Switzerland, and was strongly supported by Great Britain.[77] +Her efforts, however, were not successful, and it was still reserved for +France to settle the question. + +The opportunity presented itself when in the early sixties, under the +influence of Cobden and Chevalier, France denounced all her Commercial +Treaties. In negotiating the new Treaty with Switzerland she resolutely +set her face against all discriminations, or possibilities of +discrimination, between French citizens on the score of religion. The +result was that she obtained in her new Treaty (June 30, 1864) a form of +article without precedent in instruments of the kind.[78] In place of +"National treatment," French citizens in Switzerland "without +distinction of creed" were assured the same treatment as was accorded to +"Christians."[79] This striking victory was speedily followed by the +abolition of all Jewish disabilities throughout the Confederation.[80] + +A series of more formidable cases of the same kind arose at a later +period out of the disabilities imposed on Jews in Russia. The Powers +mainly affected were the United States and Great Britain. Both had +Treaties of Commerce with Russia, the American Treaty having been +concluded in 1832 and the British in 1859. Both Treaties contained, in +substantially the same form, articles guaranteeing reciprocal "National +treatment" to the subjects of the High Contracting parties. There is, +however, an extraordinary contrast in the interpretation of these +Treaties by the British and American Governments respectively. + +The question first came up for consideration in 1862. Certain British +Jews resident in Warsaw complained that the disabilities imposed upon +native Jews were also imposed upon them, and they appealed to Her +Majesty's Government for protection. Lord John Russell held that the +articles of the Treaty of 1859, by which British subjects in Russia and +Russian subjects in England were to be treated on an equal footing with +the nationals of those countries, did not mean that British Jews in +Russia should be treated as British subjects, but that they should only +have equal treatment with their oppressed co-religionists. He +accordingly declined to seek any relief for the petitioners.[81] The +case gave rise to no controversy, not only because the British and +Russian Governments were at one in their interpretation of the Treaty, +but because the facts were not made public at the time. It proved, +however, a fatal and humiliating precedent. In 1880 a terrible era of +persecution was inaugurated for the Jews of Russia, and it soon reacted +on their foreign brethren visiting the country. Towards the end of the +year a naturalised British Jew named Lewisohn was expelled from St. +Petersburg because he was a Jew, and he invoked the protection of his +Government. Lord Granville, who was then Foreign Secretary, was at first +disposed to regard the expulsion as a violation of the Treaty,[82] but +later on he became acquainted with the precedent of 1862, and he +declined to depart from it.[83] In 1890, at the instance of the Jewish +Conjoint Committee, Lord Salisbury submitted the question to the Law +Officers of the Crown, with the result that the precedent set by Lord +John Russell was confirmed on its merits and not--as in the case of Lord +Granville--_quâ_ precedent only.[84] The last occasion on which an +effort was made to obtain a reversal of this decision was in 1912. The +Conjoint Committee addressed to the Secretary of State, Sir Edward Grey, +an elaborate Memorandum reviewing the history and legal aspects of the +question.[85] The reply was in effect a reaffirmation of the previous +decisions, but the grounds on which it was rested were different. Sir +Edward Grey did not discuss the reasonableness of the established +interpretation, but he pleaded that any departure from it would only +lead to the termination of the Treaty, and that this would serve neither +British nor Jewish interests.[86] + +The dispute with the United States pursued a very different course. In +its earliest stages it was dealt with by minor diplomatic and consular +officials very much in the spirit of Lord John Russell,[87] but when in +1880 the Russian Government began to expel American Jews from St. +Petersburg, the question was taken in hand by the Secretary of State as +one of gravity. It was at once recognised that a religious +discrimination between American citizens could not be tolerated in any +American Treaty. This was quite apart from the question of the legal +interpretation of the Treaty of 1832.[88] That question, however, was +dealt with vigorously by Mr. Blaine in July 1881. He took the broad view +that the intention of the United States in 1832 was not, and could not +have been, that which the Russian Government read into the Treaty, that +the Russian interpretation was indefensible on moral grounds, and that +on such questions local law cannot be permitted to override the express +terms of a Treaty.[89] On this basis the United States patiently sought +a reversal of the Russian view, but without success. The fight lasted +thirty years. Eventually American public opinion became agitated, an +organised movement for the termination of the obnoxious treaty was set +on foot, and in December 1911 the House of Representatives at Washington +sent a strongly worded joint resolution to the Senate declaring that +Russia had violated the Treaty and calling upon the President to +denounce it. The Russian Ambassador in Washington expressed official +disapproval of the resolution, but President Taft acted upon it without +waiting for the Senate, and denounced the Treaty on December 15. +Thereupon the Senate contented itself with a joint resolution approving +the action of the President.[90] + +The question of the status of Jews in foreign lands has also arisen in +Palestine and Morocco. In 1882 the Turkish Government, fearing a Zionist +propaganda, prohibited the settlement of foreign Jews in the Holy Land. +The United States protested, and in 1887 and 1888 similar action was +taken by Great Britain and France. In the following year the +restriction was removed.[91] In the case of Morocco, Great Britain +solved the question in advance by stipulating in her Treaty with that +country, negotiated in 1855, that her Christian, Mohammedan, and Jewish +subjects visiting and residing in Morocco should be treated on an equal +footing.[92] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +ART. XIV.--TREATY OF CARLOWITZ BETWEEN THE EMPEROR AND THE GRAND SULTAN, +_Jan. 26, 1699_.[93] + +XIV. Trade shall be free for the Subjects of both Partys, in all the +Kingdoms and Dominions of both Empires, according to the antient sacred +Capitulations. And that it may be carry'd on by both Partys with Profit +and without Fraud and Deceit, the same shall be settled by Stipulations +between Commissarys deputed on both sides, well vers'd in Merchandize, +at the time of solemn Embassys on both sides, and as has been observ'd +with other Nations in Friendship with the Sublime Empire, so his +Imperial Majesty's subjects of what Nation soever, shall enjoy the +Security and Advantage of Trade in the Kingdoms of the Sublime Empire, +as well as the usual Privileges in a fitting manner. + +("Collection of Treatys of Peace and Commerce," London, 1732, vol. iv. +p. 298.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Austrian Government. Instructions to Police of Lower +Austria, Dec. 28, 1815._ + +"All differences established between Turkish Jews and other subjects of +the Ottoman Porte appear contrary to the spirit of the Treaties. These +speak of 'Turkish subjects' without making any exception. It is +consequently to this quality only that one must have regard, and not in +any case to the religion or profession of individuals." + +(Quoted by M. Carnot in Debate in French Chamber. _Moniteur_, May 29, +1841.) + + * * * * * + +ARTS. I, III AND VI OF FRANCO-SWISS TREATY, MAY 30, 1827. + +Article premier.--Les Français seront reçus et traités, dans chaque +canton de la Confédération, relativement à leurs personnes et à leurs +propriétés, sur le même pied et de la même manière que le sont ou +pourront l'être à l'avenir les ressortissants suisses des autres +cantons. Tout genre d'industrie et de commerce permis aux ressortissants +suisses des divers cantons le sera également aux Français et sans qu'on +puisse exiger d'eux aucune condition pécuniaire ou autre plus onéreuse. +Lorsqu'ils prendront domicile ou formeront un établissement dans les +cantons qui admettent les ressortissants de leurs co-états, ils ne +seront également astreints à aucune autre condition que ces derniers. + +Art. 3.--Les Suisses jouiront en France des mêmes droits et avantages +que l'article premier assure aux Français en Suisse, de telle sorte qu'à +l'égard des cantons qui, sous les rapports spécifiés audit article +premier, traiteront les Français comme leurs propres ressortissants, +ceux-ci seront, sous les mêmes rapports, traités en France comme les +nationaux. Sa Majesté Très Chrétienne garantit aux autres cantons les +mêmes droits et avantages dont ils feront jouir ses sujets. + +Art. 6.--Les Français établis en Suisse, de même que les Suisses établis +en France en vertu du traité de 1803, continueront à jouir des droits +qui leur étaient acquis. Toutes les dispositions de la présente +convention leur seront d'ailleurs applicables. + +(Brisac: "Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France," pp. +10-11.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by French Negotiator. Secret Note to the Swiss Diet, +August 7, 1826._ + +Le premier point qui a paru avoir besoin de quelques éclaircissements +est relatif aux israélites sujets du roi, lesquels, en cette dernière +qualité, pourraient se croire autorisés à réclamer, dans tous les +cantons suisses, le bénéfice de l'article 5 du projet de traité arrêté +entre la commission de la Diète et moi. Je ferai observer à cet égard +que, cet article premier n'accordant aux Français que les droits qui +sont accordés par chaque canton suisse aux ressortissants des autres +cantons, il s'ensuit nécessairement que, dans ceux des cantons où le +domicile et tout nouvel établissement serait interdit, par les lois du +canton souverain, aux individus de la religion de Moïse, les sujets du +roi qui professent cette religion ne sauraient se prévaloir de l'article +en question pour réclamer une exception à la règle générale du canton +suisse. Il est toutefois bien entendu que c'est une conséquence directe +de l'article 6 du projet de traité, que ceux d'entre les israélites +d'origine française qui se seraient établis sur le territoire de la +Confédération sous le régime de l'acte de médiation et en vertu du +traité de 1803, continueront à jouir des droits qui leur étaient acquis. + +(Brisac: _op. cit._, pp. 12-13.) + + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by France (1835). Speech by King Louis Philippe to a +Deputation from the Consistoire Israélite, November 5, 1835._ + +Le roi a répondu: + +"Oui, dans tous les temps j'ai regardé comme injustes et impolitiques +les mesures qui établissaient entre les citoyens d'une même nation des +différences de qualifications sociales fondées sur la diversité des +croyances religieuses. Comme roi j'ai soutenu ce principe, et je vous ai +déjà témoigné plusieurs fois combien j'avais joui qu'il m'eût été +réservé de vous en faire l'application. J'espère qu'elle deviendra +générale, je le désire beaucoup. Je crois que c'est dans l'intérêt bien +entendu de tous les peuples, et la raison doit finir par l'emporter sur +les préjugés, comme l'eau qui tombe goutte à goutte finit par percer le +plus dur rocher. Tels sont au moins mes désirs et mes espérances; mais +je ne puis me mêler de ce qui se passe dans les autres États, à moins +que les intérêts français n'en soient lésés, ainsi que cela est arrivé +dans le canton de Bâle campagne. J'avoue que j'ai été bien aise d'avoir +cette occasion de bien établir que sous mon règne tous les Français +jouissent des mêmes droits et que tous obtiennent la même protection de +la part de mon gouvernement. J'espère que mes efforts ne seront pas +infructueux et que, dans l'affaire même dont vous m'entretenez, le +canton reviendra sur une détermination aussi contraire à nos traités +avec la Suisse qu'à l'esprit du siècle où nous vivons. Pour moi, je suis +heureux d'avoir donné l'exemple de votre complète émancipation, et je +vous remercie de la justice que vous rendez à mes actes et à mes +intentions; je suis bien touché de ce que vous venez de m'exprimer." + +(_Moniteur_, Nov. 12, 1835.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACT FROM FRANCO-SWISS TREATY OF ESTABLISHMENT, _June 30, 1864_. + +"Tous les Français sans distinction de culte seront reçus et traités à +l'avenir dans chacun des Cantons suisses sur le même pied que les +ressortissants chrétiens des autres Cantons." + +(Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 53.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. ANGLO-SWISS TREATY, _September 6, 1855_. + +Article I. The subjects of Her Britannic Majesty shall be admitted to +reside in each of the Swiss Cantons on the same conditions, and on the +same footing, as citizens of the other Swiss Cantons. In the same +manner, Swiss citizens shall be admitted to reside in all the +territories of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on the +same conditions, and on the same footing as British subjects. + +Consequently, the subjects and citizens of either of the two Contracting +Parties shall, provided they conform to the laws of the country, be at +liberty, with their families, to enter, establish themselves, reside, +and remain in any part of the territories of the other. They may hire +and occupy houses and warehouses for the purposes of residence and +commerce, and may exercise, conformably to the laws of the country, any +profession or business, or carry on trade in articles of lawful commerce +by wholesale or retail, and may conduct such trade either in person or +by any brokers or agents whom they may think fit to employ, provided +such brokers or agents shall themselves also fulfil the conditions +necessary for being admitted to reside in the country. They shall not be +subject to any taxes, charges or conditions in respect of residence, +establishment, passports, licences to reside, establish themselves, or +to trade, in respect of permission to exercise their profession, +business, trade, or occupation, greater or more onerous than those which +are or may be imposed upon the subjects or citizens of the country in +which they reside; and they shall, in all these respects, enjoy every +right, privilege, and exemption which is or may be accorded to subjects +or citizens of the country, or to subjects or citizens of the most +favoured nation. + +(Bernhardt, "Handbook of Treaties, &c., relating to Commerce," Lond. +1908, pp. 915-916.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. AMERICAN-SWISS TREATY, _November 6, 1855_. + +Art. I. "The citizens of the United States of America and the citizens +of Switzerland shall be admitted and treated upon a footing of +reciprocal equality in the two countries, where such admission and +treatment shall not conflict with the constitutional or legal +provisions, as well Federal as State and Cantonal, of the contracting +parties. + +(_Pub. Amer. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. xi. p. 15.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by the United States, 1857. Letter from the Assistant +Secretary of State to the Jews of Baltimore._ + +_August 13, 1857._ + +In compliance with your request, I enclose herewith a copy of the treaty +between the United States and Switzerland which was proclaimed in 1855. +It was originally concluded in 1850, but was amended with a view to +avoid some objections which were made on the very subject to which you +refer. In its present form, although it may not remove some +difficulties with reference to those who profess the Israelitish faith, +yet I do not see that it discriminates against this class of our +citizens in any mode whatever. Undoubtedly in some portions of the +Confederation the local laws are less liberal to Israelites than to +others, and this is deeply to be regretted; but the Government of the +United States has no control over the legislation of a foreign State and +can only employ its influence and good offices to relieve the +difficulties which such legislation may impose in any given case. + +JOHN APPLETON. + +(_Ibid._, p. 23.) + + * * * * * + +_Action by the United States, 1861. Instruction to Mr. Fogg, Minister to +Switzerland._ + +_September 14, 1861._ + +SIR,--Among the important instructions addressed to your predecessor are +those concerning the restrictions of certain of the Swiss Cantons +against citizens of the United States professing Judaism--a subject +which received at Mr. Fay's hands a large share of earnest attention and +upon which he addressed the department repeatedly and at much length. It +is very desirable that his efforts to procure the removal of the +restrictions referred to, which, though not completely successful, have +no doubt had much effect in smoothing the way to such a result, should +be followed up by you. You will therefore, after having fully acquainted +yourself with what Mr. Fay has done in the premises and with the views +of the department as expressed to him in the despatches on file in the +Legation, take such steps as you may deem judicious and legal to advance +the benevolent object in question. It is not doubted that further proper +appeals to the justice and liberality of the authorities of the several +Cantons whose laws discriminate against Israelitish citizens of the +United States, will result in a removal of the odious restrictions and a +recognition of the just rights of those citizens. + +WILLIAM H. SEWARD, + +_Secretary of State_. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 47-48.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. RUSSO-AMERICAN TREATY, _December_ 18, 1832. + +Article I. There shall be between the territories of the high +contracting parties a reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation. + +The inhabitants of their respective states shall mutually have liberty +to enter the ports, places and rivers of each party wherever foreign +commerce is permitted. They shall be at liberty to sojourn and reside in +all parts whatsoever of said territories, in order to attend to their +affairs; and they shall enjoy, to that effect, the same security and +protection as natives of the country wherein they reside, on condition +of submitting to the laws and ordinances there prevailing, and +particularly to the regulations in force concerning commerce. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. xx. p. 267.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by United States, 1881. Dispatch of Secretary of State +to the American Minister in St. Petersburg._ + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_July_ 29, 1881. + +SIR,--...The case would clearly be one in which the obligation of a +treaty is supreme and where the local law must yield. These questions of +the conflict of local law and international treaty stipulations are +among the most common which have engaged the attention of publicists, +and it is their concurrent judgment that where a treaty creates a +privilege for aliens in express terms it cannot be limited by the +operations of domestic law without a serious breach of the good faith +which governs the intercourse of nations. So long as such a conventional +engagement in favor of the citizens in another State exists, the law +governing natives in like cases is manifestly inapplicable. + +I need hardly enlarge on the point that the Government of the United +States concludes its treaties with foreign States for the equal +protection of all classes of American citizens. It can make absolutely +no discrimination between them, whatever be their origin or creed. So +that they abide by the laws at home or abroad it must give them due +protection and expect like protection for them. Any unfriendly or +discriminatory act against them on the part of a foreign power with +which we are at peace would call for our earnest remonstrance, whether a +treaty existed or not. The friendliness of our relations with foreign +nations is emphasized by the treaties we have concluded with them. We +have been moved to enter into such international compacts by +considerations of mutual benefit and reciprocity, by the same +considerations, in short, which have animated the Russian Government +from the time of the noble and tolerant declarations of the Empress +Catherine in 1784 to those of the ukase of 1860. We have looked to the +spirit rather than to the letter of those engagements, and believed that +they should be interpreted in the broadest way; and it is therefore a +source of unfeigned regret to us when a Government, to which we are +allied by so many historical ties as to that of Russia, shows a +disposition in its dealings with us to take advantage of technicalities, +to appeal to the rigid letter and not the reciprocal motive of its +international engagements in justification of the expulsion from its +territories of peaceable American citizens resorting thither under the +good faith of treaties and accused of no wrong-doing or of no violation +of the commercial code of the land, but of the simple adherence to the +faith of their fathers.... + +I can readily conceive that statutes bristling with difficulties remain +unrepealed in the volumes of the law of Russia as well as of other +nations. Even we ourselves have our obsolete "blue laws," and their +literal enforcement, if such a thing were possible, might to-day subject +a Russian of freethinking proclivities, in Maryland or Delaware, to the +penalty of having his tongue bored through with a red-hot iron for +blasphemy. Happily the spirit of progress is of higher authority than +the letter of outworn laws, and statutory enactments are not so +inelastic but that they relax and change with the general advancement of +peoples in the path of tolerance. + +The simple fact that thousands of Israelites to-day pursue their +callings unmolested in St. Petersburg, under the shadow of ancient +proscriptive laws, is in itself an eloquent testimony to the principle +of progress. And so, too, in Spain, where the persecution and expulsion +of the Jews is one of the most notable and deplorable facts in history, +and where the edicts of the earlier sovereigns remain unrepealed, we see +to-day an offer of protection and assured right of domicile made to +Israelites of every race.... + +I had the honor in my letter of the 20th ultimo to Mr. Bartholomey to +acquaint him with the general views of the President in relation to this +matter. + +I cannot better bring this instruction to a close than by repeating and +amplifying those views which the President so firmly holds, and which he +so anxiously desires to have recognized and responded to by the Russian +Government. + +He conceives that the intention of the United States in negotiating the +treaty of December 18, 1832, and the distinct and enlightened reciprocal +engagements then entered into with the Government of Russia, give us +moral ground to expect careful attention to our opinions as to its +rational interpretation in the broadest and most impartial sense; that +he would deeply regret, in view of the gratifying friendliness of the +relations of the two countries which he is so desirous to maintain, to +find that this large national sentiment fails to control the present +issue, or that a narrow and rigid limitation of the construction +possible to the treaty stipulation between the two countries is likely +to be adhered to; that if, after a frank comparison of the views of the +two Governments, in the most amicable spirit and with the most earnest +desire to reach a mutually agreeable conclusion, the treaty stipulations +between the United States and Russia are found insufficient to determine +questions of nationality and tolerance of individual faith, or to secure +to American citizens in Russia the treatment which Russians receive in +the United States, it is simply due to the good relations of the two +countries that the stipulations should be made sufficient in these +regards; and we can look for no clearer evidence of the good will which +Russia professes toward us than a frank declaration of her readiness to +come to a distinct agreement with us on these points in an earnest and +generous spirit. + +I have observed that in your conferences on this subject heretofore with +the minister of foreign affairs, as reported in your dispatches, you +have on some occasions given discreet expression to the feelings of +sympathy and gratification with which this Government and people regard +any steps taken in foreign countries in the direction of a liberal +tolerance analogous to that which forms the fundamental principle of our +national existence. Such expressions were natural on your part and +reflected a sentiment which we all feel. But in making the President's +views known to the minister I desire that you will carefully subordinate +such sentiments to the simple consideration of what is conscientiously +believed to be due to our citizens in foreign lands. You will distinctly +impress upon him that, regardful of the sovereignty of Russia, we do not +submit any suggestions touching the laws and customs of the Empire +except where those laws and customs conflict with and destroy the rights +of American citizens as assured by treaty obligations. + +You can further advise him that we can make no new treaty with Russia +nor accept any construction of our existing treaty which shall +discriminate against any class of American citizens on account of their +religious faith. + +I cannot but feel assured that this earnest presentation of the views of +this Government will accord with the sense of justice and equity of that +of Russia and that the questions at issue will soon find their natural +solution in harmony with the noble spirit of tolerance which pervaded +the ukase of the Empress Catherine a century ago, and with the +statesmanlike declaration of the principle of reciprocity found in the +late decree of the Czar Alexander II in 1860. + +You may read this dispatch to the minister for foreign affairs, and +should he desire a copy you will give it to him. + +JAMES G. BLAINE. + +("For. Relat. of the U.S.," 1881, pp. 1030 _et seq._) + + + * * * * * + + +DENUNCIATION BY UNITED STATES, 1911. + +_Resolution of the House of Representatives, December 13, 1911._ + +Resolved, etc., That the people of the United States assert as a +fundamental principle that the rights of its citizens shall not be +impaired at home or abroad because of race or religion; that the +Government of the United States concludes its treaties for the equal +protection of all classes of its citizens, without regard to race or +religion; that the Government of the United States will not be a party +to any treaty which discriminates, or which by one of the parties +thereto is so construed as to discriminate, between American citizens on +the ground of race or religion; that the Government of Russia has +violated the treaty between the United States and Russia, concluded at +St. Petersburg, December 18, 1832, refusing to honor American passports +duly issued to American citizens, on account of race and religion; that +in the judgment of the Congress the said treaty, for the reasons +aforesaid, ought to be terminated at the earliest possible time; that +for the aforesaid reasons the said treaty is hereby declared to be +terminated and of no further force and effect from the expiration of one +year after the date of notification to the Government of Russia of the +terms of this resolution, and that to this end the President is hereby +charged with the duty of communicating such notice to the Government of +Russia. + +("Congressional Record," xlviii. 280, 304-305.) + + * * * * * + +_Resolution of the Senate, December 20, 1911._ + +Whereas the treaty of commerce and navigation between the United States +and Russia concluded on the 18th day of December, 1832, provides in +Article XII thereof that it "shall continue in force until the first day +of January in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and +thirty-nine, and if one year before that day one of the high contracting +parties shall not have announced to the other by an official +notification its intention to arrest the operation thereof this treaty +shall remain obligatory one year beyond that day, and so on until the +expiration of the year which shall commence after the date of a similar +notification"; and + +Whereas on the 17th day of December, 1911, the President caused to be +delivered to the Imperial Russian Government by the American Ambassador +at St. Petersburg an official notification on behalf of the Government +of the United States announcing intention to terminate the operation of +this treaty upon the expiration of the year commencing on the 1st day of +January 1912; and + +Whereas said treaty is no longer responsive in various respects to the +political principles and commercial needs of the two countries; and + +Whereas the constructions placed thereon by the respective contracting +parties differ upon matters of fundamental importance and interest to +each; Therefore be it + +Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States +of America in Congress assembled, That the notice thus given by the +President of the United States to the Government of the Empire of Russia +to terminate said treaty in accordance with the terms of the Treaty is +hereby adopted and ratified. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 493-522.) + + * * * * * + +ARTS. I AND XI, ANGLO-RUSSIAN TREATY, _January 12, 1859_. + +Article I. There shall be between all the dominions and possessions of +the two High Contracting Parties, reciprocal freedom of commerce and +navigation. The subjects of each of the two Contracting Parties, +respectively, shall have liberty freely and securely to come, with their +ships and cargoes, to all places, ports and rivers in the dominions and +possessions of the other, to which other foreigners are or may be +permitted to come; and shall, throughout the whole extent of the +dominions and possessions of the other, enjoy the same rights, +privileges, liberties, favours, immunities and exemptions in matters of +commerce and navigation, which are or may be enjoyed by native subjects +generally. + +It is understood, however, that the preceding stipulations in no wise +affect the laws, decrees, and special regulations regarding commerce, +industry, and police, in vigour in each of the two countries, and +generally applicable to all foreigners. + +Article XI. The subjects of either of the two High Contracting Parties, +conforming themselves to the laws of the country, shall have:-- + +1. Full liberty, with their families, to enter, travel, or reside in any +part of the dominions and possessions of the other Contracting Party. + +2. They shall be permitted, in the towns and ports, to hire or possess +the houses, warehouses, shops and premises, which may be necessary for +them. + +3. They may carry on their commerce, either in person or by any agents +whom they may think fit to employ. + +4. They shall not be subject, in respect of their persons or property, +or in respect of passports, licences for residence or establishment, nor +in respect of their commerce or industry, to any taxes, whether general +or local, nor to imposts or obligations of any kind whatever, other or +greater than those which are or may be imposed upon native subjects. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, pp. 721, 724-725.) + + + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1862 and 1881. Despatch from Lord +Granville to H.B.M. Ambassador at St. Petersburg._ + +_Earl Granville to Sir E. Thornton._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_December 28th, 1881_. + +SIR,--In my preceding despatch of to-day I have discussed the question +whether Mr. Lewisohn, in the arbitrary expulsion from Russia to which he +was subjected in September of last year, was treated in accordance with +the Russian law as applied to foreign Jews. It now remains to be +considered whether Her Majesty's Government are entitled to claim for a +British subject of the Jewish faith immunity from the operation of these +laws, under the Treaty between Great Britain and Russia of 1859. + +It will be seen that Article I of that Treaty secures to foreigners the +same rights as are enjoyed by native subjects generally, but the +stipulations of that Article are not to affect the laws, decrees, and +special regulations regarding commerce, industry and police in vigour in +each of the two countries, and applicable to foreigners generally; and +again, by Article XI, they are not to be subjected to imposts or +obligations of any kind whatever other and greater than those which are +or may be imposed on native subjects. + +The Treaty is no doubt open to two possible constructions: the one, that +it only assures to British subjects of any particular creed the same +privileges as are enjoyed by Russian subjects of the same creed; the +other that the privileges accorded to British subjects are accorded to +all alike, without regard to the religious body to which they belong. + +If the latter construction be adopted, British Jews in Russia would be +entitled to be relieved from the disabilities to which native Jews are +liable, but such a construction would also involve the supposition that +Russia had agreed to create a state of things inconsistent with the +traditions of her Government, which could not fail to be a source of +embarrassment to her. + +Upon an examination of the archives of this Department, it has been +found that the position of the Jews in Russia formed the subject of a +complaint from certain British subjects of that religion at Warsaw in +1862, and that Her Majesty's Government then came to the conclusion that +they would not be justified in claiming exemption for British Jews in +Russia from disabilities to which their Russian co-religionists were +liable by law. + +On that occasion Earl Russell informed Lord Napier, then Her Majesty's +Ambassador at St. Petersburgh, that the effect of the 1st and 11th +Articles of the Treaty was to place British subjects on the footing of +Russian subjects before the law, each class being alike, and one not +more than the other amenable to all general laws applicable in like +cases; that as Russian subjects, being Jews, incurred certain +disabilities, the equality intended and provided for by the Treaty was +not infringed by British subjects who were Jews and resident in Russia +sharing the same disabilities. The despatch went on to say that it would +seem to be beyond the scope and general intent of a Treaty of Commerce +and Navigation if it were to be held to repeal in the persons of +foreigners the legal disabilities to which, for reasons of general State +policy, particular classes of individual natives of the country had been +subjected, and it was hardly to be supposed that such an interpretation +would be accepted or adopted by an independent Government as against +itself. + +Her Majesty's Government feel that they cannot now insist upon a +construction of the Treaty at variance with that which was placed upon +it in 1862. + +I am, &c., + +GRANVILLE. + +("Parl. Paper, Russia," No. 4 (1881), p. 21.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1891. Letter from the Marquis of +Salisbury to Sir Julian Goldsmid._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_January 29th, 1891_. + +SIR,--With reference to the letter from this office of the 16th ultimo +and to previous correspondence respecting the position of British Jews +in Russia, I am directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to inform you that +the question has been fully considered in communication with the Law +Officers of the Crown. + +Her Majesty's Government are advised that, so long as the disabilities +to which British and Russian Jews are subjected are substantially the +same, it is not open to Her Majesty's Government to depart from the +interpretation of Treaties laid down in Lord Granville's despatch of +December 28, 1881. + +You will find a copy of this despatch on page 21 of the Parliamentary +Paper "Russia No. 4, 1881." + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient, humble Servant, + +T. H. SANDERSON. + + * * * * * + + +SIR J. GOLDSMID, BART., M.P. + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1912. Letter from Sir Edward Grey to +the Conjoint Committee._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_October 1st, 1912_. + +GENTLEMEN,--Secretary Sir E. Grey has had under his careful +consideration your Memorial of August 2nd last on the subject of the +grievances caused by the restrictions imposed in Russia on British +subjects of the Jewish faith in regard to the interpretation of Articles +I and XI of the Treaty of Commerce between this country and Russia of +January 12th, 1859. + +I am to inform you that, inasmuch as the construction which should be +placed on the Articles of the Treaty was carefully considered by His +Majesty's Government in 1862, and again in 1881, His Majesty's +Government would not now be able to reverse the decision then arrived +at, and that an attempt to do so, or to interpret and utilise the Treaty +in a sense contrary to the spirit of that decision, would only lead to +its termination by formal notice as provided for by the Treaty at the +end of twelve months. Such result would in no way advance the interests +of those whom you represent, and would in other respects be +disadvantageous to British interests. Sir E. Grey, therefore, regrets +that he is unable to approach the Russian Government in the sense +desired. + +I am, Gentlemen, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +EYRE A. CROWE. + +THE CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +("Annual Report, Board of Deputies, 1912," pp. 81-82.) + + * * * * * + +ART. XIII. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY, _December 9, 1856_. + +Article XIII. All British subjects, whether Mahometans, Jews, or +Christians, shall alike enjoy all the rights and privileges granted by +the present Treaty and the Convention of Commerce and Navigation which +has also been concluded this day, or which shall at any time be granted +to the most favoured nation. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, p. 561.) + + * * * * * + + + * * * * * + +(_b_) CONSULAR PROTECTION. + +Besides natural born and naturalised Jewish subjects of intervening +States, there is another class of Jews on whose behalf protective +interventions have been exercised on grounds of right. These are native +Jews who for one reason or another have acquired Consular Protection +under the Capitulations and other exterritorial privileges enjoyed by +foreign States in Oriental and semi-barbarous countries. The origin of +this protection has already been briefly described.[94] + + * * * * * + +The exact national status of the persons on whom it is conferred is not +easy to define, but in the Foreign Jurisdiction Orders in Council they +are assimilated with "British subjects" so far as British exterritorial +jurisdiction is concerned,[95] and this roughly has been the practice of +all States exercising Consular Protection. + +The system lent itself easily to abuse and fraud, chiefly because +exterritoriality in the countries in which it was exercised generally +carried with it immunity not only from arbitrary exactions but also from +ordinary taxation. Moreover, in the case of native Jews who often +suffered from Moslem fanaticism--chiefly in Morocco and Persia--Consular +Protection was exercised from motives of humanity, and for that purpose +more or less fictitious qualifications were found for them. We get a +curious glimpse of the loose way in which Consular Protection was +granted from the Anglo-Turkish Treaty of 1809. Under the Capitulations +(Arts. LIX and LX) native interpreters and servants of the Embassy were +free of taxes and indeed of Turkish jurisdiction generally. By the +Treaty of 1809 (Art. IX) it was agreed that in future the _berats_ of +interpreters should not issue to "artizans, shopkeepers, bankers and +other persons not acting as interpreters."[96] Owing to this stipulation +and the sensitiveness of the Porte in regard to its jurisdiction over +its own subjects, irregular Protections were discontinued in Turkey. +This, however, was not a source of serious grievance to Jews, as on the +whole they have been extremely well treated in the Ottoman Empire. + +It is not generally known--and the fact may prove of peculiar importance +at the present moment--that all Russian Jews settled in Palestine are, +on certain conditions, entitled to claim British protection and so much +of the status of British subjects as this privilege implies. In 1849, +when there was a considerable influx of Russian Jews into Jerusalem, the +Russian Government, having no Consul in the city and for other reasons, +desired to get rid of the responsibility of protecting them. Accordingly +an arrangement was arrived at between the British and Russian +authorities permitting such Jews, on receiving papers of dismissal from +their Russian allegiance from the Vice-Consul at Jaffa, to register at +the British Consulate as British protégés. A large number availed +themselves of the privilege. There is nothing to show that the Agreement +of 1849 was ever cancelled.[97] + +In Morocco the Consular Protection System affected Jews more closely +than in Turkey. It was for many years their sole protection against the +oppressions of the Bashaws and the cruel fanaticism of the people, and +on this ground there was much to be said for its so-called abuses and +irregularities. The right of protection seems to have been derived from +a very loosely worded article of the Anglo-Moorish Treaty of 1728, +granting immunity from taxation to all the native servants of British +subjects, whether Moors or Jews.[98] This Treaty was abrogated by the +general Treaty of 1856 (Article XXXVIII) and a more definite scope was +given to British Consular jurisdiction (Article III), but in a Treaty of +Commerce signed on the same day, it was expressly stipulated (Article +IV) that native agents employed by British subjects "shall be treated +and regarded as other subjects of the Moorish dominions."[99] +Nevertheless, the old abuses continued in virtue of the "Most favoured +nation" clause,[100] and a very large number of native Jews received +protection at the hands of the Consuls of all the Powers, partly on +account of their usefulness and partly on account of the insecurity of +their lives and property under the Moorish authorities. + +It was, however, difficult to restrain Moorish fanaticism, and the +Consuls were frequently called upon to protect their Jewish protégés or +to avenge outrages of which they became victims.[101] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +PROTECTION OF RUSSIAN JEWS IN PALESTINE.--THE AGREEMENT OF 1849. + +_Earl Russell to the Jewish Board of Deputies._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_February 1st, 1864_. + +SIR,--I am directed by Earl Russell to acknowledge the receipt of your +two letters of the 29th of December and 22nd inst., in the former of +which you enclose a Memorial to His Lordship from the Jews of Safed and +Tiberias, praying that they may again be placed under British +protection, of which they assert that they were deprived by Mr. Consul +Finn under the circumstances stated by them. + +I am now to state to you in reply for the information of the +Memorialists that Her Majesty's Government have every disposition to +give effect to the arrangements which were made with the Russian Consul +General in 1849, namely to afford British protection to those Jews who, +having declined to return to Russia, have divested themselves of their +Russian Nationality, and so forfeited the protection to which _primâ +facie_ they were entitled to look. But I am to add that it must be +distinctly understood that this can only be done by the production on +the part of the individual seeking British protection of the formal +letter of Dismissal from the Russian Consulate, shewing that he has been +cast off from Russian protection, and would thus be left otherwise +unprotected. If he can produce no such letter, Her Majesty's Consular +Officers will not be entitled to grant to such individual British +protection. + +Mr. Finn acted erroneously in originally supposing that British +protection could be granted to Russian Jews without the production of +formal letters of dismissal, and it was in consequence of instructions +from Her Majesty's Government that he withdrew British Consular +protection from those persons who could not produce such letters. Lord +Russell, however, is of opinion that Mr. Finn has shewn satisfactorily +that his good offices have nevertheless not unfrequently been extended +to the Jewish Communities at Safed and Tiberias, and that they have no +just reason to complain of him. + +A delay has been occasioned in answering your first letter by the +necessity of communicating with Mr. Finn and of making other inquiries +with regard to the statements contained in the Memorial. + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +I. HAMMOND. + +J. M. MONTEFIORE, ESQ., + +4 GT. STANHOPE ST., MAYFAIR. + +(Minute Books of Board of Deputies, 1864.) + + +ART. III. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY _of January 14, 1727-8_. + +III. That the Menial Servants of his Britannic Majesty's Subjects, the +Natives of the Country, either Moors or Jews, be exempt from Taxes of +all kinds. + +("A General Collection of Treaties" (1732), iv. 458.) + + * * * * * + +ART. III. ANGLO-MOORISH GENERAL TREATY _of December 9, 1856_. + +EXTRACT. + +Article III....The British Chargé d'Affaires shall be at liberty to +choose his own interpreters and servants, either from the Mussulmans or +others, and neither his interpreters nor servants shall be compelled to +pay any capitation tax, forced contribution, or other similar or +corresponding charge. With respect to the Consuls or Vice-Consuls who +shall reside at the ports under the orders of the said Chargé +d'Affaires, they shall be at liberty to choose one interpreter, one +guard, and two servants, either from the Mussulmans or others; and +neither the interpreter, nor the guard, nor their servants, shall be +compelled to pay any capitation tax, forced contribution, or other +similar or corresponding charge. If the said Chargé d'Affaires should +appoint a subject of the Sultan of Morocco as Vice-Consul at a Moorish +port, the said Vice-Consul, and those members of his family who may +dwell within his house, shall be respected, and exempted from the +payment of any capitation tax, or other similar or corresponding charge; +but the said Vice-Consul shall not take under his protection any subject +of the Sultan of Morocco except the members of his family dwelling under +his roof. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, p. 556.) + + * * * * * + +ART. IV. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY OF COMMERCE _of December 9, 1856_. + +EXTRACT. + +Article IV. The subjects of Her Britannic Majesty within the dominions +of His Majesty the Sultan shall be free to manage their own affairs +themselves, or to commit those affairs to the management of any persons +whom they may appoint as their broker, factor or agent; nor shall such +British subjects be restrained in their choice of persons to act in such +capacities; nor shall they be called upon to pay any salary or +remuneration to any person whom they shall not choose to employ; but +those persons who shall be thus employed, and who are subjects of the +Sultan of Morocco, shall be treated and regarded as other subjects of +the Moorish dominions. + +(_Ibid._ p. 573.) + + + * * * * * + + +FRANCO-MOORISH "RÈGLEMENT" REGARDING PROTECTION, _August 19, 1863_. + +EXTRACTS. + +La protection est individuelle et temporaire. + +Elle ne s'applique pas en général aux parents de l'individu protégé. + +Elle ne peut s'appliquer à sa famille, c'est-à-dire à la femme et aux +enfants demeurant sous le même toit. + +Elle est tout au plus viagère, jamais héréditaire, sauf la seule +exception admise en faveur de la famille Benchimol, qui, de père en +fils, a fourni et fournit des censaux interprètes au port de Tanger. + +Les protégés se divisent en deux catégories: + +La première catégorie comprend les indigènes employés par la Légation et +par les différentes Autorités consulaires. + +La seconde catégorie se compose des facteurs, courtiers ou agents +indigènes employés par les négociants français pour leurs affaires de +commerce.... + +Le nombre des courtiers indigènes jouissant de la protection française +est limité à deux par maison de commerce. Par exception, les maisons de +commerce qui ont des comptoirs dans différents ports pourront avoir des +courtiers attachés à chacun de ces comptoirs et jouissant à ce titre de +la protection française.... + +Il est entendu, que les cultivateurs, gardiens de troupeaux ou autres +paysans indigènes au service des Français ne pourront être l'objet de +poursuites judiciaires sans que l'Autorité consulaire compétente en soit +immédiatement informée, afin que celle-ci puisse sauvegarder l'intérêt +de ses nationaux.... + +(De Card: "Les Traités entre la France et le Maroc" (Paris, 1898), pp. +221-22.) + + * * * * * + + +(_c_) THE CONFERENCES OF MADRID (1800) AND ALGECIRAS (1906). + +Through the efforts of the British Minister at Tangier, Sir John +Drummond Hay, who had negotiated the Treaties of 1856 and who was +strongly opposed to the abuses of the Protection system, a Conference of +the Powers and other interested States was held at Madrid in 1880 with +the object of introducing reforms.[102] A new Convention, containing a +few fresh restrictions, was agreed upon, but, as a matter of fact, the +Conference was a failure, owing to the reluctance of France to abandon a +system which gave her an advantage against Great Britain in promoting +her influence in Morocco.[103] For obvious reasons, Jewish influence +was also largely used to the same end. The Jewish factor of the problem +came out very prominently in the debates of the Conference. All the +protégés referred to by name were Jews, such as the families of +Benchimol, Moses Nahon, David Buzaglo, and Isaac Toledano.[104] One of +the few reforms carried out by the Conference was the abolition of +hereditary protection. An exception was, however, made in the case of +the Jewish family of Benchimol, whose rights in this respect had been +guaranteed in the Convention of 1863 with France, and a special +reservation to this effect was inserted in the new Treaty.[105] + +The Conference also dealt with the general questions of Religious +Liberty in Morocco and of the treatment of native Jews. In 1864 Sir +Moses Montefiore, as President of the Jewish Board of Deputies and with +the support of the British Government, had undertaken a mission to +Morocco in order to secure an improvement in the treatment of the +non-Mohammedan population, and more particularly the Jews. He succeeded +in obtaining from the Sultan a remarkable Edict assuring to the Jews a +perfect equality of treatment with all the other subjects of the +Sultan.[106] This Edict had not been observed, and, at the instance of +the Pope, the Madrid Conference adopted a Declaration calling upon the +Shereefian Government to give effect to it and at the same time to +assure Religious Liberty to all its subjects. The result was to extract +from the Sultan a formal reaffirmation of the Montefiore Edict.[107] + +A similar course was pursued by the Conference which met at Algeciras in +1906 to consider the Moorish question in its wider political aspects. +The intervening quarter of a century had been as barren of reforms as +the period which elapsed between the granting of the Edict of 1864 and +the meeting of the Madrid Conference. The maltreatment of the Jews had +continued, and had been the subject of frequent complaints by the +Alliance Israélite, the Anglo-Jewish Association, and the American +Jewish Committee, and of remonstrances by their respective Governments. +Accordingly at the instance of the United States Government, the +question was brought before the Algeciras Conference, and, at the +sitting of that body on April 2, 1906, a resolution was adopted, again +calling upon the Sultan of Morocco to see "that the Jews of his Empire +and all his subjects, without distinction of faith, were treated with +justice and equality."[108] + +No steps, however, were taken to enforce this resolution, and it was not +even made a treaty obligation. That, however, was of little consequence, +for, very shortly after, the Moorish Empire virtually disappeared, and a +French Protectorate was proclaimed. The Jews of Morocco are now in the +same situation as their brethren in Algiers and Tunis, which, however, +is not to say that it is entirely satisfactory. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE MADRID CONFERENCE (1880). + +_Protocole No. 3.--Séance du 20 Mai, 1880._ + +Sur la question de la protection héréditaire, le Plénipotentiaire de +France rappelle que la Convention de 1863 accorde formellement cette +protection à la famille Benchimol. Les raisons qui ont motivé cette +exception ont été dûment appreciées à cette époque par le Gouvernement +Marocain; elles ont conservé toute leur force, et il est impossible au +Gouvernement Français d'abandonner une famille qui jouit depuis 17 ans +de la plus juste considération. Il demande le maintien de cette +exception si légitime. + +Le Plénipotentiaire du Portugal, tout en maintenant dans toute son +étendue le droit au traitement de la nation la plus favorisée, reconnu +toujours au Portugal et récemment encore lors des Ambassades spéciales +envoyées par sa Majesté Chérifienne en 1875 et 1877, admet que la France +puisse alléguer des motifs spéciaux en faveur d'une exception qui, selon +lui, n'invalide pas le principe. Il accepte donc sans reserve que la +protection ne soit pas héréditaire, avec l'exception unique établi +nominativement dans la Convention de 1863. Seulement pour le cas où le +Gouvernement Marocain accorderait par la suite d'autres exceptions de +cette nature, il réserverait le droit du Gouvernement Portugais de +réclamer une exception analogue. + +Pareille réserve est faite par les autres Plénipotentiaires. + +"La protection n'est point héréditaire. Une seule exception est +maintenue en faveur de la famille Benchimol, comme étant établie dans la +Convention de 1863; mais elle ne saurait créer un précédent. Cependant +si le Souverain du Maroc accordait une autre exception, toutes les +Puissances représentées à la Conférence auraient le droit de réclamer +une exception pareille." + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 11.--Séance du 24 Juin, 1880._ + +Le Plénipotentiaire d'Italie demande la parole, et s'exprime en ces +termes:-- + +"...L'Italie a toujours maintenu inaltérable son droit consuétudinaire +sans jamais en abuser. En effet, en examinant le chiffre de 108, auquel +montent ses protégés, on trouvera que 11 seulement sont protégés en +vertu du droit consuétudinaire. + +"Six sont d'anciens Vice-Consuls et interprètes des États Italiens +composant actuellement le Royaume d'Italie. Le nombre de ceux qui ont +rendu ainsi des services à l'Italie est de six et non d'un seul (M. +Moses Nahon), comme M. le Ministre des Affaires Etrangères du Maroc +avait cru pouvoir l'affirmer dans la séance du 19 Juillet, 1879, des +Conférences de Tanger. + +"La veuve David Buzaglo et ses deux fils composent la famille d'un Agent +Diplomatique Italien, et jouisse à ce titre de la protection. + +"La veuve Isaac Toldano et 8 autres personnes appartiennent à la famille +de Joseph Toldano, Interprète de la Légation d'Italie, famille qui +jusqu'à présent a joui de la protection héréditaire comme la famille +Benchimol, protégée par la France." + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," lxxi. 825-826, 872, 873-874.) + + * * * * * + +ART. VI. TREATY OF MADRID, _July 6, 1880_.[109] + +VI. La protection s'étend sur la famille du protégé. Sa demeure est +respectée. + +Il est entendu que la famille ne se compose que de la femme, des +enfants, et des parents mineurs qui habitent sous le même toit. + +La protection n'est pas héréditaire. Une seule exception, déjà établie +par la Convention de 1863, et qui ne saurait créer un précédent, est +maintenue en faveur de la famille Benchimol. + +Cependant, si le Sultan du Maroc accordait une autre exception, chacune +des Puissances Contractantes aurait le droit de réclamer une concession +semblable. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 641-642.) + + + * * * * * + + +THE MONTEFIORE EDICT, 1864. + +In the Name of God, the Merciful and Gracious. There is no power but in +God, the High and Mighty. + +Be it known by this our Royal Edict--may God exalt and bless its purport +and elevate the same to the high heavens, as he does the sun and +moon!--that it is our command, that all Jews residing within our +dominions, be the condition in which the Almighty God has placed them +whatever it may, shall be treated by our Governors, Administrators, and +all other subjects, in manner conformable with the evenly balanced +scales of Justice, and that in the administration of the Courts of Law +they (the Jews) shall occupy a position of perfect equality with all +other people; so that not even a fractional portion of the smallest +imaginable particle of injustice shall reach any of them, nor shall they +be subjected to anything of an objectionable nature. Neither they (the +Authorities) nor any one else shall do them (the Jews) wrong, whether to +their persons or to their property. Nor shall any tradesman among them, +or artizan, be compelled to work against his will. The work of everyone +shall be duly recompensed, for injustice here is injustice in Heaven, +and we cannot countenance it in any matter affecting either their (the +Jews') rights or the rights of others, our own dignity being itself +opposed to such a course. All persons in our regard have an equal claim +to justice; and if any person should wrong or injure one of them (the +Jews), we will, with the help of God, punish him. + +The commands hereinbefore set forth had been given and made known before +now; but we repeat them, and add force to them, in order that they may +be more clearly understood, and more strictly carried into effect, as +well as serve for a warning to such as may be evilly disposed towards +them (the Jews), and that the Jews shall thus enjoy for the future more +security than heretofore, whilst the fear to injure them shall be +greatly increased. + +This Decree, blessed by God, is promulgated on the 26th of Shaban, 1280 +(15 February 1864). Peace! + +(Loewe, "Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore," vol. ii. p. 153.) + + * * * * * + +FURTHER EXTRACT FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE MADRID CONFERENCE (1880). + +_Protocole No. 12.--Séance du 26 Juin, 1880._ + +Le Président observe que la Conférence, ayant accompli, et au delà, la +tâche qu'elle s'était proposée, est à la veille de se dissoudre. Mais il +doit porter à la connaissance de ses membres, avant qu'ils ne se +séparent, une communication importante qui a été adressée par le +Saint-Siège au Gouvernement de Sa Majesté Catholique. + +M. Canovas del Castillo donne lecture de la production suivante d'une +lettre, en date du 4 Mai, 1880, qu'il a reçue de son Eminence le +Cardinal Nina: + +"EXCELLENCE,--Le Saint-Père, obéissant au devoirs de sa mission +apostolique, ne peut que mettre à profit toutes les occasions qui se +présentent de veiller aux intérêts du Catholicisme, sur n'importe quel +point du globe. Ayant appris que dans le courant de ce mois un Congrès +Diplomatique doit se réunir sous votre présidence pour s'occuper des +affaires du Maroc, Sa Sainteté, tout en reconnaissant que parmi les +questions qui seront soumises à la délibération de la Conférence, celle +qui se rapporte à la liberté religieuse dans l'Empire Marocain n'a pas +été particulièrement désignée, croit cependant que rien n'interdirait +aux Plénipotentiaires réunis à Madrid de porter leur attention sur un +sujet si important pour le bienêtre des habitants du Maroc, quand même +il ne serait considéré qu'au point de vue matériel. + +"Il n'est point douteux que, de même qu'au dernier Congrès de Berlin les +appels faits par mon illustre prédécesseur, le Cardinal Franchi, aux +Représentants de la France et de l'Autriche, MM. Waddington et Andrássy, +eurent pour résultat de faire accueillir et voter, avec l'approbation +générale, les demandes de Sa Sainteté relatives à la liberté de la +religion Catholique pour les sujets de la Sublime Porte et des États qui +l'avoisinent, de même la proposition que je fais en ce moment trouvera +un accueil non moins favorable de la part des dignes Représentants à la +veille de se réunir dans la capitale d'une nation si dévouée au +Saint-Siège, et liée par tant d'intérêts à l'Empire du Maroc. D'autre +part, il n'est pas permis de présumer que le Gouvernement Marocain, uni +par un lien si étroit au Représentant suprême de l'Islamisme, puisse se +réfuser à suivre l'exemple qui lui a été offert par l'adhésion de +l'Empereur des Ottomans aux Articles stipulés dans le Congrès de Berlin, +lorsque la Conférence qui va se réunir lui proposera d'adopter une +résolution analogue. + +"Obéissant à ces considérations, le Saint-Père m'a chargé de m'adresser +à votre Excellence, digne Président de l'Assemblée, et de faire appel, +en son nom Pontifical, à ses sentiments comme Catholique et comme +Espagnol, afin quelle veuille bien se charger de proposer et de défendre +au sein du Congrès la proposition sus-indiquée, qui porte que les sujets +du Sultan, ainsi que les étrangers, jouiront au Maroc du libre exercice +du culte Catholique, sans que par ce motif ils aient à souffrir tort ou +préjudice dans leurs droits civils ou politiques. + +"Le Saint-Père ne méconnait point les obstacles qu'oppose l'état actuel +du Maroc à la réalisation de cette liberté; mais ces obstacles, loin de +décourager, doivent stimuler les c[oe]urs généreux qui n'envisagent que +la grandeur du but à atteindre. + +"Du reste, une fois que le Gouvernement Marocain aura accepté le +principe en question, et pris vis-à-vis des Puissances étrangères +l'engagement de s'y conformer, si ces Puissances, d'accord avec +l'Espagne, dont les relations avec le Maroc présentent un caractère tout +spécial, voulaient prendre une attitude semblable à celle qu'elles ont +adoptée en Orient, on pourrait avec raison espérer que le progrès de la +civilisation améneraient bientôt, par des voies pacifiques, le libre +exercice du culte Catholique dans ces régions Africaines. + +"En me conformant aux ordres de l'auguste Pontife, je dois en même temps +vous faire savoir que le Saint-Père est animé d'une conviction intime +que vous répondrez à son appel paternel et que les Représentants des +autres Puissances seconderont vos efforts, en accueillant avec faveur +une demande conforme aux principes aujourd'hui admis du droit public +international. + +"Le Saint-Père croit également qu'en agissant ainsi, votre Excellence +répondra aux sentiments bien connus de Sa Majesté le Roi, son auguste +Souverain, en faveur de notre sainte religion. + +Je saisis, &c., + +"L. CARD. NINA. + +"A son Excellence M. CANOVAS DEL CASTILLO." + +M. Cánovas del Castillo a eu l'honneur de répondre à Mgr. le Nonce +Apostolique à Madrid, avec lequel il s'est entretenu à ce sujet, que le +Plénipotentiaire d'Espagne était prêt à présenter, et à appuyer au sein +de la Conférence, la proposition du Saint-Siège, aussitôt qu'il serait +avéré que les Représentants des autres Puissances pourraient consentir à +traiter des questions en dehors de celles qui avaient motivé leur +réunion; il devrait, en particulier, consulter son collègue le +Représentant de la Grande-Bretagne, dont le Gouvernement a pris +l'initiative de la convocation des Plénipotentiaires, sur l'opportunité +qu'il y aurait à saisir la Conférence de cette proposition. M. Cánovas a +ajouté que, si la Conférence admettait en principe la possibilité de +traiter des questions étrangères au but déterminé qu'elle s'était +proposé, le Plénipotentiaire d'Espagne tiendrait à honneur de remplir la +mission que le Saint-Siège daignait lui confier, et qu'il était persuadé +que la communication du Saint-Père serait accueillie, en ce cas, avec +toute la déférence due à sa haute origine. + +Il a rappelé en même temps que le Traité de 1861 assure la liberté +religieuse aux Catholiques Espagnols au Maroc, et que d'autre part le +Traité Anglais de 1856 stipulait également, pour les sujets +Britanniques, le libre exercice de leur culte. + +Ayant acquis postérieurement la conviction que les Plénipotentiaires +sont disposés à examiner cette question, le Président estime que la +Conférence devra faire une déclaration érigeant en règle générale le +principe que le Maroc a déjà admis par des Traités. + +Le Plénipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie prend alors la parole, et dit que +le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté Impériale et Royale Apostolique, à la +suite d'une démarche analogue du Saint-Siège, a pu s'assurer, de son +côté que les autres Cabinets seraient, en effet, disposés à se joindre à +un v[oe]u comme celui dont vient de prendre l'initiative le Président de +la Conférence, pourvu que ce v[oe]u fut exprimé en faveur de tous les +habitants non-Musulmans du Maroc, et que la Conférence recommandât en +même temps à la sagesse du Sultan du Maroc l'abolition des incapacités +qui pèsent encore sur certaines classes de ses sujets en raison de leurs +croyances. + +C'est dans ce sens, et pour donner une forme plus précise à ce v[oe]u, +que M. le Comte Ludolf a été chargé de préparer le projet d'Adresse au +Souverain du Maroc qu'il a l'honneur de soumettre à la Conférence. + +Le Plénipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie donne lecture du document en ces +termes:-- + +"La Conférence, au moment de se dissoudre, informée par son Président de +la demande exprimée en faveur de l'Église Catholique par Sa Sainteté le +Souverain Pontife, dans le lettre dont lecture vient d'être fait, +demande de son côté que le libre exercice de tous les cultes soit +reconnu au Maroc. + +"La Conférence, d'autant plus convaincu que ce v[oe]u trouvera un +accueil favorable auprès de Sa Majesté Chérifienne que l'illustre +Souverain du Maroc a déjà donné une preuve manifeste de sa tolérance et +de sa sollicitude pour le bien-être de ses sujets non-Musulmans, en +confirmant en 1874 le Décret accordé par Sa Majesté le Sultan Sidi +Mohammed, sous le 26 Chaban de 1280 (Février 1864) à Sir Moses +Montefiore, Décret qui proclame que tous les sujets de l'Empire du Maroc +doivent avoir le même rang devant la loi: que par conséquent les Juifs +du Maroc doivent être traités conformément à la justice et à l'équité, +et qu'aucune violence ne doit être exercée à l'égard de leurs personnes +ni de leurs biens. + +"A la suite de ce Décret, bien des lois humiliantes, édictées contre les +non-Musulmans dans des temps antérieurs, ont été mises hors de pratique, +et le sort des races non-Musulmans au Maroc est devenu plus supportable. + +"Toutefois, ces lois ne sont pas encore toutes formellement révoquées, +et quelques-unes même continuent à être en vigueur dans plus d'un +endroit de l'intérieur de l'Empire. De même, le libre exercice de leurs +cultes n'est pas encore accordé d'une manière légale aux sujets +non-Musulmans de Sa Majesté Chérifienne, et beaucoup de restrictions +existent encore pour ces derniers qui sont contraires à l'esprit du +Décret du 26 Chaban, 1280, et à cette règle si élémentaire et si +universellement respectée, que les sujets d'un même pays, de quelque +race ou de quelque religion qu'ils soient, des qu'ils accomplissent +fidèlement leurs devoirs envers le Souverain, doivent jouir d'une +parfaite identité de droits et d'une complète égalité devant la loi. + +"Le Sultan Abdul Medjid, Empéreur des Ottomans, à déjà, en 1839, par le +Hatti-Chérif de Gulhané, reconnu spontanément et inscrit dans la +législation de son pays ce même principe, qui a été développé et +consacré depuis par ses successeurs, en 1856 et dernièrement encore en +1878, de façon qu'on ne saurait douter qu'il ne se laisse parfaitement +concilier avec la loi Mahométane. + +"Quoique persuadée que l'illustre Souverain du Maroc est animé, non +moins que le Sultan de la Turquie, d'intentions bienveillantes envers +ses sujets non-Musulmans, la Conférence croirait manquer à un devoir si +elle ne témoignait le vif et profond intérêt qu'elle prend à la prompte +amélioration de leur sort. A cet effet, la Conférence, au nom des Hautes +Puissances représentées dans son sein, fait appel à Sa Majesté +Chérifienne afin que, fidèle à ses sentiments de justice et de +générosité, elle manifeste sa ferme volonté-- + +"1. De faire respecter dans ses États le principe que tous ceux qui y +habitent et qui y habiteront à l'avenir pourront professer et exercer +sans entraves leurs cultes; + +"2. De préscrire à son Gouvernement, comme base immuable de la +législation du Maroc, la maxime, déjà adoptée dans le Décret du 26 +Chaban, 1280, et d'après laquelle ni la religion ni la race ne pourront +jamais être un motif pour établir une différence dans le traitement par +et devant la loi entre ses sujets Musulmans et non-Musulmans, ni servir +de prétexte pour imposer à ces derniers des humiliations, pour les +priver d'un droit civil quelconque, ou pour les empêcher d'exercer +librement toutes les professions et industries qui sont permises aux +sujets Musulmans de l'Empire. + +"Une pareille manifestation non seulement honorerait le règne de Sa +Majesté Chérifienne, mais inaugurerait aussi pour ses États une ère +nouvelle de prospérité. + +"Les Soussignés, en deposant le présent acte entre les mains de son +Excellence Cid Mohammed Vargas, prient M. le Plénipotentiaire du Maroc +de le soumettre à Sa Majesté Chérifienne, qui ne lui réfusera certes pas +la sérieuse attention que mérite un v[oe]u exprimé au nom des Puissances +que les Soussignés ont l'honneur de représenter. + +"_Madrid, le 26 Juin, 1880._" + +Ce texte est approuvé par les Plénipotentiaires, à l'exception du +Représentant de Sa Majesté Chérifienne, qui ne peut que s'engager à +porter à la connaissance de son Souverain les v[oe]ux que les +Plénipotentiaires viennent d'exprimer au nom de leurs Gouvernements +respectifs. + +Cid Mohammed Vargas croit cependant devoir rappeler qu'au Maroc les +Musulmans, les Chrétiens, et les Juifs suivent leur religion, sans qu'il +y soit mis d'empêchement ni d'obstacle. + +Le Plénipotentiaire du Maroc n'a pas d'instructions de son Souverain qui +lui permettent de traiter cette question ou toute autre qui, comme elle, +ne se rattacherait pas directement à l'objet de sa mission à Madrid. +Néanmoins, en vue de l'Adresse que vient d'adopter la Conférence, il +croit devoir lui communiquer une lettre qu'il a reçu de Sa Majesté le +Sultan Muley-el-Hassan, et qui a trait aux Juifs ses sujets. Il en donne +lecture en ces termes:-- + +"Louange à Dieu unique! Que la bénédiction de Dieu soit sur Mahomet, +notre Seigneur et Maître, sur sa famille, et ses compagnons! + +"A notre estimé serviteur, le Taleb Mohammed Vargas. Que Dieu te soit +propice, et que la paix soit sur toi, ainsi que la bénédiction de Dieu +Très Haut et sa miséricorde. + +"Et puis:-- + +"Il est parvenu à notre connaissance que certains Juifs de nos sujets se +sont plaints à plusieurs reprises à leurs frères résidant en Europe et +aux Représentants étrangers à Tanger, de ce qu'ils ne parviennent pas à +obtenir justice dans leurs réclamations relatives à meurtres, vols, &c. +Ils prétendent que les Gouverneurs montrent de l'indifférence à leur +faire avoir satisfaction des personnes qui les attaquent, et que leurs +demandes n'arrivent jamais à notre Majesté Chérifienne, si ce n'est par +l'entremise de personnes (les Juifs résidant en Europe et les +Représentants étrangers). + +"Notre volonté Chérifienne est qu'ils obtiennent justice sans +l'intervention des Puissances ni des Représentants, parce qu'ils sont +nos sujets et nos tributaires, ayant par là les mêmes droits que les +Musulmans devant nous, et tous abus contre eux étant défendu par notre +religion. + +"C'est pourquoi nous t'ordonnons d'accepter la réclamation de tout Juif +qui se plaindra de ne pas obtenir justice d'un Gouverneur, et de nous en +donner connaissance lorsque tu ne trouveras pas le moyen d'y faire +droit. + +"Nous avons envoyé des ordres en ce sens aux Gouverneurs des villes, des +ports, et de la campagne, afin qu'ils en donnent connaissance aux Juifs, +et en même temps nous les avons prévenus que si quelqu'un d'eux s'oppose +ou met des difficultés à ce que la plainte d'un Juif parvienne à toi, +nous le punirons très sévèrement. + +"Nous t'ordonnons de traiter leurs affaires avec toute justice et de ne +rien nous cacher sur l'arbitraire des Gouverneurs à leur égard, car tous +les hommes sont égaux pour nous en matière de justice. + +"_Le 22 Joumadi premier, an 1297._" + +Le Président donnant acte au Représentant du Maroc de cette +communication, constate, au nom de tous les Plénipotentiaires, la vive +satisfaction avec laquelle la Conférence accueille les déclarations qui +viennent de lui être faites. Les Plénipotentiaires voient dans le +principe, qu'elles établissent, d'un appel au Ministre des Affaires +Étrangères, à la fois une preuve des sentiments de justice qui animent +Sa Majesté Chérifienne à l'égard de ses sujets Israélites, et l'annonce +du prompt accomplissement des v[oe]ux exprimés par la Conférence. + +("British and Foreign State Papers," vol. lxxi. pp. 881-887.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE ALGECIRAS CONFERENCE, 1906. + +No. 33. _2 Avril, 1906. Dix-septième Séance._ + +S. Exc. M. White (États-Unis) prononce ensuite les paroles suivantes: +"Le Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique a toujours considéré comme un +devoir de s'associer à tout ce qui pourrait contribuer au progrès des +idées d'humanité et assurer le respect dû à toutes les croyances +religieuses. Animé par ces sentiments et par l'amitié qui a si longtemps +subsisté entre lui et l'Empire marocain dont il suit le développement +avec un profond intérêt, mon Gouvernement m'a chargé d'invoquer le +concours de la Conférence, au moment où elle est sur le point de +terminer ses travaux, en vue de l'émission d'un v[oe]u pour le bien-être +des israélites au Maroc. Je suis heureux de constater que la condition +des sujets israélites de S.M. Chérifienne a été de beaucoup améliorée +pendant le règne de feu le Sultan Mouley-el-Hassan et que le Sultan +actuel paraît, autant qu'il lui a été possible, les avoir traités avec +équité et bienveillance. Mais les agents du Makhzen, dans les parties du +pays éloignées du pouvoir central ne s'inspirent pas toujours +suffisamment des sentiments de tolérance et de justice qui animent leur +souverain. La Délégation americaine vient donc prier la Conférence de +vouloir bien émettre le v[oe]u que S.M. Chérifienne continue dans la +bonne voie inaugurée par son père et maintenue par Sa Majesté elle-même +par rapport à ses sujets israélites et qu'elle vise à ce que son +Gouvernement ne néglige aucune occasion de faire savoir à ses +fonctionnaires que le Sultan tient à ce que les israélites de son Empire +et tous ses sujets, sans distinction de croyance, soient traités avec +justice et équité." + +S. Exc. Sir Arthur Nicolson (Grande-Bretagne) déclare que, conformément +aux instructions de son Gouvernement, il est heureux de se rallier à la +proposition du premier Délégué des États-Unis. + +S. Exc. M. le Duc de Almodovar del Rio (Espagne) s'exprime en ces +termes: "Je m'associe, au nom de S.M. Catholique, aux hauts sentiments +de tolérance religieuse qui viennent d'être exprimés par S. Exc. le +premier Délégué des États-Unis; et je tiens d'autant plus à me rallier à +sa proposition que le sort des populations israélites au Maroc, +rattachées à l'Espagne par des liens de descendance et dont la langue +habituelle continue à être la langue castillane, qui fut naguère celle +de leurs ancêtres, est particulièrement intéressant aux yeux du peuple +espagnol d'aujourd'hui." + +LL. EE. MM. de Radowitz (Allemagne) et Revoil (France) se rallient +également au v[oe]u de M. le premier Délégué des États-Unis. + +S. Exc. M. le Marquis Visconti Venosta (Italie) déclare qu'il adhère au +v[oe]u dont S. Exc. le premier Délégué des États-Unis a pris +l'initiative. Il reconnaît que, dans ces derniers temps, les Souverains +du Maroc ont donné de preuves de tolérance vis-à-vis de leurs sujets +non-musulmans; mais il ne reste pas moins à désirer que les conditions +des juifs dans l'intérieur de l'Empire soient mises au même niveau et +entourées des mêmes garanties que dans les villes et ports de la côte. +La Conférence, dans le cours de ses travaux, s'est toujours préoccupée +du progrès et de la prospérité du Maroc; elle restera fidèle au même +esprit en exprimant à S.M. le Sultan le v[oe]u que tous ses sujets, +quelle que soit leur religion, soient appelés à jouir des mêmes droits, +ainsi que du même traitement devant la loi et que les ordres que S.M. +Chérifienne a donnés ou donnera à cet effet soient fidèlement exécutés. +L'assentiment de l'Italie est toujours acquis à l'affirmation des +principes de liberté religieuse qui sont une des bases de ses +institutions politiques et sociales. + +S. Exc. le Baron Joostens (Belgique) déclare que la Délégation belge +s'associe entièrement à la déclaration que vient de faire S. Exc. M. le +Marquis Visconti-Venosta. + +LL. EE. le Jonkheer Testa (Pays-Bas), M. le Comte Cassini (Russie) et M. +Sager (Suède) adhèrent aussi aux sentiments exprimés par MM. les +premiers Délégués des États-Unis et d'Italie. + +Le v[oe]u proposé par S. Exc. M. White est adopté par l'unanimité des +Délégués des Puissances. + +LL. EE. MM. les Délégués marocains expliquent qu'ils ne manqueront pas +de faire connaître cette décision à S.M. le Sultan, qui certainement +aura à c[oe]ur de procéder dans l'espèce de la même façon que feu son +père. + +S. Exc. M. White (États-Unis) remercie MM. les Délégués des Puissances +d'une adhésion qui répond si entièrement aux vues du Gouvernement des +États-Unis et aux sentiments personnels du Président Roosevelt. + +("Protocoles et Comptes Rendus de la Conférence d'Algésiras" (Paris, +1906), pp. 246-248.) + + * * * * * + + + + +IV. THE PALESTINE QUESTION AND THE NATIONAL RESTORATION OF THE JEWS. + + +Until quite recently the question of the national restoration of the +Jews to Palestine did not play a conspicuous part, or, indeed, much of a +part at all, in practical international politics. This is not a little +strange in view of the great mass of religious opinion which has always +been deeply interested in it. It may be profitable to indicate some of +the reasons. + +In the first place, from the middle of the second down to the middle of +the nineteenth centuries the Palestine problem, as a political problem, +was exclusively concerned with the custody of the Holy Places of +Christendom. After the failure of the many attempts to oust the Turk, +the question became one of diplomatic accommodation, and under the +Capitulations with France and the Treaties of Carlowitz and Passarowitz +between the Holy Roman Empire and the Grand Signior, various expedients +were adopted by which Christian interests in Jerusalem might be +reconciled with the local political rights of the Ottoman Porte. This +difficult problem absorbed the Oriental activities of European diplomacy +until after the Crimean War, and it left no room for the consideration +of Jewish claims. + +In the second place the question during the whole of this period was +always primarily one of eschatology rather than of practical politics. +Even when the Millenarian mystics sometimes crossed the border-line, the +case they presented was not calculated to conciliate sovereign princes. +We have a curious instance of this in the first Zionist book published +in London, "The World's Great Restoration, or Calling of the +Jewes"--(London, 1621)--which was written by Sir Henry Finch, the +eminent serjeant-at-law, although his name does not appear on the title +page.[110] Among other items in Finch's programme was one to the effect +that all Christian princes should surrender their power and do homage +"to the temporal supreme Empire of the Jewish nation." When James I read +the book he was furious. He said he was "too auld a King to do his +homage at Jerusalem," and he ordered Finch to be thrown into gaol.[111] +In 1795 an exactly similar proposal was made by an ex-naval officer, one +Richard Brothers, who announced himself as King of the Jews. He also was +prosecuted, but was found to be a lunatic.[112] A certain political +interest attaches to the case of Brothers; inasmuch as his scheme for +the National Restoration of the Jews was brought before the House of +Commons by one of his adherents, Mr. Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, M.P., +with a motion for the printing and distribution of Brothers's proposal. +The motion failed to find a seconder.[113] + +In the third place, unless the Restoration were favoured by the Ottoman +Government, all schemes to compass it in normal times ran counter to +international law and the comity of nations. This point was actually +decided in this sense by the Law Courts some seventy years ago in the +case of Habershon _v._ Vardon. The case related to a bequest by one +Nadir Baxter for the political restoration of the Jews in Jerusalem. The +bequest was held void, and the Vice-Chancellor, in giving judgment, +said: "If it could be understood to mean anything it was to create a +revolution in a friendly country."[114] + +In the fourth place the idea was likely to weaken the doctrine of the +integrity of Turkey, and, for this and other reasons, was inconsistent +with the interests and traditional policy of Great Britain and other +Western States. It was all the more inconsistent because this policy +originally shaped itself in deference to religious considerations far +more precious to Englishmen than the national cause of the Jews. In the +sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the struggle between the +Reformation and the Counter-Reformation was at its height, the naval +balance of power in the Mediterranean rested between Spain and Turkey. +Hence a bias towards Turkey on the part of Protestant States was +inevitable. Curiously enough, the Jews, who were then hostile to Spain, +supported the pro-Turkish policy of England, as they did in 1876-78 on +account of their antipathy to Russia. In the time of Cromwell this +consideration was reinforced by our trade interests in the Levant and in +India. A century later the tradition became again imperative owing to +the fear of Russia and afterwards of Napoleon. All this rendered a +strong and friendly Turkey necessary to us, and hence to entertain the +idea of a National Restoration of the Jews to Palestine was to risk +offence to a valued ally. + +A fifth reason was the indifference of the Jews themselves. Until the +Zionist movement was founded twenty years ago there was scarcely any +symptom of a Jewish desire for international action on their behalf in +the Palestine question. This was not for want of opportunity or even for +want of suggestion from others. In 1840, when Mehemet Ali was driven out +of Palestine and Syria by the Powers, the future of Palestine was open +for discussion.[115] The country, with all its Hebrew and Christian +shrines, was in the hands of Christendom, who could have done with it as +it pleased. Not a voice was raised among the Jews for the restoration of +the land to them. And this, be it remembered, was when Sir Moses +Montefiore and M. Crémieux were busy in the East in connection with the +Damascus Blood Accusation, and when Lord Palmerston was proposing to +take the Jews under British protection as a separate nationality.[116] +Instead of championing the national aspirations of the Jews, they +contented themselves with obtaining the famous Hatti-Humayoun, or +Charter of Liberties for the Jews of Turkey, by which they were more +nearly assimilated to Turkish Nationals.[117] In the following year the +Powers were actually discussing the future of Palestine, but the Jews +again made no move. Even while the negotiations were in progress, a +scheme for restoring the Jews as the political masters of the country +was drawn up by a Christian, Colonel Churchill, then British Consul in +Syria, and submitted by him to Sir Moses Montefiore and the Board of +Deputies. Its reception was curiously frigid. Whilst piously blessing +Colonel Churchill's proposals, the Board declined to take any +initiative.[118] It was the same in 1878 when Lord Beaconsfield annexed +Cyprus and secured a British Protectorate over Asiatic Turkey. No +opportunity could have seemed better for the promotion of Zionist aims, +but when Laurence Oliphant pointed this out he found scarcely an echo +beyond a small circle of obscure Jewish dreamers in Southern +Russia.[119] Indeed, until the time of Herzl all the most prominent +protagonists of Zionism were Christians. The Dane, Holger Paulli, who in +1697 presented a Zionist scheme to King William III of England with a +view to its submission to the Peace Conference of Ryswick, was a +Christian,[120] and even the notorious Jewish pseudo-Messiah, Sabbathai +Zevi, who raised the flag of Jewish nationality in Syria thirty years +earlier, owed more of his inspiration to English Fifth Monarchy teaching +than to Jewish tradition.[121] + +Nevertheless, there were two occasions on which the Jewish aspects of +the Palestine question did enter the field of practical international +politics. + +The first was in 1799, when Napoleon carried out his audacious raid on +British interests in the East by his expedition to Egypt and Syria. A +scheme for enlisting the support of the Jews by founding a Jewish +Commonwealth in Palestine formed part of the plans for the expedition +secretly prepared by the Directory in 1798, and French public opinion +was familiarised with it by a good deal of propagandist literature. The +Jews were alleged to be anxious to support the French in the Levant, and +a bogus Zionist scheme--very much on the Herzlian lines--supposed to be +written by an Italian Jew--was widely circulated in France. It embodied +an appeal to the Jews of the world to form a representative council +through which they could negotiate with the Directory for Palestine. It +was supported in a very soberly reasoned article by the _Décade +Philosophique et Littéraire_, and was soon after published in the London +Press and reprinted as a twopenny pamphlet by the _Courier_.[122] Ten +months later Napoleon, marching from El Arish on the road which has +lately been traversed by General Allenby, published a proclamation +inviting the Jews of Asia and Africa to rally to his standard "for the +restoration of the ancient kingdom of Jerusalem."[123] The scheme +collapsed with the battles of Acre and Aboukir. + +The second occasion was in 1841, when the Powers had to decide on the +fate of Syria and Palestine wrested by them from Mehemet Ali. It is true +that the Jewish element in the question received very scanty attention +and evoked no positive sympathy, but, at any rate, it was mentioned, and +this fact indicates that the Powers had begun to realise that the future +of Palestine was not exclusively a Christian question. The exchange of +views which then took place is, however, interesting for other reasons. +The documents, which are now published for the first time, comprise four +separate schemes for solving the Palestine problem, and the +considerations discussed in connection with them constitute a body of +material which may be usefully studied at the present moment. + +The first scheme, apparently suggested by France, contemplated the +creation of a small autonomous Ecclesiastical State, consisting of +Jerusalem, constituted as a Free City, with a limited _rayon_ of +territory. This was to be governed by a Christian municipality, +organised and protected by the Great Christian Powers.[124] Russia +raised objections in October 1840, and incidentally took occasion to +ridicule the idea of a National Restoration of the Jews.[125] Both +Russia and Austria were anxious to preserve the Turkish domination, and +to that end made counter-proposals. The Russian scheme proposed that +Palestine should become a separate Pashalik, that the Church of the +Orient should be restored, that the Greek Patriarch should resume his +residence in Jerusalem, and that an special Church and Monastery should +be founded for the use of the Russian clergy and pilgrims. The Austrian +scheme proposed to leave the Turkish administration untouched except in +regard to jurisdiction over Christians. This was to be confided to a +high Turkish official directly responsible to Constantinople and advised +by a Council of Procureurs appointed by the Great Powers.[126] Russia +opposed the Austrian scheme.[127] Thereupon Prussia put forward a fourth +scheme of a far more ambitious character.[128] It provided for a +European Protectorate of the Holy Cities of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and +Nazareth, and a sort of national autonomy for the various Christian +sects which might be extended to the Jews, the whole to be governed by +three Residents appointed by the Christian Powers. Each Resident was to +have a small military guard. The Protestant Church, under the joint +protection of Great Britain and Prussia, was to be recognised as on an +equal footing with the other Churches, and to establish its headquarters +and other institutions--including schools for Jews--on Mount Zion, which +was to be fortified.[129] This scheme was strongly opposed by Austria, +in whose view Lord Palmerston concurred.[130] Russia also opposed it, +but in Paris it was received sympathetically.[131] + +In the end all these schemes were dropped, and Palestine was handed back +to the Porte practically without any new conditions. Prussia, however, +continued her negotiations with Great Britain, both with a view to +general reforms and to the recognition of the Protestant Church in +Jerusalem. For this purpose she sent Baron Bunsen to London on a special +embassy.[132] Among the reforms proposed by him were facilities for the +purchase of land, "as many persons in Protestant Germany, Jews and +Christians, are desirous of settling in Palestine."[133] Eventually he +negotiated with Palmerston the Anglo-Prussian Agreement for the +establishment of a Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem. There is a curious +reference to the Restoration of the Jews in Bunsen's account of this +transaction:[134] + + * * * * * + +"Monday, 19th July, 1841.--This is a great day. I am just returned from +Lord Palmerston; the principle is admitted, and orders to be transmitted +accordingly to Lord Ponsonby at Constantinople, to demand the +acknowledgement required. The successor of St. James will embark in +October; he is by race an Israelite,--born a Prussian in Breslau,--in +confession belonging to the Church of England--ripened (by hard work) in +Ireland--twenty years Professor of Hebrew and Arabic in England (in what +is now King's College).[135] So the beginning is made, please God, for +the restoration of Israel." + + * * * * * + +It should be added that probably one of the reasons why, during recent +years, the British Government has held aloof from the Palestine question +is that by the Treaty of London of July 15, 1840, Palestine was +recognised as an integral part of Syria,[136] and that in 1878, at the +Berlin Congress, Lord Salisbury agreed to recognise the whole of Syria +as a French sphere of interest in return for the French recognition of +the Cyprus Convention between Great Britain and Turkey.[137] It is to be +assumed from the terms of the Secret Agreement of February 21, +1917,[138] that British interests in the Suez Canal and other more +recent events have modified that arrangement. + +During the present war the growing strength of the Zionist movement, and +the energy of its leaders, have forced the Restoration idea on the +attention of the Great Powers. In November 1917 Great Britain led the +way with a promise to give sympathetic consideration to the aims of the +Zionists.[139] With this promise the other Entente Powers have since +associated themselves. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +THE GREAT POWERS AND PALESTINE, 1840-1841. + +_Memorandum delivered by the Russian Government to the Prussian +Government in October 1840._ + +Des opinions diverses et pour la plupart contradictoires, ont circulé +récemment en Europe, et surtout en France, sur les facilités que les +grandes Puissances intervenues dans les affaires de l'Orient, auraient, +dans ce moment, pour accomplir l'[oe]uvre que les Croisés d'autrefois +avaient vainement tentée dans leurs longues et sanglantes guerres. Le +projet d'ériger une Souveraineté Chrétienne en Palestine, a été mis, si +non sérieusement discuté. D'autres ont pensé à la possibilité de faire +revivre l'ancien ordre des Chevaliers du St. Sépulcre pour lui confier +la garde de ce sanctuaire. Il y a eu même quelques individus qui ont +exprimé le v[oe]u d'appeler dans la ville de Salomon les Juifs dispersés +dans différents pays pour tenter la conversion sociale et religieuse de +ce peuple d'antique et coupable origine. + +Il serait superflu de discuter ici tous ces projets, on ne s'arrêtera +qu'à l'examen d'une autre combinaison dont la réalisation serait +désirable, si elle était possible. Il s'agirait de l'assentiment de la +Porte et d'une entente entre les principales cours de l'Europe pour +ériger Jérusalem une ville libre, avec un rayon de territoire convenable +et sous une administration municipale organisée sous les auspices des +Puissances qui se déclareraient les protectrices et les garanties de ce +petit état ecclésiastique.[140] + +Un pareil arrangement doit assurément réunir beaucoup de suffrages. +Cependant, avant d'aborder la question d'une manière sérieuse, soit avec +les autres Cabinets, soit avec le Divan il importe de calculer d'avance +les moyens dont on disposera pour mener l'[oe]uvre à bon terme, les +difficultés locales qu'on aura à surmonter dans la réalisation du plan +convenu et les probabilités qui s'offrent pour le maintien du nouvel +ordre de choses qu'on parviendrait à établir. Sous tous ces rapports on +peut consulter avec profit les renseignements et les donnés que le +Ministère de Sa Majesté possède, et qui lui ont été fournis en partie +par les indigènes, mais plus particulièrement par deux employés du +service de S.M. qui ont visité la terre sainte à des époques +différentes, et recueilli sur les lieux mêmes des informations dont on +ne saurait revoquer en doute l'exactitude. + +Il résulte de l'ensemble de ces informations: + +1. Que la ville de Jérusalem, située entre la Syrie, l'Egypte et le +désert, a été de tout temps exposée d'une part aux incursions des Arabes +Bédouins et de l'autre aux vexations des Pachas voisins. + +2. Que sa population, composée d'environ 15/m. âmes, parmi lesquelles on +compte à peine un millier de Chrétiens appartenant à diverses +communions, n'offre guère d'éléments propres à la formation d'une +administration municipale indigène, digne de quelque confiance, sous le +rapport politique ou religieux. + +3. Que l'éloignement des côtes de la mer, distantes de la ville de près +de deux journées de marche à travers une route escarpée et déserte, ne +permettrait pas aux bâtiments de guerre Européens de prendre sous la +protection de leurs canons la défense de la cité et de ses habitants. + +4. Que la population Musulmane et Arabe établie depuis des siècles dans +le pays et qui possède dans la seule ville de Jérusalem plus de trente +mosquées, ainsi que le fameux temple de Salomon que les premiers califes +conquérants ont rebâti, s'assujettiraient difficilement à un +Gouvernement Chrétien quelconque, qui ne disposerait pas de beaucoup de +ressources et d'une forte garnison, pour en imposer aux hordes des +Bédouins et pour réduire par les armes tout ce qui s'opposerait au +nouvel ordre de choses. + +Les mêmes rapports signalent, sous les plus tristes couleurs, la +désunion profonde et la rivalité incessante qui existe entre les +Chrétiens des diverses communions, admis à l'adoration du St. Sépulcre +et dont les scandaleuses dissensions, loin d'être amorties ou contenues +par la sainteté du lieu, y ont éclaté souvent avec une vivacité haîneuse +et une obstination fanatique que la présence des autorités Musulmanes +pouvait seule contenir dans de certaines bornes. + +Nous savons enfin de manière à ne pas pouvoir en douter que les +religieux Latins, pour la plupart Espagnols et Portugais d'origine, et +qui, durant leur mission en terre sainte, se trouvent sous la protection +spéciale de la France, sont les principaux fauteurs de cette rivalité +si peu évangélique, en s'élevant sans cesse des prétentions sur la +possession exclusive et la garde du St. Sépulcre et en invoquant en leur +faveur les traités de François I avec la Porte et même les souvenirs des +Baudouin et de Godefroi. + + * * * * * + +_Enclosure in Russian Mem. of October 1840._ + +1. Publication d'un nouveau Hatti Schérif avec pleine confirmation de +tous ceux qui ont été émanés sous les règnes antérieurs en faveur de +l'Église et du Clergé de Jérusalem. + +2. Nomination d'un Pacha ou moschir de la Palestine, homme de sens et de +justice, qui fixerait sa résidence, soit à Jérusalem, soit à Jaffa, avec +une autorité civile et militaire, suffisante pour y maintenir le bon +ordre et pour faire respecter les lieux de sa jurisdiction par les +Bédouins du désert qui, n'étant plus contenus par la crainte des troupes +Égyptiennes, recommenceront probablement bientôt leurs brigandages +habituels sur les couvents Chrétiens des environs de Jérusalem et sur +les caravanes des pèlerins que la dévotion appelle des pays les plus +éloignés. + +3. Défense positive au Clergé Grec comme à celui des Catholiques et des +Arméniens, de renouveler leurs dissensions anciennes et souvent puériles +en cherchant à se calomnier mutuellement et à s'exclure des églises et +des oratoires, dont les Hatti Chériffs précités ont fixé la possession à +chacune de ces communautés. + +4. Défense sévère au Mollah et au Cadi de Jérusalem de rançonner les +religieux et les supérieurs des couvens, toutes les fois que ces +ecclésiastiques ont recours à la justice locale, ou qu'ils cherchent à +se disculper de quelque avanie. + +5. La crainte de ces mêmes avanies et les frais considérables +d'installation, auxquels étaient exposés les patriarches de Jérusalem +toutes les fois qu'ils se rendaient dans leur diocèse, ayant obligé +depuis quelques années ces prélats à séjourner à Constantinople, en +laissant à leurs vicaires le gouvernement de leur église, la Porte +ferait aujourd'hui un acte de politique et d'équité à la fois, en +accordant au patriarche actuel d'autorisation et les facilités dont il +peut avoir besoin, pour se rendre sur les lieux de sa jurisdiction +spirituelle, et veiller de près à la discipline de ses subordonnés et au +redressement des désordres ou des abus, que les troubles récens et les +changemens politiques survenus dans ces contrés, peuvent y avoir +introduits. + +6. Toute innovation dans l'antique hiérarchie de l'église d'Orient +serait rejeté comme dangereuse et inutile et toute réclamation de +priorité ou de privilège de la part des religieux des autres communions, +ne serait admise qu'après un examen impartial et approfondi de la +question. Dans les cas de cette nature, il semblerait que le tribunal +le plus compétent, à en juger, serait une commission ou conseil du +Gouverneur de la province, du patriarche de Jérusalem, ou en son +absence, de son vicaire, du supérieur des ecclésiastiques Arméniens et +d'un commissaire ad hoc, choisi et nommé par la Porte parmi les prélats +les mieux réputés de la nation Grecque établis à Constantinople. + +Ce conseil pourrait aussi fixer aux deservans des cultes respectifs, les +heures des prières et des cérémonies, en régularisant d'une manière +équitable et définitive ce point qui a été souvent un sujet de litige et +qui a même occasionné des rixes scandaleuses dans l'enceinte d'un +Temple, où l'union et l'humilité devraient règner constamment. + +7. La réparation des églises et des couvens ruinés ou endommagés par le +temps et les incendies, sera permise par les autorités locales, toutes +les fois que les supérieurs de ces communautés en demanderont +l'autorisation, et le Gouvernement n'exigera pas dans ces occasions des +cadeaux ou des bénéfices arbitraires. + +8. Défense sévère serait faite aux soldats Turcs préposés à la garde des +portes de l'église qui renferme le Saint Sépulcre, de s'introduire dans +l'antérieur du temple, sous prétexte d'y faire la police. Ces gardiens +recevraient également l'ordre de témoigner tous les égards et tout le +respect qui sont dûs au patriarche et à ses délégués. + +9. Pour ce qui concerne plus spécialement les pèlerins Russes qui +visitent chaque année les lieux saintes, la sublime Porte serait invitée +à prescrire à ces officiers civils et militaires de leur accorder toute +protection et assistance. Et afin que ces voyageurs, étrangers pour la +plupart aux usages et à la langue du pays, ne soient exposés à des +avanies ou à des retards dans l'accomplissement de leurs v[oe]ux, le +consul de S.M. Impériale résidant à Jaffa aura l'autorisation +d'accompagner, toutes les fois qu'il le jugera nécessaire, la caravane +des pèlerins de sa nation et de veiller sur eux pendant le tems de leur +séjour à Jérusalem. + +10. Les religieux de la plupart des nations chrétiennes possèdent à +Jérusalem des établissements pieux où ils se réunissent, soit pour y +demeurer, soit pour y célébrer les cérémonies de leur rit dans leur +propre langue. + +Les ecclésiastiques Russes sont seuls privés de cet avantage, et doivent +par conséquent recourir, toutes les fois qu'ils visitent la terre +sainte, à l'hospitalité et à l'assistance spirituelle de leurs +co-religionaires les ecclésiastiques Grecs. Il serait de toute justice +que la Porte autorisât le Patriarche d'assigner une des églises ou +monastères de la ville à l'usage exclusif du clergé et des pèlerins +Russes, et que les autorités civiles et militaires du pays eussent +l'ordre précis de reconnaître et de respecter cet établissement, comme +étant placé sous la protection spéciale de la Russie et sur le +surveillance de son Consul. + + * * * * * + +_Memorandum delivered by the Austrian Government to the Prussian +Government in October 1840._ + +Les succès obtenus en Syrie qui ont amené la soumission de Méhémet Ali +et la détermination de Sa Hautesse de la faire suivre par l'investiture +du Pacha d'Egypte du Gouvernement héréditaire de cette Province viennent +de mettre au grand jour le résultat vers lequel tendaient les +transactions de Londres, dictées par les v[oe]ux uniformes des +Puissances Chrétiennes, d'assurer la paix politique de l'Europe par le +maintien de l'indépendance et de l'intégrité de l'Empire Ottoman qui +devait ressortir du règlement définitif des rapports entre la Sublime +Porte et le Gouvernement de l'Egypte. La Syrie qui avait été placée +pendant quelque tems sous la domination de ce dernier et avait offert +aux étrangers une sécurité analogue à celle qu'ils trouvaient en Egypte, +pendant que la population indigène Syrienne se voyant assimilée à celle +de cette province et menacée de perdre toutes les conditions d'un état +social tout différent et basé sur des lois positives, des transactions +historiques et des habitudes gouvernementales garantissant la propriété, +la liberté du commerce, &c., &c.; la Syrie rentrée maintenant par les +succès des armées du Sultan et de ses alliés sous la domination du Grand +Seigneur, réclame les soins les plus assidus du Gouvernement Ottoman, +afin d'ôter tout prétexte raisonnable à ceux qui voudraient déverser un +blâme sur les résultats obtenus en 1840, en alléguant que la condition +de cette Province intéressante, aurait empiré à leur suite. + +Les Puissances qui ont prêté leurs conseils et leurs secours à S.H. dans +le but invariable d'assurer l'indépendance de son pouvoir et l'intégrité +de son Empire contre les usurpations d'un sujet rebelle, doivent +abandonner maintenant au Sultan le soin de faire participer ses sujets +en Syrie aux bienveillantes dispositions pour ses peuples, énoncées dès +le commencement de son règne par le Hat de Gulhané; et si leurs conseils +doivent tendre à hâter leur réalisation, elles auront dans les voies +d'une sage politique, à en surveiller l'exécution. + +Mais le fait même, nouveau dans l'histoire, du secours porté par des +Puissances Chrétiennes au Grand Seigneur contre un sujet rebelle, auquel +l'opinion publique attribuait le mérite d'avoir procuré, dans les pays +soumis à sa domination de fait, aux Chrétiens tant indigènes +qu'étrangers plus de sécurité pour leurs personnes et une plus grande +tolérance que celles qu'ils y trouvaient auparavant, impose à ces +Puissances comme devoir de conscience de peser mûrement les moyens pour +épargner tant au Grand Seigneur, leur allié, qu'à Elles-mêmes, le blâme +qui pourrait ressortir pour Elles, si la condition des Chrétiens en +Syrie allait se présenter sous un jour moins favorable, à la suite de la +réintégration de cette Province sous la domination directe du Grand +Seigneur. C'est pour obvier à cette fâcheuse éventualité que le Cabinet +Impérial soumet à ses Alliés les considérations suivantes: + +Les Chrétiens en Syrie sont ou fixés dans le pays, ou ils y résident +temporairement. Les premiers constitués en corps de nations, comme +Maronites, Arméniens, &c., &c., jouissent d'une existence politique +découlant de capitulations, traités, privilèges, &c., &c., et se +trouvent sous des Chefs ressortant de ces derniers; la Sublime Porte +vient d'énoncer sa ferme volonté de donner à cet état de choses, les +développements et la fixité qu'il réclame et pour lequel ces Populations +ont acquis un nouveau titre à la suite du dévouement qu'elles viennent +de montrer pour rentrer sous la domination légitime. + +Une autre partie de la population sédentaire Chrétienne est répandue +dans le reste du pays, soumise aux lois générales et protégée par le Hat +de Gulhané. Elle ne saurait demander que la stricte observation de ces +dispositions par les autorités locales, et toute la tendance du +Gouvernement Ottoman est là pour la leur assurer dans l'avenir. + +La population Chrétienne transitoire se compose en partie de ceux qui y +arrivent comme étrangers pour leurs affaires de commerce, les traités +existant avec les différentes Puissances et la protection consulaire +assurent leur condition. Mais la Syrie renferme les lieux que l'origine +de la Religion Chrétienne a sanctifiés pour toujours et où la piété des +fidèles a établi de nombreuses fondations et qui ont attiré de tous tems +de nombreux pèlerins; ces fondations et ces pèlerins ont joui depuis +l'occupation Mahométane de nombreux privilèges, qui, à partir de 1059 +jusqu'en 1803, se sont succédés et dont l'effet n'a pu être suspendu ou +contrarié que par le fait des autorités locales Musulmanes, qui, au lieu +de se conformer aux dispositions souveraines et à l'esprit de la +législation et du centre, gardiennes de la foi jurée, et favorables à +une tolérance conforme aux principes du Coran et à un Gouvernement +éclairé, se sont laissées égarer par un esprit de lucre et de +partialité. + +Il paraît donc que l'action tutélaire _du centre du Gouvernement_, qui +doit vouloir le maintien des concessions faites, des privilèges donnés, +&c., &c., a manqué jusqu'ici d'organes propres pour obvier à ces abus, +et que le but spécial, dont ils sont l'objet, la protection des lieux +saints et des pèlerins de toute la Chrétienté qui vont les visiter, ne +saurait être atteint, tant qu'il ne formerait qu'une des attributions +des administrations ordinaires; ne serait-ce pas ici le cas pour que la +Porte se décidât à nommer _un employé spécial_, afin d'assurer le +maintien des anciens privilèges et l'exécution des dispositions du Hat +de Gulhané à l'égard des lieux saints, et les Chrétiens qui forment la +population sédentaire et mouvante Chrétienne de ces lieux? + +Cet employé d'un rang assez élevé pour assurer sa position et garantir +les attributions de sa place vis-à-vis l'autorité du Pacha revêtu du +Gouvernement civil et militaire, cet employé chargé directement de tout +ce qui aurait rapport aux lieux saints et aux pèlerins et mis en contact +avec les représentans des Gouvernemens Chrétiens nommés ad hoc, qui, +sous la dénomination de _Procureurs_, auraient à soutenir les droits de +leurs nationaux sous le point de vue confessionnel; cet employé placé +pour sa personne en rapport direct avec le centre du Gouvernement à +Constantinople, ne recevant d'ordres que de là où toute réclamation +possible contre lui et tout appel en dernière instance s'adresserait +également par les organes diplomatiques des Puissances Chrétiennes, +répondrait à un besoin qu'il est facile de pressentir dès ce jour, et +dont l'expérience démontrera ou l'utilité, s'il est nommé à tems, ou la +nécessité si l'on tarde à y pourvoir. + +Il ne s'agit pas de faire du nouveau pour le fond; il s'agit de +maintenir des privilèges, et de régulariser de nouveau ce qui a existé +et ce qui est tombé en désuétude dans le cours des siècles. Le pèlerin +religieux est respectable aux yeux du croyant, le gardien des lieux +saints ne l'est pas moins, le Gouvernement central et l'esprit religieux +du peuple le reconnaissent et le sentent également; ce n'est que les +abus des passions et des positions subalternes qui ont fait et qui font +le mal et auxquels il s'agit d'opposer la digue d'une entente entre les +Puissances et la Porte qui aurait pour objet de régulariser l'action +d'une autorité bien organisée dépendant directement du centre de +l'Empire, autorité qui ne saurait avoir un autre intérêt que celui de +répondre au but de son institution. + +(F.O. Docs. 64/235.) + + * * * * * + +_Lord Clanricarde to Lord Palmerston (Extract)._ + +ST. PETERSBURG, + +_February 23, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--...The memorandum of Prince Metternich, suggesting the +establishment of a Turkish Commissioner in the Holy Land, for the +protection of Christian Pilgrims, and Travellers, and proposing a joint, +or simultaneous application from the European Powers to the Porte, in +which France might take a part, and thus be drawn out of her isolated +position, has been coldly received by the Russian Government. Count +Nesselrode said it did not appear to him a necessary or desirable +measure, and that the Consuls in Syria were adequate to protect the +Europeans, whom Commerce, piety, or curiosity might attract to that +Country.... + +The Emperor and his Ministers seem to think that age, and a great sense +of the responsibility that is upon him, have of late much increased +Prince Metternich's natural caution and timidity. + +I have the Honour to be with the Highest Respect, My Lord, + +Your Lordship's most obedient Humble Servant, + +CLANRICARDE. + +THE VISCOUNT PALMERSTON, G.C.B. + +(F.O. Docs. 63/271.) + + + * * * * * + +_Mémoire of the King of Prussia dated February 24, 1841, delivered to +Lord Palmerston by Baron Bülow._ + +Les événements importants qui viennent de s'accomplir en Orient, ont +replacé sous l'autorité souveraine du Sultan la Palestine et y ont +rétabli l'état politique qui existait avant l'occupation de Méhémet Ali. +Ce n'est pas par ses propres moyens que le Sultan a réussi à expulser +son vassal rebelle de cette contrée, berceau du christianisme et cher à +toutes les communions de la grande Eglise chrétienne. Le chef de la +religion musulmane doit ce succès à un Traité que quatre des Puissances +chrétiennes ont conclu avec lui et qui a reçu son exécution par la +valeur chevaleresque de militaires chrétiens. Plus le noble +désintéressement des Puissances qui ont porté secours à l'Empereur des +Ottomans, leur fournit des titres à sa reconnaissance moins il peut être +douteux que ces mêmes Puissances sont pleinement en droit de réclamer de +ce souverain des concessions dans un but purement spirituel et +uniquement destinées à relever l'exercice du culte chrétien de la triste +condition où il se trouve dans la contrée même qui l'a vu naître. + +Le Roi, notre auguste maître, a saisi cette idée. Profondément attaché à +ses convictions religieuses et pénétré de ses devoirs comme Prince +chrétien, Sa Majesté se reconnaît dans le concours de la Prusse aux +stipulations du 15 Juillet 1839 un droit et se sent la vocation de +signaler à l'attention des autres Puissances chrétiennes l'opportunité +du moment actuel et les précieuses facilités qu'il offre, pour obtenir +du Grand-Seigneur l'amélioration du sort des chrétiens qui habitent la +Terre sainte, l'affranchissement de leur culte et l'établissement +d'institutions qui garantissent à l'avenir aux Chrétiens de toutes les +confessions le libre accès des lieux, objets de leur vénération et +témoins des événemens sur lesquels repose l'espérance de leur salut +éternel. + +Sa Majesté est persuadée que les autres Souverains partageront les +sentiments qu'Elle professe Elle-même. D'ailleurs il est incontestable +que depuis une demi-siècle, les esprits les plus élevés ont déjà plaidé +la cause que le Roi, notre auguste maître, recommande à la sollicitude +des grandes Cours Européennes. Il serait superflu de citer des noms, +mais le nombre et la qualité des voyageurs de toutes les nations et de +toutes les confessions chrétiennes, qui affluent à Jérusalem, attestent +déjà que la Chrétienté prend toujours un vif intérêt aux lieux saints et +que cet intérêt, loin de se refroidir, se ravive avec le progrès que +l'esprit religieux fait en Europe. + +En comptant avec une entière assurance sur les sympathies de SS.MM. +l'Empereur d'Autriche, de Russie et de la Reine de la Grande Bretagne +pour les v[oe]ux qu'il forme à ce sujet, le Roi, notre auguste maître, +Leur fait proposer de faire valoir auprès de la Porte Ottomane les +immenses services qu'elles viennent de lui rendre, pour l'engager à +conclure avec les grandes Puissances Européennes un arrangement qui +place les villes saintes de Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth, sauf les +droits de souveraineté du Sultan, sous la protection commune de ces +Puissances. + +D'après les idées de Sa Majesté l'arrangement à conclure porterait que + +1. Les populations chrétiennes des dites villes, les églises, couvents, +hospitaux qui en dépendent, ainsi que les pèlerins, les savants, les +artistes, les artisans chrétiens, &c., &c., qui y feraient un séjour +passager, obtiendraient des immunités et des franchises telles que +l'intervention des autorités turques dans leur administration intérieure +fût exclue. Ces immunités et franchises seraient cependant accordées +sans préjudice des droits de Souveraineté du Sultan. + +2. Les habitans chrétiens des dites villes cesseraient d'appartenir à la +catégorie de Rayahs; ils seraient à l'avenir _exclusivement_ +justiciables, quant à leur personnes et quant à leur propriétés, des +Résidents des cinq grandes Puissances Européennes, de manière que leurs +obligations envers la Porte se réduiraient à un tribut dont le montant +annuel serait acquitté par la communauté (non par les individus). + +3. Le propriété des lieux saints à Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth +passerait aux cinq grandes Puissances chrétiennes et ferait l'objet d'un +arrangement spécial à conclure avec ceux qui se trouvent maintenant en +possession de ces localités. + +4. Les chrétiens habitant soit pour toujours soit temporairement les +villes saintes, se formeraient d'après les différentes confessions, en +autant de corps spéciaux, catholiques-romains, grecs, évangéliques. Les +Arméniens et les Syriens se joindraient au premier ou au second de ces +corps, selon leur rit actuel. Chacun de ces corps serait considéré comme +une communauté spéciale légalement constituée. Toutes les communautés +jouiraient de droits fixés d'avance à l'égard des lieux saints; la +communauté évangélique serait autorisée à établir un culte selon ses +rits, à fonder un hospital, &c., &c. Les Chrétiens de cette confession +seraient admis à faire leur dévotion dans l'église du St. Sépulcre et +dans la Basilique de Bethléhem, dont les parties seraient spécialement +destinées à leur usage. + +5. La direction des communautés serait confiée à trois Résidents. Celui +de la communauté catholique serait à la nomination de l'Autriche et de +la France, la Russie nommerait le Résident pour la communauté grecque; +la Grande Bretagne et la Prusse celui des protestants. Chaque Puissance +qui nommerait un résident, mettrait à sa disposition un garde de 60 +soldats. La formation de ses gardes ferait l'objet d'une stipulation +ultérieure. + +On choisirait quelques points pour les fortifier autant qu'il le +faudrait, pour les mettre à l'abri d'une incursion subite de hordes +arabes et pour que les communautés chrétiennes pussent s'en servir pour +mettre en sûreté les vases sacrés précieux et leurs propriétés en +général. + +L'ancienne place du temple et la mosquée d'Omar resteraient dans tous +les cas aux Turcs. + +On pourrait encore soumettre à une délibération commune, si les cinq +Puissances ne stipuleraient pas également en faveur des Juifs domiciliés +à Jérusalem et de ceux qui s'y rendent en pèlerinage, des immunités +analogues à celles à obtenir pour les Chrétiens. + + * * * * * + +_Covering Letter from Baron Bülow to Lord Palmerston, March 6, 1841 +(Extract)._ + +...Il faudra donc faire obtenir aux membres de l'église évangélique +(sans distinction des communions spéciales qui la composent) la +propriété exclusive d'une place distincte près du St. Sépulcre de +Jérusalem et dans l'église du même nom pour y faire leurs prières et +pour y célébrer leur culte. Cette place serait mise sous la protection +spéciale des deux Puissances qui en garantiraient la possession paisible +à la communauté protestante. Il s'agira aussi d'acquérir pour cette +communauté le mont Sion afin d'y bâtir un hospice pour tous ceux qui +visiteront ces contrés par des motifs religieux ou scientifiques, +d'établir des presbytères et des hospitaux, de fonder des écoles pour +les enfans de la population protestante (peut-être aussi pour les enfans +juifs), enfin de construire des ouvrages de fortification dont la faible +garnison, mentionnée dans le mémoire, aura besoin pour se défendre.... + +(F.O. Docs., 64/235.) + + * * * * * + +_Lord Beauvale to Lord Palmerston._ + +VIENNA, _March 2nd, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--The King of Prussia has sent His Minister at this Court a +proposition for regulating the position of the Christians in Syria, +which, if it were acted upon, would in Prince Metternich's opinion throw +that Country into inextricable confusion. His Highness transmitted a few +days back a memorandum on the subject to London which He persists in +regarding as establishing the only advantageous mode of treating the +question, and as He purposes drawing up a statement of his objections to +the Prussian proposition, He earnestly entreats that no acquiescence may +be given to any part of it on behalf of the British Government until +those objections have been submitted to Your Lordship. + +I have the honor to be with the greatest respect, My Lord, + +Your Lordship's Most Obedient Humble Servant, + +BEAUVALE. + +THE VISCOUNT PALMERSTON, G.C.B. + +(F.O. Docs., 7/298.) + + + * * * * * + +_Lord Palmerston to Lord Beauvale, (Draft)._ + +F.O., _March 11th, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--With reference to Your Excellency's despatch No. 38 of the 2nd +instant reporting Prince Metternich's objections to the Prussian scheme +for regulating the position of the Christians in Syria, I have to inform +Your Excellency that H.M.'s Government agree very much with Prince +Metternich's as to that scheme. + +P. + +(F.O. Docs. 1/296.) + + * * * * * + +_Memorandum of Austrian Government delivered to Lord Palmerston by +Prince Esterhazy, March 31, 1841._ + +Sur le Mémorandum du 3 Février[141] et le mémoire Prussien, relativement +à la protection des Chrétiens en Syrie. + +La différence entre le mémorandum du 3 fév. et le mémoire prussien +consiste en ce que le premier fournit un moyen pratique pour _porter +remède_ au mal existant, sans entreprendre une reforme dangereuse, +tandis que l'autre tend à introduire _un nouvel ordre de choses_ en +faveur de la représentation de l'Église évangélique, par des moyens +inexécutables. + +_Le travail du 3 fevr._ se base sur la vérité, que ni les populations +chrétiennes sédentaires et mouvantes, ni les couvens des trois +confessions, catholique, grecque et arménienne, n'ont jamais eu à se +plaindre d'un manque de tolérance musulmane. C'est un témoignage +irrécusable qu'on peut recueillir sur les lieux auprès de ceux même qui +y sont les plus intéressés. + +Des firmans sans nombre, relatifs à des privilèges et à la donation de +lieux saints aux environs de Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth se +trouvent déposés aux archives des différens couvens, et s'ils n'ont +point été mis en exécution et forment le sujet de disputes continuelles +entre les trois confessions, la faute n'en est pas au Gouvernement Turc, +mais uniquement _à la vénalité_ des Musselims, comme autorités locales. + +L'exécution des firmans toujours mise arbitrairement à un prix très +élevé est devenu de la part des Musselims une spéculation financière. + +La désunion regrettable qui règne entre les confessions, ou comme on les +appelle sur les lieux, les trois nations, exploite cette corruptibilité, +tantôt pour suspendre l'exécution d'un firman jalousé, tantôt pour +obtenir moyennant l'intervention du Musselim un second firman annullant +le premier, ce qui a surtout lieu, lorsqu'il s'agit de la donation d'un +lieu saint. En pareil cas la confession la plus offrante est sûre +d'atteindre son but et rien n'est plus à désirer que _la punition sévère +du trafic illicite et honteux_, qui se pratique avec les firmans et +l'irrévocabilité _de ceux une fois émanés_. + +C'est donc en parfaite connoissance du véritable siége du mal, que le +mémorandum du 3 février _a cherché le remède dans le renfort de l'action +tutélaire du Gouv. par un employé sultanique spécial d'un rang assez +élevé pour être placé à côté des Musselims; employé qui serait chargé +directement de tout ce qui aurait rapport aux lieux saints et aux +pèlerins--qui serait mis en contact avec les Représentans des +Gouvernement Chrétiens nommés ad hoc, sous la dénomination de procureurs +et qui ne recevrait d'ordres que de Constantinople où les plaintes +élevées contre lui seraient portées à la connoissance du Gouvernement +dans la voie diplomatique_. + +_Le mémoire prussien_ tendant à établir sur les lieux une représentation +de l'église évangélique et sa participation aux fondations existantes, +suscite une question _toute nouvelle_, dont la portée n'est pas à +calculer. + +Sans considérer l'opposition de Rome, du St. Synode de St. Pétersbourg, +et du Patriarchat grec à Constantinople le mémoire suggère des moyens +qui, loin de porter remède au mal existant, feraient naître des +nouvelles complications et accroître la désunion parmi les confessions +chrétiennes. Ce regrettable résultat serait surtout amené par les points +suivans du mémoire prussien: + +A. _La propriété des lieux saints à Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth +passerait aux cinq grandes Puissances._ + +Mais cette propriété est aux différentes confessions, qui déjà jalouses +de la partager entre _trois_, ne voudraient certainement pas faire une +cession de droits acquis, en faveur d'une _quatrième prétendant_. + +B. _Les Chrétiens évangéliques auraient dans l'église du St. Sépulcre à +Jérusalem et dans celle de Bethléhem des parties spécialement destinées +à leur usage._ + +Mais dans ces deux églises chaque pouce de terrain est disputé par les +trois confessions. Toute la Basilique de Bethléhem fut adjugée, il y a +80 ans, aux Grecs; en vertu d'un firman obtenu par des sommes +considérables, eux et les Arméniens possèdent _seuls_ la propriété de la +Grotte de la Nativité; les moins franciscains n'osent point y dire la +messe, et il n'y a que l'autel de la Ste. Crèche qui appartienne à ces +derniers. Dans le temple de Jérusalem existent les mêmes subdivisions +exclusives. Chaque chapelle forme pour ainsi dire une monopole; celle du +Calvaire est partagée en deux--l'autel des Grecs occupant la place de +l'exaltation de la croix, celui des Catholiques celle du crucifiement. +Comment faire entrer une quatrième confession dans un partage déjà si +contesté? La répartition toute faite de localités dont la propriété est +aussi hautement appréciée par la confession qui la possède qu'enviée par +la confession qui voudrait l'usurper, s'opposerait du reste à une +pareille entreprise. + +C. _Chaque Puissance, qui nommerait un résident, mettrait à sa +disposition 60 soldats._ + +A part d'autres considérations qui rendent ce moyen inadmissible, il +fournirait des armes à une guerre de religion en petit qui, vu les +élémens de jalousie et de discorde déjà existans, ne manquerait pas +d'éclater. + +(F.O. Docs. 7/302.) + + * * * * * + +BRITISH JEWS AND PALESTINE, 1841-1843. + +_Colonel Churchill to Sir Moses Montefiore._ + +_June 14th, 1841._ + +MY DEAR SIR MOSES,--I have not yet had the pleasure of hearing from you, +but I would fain hope that my letters have reached you safe. + +I enclose you a petition which has been drawn by the Brothers Harari, in +which they state their claims and their earnest desire to be immediately +under British protection. I am sorry to say that such a measure is much +required even now, not only for them, but also for all the Jews in +Damascus. + +They are still liable to persecutions similar to those from which, +through your active and generous intervention, they have so lately +escaped. The Christians still regard them with malevolence, and the +statement in the petition enclosed is perfectly correct. + +I cannot conceal from you my most anxious desire to see your countrymen +endeavour once more to resume their existence as a people. I consider +the object to be perfectly attainable. But, two things are indispensably +necessary. Firstly, that the Jews will themselves take up the matter +universally and unanimously. Secondly, that the European Powers will aid +them in their views. It is for the Jews to make a commencement. Let the +principal persons of their community place themselves at the head of the +movement. Let them meet, concert and petition. In fact the agitation +must be simultaneous throughout Europe. There is no Government which can +possibly take offence at such public meetings. The result would be that +you would conjure up a new element in Eastern diplomacy--an element +which under such auspices as those of the wealthy and influential +members of the Jewish community could not fail not only of attracting +great attention and of exciting extraordinary interest, but also of +producing great events. + +Were the resources which you all possess steadily directed towards the +regeneration of Syria and Palestine, there cannot be a doubt but that, +under the blessing of the Most High, those countries would amply repay +the undertaking, and that you would end by obtaining the sovereignty of +at least Palestine. That the present attempt to prop up the Turkish +Empire as at present constituted is a miserable failure, we who see +what is going on around us must at once acknowledge. What turn events +will take no one can possibly tell, but of this I am perfectly certain +that these countries must be rescued from the grasp of ignorant and +fanatical rulers, that the march of civilisation _must_ progress, and +its various elements of commercial prosperity _must_ be developed. It is +needless to observe that such will never be the case under the +blundering and decrepit despotism of the Turks or the Egyptians. Syria +and Palestine, in a word, must be taken under European protection and +governed in the sense and according to the spirit of European +administration. It must ultimately come to this. What a great advantage +it would be, nay, how indispensably necessary, when at length the +Eastern Question comes to be argued and debated with this new ray of +light thrown around it, for the Jews to be ready and prepared to say: +"Behold us here all waiting, burning to return to that land which you +seek to remould and regenerate. Already we feel ourselves a people. The +sentiment has gone forth amongst us and has been agitated and has become +to us a second nature; that Palestine demands back again her sons. We +only ask a summons from these Powers on whose counsels the fate of the +East depends to enter upon the glorious task of rescuing our beloved +country from the withering influence of centuries of desolation and of +crowning her plains and valleys and mountain-tops once more, with all +the beauty and freshness and abundance of her pristine greatness." I say +it is for the Jews to be ready against such a crisis in diplomacy. I +therefore would strenuously urge this subject upon your calm +consideration, upon the consideration of those who, by their position +and influence amongst you are most likely to take the lead in such a +glorious struggle for national existence. I had once intended to have +addressed the Jews here in their Synagogue upon the subject, but I have +reflected that such a proceeding might have awakened the jealousy of the +local Government. I have, however, prepared a rough petition which will +be signed by all the Jews here and in other parts of Syria, and which I +shall then forward to you. Probably two or three months will elapse +first. There are many considerations to be weighed and examined as the +question develops itself--but a _beginning_ must be made--a resolution +must be taken, _an agitation must be commenced_, and where the stake is +"Country and Home" where is the heart that will not leap and bound to +the appeal? + +I am the Resident Officer at Damascus until further order. + +Believe me to be, Dear Sir Moses, + +Yours very faithfully, + +CHAS. H. CHURCHILL. + +Before closing my letter, I cannot avoid offering one or two further +considerations. + +Supposing that you and your colleagues should at once and earnestly +interest yourselves upon this important subject of the recovery of your +ancient country, it appears to me (forming my opinions upon the present +attitude of affairs in the Turkish Empire) that it could only be as +subjects of the Porte that you could commence to regain a footing in +Palestine. Your first object would be to interest the Five Great Powers +in your views and to get them to advocate your view with the Sultan upon +the clear understanding that the Jews, if permitted to colonise any part +of Syria and Palestine, should be under the protection of the Great +Powers, that they should have the internal regulation of their own +affairs, that they should be exempt from military service (except on +their own account as a measure of defence against the incursions of the +Bedouin Arabs), and that they should only be called upon to pay a +tribute to the Porte on the usual mode of taxation. + +No doubt, such an undertaking will require _Patriotism_ in the fullest +sense of the word, energy and great perseverance. It will require large +capital at the outset, but with good prospect of remuneration, returned +after the lapse of a few years. + +In all enterprises men must be prepared to make great sacrifices, +whether of time, health or resources. To reflect calmly before +commencing an undertaking and once begun to carry it through, +vanquishing, surmounting, triumphing over every obstacle, this is worthy +of man's existence and carries with it its own reward, if the judgment +is sound, the head clear and the heart honest. I humbly venture to give +my opinion upon a subject, which no doubt has already occupied your +thought--and the bare mention of which, I know, makes every Jewish heart +vibrate. The only question is--_when_ and _how_. + +The blessing of the Most High must be invoked on the endeavour. +Political events seem to warrant the conclusion that the hour is nigh at +hand when the Jewish people may justly and with every reasonable +prospect of success put their hands to the glorious work of National +Regeneration. If you think otherwise I shall bend at once to your +decision, only begging you to appreciate my motive, which is simply an +ardent desire for the welfare and prosperity of a people to whom we all +owe our possession of those blessed truths which direct our minds with +unerring faith to the enjoyment of another and better world.--C. H. C. + +I will keep you "au fait" of all that passes in this country if you wish +it. + + * * * * * + +_15th August, 1842._ + +MY DEAR SIR MOSES,--I have delayed until now sending to you a written +statement of my proposition regarding the Jews of Syria and Palestine +partly because I knew you were absent last week from England and partly +because I wished to keep the document by me for a few days previous to +committing it finally to your care. The subject, I am sure, must in your +eyes appear most worthy of consideration, and I trust that when you have +perused my paper and matured the contents in your mind, you will come to +such a decision as will induce you to give my proposition your warmest +support. It appears to me that it might with advantage be brought under +the notice of the Jews on the Continent, and if this be your opinion, +perhaps you could get my paper, which, as you will perceive, I have +drawn up in the shape of an "address," translated into German and +forwarded to your friends in Prussia and Germany. I do sincerely believe +that were the Jews as a body, both in England and on the Continent of +Europe, to so arrange as to present a joint application to the British +Government in the sense I propose, they would have reason to rejoice +hereafter that they had taken such a step. + +I have nothing more to add, as my Document, which I enclose, will +express to you all I can say upon the subject. + +The only question that remains for your personal consideration is +whether you possess the power of having the proposition laid before the +leading Jews, abroad as well as in England for their deliberate +judgment. + +May I beg you to present my kind regards to Lady Montefiore, and believe +me to be, + +Dear Sir Moses, + +Yours most sincerely, + +CHAS. H. CHURCHILL. + + * * * * * + +_Proposal of Colonel Churchill (Extract)._ + +Human efforts preceded by prayer and undertaken in faith the whole +history of your nation shows to be almost invariably blessed. If such +then be your conviction it remains for you to consider whether you may +not in all humility, but with earnest sincerity and confiding hope +direct your most strenuous attention towards the land of your Fathers +with the view of doing all in your power to ameliorate the conditions of +your brethren now residing there and with heartfelt aspiration of being +approved by Almighty God whilst you endeavour as much as in you lies to +render that Land once more a refuge and resting-place to such of your +brethren scattered throughout the world as may resort to it. + +Hundreds and thousands of your countrymen would strain every effort to +accomplish the means of living amidst those scenes rendered sacred by +ancient recollections, and which they regard with filial affection, but +the dread of the insecurity of life and property which has rested so +long upon the soil of "Judea" has hitherto been a bar to the +accomplishment of their natural desire. + +My proposition is that the Jews of England conjointly with their +brethren on the Continent of Europe should make an application to the +British Government through the Earl of Aberdeen to accredit and send out +a fit and proper person to reside in Syria for the sole and express +purpose of superintending and watching over the interests of the Jews +residing in that country. The duties and powers of such a public officer +to be a matter of arrangement between the Secretary of State for Foreign +Affairs and the Committee of Jews conducting the negotiations. It is, I +hope, superfluous for me to enlarge upon the incalculable benefit which +would accrue to your nation at large were such an important measure to +be accomplished, or to allude more than briefly to the spirit of +confidence and revival which would be excited in the breasts of your +fellow-countrymen all over the world were they to be held and +acknowledged agents for the Jewish people resident in Syria and +Palestine under the auspices and sanction of Great Britain.... + +..."God has put into my heart the desire to serve His ancient people. +...I have discharged a duty imposed on me by my conscience."... + + * * * * * + +_Resolution of the Board of Deputies of British Jews._ + +_November 8th, 1842._ + +That the President be requested to reply to Colonel Churchill to the +effect that this Board, being appointed for the fulfilment of special +duties and deriving its pecuniary resources from the contributions to +the several congregations it represents, is precluded from originating +any measures for carrying out the benevolent views of Colonel Churchill +respecting the Jews of Syria, that this Board is fully convinced that +much good would arise from the realisation of Colonel Churchill's +intentions, but is of opinion that any measures in reference to this +subject should emanate from the general body of the Jews throughout +Europe, and that this Board doubts not that if the Jews of other +countries entertain the proposition those of Great Britain would be +ready and desirous to contribute towards it their most zealous support. + + * * * * * + +_Colonel Churchill to the Secretary of the Board of Deputies._ + +BEYROUT, _Jany._ 8_th_, 1843. + +SIR,--I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the official +Communication which the Board of Deputies of British Jews has been +pleased to address to me. + +It affords me the greatest gratification to learn that the British Jews +would zealously co-operate with the general body of their countrymen in +endeavouring to procure the permanent amelioration of the condition of +Jews in Syria and Palestine. + +I humbly venture to express a hope that the Board of Deputies will still +continue to entertain this subject, and that it will not think it +inexpedient to endeavour to ascertain the feelings and wishes of the +Jews in the rest of Europe on a question so interesting and important, +one in which is necessarily involved that of the prospective +regeneration of their long-suffering and afflicted country. + +I beg leave to offer my best thanks and warmest acknowledgements to the +Board of Deputies for the kind manner in which it has been pleased to +receive my previous communication, and to assure it that my services are +ever at its command. + +I have the honour to be, &c., + +CHAS. CHURCHILL. + +(Minute-Books of Board of Deputies, 1841-43.) + + * * * * * + +THE ENTENTE POWERS AND PALESTINE, 1917. + +_Extract from Agreement between Great Britain, France and Russia, dated +February 21, 1917._ + +"5.... With a view to securing the religious interests of the Entente +Powers, Palestine, with the Holy Places, is separated from Turkish +territory and subjected to a special régime to be determined by +agreement between Russia, France and England." + +(_Manchester Guardian_, January 19, 1918.) + + * * * * * + +GREAT BRITAIN AND ZIONISM, 1917. + +_Mr. Balfour to Lord Rothschild._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_November 2nd, 1917_. + +DEAR LORD ROTHSCHILD,--I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on +behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of +sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, +and approved by, the Cabinet:-- + +"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in +Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their +best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being +clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the +civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in +Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any +other country." + +I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the +knowledge of the Zionist Federation. + +Yours sincerely, + +ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR. + +(_Times_, November 9, 1917.) + + + * * * * * + + + + +APPENDIX. + +INTERNATIONAL ANTI-SEMITISM IN 1498. + + +The earliest appearance of the Jewish Question in international European +politics--or rather the earliest reference to it in the British State +Papers--happened in 1498, shortly after the great expulsion of the Jews +from Spain. In that year Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain sent a mission +to England on business connected with Prince Arthur's marriage. The +mission was apparently instructed to deal with the Jewish Question. The +envoys expressed to the King their sorrow that, while Spain had been +purged of infidelity, Flanders and England were infested by that +scourge. Thereupon, according to a dispatch from the chief of the +mission, Henry VII, laying both hands on his breast, swore that he would +persecute without mercy any Jew or heretic that the King or Queen of +Spain might point out in his dominions. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +_De Carta del soprior de Santa Cruza Sus Alts. (Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz +to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 18, 1498). Extract._ + + * * * * * + +Acabada nuestra embasada hable al Rey de Inglaterra solo.... + +Al otro cabo que le dixe que en su Reyno y en Flandes estaban muchos +conversos de los Reynos de V.A. y algunos fuydos por miedo de la +Inquisicion y quan firmes V.A. estaban en su amistad y hermandad y que +los sobredichos siempre procuraban el contrario que le avisaban dello, +holgo mucho de tal avis y dixo la mano puesta en los pechos que por la +fe de su coraçon que no decia el de marranos mas del mejor de su Reyno +si contra lo que yo le decia algo le dixiese, no le oiria ni le ternia +por suyo, y que si S.A. le mandaien airsar si en su tierra hay algun +judio o herege que por la fe de su corazon et los castigaria bien. Fue +esta habla larga y por ser nuevo oficial abrevie, huelga mucho el Rey de +Inglaterra en fablar de la Princesa de Gales.... + +(Record Office: "Spanish Transcripts," Series I, vol. I, B. 205.) + + + * * * * * + + + + +INDEX. + + +Abdul Medjid, Sultan of Turkey, 96 + +Aberdeen, Earl of, 18, 123 + +Adler, Cyrus, 67, 70, 71 + +Agreement, Anglo-Prussian (1841), 106 + +Alexander I, Tsar, 12, 15 + +Alexander II, Tsar, 78 + +Alexander III, Tsar, 55 + +Alexander, Bishop, 106 + +Alexander, D. L., 51, 52, 54 + +Algeciras, Conference of (1906), 54, 88; + Protocols, 98-99 + +Allenby, General, 104 + +Alliance Israélite, 59, 60, 89 + +Almodovar del Rio, Duc de, 98 + +American-Jewish Committee, 89 + +American House of Representatives, Resolution, 79 + +American Senate, Resolution, 79-80 + +American-Swiss Treaty (1855), 74 + +"Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon," 103 + +Anarchists, 57 + +Ancona, Jews of, 63 + +Andrássy, Count, 30, 93 + +Anglo-French Entente, 56 + +Anglo-Jewish Association, 45, 51, 69, 89 + +Anglo-Moorish Treaty (1856), 78, 83, 87 + +Anglo-Prussian Agreement (1841), 106 + +Anglo-Russian Treaty (1859), 80 + +Anglo-Swiss Treaty (1855), 73 + +Anglo-Turkish Treaty (1809), 84 + +Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance, 57-62 + +Appleton, John, 75 + +Austria, 64, 65 + +Austrian Instruction (1815), 71 + +Austrian Jews, 7 + + +Balance of Power, The, 54 + +Balfour, Arthur James, 124, 125 + +Baltimore, Jews of, 74 + +Bartholomey, Mr., 77 + +Baruch, Jacob, 12 + +Baxter, Nadir, 101 + +Beaconsfield, Earl of, 30, 103 + +Beauvale, Lord, 106, 116, 117 + +Belgium and Holland, Union of, 2 + +Benchimol Family, 88, 89, 90, 91 + +Berlin, Congress of (1878), 23-36, 52 + +Berlin, Treaty of (1878), 24, 33 + +Bernhardt, "Handbook of Treaties, &c.," 74, 80, 83, 84, 87 + +Bernstorff, Count, 16 + +Bertie, Francis, 44, 45 + +Bethlehem, 105 + +Bismarck, Prince, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32 + +Bjoerkoe interview, 56, 62 + +Blaine, James G. (U.S. Secretary of State), 54, 70, 78 + +"Blue Laws," 77 + +Boerne, Ludwig, 12 + +Bohemia, Jews of, 7-11 + +Brisac, J., 66, 67, 68, 72, 73 + +Broglie, Duc de, 66 + +Brothers, Richard, 101 + +Bucharest Commission, 20 + +Bucharest, Treaty of (1913), 50 + +Bulgaria, 26, 33 + +Bülow, Baron, 105, 114, 116 + +Bund, Jewish, 57, 59 + +Bunsen, Baron, 106 + +Buzaglo, David, 89, 91 + +Canovas Del Castillo, Señor, 93, 94 + +Capitulations, 3, 4, 83, 100 + +Capodistrias, Count, 16 + +Carathéodory Pacha, 26, 27, 31, 32 + +Carlowitz, Treaty of (1699), 64, 71, 100 + +Cassini, Count, 99 + +Castlereagh, Viscount, 12, 13, 16 + +Catharine of Braganza, Queen, 6 + +Catherine of Russia, Empress, 76, 78 + +"Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France," 66 + +Charlemagne, Emperor, 3 + +Charles II, King of England, 6 + +Charles X, King of France, 65 + +Chevalier, Michel, 67 + +China, religious liberty in, 3 + +Choate, Joseph H., 44 + +Christendom, Peace of, 2 + +Christian Missions, protection of, 3 + +Christina, Queen of Sweden, 6 + +Churchill, Colonel, C. H., 103, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124 + +Circular Note to Great Powers, American (1902), 44 + +Clarendon, Earl of, 19, 67 + +Clanricarde, Marquis of, 113 + +Cobden, Richard, 67 + +Cohn, Albert, 19 + +Conferences:-- + Algeciras (1906), 54, 88 + Bucharest (1913), 45, 47, 48, 49 + Constantinople (1856), 20, 21, 23 + London (1830), 17, 52 + London (1912), 13, 45, 47 + Madrid (1880), 54, 88 + Ryswick (1697), 103 + St. Petersburg (1912-13), 45-47 + _See also_ Protocols and Treaties + +Congresses:-- + Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), 15, 16 + Berlin (1878), 23, 25-33, 36 + Paris (1856), 18-23 + Vienna (1815), 3, 12-15 + _See also_ Protocols and Treaties + +Consistoire Israélite, 66 + +Consular Protection, 4, 82-85, 86-88 + +Convention, Cyprus (1878), 107 + +Convention of Paris (1858), 20, 21, 23 + +Crémieux, Adolphe, 18, 102 + +Cromwell, Oliver, 4, 6, 102 + +Crowe, Sir Eyre, 51, 83 + +Cyprus, 103 + +Cyprus Convention (1878), 107 + + +Damascus, 120 + +Daudet, Ernest, 55 + +"Décade Philosophique et Littéraire," 104 + +De Card, "Les Traités entre la France et le Maroc," 88 + +Declaration on Palestine, British (1917), 124-5 + +De Launay, Count, 29, 32, 53 + +De Mello, Don Francisco Manuel, 6 + +Deschamps, Emile, 59 + +Despatch, American, to U.S. Minister at Athens (1902), 38 + +Desprez, M., 26, 32, 33 + +Dicey, Professor A. V., 5, 54 + +D'Israeli, "Genius of Judaism," 101 + +Dobrudja, 50 + +Dohm, C. W., 15 + + +Eastern Roumelia, 26, 79 + +Edict of Sultan of Morocco, 89, 92 + +El Arish, 104 + +Esterhazy, Prince, 117 + + +Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 126 + +Finch, Sir Henry, 100, 101 + +Finn, James, 86, 102; + "Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles," 85 + +Fogg, Mr., 75 + +Foreign Jews Protection Society, 64 + +Foster, J. W., 70 + +France, 65, 66 + +Franchi, Cardinal, 93 + +Franco-Moorish Règlement (1863), 88 + +Franco-Swiss Treaty (1827), 71 + +Franco-Swiss Treaty (1864), 73 + +Franks, Aaron, 7, 8, 9 + +Freemasons, 59, 60, 62 + +Fuller, "A Pisgah Sight of Palestine," 100 + + +George II, King of England, 7-9 + +German Jews, 12, 13 + +Goldsmid, Sir Julian, 82 + +Gortchacow, Prince, 28, 29, 30, 33 + +Graetz, "Geschichte der Juden," 103 + +Granville, Earl, 69; + despatch of, 81-82 + +Greece, Jews of, 17 + +Grey, Sir Edward, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 54, 69, 82 + +Grey, Viscount (_see_ Sir Edward) + +Guizot, 66, 105, 107 + + +Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey, M.P., 101 + +Hammond, J., 86 + +Hardenberg, Prince, 12, 13, 16 + +Haroun al-Rashid, Khalif, 3 + +Harrington, Lord, 11 + +Hart, Moses, 7, 8, 9 + +_Hatti-Humayoun_ (1856), 19-22 + +Hay, John (U.S. Secretary of State), 37, 38, 43, 44; + despatch on Rumania, 38-43 + +Hay, Sir John Drummond, 85, 88 + +Haymerle, Baron, 30 + +Henry VII, King of England, 126 + +Hervaille, 59 + +Herzl, Theodor, 104 + +"Histoire Diplomatique de l'Alliance Franco-Russe," 55 + +Holland, 7 + +Holland, Jews of, 2, 3 + +Holland, "The European Concert in the Eastern Question," 18, 21, 22 + +Holy Alliance, 12 + +Holy Roman Empire, 100 + +Hoskier, M., 55 + + +_Izviestia_, 56 + +Izvolsky, A., 56, 62 + + +Jackson, J. B. (U.S. Minister at Bucharest), 47 + +Jaffa, 85 + +James I, King of England, 101 + +Jerusalem, 101, 104, 108, 109, 115, 117 + +Jewish Board of Deputies, 12, 45, 47, 51, 69, 86, 89, 103, 123, 124 + +Jewish Bund, 57 + +Jewish Conjoint Committee, 24, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 69, 82, 83 + +"Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States," 37 + +Jewish Nationalism, 16 + +"Jews and the War," 24, 45 + +Jews in Bohemia, 7-11 + +Jews in Foreign Countries, Status of, 63-83 + +Jews in Morocco, 83-85, 87-99 + +Jews in Rumania, 28-48 + +Jews in Russia, 54 + +Jews in Russia, American Despatch, 76-78, 81-83 + +Jews in Switzerland, 72-73 + +"Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the U.S.," 70 + +Jews, National Restoration of, 100-125 + +Jews of Baltimore, 74 + +Joostens, Baron, 99 + + +Kamarowsky, 105, 106 + +Klüber, "Akten des Wiener Kongresses," 14 + +Kohler, Max, 37 + +Koutzo-Vlachs, 50 + +Lamsdorf, Count, 55, 56, 62 + +Lansdowne, Marquis of, 37, 38 + +Lassalle, Ferdinand, 59 + +"Legal Sufferings of Jews in Russia," 54 + +Lemoine, "Napoléon et les Juifs," 104 + +Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, Prince, 17 + +Leven, Narcisse, 24, 85 + +Lewisohn, Leon, 69, 81 + +Lieven, Count, 18 + +Loeb, Isidor, 24 + +Loewe, "Diaries of Sir Moses Montefiore," 89, 92 + +London, Treaty of (1840), 106 + +Louis Philippe, King of France, 66; + speech of (1835), 73 + +Ludolf, Count, 95 + + +Madrid, Conference of (1880), 54, 88; + Protocols, 90-98 + +Madrid, Treaty of (1880), 91 + +Maiorescu, Titu (Rumanian Prime Minister), 46, 47, 49, 50 + +Maria Theresa, Empress, 7-11 + +Marranos (or Crypto-Jews), 63, 64 + +Marx, Karl, 59 + +Mehemet Ali, 102 + +"Memorandum on the Grievances of British Subjects of the Jewish Faith," 69 + +"Memorandum on Treaty Rights of Jews of Rumania" (1908), 45 + +Memorandum (Palestine), Austrian (1840), 111-113; + (1841), 117-119 + +Memorandum (Palestine), Prussian (1841), 114-116 + +Memorandum (Palestine) of Russian Government (1840), 107-110 + +Menasseh ben Israel, 6 + +Mendes da Costa, Fernando, 6 + +Metternich, Prince, 12, 13, 16, 113, 116, 117, 118 + +Milan, Prince, 30 + +Mohammed Vargas, Cid, 96, 97 + +Moldavia, Jews in, 19, 21 + +Moldavians and Wallachians, 23 + +Montefiore, Claude G., 51, 52, 54 + +Montefiore, Joseph Meyer, 86 + +Montefiore, Lady, 122 + +Montefiore, Sir Moses, 18, 89, 95, 102, 103, 119, 121 + +Montenegro, 30, 33 + +Montmoren y Laval, 18 + +Moravia, Jews of, 7 + +Morocco, Jews of, 70 + +Morocco, Religious Liberty in, 89-99 + +Mount Athos, 31 + +Muley-el-Hassan, Sultan of Morocco, 97, 98 + + +Nahon, Moses, 89, 91 + +Napier, Lord, 81 + +Napoleon I, Emperor, 102, 104 + +Napoleon III, Emperor, 19 + +Nasi, Donna Gracia, 6, 63 + +Nasi, Don Joseph (_see_ Naxos, Duke of) + +"National Treatment," 65, 68 + +Nationality, Jewish, 64 + +Naxos, Duke of, 63 + +Nazareth, 105 + +Neapolitan prison horrors, 5 + +Nelidow, Actual Privy Councillor, 58 + +Nesselrode, Count, 16, 113 + +Nicholas II, Tsar, 56, 62 + +Nicolson, Sir Arthur, 98 + +"Nikky-Willy" correspondence, 55 + +Nina, Cardinal, 94 + + +Oliphant, Lawrence, 103 + +Omar, Mosque of, 116 + +Ottoman Empire, Jews in, 3, 4 + + +Palestine Declaration, British (1917), 124-125 + +Palestine, Jews in, 70 + +Palestine Question, 100-125 + +Palestine, Russian Jews in, 84, 85 + +Palestine, Secret Agreement (1917), 107, 124 + +Palestine Memorandum, Austrian (1840), 111-113; (1841), 117-119 + +Palestine Memorandum, Prussian (1841), 114-116 + +Palestine Memorandum, Russian (1840), 107-110 + +Palmerston, Viscount, 102, 105, 106, 113, 114, 116, 117 + +Paris, Convention of (1858), 23 + +Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718), 71, 100 + +Passport Question in Russia, 68 + +Paul IV, Pope, 63, 64 + +Paulli, Holger, 103 + +Peace of Christendom, 2 + +Peace of Westphalia, 2, 3, 6 + +Petition concerning Jews of Bohemia, 7-11 + +Piggott, Sir Francis, "Exterritoriality," 84 + +Pogroms, 62 + +Poland, Jews of, 6 + +Poland, Protestants of, 4 + +Ponsonby, Lord, 106 + +Pope, the, 93, 95 + +Portugal, Jews of, 6 + +Prince of Wales (Arthur), 126 + +Protocols:-- + Anti-Anarchist (1904), 56 + Algeciras Conference (1906), 98-99 + Conference of Bucharest (1913), 47 + Conference of Constantinople (1856), 20, 23 + Conference of London (1830), 17, 18 + Conference, Madrid (1880), 90-98 + Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), 16 + Congress of Berlin (1878), 25-33 + Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, 2, 3 + _See also_ Conferences, Congresses and Treaties + +Prussia, Jews of, 6 + +Prussia, King of, 114 + + +Radowitz, Herr von, 99 + +Règlement, Franco-Moorish (1863), 88 + +Religious Liberty, 1, 2, 3, 17, 20, 21 + +"Restoration of the Hebrews, The," 101 + +Revoil, M., 99 + +Richelieu, 16 + +Ristitch, 30 + +Robinson, Sir Thomas, 7, 9, 11 + +Roosevelt, Theodore, 37, 99 + +Rothschild, Sir Anthony de, 19 + +Rothschild, Baron James de, 19, 20 + +Rothschild, Baron Lionel de, 19 + +Rothschild, Leopold de, 13 + +Rothschild, Lord, 36, 37, 55, 56, 58 + +Rothschild, Lord (second), 124 + +Rothschild, Nathan, 13 + +Rumania, 24, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38, 48 + +Rumania and the Powers (1902), 36-45 + +Rumania, American Circular Note on, 44 + +Rumania, Identic Note to (1880), 35-36 + +Rumania, Jews of, 28 + +Rumanian Constitution, Art. VII, 34-35 + +Russell, Earl, 81, 86 (_see_ Russell, Lord John) + +Russell, Lord John, 68, 69, 70 + +Russia, Jews in, 54, 76-78, 81-83 + +"Russian Government and the Massacres," 54 + +Russian Jews in Palestine, 84, 85 + +Russian Jews, persecution of, 5 + +Russian Revolution, 54 + +Russian Secret Documents, 62 + +Russo-American Treaty (1832), 75 + +Russo-American Treaty (1832), denunciation of, 79-80 + +Ryswick, Conference of (1697), 103 + + +Sabbathai Zevi, 103 + +Sager, M., 99 + +Salisbury, Marquis of, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 69, 82, 106 + +Samuel, Henry, Case of, 64 + +Sanderson, Sir T. H., 69, 82 + +Santa Cruz, Sub-Prior of, 126 + +Saxony, 66 + +Schiff, Jacob, 36, 37 + +Schouvaloff, Count, 26, 27, 28, 30 + +Secret Agreement (Palestine) (1917), 107, 124 + +Secret Note to Swiss Diet, French (1826), 72 + +Séménoff, M., 54, 62 + +Servia, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32 + +Servia, Jews of, 28 + +Seward, William H. (U.S. Secretary of State), 75 + +Sidi Mohammed, Sultan of Morocco, 95 + +Socialists, 59, 60, 61 + +Solyman the Magnificent, 63, 64 + +Spain, Jews of, 6 + +Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, 19 + +Straus, Oscar, 37, 103 + +Stroock, 67 + +Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz, 126 + +Suliotis, M., 36 + +Sweden, 4, 57 + +Switzerland, 65, 66, 67, 68 + +"Switzerland and American Jews," 67 + +Switzerland, Jews in, 72-73 + + +Tatistcheff, M., 105 + +Testa, Jonkheer, 99 + +Thirty Years War, 2 + +Thornton, Sir E., 81 + +Toledano, Isaac, 89, 91 + +Treaties:-- + American-Swiss (1855), 66, 67, 73 + Anglo-Moorish (1727-8), 87 + Anglo-Moorish (1856), 83, 87 + Anglo-Russian (1859), 68, 80 + Anglo-Swiss (1855), 67, 73 + Anglo-Turkish (1809), 87 + Berlin (1878), 24, 37 + Bucharest (1913), 50 + Carlowitz (1699), 64, 71, 100 + Franco-Swiss (1827), 65, 71 + Franco-Swiss (1864), 68, 73 + London (1840), 106 + London (1864), 49 + Madrid (1880), 91 + Münster (1648), 2 + Osnabruck (1648), 2 + Paris (1856), 20-22 + Passarowitz (1718), 71, 100 + Russo-American (1832), 68, 70, 75 + San Stéfano (1878), 27, 31 + Tientsin (1858), 3 + Vienna (1815), 13-15 + _See also_ Conferences, Congresses, Conventions, Protocols and Règlement + +Turkey, 31, 33, 37, 40, 63, 64, 65 + +Turkey, Jews in, 19 + + +Ubicini, "Question des Principautés," 23 + +United States, 46, 66, 67 + +United States, Religious Liberty in, 38-43 + +Universal Suffrage, 61 + + +Vatican, 60, 61 + +Vaudois, persecution of the, 4 + +Venizelos, M., 47 + +Visconti Venosta, Viscount, 99 + + +Waddington, M., 25, 26, 28, 29, 93 + +Wallachia, Jews in, 19, 21 + +Wallachians and Moldavians, 23 + +Warsaw, British Jews in, 68 + +Way, Rev. Lewis, 15, 16 + +Wellington, Duke of, 13, 16 + +Westphalia, Peace of, 2 + +White, Henry, 98, 99 + +White, Sir W. A., 34, 36 + +William II, Emperor of Germany, 56 + +William III, King of England, 103 + +Wilson, Charles S., 38 + +Witte, Count, 56 + +Wolf, Lucien, 54, 58; + "Sir Moses Montefiore," 89 + +Wolf, Simon, 37 + +"World's Great Restoration, The," 100 + +Wyshnigradski, M., 55 + + +Zion, Mount, 116 + +Zionism, 103, 104, 107, 124 + + +Printed by SPOTTISWOODE, BALLANTYNE & CO. LTD. Colchester, London & +Eton, England + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] _Infra_, pp. 57-62 and Appendix. + +[2] Wolf: _Menasseh b. Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell_, pp. xviii +_et seq._ + +[3] The Protocol was accepted by the Dutch King on July 21, 1814. Its +text will be found in _British and Foreign State Papers_, ii. 141-142. + +[4] Guasco: "L'Église Catholique et la Liberté Religieuse dans l'Empire +Chinois" (_Revue Générale de Droit International Public_, x. 53 _et +seq._) + +[5] Verney and Dambmann: _Puissances Etrangères dans le Levant_, pp. +69-80. + +[6] _Infra_, pp. 83 _et seq._ + +[7] The historical and juridical aspects of the question have been fully +discussed by Professor Rougier in the _Revue Générale de Droit +International Public_, xvii. 468 _et seq._ + +[8] Martin: _Life of the Prince Consort_, iii. 510-511. + +[9] For a vigorous exposition of the duty of civilised States in such +cases, see Prof. A. Dicey's introduction to _Legal Sufferings of the +Jews in Russia_, p. x. + +[10] See Straus: _The American Spirit_ (New York). For documentary +examples relating to the Jews, see Cyrus Adler: _Jews in the Diplomatic +Correspondence of the United States_. + +[11] _Infra_, pp. 63-64. + +[12] Kayserling: "Menasseh b. Israel" (_Misc. Heb. Lit._ ii. 29); +_Harleian Miscellany_, vii. 618. + +[13] Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 29,868, _f._ 1. + +[14] Sir Thomas Robinson, "l'infatigable Robinson" of Carlyle's +_Frederick_, afterwards Lord Grantham. + +[15] Graetz: _Geschichte der Juden_, x. 393-394. + +[16] Emanuel: _A Century and a Half of Anglo-Jewish History_, p. 9. + +[17] Graetz: _Geschichte_, xi. 324-328. See also Kohler: _Jewish Rights +at International Congresses_, pp. 6-20. + +[18] _Diary of Sir Moses Montefiore_, 1817, p. 192. (Ramsgate +Theological College MSS.) Kohler: _op. cit._ pp. 25-26. + +[19] Communication from the late Mr. Leopold de Rothschild. See also +_Gentleman's Magazine_, Oct. 1819, p. 362. + +[20] _Infra_, p. 16. The Protocol does not appear in the Protocols of +the Congress published in the _British and Foreign State Papers_, and is +usually excluded from the official records of the Congress. Its text is, +however, given in Way's _Mémoires_ (Paris, 1819) as an unpaginated +Appendix. + +[21] _Procès-Verbal des Séances de l'Assemblée Juive_ (Paris, 1806), pp. +47-49; _Actes du Grand Sanhédrin_, pp. 65-73, 83, 90-91. + +[22] Emanuel: _op. cit._, p. 66. The facts are given more fully by Loeb: +_Biographie d'Albert Cohn_ (Paris, 1878), pp. 48-49. + +[23] Loeb: _op. cit._, p. 49 (supplemented by private sources), Holland: +_The European Concert in the Eastern Question_, p. 330. + +[24] Holland: _op. cit._, pp. 233-234, 251. + +[25] _British and Foreign State Papers_, xlviii. 78. + +[26] Loeb: _Situation des Israélites en Turquie, en Serbie, et en +Roumanie_ (1877), p. 200. + +[27] _The Jews and the War_, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16. (Privately printed +by Jewish Conjoint Committee.) + +[28] _British and Foreign State Papers_, xlviii. 97. + +[29] _Ibid._ p. 113. + +[30] _Ibid._ p. 120. + +[31] _Jews and the War_, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16. + +[32] The _Hatti-Humayoun_ (see next document). + +[33] This _alinéa_ did not appear in the scheme drawn up by the +Bucharest Commission, but was inserted by the Conference. + +[34] Loeb: _Situation_, pp. 139-196. Narcisse Leven: _Cinquante ans +d'histoire_, pp. 93-146. + +[35] _British and Foreign State Papers_, lxii. p. 705. + +[36] _Infra_, pp. 25-33. + +[37] _Jews and the War_, p. 29. + +[38] _Infra_, p. 33. + +[39] _Infra_, p. 32. Extract from Protocol No. 17. + +[40] "Le Traité de Berlin," writes M. Suliotis in the _Journal du droit +international privé_ (xiv. 563), "a cru faire merveille en faveur des +étrangers, mais la Roumanie a su habilement éluder les inconvénients qui +pouvaient resulter de l'application de l'article VII. dans le sens du +Traité de Berlin, qui n'a eu d'autres résultats que de rendre plus +difficile la situation des étrangers." + +[41] Dated June 13, 1901. It is not printed. Its argument is largely +reproduced in the Memorandum of the Conjoint Committee of November 1908, +for full text of which see _Jews and the War_, pp. 14 _et seq._ + +[42] Private information and documents. + +[43] For a detailed and documented account of the American intervention, +but without the full texts of the Notes of Secretary Hay (_infra_, pp. +38-45), see Kohler and Wolf: _Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States_ +(the American Jewish Committee, 1916), pp. 80-83, 108-137. + +[44] Semi-official communiqué to the newspapers through Reuter's Agency, +September 23, 1902. The fact was also privately communicated by Lord +Lansdowne to Lord Rothschild at the time. + +[45] This is a reference to Russia. _Infra_, pp. 69-70. + +[46] "Memorandum on the Treaty Rights of the Jews of Rumania" (November +1908). Printed for confidential use, 16 pp. fcp. Reprinted in _Jews and +the War_, pp. 14-30. Also in the Annual Reports of the Board of Deputies +and Anglo-Jewish Association (1909), and in Kohler and Wolf, _op. cit._ + +[47] _Infra_, p. 47. + +[48] _Infra_, p. 51. For a fuller text of the correspondence, see Annual +Report of the Board of Deputies (1913), pp. 54-74. + +[49] The United States was a conspicuous exception. See especially Mr. +Blaine's despatch of February 18, 1891. (_Foreign Relations of U.S._ +1891, p. 737.) + +[50] Wolf and Dicey: _Legal Sufferings of the Jews in Russia_ (London, +1912). Semenoff and Wolf: _The Russian Government and the Massacres_ +(London, 1907). + +[51] The story is told by M. Ernest Daudet in his _Histoire Diplomatique +de l'Alliance Franco-Russe_, pp. 261-262, but the present writer is able +to confirm it from other sources. + +[52] The famous "Nikky-Willy" correspondence (see _Times_, September 4, +1917; _Daily Telegraph_, September 4, 27 and 29, 1917; and _Morning +Post_, September 15, 1917.) + +[53] _Infra_, pp. 57-62. + +[54] The statement in the Memorandum that Messrs. Rothschild had been +excluded by the Russian Government from these loan operations is +inaccurate. The exclusion had come from the other side, and at the very +time that the Memorandum was being prepared Count Witte had sent +representatives of the Finance Ministry to London to endeavour to +overcome Lord Rothschild's reluctance. + +[55] This Protocol is published in vol. vi. of the _Secret Documents_ +published by the Russian Revolutionary Government in February 1918. + +[56] Secret letter from the Kaiser to the Tsar published in the Soviet +organ _Inviestia_, December 19, 1917. + +[57] Actual Privy Councillor Nelidow's despatch of December 1-14, 1905. + +[58] Communicated by Emil Deschamps in the _Journal de St. Pétersbourg_, +of December 23, 1905. + +[59] Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at the Hague of October 24, +1905, No. 22. + +[60] Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at Rome of November 29, 1905, +No. 23. + +[61] According to the rules of French Freemasonry, promotion to the +eighteenth degree makes the recipient automatically a member of the +"Alliance Israélite Universelle," while out of the nine members of the +Secret Supreme Council of Freemasonry five must be Jews. + +[62] Levy: _Don Joseph Nasi_, _Herzog von Naxos und seine Familie_ +(Breslau, 1859). See also Graetz: _Geschichte_, vol. ix. _passim_. + +[63] The text of the Sultan's letter is preserved in the rare _Lettere +di Principi_ (Venice, 1581), iii. 171. + +[64] Graetz: _Geschichte_, ix. 361, and 571-572. + +[65] _Transactions, Jewish Historical Society_, iv. 478 _et seq._ The +plea has been revived during the present war, but with less success. It +was largely used by Russian Jews in order to escape conscription under +the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1916. (See Petition of Foreign Jews +Protection Society, _Herald_, July 22 and 29, 1916.) See also the case +of the prosecution of Henry Samuel, _Times_, September 19, 1918. + +[66] _Infra_, p. 71. + +[67] Brisac: _Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France_ +(Lausanne, 1916), pp. 9-13. _Infra_, pp. 71-72. + +[68] Brisac: _op. cit._, pp. 14-15, 16-17. + +[69] Jewish disabilities still existed in England, Germany, Austria, +Russia, the Italian States, Spain and Portugal. + +[70] May 28, 1841. A full report of the debate will be found in the +_Moniteur_, May 29, 1841. + +[71] Stroock: "Switzerland and American Jews," in _Publications of the +American Jewish Historical Society_, xi. 7-8, 15. + +[72] Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 27-33. + +[73] _Infra_, pp. 73-74. + +[74] Stroock: _op. cit._, p. 15. + +[75] Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 37. + +[76] Stroock: _op. cit._, pp. 24-32. + +[77] Lord Clarendon on December 17, 1857, instructed the British +Minister at Berne to make representations to the Swiss Government +(Stroock: p. 36). The bulk of the official correspondence of the United +States on the subject is printed by Cyrus Adler in _Publications of the +American Jewish Historical Society_, xv. 25-39. + +[78] _Infra_, p. 73. + +[79] This was not in the Commercial Treaty but in a separate Treaty of +Establishment signed the same day. + +[80] Sanctioned by the Referendum of January 14, 1866 (Brisac, p. 54). + +[81] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 4 (1881), p. 21. _Infra_, pp. 81-82. + +[82] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 3 (1881), pp. 17-18. + +[83] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 4 (1881), pp. 21-22. _Infra_, p. 82. + +[84] Letter from Sir T. H. Sanderson on behalf of the Marquis of +Salisbury, January 29, 1891. + +[85] "Memorandum on the grievances of British subjects of the Jewish +faith in regard to the interpretation of Articles I and XI of the +Anglo-Russian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of January 12, 1859" +(August 2, 1912). Printed for confidential use, 9 pp. fcp. The text +together with further correspondence has been reprinted in the Annual +Reports of the Board of Deputies and the Anglo-Jewish Association for +1912. + +[86] _Infra_, pp. 82-83. + +[87] Cyrus Adler: _Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the United +States_, pp. 73-74. See also dispatch from Mr. Foster, October 18, 1880, +in _Foreign Relations of the United States_, 1881, p. 991. + +[88] See dispatches quoted by C. Adler, _op. cit._, pp. 75-96 from +_Foreign Relations_ 1880 and 1881. + +[89] _Infra_, pp. 76-78. + +[90] _Infra_, pp. 79-80. + +[91] Cyrus Adler: _op. cit._, pp. 7-19. See also _infra_, p. 103 (note). + +[92] _Infra_, p. 83. + +[93] Confirmed by Art. XIII of the Treaty of Passarowitz, July 21, 1718. + +[94] _Supra_, pp. 3-4. + +[95] Piggott: _Exterritoriality_ (Lond. 1907), pp. 67-68. + +[96] Bernhardt: _op. cit._, pp. 947, 957. + +[97] _Infra_, p. 86. Further details will be found in Mr. Finn's +_Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles_ (Lond. 1878), i. 112-114. + +[98] _Infra_, p. 87. + +[99] _Infra_, p. 87. + +[100] _Memoir of Sir John Drummond Hay_ (Lond. 1896), pp. 322-323. See +also stipulations of French Treaty (_infra_, p. 88). + +[101] For details of these cases see Leven: _Cinquante Ans d'Histoire_, +pp. 158 _et seq._ Annual Reports of the Anglo-Jewish Association. + +[102] _Memoir of Sir J. D. Hay_, pp. 321-323. + +[103] _Ibid._, p. 323. + +[104] _Infra_, pp. 90-91. + +[105] _Infra_, p. 93. + +[106] _Infra_, p. 92. See also Wolf: _Sir Moses Montefiore_ (Lond. +1884), pp. 213-232, and Loewe: _Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore_, ii. +148-153. + +[107] _Infra_, p. 97. + +[108] _Infra_, p. 98. + +[109] _Cf. supra_, p. 89. + +[110] Fuller: _A Pisgah Sight of Palestine_ (Lond. 1650), bk. iv. p. +194. + +[111] D'Israeli: _Genius of Judaism_, pp. 200-201. + +[112] _The Restoration of the Hebrews to Jerusalem by the Year of 1798 +under the Revealed Prince and Prophet_ (Lond. 1794). _A letter from Mr. +Brothers to Miss Cott with an Address to the Members of His Britannic +Majesty's Council_ (Lond. 1798). _The Curious Trial of Mr. Brothers... +on a Statute of Lunacy_ (Lond. 1795). + +[113] _Mr. Halhed's Speech in the House of Commons... on Monday, May the +4th, 1795_ (Lond. 1795). + +[114] Law Reports: 4 De Gex & Smale, 467. + +[115] For details see _infra_, pp. 104-106. + +[116] Finn: _op. cit._, i. 106. The passage is worth quoting: "In 1839, +Lord Palmerston's direction to his first Consul in Jerusalem was 'to +afford protection to the Jews generally.' The words were simply those, +broad and general, as under the circumstances they ought to be, leaving +after events to work out their own modifications. The instruction, +however, seemed to bear on its face a recognition that the Jews are a +nation by themselves and that contingencies might possibly arise in +which their relations to Mohammedans should become difficult, though it +was impossible to foresee the shape that future transactions might +assume upon the impending expulsion of the Egyptians from Syria." + +[117] See text of Firman in Loewe: _Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore_, i. +278-279. + +[118] _Infra_, pp. 119-124. + +[119] _Memoir of Laurence Oliphant_, ii. 179. As late as January 1888 +Mr. Oscar Straus, the United States Minister in Constantinople and +himself a Jew, assured the Grand Vizier, with regard to the +establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine, "that no such purpose +actuated the Jews throughout the world" (_Foreign Relations of U.S._, +1888, p. 1559). + +[120] _Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon_ (1702), _Novus in +Belgio Judaeorum Rex_, p. 25. + +[121] Graetz: _Geschichte_, x. 207. + +[122] "Re-establishment of the Jewish Government, with a letter from a +Jew to his Brethren; copied from the _Courier_, June 10, 1798." + +[123] Lemoine: _Napoléon et les Juifs_ (Paris, 1900), p. 72. + +[124] _Infra_, p. 107. There is no trace of this scheme in the Foreign +Office papers except in the reference here quoted from the Russian +Memorandum, but Tatistcheff, who saw the Russian set of these papers in +the Petrograd Foreign Office, describes a scheme submitted by Guizot to +Palmerston and Metternich which seems to be the one referred to here. +(Kamarowsky: "La Question d'Orient," in _Revue Générale de Droit +International Public_, iii. 423.) + +[125] _Infra_, pp. 107-109. + +[126] _Infra_, pp. 111-113. + +[127] _Infra_, p. 113. + +[128] _Infra_, pp. 114-116. + +[129] Covering despatch from Baron Bülow, _infra_, p. 116. + +[130] Despatch from Lord Beauvale and draft of reply by Palmerston, +_infra_, pp. 116-117. + +[131] Kamarowsky, _op. cit._, p. 423. + +[132] _Memoirs of Bunsen_ (London, 1868), i. 593 _et seq._ + +[133] Memorandum of July 15, 1841, presented to Palmerston by Bunsen +(F.O. 64/235 Prussia). + +[134] Letter from Bunsen to his Wife (_Memoirs_, i. 608-609). + +[135] Bishop Alexander was before his conversion Minister of the Jewish +Synagogue at Plymouth. + +[136] Holland: _European Concert in Eastern Question_, p. 93. + +[137] _British and Foreign State Papers_, lxix. 1342-1353; lxxiii. 438. + +[138] _Infra_, p. 124. + +[139] _Infra_, pp. 124-125. + +[140] This was probably the scheme suggested by Guizot (_supra_, p. +105). + +[141] This Memorandum is identical with the Austrian Memorandum of +October 1840, which at the time was only communicated to the Prussian +Government (_supra_, pp. 111-113). + + * * * * * + + Notes of the transcriber of this etext: + + "Religous" changed to "Religious" + "repondu" changed to "répondu" + both "Toldano" and "Toledano" appear + "Etats-Unis" changed to "États-Unis" + "Janaury" changed to "January" + "Cánovas" and "Canovas" appear + "morocain" changed to "marocain" + "qu iont" changed to "qui ont" + "Gortschacow" changed to "Gortchacow" + "Kluber" changed to "Klüber" + "Munster" changed to "Münster" + "parait" changed to "paraît" + "Plenipotentiaire" changed to "Plénipotentiaire" + "reconnait" changed to "reconnaît" + "Bartholomei" changed to "Bartholomey" + "Litteraire" changed to "Littéraire" + "Maioresco" appears in the index as "Maiorescu" + "Séménoff" appears in the index, Semenoff in the notes. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Diplomatic History of the +Jewish Question, by Lucien Wolf + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH QUESTION *** + +***** This file should be named 31385-8.txt or 31385-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/3/8/31385/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Chuck Greif and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes on the Diplomatic History of the Jewish Question + +Author: Lucien Wolf + +Release Date: February 25, 2010 [EBook #31385] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH QUESTION *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Chuck Greif and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<p class="c">NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY<br />OF THE JEWISH QUESTION</p> + +<h2>NOTES ON</h2> + +<h1>THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF<br /> +THE JEWISH QUESTION</h1> + +<h3 class="top5">WITH TEXTS OF PROTOCOLS, TREATY<br /> +STIPULATIONS AND OTHER PUBLIC<br /> +ACTS AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS</h3> + +<p class="c top5">BY</p> + +<h3 class="top5">LUCIEN WOLF</h3> + +<p class="c top5"><span class="smcap">PUBLISHED BY THE</span><br /> +JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND<br /> +<i>Mocatta Library and Museum</i><br /> +U<span class="smcap">niversity</span> C<span class="smcap">ollege</span><br /> +(<i>University of London</i>)<br /> +GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C. 1<br /> +1919<br /> +<br /> +<i>All rights reserved</i><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> + +<h3>PREFACE.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></h3> + + +<p>T<span class="smcap">he</span> substance of this volume was read as a Paper before the +Jewish Historical Society of England on February 11, 1918. +It has now been expanded and supplied with a full equipment +of documents—Protocols of Congresses and Conferences, Treaty +Stipulations, Diplomatic Correspondence and other public Acts—in +the hope that it may prove useful as a permanent record, +and serviceable to those of our communal organisations whose +duty it will be to bring the still unsolved aspects of the Jewish +Question before the coming Peace Conference.</p> + +<p>Besides helping to indicate the lines on which Jewish action +should travel in this matter, the State Papers here quoted may +also serve to remind the Plenipotentiaries themselves that the +Jewish Question is far from being a subsidiary issue in the +Reconstruction of Europe, that they have a great tradition of +effort and achievement in regard to it, and that this tradition, +apart from the high merits of the task itself, imposes upon them +the solemn obligation of solving the Question completely and +finally now that the opportunity of doing so presents itself +free from all restraints of a selfish and calculating diplomacy. +It is not only that the edifice of Religious Liberty in Europe +has to be completed, but also that some six millions of human +beings have to be freed from political and civil disabilities and +social and economic restrictions which for calculated cruelty +have no parallels outside the Dark Ages. The Peace Conference +will have accomplished relatively little if a shred of this blackest +of all European scandals is allowed to survive its deliberations.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span>This collection does not pretend to be complete. The aim +has been only to illustrate adequately the main lines of the +theme with a view to practical questions which may arise in +connection with the Peace Conference. American documents +have been only sparely quoted, for the reason that the American +Jewish Historical Society has already published a very full +collection of such documents. (Cyrus Adler: "Jews in the +Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States.") The many +generous interventions of the Vatican on behalf of persecuted +Jews have also been omitted partly for a similar reason (see +Stern: "Urkundliche Beiträge über die Stellung der Päpste zu +den Juden") and partly because they have very little direct +bearing on the diplomatic activities of the Great Powers during +the period under discussion.</p> + +<p>My grateful acknowledgements are due to the Foreign +Office for kindly permitting me to copy the documents relating +to Palestine, which will be found appended to Chapter IV, and +to Lieut. J. B. Morton, who was good enough to relieve me +of much of the work of reading the proof-sheets. I have also to +thank Mr. D. Mitrani for the generous help he gave me in +preparing the Index.</p> + +<p class="r">L. W.</p> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Gray's Inn, London.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>December 1918.</i></span><br /> +</p> + +<h3>CONTENTS.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></h3> + +<table summary="toc" +cellspacing="0" +cellpadding="4"> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="3"> </td><td class="smcap">page</td></tr> + + +<tr valign="bottom"><td align="right">I.</td><td colspan="3" align="left">INTRODUCTION</td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"> +<td colspan="2"> </td> +<td><span class="smcap">On International Religious Liberty Generally</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"> +<td align="right"> <br />II.</td> +<td colspan="2"><a href="#II_INTERVENTIONS_ON_GROUNDS_OF_HUMANITY">INTERVENTIONS ON GROUNDS OF HUMANITY</a></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"> +<td> </td> +<td>(<i>a</i>)</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Persecution of the Jews in Bohemia (1744-1745)</span></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td> <span class="smcap">Documents</span>—</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Petition to King George II, 1744</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Appeal of Bohemian Jews, 1744</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>The Decree of the Empress, 1744</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Instructions to the British Ambassador in Vienna, 1744</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"><td> </td><td>(<i>b</i>)</td><td><span class="smcap">The Congress of Vienna (1815)</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td> <span class="smcap">Documents</span>—</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>List from Klüber</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Art. XVI of Annexe IX of Final Act of Congress, 1815</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"><td> </td><td>(<i>c</i>)</td><td><span class="smcap">The Congress of Aix-la-chapelle (1818)</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td> <span class="smcap">Document</span>—</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Protocol of Nov. 21, 1818</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"><td> </td><td>(<i>d</i>)</td><td><span class="smcap">The Conference of London (1830)</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td> <span class="smcap">Document</span>—</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Protocol of Feb. 3, 1830</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"><td> </td><td>(<i>e</i>)</td><td><span class="smcap">The Congress of Paris (1856-1858)</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td> <span class="smcap">Documents</span>—</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Art. IX of the Treaty of Paris, 1856</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Extracts from the Hatti-Humayoun of Feb. 18, 1856</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Conferences of Constantinople: Protocol of Feb. 11, 1856</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Art. XLVI of Convention of Paris of Aug. 10, 1858</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"><td> </td><td>(<i>f</i>)</td><td><span class="smcap">The Congress of Berlin</span> (1878)</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td> <span class="smcap">Documents</span>—</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Extracts from Protocols of June 24, 25, 26, and 28, and July 1, 4, and 10, 1878</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Extracts from Treaty of Berlin: Arts. XLIV and LXII, 1878</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Mr. White to the Marquis of Salisbury, Oct. 25, 1879</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Identic Note to Rumanian Government, Feb. 20, 1880</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"><td> </td><td>(<i>g</i>)</td><td><span class="smcap">Rumania and the Powers</span> (1902)</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td> <span class="smcap">Documents</span>—</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Dispatch from Mr. John Hay to U.S. Minister at Athens,</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>July 17, 1902</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>American Circular Note to the Great Powers, Aug. 11, 1902</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Mr. Bertie to Mr. Choate, Sept. 2, 1902</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"><td> </td><td>(<i>h</i>)</td><td><span class="smcap">The Conferences of London, St. Petersburg, And Bucharest (1912-1913)</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td> <span class="smcap">Documents</span>—</td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Conference of Bucharest: Protocol of July 23, 1913 +</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Jewish Conjoint Committee to Sir Edward Grey, Oct. 13, 1913</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Sir Eyre A. Crowe to Conjoint Committee, Oct. 29, 1913</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Conjoint Committee to Sir Edward Grey, Nov. 13, 1913</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>The same to the same, March 12, 1914</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"><td> </td><td>(<i>i</i>)</td><td><span class="smcap">The Jewish Question and the Balance of Power</span> (1890 and 1906)</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td> <span class="smcap">Document</span>—</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>The proposed Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance: Secret Russian Memorandum, Jan. 3, 1906</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"> +<td align="right"> <br />III.</td> +<td colspan="3"><a href="#III_INTERVENTIONS_BY_RIGHT">INTERVENTIONS BY RIGHT</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td> </td><td>(<i>a</i>)</td><td><span class="smcap">Status of Jews in Foreign Countries</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td><span class="smcap"> Document</span>—</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Art. XIV, Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Interpretation by Austrian Government, Dec. 28, 1815</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Arts. I, III, and VI of Franco-Swiss Treaty, 1827</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Secret Note by French Negotiator, Aug. 7, 1826</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Speech of King Louis-Philippe, Nov. 5, 1835</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Extract from Franco-Swiss Treaty, June 30, 1864</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Art. I, Anglo-Swiss Treaty, Sept. 6, 1855</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Art. I, American-Swiss Treaty, Nov. 6, 1855</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Interpretation by United States, 1857</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Mr. Seward to U.S. Minister in Switzerland, Sept. 14, 1861</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Art. I, Russo-American Treaty, 1832</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Mr. Blaine to U.S. Minister in St. Petersburg, July 29, 1881 </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Resolution of U.S. House of Representatives, Dec. 13, 1911</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Resolution of U.S. Senate, Dec. 20, 1911</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Arts. I and XI, Anglo-Russian Treaty, 1859</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Interpretation by Great Britain, 1862 and 1881</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>The Marquis of Salisbury to Sir Julian Goldsmid, Jan. 29, 1891</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Sir Edward Grey to Jewish Conjoint Committee, Oct. 1, 1912</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Art. XIII, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"><td> </td><td>(<i>b</i>)</td><td><span class="smcap">Consular Protection</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td> <span class="smcap">Documents</span>—</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Earl Russell to the Jewish Board of Deputies, Feb. 1, 1864</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Art. III, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1727-28</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Art. III, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Art. IV, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Franco-Moorish Règlement, Aug. 19, 1863</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"><td> </td><td>(<i>c</i>)</td><td><span class="smcap">The Conferences of Madrid (1880) and Algeciras (1906)</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td> <span class="smcap">Documents</span>—</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Madrid: Protocols of May 20 and June 24, 1880</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Art. VI, Treaty of Madrid, 1880</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Edict of the Sultan of Morocco, 1864</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Madrid: Protocol of June 26, 1880</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Algeciras: Protocol of April 2, 1906</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr> + +<tr valign="bottom"> +<td align="right"> <br />IV.</td> +<td colspan="2"><a href="#IV_THE_PALESTINE_QUESTION_AND_THE_NATIONAL">THE PALESTINE QUESTION AND THE NATIONAL RESTORATION OF THE JEWS</a></td> +<td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td> <span class="smcap">Documents</span>—</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Russian Memorandum, Oct. 1840</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Austrian Memorandum, Oct. 1840</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Lord Clanricarde to Lord Palmerston, Feb. 23. 1841</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Mémoire of the King of Prussia, Feb. 24, 1841</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Baron Bülow to Lord Palmerston, March 6, 1841</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Lord Beauvale to Lord Palmerston, March 2, 1841</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Lord Palmerston to Lord Beauvale, March 11, 1841</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Further Austrian Memorandum, March 31, 1841</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Col. Churchill to Sir Moses Montefiore, June 14, 1841</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>The same to the same, Aug. 15, 1842</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Resolution of the Jewish Board of Deputies, Nov. 8, 1843</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Col. Churchill to the Board of Deputies, Jan. 8, 1843</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Art. V of Agreement between Great Britain, France and Russia, Feb. 21, 1917</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Mr. Balfour to Lord Rothschild, Nov. 2, 1917</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="4" align="center"> <br /><a href="#APPENDIX">APPENDIX.</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>International Anti-Semitism in 1498</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td> <span class="smcap">Document</span>—</td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="2"> </td><td>Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 18, 1498</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="3" align="left"> <br /><a href="#INDEX">INDEX</a></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr> +<tr valign="bottom"><td colspan="4" align="left"> <br /><a href="#FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES</a></td></tr> + + +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> + +<h2>NOTES ON<br /> +THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE<br /> +JEWISH QUESTION.</h2> + + + +<h3>I. INTRODUCTION.</h3> + +<p class="c">ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY GENERALLY.</p> + + +<p>T<span class="smcap">he</span> Jewish Question is part of the general question of Religious +Toleration. Together with the questions relating to the toleration +of "Turks and Infidels," it raises the question of Religious Liberty +in its most acute form. It is both local and international. Locally +it seeks a solution through Civil and Political Emancipation on the +basis of Religious Toleration. Internationally it arises when a State +or combination of States which has been gained to the cause of +Religious Toleration intervenes for the protection or emancipation +of the oppressed Jewish subjects of another State. There have been, +however, at least two occasions when the interventions have taken +the contrary form of efforts to promote the persecution or restraint +of Jews as such.<a name="FNanchor_1_7" id="FNanchor_1_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_7" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<p>As an altruistic form of international action the principle of +intervention has been of slow growth. It required an atmosphere +of toleration on a wide scale, and, before this atmosphere could be +created, Christian States had to learn toleration for themselves by +a hard experience of its necessity. They had, in the first place, to +secure toleration for their own nationals and the converts of their +Churches in heathen countries where the people could not be coerced +or lectured with impunity. In the next place they had to achieve +toleration among themselves.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> + +<p>Toleration among the Christian Churches—the so-called peace +of Christendom—became necessary owing to the struggle between the +Reformation and the Counter-Reformation; but it took the Thirty +Years' War to prove its necessity. The proof is embodied for all +time in the Peace of Westphalia—chiefly in the Treaty of Osnabruck, +which was signed in 1648, at the same time as the famous Treaty of +Münster. The ostensible effect of the Peace of Westphalia was to +place Roman Catholicism and Protestantism on an equal legal footing +throughout Europe. A secondary effect was to give a very marked +stimulus to the cause of Religious Liberty generally. We may recognise +its first fruits in, among other things, the campaign for +unrestricted religious toleration during the Commonwealth in England, +and its application to the Jews.<a name="FNanchor_2_8" id="FNanchor_2_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_8" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p>It was not until 1814 that this principle was extended by Treaty +beyond the pale of Christendom. This was in the Protocol of the +four allied Powers—Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria—by +which the union of Belgium with Holland was recognised. The +return of the House of Orange to the Netherlands after the fall of +Napoleon had entailed the promulgation of a new Constitution, which, +in view of the democratic traditions of the French occupation, was +necessarily of a liberal type. Among its concessions was an article +granting the fullest religious liberty. When the Powers were called +upon to sanction the union with Belgium, they did so on condition +that the new Constitution should be applied to the whole country, +and, in view of the religious differences prevailing, emphasised the +article on Religious Liberty. This is the form in which it appears +in the Protocol:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Art. I.—Cette réunion devra être entière et complète, de façon que +les 2 Pays ne forment qu'un seul et même État régi par la Constitution +déjà établie en Hollande, et qui sera modifiée, d'un commun accord, +d'après les nouvelles circonstances.</p> + +<p>Art. II.—Il ne sera rien innové aux Articles de cette Constitution qui +assurent à tous les Cultes une protection et une faveur égales, et garantissent +l'admission de tous les Citoyens, quelle que soit leur croyance réligieuse, +aux emplois et offices publics.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p></div> + +<p>Incidentally the legal effect of this stipulation was to emancipate +the Dutch Jews, though, as a matter of fact, the few disabilities under +which they laboured did not immediately disappear. The Protocol was +afterwards ratified by the Congress of Vienna and added to the Final +Act as part of the Tenth Annexe,<a name="FNanchor_3_9" id="FNanchor_3_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_9" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> though in other respects the Congress +did not evince a very generous conception of Religious Liberty.</p> + +<p>The conquest of religious liberty for Christians in heathen lands +was a more convincing object lesson than the Peace of Westphalia. +It was difficult for one Christian Church to acknowledge its equality +with another Christian Church and to tolerate heresy, but it was +far more distasteful to have to come to terms with the heathen and +to accept toleration at his hands.</p> + +<p>This was not altogether an altruistic form of political action. +It was in some of its aspects part of the elementary duty of every +State to protect its nationals in foreign countries.</p> + +<p>The earliest instances of this action we find in China, where, in +the thirteenth century, the Papacy concluded Treaties with the Mongol +Emperors for the protection of Christian Missions.<a name="FNanchor_4_10" id="FNanchor_4_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_10" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> It was not, +however, until the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858 that Great Britain and +France secured religious liberty for Christians in China.</p> + +<p>In the Mussulman Levant, toleration for foreign Christians was +secured by the so-called Capitulations. These were, in effect, treaties, +although they were in the form of grants by the Sultans. They gave +large exterritorial jurisdiction to the Ambassadors and Consuls of +the States on whom they were conferred. The earliest grant of this +kind occurs in the ninth century, when the Emperor Charlemagne +obtained guarantees for his subjects visiting the Levant from the +famous Khalif Haroun al-Rashid.<a name="FNanchor_5_11" id="FNanchor_5_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_11" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> Later on, all the leading Christian +States negotiated Capitulations with the Sultans. The existing British +Capitulations are dated 1675, but an earlier grant was made in 1583.</p> + +<p>One of the main objects of the Capitulations, besides personal +security and trading rights, was to assure religious liberty for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +nationals of the grantees. This benefited Jews at an early date, +as the Capitulations and similar treaties generally provided for +certain immunities for the native interpreters, servants and other +employees of the privileged foreigners. As Jews were frequently so +employed, they thus acquired protection against Moslem fanaticism.</p> + +<p>In this way arose the system of Consular Protection which was +long a boon to Jews in the Ottoman Empire and in the Barbary States.<a name="FNanchor_6_12" id="FNanchor_6_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_12" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> + +<p>In spite of these experiences the idea of diplomatic intervention +for the promotion of religious toleration in foreign States, especially +on behalf of non-Christians, has only prevailed within narrow limits. +It has been largely circumvented by the fact that such interventions +must, even with the best will in the world, be more or less conditioned +by the <i>raison d'état</i>. Unless they are likely to promote policy, or at +any rate to coincide with policy, the usual course when they are +invoked is to take refuge in the so-called principle of non-intervention.</p> + +<p>It was, indeed, not until the seventeenth century that the question +was seriously discussed at all by the jurists, although Cromwell had +already laid down the splendid principle, in the case of the persecution +of the Vaudois, that "to be indifferent to such things is a great sin, +and a deeper sin still is it to be blind to them from policy or ambition." +The first impulses of the international lawyers were much in the +Cromwellian spirit. Bacon, Grotius, and Puffendorff all strongly +maintained the legality not only of diplomatic but also of armed +intervention to put down tyranny or misgovernment in a neighbouring +State, and a century later they were followed by Vattel. Sweden +acted upon the principle in her intervention on behalf of the Protestants +of Poland in 1707, and, in 1792, it was given its widest scope, and +was formally adopted, by the French Revolution in the famous decree +of the Convention which promised "fraternity and succour to all +peoples who wish to recover their liberty."</p> + +<p>The doctrine, however, lingered only anæmically through the +early decades of the nineteenth century. In face of the growing +delicacy of the international system, it was gradually abandoned +for the conservative principle of non-intervention, based on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +independence and equality of all States.<a name="FNanchor_7_13" id="FNanchor_7_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_13" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> But even this principle +has not always been observed in regard to small States, although, +curiously enough, Russia invoked it against Great Britain for the +protection of King "Bomba" of Sicily, in the case of the Neapolitan +prison horrors.<a name="FNanchor_8_14" id="FNanchor_8_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_14" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> Abstention from intervention in certain glaring +cases of inhumanity by foreign Governments—such as the persecution +of the Russian Jews—has been defended on the ground of absence +of treaty rights, but, as a matter of fact, this argument, too, has not +been consistently adhered to.<a name="FNanchor_9_15" id="FNanchor_9_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_15" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> In all cases, whether of great or +small States, treaty rights or no treaty rights, the real test has almost +always been the frigid <i>raison d'état</i>. The United States has been +less affected by this restriction than the European Powers, and on +many occasions has shown a really noble example of the purest +altruism in international politics.<a name="FNanchor_10_16" id="FNanchor_10_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_16" class="fnanchor">[10]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> + + + +<h3><a name="II_INTERVENTIONS_ON_GROUNDS_OF_HUMANITY" id="II_INTERVENTIONS_ON_GROUNDS_OF_HUMANITY"></a>II. INTERVENTIONS ON GROUNDS OF HUMANITY.</h3> + + +<p>Long before the Peace of Westphalia an attempt was made by +the famous Jewess, Donna Gracia Nasi, to obtain protection for +her persecuted co-religionists by diplomatic action, and it proved +successful. The circumstances will be narrated presently.<a name="FNanchor_11_17" id="FNanchor_11_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_17" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> It stood, +however, alone for two hundred years. Even after the Peace eminent +Jews, who sought in a like way to enlist the sympathy and help of +European governments, failed. Menasseh ben Israel made representations +in this sense on behalf of the oppressed Jews of Poland, +Prussia, Spain, and Portugal to both Queen Christina of Sweden and +Oliver Cromwell, but although he met with much and genuine sympathy +he found the <i>raison d'état</i>—and probably also a lingering +reluctance to regard Jews as quite within the pale of humanity—too +strong for him.<a name="FNanchor_12_18" id="FNanchor_12_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_18" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> A decade later a similar attempt was made +by Fernando Mendes da Costa, one of the founders of the Anglo-Jewish +Community, and a member of a very distinguished Portuguese +Marrano family. From a letter of his which is still extant,<a name="FNanchor_13_19" id="FNanchor_13_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_19" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> it seems +that he was deeply concerned in helping the persecuted Marranos +in Spain and Portugal, and he had a scheme for organising an emigration +of his hapless brethren on a large scale to Italy and England. +He received much help from Don Francisco Manuel de Mello, the +distinguished Portuguese soldier, author and diplomatist, and through +him interested Queen Katharine of Braganza and Charles II in +the scheme. It appears, too, that, with the support of these eminent +personages, the scheme was brought to the notice of the Pope, but +of its subsequent fate we know nothing.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="c top5">(<i>a</i>) PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN BOHEMIA (1744-45).</p> + +<p>The earliest actual intervention of a Great Power on behalf of the +Jews on humanitarian grounds took place in 1744-45, when Great +Britain and Holland made strong and successful representations +to the Government of the Empress Maria Theresa for the protection +of the Jews of Bohemia and Moravia. The intervening Powers +were allies of the Empress in the War of the Austrian Succession +which was then raging. During the war some prejudice had been +caused to the Austrian Jews through the imprudence of some of their +co-religionists in Lorraine, who had obtained "safe conducts" from +the French Military Authorities to enable them to cross the frontier +into France. Reprisals against the Jews in Bohemia and Moravia +were taken by the Empress in the shape of a decree of wholesale +banishment. The decree was enforced with the utmost severity, +and over 20,000 Jews were compelled to leave Prague in the depth +of winter, with little or no prospect of finding shelter elsewhere. +Appeals for help were addressed to foreign communities, and among +the recipients of them was Aaron Franks, then presiding Warden +of the Great Synagogue in London. Together with his wealthy and +influential relative, Moses Hart, he at once petitioned King George, +who consented to receive him in personal audience. His Majesty +manifested every sympathy with the persecuted Jews, and the result +was that the British Ambassador in Vienna<a name="FNanchor_14_20" id="FNanchor_14_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_20" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> was instructed to make +representations, in concert with the Dutch Ambassador, to the Austrian +Government. The representations were received in excellent spirit, +and, in deference to them, the Empress consented to revoke the +decree and permit the Jews to return to their homes.<a name="FNanchor_15_21" id="FNanchor_15_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_21" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENTS.</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Petition to King George II</span> (<i>B. M. Add. MSS.</i> 23,819, <i>f.</i> 63).</p> + +<p> +To his Most Sacred Majesty<br /> +</p> + +<p class="hang">The Petition of Moses Hart and Aaron Franks of the City of London +Merchants In behalf of their Brethren the Distressed Jews of the +Kingdom of Bohemia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> + +<p>Humbly Sheweth</p> + +<p>That your Majesty's Petitioners have receiv'd a Copy of an Edict +published and Issued by Her Majesty the Queen of Hungary from their +said Brethren the Jews of the said Kingdom of Bohemia by which (together +with several letters that have been transmitted to them Requesting +them to Commiserate their distress'd condition and Interceed with +his Brittanick Majesty on their behalf) it appears that their said Brethren +are to be utterly Expelled the said Kingdom and that by the last day of +January next Ensuing No Jew is to be found in any of the Towns belonging +to Prague. That after the Expiration of six Months to be accounted from +the said last day of January No Jew is to be suffered or found in the Hereditary +Dominion of her said Majesty, and in case any should be found they +are to suffer Military Chastisement.</p> + +<p>Your Petitioners most humbly beg leave to observe that in the said +Edict there is no reason or cause assign'd for the Expulsion of their said +Brethren who therefore Suspect that it is fomented by their inveterate +enemies for motives which they cannot account for as they have always +acted as dutiful, Faithful and Loyal Subjects to their most Gracious +Sovereign the said Queen of Hungary even during the many Revolutions +that have happened in Prague within these few Years and notwithstanding +the great Devastation and Excesses which Naturally occur'd therefrom +they have continued and still do continue firm and unshaken in their +Principles of Affection & Fidelity to her said Majesty and her most +Illustrious House.</p> + +<p>Your Petitioners far from Vindicating any Particular Persons in the +Crimes they may have committed during the last Revolution (if any such +there are) desire Adequate Punishments to be inflicted on them; but +humbly hope that the Innocent will not be permitted to suffer for Crimes +which they have in no wise been Accessary to and humbly Remonstrate +that the Expulsion of fifty thousand Familys and upwards from their +Native Country at so critical a Juncture who (as Your Petitioners are informed +and believe) always Contributed and Concurr'd in strengthening +her Majesty's hands against her Enemies must in its consequences prove +Detrimental and Prejudicial to the true Interest of the common Cause and +more immediately so to her Hungarian Majesty.</p> + +<p>In tender Consideration whereof Your Petitioners (in behalf of the +aforesaid distress'd people) most humbly Supplicate your Majesty in your +great & known Equity & Compassion to Interpose Your Majesty's Good +Offices upon this Occasion with the Queen of Hungary in order to prevail +upon her said Majesty to revoke the said Edict or at least to Suspend +the time of the Expulsion of their said Brethren & to establish a Commission +of Enquiry in order to discriminate the Innocent from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +Guilty and Punish those only who have deserv'd her said Majesty's +Displeasure.</p> + +<p>And Your Petitioners as in duty bound shall ever pray &c.</p> + +<p class="r"> +<span class="smcap">Moses Hart.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Aaron Franks.</span></p> + +<p>(Endorsed:)</p> + +<p class="ind"><span class="smcap">Moses Hart & Aaron Franks</span> Petition in behalf of the Bohemian</p> + +<table summary="frac" +style="margin-left:10%;" +cellspacing="0" +cellpadding="0"> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Jews &c. in Ld. Harrington's of the </td><td align="right" style="border-bottom:1px black solid;">28</td><td style="border-bottom:1px black solid;"> Decr.</td> +<td rowspan="2"> 1745.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8</td><td> Jany.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="ind">sent to Sir Thos. Robinson 27 [<i>sic</i>] Decr. 1744.</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Appeal of the Bohemian Jews</span> (<i>Ibid. f. 64</i>).</p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">Prague</span>, <i>1st Decr. 1744. N.S.</i></p> + +<p>It is Certainly very Notorious all the Callamities Which have overwhelm'd +us to such a Degree that we had hardly power to Withstand them. +but None were in Competition with this Last. by a Decree from her Majesty +our Sovereign Queen of Hungaria. To Banish all the Jews out of the +Kingdom of Bohemia. Within the Term of 5 Weeks. Which is the Latter +End of January for those in Prague. & those in Bohemia are allow'd 6 +Months. as appears by the original Decree of Her Majesty—Therefore What +shall we poor Souls do, in the first place, the Children Women, infirm & +Aged. Which are not in a Condition to Walk. Especially at this present +Juncture Being Cold & frosty Weather. Likewise In the Condition we are +at Present in for the Stripd many Hundreds quite to their shirts. Not +only that. but the World Is Closed to us. by reason all Roads are filled +with Troops. Which way Soever we Turn we Can find no Relief. Neither +do we know the reason for the Decree. Excepting some false persons. +Who Contrive falsities on purpose To breed ill will against us by our Lords +Who Protected us. Which they have Done.</p> + +<p>Therefore Brethren. We Humbly Beg you wou'd Commiserate our +Condition Considering the Eminent Danger Many Thousands Souls are in +by this Decree. & Not Delay Interceeding for Recommendations from +all Courts that we may have time allowed us. for a Commission of Inquiry.</p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">Simon Spira</span> &c.</p> + +<ul> +<li><span class="smcap">Moses Izaac.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Simon Cohen.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Menahem Mendal.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Abraham.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Samuel Spira.</span></li> +<li><span class="smcap">Meyer Moses,</span> &c.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>(Endorsed:)</p> + +<p class="ind">Representation from the Jews at Prague</p> + + +<table summary="frac" +style="margin-left:10%;" +cellspacing="0" +cellpadding="0"> +<tr><td rowspan="2">Sent to Sir Thos. Robinson </td><td align="right" style="border-bottom:1px black solid;">28</td><td style="border-bottom:1px black solid;"> Decr.</td> +<td rowspan="2"> 1744-5.</td></tr> +<tr><td> Jany.</td><td> 8</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="c top5"><span class="smcap">The Decree of the Empress</span> (<i>Ibid. fol. 66</i>).</p> + +<p>After Mature Deliberation We have been Induced by many weighty +Reasons and Considerations to resolve and Determine that no <span class="smcap">Jew</span> shall +hereafter be Suffered or permitted to Dwell in our Hereditary Kingdom +of Bohemia, which our Resolution, We Will Shall be put in Execution in +Manner following.</p> + +<p>1st. That on the last Day of the Month of January 1745 next Ensuing +No Jew shall be found in any of our Towns belonging to Prague, and +in Case any shall, Military Chastisement shall be inflicted on them.</p> + +<p>2nd. They are hereby permitted to Stay and remain in the Kingdom +six Months to be Accounted from the Latter end of December Instant and +to Determine at the latter end of the Month of June 1745 to Settle their +Affairs and in order to Dispose of their Effects Estate and Credit which +they shall not be able to Carry with them by the last Day of January.</p> + +<p>That after their retreat from Prague (towards the Country) on the +last day of January as is aforementioned, No Jew shall be permitted to +Reenter the said City by Day (without having a Certificate from the Commissary +appointed to Execute the Contents hereof) and absolutely None +shall be Suffered to Stay a Single Night; And the Said Commissary is hereby +Directed to take the Necessary Precautions for Executing this Our Will +and Pleasure, and due Care that None of his Certificates be Improperly +made use of by Enabling them to Enter the City too frequently excepting +such as he shall grant thro' favour to the Principal Merchants who will +stand in Greater Need than others of entring the City often.</p> + +<p>3rd. After the Determination of the said Six Months all the Jews shall +quitt all our Hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia and Shall Never more be +found on the Borders thereof, and in Case any Shall, Military Chastisement +shall be inflicted on them as aforesaid.</p> + +<p>4th. Our Meaning and Intention is not only that the Jews of the City +of Prague and all others who live in any Part of our Hereditary Kingdom +of Bohemia shall quitt the Same within the Thirtieth day of June 1745 but +also that No Jew shall on the said Day be found in the said Kingdom or +Settle in any of our Hereditary Countrys.</p> + +<p>5th. And we do hereby Ordain and Appoint our Trusty and Well-beloved +Privy Councellor and Vice President of the Royal Bohemian +Kingdom The Right Honourable Philip Knakowsky Count Collowrath<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +punctually to perform the Contents hereof hereby requiring all and Every +Person whom these Presents or the Execution thereof may Concern to aid +and Assist the said Philip Count Collowrath and Do hereby further Positively +Order that the Contents hereof be Published in the Towns belonging to +Prague and our whole Country to the End that no Intelligence be given +thereof to those who Shall have any Dealings and Transactions with Jews.</p> + +<p>Witness Ourself</p> + +<p class="c">Given at Vienna the 18th day of December 1744.</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Instructions to the British Ambassador in Vienna</span> (<i>Ibid. fols. 61-61 d.</i>).</p> + +<p>Separate.</p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">Whitehall</span>, <i>28th Decr. 1744.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—The principal Merchants of the Jewish Nation established here, +having made an humble Application to His Majesty, that he would be +pleased to intercede with the Queen of Hungary for a Reversal of the Sentence +passed upon Their Brethren in Bohemia (amounting, as They affirm, to no +less than Sixty Thousand Families), by Her Majesty's late Edict, whereby +They are ordered to depart that Kingdom in Six Months time, and His +Majesty finding that the States General have already interposed Their Good +Offices in Their Behalf; It is the King's Pleasure, that you should join with +Mor. Burmannia in endeavouring to dissuade the Court of Vienna from +putting the said Sentence in Execution, hinting to Them in the tenderest +and most friendly Manner, the Prejudice that the World might conceive +against the Queen's Proceedings in that Affair, if such Numbers of innocent +People were made to suffer for the Fault of some few Traytors, and, at the +same time, shewing Them, the great Loss that would accrue to Her Majesty's +Revenue, and to the Wealth and Strength of her Kingdom of Bohemia, +by depriving it at once of so vast Numbers of it's Inhabitants: You will +find inclosed the Petition presented to His Majesty by the Jews here, as +above-mentioned, together with the Representation sent hither to Them +from Those in Bohemia, and I am to add to what is above, that, as His +Majesty does extremely commiserate the terrible circumstances of Distress +to which so many poor and innocent Families must be reduced, if +this Edict takes place, He is most earnestly desirous of procuring the Repeal +of it by His Royal Intercession, in such Manner that the Guilty only may +be brought to Punishment; for obtaining which, you are to exert yourself +with all possible Zeal and Diligence.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 40%;">I am, Sir,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 50%;">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 70%;"><span class="smcap">Harrington</span>.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir Thomas Robinson.</span></p> + + +<p class="c top5">(<i>b</i>) <span class="smcap">CONGRESS OF VIENNA</span> (1815).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> + +<p>The next appearance of the Jewish Question in the field of international +politics was at the Congress of Vienna, sixty years later. +The Congress was not favourable to liberal reforms of any kind, either +national or religious. Its aim was to vindicate the vested interests +of Legitimism against the doctrines of the French Revolution. In +its final shape the policy of the Congress was embodied in the Holy +Alliance. British foreign policy, then under the guidance of Castlereagh, +was distinctly favourable to this policy. Nevertheless, there +were curious cross-currents at the Congress, and what liberalism +there was came, strangely enough, in large part from the Russian +Tsar, Alexander I. He had moments of liberalism so pronounced +that Metternich called him "the crowned <i>sans-culotte</i>."</p> + +<p>It is curious to note that the Jewish Board of Deputies in England +did not move during the Congress. The reason is perhaps not +difficult to understand. They were always timid in regard to high +politics, and, in 1783, when it was proposed to address the King on +the American Peace, they actually passed a resolution declaring +that it was their duty to avoid such "political concerns."<a name="FNanchor_16_22" id="FNanchor_16_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_22" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> In the +case of the Congress of Vienna, however, they may well have felt +that they could not touch the question of religious liberty, and +especially of Jewish emancipation, without risking an imputation of +Jacobinism. Moreover, the British Cabinet then in power was a +Coalition Cabinet of pro-Catholics and anti-Catholics, and they could +not well listen to any proposals that they should champion Jewish +emancipation in Vienna, while in Downing Street the question of +Roman Catholic emancipation could not even be discussed.</p> + +<p>Fortunately, these considerations did not apply to the German +Jews. Frankfurt and the Hansa towns sent deputations to Vienna +to plead the cause of Jewish emancipation. The Frankfurt deputation +was headed by Jacob Baruch, father of Ludwig Boerne. They +managed to secure the support of both Hardenberg and Metternich, +and when it was found that the Tsar was not averse from some concession +to the Jews, they agreed to propose the insertion of a clause—or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +rather half a clause—in the Final Act of the Conference providing for +the gradual extension of civil rights to the Jews of Germany.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately for a long time this concession remained a dead +letter, owing not only to the ill-will of the German Governments +themselves, but to an apparently harmless verbal amendment which +was introduced into the clause by the Redaction Committee at the +last moment. In the final <i>alinea</i> it was stipulated that "the rights +already conferred on the Jews in the several Federated States shall +be maintained." The object of this was to secure to the Jews of +Germany the liberties granted to them by Napoleon during the French +occupation. This design was frustrated by the Redaction Committee, +at whose instance the word "<i>by</i>" was substituted for "<i>in</i>," +the result being that the rights secured to the Jews were not +those of the French occupation, but only those which had been +grudgingly, and in very small measure, granted to them by the +Federated States themselves in the dark days before the Napoleonic +irruption.</p> + +<p>Thus the provision of the Treaty of Vienna relating to the +Jews of Germany remained a dead letter, partly because of the +amendment introduced into it at the last moment, and partly +because the authorities had no intention of carrying it out. The +Jews complained, and both Prussia and Austria, under the influence +of Hardenberg and Metternich, protested.<a name="FNanchor_17_23" id="FNanchor_17_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_23" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> Nathan Rothschild in +London brought the case of the recalcitrant Frankfurt authorities to +the notice of the Duke of Wellington, who persuaded Castlereagh in +1816 to make representations with a view to their protection.<a name="FNanchor_18_24" id="FNanchor_18_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_24" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> All +these efforts, however, proved futile, and Nathan Rothschild could +only avenge himself by the public announcement that his firm would +refuse to accept bills drawn in any German city where the Jews were +denied their treaty rights.<a name="FNanchor_19_25" id="FNanchor_19_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_25" class="fnanchor">[19]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENTS.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>The following is a list of the documents relating to the Jewish Question +at the Vienna Congress given in Klüber: "Akten des Wiener +Kongresses."</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Unterthänige Vorstellung und Bittschrift der Israelitischen Gemeinde +zu Frankfurt-am-Main an den hohen Kongress zu Wien mit Beilage übergeben +daselbst am 10<sup>ten</sup> Oktober 1814.</p> + +<p>2. Schreiben des Deputierten der Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt/M +an den Königlichen-Preussischen ersten Herrn Bevollmächtigten +Fürsten von Hardenberg wegen Erhaltung der von dem Grossherzog von +Frankfurt jener Gemeinde bewilligten Rechtzustandes. Datiert Wien, +12<sup>ten</sup> Mai, 1815.</p> + +<p>3. Antwort seiner Durchlaucht des Fürsten von Hardenberg auf +vorstehendes Schreiben. Datiert Wien, 18<sup>ten</sup> Mai, 1815.</p> + +<p>4. Erlass des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen ersten Bevollmächtigten +und Kongress-Präsidenten Herrn Fürsten von Metternich an die Deputierten +der Israelitischen Gemeinde der Stadt Frankfurt-am-Main als Antwort +auf die von diesen an den Kongress eingereichte Bittschrift. Datiert Wien, +9<sup>ten</sup> Juni, 1815.</p> + +<p>5. Anmerkung des Herausgebers (Klübers) zu vorstehenden Erlass an +die Deputierten der Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt-am-Main.</p> + +<p>6. Note des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen Herrn Bevollmächtigten und +Kongress Präsidenten Fürsten von Metternich, wodurch derselbe dem +Bevollmächtigten der freien Stadt Frankfurt Herrn Syndicus Danz die von +dem allerhöchsten verbündeten Mächten, neuerdings erfolgte Bestätigung +der Selbständigkeit und Freiheit der Stadt Frankfurt anzeigt. Datiert +Wien, 9<sup>ten</sup> Juni, 1815 mit einer Beilage.</p> + +<p>7. Accessions Urkunde der freien Stadt Frankfurt.</p> + +<p class="ind">(See also documents relating to the abolition of the Feudal +land-tenure System on the left bank of the Rhine, effected during the domination +of the French revolutionary Government, vol. vi., pp. 396-426.)</p> + +<p>8. Erlass des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen ersten Bevollmächtigten und +Kongress Präsidenten Fürsten von Metternich an den Bevollmächtigten +Israelitischen Gemeinden Deutschland Doktor und Advokaten Carl August +Buchholz aus Lübeck betreffend die Verbesserung des Rechtzustandes der +Juden, vol. 9, p. 334.</p> + +<p>The Article of the Final Act relating to the Jews is Article XVI +of Annexe IX, "Acte sur la Constitution Fédérative de l'Allemagne." +It runs as follows:—<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> + +<p>XVI.—La différence des Confessions Chrétiennes dans les Pays et +Territoires de la Confédération Allemande, n'en entraînera aucune dans +la jouissance des droits civils et politiques.</p> + +<p>La Diète prendra en considération les moyens d'opérer de la manière +la plus uniforme, l'amélioration de l'état civil de ceux qui professent la +Religion Juive en Allemagne, et s'occupera particulièrement des mesures, +par lesquelles on pourra leur assurer et leur garantir dans les États de la +Confédération, la jouissance des Droits Civils, à condition qu'ils se soumettent +à toutes les obligations des autres Citoyens. En attendant les Droits +accordés déjà aux Membres de cette Religion par tel ou tel État en particulier, +leur sont conservés.</p> + +<p>(British and Foreign State Papers, vol. ii. pp. 132-3.)</p> + + +<p class="c top5">(<i>c</i>) <span class="smcap">THE CONGRESS OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE</span> (1818).</p> + +<p>At the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, the question was once more +brought before the Great Powers. This time the initiative was taken +by a well-known English conversionist, the Rev. Lewis Way, of +Stanstead, Sussex. There was, however, no trace of conversionism +in his efforts on this occasion, and there can be no question that +the Jewish Community owe him a great debt of gratitude. He proceeded +to Aix some weeks before the Congress met, and presented +to the Tsar Alexander a short scheme of Jewish emancipation. The +Tsar encouraged him to amplify it, and this he did in two elaborate +memoirs, one describing the situation of the Jews, and the other +embodying a scheme under which they might be invested with civil +rights. To this he added a short memorandum drawn up at his +request by Dohm, the veteran champion of the Jews, who came to Aix +for that special purpose. By command of the Tsar, these documents +were presented to the Congress at its sitting on November 21, 1818, +and were made the subject of a special Protocol, in which sympathy +was expressed for "the praiseworthy object of his proposals." The +plenipotentiaries further declared that the solution of the Jewish +Question was a matter which should "equally occupy the statesman +and the friend of humanity."<a name="FNanchor_20_26" id="FNanchor_20_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_26" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> It is interesting to note that in his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +scheme Way declares himself to be a believer in Jewish Nationalism, +and it is for this reason that he does not ask for more than civil rights +for the Jews, as he regards their exile in Europe as an intermediate +stage of their history. In this he was probably influenced by the +prevalent anti-French atmosphere, inasmuch as the French Jews, +in their compact with Napoleon, made by the Sanhedrin in 1806, +had solemnly repudiated Jewish Nationalism, and had thus rendered +themselves eligible for political, as well as civil, rights.<a name="FNanchor_21_27" id="FNanchor_21_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_27" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENT.</p> + +<p>For the texts of the documents referred to above see "Mémoires +sur l'état des Israélites, dédiés et présentés à leur Majestés Impériales +et Royales, Réunies au Congrès d'Aix-la-Chapelle" [by the Rev. +Lewis Way, A.M.], Paris, 1819.</p> + +<p>The Protocol of the Congress at which these "Mémoires" were +considered runs as follows:—</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Protocole.</span></p> + +<p class="r"><i>Séance du 21 Novembre, 1818.</i><br /> +<i>Entre les cinq Cabinets.</i></p> + +<p>Messieurs les SS. de Russie ont communiqué l'imprimé ci-joint, relatif +à une réforme dans la législation civile et politique en ce qui concerne la +nation juive. La conférence, sans entrer absolument dans toutes les vues +de l'auteur de cette pièce, a rendu justice à la tendance générale et au but +louable de ses propositions. MM. les SS. d'Autriche et de Prusse se sont +déclarés prêts à donner, sur l'état de la question dans les deux monarchies, +tous les éclaircissements qui pourraient servir à la solution d'un problème +qui doit également occuper l'homme d'état et l'ami de l'humanité.</p> + +<table summary="signe" +style="margin-left:75%;"> +<tr><td rowspan="8" +valign="top">Signé:</td><td><span class="smcap">Metternich.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Richelieu.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Castlereagh.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Wellington.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Hardenberg.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Bernstorff.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Nesselrode.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Capodistrias.</span></td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="c top5">(<i>d</i>) <span class="smcap">THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON</span> (1830).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> + +<p>The growing symptoms of an impending break-up of the Ottoman +Empire visibly extended the practical applications of the doctrine +of religious liberty in the field of international politics. In emancipating +the Christian feudatories of the Porte, account had to be taken +of the large Moslem and Jewish minorities inhabiting those States. +It was impossible to emancipate the Christians and at the same time +to place non-Christians under disabilities, especially where they had +governments of their own faith to whom they might appeal and who +might resort to reprisals. Hence, the parity of all religions in the +Levant had to be recognised.</p> + +<p>The point first arose in the settlement of the Greek question in +1830. In this question it was not only the Moslems who had to be +considered. France renounced in favour of the new Kingdom her +Protectorate over the Catholics, which she derived from her capitulations +with Turkey. Hence, besides the Moslems, guarantees had +to be exacted for the religious liberty of Catholics in Greece. These +guarantees were the subject of the third Protocol of the Conference +of London, February 3, 1830. At the same time it was stipulated +that there should be perfect equality for the subjects of the new State, +whatever might be their religion. Neither Moslems nor Jews were +expressly mentioned, but it is in virtue of this Protocol that the +Jews of Greece enjoy their present status as Greek Nationals. +The Jews of Greece were thus the first Jews of the Levant to be fully +emancipated.</p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENT.</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Protocol</span> <i>No. 3 of the Conference held at the Foreign Office, London, +on 3 February, 1830</i>.</p> + +<p class="c">Present:<br /> +The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain, France and Russia.</p> + +<p>The Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg having been called, by the united +suffrages of the three Courts of the Alliance, to the Sovreignty of Greece, +the French Plenipotentiary requested the attention of the Conference to +the particular situation in which his Government is placed, relative to a +portion of the Greek population.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> + +<p>He represented that for many ages France has been entitled to exercise, +in favour of the Catholics subjected to the Sultan, an especial protection, +which His Most Christian Majesty deems it to be his duty to deposit at the +present moment in the hands of the future Sovereign of Greece, so far as +the provinces which are to form the new State are concerned; but in +divesting himself of this prerogative, His Most Christian Majesty owes it to +himself, and he owes it to a people who have lived so long under the protection +of his ancestors, to require that the Catholics of the continent and +of the islands shall find in the organization which is about to be given to +Greece, guarantees which may be substituted for the influence which France +has hitherto exercised in their favour.</p> + +<p>The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain and Russia appreciated the +justice of this demand; and it was decided that the Catholic religion should +enjoy in the new State the free and public exercise of its worship, that its +property should be guaranteed to it, that its bishops should be maintained +in the integrity of the functions, rights and privileges, which they have +enjoyed under the protection of the Kings of France, and that, lastly, agreeably +to the same principle, the properties belonging to the antient French +Missions, or French Establishments, shall be recognized and respected.</p> + +<p>The Plenipotentiaries of the three Allied Courts being desirous moreover +of giving to Greece a new proof of the benevolent anxiety of their +Sovereigns respecting it, and of preserving that country from the calamities +which the rivalry of the religions therein professed might excite, agreed +that all the subjects of the new State, whatever may be their religion, shall +be admissable to all public employments, functions, and honours, and be +treated on the footing of a perfect equality, without regard to difference +of creed in all their relations, religious, civil or political.</p> + +<table summary="signe2" +style="margin-left:75%;"> +<tr><td rowspan="8" +valign="top">Signé:</td><td><span class="smcap">Metternich.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Aberdeen</span></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Montmoren Y-Laval.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Lieven.</span></td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="c">(Holland: "The European Concert in the Eastern Question," pp. 32, +33.)</p></div> + + +<p class="c top5">(<i>e</i>) <span class="smcap">THE CONGRESS OF PARIS</span> (1856-1858).</p> + +<p>The Jewish Question was more expressly discussed twenty-six +years later, at the Congress of Paris, and the subsidiary conferences +which had to settle the great political problems arising out of the +Crimean War. Meanwhile, under the influence of Sir Moses Montefiore, +and more especially of his jealousy of M. Crémieux, the Jewish Board<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +of Deputies had plucked up a measure of courage, and had begun to +take a more active interest in the larger political questions which +involved the future of their foreign co-religionists. In the international +discussions of the question of religious liberty which preceded the +outbreak of war, the Powers only concerned themselves with the +Christian communities. The French Jews at once took alarm, and +the Central Consistory addressed the Emperor Napoleon III and +applied to the Board of Deputies in London to make similar representations +to the British Government. Both bodies had, however, +been anticipated by the personal activity of the Rothschilds in Paris +and London. Baron James, through his gifted friend and co-worker, +Albert Cohn, had already entered into direct negotiations with the +Turkish Government, and Baron Lionel and Sir Anthony de Rothschild +had interviewed Lord Clarendon, who, at their instance, +had given instructions to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe to take special +note of the Jewish Question. Thus, when the letter of the French +Consistory was read at the Meeting of the Board of Deputies on +April 24, 1854, that body found that it had little to do. Nevertheless, +it addressed a formal letter to Lord Clarendon on May 10, and, five +days later, received an assurance from him that it might rely on a +favourable consideration of the situation of the Jews of Turkey at +the hands of His Majesty's Government.<a name="FNanchor_22_28" id="FNanchor_22_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_28" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p> + +<p>Nevertheless, the Treaty of Paris of 1856, which more or less +settled all the questions arising out of the war, does not mention the +Jews in any of its articles. This is not to say that it did not fulfil +Lord Clarendon's pledges. As a matter of fact, it deals with both +the situation of the Jews in Turkey and with that of the Jews in the +liberated Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Thus, Article IX, +which takes note of the Turkish <i>Hatti-Humayoun</i> of February 18, +1856, is intended to refer to the Jews as well as to all other non-Mussulmans. +The history of this aspect of the Article is a little +curious. Shortly after the outbreak of the war in 1854, Turkey +prepared a draft treaty of peace containing an article providing for +the religious liberty of Christian communities. Through the inter-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>position +of Baron James de Rothschild of Paris, this article was +reconsidered, and another was inserted granting equal rights to all +Ottoman subjects, without distinction of creed. This was the germ +of the famous <i>Hatti-Humayoun</i>. That the latter was intended to +deal equally with Jews and Christians is shown by its Article II, in +which the same privileges are expressly granted to the Turkish Grand +Rabbis as to the ecclesiastical heads of the Christian confessions.<a name="FNanchor_23_29" id="FNanchor_23_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_29" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p> + +<p>The absence of any direct reference to the Jews, or even to equal +rights for all religious communities in the Principalities, is less satisfactory. +The omission is in the first place due to the circumstance +that the Treaty in itself is incomplete. Articles XXIII, XXIV, and +XXV refer the question of the constitutional reorganisation of the +Principalities to a Commission which was to meet at Bucharest and +consult Divans of the two Principalities with a view to making the +necessary recommendations to the Powers.<a name="FNanchor_24_30" id="FNanchor_24_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_30" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> This Commission did +not report until 1858, when its proposals were considered by a fresh +Conference of the Powers, which based upon them the scheme embodied +in the Convention of Paris of August 19 of that year. The question +of religious liberty is dealt with in Article XLVI of that instrument.<a name="FNanchor_25_31" id="FNanchor_25_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_31" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> +Originally it was intended to assure complete emancipation and +equality for all non-Christian communities in the Principalities, +and articles to this effect were adopted by the preparatory Conference +of Constantinople, in its Protocol of February 11, 1856, +with the express design of relieving the Jews, whose sufferings had +already become a matter of European notoriety.<a name="FNanchor_26_32" id="FNanchor_26_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_32" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> The Rumanians, +however, were already strongly hostile to Jewish emancipation, and +the reigning Prince of Moldavia misled the Powers with specious +promises of a type which has since become bitterly familiar to the +Jews all over the world.<a name="FNanchor_27_33" id="FNanchor_27_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_33" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> The Report of the Bucharest Commission<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +of 1858 accepted these promises and excluded all references to +Religious Liberty from its scheme.<a name="FNanchor_28_34" id="FNanchor_28_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_34" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> The first draft of the Convention +submitted to the Conference of the Powers did likewise,<a name="FNanchor_29_35" id="FNanchor_29_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_35" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> +but ultimately a compromise amendment was introduced by which +the Powers agreed (Art. XLVI) to limit political rights to Christians, +while providing for the extension of these rights to non-Christians +by subsequent legislative arrangements.<a name="FNanchor_30_36" id="FNanchor_30_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_36" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> This concession to the +Rumanians was made on the express pledge that the original scheme +of the Conference at Constantinople would be gradually realised.<a name="FNanchor_31_37" id="FNanchor_31_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_37" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> +Needless to say, the pledge was never fulfilled. In dealing, however, +with the question, the Convention of Paris had one merit. It +lent no support to the subsequent theory of the Rumanians, that +the Jews were foreigners in a secular sense in their own country, but, +on the contrary, assumed that their status was as much that of +Moldavians and Wallachians as was the status of the native Christians.</p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENTS.</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Article IX of the Treaty of Paris.</span> <i>March 30, 1856.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Art. IX. His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, having, in his constant +solicitude for the welfare of his subjects, issued a Firman<a name="FNanchor_32_38" id="FNanchor_32_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_38" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> which, while +ameliorating their condition without distinction of religion or of race, records +his generous intentions towards the Christian populations of his Empire, +and wishing to give a further proof of his sentiments in that respect, has +resolved to communicate to the Contracting Parties the said Firman emanating +spontaneously from his sovereign will.</p> + +<p>The Contracting Powers recognise the high value of this communication. +It is clearly understood that it cannot, in any case, give to the said +Powers the right to interfere, either collectively or separately, in the relations +of His Majesty the Sultan with his subjects, nor in the internal administration +of the Empire.</p> + +<p class="r"> +(Holland: "European Concert," &c., p. 246.)<br /> +</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Extracts from the Hatti-Humayoun of Feb. 18, 1856.</span></p> + +<p>I. Les garanties promises et accordées à tous nos sujets par le <i>Hatti-cherif</i> +de Gulhané et par les lois du <i>Tanzimat</i>, sans distinction de culte, pour<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +la sécurité de leur personne et de leurs biens, et pour la conservation de leur +honneur, sont rappelées et consacrées de nouveau; il sera pris des mesures +efficaces pour que ces garanties reçoivent leur plein et entier effet.</p> + +<p>II. Sont reconnus et maintenus, en totalité, les immunités et privilèges +spirituels donnés et accordés par nos illustres ancêtres, et à des dates postérieures, +aux communautés chrétiennes et autres, non musulmanes, établies +dans notre empire, sous notre égide protectrice.... Les patriarches, +métropolitains (archevêques), délégués et évêques, ainsi que les grands-rabbins, +prêteront serment à leur entrée en fonctions, d'après une formule +qui sera concertée entre notre Sublime-Porte et les chefs spirituels des +différentes communautés.</p> + +<p>III. ...L'administration des affaires temporelles des communautés +chrétiennes et autres, non musulmanes, sera placée sous le sauvegarde +d'un conseil, dont les membres seront choisis parmi le clergé et les laïques +de chaque communauté.</p> + +<p>VII. Le gouvernement prendra les mesures énergiques et nécessaires +pour assurer à chaque culte, quel que soit le nombre de ses adhérents, la +pleine liberté de son exercice.</p> + +<p>VIII. Tout mot et toute expression ou appellation tendant à rendre +une classe de mes sujets inférieure à l'autre, à raison du culte, de la langue +ou de la race, sont à jamais abolis et effacés du protocole administratif.</p> + +<p>IX. La loi punira l'emploi, entre particuliers, ou de la part des agents +de l'autorité, de toute expression ou qualification injurieuse ou blessant.</p> + +<p>X. Le culte de toutes les croyances et religions existant dans mes États, +y étant pratiqué en toute liberté, aucun de mes sujets ne sera empêché +d'exercer la religion qu'il professe.</p> + +<p>XI. Personne ne sera ni vexé, ni inquiété à cet égard.</p> + +<p>XII. Personne ne sera contraint à changer de culte ou de religion.</p> + +<p>XIII. Les agents et employés de l'État sont choisis par nous; ils +sont nommés par décrét impérial; et comme tous nos sujets, sans distinction +de nationalité, seront admissibles aux emplois et services publics, ils seront +aptes à les occuper, selon leur capacité, et conformément à des règles dont +l'application sera générale.</p> + +<p>XIV. Tous nos sujets, sans différence ni distinctions, seront reçus dans les +écoles civiles et militaires du gouvernement, pourvu qu'ils remplissent les conditions +d'âge et d'examen spécifiés dans les règlements organiques des dites écoles.</p> + +<p>XV. De plus, chaque communauté est autorisée à établir des écoles +publiques pour les sciences, les arts et l'industrie; seulement le mode d'enseignement +et le choix des professeurs de ces sortes d'écoles seront placés +sous l'inspection et le contrôle d'un conseil mixte d'instruction publique, +dont les membres seront nommés par nous.</p> + +<p> +(Holland: <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 330-332.)<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span><span class="smcap">Conferences of Constantinople (1856).</span>—<i>Protocol of Feb. 11.</i></p> + +<p>XIII. Tous les cultes et ceux qui les professent jouiront d'une égale +liberté et d'une égale protection dans les deux principautés.</p> + +<p>XV. Les étrangers pourront posséder des biens-fonds en Moldavie et +en Valachie, en acquittant les mêmes charges que les indigènes, et en se +soumettant aux lois.</p> + +<p>XVI. Tous les Moldaves et tous les Valaques seront, sans exception, +admissibles aux emplois publics.</p> + +<p>XVIII. Toutes les classes de la population, sans aucune distinction +de naissance ni de culte, jouiront de l'égalité des droits civils, et particulièrement +du droit de propriété, dans toutes les formes; mais l'exercice des +droits politiques sera suspendu pour les indigènes placés sous une protection +étrangère.</p> + +<p class="r">(Ubicini, "La Question des Principautés," p. 13.)</p> + + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Art. XLVI of the Convention of Paris of August 10, 1858.</span></p> + +<p>XLVI. Les Moldaves et les Valaques seront tous égaux devant la loi, +devant l'impôt, et également admissibles aux emplois publics dans l'une +et l'autre Principauté.</p> + +<p>Leur liberté individuelle sera garantie. Personne ne pourra être retenu, +arrêté, ni poursuivi que conformément à la loi.</p> + +<p>Personne ne pourra être exproprié que légalement, pour cause d'intérêt +public, et moyennant indemnité.</p> + +<p>Les Moldaves et les Valaques de tous les rits Chrétiens jouiront également +des droits politiques. La jouissance de ces droits pourra être étendue +aux autres cultes par les dispositions législatives.<a name="FNanchor_33_39" id="FNanchor_33_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_39" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p> + +<p>Tous les privilèges, exemptions, ou monopoles, dont jouissent encore +certaines classes, seront abolis; et il sera procédé sans retard à la révision +de la loi qui règle les rapports des propriétaires du sol avec les cultivateurs, +en vue d'améliorer l'état des paysans.</p> + +<p class="r">("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. xlviii. pp. 77-78.)</p></div> + + +<p class="c top5">(<i>f</i>) <span class="smcap">THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN</span> (1878).</p> + +<p>Not only were the promises of the Prince of Moldavia not +realised, but, during the next twenty years, the Jews of the +Principalities were more cruelly persecuted than ever. The perse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>cution +extended beyond the frontiers to Servia, and it soon became +the leading preoccupation of the Jews throughout the world. Owing +to their protests, the Powers frequently intervened.<a name="FNanchor_34_40" id="FNanchor_34_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_40" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> Rumania +then took the impudent course of resenting this interference in her +internal affairs, on the ground that, by international comity, they +were no concern of foreign States. In 1867, this provoked a notable +retort from Great Britain. In a despatch sent to Bucharest in that +year, the following sentence appears: "The peculiar position of +the Jews places them under the protection of the civilised world."<a name="FNanchor_35_41" id="FNanchor_35_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_41" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> + +<p>When the Congress of Berlin met in 1878, to reconsider the +Eastern Question, the situation of the Jews in Eastern Europe, and +more particularly in the Balkans, took its place in the front rank +of the preoccupations of the Powers. Several long protocols are +entirely devoted to it.<a name="FNanchor_36_42" id="FNanchor_36_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_42" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> The result was that the Treaty of Berlin +dealt comprehensively with the whole question of religious liberty, +and stipulated separately for such liberty in all the States of the +Levant. The Treaty is thus, as the Jewish Conjoint Committee +described it, in their important Memorandum of November 1908, +"above all a great charter of Emancipation, especially of civil and +religious equality."<a name="FNanchor_37_43" id="FNanchor_37_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_43" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> This principle is embodied in no fewer than +five of its articles, relating to every political division of the vast +region with which it deals, and in each case it is asserted as the fundamental +basis of the liberties conferred on the various States.<a name="FNanchor_38_44" id="FNanchor_38_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_44" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> In +a word, it made it a principle of European policy that no new +State or transfer of territory should be recognised unless the fullest +religious liberty and civil and political equality were guaranteed to the +inhabitants. Thus it marks the triumph of the principle first tentatively +laid down for Holland and Belgium in Article II of the Protocol +of June 1814. Though applied to Greece in the Protocol of February +1830, it had had to wait nearly fifty years for universal acceptance.</p> + +<p>All the States concerned frankly and honestly accepted this +principle, and put it into operation, except Rumania. By a repetition<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +of the specious promises of 1858, she again obtained permission to +emancipate her Jews gradually, it being understood that the process +would be hastened, and that full emancipation would be accomplished +within a reasonable time. Unfortunately the phrasing of the articles +embodying the principle left a technical loophole of which Rumania +very dexterously availed herself, inasmuch as it did not make provision +against the application, under Rumanian law, of the <i>jus sanguinis</i> +to the Jews who <i>quâ</i> Jews were held to be aliens. The point was not +ignored by the Congress, but no attempt was made to satisfy it as +the intentions of the Congress were clear enough and reliance was +placed on the good faith of Rumania.<a name="FNanchor_39_45" id="FNanchor_39_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_45" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> The result is that for forty +years Rumania has evaded both the will of the Congress and her +own promises; and to-day the Jews of that country, with the +exception of a handful who have been emancipated by individual +Acts of Parliament, are the only Jews in Europe who are denied equal +rights with their fellow-citizens.</p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENTS.</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Extracts from Protocols of the Congress of Berlin.</span> +<i>Protocole No.</i> 5.—<i>Séance du 24 Juin, 1878.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>M. Waddington donne lecture de deux Articles Additionnels proposés +par les Plénipotentiaires de France, et dont voici le texte:—</p> + +<p>"Art. I. Tous les sujets Bulgares, quelle que soit leur religion, jouiront +d'une complète égalité de droits. Ils pourront concourir à tous les emplois +publics, fonctions et honneurs, et la différence de croyance ne pourra leur +être opposée comme un motif d'exclusion.</p> + +<p>"L'exercice et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront entièrement +libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée soit à l'organisation hiérarchique +des différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec leurs chefs +spirituels.</p> + +<p>"II. Une pleine et entière liberté est assurée aux religieux et évêques +Catholiques étrangers pour l'exercice de leur culte en Bulgarie et dans la +Roumélie Orientale. Ils seront maintenus dans l'exercice de leurs droits +et privilèges, et leurs propriétés seront respectées."</p> + +<p>Le Président dit que ces deux propositions seront imprimées, distribuées, +et placées à un ordre du jour ultérieur.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> + +<p>Après un échange d'observations entre le Comte Schouvaloff et M. +Waddington sur la portée des deux propositions de M. le Premier Plénipotentiaire +de France, il demeure entendu que la première s'applique à la +Bulgarie, et l'autre à la Bulgarie et à la Roumélie Orientale ensemble.</p> + +<p class="r">("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. lxix., p. 917.)</p></div> + +<p class="c"><i>Protocole No.</i> 6—<i>Séance du 25 Juin, 1878.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>L'ordre du jour appelle ensuite les deux propositions Françaises insérées +dans le Protocole 5, et relatives à la liberté des cultes.</p> + +<p>Sur la première, M. Desprez demande la substitution des mots "habitants +de la Principauté de Bulgarie" à ceux de "sujets Bulgares"; cette modification +est admise, et la proposition acceptée à l'unanimité. Sur la seconde proposition +particulièrement relative aux évêques et religieux Catholiques, le +Comte Schouvaloff propose de substituer à ces mots, "les ecclésiastiques +et religieux étrangers."</p> + +<p>Lord Salisbury désirerait que la même législation fût, sous ce rapport, +établie pour la Roumélie, et pour les autres provinces de la Turquie.</p> + +<p>Carathéodory Pacha déclare qu'en effet une proposition concernant le +libre exercice du culte dans la province de Roumélie Orientale paraît tout-à-fait +superflue, cette province devant être soumise à l'autorité du Sultan, et, +par conséquent, aux principes et aux lois communs à toutes les parties de +l'Empire, et qui établissent la tolérance pour tous les cultes également.</p> + +<p>M. Waddington, prenant acte de ces paroles, annonce l'intention d'introduire +quelques changements dans la rédaction de sa proposition, et +demande l'ajournement de la discussion à demain.</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Ibid.</i>, p. 935.)</p></div> + +<p class="c"><i>Protocole No.</i> 7—<i>Séance du 26 Juin, 1878.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Le Président soumet au Congrès l'Article Additionnel présenté par les +Plénipotentiaires Français dans une séance précédente, et relatif aux religieux +Catholiques étrangers en Bulgarie et en Roumélie Orientale.</p> + +<p>Lord Salisbury regrette que les Plénipotentiaires de France ne donnent +pas suite à leur proposition en étendant sa portée à toute la Turquie d'Europe. +Son Excellence y aurait vu un important progrès réalisé.</p> + +<p>M. Waddington répond que le progrès dont parle Lord Salisbury a été +obtenu par l'acceptation dans la séance d'hier, de la première proposition +Française qui consacre l'entière liberté des cultes.</p> + +<p>Lord Salisbury ayant fait remarquer que cette proposition ne concernait +que la Bulgarie, le Président dit que, pour sa part, il s'associe au désir que la +liberté des cultes soit réclamée pour toute la Turquie, tant en Europe qu'en<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +Asie, mais il se demande si l'on obtiendrait sur ce point l'assentiment des +Plénipotentiaires Ottomans.</p> + +<p>Carathéodory Pacha déclare, qu'en répondant hier à M. Waddington, il +s'en est simplement rapporté à la législation générale de l'Empire Ottoman +ainsi qu'aux Traités et Conventions. Son Excellence ajoute que la tolérance +dont jouissent tous les cultes en Turquie ne fait aucun doute, et qu'en +l'absence d'une proposition plus étendue sur laquelle il aurait alors à +s'expliquer, il se croit en droit de considérer comme superflue une mention +spéciale pour la Roumélie Orientale.</p> + +<p>Le Président constate que l'unanimité du Congrès s'associe au désir de +la France de prendre acte des déclarations données par la Turquie en faveur +de la liberté religieuse. Tel était le but des Plénipotentiaires Français, et il +a été atteint. Lord Salisbury désirerait aller au delà, et faire étendre la proposition +primitive non seulement à la Bulgarie et la Roumélie, mais à tout +l'Empire Ottoman. En ce qui concerne l'Allemagne, le Prince de Bismarck, +qui a donné son adhésion à la proposition Française, aurait aussi volontiers +admis celle de Lord Salisbury, mais la discussion d'une question aussi +complexe détournerait le Congrès de l'objet de sa séance présente. Son +Altesse Sérénissime demande toutefois à Lord Salisbury s'il entend présenter +à cet égard une motion spéciale.</p> + +<p>M. le Second Plénipotentiaire de la Grande Bretagne se réserve de revenir +sur ce point à propos de l'Article XXII du Traité de San Stéfano.</p> + +<p>Le Comte Schouvaloff ajoute que le désir de Lord Salisbury de voir +étendre la liberté religieuse autant que possible en Europe et en Asie lui +semble très justifié. Son Altesse désirerait qu'il fut fait mention au Protocole +de son adhésion au vœu de M. le Plénipotentiaire d'Angleterre, et fait observer +que le Congrès ayant cherché à éffacer les frontières éthnographiques, et à +les remplacer par de frontières commerciales et stratégiques, les Plénipotentiaires +de Russie souhaitent d'autant plus que ces frontières ne deviennent +point des barrières religieuses.</p> + +<p>Le Président résume la discussion en disant qu'il sera inscrit au Protocole +que l'unanimité du Congrès s'est ralliée à la proposition Française, et que +la plupart des Plénipotentiaires ont formé des vœux pour l'extension de la +liberté des cultes. Ce point sera compris d'ailleurs dans la discussion de +l'Article XXII du Traité de San Stéfano.</p> + +<p class="r"> +(<i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 942-943.)</p></div> + +<p class="c"><i>Protocole No.</i> 8.—<i>Séance du 28 Juin, 1878.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Lord Salisbury reconnaît l'indépendance de la Serbie, mais pense qu'il +serait opportun de stipuler dans la Principauté le grand principe de la liberté +religieuse.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p> + +<p>M. Waddington admet également l'indépendance de la Serbie, mais +sous le bénéfice de la proposition suivante identique à celle que le Congrès +a acceptée pour la Bulgarie:—</p> + +<p>"Les habitants de la Principauté de Serbie, quelle que soit leur religion, +jouiront d'une complète égalité de droits. Ils pourront concourir à tous +les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et exercer toutes les professions, +et la différence de croyance ne pourra leur être opposée comme un motif +d'exclusion.</p> + +<p>"L'exercice et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront entièrement +libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée soit à l'organisation +hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec leurs +chefs spirituels."</p> + +<p>Le Prince Gortchacow craint que cette rédaction ne s'applique surtout +aux Israélites, et sans se montrer contraire aux principes généraux qui y +sont énoncés, son Altesse Sérénissime ne voudrait pas que la question +Israélite, qui viendra plus tard, fût prejugée par une déclaration préalable. +S'il ne s'agit que de la liberté religieuse, le Prince Gortchacow déclare qu'elle +a toujours été appliquée en Russie; il donne pour sa part à ce principe +l'adhésion la plus complète et serait prêt à l'étendre dans le sens le plus +large. Mais s'il s'agit de droits civils et politiques, son Altesse Sérénissime +demande à ne pas confondre les Israélites de Berlin, Paris, Londres, ou +Vienne, auxquels on ne saurait assurément refuser aucun droit politique +et civil, avec les Juifs de la Serbie, de la Roumanie, et de quelques provinces +Russes, qui sont, à son avis, un véritable fléau pour les populations indigènes.</p> + +<p>Le Président ayant fait remarquer qu'il conviendrait peut-être d'attribuer +à la restriction des droits civils et politiques ce regrettable état +des Israélites, le Prince Gortchacow rappelle qu'en Russie, le Gouvernement, +dans certaines provinces, a dû, sous l'impulsion d'une nécessité absolue +et justifié par l'expérience, soumettre les Israélites à un régime exceptionnel +pour sauvegarder les intérêts des populations.</p> + +<p>M. Waddington croit qu'il est important de saisir cette occasion solennelle +pour faire affirmer les principes de la liberté religieuse par les Représentants +de l'Europe. Son Excellence ajoute que la Serbie, qui demande +à entrer dans la famille Européenne sur le même pied que les autres États, +doit au préalable reconnaître les principes qui sont la base de l'organisation +sociale dans tous les États de l'Europe, et les accepter comme une condition +nécessaire de la faveur qu'elle sollicite.</p> + +<p>Le Prince Gortchacow persiste à penser que les droits civils et politiques +ne sauraient être attribués aux Juifs d'une manière absolue en Serbie.</p> + +<p>Le Comte Schouvaloff fait remarquer que ces observations ne constituent +pas une opposition de principe à la proposition Française: l'élément +Israélite, trop considérable dans certaines provinces Russes, a dû y être<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +l'objet d'une réglementation spéciale, mais son Excellence espère que, dans +l'avenir, on pourra prévenir les inconvénients incontestables signalés par +le Prince Gortchacow sans toucher à la liberté religieuse dont la Russie +désire le développement.</p> + +<p>Le Prince de Bismarck adhère à la proposition Française, en déclarant que +l'assentiment de l'Allemagne est toujours acquis à toute motion favorable +à la liberté religieuse.</p> + +<p>Le Comte de Launay dit qu'au nom de l'Italie il s'empresse d'adhérer +au principe de la liberté religieuse, qui forme une des bases essentielles des +institutions de son pays, et qu'il s'associe aux déclarations faites à ce sujet +par l'Allemagne, la France, et la Grande Bretagne.</p> + +<p>Le Comte Andrássy s'exprime dans le même sens, et les Plénipotentiaires +Ottomans n'élèvent aucune objection.</p> + +<p>Le Prince de Bismarck, après avoir constaté les resultats du vote, déclare +que le Congrès admet l'indépendance de la Serbie, mais sous la condition que +la liberté religieuse sera reconnue dans la Principauté. Son Altesse Sérénissime +ajoute que la Commission de Rédaction, en formulant cette décision, +devra constater la connexité établie par le Congrès entre la proclamation de +l'indépendence Serbe et la reconnaissance de la liberté religieuse.</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Ibid.</i> pp. 959-961.)</p></div> + +<p class="c"><i>Protocole No.</i> 10—<i>Séance du 1<sup>er</sup> Juillet, 1878.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>M. Waddington déclare que, fidèles aux principes qui les ont inspirés +jusqu'ici, les Plénipotentiaires de France demandent que le Congrès pose à +l'indépendance Roumaine les mêmes conditions qu'à l'indépendance Serbe. +Son Excellence ne se dissimule pas les difficultés locales qui existent en Roumanie, +mais, après avoir mûrement examiné les arguments qu'on peut faire +valoir dans un sens et dans l'autre, les Plénipotentiaires de France ont jugé +préférable de ne point se départir de la grande règle de l'égalité des droits +et de la liberté des cultes. Il est difficile, d'ailleurs, que le Gouvernement +Roumain repousse, sur son territoire, le principe admis en Turquie pour ses +propres sujets. Son Excellence pense qu'il n'y a pas à hésiter que la Roumanie, +demandant à entrer dans la grande famille Européenne, doit accepter +les charges et même les ennuis de la situation dont elle réclame le bénéfice, +et que l'on ne trouvera, de longtemps, une occasion aussi solennelle et décisive +d'affirmir de nouveau les principes qui font l'honneur et la sécurité des nations +civilisées. Quant aux difficultés locales, M. le Premier Plénipotentiaire de +France estime qu'elles seront plus aisément surmontées lorsque ces principes +auront été reconnus en Roumanie et que la race Juive saura qu'elle n'a rien à +attendre que de ses propres efforts et de la solidarité de ses intérêts avec ceux +des populations indigènes. M. Waddington termine en insistant pour que<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +les mêmes conditions d'ordre politique et religieux indiquées pour la Serbie +soient également imposées à l'État Roumain.</p> + +<p>Le Prince de Bismarck faisant allusion aux principes du droit public en +vigueur d'après la Constitution de l'Empire Allemand, et à l'intérêt que +l'opinion publique attache à ce que les mêmes principes suivis dans la politique +intérieure soient appliqués à la politique étrangère, déclare s'associer, au nom +de l'Allemagne, à la proposition Française.</p> + +<p>Le Comte Andrássy adhère à la proposition Française.</p> + +<p>Lord Beaconsfield dit qu'il donne une complète adhesion, au nom du +Gouvernement Anglais, à la proposition Française. Son Excellence ne saurait +supposer un instant que le Congrès reconnaîtrait l'indépendance de la Roumanie +en dehors de cette condition.</p> + +<p>Les Plénipotentiaires Italiens font la même déclaration.</p> + +<p>Le Prince Gortchacow, se référant aux expressions par lesquelles a été +motivée la proposition Française et qui donnent la plus grande extension à la +liberté religieuse, se rallie entièrement à cette proposition.</p> + +<p>Le Comte Schouvaloff ajoute que l'adhésion de la Russie à l'indépendance +est cependant subordonnée à l'acceptation par la Roumanie de la retrocession +réclamée par le Gouvernement Russe.</p> + +<p>Les Plénipotentiaires Ottomans n'élèvent aucune objection contre les +principes présentés par les Plénipotentiaires Français, et le Président constate +que le Congrès est unanime à n'accorder l'indépendance à la Roumanie qu'aux +mêmes conditions posées à la Serbie.</p> + +<p>Le Baron de Haymerle lit une motion relative à la liberté des cultes dans +le Monténégro:—</p> + +<p>"Tous les habitants du Monténégro jouiront d'une pleine et entière +liberté de l'exercice et de la pratique extérieure de leurs cultes, et aucune +entrave ne pourra être apportée soit à l'organisation hiérarchique des différentes +communions, soit à leurs rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels."</p> + +<p>Le Congrès décide le renvoi à la Commission de Rédaction.</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 982-983, 989, 990.)</p></div> + +<p class="c"><i>Protocole No. 12—Séance du 4 Juillet, 1878.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Le Président fait mention des pétitions de la liste No. 9, et notamment de +la communication adressée au Congrès par M. Ristitch, faisant savoir au +Congrès que le Prince Milan l'a autorisé à déclarer que le Gouvernement Serbe +saisira la première occasion, après la conclusion de la paix, pour abolir par la +voie légale la dernière restriction qui existe encore en Serbie relativement à +la position des Israélites. Son Altesse Sérénissime, sans vouloir entrer dans +l'examen de la question, fait remarquer que les mots "la voie légale" semblent +une réserve qu'il signale à l'attention de la haute assemblée. Le Prince de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +Bismarck croit devoir constater qu'en aucun cas cette réserve ne saurait +infirmer l'autorité des décisions du Congrès.</p> + +<p>Le Congrès passe à l'Article XXII du Traité de San Stéfano relatif +aux ecclésiastiques Russes et aux moines de Mont Athos.</p> + +<p>Le Marquis de Salisbury rappelle qu'avant la séance il a fait distribuer +à ses collègues une proposition tendant à substituer à l'Article XXII les +dispositions suivantes:—</p> + +<p>"Tous les habitants de l'Empire Ottoman en Europe, quelle que soit +leur religion, jouiront d'une complète égalité de droits. Ils pourront concourir +à tous les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et seront également +admis en témoignage devant les Tribunaux.</p> + +<p>"L'exercice et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront entièrement +libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée, soit à l'organisation +hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec +leurs chefs spirituels.</p> + +<p>"Les ecclésiastiques, les pèlerins, et les moines de toutes les nationalités, +voyageant ou séjournant dans la Turquie d'Europe et d'Asie, jouiront +d'une entière égalité de droits, avantages et privilèges.</p> + +<p>"Le droit de protection officielle est reconnu aux Représentants Diplomatiques +et aux Agents Consulaires des Puissances en Turquie, tant à +l'égard des personnes sus-indiquées que de leurs possessions, établissements +religieux, de bienfaisance, et autres dans les Lieux Saints et ailleurs.</p> + +<p>"Les moines du Mont Athos seront maintenus dans leurs possessions +et avantages antérieurs, et jouiront, sans aucune exception, d'une entière +égalité de droits et prérogatives."</p> + +<p>Lord Salisbury explique que les deux premiers alineas de cette proposition +représentent l'application à l'Empire Ottoman des principes +adoptés par le Congrès, sur la demande de la France, en ce qui concerne +la Serbie et la Roumanie; les trois derniers alineas ont pour but d'étendre +aux ecclésiastiques de toutes les nationalités le bénéfice des stipulations +de l'Article XXII spéciales aux ecclésiastiques Russes.</p> + +<p>Le Président fait également remarquer que la portée de la proposition +Anglaise est la substitution de la Chrétienté tout entière à une seule nationalité, +et commence la lecture du document par alineas.</p> + +<p>Sur le premier alinea, Carathéodory Pacha dit que, sans doute, les +principes de la proposition sont acceptés par la Turquie, mais son Excellence +ne voudrait pas qu'ils fussent considérés comme une innovation, +et donne lecture, à ce sujet, de la communication suivante qu'il vient de +recevoir de son Gouvernement:—</p> + +<p>"En présence des déclarations faites au sein du Congrès dans différentes +circonstances en faveur de la tolérance religieuse, vous êtes autorisé à déclarer, +de votre côté, que le sentiment de la Sublime Porte à cet égard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +s'accorde parfaitement avec le but poursuivi par l'Europe. Ses plus constantes +traditions, sa politique séculaire, l'instinct de ses populations, tout +l'y pousse. Dans tout l'Empire les religions les plus différentes sont professées +par des millions de sujets du Sultan, et personne n'a été gêné dans +sa croyance et dans l'exercice de son culte. Le Gouvernement Impérial +est décidé à maintenir dans toute sa force ce principe, et a lui donner toute +l'extension qu'il comporte."</p> + +<p>Le Premier Plénipotentiaire de Turquie désirerait, en conséquence, que, +si le Congrès se rallie à la proposition Anglaise, il fût, du moins, constaté dans +le texte que les principes dont il s'agit sont conformes à ceux qui dirigent +son Gouvernement. Son Excellence ajoute que, contrairement à ce qui +se passait en Serbie et en Roumanie, il n'existe dans la législation de l'Empire +aucune inégalité ou incapacité fondées sur des motifs religieux, et demande +l'addition de quelques mots indiquant que cette règle a toujours été appliquée +dans l'Empire Ottoman non seulement en Europe, mais en Asie. Le Congrès +pourrait, par exemple, ajouter "conformément aux déclarations de +la Porte et aux dispositions antérieures, qu'elle affirme vouloir maintenir."</p> + +<p>Lord Salisbury n'a pas d'objections contre la demande de Carathéodory +Pacha, tout en faisant observer que ces dispositions se rencontrent, en effet, +dans les déclarations de la Porte, mais n'ont pas toujours été observées dans +la pratique. Au surplus, son Excellence ne s'oppose point à ce que le Comité +de Rédaction soit invité à insérer l'addition réclamée par les Plénipotentiaires +Ottomans.</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 1002-3, 1009-10.)</p></div> + +<p class="c"><i>Protocole No. 17.—Séance du 10 Juillet 1878.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Le Président invite le Rapporteur de la Commission de Rédaction +à lire le travail préparatoire du Traité.</p> + +<p>M. Desprez fait connaître à la haute assemblée que le texte du préambule +n'est pas encore arrêté, mai lui sera soumis dans la prochaine séance. +Article V, qui a pour objet l'égalité des droits et la liberté des cultes, a donné +lieu à des difficultés de rédaction; cet Article, en effet, est commun à la +Bulgarie, au Monténégro, à la Serbie, à la Roumanie, et la Commission devait +trouver une même formule pour diverses situations; il était particulièrement +malaisé d'y comprendre les Israélites de Roumanie, dont la situation +est indéterminée au point de vue de la nationalité. Le Comte de Launay, +dans le but de prévenir tout malentendu, a proposé, au cours de la discussion, +l'insertion de la phrase suivante: "Les Israélites de Roumanie, pour +autant qu'ils n'appartiennent pas à une nationalité étrangère, acquièrent, +de plein droit, la nationalité Roumaine."</p> + +<p>Le Prince de Bismarck signale les inconvénients qu'il y aurait à modifier +les résolutions adoptées par le Congrès et qui ont formé la base des travaux<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +de la Commission de Rédaction. Il est nécessaire que le Congrès s'oppose +à toute tentative de revenir sur le fond.</p> + +<p>M. Desprez ajoute que la Commission a maintenu sa rédaction primitive, +qui lui paraît de nature à concilier tous les intérêts en cause, et que M. de +Launay s'est borné à demander l'insertion de sa motion au Protocole.</p> + +<p>Le Prince Gortchacow rappelle les observations qu'il a présenté, dans +une précédente séance, à propos des droits politiques et civils des Israélites +en Roumanie. Son Altesse Sérénissime ne veut pas renouveler ses objections, +mais tient à déclarer de nouveau qu'il ne partage pas, sur ce point, l'opinion +énoncée dans le Traité.</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 1058-1059.)</p></div> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Extracts from the Treaty of Berlin, signed July 13, 1878.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>XLIV. En Roumanie la distinction des croyances religieuses et des +confessions ne pourra être opposée à personne comme un motif d'exclusion +ou d'incapacité en ce qui concerne la jouissance des droits civils et politiques, +l'admission aux emplois publics, fonctions, et honneurs, ou l'exercice des +différentes professions et industries dans quelque localité que ce soit.</p> + +<p>La liberté et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront assurées +à tous les ressortissants de l'État Roumain aussi bien qu'aux étrangers, +et aucune entrave ne sera apportée, soit à l'organisation hiérarchique des +différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels.</p> + +<p>Les nationaux de toutes les Puissances, commerçants ou autres, seront +traités en Roumanie, sans distinction de religion, sur le pied d'une parfaite +égalité.</p> + +<p>[Articles V, XXVII, and XXXV, relating respectively to +Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Servia, are in the same form with the +exception of the last <i>alinéa</i>, which only appears in the above quoted +article.]</p> + +<p>LXII. La Sublime Porte ayant exprimé la volonté de maintenir le +principe de la liberté religieuse en y donnant l'extension la plus large, les +Parties Contractantes prennent acte de cette déclaration spontanée.</p> + +<p>Dans aucune partie de l'Empire Ottoman la différence de religion ne +pourra être opposée à personne comme un motif d'exclusion ou d'incapacité +en ce qui concerne l'usage des droits civils et politiques, l'admission aux +emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, ou l'exercice des différentes professions +et industries.</p> + +<p>Tous seront admis sans distinction de religion à témoigner devant +les tribunaux.</p> + +<p>La liberté et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes sont assurés à<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +tous, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée, soit à l'organisation +hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec leurs +chefs spirituels.</p> + +<p>Les ecclésiastiques, les pèlerins, et les moines de toutes les nationalités +voyageant dans la Turquie d'Europe ou la Turquie d'Asie jouiront des +mêmes droits, avantages et privilèges.</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 764, 766-767.)</p></div> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Revision of the Rumanian Constitution (1879).</span></p> + +<p class="c"><i>No. 115. Mr. White to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Rec. November 4.)</i></p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">Bucharest</span>, <i>October 25, 1879</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,—I have the honour to forward to your Lordship an authorized +French translation of the Constitutional amendment concerning naturalization +and religious equality as promulgated by a Decree this morning.</p> + +<p class="r"> +<span style="margin-right:5%;">I have, &c.,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">W. A. White.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Marquis of Salisbury.</span></p> + +<p class="c">(<span class="smcap">Traduction.</span>)</p> + +<p><i>Article Unique.—À la place de l'Article 7 de la Constitution soumis à la +revision, on mettra le suivant</i>:—</p> + +<p>Article 7. La distinction de croyances religieuses et de confessions ne +constituera point en Roumanie un obstacle à l'acquisition des droits civils et +politiques et à leur exercice.</p> + +<p>§ 1. L'étranger pourra, sans distinction de religion, et qu'il soit soumis +ou non à une protection étrangère, obtenir la naturalisation sous les conditions +suivantes:</p> + +<p>(<i>a</i>) Il addressera au Gouvernement sa pétition de naturalisation, par +laquelle il fera connaître le capital qu'il possède, la profession ou l'industrie +qu'il exerce, et la volonté d'établir en Roumanie son domicile.</p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>) À la suite de cette demande il habitera le pays pendant dix années, et +il prouvera, par ses actions, qu'il est utile au pays.</p> + +<p>§ 2. Pourront être dispensés du stage:</p> + +<p>(<i>a</i>) Ceux qui auront introduit dans le pays des industries, des inventions +utiles, ou qui posséderont des talents distingués, ceux qui auront fondé de +grands établissements de commerce ou d'industrie.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>) Ceux qui, nés et élevés dans le pays, de parents y établis, n'auront +jamais joui, ni les uns ni les autres, d'une protection étrangère.</p> + +<p>(<i>c</i>) Ceux qui auront servi sous les drapeaux pendant la Guerre de l'Indépendance, +lesquels pourront être naturalisés d'une manière collective, sur la +proposition du Gouvernement, par une seule Loi et sans autre formalité.</p> + +<p>3. La naturalisation ne peut être accordée que par la Loi, et individuellement.</p> + +<p>4. Une Loi spéciale déterminera, le mode d'après lequel les étrangers +pourront établir leur domicile en Roumanie.</p> + +<p>5. Les Roumains ou ceux qui seront naturalisés Roumains pourront +acquérir des immeubles ruraux en Roumanie. Les droits déjà acquis seront +respectés. Les Conventions Internationales actuellement existantes restent +en vigueur, avec toutes leurs clauses et jusqu'à l'expiration de leur durée.</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Ibid.</i>, lxxi. 1176-77.)</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">The Compact with Rumania</span> (1880).</p> + +<p class="c"><i>English Text of Identic Note presented to the Roumanian Government, +February 20, 1880.</i></p> + +<p>The Undersigned, British Representative at Bucharest, has the honour, +by order of his Government, to convey to M. Boeresco, the Minister for Foreign +Affairs of Roumania, the following communication:—</p> + +<p>Her Britannic Majesty's Government have been informed, through the +Agent of His Royal Highness the Prince of Roumania at Paris, of the promulgation, +on the 25th October, 1879, of a Law, voted by the "Chambres de +Revision" of the Principality, for the purpose of bringing the text of the +Roumanian Constitution into conformity with the stipulations inserted in +Article XLIV of the Treaty of Berlin.</p> + +<p>Her Majesty's Government cannot consider the new Constitutional +provisions which have been brought to their cognizance—and particularly +those by which persons belonging to a non-Christian creed domiciled in +Roumania, and not belonging to any foreign nationality, are required to +submit to the formalities of individual naturalization—as being a complete +fulfilment of the views of the Powers signatories of the Treaty of Berlin.</p> + +<p>Trusting, however, to the determination of the Prince's Government to +approximate more and more, in the execution of these provisions, to the liberal +intentions entertained by the Powers, and taking note of the positive assurances +to that effect which have been conveyed to them, the Government of +Her Britannic Majesty, being desirous of giving to the Roumanian nation a +proof of their friendly sentiments, have decided to recognize the Principality +of Roumania as an independent State. Her Majesty's Government conse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>quently +declare themselves ready to enter into regular diplomatic relations +with the Prince's Government.</p> + +<p>In bringing the decision come to by his Government to the knowledge of +the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Undersigned, &c.</p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">W. A. White.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Bucharest</span>, <i>February 20, 1880</i>.</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Ibid.</i>, p. 1187.)</p></div> + + +<p class="c top5">(<i>g</i>) <span class="smcap">RUMANIA AND THE POWERS</span> (1902).</p> + +<p>It must be confessed—and, indeed, it has been avowed by prominent +Rumanians themselves<a name="FNanchor_40_46" id="FNanchor_40_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_46" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>—that Rumania's evasion of the Treaty +of Berlin has been a monument of resourceful duplicity and bad faith. +Accomplished by pretending to regard the native Jews as foreigners, +it actually placed them in a far worse position than they had held +in 1858, when at any rate their national character as Moldavians +or Wallachians was not contested. But, not only have they been +refused emancipation and stamped as foreigners, but, in their character +of foreigners, without a State to protect them, they have been made +the victims of special and cruel disabilities, which in practice do +not and cannot affect other foreigners.</p> + +<p>One peculiarly barbarous act of persecution of this kind which +was attempted in 1902 nearly brought about a serious intervention +by the Great Powers to compel Rumania to observe her Treaty obligations. +An Act was passed by the Rumanian Parliament forbidding +foreigners to exercise any handicraft in Rumania unless Rumanians +were assured similar privileges in the parent States of such +foreigners. The result of this Act would have been to deprive all the +Jewish artizans in Rumania of the means of earning their livelihood, +as, being foreigners without a parent State of their own, they could +not prove the reciprocity required by the law. Prompt steps were +taken to bring this project to the notice of the Great Powers, chiefly +by the late Lord Rothschild in London and Mr. Jacob Schiff in Washington. +Lord Rothschild was the first to move. In June 1901 he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +forwarded to His Majesty's Government an elaborate Memorandum +setting forth the intolerable situation of the Rumanian Jews and +especially emphasising its international dangers as a stimulus of undesirable +immigration in other countries.<a name="FNanchor_41_47" id="FNanchor_41_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_47" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> At the same time he +brought all his great influence to bear privately on individual members +of the Government. From Lord Lansdowne he received the +warmest sympathy, and the Foreign Office at once set inquiries on +foot with a view to ascertaining whether combined action by the +Powers signatory of the Berlin Treaty would be practicable. The +responses, however, were not encouraging.<a name="FNanchor_42_48" id="FNanchor_42_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_48" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> Meanwhile the action +of the London Jews had been communicated to Mr. Oscar Straus +in New York, and he persuaded Mr. Schiff to bring the question +to the knowledge of President Roosevelt. The President, deeply +moved by Mr. Schiff's story, acted with characteristic energy. In +July 1902 the Secretary of State, Mr. John Hay, under the guise of +a despatch giving instructions to the United States Minister at +Athens in regard to certain negotiations then pending for a Naturalisation +Treaty with Rumania, formulated a powerful indictment of +the persecutions. Three weeks later the American Ambassadors in +London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, Rome, and Constantinople +were instructed to communicate this despatch to the Governments +to which they were accredited, and to ascertain from them +whether it might not be possible to take some steps to secure from +Rumania the fulfilment of her obligations under Article XLIV of +the Treaty of Berlin.<a name="FNanchor_43_49" id="FNanchor_43_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_49" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> Thus supported, Lord Lansdowne no longer +hesitated. In September he despatched a Circular to the Great +Powers definitely proposing combined representations at Bucharest.<a name="FNanchor_44_50" id="FNanchor_44_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_50" class="fnanchor">[44]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p> + +<p>As soon as this <i>démarche</i> got wind Rumania hastened to annul +the offending law, and otherwise to restrain her anti-Semitic zeal. +Nothing more was heard of the proposed collective intervention, but it +is now known that Lord Lansdowne's proposal never took final shape +because the Russian and German Governments refused to associate +themselves with it.</p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENTS.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="c"><span class="smcap">Dispatch from Mr. John Hay (U.S. Secretary of State) to the U.S. +Minister at Athens.</span></p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">Department of State, Washington</span>,<br /> +<i>July 17, 1902</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Charles S. Wilson, Esquire, etc., etc., etc., Athens.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—Your legation's despatch No. 19, of the 13th of February last, +reported having submitted to the Roumanian Government, through its +diplomatic representative in Greece, as the outcome of conference had by +Mr. Francis with him on the subject, a tentative draft of the naturalization +convention, on the lines of the draft previously submitted to the Servian +Government, and Mr. Francis added that His Excellency the Roumanian +Minister had informed him of his hearty approval of the project, which +he had forwarded to his Government with his unqualified endorsement. +Minister Francis was instructed on March 4 that his action was approved. +No report of progress has since been received from your legation, but +it is presumed that the matter is receiving the consideration due to its +importance.</p> + +<p>For its part, the Government of the United States regards the conclusion +of conventions of this character as of the highest value, because +not only establishing and recognizing the right of the citizens of the foreign +State to expatriate themselves voluntarily and acquire the citizenship of +this country, but also because establishing beyond the pale of doubt the +absolute equality of such naturalized persons with native citizens of the +United States in all that concerns their relation to or intercourse with the +country of their former allegiance.</p> + +<p>The right of citizens of the United States to resort to and transact +affairs of business or commerce in another country, without molestation +or disfavor of any kind, is set forth in the general treaties of amity and +commerce which the United States have concluded with foreign nations, +thus declaring what this Government holds to be a necessary feature of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +the mutual intercourse of civilized nations and confirming the principles +of equality, equity and comity which underlie their relations to one another. +This right is not created by treaties; it is recognized by them as a necessity +of national existence, and we apply the precept to other countries, whether +it be conventionally declared or not, as fully as we expect its extension +to us.</p> + +<p>In some instances, other governments, taking a less broad view, regard +the rights of intercourse of alien citizens as not extending to their +former subjects who may have acquired another nationality. So far as +this position is founded on national sovereignty and asserts a claim to the +allegiance and service of the subject not to be extinguished save by the +consent of the sovereign, it finds precedent and warrant which it is +immaterial to the purpose of this instruction to discuss. Where such a +claim exists, it becomes the province of a naturalization convention to adjust +it on a ground of common advantage, substituting the general sanction of +treaty for the individual permission of expatriation and recognizing the +subject who may have changed allegiance as being on the same plane with +the natural or native citizens of the other contracting State.</p> + +<p>Some States, few in number, be it said, make distinction between +different classes of citizens of the foreign State, denying to some the rights +of innocent intercourse and commerce which by comity and natural right +are accorded to the stranger, and doing this without regard to the origin +of the persons adversely affected. One country in particular, although +maintaining with the United States a treaty which unqualifiedly guarantees +to citizens of this country the rights of visit, sojourn and commerce of the +Empire, yet assumes to prohibit those rights to Hebrew citizens of the United +States, whether native or naturalized.<a name="FNanchor_45_51" id="FNanchor_45_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_51" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> This Government can lose no +opportunity to controvert such a distinction, wherever it may appear. It +cannot admit such discrimination among its own citizens, and can never +assent that a foreign State, of its own volition, can apply a religious test +to debar any American citizen from the favor due to all.</p> + +<p>There is no treaty of amity and commerce between the United States +and Roumania, but this Government is pleased to believe that Roumania +follows the precepts of comity in this regard as completely and unreservedly +as we ourselves do, and that the American in Roumania is as welcome and +as free in matters of sojourn and commerce and legal resorts as the Roumanian +is in the United States. We hear no suggestion that any differential treatment +of our citizens is there imposed. No religious test is known to bar +any American from resorting to Roumania for business or pleasure. No +attempt has been made to set up any such test in the United States whereby<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +any American citizen might be denied recourse to the representatives of +Roumania in order to authenticate documents necessary to the establishment +of his legal rights or the furtherance of his personal interests in Roumania. +And in welcoming negotiations for a convention of naturalization Roumania +gives proof of her desire to confirm all American citizens in their inherently +just rights.</p> + +<p>Another consideration, of cognate character, presents itself. In the +absence of a naturalization convention, some few States hold self-expatriation +without the previous consent of the sovereign to be punishable, or +to entail consequences indistinguishable from banishment. Turkey, for +instance, only tacitly assents to the expatriation of Ottoman subjects, so +long as they remain outside Turkish jurisdiction. Should they return +thereto their acquired alienship is ignored. Should they seek to cure the +matter by asking permission to be naturalized abroad, consent is coupled +with the condition of non-return to Turkey. It is the object of a naturalization +convention to remedy this feature by placing the naturalized alien +on a parity with the natural-born citizen and according him due recognition +as such. This consideration gives us added satisfaction that negotiations +on the subject have been auspiciously inaugurated with Roumania. If I +have mentioned this aspect of the matter, it is in order that the two Governments +may be in accord as to the bases of their agreement in this regard; +for it is indispensable that the essential purpose of the proposed convention +should not be impaired or perverted by any coupled condition of banishment +imposed independently by the act of either contracting party.</p> + +<p>The United States welcomes now, as it has welcomed from the foundation +of its government, the voluntary immigration of all aliens coming hither +under conditions fitting them to become merged in the body-politic of this +land. Our laws provide the means for them to become incorporated indistinguishably +in the mass of citizens, and prescribe their absolute equality +with the native born, guaranteeing to them equal civil rights at home and +equal protection abroad. The conditions are few, looking to their coming +as free agents, so circumstanced physically and morally as to supply the +healthful and intelligent material of free citizenhood. The pauper, the +criminal, the contagiously or incurably diseased, are excluded from the +benefits of immigration only when they are likely to become a source of +danger or a burden upon the community. The voluntary character of +their coming is essential,—hence we shut out all immigration assisted or +constrained by foreign agencies. The purpose of our generous treatment of +the alien immigrant is to benefit us and him alike,—not to afford to another +State a field upon which to cast its own objectionable elements. A convention +of naturalization may not be construed as an instrument to facilitate +any such process. The alien, coming hither voluntarily and prepared to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +take upon himself the preparatory, and in due course the definite obligations +of citizenship, retains thereafter, in domestic and international relations, +the initial character of free agency, in the full enjoyment of which +it is incumbent upon his adoptive State to protect him.</p> + +<p>The foregoing considerations, whilst pertinent to the examination of +the purpose and scope of a naturalization treaty, have a larger aim. It +behoves the State to scrutinize most jealously the character of the immigration +from a foreign land, and, if it be obnoxious to objection, to examine +the causes which render it so. Should those causes originate in the act +of another sovereign State, to the detriment of its neighbors, it is the prerogative +of an injured State to point out the evil and to make remonstrance; +for with nations, as with individuals, the social law holds good that the +right of each is bounded by the right of the neighbor.</p> + +<p>The condition of a large class of the inhabitants of Roumania has for +many years been a source of grave concern to the United States. I refer +to the Roumanian Jews, numbering some 400,000. Long ago, while the +Danubian principalities labored under oppressive conditions which only +war and a general action of the European Powers sufficed to end, the persecution +of the indigenous Jews under Turkish rule called forth in 1872 the +strong remonstrance of the United States. The Treaty of Berlin was hailed as +a cure for the wrong, in view of the express provisions of its 44th article, +prescribing that "in Roumania, the difference of religious creeds and confessions +shall not be alleged against any person as a ground for exclusion +or incapacity in matters relating to the enjoyment of civil and political +rights, admissions to public employments, functions, and honors, or the +exercise of the various professions and industries in any locality whatsoever," +and stipulating freedom in the exercise of all forms of worship to +Roumanian dependents and foreigners alike, as well as guaranteeing that +all foreigners in Roumania shall be treated, without distinction of creed, +on a footing of perfect equality.</p> + +<p>With the lapse of time these just prescriptions have been rendered +nugatory in great part, as regards the native Jews, by the legislation and +municipal regulations of Roumania. Starting from the arbitrary and controvertible +premises that the native Jews of Roumania domiciled there for +centuries are "aliens not subject to foreign protection," the ability of the +Jew to earn even the scanty means of existence that suffice for a frugal +race has been constricted by degrees, until nearly every opportunity to +win a livelihood is denied; and until the helpless poverty of the Jew has +constrained an exodus of such proportions as to cause general concern.</p> + +<p>The political disabilities of the Jews in Roumania, their exclusion from +the public service and the learned professions, the limitations of their civil +rights, and the imposition upon them of exceptional taxes, involving as they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +do wrongs repugnant to the moral sense of liberal modern peoples, are not +so directly in point for my present purpose as the public acts which attack +the inherent right of man as a bread winner in the ways of agriculture and +trade. The Jews are prohibited from owning land, or even from cultivating +it as common laborers. They are debarred from residing in the rural +districts. Many branches of petty trade and manual production are closed +to them in the over-crowded cities where they are forced to dwell and engage +against fearful odds, in the desperate struggle for existence. Even as +ordinary artisans or hired laborers they may only find employment in the +proportion of one "unprotected alien" to two "Roumanians" under any +one employer. In short, by the cumulative effect of successive restrictions, +the Jews of Roumania have become reduced to a state of wretched misery. +Shut out from nearly every avenue of self-support which is open to the poor +of other lands, and ground down by poverty as the natural result of their +discriminatory treatment, they are rendered incapable of lifting themselves +from the enforced degradation they endure. Even were the fields of education +open to them, of civil employment and of commerce, as to "Roumanian +citizens," their penury would prevent rising by individual effort. Human +beings, so circumstanced, have virtually no alternatives but submissive +suffering, or flight to some land less unfavourable to them. Removal under +such conditions is not and cannot be the healthy intelligent emigration of a +free and self-reliant being. It must be, in most cases, the mere transplantation +of an artificially produced diseased growth to a new place.</p> + +<p>Granting that, in better and more healthful surroundings, the morbid +conditions will eventually change for good, such emigration is necessarily +for a time a burden to the community upon which the fugitives may be +cast. Self-reliance, and the knowledge and ability that evolve the power +of self-support must be developed, and, at the same time, avenues of +employment must be opened in quarters where competition is already keen +and opportunities scarce. The teachings of history, and the experience +of our own nation, show that the Jews possess in a high degree the mental +and moral qualifications of conscientious citizenhood. No class of emigrants +is more welcome to our shores when coming equipped in mind and body +for entrance upon the struggle for bread, and inspired with the high purpose +to give the best service of heart and brain to the land they adopt of their +own free will. But when they come as outcasts, made doubly paupers +by physical and moral oppression in their native land, and thrown upon the +long-suffering generosity of a more favored community, their migration +lacks the essential conditions which make alien immigration either acceptable +or beneficial. So well is this appreciated on the Continent, that, even +in the countries where anti-Semitism has no foothold, it is difficult for these +fleeing Jews to obtain any lodging. America is their only goal.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> + +<p>The United States offers asylum to the oppressed of all lands. But +its sympathy with them in no wise impairs its just liberty and right to +weigh the acts of the oppressor in the light of their effects upon this country, +and to judge accordingly.</p> + +<p>Putting together the facts now painfully brought home to this Government +during the past few years: that many of the inhabitants of Roumania +are being forced, by artificially adverse discriminations, to quit their native +country; that the hospitable asylum offered by this country is almost +the only refuge left to them; that they come hither unfitted by the conditions +of their exile to take part in the new life of this land under circumstances +either profitable to themselves or beneficial to the community; +and that they are objects of charity from the outset and for a long time,—the +right of remonstrance against the acts of the Roumanian Government +is clearly established in favor of this Government. Whether consciously +and of purpose, or not, these helpless people, burdened and spurned by +their native land, are forced by the sovereign power of Roumania upon +the charity of the United States. This Government cannot be a tacit +party to such an international wrong. It is constrained to protest against +the treatment to which the Jews of Roumania are subjected, not alone +because it has unimpeachable ground to remonstrate against the resultant +injury to itself, but in the name of humanity. The United States may +not authoritatively appeal to the stipulations of the Treaty of Berlin, to +which it was not and cannot become a signatory, but it does earnestly +appeal to the principles consigned therein, because they are the principles +of international law and eternal justice, advocating the broad toleration +which that solemn compact enjoins, and standing ready to lend its moral +support to the fulfilment thereof by its co-signatories, for the act of Roumania +itself has effectively joined the United States to them as an interested party +in this regard.</p> + +<p>Occupying this ground and maintaining these views, it behoves us +to see that in concluding a naturalization convention no implication may +exist of obligation on the part of the United States to receive and convert +these unfortunates into citizens, and to eliminate any possible inference +of some condition or effect tantamount to banishment from Roumania +with inhibition of return or imposition of such legal disability upon them +by reason of their creed, as may impair their interests in that country or +operate to deny them judicial remedies there which all American citizens +may justly claim in accordance with the law and comity of nations.</p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:20%;">I am, Sir,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-right: 5%;">Your obedient servant,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">John Hay</span>.<br /> +</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="c"><span class="smcap">American Circular Note to the Great Powers.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p> + +<p class="r"> +<span class="smcap">Department of State, Washington</span>,<br /> +<i>August 11, 1902</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—In the course of an instruction recently sent to the Minister accredited +to the Government of Roumania in regard to the bases of negotiation +begun with that Government looking to a convention of naturalization between +the United States and Roumania, certain considerations were set forth for +the Minister's guidance concerning the character of the emigration from that +country, the causes which constrain it, and the consequences so far as they +adversely affect the United States.</p> + +<p>It has seemed to the President appropriate that these considerations, +relating as they do to the obligations entered into by the signatories of the +Treaty of Berlin of July 13, 1878, should be brought to the attention of the +Governments concerned and commended to their consideration in the hope +that, if they are so fortunate as to meet the approval of the several Powers, +such measures as to them may seem wise may be taken to persuade the +Government of Roumania to reconsider the subject of the grievances in +question.</p> + +<p>(This note continues in the language of the foregoing despatch +from the words: "The United States welcomes now, etc." down +to words: "as an interested party in this regard.")</p> + +<p>You will take an early occasion to read this instruction to the Minister +for Foreign Affairs and, should he request it, leave with him a copy.</p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">John Hay.</span></p> + +<p class="c"><i>Reply of Great Britain.</i></p> + +<p class="c">(Mr. Bertie to Mr. Choate.)</p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:5%;"><span class="smcap">Foreign Office</span>,</span><br /> +<i>September 2, 1902</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Your Excellency</span>,—I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of +your note of the 23rd ultimo, inclosing a copy of a dispatch from Mr. Secretary +Hay on the subject of the conditions of the Jews in Roumania.</p> + +<p>His Majesty's Government joins with the United States Government in +deploring the depressed condition of the Roumanian Jews and in regarding +with apprehension the results of their enforced emigration.</p> + +<p>His Majesty's Government will place themselves in communication with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> +the other Powers signatory of the Treaty of Berlin, with a view to a joint +representation to the Roumanian Government on the subject.</p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:10%;">(<span class="smcap">Francis Bertie.</span></span><br /> +(<i>In the absence of the Marquis of Lansdowne.</i>)</p> + +<p>("Foreign Relations of the United States (1902)," pp. 910 <i>et seq.</i>, 42 <i>et +seq.</i>, and 550).</p></div> + + +<p class="c top5">(<i>h</i>) <span class="smcap">THE CONFERENCES OF LONDON, ST. PETERSBURG AND BUCHAREST</span> +(1912-13).</p> + +<p>In connection with the Balkan complications of the last ten years, +which form the overture to the present war, the Jewish organisations +in Western Europe and America—chiefly the London Jewish Conjoint +Committee—lost no opportunity of keeping the grievances of the +Rumanian Jews before the Great Powers and of maintaining the +liberties already won in South-Eastern Europe. The work has +been of a more arduous and far-reaching character than the public +suspect, and, although it has not achieved final success, it has been +far from unfruitful. Of this work it is only possible to speak in a +very summary way, as much of it is still confidential and all of it is +directly related to negotiations still pending and necessarily belonging +to the domain of what is invidiously called secret diplomacy.</p> + +<p>In 1908, on the occasion of the annexation of Bosnia and the +Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary, the Conjoint Committee seized the +opportunity of endeavouring to reopen the Rumano-Jewish Question. +The annexation was a technical infraction of the Berlin Treaty and +required the sanction of the Great Powers, for which probably a Conference +would be held. The Conjoint Committee addressed to Sir +Edward Grey a request that the scope of the proposed Conference +should be extended to other infractions of the Treaty, and accompanied +it with a review of the Rumano-Jewish Question, which constitutes +one of the most important State Papers produced in the Jewish +community.<a name="FNanchor_46_52" id="FNanchor_46_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_52" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> Unfortunately the projected Conference was abandoned,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> +but Sir Edward Grey was so impressed by the statements of the +Conjoint Committee that he ordered an investigation to be made, +and he afterwards formally avowed, in a letter to the Conjoint Committee, +that the charges made in the Memorandum were accurate +and that Rumania had not fulfilled her Treaty pledges. This perhaps +may not seem to be a great gain, but those who know anything of +international politics will be aware that an official statement of this +kind has considerable practical importance, and, indeed, it was not +lost upon the Cabinet of Bucharest.</p> + +<p>The last occasions on which attempts were made to put an +end to the Rumanian scandal were in connection with the Conferences +of London, St. Petersburg, and Bucharest, which liquidated the +various questions arising out of the Balkan wars in 1912-13. Here +two questions confronted the Conjoint Committee. While the international +questions at issue were confined to the trans-Danubian +States, all that was necessary was to secure for the populations of +the transferred territories in that region a reaffirmation of the clauses +of the Treaties of 1830 and 1878, by which the liberties of racial +and religious minorities were guaranteed. When, however, Rumania +joined in the war, this question became of much greater importance, +and it involved the reopening of the whole question of Rumania's +violation of the Treaty of Berlin. In spite of the efforts of the Conjoint +Committee, neither the three Conferences of London, nor the +Conference of St. Petersburg dealt with these questions. At the +Conference of Bucharest the United States Government, at the instance +of the American Jewish Committee, made a suggestion that +the civil and religious liberties of the populations of the territories +transferred under the proposed Treaty should be specially guaranteed. +On the proposal of the Rumanian Prime Minister, however, the +Conference agreed that such securities were not necessary, but +expressed their readiness to give a verbal assurance that the wishes of +the United States would be fully realised.<a name="FNanchor_47_53" id="FNanchor_47_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_53" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> A long correspondence +ensued between the Conjoint Committee and the Foreign Office, and +eventually Sir Edward Grey agreed to a suggestion of the Committee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +that the Great Powers should be consulted with a view to making +their sanction of the new territorial arrangements in the Balkans +conditional on the guarantee of full civil and religious liberty to all +the inhabitants of the annexed territories.<a name="FNanchor_48_54" id="FNanchor_48_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_54" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> This important assurance +was reaffirmed by the Secretary of State towards the end of July +1914, within a week of the outbreak of the present war.</p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENTS.</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">Extract from the Protocols of the Conference of Bucharest.</span></p> + +<p class="c"><i>Protocole No. 6.—Séance du Mardi, 23 Juillet (5 Août), 1913.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>[Le Président] fait part à la Conférence de la note suivante que lui a +remise S.E. Monsieur Jackson, Ministre des États-Unis d'Amérique à Bucarest.</p> + +<p>"Le Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique désire faire savoir qu'il +regarderait avec satisfaction si une provision accordant pleine liberté civile +et religieuse aux habitants de tout territoire que pourrait être assujetti à la +souverainté de quiconque des cinq Puissances ou qui pourrait être transféré +de la jurisdiction de l'une des Puissances à celle d'une autre, pourrait être +introduite dans toute convention conclue à Bucarest."</p> + +<p>M. Maioresco estime que les délégués sont unanimes à reconnaître pleinement, +en fait et en droit, le principe qui a inspiré la note précitée, le droit public +des États constitutionnels représentés à cette Conférence en ayant consacré +de longue date l'application. Le Président pense donc que la note des États-Unis +d'Amérique ne saurait soulever aucune difficulté: il est peut-être bon de +rappeler quelquefois les principes, même lorsqu'ils sont universellement admis. +Aussi, croit-il être l'interprète des sentiments de MM. les Plénipotentiaires en +déclarant que les habitants de tout territoire nouvellement acquis auront, +sans distinction de religion, la même pleine liberté civile et religieuse que +tous les autres habitants de l'état.</p> + +<p>M. Venizelos considère qu'à la suite des déclarations du Président, qui +seront consignées au Protocole, toute insertion dans le traité à conclure, d'un +principe déjà universellement reconnu serait superflue.</p> + +<p>Cette manière de voir de M. le premier délégué de Grèce a recueilli l'assentiment +unanime.</p> + +<p>("Le Traité de Paix de Bucarest—Protocoles de la Conférence," Bucarest, +1913, pp. 24-25.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Extracts from Correspondence between the Conjoint Committee and +Sir Edward Grey.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:10%;"><span class="smcap">Conjoint Jewish Committee</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:5%;"><span class="smcap">19 Finsbury Circus, E.C.</span></span><br /> +<i>13th October, 1913</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—The Jewish Conjoint Foreign Committee of the London Committee +of Deputies of British Jews and the Anglo-Jewish Association have had under +their consideration the diplomatic acts—principally the Treaty of Bucharest—by +which the new territorial system in the Near East has been adjusted, +and they have instructed us to invite the attention of His Majesty's Government +to the omission from those documents of provisions either confirming +or repeating on their own account, for the benefit of the annexed territories, +the guarantees of civil and religious liberty and equality contained in the +Protocol No. 3 of the Conference of London of February 3rd, 1830, +and in Articles V, XXVII, XXXIV, XLIV, and LXII of the Treaty of +Berlin.</p> + +<p>Owing to the vast changes which have been made in the distribution of +the Jewish communities throughout the region lying between the Danube +and the Ægean, and more especially in view of the annexations to the Kingdom +of Roumania, where hitherto the Civil and Religious Liberty Clauses of the +Treaty of Berlin have been systematically evaded, this question has caused +the Jewish people the gravest anxiety. The Conjoint Committee are well +aware that in four of the annexing States, namely, Greece, Bulgaria, Servia, +and Montenegro, the Constitutions provide for the equal rights of all religious +denominations, and they gratefully acknowledge that for many years past the +Jews in those countries have had no reason to complain; but in the new conditions +of mixed races and creeds which confront those States, and in face of +the symptoms already apparent of an accentuation of the long-standing inter-confessional +bitterness and strife, they prefer not to relinquish the international +obligations by which the rights of their co-religionists have hitherto been +secured. In this view they find themselves supported not only by all the +Jewish communities of the Balkans, but also by all of the religious minorities +in the dominions which have recently changed hands. The reasonableness +of their view is further supported by the constitutional changes effected in +like circumstances in Moldo-Wallachia and Servia three-quarters of a century +ago to the prejudice of the Jews, and also by the continued encouragement to +religious intolerance afforded by the legalised oppression of a quarter of a +million Jews in the Kingdom of Roumania.</p> + +<p>The question was not ignored at the Peace Conference at Bucharest, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +it failed to receive any contractual solution. At the sitting of August 8th a +scheme of religious, scholastic and cultural liberty was discussed, but no +agreement was reached, owing to irreconcilable differences between the +Patriarchists and the Exarchists. Moreover, the scheme as drawn up was +confined to Christian communities (Protocol No. 10). At the sitting of +August 5th, the question was raised in its wider aspects by a communication +from the United States Government expressing the hope that a provision +would be introduced into the Treaty "according full civil and religious +liberty to the inhabitants of any territory subject to the sovereignty +of any of the five Powers, or which might be transferred from the jurisdiction +of any one of them to that of another." This also met with no adequate +response. M. Maioresco, the Chief Roumanian plenipotentiary, expressed +the opinion that such a provision was unnecessary, "as the principle inspiring +it had long been recognised, in fact and in law, by the public law of the +Constitutional States represented at the Conference," but he added that +he was willing to declare on behalf of the plenipotentiaries that "the +inhabitants of any territory newly acquired will have, without distinction +of religion, the same full civil and religious liberty, as all the other inhabitants +of the State." In this view the other plenipotentiaries concurred. +(Protocol No. 6.)</p> + +<p>The Jewish Conjoint Committee regret that they are unable to accept +either the reasoning or the assurances of M. Maioresco for the following +reasons:—</p> + +<p>1. Even if it were true that the constitutions of all the five contracting +States assure civil and religious liberty to their inhabitants without distinction +of religion—Roumania herself is a flagrant exception—it would not afford +as permanent a guarantee as an international obligation. The circumstances +which render such a guarantee necessary in the present case have already +been referred to above.</p> + +<p>2. In previous territorial changes in the Near East, the liberal provisions +of the constitutions of the annexing States have not been held sufficient +for the protection of religious minorities. Thus, in 1864, when the Ionian +Islands were transferred to Greece, the Powers specifically extended to the +new territories the civil and religious liberty obligations imposed on the +Hellenic Kingdom in 1830 (see Article IV of the Treaty of London of March +20th, 1864). Again in 1881, when Thessaly was ceded to Greece, the religious +liberty obligations of 1830 were repeated in the Treaty of Cession for +the benefit of the Mussulman population (Convention of May 14th, 1881, +Article VIII). A similar course was adopted by the Great Powers in +1886, when Eastern Roumelia was virtually annexed to Bulgaria (Article IV +of Arrangement of April 5th, 1886; <i>cf.</i> Eastern Roumelia Statute, +Article XXIV).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> + +<p>3. Roumania herself is not content to rely on the national constitutions +of the other Balkan States where the destinies of her own expatriated brethren +in race and religion are concerned. Although she persuaded the Conference +of Bucharest to reject the American proposal to insert binding guarantees for +the equitable treatment of racial and religious minorities in the annexed +territories generally, she insisted on the adoption of an Annexe to the Protocols +of the Conference pledging the signatory States to grant equal rights and +religious and scholastic freedom to the Koutzo-Vlachs residing within their +dominions. It is difficult to understand why these Treaty guarantees should +be required for communities which have a Government at Bucharest, attached +to them by racial and religious sympathies, to look after their interests, and +not for the Jews, who have no such resource in the event of their rights being +ignored.</p> + +<p>4. The terms of M. Maioresco's declaration in regard to "the inhabitants +of any territory newly acquired" are ambiguous, and in the case of the +Jews of the northern districts of Bulgaria, now annexed to Roumania, +might, and no doubt would be, interpreted as assimilating them to the +oppressed Jewish communities of the annexed State. Moreover, in view +of what happened to the Jews of the Dobrudja when that province was +acquired by Roumania in 1878, any unilateral assurances from the Cabinet +of Bucharest on this subject must fail to inspire confidence. The action +of the Roumanian Government on that occasion was dealt with by us in +the letter we had the honour of addressing to you on July 13th last, and it +will consequently suffice to state now that the Jews of the Dobrudja were +deprived of their national rights for thirty years after the annexation, and +even then they experienced great difficulty in obtaining them. We cannot +contemplate without anxiety the possibility of a repetition of this application +of the principle formulated by M. Maioresco.</p> + +<p>For these reasons the Jewish Conjoint Committee regard with grave +apprehension the omission from the Treaty of Bucharest of guarantees of +civil and religious equality for the inhabitants of the territories which have +changed hands in virtue of that instrument, and they trust they may rely +on His Majesty's Government to take such steps as will assure to those +inhabitants the full enjoyment of the high protection accorded them by +the London Protocol of 1830 and the Treaty of Berlin.</p> + +<p>They venture to suggest that the objects they have in view might be +attained by a collective note to the States signatory of the Treaties of +London, Bucharest and Constantinople, declaring that the Great Powers +regard the Civil and Religious Liberty clauses of the Protocol of 1830 and +the Treaty of Berlin as binding upon all of them within their new frontiers +and throughout all their territories. The Committee hope that His<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +Majesty's Government may see their way to propose such a note to the +Great Powers.</p> + +<p class="c"> +We are, Sir,<br /> +Your humble and obedient Servants,<br /> +<span style="margin-left:8%;"><span class="smcap">D. L. Alexander</span>,</span><br /> +<i>President, London Committee of Deputies of British Jews</i>,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 12%;"><span class="smcap">Claude G. Montefiore</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25%;"><i>President, Anglo-Jewish Association</i>.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">To The Rt. Hon. Sir Edward Grey, Bart., M.P., K.G., etc., His Majesty's<br /> +Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, etc., etc., etc.</span></p> + +<p class="r top5"> +<span style="margin-right:5%;"><span class="smcap">Foreign Office</span>,</span><br /> +<i>October 29th, 1913</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,—I am directed by Secretary Sir E. Grey to acknowledge +the receipt of your letter of October 13th, and to observe in reply that the +Articles of the Treaty of Berlin, to which you refer, are in no way abrogated +by the territorial changes in the Near East, and remain as binding as they +have been hitherto as regards all territories covered by those Articles at +the time when the Treaty was signed.</p> + +<p>His Majesty's Government will, however, consult with the other Powers +as to the policy of reaffirming in some way the provisions of the Treaty of +Berlin for the protection of the religious and other liberties of minorities +in the territories referred to, when the question of giving formal recognition +by the Powers to the recent territorial changes in the Balkan Peninsula is +raised.</p> + +<p class="r"> +<span style="margin-right:25%;">I am, Gentlemen,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-right:5%;">Your most obedient, humble servant,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Eyre A. Crowe</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Conjoint Jewish Committee.</span></p> + + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:4%;"><span class="smcap">Conjoint Jewish Committee</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">19 Finsbury Circus, E.C.</span><br /> +<i>17th November, 1913</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—We have had the honour of receiving the letter of the 29th ult. +addressed to us on your behalf by Sir Eyre A. Crowe, and we have duly +submitted it to our colleagues of the Conjoint Jewish Committee.</p> + +<p>We are desired by the Committee to thank you for this communica<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>tion +and to express their lively satisfaction with the assurances you are +good enough to give them and which appear to them to meet the necessities +of the case they had the honour of placing before you.</p> + +<p>The Committee propose, with your permission, to submit to you at a +later stage, for the consideration of His Majesty's Government, an amended +formula of civil and religious liberty in the Balkans, which they think will +more clearly express the intentions of the Conference of London and the +Congress of Berlin than the provisions on the same subject contained in the +Protocol No. 3 of 1830 and the Treaty of 1878. They trust that His +Majesty's Government may find it possible to make this or some similar +amendment the basis for the proposed consultation with the other Great +Powers, as they venture to think that in this way a means may be found of +obviating a repetition of the misunderstandings by which the Jews of +Roumania have hitherto been deprived of the rights sought to be conferred +upon them by the Treaty of Berlin, besides securing the rights of +other religious and racial minorities in the Balkans on a footing of perfect +equality.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left:40%;">We, are, Sir,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:50%;">Your most obedient humble servants,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:60%;"><span class="smcap">David L. Alexander</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:50%;"><i>President, London Committee of the Deputies of British Jews</i>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:60%;"><span class="smcap">Claude G. Montefiore</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:70%;"><i>President, Anglo-Jewish Association</i>.</span></p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">To The Right Hon. Sir Edward Grey, Bart., M.P., K.G., etc., etc., etc.</span></p> + +<p class="r top5"><span style="margin-right:4%;"><span class="smcap">Conjoint Jewish Committee</span>,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">19 Finsbury Circus, E.C.</span><br /> +<i>12th March, 1914</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—Referring to the letter we had the honour of addressing to you +on the 17th November last, we now beg to submit to you, for the consideration +of His Majesty's Government, a revised formula of civil and religious +liberty in the Balkans in the hope that His Majesty's Government may be +able to recommend it to the other Great Powers signatory of the Treaty +of Berlin for application to the territories which have recently changed +hands in the Near East under the provisions of the Treaties of London and +Bucharest, and their subsidiary diplomatic Acts.</p> + +<p>As you are aware, Civil and Religious Liberty in Bulgaria, Montenegro, +Servia and Roumania is at present guaranteed in identic terms by Articles +V, XXVII, XXXIV-V, XLIV of the Treaty of Berlin, and in Greece by +the concluding <i>alinéa</i> of Protocol No. 3 of the Conference of London of the +3rd February 1830. We beg to suggest that in the extension of these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> +stipulations to the new territories they shall be elucidated by the addition +to each of the following paragraph:—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>All persons of whatever religious belief born or residing in the territories +annexed to the Kingdom of———— in virtue of the Treaties of London and +Bucharest, and who do not claim a foreign nationality and cannot be shown +to be claimed as nationals of a foreign state shall be entitled to full civil and +political rights as nationals of the Kingdom of———— in accordance with +the foregoing stipulations.</p></div> + +<p>Some slight modification of this paragraph will be required to meet +the special circumstances of each case, as, for example, the omission of +the reference to the Treaty of London in the case of Roumania, and perhaps, +the insertion of the paragraph before the final <i>alinéa</i> of Article XLIV of +the Treaty of Berlin instead of its addition to that Article.</p> + +<p>In making this proposal we are chiefly actuated by a desire to obviate +as far as may be possible a repetition in the territories annexed to the +Kingdom of Roumania of the cruel evasion of Article XLIV of the Treaty +of Berlin by which the native Jews of Roumania have hitherto been deprived +of their civil and political rights. It will be within your recollection that +this evasion was contrived by arbitrarily declaring all the native Jews to +be <i>ipso facto</i> foreigners and by submitting them in that capacity to harsh +disabilities which, while apparently applicable to all foreigners, in reality +only affected them. We are further impressed by the fact that Bulgaria, +Servia and Greece have each acquired a considerable addition to their Jewish +populations and, although we acknowledge most gratefully the fidelity with +which those States have hitherto performed their obligation in regard to +civil and religious liberty, we think it wise, in view of the evil precedent +created by Roumania, to strengthen the hands of their rulers and statesmen +by extending those obligations in the form we now suggest to the territories +they have recently acquired.</p> + +<p>Our aims will, we think, be attained by the formula suggested above +without in any way enlarging the scope of the original stipulations, as those +stipulations were understood by their authors and the majority of the States +to which they have hitherto been applied. It is to be noted that a similar +amendment of Article XLIV was actually suggested by the Italian representative, +the Count de Launay, at the Berlin Congress, with a view to +obviating the very evasion of the Treaty subsequently effected by Roumania, +and it was only rejected by the Congress because it was desired to adopt +an identic formula for all the Balkan States and because it was felt that the +formula as it stood "paraît de nature à concilier tous les intérêts en cause." +(British and Foreign State Papers, vol. lxix. pp. 1058-9.)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p> + +<p>Now that it has been shown that this anticipation was illusory, we +venture to hope that His Majesty's Government may see their way to realize +the intentions of the Berlin Congress by suggesting to the Great Powers the +amendment we have proposed, and that their recognition of the territorial +changes in the Near East will be made conditional upon its adoption +by all the annexing States, and more particularly by the Kingdom of +Roumania.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left:40%;">We, are, Sir,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:50%;">Your most obedient humble servants,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:60%;"><span class="smcap">David L. Alexander</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:50%;"><i>President, London Committee of the Deputies of British Jews</i>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:60%;"><span class="smcap">Claude G. Montefiore</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left:70%;"><i>President, Anglo-Jewish Association</i>.</span></p> + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap">To The Right Hon. Sir Edward Grey, Bart., M.P., K.G., etc., etc., etc.</span></p></div> + +<p>(For the humanitarian interventions on behalf of the Jews of +Morocco see "The Conferences of Madrid and Algeciras," <i>infra</i>, +pp. 88-99.)</p> + + +<p class="c top5">(<i>i</i>) <span class="smcap">THE JEWISH QUESTION AND THE BALANCE OF POWER</span> +(1890 <span class="smcap">AND</span> 1906).</p> + +<p>It will be noted that none of the diplomatic interventions took +cognizance of the ill-treatment of the Jews in Russia,<a name="FNanchor_49_55" id="FNanchor_49_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_55" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> although until +the recent Revolution it afforded, in magnitude and cruelty, the +worst example of religious persecution known to modern Europe.<a name="FNanchor_50_56" id="FNanchor_50_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_56" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> +The cynical reason has already been indicated. But if international +politics has affected to ignore the Jewish question in Russia, that +question has not been without a very distinct influence on the evolution +of the European international system. No survey of the Jewish +problem in international politics would be complete without a reference +to the curious part played by the Russo-Jewish question in the +orientation of Russian policy which made for the alliance with France<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +and through it for the Triple Entente. It is well known that even +after the termination of the Russo-German secret treaty of mutual +neutrality in 1890, the Tsar Alexander III remained for a long time +reluctant to come to terms with Republican France. Towards the +end of 1890 there was a fresh outbreak of official anti-Semitism in +Russia, and the bitter cry of the persecuted Jews was heard all over +Europe. At that moment it happened that negotiations for a large +loan had been entered into by the Russian Treasury with the house +of Rothschild, and a preliminary contract had actually been signed. +As soon as the news of the persecutions reached New Court, Lord +Rothschild resolved to break off the negotiations. At his instance, +M. Wyshnigradski, the Russian Finance Minister, was informed by +the Paris House that unless the oppression of the Jews were stopped +they would be compelled to withdraw from the loan operation. +Deeply mortified by this attempt on the part of a Jewish banking +firm to deal with him <i>de puissance à puissance</i>, the Tsar peremptorily +cancelled the contract and ordered that overtures should be made +to a non-Jewish French syndicate headed by M. Hoskier of Paris. +Thus was forged the main financial link in the chain of common +interests which soon after led to the Dual Alliance. Incidentally, +it may be mentioned that one of the effects of the Alliance was to +secure to the Tsar a much larger immunity from criticism in his +persistent ill-treatment of the Jews.<a name="FNanchor_51_57" id="FNanchor_51_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_57" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p> + +<p>Fifteen years later the Jewish question also played a part in the +curious Russo-German <i>rapprochement</i> which nearly wrecked the Dual +Alliance. Much light has been shed upon this incident by the +recent publication of the late Tsar's secret correspondence with the +German Emperor<a name="FNanchor_52_58" id="FNanchor_52_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_58" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> and other Russian State documents, notably a +Memorandum on the Jewish question drawn up by Count Lamsdorf +in January 1906.<a name="FNanchor_53_59" id="FNanchor_53_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_59" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> Negotiations for the adhesion of Russia to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +Anglo-French Entente had been opened in the winter of 1903, but +owing to the war with Japan and the revolutionary outbreak in +Russia the Tsar's views on the subject had changed. Worked on +by the German Emperor, he imagined himself a victim of English +intrigue, and he concluded with the Kaiser at Bjoerkoeon July 23, 1905, +the bases of a new Triple Alliance to consist of Russia, Germany, +and France. While the Treaty was still unratified certain reactionaries +in Russia seized the opportunity of endeavouring to give it a +specially anti-Jewish bias. On the one hand the bureaucracy had +persuaded themselves that the Jews were the main authors of the +October Revolution, and on the other Count Witte and his colleagues +in the Cabinet were furious at the renewed rebuffs they had received +at the hands of the House of Rothschild in their efforts to raise new +loans on the Paris and London markets.<a name="FNanchor_54_60" id="FNanchor_54_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_60" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> It was in these circumstances +that Count Lamsdorf prepared a Memorandum proposing +to the Tsar that an agreement should be concluded with Germany +providing for the special <i>surveillance</i> of Jewish activities on the lines +of a secret Protocol which had been drawn up by the two Powers +on March 14, 1904, for the similar <i>surveillance</i> and extradition of +Anarchists.<a name="FNanchor_55_61" id="FNanchor_55_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_61" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> At the same time the Count suggested that the Pope +should be asked to adhere to this new Holy Alliance. This strange +proposal was approved by the Tsar, who ordered the immediate +initiation of negotiations with the Wilhelmstrasse. In due course +this instruction was acted upon,<a name="FNanchor_56_62" id="FNanchor_56_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_62" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> but in the following May Count +Lamsdorf fell, and with the entry of M. Izvolsky into the Russian +Foreign Office a new and saner direction was given to Russian Foreign +policy. Nothing more was heard either of the Bjoerkoe Treaty or +of the proposed Triple Alliance against the Jews.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENT.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="c"><span class="smcap">The Proposed Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance.</span></p> + +<p>(The <a href="#NOTES">footnotes</a> appended to the following document are those of Count +Lamsdorf himself. <a href="#FOOTNOTES">Footnotes</a> by the Editor will be found at the end.)</p> + +<p><i>Secret.</i></p> + +<p class="doc smcap">ON THE ANARCHISTS.</p> + +<p>The events of the year 1905, which became particularly acute at the +beginning of October last, and, after a number of so-called "strikes," +culminated in an armed revolt at Moscow and in other cities and localities +of the Empire, show quite clearly that the Russian revolutionary movement, +apart from its deep social economic causes of an <i>internal</i> nature, has +also a quite definite <i>international</i> character. This side of the revolutionary +movement, which deserves very serious attention, manifests itself chiefly +in the fact that it is supported to a large extent from abroad.</p> + +<p>This is clearly indicated by the striking phenomenon that the Russian +revolutionists dispose of an enormous quantity of <i>arms</i> imported from abroad, +as well as of considerable <i>pecuniary means</i>, since there can be no doubt that +the revolutionary movement hostile to the Government, including the organising +of various kinds of strikes, must have cost the revolutionaries large +sums of money.</p> + +<p>Since it must be recognised that such support of the revolutionary +movement with arms and money could hardly be set to the account of +foreign governments (with the exception of certain isolated cases, as for +instance, the support of the Finnish movement by Sweden, and perhaps the +partial support of the Polish movement by Austria), one inevitably arrives +at the further conclusion that the support of our revolutionary movement +enters into the calculations of some <i>foreign capitalist organisations</i>.</p> + +<p>This result must be coupled with the fact that the Russian revolutionary +movement is altogether distinguished by an alien racial character, +since it was precisely the various allogenes—the Armenians, Georgians, +Letts, Esthonians, Finns, Poles, etc.—who rose one after another against +the Imperial Government for the purpose of obtaining, if not complete political +autonomy, at least equal rights with the native population of the Empire. +When one considers, moreover, that, as is established with sufficient certainty, +among these allogenes a most important part is played by the Jews, who +have figured and still figure as a specially active and aggressive element +of the revolution, whether as individuals, or as leaders of the movement, +or in the shape of entire organisations (<i>e.g.</i> the Jewish Bund in the Western<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +region), one may assume with certainty that the aforesaid support of the +revolutionary movement from abroad emanates precisely from <i>Jewish</i> +capitalist circles.</p> + +<p>In this respect one cannot ignore the coincidence of several phenomena +which could hardly be accidental. This coincidence rather logically leads +to the further result that our revolutionary movement is not only, as already +stated, <i>supported</i> from abroad, but to a certain extent also <i>directed</i> from +there. The strikes broke out with particular force precisely in October +last, that is to say, at a time when our Government was making the attempt +to bring about a large foreign loan without the participation of the Rothschilds,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> +and just in the nick of time for the frustration of the realisation +of that financial scheme. The panic provoked by it among the holders +of Russian securities and the hurried sale of those securities could not but +procure in the end, as was safely to be expected, new profits for the Jewish +capitalists and bankers, who speculated consciously and openly, as in Paris +for instance, on the fall of Russian securities.<a name="FNanchor_57_63" id="FNanchor_57_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_63" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p> + +<p>On the other hand, the hostile movement against the Government, +which flared up immediately after the promulgation of the Manifesto of +October 30th, assumed for a time milder forms as soon as the bulk of the +Russian people, of whom the revolutionists had taken no account at first, +responded to the hostile manifestations against the Government by pogroms +upon the Jews.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p> + +<p>This connexion between the Russian revolutionary movement and the +foreign Jewish organisations is, moreover, confirmed in an obvious manner +by some significant facts which have even percolated through the Press. +Thus, for instance, the above-mentioned wholesale importation of arms +into Russia, which, as it transpires from the Agency reports, is carried on +very largely from the continent of Europe <i>via England</i>, becomes quite +intelligible when one considers that already in June 1905, precisely in +England, an Anglo-Jewish Committee for collecting donations for the equipment +of fighting groups among Russian Jews was openly organised with +the most active co-operation of the well-known Russophobe publicist Lucien +Wolf.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> On the other hand, on account of the melancholy consequences +of the revolutionary agitation, which recoiled upon the Jews themselves, +in the very same England a Committee of Jewish capitalists was founded +under the presidency of Lord Rothschild, which concentrated enormous +sums of money, collected by way of subscriptions in France, England and +Germany, for the ostensible purpose of granting relief to the Jewish subjects +of Russia who had suffered by the pogroms. Lastly, the Jews in America +are organising collections both for the victims and for the arming of the +Jewish youths, without formally separating these two aims from one +<span class="pagenum"> +<a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +another.<a name="FNanchor_58_64" id="FNanchor_58_64"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_58_64" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> +<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> There is thus no room for doubt as to the close connexion of +the Russian revolution with the Jewish question in general, and with the +foreign Jewish organisations in particular, which connexion is already +perfectly clear from the point of view of its fundamental principles, since +the founders of the Socialist doctrine, Lassalle and Marx, who wield so +great an influence on the present mind of the Russian University youth, +were notoriously both of Jewish origin. Nor can it be in any way doubted +that the practical direction of the Russian revolutionary movement is in +Jewish hands. While our newspapers pass over, no doubt intentionally, +the leading part played by them in almost complete silence, it is no longer +deemed necessary to make a secret of it abroad, even in Socialist circles. +A member of the Jewish Working-men's Union (Bund), named Hervaille, +thus declared openly at a meeting of the Dutch Socialists at Amsterdam +on the 22nd October (November 4th) that in spite of the persecutions to +which they were subjected, it is precisely the Jews who are standing at +the head of the Russian revolutionary movement.<a name="FNanchor_59_65" id="FNanchor_59_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_65" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> In Italy, numerous +meetings of sympathy with the said movement, which in the course of last +November were organised at Rome, Milan, Turin, etc. ostensibly, "Pro +liberta Russa," ended in manifestations "Pro ebrei Russi."<a name="FNanchor_60_66" id="FNanchor_60_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_66" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p> + +<p>Thus, with the evident promotion of the Russian revolution by the Jews +of all countries, in one form or another, to a larger or smaller extent, providing +it above all with intelligent leaders, arms and pecuniary means, the so-to-say +international side of our revolutionary movement becomes perfectly clear, +and at the same time reveals those forces which the Imperial Government +must combat, as well as the factors of State and public life abroad, on which it +must rely in this struggle.</p> + +<p>Starting from the idea set out above, namely, that our revolutionary +movement is being actively supported and partly directed by the forces of +universal Jewry, we also discover with great probability the organising and +intellectual centre where the main supports and feeding organs of the militant +hostility to the Government in Russia are hiding themselves. That is the +famous pan-Jewish universal union established in the year 1860, the "Alliance +Israélite Universelle," with a Central Committee in Paris, which possesses +gigantic pecuniary means, disposes of an enormous membership, and is supported +by the Masonic lodges of every description (according to some reports, +they have again been carried into Russia in recent years), which represent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +the obedient organs of that universal organisation. +<a name="FNanchor_61_67" id="FNanchor_61_67"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_61_67" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> +<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> The principal aim of +the "Alliance Israélite Universelle"—the all-round triumph of anti-Christian +and anti-monarchist Jewry (which has already taken practical possession of +France) by means of Socialism which is to serve as a bait for the ignorant +masses—could not but find the State system of Russia—a land of peasants, +Orthodoxy and monarchism—an obstacle in its path. Hence the fight +against the existing Government, which was started with consummate calculation +at the very moment of our greatest weakness brought about by the +Japanese war. That is also why the chief watchword of this inexorable +campaign at the present moment is universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage; +that is to say, it fights for a principle which if recognised by the Government +would bring about immediately, even before the meeting of the State Duma, +the complete removal of the existing historical-legal impediments to the +triumph of Jewry in Russia, though their complete abolition is not likely to +be welcome to the future chosen men of the Russian land either.</p> + +<p>The said factors, which support the fight of the revolutionary elements +against the Imperial Government from abroad, also afford on the other hand +the opportunity of recognising those forces by whose joint work a favourable +soil for a successful struggle with international revolutionary Socialism might +be created. As a matter of fact, there can be no doubt that, in accordance +with the main considerations set out above, the universally organised international +revolutionary Jewry must be confronted by other enemies, apart +from Russia, who by that alone must become the friends and allies of the +Imperial Government. Anti-monarchist Jewry, sustained by money, cannot +help undermining in every way the Monarchical German Empire, sustained +by its material power. On the other hand, owing to a tradition centuries +old, the universally organised anti-Christian Judaism cannot help seeing an +irreconcilable enemy in the only Christian community that is likewise +organised on a universal and centralised basis, viz. the Roman Catholic +Church.</p> + +<p>It seems, therefore, that the friendly relations which have recently been +brought about so happily between the Imperial Government and the German +Empire,<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> as well as the Holy See, are destined to exercise a very beneficent +influence with regard to the anti-monarchical and anti-Christian revolutionary +movement in Europe.</p> + +<p>As for the Vatican, it must be remembered first of all that the Protestant +Government of Germany has recognised long ago the full importance of the +Holy See for the defence of the traditional foundations of European culture.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +While in its internal policy, it is leaning on the Catholic Centre-party, it has +necessarily arrived at a friendly accord with the Pope in its foreign policy as +well. As for Russia, the friendly assistance of the Vatican might likewise +prove to be of supreme importance just in the sense indicated above. Even +apart from the authoritative influence of the Holy See, through the medium +of the local clergy, especially in our Polish affairs—in this respect, the latest +Encyclical of the Pope to the Bishops of Poland presents a significant step in +meeting the wishes of the Russian Government—the Vatican could render us +an invaluable service by communicating matter-of-fact data on the dissolving +Jewish freemasonry organisation and its branches, whose threads converge +in Paris—an organisation about which our Government is unfortunately +but little informed, whereas the Vatican is sure to watch its activity in the +most attentive manner.</p> + +<p>As for Germany, on the other hand, any further approach of its Government +towards Russia—and one of a still closer nature than the agreement +founded on the Protocol of March 1st, 1904, on combating Anarchism—would +meet with unqualified sympathy at Berlin, since it cannot be overlooked +that, next to Russia, Germany is undoubtedly the first State that +will have to sustain the struggle with the Social-Revolutionary party. +Both the Government and Society in Germany already take note at the +present moment with the greatest apprehension of the indubitable effect +of the Russian events on the Social-Democratic and Labour question, not +to mention the movement of specific hostility to the Government in the +Provinces of Prussian Poland.</p> + +<p>Indeed, the West-European Socialists of various nationalities do not +consider it any longer necessary to make a secret of their intention to inaugurate +in this very month of January 1906, a movement hostile to the +Government of Germany—which is to reach its highest development on +the 1st of May 1906—and has already started it in Prussia and in Saxony +with the self-same watchword of "Universal Suffrage." It could hardly +be doubted that behind this movement—which they intend to organise, +in accordance with the resolutions passed by the Socialist Congresses held +at Jena and Breslau, by the same means as in Russia—there stand in reality +the above indicated international aims and considerations of principle, +that is to say, the same anti-Christian and anti-monarchical factors which +had likewise been and are still in operation in the Russian revolutionary +movement. At any rate, according to an observation by the <i>Deutsche +Tageszeitung</i>, which has made it its special aim to organise the fight against +the impending general European revolution, the more candid publicists +of Social-Revolutionary tendencies are already expressing unceremoniously +their hope that the Russian movement of hostility to the Government only +presents a prelude to that general European upheaval which, among other +things, is to destroy utterly the monarchical order of contemporary Europe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +When one places oneself on this standpoint, one cannot help perceiving +in everything said above nothing else but partial manifestations of a general +revolutionary scheme the menace of which is not confined to Russia, and +which, according to the formula of the well-known Liebknecht, consists +essentially in realising a Republic in politics, Socialism in economics, and +Atheism in the domain of religion.</p> + +<p>In view of the considerations set forth above, no doubt can remain +as to the absolute necessity of a confidential and sincere exchange of views +on our part, in the sense indicated above, with the leading spheres both at +Berlin and Rome. It could become the foundation of a most useful joint +action, first, for the purpose of organising a vigilant supervision, and then +also for an active joint struggle against the common foe of the Christian +and monarchical order of Europe. As a first step in the said direction, +and for the purpose of elucidating the main principles for a future programme +of joint action, it seems to be desirable to confine ourselves for the present +to a quite confidential exchange of views with the German Government.</p> + +<p class="r">(Signed) <span class="smcap">Count Lamsdorf.</span></p> + +<table summary="negotiations" +cellspacing="0" +cellpadding="0"> +<tr valign="middle"><td> Negotiations must be entered into <i>immediately</i>.<br /> + I share entirely the opinions herein expressed.<br /><br /> +<span class="smcap">Tsarskoye Selo</span>,<br /> + <i>January 3rd (O.S.) 1906</i>.</td> +<td style="border-top:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;"> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></td> + +<td align="center" +style="border-left:1px black solid;"> Endorsement in the<br /> Tsar's handwriting.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>(Translated from the Russian text in vol. vi. of "Secret Documents," +published by the Soviet Commission of Foreign Affairs.)</p></div> + + +<p class="c"><span class="smcap"><a name="NOTES" id="NOTES"></a>Notes.</span></p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> <i>Supra</i>, <a href="#Page_56">p. 56</a> (note).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> How these pogroms were organised by the Russian Secret Police will be +found described from authentic documents in Semenoff: <i>The Russian Government +and the Massacres</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> This is not quite accurate. The object of the Committee was to assist the +Self-Defence groups of Russian Jews in resisting the pogroms. No arms were +exported to Russia, as the groups in question, and indeed the Russian Revolutionists +themselves, found it quite easy to purchase arms from the Imperial +Russian magazines.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> This also is quite untrue, as the published accounts of the Funds show.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Freemasons will be able to judge of the accuracy of this statement. It will +suffice to say here that it is as untrue as it is ludicrous. The same remark applies +to the absurd reference to the Alliance Israélite.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> This is clearly a reference to the Bjoerkoe interview and shows that M. +Izvolsky was in error when he stated that the Agreement resulting from the interview +was disapproved by Count Lamsdorf. (See interview with M. Izvolsky in +<i>Le Temps</i>, September 15, 1917.)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p></div> + + + +<h3><a name="III_INTERVENTIONS_BY_RIGHT" id="III_INTERVENTIONS_BY_RIGHT"></a>III. INTERVENTIONS BY RIGHT.</h3> + + +<p class="c top5">(<i>a</i>) STATUS OF JEWS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.</p> + +<p>Not all the diplomatic interventions on behalf of Jews have proceeded +on humanitarian grounds. Through the political assimilation +of the Jews with the populations among whom they dwell, +and more particularly through their emancipation in the various +countries of Western Europe and America, they have acquired the +same rights in foreign countries under International Law and treaties +as their Christian fellow-citizens. Unfortunately this has not been +universally recognised, and it has frequently happened that, when +they travelled into countries where Jewish disabilities still lingered, +they were held liable as Jews to ill-treatment from which their +Christian fellow-countrymen were free. The question of the legality +of this ill-treatment arose at an early date.</p> + +<p>In 1556, the Jews in the Papal States suffered a terrible persecution +at the hands of the fanatical Pope Paul IV. This culminated +in the imprisonment of all the Marranos or Crypto Jews of +Ancona, and their sentence to the stake. At that time the most +influential Jews in Europe were the Mendes or Nasi Family of +Portugal and the Low Countries, the head of which was the famous +Donna Gracia Nasi. Her son-in-law, who afterwards became Duke +of Naxos in the service of the Porte, for whom he conquered Cyprus, +was the Rothschild as well as the Disraeli of his day.<a name="FNanchor_62_68" id="FNanchor_62_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_68" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> The Italian +Jews sent piteous appeals to Donna Gracia, who was then settled +in Constantinople. She at once addressed herself to the reigning +Sultan, Solyman the Magnificent, and entreated his intervention, +on the ground that the Marrano Jews in Ancona were for the most +part Turkish subjects. The appeal was well conceived, for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +Sultan was outraged by the idea that subjects of his could be maltreated +by a foreign potentate. He promptly responded (March 9, +1556) by sending an ultimatum to the Pope, demanding the immediate +release of his unjustly accused lieges, under pain of reprisals +on the foreign Christians within his own dominions.<a name="FNanchor_63_69" id="FNanchor_63_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_69" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> The Turk in +those days was not in the habit of treating Christian States with an +excess of ceremony, and the Pope realised the wisdom of complying +with the ultimatum. He revenged himself, however, by burning those +of the prisoners who could not be shown to be Turkish subjects.<a name="FNanchor_64_70" id="FNanchor_64_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_70" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p> + +<p>This incident is of peculiar interest for its bearing on the still +much debated question of the political status of Jews in the lands +of their "Dispersion." The Turkish Jews in 1556 seem to have had +no doubt that they were full nationals of the Ottoman Porte and +as such entitled to the protection of the Turkish Sultan. The precedent, +however, was far from decisive. In other circumstances +other views have prevailed. Thus in 1655, when the Commonwealth +declared war on Spain, and an order was issued for the confiscation +of the property of Spaniards in England, some of the Spanish +Crypto Jews, then resident in London, appealed against the order +on the ground that their national status was that of Jews and not +that of Spaniards. This plea was allowed by the Admiralty Commissioners, +to whom it was referred, and they discharged the orders +made against the appellants.<a name="FNanchor_65_71" id="FNanchor_65_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_71" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p> + +<p>The question slumbered for a century and a half, and when it +reappeared the Turk was again on the side of the light. In 1815, +there was a dispute on this subject between Austria and Turkey. +At that time the Jews of Turkey were treated better than the Jews +of Austria. Austria applied to Turkish Jews visiting her territories<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +the disabilities imposed upon her own Jews. Turkey protested on +the ground that, according to the treaties—mainly the Treaty of +Carlowitz—in force between the two powers, Austria had no right +to make any distinction between Turkish Jews and other subjects +of the Ottoman Porte. This contention was held to be valid by the +Austrian Government, and the incident was terminated by the issue +of an instruction to the police of Lower Austria, where the disabilities +complained of were in force, ordering them to treat all Turkish +subjects alike without distinction of race or creed.</p> + +<p>The Treaty of Carlowitz by which this case was governed left +very little option to the Austrian Government,<a name="FNanchor_66_72" id="FNanchor_66_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_72" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> inasmuch as the +reciprocity for which it stipulated was not based, as in other treaties, +on what is known as "National treatment," that is to say that the +nationals of each contracting party visiting the territories of the other +shall be treated on the same footing as the nationals of the territories +they visit. The reason, no doubt, was that the racial and religious +heterogeneity of both Empires, and the differential treatment to +which it gave rise in their respective internal administrations, could +not be recognised internationally without grave risk of friction and +controversy. The lesson was not lost on other States, especially +those which desired to maintain their differential treatment of Jews +as against the doctrine of undenominational Nationality which was +chiefly championed by France. The result was a strengthening of the +"National treatment" clause of commercial treaties, and this, with the +progress of religious liberty, led to a succession of fresh international +disputes.</p> + +<p>For many years, curiously enough, the chief offender was the +democratic Swiss Confederation, the Federal constitution of which +was exclusively Christian, while the Cantonal legislation was in many +cases frankly and even aggressively anti-Semitic. Until 1827 the +Swiss Commercial Treaties contained no hint of religious differentiation, +but in that year, availing themselves of the reactionary and clerical +sympathies of the government of Charles X, the Federal Authorities +negotiated a Treaty with France containing a "National treatment" +clause, under which the powers of the separate Cantons to deal as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +they pleased with Jews were, in effect, reserved. But this was not +all. Lest the clause should be misinterpreted, the French Minister +at Berne was authorised to address a secret Note to the President +of the Swiss Diet acknowledging that it implied the desired restriction, +on "the Jewish subjects of the King."<a name="FNanchor_67_73" id="FNanchor_67_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_73" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> The transaction was obviously +one which could not stand the light of the Revolution of 1830, +and when three years later the Government of the Canton of Basle +applied the Treaty in all its rigour to French Jews, the Duc de Broglie, +then French Minister for Foreign Affairs, issued an Ordinance suspending +the operation of the Treaty in regard to the offending Canton, +and followed this up by severing diplomatic relations and by placing +a military cordon on the frontier.<a name="FNanchor_68_74" id="FNanchor_68_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_74" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> The King himself approved the +action of his Minister in an energetic speech to a deputation of the +Consistoire Israélite. However, in 1835 the Ordinance was withdrawn, +and until 1850 the peace was more or less preserved by a tacit +<i>modus vivendi</i>.</p> + +<p>The resistance of France was rendered difficult, partly by perplexities +of general politics, but more immediately by the fact that +the question was a larger one than it had at first appeared. In +February 1840 a French Jew had been refused a <i>permis de séjour</i> +by the police of Dresden on the ground that Jews were not permitted +to reside in the city. The case was precisely similar to that of Switzerland, +and M. Guizot, who was then Foreign Minister, hesitated to +take up a strong attitude as he was afraid that the precedent might +involve him in complications with other countries.<a name="FNanchor_69_75" id="FNanchor_69_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_75" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> Nevertheless, +French public opinion was aroused, and the Chamber, after a lively +debate, called upon the Government to make suitable representations +to Saxony.<a name="FNanchor_70_76" id="FNanchor_70_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_76" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> In 1850 a Commercial Treaty between the United +States and Switzerland was signed at Berne, but the American Senate, +on the advice of the President, refused to ratify it because it dis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>criminated +against non-Christians.<a name="FNanchor_71_77" id="FNanchor_71_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_77" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> This was followed almost immediately +by a revival of the anti-Semitic activity of the Basle police, +chiefly at the expense of French Jews resident in the Canton. The +French Government again protested energetically and insisted on the +withdrawal of the police measures. The demand was sulkily complied +with, the Cantonal Government reserving what they called +"the principle."<a name="FNanchor_72_78" id="FNanchor_72_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_78" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p> + +<p>In 1855 a new phase of the conflict was opened by the negotiation +of two further Commercial Treaties with Switzerland—one by Great +Britain and the other by the United States—in both of which the +invidious reservations, substantially as in the French Treaty of 1827, +were retained.<a name="FNanchor_73_79" id="FNanchor_73_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_79" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> Some mystery attaches to the circumstances in +which these treaties were signed and ratified,<a name="FNanchor_74_80" id="FNanchor_74_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_80" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> but the probable +explanation is that the Swiss negotiators promised in effect that there +should be no discrimination. This conjecture is confirmed by the +action of the Federal Assembly in the following year, in proposing +a modification of the Constitution by which equal rights should be +accorded to the Jews in all the Cantons. Unfortunately not all the +Cantons agreed,<a name="FNanchor_75_81" id="FNanchor_75_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_81" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> and in 1857 American public opinion became much +excited at the discovery that in the Canton of Neufchatel American +citizens of the Jewish faith could not be protected by American passports.<a name="FNanchor_76_82" id="FNanchor_76_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_82" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> +From this time until 1861 the United States took the place +of France as the champion of Religious Liberty in Switzerland, and was +strongly supported by Great Britain.<a name="FNanchor_77_83" id="FNanchor_77_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_83" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> Her efforts, however, were not +successful, and it was still reserved for France to settle the question.</p> + +<p>The opportunity presented itself when in the early sixties, under +the influence of Cobden and Chevalier, France denounced all her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +Commercial Treaties. In negotiating the new Treaty with Switzerland +she resolutely set her face against all discriminations, or +possibilities of discrimination, between French citizens on the score +of religion. The result was that she obtained in her new Treaty +(June 30, 1864) a form of article without precedent in instruments +of the kind.<a name="FNanchor_78_84" id="FNanchor_78_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_84" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> In place of "National treatment," French citizens +in Switzerland "without distinction of creed" were assured the +same treatment as was accorded to "Christians."<a name="FNanchor_79_85" id="FNanchor_79_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_85" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> This striking +victory was speedily followed by the abolition of all Jewish disabilities +throughout the Confederation.<a name="FNanchor_80_86" id="FNanchor_80_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_86" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p> + +<p>A series of more formidable cases of the same kind arose at a +later period out of the disabilities imposed on Jews in Russia. The +Powers mainly affected were the United States and Great Britain. +Both had Treaties of Commerce with Russia, the American Treaty +having been concluded in 1832 and the British in 1859. Both Treaties +contained, in substantially the same form, articles guaranteeing +reciprocal "National treatment" to the subjects of the High Contracting +parties. There is, however, an extraordinary contrast in +the interpretation of these Treaties by the British and American +Governments respectively.</p> + +<p>The question first came up for consideration in 1862. Certain +British Jews resident in Warsaw complained that the disabilities +imposed upon native Jews were also imposed upon them, and they +appealed to Her Majesty's Government for protection. Lord John +Russell held that the articles of the Treaty of 1859, by which British +subjects in Russia and Russian subjects in England were to be treated +on an equal footing with the nationals of those countries, did not +mean that British Jews in Russia should be treated as British +subjects, but that they should only have equal treatment with their +oppressed co-religionists. He accordingly declined to seek any relief +for the petitioners.<a name="FNanchor_81_87" id="FNanchor_81_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_87" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> The case gave rise to no controversy, not only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +because the British and Russian Governments were at one in their +interpretation of the Treaty, but because the facts were not made +public at the time. It proved, however, a fatal and humiliating +precedent. In 1880 a terrible era of persecution was inaugurated +for the Jews of Russia, and it soon reacted on their foreign brethren +visiting the country. Towards the end of the year a naturalised +British Jew named Lewisohn was expelled from St. Petersburg because +he was a Jew, and he invoked the protection of his Government. +Lord Granville, who was then Foreign Secretary, was at first disposed +to regard the expulsion as a violation of the Treaty,<a name="FNanchor_82_88" id="FNanchor_82_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_88" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> but later on he +became acquainted with the precedent of 1862, and he declined to +depart from it.<a name="FNanchor_83_89" id="FNanchor_83_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_89" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> In 1890, at the instance of the Jewish Conjoint +Committee, Lord Salisbury submitted the question to the Law Officers +of the Crown, with the result that the precedent set by Lord John +Russell was confirmed on its merits and not—as in the case of Lord +Granville—<i>quâ</i> precedent only.<a name="FNanchor_84_90" id="FNanchor_84_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_90" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> The last occasion on which an +effort was made to obtain a reversal of this decision was in 1912. +The Conjoint Committee addressed to the Secretary of State, Sir +Edward Grey, an elaborate Memorandum reviewing the history and +legal aspects of the question.<a name="FNanchor_85_91" id="FNanchor_85_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_91" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> The reply was in effect a reaffirmation +of the previous decisions, but the grounds on which it was +rested were different. Sir Edward Grey did not discuss the reasonableness +of the established interpretation, but he pleaded that +any departure from it would only lead to the termination of +the Treaty, and that this would serve neither British nor Jewish +interests.<a name="FNanchor_86_92" id="FNanchor_86_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_92" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p> + +<p>The dispute with the United States pursued a very different<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +course. In its earliest stages it was dealt with by minor diplomatic +and consular officials very much in the spirit of Lord John Russell,<a name="FNanchor_87_93" id="FNanchor_87_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_93" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> +but when in 1880 the Russian Government began to expel American +Jews from St. Petersburg, the question was taken in hand by the +Secretary of State as one of gravity. It was at once recognised that +a religious discrimination between American citizens could not be +tolerated in any American Treaty. This was quite apart from the +question of the legal interpretation of the Treaty of 1832.<a name="FNanchor_88_94" id="FNanchor_88_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_94" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> That +question, however, was dealt with vigorously by Mr. Blaine in July +1881. He took the broad view that the intention of the United +States in 1832 was not, and could not have been, that which the +Russian Government read into the Treaty, that the Russian interpretation +was indefensible on moral grounds, and that on such questions +local law cannot be permitted to override the express terms of +a Treaty.<a name="FNanchor_89_95" id="FNanchor_89_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_95" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> On this basis the United States patiently sought a +reversal of the Russian view, but without success. The fight lasted +thirty years. Eventually American public opinion became agitated, +an organised movement for the termination of the obnoxious treaty +was set on foot, and in December 1911 the House of Representatives +at Washington sent a strongly worded joint resolution to the Senate +declaring that Russia had violated the Treaty and calling upon the +President to denounce it. The Russian Ambassador in Washington +expressed official disapproval of the resolution, but President Taft +acted upon it without waiting for the Senate, and denounced the +Treaty on December 15. Thereupon the Senate contented itself +with a joint resolution approving the action of the President.<a name="FNanchor_90_96" id="FNanchor_90_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_96" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p> + +<p>The question of the status of Jews in foreign lands has also +arisen in Palestine and Morocco. In 1882 the Turkish Government, +fearing a Zionist propaganda, prohibited the settlement of foreign +Jews in the Holy Land. The United States protested, and in 1887 +and 1888 similar action was taken by Great Britain and France.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +In the following year the restriction was removed.<a name="FNanchor_91_97" id="FNanchor_91_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_97" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> In the case of +Morocco, Great Britain solved the question in advance by stipulating +in her Treaty with that country, negotiated in 1855, that her +Christian, Mohammedan, and Jewish subjects visiting and residing +in Morocco should be treated on an equal footing.<a name="FNanchor_92_98" id="FNanchor_92_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_98" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENTS.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="c"><span class="smcap">Art. XIV.</span>—<span class="smcap">Treaty of Carlowitz between the Emperor and the +Grand Sultan</span>, <i>Jan. 26, 1699</i>.<a name="FNanchor_93_99" id="FNanchor_93_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_99" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p> + +<p>XIV. Trade shall be free for the Subjects of both Partys, in all the +Kingdoms and Dominions of both Empires, according to the antient sacred +Capitulations. And that it may be carry'd on by both Partys with Profit +and without Fraud and Deceit, the same shall be settled by Stipulations +between Commissarys deputed on both sides, well vers'd in Merchandize, +at the time of solemn Embassys on both sides, and as has been observ'd +with other Nations in Friendship with the Sublime Empire, so his Imperial +Majesty's subjects of what Nation soever, shall enjoy the Security and +Advantage of Trade in the Kingdoms of the Sublime Empire, as well as +the usual Privileges in a fitting manner.</p> + +<p>("Collection of Treatys of Peace and Commerce," London, 1732, +vol. iv. p. 298.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Interpretation by Austrian Government. Instructions to Police of +Lower Austria, Dec. 28, 1815.</i></p> + +<p>"All differences established between Turkish Jews and other subjects +of the Ottoman Porte appear contrary to the spirit of the Treaties. These +speak of 'Turkish subjects' without making any exception. It is consequently +to this quality only that one must have regard, and not in any case +to the religion or profession of individuals."</p> + +<p>(Quoted by M. Carnot in Debate in French Chamber. <i>Moniteur</i>, May 29, +1841.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Arts. I, III and VI of Franco-Swiss Treaty, May 30, 1827.</span></p> + +<p>Article premier.—Les Français seront reçus et traités, dans chaque +canton de la Confédération, relativement à leurs personnes et à leurs pro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>priétés, +sur le même pied et de la même manière que le sont ou pourront +l'être à l'avenir les ressortissants suisses des autres cantons. Tout genre +d'industrie et de commerce permis aux ressortissants suisses des divers +cantons le sera également aux Français et sans qu'on puisse exiger d'eux +aucune condition pécuniaire ou autre plus onéreuse. Lorsqu'ils prendront +domicile ou formeront un établissement dans les cantons qui admettent +les ressortissants de leurs co-états, ils ne seront également astreints à aucune +autre condition que ces derniers.</p> + +<p>Art. 3.—Les Suisses jouiront en France des mêmes droits et avantages +que l'article premier assure aux Français en Suisse, de telle sorte qu'à l'égard +des cantons qui, sous les rapports spécifiés audit article premier, traiteront +les Français comme leurs propres ressortissants, ceux-ci seront, sous les +mêmes rapports, traités en France comme les nationaux. Sa Majesté Très +Chrétienne garantit aux autres cantons les mêmes droits et avantages dont +ils feront jouir ses sujets.</p> + +<p>Art. 6.—Les Français établis en Suisse, de même que les Suisses établis +en France en vertu du traité de 1803, continueront à jouir des droits qui +leur étaient acquis. Toutes les dispositions de la présente convention leur +seront d'ailleurs applicables.</p> + +<p>(Brisac: "Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France," pp. +10-11.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Interpretation by French Negotiator. Secret Note to the Swiss Diet, +August 7, 1826.</i></p> + +<p>Le premier point qui a paru avoir besoin de quelques éclaircissements +est relatif aux israélites sujets du roi, lesquels, en cette dernière qualité, +pourraient se croire autorisés à réclamer, dans tous les cantons suisses, le +bénéfice de l'article 5 du projet de traité arrêté entre la commission de la +Diète et moi. Je ferai observer à cet égard que, cet article premier n'accordant +aux Français que les droits qui sont accordés par chaque canton suisse +aux ressortissants des autres cantons, il s'ensuit nécessairement que, dans +ceux des cantons où le domicile et tout nouvel établissement serait interdit, +par les lois du canton souverain, aux individus de la religion de Moïse, les +sujets du roi qui professent cette religion ne sauraient se prévaloir de l'article +en question pour réclamer une exception à la règle générale du canton suisse. +Il est toutefois bien entendu que c'est une conséquence directe de l'article 6 +du projet de traité, que ceux d'entre les israélites d'origine française qui se +seraient établis sur le territoire de la Confédération sous le régime de l'acte +de médiation et en vertu du traité de 1803, continueront à jouir des droits +qui leur étaient acquis.</p> + +<p class="r">(Brisac: <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 12-13.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Interpretation by France (1835). Speech by King Louis Philippe to a +Deputation from the Consistoire Israélite, November 5, 1835.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> + +<p>Le roi a répondu:</p> + +<p>"Oui, dans tous les temps j'ai regardé comme injustes et impolitiques +les mesures qui établissaient entre les citoyens d'une même nation des +différences de qualifications sociales fondées sur la diversité des croyances +religieuses. Comme roi j'ai soutenu ce principe, et je vous ai déjà témoigné +plusieurs fois combien j'avais joui qu'il m'eût été réservé de vous en faire +l'application. J'espère qu'elle deviendra générale, je le désire beaucoup. +Je crois que c'est dans l'intérêt bien entendu de tous les peuples, et la raison +doit finir par l'emporter sur les préjugés, comme l'eau qui tombe goutte +à goutte finit par percer le plus dur rocher. Tels sont au moins mes désirs +et mes espérances; mais je ne puis me mêler de ce qui se passe dans les autres +États, à moins que les intérêts français n'en soient lésés, ainsi que cela est +arrivé dans le canton de Bâle campagne. J'avoue que j'ai été bien aise +d'avoir cette occasion de bien établir que sous mon règne tous les Français +jouissent des mêmes droits et que tous obtiennent la même protection de +la part de mon gouvernement. J'espère que mes efforts ne seront pas +infructueux et que, dans l'affaire même dont vous m'entretenez, le canton +reviendra sur une détermination aussi contraire à nos traités avec la Suisse +qu'à l'esprit du siècle où nous vivons. Pour moi, je suis heureux d'avoir +donné l'exemple de votre complète émancipation, et je vous remercie de +la justice que vous rendez à mes actes et à mes intentions; je suis bien +touché de ce que vous venez de m'exprimer."</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Moniteur</i>, Nov. 12, 1835.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Extract from Franco-Swiss Treaty of Establishment</span>,<br /> +<i>June 30, 1864</i>.</p> + +<p>"Tous les Français sans distinction de culte seront reçus et traités +à l'avenir dans chacun des Cantons suisses sur le même pied que les ressortissants +chrétiens des autres Cantons."</p> + +<p class="r">(Brisac: <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 53.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Art. I. Anglo-Swiss Treaty</span>, <i>September 6, 1855</i>.</p> + +<p>Article I. The subjects of Her Britannic Majesty shall be admitted +to reside in each of the Swiss Cantons on the same conditions, and on the +same footing, as citizens of the other Swiss Cantons. In the same manner, +Swiss citizens shall be admitted to reside in all the territories of the United<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on the same conditions, and on +the same footing as British subjects.</p> + +<p>Consequently, the subjects and citizens of either of the two Contracting +Parties shall, provided they conform to the laws of the country, be at liberty, +with their families, to enter, establish themselves, reside, and remain in +any part of the territories of the other. They may hire and occupy houses +and warehouses for the purposes of residence and commerce, and may +exercise, conformably to the laws of the country, any profession or business, +or carry on trade in articles of lawful commerce by wholesale or retail, and +may conduct such trade either in person or by any brokers or agents whom +they may think fit to employ, provided such brokers or agents shall themselves +also fulfil the conditions necessary for being admitted to reside in +the country. They shall not be subject to any taxes, charges or conditions +in respect of residence, establishment, passports, licences to reside, establish +themselves, or to trade, in respect of permission to exercise their profession, +business, trade, or occupation, greater or more onerous than those which are +or may be imposed upon the subjects or citizens of the country in which they +reside; and they shall, in all these respects, enjoy every right, privilege, +and exemption which is or may be accorded to subjects or citizens of the +country, or to subjects or citizens of the most favoured nation.</p> + +<p>(Bernhardt, "Handbook of Treaties, &c., relating to Commerce," +Lond. 1908, pp. 915-916.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Art. I. American-Swiss Treaty</span>, <i>November 6, 1855</i>.</p> + +<p>Art. I. "The citizens of the United States of America and the citizens +of Switzerland shall be admitted and treated upon a footing of reciprocal +equality in the two countries, where such admission and treatment shall +not conflict with the constitutional or legal provisions, as well Federal as +State and Cantonal, of the contracting parties.</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Pub. Amer. Jew. Hist. Soc.</i>, vol. xi. p. 15.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Interpretation by the United States, 1857. Letter from the Assistant Secretary +of State to the Jews of Baltimore.</i></p> + +<p class="r"><i>August 13, 1857.</i></p> + +<p>In compliance with your request, I enclose herewith a copy of the +treaty between the United States and Switzerland which was proclaimed +in 1855. It was originally concluded in 1850, but was amended with a +view to avoid some objections which were made on the very subject to +which you refer. In its present form, although it may not remove some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +difficulties with reference to those who profess the Israelitish faith, yet +I do not see that it discriminates against this class of our citizens in any +mode whatever. Undoubtedly in some portions of the Confederation the +local laws are less liberal to Israelites than to others, and this is deeply to +be regretted; but the Government of the United States has no control +over the legislation of a foreign State and can only employ its influence and +good offices to relieve the difficulties which such legislation may impose +in any given case.</p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">John Appleton.</span><br /> +(<i>Ibid.</i>, p. 23.)<br /></p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Action by the United States, 1861. Instruction to Mr. Fogg, Minister to +Switzerland.</i></p> + +<p class="r"><i>September 14, 1861.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—Among the important instructions addressed to your predecessor +are those concerning the restrictions of certain of the Swiss Cantons against +citizens of the United States professing Judaism—a subject which received +at Mr. Fay's hands a large share of earnest attention and upon which he +addressed the department repeatedly and at much length. It is very +desirable that his efforts to procure the removal of the restrictions referred +to, which, though not completely successful, have no doubt had much +effect in smoothing the way to such a result, should be followed up by you. +You will therefore, after having fully acquainted yourself with what Mr. +Fay has done in the premises and with the views of the department +as expressed to him in the despatches on file in the Legation, take such +steps as you may deem judicious and legal to advance the benevolent +object in question. It is not doubted that further proper appeals to the +justice and liberality of the authorities of the several Cantons whose laws +discriminate against Israelitish citizens of the United States, will result +in a removal of the odious restrictions and a recognition of the just rights +of those citizens.</p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">William H. Seward</span>,<br /> +<i>Secretary of State</i>.<br /> +<br /> +(<i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 47-48.)<br /> +</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Art. I. Russo-American Treaty</span>, <i>December</i> 18, 1832.</p> + +<p>Article I. There shall be between the territories of the high contracting +parties a reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation.</p> + +<p>The inhabitants of their respective states shall mutually have liberty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +to enter the ports, places and rivers of each party wherever foreign commerce +is permitted. They shall be at liberty to sojourn and reside in all +parts whatsoever of said territories, in order to attend to their affairs; and +they shall enjoy, to that effect, the same security and protection as natives +of the country wherein they reside, on condition of submitting to the laws +and ordinances there prevailing, and particularly to the regulations in force +concerning commerce.</p> + +<p class="r">("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. xx. p. 267.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Interpretation by United States, 1881. Dispatch of Secretary of State to the +American Minister in St. Petersburg.</i></p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">Department of State, Washington</span>,<br /> +<i>July</i> 29, 1881.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—...The case would clearly be one in which the obligation of +a treaty is supreme and where the local law must yield. These questions +of the conflict of local law and international treaty stipulations are among +the most common which have engaged the attention of publicists, and it +is their concurrent judgment that where a treaty creates a privilege for +aliens in express terms it cannot be limited by the operations of domestic +law without a serious breach of the good faith which governs the intercourse +of nations. So long as such a conventional engagement in favor of the +citizens in another State exists, the law governing natives in like cases is +manifestly inapplicable.</p> + +<p>I need hardly enlarge on the point that the Government of the United +States concludes its treaties with foreign States for the equal protection +of all classes of American citizens. It can make absolutely no discrimination +between them, whatever be their origin or creed. So that they abide by +the laws at home or abroad it must give them due protection and expect +like protection for them. Any unfriendly or discriminatory act against +them on the part of a foreign power with which we are at peace would call +for our earnest remonstrance, whether a treaty existed or not. The friendliness +of our relations with foreign nations is emphasized by the treaties +we have concluded with them. We have been moved to enter into such +international compacts by considerations of mutual benefit and reciprocity, +by the same considerations, in short, which have animated the Russian +Government from the time of the noble and tolerant declarations of the +Empress Catherine in 1784 to those of the ukase of 1860. We have looked +to the spirit rather than to the letter of those engagements, and believed that +they should be interpreted in the broadest way; and it is therefore a source<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +of unfeigned regret to us when a Government, to which we are allied by so +many historical ties as to that of Russia, shows a disposition in its dealings +with us to take advantage of technicalities, to appeal to the rigid letter and +not the reciprocal motive of its international engagements in justification +of the expulsion from its territories of peaceable American citizens resorting +thither under the good faith of treaties and accused of no wrong-doing or +of no violation of the commercial code of the land, but of the simple +adherence to the faith of their fathers....</p> + +<p>I can readily conceive that statutes bristling with difficulties +remain unrepealed in the volumes of the law of Russia as well as of other +nations. Even we ourselves have our obsolete "blue laws," and their +literal enforcement, if such a thing were possible, might to-day subject a +Russian of freethinking proclivities, in Maryland or Delaware, to the +penalty of having his tongue bored through with a red-hot iron for +blasphemy. Happily the spirit of progress is of higher authority than +the letter of outworn laws, and statutory enactments are not so inelastic +but that they relax and change with the general advancement of peoples in +the path of tolerance.</p> + +<p>The simple fact that thousands of Israelites to-day pursue their callings +unmolested in St. Petersburg, under the shadow of ancient proscriptive +laws, is in itself an eloquent testimony to the principle of progress. And so, +too, in Spain, where the persecution and expulsion of the Jews is one of the +most notable and deplorable facts in history, and where the edicts of the +earlier sovereigns remain unrepealed, we see to-day an offer of protection +and assured right of domicile made to Israelites of every race....</p> + +<p>I had the honor in my letter of the 20th ultimo to Mr. Bartholomey +to acquaint him with the general views of the President in relation to this +matter.</p> + +<p>I cannot better bring this instruction to a close than by repeating +and amplifying those views which the President so firmly holds, and which +he so anxiously desires to have recognized and responded to by the Russian +Government.</p> + +<p>He conceives that the intention of the United States in negotiating +the treaty of December 18, 1832, and the distinct and enlightened reciprocal +engagements then entered into with the Government of Russia, give us +moral ground to expect careful attention to our opinions as to its rational +interpretation in the broadest and most impartial sense; that he would +deeply regret, in view of the gratifying friendliness of the relations of the +two countries which he is so desirous to maintain, to find that this large +national sentiment fails to control the present issue, or that a narrow +and rigid limitation of the construction possible to the treaty stipulation +between the two countries is likely to be adhered to; that if, after a frank<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +comparison of the views of the two Governments, in the most amicable +spirit and with the most earnest desire to reach a mutually agreeable conclusion, +the treaty stipulations between the United States and Russia are +found insufficient to determine questions of nationality and tolerance of +individual faith, or to secure to American citizens in Russia the treatment +which Russians receive in the United States, it is simply due to the good +relations of the two countries that the stipulations should be made sufficient +in these regards; and we can look for no clearer evidence of the good will +which Russia professes toward us than a frank declaration of her readiness +to come to a distinct agreement with us on these points in an earnest and +generous spirit.</p> + +<p>I have observed that in your conferences on this subject heretofore +with the minister of foreign affairs, as reported in your dispatches, you have +on some occasions given discreet expression to the feelings of sympathy +and gratification with which this Government and people regard any steps +taken in foreign countries in the direction of a liberal tolerance analogous +to that which forms the fundamental principle of our national existence. +Such expressions were natural on your part and reflected a sentiment which +we all feel. But in making the President's views known to the minister +I desire that you will carefully subordinate such sentiments to the simple +consideration of what is conscientiously believed to be due to our citizens +in foreign lands. You will distinctly impress upon him that, regardful +of the sovereignty of Russia, we do not submit any suggestions touching +the laws and customs of the Empire except where those laws and customs +conflict with and destroy the rights of American citizens as assured by +treaty obligations.</p> + +<p>You can further advise him that we can make no new treaty with +Russia nor accept any construction of our existing treaty which shall discriminate +against any class of American citizens on account of their religious +faith.</p> + +<p>I cannot but feel assured that this earnest presentation of the views +of this Government will accord with the sense of justice and equity of that +of Russia and that the questions at issue will soon find their natural solution +in harmony with the noble spirit of tolerance which pervaded the ukase +of the Empress Catherine a century ago, and with the statesmanlike +declaration of the principle of reciprocity found in the late decree of the +Czar Alexander II in 1860.</p> + +<p>You may read this dispatch to the minister for foreign affairs, and +should he desire a copy you will give it to him.</p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">James G. Blaine.</span><br /> +<br /> +("For. Relat. of the U.S.," 1881, pp. 1030 <i>et seq.</i>)<br /> +</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Denunciation by United States, 1911.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span></p> + +<p class="c"><i>Resolution of the House of Representatives, December 13, 1911.</i></p> + +<p>Resolved, etc., That the people of the United States assert as a fundamental +principle that the rights of its citizens shall not be impaired at home +or abroad because of race or religion; that the Government of the United +States concludes its treaties for the equal protection of all classes of its +citizens, without regard to race or religion; that the Government of the +United States will not be a party to any treaty which discriminates, or +which by one of the parties thereto is so construed as to discriminate, +between American citizens on the ground of race or religion; that the +Government of Russia has violated the treaty between the United States +and Russia, concluded at St. Petersburg, December 18, 1832, refusing to +honor American passports duly issued to American citizens, on account +of race and religion; that in the judgment of the Congress the said treaty, +for the reasons aforesaid, ought to be terminated at the earliest possible +time; that for the aforesaid reasons the said treaty is hereby declared to +be terminated and of no further force and effect from the expiration of one +year after the date of notification to the Government of Russia of the terms +of this resolution, and that to this end the President is hereby charged +with the duty of communicating such notice to the Government of Russia.</p> + +<p class="r">("Congressional Record," xlviii. 280, 304-305.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Resolution of the Senate, December 20, 1911.</i></p> + +<p>Whereas the treaty of commerce and navigation between the United +States and Russia concluded on the 18th day of December, 1832, provides +in Article XII thereof that it "shall continue in force until the first day +of January in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine, +and if one year before that day one of the high contracting parties +shall not have announced to the other by an official notification its intention +to arrest the operation thereof this treaty shall remain obligatory +one year beyond that day, and so on until the expiration of the year which +shall commence after the date of a similar notification"; and</p> + +<p>Whereas on the 17th day of December, 1911, the President caused to +be delivered to the Imperial Russian Government by the American +Ambassador at St. Petersburg an official notification on behalf of the +Government of the United States announcing intention to terminate the +operation of this treaty upon the expiration of the year commencing on +the 1st day of January 1912; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></p> + +<p>Whereas said treaty is no longer responsive in various respects to the +political principles and commercial needs of the two countries; and</p> + +<p>Whereas the constructions placed thereon by the respective contracting +parties differ upon matters of fundamental importance and interest to +each; Therefore be it</p> + +<p>Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled, That the notice thus given by +the President of the United States to the Government of the Empire of +Russia to terminate said treaty in accordance with the terms of the Treaty +is hereby adopted and ratified.</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 493-522.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Arts. I and XI, Anglo-Russian Treaty,</span> <i>January 12, 1859</i>.</p> + +<p>Article I. There shall be between all the dominions and possessions +of the two High Contracting Parties, reciprocal freedom of commerce and +navigation. The subjects of each of the two Contracting Parties, respectively, +shall have liberty freely and securely to come, with their ships +and cargoes, to all places, ports and rivers in the dominions and possessions of +the other, to which other foreigners are or may be permitted to come; and +shall, throughout the whole extent of the dominions and possessions of the +other, enjoy the same rights, privileges, liberties, favours, immunities and +exemptions in matters of commerce and navigation, which are or may be +enjoyed by native subjects generally.</p> + +<p>It is understood, however, that the preceding stipulations in no wise +affect the laws, decrees, and special regulations regarding commerce, +industry, and police, in vigour in each of the two countries, and generally +applicable to all foreigners.</p> + +<p>Article XI. The subjects of either of the two High Contracting Parties, +conforming themselves to the laws of the country, shall have:—</p> + +<p>1. Full liberty, with their families, to enter, travel, or reside in any +part of the dominions and possessions of the other Contracting Party.</p> + +<p>2. They shall be permitted, in the towns and ports, to hire or possess the +houses, warehouses, shops and premises, which may be necessary for them.</p> + +<p>3. They may carry on their commerce, either in person or by any agents +whom they may think fit to employ.</p> + +<p>4. They shall not be subject, in respect of their persons or property, +or in respect of passports, licences for residence or establishment, nor in +respect of their commerce or industry, to any taxes, whether general or +local, nor to imposts or obligations of any kind whatever, other or greater +than those which are or may be imposed upon native subjects.</p> + +<p class="r">(Bernhardt: <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 721, 724-725.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Interpretation by Great Britain, 1862 and 1881. Despatch from Lord Granville +to H.B.M. Ambassador at St. Petersburg.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span></p> + +<p class="c"><i>Earl Granville to Sir E. Thornton.</i></p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:4%;"><span class="smcap">Foreign Office</span>,</span><br /> +<i>December 28th, 1881</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—In my preceding despatch of to-day I have discussed the question +whether Mr. Lewisohn, in the arbitrary expulsion from Russia to which +he was subjected in September of last year, was treated in accordance with +the Russian law as applied to foreign Jews. It now remains to be considered +whether Her Majesty's Government are entitled to claim for a British subject +of the Jewish faith immunity from the operation of these laws, under the +Treaty between Great Britain and Russia of 1859.</p> + +<p>It will be seen that Article I of that Treaty secures to foreigners the +same rights as are enjoyed by native subjects generally, but the stipulations of +that Article are not to affect the laws, decrees, and special regulations +regarding commerce, industry and police in vigour in each of the two countries, +and applicable to foreigners generally; and again, by Article XI, they are +not to be subjected to imposts or obligations of any kind whatever other +and greater than those which are or may be imposed on native subjects.</p> + +<p>The Treaty is no doubt open to two possible constructions: the one, +that it only assures to British subjects of any particular creed the same +privileges as are enjoyed by Russian subjects of the same creed; the other +that the privileges accorded to British subjects are accorded to all alike, +without regard to the religious body to which they belong.</p> + +<p>If the latter construction be adopted, British Jews in Russia would +be entitled to be relieved from the disabilities to which native Jews are +liable, but such a construction would also involve the supposition that +Russia had agreed to create a state of things inconsistent with the traditions +of her Government, which could not fail to be a source of embarrassment to her.</p> + +<p>Upon an examination of the archives of this Department, it has been found +that the position of the Jews in Russia formed the subject of a complaint from +certain British subjects of that religion at Warsaw in 1862, and that Her +Majesty's Government then came to the conclusion that they would not be +justified in claiming exemption for British Jews in Russia from disabilities +to which their Russian co-religionists were liable by law.</p> + +<p>On that occasion Earl Russell informed Lord Napier, then Her Majesty's +Ambassador at St. Petersburgh, that the effect of the 1st and 11th Articles +of the Treaty was to place British subjects on the footing of Russian subjects +before the law, each class being alike, and one not more than the other amen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>able +to all general laws applicable in like cases; that as Russian subjects, +being Jews, incurred certain disabilities, the equality intended and provided +for by the Treaty was not infringed by British subjects who were Jews and +resident in Russia sharing the same disabilities. The despatch went on to +say that it would seem to be beyond the scope and general intent of a Treaty +of Commerce and Navigation if it were to be held to repeal in the persons of +foreigners the legal disabilities to which, for reasons of general State policy, +particular classes of individual natives of the country had been subjected, +and it was hardly to be supposed that such an interpretation would be accepted +or adopted by an independent Government as against itself.</p> + +<p>Her Majesty's Government feel that they cannot now insist upon a construction +of the Treaty at variance with that which was placed upon it in +1862.</p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:4%;">I am, &c.,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Granville.</span><br /> +("Parl. Paper, Russia," No. 4 (1881), p. 21.)<br /> +</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Interpretation by Great Britain, 1891. Letter from the Marquis of Salisbury +to Sir Julian Goldsmid.</i></p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:5%;"><span class="smcap">Foreign Office</span>,</span><br /> +<i>January 29th, 1891</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—With reference to the letter from this office of the 16th ultimo and +to previous correspondence respecting the position of British Jews in Russia, +I am directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to inform you that the question has +been fully considered in communication with the Law Officers of the Crown.</p> + +<p>Her Majesty's Government are advised that, so long as the disabilities to +which British and Russian Jews are subjected are substantially the same, it +is not open to Her Majesty's Government to depart from the interpretation of +Treaties laid down in Lord Granville's despatch of December 28, 1881.</p> + +<p>You will find a copy of this despatch on page 21 of the Parliamentary +Paper "Russia No. 4, 1881."</p> + +<p class="r"> +<span style="margin-right:25%;">I am, Sir,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-right:18%;">Your most obedient, humble Servant,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">T. H. Sanderson.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir J. Goldsmid, Bart., M.P.</span></p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Interpretation by Great Britain, 1912. Letter from Sir Edward Grey to the +Conjoint Committee.</i></p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">Foreign Office</span>,<br /> +<i>October 1st, 1912</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,—Secretary Sir E. Grey has had under his careful consideration +your Memorial of August 2nd last on the subject of the grievances caused<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> +by the restrictions imposed in Russia on British subjects of the Jewish faith in +regard to the interpretation of Articles I and XI of the Treaty of Commerce +between this country and Russia of January 12th, 1859.</p> + +<p>I am to inform you that, inasmuch as the construction which should be +placed on the Articles of the Treaty was carefully considered by His Majesty's +Government in 1862, and again in 1881, His Majesty's Government would not +now be able to reverse the decision then arrived at, and that an attempt to do +so, or to interpret and utilise the Treaty in a sense contrary to the spirit of +that decision, would only lead to its termination by formal notice as provided +for by the Treaty at the end of twelve months. Such result would in no way +advance the interests of those whom you represent, and would in other respects +be disadvantageous to British interests. Sir E. Grey, therefore, regrets that +he is unable to approach the Russian Government in the sense desired.</p> + +<p class="r"> +<span style="margin-right:5%;">I am, Gentlemen,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-right:2%;">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Eyre A. Crowe.</span></p> + + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">The Conjoint Jewish Committee,<br /> +19 Finsbury Circus, E.C.</span></p> + +<p class="r">("Annual Report, Board of Deputies, 1912," pp. 81-82.)<br /> +</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Art. XIII. Anglo-Moorish Treaty</span>, <i>December 9, 1856</i>.</p> + +<p>Article XIII. All British subjects, whether Mahometans, Jews, or +Christians, shall alike enjoy all the rights and privileges granted by the present +Treaty and the Convention of Commerce and Navigation which has also been +concluded this day, or which shall at any time be granted to the most favoured +nation.</p> + +<p class="r">(Bernhardt: <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 561.)</p> + +<p class="c top5">(<i>b</i>) <span class="smcap">CONSULAR PROTECTION.</span></p> + +<p>Besides natural born and naturalised Jewish subjects of intervening +States, there is another class of Jews on whose behalf protective +interventions have been exercised on grounds of right. These are +native Jews who for one reason or another have acquired Consular +Protection under the Capitulations and other exterritorial privileges +enjoyed by foreign States in Oriental and semi-barbarous countries. +The origin of this protection has already been briefly described.<a name="FNanchor_94_100" id="FNanchor_94_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_100" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>The exact national status of the persons on whom it is conferred +is not easy to define, but in the Foreign Jurisdiction +Orders in Council they are assimilated with "British subjects" +so far as British exterritorial jurisdiction is concerned,<a name="FNanchor_95_101" id="FNanchor_95_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_101" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> and +this roughly has been the practice of all States exercising Consular +Protection.</p> + +<p>The system lent itself easily to abuse and fraud, chiefly because +exterritoriality in the countries in which it was exercised generally +carried with it immunity not only from arbitrary exactions but also +from ordinary taxation. Moreover, in the case of native Jews who +often suffered from Moslem fanaticism—chiefly in Morocco and +Persia—Consular Protection was exercised from motives of humanity, +and for that purpose more or less fictitious qualifications were +found for them. We get a curious glimpse of the loose way in which +Consular Protection was granted from the Anglo-Turkish Treaty +of 1809. Under the Capitulations (Arts. LIX and LX) native +interpreters and servants of the Embassy were free of taxes and +indeed of Turkish jurisdiction generally. By the Treaty of 1809 +(Art. IX) it was agreed that in future the <i>berats</i> of interpreters +should not issue to "artizans, shopkeepers, bankers and +other persons not acting as interpreters."<a name="FNanchor_96_102" id="FNanchor_96_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_102" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> Owing to this stipulation +and the sensitiveness of the Porte in regard to its jurisdiction +over its own subjects, irregular Protections were discontinued in +Turkey. This, however, was not a source of serious grievance to +Jews, as on the whole they have been extremely well treated in the +Ottoman Empire.</p> + +<p>It is not generally known—and the fact may prove of peculiar +importance at the present moment—that all Russian Jews settled +in Palestine are, on certain conditions, entitled to claim British protection +and so much of the status of British subjects as this privilege +implies. In 1849, when there was a considerable influx of Russian +Jews into Jerusalem, the Russian Government, having no Consul in +the city and for other reasons, desired to get rid of the responsibility +of protecting them. Accordingly an arrangement was arrived at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +between the British and Russian authorities permitting such Jews, +on receiving papers of dismissal from their Russian allegiance from +the Vice-Consul at Jaffa, to register at the British Consulate as +British protégés. A large number availed themselves of the privilege. +There is nothing to show that the Agreement of 1849 was ever +cancelled.<a name="FNanchor_97_103" id="FNanchor_97_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_103" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></p> + +<p>In Morocco the Consular Protection System affected Jews more +closely than in Turkey. It was for many years their sole protection +against the oppressions of the Bashaws and the cruel fanaticism of +the people, and on this ground there was much to be said for its so-called +abuses and irregularities. The right of protection seems to +have been derived from a very loosely worded article of the Anglo-Moorish +Treaty of 1728, granting immunity from taxation to all the +native servants of British subjects, whether Moors or Jews.<a name="FNanchor_98_104" id="FNanchor_98_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_104" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> This +Treaty was abrogated by the general Treaty of 1856 (Article +XXXVIII) and a more definite scope was given to British Consular +jurisdiction (Article III), but in a Treaty of Commerce signed on the +same day, it was expressly stipulated (Article IV) that native agents +employed by British subjects "shall be treated and regarded as +other subjects of the Moorish dominions."<a name="FNanchor_99_105" id="FNanchor_99_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_105" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> Nevertheless, the old +abuses continued in virtue of the "Most favoured nation" clause,<a name="FNanchor_100_106" id="FNanchor_100_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_106" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> +and a very large number of native Jews received protection at the +hands of the Consuls of all the Powers, partly on account of their +usefulness and partly on account of the insecurity of their lives and +property under the Moorish authorities.</p> + +<p>It was, however, difficult to restrain Moorish fanaticism, +and the Consuls were frequently called upon to protect their +Jewish protégés or to avenge outrages of which they became +victims.<a name="FNanchor_101_107" id="FNanchor_101_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_107" class="fnanchor">[101]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENTS.</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Protection of Russian Jews in Palestine.—the Agreement of 1849.</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="c"><i>Earl Russell to the Jewish Board of Deputies.</i></p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">Foreign Office</span>,<br /> +<i>February 1st, 1864</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—I am directed by Earl Russell to acknowledge the receipt of your +two letters of the 29th of December and 22nd inst., in the former of which you +enclose a Memorial to His Lordship from the Jews of Safed and Tiberias, +praying that they may again be placed under British protection, of which +they assert that they were deprived by Mr. Consul Finn under the circumstances +stated by them.</p> + +<p>I am now to state to you in reply for the information of the Memorialists +that Her Majesty's Government have every disposition to give effect to the +arrangements which were made with the Russian Consul General in 1849, +namely to afford British protection to those Jews who, having declined to +return to Russia, have divested themselves of their Russian Nationality, +and so forfeited the protection to which <i>primâ facie</i> they were entitled to look. +But I am to add that it must be distinctly understood that this can only be +done by the production on the part of the individual seeking British protection +of the formal letter of Dismissal from the Russian Consulate, shewing that he +has been cast off from Russian protection, and would thus be left otherwise +unprotected. If he can produce no such letter, Her Majesty's Consular +Officers will not be entitled to grant to such individual British protection.</p> + +<p>Mr. Finn acted erroneously in originally supposing that British protection +could be granted to Russian Jews without the production of formal letters of +dismissal, and it was in consequence of instructions from Her Majesty's +Government that he withdrew British Consular protection from those persons +who could not produce such letters. Lord Russell, however, is of opinion that +Mr. Finn has shewn satisfactorily that his good offices have nevertheless +not unfrequently been extended to the Jewish Communities at Safed and +Tiberias, and that they have no just reason to complain of him.</p> + +<p>A delay has been occasioned in answering your first letter by the necessity +of communicating with Mr. Finn and of making other inquiries with regard +to the statements contained in the Memorial.</p> + +<p class="r"> +<span style="margin-right:8%;">I am, Sir,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-right:4%;">Your most obedient humble Servant,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">I. Hammond.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">J. M. Montefiore, Esq.,</span><br /> +4 <span class="smcap">Gt. Stanhope St., Mayfair.</span></p> + +<p class="r">(Minute Books of Board of Deputies, 1864.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Art. III. Anglo-Moorish Treaty</span> <i>of January 14, 1727-8</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> + +<p>III. That the Menial Servants of his Britannic Majesty's Subjects, the +Natives of the Country, either Moors or Jews, be exempt from Taxes of all +kinds.</p> + +<p class="r">("A General Collection of Treaties" (1732), iv. 458.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Art. III. Anglo-Moorish General Treaty</span> <i>of December 9, 1856</i>.<br/> +<span class="smcap">Extract.</span></p> + +<p>Article III. ...The British Chargé d'Affaires shall be at liberty to +choose his own interpreters and servants, either from the Mussulmans or +others, and neither his interpreters nor servants shall be compelled to pay +any capitation tax, forced contribution, or other similar or corresponding +charge. With respect to the Consuls or Vice-Consuls who shall reside at the +ports under the orders of the said Chargé d'Affaires, they shall be at liberty +to choose one interpreter, one guard, and two servants, either from the Mussulmans +or others; and neither the interpreter, nor the guard, nor their +servants, shall be compelled to pay any capitation tax, forced contribution, +or other similar or corresponding charge. If the said Chargé d'Affaires should +appoint a subject of the Sultan of Morocco as Vice-Consul at a Moorish port, +the said Vice-Consul, and those members of his family who may dwell within +his house, shall be respected, and exempted from the payment of any capitation +tax, or other similar or corresponding charge; but the said Vice-Consul shall +not take under his protection any subject of the Sultan of Morocco except +the members of his family dwelling under his roof.</p> + +<p class="r">(Bernhardt: <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 556.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Art. IV. Anglo-Moorish Treaty of Commerce</span> <i>of December 9, 1856</i>.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Extract.</span></p> + +<p>Article IV. The subjects of Her Britannic Majesty within the dominions +of His Majesty the Sultan shall be free to manage their own affairs themselves, +or to commit those affairs to the management of any persons whom they may +appoint as their broker, factor or agent; nor shall such British subjects be +restrained in their choice of persons to act in such capacities; nor shall they +be called upon to pay any salary or remuneration to any person whom they +shall not choose to employ; but those persons who shall be thus employed, +and who are subjects of the Sultan of Morocco, shall be treated and regarded +as other subjects of the Moorish dominions.</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Ibid.</i> p. 573.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Franco-Moorish "Règlement" regarding Protection</span>, <i>August 19, 1863</i>.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Extracts.</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p> + +<p>La protection est individuelle et temporaire.</p> + +<p>Elle ne s'applique pas en général aux parents de l'individu protégé.</p> + +<p>Elle ne peut s'appliquer à sa famille, c'est-à-dire à la femme et aux +enfants demeurant sous le même toit.</p> + +<p>Elle est tout au plus viagère, jamais héréditaire, sauf la seule exception +admise en faveur de la famille Benchimol, qui, de père en fils, a fourni et +fournit des censaux interprètes au port de Tanger.</p> + +<p>Les protégés se divisent en deux catégories:</p> + +<p>La première catégorie comprend les indigènes employés par la Légation +et par les différentes Autorités consulaires.</p> + +<p>La seconde catégorie se compose des facteurs, courtiers ou agents +indigènes employés par les négociants français pour leurs affaires de +commerce....</p> + +<p>Le nombre des courtiers indigènes jouissant de la protection française +est limité à deux par maison de commerce. Par exception, les maisons +de commerce qui ont des comptoirs dans différents ports pourront avoir +des courtiers attachés à chacun de ces comptoirs et jouissant à ce titre de +la protection française....</p> + +<p>Il est entendu, que les cultivateurs, gardiens de troupeaux ou autres +paysans indigènes au service des Français ne pourront être l'objet de poursuites +judiciaires sans que l'Autorité consulaire compétente en soit immédiatement +informée, afin que celle-ci puisse sauvegarder l'intérêt de ses +nationaux....</p> + +<p class="c">(De Card: "Les Traités entre la France et le Maroc" (Paris, 1898), pp. 221-22.)</p></div> + + +<p class="doc">(<i>c</i>) <span class="smcap">THE CONFERENCES OF MADRID</span> (1800) <span class="smcap">AND ALGECIRAS</span> (1906).</p> + +<p>Through the efforts of the British Minister at Tangier, Sir John +Drummond Hay, who had negotiated the Treaties of 1856 and who +was strongly opposed to the abuses of the Protection system, a Conference +of the Powers and other interested States was held at Madrid +in 1880 with the object of introducing reforms.<a name="FNanchor_102_108" id="FNanchor_102_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_108" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> A new Convention, +containing a few fresh restrictions, was agreed upon, but, as a matter +of fact, the Conference was a failure, owing to the reluctance of +France to abandon a system which gave her an advantage against +Great Britain in promoting her influence in Morocco.<a name="FNanchor_103_109" id="FNanchor_103_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_109" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> For obvious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +reasons, Jewish influence was also largely used to the same end. The +Jewish factor of the problem came out very prominently in the debates +of the Conference. All the protégés referred to by name were Jews, +such as the families of Benchimol, Moses Nahon, David Buzaglo, +and Isaac Toledano.<a name="FNanchor_104_110" id="FNanchor_104_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_110" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> One of the few reforms carried out by the +Conference was the abolition of hereditary protection. An exception +was, however, made in the case of the Jewish family of Benchimol, +whose rights in this respect had been guaranteed in the Convention +of 1863 with France, and a special reservation to this effect +was inserted in the new Treaty.<a name="FNanchor_105_111" id="FNanchor_105_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_111" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p> + +<p>The Conference also dealt with the general questions of Religious +Liberty in Morocco and of the treatment of native Jews. In 1864 +Sir Moses Montefiore, as President of the Jewish Board of Deputies +and with the support of the British Government, had undertaken a +mission to Morocco in order to secure an improvement in the treatment +of the non-Mohammedan population, and more particularly the Jews. +He succeeded in obtaining from the Sultan a remarkable Edict assuring +to the Jews a perfect equality of treatment with all the other subjects +of the Sultan.<a name="FNanchor_106_112" id="FNanchor_106_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_112" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> This Edict had not been observed, and, at the +instance of the Pope, the Madrid Conference adopted a Declaration +calling upon the Shereefian Government to give effect to it and at +the same time to assure Religious Liberty to all its subjects. The +result was to extract from the Sultan a formal reaffirmation of the +Montefiore Edict.<a name="FNanchor_107_113" id="FNanchor_107_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_113" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p> + +<p>A similar course was pursued by the Conference which met at +Algeciras in 1906 to consider the Moorish question in its wider political +aspects. The intervening quarter of a century had been as barren +of reforms as the period which elapsed between the granting of the +Edict of 1864 and the meeting of the Madrid Conference. The maltreatment +of the Jews had continued, and had been the subject +of frequent complaints by the Alliance Israélite, the Anglo-Jewish +Association, and the American Jewish Committee, and of remon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>strances +by their respective Governments. Accordingly at the instance +of the United States Government, the question was brought before +the Algeciras Conference, and, at the sitting of that body on April 2, +1906, a resolution was adopted, again calling upon the Sultan of +Morocco to see "that the Jews of his Empire and all his subjects, +without distinction of faith, were treated with justice and equality."<a name="FNanchor_108_114" id="FNanchor_108_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_114" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p> + +<p>No steps, however, were taken to enforce this resolution, and +it was not even made a treaty obligation. That, however, was of +little consequence, for, very shortly after, the Moorish Empire virtually +disappeared, and a French Protectorate was proclaimed. The +Jews of Morocco are now in the same situation as their brethren in +Algiers and Tunis, which, however, is not to say that it is entirely +satisfactory.</p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENTS.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Extracts from Protocols of the Madrid Conference (1880).</span></p> + +<p class="c"><i>Protocole No. 3.—Séance du 20 Mai, 1880.</i></p> + +<p>Sur la question de la protection héréditaire, le Plénipotentiaire de France +rappelle que la Convention de 1863 accorde formellement cette protection +à la famille Benchimol. Les raisons qui ont motivé cette exception ont +été dûment appreciées à cette époque par le Gouvernement Marocain; elles +ont conservé toute leur force, et il est impossible au Gouvernement Français +d'abandonner une famille qui jouit depuis 17 ans de la plus juste considération. +Il demande le maintien de cette exception si légitime.</p> + +<p>Le Plénipotentiaire du Portugal, tout en maintenant dans toute son +étendue le droit au traitement de la nation la plus favorisée, reconnu toujours +au Portugal et récemment encore lors des Ambassades spéciales envoyées +par sa Majesté Chérifienne en 1875 et 1877, admet que la France puisse +alléguer des motifs spéciaux en faveur d'une exception qui, selon lui, n'invalide +pas le principe. Il accepte donc sans reserve que la protection ne soit +pas héréditaire, avec l'exception unique établi nominativement dans +la Convention de 1863. Seulement pour le cas où le Gouvernement Marocain +accorderait par la suite d'autres exceptions de cette nature, il réserverait +le droit du Gouvernement Portugais de réclamer une exception analogue.</p> + +<p>Pareille réserve est faite par les autres Plénipotentiaires.</p> + +<p>"La protection n'est point héréditaire. Une seule exception est +maintenue en faveur de la famille Benchimol, comme étant établie dans la +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>Convention de 1863; mais elle ne saurait créer un précédent. Cependant +si le Souverain du Maroc accordait une autre exception, toutes les Puissances +représentées à la Conférence auraient le droit de réclamer une exception +pareille."</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Protocole No. 11.—Séance du 24 Juin, 1880.</i></p> + +<p>Le Plénipotentiaire d'Italie demande la parole, et s'exprime en ces +termes:—</p> + +<p>"...L'Italie a toujours maintenu inaltérable son droit consuétudinaire +sans jamais en abuser. En effet, en examinant le chiffre de 108, +auquel montent ses protégés, on trouvera que 11 seulement sont protégés +en vertu du droit consuétudinaire.</p> + +<p>"Six sont d'anciens Vice-Consuls et interprètes des États Italiens +composant actuellement le Royaume d'Italie. Le nombre de ceux qui +ont rendu ainsi des services à l'Italie est de six et non d'un seul (M. Moses +Nahon), comme M. le Ministre des Affaires Etrangères du Maroc avait cru +pouvoir l'affirmer dans la séance du 19 Juillet, 1879, des Conférences de +Tanger.</p> + +<p>"La veuve David Buzaglo et ses deux fils composent la famille d'un +Agent Diplomatique Italien, et jouisse à ce titre de la protection.</p> + +<p>"La veuve Isaac Toldano et 8 autres personnes appartiennent à la +famille de Joseph Toldano, Interprète de la Légation d'Italie, famille qui +jusqu'à présent a joui de la protection héréditaire comme la famille +Benchimol, protégée par la France."</p> + +<p class="r">("Brit. and For. State Papers," lxxi. 825-826, 872, 873-874.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Art. VI. Treaty of Madrid</span>, <i>July 6, 1880</i>.<a name="FNanchor_109_115" id="FNanchor_109_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_115" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></p> + +<p>VI. La protection s'étend sur la famille du protégé. Sa demeure +est respectée.</p> + +<p>Il est entendu que la famille ne se compose que de la femme, +des enfants, et des parents mineurs qui habitent sous le même toit.</p> + +<p>La protection n'est pas héréditaire. Une seule exception, déjà établie +par la Convention de 1863, et qui ne saurait créer un précédent, est maintenue +en faveur de la famille Benchimol.</p> + +<p>Cependant, si le Sultan du Maroc accordait une autre exception, +chacune des Puissances Contractantes aurait le droit de réclamer une +concession semblable.</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 641-642.)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">The Montefiore Edict, 1864.</span></p> + +<p class="c">In the Name of God, the Merciful and Gracious. There is no power but<br /> +in God, the High and Mighty.</p> + +<p>Be it known by this our Royal Edict—may God exalt and bless its +purport and elevate the same to the high heavens, as he does the sun and +moon!—that it is our command, that all Jews residing within our dominions, +be the condition in which the Almighty God has placed them whatever it +may, shall be treated by our Governors, Administrators, and all other +subjects, in manner conformable with the evenly balanced scales of Justice, +and that in the administration of the Courts of Law they (the Jews) shall +occupy a position of perfect equality with all other people; so that not +even a fractional portion of the smallest imaginable particle of injustice +shall reach any of them, nor shall they be subjected to anything of an +objectionable nature. Neither they (the Authorities) nor any one else shall +do them (the Jews) wrong, whether to their persons or to their property. +Nor shall any tradesman among them, or artizan, be compelled to work +against his will. The work of everyone shall be duly recompensed, for +injustice here is injustice in Heaven, and we cannot countenance it in any +matter affecting either their (the Jews') rights or the rights of others, our +own dignity being itself opposed to such a course. All persons in our +regard have an equal claim to justice; and if any person should wrong or +injure one of them (the Jews), we will, with the help of God, punish him.</p> + +<p>The commands hereinbefore set forth had been given and made known +before now; but we repeat them, and add force to them, in order that they +may be more clearly understood, and more strictly carried into effect, as +well as serve for a warning to such as may be evilly disposed towards them +(the Jews), and that the Jews shall thus enjoy for the future more security +than heretofore, whilst the fear to injure them shall be greatly increased.</p> + +<p>This Decree, blessed by God, is promulgated on the 26th of Shaban, +1280 (15 February 1864). Peace!</p> + +<p>(Loewe, "Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore," vol. ii. p. 153.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Further Extract from Protocols of the Madrid +Conference (1880).</span></p> + +<p class="c"><i>Protocole No. 12.—Séance du 26 Juin, 1880.</i></p> + +<p>Le Président observe que la Conférence, ayant accompli, et au delà, +la tâche qu'elle s'était proposée, est à la veille de se dissoudre. Mais il doit +porter à la connaissance de ses membres, avant qu'ils ne se séparent, une<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +communication importante qui a été adressée par le Saint-Siège au +Gouvernement de Sa Majesté Catholique.</p> + +<p>M. Canovas del Castillo donne lecture de la production suivante d'une +lettre, en date du 4 Mai, 1880, qu'il a reçue de son Eminence le Cardinal +Nina:</p> + +<p>"<span class="smcap">Excellence</span>,—Le Saint-Père, obéissant au devoirs de sa mission +apostolique, ne peut que mettre à profit toutes les occasions qui se +présentent de veiller aux intérêts du Catholicisme, sur n'importe quel +point du globe. Ayant appris que dans le courant de ce mois un Congrès +Diplomatique doit se réunir sous votre présidence pour s'occuper des affaires +du Maroc, Sa Sainteté, tout en reconnaissant que parmi les questions qui +seront soumises à la délibération de la Conférence, celle qui se rapporte à +la liberté religieuse dans l'Empire Marocain n'a pas été particulièrement +désignée, croit cependant que rien n'interdirait aux Plénipotentiaires réunis +à Madrid de porter leur attention sur un sujet si important pour le +bienêtre des habitants du Maroc, quand même il ne serait considéré qu'au +point de vue matériel.</p> + +<p>"Il n'est point douteux que, de même qu'au dernier Congrès de Berlin +les appels faits par mon illustre prédécesseur, le Cardinal Franchi, aux +Représentants de la France et de l'Autriche, MM. Waddington et Andrássy, +eurent pour résultat de faire accueillir et voter, avec l'approbation générale, +les demandes de Sa Sainteté relatives à la liberté de la religion Catholique +pour les sujets de la Sublime Porte et des États qui l'avoisinent, de même +la proposition que je fais en ce moment trouvera un accueil non moins +favorable de la part des dignes Représentants à la veille de se réunir dans +la capitale d'une nation si dévouée au Saint-Siège, et liée par tant d'intérêts +à l'Empire du Maroc. D'autre part, il n'est pas permis de présumer que +le Gouvernement Marocain, uni par un lien si étroit au Représentant +suprême de l'Islamisme, puisse se réfuser à suivre l'exemple qui lui a été +offert par l'adhésion de l'Empereur des Ottomans aux Articles stipulés +dans le Congrès de Berlin, lorsque la Conférence qui va se réunir lui proposera +d'adopter une résolution analogue.</p> + +<p>"Obéissant à ces considérations, le Saint-Père m'a chargé de m'adresser +à votre Excellence, digne Président de l'Assemblée, et de faire appel, en +son nom Pontifical, à ses sentiments comme Catholique et comme Espagnol, +afin quelle veuille bien se charger de proposer et de défendre au sein du +Congrès la proposition sus-indiquée, qui porte que les sujets du Sultan, ainsi +que les étrangers, jouiront au Maroc du libre exercice du culte Catholique, +sans que par ce motif ils aient à souffrir tort ou préjudice dans leurs droits +civils ou politiques.</p> + +<p>"Le Saint-Père ne méconnait point les obstacles qu'oppose l'état +actuel du Maroc à la réalisation de cette liberté; mais ces obstacles, loin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> +de décourager, doivent stimuler les cœurs généreux qui n'envisagent que +la grandeur du but à atteindre.</p> + +<p>"Du reste, une fois que le Gouvernement Marocain aura accepté le +principe en question, et pris vis-à-vis des Puissances étrangères l'engagement +de s'y conformer, si ces Puissances, d'accord avec l'Espagne, dont +les relations avec le Maroc présentent un caractère tout spécial, voulaient +prendre une attitude semblable à celle qu'elles ont adoptée en Orient, on +pourrait avec raison espérer que le progrès de la civilisation améneraient +bientôt, par des voies pacifiques, le libre exercice du culte Catholique dans +ces régions Africaines.</p> + +<p>"En me conformant aux ordres de l'auguste Pontife, je dois en même +temps vous faire savoir que le Saint-Père est animé d'une conviction intime +que vous répondrez à son appel paternel et que les Représentants des autres +Puissances seconderont vos efforts, en accueillant avec faveur une demande +conforme aux principes aujourd'hui admis du droit public international.</p> + +<p>"Le Saint-Père croit également qu'en agissant ainsi, votre Excellence +répondra aux sentiments bien connus de Sa Majesté le Roi, son auguste +Souverain, en faveur de notre sainte religion.</p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:4%;">Je saisis, &c.,</span><br /> +"<span class="smcap">L. Card. Nina</span>.</p> + +<p>"A son Excellence <span class="smcap">M. Canovas del Castillo</span>."<br /> +</p> + +<p>M. Cánovas del Castillo a eu l'honneur de répondre à Mgr. le Nonce +Apostolique à Madrid, avec lequel il s'est entretenu à ce sujet, que le Plénipotentiaire +d'Espagne était prêt à présenter, et à appuyer au sein de la +Conférence, la proposition du Saint-Siège, aussitôt qu'il serait avéré que +les Représentants des autres Puissances pourraient consentir à traiter des +questions en dehors de celles qui avaient motivé leur réunion; il devrait, +en particulier, consulter son collègue le Représentant de la Grande-Bretagne, +dont le Gouvernement a pris l'initiative de la convocation des Plénipotentiaires, +sur l'opportunité qu'il y aurait à saisir la Conférence de cette proposition. +M. Cánovas a ajouté que, si la Conférence admettait en principe +la possibilité de traiter des questions étrangères au but déterminé qu'elle +s'était proposé, le Plénipotentiaire d'Espagne tiendrait à honneur de remplir +la mission que le Saint-Siège daignait lui confier, et qu'il était persuadé que +la communication du Saint-Père serait accueillie, en ce cas, avec toute la +déférence due à sa haute origine.</p> + +<p>Il a rappelé en même temps que le Traité de 1861 assure la liberté +religieuse aux Catholiques Espagnols au Maroc, et que d'autre part le Traité +Anglais de 1856 stipulait également, pour les sujets Britanniques, le libre +exercice de leur culte.</p> + +<p>Ayant acquis postérieurement la conviction que les Plénipotentiaires<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +sont disposés à examiner cette question, le Président estime que la Conférence +devra faire une déclaration érigeant en règle générale le principe que le +Maroc a déjà admis par des Traités.</p> + +<p>Le Plénipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie prend alors la parole, et dit +que le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté Impériale et Royale Apostolique, à +la suite d'une démarche analogue du Saint-Siège, a pu s'assurer, de son côté +que les autres Cabinets seraient, en effet, disposés à se joindre à un vœu +comme celui dont vient de prendre l'initiative le Président de la Conférence, +pourvu que ce vœu fut exprimé en faveur de tous les habitants non-Musulmans +du Maroc, et que la Conférence recommandât en même temps à la +sagesse du Sultan du Maroc l'abolition des incapacités qui pèsent encore +sur certaines classes de ses sujets en raison de leurs croyances.</p> + +<p>C'est dans ce sens, et pour donner une forme plus précise à ce vœu, +que M. le Comte Ludolf a été chargé de préparer le projet d'Adresse au +Souverain du Maroc qu'il a l'honneur de soumettre à la Conférence.</p> + +<p>Le Plénipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie donne lecture du document +en ces termes:—</p> + +<p>"La Conférence, au moment de se dissoudre, informée par son Président +de la demande exprimée en faveur de l'Église Catholique par Sa Sainteté le +Souverain Pontife, dans le lettre dont lecture vient d'être fait, demande de +son côté que le libre exercice de tous les cultes soit reconnu au Maroc.</p> + +<p>"La Conférence, d'autant plus convaincu que ce vœu trouvera un +accueil favorable auprès de Sa Majesté Chérifienne que l'illustre Souverain +du Maroc a déjà donné une preuve manifeste de sa tolérance et de sa sollicitude +pour le bien-être de ses sujets non-Musulmans, en confirmant en 1874 +le Décret accordé par Sa Majesté le Sultan Sidi Mohammed, sous le 26 Chaban +de 1280 (Février 1864) à Sir Moses Montefiore, Décret qui proclame que +tous les sujets de l'Empire du Maroc doivent avoir le même rang devant +la loi: que par conséquent les Juifs du Maroc doivent être traités conformément +à la justice et à l'équité, et qu'aucune violence ne doit être exercée à +l'égard de leurs personnes ni de leurs biens.</p> + +<p>"A la suite de ce Décret, bien des lois humiliantes, édictées contre les +non-Musulmans dans des temps antérieurs, ont été mises hors de pratique, +et le sort des races non-Musulmans au Maroc est devenu plus supportable.</p> + +<p>"Toutefois, ces lois ne sont pas encore toutes formellement révoquées, et +quelques-unes même continuent à être en vigueur dans plus d'un endroit de +l'intérieur de l'Empire. De même, le libre exercice de leurs cultes n'est pas +encore accordé d'une manière légale aux sujets non-Musulmans de Sa Majesté +Chérifienne, et beaucoup de restrictions existent encore pour ces derniers qui +sont contraires à l'esprit du Décret du 26 Chaban, 1280, et à cette règle si +élémentaire et si universellement respectée, que les sujets d'un même pays, +de quelque race ou de quelque religion qu'ils soient, des qu'ils accomplissent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +fidèlement leurs devoirs envers le Souverain, doivent jouir d'une parfaite +identité de droits et d'une complète égalité devant la loi.</p> + +<p>"Le Sultan Abdul Medjid, Empéreur des Ottomans, à déjà, en 1839, +par le Hatti-Chérif de Gulhané, reconnu spontanément et inscrit dans la +législation de son pays ce même principe, qui a été développé et consacré depuis +par ses successeurs, en 1856 et dernièrement encore en 1878, de façon qu'on +ne saurait douter qu'il ne se laisse parfaitement concilier avec la loi +Mahométane.</p> + +<p>"Quoique persuadée que l'illustre Souverain du Maroc est animé, non +moins que le Sultan de la Turquie, d'intentions bienveillantes envers ses +sujets non-Musulmans, la Conférence croirait manquer à un devoir si elle +ne témoignait le vif et profond intérêt qu'elle prend à la prompte amélioration +de leur sort. A cet effet, la Conférence, au nom des Hautes Puissances +représentées dans son sein, fait appel à Sa Majesté Chérifienne afin que, fidèle +à ses sentiments de justice et de générosité, elle manifeste sa ferme volonté—</p> + +<p>"1. De faire respecter dans ses États le principe que tous ceux qui y +habitent et qui y habiteront à l'avenir pourront professer et exercer sans +entraves leurs cultes;</p> + +<p>"2. De préscrire à son Gouvernement, comme base immuable de la +législation du Maroc, la maxime, déjà adoptée dans le Décret du 26 Chaban, +1280, et d'après laquelle ni la religion ni la race ne pourront jamais être un +motif pour établir une différence dans le traitement par et devant la loi entre +ses sujets Musulmans et non-Musulmans, ni servir de prétexte pour imposer à +ces derniers des humiliations, pour les priver d'un droit civil quelconque, ou +pour les empêcher d'exercer librement toutes les professions et industries +qui sont permises aux sujets Musulmans de l'Empire.</p> + +<p>"Une pareille manifestation non seulement honorerait le règne de Sa +Majesté Chérifienne, mais inaugurerait aussi pour ses États une ère nouvelle +de prospérité.</p> + +<p>"Les Soussignés, en deposant le présent acte entre les mains de son +Excellence Cid Mohammed Vargas, prient M. le Plénipotentiaire du Maroc de +le soumettre à Sa Majesté Chérifienne, qui ne lui réfusera certes pas la sérieuse +attention que mérite un vœu exprimé au nom des Puissances que les Soussignés +ont l'honneur de représenter.</p> + +<p>"<i>Madrid, le 26 Juin, 1880.</i>"</p> + +<p>Ce texte est approuvé par les Plénipotentiaires, à l'exception du Représentant +de Sa Majesté Chérifienne, qui ne peut que s'engager à porter à la +connaissance de son Souverain les vœux que les Plénipotentiaires viennent +d'exprimer au nom de leurs Gouvernements respectifs.</p> + +<p>Cid Mohammed Vargas croit cependant devoir rappeler qu'au Maroc +les Musulmans, les Chrétiens, et les Juifs suivent leur religion, sans qu'il y +soit mis d'empêchement ni d'obstacle.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p> + +<p>Le Plénipotentiaire du Maroc n'a pas d'instructions de son Souverain +qui lui permettent de traiter cette question ou toute autre qui, comme +elle, ne se rattacherait pas directement à l'objet de sa mission à Madrid. +Néanmoins, en vue de l'Adresse que vient d'adopter la Conférence, il croit +devoir lui communiquer une lettre qu'il a reçu de Sa Majesté le Sultan +Muley-el-Hassan, et qui a trait aux Juifs ses sujets. Il en donne lecture +en ces termes:—</p> + +<p>"Louange à Dieu unique! Que la bénédiction de Dieu soit sur Mahomet, +notre Seigneur et Maître, sur sa famille, et ses compagnons!</p> + +<p>"A notre estimé serviteur, le Taleb Mohammed Vargas. Que Dieu te +soit propice, et que la paix soit sur toi, ainsi que la bénédiction de Dieu Très +Haut et sa miséricorde.</p> + +<p>"Et puis:—</p> + +<p>"Il est parvenu à notre connaissance que certains Juifs de nos sujets +se sont plaints à plusieurs reprises à leurs frères résidant en Europe et aux +Représentants étrangers à Tanger, de ce qu'ils ne parviennent pas à obtenir +justice dans leurs réclamations relatives à meurtres, vols, &c. Ils prétendent +que les Gouverneurs montrent de l'indifférence à leur faire avoir satisfaction +des personnes qui les attaquent, et que leurs demandes n'arrivent jamais à +notre Majesté Chérifienne, si ce n'est par l'entremise de personnes (les Juifs +résidant en Europe et les Représentants étrangers).</p> + +<p>"Notre volonté Chérifienne est qu'ils obtiennent justice sans l'intervention +des Puissances ni des Représentants, parce qu'ils sont nos sujets et nos +tributaires, ayant par là les mêmes droits que les Musulmans devant nous, et +tous abus contre eux étant défendu par notre religion.</p> + +<p>"C'est pourquoi nous t'ordonnons d'accepter la réclamation de tout Juif +qui se plaindra de ne pas obtenir justice d'un Gouverneur, et de nous en donner +connaissance lorsque tu ne trouveras pas le moyen d'y faire droit.</p> + +<p>"Nous avons envoyé des ordres en ce sens aux Gouverneurs des villes, +des ports, et de la campagne, afin qu'ils en donnent connaissance aux Juifs, +et en même temps nous les avons prévenus que si quelqu'un d'eux s'oppose +ou met des difficultés à ce que la plainte d'un Juif parvienne à toi, nous le +punirons très sévèrement.</p> + +<p>"Nous t'ordonnons de traiter leurs affaires avec toute justice et de ne +rien nous cacher sur l'arbitraire des Gouverneurs à leur égard, car tous les +hommes sont égaux pour nous en matière de justice.</p> + +<p>"<i>Le 22 Joumadi premier, an 1297.</i>"</p> + +<p>Le Président donnant acte au Représentant du Maroc de cette communication, +constate, au nom de tous les Plénipotentiaires, la vive satisfaction +avec laquelle la Conférence accueille les déclarations qui viennent de lui être +faites. Les Plénipotentiaires voient dans le principe, qu'elles établissent, d'un +appel au Ministre des Affaires Étrangères, à la fois une preuve des senti<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>ments +de justice qui animent Sa Majesté Chérifienne à l'égard de ses +sujets Israélites, et l'annonce du prompt accomplissement des vœux +exprimés par la Conférence.</p> + +<p class="r">("British and Foreign State Papers," vol. lxxi. pp. 881-887.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Extracts from Protocols of the Algeciras Conference, 1906</span>.</p> + +<p class="c">No. 33. <i>2 Avril, 1906. Dix-septième Séance.</i></p> + +<p>S. Exc. M. White (États-Unis) prononce ensuite les paroles suivantes: +"Le Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique a toujours considéré comme +un devoir de s'associer à tout ce qui pourrait contribuer au progrès des idées +d'humanité et assurer le respect dû à toutes les croyances religieuses. Animé +par ces sentiments et par l'amitié qui a si longtemps subsisté entre lui et +l'Empire marocain dont il suit le développement avec un profond intérêt, +mon Gouvernement m'a chargé d'invoquer le concours de la Conférence, au +moment où elle est sur le point de terminer ses travaux, en vue de l'émission +d'un vœu pour le bien-être des israélites au Maroc. Je suis heureux de constater +que la condition des sujets israélites de S.M. Chérifienne a été de beaucoup +améliorée pendant le règne de feu le Sultan Mouley-el-Hassan et que le +Sultan actuel paraît, autant qu'il lui a été possible, les avoir traités avec équité +et bienveillance. Mais les agents du Makhzen, dans les parties du pays +éloignées du pouvoir central ne s'inspirent pas toujours suffisamment des sentiments +de tolérance et de justice qui animent leur souverain. La Délégation +americaine vient donc prier la Conférence de vouloir bien émettre le vœu que +S.M. Chérifienne continue dans la bonne voie inaugurée par son père et maintenue +par Sa Majesté elle-même par rapport à ses sujets israélites et qu'elle +vise à ce que son Gouvernement ne néglige aucune occasion de faire savoir à +ses fonctionnaires que le Sultan tient à ce que les israélites de son Empire et +tous ses sujets, sans distinction de croyance, soient traités avec justice et +équité."</p> + +<p>S. Exc. Sir Arthur Nicolson (Grande-Bretagne) déclare que, conformément +aux instructions de son Gouvernement, il est heureux de se rallier à la proposition +du premier Délégué des États-Unis.</p> + +<p>S. Exc. M. le Duc de Almodovar del Rio (Espagne) s'exprime en ces +termes: "Je m'associe, au nom de S.M. Catholique, aux hauts sentiments +de tolérance religieuse qui viennent d'être exprimés par S. Exc. le premier +Délégué des États-Unis; et je tiens d'autant plus à me rallier à sa proposition +que le sort des populations israélites au Maroc, rattachées à l'Espagne par des +liens de descendance et dont la langue habituelle continue à être la langue +castillane, qui fut naguère celle de leurs ancêtres, est particulièrement intéressant +aux yeux du peuple espagnol d'aujourd'hui."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p> + +<p>LL. EE. MM. de Radowitz (Allemagne) et Revoil (France) se rallient +également au vœu de M. le premier Délégué des États-Unis.</p> + +<p>S. Exc. M. le Marquis Visconti Venosta (Italie) déclare qu'il adhère +au vœu dont S. Exc. le premier Délégué des États-Unis a pris l'initiative. +Il reconnaît que, dans ces derniers temps, les Souverains du Maroc ont +donné de preuves de tolérance vis-à-vis de leurs sujets non-musulmans; +mais il ne reste pas moins à désirer que les conditions des juifs dans l'intérieur +de l'Empire soient mises au même niveau et entourées des mêmes +garanties que dans les villes et ports de la côte. La Conférence, dans le +cours de ses travaux, s'est toujours préoccupée du progrès et de la prospérité +du Maroc; elle restera fidèle au même esprit en exprimant à S.M. +le Sultan le vœu que tous ses sujets, quelle que soit leur religion, soient +appelés à jouir des mêmes droits, ainsi que du même traitement devant +la loi et que les ordres que S.M. Chérifienne a donnés ou donnera à cet effet +soient fidèlement exécutés. L'assentiment de l'Italie est toujours acquis +à l'affirmation des principes de liberté religieuse qui sont une des bases de +ses institutions politiques et sociales.</p> + +<p>S. Exc. le Baron Joostens (Belgique) déclare que la Délégation belge +s'associe entièrement à la déclaration que vient de faire S. Exc. M. le Marquis +Visconti-Venosta.</p> + +<p>LL. EE. le Jonkheer Testa (Pays-Bas), M. le Comte Cassini (Russie) +et M. Sager (Suède) adhèrent aussi aux sentiments exprimés par MM. les +premiers Délégués des États-Unis et d'Italie.</p> + +<p>Le vœu proposé par S. Exc. M. White est adopté par l'unanimité des +Délégués des Puissances.</p> + +<p>LL. EE. MM. les Délégués marocains expliquent qu'ils ne manqueront +pas de faire connaître cette décision à S.M. le Sultan, qui certainement +aura à cœur de procéder dans l'espèce de la même façon que feu son père.</p> + +<p>S. Exc. M. White (États-Unis) remercie MM. les Délégués des Puissances +d'une adhésion qui répond si entièrement aux vues du Gouvernement des +États-Unis et aux sentiments personnels du Président Roosevelt.</p> + +<p>("Protocoles et Comptes Rendus de la Conférence d'Algésiras" (Paris, +1906), pp. 246-248.)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p></div> + + + +<h3><a name="IV_THE_PALESTINE_QUESTION_AND_THE_NATIONAL" id="IV_THE_PALESTINE_QUESTION_AND_THE_NATIONAL"></a>IV. THE PALESTINE QUESTION AND THE NATIONAL<br />RESTORATION OF THE JEWS.</h3> + + +<p>U<span class="smcap">ntil</span> quite recently the question of the national restoration of the +Jews to Palestine did not play a conspicuous part, or, indeed, much +of a part at all, in practical international politics. This is not a +little strange in view of the great mass of religious opinion which +has always been deeply interested in it. It may be profitable to +indicate some of the reasons.</p> + +<p>In the first place, from the middle of the second down to the +middle of the nineteenth centuries the Palestine problem, as a political +problem, was exclusively concerned with the custody of the Holy +Places of Christendom. After the failure of the many attempts to +oust the Turk, the question became one of diplomatic accommodation, +and under the Capitulations with France and the Treaties of Carlowitz +and Passarowitz between the Holy Roman Empire and the Grand +Signior, various expedients were adopted by which Christian interests +in Jerusalem might be reconciled with the local political rights of the +Ottoman Porte. This difficult problem absorbed the Oriental activities +of European diplomacy until after the Crimean War, and it left +no room for the consideration of Jewish claims.</p> + +<p>In the second place the question during the whole of this period +was always primarily one of eschatology rather than of practical +politics. Even when the Millenarian mystics sometimes crossed +the border-line, the case they presented was not calculated to conciliate +sovereign princes. We have a curious instance of this in the +first Zionist book published in London, "The World's Great Restoration, +or Calling of the Jewes"—(London, 1621)—which was written +by Sir Henry Finch, the eminent serjeant-at-law, although his name +does not appear on the title page.<a name="FNanchor_110_116" id="FNanchor_110_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_116" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> Among other items in Finch's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +programme was one to the effect that all Christian princes should +surrender their power and do homage "to the temporal supreme +Empire of the Jewish nation." When James I read the book he +was furious. He said he was "too auld a King to do his homage +at Jerusalem," and he ordered Finch to be thrown into gaol.<a name="FNanchor_111_117" id="FNanchor_111_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_117" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> In +1795 an exactly similar proposal was made by an ex-naval officer, +one Richard Brothers, who announced himself as King of the Jews. +He also was prosecuted, but was found to be a lunatic.<a name="FNanchor_112_118" id="FNanchor_112_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_118" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> A certain +political interest attaches to the case of Brothers; inasmuch as his +scheme for the National Restoration of the Jews was brought before +the House of Commons by one of his adherents, Mr. Nathaniel +Brassey Halhed, M.P., with a motion for the printing and distribution +of Brothers's proposal. The motion failed to find a seconder.<a name="FNanchor_113_119" id="FNanchor_113_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_119" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></p> + +<p>In the third place, unless the Restoration were favoured by the +Ottoman Government, all schemes to compass it in normal times +ran counter to international law and the comity of nations. This +point was actually decided in this sense by the Law Courts some +seventy years ago in the case of Habershon <i>v.</i> Vardon. The case +related to a bequest by one Nadir Baxter for the political restoration +of the Jews in Jerusalem. The bequest was held void, and the +Vice-Chancellor, in giving judgment, said: "If it could be understood +to mean anything it was to create a revolution in a friendly +country."<a name="FNanchor_114_120" id="FNanchor_114_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_120" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></p> + +<p>In the fourth place the idea was likely to weaken the doctrine +of the integrity of Turkey, and, for this and other reasons, was inconsistent +with the interests and traditional policy of Great Britain +and other Western States. It was all the more inconsistent because +this policy originally shaped itself in deference to religious considera<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>tions +far more precious to Englishmen than the national cause of +the Jews. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the +struggle between the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation +was at its height, the naval balance of power in the Mediterranean +rested between Spain and Turkey. Hence a bias towards Turkey +on the part of Protestant States was inevitable. Curiously enough, +the Jews, who were then hostile to Spain, supported the pro-Turkish +policy of England, as they did in 1876-78 on account of their antipathy +to Russia. In the time of Cromwell this consideration was reinforced +by our trade interests in the Levant and in India. A century +later the tradition became again imperative owing to the fear of +Russia and afterwards of Napoleon. All this rendered a strong and +friendly Turkey necessary to us, and hence to entertain the idea of +a National Restoration of the Jews to Palestine was to risk offence +to a valued ally.</p> + +<p>A fifth reason was the indifference of the Jews themselves. Until +the Zionist movement was founded twenty years ago there was +scarcely any symptom of a Jewish desire for international action +on their behalf in the Palestine question. This was not for want +of opportunity or even for want of suggestion from others. In +1840, when Mehemet Ali was driven out of Palestine and Syria by +the Powers, the future of Palestine was open for discussion.<a name="FNanchor_115_121" id="FNanchor_115_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_121" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> The +country, with all its Hebrew and Christian shrines, was in the hands +of Christendom, who could have done with it as it pleased. Not a +voice was raised among the Jews for the restoration of the land +to them. And this, be it remembered, was when Sir Moses Montefiore +and M. Crémieux were busy in the East in connection with the +Damascus Blood Accusation, and when Lord Palmerston was proposing +to take the Jews under British protection as a separate nationality.<a name="FNanchor_116_122" id="FNanchor_116_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_122" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> +Instead of championing the national aspirations of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +Jews, they contented themselves with obtaining the famous Hatti-Humayoun, +or Charter of Liberties for the Jews of Turkey, by which +they were more nearly assimilated to Turkish Nationals.<a name="FNanchor_117_123" id="FNanchor_117_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_123" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> In the +following year the Powers were actually discussing the future of +Palestine, but the Jews again made no move. Even while the negotiations +were in progress, a scheme for restoring the Jews as the +political masters of the country was drawn up by a Christian, Colonel +Churchill, then British Consul in Syria, and submitted by him to +Sir Moses Montefiore and the Board of Deputies. Its reception +was curiously frigid. Whilst piously blessing Colonel Churchill's proposals, +the Board declined to take any initiative.<a name="FNanchor_118_124" id="FNanchor_118_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_124" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> It was the same +in 1878 when Lord Beaconsfield annexed Cyprus and secured a British +Protectorate over Asiatic Turkey. No opportunity could have seemed +better for the promotion of Zionist aims, but when Laurence Oliphant +pointed this out he found scarcely an echo beyond a small circle of +obscure Jewish dreamers in Southern Russia.<a name="FNanchor_119_125" id="FNanchor_119_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_125" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> Indeed, until the time +of Herzl all the most prominent protagonists of Zionism were Christians. +The Dane, Holger Paulli, who in 1697 presented a Zionist scheme +to King William III of England with a view to its submission to +the Peace Conference of Ryswick, was a Christian,<a name="FNanchor_120_126" id="FNanchor_120_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_126" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> and even the +notorious Jewish pseudo-Messiah, Sabbathai Zevi, who raised the +flag of Jewish nationality in Syria thirty years earlier, owed more +of his inspiration to English Fifth Monarchy teaching than to +Jewish tradition.<a name="FNanchor_121_127" id="FNanchor_121_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_127" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></p> + +<p>Nevertheless, there were two occasions on which the Jewish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +aspects of the Palestine question did enter the field of practical +international politics.</p> + +<p>The first was in 1799, when Napoleon carried out his audacious +raid on British interests in the East by his expedition to Egypt and +Syria. A scheme for enlisting the support of the Jews by founding +a Jewish Commonwealth in Palestine formed part of the plans for +the expedition secretly prepared by the Directory in 1798, and French +public opinion was familiarised with it by a good deal of propagandist +literature. The Jews were alleged to be anxious to support the +French in the Levant, and a bogus Zionist scheme—very much on +the Herzlian lines—supposed to be written by an Italian Jew—was +widely circulated in France. It embodied an appeal to the Jews +of the world to form a representative council through which they +could negotiate with the Directory for Palestine. It was supported +in a very soberly reasoned article by the <i>Décade Philosophique et +Littéraire</i>, and was soon after published in the London Press and +reprinted as a twopenny pamphlet by the <i>Courier</i>.<a name="FNanchor_122_128" id="FNanchor_122_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_128" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> Ten months +later Napoleon, marching from El Arish on the road which has lately +been traversed by General Allenby, published a proclamation inviting +the Jews of Asia and Africa to rally to his standard "for the +restoration of the ancient kingdom of Jerusalem."<a name="FNanchor_123_129" id="FNanchor_123_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_129" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> The scheme +collapsed with the battles of Acre and Aboukir.</p> + +<p>The second occasion was in 1841, when the Powers had to decide +on the fate of Syria and Palestine wrested by them from Mehemet +Ali. It is true that the Jewish element in the question received very +scanty attention and evoked no positive sympathy, but, at any rate, +it was mentioned, and this fact indicates that the Powers had begun +to realise that the future of Palestine was not exclusively a Christian +question. The exchange of views which then took place is, however, +interesting for other reasons. The documents, which are now published +for the first time, comprise four separate schemes for solving +the Palestine problem, and the considerations discussed in connection +with them constitute a body of material which may be usefully studied +at the present moment.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p> + +<p>The first scheme, apparently suggested by France, contemplated +the creation of a small autonomous Ecclesiastical State, consisting +of Jerusalem, constituted as a Free City, with a limited <i>rayon</i> +of territory. This was to be governed by a Christian municipality, +organised and protected by the Great Christian Powers.<a name="FNanchor_124_130" id="FNanchor_124_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_130" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> Russia +raised objections in October 1840, and incidentally took occasion to +ridicule the idea of a National Restoration of the Jews.<a name="FNanchor_125_131" id="FNanchor_125_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_131" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> Both Russia +and Austria were anxious to preserve the Turkish domination, and +to that end made counter-proposals. The Russian scheme proposed +that Palestine should become a separate Pashalik, that the Church +of the Orient should be restored, that the Greek Patriarch should +resume his residence in Jerusalem, and that an special Church and +Monastery should be founded for the use of the Russian clergy +and pilgrims. The Austrian scheme proposed to leave the Turkish +administration untouched except in regard to jurisdiction over Christians. +This was to be confided to a high Turkish official directly +responsible to Constantinople and advised by a Council of Procureurs +appointed by the Great Powers.<a name="FNanchor_126_132" id="FNanchor_126_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_132" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> Russia opposed the Austrian +scheme.<a name="FNanchor_127_133" id="FNanchor_127_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_133" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> Thereupon Prussia put forward a fourth scheme of a +far more ambitious character.<a name="FNanchor_128_134" id="FNanchor_128_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_134" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> It provided for a European Protectorate +of the Holy Cities of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Nazareth, +and a sort of national autonomy for the various Christian sects which +might be extended to the Jews, the whole to be governed by three +Residents appointed by the Christian Powers. Each Resident was +to have a small military guard. The Protestant Church, under the +joint protection of Great Britain and Prussia, was to be recognised +as on an equal footing with the other Churches, and to establish its +headquarters and other institutions—including schools for Jews—on +Mount Zion, which was to be fortified.<a name="FNanchor_129_135" id="FNanchor_129_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_135" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> This scheme was strongly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> +opposed by Austria, in whose view Lord Palmerston concurred.<a name="FNanchor_130_136" id="FNanchor_130_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_136" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> +Russia also opposed it, but in Paris it was received sympathetically.<a name="FNanchor_131_137" id="FNanchor_131_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_137" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></p> + +<p>In the end all these schemes were dropped, and Palestine was +handed back to the Porte practically without any new conditions. +Prussia, however, continued her negotiations with Great Britain, +both with a view to general reforms and to the recognition of the +Protestant Church in Jerusalem. For this purpose she sent Baron +Bunsen to London on a special embassy.<a name="FNanchor_132_138" id="FNanchor_132_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_138" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> Among the reforms +proposed by him were facilities for the purchase of land, "as +many persons in Protestant Germany, Jews and Christians, are +desirous of settling in Palestine."<a name="FNanchor_133_139" id="FNanchor_133_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_139" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> Eventually he negotiated with +Palmerston the Anglo-Prussian Agreement for the establishment +of a Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem. There is a curious reference +to the Restoration of the Jews in Bunsen's account of this +transaction:<a name="FNanchor_134_140" id="FNanchor_134_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_140" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></p> + +<p class="top5">"Monday, 19th July, 1841.—This is a great day. I am just returned +from Lord Palmerston; the principle is admitted, and orders to be transmitted +accordingly to Lord Ponsonby at Constantinople, to demand the +acknowledgement required. The successor of St. James will embark in +October; he is by race an Israelite,—born a Prussian in Breslau,—in confession +belonging to the Church of England—ripened (by hard work) in +Ireland—twenty years Professor of Hebrew and Arabic in England (in +what is now King's College).<a name="FNanchor_135_141" id="FNanchor_135_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_141" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> So the beginning is made, please God, for +the restoration of Israel."</p> + +<p class="top5">It should be added that probably one of the reasons why, +during recent years, the British Government has held aloof from the +Palestine question is that by the Treaty of London of July 15, 1840, +Palestine was recognised as an integral part of Syria,<a name="FNanchor_136_142" id="FNanchor_136_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_142" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> and that in +1878, at the Berlin Congress, Lord Salisbury agreed to recognise the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +whole of Syria as a French sphere of interest in return for the French +recognition of the Cyprus Convention between Great Britain and +Turkey.<a name="FNanchor_137_143" id="FNanchor_137_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_143" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> It is to be assumed from the terms of the Secret Agreement +of February 21, 1917,<a name="FNanchor_138_144" id="FNanchor_138_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_144" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> that British interests in the Suez Canal +and other more recent events have modified that arrangement.</p> + +<p>During the present war the growing strength of the Zionist +movement, and the energy of its leaders, have forced the Restoration +idea on the attention of the Great Powers. In November 1917 +Great Britain led the way with a promise to give sympathetic consideration +to the aims of the Zionists.<a name="FNanchor_139_145" id="FNanchor_139_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_145" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> With this promise the +other Entente Powers have since associated themselves.</p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENTS.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="doc"><span class="smcap">The Great Powers and Palestine, 1840-1841.</span></p> + +<p class="c"><i>Memorandum delivered by the Russian Government to the Prussian Government +in October 1840.</i></p> + +<p>Des opinions diverses et pour la plupart contradictoires, ont circulé récemment +en Europe, et surtout en France, sur les facilités que les grandes Puissances +intervenues dans les affaires de l'Orient, auraient, dans ce moment, +pour accomplir l'œuvre que les Croisés d'autrefois avaient vainement tentée +dans leurs longues et sanglantes guerres. Le projet d'ériger une Souveraineté +Chrétienne en Palestine, a été mis, si non sérieusement discuté. D'autres ont +pensé à la possibilité de faire revivre l'ancien ordre des Chevaliers du St. +Sépulcre pour lui confier la garde de ce sanctuaire. Il y a eu même quelques +individus qui ont exprimé le vœu d'appeler dans la ville de Salomon les Juifs +dispersés dans différents pays pour tenter la conversion sociale et religieuse +de ce peuple d'antique et coupable origine.</p> + +<p>Il serait superflu de discuter ici tous ces projets, on ne s'arrêtera qu'à +l'examen d'une autre combinaison dont la réalisation serait désirable, si elle +était possible. Il s'agirait de l'assentiment de la Porte et d'une entente +entre les principales cours de l'Europe pour ériger Jérusalem une ville libre, +avec un rayon de territoire convenable et sous une administration municipale +organisée sous les auspices des Puissances qui se déclareraient les protectrices +et les garanties de ce petit état ecclésiastique.<a name="FNanchor_140_146" id="FNanchor_140_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_146" class="fnanchor">[140]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span></p> + +<p>Un pareil arrangement doit assurément réunir beaucoup de suffrages. +Cependant, avant d'aborder la question d'une manière sérieuse, soit avec les +autres Cabinets, soit avec le Divan il importe de calculer d'avance les moyens +dont on disposera pour mener l'œuvre à bon terme, les difficultés locales qu'on +aura à surmonter dans la réalisation du plan convenu et les probabilités qui +s'offrent pour le maintien du nouvel ordre de choses qu'on parviendrait à +établir. Sous tous ces rapports on peut consulter avec profit les renseignements +et les donnés que le Ministère de Sa Majesté possède, et qui lui ont été +fournis en partie par les indigènes, mais plus particulièrement par deux +employés du service de S.M. qui ont visité la terre sainte à des époques différentes, +et recueilli sur les lieux mêmes des informations dont on ne saurait +revoquer en doute l'exactitude.</p> + +<p>Il résulte de l'ensemble de ces informations:</p> + +<p>1. Que la ville de Jérusalem, située entre la Syrie, l'Egypte et le désert, +a été de tout temps exposée d'une part aux incursions des Arabes Bédouins +et de l'autre aux vexations des Pachas voisins.</p> + +<p>2. Que sa population, composée d'environ 15/m. âmes, parmi lesquelles +on compte à peine un millier de Chrétiens appartenant à diverses communions, +n'offre guère d'éléments propres à la formation d'une administration municipale +indigène, digne de quelque confiance, sous le rapport politique ou +religieux.</p> + +<p>3. Que l'éloignement des côtes de la mer, distantes de la ville de près +de deux journées de marche à travers une route escarpée et déserte, ne permettrait +pas aux bâtiments de guerre Européens de prendre sous la protection de +leurs canons la défense de la cité et de ses habitants.</p> + +<p>4. Que la population Musulmane et Arabe établie depuis des siècles dans +le pays et qui possède dans la seule ville de Jérusalem plus de trente mosquées, +ainsi que le fameux temple de Salomon que les premiers califes conquérants +ont rebâti, s'assujettiraient difficilement à un Gouvernement Chrétien quelconque, +qui ne disposerait pas de beaucoup de ressources et d'une forte garnison, +pour en imposer aux hordes des Bédouins et pour réduire par les armes tout +ce qui s'opposerait au nouvel ordre de choses.</p> + +<p>Les mêmes rapports signalent, sous les plus tristes couleurs, la désunion +profonde et la rivalité incessante qui existe entre les Chrétiens des diverses +communions, admis à l'adoration du St. Sépulcre et dont les scandaleuses +dissensions, loin d'être amorties ou contenues par la sainteté du lieu, y ont +éclaté souvent avec une vivacité haîneuse et une obstination fanatique que +la présence des autorités Musulmanes pouvait seule contenir dans de certaines +bornes.</p> + +<p>Nous savons enfin de manière à ne pas pouvoir en douter que les religieux +Latins, pour la plupart Espagnols et Portugais d'origine, et qui, durant leur +mission en terre sainte, se trouvent sous la protection spéciale de la France,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> +sont les principaux fauteurs de cette rivalité si peu évangélique, en s'élevant +sans cesse des prétentions sur la possession exclusive et la garde du St. Sépulcre +et en invoquant en leur faveur les traités de François I avec la Porte et +même les souvenirs des Baudouin et de Godefroi.</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Enclosure in Russian Mem. of October 1840.</i></p> + +<p>1. Publication d'un nouveau Hatti Schérif avec pleine confirmation de +tous ceux qui ont été émanés sous les règnes antérieurs en faveur de l'Église +et du Clergé de Jérusalem.</p> + +<p>2. Nomination d'un Pacha ou moschir de la Palestine, homme de sens +et de justice, qui fixerait sa résidence, soit à Jérusalem, soit à Jaffa, avec +une autorité civile et militaire, suffisante pour y maintenir le bon ordre et +pour faire respecter les lieux de sa jurisdiction par les Bédouins du désert qui, +n'étant plus contenus par la crainte des troupes Égyptiennes, recommenceront +probablement bientôt leurs brigandages habituels sur les couvents Chrétiens +des environs de Jérusalem et sur les caravanes des pèlerins que la dévotion +appelle des pays les plus éloignés.</p> + +<p>3. Défense positive au Clergé Grec comme à celui des Catholiques et des +Arméniens, de renouveler leurs dissensions anciennes et souvent puériles en +cherchant à se calomnier mutuellement et à s'exclure des églises et des oratoires, +dont les Hatti Chériffs précités ont fixé la possession à chacune de ces communautés.</p> + +<p>4. Défense sévère au Mollah et au Cadi de Jérusalem de rançonner les +religieux et les supérieurs des couvens, toutes les fois que ces ecclésiastiques +ont recours à la justice locale, ou qu'ils cherchent à se disculper de quelque +avanie.</p> + +<p>5. La crainte de ces mêmes avanies et les frais considérables d'installation, +auxquels étaient exposés les patriarches de Jérusalem toutes les fois +qu'ils se rendaient dans leur diocèse, ayant obligé depuis quelques années +ces prélats à séjourner à Constantinople, en laissant à leurs vicaires le +gouvernement de leur église, la Porte ferait aujourd'hui un acte de +politique et d'équité à la fois, en accordant au patriarche actuel d'autorisation +et les facilités dont il peut avoir besoin, pour se rendre sur les lieux +de sa jurisdiction spirituelle, et veiller de près à la discipline de ses subordonnés +et au redressement des désordres ou des abus, que les troubles récens +et les changemens politiques survenus dans ces contrés, peuvent y avoir +introduits.</p> + +<p>6. Toute innovation dans l'antique hiérarchie de l'église d'Orient serait +rejeté comme dangereuse et inutile et toute réclamation de priorité ou de +privilège de la part des religieux des autres communions, ne serait admise +qu'après un examen impartial et approfondi de la question. Dans les cas de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +cette nature, il semblerait que le tribunal le plus compétent, à en juger, serait +une commission ou conseil du Gouverneur de la province, du patriarche de +Jérusalem, ou en son absence, de son vicaire, du supérieur des ecclésiastiques +Arméniens et d'un commissaire ad hoc, choisi et nommé par la Porte +parmi les prélats les mieux réputés de la nation Grecque établis à +Constantinople.</p> + +<p>Ce conseil pourrait aussi fixer aux deservans des cultes respectifs, les +heures des prières et des cérémonies, en régularisant d'une manière équitable +et définitive ce point qui a été souvent un sujet de litige et qui a même occasionné +des rixes scandaleuses dans l'enceinte d'un Temple, où l'union et +l'humilité devraient règner constamment.</p> + +<p>7. La réparation des églises et des couvens ruinés ou endommagés par +le temps et les incendies, sera permise par les autorités locales, toutes les +fois que les supérieurs de ces communautés en demanderont l'autorisation, et +le Gouvernement n'exigera pas dans ces occasions des cadeaux ou des bénéfices +arbitraires.</p> + +<p>8. Défense sévère serait faite aux soldats Turcs préposés à la garde des +portes de l'église qui renferme le Saint Sépulcre, de s'introduire dans l'antérieur +du temple, sous prétexte d'y faire la police. Ces gardiens recevraient également +l'ordre de témoigner tous les égards et tout le respect qui sont dûs au +patriarche et à ses délégués.</p> + +<p>9. Pour ce qui concerne plus spécialement les pèlerins Russes qui visitent +chaque année les lieux saintes, la sublime Porte serait invitée à prescrire à ces +officiers civils et militaires de leur accorder toute protection et assistance. +Et afin que ces voyageurs, étrangers pour la plupart aux usages et à la langue +du pays, ne soient exposés à des avanies ou à des retards dans l'accomplissement +de leurs vœux, le consul de S.M. Impériale résidant à Jaffa aura +l'autorisation d'accompagner, toutes les fois qu'il le jugera nécessaire, la +caravane des pèlerins de sa nation et de veiller sur eux pendant le tems de +leur séjour à Jérusalem.</p> + +<p>10. Les religieux de la plupart des nations chrétiennes possèdent à +Jérusalem des établissements pieux où ils se réunissent, soit pour y demeurer, +soit pour y célébrer les cérémonies de leur rit dans leur propre langue.</p> + +<p>Les ecclésiastiques Russes sont seuls privés de cet avantage, et doivent +par conséquent recourir, toutes les fois qu'ils visitent la terre sainte, à l'hospitalité +et à l'assistance spirituelle de leurs co-religionaires les ecclésiastiques Grecs. +Il serait de toute justice que la Porte autorisât le Patriarche d'assigner une +des églises ou monastères de la ville à l'usage exclusif du clergé et des pèlerins +Russes, et que les autorités civiles et militaires du pays eussent l'ordre précis +de reconnaître et de respecter cet établissement, comme étant placé +sous la protection spéciale de la Russie et sur le surveillance de son +Consul.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span></p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Memorandum delivered by the Austrian Government to the Prussian Government +in October 1840.</i></p> + +<p>Les succès obtenus en Syrie qui ont amené la soumission de Méhémet Ali +et la détermination de Sa Hautesse de la faire suivre par l'investiture du Pacha +d'Egypte du Gouvernement héréditaire de cette Province viennent de mettre +au grand jour le résultat vers lequel tendaient les transactions de Londres, +dictées par les vœux uniformes des Puissances Chrétiennes, d'assurer la paix +politique de l'Europe par le maintien de l'indépendance et de l'intégrité de +l'Empire Ottoman qui devait ressortir du règlement définitif des rapports +entre la Sublime Porte et le Gouvernement de l'Egypte. La Syrie qui avait +été placée pendant quelque tems sous la domination de ce dernier et avait +offert aux étrangers une sécurité analogue à celle qu'ils trouvaient en Egypte, +pendant que la population indigène Syrienne se voyant assimilée à celle de +cette province et menacée de perdre toutes les conditions d'un état social +tout différent et basé sur des lois positives, des transactions historiques et des +habitudes gouvernementales garantissant la propriété, la liberté du commerce, +&c., &c.; la Syrie rentrée maintenant par les succès des armées du Sultan et +de ses alliés sous la domination du Grand Seigneur, réclame les soins les plus +assidus du Gouvernement Ottoman, afin d'ôter tout prétexte raisonnable à +ceux qui voudraient déverser un blâme sur les résultats obtenus en 1840, +en alléguant que la condition de cette Province intéressante, aurait empiré à +leur suite.</p> + +<p>Les Puissances qui ont prêté leurs conseils et leurs secours à S.H. dans +le but invariable d'assurer l'indépendance de son pouvoir et l'intégrité de +son Empire contre les usurpations d'un sujet rebelle, doivent abandonner +maintenant au Sultan le soin de faire participer ses sujets en Syrie aux bienveillantes +dispositions pour ses peuples, énoncées dès le commencement de +son règne par le Hat de Gulhané; et si leurs conseils doivent tendre à hâter +leur réalisation, elles auront dans les voies d'une sage politique, à en surveiller +l'exécution.</p> + +<p>Mais le fait même, nouveau dans l'histoire, du secours porté par des +Puissances Chrétiennes au Grand Seigneur contre un sujet rebelle, auquel +l'opinion publique attribuait le mérite d'avoir procuré, dans les pays soumis +à sa domination de fait, aux Chrétiens tant indigènes qu'étrangers plus de +sécurité pour leurs personnes et une plus grande tolérance que celles qu'ils +y trouvaient auparavant, impose à ces Puissances comme devoir de conscience +de peser mûrement les moyens pour épargner tant au Grand Seigneur, leur +allié, qu'à Elles-mêmes, le blâme qui pourrait ressortir pour Elles, si la condition +des Chrétiens en Syrie allait se présenter sous un jour moins favorable, à +la suite de la réintégration de cette Province sous la domination directe du<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +Grand Seigneur. C'est pour obvier à cette fâcheuse éventualité que le Cabinet +Impérial soumet à ses Alliés les considérations suivantes:</p> + +<p>Les Chrétiens en Syrie sont ou fixés dans le pays, ou ils y résident temporairement. +Les premiers constitués en corps de nations, comme Maronites, +Arméniens, &c., &c., jouissent d'une existence politique découlant de capitulations, +traités, privilèges, &c., &c., et se trouvent sous des Chefs ressortant de +ces derniers; la Sublime Porte vient d'énoncer sa ferme volonté de donner à +cet état de choses, les développements et la fixité qu'il réclame et pour lequel +ces Populations ont acquis un nouveau titre à la suite du dévouement qu'elles +viennent de montrer pour rentrer sous la domination légitime.</p> + +<p>Une autre partie de la population sédentaire Chrétienne est répandue +dans le reste du pays, soumise aux lois générales et protégée par le Hat de +Gulhané. Elle ne saurait demander que la stricte observation de ces dispositions +par les autorités locales, et toute la tendance du Gouvernement Ottoman +est là pour la leur assurer dans l'avenir.</p> + +<p>La population Chrétienne transitoire se compose en partie de ceux qui +y arrivent comme étrangers pour leurs affaires de commerce, les traités existant +avec les différentes Puissances et la protection consulaire assurent leur condition. +Mais la Syrie renferme les lieux que l'origine de la Religion Chrétienne +a sanctifiés pour toujours et où la piété des fidèles a établi de nombreuses +fondations et qui ont attiré de tous tems de nombreux pèlerins; ces fondations +et ces pèlerins ont joui depuis l'occupation Mahométane de nombreux privilèges, +qui, à partir de 1059 jusqu'en 1803, se sont succédés et dont l'effet n'a pu être +suspendu ou contrarié que par le fait des autorités locales Musulmanes, qui, +au lieu de se conformer aux dispositions souveraines et à l'esprit de la législation +et du centre, gardiennes de la foi jurée, et favorables à une tolérance +conforme aux principes du Coran et à un Gouvernement éclairé, se sont laissées +égarer par un esprit de lucre et de partialité.</p> + +<p>Il paraît donc que l'action tutélaire <i>du centre du Gouvernement</i>, qui doit +vouloir le maintien des concessions faites, des privilèges donnés, &c., &c., +a manqué jusqu'ici d'organes propres pour obvier à ces abus, et que le but +spécial, dont ils sont l'objet, la protection des lieux saints et des pèlerins de +toute la Chrétienté qui vont les visiter, ne saurait être atteint, tant qu'il ne +formerait qu'une des attributions des administrations ordinaires; ne serait-ce +pas ici le cas pour que la Porte se décidât à nommer <i>un employé spécial</i>, afin +d'assurer le maintien des anciens privilèges et l'exécution des dispositions du +Hat de Gulhané à l'égard des lieux saints, et les Chrétiens qui forment la +population sédentaire et mouvante Chrétienne de ces lieux?</p> + +<p>Cet employé d'un rang assez élevé pour assurer sa position et garantir +les attributions de sa place vis-à-vis l'autorité du Pacha revêtu du Gouvernement +civil et militaire, cet employé chargé directement de tout ce qui aurait +rapport aux lieux saints et aux pèlerins et mis en contact avec les repré<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>sentans +des Gouvernemens Chrétiens nommés ad hoc, qui, sous la dénomination +de <i>Procureurs</i>, auraient à soutenir les droits de leurs nationaux sous +le point de vue confessionnel; cet employé placé pour sa personne en rapport +direct avec le centre du Gouvernement à Constantinople, ne recevant +d'ordres que de là où toute réclamation possible contre lui et tout appel +en dernière instance s'adresserait également par les organes diplomatiques +des Puissances Chrétiennes, répondrait à un besoin qu'il est facile de pressentir +dès ce jour, et dont l'expérience démontrera ou l'utilité, s'il est nommé +à tems, ou la nécessité si l'on tarde à y pourvoir.</p> + +<p>Il ne s'agit pas de faire du nouveau pour le fond; il s'agit de maintenir +des privilèges, et de régulariser de nouveau ce qui a existé et ce qui est tombé +en désuétude dans le cours des siècles. Le pèlerin religieux est respectable +aux yeux du croyant, le gardien des lieux saints ne l'est pas moins, le Gouvernement +central et l'esprit religieux du peuple le reconnaissent et le sentent +également; ce n'est que les abus des passions et des positions subalternes +qui ont fait et qui font le mal et auxquels il s'agit d'opposer la digue d'une +entente entre les Puissances et la Porte qui aurait pour objet de régulariser +l'action d'une autorité bien organisée dépendant directement du centre +de l'Empire, autorité qui ne saurait avoir un autre intérêt que celui de +répondre au but de son institution.</p> + +<p class="r"> +(F.O. Docs. 64/235.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Lord Clanricarde to Lord Palmerston (Extract).</i></p> + +<p class="r"> +<span style="margin-right:4%;"><span class="smcap">St. Petersburg</span>,</span><br /> +<i>February 23, 1841</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,—...The memorandum of Prince Metternich, suggesting +the establishment of a Turkish Commissioner in the Holy Land, for the +protection of Christian Pilgrims, and Travellers, and proposing a joint, or +simultaneous application from the European Powers to the Porte, in which +France might take a part, and thus be drawn out of her isolated position, +has been coldly received by the Russian Government. Count Nesselrode +said it did not appear to him a necessary or desirable measure, and that +the Consuls in Syria were adequate to protect the Europeans, whom Commerce, +piety, or curiosity might attract to that Country....</p> + +<p>The Emperor and his Ministers seem to think that age, and a great +sense of the responsibility that is upon him, have of late much increased +Prince Metternich's natural caution and timidity.</p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:50%;">I have the Honour to be with the Highest Respect, My Lord,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-right:25%;">Your Lordship's most obedient Humble Servant,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Clanricarde</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Viscount Palmerston</span>, G.C.B.</p> + +<p class="r">(F.O. Docs. 63/271.)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Mémoire of the King of Prussia dated February 24, 1841, delivered to Lord +Palmerston by Baron Bülow.</i></p> + +<p>Les événements importants qui viennent de s'accomplir en Orient, +ont replacé sous l'autorité souveraine du Sultan la Palestine et y ont +rétabli l'état politique qui existait avant l'occupation de Méhémet Ali. Ce +n'est pas par ses propres moyens que le Sultan a réussi à expulser son vassal +rebelle de cette contrée, berceau du christianisme et cher à toutes les communions +de la grande Eglise chrétienne. Le chef de la religion musulmane +doit ce succès à un Traité que quatre des Puissances chrétiennes ont conclu +avec lui et qui a reçu son exécution par la valeur chevaleresque de militaires +chrétiens. Plus le noble désintéressement des Puissances qui ont porté +secours à l'Empereur des Ottomans, leur fournit des titres à sa reconnaissance +moins il peut être douteux que ces mêmes Puissances sont pleinement +en droit de réclamer de ce souverain des concessions dans un but purement +spirituel et uniquement destinées à relever l'exercice du culte chrétien +de la triste condition où il se trouve dans la contrée même qui l'a vu +naître.</p> + +<p>Le Roi, notre auguste maître, a saisi cette idée. Profondément +attaché à ses convictions religieuses et pénétré de ses devoirs comme Prince +chrétien, Sa Majesté se reconnaît dans le concours de la Prusse aux stipulations +du 15 Juillet 1839 un droit et se sent la vocation de signaler à l'attention +des autres Puissances chrétiennes l'opportunité du moment actuel et les +précieuses facilités qu'il offre, pour obtenir du Grand-Seigneur l'amélioration +du sort des chrétiens qui habitent la Terre sainte, l'affranchissement de +leur culte et l'établissement d'institutions qui garantissent à l'avenir aux +Chrétiens de toutes les confessions le libre accès des lieux, objets de leur +vénération et témoins des événemens sur lesquels repose l'espérance de leur +salut éternel.</p> + +<p>Sa Majesté est persuadée que les autres Souverains partageront les sentiments +qu'Elle professe Elle-même. D'ailleurs il est incontestable que depuis +une demi-siècle, les esprits les plus élevés ont déjà plaidé la cause que le Roi, +notre auguste maître, recommande à la sollicitude des grandes Cours +Européennes. Il serait superflu de citer des noms, mais le nombre et la +qualité des voyageurs de toutes les nations et de toutes les confessions +chrétiennes, qui affluent à Jérusalem, attestent déjà que la Chrétienté prend +toujours un vif intérêt aux lieux saints et que cet intérêt, loin de se refroidir, +se ravive avec le progrès que l'esprit religieux fait en Europe.</p> + +<p>En comptant avec une entière assurance sur les sympathies de SS.MM. +l'Empereur d'Autriche, de Russie et de la Reine de la Grande Bretagne +pour les vœux qu'il forme à ce sujet, le Roi, notre auguste maître, Leur +fait proposer de faire valoir auprès de la Porte Ottomane les immenses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> +services qu'elles viennent de lui rendre, pour l'engager à conclure avec les +grandes Puissances Européennes un arrangement qui place les villes saintes +de Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth, sauf les droits de souveraineté du +Sultan, sous la protection commune de ces Puissances.</p> + +<p>D'après les idées de Sa Majesté l'arrangement à conclure porterait +que</p> + +<p>1. Les populations chrétiennes des dites villes, les églises, couvents, +hospitaux qui en dépendent, ainsi que les pèlerins, les savants, les artistes, +les artisans chrétiens, &c., &c., qui y feraient un séjour passager, obtiendraient +des immunités et des franchises telles que l'intervention des autorités +turques dans leur administration intérieure fût exclue. Ces immunités +et franchises seraient cependant accordées sans préjudice des droits de +Souveraineté du Sultan.</p> + +<p>2. Les habitans chrétiens des dites villes cesseraient d'appartenir à +la catégorie de Rayahs; ils seraient à l'avenir <i>exclusivement</i> justiciables, +quant à leur personnes et quant à leur propriétés, des Résidents des cinq +grandes Puissances Européennes, de manière que leurs obligations envers +la Porte se réduiraient à un tribut dont le montant annuel serait acquitté +par la communauté (non par les individus).</p> + +<p>3. Le propriété des lieux saints à Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth +passerait aux cinq grandes Puissances chrétiennes et ferait l'objet d'un +arrangement spécial à conclure avec ceux qui se trouvent maintenant en +possession de ces localités.</p> + +<p>4. Les chrétiens habitant soit pour toujours soit temporairement les +villes saintes, se formeraient d'après les différentes confessions, en autant +de corps spéciaux, catholiques-romains, grecs, évangéliques. Les Arméniens +et les Syriens se joindraient au premier ou au second de ces corps, selon +leur rit actuel. Chacun de ces corps serait considéré comme une communauté +spéciale légalement constituée. Toutes les communautés jouiraient +de droits fixés d'avance à l'égard des lieux saints; la communauté évangélique +serait autorisée à établir un culte selon ses rits, à fonder un hospital, +&c., &c. Les Chrétiens de cette confession seraient admis à faire leur +dévotion dans l'église du St. Sépulcre et dans la Basilique de Bethléhem, +dont les parties seraient spécialement destinées à leur usage.</p> + +<p>5. La direction des communautés serait confiée à trois Résidents. Celui +de la communauté catholique serait à la nomination de l'Autriche et de la +France, la Russie nommerait le Résident pour la communauté grecque; +la Grande Bretagne et la Prusse celui des protestants. Chaque Puissance +qui nommerait un résident, mettrait à sa disposition un garde de 60 soldats. +La formation de ses gardes ferait l'objet d'une stipulation ultérieure.</p> + +<p>On choisirait quelques points pour les fortifier autant qu'il le faudrait, +pour les mettre à l'abri d'une incursion subite de hordes arabes et pour que<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> +les communautés chrétiennes pussent s'en servir pour mettre en sûreté les +vases sacrés précieux et leurs propriétés en général.</p> + +<p>L'ancienne place du temple et la mosquée d'Omar resteraient dans tous +les cas aux Turcs.</p> + +<p>On pourrait encore soumettre à une délibération commune, si les cinq +Puissances ne stipuleraient pas également en faveur des Juifs domiciliés à +Jérusalem et de ceux qui s'y rendent en pèlerinage, des immunités analogues +à celles à obtenir pour les Chrétiens.</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Covering Letter from Baron Bülow to Lord Palmerston, March 6, 1841 (Extract).</i></p> + +<p>...Il faudra donc faire obtenir aux membres de l'église évangélique +(sans distinction des communions spéciales qui la composent) la propriété +exclusive d'une place distincte près du St. Sépulcre de Jérusalem et dans l'église +du même nom pour y faire leurs prières et pour y célébrer leur culte. Cette +place serait mise sous la protection spéciale des deux Puissances qui en garantiraient +la possession paisible à la communauté protestante. Il s'agira aussi +d'acquérir pour cette communauté le mont Sion afin d'y bâtir un hospice pour +tous ceux qui visiteront ces contrés par des motifs religieux ou scientifiques, +d'établir des presbytères et des hospitaux, de fonder des écoles pour les enfans +de la population protestante (peut-être aussi pour les enfans juifs), enfin de +construire des ouvrages de fortification dont la faible garnison, mentionnée +dans le mémoire, aura besoin pour se défendre....</p> + +<p class="r">(F.O. Docs., 64/235.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Lord Beauvale to Lord Palmerston.</i></p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">Vienna</span>, <i>March 2nd, 1841</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,—The King of Prussia has sent His Minister at this Court a +proposition for regulating the position of the Christians in Syria, which, if it +were acted upon, would in Prince Metternich's opinion throw that Country +into inextricable confusion. His Highness transmitted a few days back a +memorandum on the subject to London which He persists in regarding as +establishing the only advantageous mode of treating the question, and as He +purposes drawing up a statement of his objections to the Prussian proposition, +He earnestly entreats that no acquiescence may be given to any +part of it on behalf of the British Government until those objections have +been submitted to Your Lordship.</p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right: 25%;">I have the honor to be with the greatest respect, My Lord,</span><br/> +<span style="margin-right:5%;">Your Lordship's Most Obedient Humble Servant,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Beauvale</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Viscount Palmerston</span>, G.C.B.</p> + +<p class="r">(F.O. Docs., 7/298.)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Lord Palmerston to Lord Beauvale, (Draft).</i></p> + +<p class="r">F.O., <i>March 11th, 1841</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,—With reference to Your Excellency's despatch No. 38 of the +2nd instant reporting Prince Metternich's objections to the Prussian scheme +for regulating the position of the Christians in Syria, I have to inform Your +Excellency that H.M.'s Government agree very much with Prince Metternich's +as to that scheme.</p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:5%;">P.</span><br /> +(F.O. Docs. 1/296.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Memorandum of Austrian Government delivered to Lord Palmerston by Prince +Esterhazy, March 31, 1841.</i></p> + +<p class="hang">Sur le Mémorandum du 3 Février<a name="FNanchor_141_147" id="FNanchor_141_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_147" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> et le mémoire Prussien, relativement +à la protection des Chrétiens en Syrie.</p> + +<p>La différence entre le mémorandum du 3 fév. et le mémoire prussien +consiste en ce que le premier fournit un moyen pratique pour <i>porter remède</i> +au mal existant, sans entreprendre une reforme dangereuse, tandis que l'autre +tend à introduire <i>un nouvel ordre de choses</i> en faveur de la représentation de +l'Église évangélique, par des moyens inexécutables.</p> + +<p><i>Le travail du 3 fevr.</i> se base sur la vérité, que ni les populations chrétiennes +sédentaires et mouvantes, ni les couvens des trois confessions, catholique, +grecque et arménienne, n'ont jamais eu à se plaindre d'un manque de +tolérance musulmane. C'est un témoignage irrécusable qu'on peut recueillir +sur les lieux auprès de ceux même qui y sont les plus intéressés.</p> + +<p>Des firmans sans nombre, relatifs à des privilèges et à la donation de lieux +saints aux environs de Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth se trouvent déposés +aux archives des différens couvens, et s'ils n'ont point été mis en exécution et +forment le sujet de disputes continuelles entre les trois confessions, la faute +n'en est pas au Gouvernement Turc, mais uniquement <i>à la vénalité</i> des +Musselims, comme autorités locales.</p> + +<p>L'exécution des firmans toujours mise arbitrairement à un prix très +élevé est devenu de la part des Musselims une spéculation financière.</p> + +<p>La désunion regrettable qui règne entre les confessions, ou comme on les +appelle sur les lieux, les trois nations, exploite cette corruptibilité, tantôt pour +suspendre l'exécution d'un firman jalousé, tantôt pour obtenir moyennant +l'intervention du Musselim un second firman annullant le premier, ce qui +a surtout lieu, lorsqu'il s'agit de la donation d'un lieu saint. En pareil cas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +la confession la plus offrante est sûre d'atteindre son but et rien n'est plus à +désirer que <i>la punition sévère du trafic illicite et honteux</i>, qui se pratique avec +les firmans et l'irrévocabilité <i>de ceux une fois émanés</i>.</p> + +<p>C'est donc en parfaite connoissance du véritable siége du mal, que le +mémorandum du 3 février <i>a cherché le remède dans le renfort de l'action tutélaire +du Gouv. par un employé sultanique spécial d'un rang assez élevé pour être +placé à côté des Musselims; employé qui serait chargé directement de tout ce qui +aurait rapport aux lieux saints et aux pèlerins—qui serait mis en contact avec les +Représentans des Gouvernement Chrétiens nommés ad hoc, sous la dénomination +de procureurs et qui ne recevrait d'ordres que de Constantinople où les plaintes +élevées contre lui seraient portées à la connoissance du Gouvernement dans la +voie diplomatique</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Le mémoire prussien</i> tendant à établir sur les lieux une représentation de +l'église évangélique et sa participation aux fondations existantes, suscite une +question <i>toute nouvelle</i>, dont la portée n'est pas à calculer.</p> + +<p>Sans considérer l'opposition de Rome, du St. Synode de St. Pétersbourg, +et du Patriarchat grec à Constantinople le mémoire suggère des moyens qui, +loin de porter remède au mal existant, feraient naître des nouvelles complications +et accroître la désunion parmi les confessions chrétiennes. Ce regrettable +résultat serait surtout amené par les points suivans du mémoire prussien:</p> + +<p>A. <i>La propriété des lieux saints à Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth passerait +aux cinq grandes Puissances.</i></p> + +<p>Mais cette propriété est aux différentes confessions, qui déjà jalouses de +la partager entre <i>trois</i>, ne voudraient certainement pas faire une cession de +droits acquis, en faveur d'une <i>quatrième prétendant</i>.</p> + +<p>B. <i>Les Chrétiens évangéliques auraient dans l'église du St. Sépulcre à +Jérusalem et dans celle de Bethléhem des parties spécialement destinées à leur +usage.</i></p> + +<p>Mais dans ces deux églises chaque pouce de terrain est disputé par les +trois confessions. Toute la Basilique de Bethléhem fut adjugée, il y a 80 ans, +aux Grecs; en vertu d'un firman obtenu par des sommes considérables, eux +et les Arméniens possèdent <i>seuls</i> la propriété de la Grotte de la Nativité; les +moins franciscains n'osent point y dire la messe, et il n'y a que l'autel de la +Ste. Crèche qui appartienne à ces derniers. Dans le temple de Jérusalem +existent les mêmes subdivisions exclusives. Chaque chapelle forme pour ainsi +dire une monopole; celle du Calvaire est partagée en deux—l'autel des Grecs +occupant la place de l'exaltation de la croix, celui des Catholiques celle du +crucifiement. Comment faire entrer une quatrième confession dans un +partage déjà si contesté? La répartition toute faite de localités dont la propriété +est aussi hautement appréciée par la confession qui la possède qu'enviée +par la confession qui voudrait l'usurper, s'opposerait du reste à une pareille +entreprise.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span></p> + +<p>C. <i>Chaque Puissance, qui nommerait un résident, mettrait à sa disposition +60 soldats.</i></p> + +<p>A part d'autres considérations qui rendent ce moyen inadmissible, il +fournirait des armes à une guerre de religion en petit qui, vu les élémens de +jalousie et de discorde déjà existans, ne manquerait pas d'éclater.</p> + +<p class="r">(F.O. Docs. 7/302.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">British Jews and Palestine, 1841-1843.</span></p> + +<p class="c"><i>Colonel Churchill to Sir Moses Montefiore.</i></p> + +<p class="r"><i>June 14th, 1841.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sir Moses</span>,—I have not yet had the pleasure of hearing from +you, but I would fain hope that my letters have reached you safe.</p> + +<p>I enclose you a petition which has been drawn by the Brothers Harari, +in which they state their claims and their earnest desire to be immediately +under British protection. I am sorry to say that such a measure is much +required even now, not only for them, but also for all the Jews in Damascus.</p> + +<p>They are still liable to persecutions similar to those from which, through +your active and generous intervention, they have so lately escaped. The +Christians still regard them with malevolence, and the statement in the petition +enclosed is perfectly correct.</p> + +<p>I cannot conceal from you my most anxious desire to see your countrymen +endeavour once more to resume their existence as a people. I consider +the object to be perfectly attainable. But, two things are indispensably +necessary. Firstly, that the Jews will themselves take up the matter universally +and unanimously. Secondly, that the European Powers will aid them +in their views. It is for the Jews to make a commencement. Let the principal +persons of their community place themselves at the head of the movement. +Let them meet, concert and petition. In fact the agitation must be simultaneous +throughout Europe. There is no Government which can possibly +take offence at such public meetings. The result would be that you would +conjure up a new element in Eastern diplomacy—an element which under +such auspices as those of the wealthy and influential members of the Jewish +community could not fail not only of attracting great attention and of +exciting extraordinary interest, but also of producing great events.</p> + +<p>Were the resources which you all possess steadily directed towards +the regeneration of Syria and Palestine, there cannot be a doubt but that, +under the blessing of the Most High, those countries would amply repay +the undertaking, and that you would end by obtaining the sovereignty +of at least Palestine. That the present attempt to prop up the Turkish +Empire as at present constituted is a miserable failure, we who see what<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +is going on around us must at once acknowledge. What turn events will +take no one can possibly tell, but of this I am perfectly certain that these +countries must be rescued from the grasp of ignorant and fanatical rulers, +that the march of civilisation <i>must</i> progress, and its various elements of +commercial prosperity <i>must</i> be developed. It is needless to observe that +such will never be the case under the blundering and decrepit despotism +of the Turks or the Egyptians. Syria and Palestine, in a word, must be +taken under European protection and governed in the sense and according +to the spirit of European administration. It must ultimately come to this. +What a great advantage it would be, nay, how indispensably necessary, +when at length the Eastern Question comes to be argued and debated with +this new ray of light thrown around it, for the Jews to be ready and prepared +to say: "Behold us here all waiting, burning to return to that land +which you seek to remould and regenerate. Already we feel ourselves a +people. The sentiment has gone forth amongst us and has been agitated +and has become to us a second nature; that Palestine demands back again +her sons. We only ask a summons from these Powers on whose counsels +the fate of the East depends to enter upon the glorious task of rescuing +our beloved country from the withering influence of centuries of desolation +and of crowning her plains and valleys and mountain-tops once more, with +all the beauty and freshness and abundance of her pristine greatness." I say +it is for the Jews to be ready against such a crisis in diplomacy. I therefore +would strenuously urge this subject upon your calm consideration, upon +the consideration of those who, by their position and influence amongst +you are most likely to take the lead in such a glorious struggle for national +existence. I had once intended to have addressed the Jews here in their +Synagogue upon the subject, but I have reflected that such a proceeding +might have awakened the jealousy of the local Government. I have, however, +prepared a rough petition which will be signed by all the Jews here +and in other parts of Syria, and which I shall then forward to you. Probably +two or three months will elapse first. There are many considerations to +be weighed and examined as the question develops itself—but a <i>beginning</i> +must be made—a resolution must be taken, <i>an agitation must be commenced</i>, +and where the stake is "Country and Home" where is the heart that will +not leap and bound to the appeal?</p> + +<p>I am the Resident Officer at Damascus until further order.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 25%;">Believe me to be, Dear Sir Moses,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 40%;">Yours very faithfully,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 60%;"><span class="smcap">Chas. H. Churchill</span>.</span></p> + +<p>Before closing my letter, I cannot avoid offering one or two further +considerations.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p> + +<p>Supposing that you and your colleagues should at once and earnestly +interest yourselves upon this important subject of the recovery of your +ancient country, it appears to me (forming my opinions upon the present +attitude of affairs in the Turkish Empire) that it could only be as subjects +of the Porte that you could commence to regain a footing in Palestine. Your +first object would be to interest the Five Great Powers in your views and +to get them to advocate your view with the Sultan upon the clear understanding +that the Jews, if permitted to colonise any part of Syria and +Palestine, should be under the protection of the Great Powers, that they +should have the internal regulation of their own affairs, that they should +be exempt from military service (except on their own account as a measure +of defence against the incursions of the Bedouin Arabs), and that they should +only be called upon to pay a tribute to the Porte on the usual mode of +taxation.</p> + +<p>No doubt, such an undertaking will require <i>Patriotism</i> in the fullest +sense of the word, energy and great perseverance. It will require large +capital at the outset, but with good prospect of remuneration, returned +after the lapse of a few years.</p> + +<p>In all enterprises men must be prepared to make great sacrifices, whether +of time, health or resources. To reflect calmly before commencing an undertaking +and once begun to carry it through, vanquishing, surmounting, +triumphing over every obstacle, this is worthy of man's existence and +carries with it its own reward, if the judgment is sound, the head clear and +the heart honest. I humbly venture to give my opinion upon a subject, +which no doubt has already occupied your thought—and the bare mention +of which, I know, makes every Jewish heart vibrate. The only question +is—<i>when</i> and <i>how</i>.</p> + +<p>The blessing of the Most High must be invoked on the endeavour. +Political events seem to warrant the conclusion that the hour is nigh at +hand when the Jewish people may justly and with every reasonable prospect +of success put their hands to the glorious work of National Regeneration. +If you think otherwise I shall bend at once to your decision, only begging +you to appreciate my motive, which is simply an ardent desire for the welfare +and prosperity of a people to whom we all owe our possession of those blessed +truths which direct our minds with unerring faith to the enjoyment of +another and better world.—C. H. C.</p> + +<p>I will keep you "au fait" of all that passes in this country if you wish it.</p> + +<p class="r"><i>15th August, 1842.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sir Moses</span>,—I have delayed until now sending to you a +written statement of my proposition regarding the Jews of Syria and +Palestine partly because I knew you were absent last week from England<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +and partly because I wished to keep the document by me for a few days +previous to committing it finally to your care. The subject, I am sure, must +in your eyes appear most worthy of consideration, and I trust that when you +have perused my paper and matured the contents in your mind, you will +come to such a decision as will induce you to give my proposition your warmest +support. It appears to me that it might with advantage be brought under +the notice of the Jews on the Continent, and if this be your opinion, perhaps +you could get my paper, which, as you will perceive, I have drawn up in the +shape of an "address," translated into German and forwarded to your friends +in Prussia and Germany. I do sincerely believe that were the Jews as a +body, both in England and on the Continent of Europe, to so arrange as to +present a joint application to the British Government in the sense I propose, +they would have reason to rejoice hereafter that they had taken such a step.</p> + +<p>I have nothing more to add, as my Document, which I enclose, will +express to you all I can say upon the subject.</p> + +<p>The only question that remains for your personal consideration is whether +you possess the power of having the proposition laid before the leading Jews, +abroad as well as in England for their deliberate judgment.</p> + +<p>May I beg you to present my kind regards to Lady Montefiore, and +believe me to be,</p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:15%;">Dear Sir Moses,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-right:10%;">Yours most sincerely,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Chas. H. Churchill</span>.</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Proposal of Colonel Churchill (Extract).</i></p> + +<p>Human efforts preceded by prayer and undertaken in faith the whole +history of your nation shows to be almost invariably blessed. If such then +be your conviction it remains for you to consider whether you may not in +all humility, but with earnest sincerity and confiding hope direct your most +strenuous attention towards the land of your Fathers with the view of doing +all in your power to ameliorate the conditions of your brethren now residing +there and with heartfelt aspiration of being approved by Almighty God +whilst you endeavour as much as in you lies to render that Land once more +a refuge and resting-place to such of your brethren scattered throughout the +world as may resort to it.</p> + +<p>Hundreds and thousands of your countrymen would strain every effort +to accomplish the means of living amidst those scenes rendered sacred by +ancient recollections, and which they regard with filial affection, but the dread +of the insecurity of life and property which has rested so long upon the soil of +"Judea" has hitherto been a bar to the accomplishment of their natural +desire.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span></p> + +<p>My proposition is that the Jews of England conjointly with their brethren +on the Continent of Europe should make an application to the British Government +through the Earl of Aberdeen to accredit and send out a fit and proper +person to reside in Syria for the sole and express purpose of superintending +and watching over the interests of the Jews residing in that country. The +duties and powers of such a public officer to be a matter of arrangement between +the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and the Committee of Jews +conducting the negotiations. It is, I hope, superfluous for me to enlarge upon +the incalculable benefit which would accrue to your nation at large were such +an important measure to be accomplished, or to allude more than briefly +to the spirit of confidence and revival which would be excited in the breasts +of your fellow-countrymen all over the world were they to be held and acknowledged +agents for the Jewish people resident in Syria and Palestine under the +auspices and sanction of Great Britain....</p> + +<p>..."God has put into my heart the desire to serve His ancient people. +...I have discharged a duty imposed on me by my conscience."...</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Resolution of the Board of Deputies of British Jews.</i></p> + +<p class="r"><i>November 8th, 1842.</i></p> + +<p>That the President be requested to reply to Colonel Churchill to the effect +that this Board, being appointed for the fulfilment of special duties and +deriving its pecuniary resources from the contributions to the several congregations +it represents, is precluded from originating any measures for +carrying out the benevolent views of Colonel Churchill respecting the Jews of +Syria, that this Board is fully convinced that much good would arise from +the realisation of Colonel Churchill's intentions, but is of opinion that any +measures in reference to this subject should emanate from the general body +of the Jews throughout Europe, and that this Board doubts not that if the +Jews of other countries entertain the proposition those of Great Britain +would be ready and desirous to contribute towards it their most zealous +support.</p> + +<p class="doc"><i>Colonel Churchill to the Secretary of the Board of Deputies.</i></p> + +<p class="r"><span class="smcap">Beyrout</span>, <i>Jany.</i> 8<i>th</i>, 1843.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the official Communication +which the Board of Deputies of British Jews has been pleased +to address to me.</p> + +<p>It affords me the greatest gratification to learn that the British Jews +would zealously co-operate with the general body of their countrymen in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> +endeavouring to procure the permanent amelioration of the condition of +Jews in Syria and Palestine.</p> + +<p>I humbly venture to express a hope that the Board of Deputies will +still continue to entertain this subject, and that it will not think it inexpedient +to endeavour to ascertain the feelings and wishes of the Jews in the rest of +Europe on a question so interesting and important, one in which is necessarily +involved that of the prospective regeneration of their long-suffering and +afflicted country.</p> + +<p>I beg leave to offer my best thanks and warmest acknowledgements to +the Board of Deputies for the kind manner in which it has been pleased to +receive my previous communication, and to assure it that my services are ever +at its command.</p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:5%;">I have the honour to be, &c.,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Chas. Churchill</span>.<br /> +(Minute-Books of Board of Deputies, 1841-43.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">The Entente Powers and Palestine, 1917.</span></p> + +<p class="c"><i>Extract from Agreement between Great Britain, France and Russia, dated +February 21, 1917.</i></p> + +<p>"5.... With a view to securing the religious interests of the Entente +Powers, Palestine, with the Holy Places, is separated from Turkish territory +and subjected to a special régime to be determined by agreement between +Russia, France and England."</p> + +<p class="r">(<i>Manchester Guardian</i>, January 19, 1918.)</p> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">Great Britain and Zionism, 1917.</span></p> + +<p class="c"><i>Mr. Balfour to Lord Rothschild.</i></p> + +<p class="r"><span style="margin-right:4%;"><span class="smcap">Foreign Office</span>,</span><br /> +<i>November 2nd, 1917</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Lord Rothschild</span>,—I have much pleasure in conveying to you, +on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy +with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and +approved by, the Cabinet:—</p> + +<p>"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in +Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best +endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>stood +that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious +rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and +political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."</p> + +<p>I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge +of the Zionist Federation.</p> + +<p class="r"> +<span style="margin-right:15%;">Yours sincerely,</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Arthur James Balfour</span>.<br /> +(<i>Times</i>, November 9, 1917.)<br /> +</p></div> + + + +<h3><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span></h3> + +<p class="doc"><span class="smcap">INTERNATIONAL ANTI-SEMITISM IN</span> 1498.</p> + + +<p>T<span class="smcap">he</span> earliest appearance of the Jewish Question in international +European politics—or rather the earliest reference to it in the British +State Papers—happened in 1498, shortly after the great expulsion of +the Jews from Spain. In that year Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain +sent a mission to England on business connected with Prince Arthur's +marriage. The mission was apparently instructed to deal with the +Jewish Question. The envoys expressed to the King their sorrow +that, while Spain had been purged of infidelity, Flanders and England +were infested by that scourge. Thereupon, according to a dispatch +from the chief of the mission, Henry VII, laying both hands on his +breast, swore that he would persecute without mercy any Jew or heretic +that the King or Queen of Spain might point out in his dominions.</p> + + +<p class="doc">DOCUMENT.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="c"><i>De Carta del soprior de Santa Cruza Sus Alts. (Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz to +Ferdinand and Isabella, July 18, 1498). Extract.</i></p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Acabada nuestra embasada hable al Rey de Inglaterra solo....</p> + +<p>Al otro cabo que le dixe que en su Reyno y en Flandes estaban muchos +conversos de los Reynos de V.A. y algunos fuydos por miedo de la Inquisicion +y quan firmes V.A. estaban en su amistad y hermandad y que los sobredichos +siempre procuraban el contrario que le avisaban dello, holgo mucho de tal +avis y dixo la mano puesta en los pechos que por la fe de su coraçon que no +decia el de marranos mas del mejor de su Reyno si contra lo que yo le decia +algo le dixiese, no le oiria ni le ternia por suyo, y que si S.A. le mandaien airsar +si en su tierra hay algun judio o herege que por la fe de su corazon et los +castigaria bien. Fue esta habla larga y por ser nuevo oficial abrevie, huelga +mucho el Rey de Inglaterra en fablar de la Princesa de Gales....</p> + +<p class="r">(Record Office: "Spanish Transcripts," Series I, vol. I, B. 205.)</p></div> + + +<h3><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></h3> + +<ul> +<li>Abdul Medjid, Sultan of Turkey, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li>Aberdeen, Earl of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li>Adler, Cyrus, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li>Agreement, Anglo-Prussian (1841), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Alexander I, Tsar, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> +<li>Alexander II, Tsar, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> +<li>Alexander III, Tsar, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Alexander, Bishop, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Alexander, D. L., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Algeciras, Conference of (1906), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; +<ul><li>Protocols, <a href="#Page_98">98-99</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Allenby, General, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li>Alliance Israélite, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li>Almodovar del Rio, Duc de, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>American-Jewish Committee, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li>American House of Representatives, Resolution, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>American Senate, Resolution, <a href="#Page_79">79-80</a></li> +<li>American-Swiss Treaty (1855), <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> +<li>"Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon," <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Anarchists, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Ancona, Jews of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Andrássy, Count, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> +<li>Anglo-French Entente, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Anglo-Jewish Association, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li>Anglo-Moorish Treaty (1856), <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Anglo-Prussian Agreement (1841), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Anglo-Russian Treaty (1859), <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Anglo-Swiss Treaty (1855), <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li>Anglo-Turkish Treaty (1809), <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance, <a href="#Page_57">57-62</a></li> +<li>Appleton, John, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li>Austria, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Austrian Instruction (1815), <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li>Austrian Jews, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Balance of Power, The, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Balfour, Arthur James, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li>Baltimore, Jews of, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> +<li>Bartholomey, Mr., <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li>Baruch, Jacob, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li>Baxter, Nadir, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Beaconsfield, Earl of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Beauvale, Lord, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Belgium and Holland, Union of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li>Benchimol Family, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li>Berlin, Congress of (1878), <a href="#Page_23">23-36</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>Berlin, Treaty of (1878), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Bernhardt, "Handbook of Treaties, &c.," <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Bernstorff, Count, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li>Bertie, Francis, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Bethlehem, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Bismarck, Prince, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Bjoerkoe interview, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Blaine, James G. (U.S. Secretary of State), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> +<li>"Blue Laws," <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li>Boerne, Ludwig, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li>Bohemia, Jews of, <a href="#Page_7">7-11</a></li> +<li>Brisac, J., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li>Broglie, Duc de, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Brothers, Richard, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Bucharest Commission, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li>Bucharest, Treaty of (1913), <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Bülow, Baron, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Bund, Jewish, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Bunsen, Baron, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Buzaglo, David, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span></li> +<li>Canovas Del Castillo, Señor, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> +<li>Capitulations, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Capodistrias, Count, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li>Carathéodory Pacha, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Carlowitz, Treaty of (1699), <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Cassini, Count, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Castlereagh, Viscount, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li>Catharine of Braganza, Queen, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Catherine of Russia, Empress, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> +<li>"Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France," <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Charlemagne, Emperor, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li>Charles II, King of England, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Charles X, King of France, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Chevalier, Michel, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>China, religious liberty in, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li>Choate, Joseph H., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Christendom, Peace of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li>Christian Missions, protection of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li>Christina, Queen of Sweden, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Churchill, Colonel, C. H., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li>Circular Note to Great Powers, American (1902), <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Clarendon, Earl of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Clanricarde, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li>Cobden, Richard, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Cohn, Albert, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li><a name="Conferences" id="Conferences"></a>Conferences:— +<ul><li>Algeciras (1906), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li>Bucharest (1913), <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Constantinople (1856), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li>London (1830), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li>London (1912), <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Madrid (1880), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li>Ryswick (1697), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>St. Petersburg (1912-13), <a href="#Page_45">45-47</a></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>See also</i></span> <a href="#Protocols">Protocols</a> and <a href="#Treaties">Treaties</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li><a name="Congresses" id="Congresses"></a>Congresses:— +<ul><li>Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li>Berlin (1878), <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25-33</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> +<li>Paris (1856), <a href="#Page_18">18-23</a></li> +<li>Vienna (1815), <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12-15</a></li> +<li><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>See also</i></span> <a href="#Protocols">Protocols</a> and <a href="#Treaties">Treaties</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Consistoire Israélite, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Consular Protection, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82-85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86-88</a></li> +<li><a name="Convention" id="Convention"></a>Convention, Cyprus (1878), <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li>Convention of Paris (1858), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li>Crémieux, Adolphe, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Cromwell, Oliver, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>Crowe, Sir Eyre, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>Cyprus, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Cyprus Convention (1878), <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Damascus, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li>Daudet, Ernest, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>"Décade Philosophique et Littéraire," <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li>De Card, "Les Traités entre la France et le Maroc," <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li>Declaration on Palestine, British (1917), <a href="#Page_124">124-5</a></li> +<li>De Launay, Count, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li>De Mello, Don Francisco Manuel, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Deschamps, Emile, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Despatch, American, to U.S. Minister at Athens (1902), <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> +<li>Desprez, M., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Dicey, Professor A. V., <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>D'Israeli, "Genius of Judaism," <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Dobrudja, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Dohm, C. W., <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Eastern Roumelia, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> +<li>Edict of Sultan of Morocco, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> +<li>El Arish, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li>Esterhazy, Prince, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Finch, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Finn, James, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; +<ul><li>"Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles," <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Fogg, Mr., <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li>Foreign Jews Protection Society, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Foster, J. W., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> +<li>France, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Franchi, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></li> +<li>Franco-Moorish Règlement (1863), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li>Franco-Swiss Treaty (1827), <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li>Franco-Swiss Treaty (1864), <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li>Franks, Aaron, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li>Freemasons, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Fuller, "A Pisgah Sight of Palestine," <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li class="alpha">George II, King of England, <a href="#Page_7">7-9</a></li> +<li>German Jews, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li>Goldsmid, Sir Julian, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Gortchacow, Prince, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Graetz, "Geschichte der Juden," <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Granville, Earl, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>; +<ul><li>despatch of,<a href="#Page_81">81-82</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Greece, Jews of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +<li>Grey, Sir Edward, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Grey, Viscount (<i>see</i> Sir Edward)</li> +<li>Guizot, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey, M.P., <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Hammond, J., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Hardenberg, Prince, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li>Haroun al-Rashid, Khalif, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li>Harrington, Lord, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Hart, Moses, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li><i>Hatti-Humayoun</i> (1856), <a href="#Page_19">19-22</a></li> +<li>Hay, John (U.S. Secretary of State), <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>; +<ul><li>despatch on Rumania, <a href="#Page_38">38-43</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Hay, Sir John Drummond, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li>Haymerle, Baron, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Henry VII, King of England, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Hervaille, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Herzl, Theodor, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li>"Histoire Diplomatique de l'Alliance Franco-Russe," <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Holland, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li>Holland, Jews of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li>Holland, "The European Concert in the Eastern Question," <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li>Holy Alliance, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li>Holy Roman Empire, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Hoskier, M., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li class="alpha"><i>Izviestia</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Izvolsky, A., <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Jackson, J. B. (U.S. Minister at Bucharest), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Jaffa, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>James I, King of England, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Jewish Board of Deputies, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li>Jewish Bund, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Jewish Conjoint Committee, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li>"Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States," <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li>Jewish Nationalism, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li>"Jews and the War," <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Jews in Bohemia, <a href="#Page_7">7-11</a></li> +<li>Jews in Foreign Countries, Status of, <a href="#Page_63">63-83</a></li> +<li>Jews in Morocco, <a href="#Page_83">83-85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87-99</a></li> +<li>Jews in Rumania, <a href="#Page_28">28-48</a></li> +<li>Jews in Russia, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Jews in Russia, American Despatch, <a href="#Page_76">76-78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81-83</a></li> +<li>Jews in Switzerland, <a href="#Page_72">72-73</a></li> +<li>"Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the U.S.," <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> +<li>Jews, National Restoration of, <a href="#Page_100">100-125</a></li> +<li>Jews of Baltimore, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> +<li>Joostens, Baron, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Kamarowsky, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Klüber, "Akten des Wiener Kongresses," <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li>Kohler, Max, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li>Koutzo-Vlachs, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span></li> +<li>Lamsdorf, Count, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Lansdowne, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> +<li>Lassalle, Ferdinand, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>"Legal Sufferings of Jews in Russia," <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Lemoine, "Napoléon et les Juifs," <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li>Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, Prince, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +<li>Leven, Narcisse, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Lewisohn, Leon, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Lieven, Count, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li>Loeb, Isidor, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li>Loewe, "Diaries of Sir Moses Montefiore," <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> +<li>London, Treaty of (1840), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Louis Philippe, King of France, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>; +<ul><li>speech of (1835), <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Ludolf, Count, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Madrid, Conference of (1880), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; +<ul><li>Protocols, <a href="#Page_90">90-98</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Madrid, Treaty of (1880), <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li>Maiorescu, Titu (Rumanian Prime Minister), <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Maria Theresa, Empress, <a href="#Page_7">7-11</a></li> +<li>Marranos (or Crypto-Jews), <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Marx, Karl, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li>Mehemet Ali, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li>"Memorandum on the Grievances of British Subjects of the Jewish Faith," <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> +<li>"Memorandum on Treaty Rights of Jews of Rumania" (1908), <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li>Memorandum (Palestine), Austrian (1840), <a href="#Page_111">111-113</a>; +<ul><li>(1841), <a href="#Page_117">117-119</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Memorandum (Palestine), Prussian (1841), <a href="#Page_114">114-116</a></li> +<li>Memorandum (Palestine) of Russian Government (1840), <a href="#Page_107">107-110</a></li> +<li>Menasseh ben Israel, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Mendes da Costa, Fernando, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Metternich, Prince, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li>Milan, Prince, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Mohammed Vargas, Cid, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Moldavia, Jews in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li>Moldavians and Wallachians, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li>Montefiore, Claude G., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Montefiore, Joseph Meyer, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li>Montefiore, Lady, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li>Montefiore, Sir Moses, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> +<li>Montenegro, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li>Montmoren y Laval, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li>Moravia, Jews of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li>Morocco, Jews of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> +<li>Morocco, Religious Liberty in, <a href="#Page_89">89-99</a></li> +<li>Mount Athos, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Muley-el-Hassan, Sultan of Morocco, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Nahon, Moses, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li>Napier, Lord, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Napoleon I, Emperor, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li>Napoleon III, Emperor, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>Nasi, Donna Gracia, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Nasi, Don Joseph (<i>see</i> Naxos, Duke of)</li> +<li>"National Treatment," <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Nationality, Jewish, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Naxos, Duke of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li>Nazareth, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Neapolitan prison horrors, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li>Nelidow, Actual Privy Councillor, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Nesselrode, Count, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li>Nicholas II, Tsar, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Nicolson, Sir Arthur, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> +<li>"Nikky-Willy" correspondence, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li>Nina, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Oliphant, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Omar, Mosque of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Ottoman Empire, Jews in, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Palestine Declaration, British (1917), <a href="#Page_124">124-125</a></li> +<li>Palestine, Jews in, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> +<li>Palestine Question, <a href="#Page_100">100-125</a></li> +<li>Palestine, Russian Jews in, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span></li> +<li>Palestine, Secret Agreement (1917), <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li>Palestine Memorandum, Austrian (1840), <a href="#Page_111">111-113</a>; (1841), <a href="#Page_117">117-119</a></li> +<li>Palestine Memorandum, Prussian (1841), <a href="#Page_114">114-116</a></li> +<li>Palestine Memorandum, Russian (1840), <a href="#Page_107">107-110</a></li> +<li>Palmerston, Viscount, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> +<li>Paris, Convention of (1858), <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li>Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718), <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Passport Question in Russia, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Paul IV, Pope, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Paulli, Holger, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Peace of Christendom, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li>Peace of Westphalia, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Petition concerning Jews of Bohemia, <a href="#Page_7">7-11</a></li> +<li>Piggott, Sir Francis, "Exterritoriality," <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li>Pogroms, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Poland, Jews of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Poland, Protestants of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li>Ponsonby, Lord, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Pope, the, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> +<li>Portugal, Jews of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Prince of Wales (Arthur), <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li><a name="Protocols" id="Protocols"></a>Protocols:— +<ul><li>Anti-Anarchist (1904), <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Algeciras Conference (1906), <a href="#Page_98">98-99</a></li> +<li>Conference of Bucharest (1913), <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Conference of Constantinople (1856), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li>Conference of London (1830), <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +<li>Conference, Madrid (1880), <a href="#Page_90">90-98</a></li> +<li>Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li>Congress of Berlin (1878), <a href="#Page_25">25-33</a></li> +<li>Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li><i>See also</i> <a href="#Conferences">Conferences</a>, <a href="#Congresses">Congresses</a> and <a href="#Treaties">Treaties</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Prussia, Jews of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Prussia, King of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Radowitz, Herr von, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li><a name="Reglement" id="Reglement"></a>Règlement, Franco-Moorish (1863), <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> +<li>Religious Liberty, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li>"Restoration of the Hebrews, The," <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> +<li>Revoil, M., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Richelieu, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li>Ristitch, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Robinson, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Roosevelt, Theodore, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Rothschild, Sir Anthony de, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>Rothschild, Baron James de, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li>Rothschild, Baron Lionel de, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>Rothschild, Leopold de, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li>Rothschild, Lord, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li>Rothschild, Lord (second), <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li>Rothschild, Nathan, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li>Rumania, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li>Rumania and the Powers (1902), <a href="#Page_36">36-45</a></li> +<li>Rumania, American Circular Note on, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> +<li>Rumania, Identic Note to (1880), <a href="#Page_35">35-36</a></li> +<li>Rumania, Jews of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Rumanian Constitution, Art. VII, <a href="#Page_34">34-35</a></li> +<li>Russell, Earl, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, 86 (<i>see</i> Russell, Lord John)</li> +<li>Russell, Lord John, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> +<li>Russia, Jews in, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76-78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81-83</a></li> +<li>"Russian Government and the Massacres," <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Russian Jews in Palestine, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> +<li>Russian Jews, persecution of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li>Russian Revolution, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li>Russian Secret Documents, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Russo-American Treaty (1832), <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li>Russo-American Treaty (1832), denunciation of, <a href="#Page_79">79-80</a></li> +<li>Ryswick, Conference of (1697), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Sabbathai Zevi, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Sager, M., <a href="#Page_99">99</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span></li> +<li>Salisbury, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>Samuel, Henry, Case of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Sanderson, Sir T. H., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li>Santa Cruz, Sub-Prior of, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Saxony, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Schiff, Jacob, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li>Schouvaloff, Count, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> +<li>Secret Agreement (Palestine) (1917), <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li>Secret Note to Swiss Diet, French (1826), <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> +<li>Séménoff, M., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> +<li>Servia, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li>Servia, Jews of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li>Seward, William H. (U.S. Secretary of State), <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li>Sidi Mohammed, Sultan of Morocco, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> +<li>Socialists, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Solyman the Magnificent, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li>Spain, Jews of, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li>Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li>Straus, Oscar, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Stroock, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li>Suliotis, M., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> +<li>Sweden, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li>Switzerland, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>"Switzerland and American Jews," <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>Switzerland, Jews in, <a href="#Page_72">72-73</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Tatistcheff, M., <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li>Testa, Jonkheer, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>Thirty Years War, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li>Thornton, Sir E., <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>Toledano, Isaac, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li><a name="Treaties" id="Treaties"></a>Treaties:— +<ul><li>American-Swiss (1855), <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li>Anglo-Moorish (1727-8), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Anglo-Moorish (1856), <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Anglo-Russian (1859), <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li>Anglo-Swiss (1855), <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li>Anglo-Turkish (1809), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li>Berlin (1878), <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li>Bucharest (1913), <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li>Carlowitz (1699), <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Franco-Swiss (1827), <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li>Franco-Swiss (1864), <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li>London (1840), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li>London (1864), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li>Madrid (1880), <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> +<li>Münster (1648), <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li>Osnabruck (1648), <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li>Paris (1856), <a href="#Page_20">20-22</a></li> +<li>Passarowitz (1718), <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Russo-American (1832), <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li>San Stéfano (1878), <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> +<li>Tientsin (1858), <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li>Vienna (1815), <a href="#Page_13">13-15</a></li> +<li><i>See also</i> <a href="#Conferences">Conferences</a>, <a href="#Congresses">Congresses</a>, <a href="#Convention">Conventions</a>, <a href="#Protocols">Protocols</a> and <a href="#Reglement">Règlement</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Turkey, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li>Turkey, Jews in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Ubicini, "Question des Principautés," <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li>United States, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li>United States, Religious Liberty in, <a href="#Page_38">38-43</a></li> +<li>Universal Suffrage, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Vatican, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li>Vaudois, persecution of the, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li>Venizelos, M., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li>Visconti Venosta, Viscount, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Waddington, M., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> +<li>Wallachia, Jews in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li>Wallachians and Moldavians, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li>Warsaw, British Jews in, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li>Way, Rev. Lewis, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li>Wellington, Duke of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li>Westphalia, Peace of, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li>White, Henry, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> +<li>White, Sir W. A., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></li> +<li>William II, Emperor of Germany, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>William III, King of England, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li>Wilson, Charles S., <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> +<li>Witte, Count, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> +<li>Wolf, Lucien, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>; +<ul><li>"Sir Moses Montefiore," <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +</ul></li> +<li>Wolf, Simon, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li>"World's Great Restoration, The," <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> +<li>Wyshnigradski, M., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> +<li class="alpha">Zion, Mount, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li>Zionism, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +</ul> + +<p class="c top15">Printed by <span class="smcap">Spottiswoode, Ballantyne & Co. Ltd.</span> +Colchester, London & Eton, England</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3><a name="FOOTNOTES" id="FOOTNOTES"></a>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_7" id="Footnote_1_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_7"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 57-62 and Appendix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_8" id="Footnote_2_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_8"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Wolf: <i>Menasseh b. Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell</i>, pp. xviii <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_9" id="Footnote_3_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_9"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The Protocol was accepted by the Dutch King on July 21, 1814. Its text +will be found in <i>British and Foreign State Papers</i>, ii. 141-142.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_10" id="Footnote_4_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_10"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Guasco: "L'Église Catholique et la Liberté Religieuse dans l'Empire +Chinois" (<i>Revue Générale de Droit International Public</i>, x. 53 <i>et seq.</i>)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_11" id="Footnote_5_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_11"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Verney and Dambmann: <i>Puissances Etrangères dans le Levant</i>, pp. 69-80.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_12" id="Footnote_6_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_12"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 83 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_13" id="Footnote_7_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_13"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The historical and juridical aspects of the question have been fully discussed +by Professor Rougier in the <i>Revue Générale de Droit International Public</i>, xvii. 468 +<i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_14" id="Footnote_8_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_14"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Martin: <i>Life of the Prince Consort</i>, iii. 510-511.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_15" id="Footnote_9_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_15"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> For a vigorous exposition of the duty of civilised States in such cases, see +Prof. A. Dicey's introduction to <i>Legal Sufferings of the Jews in Russia</i>, p. x.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_16" id="Footnote_10_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_16"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> See Straus: <i>The American Spirit</i> (New York). For documentary examples +relating to the Jews, see Cyrus Adler: <i>Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the +United States</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_17" id="Footnote_11_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_17"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 63-64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_18" id="Footnote_12_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_18"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Kayserling: "Menasseh b. Israel" (<i>Misc. Heb. Lit.</i> ii. 29); <i>Harleian +Miscellany</i>, vii. 618.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_19" id="Footnote_13_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_19"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 29,868, <i>f.</i> 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_20" id="Footnote_14_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_20"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Sir Thomas Robinson, "l'infatigable Robinson" of Carlyle's <i>Frederick</i>, +afterwards Lord Grantham.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_21" id="Footnote_15_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_21"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Graetz: <i>Geschichte der Juden</i>, x. 393-394.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_22" id="Footnote_16_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_22"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Emanuel: <i>A Century and a Half of Anglo-Jewish History</i>, p. 9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_23" id="Footnote_17_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_23"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Graetz: <i>Geschichte</i>, xi. 324-328. See also Kohler: <i>Jewish Rights at +International Congresses</i>, pp. 6-20.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_24" id="Footnote_18_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_24"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>Diary of Sir Moses Montefiore</i>, 1817, p. 192. (Ramsgate Theological College +MSS.) Kohler: <i>op. cit.</i> pp. 25-26.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_25" id="Footnote_19_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_25"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Communication from the late Mr. Leopold de Rothschild. See also <i>Gentleman's +Magazine</i>, Oct. 1819, p. 362.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_26" id="Footnote_20_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_26"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 16. The Protocol does not appear in the Protocols of the Congress +published in the <i>British and Foreign State Papers</i>, and is usually excluded from the +official records of the Congress. Its text is, however, given in Way's <i>Mémoires</i> +(Paris, 1819) as an unpaginated Appendix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_27" id="Footnote_21_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_27"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> <i>Procès-Verbal des Séances de l'Assemblée Juive</i> (Paris, 1806), pp. 47-49; +<i>Actes du Grand Sanhédrin</i>, pp. 65-73, 83, 90-91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_28" id="Footnote_22_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_28"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Emanuel: <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 66. The facts are given more fully by Loeb: +<i>Biographie d'Albert Cohn</i> (Paris, 1878), pp. 48-49.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_29" id="Footnote_23_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_29"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Loeb: <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 49 (supplemented by private sources), Holland: <i>The +European Concert in the Eastern Question</i>, p. 330.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_30" id="Footnote_24_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_30"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Holland: <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 233-234, 251.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_31" id="Footnote_25_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_31"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>British and Foreign State Papers</i>, xlviii. 78.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_32" id="Footnote_26_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_32"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Loeb: <i>Situation des Israélites en Turquie, en Serbie, et en Roumanie</i> (1877), +p. 200.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_33" id="Footnote_27_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_33"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <i>The Jews and the War</i>, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16. (Privately printed by Jewish +Conjoint Committee.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_34" id="Footnote_28_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_34"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <i>British and Foreign State Papers</i>, xlviii. 97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_35" id="Footnote_29_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_35"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 113.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_36" id="Footnote_30_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_36"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 120.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_37" id="Footnote_31_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_37"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> <i>Jews and the War</i>, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_38" id="Footnote_32_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_38"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> The <i>Hatti-Humayoun</i> (see next document).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_39" id="Footnote_33_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_39"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> This <i>alinéa</i> did not appear in the scheme drawn up by the Bucharest Commission, +but was inserted by the Conference.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_40" id="Footnote_34_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_40"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Loeb: <i>Situation</i>, pp. 139-196. Narcisse Leven: <i>Cinquante ans d'histoire</i>, +pp. 93-146.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_41" id="Footnote_35_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_41"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>British and Foreign State Papers</i>, lxii. p. 705.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_42" id="Footnote_36_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_42"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 25-33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_43" id="Footnote_37_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_43"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <i>Jews and the War</i>, p. 29.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_44" id="Footnote_38_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_44"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_45" id="Footnote_39_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_45"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 32. Extract from Protocol No. 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_46" id="Footnote_40_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_46"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> "Le Traité de Berlin," writes M. Suliotis in the <i>Journal du droit international +privé</i> (xiv. 563), "a cru faire merveille en faveur des étrangers, mais la Roumanie +a su habilement éluder les inconvénients qui pouvaient resulter de l'application de +l'article VII. dans le sens du Traité de Berlin, qui n'a eu d'autres résultats que de +rendre plus difficile la situation des étrangers."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_47" id="Footnote_41_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_47"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Dated June 13, 1901. It is not printed. Its argument is largely reproduced +in the Memorandum of the Conjoint Committee of November 1908, for full text of +which see <i>Jews and the War</i>, pp. 14 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_48" id="Footnote_42_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_48"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Private information and documents.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_49" id="Footnote_43_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_49"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> For a detailed and documented account of the American intervention, but +without the full texts of the Notes of Secretary Hay (<i>infra</i>, pp. 38-45), see Kohler +and Wolf: <i>Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States</i> (the American Jewish Committee, +1916), pp. 80-83, 108-137.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_50" id="Footnote_44_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_50"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Semi-official communiqué to the newspapers through Reuter's Agency, +September 23, 1902. The fact was also privately communicated by Lord Lansdowne +to Lord Rothschild at the time.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_51" id="Footnote_45_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_51"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> This is a reference to Russia. <i>Infra</i>, pp. 69-70.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_52" id="Footnote_46_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_52"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> "Memorandum on the Treaty Rights of the Jews of Rumania" (November +1908). Printed for confidential use, 16 pp. fcp. Reprinted in <i>Jews and the War</i>, +pp. 14-30. Also in the Annual Reports of the Board of Deputies and Anglo-Jewish +Association (1909), and in Kohler and Wolf, <i>op. cit.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_53" id="Footnote_47_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_53"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 47.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_54" id="Footnote_48_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_54"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 51. For a fuller text of the correspondence, see Annual Report of +the Board of Deputies (1913), pp. 54-74.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_55" id="Footnote_49_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_55"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> The United States was a conspicuous exception. See especially Mr. Blaine's +despatch of February 18, 1891. (<i>Foreign Relations of U.S.</i> 1891, p. 737.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_56" id="Footnote_50_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_56"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Wolf and Dicey: <i>Legal Sufferings of the Jews in Russia</i> (London, 1912). +Semenoff and Wolf: <i>The Russian Government and the Massacres</i> (London, 1907).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_57" id="Footnote_51_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_57"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> The story is told by M. Ernest Daudet in his <i>Histoire Diplomatique +de l'Alliance Franco-Russe</i>, pp. 261-262, but the present writer is able to confirm +it from other sources.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_58" id="Footnote_52_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_58"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> The famous "Nikky-Willy" correspondence (see <i>Times</i>, September 4, +1917; <i>Daily Telegraph</i>, September 4, 27 and 29, 1917; and <i>Morning Post</i>, +September 15, 1917.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_59" id="Footnote_53_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_59"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 57-62.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_60" id="Footnote_54_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_60"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> The statement in the Memorandum that Messrs. Rothschild had been +excluded by the Russian Government from these loan operations is inaccurate. +The exclusion had come from the other side, and at the very time that the Memorandum +was being prepared Count Witte had sent representatives of the Finance +Ministry to London to endeavour to overcome Lord Rothschild's reluctance.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_61" id="Footnote_55_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_61"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> This Protocol is published in vol. vi. of the <i>Secret Documents</i> published by +the Russian Revolutionary Government in February 1918.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_62" id="Footnote_56_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_62"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Secret letter from the Kaiser to the Tsar published in the Soviet organ +<i>Inviestia</i>, December 19, 1917.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_63" id="Footnote_57_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_63"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> Actual Privy Councillor Nelidow's despatch of December 1-14, 1905.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_64" id="Footnote_58_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_64"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Communicated by Emil Deschamps in the <i>Journal de St. Pétersbourg</i>, of +December 23, 1905.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_65" id="Footnote_59_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_65"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at the Hague of October 24, 1905, +No. 22.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_66" id="Footnote_60_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_66"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at Rome of November 29, 1905, +No. 23.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_67" id="Footnote_61_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_67"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> According to the rules of French Freemasonry, promotion to the eighteenth +degree makes the recipient automatically a member of the "Alliance Israélite +Universelle," while out of the nine members of the Secret Supreme Council of +Freemasonry five must be Jews.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_68" id="Footnote_62_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_68"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Levy: <i>Don Joseph Nasi</i>, <i>Herzog von Naxos und seine Familie</i> (Breslau, +1859). See also Graetz: <i>Geschichte</i>, vol. ix. <i>passim</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_69" id="Footnote_63_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_69"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> The text of the Sultan's letter is preserved in the rare <i>Lettere di Principi</i> +(Venice, 1581), iii. 171.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_70" id="Footnote_64_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_70"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Graetz: <i>Geschichte</i>, ix. 361, and 571-572.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_71" id="Footnote_65_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_71"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> <i>Transactions, Jewish Historical Society</i>, iv. 478 <i>et seq.</i> The plea has been +revived during the present war, but with less success. It was largely used by +Russian Jews in order to escape conscription under the Anglo-Russian Convention +of 1916. (See Petition of Foreign Jews Protection Society, <i>Herald</i>, July 22 and 29, +1916.) See also the case of the prosecution of Henry Samuel, <i>Times</i>, +September 19, 1918.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_72" id="Footnote_66_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_72"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 71.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_73" id="Footnote_67_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_73"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Brisac: <i>Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France</i> (Lausanne, 1916), +pp. 9-13. <i>Infra</i>, pp. 71-72.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_74" id="Footnote_68_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_74"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Brisac: <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 14-15, 16-17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_75" id="Footnote_69_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_75"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Jewish disabilities still existed in England, Germany, Austria, Russia, the +Italian States, Spain and Portugal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_76" id="Footnote_70_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_76"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> May 28, 1841. A full report of the debate will be found in the <i>Moniteur</i>, +May 29, 1841.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_77" id="Footnote_71_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_77"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Stroock: "Switzerland and American Jews," in <i>Publications of the American +Jewish Historical Society</i>, xi. 7-8, 15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_78" id="Footnote_72_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_78"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Brisac: <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 27-33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_79" id="Footnote_73_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_79"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 73-74.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_80" id="Footnote_74_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_80"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Stroock: <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_81" id="Footnote_75_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_81"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Brisac: <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 37.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_82" id="Footnote_76_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_82"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> Stroock: <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 24-32.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_83" id="Footnote_77_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_83"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Lord Clarendon on December 17, 1857, instructed the British Minister at +Berne to make representations to the Swiss Government (Stroock: p. 36). +The bulk of the official correspondence of the United States on the subject is +printed by Cyrus Adler in <i>Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society</i>, +xv. 25-39.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_84" id="Footnote_78_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_84"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 73.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_85" id="Footnote_79_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_85"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> This was not in the Commercial Treaty but in a separate Treaty of Establishment +signed the same day.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_86" id="Footnote_80_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_86"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Sanctioned by the Referendum of January 14, 1866 (Brisac, p. 54).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_87" id="Footnote_81_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_87"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <i>Parl. Paper, Russia</i>, No. 4 (1881), p. 21. <i>Infra</i>, pp. 81-82.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_88" id="Footnote_82_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_88"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> <i>Parl. Paper, Russia</i>, No. 3 (1881), pp. 17-18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_89" id="Footnote_83_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_89"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> <i>Parl. Paper, Russia</i>, No. 4 (1881), pp. 21-22. <i>Infra</i>, p. 82.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_90" id="Footnote_84_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_90"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Letter from Sir T. H. Sanderson on behalf of the Marquis of Salisbury, +January 29, 1891.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_91" id="Footnote_85_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_91"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> "Memorandum on the grievances of British subjects of the Jewish faith in +regard to the interpretation of Articles I and XI of the Anglo-Russian Treaty of +Commerce and Navigation of January 12, 1859" (August 2, 1912). Printed for +confidential use, 9 pp. fcp. The text together with further correspondence has +been reprinted in the Annual Reports of the Board of Deputies and the Anglo-Jewish +Association for 1912.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_92" id="Footnote_86_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_92"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 82-83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_93" id="Footnote_87_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_93"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Cyrus Adler: <i>Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States</i>, +pp. 73-74. See also dispatch from Mr. Foster, October 18, 1880, in <i>Foreign Relations +of the United States</i>, 1881, p. 991.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_94" id="Footnote_88_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_94"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> See dispatches quoted by C. Adler, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 75-96 from <i>Foreign Relations</i> +1880 and 1881.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_95" id="Footnote_89_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_95"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 76-78.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_96" id="Footnote_90_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_96"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 79-80.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_97" id="Footnote_91_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_97"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Cyrus Adler: <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 7-19. See also <i>infra</i>, p. 103 (note).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_98" id="Footnote_92_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_98"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 83.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_99" id="Footnote_93_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_99"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Confirmed by Art. XIII of the Treaty of Passarowitz, July 21, 1718.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_100" id="Footnote_94_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_100"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> <i>Supra</i>, pp. 3-4.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_101" id="Footnote_95_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_101"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Piggott: <i>Exterritoriality</i> (Lond. 1907), pp. 67-68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_102" id="Footnote_96_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_102"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Bernhardt: <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 947, 957.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_103" id="Footnote_97_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_103"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 86. Further details will be found in Mr. Finn's <i>Records from +Jerusalem Consular Chronicles</i> (Lond. 1878), i. 112-114.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_104" id="Footnote_98_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_104"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 87.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_105" id="Footnote_99_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_105"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 87.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_106" id="Footnote_100_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_106"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> <i>Memoir of Sir John Drummond Hay</i> (Lond. 1896), pp. 322-323. See also +stipulations of French Treaty (<i>infra</i>, p. 88).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_107" id="Footnote_101_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_107"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> For details of these cases see Leven: <i>Cinquante Ans d'Histoire</i>, pp. 158 +<i>et seq.</i> Annual Reports of the Anglo-Jewish Association.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_108" id="Footnote_102_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_108"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> <i>Memoir of Sir J. D. Hay</i>, pp. 321-323.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_109" id="Footnote_103_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_109"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 323.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_110" id="Footnote_104_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_110"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 90-91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_111" id="Footnote_105_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_111"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 93.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_112" id="Footnote_106_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_112"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 92. See also Wolf: <i>Sir Moses Montefiore</i> (Lond. 1884), pp. 213-232, +and Loewe: <i>Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore</i>, ii. 148-153.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_113" id="Footnote_107_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_113"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 97.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_114" id="Footnote_108_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_114"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 98.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_115" id="Footnote_109_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_115"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> <i>Cf. supra</i>, p. 89.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_116" id="Footnote_110_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_116"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> Fuller: <i>A Pisgah Sight of Palestine</i> (Lond. 1650), bk. iv. p. 194.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_117" id="Footnote_111_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_117"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> D'Israeli: <i>Genius of Judaism</i>, pp. 200-201.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_118" id="Footnote_112_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_118"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> <i>The Restoration of the Hebrews to Jerusalem by the Year of 1798 under the +Revealed Prince and Prophet</i> (Lond. 1794). <i>A letter from Mr. Brothers to Miss +Cott with an Address to the Members of His Britannic Majesty's Council</i> (Lond. +1798). <i>The Curious Trial of Mr. Brothers ... on a Statute of Lunacy</i> (Lond. +1795).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_119" id="Footnote_113_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_119"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> <i>Mr. Halhed's Speech in the House of Commons ... on Monday, May the +4th, 1795</i> (Lond. 1795).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_120" id="Footnote_114_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_120"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Law Reports: 4 De Gex & Smale, 467.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_121" id="Footnote_115_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_121"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> For details see <i>infra</i>, pp. 104-106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_122" id="Footnote_116_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_122"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Finn: <i>op. cit.</i>, i. 106. The passage is worth quoting: "In 1839, Lord +Palmerston's direction to his first Consul in Jerusalem was 'to afford protection +to the Jews generally.' The words were simply those, broad and general, as under +the circumstances they ought to be, leaving after events to work out their own +modifications. The instruction, however, seemed to bear on its face a recognition +that the Jews are a nation by themselves and that contingencies might possibly +arise in which their relations to Mohammedans should become difficult, though it +was impossible to foresee the shape that future transactions might assume upon the +impending expulsion of the Egyptians from Syria."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_123" id="Footnote_117_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_123"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> See text of Firman in Loewe: <i>Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore</i>, i. 278-279.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_124" id="Footnote_118_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_124"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 119-124.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_125" id="Footnote_119_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_125"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <i>Memoir of Laurence Oliphant</i>, ii. 179. As late as January 1888 Mr. Oscar +Straus, the United States Minister in Constantinople and himself a Jew, assured +the Grand Vizier, with regard to the establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine, +"that no such purpose actuated the Jews throughout the world" (<i>Foreign Relations +of U.S.</i>, 1888, p. 1559).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_126" id="Footnote_120_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_126"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> <i>Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon</i> (1702), <i>Novus in Belgio +Judaeorum Rex</i>, p. 25.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_127" id="Footnote_121_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_127"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Graetz: <i>Geschichte</i>, x. 207.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_128" id="Footnote_122_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_128"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> "Re-establishment of the Jewish Government, with a letter from a Jew +to his Brethren; copied from the <i>Courier</i>, June 10, 1798."</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_129" id="Footnote_123_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_129"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Lemoine: <i>Napoléon et les Juifs</i> (Paris, 1900), p. 72.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_130" id="Footnote_124_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_130"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 107. There is no trace of this scheme in the Foreign Office papers +except in the reference here quoted from the Russian Memorandum, but Tatistcheff, +who saw the Russian set of these papers in the Petrograd Foreign Office, describes +a scheme submitted by Guizot to Palmerston and Metternich which seems to be the +one referred to here. (Kamarowsky: "La Question d'Orient," in <i>Revue Générale +de Droit International Public</i>, iii. 423.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_131" id="Footnote_125_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_131"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 107-109.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_132" id="Footnote_126_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_132"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 111-113.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_133" id="Footnote_127_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_133"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 113.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_134" id="Footnote_128_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_134"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 114-116.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_135" id="Footnote_129_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_135"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> Covering despatch from Baron Bülow, <i>infra</i>, p. 116.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_136" id="Footnote_130_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_136"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Despatch from Lord Beauvale and draft of reply by Palmerston, <i>infra</i>, +pp. 116-117.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_137" id="Footnote_131_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_137"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Kamarowsky, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 423.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_138" id="Footnote_132_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_138"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> <i>Memoirs of Bunsen</i> (London, 1868), i. 593 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_139" id="Footnote_133_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_139"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Memorandum of July 15, 1841, presented to Palmerston by Bunsen (F.O. +64/235 Prussia).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_140" id="Footnote_134_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_140"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Letter from Bunsen to his Wife (<i>Memoirs</i>, i. 608-609).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_141" id="Footnote_135_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_141"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Bishop Alexander was before his conversion Minister of the Jewish +Synagogue at Plymouth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_142" id="Footnote_136_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_142"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Holland: <i>European Concert in Eastern Question</i>, p. 93.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_143" id="Footnote_137_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_143"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> <i>British and Foreign State Papers</i>, lxix. 1342-1353; lxxiii. 438.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_144" id="Footnote_138_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_144"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, p. 124.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_145" id="Footnote_139_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_145"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> <i>Infra</i>, pp. 124-125.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_146" id="Footnote_140_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_146"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> This was probably the scheme suggested by Guizot (<i>supra</i>, p. 105).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_147" id="Footnote_141_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_147"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> This Memorandum is identical with the Austrian Memorandum of +October 1840, which at the time was only communicated to the Prussian Government +(<i>supra</i>, pp. 111-113).</p></div> + + +<h3>Notes of the transcriber of this etext:</h3> + +<ul +style="margin:auto auto 10% 27%;"> +<li>"Religous" changed to "Religious"</li> +<li>"repondu" changed to "répondu"</li> +<li>both "Toldano" and "Toledano" appear</li> +<li>"Etats-Unis" changed to "États-Unis"</li> +<li>"Janaury" changed to "January"</li> +<li>"Cánovas" and "Canovas" appear</li> +<li>"morocain" changed to "marocain"</li> +<li>"qu iont" changed to "qui ont"</li> +<li>"Gortschacow" changed to "Gortchacow"</li> +<li>"Kluber" changed to "Klüber"</li> +<li>"Munster" changed to "Münster"</li> +<li>"parait" changed to "paraît"</li> +<li>"Plenipotentiaire" changed to "Plénipotentiaire"</li> +<li>"reconnait" changed to "reconnaît"</li> +<li>"Bartholomei" changed to "Bartholomey"</li> +<li>"Litteraire" changed to "Littéraire"</li> +<li>"Maioresco" appears in the index as "Maiorescu"</li> +<li>"Séménoff" appears in the index, Semenoff in the notes.</li> +</ul> + +</div> + +<hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Diplomatic History of the +Jewish Question, by Lucien Wolf + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH QUESTION *** + +***** This file should be named 31385-h.htm or 31385-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/3/8/31385/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Chuck Greif and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes on the Diplomatic History of the Jewish Question + +Author: Lucien Wolf + +Release Date: February 25, 2010 [EBook #31385] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH QUESTION *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Chuck Greif and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY + +OF THE JEWISH QUESTION + + + + +NOTES ON + +THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF +THE JEWISH QUESTION + +WITH TEXTS OF PROTOCOLS, TREATY +STIPULATIONS AND OTHER PUBLIC +ACTS AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS + +BY +LUCIEN WOLF + +PUBLISHED BY THE +JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND + +_Mocatta Library and Museum_ +UNIVERSITY COLLEGE +(_University of London_) +GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C. 1 +1919 + +_All rights reserved_ + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The substance of this volume was read as a Paper before the Jewish +Historical Society of England on February 11, 1918. It has now been +expanded and supplied with a full equipment of documents--Protocols of +Congresses and Conferences, Treaty Stipulations, Diplomatic +Correspondence and other public Acts--in the hope that it may prove +useful as a permanent record, and serviceable to those of our communal +organisations whose duty it will be to bring the still unsolved aspects +of the Jewish Question before the coming Peace Conference. + +Besides helping to indicate the lines on which Jewish action should +travel in this matter, the State Papers here quoted may also serve to +remind the Plenipotentiaries themselves that the Jewish Question is far +from being a subsidiary issue in the Reconstruction of Europe, that they +have a great tradition of effort and achievement in regard to it, and +that this tradition, apart from the high merits of the task itself, +imposes upon them the solemn obligation of solving the Question +completely and finally now that the opportunity of doing so presents +itself free from all restraints of a selfish and calculating diplomacy. +It is not only that the edifice of Religious Liberty in Europe has to be +completed, but also that some six millions of human beings have to be +freed from political and civil disabilities and social and economic +restrictions which for calculated cruelty have no parallels outside the +Dark Ages. The Peace Conference will have accomplished relatively little +if a shred of this blackest of all European scandals is allowed to +survive its deliberations. + +This collection does not pretend to be complete. The aim has been only +to illustrate adequately the main lines of the theme with a view to +practical questions which may arise in connection with the Peace +Conference. American documents have been only sparely quoted, for the +reason that the American Jewish Historical Society has already published +a very full collection of such documents. (Cyrus Adler: "Jews in the +Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States.") The many generous +interventions of the Vatican on behalf of persecuted Jews have also been +omitted partly for a similar reason (see Stern: "Urkundliche Beitraege +ueber die Stellung der Paepste zu den Juden") and partly because they have +very little direct bearing on the diplomatic activities of the Great +Powers during the period under discussion. + +My grateful acknowledgements are due to the Foreign Office for kindly +permitting me to copy the documents relating to Palestine, which will be +found appended to Chapter IV, and to Lieut. J. B. Morton, who was good +enough to relieve me of much of the work of reading the proof-sheets. I +have also to thank Mr. D. Mitrani for the generous help he gave me in +preparing the Index. + +L. W. + +GRAY'S INN, LONDON. + +_December 1918._ + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + + +I. INTRODUCTION + + ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY GENERALLY 1 + + +II. INTERVENTIONS ON GROUNDS OF HUMANITY 6 + + (_a_) PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN BOHEMIA (1744-1745) 7 + DOCUMENTS-- + Petition to King George II, 1744 7 + Appeal of Bohemian Jews, 1744 9 + The Decree of the Empress, 1744 10 + Instructions to the British Ambassador in Vienna, 1744 11 + + (_b_) THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815) 12 + DOCUMENTS-- + List from Klueber 14 + Art. XVI of Annexe IX of Final Act of Congress, 1815 14 + + (_c_) THE CONGRESS OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1818) 15 + DOCUMENT-- + Protocol of Nov. 21, 1818 16 + + (_d_) THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON (1830) 17 + DOCUMENT-- + Protocol of Feb. 3, 1830 17 + + (_e_) THE CONGRESS OF PARIS (1856-1858) 18 + DOCUMENTS-- + Art. IX of the Treaty of Paris, 1856 21 + Extracts from the Hatti-Humayoun of Feb. 18, 1856 21 + Conferences of Constantinople: Protocol of Feb. 11, 1856 23 + Art. XLVI of Convention of Paris of Aug. 10, 1858 23 + + (_f_) THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1878) 23 + DOCUMENTS-- + Extracts from Protocols of June 24, 25, 26, + and 28, and July 1, 4, and 10, 1878 25 + Extracts from Treaty of Berlin: Arts. XLIV and LXII, 1878 33 + Mr. White to the Marquis of Salisbury, Oct. 25, 1879 34 + Identic Note to Rumanian Government, Feb. 20, 1880 35 + + (_g_) RUMANIA AND THE POWERS (1902) 36 + DOCUMENTS-- + Dispatch from Mr. John Hay to U.S. Minister at Athens, + July 17, 1902 38 + American Circular Note to the Great Powers, Aug. 11, 1902 44 + Mr. Bertie to Mr. Choate, Sept. 2, 1902 44 + + (_h_) THE CONFERENCES OF LONDON, ST. PETERSBURG, + AND BUCHAREST (1912-1913) 45 + DOCUMENTS-- + Conference of Bucharest: Protocol of July 23, 1913 47 + Jewish Conjoint Committee to Sir Edward Grey, Oct. 13, 1913 48 + Sir Eyre A. Crowe to Conjoint Committee, Oct. 29, 1913 51 + Conjoint Committee to Sir Edward Grey, Nov. 13, 1913 51 + The same to the same, March 12, 1914 52 + + (_i_) THE JEWISH QUESTION AND THE BALANCE OF POWER (1890 and 1906) 54 + DOCUMENT-- + The proposed Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance: Secret Russian + Memorandum, Jan. 3, 1906 57 + + +III. INTERVENTIONS BY RIGHT + + (_a_) STATUS OF JEWS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES 63 + DOCUMENT-- + Art. XIV, Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699 71 + Interpretation by Austrian Government, Dec. 28, 1815 71 + Arts. I, III, and VI of Franco-Swiss Treaty, 1827 71 + Secret Note by French Negotiator, Aug. 7, 1826 72 + Speech of King Louis-Philippe, Nov. 5, 1835 73 + Extract from Franco-Swiss Treaty, June 30, 1864 73 + Art. I, Anglo-Swiss Treaty, Sept. 6, 1855 73 + Art. I, American-Swiss Treaty, Nov. 6, 1855 74 + Interpretation by United States, 1857 74 + Mr. Seward to U.S. Minister in Switzerland, Sept. 14, 1861 75 + Art. I, Russo-American Treaty, 1832 75 + Mr. Blaine to U.S. Minister in St. Petersburg, July 29, 1881 76 + Resolution of U.S. House of Representatives, Dec. 13, 1911 79 + Resolution of U.S. Senate, Dec. 20, 1911 79 + Arts. I and XI, Anglo-Russian Treaty, 1859 80 + Interpretation by Great Britain, 1862 and 1881 81 + The Marquis of Salisbury to Sir Julian Goldsmid, Jan. 29, 1891 82 + Sir Edward Grey to Jewish Conjoint Committee, Oct. 1, 1912 82 + Art. XIII, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 83 + + (_b_) CONSULAR PROTECTION 83 + DOCUMENTS-- + Earl Russell to the Jewish Board of Deputies, Feb. 1, 1864 86 + Art. III, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1727-28 87 + Art. III, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 87 + Art. IV, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 87 + Franco-Moorish Reglement, Aug. 19, 1863 88 + + (_c_) THE CONFERENCES OF MADRID (1880) AND ALGECIRAS (1906) 88 + DOCUMENTS-- + Madrid: Protocols of May 20 and June 24, 1880 90 + Art. VI, Treaty of Madrid, 1880 91 + Edict of the Sultan of Morocco, 1864 92 + Madrid: Protocol of June 26, 1880 92 + Algeciras: Protocol of April 2, 1906 98 + + +IV. THE PALESTINE QUESTION AND THE NATIONAL RESTORATION OF THE JEWS 100 + + DOCUMENTS-- + Russian Memorandum, Oct. 1840 107 + Austrian Memorandum, Oct. 1840 111 + Lord Clanricarde to Lord Palmerston, Feb. 23. 1841 113 + Memoire of the King of Prussia, Feb. 24, 1841 114 + Baron Buelow to Lord Palmerston, March 6, 1841 116 + Lord Beauvale to Lord Palmerston, March 2, 1841 116 + Lord Palmerston to Lord Beauvale, March 11, 1841 117 + Further Austrian Memorandum, March 31, 1841 117 + Col. Churchill to Sir Moses Montefiore, June 14, 1841 119 + The same to the same, Aug. 15, 1842 121 + Resolution of the Jewish Board of Deputies, Nov. 8, 1843 123 + Col. Churchill to the Board of Deputies, Jan. 8, 1843 123 + Art. V of Agreement between Great Britain, France and Russia, + Feb. 21, 1917 124 + Mr. Balfour to Lord Rothschild, Nov. 2, 1917 124 + + +APPENDIX. + + International Anti-Semitism in 1498 126 + DOCUMENT-- + Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 18, 1498 126 + + +INDEX 127 + +FOOTNOTES + + + + +NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE JEWISH QUESTION. + + + + +I. INTRODUCTION. + +ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY GENERALLY. + + +The Jewish Question is part of the general question of Religious +Toleration. Together with the questions relating to the toleration of +"Turks and Infidels," it raises the question of Religious Liberty in its +most acute form. It is both local and international. Locally it seeks a +solution through Civil and Political Emancipation on the basis of +Religious Toleration. Internationally it arises when a State or +combination of States which has been gained to the cause of Religious +Toleration intervenes for the protection or emancipation of the +oppressed Jewish subjects of another State. There have been, however, at +least two occasions when the interventions have taken the contrary form +of efforts to promote the persecution or restraint of Jews as such.[1] + +As an altruistic form of international action the principle of +intervention has been of slow growth. It required an atmosphere of +toleration on a wide scale, and, before this atmosphere could be +created, Christian States had to learn toleration for themselves by a +hard experience of its necessity. They had, in the first place, to +secure toleration for their own nationals and the converts of their +Churches in heathen countries where the people could not be coerced or +lectured with impunity. In the next place they had to achieve toleration +among themselves. + +Toleration among the Christian Churches--the so-called peace of +Christendom--became necessary owing to the struggle between the +Reformation and the Counter-Reformation; but it took the Thirty Years' +War to prove its necessity. The proof is embodied for all time in the +Peace of Westphalia--chiefly in the Treaty of Osnabruck, which was +signed in 1648, at the same time as the famous Treaty of Muenster. The +ostensible effect of the Peace of Westphalia was to place Roman +Catholicism and Protestantism on an equal legal footing throughout +Europe. A secondary effect was to give a very marked stimulus to the +cause of Religious Liberty generally. We may recognise its first fruits +in, among other things, the campaign for unrestricted religious +toleration during the Commonwealth in England, and its application to +the Jews.[2] + +It was not until 1814 that this principle was extended by Treaty beyond +the pale of Christendom. This was in the Protocol of the four allied +Powers--Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria--by which the union +of Belgium with Holland was recognised. The return of the House of +Orange to the Netherlands after the fall of Napoleon had entailed the +promulgation of a new Constitution, which, in view of the democratic +traditions of the French occupation, was necessarily of a liberal type. +Among its concessions was an article granting the fullest religious +liberty. When the Powers were called upon to sanction the union with +Belgium, they did so on condition that the new Constitution should be +applied to the whole country, and, in view of the religious differences +prevailing, emphasised the article on Religious Liberty. This is the +form in which it appears in the Protocol:-- + + * * * * * + +Art. I.--Cette reunion devra etre entiere et complete, de facon que les +2 Pays ne forment qu'un seul et meme Etat regi par la Constitution deja +etablie en Hollande, et qui sera modifiee, d'un commun accord, d'apres +les nouvelles circonstances. + +Art. II.--Il ne sera rien innove aux Articles de cette Constitution qui +assurent a tous les Cultes une protection et une faveur egales, et +garantissent l'admission de tous les Citoyens, quelle que soit leur +croyance religieuse, aux emplois et offices publics. + + * * * * * + +Incidentally the legal effect of this stipulation was to emancipate the +Dutch Jews, though, as a matter of fact, the few disabilities under +which they laboured did not immediately disappear. The Protocol was +afterwards ratified by the Congress of Vienna and added to the Final Act +as part of the Tenth Annexe,[3] though in other respects the Congress +did not evince a very generous conception of Religious Liberty. + +The conquest of religious liberty for Christians in heathen lands was a +more convincing object lesson than the Peace of Westphalia. It was +difficult for one Christian Church to acknowledge its equality with +another Christian Church and to tolerate heresy, but it was far more +distasteful to have to come to terms with the heathen and to accept +toleration at his hands. + +This was not altogether an altruistic form of political action. It was +in some of its aspects part of the elementary duty of every State to +protect its nationals in foreign countries. + +The earliest instances of this action we find in China, where, in the +thirteenth century, the Papacy concluded Treaties with the Mongol +Emperors for the protection of Christian Missions.[4] It was not, +however, until the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858 that Great Britain and +France secured religious liberty for Christians in China. + +In the Mussulman Levant, toleration for foreign Christians was secured +by the so-called Capitulations. These were, in effect, treaties, +although they were in the form of grants by the Sultans. They gave large +exterritorial jurisdiction to the Ambassadors and Consuls of the States +on whom they were conferred. The earliest grant of this kind occurs in +the ninth century, when the Emperor Charlemagne obtained guarantees for +his subjects visiting the Levant from the famous Khalif Haroun +al-Rashid.[5] Later on, all the leading Christian States negotiated +Capitulations with the Sultans. The existing British Capitulations are +dated 1675, but an earlier grant was made in 1583. + +One of the main objects of the Capitulations, besides personal security +and trading rights, was to assure religious liberty for the nationals +of the grantees. This benefited Jews at an early date, as the +Capitulations and similar treaties generally provided for certain +immunities for the native interpreters, servants and other employees of +the privileged foreigners. As Jews were frequently so employed, they +thus acquired protection against Moslem fanaticism. + +In this way arose the system of Consular Protection which was long a +boon to Jews in the Ottoman Empire and in the Barbary States.[6] + +In spite of these experiences the idea of diplomatic intervention for +the promotion of religious toleration in foreign States, especially on +behalf of non-Christians, has only prevailed within narrow limits. It +has been largely circumvented by the fact that such interventions must, +even with the best will in the world, be more or less conditioned by the +_raison d'etat_. Unless they are likely to promote policy, or at any +rate to coincide with policy, the usual course when they are invoked is +to take refuge in the so-called principle of non-intervention. + +It was, indeed, not until the seventeenth century that the question was +seriously discussed at all by the jurists, although Cromwell had already +laid down the splendid principle, in the case of the persecution of the +Vaudois, that "to be indifferent to such things is a great sin, and a +deeper sin still is it to be blind to them from policy or ambition." The +first impulses of the international lawyers were much in the Cromwellian +spirit. Bacon, Grotius, and Puffendorff all strongly maintained the +legality not only of diplomatic but also of armed intervention to put +down tyranny or misgovernment in a neighbouring State, and a century +later they were followed by Vattel. Sweden acted upon the principle in +her intervention on behalf of the Protestants of Poland in 1707, and, in +1792, it was given its widest scope, and was formally adopted, by the +French Revolution in the famous decree of the Convention which promised +"fraternity and succour to all peoples who wish to recover their +liberty." + +The doctrine, however, lingered only anaemically through the early +decades of the nineteenth century. In face of the growing delicacy of +the international system, it was gradually abandoned for the +conservative principle of non-intervention, based on the independence +and equality of all States.[7] But even this principle has not always +been observed in regard to small States, although, curiously enough, +Russia invoked it against Great Britain for the protection of King +"Bomba" of Sicily, in the case of the Neapolitan prison horrors.[8] +Abstention from intervention in certain glaring cases of inhumanity by +foreign Governments--such as the persecution of the Russian Jews--has +been defended on the ground of absence of treaty rights, but, as a +matter of fact, this argument, too, has not been consistently adhered +to.[9] In all cases, whether of great or small States, treaty rights or +no treaty rights, the real test has almost always been the frigid +_raison d'etat_. The United States has been less affected by this +restriction than the European Powers, and on many occasions has shown a +really noble example of the purest altruism in international +politics.[10] + + + + +II. INTERVENTIONS ON GROUNDS OF HUMANITY. + + +Long before the Peace of Westphalia an attempt was made by the famous +Jewess, Donna Gracia Nasi, to obtain protection for her persecuted +co-religionists by diplomatic action, and it proved successful. The +circumstances will be narrated presently.[11] It stood, however, alone +for two hundred years. Even after the Peace eminent Jews, who sought in +a like way to enlist the sympathy and help of European governments, +failed. Menasseh ben Israel made representations in this sense on behalf +of the oppressed Jews of Poland, Prussia, Spain, and Portugal to both +Queen Christina of Sweden and Oliver Cromwell, but although he met with +much and genuine sympathy he found the _raison d'etat_--and probably +also a lingering reluctance to regard Jews as quite within the pale of +humanity--too strong for him.[12] A decade later a similar attempt was +made by Fernando Mendes da Costa, one of the founders of the +Anglo-Jewish Community, and a member of a very distinguished Portuguese +Marrano family. From a letter of his which is still extant,[13] it seems +that he was deeply concerned in helping the persecuted Marranos in Spain +and Portugal, and he had a scheme for organising an emigration of his +hapless brethren on a large scale to Italy and England. He received much +help from Don Francisco Manuel de Mello, the distinguished Portuguese +soldier, author and diplomatist, and through him interested Queen +Katharine of Braganza and Charles II in the scheme. It appears, too, +that, with the support of these eminent personages, the scheme was +brought to the notice of the Pope, but of its subsequent fate we know +nothing. + + +(_a_) PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN BOHEMIA (1744-45). + +The earliest actual intervention of a Great Power on behalf of the Jews +on humanitarian grounds took place in 1744-45, when Great Britain and +Holland made strong and successful representations to the Government of +the Empress Maria Theresa for the protection of the Jews of Bohemia and +Moravia. The intervening Powers were allies of the Empress in the War of +the Austrian Succession which was then raging. During the war some +prejudice had been caused to the Austrian Jews through the imprudence of +some of their co-religionists in Lorraine, who had obtained "safe +conducts" from the French Military Authorities to enable them to cross +the frontier into France. Reprisals against the Jews in Bohemia and +Moravia were taken by the Empress in the shape of a decree of wholesale +banishment. The decree was enforced with the utmost severity, and over +20,000 Jews were compelled to leave Prague in the depth of winter, with +little or no prospect of finding shelter elsewhere. Appeals for help +were addressed to foreign communities, and among the recipients of them +was Aaron Franks, then presiding Warden of the Great Synagogue in +London. Together with his wealthy and influential relative, Moses Hart, +he at once petitioned King George, who consented to receive him in +personal audience. His Majesty manifested every sympathy with the +persecuted Jews, and the result was that the British Ambassador in +Vienna[14] was instructed to make representations, in concert with the +Dutch Ambassador, to the Austrian Government. The representations were +received in excellent spirit, and, in deference to them, the Empress +consented to revoke the decree and permit the Jews to return to their +homes.[15] + + +DOCUMENTS. + +PETITION TO KING GEORGE II (_B. M. Add. MSS._ 23,819, _f._ 63). + +To his Most Sacred Majesty + + * * * * * + +The Petition of Moses Hart and Aaron Franks of the City of London +Merchants In behalf of their Brethren the Distressed Jews of the Kingdom +of Bohemia. + +Humbly Sheweth + +That your Majesty's Petitioners have receiv'd a Copy of an Edict +published and Issued by Her Majesty the Queen of Hungary from their said +Brethren the Jews of the said Kingdom of Bohemia by which (together with +several letters that have been transmitted to them Requesting them to +Commiserate their distress'd condition and Interceed with his Brittanick +Majesty on their behalf) it appears that their said Brethren are to be +utterly Expelled the said Kingdom and that by the last day of January +next Ensuing No Jew is to be found in any of the Towns belonging to +Prague. That after the Expiration of six Months to be accounted from the +said last day of January No Jew is to be suffered or found in the +Hereditary Dominion of her said Majesty, and in case any should be found +they are to suffer Military Chastisement. + +Your Petitioners most humbly beg leave to observe that in the said Edict +there is no reason or cause assign'd for the Expulsion of their said +Brethren who therefore Suspect that it is fomented by their inveterate +enemies for motives which they cannot account for as they have always +acted as dutiful, Faithful and Loyal Subjects to their most Gracious +Sovereign the said Queen of Hungary even during the many Revolutions +that have happened in Prague within these few Years and notwithstanding +the great Devastation and Excesses which Naturally occur'd therefrom +they have continued and still do continue firm and unshaken in their +Principles of Affection & Fidelity to her said Majesty and her most +Illustrious House. + +Your Petitioners far from Vindicating any Particular Persons in the +Crimes they may have committed during the last Revolution (if any such +there are) desire Adequate Punishments to be inflicted on them; but +humbly hope that the Innocent will not be permitted to suffer for Crimes +which they have in no wise been Accessary to and humbly Remonstrate that +the Expulsion of fifty thousand Familys and upwards from their Native +Country at so critical a Juncture who (as Your Petitioners are informed +and believe) always Contributed and Concurr'd in strengthening her +Majesty's hands against her Enemies must in its consequences prove +Detrimental and Prejudicial to the true Interest of the common Cause and +more immediately so to her Hungarian Majesty. + +In tender Consideration whereof Your Petitioners (in behalf of the +aforesaid distress'd people) most humbly Supplicate your Majesty in your +great & known Equity & Compassion to Interpose Your Majesty's Good +Offices upon this Occasion with the Queen of Hungary in order to prevail +upon her said Majesty to revoke the said Edict or at least to Suspend +the time of the Expulsion of their said Brethren & to establish a +Commission of Enquiry in order to discriminate the Innocent from the +Guilty and Punish those only who have deserv'd her said Majesty's +Displeasure. + +And Your Petitioners as in duty bound shall ever pray &c. + +MOSES HART. + +AARON FRANKS. + +(Endorsed:) + +MOSES HART & AARON FRANKS Petition in behalf of the Bohemian Jews &c. in +Ld. Harrington's of the 28 Decr./8 Jany. 1745. sent to Sir Thos. +Robinson 27 [_sic_] Decr. 1744. + + * * * * * + +APPEAL OF THE BOHEMIAN JEWS (_Ibid. f. 64_). + +PRAGUE, _1st Decr. 1744. N.S._ + +It is Certainly very Notorious all the Callamities Which have +overwhelm'd us to such a Degree that we had hardly power to Withstand +them. but None were in Competition with this Last. by a Decree from her +Majesty our Sovereign Queen of Hungaria. To Banish all the Jews out of +the Kingdom of Bohemia. Within the Term of 5 Weeks. Which is the Latter +End of January for those in Prague. & those in Bohemia are allow'd 6 +Months. as appears by the original Decree of Her Majesty--Therefore What +shall we poor Souls do, in the first place, the Children Women, infirm & +Aged. Which are not in a Condition to Walk. Especially at this present +Juncture Being Cold & frosty Weather. Likewise In the Condition we are +at Present in for the Stripd many Hundreds quite to their shirts. Not +only that. but the World Is Closed to us. by reason all Roads are filled +with Troops. Which way Soever we Turn we Can find no Relief. Neither do +we know the reason for the Decree. Excepting some false persons. Who +Contrive falsities on purpose To breed ill will against us by our Lords +Who Protected us. Which they have Done. + +Therefore Brethren. We Humbly Beg you wou'd Commiserate our Condition +Considering the Eminent Danger Many Thousands Souls are in by this +Decree. & Not Delay Interceeding for Recommendations from all Courts +that we may have time allowed us. for a Commission of Inquiry. + +SIMON SPIRA &c. + +MOSES IZAAC. + +SIMON COHEN. + +MENAHEM MENDAL. + +ABRAHAM. + +SAMUEL SPIRA. + +MEYER MOSES, &c. + +(Endorsed:) + +Representation from the Jews at Prague + +Sent to Sir Thos. Robinson 28 Decr./Jany 8. 1744-5. + + * * * * * + +THE DECREE OF THE EMPRESS (_Ibid. fol. 66_). + +After Mature Deliberation We have been Induced by many weighty Reasons +and Considerations to resolve and Determine that no JEW shall hereafter +be Suffered or permitted to Dwell in our Hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia, +which our Resolution, We Will Shall be put in Execution in Manner +following. + +1st. That on the last Day of the Month of January 1745 next Ensuing No +Jew shall be found in any of our Towns belonging to Prague, and in Case +any shall, Military Chastisement shall be inflicted on them. + +2nd. They are hereby permitted to Stay and remain in the Kingdom six +Months to be Accounted from the Latter end of December Instant and to +Determine at the latter end of the Month of June 1745 to Settle their +Affairs and in order to Dispose of their Effects Estate and Credit which +they shall not be able to Carry with them by the last Day of January. + +That after their retreat from Prague (towards the Country) on the last +day of January as is aforementioned, No Jew shall be permitted to +Reenter the said City by Day (without having a Certificate from the +Commissary appointed to Execute the Contents hereof) and absolutely None +shall be Suffered to Stay a Single Night; And the Said Commissary is +hereby Directed to take the Necessary Precautions for Executing this Our +Will and Pleasure, and due Care that None of his Certificates be +Improperly made use of by Enabling them to Enter the City too frequently +excepting such as he shall grant thro' favour to the Principal Merchants +who will stand in Greater Need than others of entring the City often. + +3rd. After the Determination of the said Six Months all the Jews shall +quitt all our Hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia and Shall Never more be +found on the Borders thereof, and in Case any Shall, Military +Chastisement shall be inflicted on them as aforesaid. + +4th. Our Meaning and Intention is not only that the Jews of the City of +Prague and all others who live in any Part of our Hereditary Kingdom of +Bohemia shall quitt the Same within the Thirtieth day of June 1745 but +also that No Jew shall on the said Day be found in the said Kingdom or +Settle in any of our Hereditary Countrys. + +5th. And we do hereby Ordain and Appoint our Trusty and Well-beloved +Privy Councellor and Vice President of the Royal Bohemian Kingdom The +Right Honourable Philip Knakowsky Count Collowrath punctually to +perform the Contents hereof hereby requiring all and Every Person whom +these Presents or the Execution thereof may Concern to aid and Assist +the said Philip Count Collowrath and Do hereby further Positively Order +that the Contents hereof be Published in the Towns belonging to Prague +and our whole Country to the End that no Intelligence be given thereof +to those who Shall have any Dealings and Transactions with Jews. + +Witness Ourself + +Given at Vienna the 18th day of December 1744. + + * * * * * + +INSTRUCTIONS TO THE BRITISH AMBASSADOR IN VIENNA (_Ibid. fols. 61-61 +d._). + +Separate. + +WHITEHALL, _28th Decr. 1744._ + +SIR,--The principal Merchants of the Jewish Nation established here, +having made an humble Application to His Majesty, that he would be +pleased to intercede with the Queen of Hungary for a Reversal of the +Sentence passed upon Their Brethren in Bohemia (amounting, as They +affirm, to no less than Sixty Thousand Families), by Her Majesty's late +Edict, whereby They are ordered to depart that Kingdom in Six Months +time, and His Majesty finding that the States General have already +interposed Their Good Offices in Their Behalf; It is the King's +Pleasure, that you should join with Mor. Burmannia in endeavouring to +dissuade the Court of Vienna from putting the said Sentence in +Execution, hinting to Them in the tenderest and most friendly Manner, +the Prejudice that the World might conceive against the Queen's +Proceedings in that Affair, if such Numbers of innocent People were made +to suffer for the Fault of some few Traytors, and, at the same time, +shewing Them, the great Loss that would accrue to Her Majesty's Revenue, +and to the Wealth and Strength of her Kingdom of Bohemia, by depriving +it at once of so vast Numbers of it's Inhabitants: You will find +inclosed the Petition presented to His Majesty by the Jews here, as +above-mentioned, together with the Representation sent hither to Them +from Those in Bohemia, and I am to add to what is above, that, as His +Majesty does extremely commiserate the terrible circumstances of +Distress to which so many poor and innocent Families must be reduced, if +this Edict takes place, He is most earnestly desirous of procuring the +Repeal of it by His Royal Intercession, in such Manner that the Guilty +only may be brought to Punishment; for obtaining which, you are to exert +yourself with all possible Zeal and Diligence. + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +HARRINGTON. + +SIR THOMAS ROBINSON. + + * * * * * + + +(_b_) CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815). + +The next appearance of the Jewish Question in the field of international +politics was at the Congress of Vienna, sixty years later. The Congress +was not favourable to liberal reforms of any kind, either national or +religious. Its aim was to vindicate the vested interests of Legitimism +against the doctrines of the French Revolution. In its final shape the +policy of the Congress was embodied in the Holy Alliance. British +foreign policy, then under the guidance of Castlereagh, was distinctly +favourable to this policy. Nevertheless, there were curious +cross-currents at the Congress, and what liberalism there was came, +strangely enough, in large part from the Russian Tsar, Alexander I. He +had moments of liberalism so pronounced that Metternich called him "the +crowned _sans-culotte_." + +It is curious to note that the Jewish Board of Deputies in England did +not move during the Congress. The reason is perhaps not difficult to +understand. They were always timid in regard to high politics, and, in +1783, when it was proposed to address the King on the American Peace, +they actually passed a resolution declaring that it was their duty to +avoid such "political concerns."[16] In the case of the Congress of +Vienna, however, they may well have felt that they could not touch the +question of religious liberty, and especially of Jewish emancipation, +without risking an imputation of Jacobinism. Moreover, the British +Cabinet then in power was a Coalition Cabinet of pro-Catholics and +anti-Catholics, and they could not well listen to any proposals that +they should champion Jewish emancipation in Vienna, while in Downing +Street the question of Roman Catholic emancipation could not even be +discussed. + +Fortunately, these considerations did not apply to the German Jews. +Frankfurt and the Hansa towns sent deputations to Vienna to plead the +cause of Jewish emancipation. The Frankfurt deputation was headed by +Jacob Baruch, father of Ludwig Boerne. They managed to secure the +support of both Hardenberg and Metternich, and when it was found that +the Tsar was not averse from some concession to the Jews, they agreed to +propose the insertion of a clause--or rather half a clause--in the +Final Act of the Conference providing for the gradual extension of civil +rights to the Jews of Germany. + +Unfortunately for a long time this concession remained a dead letter, +owing not only to the ill-will of the German Governments themselves, but +to an apparently harmless verbal amendment which was introduced into the +clause by the Redaction Committee at the last moment. In the final +_alinea_ it was stipulated that "the rights already conferred on the +Jews in the several Federated States shall be maintained." The object of +this was to secure to the Jews of Germany the liberties granted to them +by Napoleon during the French occupation. This design was frustrated by +the Redaction Committee, at whose instance the word "_by_" was +substituted for "_in_," the result being that the rights secured to the +Jews were not those of the French occupation, but only those which had +been grudgingly, and in very small measure, granted to them by the +Federated States themselves in the dark days before the Napoleonic +irruption. + +Thus the provision of the Treaty of Vienna relating to the Jews of +Germany remained a dead letter, partly because of the amendment +introduced into it at the last moment, and partly because the +authorities had no intention of carrying it out. The Jews complained, +and both Prussia and Austria, under the influence of Hardenberg and +Metternich, protested.[17] Nathan Rothschild in London brought the case +of the recalcitrant Frankfurt authorities to the notice of the Duke of +Wellington, who persuaded Castlereagh in 1816 to make representations +with a view to their protection.[18] All these efforts, however, proved +futile, and Nathan Rothschild could only avenge himself by the public +announcement that his firm would refuse to accept bills drawn in any +German city where the Jews were denied their treaty rights.[19] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +_The following is a list of the documents relating to the Jewish +Question at the Vienna Congress given in Klueber: "Akten des Wiener +Kongresses."_ + + * * * * * + +1. Unterthaenige Vorstellung und Bittschrift der Israelitischen Gemeinde +zu Frankfurt-am-Main an den hohen Kongress zu Wien mit Beilage uebergeben +daselbst am 10ten Oktober 1814. + +2. Schreiben des Deputierten der Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt/M +an den Koeniglichen-Preussischen ersten Herrn Bevollmaechtigten Fuersten +von Hardenberg wegen Erhaltung der von dem Grossherzog von Frankfurt +jener Gemeinde bewilligten Rechtzustandes. Datiert Wien, 12ten Mai, +1815. + +3. Antwort seiner Durchlaucht des Fuersten von Hardenberg auf +vorstehendes Schreiben. Datiert Wien, 18ten Mai, 1815. + +4. Erlass des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen ersten Bevollmaechtigten und +Kongress-Praesidenten Herrn Fuersten von Metternich an die Deputierten der +Israelitischen Gemeinde der Stadt Frankfurt-am-Main als Antwort auf die +von diesen an den Kongress eingereichte Bittschrift. Datiert Wien, 9ten +Juni, 1815. + +5. Anmerkung des Herausgebers (Kluebers) zu vorstehenden Erlass an die +Deputierten der Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt-am-Main. + +6. Note des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen Herrn Bevollmaechtigten und +Kongress Praesidenten Fuersten von Metternich, wodurch derselbe dem +Bevollmaechtigten der freien Stadt Frankfurt Herrn Syndicus Danz die von +dem allerhoechsten verbuendeten Maechten, neuerdings erfolgte Bestaetigung +der Selbstaendigkeit und Freiheit der Stadt Frankfurt anzeigt. Datiert +Wien, 9ten Juni, 1815 mit einer Beilage. + +7. Accessions Urkunde der freien Stadt Frankfurt. + + * * * * * + +(See also documents relating to the abolition of the Feudal land-tenure +System on the left bank of the Rhine, effected during the domination of +the French revolutionary Government, vol. vi., pp. 396-426.) + + * * * * * + +8. Erlass des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen ersten Bevollmaechtigten und +Kongress Praesidenten Fuersten von Metternich an den Bevollmaechtigten +Israelitischen Gemeinden Deutschland Doktor und Advokaten Carl August +Buchholz aus Luebeck betreffend die Verbesserung des Rechtzustandes der +Juden, vol. 9, p. 334. + + * * * * * + +The Article of the Final Act relating to the Jews is Article XVI of +Annexe IX, "Acte sur la Constitution Federative de l'Allemagne." It runs +as follows:-- + + * * * * * + +XVI.--La difference des Confessions Chretiennes dans les Pays et +Territoires de la Confederation Allemande, n'en entrainera aucune dans +la jouissance des droits civils et politiques. + +La Diete prendra en consideration les moyens d'operer de la maniere la +plus uniforme, l'amelioration de l'etat civil de ceux qui professent la +Religion Juive en Allemagne, et s'occupera particulierement des mesures, +par lesquelles on pourra leur assurer et leur garantir dans les Etats de +la Confederation, la jouissance des Droits Civils, a condition qu'ils se +soumettent a toutes les obligations des autres Citoyens. En attendant +les Droits accordes deja aux Membres de cette Religion par tel ou tel +Etat en particulier, leur sont conserves. + +(British and Foreign State Papers, vol. ii. pp. 132-3.) + + * * * * * + + +(_c_) THE CONGRESS OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1818). + +At the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, the question was once more brought +before the Great Powers. This time the initiative was taken by a +well-known English conversionist, the Rev. Lewis Way, of Stanstead, +Sussex. There was, however, no trace of conversionism in his efforts on +this occasion, and there can be no question that the Jewish Community +owe him a great debt of gratitude. He proceeded to Aix some weeks before +the Congress met, and presented to the Tsar Alexander a short scheme of +Jewish emancipation. The Tsar encouraged him to amplify it, and this he +did in two elaborate memoirs, one describing the situation of the Jews, +and the other embodying a scheme under which they might be invested with +civil rights. To this he added a short memorandum drawn up at his +request by Dohm, the veteran champion of the Jews, who came to Aix for +that special purpose. By command of the Tsar, these documents were +presented to the Congress at its sitting on November 21, 1818, and were +made the subject of a special Protocol, in which sympathy was expressed +for "the praiseworthy object of his proposals." The plenipotentiaries +further declared that the solution of the Jewish Question was a matter +which should "equally occupy the statesman and the friend of +humanity."[20] It is interesting to note that in his scheme Way +declares himself to be a believer in Jewish Nationalism, and it is for +this reason that he does not ask for more than civil rights for the +Jews, as he regards their exile in Europe as an intermediate stage of +their history. In this he was probably influenced by the prevalent +anti-French atmosphere, inasmuch as the French Jews, in their compact +with Napoleon, made by the Sanhedrin in 1806, had solemnly repudiated +Jewish Nationalism, and had thus rendered themselves eligible for +political, as well as civil, rights.[21] + + +DOCUMENT. + +For the texts of the documents referred to above see "Memoires sur +l'etat des Israelites, dedies et presentes a leur Majestes Imperiales et +Royales, Reunies au Congres d'Aix-la-Chapelle" [by the Rev. Lewis Way, +A.M.], Paris, 1819. + +The Protocol of the Congress at which these "Memoires" were considered +runs as follows:-- + + * * * * * + +PROTOCOLE. + +_Seance du 21 Novembre, 1818._ _Entre les cinq Cabinets._ + +Messieurs les SS. de Russie ont communique l'imprime ci-joint, relatif a +une reforme dans la legislation civile et politique en ce qui concerne +la nation juive. La conference, sans entrer absolument dans toutes les +vues de l'auteur de cette piece, a rendu justice a la tendance generale +et au but louable de ses propositions. MM. les SS. d'Autriche et de +Prusse se sont declares prets a donner, sur l'etat de la question dans +les deux monarchies, tous les eclaircissements qui pourraient servir a +la solution d'un probleme qui doit egalement occuper l'homme d'etat et +l'ami de l'humanite. + + Signe: METTERNICH. + RICHELIEU. + CASTLEREAGH. + WELLINGTON. + HARDENBERG. + BERNSTORFF. + NESSELRODE. + CAPODISTRIAS. + + + * * * * * + + +(_d_) THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON (1830). + +The growing symptoms of an impending break-up of the Ottoman Empire +visibly extended the practical applications of the doctrine of religious +liberty in the field of international politics. In emancipating the +Christian feudatories of the Porte, account had to be taken of the large +Moslem and Jewish minorities inhabiting those States. It was impossible +to emancipate the Christians and at the same time to place +non-Christians under disabilities, especially where they had governments +of their own faith to whom they might appeal and who might resort to +reprisals. Hence, the parity of all religions in the Levant had to be +recognised. + +The point first arose in the settlement of the Greek question in 1830. +In this question it was not only the Moslems who had to be considered. +France renounced in favour of the new Kingdom her Protectorate over the +Catholics, which she derived from her capitulations with Turkey. Hence, +besides the Moslems, guarantees had to be exacted for the religious +liberty of Catholics in Greece. These guarantees were the subject of the +third Protocol of the Conference of London, February 3, 1830. At the +same time it was stipulated that there should be perfect equality for +the subjects of the new State, whatever might be their religion. Neither +Moslems nor Jews were expressly mentioned, but it is in virtue of this +Protocol that the Jews of Greece enjoy their present status as Greek +Nationals. The Jews of Greece were thus the first Jews of the Levant to +be fully emancipated. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +PROTOCOL _No. 3 of the Conference held at the Foreign Office, London, on +3 February, 1830_. + +Present: The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain, France and Russia. + +The Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg having been called, by the united +suffrages of the three Courts of the Alliance, to the Sovreignty of +Greece, the French Plenipotentiary requested the attention of the +Conference to the particular situation in which his Government is +placed, relative to a portion of the Greek population. + +He represented that for many ages France has been entitled to exercise, +in favour of the Catholics subjected to the Sultan, an especial +protection, which His Most Christian Majesty deems it to be his duty to +deposit at the present moment in the hands of the future Sovereign of +Greece, so far as the provinces which are to form the new State are +concerned; but in divesting himself of this prerogative, His Most +Christian Majesty owes it to himself, and he owes it to a people who +have lived so long under the protection of his ancestors, to require +that the Catholics of the continent and of the islands shall find in the +organization which is about to be given to Greece, guarantees which may +be substituted for the influence which France has hitherto exercised in +their favour. + +The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain and Russia appreciated the +justice of this demand; and it was decided that the Catholic religion +should enjoy in the new State the free and public exercise of its +worship, that its property should be guaranteed to it, that its bishops +should be maintained in the integrity of the functions, rights and +privileges, which they have enjoyed under the protection of the Kings of +France, and that, lastly, agreeably to the same principle, the +properties belonging to the antient French Missions, or French +Establishments, shall be recognized and respected. + +The Plenipotentiaries of the three Allied Courts being desirous moreover +of giving to Greece a new proof of the benevolent anxiety of their +Sovereigns respecting it, and of preserving that country from the +calamities which the rivalry of the religions therein professed might +excite, agreed that all the subjects of the new State, whatever may be +their religion, shall be admissable to all public employments, +functions, and honours, and be treated on the footing of a perfect +equality, without regard to difference of creed in all their relations, +religious, civil or political. + + (Signed) ABERDEEN + MONTMOREN Y-LAVAL. + LIEVEN. + +(Holland: "The European Concert in the Eastern Question," pp. 32, 33.) + + * * * * * + + +(_e_) THE CONGRESS OF PARIS (1856-1858). + +The Jewish Question was more expressly discussed twenty-six years later, +at the Congress of Paris, and the subsidiary conferences which had to +settle the great political problems arising out of the Crimean War. +Meanwhile, under the influence of Sir Moses Montefiore, and more +especially of his jealousy of M. Cremieux, the Jewish Board of Deputies +had plucked up a measure of courage, and had begun to take a more active +interest in the larger political questions which involved the future of +their foreign co-religionists. In the international discussions of the +question of religious liberty which preceded the outbreak of war, the +Powers only concerned themselves with the Christian communities. The +French Jews at once took alarm, and the Central Consistory addressed the +Emperor Napoleon III and applied to the Board of Deputies in London to +make similar representations to the British Government. Both bodies had, +however, been anticipated by the personal activity of the Rothschilds in +Paris and London. Baron James, through his gifted friend and co-worker, +Albert Cohn, had already entered into direct negotiations with the +Turkish Government, and Baron Lionel and Sir Anthony de Rothschild had +interviewed Lord Clarendon, who, at their instance, had given +instructions to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe to take special note of the +Jewish Question. Thus, when the letter of the French Consistory was read +at the Meeting of the Board of Deputies on April 24, 1854, that body +found that it had little to do. Nevertheless, it addressed a formal +letter to Lord Clarendon on May 10, and, five days later, received an +assurance from him that it might rely on a favourable consideration of +the situation of the Jews of Turkey at the hands of His Majesty's +Government.[22] + +Nevertheless, the Treaty of Paris of 1856, which more or less settled +all the questions arising out of the war, does not mention the Jews in +any of its articles. This is not to say that it did not fulfil Lord +Clarendon's pledges. As a matter of fact, it deals with both the +situation of the Jews in Turkey and with that of the Jews in the +liberated Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Thus, Article IX, +which takes note of the Turkish _Hatti-Humayoun_ of February 18, 1856, +is intended to refer to the Jews as well as to all other non-Mussulmans. +The history of this aspect of the Article is a little curious. Shortly +after the outbreak of the war in 1854, Turkey prepared a draft treaty of +peace containing an article providing for the religious liberty of +Christian communities. Through the inter-position of Baron James de +Rothschild of Paris, this article was reconsidered, and another was +inserted granting equal rights to all Ottoman subjects, without +distinction of creed. This was the germ of the famous _Hatti-Humayoun_. +That the latter was intended to deal equally with Jews and Christians is +shown by its Article II, in which the same privileges are expressly +granted to the Turkish Grand Rabbis as to the ecclesiastical heads of +the Christian confessions.[23] + +The absence of any direct reference to the Jews, or even to equal rights +for all religious communities in the Principalities, is less +satisfactory. The omission is in the first place due to the circumstance +that the Treaty in itself is incomplete. Articles XXIII, XXIV, and XXV +refer the question of the constitutional reorganisation of the +Principalities to a Commission which was to meet at Bucharest and +consult Divans of the two Principalities with a view to making the +necessary recommendations to the Powers.[24] This Commission did not +report until 1858, when its proposals were considered by a fresh +Conference of the Powers, which based upon them the scheme embodied in +the Convention of Paris of August 19 of that year. The question of +religious liberty is dealt with in Article XLVI of that instrument.[25] +Originally it was intended to assure complete emancipation and equality +for all non-Christian communities in the Principalities, and articles to +this effect were adopted by the preparatory Conference of +Constantinople, in its Protocol of February 11, 1856, with the express +design of relieving the Jews, whose sufferings had already become a +matter of European notoriety.[26] The Rumanians, however, were already +strongly hostile to Jewish emancipation, and the reigning Prince of +Moldavia misled the Powers with specious promises of a type which has +since become bitterly familiar to the Jews all over the world.[27] The +Report of the Bucharest Commission of 1858 accepted these promises and +excluded all references to Religious Liberty from its scheme.[28] The +first draft of the Convention submitted to the Conference of the Powers +did likewise,[29] but ultimately a compromise amendment was introduced +by which the Powers agreed (Art. XLVI) to limit political rights to +Christians, while providing for the extension of these rights to +non-Christians by subsequent legislative arrangements.[30] This +concession to the Rumanians was made on the express pledge that the +original scheme of the Conference at Constantinople would be gradually +realised.[31] Needless to say, the pledge was never fulfilled. In +dealing, however, with the question, the Convention of Paris had one +merit. It lent no support to the subsequent theory of the Rumanians, +that the Jews were foreigners in a secular sense in their own country, +but, on the contrary, assumed that their status was as much that of +Moldavians and Wallachians as was the status of the native Christians. + + +DOCUMENTS. + +ARTICLE IX OF THE TREATY OF PARIS. _March 30, 1856._ + + * * * * * + +Art. IX. His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, having, in his constant +solicitude for the welfare of his subjects, issued a Firman[32] which, +while ameliorating their condition without distinction of religion or of +race, records his generous intentions towards the Christian populations +of his Empire, and wishing to give a further proof of his sentiments in +that respect, has resolved to communicate to the Contracting Parties the +said Firman emanating spontaneously from his sovereign will. + +The Contracting Powers recognise the high value of this communication. +It is clearly understood that it cannot, in any case, give to the said +Powers the right to interfere, either collectively or separately, in the +relations of His Majesty the Sultan with his subjects, nor in the +internal administration of the Empire. + +(Holland: "European Concert," &c., p. 246.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM THE HATTI-HUMAYOUN OF FEB. 18, 1856. + +I. Les garanties promises et accordees a tous nos sujets par le +_Hatti-cherif_ de Gulhane et par les lois du _Tanzimat_, sans +distinction de culte, pour la securite de leur personne et de leurs +biens, et pour la conservation de leur honneur, sont rappelees et +consacrees de nouveau; il sera pris des mesures efficaces pour que ces +garanties recoivent leur plein et entier effet. + +II. Sont reconnus et maintenus, en totalite, les immunites et privileges +spirituels donnes et accordes par nos illustres ancetres, et a des dates +posterieures, aux communautes chretiennes et autres, non musulmanes, +etablies dans notre empire, sous notre egide protectrice.... Les +patriarches, metropolitains (archeveques), delegues et eveques, ainsi +que les grands-rabbins, preteront serment a leur entree en fonctions, +d'apres une formule qui sera concertee entre notre Sublime-Porte et les +chefs spirituels des differentes communautes. + +III....L'administration des affaires temporelles des communautes +chretiennes et autres, non musulmanes, sera placee sous le sauvegarde +d'un conseil, dont les membres seront choisis parmi le clerge et les +laiques de chaque communaute. + +VII. Le gouvernement prendra les mesures energiques et necessaires pour +assurer a chaque culte, quel que soit le nombre de ses adherents, la +pleine liberte de son exercice. + +VIII. Tout mot et toute expression ou appellation tendant a rendre une +classe de mes sujets inferieure a l'autre, a raison du culte, de la +langue ou de la race, sont a jamais abolis et effaces du protocole +administratif. + +IX. La loi punira l'emploi, entre particuliers, ou de la part des agents +de l'autorite, de toute expression ou qualification injurieuse ou +blessant. + +X. Le culte de toutes les croyances et religions existant dans mes +Etats, y etant pratique en toute liberte, aucun de mes sujets ne sera +empeche d'exercer la religion qu'il professe. + +XI. Personne ne sera ni vexe, ni inquiete a cet egard. + +XII. Personne ne sera contraint a changer de culte ou de religion. + +XIII. Les agents et employes de l'Etat sont choisis par nous; ils sont +nommes par decret imperial; et comme tous nos sujets, sans distinction +de nationalite, seront admissibles aux emplois et services publics, ils +seront aptes a les occuper, selon leur capacite, et conformement a des +regles dont l'application sera generale. + +XIV. Tous nos sujets, sans difference ni distinctions, seront recus dans +les ecoles civiles et militaires du gouvernement, pourvu qu'ils +remplissent les conditions d'age et d'examen specifies dans les +reglements organiques des dites ecoles. + +XV. De plus, chaque communaute est autorisee a etablir des ecoles +publiques pour les sciences, les arts et l'industrie; seulement le mode +d'enseignement et le choix des professeurs de ces sortes d'ecoles seront +places sous l'inspection et le controle d'un conseil mixte d'instruction +publique, dont les membres seront nommes par nous. + +(Holland: _op. cit._, pp. 330-332.) + +CONFERENCES OF CONSTANTINOPLE (1856).--_Protocol of Feb. 11._ + +XIII. Tous les cultes et ceux qui les professent jouiront d'une egale +liberte et d'une egale protection dans les deux principautes. + +XV. Les etrangers pourront posseder des biens-fonds en Moldavie et en +Valachie, en acquittant les memes charges que les indigenes, et en se +soumettant aux lois. + +XVI. Tous les Moldaves et tous les Valaques seront, sans exception, +admissibles aux emplois publics. + +XVIII. Toutes les classes de la population, sans aucune distinction de +naissance ni de culte, jouiront de l'egalite des droits civils, et +particulierement du droit de propriete, dans toutes les formes; mais +l'exercice des droits politiques sera suspendu pour les indigenes places +sous une protection etrangere. + +(Ubicini, "La Question des Principautes," p. 13.) + + * * * * * + +ART. XLVI OF THE CONVENTION OF PARIS OF AUGUST 10, 1858. + +XLVI. Les Moldaves et les Valaques seront tous egaux devant la loi, +devant l'impot, et egalement admissibles aux emplois publics dans l'une +et l'autre Principaute. + +Leur liberte individuelle sera garantie. Personne ne pourra etre retenu, +arrete, ni poursuivi que conformement a la loi. + +Personne ne pourra etre exproprie que legalement, pour cause d'interet +public, et moyennant indemnite. + +Les Moldaves et les Valaques de tous les rits Chretiens jouiront +egalement des droits politiques. La jouissance de ces droits pourra etre +etendue aux autres cultes par les dispositions legislatives.[33] + +Tous les privileges, exemptions, ou monopoles, dont jouissent encore +certaines classes, seront abolis; et il sera procede sans retard a la +revision de la loi qui regle les rapports des proprietaires du sol avec +les cultivateurs, en vue d'ameliorer l'etat des paysans. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. xlviii. pp. 77-78.) + + * * * * * + + +(_f_) THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1878). + +Not only were the promises of the Prince of Moldavia not realised, but, +during the next twenty years, the Jews of the Principalities were more +cruelly persecuted than ever. The persecution extended beyond the +frontiers to Servia, and it soon became the leading preoccupation of the +Jews throughout the world. Owing to their protests, the Powers +frequently intervened.[34] Rumania then took the impudent course of +resenting this interference in her internal affairs, on the ground that, +by international comity, they were no concern of foreign States. In +1867, this provoked a notable retort from Great Britain. In a despatch +sent to Bucharest in that year, the following sentence appears: "The +peculiar position of the Jews places them under the protection of the +civilised world."[35] + +When the Congress of Berlin met in 1878, to reconsider the Eastern +Question, the situation of the Jews in Eastern Europe, and more +particularly in the Balkans, took its place in the front rank of the +preoccupations of the Powers. Several long protocols are entirely +devoted to it.[36] The result was that the Treaty of Berlin dealt +comprehensively with the whole question of religious liberty, and +stipulated separately for such liberty in all the States of the Levant. +The Treaty is thus, as the Jewish Conjoint Committee described it, in +their important Memorandum of November 1908, "above all a great charter +of Emancipation, especially of civil and religious equality."[37] This +principle is embodied in no fewer than five of its articles, relating to +every political division of the vast region with which it deals, and in +each case it is asserted as the fundamental basis of the liberties +conferred on the various States.[38] In a word, it made it a principle +of European policy that no new State or transfer of territory should be +recognised unless the fullest religious liberty and civil and political +equality were guaranteed to the inhabitants. Thus it marks the triumph +of the principle first tentatively laid down for Holland and Belgium in +Article II of the Protocol of June 1814. Though applied to Greece in the +Protocol of February 1830, it had had to wait nearly fifty years for +universal acceptance. + +All the States concerned frankly and honestly accepted this principle, +and put it into operation, except Rumania. By a repetition of the +specious promises of 1858, she again obtained permission to emancipate +her Jews gradually, it being understood that the process would be +hastened, and that full emancipation would be accomplished within a +reasonable time. Unfortunately the phrasing of the articles embodying +the principle left a technical loophole of which Rumania very +dexterously availed herself, inasmuch as it did not make provision +against the application, under Rumanian law, of the _jus sanguinis_ to +the Jews who _qua_ Jews were held to be aliens. The point was not +ignored by the Congress, but no attempt was made to satisfy it as the +intentions of the Congress were clear enough and reliance was placed on +the good faith of Rumania.[39] The result is that for forty years +Rumania has evaded both the will of the Congress and her own promises; +and to-day the Jews of that country, with the exception of a handful who +have been emancipated by individual Acts of Parliament, are the only +Jews in Europe who are denied equal rights with their fellow-citizens. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN. + +_Protocole No._ 5.--_Seance du 24 Juin, 1878._ + +M. Waddington donne lecture de deux Articles Additionnels proposes par +les Plenipotentiaires de France, et dont voici le texte:-- + +"Art. I. Tous les sujets Bulgares, quelle que soit leur religion, +jouiront d'une complete egalite de droits. Ils pourront concourir a tous +les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et la difference de croyance +ne pourra leur etre opposee comme un motif d'exclusion. + +"L'exercice et la pratique exterieure de tous les cultes seront +entierement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra etre apportee soit a +l'organisation hierarchique des differentes communions, soit a leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels. + +"II. Une pleine et entiere liberte est assuree aux religieux et eveques +Catholiques etrangers pour l'exercice de leur culte en Bulgarie et dans +la Roumelie Orientale. Ils seront maintenus dans l'exercice de leurs +droits et privileges, et leurs proprietes seront respectees." + +Le President dit que ces deux propositions seront imprimees, +distribuees, et placees a un ordre du jour ulterieur. + +Apres un echange d'observations entre le Comte Schouvaloff et M. +Waddington sur la portee des deux propositions de M. le Premier +Plenipotentiaire de France, il demeure entendu que la premiere +s'applique a la Bulgarie, et l'autre a la Bulgarie et a la Roumelie +Orientale ensemble. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. lxix., p. 917.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 6--_Seance du 25 Juin, 1878._ + +L'ordre du jour appelle ensuite les deux propositions Francaises +inserees dans le Protocole 5, et relatives a la liberte des cultes. + +Sur la premiere, M. Desprez demande la substitution des mots "habitants +de la Principaute de Bulgarie" a ceux de "sujets Bulgares"; cette +modification est admise, et la proposition acceptee a l'unanimite. Sur +la seconde proposition particulierement relative aux eveques et +religieux Catholiques, le Comte Schouvaloff propose de substituer a ces +mots, "les ecclesiastiques et religieux etrangers." + +Lord Salisbury desirerait que la meme legislation fut, sous ce rapport, +etablie pour la Roumelie, et pour les autres provinces de la Turquie. + +Caratheodory Pacha declare qu'en effet une proposition concernant le +libre exercice du culte dans la province de Roumelie Orientale parait +tout-a-fait superflue, cette province devant etre soumise a l'autorite +du Sultan, et, par consequent, aux principes et aux lois communs a +toutes les parties de l'Empire, et qui etablissent la tolerance pour +tous les cultes egalement. + +M. Waddington, prenant acte de ces paroles, annonce l'intention +d'introduire quelques changements dans la redaction de sa proposition, +et demande l'ajournement de la discussion a demain. + +(_Ibid._, p. 935.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 7--_Seance du 26 Juin, 1878._ + +Le President soumet au Congres l'Article Additionnel presente par les +Plenipotentiaires Francais dans une seance precedente, et relatif aux +religieux Catholiques etrangers en Bulgarie et en Roumelie Orientale. + +Lord Salisbury regrette que les Plenipotentiaires de France ne donnent +pas suite a leur proposition en etendant sa portee a toute la Turquie +d'Europe. Son Excellence y aurait vu un important progres realise. + +M. Waddington repond que le progres dont parle Lord Salisbury a ete +obtenu par l'acceptation dans la seance d'hier, de la premiere +proposition Francaise qui consacre l'entiere liberte des cultes. + +Lord Salisbury ayant fait remarquer que cette proposition ne concernait +que la Bulgarie, le President dit que, pour sa part, il s'associe au +desir que la liberte des cultes soit reclamee pour toute la Turquie, +tant en Europe qu'en Asie, mais il se demande si l'on obtiendrait sur +ce point l'assentiment des Plenipotentiaires Ottomans. + +Caratheodory Pacha declare, qu'en repondant hier a M. Waddington, il +s'en est simplement rapporte a la legislation generale de l'Empire +Ottoman ainsi qu'aux Traites et Conventions. Son Excellence ajoute que +la tolerance dont jouissent tous les cultes en Turquie ne fait aucun +doute, et qu'en l'absence d'une proposition plus etendue sur laquelle il +aurait alors a s'expliquer, il se croit en droit de considerer comme +superflue une mention speciale pour la Roumelie Orientale. + +Le President constate que l'unanimite du Congres s'associe au desir de +la France de prendre acte des declarations donnees par la Turquie en +faveur de la liberte religieuse. Tel etait le but des Plenipotentiaires +Francais, et il a ete atteint. Lord Salisbury desirerait aller au dela, +et faire etendre la proposition primitive non seulement a la Bulgarie et +la Roumelie, mais a tout l'Empire Ottoman. En ce qui concerne +l'Allemagne, le Prince de Bismarck, qui a donne son adhesion a la +proposition Francaise, aurait aussi volontiers admis celle de Lord +Salisbury, mais la discussion d'une question aussi complexe detournerait +le Congres de l'objet de sa seance presente. Son Altesse Serenissime +demande toutefois a Lord Salisbury s'il entend presenter a cet egard une +motion speciale. + +M. le Second Plenipotentiaire de la Grande Bretagne se reserve de +revenir sur ce point a propos de l'Article XXII du Traite de San +Stefano. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff ajoute que le desir de Lord Salisbury de voir +etendre la liberte religieuse autant que possible en Europe et en Asie +lui semble tres justifie. Son Altesse desirerait qu'il fut fait mention +au Protocole de son adhesion au v[oe]u de M. le Plenipotentiaire +d'Angleterre, et fait observer que le Congres ayant cherche a effacer +les frontieres ethnographiques, et a les remplacer par de frontieres +commerciales et strategiques, les Plenipotentiaires de Russie souhaitent +d'autant plus que ces frontieres ne deviennent point des barrieres +religieuses. + +Le President resume la discussion en disant qu'il sera inscrit au +Protocole que l'unanimite du Congres s'est ralliee a la proposition +Francaise, et que la plupart des Plenipotentiaires ont forme des v[oe]ux +pour l'extension de la liberte des cultes. Ce point sera compris +d'ailleurs dans la discussion de l'Article XXII du Traite de San +Stefano. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 942-943.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 8.--_Seance du 28 Juin, 1878._ + +Lord Salisbury reconnait l'independance de la Serbie, mais pense qu'il +serait opportun de stipuler dans la Principaute le grand principe de la +liberte religieuse. + +M. Waddington admet egalement l'independance de la Serbie, mais sous le +benefice de la proposition suivante identique a celle que le Congres a +acceptee pour la Bulgarie:-- + +"Les habitants de la Principaute de Serbie, quelle que soit leur +religion, jouiront d'une complete egalite de droits. Ils pourront +concourir a tous les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et exercer +toutes les professions, et la difference de croyance ne pourra leur etre +opposee comme un motif d'exclusion. + +"L'exercice et la pratique exterieure de tous les cultes seront +entierement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra etre apportee soit a +l'organisation hierarchique des differentes communions, soit a leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels." + +Le Prince Gortchacow craint que cette redaction ne s'applique surtout +aux Israelites, et sans se montrer contraire aux principes generaux qui +y sont enonces, son Altesse Serenissime ne voudrait pas que la question +Israelite, qui viendra plus tard, fut prejugee par une declaration +prealable. S'il ne s'agit que de la liberte religieuse, le Prince +Gortchacow declare qu'elle a toujours ete appliquee en Russie; il donne +pour sa part a ce principe l'adhesion la plus complete et serait pret a +l'etendre dans le sens le plus large. Mais s'il s'agit de droits civils +et politiques, son Altesse Serenissime demande a ne pas confondre les +Israelites de Berlin, Paris, Londres, ou Vienne, auxquels on ne saurait +assurement refuser aucun droit politique et civil, avec les Juifs de la +Serbie, de la Roumanie, et de quelques provinces Russes, qui sont, a son +avis, un veritable fleau pour les populations indigenes. + +Le President ayant fait remarquer qu'il conviendrait peut-etre +d'attribuer a la restriction des droits civils et politiques ce +regrettable etat des Israelites, le Prince Gortchacow rappelle qu'en +Russie, le Gouvernement, dans certaines provinces, a du, sous +l'impulsion d'une necessite absolue et justifie par l'experience, +soumettre les Israelites a un regime exceptionnel pour sauvegarder les +interets des populations. + +M. Waddington croit qu'il est important de saisir cette occasion +solennelle pour faire affirmer les principes de la liberte religieuse +par les Representants de l'Europe. Son Excellence ajoute que la Serbie, +qui demande a entrer dans la famille Europeenne sur le meme pied que les +autres Etats, doit au prealable reconnaitre les principes qui sont la +base de l'organisation sociale dans tous les Etats de l'Europe, et les +accepter comme une condition necessaire de la faveur qu'elle sollicite. + +Le Prince Gortchacow persiste a penser que les droits civils et +politiques ne sauraient etre attribues aux Juifs d'une maniere absolue +en Serbie. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff fait remarquer que ces observations ne constituent +pas une opposition de principe a la proposition Francaise: l'element +Israelite, trop considerable dans certaines provinces Russes, a du y +etre l'objet d'une reglementation speciale, mais son Excellence espere +que, dans l'avenir, on pourra prevenir les inconvenients incontestables +signales par le Prince Gortchacow sans toucher a la liberte religieuse +dont la Russie desire le developpement. + +Le Prince de Bismarck adhere a la proposition Francaise, en declarant +que l'assentiment de l'Allemagne est toujours acquis a toute motion +favorable a la liberte religieuse. + +Le Comte de Launay dit qu'au nom de l'Italie il s'empresse d'adherer au +principe de la liberte religieuse, qui forme une des bases essentielles +des institutions de son pays, et qu'il s'associe aux declarations faites +a ce sujet par l'Allemagne, la France, et la Grande Bretagne. + +Le Comte Andrassy s'exprime dans le meme sens, et les Plenipotentiaires +Ottomans n'elevent aucune objection. + +Le Prince de Bismarck, apres avoir constate les resultats du vote, +declare que le Congres admet l'independance de la Serbie, mais sous la +condition que la liberte religieuse sera reconnue dans la Principaute. +Son Altesse Serenissime ajoute que la Commission de Redaction, en +formulant cette decision, devra constater la connexite etablie par le +Congres entre la proclamation de l'independence Serbe et la +reconnaissance de la liberte religieuse. + +(_Ibid._ pp. 959-961.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 10--_Seance du 1er Juillet, 1878._ + +M. Waddington declare que, fideles aux principes qui les ont inspires +jusqu'ici, les Plenipotentiaires de France demandent que le Congres pose +a l'independance Roumaine les memes conditions qu'a l'independance +Serbe. Son Excellence ne se dissimule pas les difficultes locales qui +existent en Roumanie, mais, apres avoir murement examine les arguments +qu'on peut faire valoir dans un sens et dans l'autre, les +Plenipotentiaires de France ont juge preferable de ne point se departir +de la grande regle de l'egalite des droits et de la liberte des cultes. +Il est difficile, d'ailleurs, que le Gouvernement Roumain repousse, sur +son territoire, le principe admis en Turquie pour ses propres sujets. +Son Excellence pense qu'il n'y a pas a hesiter que la Roumanie, +demandant a entrer dans la grande famille Europeenne, doit accepter les +charges et meme les ennuis de la situation dont elle reclame le +benefice, et que l'on ne trouvera, de longtemps, une occasion aussi +solennelle et decisive d'affirmir de nouveau les principes qui font +l'honneur et la securite des nations civilisees. Quant aux difficultes +locales, M. le Premier Plenipotentiaire de France estime qu'elles seront +plus aisement surmontees lorsque ces principes auront ete reconnus en +Roumanie et que la race Juive saura qu'elle n'a rien a attendre que de +ses propres efforts et de la solidarite de ses interets avec ceux des +populations indigenes. M. Waddington termine en insistant pour que les +memes conditions d'ordre politique et religieux indiquees pour la Serbie +soient egalement imposees a l'Etat Roumain. + +Le Prince de Bismarck faisant allusion aux principes du droit public en +vigueur d'apres la Constitution de l'Empire Allemand, et a l'interet que +l'opinion publique attache a ce que les memes principes suivis dans la +politique interieure soient appliques a la politique etrangere, declare +s'associer, au nom de l'Allemagne, a la proposition Francaise. + +Le Comte Andrassy adhere a la proposition Francaise. + +Lord Beaconsfield dit qu'il donne une complete adhesion, au nom du +Gouvernement Anglais, a la proposition Francaise. Son Excellence ne +saurait supposer un instant que le Congres reconnaitrait l'independance +de la Roumanie en dehors de cette condition. + +Les Plenipotentiaires Italiens font la meme declaration. + +Le Prince Gortchacow, se referant aux expressions par lesquelles a ete +motivee la proposition Francaise et qui donnent la plus grande extension +a la liberte religieuse, se rallie entierement a cette proposition. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff ajoute que l'adhesion de la Russie a l'independance +est cependant subordonnee a l'acceptation par la Roumanie de la +retrocession reclamee par le Gouvernement Russe. + +Les Plenipotentiaires Ottomans n'elevent aucune objection contre les +principes presentes par les Plenipotentiaires Francais, et le President +constate que le Congres est unanime a n'accorder l'independance a la +Roumanie qu'aux memes conditions posees a la Serbie. + +Le Baron de Haymerle lit une motion relative a la liberte des cultes +dans le Montenegro:-- + +"Tous les habitants du Montenegro jouiront d'une pleine et entiere +liberte de l'exercice et de la pratique exterieure de leurs cultes, et +aucune entrave ne pourra etre apportee soit a l'organisation +hierarchique des differentes communions, soit a leurs rapports avec +leurs chefs spirituels." + +Le Congres decide le renvoi a la Commission de Redaction. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 982-983, 989, 990.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 12--Seance du 4 Juillet, 1878._ + +Le President fait mention des petitions de la liste No. 9, et notamment +de la communication adressee au Congres par M. Ristitch, faisant savoir +au Congres que le Prince Milan l'a autorise a declarer que le +Gouvernement Serbe saisira la premiere occasion, apres la conclusion de +la paix, pour abolir par la voie legale la derniere restriction qui +existe encore en Serbie relativement a la position des Israelites. Son +Altesse Serenissime, sans vouloir entrer dans l'examen de la question, +fait remarquer que les mots "la voie legale" semblent une reserve qu'il +signale a l'attention de la haute assemblee. Le Prince de Bismarck +croit devoir constater qu'en aucun cas cette reserve ne saurait infirmer +l'autorite des decisions du Congres. + +Le Congres passe a l'Article XXII du Traite de San Stefano relatif aux +ecclesiastiques Russes et aux moines de Mont Athos. + +Le Marquis de Salisbury rappelle qu'avant la seance il a fait distribuer +a ses collegues une proposition tendant a substituer a l'Article XXII +les dispositions suivantes:-- + +"Tous les habitants de l'Empire Ottoman en Europe, quelle que soit leur +religion, jouiront d'une complete egalite de droits. Ils pourront +concourir a tous les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et seront +egalement admis en temoignage devant les Tribunaux. + +"L'exercice et la pratique exterieure de tous les cultes seront +entierement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra etre apportee, soit a +l'organisation hierarchique des differentes communions, soit a leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels. + +"Les ecclesiastiques, les pelerins, et les moines de toutes les +nationalites, voyageant ou sejournant dans la Turquie d'Europe et +d'Asie, jouiront d'une entiere egalite de droits, avantages et +privileges. + +"Le droit de protection officielle est reconnu aux Representants +Diplomatiques et aux Agents Consulaires des Puissances en Turquie, tant +a l'egard des personnes sus-indiquees que de leurs possessions, +etablissements religieux, de bienfaisance, et autres dans les Lieux +Saints et ailleurs. + +"Les moines du Mont Athos seront maintenus dans leurs possessions et +avantages anterieurs, et jouiront, sans aucune exception, d'une entiere +egalite de droits et prerogatives." + +Lord Salisbury explique que les deux premiers alineas de cette +proposition representent l'application a l'Empire Ottoman des principes +adoptes par le Congres, sur la demande de la France, en ce qui concerne +la Serbie et la Roumanie; les trois derniers alineas ont pour but +d'etendre aux ecclesiastiques de toutes les nationalites le benefice des +stipulations de l'Article XXII speciales aux ecclesiastiques Russes. + +Le President fait egalement remarquer que la portee de la proposition +Anglaise est la substitution de la Chretiente tout entiere a une seule +nationalite, et commence la lecture du document par alineas. + +Sur le premier alinea, Caratheodory Pacha dit que, sans doute, les +principes de la proposition sont acceptes par la Turquie, mais son +Excellence ne voudrait pas qu'ils fussent consideres comme une +innovation, et donne lecture, a ce sujet, de la communication suivante +qu'il vient de recevoir de son Gouvernement:-- + +"En presence des declarations faites au sein du Congres dans differentes +circonstances en faveur de la tolerance religieuse, vous etes autorise a +declarer, de votre cote, que le sentiment de la Sublime Porte a cet +egard s'accorde parfaitement avec le but poursuivi par l'Europe. Ses +plus constantes traditions, sa politique seculaire, l'instinct de ses +populations, tout l'y pousse. Dans tout l'Empire les religions les plus +differentes sont professees par des millions de sujets du Sultan, et +personne n'a ete gene dans sa croyance et dans l'exercice de son culte. +Le Gouvernement Imperial est decide a maintenir dans toute sa force ce +principe, et a lui donner toute l'extension qu'il comporte." + +Le Premier Plenipotentiaire de Turquie desirerait, en consequence, que, +si le Congres se rallie a la proposition Anglaise, il fut, du moins, +constate dans le texte que les principes dont il s'agit sont conformes a +ceux qui dirigent son Gouvernement. Son Excellence ajoute que, +contrairement a ce qui se passait en Serbie et en Roumanie, il n'existe +dans la legislation de l'Empire aucune inegalite ou incapacite fondees +sur des motifs religieux, et demande l'addition de quelques mots +indiquant que cette regle a toujours ete appliquee dans l'Empire Ottoman +non seulement en Europe, mais en Asie. Le Congres pourrait, par exemple, +ajouter "conformement aux declarations de la Porte et aux dispositions +anterieures, qu'elle affirme vouloir maintenir." + +Lord Salisbury n'a pas d'objections contre la demande de Caratheodory +Pacha, tout en faisant observer que ces dispositions se rencontrent, en +effet, dans les declarations de la Porte, mais n'ont pas toujours ete +observees dans la pratique. Au surplus, son Excellence ne s'oppose point +a ce que le Comite de Redaction soit invite a inserer l'addition +reclamee par les Plenipotentiaires Ottomans. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 1002-3, 1009-10.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 17.--Seance du 10 Juillet 1878._ + +Le President invite le Rapporteur de la Commission de Redaction a lire +le travail preparatoire du Traite. + +M. Desprez fait connaitre a la haute assemblee que le texte du preambule +n'est pas encore arrete, mai lui sera soumis dans la prochaine seance. +Article V, qui a pour objet l'egalite des droits et la liberte des +cultes, a donne lieu a des difficultes de redaction; cet Article, en +effet, est commun a la Bulgarie, au Montenegro, a la Serbie, a la +Roumanie, et la Commission devait trouver une meme formule pour diverses +situations; il etait particulierement malaise d'y comprendre les +Israelites de Roumanie, dont la situation est indeterminee au point de +vue de la nationalite. Le Comte de Launay, dans le but de prevenir tout +malentendu, a propose, au cours de la discussion, l'insertion de la +phrase suivante: "Les Israelites de Roumanie, pour autant qu'ils +n'appartiennent pas a une nationalite etrangere, acquierent, de plein +droit, la nationalite Roumaine." + +Le Prince de Bismarck signale les inconvenients qu'il y aurait a +modifier les resolutions adoptees par le Congres et qui ont forme la +base des travaux de la Commission de Redaction. Il est necessaire que +le Congres s'oppose a toute tentative de revenir sur le fond. + +M. Desprez ajoute que la Commission a maintenu sa redaction primitive, +qui lui parait de nature a concilier tous les interets en cause, et que +M. de Launay s'est borne a demander l'insertion de sa motion au +Protocole. + +Le Prince Gortchacow rappelle les observations qu'il a presente, dans +une precedente seance, a propos des droits politiques et civils des +Israelites en Roumanie. Son Altesse Serenissime ne veut pas renouveler +ses objections, mais tient a declarer de nouveau qu'il ne partage pas, +sur ce point, l'opinion enoncee dans le Traite. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 1058-1059.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM THE TREATY OF BERLIN, SIGNED JULY 13, 1878. + +XLIV. En Roumanie la distinction des croyances religieuses et des +confessions ne pourra etre opposee a personne comme un motif d'exclusion +ou d'incapacite en ce qui concerne la jouissance des droits civils et +politiques, l'admission aux emplois publics, fonctions, et honneurs, ou +l'exercice des differentes professions et industries dans quelque +localite que ce soit. + +La liberte et la pratique exterieure de tous les cultes seront assurees +a tous les ressortissants de l'Etat Roumain aussi bien qu'aux etrangers, +et aucune entrave ne sera apportee, soit a l'organisation hierarchique +des differentes communions, soit a leurs rapports avec leurs chefs +spirituels. + +Les nationaux de toutes les Puissances, commercants ou autres, seront +traites en Roumanie, sans distinction de religion, sur le pied d'une +parfaite egalite. + + * * * * * + +[Articles V, XXVII, and XXXV, relating respectively to Bulgaria, +Montenegro, and Servia, are in the same form with the exception of the +last _alinea_, which only appears in the above quoted article.] + + * * * * * + +LXII. La Sublime Porte ayant exprime la volonte de maintenir le principe +de la liberte religieuse en y donnant l'extension la plus large, les +Parties Contractantes prennent acte de cette declaration spontanee. + +Dans aucune partie de l'Empire Ottoman la difference de religion ne +pourra etre opposee a personne comme un motif d'exclusion ou +d'incapacite en ce qui concerne l'usage des droits civils et politiques, +l'admission aux emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, ou l'exercice +des differentes professions et industries. + +Tous seront admis sans distinction de religion a temoigner devant les +tribunaux. + +La liberte et la pratique exterieure de tous les cultes sont assures a +tous, et aucune entrave ne pourra etre apportee, soit a l'organisation +hierarchique des differentes communions, soit a leurs rapports avec +leurs chefs spirituels. + +Les ecclesiastiques, les pelerins, et les moines de toutes les +nationalites voyageant dans la Turquie d'Europe ou la Turquie d'Asie +jouiront des memes droits, avantages et privileges. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 764, 766-767.) + + * * * * * + +REVISION OF THE RUMANIAN CONSTITUTION (1879). + +_No. 115. Mr. White to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Rec. November 4.)_ + +BUCHAREST, _October 25, 1879_. + +MY LORD,--I have the honour to forward to your Lordship an authorized +French translation of the Constitutional amendment concerning +naturalization and religious equality as promulgated by a Decree this +morning. + +I have, &c., + +W. A. WHITE. + +THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. + + * * * * * + +(TRADUCTION.) + +_Article Unique.--A la place de l'Article 7 de la Constitution soumis a +la revision, on mettra le suivant_:-- + +Article 7. La distinction de croyances religieuses et de confessions ne +constituera point en Roumanie un obstacle a l'acquisition des droits +civils et politiques et a leur exercice. + +Sec. 1. L'etranger pourra, sans distinction de religion, et qu'il soit +soumis ou non a une protection etrangere, obtenir la naturalisation sous +les conditions suivantes: + +(_a_) Il addressera au Gouvernement sa petition de naturalisation, par +laquelle il fera connaitre le capital qu'il possede, la profession ou +l'industrie qu'il exerce, et la volonte d'etablir en Roumanie son +domicile. + +(_b_) A la suite de cette demande il habitera le pays pendant dix +annees, et il prouvera, par ses actions, qu'il est utile au pays. + +Sec. 2. Pourront etre dispenses du stage: + +(_a_) Ceux qui auront introduit dans le pays des industries, des +inventions utiles, ou qui possederont des talents distingues, ceux qui +auront fonde de grands etablissements de commerce ou d'industrie. + +(_b_) Ceux qui, nes et eleves dans le pays, de parents y etablis, +n'auront jamais joui, ni les uns ni les autres, d'une protection +etrangere. + +(_c_) Ceux qui auront servi sous les drapeaux pendant la Guerre de +l'Independance, lesquels pourront etre naturalises d'une maniere +collective, sur la proposition du Gouvernement, par une seule Loi et +sans autre formalite. + +3. La naturalisation ne peut etre accordee que par la Loi, et +individuellement. + +4. Une Loi speciale determinera, le mode d'apres lequel les etrangers +pourront etablir leur domicile en Roumanie. + +5. Les Roumains ou ceux qui seront naturalises Roumains pourront +acquerir des immeubles ruraux en Roumanie. Les droits deja acquis seront +respectes. Les Conventions Internationales actuellement existantes +restent en vigueur, avec toutes leurs clauses et jusqu'a l'expiration de +leur duree. + +(_Ibid._, lxxi. 1176-77.) + + * * * * * + +THE COMPACT WITH RUMANIA (1880). + +_English Text of Identic Note presented to the Roumanian Government, +February 20, 1880._ + +The Undersigned, British Representative at Bucharest, has the honour, by +order of his Government, to convey to M. Boeresco, the Minister for +Foreign Affairs of Roumania, the following communication:-- + +Her Britannic Majesty's Government have been informed, through the Agent +of His Royal Highness the Prince of Roumania at Paris, of the +promulgation, on the 25th October, 1879, of a Law, voted by the +"Chambres de Revision" of the Principality, for the purpose of bringing +the text of the Roumanian Constitution into conformity with the +stipulations inserted in Article XLIV of the Treaty of Berlin. + +Her Majesty's Government cannot consider the new Constitutional +provisions which have been brought to their cognizance--and particularly +those by which persons belonging to a non-Christian creed domiciled in +Roumania, and not belonging to any foreign nationality, are required to +submit to the formalities of individual naturalization--as being a +complete fulfilment of the views of the Powers signatories of the Treaty +of Berlin. + +Trusting, however, to the determination of the Prince's Government to +approximate more and more, in the execution of these provisions, to the +liberal intentions entertained by the Powers, and taking note of the +positive assurances to that effect which have been conveyed to them, the +Government of Her Britannic Majesty, being desirous of giving to the +Roumanian nation a proof of their friendly sentiments, have decided to +recognize the Principality of Roumania as an independent State. Her +Majesty's Government consequently declare themselves ready to enter +into regular diplomatic relations with the Prince's Government. + +In bringing the decision come to by his Government to the knowledge of +the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Undersigned, &c. + +W. A. WHITE. + +BUCHAREST, _February 20, 1880_. + +(_Ibid._, p. 1187.) + + * * * * * + + +(_g_) RUMANIA AND THE POWERS (1902). + +It must be confessed--and, indeed, it has been avowed by prominent +Rumanians themselves[40]--that Rumania's evasion of the Treaty of Berlin +has been a monument of resourceful duplicity and bad faith. Accomplished +by pretending to regard the native Jews as foreigners, it actually +placed them in a far worse position than they had held in 1858, when at +any rate their national character as Moldavians or Wallachians was not +contested. But, not only have they been refused emancipation and stamped +as foreigners, but, in their character of foreigners, without a State to +protect them, they have been made the victims of special and cruel +disabilities, which in practice do not and cannot affect other +foreigners. + +One peculiarly barbarous act of persecution of this kind which was +attempted in 1902 nearly brought about a serious intervention by the +Great Powers to compel Rumania to observe her Treaty obligations. An Act +was passed by the Rumanian Parliament forbidding foreigners to exercise +any handicraft in Rumania unless Rumanians were assured similar +privileges in the parent States of such foreigners. The result of this +Act would have been to deprive all the Jewish artizans in Rumania of the +means of earning their livelihood, as, being foreigners without a parent +State of their own, they could not prove the reciprocity required by the +law. Prompt steps were taken to bring this project to the notice of the +Great Powers, chiefly by the late Lord Rothschild in London and Mr. +Jacob Schiff in Washington. Lord Rothschild was the first to move. In +June 1901 he forwarded to His Majesty's Government an elaborate +Memorandum setting forth the intolerable situation of the Rumanian Jews +and especially emphasising its international dangers as a stimulus of +undesirable immigration in other countries.[41] At the same time he +brought all his great influence to bear privately on individual members +of the Government. From Lord Lansdowne he received the warmest sympathy, +and the Foreign Office at once set inquiries on foot with a view to +ascertaining whether combined action by the Powers signatory of the +Berlin Treaty would be practicable. The responses, however, were not +encouraging.[42] Meanwhile the action of the London Jews had been +communicated to Mr. Oscar Straus in New York, and he persuaded Mr. +Schiff to bring the question to the knowledge of President Roosevelt. +The President, deeply moved by Mr. Schiff's story, acted with +characteristic energy. In July 1902 the Secretary of State, Mr. John +Hay, under the guise of a despatch giving instructions to the United +States Minister at Athens in regard to certain negotiations then pending +for a Naturalisation Treaty with Rumania, formulated a powerful +indictment of the persecutions. Three weeks later the American +Ambassadors in London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, Rome, and +Constantinople were instructed to communicate this despatch to the +Governments to which they were accredited, and to ascertain from them +whether it might not be possible to take some steps to secure from +Rumania the fulfilment of her obligations under Article XLIV of the +Treaty of Berlin.[43] Thus supported, Lord Lansdowne no longer +hesitated. In September he despatched a Circular to the Great Powers +definitely proposing combined representations at Bucharest.[44] + +As soon as this _demarche_ got wind Rumania hastened to annul the +offending law, and otherwise to restrain her anti-Semitic zeal. Nothing +more was heard of the proposed collective intervention, but it is now +known that Lord Lansdowne's proposal never took final shape because the +Russian and German Governments refused to associate themselves with it. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +DISPATCH FROM MR. JOHN HAY (U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE) TO THE U.S. +MINISTER AT ATHENS. + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_July 17, 1902_. + +_Charles S. Wilson, Esquire, etc., etc., etc., Athens._ + +SIR,--Your legation's despatch No. 19, of the 13th of February last, +reported having submitted to the Roumanian Government, through its +diplomatic representative in Greece, as the outcome of conference had by +Mr. Francis with him on the subject, a tentative draft of the +naturalization convention, on the lines of the draft previously +submitted to the Servian Government, and Mr. Francis added that His +Excellency the Roumanian Minister had informed him of his hearty +approval of the project, which he had forwarded to his Government with +his unqualified endorsement. Minister Francis was instructed on March 4 +that his action was approved. No report of progress has since been +received from your legation, but it is presumed that the matter is +receiving the consideration due to its importance. + +For its part, the Government of the United States regards the conclusion +of conventions of this character as of the highest value, because not +only establishing and recognizing the right of the citizens of the +foreign State to expatriate themselves voluntarily and acquire the +citizenship of this country, but also because establishing beyond the +pale of doubt the absolute equality of such naturalized persons with +native citizens of the United States in all that concerns their relation +to or intercourse with the country of their former allegiance. + +The right of citizens of the United States to resort to and transact +affairs of business or commerce in another country, without molestation +or disfavor of any kind, is set forth in the general treaties of amity +and commerce which the United States have concluded with foreign +nations, thus declaring what this Government holds to be a necessary +feature of the mutual intercourse of civilized nations and confirming +the principles of equality, equity and comity which underlie their +relations to one another. This right is not created by treaties; it is +recognized by them as a necessity of national existence, and we apply +the precept to other countries, whether it be conventionally declared or +not, as fully as we expect its extension to us. + +In some instances, other governments, taking a less broad view, regard +the rights of intercourse of alien citizens as not extending to their +former subjects who may have acquired another nationality. So far as +this position is founded on national sovereignty and asserts a claim to +the allegiance and service of the subject not to be extinguished save by +the consent of the sovereign, it finds precedent and warrant which it is +immaterial to the purpose of this instruction to discuss. Where such a +claim exists, it becomes the province of a naturalization convention to +adjust it on a ground of common advantage, substituting the general +sanction of treaty for the individual permission of expatriation and +recognizing the subject who may have changed allegiance as being on the +same plane with the natural or native citizens of the other contracting +State. + +Some States, few in number, be it said, make distinction between +different classes of citizens of the foreign State, denying to some the +rights of innocent intercourse and commerce which by comity and natural +right are accorded to the stranger, and doing this without regard to the +origin of the persons adversely affected. One country in particular, +although maintaining with the United States a treaty which unqualifiedly +guarantees to citizens of this country the rights of visit, sojourn and +commerce of the Empire, yet assumes to prohibit those rights to Hebrew +citizens of the United States, whether native or naturalized.[45] This +Government can lose no opportunity to controvert such a distinction, +wherever it may appear. It cannot admit such discrimination among its +own citizens, and can never assent that a foreign State, of its own +volition, can apply a religious test to debar any American citizen from +the favor due to all. + +There is no treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and +Roumania, but this Government is pleased to believe that Roumania +follows the precepts of comity in this regard as completely and +unreservedly as we ourselves do, and that the American in Roumania is as +welcome and as free in matters of sojourn and commerce and legal resorts +as the Roumanian is in the United States. We hear no suggestion that any +differential treatment of our citizens is there imposed. No religious +test is known to bar any American from resorting to Roumania for +business or pleasure. No attempt has been made to set up any such test +in the United States whereby any American citizen might be denied +recourse to the representatives of Roumania in order to authenticate +documents necessary to the establishment of his legal rights or the +furtherance of his personal interests in Roumania. And in welcoming +negotiations for a convention of naturalization Roumania gives proof of +her desire to confirm all American citizens in their inherently just +rights. + +Another consideration, of cognate character, presents itself. In the +absence of a naturalization convention, some few States hold +self-expatriation without the previous consent of the sovereign to be +punishable, or to entail consequences indistinguishable from banishment. +Turkey, for instance, only tacitly assents to the expatriation of +Ottoman subjects, so long as they remain outside Turkish jurisdiction. +Should they return thereto their acquired alienship is ignored. Should +they seek to cure the matter by asking permission to be naturalized +abroad, consent is coupled with the condition of non-return to Turkey. +It is the object of a naturalization convention to remedy this feature +by placing the naturalized alien on a parity with the natural-born +citizen and according him due recognition as such. This consideration +gives us added satisfaction that negotiations on the subject have been +auspiciously inaugurated with Roumania. If I have mentioned this aspect +of the matter, it is in order that the two Governments may be in accord +as to the bases of their agreement in this regard; for it is +indispensable that the essential purpose of the proposed convention +should not be impaired or perverted by any coupled condition of +banishment imposed independently by the act of either contracting party. + +The United States welcomes now, as it has welcomed from the foundation +of its government, the voluntary immigration of all aliens coming hither +under conditions fitting them to become merged in the body-politic of +this land. Our laws provide the means for them to become incorporated +indistinguishably in the mass of citizens, and prescribe their absolute +equality with the native born, guaranteeing to them equal civil rights +at home and equal protection abroad. The conditions are few, looking to +their coming as free agents, so circumstanced physically and morally as +to supply the healthful and intelligent material of free citizenhood. +The pauper, the criminal, the contagiously or incurably diseased, are +excluded from the benefits of immigration only when they are likely to +become a source of danger or a burden upon the community. The voluntary +character of their coming is essential,--hence we shut out all +immigration assisted or constrained by foreign agencies. The purpose of +our generous treatment of the alien immigrant is to benefit us and him +alike,--not to afford to another State a field upon which to cast its +own objectionable elements. A convention of naturalization may not be +construed as an instrument to facilitate any such process. The alien, +coming hither voluntarily and prepared to take upon himself the +preparatory, and in due course the definite obligations of citizenship, +retains thereafter, in domestic and international relations, the initial +character of free agency, in the full enjoyment of which it is incumbent +upon his adoptive State to protect him. + +The foregoing considerations, whilst pertinent to the examination of the +purpose and scope of a naturalization treaty, have a larger aim. It +behoves the State to scrutinize most jealously the character of the +immigration from a foreign land, and, if it be obnoxious to objection, +to examine the causes which render it so. Should those causes originate +in the act of another sovereign State, to the detriment of its +neighbors, it is the prerogative of an injured State to point out the +evil and to make remonstrance; for with nations, as with individuals, +the social law holds good that the right of each is bounded by the right +of the neighbor. + +The condition of a large class of the inhabitants of Roumania has for +many years been a source of grave concern to the United States. I refer +to the Roumanian Jews, numbering some 400,000. Long ago, while the +Danubian principalities labored under oppressive conditions which only +war and a general action of the European Powers sufficed to end, the +persecution of the indigenous Jews under Turkish rule called forth in +1872 the strong remonstrance of the United States. The Treaty of Berlin +was hailed as a cure for the wrong, in view of the express provisions of +its 44th article, prescribing that "in Roumania, the difference of +religious creeds and confessions shall not be alleged against any person +as a ground for exclusion or incapacity in matters relating to the +enjoyment of civil and political rights, admissions to public +employments, functions, and honors, or the exercise of the various +professions and industries in any locality whatsoever," and stipulating +freedom in the exercise of all forms of worship to Roumanian dependents +and foreigners alike, as well as guaranteeing that all foreigners in +Roumania shall be treated, without distinction of creed, on a footing of +perfect equality. + +With the lapse of time these just prescriptions have been rendered +nugatory in great part, as regards the native Jews, by the legislation +and municipal regulations of Roumania. Starting from the arbitrary and +controvertible premises that the native Jews of Roumania domiciled there +for centuries are "aliens not subject to foreign protection," the +ability of the Jew to earn even the scanty means of existence that +suffice for a frugal race has been constricted by degrees, until nearly +every opportunity to win a livelihood is denied; and until the helpless +poverty of the Jew has constrained an exodus of such proportions as to +cause general concern. + +The political disabilities of the Jews in Roumania, their exclusion from +the public service and the learned professions, the limitations of their +civil rights, and the imposition upon them of exceptional taxes, +involving as they do wrongs repugnant to the moral sense of liberal +modern peoples, are not so directly in point for my present purpose as +the public acts which attack the inherent right of man as a bread winner +in the ways of agriculture and trade. The Jews are prohibited from +owning land, or even from cultivating it as common laborers. They are +debarred from residing in the rural districts. Many branches of petty +trade and manual production are closed to them in the over-crowded +cities where they are forced to dwell and engage against fearful odds, +in the desperate struggle for existence. Even as ordinary artisans or +hired laborers they may only find employment in the proportion of one +"unprotected alien" to two "Roumanians" under any one employer. In +short, by the cumulative effect of successive restrictions, the Jews of +Roumania have become reduced to a state of wretched misery. Shut out +from nearly every avenue of self-support which is open to the poor of +other lands, and ground down by poverty as the natural result of their +discriminatory treatment, they are rendered incapable of lifting +themselves from the enforced degradation they endure. Even were the +fields of education open to them, of civil employment and of commerce, +as to "Roumanian citizens," their penury would prevent rising by +individual effort. Human beings, so circumstanced, have virtually no +alternatives but submissive suffering, or flight to some land less +unfavourable to them. Removal under such conditions is not and cannot be +the healthy intelligent emigration of a free and self-reliant being. It +must be, in most cases, the mere transplantation of an artificially +produced diseased growth to a new place. + +Granting that, in better and more healthful surroundings, the morbid +conditions will eventually change for good, such emigration is +necessarily for a time a burden to the community upon which the +fugitives may be cast. Self-reliance, and the knowledge and ability that +evolve the power of self-support must be developed, and, at the same +time, avenues of employment must be opened in quarters where competition +is already keen and opportunities scarce. The teachings of history, and +the experience of our own nation, show that the Jews possess in a high +degree the mental and moral qualifications of conscientious citizenhood. +No class of emigrants is more welcome to our shores when coming equipped +in mind and body for entrance upon the struggle for bread, and inspired +with the high purpose to give the best service of heart and brain to the +land they adopt of their own free will. But when they come as outcasts, +made doubly paupers by physical and moral oppression in their native +land, and thrown upon the long-suffering generosity of a more favored +community, their migration lacks the essential conditions which make +alien immigration either acceptable or beneficial. So well is this +appreciated on the Continent, that, even in the countries where +anti-Semitism has no foothold, it is difficult for these fleeing Jews to +obtain any lodging. America is their only goal. + +The United States offers asylum to the oppressed of all lands. But its +sympathy with them in no wise impairs its just liberty and right to +weigh the acts of the oppressor in the light of their effects upon this +country, and to judge accordingly. + +Putting together the facts now painfully brought home to this Government +during the past few years: that many of the inhabitants of Roumania are +being forced, by artificially adverse discriminations, to quit their +native country; that the hospitable asylum offered by this country is +almost the only refuge left to them; that they come hither unfitted by +the conditions of their exile to take part in the new life of this land +under circumstances either profitable to themselves or beneficial to the +community; and that they are objects of charity from the outset and for +a long time,--the right of remonstrance against the acts of the +Roumanian Government is clearly established in favor of this Government. +Whether consciously and of purpose, or not, these helpless people, +burdened and spurned by their native land, are forced by the sovereign +power of Roumania upon the charity of the United States. This Government +cannot be a tacit party to such an international wrong. It is +constrained to protest against the treatment to which the Jews of +Roumania are subjected, not alone because it has unimpeachable ground to +remonstrate against the resultant injury to itself, but in the name of +humanity. The United States may not authoritatively appeal to the +stipulations of the Treaty of Berlin, to which it was not and cannot +become a signatory, but it does earnestly appeal to the principles +consigned therein, because they are the principles of international law +and eternal justice, advocating the broad toleration which that solemn +compact enjoins, and standing ready to lend its moral support to the +fulfilment thereof by its co-signatories, for the act of Roumania itself +has effectively joined the United States to them as an interested party +in this regard. + +Occupying this ground and maintaining these views, it behoves us to see +that in concluding a naturalization convention no implication may exist +of obligation on the part of the United States to receive and convert +these unfortunates into citizens, and to eliminate any possible +inference of some condition or effect tantamount to banishment from +Roumania with inhibition of return or imposition of such legal +disability upon them by reason of their creed, as may impair their +interests in that country or operate to deny them judicial remedies +there which all American citizens may justly claim in accordance with +the law and comity of nations. + +I am, Sir, + +Your obedient servant, + +JOHN HAY. + + + * * * * * + + +AMERICAN CIRCULAR NOTE TO THE GREAT POWERS. + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_August 11, 1902_. + +SIR,--In the course of an instruction recently sent to the Minister +accredited to the Government of Roumania in regard to the bases of +negotiation begun with that Government looking to a convention of +naturalization between the United States and Roumania, certain +considerations were set forth for the Minister's guidance concerning the +character of the emigration from that country, the causes which +constrain it, and the consequences so far as they adversely affect the +United States. + +It has seemed to the President appropriate that these considerations, +relating as they do to the obligations entered into by the signatories +of the Treaty of Berlin of July 13, 1878, should be brought to the +attention of the Governments concerned and commended to their +consideration in the hope that, if they are so fortunate as to meet the +approval of the several Powers, such measures as to them may seem wise +may be taken to persuade the Government of Roumania to reconsider the +subject of the grievances in question. + + * * * * * + +(This note continues in the language of the foregoing despatch from the +words: "The United States welcomes now, etc." down to words: "as an +interested party in this regard.") + + * * * * * + +You will take an early occasion to read this instruction to the Minister +for Foreign Affairs and, should he request it, leave with him a copy. + +JOHN HAY. + + * * * * * + +_Reply of Great Britain._ + +(Mr. Bertie to Mr. Choate.) + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_September 2, 1902_. + +YOUR EXCELLENCY,--I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your +note of the 23rd ultimo, inclosing a copy of a dispatch from Mr. +Secretary Hay on the subject of the conditions of the Jews in Roumania. + +His Majesty's Government joins with the United States Government in +deploring the depressed condition of the Roumanian Jews and in regarding +with apprehension the results of their enforced emigration. + +His Majesty's Government will place themselves in communication with +the other Powers signatory of the Treaty of Berlin, with a view to a +joint representation to the Roumanian Government on the subject. + +FRANCIS BERTIE. + +(_In the absence of the Marquis of Lansdowne._) + +("Foreign Relations of the United States (1902)," pp. 910 _et seq._, 42 +_et seq._, and 550). + + * * * * * + + +(_h_) THE CONFERENCES OF LONDON, ST. PETERSBURG AND BUCHAREST (1912-13). + +In connection with the Balkan complications of the last ten years, which +form the overture to the present war, the Jewish organisations in +Western Europe and America--chiefly the London Jewish Conjoint +Committee--lost no opportunity of keeping the grievances of the Rumanian +Jews before the Great Powers and of maintaining the liberties already +won in South-Eastern Europe. The work has been of a more arduous and +far-reaching character than the public suspect, and, although it has not +achieved final success, it has been far from unfruitful. Of this work it +is only possible to speak in a very summary way, as much of it is still +confidential and all of it is directly related to negotiations still +pending and necessarily belonging to the domain of what is invidiously +called secret diplomacy. + +In 1908, on the occasion of the annexation of Bosnia and the Herzegovina +by Austria-Hungary, the Conjoint Committee seized the opportunity of +endeavouring to reopen the Rumano-Jewish Question. The annexation was a +technical infraction of the Berlin Treaty and required the sanction of +the Great Powers, for which probably a Conference would be held. The +Conjoint Committee addressed to Sir Edward Grey a request that the scope +of the proposed Conference should be extended to other infractions of +the Treaty, and accompanied it with a review of the Rumano-Jewish +Question, which constitutes one of the most important State Papers +produced in the Jewish community.[46] Unfortunately the projected +Conference was abandoned, but Sir Edward Grey was so impressed by the +statements of the Conjoint Committee that he ordered an investigation to +be made, and he afterwards formally avowed, in a letter to the Conjoint +Committee, that the charges made in the Memorandum were accurate and +that Rumania had not fulfilled her Treaty pledges. This perhaps may not +seem to be a great gain, but those who know anything of international +politics will be aware that an official statement of this kind has +considerable practical importance, and, indeed, it was not lost upon the +Cabinet of Bucharest. + +The last occasions on which attempts were made to put an end to the +Rumanian scandal were in connection with the Conferences of London, St. +Petersburg, and Bucharest, which liquidated the various questions +arising out of the Balkan wars in 1912-13. Here two questions confronted +the Conjoint Committee. While the international questions at issue were +confined to the trans-Danubian States, all that was necessary was to +secure for the populations of the transferred territories in that region +a reaffirmation of the clauses of the Treaties of 1830 and 1878, by +which the liberties of racial and religious minorities were guaranteed. +When, however, Rumania joined in the war, this question became of much +greater importance, and it involved the reopening of the whole question +of Rumania's violation of the Treaty of Berlin. In spite of the efforts +of the Conjoint Committee, neither the three Conferences of London, nor +the Conference of St. Petersburg dealt with these questions. At the +Conference of Bucharest the United States Government, at the instance of +the American Jewish Committee, made a suggestion that the civil and +religious liberties of the populations of the territories transferred +under the proposed Treaty should be specially guaranteed. On the +proposal of the Rumanian Prime Minister, however, the Conference agreed +that such securities were not necessary, but expressed their readiness +to give a verbal assurance that the wishes of the United States would be +fully realised.[47] A long correspondence ensued between the Conjoint +Committee and the Foreign Office, and eventually Sir Edward Grey agreed +to a suggestion of the Committee that the Great Powers should be +consulted with a view to making their sanction of the new territorial +arrangements in the Balkans conditional on the guarantee of full civil +and religious liberty to all the inhabitants of the annexed +territories.[48] This important assurance was reaffirmed by the +Secretary of State towards the end of July 1914, within a week of the +outbreak of the present war. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +EXTRACT FROM THE PROTOCOLS OF THE CONFERENCE OF BUCHAREST. + +_Protocole No. 6.--Seance du Mardi, 23 Juillet (5 Aout), 1913._ + +[Le President] fait part a la Conference de la note suivante que lui a +remise S.E. Monsieur Jackson, Ministre des Etats-Unis d'Amerique a +Bucarest. + +"Le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amerique desire faire savoir qu'il +regarderait avec satisfaction si une provision accordant pleine liberte +civile et religieuse aux habitants de tout territoire que pourrait etre +assujetti a la souverainte de quiconque des cinq Puissances ou qui +pourrait etre transfere de la jurisdiction de l'une des Puissances a +celle d'une autre, pourrait etre introduite dans toute convention +conclue a Bucarest." + +M. Maioresco estime que les delegues sont unanimes a reconnaitre +pleinement, en fait et en droit, le principe qui a inspire la note +precitee, le droit public des Etats constitutionnels representes a cette +Conference en ayant consacre de longue date l'application. Le President +pense donc que la note des Etats-Unis d'Amerique ne saurait soulever +aucune difficulte: il est peut-etre bon de rappeler quelquefois les +principes, meme lorsqu'ils sont universellement admis. Aussi, croit-il +etre l'interprete des sentiments de MM. les Plenipotentiaires en +declarant que les habitants de tout territoire nouvellement acquis +auront, sans distinction de religion, la meme pleine liberte civile et +religieuse que tous les autres habitants de l'etat. + +M. Venizelos considere qu'a la suite des declarations du President, qui +seront consignees au Protocole, toute insertion dans le traite a +conclure, d'un principe deja universellement reconnu serait superflue. + +Cette maniere de voir de M. le premier delegue de Grece a recueilli +l'assentiment unanime. + +("Le Traite de Paix de Bucarest--Protocoles de la Conference," Bucarest, +1913, pp. 24-25.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE CONJOINT COMMITTEE AND SIR +EDWARD GREY. + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_13th October, 1913_. + +SIR,--The Jewish Conjoint Foreign Committee of the London Committee of +Deputies of British Jews and the Anglo-Jewish Association have had under +their consideration the diplomatic acts--principally the Treaty of +Bucharest--by which the new territorial system in the Near East has been +adjusted, and they have instructed us to invite the attention of His +Majesty's Government to the omission from those documents of provisions +either confirming or repeating on their own account, for the benefit of +the annexed territories, the guarantees of civil and religious liberty +and equality contained in the Protocol No. 3 of the Conference of London +of February 3rd, 1830, and in Articles V, XXVII, XXXIV, XLIV, and LXII +of the Treaty of Berlin. + +Owing to the vast changes which have been made in the distribution of +the Jewish communities throughout the region lying between the Danube +and the AEgean, and more especially in view of the annexations to the +Kingdom of Roumania, where hitherto the Civil and Religious Liberty +Clauses of the Treaty of Berlin have been systematically evaded, this +question has caused the Jewish people the gravest anxiety. The Conjoint +Committee are well aware that in four of the annexing States, namely, +Greece, Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro, the Constitutions provide for +the equal rights of all religious denominations, and they gratefully +acknowledge that for many years past the Jews in those countries have +had no reason to complain; but in the new conditions of mixed races and +creeds which confront those States, and in face of the symptoms already +apparent of an accentuation of the long-standing inter-confessional +bitterness and strife, they prefer not to relinquish the international +obligations by which the rights of their co-religionists have hitherto +been secured. In this view they find themselves supported not only by +all the Jewish communities of the Balkans, but also by all of the +religious minorities in the dominions which have recently changed hands. +The reasonableness of their view is further supported by the +constitutional changes effected in like circumstances in Moldo-Wallachia +and Servia three-quarters of a century ago to the prejudice of the Jews, +and also by the continued encouragement to religious intolerance +afforded by the legalised oppression of a quarter of a million Jews in +the Kingdom of Roumania. + +The question was not ignored at the Peace Conference at Bucharest, but +it failed to receive any contractual solution. At the sitting of August +8th a scheme of religious, scholastic and cultural liberty was +discussed, but no agreement was reached, owing to irreconcilable +differences between the Patriarchists and the Exarchists. Moreover, the +scheme as drawn up was confined to Christian communities (Protocol No. +10). At the sitting of August 5th, the question was raised in its wider +aspects by a communication from the United States Government expressing +the hope that a provision would be introduced into the Treaty "according +full civil and religious liberty to the inhabitants of any territory +subject to the sovereignty of any of the five Powers, or which might be +transferred from the jurisdiction of any one of them to that of +another." This also met with no adequate response. M. Maioresco, the +Chief Roumanian plenipotentiary, expressed the opinion that such a +provision was unnecessary, "as the principle inspiring it had long been +recognised, in fact and in law, by the public law of the Constitutional +States represented at the Conference," but he added that he was willing +to declare on behalf of the plenipotentiaries that "the inhabitants of +any territory newly acquired will have, without distinction of religion, +the same full civil and religious liberty, as all the other inhabitants +of the State." In this view the other plenipotentiaries concurred. +(Protocol No. 6.) + +The Jewish Conjoint Committee regret that they are unable to accept +either the reasoning or the assurances of M. Maioresco for the following +reasons:-- + +1. Even if it were true that the constitutions of all the five +contracting States assure civil and religious liberty to their +inhabitants without distinction of religion--Roumania herself is a +flagrant exception--it would not afford as permanent a guarantee as an +international obligation. The circumstances which render such a +guarantee necessary in the present case have already been referred to +above. + +2. In previous territorial changes in the Near East, the liberal +provisions of the constitutions of the annexing States have not been +held sufficient for the protection of religious minorities. Thus, in +1864, when the Ionian Islands were transferred to Greece, the Powers +specifically extended to the new territories the civil and religious +liberty obligations imposed on the Hellenic Kingdom in 1830 (see Article +IV of the Treaty of London of March 20th, 1864). Again in 1881, when +Thessaly was ceded to Greece, the religious liberty obligations of 1830 +were repeated in the Treaty of Cession for the benefit of the Mussulman +population (Convention of May 14th, 1881, Article VIII). A similar +course was adopted by the Great Powers in 1886, when Eastern Roumelia +was virtually annexed to Bulgaria (Article IV of Arrangement of April +5th, 1886; _cf._ Eastern Roumelia Statute, Article XXIV). + +3. Roumania herself is not content to rely on the national constitutions +of the other Balkan States where the destinies of her own expatriated +brethren in race and religion are concerned. Although she persuaded the +Conference of Bucharest to reject the American proposal to insert +binding guarantees for the equitable treatment of racial and religious +minorities in the annexed territories generally, she insisted on the +adoption of an Annexe to the Protocols of the Conference pledging the +signatory States to grant equal rights and religious and scholastic +freedom to the Koutzo-Vlachs residing within their dominions. It is +difficult to understand why these Treaty guarantees should be required +for communities which have a Government at Bucharest, attached to them +by racial and religious sympathies, to look after their interests, and +not for the Jews, who have no such resource in the event of their rights +being ignored. + +4. The terms of M. Maioresco's declaration in regard to "the inhabitants +of any territory newly acquired" are ambiguous, and in the case of the +Jews of the northern districts of Bulgaria, now annexed to Roumania, +might, and no doubt would be, interpreted as assimilating them to the +oppressed Jewish communities of the annexed State. Moreover, in view of +what happened to the Jews of the Dobrudja when that province was +acquired by Roumania in 1878, any unilateral assurances from the Cabinet +of Bucharest on this subject must fail to inspire confidence. The action +of the Roumanian Government on that occasion was dealt with by us in the +letter we had the honour of addressing to you on July 13th last, and it +will consequently suffice to state now that the Jews of the Dobrudja +were deprived of their national rights for thirty years after the +annexation, and even then they experienced great difficulty in obtaining +them. We cannot contemplate without anxiety the possibility of a +repetition of this application of the principle formulated by M. +Maioresco. + +For these reasons the Jewish Conjoint Committee regard with grave +apprehension the omission from the Treaty of Bucharest of guarantees of +civil and religious equality for the inhabitants of the territories +which have changed hands in virtue of that instrument, and they trust +they may rely on His Majesty's Government to take such steps as will +assure to those inhabitants the full enjoyment of the high protection +accorded them by the London Protocol of 1830 and the Treaty of Berlin. + +They venture to suggest that the objects they have in view might be +attained by a collective note to the States signatory of the Treaties of +London, Bucharest and Constantinople, declaring that the Great Powers +regard the Civil and Religious Liberty clauses of the Protocol of 1830 +and the Treaty of Berlin as binding upon all of them within their new +frontiers and throughout all their territories. The Committee hope that +His Majesty's Government may see their way to propose such a note to +the Great Powers. + +We are, Sir, + +Your humble and obedient Servants, + +D. L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + + * * * * * + +TO THE RT. HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., HIS MAJESTY'S +PRINCIPAL SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS, ETC., ETC., ETC. + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_October 29th, 1913_. + +GENTLEMEN,--I am directed by Secretary Sir E. Grey to acknowledge the +receipt of your letter of October 13th, and to observe in reply that the +Articles of the Treaty of Berlin, to which you refer, are in no way +abrogated by the territorial changes in the Near East, and remain as +binding as they have been hitherto as regards all territories covered by +those Articles at the time when the Treaty was signed. + +His Majesty's Government will, however, consult with the other Powers as +to the policy of reaffirming in some way the provisions of the Treaty of +Berlin for the protection of the religious and other liberties of +minorities in the territories referred to, when the question of giving +formal recognition by the Powers to the recent territorial changes in +the Balkan Peninsula is raised. + +I am, Gentlemen, + +Your most obedient, humble servant, + +EYRE A. CROWE. + +THE CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE. + + * * * * * + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_17th November, 1913_. + +SIR,--We have had the honour of receiving the letter of the 29th ult. +addressed to us on your behalf by Sir Eyre A. Crowe, and we have duly +submitted it to our colleagues of the Conjoint Jewish Committee. + +We are desired by the Committee to thank you for this communication and +to express their lively satisfaction with the assurances you are good +enough to give them and which appear to them to meet the necessities of +the case they had the honour of placing before you. + +The Committee propose, with your permission, to submit to you at a later +stage, for the consideration of His Majesty's Government, an amended +formula of civil and religious liberty in the Balkans, which they think +will more clearly express the intentions of the Conference of London and +the Congress of Berlin than the provisions on the same subject contained +in the Protocol No. 3 of 1830 and the Treaty of 1878. They trust that +His Majesty's Government may find it possible to make this or some +similar amendment the basis for the proposed consultation with the other +Great Powers, as they venture to think that in this way a means may be +found of obviating a repetition of the misunderstandings by which the +Jews of Roumania have hitherto been deprived of the rights sought to be +conferred upon them by the Treaty of Berlin, besides securing the rights +of other religious and racial minorities in the Balkans on a footing of +perfect equality. + +We, are, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble servants, + +DAVID L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of the Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + + * * * * * + +TO THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., ETC., ETC. + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_12th March, 1914_. + +SIR,--Referring to the letter we had the honour of addressing to you on +the 17th November last, we now beg to submit to you, for the +consideration of His Majesty's Government, a revised formula of civil +and religious liberty in the Balkans in the hope that His Majesty's +Government may be able to recommend it to the other Great Powers +signatory of the Treaty of Berlin for application to the territories +which have recently changed hands in the Near East under the provisions +of the Treaties of London and Bucharest, and their subsidiary diplomatic +Acts. + +As you are aware, Civil and Religious Liberty in Bulgaria, Montenegro, +Servia and Roumania is at present guaranteed in identic terms by +Articles V, XXVII, XXXIV-V, XLIV of the Treaty of Berlin, and in Greece +by the concluding _alinea_ of Protocol No. 3 of the Conference of London +of the 3rd February 1830. We beg to suggest that in the extension of +these stipulations to the new territories they shall be elucidated by +the addition to each of the following paragraph:-- + + * * * * * + +All persons of whatever religious belief born or residing in the +territories annexed to the Kingdom of---- in virtue of the Treaties of +London and Bucharest, and who do not claim a foreign nationality and +cannot be shown to be claimed as nationals of a foreign state shall be +entitled to full civil and political rights as nationals of the Kingdom +of---- in accordance with the foregoing stipulations. + + * * * * * + +Some slight modification of this paragraph will be required to meet the +special circumstances of each case, as, for example, the omission of the +reference to the Treaty of London in the case of Roumania, and perhaps, +the insertion of the paragraph before the final _alinea_ of Article XLIV +of the Treaty of Berlin instead of its addition to that Article. + +In making this proposal we are chiefly actuated by a desire to obviate +as far as may be possible a repetition in the territories annexed to the +Kingdom of Roumania of the cruel evasion of Article XLIV of the Treaty +of Berlin by which the native Jews of Roumania have hitherto been +deprived of their civil and political rights. It will be within your +recollection that this evasion was contrived by arbitrarily declaring +all the native Jews to be _ipso facto_ foreigners and by submitting them +in that capacity to harsh disabilities which, while apparently +applicable to all foreigners, in reality only affected them. We are +further impressed by the fact that Bulgaria, Servia and Greece have each +acquired a considerable addition to their Jewish populations and, +although we acknowledge most gratefully the fidelity with which those +States have hitherto performed their obligation in regard to civil and +religious liberty, we think it wise, in view of the evil precedent +created by Roumania, to strengthen the hands of their rulers and +statesmen by extending those obligations in the form we now suggest to +the territories they have recently acquired. + +Our aims will, we think, be attained by the formula suggested above +without in any way enlarging the scope of the original stipulations, as +those stipulations were understood by their authors and the majority of +the States to which they have hitherto been applied. It is to be noted +that a similar amendment of Article XLIV was actually suggested by the +Italian representative, the Count de Launay, at the Berlin Congress, +with a view to obviating the very evasion of the Treaty subsequently +effected by Roumania, and it was only rejected by the Congress because +it was desired to adopt an identic formula for all the Balkan States and +because it was felt that the formula as it stood "parait de nature a +concilier tous les interets en cause." (British and Foreign State +Papers, vol. lxix. pp. 1058-9.) + +Now that it has been shown that this anticipation was illusory, we +venture to hope that His Majesty's Government may see their way to +realize the intentions of the Berlin Congress by suggesting to the Great +Powers the amendment we have proposed, and that their recognition of the +territorial changes in the Near East will be made conditional upon its +adoption by all the annexing States, and more particularly by the +Kingdom of Roumania. + +We are, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble servants, + +DAVID L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + +TO THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., ETC., ETC. + + * * * * * + +(For the humanitarian interventions on behalf of the Jews of Morocco see +"The Conferences of Madrid and Algeciras," _infra_, pp. 88-99.) + + +(_i_) THE JEWISH QUESTION AND THE BALANCE OF POWER (1890 AND 1906). + +It will be noted that none of the diplomatic interventions took +cognizance of the ill-treatment of the Jews in Russia,[49] although +until the recent Revolution it afforded, in magnitude and cruelty, the +worst example of religious persecution known to modern Europe.[50] The +cynical reason has already been indicated. But if international politics +has affected to ignore the Jewish question in Russia, that question has +not been without a very distinct influence on the evolution of the +European international system. No survey of the Jewish problem in +international politics would be complete without a reference to the +curious part played by the Russo-Jewish question in the orientation of +Russian policy which made for the alliance with France and through it +for the Triple Entente. It is well known that even after the termination +of the Russo-German secret treaty of mutual neutrality in 1890, the Tsar +Alexander III remained for a long time reluctant to come to terms with +Republican France. Towards the end of 1890 there was a fresh outbreak of +official anti-Semitism in Russia, and the bitter cry of the persecuted +Jews was heard all over Europe. At that moment it happened that +negotiations for a large loan had been entered into by the Russian +Treasury with the house of Rothschild, and a preliminary contract had +actually been signed. As soon as the news of the persecutions reached +New Court, Lord Rothschild resolved to break off the negotiations. At +his instance, M. Wyshnigradski, the Russian Finance Minister, was +informed by the Paris House that unless the oppression of the Jews were +stopped they would be compelled to withdraw from the loan operation. +Deeply mortified by this attempt on the part of a Jewish banking firm to +deal with him _de puissance a puissance_, the Tsar peremptorily +cancelled the contract and ordered that overtures should be made to a +non-Jewish French syndicate headed by M. Hoskier of Paris. Thus was +forged the main financial link in the chain of common interests which +soon after led to the Dual Alliance. Incidentally, it may be mentioned +that one of the effects of the Alliance was to secure to the Tsar a much +larger immunity from criticism in his persistent ill-treatment of the +Jews.[51] + +Fifteen years later the Jewish question also played a part in the +curious Russo-German _rapprochement_ which nearly wrecked the Dual +Alliance. Much light has been shed upon this incident by the recent +publication of the late Tsar's secret correspondence with the German +Emperor[52] and other Russian State documents, notably a Memorandum on +the Jewish question drawn up by Count Lamsdorf in January 1906.[53] +Negotiations for the adhesion of Russia to the Anglo-French Entente had +been opened in the winter of 1903, but owing to the war with Japan and +the revolutionary outbreak in Russia the Tsar's views on the subject had +changed. Worked on by the German Emperor, he imagined himself a victim +of English intrigue, and he concluded with the Kaiser at Bjoerkoeon July +23, 1905, the bases of a new Triple Alliance to consist of Russia, +Germany, and France. While the Treaty was still unratified certain +reactionaries in Russia seized the opportunity of endeavouring to give +it a specially anti-Jewish bias. On the one hand the bureaucracy had +persuaded themselves that the Jews were the main authors of the October +Revolution, and on the other Count Witte and his colleagues in the +Cabinet were furious at the renewed rebuffs they had received at the +hands of the House of Rothschild in their efforts to raise new loans on +the Paris and London markets.[54] It was in these circumstances that +Count Lamsdorf prepared a Memorandum proposing to the Tsar that an +agreement should be concluded with Germany providing for the special +_surveillance_ of Jewish activities on the lines of a secret Protocol +which had been drawn up by the two Powers on March 14, 1904, for the +similar _surveillance_ and extradition of Anarchists.[55] At the same +time the Count suggested that the Pope should be asked to adhere to this +new Holy Alliance. This strange proposal was approved by the Tsar, who +ordered the immediate initiation of negotiations with the +Wilhelmstrasse. In due course this instruction was acted upon,[56] but +in the following May Count Lamsdorf fell, and with the entry of M. +Izvolsky into the Russian Foreign Office a new and saner direction was +given to Russian Foreign policy. Nothing more was heard either of the +Bjoerkoe Treaty or of the proposed Triple Alliance against the Jews. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +THE PROPOSED ANTI-SEMITIC TRIPLE ALLIANCE. + +(The footnotes appended to the following document are those of Count +Lamsdorf himself. Footnotes by the Editor will be found at the end.) + +_Secret._ + +ON THE ANARCHISTS. + +The events of the year 1905, which became particularly acute at the +beginning of October last, and, after a number of so-called "strikes," +culminated in an armed revolt at Moscow and in other cities and +localities of the Empire, show quite clearly that the Russian +revolutionary movement, apart from its deep social economic causes of an +_internal_ nature, has also a quite definite _international_ character. +This side of the revolutionary movement, which deserves very serious +attention, manifests itself chiefly in the fact that it is supported to +a large extent from abroad. + +This is clearly indicated by the striking phenomenon that the Russian +revolutionists dispose of an enormous quantity of _arms_ imported from +abroad, as well as of considerable _pecuniary means_, since there can be +no doubt that the revolutionary movement hostile to the Government, +including the organising of various kinds of strikes, must have cost the +revolutionaries large sums of money. + +Since it must be recognised that such support of the revolutionary +movement with arms and money could hardly be set to the account of +foreign governments (with the exception of certain isolated cases, as +for instance, the support of the Finnish movement by Sweden, and perhaps +the partial support of the Polish movement by Austria), one inevitably +arrives at the further conclusion that the support of our revolutionary +movement enters into the calculations of some _foreign capitalist +organisations_. + +This result must be coupled with the fact that the Russian revolutionary +movement is altogether distinguished by an alien racial character, since +it was precisely the various allogenes--the Armenians, Georgians, Letts, +Esthonians, Finns, Poles, etc.--who rose one after another against the +Imperial Government for the purpose of obtaining, if not complete +political autonomy, at least equal rights with the native population of +the Empire. When one considers, moreover, that, as is established with +sufficient certainty, among these allogenes a most important part is +played by the Jews, who have figured and still figure as a specially +active and aggressive element of the revolution, whether as individuals, +or as leaders of the movement, or in the shape of entire organisations +(_e.g._ the Jewish Bund in the Western region), one may assume with +certainty that the aforesaid support of the revolutionary movement from +abroad emanates precisely from _Jewish_ capitalist circles. + +In this respect one cannot ignore the coincidence of several phenomena +which could hardly be accidental. This coincidence rather logically +leads to the further result that our revolutionary movement is not only, +as already stated, _supported_ from abroad, but to a certain extent also +_directed_ from there. The strikes broke out with particular force +precisely in October last, that is to say, at a time when our Government +was making the attempt to bring about a large foreign loan without the +participation of the Rothschilds,[A] and just in the nick of time for +the frustration of the realisation of that financial scheme. The panic +provoked by it among the holders of Russian securities and the hurried +sale of those securities could not but procure in the end, as was safely +to be expected, new profits for the Jewish capitalists and bankers, who +speculated consciously and openly, as in Paris for instance, on the fall +of Russian securities.[57] + +On the other hand, the hostile movement against the Government, which +flared up immediately after the promulgation of the Manifesto of October +30th, assumed for a time milder forms as soon as the bulk of the Russian +people, of whom the revolutionists had taken no account at first, +responded to the hostile manifestations against the Government by +pogroms upon the Jews.[B] + +This connexion between the Russian revolutionary movement and the +foreign Jewish organisations is, moreover, confirmed in an obvious +manner by some significant facts which have even percolated through the +Press. Thus, for instance, the above-mentioned wholesale importation of +arms into Russia, which, as it transpires from the Agency reports, is +carried on very largely from the continent of Europe _via England_, +becomes quite intelligible when one considers that already in June 1905, +precisely in England, an Anglo-Jewish Committee for collecting donations +for the equipment of fighting groups among Russian Jews was openly +organised with the most active co-operation of the well-known Russophobe +publicist Lucien Wolf.[C] On the other hand, on account of the +melancholy consequences of the revolutionary agitation, which recoiled +upon the Jews themselves, in the very same England a Committee of Jewish +capitalists was founded under the presidency of Lord Rothschild, which +concentrated enormous sums of money, collected by way of subscriptions +in France, England and Germany, for the ostensible purpose of granting +relief to the Jewish subjects of Russia who had suffered by the pogroms. +Lastly, the Jews in America are organising collections both for the +victims and for the arming of the Jewish youths, without formally +separating these two aims from one another.[58][D] There is thus no +room for doubt as to the close connexion of the Russian revolution with +the Jewish question in general, and with the foreign Jewish +organisations in particular, which connexion is already perfectly clear +from the point of view of its fundamental principles, since the founders +of the Socialist doctrine, Lassalle and Marx, who wield so great an +influence on the present mind of the Russian University youth, were +notoriously both of Jewish origin. Nor can it be in any way doubted that +the practical direction of the Russian revolutionary movement is in +Jewish hands. While our newspapers pass over, no doubt intentionally, +the leading part played by them in almost complete silence, it is no +longer deemed necessary to make a secret of it abroad, even in Socialist +circles. A member of the Jewish Working-men's Union (Bund), named +Hervaille, thus declared openly at a meeting of the Dutch Socialists at +Amsterdam on the 22nd October (November 4th) that in spite of the +persecutions to which they were subjected, it is precisely the Jews who +are standing at the head of the Russian revolutionary movement.[59] In +Italy, numerous meetings of sympathy with the said movement, which in +the course of last November were organised at Rome, Milan, Turin, etc. +ostensibly, "Pro liberta Russa," ended in manifestations "Pro ebrei +Russi."[60] + +Thus, with the evident promotion of the Russian revolution by the Jews +of all countries, in one form or another, to a larger or smaller extent, +providing it above all with intelligent leaders, arms and pecuniary +means, the so-to-say international side of our revolutionary movement +becomes perfectly clear, and at the same time reveals those forces which +the Imperial Government must combat, as well as the factors of State and +public life abroad, on which it must rely in this struggle. + +Starting from the idea set out above, namely, that our revolutionary +movement is being actively supported and partly directed by the forces +of universal Jewry, we also discover with great probability the +organising and intellectual centre where the main supports and feeding +organs of the militant hostility to the Government in Russia are hiding +themselves. That is the famous pan-Jewish universal union established in +the year 1860, the "Alliance Israelite Universelle," with a Central +Committee in Paris, which possesses gigantic pecuniary means, disposes +of an enormous membership, and is supported by the Masonic lodges of +every description (according to some reports, they have again been +carried into Russia in recent years), which represent the obedient +organs of that universal organisation.[61][E] The principal aim of the +"Alliance Israelite Universelle"--the all-round triumph of +anti-Christian and anti-monarchist Jewry (which has already taken +practical possession of France) by means of Socialism which is to serve +as a bait for the ignorant masses--could not but find the State system +of Russia--a land of peasants, Orthodoxy and monarchism--an obstacle in +its path. Hence the fight against the existing Government, which was +started with consummate calculation at the very moment of our greatest +weakness brought about by the Japanese war. That is also why the chief +watchword of this inexorable campaign at the present moment is +universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage; that is to say, it fights +for a principle which if recognised by the Government would bring about +immediately, even before the meeting of the State Duma, the complete +removal of the existing historical-legal impediments to the triumph of +Jewry in Russia, though their complete abolition is not likely to be +welcome to the future chosen men of the Russian land either. + +The said factors, which support the fight of the revolutionary elements +against the Imperial Government from abroad, also afford on the other +hand the opportunity of recognising those forces by whose joint work a +favourable soil for a successful struggle with international +revolutionary Socialism might be created. As a matter of fact, there can +be no doubt that, in accordance with the main considerations set out +above, the universally organised international revolutionary Jewry must +be confronted by other enemies, apart from Russia, who by that alone +must become the friends and allies of the Imperial Government. +Anti-monarchist Jewry, sustained by money, cannot help undermining in +every way the Monarchical German Empire, sustained by its material +power. On the other hand, owing to a tradition centuries old, the +universally organised anti-Christian Judaism cannot help seeing an +irreconcilable enemy in the only Christian community that is likewise +organised on a universal and centralised basis, viz. the Roman Catholic +Church. + +It seems, therefore, that the friendly relations which have recently +been brought about so happily between the Imperial Government and the +German Empire,[F] as well as the Holy See, are destined to exercise a +very beneficent influence with regard to the anti-monarchical and +anti-Christian revolutionary movement in Europe. + +As for the Vatican, it must be remembered first of all that the +Protestant Government of Germany has recognised long ago the full +importance of the Holy See for the defence of the traditional +foundations of European culture. While in its internal policy, it is +leaning on the Catholic Centre-party, it has necessarily arrived at a +friendly accord with the Pope in its foreign policy as well. As for +Russia, the friendly assistance of the Vatican might likewise prove to +be of supreme importance just in the sense indicated above. Even apart +from the authoritative influence of the Holy See, through the medium of +the local clergy, especially in our Polish affairs--in this respect, the +latest Encyclical of the Pope to the Bishops of Poland presents a +significant step in meeting the wishes of the Russian Government--the +Vatican could render us an invaluable service by communicating +matter-of-fact data on the dissolving Jewish freemasonry organisation +and its branches, whose threads converge in Paris--an organisation about +which our Government is unfortunately but little informed, whereas the +Vatican is sure to watch its activity in the most attentive manner. + +As for Germany, on the other hand, any further approach of its +Government towards Russia--and one of a still closer nature than the +agreement founded on the Protocol of March 1st, 1904, on combating +Anarchism--would meet with unqualified sympathy at Berlin, since it +cannot be overlooked that, next to Russia, Germany is undoubtedly the +first State that will have to sustain the struggle with the +Social-Revolutionary party. Both the Government and Society in Germany +already take note at the present moment with the greatest apprehension +of the indubitable effect of the Russian events on the Social-Democratic +and Labour question, not to mention the movement of specific hostility +to the Government in the Provinces of Prussian Poland. + +Indeed, the West-European Socialists of various nationalities do not +consider it any longer necessary to make a secret of their intention to +inaugurate in this very month of January 1906, a movement hostile to the +Government of Germany--which is to reach its highest development on the +1st of May 1906--and has already started it in Prussia and in Saxony +with the self-same watchword of "Universal Suffrage." It could hardly be +doubted that behind this movement--which they intend to organise, in +accordance with the resolutions passed by the Socialist Congresses held +at Jena and Breslau, by the same means as in Russia--there stand in +reality the above indicated international aims and considerations of +principle, that is to say, the same anti-Christian and anti-monarchical +factors which had likewise been and are still in operation in the +Russian revolutionary movement. At any rate, according to an observation +by the _Deutsche Tageszeitung_, which has made it its special aim to +organise the fight against the impending general European revolution, +the more candid publicists of Social-Revolutionary tendencies are +already expressing unceremoniously their hope that the Russian movement +of hostility to the Government only presents a prelude to that general +European upheaval which, among other things, is to destroy utterly the +monarchical order of contemporary Europe. When one places oneself on +this standpoint, one cannot help perceiving in everything said above +nothing else but partial manifestations of a general revolutionary +scheme the menace of which is not confined to Russia, and which, +according to the formula of the well-known Liebknecht, consists +essentially in realising a Republic in politics, Socialism in economics, +and Atheism in the domain of religion. + +In view of the considerations set forth above, no doubt can remain as to +the absolute necessity of a confidential and sincere exchange of views +on our part, in the sense indicated above, with the leading spheres both +at Berlin and Rome. It could become the foundation of a most useful +joint action, first, for the purpose of organising a vigilant +supervision, and then also for an active joint struggle against the +common foe of the Christian and monarchical order of Europe. As a first +step in the said direction, and for the purpose of elucidating the main +principles for a future programme of joint action, it seems to be +desirable to confine ourselves for the present to a quite confidential +exchange of views with the German Government. + +(Signed) COUNT LAMSDORF. + + Negotiations must be entered into _immediately_. } + I share entirely the opinions herein expressed. } Endorsement in the + } Tsar's handwriting. + TSARSKOYE SELO, } + _January 3rd (O.S.) 1906_. } + +(Translated from the Russian text in vol. vi. of "Secret Documents," +published by the Soviet Commission of Foreign Affairs.) + + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +[A] _Supra_, p. 56 (note). + +[B] How these pogroms were organised by the Russian Secret Police will +be found described from authentic documents in Semenoff: _The Russian +Government and the Massacres_. + +[C] This is not quite accurate. The object of the Committee was to +assist the Self-Defence groups of Russian Jews in resisting the pogroms. +No arms were exported to Russia, as the groups in question, and indeed +the Russian Revolutionists themselves, found it quite easy to purchase +arms from the Imperial Russian magazines. + +[D] This also is quite untrue, as the published accounts of the Funds +show. + +[E] Freemasons will be able to judge of the accuracy of this statement. +It will suffice to say here that it is as untrue as it is ludicrous. The +same remark applies to the absurd reference to the Alliance Israelite. + +[F] This is clearly a reference to the Bjoerkoe interview and shows that +M. Izvolsky was in error when he stated that the Agreement resulting +from the interview was disapproved by Count Lamsdorf. (See interview +with M. Izvolsky in _Le Temps_, September 15, 1917.) + + + + +III. INTERVENTIONS BY RIGHT. + + +(_a_) STATUS OF JEWS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. + +Not all the diplomatic interventions on behalf of Jews have proceeded on +humanitarian grounds. Through the political assimilation of the Jews +with the populations among whom they dwell, and more particularly +through their emancipation in the various countries of Western Europe +and America, they have acquired the same rights in foreign countries +under International Law and treaties as their Christian fellow-citizens. +Unfortunately this has not been universally recognised, and it has +frequently happened that, when they travelled into countries where +Jewish disabilities still lingered, they were held liable as Jews to +ill-treatment from which their Christian fellow-countrymen were free. +The question of the legality of this ill-treatment arose at an early +date. + +In 1556, the Jews in the Papal States suffered a terrible persecution at +the hands of the fanatical Pope Paul IV. This culminated in the +imprisonment of all the Marranos or Crypto Jews of Ancona, and their +sentence to the stake. At that time the most influential Jews in Europe +were the Mendes or Nasi Family of Portugal and the Low Countries, the +head of which was the famous Donna Gracia Nasi. Her son-in-law, who +afterwards became Duke of Naxos in the service of the Porte, for whom he +conquered Cyprus, was the Rothschild as well as the Disraeli of his +day.[62] The Italian Jews sent piteous appeals to Donna Gracia, who was +then settled in Constantinople. She at once addressed herself to the +reigning Sultan, Solyman the Magnificent, and entreated his +intervention, on the ground that the Marrano Jews in Ancona were for the +most part Turkish subjects. The appeal was well conceived, for the +Sultan was outraged by the idea that subjects of his could be maltreated +by a foreign potentate. He promptly responded (March 9, 1556) by sending +an ultimatum to the Pope, demanding the immediate release of his +unjustly accused lieges, under pain of reprisals on the foreign +Christians within his own dominions.[63] The Turk in those days was not +in the habit of treating Christian States with an excess of ceremony, +and the Pope realised the wisdom of complying with the ultimatum. He +revenged himself, however, by burning those of the prisoners who could +not be shown to be Turkish subjects.[64] + +This incident is of peculiar interest for its bearing on the still much +debated question of the political status of Jews in the lands of their +"Dispersion." The Turkish Jews in 1556 seem to have had no doubt that +they were full nationals of the Ottoman Porte and as such entitled to +the protection of the Turkish Sultan. The precedent, however, was far +from decisive. In other circumstances other views have prevailed. Thus +in 1655, when the Commonwealth declared war on Spain, and an order was +issued for the confiscation of the property of Spaniards in England, +some of the Spanish Crypto Jews, then resident in London, appealed +against the order on the ground that their national status was that of +Jews and not that of Spaniards. This plea was allowed by the Admiralty +Commissioners, to whom it was referred, and they discharged the orders +made against the appellants.[65] + +The question slumbered for a century and a half, and when it reappeared +the Turk was again on the side of the light. In 1815, there was a +dispute on this subject between Austria and Turkey. At that time the +Jews of Turkey were treated better than the Jews of Austria. Austria +applied to Turkish Jews visiting her territories the disabilities +imposed upon her own Jews. Turkey protested on the ground that, +according to the treaties--mainly the Treaty of Carlowitz--in force +between the two powers, Austria had no right to make any distinction +between Turkish Jews and other subjects of the Ottoman Porte. This +contention was held to be valid by the Austrian Government, and the +incident was terminated by the issue of an instruction to the police of +Lower Austria, where the disabilities complained of were in force, +ordering them to treat all Turkish subjects alike without distinction of +race or creed. + +The Treaty of Carlowitz by which this case was governed left very little +option to the Austrian Government,[66] inasmuch as the reciprocity for +which it stipulated was not based, as in other treaties, on what is +known as "National treatment," that is to say that the nationals of each +contracting party visiting the territories of the other shall be treated +on the same footing as the nationals of the territories they visit. The +reason, no doubt, was that the racial and religious heterogeneity of +both Empires, and the differential treatment to which it gave rise in +their respective internal administrations, could not be recognised +internationally without grave risk of friction and controversy. The +lesson was not lost on other States, especially those which desired to +maintain their differential treatment of Jews as against the doctrine of +undenominational Nationality which was chiefly championed by France. The +result was a strengthening of the "National treatment" clause of +commercial treaties, and this, with the progress of religious liberty, +led to a succession of fresh international disputes. + +For many years, curiously enough, the chief offender was the democratic +Swiss Confederation, the Federal constitution of which was exclusively +Christian, while the Cantonal legislation was in many cases frankly and +even aggressively anti-Semitic. Until 1827 the Swiss Commercial Treaties +contained no hint of religious differentiation, but in that year, +availing themselves of the reactionary and clerical sympathies of the +government of Charles X, the Federal Authorities negotiated a Treaty +with France containing a "National treatment" clause, under which the +powers of the separate Cantons to deal as they pleased with Jews were, +in effect, reserved. But this was not all. Lest the clause should be +misinterpreted, the French Minister at Berne was authorised to address a +secret Note to the President of the Swiss Diet acknowledging that it +implied the desired restriction, on "the Jewish subjects of the +King."[67] The transaction was obviously one which could not stand the +light of the Revolution of 1830, and when three years later the +Government of the Canton of Basle applied the Treaty in all its rigour +to French Jews, the Duc de Broglie, then French Minister for Foreign +Affairs, issued an Ordinance suspending the operation of the Treaty in +regard to the offending Canton, and followed this up by severing +diplomatic relations and by placing a military cordon on the +frontier.[68] The King himself approved the action of his Minister in an +energetic speech to a deputation of the Consistoire Israelite. However, +in 1835 the Ordinance was withdrawn, and until 1850 the peace was more +or less preserved by a tacit _modus vivendi_. + +The resistance of France was rendered difficult, partly by perplexities +of general politics, but more immediately by the fact that the question +was a larger one than it had at first appeared. In February 1840 a +French Jew had been refused a _permis de sejour_ by the police of +Dresden on the ground that Jews were not permitted to reside in the +city. The case was precisely similar to that of Switzerland, and M. +Guizot, who was then Foreign Minister, hesitated to take up a strong +attitude as he was afraid that the precedent might involve him in +complications with other countries.[69] Nevertheless, French public +opinion was aroused, and the Chamber, after a lively debate, called upon +the Government to make suitable representations to Saxony.[70] In 1850 a +Commercial Treaty between the United States and Switzerland was signed +at Berne, but the American Senate, on the advice of the President, +refused to ratify it because it discriminated against +non-Christians.[71] This was followed almost immediately by a revival of +the anti-Semitic activity of the Basle police, chiefly at the expense of +French Jews resident in the Canton. The French Government again +protested energetically and insisted on the withdrawal of the police +measures. The demand was sulkily complied with, the Cantonal Government +reserving what they called "the principle."[72] + +In 1855 a new phase of the conflict was opened by the negotiation of two +further Commercial Treaties with Switzerland--one by Great Britain and +the other by the United States--in both of which the invidious +reservations, substantially as in the French Treaty of 1827, were +retained.[73] Some mystery attaches to the circumstances in which these +treaties were signed and ratified,[74] but the probable explanation is +that the Swiss negotiators promised in effect that there should be no +discrimination. This conjecture is confirmed by the action of the +Federal Assembly in the following year, in proposing a modification of +the Constitution by which equal rights should be accorded to the Jews in +all the Cantons. Unfortunately not all the Cantons agreed,[75] and in +1857 American public opinion became much excited at the discovery that +in the Canton of Neufchatel American citizens of the Jewish faith could +not be protected by American passports.[76] From this time until 1861 +the United States took the place of France as the champion of Religious +Liberty in Switzerland, and was strongly supported by Great Britain.[77] +Her efforts, however, were not successful, and it was still reserved for +France to settle the question. + +The opportunity presented itself when in the early sixties, under the +influence of Cobden and Chevalier, France denounced all her Commercial +Treaties. In negotiating the new Treaty with Switzerland she resolutely +set her face against all discriminations, or possibilities of +discrimination, between French citizens on the score of religion. The +result was that she obtained in her new Treaty (June 30, 1864) a form of +article without precedent in instruments of the kind.[78] In place of +"National treatment," French citizens in Switzerland "without +distinction of creed" were assured the same treatment as was accorded to +"Christians."[79] This striking victory was speedily followed by the +abolition of all Jewish disabilities throughout the Confederation.[80] + +A series of more formidable cases of the same kind arose at a later +period out of the disabilities imposed on Jews in Russia. The Powers +mainly affected were the United States and Great Britain. Both had +Treaties of Commerce with Russia, the American Treaty having been +concluded in 1832 and the British in 1859. Both Treaties contained, in +substantially the same form, articles guaranteeing reciprocal "National +treatment" to the subjects of the High Contracting parties. There is, +however, an extraordinary contrast in the interpretation of these +Treaties by the British and American Governments respectively. + +The question first came up for consideration in 1862. Certain British +Jews resident in Warsaw complained that the disabilities imposed upon +native Jews were also imposed upon them, and they appealed to Her +Majesty's Government for protection. Lord John Russell held that the +articles of the Treaty of 1859, by which British subjects in Russia and +Russian subjects in England were to be treated on an equal footing with +the nationals of those countries, did not mean that British Jews in +Russia should be treated as British subjects, but that they should only +have equal treatment with their oppressed co-religionists. He +accordingly declined to seek any relief for the petitioners.[81] The +case gave rise to no controversy, not only because the British and +Russian Governments were at one in their interpretation of the Treaty, +but because the facts were not made public at the time. It proved, +however, a fatal and humiliating precedent. In 1880 a terrible era of +persecution was inaugurated for the Jews of Russia, and it soon reacted +on their foreign brethren visiting the country. Towards the end of the +year a naturalised British Jew named Lewisohn was expelled from St. +Petersburg because he was a Jew, and he invoked the protection of his +Government. Lord Granville, who was then Foreign Secretary, was at first +disposed to regard the expulsion as a violation of the Treaty,[82] but +later on he became acquainted with the precedent of 1862, and he +declined to depart from it.[83] In 1890, at the instance of the Jewish +Conjoint Committee, Lord Salisbury submitted the question to the Law +Officers of the Crown, with the result that the precedent set by Lord +John Russell was confirmed on its merits and not--as in the case of Lord +Granville--_qua_ precedent only.[84] The last occasion on which an +effort was made to obtain a reversal of this decision was in 1912. The +Conjoint Committee addressed to the Secretary of State, Sir Edward Grey, +an elaborate Memorandum reviewing the history and legal aspects of the +question.[85] The reply was in effect a reaffirmation of the previous +decisions, but the grounds on which it was rested were different. Sir +Edward Grey did not discuss the reasonableness of the established +interpretation, but he pleaded that any departure from it would only +lead to the termination of the Treaty, and that this would serve neither +British nor Jewish interests.[86] + +The dispute with the United States pursued a very different course. In +its earliest stages it was dealt with by minor diplomatic and consular +officials very much in the spirit of Lord John Russell,[87] but when in +1880 the Russian Government began to expel American Jews from St. +Petersburg, the question was taken in hand by the Secretary of State as +one of gravity. It was at once recognised that a religious +discrimination between American citizens could not be tolerated in any +American Treaty. This was quite apart from the question of the legal +interpretation of the Treaty of 1832.[88] That question, however, was +dealt with vigorously by Mr. Blaine in July 1881. He took the broad view +that the intention of the United States in 1832 was not, and could not +have been, that which the Russian Government read into the Treaty, that +the Russian interpretation was indefensible on moral grounds, and that +on such questions local law cannot be permitted to override the express +terms of a Treaty.[89] On this basis the United States patiently sought +a reversal of the Russian view, but without success. The fight lasted +thirty years. Eventually American public opinion became agitated, an +organised movement for the termination of the obnoxious treaty was set +on foot, and in December 1911 the House of Representatives at Washington +sent a strongly worded joint resolution to the Senate declaring that +Russia had violated the Treaty and calling upon the President to +denounce it. The Russian Ambassador in Washington expressed official +disapproval of the resolution, but President Taft acted upon it without +waiting for the Senate, and denounced the Treaty on December 15. +Thereupon the Senate contented itself with a joint resolution approving +the action of the President.[90] + +The question of the status of Jews in foreign lands has also arisen in +Palestine and Morocco. In 1882 the Turkish Government, fearing a Zionist +propaganda, prohibited the settlement of foreign Jews in the Holy Land. +The United States protested, and in 1887 and 1888 similar action was +taken by Great Britain and France. In the following year the +restriction was removed.[91] In the case of Morocco, Great Britain +solved the question in advance by stipulating in her Treaty with that +country, negotiated in 1855, that her Christian, Mohammedan, and Jewish +subjects visiting and residing in Morocco should be treated on an equal +footing.[92] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +ART. XIV.--TREATY OF CARLOWITZ BETWEEN THE EMPEROR AND THE GRAND SULTAN, +_Jan. 26, 1699_.[93] + +XIV. Trade shall be free for the Subjects of both Partys, in all the +Kingdoms and Dominions of both Empires, according to the antient sacred +Capitulations. And that it may be carry'd on by both Partys with Profit +and without Fraud and Deceit, the same shall be settled by Stipulations +between Commissarys deputed on both sides, well vers'd in Merchandize, +at the time of solemn Embassys on both sides, and as has been observ'd +with other Nations in Friendship with the Sublime Empire, so his +Imperial Majesty's subjects of what Nation soever, shall enjoy the +Security and Advantage of Trade in the Kingdoms of the Sublime Empire, +as well as the usual Privileges in a fitting manner. + +("Collection of Treatys of Peace and Commerce," London, 1732, vol. iv. +p. 298.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Austrian Government. Instructions to Police of Lower +Austria, Dec. 28, 1815._ + +"All differences established between Turkish Jews and other subjects of +the Ottoman Porte appear contrary to the spirit of the Treaties. These +speak of 'Turkish subjects' without making any exception. It is +consequently to this quality only that one must have regard, and not in +any case to the religion or profession of individuals." + +(Quoted by M. Carnot in Debate in French Chamber. _Moniteur_, May 29, +1841.) + + * * * * * + +ARTS. I, III AND VI OF FRANCO-SWISS TREATY, MAY 30, 1827. + +Article premier.--Les Francais seront recus et traites, dans chaque +canton de la Confederation, relativement a leurs personnes et a leurs +proprietes, sur le meme pied et de la meme maniere que le sont ou +pourront l'etre a l'avenir les ressortissants suisses des autres +cantons. Tout genre d'industrie et de commerce permis aux ressortissants +suisses des divers cantons le sera egalement aux Francais et sans qu'on +puisse exiger d'eux aucune condition pecuniaire ou autre plus onereuse. +Lorsqu'ils prendront domicile ou formeront un etablissement dans les +cantons qui admettent les ressortissants de leurs co-etats, ils ne +seront egalement astreints a aucune autre condition que ces derniers. + +Art. 3.--Les Suisses jouiront en France des memes droits et avantages +que l'article premier assure aux Francais en Suisse, de telle sorte qu'a +l'egard des cantons qui, sous les rapports specifies audit article +premier, traiteront les Francais comme leurs propres ressortissants, +ceux-ci seront, sous les memes rapports, traites en France comme les +nationaux. Sa Majeste Tres Chretienne garantit aux autres cantons les +memes droits et avantages dont ils feront jouir ses sujets. + +Art. 6.--Les Francais etablis en Suisse, de meme que les Suisses etablis +en France en vertu du traite de 1803, continueront a jouir des droits +qui leur etaient acquis. Toutes les dispositions de la presente +convention leur seront d'ailleurs applicables. + +(Brisac: "Ce que les Israelites de la Suisse doivent a la France," pp. +10-11.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by French Negotiator. Secret Note to the Swiss Diet, +August 7, 1826._ + +Le premier point qui a paru avoir besoin de quelques eclaircissements +est relatif aux israelites sujets du roi, lesquels, en cette derniere +qualite, pourraient se croire autorises a reclamer, dans tous les +cantons suisses, le benefice de l'article 5 du projet de traite arrete +entre la commission de la Diete et moi. Je ferai observer a cet egard +que, cet article premier n'accordant aux Francais que les droits qui +sont accordes par chaque canton suisse aux ressortissants des autres +cantons, il s'ensuit necessairement que, dans ceux des cantons ou le +domicile et tout nouvel etablissement serait interdit, par les lois du +canton souverain, aux individus de la religion de Moise, les sujets du +roi qui professent cette religion ne sauraient se prevaloir de l'article +en question pour reclamer une exception a la regle generale du canton +suisse. Il est toutefois bien entendu que c'est une consequence directe +de l'article 6 du projet de traite, que ceux d'entre les israelites +d'origine francaise qui se seraient etablis sur le territoire de la +Confederation sous le regime de l'acte de mediation et en vertu du +traite de 1803, continueront a jouir des droits qui leur etaient acquis. + +(Brisac: _op. cit._, pp. 12-13.) + + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by France (1835). Speech by King Louis Philippe to a +Deputation from the Consistoire Israelite, November 5, 1835._ + +Le roi a repondu: + +"Oui, dans tous les temps j'ai regarde comme injustes et impolitiques +les mesures qui etablissaient entre les citoyens d'une meme nation des +differences de qualifications sociales fondees sur la diversite des +croyances religieuses. Comme roi j'ai soutenu ce principe, et je vous ai +deja temoigne plusieurs fois combien j'avais joui qu'il m'eut ete +reserve de vous en faire l'application. J'espere qu'elle deviendra +generale, je le desire beaucoup. Je crois que c'est dans l'interet bien +entendu de tous les peuples, et la raison doit finir par l'emporter sur +les prejuges, comme l'eau qui tombe goutte a goutte finit par percer le +plus dur rocher. Tels sont au moins mes desirs et mes esperances; mais +je ne puis me meler de ce qui se passe dans les autres Etats, a moins +que les interets francais n'en soient leses, ainsi que cela est arrive +dans le canton de Bale campagne. J'avoue que j'ai ete bien aise d'avoir +cette occasion de bien etablir que sous mon regne tous les Francais +jouissent des memes droits et que tous obtiennent la meme protection de +la part de mon gouvernement. J'espere que mes efforts ne seront pas +infructueux et que, dans l'affaire meme dont vous m'entretenez, le +canton reviendra sur une determination aussi contraire a nos traites +avec la Suisse qu'a l'esprit du siecle ou nous vivons. Pour moi, je suis +heureux d'avoir donne l'exemple de votre complete emancipation, et je +vous remercie de la justice que vous rendez a mes actes et a mes +intentions; je suis bien touche de ce que vous venez de m'exprimer." + +(_Moniteur_, Nov. 12, 1835.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACT FROM FRANCO-SWISS TREATY OF ESTABLISHMENT, _June 30, 1864_. + +"Tous les Francais sans distinction de culte seront recus et traites a +l'avenir dans chacun des Cantons suisses sur le meme pied que les +ressortissants chretiens des autres Cantons." + +(Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 53.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. ANGLO-SWISS TREATY, _September 6, 1855_. + +Article I. The subjects of Her Britannic Majesty shall be admitted to +reside in each of the Swiss Cantons on the same conditions, and on the +same footing, as citizens of the other Swiss Cantons. In the same +manner, Swiss citizens shall be admitted to reside in all the +territories of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on the +same conditions, and on the same footing as British subjects. + +Consequently, the subjects and citizens of either of the two Contracting +Parties shall, provided they conform to the laws of the country, be at +liberty, with their families, to enter, establish themselves, reside, +and remain in any part of the territories of the other. They may hire +and occupy houses and warehouses for the purposes of residence and +commerce, and may exercise, conformably to the laws of the country, any +profession or business, or carry on trade in articles of lawful commerce +by wholesale or retail, and may conduct such trade either in person or +by any brokers or agents whom they may think fit to employ, provided +such brokers or agents shall themselves also fulfil the conditions +necessary for being admitted to reside in the country. They shall not be +subject to any taxes, charges or conditions in respect of residence, +establishment, passports, licences to reside, establish themselves, or +to trade, in respect of permission to exercise their profession, +business, trade, or occupation, greater or more onerous than those which +are or may be imposed upon the subjects or citizens of the country in +which they reside; and they shall, in all these respects, enjoy every +right, privilege, and exemption which is or may be accorded to subjects +or citizens of the country, or to subjects or citizens of the most +favoured nation. + +(Bernhardt, "Handbook of Treaties, &c., relating to Commerce," Lond. +1908, pp. 915-916.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. AMERICAN-SWISS TREATY, _November 6, 1855_. + +Art. I. "The citizens of the United States of America and the citizens +of Switzerland shall be admitted and treated upon a footing of +reciprocal equality in the two countries, where such admission and +treatment shall not conflict with the constitutional or legal +provisions, as well Federal as State and Cantonal, of the contracting +parties. + +(_Pub. Amer. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. xi. p. 15.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by the United States, 1857. Letter from the Assistant +Secretary of State to the Jews of Baltimore._ + +_August 13, 1857._ + +In compliance with your request, I enclose herewith a copy of the treaty +between the United States and Switzerland which was proclaimed in 1855. +It was originally concluded in 1850, but was amended with a view to +avoid some objections which were made on the very subject to which you +refer. In its present form, although it may not remove some +difficulties with reference to those who profess the Israelitish faith, +yet I do not see that it discriminates against this class of our +citizens in any mode whatever. Undoubtedly in some portions of the +Confederation the local laws are less liberal to Israelites than to +others, and this is deeply to be regretted; but the Government of the +United States has no control over the legislation of a foreign State and +can only employ its influence and good offices to relieve the +difficulties which such legislation may impose in any given case. + +JOHN APPLETON. + +(_Ibid._, p. 23.) + + * * * * * + +_Action by the United States, 1861. Instruction to Mr. Fogg, Minister to +Switzerland._ + +_September 14, 1861._ + +SIR,--Among the important instructions addressed to your predecessor are +those concerning the restrictions of certain of the Swiss Cantons +against citizens of the United States professing Judaism--a subject +which received at Mr. Fay's hands a large share of earnest attention and +upon which he addressed the department repeatedly and at much length. It +is very desirable that his efforts to procure the removal of the +restrictions referred to, which, though not completely successful, have +no doubt had much effect in smoothing the way to such a result, should +be followed up by you. You will therefore, after having fully acquainted +yourself with what Mr. Fay has done in the premises and with the views +of the department as expressed to him in the despatches on file in the +Legation, take such steps as you may deem judicious and legal to advance +the benevolent object in question. It is not doubted that further proper +appeals to the justice and liberality of the authorities of the several +Cantons whose laws discriminate against Israelitish citizens of the +United States, will result in a removal of the odious restrictions and a +recognition of the just rights of those citizens. + +WILLIAM H. SEWARD, + +_Secretary of State_. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 47-48.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. RUSSO-AMERICAN TREATY, _December_ 18, 1832. + +Article I. There shall be between the territories of the high +contracting parties a reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation. + +The inhabitants of their respective states shall mutually have liberty +to enter the ports, places and rivers of each party wherever foreign +commerce is permitted. They shall be at liberty to sojourn and reside in +all parts whatsoever of said territories, in order to attend to their +affairs; and they shall enjoy, to that effect, the same security and +protection as natives of the country wherein they reside, on condition +of submitting to the laws and ordinances there prevailing, and +particularly to the regulations in force concerning commerce. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. xx. p. 267.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by United States, 1881. Dispatch of Secretary of State +to the American Minister in St. Petersburg._ + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_July_ 29, 1881. + +SIR,--...The case would clearly be one in which the obligation of a +treaty is supreme and where the local law must yield. These questions of +the conflict of local law and international treaty stipulations are +among the most common which have engaged the attention of publicists, +and it is their concurrent judgment that where a treaty creates a +privilege for aliens in express terms it cannot be limited by the +operations of domestic law without a serious breach of the good faith +which governs the intercourse of nations. So long as such a conventional +engagement in favor of the citizens in another State exists, the law +governing natives in like cases is manifestly inapplicable. + +I need hardly enlarge on the point that the Government of the United +States concludes its treaties with foreign States for the equal +protection of all classes of American citizens. It can make absolutely +no discrimination between them, whatever be their origin or creed. So +that they abide by the laws at home or abroad it must give them due +protection and expect like protection for them. Any unfriendly or +discriminatory act against them on the part of a foreign power with +which we are at peace would call for our earnest remonstrance, whether a +treaty existed or not. The friendliness of our relations with foreign +nations is emphasized by the treaties we have concluded with them. We +have been moved to enter into such international compacts by +considerations of mutual benefit and reciprocity, by the same +considerations, in short, which have animated the Russian Government +from the time of the noble and tolerant declarations of the Empress +Catherine in 1784 to those of the ukase of 1860. We have looked to the +spirit rather than to the letter of those engagements, and believed that +they should be interpreted in the broadest way; and it is therefore a +source of unfeigned regret to us when a Government, to which we are +allied by so many historical ties as to that of Russia, shows a +disposition in its dealings with us to take advantage of technicalities, +to appeal to the rigid letter and not the reciprocal motive of its +international engagements in justification of the expulsion from its +territories of peaceable American citizens resorting thither under the +good faith of treaties and accused of no wrong-doing or of no violation +of the commercial code of the land, but of the simple adherence to the +faith of their fathers.... + +I can readily conceive that statutes bristling with difficulties remain +unrepealed in the volumes of the law of Russia as well as of other +nations. Even we ourselves have our obsolete "blue laws," and their +literal enforcement, if such a thing were possible, might to-day subject +a Russian of freethinking proclivities, in Maryland or Delaware, to the +penalty of having his tongue bored through with a red-hot iron for +blasphemy. Happily the spirit of progress is of higher authority than +the letter of outworn laws, and statutory enactments are not so +inelastic but that they relax and change with the general advancement of +peoples in the path of tolerance. + +The simple fact that thousands of Israelites to-day pursue their +callings unmolested in St. Petersburg, under the shadow of ancient +proscriptive laws, is in itself an eloquent testimony to the principle +of progress. And so, too, in Spain, where the persecution and expulsion +of the Jews is one of the most notable and deplorable facts in history, +and where the edicts of the earlier sovereigns remain unrepealed, we see +to-day an offer of protection and assured right of domicile made to +Israelites of every race.... + +I had the honor in my letter of the 20th ultimo to Mr. Bartholomey to +acquaint him with the general views of the President in relation to this +matter. + +I cannot better bring this instruction to a close than by repeating and +amplifying those views which the President so firmly holds, and which he +so anxiously desires to have recognized and responded to by the Russian +Government. + +He conceives that the intention of the United States in negotiating the +treaty of December 18, 1832, and the distinct and enlightened reciprocal +engagements then entered into with the Government of Russia, give us +moral ground to expect careful attention to our opinions as to its +rational interpretation in the broadest and most impartial sense; that +he would deeply regret, in view of the gratifying friendliness of the +relations of the two countries which he is so desirous to maintain, to +find that this large national sentiment fails to control the present +issue, or that a narrow and rigid limitation of the construction +possible to the treaty stipulation between the two countries is likely +to be adhered to; that if, after a frank comparison of the views of the +two Governments, in the most amicable spirit and with the most earnest +desire to reach a mutually agreeable conclusion, the treaty stipulations +between the United States and Russia are found insufficient to determine +questions of nationality and tolerance of individual faith, or to secure +to American citizens in Russia the treatment which Russians receive in +the United States, it is simply due to the good relations of the two +countries that the stipulations should be made sufficient in these +regards; and we can look for no clearer evidence of the good will which +Russia professes toward us than a frank declaration of her readiness to +come to a distinct agreement with us on these points in an earnest and +generous spirit. + +I have observed that in your conferences on this subject heretofore with +the minister of foreign affairs, as reported in your dispatches, you +have on some occasions given discreet expression to the feelings of +sympathy and gratification with which this Government and people regard +any steps taken in foreign countries in the direction of a liberal +tolerance analogous to that which forms the fundamental principle of our +national existence. Such expressions were natural on your part and +reflected a sentiment which we all feel. But in making the President's +views known to the minister I desire that you will carefully subordinate +such sentiments to the simple consideration of what is conscientiously +believed to be due to our citizens in foreign lands. You will distinctly +impress upon him that, regardful of the sovereignty of Russia, we do not +submit any suggestions touching the laws and customs of the Empire +except where those laws and customs conflict with and destroy the rights +of American citizens as assured by treaty obligations. + +You can further advise him that we can make no new treaty with Russia +nor accept any construction of our existing treaty which shall +discriminate against any class of American citizens on account of their +religious faith. + +I cannot but feel assured that this earnest presentation of the views of +this Government will accord with the sense of justice and equity of that +of Russia and that the questions at issue will soon find their natural +solution in harmony with the noble spirit of tolerance which pervaded +the ukase of the Empress Catherine a century ago, and with the +statesmanlike declaration of the principle of reciprocity found in the +late decree of the Czar Alexander II in 1860. + +You may read this dispatch to the minister for foreign affairs, and +should he desire a copy you will give it to him. + +JAMES G. BLAINE. + +("For. Relat. of the U.S.," 1881, pp. 1030 _et seq._) + + + * * * * * + + +DENUNCIATION BY UNITED STATES, 1911. + +_Resolution of the House of Representatives, December 13, 1911._ + +Resolved, etc., That the people of the United States assert as a +fundamental principle that the rights of its citizens shall not be +impaired at home or abroad because of race or religion; that the +Government of the United States concludes its treaties for the equal +protection of all classes of its citizens, without regard to race or +religion; that the Government of the United States will not be a party +to any treaty which discriminates, or which by one of the parties +thereto is so construed as to discriminate, between American citizens on +the ground of race or religion; that the Government of Russia has +violated the treaty between the United States and Russia, concluded at +St. Petersburg, December 18, 1832, refusing to honor American passports +duly issued to American citizens, on account of race and religion; that +in the judgment of the Congress the said treaty, for the reasons +aforesaid, ought to be terminated at the earliest possible time; that +for the aforesaid reasons the said treaty is hereby declared to be +terminated and of no further force and effect from the expiration of one +year after the date of notification to the Government of Russia of the +terms of this resolution, and that to this end the President is hereby +charged with the duty of communicating such notice to the Government of +Russia. + +("Congressional Record," xlviii. 280, 304-305.) + + * * * * * + +_Resolution of the Senate, December 20, 1911._ + +Whereas the treaty of commerce and navigation between the United States +and Russia concluded on the 18th day of December, 1832, provides in +Article XII thereof that it "shall continue in force until the first day +of January in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and +thirty-nine, and if one year before that day one of the high contracting +parties shall not have announced to the other by an official +notification its intention to arrest the operation thereof this treaty +shall remain obligatory one year beyond that day, and so on until the +expiration of the year which shall commence after the date of a similar +notification"; and + +Whereas on the 17th day of December, 1911, the President caused to be +delivered to the Imperial Russian Government by the American Ambassador +at St. Petersburg an official notification on behalf of the Government +of the United States announcing intention to terminate the operation of +this treaty upon the expiration of the year commencing on the 1st day of +January 1912; and + +Whereas said treaty is no longer responsive in various respects to the +political principles and commercial needs of the two countries; and + +Whereas the constructions placed thereon by the respective contracting +parties differ upon matters of fundamental importance and interest to +each; Therefore be it + +Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States +of America in Congress assembled, That the notice thus given by the +President of the United States to the Government of the Empire of Russia +to terminate said treaty in accordance with the terms of the Treaty is +hereby adopted and ratified. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 493-522.) + + * * * * * + +ARTS. I AND XI, ANGLO-RUSSIAN TREATY, _January 12, 1859_. + +Article I. There shall be between all the dominions and possessions of +the two High Contracting Parties, reciprocal freedom of commerce and +navigation. The subjects of each of the two Contracting Parties, +respectively, shall have liberty freely and securely to come, with their +ships and cargoes, to all places, ports and rivers in the dominions and +possessions of the other, to which other foreigners are or may be +permitted to come; and shall, throughout the whole extent of the +dominions and possessions of the other, enjoy the same rights, +privileges, liberties, favours, immunities and exemptions in matters of +commerce and navigation, which are or may be enjoyed by native subjects +generally. + +It is understood, however, that the preceding stipulations in no wise +affect the laws, decrees, and special regulations regarding commerce, +industry, and police, in vigour in each of the two countries, and +generally applicable to all foreigners. + +Article XI. The subjects of either of the two High Contracting Parties, +conforming themselves to the laws of the country, shall have:-- + +1. Full liberty, with their families, to enter, travel, or reside in any +part of the dominions and possessions of the other Contracting Party. + +2. They shall be permitted, in the towns and ports, to hire or possess +the houses, warehouses, shops and premises, which may be necessary for +them. + +3. They may carry on their commerce, either in person or by any agents +whom they may think fit to employ. + +4. They shall not be subject, in respect of their persons or property, +or in respect of passports, licences for residence or establishment, nor +in respect of their commerce or industry, to any taxes, whether general +or local, nor to imposts or obligations of any kind whatever, other or +greater than those which are or may be imposed upon native subjects. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, pp. 721, 724-725.) + + + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1862 and 1881. Despatch from Lord +Granville to H.B.M. Ambassador at St. Petersburg._ + +_Earl Granville to Sir E. Thornton._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_December 28th, 1881_. + +SIR,--In my preceding despatch of to-day I have discussed the question +whether Mr. Lewisohn, in the arbitrary expulsion from Russia to which he +was subjected in September of last year, was treated in accordance with +the Russian law as applied to foreign Jews. It now remains to be +considered whether Her Majesty's Government are entitled to claim for a +British subject of the Jewish faith immunity from the operation of these +laws, under the Treaty between Great Britain and Russia of 1859. + +It will be seen that Article I of that Treaty secures to foreigners the +same rights as are enjoyed by native subjects generally, but the +stipulations of that Article are not to affect the laws, decrees, and +special regulations regarding commerce, industry and police in vigour in +each of the two countries, and applicable to foreigners generally; and +again, by Article XI, they are not to be subjected to imposts or +obligations of any kind whatever other and greater than those which are +or may be imposed on native subjects. + +The Treaty is no doubt open to two possible constructions: the one, that +it only assures to British subjects of any particular creed the same +privileges as are enjoyed by Russian subjects of the same creed; the +other that the privileges accorded to British subjects are accorded to +all alike, without regard to the religious body to which they belong. + +If the latter construction be adopted, British Jews in Russia would be +entitled to be relieved from the disabilities to which native Jews are +liable, but such a construction would also involve the supposition that +Russia had agreed to create a state of things inconsistent with the +traditions of her Government, which could not fail to be a source of +embarrassment to her. + +Upon an examination of the archives of this Department, it has been +found that the position of the Jews in Russia formed the subject of a +complaint from certain British subjects of that religion at Warsaw in +1862, and that Her Majesty's Government then came to the conclusion that +they would not be justified in claiming exemption for British Jews in +Russia from disabilities to which their Russian co-religionists were +liable by law. + +On that occasion Earl Russell informed Lord Napier, then Her Majesty's +Ambassador at St. Petersburgh, that the effect of the 1st and 11th +Articles of the Treaty was to place British subjects on the footing of +Russian subjects before the law, each class being alike, and one not +more than the other amenable to all general laws applicable in like +cases; that as Russian subjects, being Jews, incurred certain +disabilities, the equality intended and provided for by the Treaty was +not infringed by British subjects who were Jews and resident in Russia +sharing the same disabilities. The despatch went on to say that it would +seem to be beyond the scope and general intent of a Treaty of Commerce +and Navigation if it were to be held to repeal in the persons of +foreigners the legal disabilities to which, for reasons of general State +policy, particular classes of individual natives of the country had been +subjected, and it was hardly to be supposed that such an interpretation +would be accepted or adopted by an independent Government as against +itself. + +Her Majesty's Government feel that they cannot now insist upon a +construction of the Treaty at variance with that which was placed upon +it in 1862. + +I am, &c., + +GRANVILLE. + +("Parl. Paper, Russia," No. 4 (1881), p. 21.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1891. Letter from the Marquis of +Salisbury to Sir Julian Goldsmid._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_January 29th, 1891_. + +SIR,--With reference to the letter from this office of the 16th ultimo +and to previous correspondence respecting the position of British Jews +in Russia, I am directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to inform you that +the question has been fully considered in communication with the Law +Officers of the Crown. + +Her Majesty's Government are advised that, so long as the disabilities +to which British and Russian Jews are subjected are substantially the +same, it is not open to Her Majesty's Government to depart from the +interpretation of Treaties laid down in Lord Granville's despatch of +December 28, 1881. + +You will find a copy of this despatch on page 21 of the Parliamentary +Paper "Russia No. 4, 1881." + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient, humble Servant, + +T. H. SANDERSON. + + * * * * * + + +SIR J. GOLDSMID, BART., M.P. + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1912. Letter from Sir Edward Grey to +the Conjoint Committee._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_October 1st, 1912_. + +GENTLEMEN,--Secretary Sir E. Grey has had under his careful +consideration your Memorial of August 2nd last on the subject of the +grievances caused by the restrictions imposed in Russia on British +subjects of the Jewish faith in regard to the interpretation of Articles +I and XI of the Treaty of Commerce between this country and Russia of +January 12th, 1859. + +I am to inform you that, inasmuch as the construction which should be +placed on the Articles of the Treaty was carefully considered by His +Majesty's Government in 1862, and again in 1881, His Majesty's +Government would not now be able to reverse the decision then arrived +at, and that an attempt to do so, or to interpret and utilise the Treaty +in a sense contrary to the spirit of that decision, would only lead to +its termination by formal notice as provided for by the Treaty at the +end of twelve months. Such result would in no way advance the interests +of those whom you represent, and would in other respects be +disadvantageous to British interests. Sir E. Grey, therefore, regrets +that he is unable to approach the Russian Government in the sense +desired. + +I am, Gentlemen, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +EYRE A. CROWE. + +THE CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +("Annual Report, Board of Deputies, 1912," pp. 81-82.) + + * * * * * + +ART. XIII. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY, _December 9, 1856_. + +Article XIII. All British subjects, whether Mahometans, Jews, or +Christians, shall alike enjoy all the rights and privileges granted by +the present Treaty and the Convention of Commerce and Navigation which +has also been concluded this day, or which shall at any time be granted +to the most favoured nation. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, p. 561.) + + * * * * * + + + * * * * * + +(_b_) CONSULAR PROTECTION. + +Besides natural born and naturalised Jewish subjects of intervening +States, there is another class of Jews on whose behalf protective +interventions have been exercised on grounds of right. These are native +Jews who for one reason or another have acquired Consular Protection +under the Capitulations and other exterritorial privileges enjoyed by +foreign States in Oriental and semi-barbarous countries. The origin of +this protection has already been briefly described.[94] + + * * * * * + +The exact national status of the persons on whom it is conferred is not +easy to define, but in the Foreign Jurisdiction Orders in Council they +are assimilated with "British subjects" so far as British exterritorial +jurisdiction is concerned,[95] and this roughly has been the practice of +all States exercising Consular Protection. + +The system lent itself easily to abuse and fraud, chiefly because +exterritoriality in the countries in which it was exercised generally +carried with it immunity not only from arbitrary exactions but also from +ordinary taxation. Moreover, in the case of native Jews who often +suffered from Moslem fanaticism--chiefly in Morocco and Persia--Consular +Protection was exercised from motives of humanity, and for that purpose +more or less fictitious qualifications were found for them. We get a +curious glimpse of the loose way in which Consular Protection was +granted from the Anglo-Turkish Treaty of 1809. Under the Capitulations +(Arts. LIX and LX) native interpreters and servants of the Embassy were +free of taxes and indeed of Turkish jurisdiction generally. By the +Treaty of 1809 (Art. IX) it was agreed that in future the _berats_ of +interpreters should not issue to "artizans, shopkeepers, bankers and +other persons not acting as interpreters."[96] Owing to this stipulation +and the sensitiveness of the Porte in regard to its jurisdiction over +its own subjects, irregular Protections were discontinued in Turkey. +This, however, was not a source of serious grievance to Jews, as on the +whole they have been extremely well treated in the Ottoman Empire. + +It is not generally known--and the fact may prove of peculiar importance +at the present moment--that all Russian Jews settled in Palestine are, +on certain conditions, entitled to claim British protection and so much +of the status of British subjects as this privilege implies. In 1849, +when there was a considerable influx of Russian Jews into Jerusalem, the +Russian Government, having no Consul in the city and for other reasons, +desired to get rid of the responsibility of protecting them. Accordingly +an arrangement was arrived at between the British and Russian +authorities permitting such Jews, on receiving papers of dismissal from +their Russian allegiance from the Vice-Consul at Jaffa, to register at +the British Consulate as British proteges. A large number availed +themselves of the privilege. There is nothing to show that the Agreement +of 1849 was ever cancelled.[97] + +In Morocco the Consular Protection System affected Jews more closely +than in Turkey. It was for many years their sole protection against the +oppressions of the Bashaws and the cruel fanaticism of the people, and +on this ground there was much to be said for its so-called abuses and +irregularities. The right of protection seems to have been derived from +a very loosely worded article of the Anglo-Moorish Treaty of 1728, +granting immunity from taxation to all the native servants of British +subjects, whether Moors or Jews.[98] This Treaty was abrogated by the +general Treaty of 1856 (Article XXXVIII) and a more definite scope was +given to British Consular jurisdiction (Article III), but in a Treaty of +Commerce signed on the same day, it was expressly stipulated (Article +IV) that native agents employed by British subjects "shall be treated +and regarded as other subjects of the Moorish dominions."[99] +Nevertheless, the old abuses continued in virtue of the "Most favoured +nation" clause,[100] and a very large number of native Jews received +protection at the hands of the Consuls of all the Powers, partly on +account of their usefulness and partly on account of the insecurity of +their lives and property under the Moorish authorities. + +It was, however, difficult to restrain Moorish fanaticism, and the +Consuls were frequently called upon to protect their Jewish proteges or +to avenge outrages of which they became victims.[101] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +PROTECTION OF RUSSIAN JEWS IN PALESTINE.--THE AGREEMENT OF 1849. + +_Earl Russell to the Jewish Board of Deputies._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_February 1st, 1864_. + +SIR,--I am directed by Earl Russell to acknowledge the receipt of your +two letters of the 29th of December and 22nd inst., in the former of +which you enclose a Memorial to His Lordship from the Jews of Safed and +Tiberias, praying that they may again be placed under British +protection, of which they assert that they were deprived by Mr. Consul +Finn under the circumstances stated by them. + +I am now to state to you in reply for the information of the +Memorialists that Her Majesty's Government have every disposition to +give effect to the arrangements which were made with the Russian Consul +General in 1849, namely to afford British protection to those Jews who, +having declined to return to Russia, have divested themselves of their +Russian Nationality, and so forfeited the protection to which _prima +facie_ they were entitled to look. But I am to add that it must be +distinctly understood that this can only be done by the production on +the part of the individual seeking British protection of the formal +letter of Dismissal from the Russian Consulate, shewing that he has been +cast off from Russian protection, and would thus be left otherwise +unprotected. If he can produce no such letter, Her Majesty's Consular +Officers will not be entitled to grant to such individual British +protection. + +Mr. Finn acted erroneously in originally supposing that British +protection could be granted to Russian Jews without the production of +formal letters of dismissal, and it was in consequence of instructions +from Her Majesty's Government that he withdrew British Consular +protection from those persons who could not produce such letters. Lord +Russell, however, is of opinion that Mr. Finn has shewn satisfactorily +that his good offices have nevertheless not unfrequently been extended +to the Jewish Communities at Safed and Tiberias, and that they have no +just reason to complain of him. + +A delay has been occasioned in answering your first letter by the +necessity of communicating with Mr. Finn and of making other inquiries +with regard to the statements contained in the Memorial. + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +I. HAMMOND. + +J. M. MONTEFIORE, ESQ., + +4 GT. STANHOPE ST., MAYFAIR. + +(Minute Books of Board of Deputies, 1864.) + + +ART. III. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY _of January 14, 1727-8_. + +III. That the Menial Servants of his Britannic Majesty's Subjects, the +Natives of the Country, either Moors or Jews, be exempt from Taxes of +all kinds. + +("A General Collection of Treaties" (1732), iv. 458.) + + * * * * * + +ART. III. ANGLO-MOORISH GENERAL TREATY _of December 9, 1856_. + +EXTRACT. + +Article III....The British Charge d'Affaires shall be at liberty to +choose his own interpreters and servants, either from the Mussulmans or +others, and neither his interpreters nor servants shall be compelled to +pay any capitation tax, forced contribution, or other similar or +corresponding charge. With respect to the Consuls or Vice-Consuls who +shall reside at the ports under the orders of the said Charge +d'Affaires, they shall be at liberty to choose one interpreter, one +guard, and two servants, either from the Mussulmans or others; and +neither the interpreter, nor the guard, nor their servants, shall be +compelled to pay any capitation tax, forced contribution, or other +similar or corresponding charge. If the said Charge d'Affaires should +appoint a subject of the Sultan of Morocco as Vice-Consul at a Moorish +port, the said Vice-Consul, and those members of his family who may +dwell within his house, shall be respected, and exempted from the +payment of any capitation tax, or other similar or corresponding charge; +but the said Vice-Consul shall not take under his protection any subject +of the Sultan of Morocco except the members of his family dwelling under +his roof. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, p. 556.) + + * * * * * + +ART. IV. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY OF COMMERCE _of December 9, 1856_. + +EXTRACT. + +Article IV. The subjects of Her Britannic Majesty within the dominions +of His Majesty the Sultan shall be free to manage their own affairs +themselves, or to commit those affairs to the management of any persons +whom they may appoint as their broker, factor or agent; nor shall such +British subjects be restrained in their choice of persons to act in such +capacities; nor shall they be called upon to pay any salary or +remuneration to any person whom they shall not choose to employ; but +those persons who shall be thus employed, and who are subjects of the +Sultan of Morocco, shall be treated and regarded as other subjects of +the Moorish dominions. + +(_Ibid._ p. 573.) + + + * * * * * + + +FRANCO-MOORISH "REGLEMENT" REGARDING PROTECTION, _August 19, 1863_. + +EXTRACTS. + +La protection est individuelle et temporaire. + +Elle ne s'applique pas en general aux parents de l'individu protege. + +Elle ne peut s'appliquer a sa famille, c'est-a-dire a la femme et aux +enfants demeurant sous le meme toit. + +Elle est tout au plus viagere, jamais hereditaire, sauf la seule +exception admise en faveur de la famille Benchimol, qui, de pere en +fils, a fourni et fournit des censaux interpretes au port de Tanger. + +Les proteges se divisent en deux categories: + +La premiere categorie comprend les indigenes employes par la Legation et +par les differentes Autorites consulaires. + +La seconde categorie se compose des facteurs, courtiers ou agents +indigenes employes par les negociants francais pour leurs affaires de +commerce.... + +Le nombre des courtiers indigenes jouissant de la protection francaise +est limite a deux par maison de commerce. Par exception, les maisons de +commerce qui ont des comptoirs dans differents ports pourront avoir des +courtiers attaches a chacun de ces comptoirs et jouissant a ce titre de +la protection francaise.... + +Il est entendu, que les cultivateurs, gardiens de troupeaux ou autres +paysans indigenes au service des Francais ne pourront etre l'objet de +poursuites judiciaires sans que l'Autorite consulaire competente en soit +immediatement informee, afin que celle-ci puisse sauvegarder l'interet +de ses nationaux.... + +(De Card: "Les Traites entre la France et le Maroc" (Paris, 1898), pp. +221-22.) + + * * * * * + + +(_c_) THE CONFERENCES OF MADRID (1800) AND ALGECIRAS (1906). + +Through the efforts of the British Minister at Tangier, Sir John +Drummond Hay, who had negotiated the Treaties of 1856 and who was +strongly opposed to the abuses of the Protection system, a Conference of +the Powers and other interested States was held at Madrid in 1880 with +the object of introducing reforms.[102] A new Convention, containing a +few fresh restrictions, was agreed upon, but, as a matter of fact, the +Conference was a failure, owing to the reluctance of France to abandon a +system which gave her an advantage against Great Britain in promoting +her influence in Morocco.[103] For obvious reasons, Jewish influence +was also largely used to the same end. The Jewish factor of the problem +came out very prominently in the debates of the Conference. All the +proteges referred to by name were Jews, such as the families of +Benchimol, Moses Nahon, David Buzaglo, and Isaac Toledano.[104] One of +the few reforms carried out by the Conference was the abolition of +hereditary protection. An exception was, however, made in the case of +the Jewish family of Benchimol, whose rights in this respect had been +guaranteed in the Convention of 1863 with France, and a special +reservation to this effect was inserted in the new Treaty.[105] + +The Conference also dealt with the general questions of Religious +Liberty in Morocco and of the treatment of native Jews. In 1864 Sir +Moses Montefiore, as President of the Jewish Board of Deputies and with +the support of the British Government, had undertaken a mission to +Morocco in order to secure an improvement in the treatment of the +non-Mohammedan population, and more particularly the Jews. He succeeded +in obtaining from the Sultan a remarkable Edict assuring to the Jews a +perfect equality of treatment with all the other subjects of the +Sultan.[106] This Edict had not been observed, and, at the instance of +the Pope, the Madrid Conference adopted a Declaration calling upon the +Shereefian Government to give effect to it and at the same time to +assure Religious Liberty to all its subjects. The result was to extract +from the Sultan a formal reaffirmation of the Montefiore Edict.[107] + +A similar course was pursued by the Conference which met at Algeciras in +1906 to consider the Moorish question in its wider political aspects. +The intervening quarter of a century had been as barren of reforms as +the period which elapsed between the granting of the Edict of 1864 and +the meeting of the Madrid Conference. The maltreatment of the Jews had +continued, and had been the subject of frequent complaints by the +Alliance Israelite, the Anglo-Jewish Association, and the American +Jewish Committee, and of remonstrances by their respective Governments. +Accordingly at the instance of the United States Government, the +question was brought before the Algeciras Conference, and, at the +sitting of that body on April 2, 1906, a resolution was adopted, again +calling upon the Sultan of Morocco to see "that the Jews of his Empire +and all his subjects, without distinction of faith, were treated with +justice and equality."[108] + +No steps, however, were taken to enforce this resolution, and it was not +even made a treaty obligation. That, however, was of little consequence, +for, very shortly after, the Moorish Empire virtually disappeared, and a +French Protectorate was proclaimed. The Jews of Morocco are now in the +same situation as their brethren in Algiers and Tunis, which, however, +is not to say that it is entirely satisfactory. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE MADRID CONFERENCE (1880). + +_Protocole No. 3.--Seance du 20 Mai, 1880._ + +Sur la question de la protection hereditaire, le Plenipotentiaire de +France rappelle que la Convention de 1863 accorde formellement cette +protection a la famille Benchimol. Les raisons qui ont motive cette +exception ont ete dument appreciees a cette epoque par le Gouvernement +Marocain; elles ont conserve toute leur force, et il est impossible au +Gouvernement Francais d'abandonner une famille qui jouit depuis 17 ans +de la plus juste consideration. Il demande le maintien de cette +exception si legitime. + +Le Plenipotentiaire du Portugal, tout en maintenant dans toute son +etendue le droit au traitement de la nation la plus favorisee, reconnu +toujours au Portugal et recemment encore lors des Ambassades speciales +envoyees par sa Majeste Cherifienne en 1875 et 1877, admet que la France +puisse alleguer des motifs speciaux en faveur d'une exception qui, selon +lui, n'invalide pas le principe. Il accepte donc sans reserve que la +protection ne soit pas hereditaire, avec l'exception unique etabli +nominativement dans la Convention de 1863. Seulement pour le cas ou le +Gouvernement Marocain accorderait par la suite d'autres exceptions de +cette nature, il reserverait le droit du Gouvernement Portugais de +reclamer une exception analogue. + +Pareille reserve est faite par les autres Plenipotentiaires. + +"La protection n'est point hereditaire. Une seule exception est +maintenue en faveur de la famille Benchimol, comme etant etablie dans la +Convention de 1863; mais elle ne saurait creer un precedent. Cependant +si le Souverain du Maroc accordait une autre exception, toutes les +Puissances representees a la Conference auraient le droit de reclamer +une exception pareille." + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 11.--Seance du 24 Juin, 1880._ + +Le Plenipotentiaire d'Italie demande la parole, et s'exprime en ces +termes:-- + +"...L'Italie a toujours maintenu inalterable son droit consuetudinaire +sans jamais en abuser. En effet, en examinant le chiffre de 108, auquel +montent ses proteges, on trouvera que 11 seulement sont proteges en +vertu du droit consuetudinaire. + +"Six sont d'anciens Vice-Consuls et interpretes des Etats Italiens +composant actuellement le Royaume d'Italie. Le nombre de ceux qui ont +rendu ainsi des services a l'Italie est de six et non d'un seul (M. +Moses Nahon), comme M. le Ministre des Affaires Etrangeres du Maroc +avait cru pouvoir l'affirmer dans la seance du 19 Juillet, 1879, des +Conferences de Tanger. + +"La veuve David Buzaglo et ses deux fils composent la famille d'un Agent +Diplomatique Italien, et jouisse a ce titre de la protection. + +"La veuve Isaac Toldano et 8 autres personnes appartiennent a la famille +de Joseph Toldano, Interprete de la Legation d'Italie, famille qui +jusqu'a present a joui de la protection hereditaire comme la famille +Benchimol, protegee par la France." + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," lxxi. 825-826, 872, 873-874.) + + * * * * * + +ART. VI. TREATY OF MADRID, _July 6, 1880_.[109] + +VI. La protection s'etend sur la famille du protege. Sa demeure est +respectee. + +Il est entendu que la famille ne se compose que de la femme, des +enfants, et des parents mineurs qui habitent sous le meme toit. + +La protection n'est pas hereditaire. Une seule exception, deja etablie +par la Convention de 1863, et qui ne saurait creer un precedent, est +maintenue en faveur de la famille Benchimol. + +Cependant, si le Sultan du Maroc accordait une autre exception, chacune +des Puissances Contractantes aurait le droit de reclamer une concession +semblable. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 641-642.) + + + * * * * * + + +THE MONTEFIORE EDICT, 1864. + +In the Name of God, the Merciful and Gracious. There is no power but in +God, the High and Mighty. + +Be it known by this our Royal Edict--may God exalt and bless its purport +and elevate the same to the high heavens, as he does the sun and +moon!--that it is our command, that all Jews residing within our +dominions, be the condition in which the Almighty God has placed them +whatever it may, shall be treated by our Governors, Administrators, and +all other subjects, in manner conformable with the evenly balanced +scales of Justice, and that in the administration of the Courts of Law +they (the Jews) shall occupy a position of perfect equality with all +other people; so that not even a fractional portion of the smallest +imaginable particle of injustice shall reach any of them, nor shall they +be subjected to anything of an objectionable nature. Neither they (the +Authorities) nor any one else shall do them (the Jews) wrong, whether to +their persons or to their property. Nor shall any tradesman among them, +or artizan, be compelled to work against his will. The work of everyone +shall be duly recompensed, for injustice here is injustice in Heaven, +and we cannot countenance it in any matter affecting either their (the +Jews') rights or the rights of others, our own dignity being itself +opposed to such a course. All persons in our regard have an equal claim +to justice; and if any person should wrong or injure one of them (the +Jews), we will, with the help of God, punish him. + +The commands hereinbefore set forth had been given and made known before +now; but we repeat them, and add force to them, in order that they may +be more clearly understood, and more strictly carried into effect, as +well as serve for a warning to such as may be evilly disposed towards +them (the Jews), and that the Jews shall thus enjoy for the future more +security than heretofore, whilst the fear to injure them shall be +greatly increased. + +This Decree, blessed by God, is promulgated on the 26th of Shaban, 1280 +(15 February 1864). Peace! + +(Loewe, "Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore," vol. ii. p. 153.) + + * * * * * + +FURTHER EXTRACT FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE MADRID CONFERENCE (1880). + +_Protocole No. 12.--Seance du 26 Juin, 1880._ + +Le President observe que la Conference, ayant accompli, et au dela, la +tache qu'elle s'etait proposee, est a la veille de se dissoudre. Mais il +doit porter a la connaissance de ses membres, avant qu'ils ne se +separent, une communication importante qui a ete adressee par le +Saint-Siege au Gouvernement de Sa Majeste Catholique. + +M. Canovas del Castillo donne lecture de la production suivante d'une +lettre, en date du 4 Mai, 1880, qu'il a recue de son Eminence le +Cardinal Nina: + +"EXCELLENCE,--Le Saint-Pere, obeissant au devoirs de sa mission +apostolique, ne peut que mettre a profit toutes les occasions qui se +presentent de veiller aux interets du Catholicisme, sur n'importe quel +point du globe. Ayant appris que dans le courant de ce mois un Congres +Diplomatique doit se reunir sous votre presidence pour s'occuper des +affaires du Maroc, Sa Saintete, tout en reconnaissant que parmi les +questions qui seront soumises a la deliberation de la Conference, celle +qui se rapporte a la liberte religieuse dans l'Empire Marocain n'a pas +ete particulierement designee, croit cependant que rien n'interdirait +aux Plenipotentiaires reunis a Madrid de porter leur attention sur un +sujet si important pour le bienetre des habitants du Maroc, quand meme +il ne serait considere qu'au point de vue materiel. + +"Il n'est point douteux que, de meme qu'au dernier Congres de Berlin les +appels faits par mon illustre predecesseur, le Cardinal Franchi, aux +Representants de la France et de l'Autriche, MM. Waddington et Andrassy, +eurent pour resultat de faire accueillir et voter, avec l'approbation +generale, les demandes de Sa Saintete relatives a la liberte de la +religion Catholique pour les sujets de la Sublime Porte et des Etats qui +l'avoisinent, de meme la proposition que je fais en ce moment trouvera +un accueil non moins favorable de la part des dignes Representants a la +veille de se reunir dans la capitale d'une nation si devouee au +Saint-Siege, et liee par tant d'interets a l'Empire du Maroc. D'autre +part, il n'est pas permis de presumer que le Gouvernement Marocain, uni +par un lien si etroit au Representant supreme de l'Islamisme, puisse se +refuser a suivre l'exemple qui lui a ete offert par l'adhesion de +l'Empereur des Ottomans aux Articles stipules dans le Congres de Berlin, +lorsque la Conference qui va se reunir lui proposera d'adopter une +resolution analogue. + +"Obeissant a ces considerations, le Saint-Pere m'a charge de m'adresser +a votre Excellence, digne President de l'Assemblee, et de faire appel, +en son nom Pontifical, a ses sentiments comme Catholique et comme +Espagnol, afin quelle veuille bien se charger de proposer et de defendre +au sein du Congres la proposition sus-indiquee, qui porte que les sujets +du Sultan, ainsi que les etrangers, jouiront au Maroc du libre exercice +du culte Catholique, sans que par ce motif ils aient a souffrir tort ou +prejudice dans leurs droits civils ou politiques. + +"Le Saint-Pere ne meconnait point les obstacles qu'oppose l'etat actuel +du Maroc a la realisation de cette liberte; mais ces obstacles, loin de +decourager, doivent stimuler les c[oe]urs genereux qui n'envisagent que +la grandeur du but a atteindre. + +"Du reste, une fois que le Gouvernement Marocain aura accepte le +principe en question, et pris vis-a-vis des Puissances etrangeres +l'engagement de s'y conformer, si ces Puissances, d'accord avec +l'Espagne, dont les relations avec le Maroc presentent un caractere tout +special, voulaient prendre une attitude semblable a celle qu'elles ont +adoptee en Orient, on pourrait avec raison esperer que le progres de la +civilisation ameneraient bientot, par des voies pacifiques, le libre +exercice du culte Catholique dans ces regions Africaines. + +"En me conformant aux ordres de l'auguste Pontife, je dois en meme temps +vous faire savoir que le Saint-Pere est anime d'une conviction intime +que vous repondrez a son appel paternel et que les Representants des +autres Puissances seconderont vos efforts, en accueillant avec faveur +une demande conforme aux principes aujourd'hui admis du droit public +international. + +"Le Saint-Pere croit egalement qu'en agissant ainsi, votre Excellence +repondra aux sentiments bien connus de Sa Majeste le Roi, son auguste +Souverain, en faveur de notre sainte religion. + +Je saisis, &c., + +"L. CARD. NINA. + +"A son Excellence M. CANOVAS DEL CASTILLO." + +M. Canovas del Castillo a eu l'honneur de repondre a Mgr. le Nonce +Apostolique a Madrid, avec lequel il s'est entretenu a ce sujet, que le +Plenipotentiaire d'Espagne etait pret a presenter, et a appuyer au sein +de la Conference, la proposition du Saint-Siege, aussitot qu'il serait +avere que les Representants des autres Puissances pourraient consentir a +traiter des questions en dehors de celles qui avaient motive leur +reunion; il devrait, en particulier, consulter son collegue le +Representant de la Grande-Bretagne, dont le Gouvernement a pris +l'initiative de la convocation des Plenipotentiaires, sur l'opportunite +qu'il y aurait a saisir la Conference de cette proposition. M. Canovas a +ajoute que, si la Conference admettait en principe la possibilite de +traiter des questions etrangeres au but determine qu'elle s'etait +propose, le Plenipotentiaire d'Espagne tiendrait a honneur de remplir la +mission que le Saint-Siege daignait lui confier, et qu'il etait persuade +que la communication du Saint-Pere serait accueillie, en ce cas, avec +toute la deference due a sa haute origine. + +Il a rappele en meme temps que le Traite de 1861 assure la liberte +religieuse aux Catholiques Espagnols au Maroc, et que d'autre part le +Traite Anglais de 1856 stipulait egalement, pour les sujets +Britanniques, le libre exercice de leur culte. + +Ayant acquis posterieurement la conviction que les Plenipotentiaires +sont disposes a examiner cette question, le President estime que la +Conference devra faire une declaration erigeant en regle generale le +principe que le Maroc a deja admis par des Traites. + +Le Plenipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie prend alors la parole, et dit que +le Gouvernement de Sa Majeste Imperiale et Royale Apostolique, a la +suite d'une demarche analogue du Saint-Siege, a pu s'assurer, de son +cote que les autres Cabinets seraient, en effet, disposes a se joindre a +un v[oe]u comme celui dont vient de prendre l'initiative le President de +la Conference, pourvu que ce v[oe]u fut exprime en faveur de tous les +habitants non-Musulmans du Maroc, et que la Conference recommandat en +meme temps a la sagesse du Sultan du Maroc l'abolition des incapacites +qui pesent encore sur certaines classes de ses sujets en raison de leurs +croyances. + +C'est dans ce sens, et pour donner une forme plus precise a ce v[oe]u, +que M. le Comte Ludolf a ete charge de preparer le projet d'Adresse au +Souverain du Maroc qu'il a l'honneur de soumettre a la Conference. + +Le Plenipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie donne lecture du document en ces +termes:-- + +"La Conference, au moment de se dissoudre, informee par son President de +la demande exprimee en faveur de l'Eglise Catholique par Sa Saintete le +Souverain Pontife, dans le lettre dont lecture vient d'etre fait, +demande de son cote que le libre exercice de tous les cultes soit +reconnu au Maroc. + +"La Conference, d'autant plus convaincu que ce v[oe]u trouvera un +accueil favorable aupres de Sa Majeste Cherifienne que l'illustre +Souverain du Maroc a deja donne une preuve manifeste de sa tolerance et +de sa sollicitude pour le bien-etre de ses sujets non-Musulmans, en +confirmant en 1874 le Decret accorde par Sa Majeste le Sultan Sidi +Mohammed, sous le 26 Chaban de 1280 (Fevrier 1864) a Sir Moses +Montefiore, Decret qui proclame que tous les sujets de l'Empire du Maroc +doivent avoir le meme rang devant la loi: que par consequent les Juifs +du Maroc doivent etre traites conformement a la justice et a l'equite, +et qu'aucune violence ne doit etre exercee a l'egard de leurs personnes +ni de leurs biens. + +"A la suite de ce Decret, bien des lois humiliantes, edictees contre les +non-Musulmans dans des temps anterieurs, ont ete mises hors de pratique, +et le sort des races non-Musulmans au Maroc est devenu plus supportable. + +"Toutefois, ces lois ne sont pas encore toutes formellement revoquees, +et quelques-unes meme continuent a etre en vigueur dans plus d'un +endroit de l'interieur de l'Empire. De meme, le libre exercice de leurs +cultes n'est pas encore accorde d'une maniere legale aux sujets +non-Musulmans de Sa Majeste Cherifienne, et beaucoup de restrictions +existent encore pour ces derniers qui sont contraires a l'esprit du +Decret du 26 Chaban, 1280, et a cette regle si elementaire et si +universellement respectee, que les sujets d'un meme pays, de quelque +race ou de quelque religion qu'ils soient, des qu'ils accomplissent +fidelement leurs devoirs envers le Souverain, doivent jouir d'une +parfaite identite de droits et d'une complete egalite devant la loi. + +"Le Sultan Abdul Medjid, Empereur des Ottomans, a deja, en 1839, par le +Hatti-Cherif de Gulhane, reconnu spontanement et inscrit dans la +legislation de son pays ce meme principe, qui a ete developpe et +consacre depuis par ses successeurs, en 1856 et dernierement encore en +1878, de facon qu'on ne saurait douter qu'il ne se laisse parfaitement +concilier avec la loi Mahometane. + +"Quoique persuadee que l'illustre Souverain du Maroc est anime, non +moins que le Sultan de la Turquie, d'intentions bienveillantes envers +ses sujets non-Musulmans, la Conference croirait manquer a un devoir si +elle ne temoignait le vif et profond interet qu'elle prend a la prompte +amelioration de leur sort. A cet effet, la Conference, au nom des Hautes +Puissances representees dans son sein, fait appel a Sa Majeste +Cherifienne afin que, fidele a ses sentiments de justice et de +generosite, elle manifeste sa ferme volonte-- + +"1. De faire respecter dans ses Etats le principe que tous ceux qui y +habitent et qui y habiteront a l'avenir pourront professer et exercer +sans entraves leurs cultes; + +"2. De prescrire a son Gouvernement, comme base immuable de la +legislation du Maroc, la maxime, deja adoptee dans le Decret du 26 +Chaban, 1280, et d'apres laquelle ni la religion ni la race ne pourront +jamais etre un motif pour etablir une difference dans le traitement par +et devant la loi entre ses sujets Musulmans et non-Musulmans, ni servir +de pretexte pour imposer a ces derniers des humiliations, pour les +priver d'un droit civil quelconque, ou pour les empecher d'exercer +librement toutes les professions et industries qui sont permises aux +sujets Musulmans de l'Empire. + +"Une pareille manifestation non seulement honorerait le regne de Sa +Majeste Cherifienne, mais inaugurerait aussi pour ses Etats une ere +nouvelle de prosperite. + +"Les Soussignes, en deposant le present acte entre les mains de son +Excellence Cid Mohammed Vargas, prient M. le Plenipotentiaire du Maroc +de le soumettre a Sa Majeste Cherifienne, qui ne lui refusera certes pas +la serieuse attention que merite un v[oe]u exprime au nom des Puissances +que les Soussignes ont l'honneur de representer. + +"_Madrid, le 26 Juin, 1880._" + +Ce texte est approuve par les Plenipotentiaires, a l'exception du +Representant de Sa Majeste Cherifienne, qui ne peut que s'engager a +porter a la connaissance de son Souverain les v[oe]ux que les +Plenipotentiaires viennent d'exprimer au nom de leurs Gouvernements +respectifs. + +Cid Mohammed Vargas croit cependant devoir rappeler qu'au Maroc les +Musulmans, les Chretiens, et les Juifs suivent leur religion, sans qu'il +y soit mis d'empechement ni d'obstacle. + +Le Plenipotentiaire du Maroc n'a pas d'instructions de son Souverain qui +lui permettent de traiter cette question ou toute autre qui, comme elle, +ne se rattacherait pas directement a l'objet de sa mission a Madrid. +Neanmoins, en vue de l'Adresse que vient d'adopter la Conference, il +croit devoir lui communiquer une lettre qu'il a recu de Sa Majeste le +Sultan Muley-el-Hassan, et qui a trait aux Juifs ses sujets. Il en donne +lecture en ces termes:-- + +"Louange a Dieu unique! Que la benediction de Dieu soit sur Mahomet, +notre Seigneur et Maitre, sur sa famille, et ses compagnons! + +"A notre estime serviteur, le Taleb Mohammed Vargas. Que Dieu te soit +propice, et que la paix soit sur toi, ainsi que la benediction de Dieu +Tres Haut et sa misericorde. + +"Et puis:-- + +"Il est parvenu a notre connaissance que certains Juifs de nos sujets se +sont plaints a plusieurs reprises a leurs freres residant en Europe et +aux Representants etrangers a Tanger, de ce qu'ils ne parviennent pas a +obtenir justice dans leurs reclamations relatives a meurtres, vols, &c. +Ils pretendent que les Gouverneurs montrent de l'indifference a leur +faire avoir satisfaction des personnes qui les attaquent, et que leurs +demandes n'arrivent jamais a notre Majeste Cherifienne, si ce n'est par +l'entremise de personnes (les Juifs residant en Europe et les +Representants etrangers). + +"Notre volonte Cherifienne est qu'ils obtiennent justice sans +l'intervention des Puissances ni des Representants, parce qu'ils sont +nos sujets et nos tributaires, ayant par la les memes droits que les +Musulmans devant nous, et tous abus contre eux etant defendu par notre +religion. + +"C'est pourquoi nous t'ordonnons d'accepter la reclamation de tout Juif +qui se plaindra de ne pas obtenir justice d'un Gouverneur, et de nous en +donner connaissance lorsque tu ne trouveras pas le moyen d'y faire +droit. + +"Nous avons envoye des ordres en ce sens aux Gouverneurs des villes, des +ports, et de la campagne, afin qu'ils en donnent connaissance aux Juifs, +et en meme temps nous les avons prevenus que si quelqu'un d'eux s'oppose +ou met des difficultes a ce que la plainte d'un Juif parvienne a toi, +nous le punirons tres severement. + +"Nous t'ordonnons de traiter leurs affaires avec toute justice et de ne +rien nous cacher sur l'arbitraire des Gouverneurs a leur egard, car tous +les hommes sont egaux pour nous en matiere de justice. + +"_Le 22 Joumadi premier, an 1297._" + +Le President donnant acte au Representant du Maroc de cette +communication, constate, au nom de tous les Plenipotentiaires, la vive +satisfaction avec laquelle la Conference accueille les declarations qui +viennent de lui etre faites. Les Plenipotentiaires voient dans le +principe, qu'elles etablissent, d'un appel au Ministre des Affaires +Etrangeres, a la fois une preuve des sentiments de justice qui animent +Sa Majeste Cherifienne a l'egard de ses sujets Israelites, et l'annonce +du prompt accomplissement des v[oe]ux exprimes par la Conference. + +("British and Foreign State Papers," vol. lxxi. pp. 881-887.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE ALGECIRAS CONFERENCE, 1906. + +No. 33. _2 Avril, 1906. Dix-septieme Seance._ + +S. Exc. M. White (Etats-Unis) prononce ensuite les paroles suivantes: +"Le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amerique a toujours considere comme un +devoir de s'associer a tout ce qui pourrait contribuer au progres des +idees d'humanite et assurer le respect du a toutes les croyances +religieuses. Anime par ces sentiments et par l'amitie qui a si longtemps +subsiste entre lui et l'Empire marocain dont il suit le developpement +avec un profond interet, mon Gouvernement m'a charge d'invoquer le +concours de la Conference, au moment ou elle est sur le point de +terminer ses travaux, en vue de l'emission d'un v[oe]u pour le bien-etre +des israelites au Maroc. Je suis heureux de constater que la condition +des sujets israelites de S.M. Cherifienne a ete de beaucoup amelioree +pendant le regne de feu le Sultan Mouley-el-Hassan et que le Sultan +actuel parait, autant qu'il lui a ete possible, les avoir traites avec +equite et bienveillance. Mais les agents du Makhzen, dans les parties du +pays eloignees du pouvoir central ne s'inspirent pas toujours +suffisamment des sentiments de tolerance et de justice qui animent leur +souverain. La Delegation americaine vient donc prier la Conference de +vouloir bien emettre le v[oe]u que S.M. Cherifienne continue dans la +bonne voie inauguree par son pere et maintenue par Sa Majeste elle-meme +par rapport a ses sujets israelites et qu'elle vise a ce que son +Gouvernement ne neglige aucune occasion de faire savoir a ses +fonctionnaires que le Sultan tient a ce que les israelites de son Empire +et tous ses sujets, sans distinction de croyance, soient traites avec +justice et equite." + +S. Exc. Sir Arthur Nicolson (Grande-Bretagne) declare que, conformement +aux instructions de son Gouvernement, il est heureux de se rallier a la +proposition du premier Delegue des Etats-Unis. + +S. Exc. M. le Duc de Almodovar del Rio (Espagne) s'exprime en ces +termes: "Je m'associe, au nom de S.M. Catholique, aux hauts sentiments +de tolerance religieuse qui viennent d'etre exprimes par S. Exc. le +premier Delegue des Etats-Unis; et je tiens d'autant plus a me rallier a +sa proposition que le sort des populations israelites au Maroc, +rattachees a l'Espagne par des liens de descendance et dont la langue +habituelle continue a etre la langue castillane, qui fut naguere celle +de leurs ancetres, est particulierement interessant aux yeux du peuple +espagnol d'aujourd'hui." + +LL. EE. MM. de Radowitz (Allemagne) et Revoil (France) se rallient +egalement au v[oe]u de M. le premier Delegue des Etats-Unis. + +S. Exc. M. le Marquis Visconti Venosta (Italie) declare qu'il adhere au +v[oe]u dont S. Exc. le premier Delegue des Etats-Unis a pris +l'initiative. Il reconnait que, dans ces derniers temps, les Souverains +du Maroc ont donne de preuves de tolerance vis-a-vis de leurs sujets +non-musulmans; mais il ne reste pas moins a desirer que les conditions +des juifs dans l'interieur de l'Empire soient mises au meme niveau et +entourees des memes garanties que dans les villes et ports de la cote. +La Conference, dans le cours de ses travaux, s'est toujours preoccupee +du progres et de la prosperite du Maroc; elle restera fidele au meme +esprit en exprimant a S.M. le Sultan le v[oe]u que tous ses sujets, +quelle que soit leur religion, soient appeles a jouir des memes droits, +ainsi que du meme traitement devant la loi et que les ordres que S.M. +Cherifienne a donnes ou donnera a cet effet soient fidelement executes. +L'assentiment de l'Italie est toujours acquis a l'affirmation des +principes de liberte religieuse qui sont une des bases de ses +institutions politiques et sociales. + +S. Exc. le Baron Joostens (Belgique) declare que la Delegation belge +s'associe entierement a la declaration que vient de faire S. Exc. M. le +Marquis Visconti-Venosta. + +LL. EE. le Jonkheer Testa (Pays-Bas), M. le Comte Cassini (Russie) et M. +Sager (Suede) adherent aussi aux sentiments exprimes par MM. les +premiers Delegues des Etats-Unis et d'Italie. + +Le v[oe]u propose par S. Exc. M. White est adopte par l'unanimite des +Delegues des Puissances. + +LL. EE. MM. les Delegues marocains expliquent qu'ils ne manqueront pas +de faire connaitre cette decision a S.M. le Sultan, qui certainement +aura a c[oe]ur de proceder dans l'espece de la meme facon que feu son +pere. + +S. Exc. M. White (Etats-Unis) remercie MM. les Delegues des Puissances +d'une adhesion qui repond si entierement aux vues du Gouvernement des +Etats-Unis et aux sentiments personnels du President Roosevelt. + +("Protocoles et Comptes Rendus de la Conference d'Algesiras" (Paris, +1906), pp. 246-248.) + + * * * * * + + + + +IV. THE PALESTINE QUESTION AND THE NATIONAL RESTORATION OF THE JEWS. + + +Until quite recently the question of the national restoration of the +Jews to Palestine did not play a conspicuous part, or, indeed, much of a +part at all, in practical international politics. This is not a little +strange in view of the great mass of religious opinion which has always +been deeply interested in it. It may be profitable to indicate some of +the reasons. + +In the first place, from the middle of the second down to the middle of +the nineteenth centuries the Palestine problem, as a political problem, +was exclusively concerned with the custody of the Holy Places of +Christendom. After the failure of the many attempts to oust the Turk, +the question became one of diplomatic accommodation, and under the +Capitulations with France and the Treaties of Carlowitz and Passarowitz +between the Holy Roman Empire and the Grand Signior, various expedients +were adopted by which Christian interests in Jerusalem might be +reconciled with the local political rights of the Ottoman Porte. This +difficult problem absorbed the Oriental activities of European diplomacy +until after the Crimean War, and it left no room for the consideration +of Jewish claims. + +In the second place the question during the whole of this period was +always primarily one of eschatology rather than of practical politics. +Even when the Millenarian mystics sometimes crossed the border-line, the +case they presented was not calculated to conciliate sovereign princes. +We have a curious instance of this in the first Zionist book published +in London, "The World's Great Restoration, or Calling of the +Jewes"--(London, 1621)--which was written by Sir Henry Finch, the +eminent serjeant-at-law, although his name does not appear on the title +page.[110] Among other items in Finch's programme was one to the effect +that all Christian princes should surrender their power and do homage +"to the temporal supreme Empire of the Jewish nation." When James I read +the book he was furious. He said he was "too auld a King to do his +homage at Jerusalem," and he ordered Finch to be thrown into gaol.[111] +In 1795 an exactly similar proposal was made by an ex-naval officer, one +Richard Brothers, who announced himself as King of the Jews. He also was +prosecuted, but was found to be a lunatic.[112] A certain political +interest attaches to the case of Brothers; inasmuch as his scheme for +the National Restoration of the Jews was brought before the House of +Commons by one of his adherents, Mr. Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, M.P., +with a motion for the printing and distribution of Brothers's proposal. +The motion failed to find a seconder.[113] + +In the third place, unless the Restoration were favoured by the Ottoman +Government, all schemes to compass it in normal times ran counter to +international law and the comity of nations. This point was actually +decided in this sense by the Law Courts some seventy years ago in the +case of Habershon _v._ Vardon. The case related to a bequest by one +Nadir Baxter for the political restoration of the Jews in Jerusalem. The +bequest was held void, and the Vice-Chancellor, in giving judgment, +said: "If it could be understood to mean anything it was to create a +revolution in a friendly country."[114] + +In the fourth place the idea was likely to weaken the doctrine of the +integrity of Turkey, and, for this and other reasons, was inconsistent +with the interests and traditional policy of Great Britain and other +Western States. It was all the more inconsistent because this policy +originally shaped itself in deference to religious considerations far +more precious to Englishmen than the national cause of the Jews. In the +sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the struggle between the +Reformation and the Counter-Reformation was at its height, the naval +balance of power in the Mediterranean rested between Spain and Turkey. +Hence a bias towards Turkey on the part of Protestant States was +inevitable. Curiously enough, the Jews, who were then hostile to Spain, +supported the pro-Turkish policy of England, as they did in 1876-78 on +account of their antipathy to Russia. In the time of Cromwell this +consideration was reinforced by our trade interests in the Levant and in +India. A century later the tradition became again imperative owing to +the fear of Russia and afterwards of Napoleon. All this rendered a +strong and friendly Turkey necessary to us, and hence to entertain the +idea of a National Restoration of the Jews to Palestine was to risk +offence to a valued ally. + +A fifth reason was the indifference of the Jews themselves. Until the +Zionist movement was founded twenty years ago there was scarcely any +symptom of a Jewish desire for international action on their behalf in +the Palestine question. This was not for want of opportunity or even for +want of suggestion from others. In 1840, when Mehemet Ali was driven out +of Palestine and Syria by the Powers, the future of Palestine was open +for discussion.[115] The country, with all its Hebrew and Christian +shrines, was in the hands of Christendom, who could have done with it as +it pleased. Not a voice was raised among the Jews for the restoration of +the land to them. And this, be it remembered, was when Sir Moses +Montefiore and M. Cremieux were busy in the East in connection with the +Damascus Blood Accusation, and when Lord Palmerston was proposing to +take the Jews under British protection as a separate nationality.[116] +Instead of championing the national aspirations of the Jews, they +contented themselves with obtaining the famous Hatti-Humayoun, or +Charter of Liberties for the Jews of Turkey, by which they were more +nearly assimilated to Turkish Nationals.[117] In the following year the +Powers were actually discussing the future of Palestine, but the Jews +again made no move. Even while the negotiations were in progress, a +scheme for restoring the Jews as the political masters of the country +was drawn up by a Christian, Colonel Churchill, then British Consul in +Syria, and submitted by him to Sir Moses Montefiore and the Board of +Deputies. Its reception was curiously frigid. Whilst piously blessing +Colonel Churchill's proposals, the Board declined to take any +initiative.[118] It was the same in 1878 when Lord Beaconsfield annexed +Cyprus and secured a British Protectorate over Asiatic Turkey. No +opportunity could have seemed better for the promotion of Zionist aims, +but when Laurence Oliphant pointed this out he found scarcely an echo +beyond a small circle of obscure Jewish dreamers in Southern +Russia.[119] Indeed, until the time of Herzl all the most prominent +protagonists of Zionism were Christians. The Dane, Holger Paulli, who in +1697 presented a Zionist scheme to King William III of England with a +view to its submission to the Peace Conference of Ryswick, was a +Christian,[120] and even the notorious Jewish pseudo-Messiah, Sabbathai +Zevi, who raised the flag of Jewish nationality in Syria thirty years +earlier, owed more of his inspiration to English Fifth Monarchy teaching +than to Jewish tradition.[121] + +Nevertheless, there were two occasions on which the Jewish aspects of +the Palestine question did enter the field of practical international +politics. + +The first was in 1799, when Napoleon carried out his audacious raid on +British interests in the East by his expedition to Egypt and Syria. A +scheme for enlisting the support of the Jews by founding a Jewish +Commonwealth in Palestine formed part of the plans for the expedition +secretly prepared by the Directory in 1798, and French public opinion +was familiarised with it by a good deal of propagandist literature. The +Jews were alleged to be anxious to support the French in the Levant, and +a bogus Zionist scheme--very much on the Herzlian lines--supposed to be +written by an Italian Jew--was widely circulated in France. It embodied +an appeal to the Jews of the world to form a representative council +through which they could negotiate with the Directory for Palestine. It +was supported in a very soberly reasoned article by the _Decade +Philosophique et Litteraire_, and was soon after published in the London +Press and reprinted as a twopenny pamphlet by the _Courier_.[122] Ten +months later Napoleon, marching from El Arish on the road which has +lately been traversed by General Allenby, published a proclamation +inviting the Jews of Asia and Africa to rally to his standard "for the +restoration of the ancient kingdom of Jerusalem."[123] The scheme +collapsed with the battles of Acre and Aboukir. + +The second occasion was in 1841, when the Powers had to decide on the +fate of Syria and Palestine wrested by them from Mehemet Ali. It is true +that the Jewish element in the question received very scanty attention +and evoked no positive sympathy, but, at any rate, it was mentioned, and +this fact indicates that the Powers had begun to realise that the future +of Palestine was not exclusively a Christian question. The exchange of +views which then took place is, however, interesting for other reasons. +The documents, which are now published for the first time, comprise four +separate schemes for solving the Palestine problem, and the +considerations discussed in connection with them constitute a body of +material which may be usefully studied at the present moment. + +The first scheme, apparently suggested by France, contemplated the +creation of a small autonomous Ecclesiastical State, consisting of +Jerusalem, constituted as a Free City, with a limited _rayon_ of +territory. This was to be governed by a Christian municipality, +organised and protected by the Great Christian Powers.[124] Russia +raised objections in October 1840, and incidentally took occasion to +ridicule the idea of a National Restoration of the Jews.[125] Both +Russia and Austria were anxious to preserve the Turkish domination, and +to that end made counter-proposals. The Russian scheme proposed that +Palestine should become a separate Pashalik, that the Church of the +Orient should be restored, that the Greek Patriarch should resume his +residence in Jerusalem, and that an special Church and Monastery should +be founded for the use of the Russian clergy and pilgrims. The Austrian +scheme proposed to leave the Turkish administration untouched except in +regard to jurisdiction over Christians. This was to be confided to a +high Turkish official directly responsible to Constantinople and advised +by a Council of Procureurs appointed by the Great Powers.[126] Russia +opposed the Austrian scheme.[127] Thereupon Prussia put forward a fourth +scheme of a far more ambitious character.[128] It provided for a +European Protectorate of the Holy Cities of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and +Nazareth, and a sort of national autonomy for the various Christian +sects which might be extended to the Jews, the whole to be governed by +three Residents appointed by the Christian Powers. Each Resident was to +have a small military guard. The Protestant Church, under the joint +protection of Great Britain and Prussia, was to be recognised as on an +equal footing with the other Churches, and to establish its headquarters +and other institutions--including schools for Jews--on Mount Zion, which +was to be fortified.[129] This scheme was strongly opposed by Austria, +in whose view Lord Palmerston concurred.[130] Russia also opposed it, +but in Paris it was received sympathetically.[131] + +In the end all these schemes were dropped, and Palestine was handed back +to the Porte practically without any new conditions. Prussia, however, +continued her negotiations with Great Britain, both with a view to +general reforms and to the recognition of the Protestant Church in +Jerusalem. For this purpose she sent Baron Bunsen to London on a special +embassy.[132] Among the reforms proposed by him were facilities for the +purchase of land, "as many persons in Protestant Germany, Jews and +Christians, are desirous of settling in Palestine."[133] Eventually he +negotiated with Palmerston the Anglo-Prussian Agreement for the +establishment of a Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem. There is a curious +reference to the Restoration of the Jews in Bunsen's account of this +transaction:[134] + + * * * * * + +"Monday, 19th July, 1841.--This is a great day. I am just returned from +Lord Palmerston; the principle is admitted, and orders to be transmitted +accordingly to Lord Ponsonby at Constantinople, to demand the +acknowledgement required. The successor of St. James will embark in +October; he is by race an Israelite,--born a Prussian in Breslau,--in +confession belonging to the Church of England--ripened (by hard work) in +Ireland--twenty years Professor of Hebrew and Arabic in England (in what +is now King's College).[135] So the beginning is made, please God, for +the restoration of Israel." + + * * * * * + +It should be added that probably one of the reasons why, during recent +years, the British Government has held aloof from the Palestine question +is that by the Treaty of London of July 15, 1840, Palestine was +recognised as an integral part of Syria,[136] and that in 1878, at the +Berlin Congress, Lord Salisbury agreed to recognise the whole of Syria +as a French sphere of interest in return for the French recognition of +the Cyprus Convention between Great Britain and Turkey.[137] It is to be +assumed from the terms of the Secret Agreement of February 21, +1917,[138] that British interests in the Suez Canal and other more +recent events have modified that arrangement. + +During the present war the growing strength of the Zionist movement, and +the energy of its leaders, have forced the Restoration idea on the +attention of the Great Powers. In November 1917 Great Britain led the +way with a promise to give sympathetic consideration to the aims of the +Zionists.[139] With this promise the other Entente Powers have since +associated themselves. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +THE GREAT POWERS AND PALESTINE, 1840-1841. + +_Memorandum delivered by the Russian Government to the Prussian +Government in October 1840._ + +Des opinions diverses et pour la plupart contradictoires, ont circule +recemment en Europe, et surtout en France, sur les facilites que les +grandes Puissances intervenues dans les affaires de l'Orient, auraient, +dans ce moment, pour accomplir l'[oe]uvre que les Croises d'autrefois +avaient vainement tentee dans leurs longues et sanglantes guerres. Le +projet d'eriger une Souverainete Chretienne en Palestine, a ete mis, si +non serieusement discute. D'autres ont pense a la possibilite de faire +revivre l'ancien ordre des Chevaliers du St. Sepulcre pour lui confier +la garde de ce sanctuaire. Il y a eu meme quelques individus qui ont +exprime le v[oe]u d'appeler dans la ville de Salomon les Juifs disperses +dans differents pays pour tenter la conversion sociale et religieuse de +ce peuple d'antique et coupable origine. + +Il serait superflu de discuter ici tous ces projets, on ne s'arretera +qu'a l'examen d'une autre combinaison dont la realisation serait +desirable, si elle etait possible. Il s'agirait de l'assentiment de la +Porte et d'une entente entre les principales cours de l'Europe pour +eriger Jerusalem une ville libre, avec un rayon de territoire convenable +et sous une administration municipale organisee sous les auspices des +Puissances qui se declareraient les protectrices et les garanties de ce +petit etat ecclesiastique.[140] + +Un pareil arrangement doit assurement reunir beaucoup de suffrages. +Cependant, avant d'aborder la question d'une maniere serieuse, soit avec +les autres Cabinets, soit avec le Divan il importe de calculer d'avance +les moyens dont on disposera pour mener l'[oe]uvre a bon terme, les +difficultes locales qu'on aura a surmonter dans la realisation du plan +convenu et les probabilites qui s'offrent pour le maintien du nouvel +ordre de choses qu'on parviendrait a etablir. Sous tous ces rapports on +peut consulter avec profit les renseignements et les donnes que le +Ministere de Sa Majeste possede, et qui lui ont ete fournis en partie +par les indigenes, mais plus particulierement par deux employes du +service de S.M. qui ont visite la terre sainte a des epoques +differentes, et recueilli sur les lieux memes des informations dont on +ne saurait revoquer en doute l'exactitude. + +Il resulte de l'ensemble de ces informations: + +1. Que la ville de Jerusalem, situee entre la Syrie, l'Egypte et le +desert, a ete de tout temps exposee d'une part aux incursions des Arabes +Bedouins et de l'autre aux vexations des Pachas voisins. + +2. Que sa population, composee d'environ 15/m. ames, parmi lesquelles on +compte a peine un millier de Chretiens appartenant a diverses +communions, n'offre guere d'elements propres a la formation d'une +administration municipale indigene, digne de quelque confiance, sous le +rapport politique ou religieux. + +3. Que l'eloignement des cotes de la mer, distantes de la ville de pres +de deux journees de marche a travers une route escarpee et deserte, ne +permettrait pas aux batiments de guerre Europeens de prendre sous la +protection de leurs canons la defense de la cite et de ses habitants. + +4. Que la population Musulmane et Arabe etablie depuis des siecles dans +le pays et qui possede dans la seule ville de Jerusalem plus de trente +mosquees, ainsi que le fameux temple de Salomon que les premiers califes +conquerants ont rebati, s'assujettiraient difficilement a un +Gouvernement Chretien quelconque, qui ne disposerait pas de beaucoup de +ressources et d'une forte garnison, pour en imposer aux hordes des +Bedouins et pour reduire par les armes tout ce qui s'opposerait au +nouvel ordre de choses. + +Les memes rapports signalent, sous les plus tristes couleurs, la +desunion profonde et la rivalite incessante qui existe entre les +Chretiens des diverses communions, admis a l'adoration du St. Sepulcre +et dont les scandaleuses dissensions, loin d'etre amorties ou contenues +par la saintete du lieu, y ont eclate souvent avec une vivacite haineuse +et une obstination fanatique que la presence des autorites Musulmanes +pouvait seule contenir dans de certaines bornes. + +Nous savons enfin de maniere a ne pas pouvoir en douter que les +religieux Latins, pour la plupart Espagnols et Portugais d'origine, et +qui, durant leur mission en terre sainte, se trouvent sous la protection +speciale de la France, sont les principaux fauteurs de cette rivalite +si peu evangelique, en s'elevant sans cesse des pretentions sur la +possession exclusive et la garde du St. Sepulcre et en invoquant en leur +faveur les traites de Francois I avec la Porte et meme les souvenirs des +Baudouin et de Godefroi. + + * * * * * + +_Enclosure in Russian Mem. of October 1840._ + +1. Publication d'un nouveau Hatti Scherif avec pleine confirmation de +tous ceux qui ont ete emanes sous les regnes anterieurs en faveur de +l'Eglise et du Clerge de Jerusalem. + +2. Nomination d'un Pacha ou moschir de la Palestine, homme de sens et de +justice, qui fixerait sa residence, soit a Jerusalem, soit a Jaffa, avec +une autorite civile et militaire, suffisante pour y maintenir le bon +ordre et pour faire respecter les lieux de sa jurisdiction par les +Bedouins du desert qui, n'etant plus contenus par la crainte des troupes +Egyptiennes, recommenceront probablement bientot leurs brigandages +habituels sur les couvents Chretiens des environs de Jerusalem et sur +les caravanes des pelerins que la devotion appelle des pays les plus +eloignes. + +3. Defense positive au Clerge Grec comme a celui des Catholiques et des +Armeniens, de renouveler leurs dissensions anciennes et souvent pueriles +en cherchant a se calomnier mutuellement et a s'exclure des eglises et +des oratoires, dont les Hatti Cheriffs precites ont fixe la possession a +chacune de ces communautes. + +4. Defense severe au Mollah et au Cadi de Jerusalem de ranconner les +religieux et les superieurs des couvens, toutes les fois que ces +ecclesiastiques ont recours a la justice locale, ou qu'ils cherchent a +se disculper de quelque avanie. + +5. La crainte de ces memes avanies et les frais considerables +d'installation, auxquels etaient exposes les patriarches de Jerusalem +toutes les fois qu'ils se rendaient dans leur diocese, ayant oblige +depuis quelques annees ces prelats a sejourner a Constantinople, en +laissant a leurs vicaires le gouvernement de leur eglise, la Porte +ferait aujourd'hui un acte de politique et d'equite a la fois, en +accordant au patriarche actuel d'autorisation et les facilites dont il +peut avoir besoin, pour se rendre sur les lieux de sa jurisdiction +spirituelle, et veiller de pres a la discipline de ses subordonnes et au +redressement des desordres ou des abus, que les troubles recens et les +changemens politiques survenus dans ces contres, peuvent y avoir +introduits. + +6. Toute innovation dans l'antique hierarchie de l'eglise d'Orient +serait rejete comme dangereuse et inutile et toute reclamation de +priorite ou de privilege de la part des religieux des autres communions, +ne serait admise qu'apres un examen impartial et approfondi de la +question. Dans les cas de cette nature, il semblerait que le tribunal +le plus competent, a en juger, serait une commission ou conseil du +Gouverneur de la province, du patriarche de Jerusalem, ou en son +absence, de son vicaire, du superieur des ecclesiastiques Armeniens et +d'un commissaire ad hoc, choisi et nomme par la Porte parmi les prelats +les mieux reputes de la nation Grecque etablis a Constantinople. + +Ce conseil pourrait aussi fixer aux deservans des cultes respectifs, les +heures des prieres et des ceremonies, en regularisant d'une maniere +equitable et definitive ce point qui a ete souvent un sujet de litige et +qui a meme occasionne des rixes scandaleuses dans l'enceinte d'un +Temple, ou l'union et l'humilite devraient regner constamment. + +7. La reparation des eglises et des couvens ruines ou endommages par le +temps et les incendies, sera permise par les autorites locales, toutes +les fois que les superieurs de ces communautes en demanderont +l'autorisation, et le Gouvernement n'exigera pas dans ces occasions des +cadeaux ou des benefices arbitraires. + +8. Defense severe serait faite aux soldats Turcs preposes a la garde des +portes de l'eglise qui renferme le Saint Sepulcre, de s'introduire dans +l'anterieur du temple, sous pretexte d'y faire la police. Ces gardiens +recevraient egalement l'ordre de temoigner tous les egards et tout le +respect qui sont dus au patriarche et a ses delegues. + +9. Pour ce qui concerne plus specialement les pelerins Russes qui +visitent chaque annee les lieux saintes, la sublime Porte serait invitee +a prescrire a ces officiers civils et militaires de leur accorder toute +protection et assistance. Et afin que ces voyageurs, etrangers pour la +plupart aux usages et a la langue du pays, ne soient exposes a des +avanies ou a des retards dans l'accomplissement de leurs v[oe]ux, le +consul de S.M. Imperiale residant a Jaffa aura l'autorisation +d'accompagner, toutes les fois qu'il le jugera necessaire, la caravane +des pelerins de sa nation et de veiller sur eux pendant le tems de leur +sejour a Jerusalem. + +10. Les religieux de la plupart des nations chretiennes possedent a +Jerusalem des etablissements pieux ou ils se reunissent, soit pour y +demeurer, soit pour y celebrer les ceremonies de leur rit dans leur +propre langue. + +Les ecclesiastiques Russes sont seuls prives de cet avantage, et doivent +par consequent recourir, toutes les fois qu'ils visitent la terre +sainte, a l'hospitalite et a l'assistance spirituelle de leurs +co-religionaires les ecclesiastiques Grecs. Il serait de toute justice +que la Porte autorisat le Patriarche d'assigner une des eglises ou +monasteres de la ville a l'usage exclusif du clerge et des pelerins +Russes, et que les autorites civiles et militaires du pays eussent +l'ordre precis de reconnaitre et de respecter cet etablissement, comme +etant place sous la protection speciale de la Russie et sur le +surveillance de son Consul. + + * * * * * + +_Memorandum delivered by the Austrian Government to the Prussian +Government in October 1840._ + +Les succes obtenus en Syrie qui ont amene la soumission de Mehemet Ali +et la determination de Sa Hautesse de la faire suivre par l'investiture +du Pacha d'Egypte du Gouvernement hereditaire de cette Province viennent +de mettre au grand jour le resultat vers lequel tendaient les +transactions de Londres, dictees par les v[oe]ux uniformes des +Puissances Chretiennes, d'assurer la paix politique de l'Europe par le +maintien de l'independance et de l'integrite de l'Empire Ottoman qui +devait ressortir du reglement definitif des rapports entre la Sublime +Porte et le Gouvernement de l'Egypte. La Syrie qui avait ete placee +pendant quelque tems sous la domination de ce dernier et avait offert +aux etrangers une securite analogue a celle qu'ils trouvaient en Egypte, +pendant que la population indigene Syrienne se voyant assimilee a celle +de cette province et menacee de perdre toutes les conditions d'un etat +social tout different et base sur des lois positives, des transactions +historiques et des habitudes gouvernementales garantissant la propriete, +la liberte du commerce, &c., &c.; la Syrie rentree maintenant par les +succes des armees du Sultan et de ses allies sous la domination du Grand +Seigneur, reclame les soins les plus assidus du Gouvernement Ottoman, +afin d'oter tout pretexte raisonnable a ceux qui voudraient deverser un +blame sur les resultats obtenus en 1840, en alleguant que la condition +de cette Province interessante, aurait empire a leur suite. + +Les Puissances qui ont prete leurs conseils et leurs secours a S.H. dans +le but invariable d'assurer l'independance de son pouvoir et l'integrite +de son Empire contre les usurpations d'un sujet rebelle, doivent +abandonner maintenant au Sultan le soin de faire participer ses sujets +en Syrie aux bienveillantes dispositions pour ses peuples, enoncees des +le commencement de son regne par le Hat de Gulhane; et si leurs conseils +doivent tendre a hater leur realisation, elles auront dans les voies +d'une sage politique, a en surveiller l'execution. + +Mais le fait meme, nouveau dans l'histoire, du secours porte par des +Puissances Chretiennes au Grand Seigneur contre un sujet rebelle, auquel +l'opinion publique attribuait le merite d'avoir procure, dans les pays +soumis a sa domination de fait, aux Chretiens tant indigenes +qu'etrangers plus de securite pour leurs personnes et une plus grande +tolerance que celles qu'ils y trouvaient auparavant, impose a ces +Puissances comme devoir de conscience de peser murement les moyens pour +epargner tant au Grand Seigneur, leur allie, qu'a Elles-memes, le blame +qui pourrait ressortir pour Elles, si la condition des Chretiens en +Syrie allait se presenter sous un jour moins favorable, a la suite de la +reintegration de cette Province sous la domination directe du Grand +Seigneur. C'est pour obvier a cette facheuse eventualite que le Cabinet +Imperial soumet a ses Allies les considerations suivantes: + +Les Chretiens en Syrie sont ou fixes dans le pays, ou ils y resident +temporairement. Les premiers constitues en corps de nations, comme +Maronites, Armeniens, &c., &c., jouissent d'une existence politique +decoulant de capitulations, traites, privileges, &c., &c., et se +trouvent sous des Chefs ressortant de ces derniers; la Sublime Porte +vient d'enoncer sa ferme volonte de donner a cet etat de choses, les +developpements et la fixite qu'il reclame et pour lequel ces Populations +ont acquis un nouveau titre a la suite du devouement qu'elles viennent +de montrer pour rentrer sous la domination legitime. + +Une autre partie de la population sedentaire Chretienne est repandue +dans le reste du pays, soumise aux lois generales et protegee par le Hat +de Gulhane. Elle ne saurait demander que la stricte observation de ces +dispositions par les autorites locales, et toute la tendance du +Gouvernement Ottoman est la pour la leur assurer dans l'avenir. + +La population Chretienne transitoire se compose en partie de ceux qui y +arrivent comme etrangers pour leurs affaires de commerce, les traites +existant avec les differentes Puissances et la protection consulaire +assurent leur condition. Mais la Syrie renferme les lieux que l'origine +de la Religion Chretienne a sanctifies pour toujours et ou la piete des +fideles a etabli de nombreuses fondations et qui ont attire de tous tems +de nombreux pelerins; ces fondations et ces pelerins ont joui depuis +l'occupation Mahometane de nombreux privileges, qui, a partir de 1059 +jusqu'en 1803, se sont succedes et dont l'effet n'a pu etre suspendu ou +contrarie que par le fait des autorites locales Musulmanes, qui, au lieu +de se conformer aux dispositions souveraines et a l'esprit de la +legislation et du centre, gardiennes de la foi juree, et favorables a +une tolerance conforme aux principes du Coran et a un Gouvernement +eclaire, se sont laissees egarer par un esprit de lucre et de +partialite. + +Il parait donc que l'action tutelaire _du centre du Gouvernement_, qui +doit vouloir le maintien des concessions faites, des privileges donnes, +&c., &c., a manque jusqu'ici d'organes propres pour obvier a ces abus, +et que le but special, dont ils sont l'objet, la protection des lieux +saints et des pelerins de toute la Chretiente qui vont les visiter, ne +saurait etre atteint, tant qu'il ne formerait qu'une des attributions +des administrations ordinaires; ne serait-ce pas ici le cas pour que la +Porte se decidat a nommer _un employe special_, afin d'assurer le +maintien des anciens privileges et l'execution des dispositions du Hat +de Gulhane a l'egard des lieux saints, et les Chretiens qui forment la +population sedentaire et mouvante Chretienne de ces lieux? + +Cet employe d'un rang assez eleve pour assurer sa position et garantir +les attributions de sa place vis-a-vis l'autorite du Pacha revetu du +Gouvernement civil et militaire, cet employe charge directement de tout +ce qui aurait rapport aux lieux saints et aux pelerins et mis en contact +avec les representans des Gouvernemens Chretiens nommes ad hoc, qui, +sous la denomination de _Procureurs_, auraient a soutenir les droits de +leurs nationaux sous le point de vue confessionnel; cet employe place +pour sa personne en rapport direct avec le centre du Gouvernement a +Constantinople, ne recevant d'ordres que de la ou toute reclamation +possible contre lui et tout appel en derniere instance s'adresserait +egalement par les organes diplomatiques des Puissances Chretiennes, +repondrait a un besoin qu'il est facile de pressentir des ce jour, et +dont l'experience demontrera ou l'utilite, s'il est nomme a tems, ou la +necessite si l'on tarde a y pourvoir. + +Il ne s'agit pas de faire du nouveau pour le fond; il s'agit de +maintenir des privileges, et de regulariser de nouveau ce qui a existe +et ce qui est tombe en desuetude dans le cours des siecles. Le pelerin +religieux est respectable aux yeux du croyant, le gardien des lieux +saints ne l'est pas moins, le Gouvernement central et l'esprit religieux +du peuple le reconnaissent et le sentent egalement; ce n'est que les +abus des passions et des positions subalternes qui ont fait et qui font +le mal et auxquels il s'agit d'opposer la digue d'une entente entre les +Puissances et la Porte qui aurait pour objet de regulariser l'action +d'une autorite bien organisee dependant directement du centre de +l'Empire, autorite qui ne saurait avoir un autre interet que celui de +repondre au but de son institution. + +(F.O. Docs. 64/235.) + + * * * * * + +_Lord Clanricarde to Lord Palmerston (Extract)._ + +ST. PETERSBURG, + +_February 23, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--...The memorandum of Prince Metternich, suggesting the +establishment of a Turkish Commissioner in the Holy Land, for the +protection of Christian Pilgrims, and Travellers, and proposing a joint, +or simultaneous application from the European Powers to the Porte, in +which France might take a part, and thus be drawn out of her isolated +position, has been coldly received by the Russian Government. Count +Nesselrode said it did not appear to him a necessary or desirable +measure, and that the Consuls in Syria were adequate to protect the +Europeans, whom Commerce, piety, or curiosity might attract to that +Country.... + +The Emperor and his Ministers seem to think that age, and a great sense +of the responsibility that is upon him, have of late much increased +Prince Metternich's natural caution and timidity. + +I have the Honour to be with the Highest Respect, My Lord, + +Your Lordship's most obedient Humble Servant, + +CLANRICARDE. + +THE VISCOUNT PALMERSTON, G.C.B. + +(F.O. Docs. 63/271.) + + + * * * * * + +_Memoire of the King of Prussia dated February 24, 1841, delivered to +Lord Palmerston by Baron Buelow._ + +Les evenements importants qui viennent de s'accomplir en Orient, ont +replace sous l'autorite souveraine du Sultan la Palestine et y ont +retabli l'etat politique qui existait avant l'occupation de Mehemet Ali. +Ce n'est pas par ses propres moyens que le Sultan a reussi a expulser +son vassal rebelle de cette contree, berceau du christianisme et cher a +toutes les communions de la grande Eglise chretienne. Le chef de la +religion musulmane doit ce succes a un Traite que quatre des Puissances +chretiennes ont conclu avec lui et qui a recu son execution par la +valeur chevaleresque de militaires chretiens. Plus le noble +desinteressement des Puissances qui ont porte secours a l'Empereur des +Ottomans, leur fournit des titres a sa reconnaissance moins il peut etre +douteux que ces memes Puissances sont pleinement en droit de reclamer de +ce souverain des concessions dans un but purement spirituel et +uniquement destinees a relever l'exercice du culte chretien de la triste +condition ou il se trouve dans la contree meme qui l'a vu naitre. + +Le Roi, notre auguste maitre, a saisi cette idee. Profondement attache a +ses convictions religieuses et penetre de ses devoirs comme Prince +chretien, Sa Majeste se reconnait dans le concours de la Prusse aux +stipulations du 15 Juillet 1839 un droit et se sent la vocation de +signaler a l'attention des autres Puissances chretiennes l'opportunite +du moment actuel et les precieuses facilites qu'il offre, pour obtenir +du Grand-Seigneur l'amelioration du sort des chretiens qui habitent la +Terre sainte, l'affranchissement de leur culte et l'etablissement +d'institutions qui garantissent a l'avenir aux Chretiens de toutes les +confessions le libre acces des lieux, objets de leur veneration et +temoins des evenemens sur lesquels repose l'esperance de leur salut +eternel. + +Sa Majeste est persuadee que les autres Souverains partageront les +sentiments qu'Elle professe Elle-meme. D'ailleurs il est incontestable +que depuis une demi-siecle, les esprits les plus eleves ont deja plaide +la cause que le Roi, notre auguste maitre, recommande a la sollicitude +des grandes Cours Europeennes. Il serait superflu de citer des noms, +mais le nombre et la qualite des voyageurs de toutes les nations et de +toutes les confessions chretiennes, qui affluent a Jerusalem, attestent +deja que la Chretiente prend toujours un vif interet aux lieux saints et +que cet interet, loin de se refroidir, se ravive avec le progres que +l'esprit religieux fait en Europe. + +En comptant avec une entiere assurance sur les sympathies de SS.MM. +l'Empereur d'Autriche, de Russie et de la Reine de la Grande Bretagne +pour les v[oe]ux qu'il forme a ce sujet, le Roi, notre auguste maitre, +Leur fait proposer de faire valoir aupres de la Porte Ottomane les +immenses services qu'elles viennent de lui rendre, pour l'engager a +conclure avec les grandes Puissances Europeennes un arrangement qui +place les villes saintes de Jerusalem, Bethlehem et Nazareth, sauf les +droits de souverainete du Sultan, sous la protection commune de ces +Puissances. + +D'apres les idees de Sa Majeste l'arrangement a conclure porterait que + +1. Les populations chretiennes des dites villes, les eglises, couvents, +hospitaux qui en dependent, ainsi que les pelerins, les savants, les +artistes, les artisans chretiens, &c., &c., qui y feraient un sejour +passager, obtiendraient des immunites et des franchises telles que +l'intervention des autorites turques dans leur administration interieure +fut exclue. Ces immunites et franchises seraient cependant accordees +sans prejudice des droits de Souverainete du Sultan. + +2. Les habitans chretiens des dites villes cesseraient d'appartenir a la +categorie de Rayahs; ils seraient a l'avenir _exclusivement_ +justiciables, quant a leur personnes et quant a leur proprietes, des +Residents des cinq grandes Puissances Europeennes, de maniere que leurs +obligations envers la Porte se reduiraient a un tribut dont le montant +annuel serait acquitte par la communaute (non par les individus). + +3. Le propriete des lieux saints a Jerusalem, Bethlehem et Nazareth +passerait aux cinq grandes Puissances chretiennes et ferait l'objet d'un +arrangement special a conclure avec ceux qui se trouvent maintenant en +possession de ces localites. + +4. Les chretiens habitant soit pour toujours soit temporairement les +villes saintes, se formeraient d'apres les differentes confessions, en +autant de corps speciaux, catholiques-romains, grecs, evangeliques. Les +Armeniens et les Syriens se joindraient au premier ou au second de ces +corps, selon leur rit actuel. Chacun de ces corps serait considere comme +une communaute speciale legalement constituee. Toutes les communautes +jouiraient de droits fixes d'avance a l'egard des lieux saints; la +communaute evangelique serait autorisee a etablir un culte selon ses +rits, a fonder un hospital, &c., &c. Les Chretiens de cette confession +seraient admis a faire leur devotion dans l'eglise du St. Sepulcre et +dans la Basilique de Bethlehem, dont les parties seraient specialement +destinees a leur usage. + +5. La direction des communautes serait confiee a trois Residents. Celui +de la communaute catholique serait a la nomination de l'Autriche et de +la France, la Russie nommerait le Resident pour la communaute grecque; +la Grande Bretagne et la Prusse celui des protestants. Chaque Puissance +qui nommerait un resident, mettrait a sa disposition un garde de 60 +soldats. La formation de ses gardes ferait l'objet d'une stipulation +ulterieure. + +On choisirait quelques points pour les fortifier autant qu'il le +faudrait, pour les mettre a l'abri d'une incursion subite de hordes +arabes et pour que les communautes chretiennes pussent s'en servir pour +mettre en surete les vases sacres precieux et leurs proprietes en +general. + +L'ancienne place du temple et la mosquee d'Omar resteraient dans tous +les cas aux Turcs. + +On pourrait encore soumettre a une deliberation commune, si les cinq +Puissances ne stipuleraient pas egalement en faveur des Juifs domicilies +a Jerusalem et de ceux qui s'y rendent en pelerinage, des immunites +analogues a celles a obtenir pour les Chretiens. + + * * * * * + +_Covering Letter from Baron Buelow to Lord Palmerston, March 6, 1841 +(Extract)._ + +...Il faudra donc faire obtenir aux membres de l'eglise evangelique +(sans distinction des communions speciales qui la composent) la +propriete exclusive d'une place distincte pres du St. Sepulcre de +Jerusalem et dans l'eglise du meme nom pour y faire leurs prieres et +pour y celebrer leur culte. Cette place serait mise sous la protection +speciale des deux Puissances qui en garantiraient la possession paisible +a la communaute protestante. Il s'agira aussi d'acquerir pour cette +communaute le mont Sion afin d'y batir un hospice pour tous ceux qui +visiteront ces contres par des motifs religieux ou scientifiques, +d'etablir des presbyteres et des hospitaux, de fonder des ecoles pour +les enfans de la population protestante (peut-etre aussi pour les enfans +juifs), enfin de construire des ouvrages de fortification dont la faible +garnison, mentionnee dans le memoire, aura besoin pour se defendre.... + +(F.O. Docs., 64/235.) + + * * * * * + +_Lord Beauvale to Lord Palmerston._ + +VIENNA, _March 2nd, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--The King of Prussia has sent His Minister at this Court a +proposition for regulating the position of the Christians in Syria, +which, if it were acted upon, would in Prince Metternich's opinion throw +that Country into inextricable confusion. His Highness transmitted a few +days back a memorandum on the subject to London which He persists in +regarding as establishing the only advantageous mode of treating the +question, and as He purposes drawing up a statement of his objections to +the Prussian proposition, He earnestly entreats that no acquiescence may +be given to any part of it on behalf of the British Government until +those objections have been submitted to Your Lordship. + +I have the honor to be with the greatest respect, My Lord, + +Your Lordship's Most Obedient Humble Servant, + +BEAUVALE. + +THE VISCOUNT PALMERSTON, G.C.B. + +(F.O. Docs., 7/298.) + + + * * * * * + +_Lord Palmerston to Lord Beauvale, (Draft)._ + +F.O., _March 11th, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--With reference to Your Excellency's despatch No. 38 of the 2nd +instant reporting Prince Metternich's objections to the Prussian scheme +for regulating the position of the Christians in Syria, I have to inform +Your Excellency that H.M.'s Government agree very much with Prince +Metternich's as to that scheme. + +P. + +(F.O. Docs. 1/296.) + + * * * * * + +_Memorandum of Austrian Government delivered to Lord Palmerston by +Prince Esterhazy, March 31, 1841._ + +Sur le Memorandum du 3 Fevrier[141] et le memoire Prussien, relativement +a la protection des Chretiens en Syrie. + +La difference entre le memorandum du 3 fev. et le memoire prussien +consiste en ce que le premier fournit un moyen pratique pour _porter +remede_ au mal existant, sans entreprendre une reforme dangereuse, +tandis que l'autre tend a introduire _un nouvel ordre de choses_ en +faveur de la representation de l'Eglise evangelique, par des moyens +inexecutables. + +_Le travail du 3 fevr._ se base sur la verite, que ni les populations +chretiennes sedentaires et mouvantes, ni les couvens des trois +confessions, catholique, grecque et armenienne, n'ont jamais eu a se +plaindre d'un manque de tolerance musulmane. C'est un temoignage +irrecusable qu'on peut recueillir sur les lieux aupres de ceux meme qui +y sont les plus interesses. + +Des firmans sans nombre, relatifs a des privileges et a la donation de +lieux saints aux environs de Jerusalem, Bethlehem et Nazareth se +trouvent deposes aux archives des differens couvens, et s'ils n'ont +point ete mis en execution et forment le sujet de disputes continuelles +entre les trois confessions, la faute n'en est pas au Gouvernement Turc, +mais uniquement _a la venalite_ des Musselims, comme autorites locales. + +L'execution des firmans toujours mise arbitrairement a un prix tres +eleve est devenu de la part des Musselims une speculation financiere. + +La desunion regrettable qui regne entre les confessions, ou comme on les +appelle sur les lieux, les trois nations, exploite cette corruptibilite, +tantot pour suspendre l'execution d'un firman jalouse, tantot pour +obtenir moyennant l'intervention du Musselim un second firman annullant +le premier, ce qui a surtout lieu, lorsqu'il s'agit de la donation d'un +lieu saint. En pareil cas la confession la plus offrante est sure +d'atteindre son but et rien n'est plus a desirer que _la punition severe +du trafic illicite et honteux_, qui se pratique avec les firmans et +l'irrevocabilite _de ceux une fois emanes_. + +C'est donc en parfaite connoissance du veritable siege du mal, que le +memorandum du 3 fevrier _a cherche le remede dans le renfort de l'action +tutelaire du Gouv. par un employe sultanique special d'un rang assez +eleve pour etre place a cote des Musselims; employe qui serait charge +directement de tout ce qui aurait rapport aux lieux saints et aux +pelerins--qui serait mis en contact avec les Representans des +Gouvernement Chretiens nommes ad hoc, sous la denomination de procureurs +et qui ne recevrait d'ordres que de Constantinople ou les plaintes +elevees contre lui seraient portees a la connoissance du Gouvernement +dans la voie diplomatique_. + +_Le memoire prussien_ tendant a etablir sur les lieux une representation +de l'eglise evangelique et sa participation aux fondations existantes, +suscite une question _toute nouvelle_, dont la portee n'est pas a +calculer. + +Sans considerer l'opposition de Rome, du St. Synode de St. Petersbourg, +et du Patriarchat grec a Constantinople le memoire suggere des moyens +qui, loin de porter remede au mal existant, feraient naitre des +nouvelles complications et accroitre la desunion parmi les confessions +chretiennes. Ce regrettable resultat serait surtout amene par les points +suivans du memoire prussien: + +A. _La propriete des lieux saints a Jerusalem, Bethlehem et Nazareth +passerait aux cinq grandes Puissances._ + +Mais cette propriete est aux differentes confessions, qui deja jalouses +de la partager entre _trois_, ne voudraient certainement pas faire une +cession de droits acquis, en faveur d'une _quatrieme pretendant_. + +B. _Les Chretiens evangeliques auraient dans l'eglise du St. Sepulcre a +Jerusalem et dans celle de Bethlehem des parties specialement destinees +a leur usage._ + +Mais dans ces deux eglises chaque pouce de terrain est dispute par les +trois confessions. Toute la Basilique de Bethlehem fut adjugee, il y a +80 ans, aux Grecs; en vertu d'un firman obtenu par des sommes +considerables, eux et les Armeniens possedent _seuls_ la propriete de la +Grotte de la Nativite; les moins franciscains n'osent point y dire la +messe, et il n'y a que l'autel de la Ste. Creche qui appartienne a ces +derniers. Dans le temple de Jerusalem existent les memes subdivisions +exclusives. Chaque chapelle forme pour ainsi dire une monopole; celle du +Calvaire est partagee en deux--l'autel des Grecs occupant la place de +l'exaltation de la croix, celui des Catholiques celle du crucifiement. +Comment faire entrer une quatrieme confession dans un partage deja si +conteste? La repartition toute faite de localites dont la propriete est +aussi hautement appreciee par la confession qui la possede qu'enviee par +la confession qui voudrait l'usurper, s'opposerait du reste a une +pareille entreprise. + +C. _Chaque Puissance, qui nommerait un resident, mettrait a sa +disposition 60 soldats._ + +A part d'autres considerations qui rendent ce moyen inadmissible, il +fournirait des armes a une guerre de religion en petit qui, vu les +elemens de jalousie et de discorde deja existans, ne manquerait pas +d'eclater. + +(F.O. Docs. 7/302.) + + * * * * * + +BRITISH JEWS AND PALESTINE, 1841-1843. + +_Colonel Churchill to Sir Moses Montefiore._ + +_June 14th, 1841._ + +MY DEAR SIR MOSES,--I have not yet had the pleasure of hearing from you, +but I would fain hope that my letters have reached you safe. + +I enclose you a petition which has been drawn by the Brothers Harari, in +which they state their claims and their earnest desire to be immediately +under British protection. I am sorry to say that such a measure is much +required even now, not only for them, but also for all the Jews in +Damascus. + +They are still liable to persecutions similar to those from which, +through your active and generous intervention, they have so lately +escaped. The Christians still regard them with malevolence, and the +statement in the petition enclosed is perfectly correct. + +I cannot conceal from you my most anxious desire to see your countrymen +endeavour once more to resume their existence as a people. I consider +the object to be perfectly attainable. But, two things are indispensably +necessary. Firstly, that the Jews will themselves take up the matter +universally and unanimously. Secondly, that the European Powers will aid +them in their views. It is for the Jews to make a commencement. Let the +principal persons of their community place themselves at the head of the +movement. Let them meet, concert and petition. In fact the agitation +must be simultaneous throughout Europe. There is no Government which can +possibly take offence at such public meetings. The result would be that +you would conjure up a new element in Eastern diplomacy--an element +which under such auspices as those of the wealthy and influential +members of the Jewish community could not fail not only of attracting +great attention and of exciting extraordinary interest, but also of +producing great events. + +Were the resources which you all possess steadily directed towards the +regeneration of Syria and Palestine, there cannot be a doubt but that, +under the blessing of the Most High, those countries would amply repay +the undertaking, and that you would end by obtaining the sovereignty of +at least Palestine. That the present attempt to prop up the Turkish +Empire as at present constituted is a miserable failure, we who see +what is going on around us must at once acknowledge. What turn events +will take no one can possibly tell, but of this I am perfectly certain +that these countries must be rescued from the grasp of ignorant and +fanatical rulers, that the march of civilisation _must_ progress, and +its various elements of commercial prosperity _must_ be developed. It is +needless to observe that such will never be the case under the +blundering and decrepit despotism of the Turks or the Egyptians. Syria +and Palestine, in a word, must be taken under European protection and +governed in the sense and according to the spirit of European +administration. It must ultimately come to this. What a great advantage +it would be, nay, how indispensably necessary, when at length the +Eastern Question comes to be argued and debated with this new ray of +light thrown around it, for the Jews to be ready and prepared to say: +"Behold us here all waiting, burning to return to that land which you +seek to remould and regenerate. Already we feel ourselves a people. The +sentiment has gone forth amongst us and has been agitated and has become +to us a second nature; that Palestine demands back again her sons. We +only ask a summons from these Powers on whose counsels the fate of the +East depends to enter upon the glorious task of rescuing our beloved +country from the withering influence of centuries of desolation and of +crowning her plains and valleys and mountain-tops once more, with all +the beauty and freshness and abundance of her pristine greatness." I say +it is for the Jews to be ready against such a crisis in diplomacy. I +therefore would strenuously urge this subject upon your calm +consideration, upon the consideration of those who, by their position +and influence amongst you are most likely to take the lead in such a +glorious struggle for national existence. I had once intended to have +addressed the Jews here in their Synagogue upon the subject, but I have +reflected that such a proceeding might have awakened the jealousy of the +local Government. I have, however, prepared a rough petition which will +be signed by all the Jews here and in other parts of Syria, and which I +shall then forward to you. Probably two or three months will elapse +first. There are many considerations to be weighed and examined as the +question develops itself--but a _beginning_ must be made--a resolution +must be taken, _an agitation must be commenced_, and where the stake is +"Country and Home" where is the heart that will not leap and bound to +the appeal? + +I am the Resident Officer at Damascus until further order. + +Believe me to be, Dear Sir Moses, + +Yours very faithfully, + +CHAS. H. CHURCHILL. + +Before closing my letter, I cannot avoid offering one or two further +considerations. + +Supposing that you and your colleagues should at once and earnestly +interest yourselves upon this important subject of the recovery of your +ancient country, it appears to me (forming my opinions upon the present +attitude of affairs in the Turkish Empire) that it could only be as +subjects of the Porte that you could commence to regain a footing in +Palestine. Your first object would be to interest the Five Great Powers +in your views and to get them to advocate your view with the Sultan upon +the clear understanding that the Jews, if permitted to colonise any part +of Syria and Palestine, should be under the protection of the Great +Powers, that they should have the internal regulation of their own +affairs, that they should be exempt from military service (except on +their own account as a measure of defence against the incursions of the +Bedouin Arabs), and that they should only be called upon to pay a +tribute to the Porte on the usual mode of taxation. + +No doubt, such an undertaking will require _Patriotism_ in the fullest +sense of the word, energy and great perseverance. It will require large +capital at the outset, but with good prospect of remuneration, returned +after the lapse of a few years. + +In all enterprises men must be prepared to make great sacrifices, +whether of time, health or resources. To reflect calmly before +commencing an undertaking and once begun to carry it through, +vanquishing, surmounting, triumphing over every obstacle, this is worthy +of man's existence and carries with it its own reward, if the judgment +is sound, the head clear and the heart honest. I humbly venture to give +my opinion upon a subject, which no doubt has already occupied your +thought--and the bare mention of which, I know, makes every Jewish heart +vibrate. The only question is--_when_ and _how_. + +The blessing of the Most High must be invoked on the endeavour. +Political events seem to warrant the conclusion that the hour is nigh at +hand when the Jewish people may justly and with every reasonable +prospect of success put their hands to the glorious work of National +Regeneration. If you think otherwise I shall bend at once to your +decision, only begging you to appreciate my motive, which is simply an +ardent desire for the welfare and prosperity of a people to whom we all +owe our possession of those blessed truths which direct our minds with +unerring faith to the enjoyment of another and better world.--C. H. C. + +I will keep you "au fait" of all that passes in this country if you wish +it. + + * * * * * + +_15th August, 1842._ + +MY DEAR SIR MOSES,--I have delayed until now sending to you a written +statement of my proposition regarding the Jews of Syria and Palestine +partly because I knew you were absent last week from England and partly +because I wished to keep the document by me for a few days previous to +committing it finally to your care. The subject, I am sure, must in your +eyes appear most worthy of consideration, and I trust that when you have +perused my paper and matured the contents in your mind, you will come to +such a decision as will induce you to give my proposition your warmest +support. It appears to me that it might with advantage be brought under +the notice of the Jews on the Continent, and if this be your opinion, +perhaps you could get my paper, which, as you will perceive, I have +drawn up in the shape of an "address," translated into German and +forwarded to your friends in Prussia and Germany. I do sincerely believe +that were the Jews as a body, both in England and on the Continent of +Europe, to so arrange as to present a joint application to the British +Government in the sense I propose, they would have reason to rejoice +hereafter that they had taken such a step. + +I have nothing more to add, as my Document, which I enclose, will +express to you all I can say upon the subject. + +The only question that remains for your personal consideration is +whether you possess the power of having the proposition laid before the +leading Jews, abroad as well as in England for their deliberate +judgment. + +May I beg you to present my kind regards to Lady Montefiore, and believe +me to be, + +Dear Sir Moses, + +Yours most sincerely, + +CHAS. H. CHURCHILL. + + * * * * * + +_Proposal of Colonel Churchill (Extract)._ + +Human efforts preceded by prayer and undertaken in faith the whole +history of your nation shows to be almost invariably blessed. If such +then be your conviction it remains for you to consider whether you may +not in all humility, but with earnest sincerity and confiding hope +direct your most strenuous attention towards the land of your Fathers +with the view of doing all in your power to ameliorate the conditions of +your brethren now residing there and with heartfelt aspiration of being +approved by Almighty God whilst you endeavour as much as in you lies to +render that Land once more a refuge and resting-place to such of your +brethren scattered throughout the world as may resort to it. + +Hundreds and thousands of your countrymen would strain every effort to +accomplish the means of living amidst those scenes rendered sacred by +ancient recollections, and which they regard with filial affection, but +the dread of the insecurity of life and property which has rested so +long upon the soil of "Judea" has hitherto been a bar to the +accomplishment of their natural desire. + +My proposition is that the Jews of England conjointly with their +brethren on the Continent of Europe should make an application to the +British Government through the Earl of Aberdeen to accredit and send out +a fit and proper person to reside in Syria for the sole and express +purpose of superintending and watching over the interests of the Jews +residing in that country. The duties and powers of such a public officer +to be a matter of arrangement between the Secretary of State for Foreign +Affairs and the Committee of Jews conducting the negotiations. It is, I +hope, superfluous for me to enlarge upon the incalculable benefit which +would accrue to your nation at large were such an important measure to +be accomplished, or to allude more than briefly to the spirit of +confidence and revival which would be excited in the breasts of your +fellow-countrymen all over the world were they to be held and +acknowledged agents for the Jewish people resident in Syria and +Palestine under the auspices and sanction of Great Britain.... + +..."God has put into my heart the desire to serve His ancient people. +...I have discharged a duty imposed on me by my conscience."... + + * * * * * + +_Resolution of the Board of Deputies of British Jews._ + +_November 8th, 1842._ + +That the President be requested to reply to Colonel Churchill to the +effect that this Board, being appointed for the fulfilment of special +duties and deriving its pecuniary resources from the contributions to +the several congregations it represents, is precluded from originating +any measures for carrying out the benevolent views of Colonel Churchill +respecting the Jews of Syria, that this Board is fully convinced that +much good would arise from the realisation of Colonel Churchill's +intentions, but is of opinion that any measures in reference to this +subject should emanate from the general body of the Jews throughout +Europe, and that this Board doubts not that if the Jews of other +countries entertain the proposition those of Great Britain would be +ready and desirous to contribute towards it their most zealous support. + + * * * * * + +_Colonel Churchill to the Secretary of the Board of Deputies._ + +BEYROUT, _Jany._ 8_th_, 1843. + +SIR,--I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the official +Communication which the Board of Deputies of British Jews has been +pleased to address to me. + +It affords me the greatest gratification to learn that the British Jews +would zealously co-operate with the general body of their countrymen in +endeavouring to procure the permanent amelioration of the condition of +Jews in Syria and Palestine. + +I humbly venture to express a hope that the Board of Deputies will still +continue to entertain this subject, and that it will not think it +inexpedient to endeavour to ascertain the feelings and wishes of the +Jews in the rest of Europe on a question so interesting and important, +one in which is necessarily involved that of the prospective +regeneration of their long-suffering and afflicted country. + +I beg leave to offer my best thanks and warmest acknowledgements to the +Board of Deputies for the kind manner in which it has been pleased to +receive my previous communication, and to assure it that my services are +ever at its command. + +I have the honour to be, &c., + +CHAS. CHURCHILL. + +(Minute-Books of Board of Deputies, 1841-43.) + + * * * * * + +THE ENTENTE POWERS AND PALESTINE, 1917. + +_Extract from Agreement between Great Britain, France and Russia, dated +February 21, 1917._ + +"5.... With a view to securing the religious interests of the Entente +Powers, Palestine, with the Holy Places, is separated from Turkish +territory and subjected to a special regime to be determined by +agreement between Russia, France and England." + +(_Manchester Guardian_, January 19, 1918.) + + * * * * * + +GREAT BRITAIN AND ZIONISM, 1917. + +_Mr. Balfour to Lord Rothschild._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_November 2nd, 1917_. + +DEAR LORD ROTHSCHILD,--I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on +behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of +sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, +and approved by, the Cabinet:-- + +"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in +Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their +best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being +clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the +civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in +Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any +other country." + +I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the +knowledge of the Zionist Federation. + +Yours sincerely, + +ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR. + +(_Times_, November 9, 1917.) + + + * * * * * + + + + +APPENDIX. + +INTERNATIONAL ANTI-SEMITISM IN 1498. + + +The earliest appearance of the Jewish Question in international European +politics--or rather the earliest reference to it in the British State +Papers--happened in 1498, shortly after the great expulsion of the Jews +from Spain. In that year Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain sent a mission +to England on business connected with Prince Arthur's marriage. The +mission was apparently instructed to deal with the Jewish Question. The +envoys expressed to the King their sorrow that, while Spain had been +purged of infidelity, Flanders and England were infested by that +scourge. Thereupon, according to a dispatch from the chief of the +mission, Henry VII, laying both hands on his breast, swore that he would +persecute without mercy any Jew or heretic that the King or Queen of +Spain might point out in his dominions. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +_De Carta del soprior de Santa Cruza Sus Alts. (Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz +to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 18, 1498). Extract._ + + * * * * * + +Acabada nuestra embasada hable al Rey de Inglaterra solo.... + +Al otro cabo que le dixe que en su Reyno y en Flandes estaban muchos +conversos de los Reynos de V.A. y algunos fuydos por miedo de la +Inquisicion y quan firmes V.A. estaban en su amistad y hermandad y que +los sobredichos siempre procuraban el contrario que le avisaban dello, +holgo mucho de tal avis y dixo la mano puesta en los pechos que por la +fe de su coracon que no decia el de marranos mas del mejor de su Reyno +si contra lo que yo le decia algo le dixiese, no le oiria ni le ternia +por suyo, y que si S.A. le mandaien airsar si en su tierra hay algun +judio o herege que por la fe de su corazon et los castigaria bien. Fue +esta habla larga y por ser nuevo oficial abrevie, huelga mucho el Rey de +Inglaterra en fablar de la Princesa de Gales.... + +(Record Office: "Spanish Transcripts," Series I, vol. I, B. 205.) + + + * * * * * + + + + +INDEX. + + +Abdul Medjid, Sultan of Turkey, 96 + +Aberdeen, Earl of, 18, 123 + +Adler, Cyrus, 67, 70, 71 + +Agreement, Anglo-Prussian (1841), 106 + +Alexander I, Tsar, 12, 15 + +Alexander II, Tsar, 78 + +Alexander III, Tsar, 55 + +Alexander, Bishop, 106 + +Alexander, D. L., 51, 52, 54 + +Algeciras, Conference of (1906), 54, 88; + Protocols, 98-99 + +Allenby, General, 104 + +Alliance Israelite, 59, 60, 89 + +Almodovar del Rio, Duc de, 98 + +American-Jewish Committee, 89 + +American House of Representatives, Resolution, 79 + +American Senate, Resolution, 79-80 + +American-Swiss Treaty (1855), 74 + +"Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon," 103 + +Anarchists, 57 + +Ancona, Jews of, 63 + +Andrassy, Count, 30, 93 + +Anglo-French Entente, 56 + +Anglo-Jewish Association, 45, 51, 69, 89 + +Anglo-Moorish Treaty (1856), 78, 83, 87 + +Anglo-Prussian Agreement (1841), 106 + +Anglo-Russian Treaty (1859), 80 + +Anglo-Swiss Treaty (1855), 73 + +Anglo-Turkish Treaty (1809), 84 + +Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance, 57-62 + +Appleton, John, 75 + +Austria, 64, 65 + +Austrian Instruction (1815), 71 + +Austrian Jews, 7 + + +Balance of Power, The, 54 + +Balfour, Arthur James, 124, 125 + +Baltimore, Jews of, 74 + +Bartholomey, Mr., 77 + +Baruch, Jacob, 12 + +Baxter, Nadir, 101 + +Beaconsfield, Earl of, 30, 103 + +Beauvale, Lord, 106, 116, 117 + +Belgium and Holland, Union of, 2 + +Benchimol Family, 88, 89, 90, 91 + +Berlin, Congress of (1878), 23-36, 52 + +Berlin, Treaty of (1878), 24, 33 + +Bernhardt, "Handbook of Treaties, &c.," 74, 80, 83, 84, 87 + +Bernstorff, Count, 16 + +Bertie, Francis, 44, 45 + +Bethlehem, 105 + +Bismarck, Prince, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32 + +Bjoerkoe interview, 56, 62 + +Blaine, James G. (U.S. Secretary of State), 54, 70, 78 + +"Blue Laws," 77 + +Boerne, Ludwig, 12 + +Bohemia, Jews of, 7-11 + +Brisac, J., 66, 67, 68, 72, 73 + +Broglie, Duc de, 66 + +Brothers, Richard, 101 + +Bucharest Commission, 20 + +Bucharest, Treaty of (1913), 50 + +Bulgaria, 26, 33 + +Buelow, Baron, 105, 114, 116 + +Bund, Jewish, 57, 59 + +Bunsen, Baron, 106 + +Buzaglo, David, 89, 91 + +Canovas Del Castillo, Senor, 93, 94 + +Capitulations, 3, 4, 83, 100 + +Capodistrias, Count, 16 + +Caratheodory Pacha, 26, 27, 31, 32 + +Carlowitz, Treaty of (1699), 64, 71, 100 + +Cassini, Count, 99 + +Castlereagh, Viscount, 12, 13, 16 + +Catharine of Braganza, Queen, 6 + +Catherine of Russia, Empress, 76, 78 + +"Ce que les Israelites de la Suisse doivent a la France," 66 + +Charlemagne, Emperor, 3 + +Charles II, King of England, 6 + +Charles X, King of France, 65 + +Chevalier, Michel, 67 + +China, religious liberty in, 3 + +Choate, Joseph H., 44 + +Christendom, Peace of, 2 + +Christian Missions, protection of, 3 + +Christina, Queen of Sweden, 6 + +Churchill, Colonel, C. H., 103, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124 + +Circular Note to Great Powers, American (1902), 44 + +Clarendon, Earl of, 19, 67 + +Clanricarde, Marquis of, 113 + +Cobden, Richard, 67 + +Cohn, Albert, 19 + +Conferences:-- + Algeciras (1906), 54, 88 + Bucharest (1913), 45, 47, 48, 49 + Constantinople (1856), 20, 21, 23 + London (1830), 17, 52 + London (1912), 13, 45, 47 + Madrid (1880), 54, 88 + Ryswick (1697), 103 + St. Petersburg (1912-13), 45-47 + _See also_ Protocols and Treaties + +Congresses:-- + Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), 15, 16 + Berlin (1878), 23, 25-33, 36 + Paris (1856), 18-23 + Vienna (1815), 3, 12-15 + _See also_ Protocols and Treaties + +Consistoire Israelite, 66 + +Consular Protection, 4, 82-85, 86-88 + +Convention, Cyprus (1878), 107 + +Convention of Paris (1858), 20, 21, 23 + +Cremieux, Adolphe, 18, 102 + +Cromwell, Oliver, 4, 6, 102 + +Crowe, Sir Eyre, 51, 83 + +Cyprus, 103 + +Cyprus Convention (1878), 107 + + +Damascus, 120 + +Daudet, Ernest, 55 + +"Decade Philosophique et Litteraire," 104 + +De Card, "Les Traites entre la France et le Maroc," 88 + +Declaration on Palestine, British (1917), 124-5 + +De Launay, Count, 29, 32, 53 + +De Mello, Don Francisco Manuel, 6 + +Deschamps, Emile, 59 + +Despatch, American, to U.S. Minister at Athens (1902), 38 + +Desprez, M., 26, 32, 33 + +Dicey, Professor A. V., 5, 54 + +D'Israeli, "Genius of Judaism," 101 + +Dobrudja, 50 + +Dohm, C. W., 15 + + +Eastern Roumelia, 26, 79 + +Edict of Sultan of Morocco, 89, 92 + +El Arish, 104 + +Esterhazy, Prince, 117 + + +Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 126 + +Finch, Sir Henry, 100, 101 + +Finn, James, 86, 102; + "Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles," 85 + +Fogg, Mr., 75 + +Foreign Jews Protection Society, 64 + +Foster, J. W., 70 + +France, 65, 66 + +Franchi, Cardinal, 93 + +Franco-Moorish Reglement (1863), 88 + +Franco-Swiss Treaty (1827), 71 + +Franco-Swiss Treaty (1864), 73 + +Franks, Aaron, 7, 8, 9 + +Freemasons, 59, 60, 62 + +Fuller, "A Pisgah Sight of Palestine," 100 + + +George II, King of England, 7-9 + +German Jews, 12, 13 + +Goldsmid, Sir Julian, 82 + +Gortchacow, Prince, 28, 29, 30, 33 + +Graetz, "Geschichte der Juden," 103 + +Granville, Earl, 69; + despatch of, 81-82 + +Greece, Jews of, 17 + +Grey, Sir Edward, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 54, 69, 82 + +Grey, Viscount (_see_ Sir Edward) + +Guizot, 66, 105, 107 + + +Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey, M.P., 101 + +Hammond, J., 86 + +Hardenberg, Prince, 12, 13, 16 + +Haroun al-Rashid, Khalif, 3 + +Harrington, Lord, 11 + +Hart, Moses, 7, 8, 9 + +_Hatti-Humayoun_ (1856), 19-22 + +Hay, John (U.S. Secretary of State), 37, 38, 43, 44; + despatch on Rumania, 38-43 + +Hay, Sir John Drummond, 85, 88 + +Haymerle, Baron, 30 + +Henry VII, King of England, 126 + +Hervaille, 59 + +Herzl, Theodor, 104 + +"Histoire Diplomatique de l'Alliance Franco-Russe," 55 + +Holland, 7 + +Holland, Jews of, 2, 3 + +Holland, "The European Concert in the Eastern Question," 18, 21, 22 + +Holy Alliance, 12 + +Holy Roman Empire, 100 + +Hoskier, M., 55 + + +_Izviestia_, 56 + +Izvolsky, A., 56, 62 + + +Jackson, J. B. (U.S. Minister at Bucharest), 47 + +Jaffa, 85 + +James I, King of England, 101 + +Jerusalem, 101, 104, 108, 109, 115, 117 + +Jewish Board of Deputies, 12, 45, 47, 51, 69, 86, 89, 103, 123, 124 + +Jewish Bund, 57 + +Jewish Conjoint Committee, 24, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 69, 82, 83 + +"Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States," 37 + +Jewish Nationalism, 16 + +"Jews and the War," 24, 45 + +Jews in Bohemia, 7-11 + +Jews in Foreign Countries, Status of, 63-83 + +Jews in Morocco, 83-85, 87-99 + +Jews in Rumania, 28-48 + +Jews in Russia, 54 + +Jews in Russia, American Despatch, 76-78, 81-83 + +Jews in Switzerland, 72-73 + +"Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the U.S.," 70 + +Jews, National Restoration of, 100-125 + +Jews of Baltimore, 74 + +Joostens, Baron, 99 + + +Kamarowsky, 105, 106 + +Klueber, "Akten des Wiener Kongresses," 14 + +Kohler, Max, 37 + +Koutzo-Vlachs, 50 + +Lamsdorf, Count, 55, 56, 62 + +Lansdowne, Marquis of, 37, 38 + +Lassalle, Ferdinand, 59 + +"Legal Sufferings of Jews in Russia," 54 + +Lemoine, "Napoleon et les Juifs," 104 + +Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, Prince, 17 + +Leven, Narcisse, 24, 85 + +Lewisohn, Leon, 69, 81 + +Lieven, Count, 18 + +Loeb, Isidor, 24 + +Loewe, "Diaries of Sir Moses Montefiore," 89, 92 + +London, Treaty of (1840), 106 + +Louis Philippe, King of France, 66; + speech of (1835), 73 + +Ludolf, Count, 95 + + +Madrid, Conference of (1880), 54, 88; + Protocols, 90-98 + +Madrid, Treaty of (1880), 91 + +Maiorescu, Titu (Rumanian Prime Minister), 46, 47, 49, 50 + +Maria Theresa, Empress, 7-11 + +Marranos (or Crypto-Jews), 63, 64 + +Marx, Karl, 59 + +Mehemet Ali, 102 + +"Memorandum on the Grievances of British Subjects of the Jewish Faith," 69 + +"Memorandum on Treaty Rights of Jews of Rumania" (1908), 45 + +Memorandum (Palestine), Austrian (1840), 111-113; + (1841), 117-119 + +Memorandum (Palestine), Prussian (1841), 114-116 + +Memorandum (Palestine) of Russian Government (1840), 107-110 + +Menasseh ben Israel, 6 + +Mendes da Costa, Fernando, 6 + +Metternich, Prince, 12, 13, 16, 113, 116, 117, 118 + +Milan, Prince, 30 + +Mohammed Vargas, Cid, 96, 97 + +Moldavia, Jews in, 19, 21 + +Moldavians and Wallachians, 23 + +Montefiore, Claude G., 51, 52, 54 + +Montefiore, Joseph Meyer, 86 + +Montefiore, Lady, 122 + +Montefiore, Sir Moses, 18, 89, 95, 102, 103, 119, 121 + +Montenegro, 30, 33 + +Montmoren y Laval, 18 + +Moravia, Jews of, 7 + +Morocco, Jews of, 70 + +Morocco, Religious Liberty in, 89-99 + +Mount Athos, 31 + +Muley-el-Hassan, Sultan of Morocco, 97, 98 + + +Nahon, Moses, 89, 91 + +Napier, Lord, 81 + +Napoleon I, Emperor, 102, 104 + +Napoleon III, Emperor, 19 + +Nasi, Donna Gracia, 6, 63 + +Nasi, Don Joseph (_see_ Naxos, Duke of) + +"National Treatment," 65, 68 + +Nationality, Jewish, 64 + +Naxos, Duke of, 63 + +Nazareth, 105 + +Neapolitan prison horrors, 5 + +Nelidow, Actual Privy Councillor, 58 + +Nesselrode, Count, 16, 113 + +Nicholas II, Tsar, 56, 62 + +Nicolson, Sir Arthur, 98 + +"Nikky-Willy" correspondence, 55 + +Nina, Cardinal, 94 + + +Oliphant, Lawrence, 103 + +Omar, Mosque of, 116 + +Ottoman Empire, Jews in, 3, 4 + + +Palestine Declaration, British (1917), 124-125 + +Palestine, Jews in, 70 + +Palestine Question, 100-125 + +Palestine, Russian Jews in, 84, 85 + +Palestine, Secret Agreement (1917), 107, 124 + +Palestine Memorandum, Austrian (1840), 111-113; (1841), 117-119 + +Palestine Memorandum, Prussian (1841), 114-116 + +Palestine Memorandum, Russian (1840), 107-110 + +Palmerston, Viscount, 102, 105, 106, 113, 114, 116, 117 + +Paris, Convention of (1858), 23 + +Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718), 71, 100 + +Passport Question in Russia, 68 + +Paul IV, Pope, 63, 64 + +Paulli, Holger, 103 + +Peace of Christendom, 2 + +Peace of Westphalia, 2, 3, 6 + +Petition concerning Jews of Bohemia, 7-11 + +Piggott, Sir Francis, "Exterritoriality," 84 + +Pogroms, 62 + +Poland, Jews of, 6 + +Poland, Protestants of, 4 + +Ponsonby, Lord, 106 + +Pope, the, 93, 95 + +Portugal, Jews of, 6 + +Prince of Wales (Arthur), 126 + +Protocols:-- + Anti-Anarchist (1904), 56 + Algeciras Conference (1906), 98-99 + Conference of Bucharest (1913), 47 + Conference of Constantinople (1856), 20, 23 + Conference of London (1830), 17, 18 + Conference, Madrid (1880), 90-98 + Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), 16 + Congress of Berlin (1878), 25-33 + Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, 2, 3 + _See also_ Conferences, Congresses and Treaties + +Prussia, Jews of, 6 + +Prussia, King of, 114 + + +Radowitz, Herr von, 99 + +Reglement, Franco-Moorish (1863), 88 + +Religious Liberty, 1, 2, 3, 17, 20, 21 + +"Restoration of the Hebrews, The," 101 + +Revoil, M., 99 + +Richelieu, 16 + +Ristitch, 30 + +Robinson, Sir Thomas, 7, 9, 11 + +Roosevelt, Theodore, 37, 99 + +Rothschild, Sir Anthony de, 19 + +Rothschild, Baron James de, 19, 20 + +Rothschild, Baron Lionel de, 19 + +Rothschild, Leopold de, 13 + +Rothschild, Lord, 36, 37, 55, 56, 58 + +Rothschild, Lord (second), 124 + +Rothschild, Nathan, 13 + +Rumania, 24, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38, 48 + +Rumania and the Powers (1902), 36-45 + +Rumania, American Circular Note on, 44 + +Rumania, Identic Note to (1880), 35-36 + +Rumania, Jews of, 28 + +Rumanian Constitution, Art. VII, 34-35 + +Russell, Earl, 81, 86 (_see_ Russell, Lord John) + +Russell, Lord John, 68, 69, 70 + +Russia, Jews in, 54, 76-78, 81-83 + +"Russian Government and the Massacres," 54 + +Russian Jews in Palestine, 84, 85 + +Russian Jews, persecution of, 5 + +Russian Revolution, 54 + +Russian Secret Documents, 62 + +Russo-American Treaty (1832), 75 + +Russo-American Treaty (1832), denunciation of, 79-80 + +Ryswick, Conference of (1697), 103 + + +Sabbathai Zevi, 103 + +Sager, M., 99 + +Salisbury, Marquis of, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 69, 82, 106 + +Samuel, Henry, Case of, 64 + +Sanderson, Sir T. H., 69, 82 + +Santa Cruz, Sub-Prior of, 126 + +Saxony, 66 + +Schiff, Jacob, 36, 37 + +Schouvaloff, Count, 26, 27, 28, 30 + +Secret Agreement (Palestine) (1917), 107, 124 + +Secret Note to Swiss Diet, French (1826), 72 + +Semenoff, M., 54, 62 + +Servia, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32 + +Servia, Jews of, 28 + +Seward, William H. (U.S. Secretary of State), 75 + +Sidi Mohammed, Sultan of Morocco, 95 + +Socialists, 59, 60, 61 + +Solyman the Magnificent, 63, 64 + +Spain, Jews of, 6 + +Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, 19 + +Straus, Oscar, 37, 103 + +Stroock, 67 + +Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz, 126 + +Suliotis, M., 36 + +Sweden, 4, 57 + +Switzerland, 65, 66, 67, 68 + +"Switzerland and American Jews," 67 + +Switzerland, Jews in, 72-73 + + +Tatistcheff, M., 105 + +Testa, Jonkheer, 99 + +Thirty Years War, 2 + +Thornton, Sir E., 81 + +Toledano, Isaac, 89, 91 + +Treaties:-- + American-Swiss (1855), 66, 67, 73 + Anglo-Moorish (1727-8), 87 + Anglo-Moorish (1856), 83, 87 + Anglo-Russian (1859), 68, 80 + Anglo-Swiss (1855), 67, 73 + Anglo-Turkish (1809), 87 + Berlin (1878), 24, 37 + Bucharest (1913), 50 + Carlowitz (1699), 64, 71, 100 + Franco-Swiss (1827), 65, 71 + Franco-Swiss (1864), 68, 73 + London (1840), 106 + London (1864), 49 + Madrid (1880), 91 + Muenster (1648), 2 + Osnabruck (1648), 2 + Paris (1856), 20-22 + Passarowitz (1718), 71, 100 + Russo-American (1832), 68, 70, 75 + San Stefano (1878), 27, 31 + Tientsin (1858), 3 + Vienna (1815), 13-15 + _See also_ Conferences, Congresses, Conventions, Protocols and Reglement + +Turkey, 31, 33, 37, 40, 63, 64, 65 + +Turkey, Jews in, 19 + + +Ubicini, "Question des Principautes," 23 + +United States, 46, 66, 67 + +United States, Religious Liberty in, 38-43 + +Universal Suffrage, 61 + + +Vatican, 60, 61 + +Vaudois, persecution of the, 4 + +Venizelos, M., 47 + +Visconti Venosta, Viscount, 99 + + +Waddington, M., 25, 26, 28, 29, 93 + +Wallachia, Jews in, 19, 21 + +Wallachians and Moldavians, 23 + +Warsaw, British Jews in, 68 + +Way, Rev. Lewis, 15, 16 + +Wellington, Duke of, 13, 16 + +Westphalia, Peace of, 2 + +White, Henry, 98, 99 + +White, Sir W. A., 34, 36 + +William II, Emperor of Germany, 56 + +William III, King of England, 103 + +Wilson, Charles S., 38 + +Witte, Count, 56 + +Wolf, Lucien, 54, 58; + "Sir Moses Montefiore," 89 + +Wolf, Simon, 37 + +"World's Great Restoration, The," 100 + +Wyshnigradski, M., 55 + + +Zion, Mount, 116 + +Zionism, 103, 104, 107, 124 + + +Printed by SPOTTISWOODE, BALLANTYNE & CO. LTD. Colchester, London & +Eton, England + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] _Infra_, pp. 57-62 and Appendix. + +[2] Wolf: _Menasseh b. Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell_, pp. xviii +_et seq._ + +[3] The Protocol was accepted by the Dutch King on July 21, 1814. Its +text will be found in _British and Foreign State Papers_, ii. 141-142. + +[4] Guasco: "L'Eglise Catholique et la Liberte Religieuse dans l'Empire +Chinois" (_Revue Generale de Droit International Public_, x. 53 _et +seq._) + +[5] Verney and Dambmann: _Puissances Etrangeres dans le Levant_, pp. +69-80. + +[6] _Infra_, pp. 83 _et seq._ + +[7] The historical and juridical aspects of the question have been fully +discussed by Professor Rougier in the _Revue Generale de Droit +International Public_, xvii. 468 _et seq._ + +[8] Martin: _Life of the Prince Consort_, iii. 510-511. + +[9] For a vigorous exposition of the duty of civilised States in such +cases, see Prof. A. Dicey's introduction to _Legal Sufferings of the +Jews in Russia_, p. x. + +[10] See Straus: _The American Spirit_ (New York). For documentary +examples relating to the Jews, see Cyrus Adler: _Jews in the Diplomatic +Correspondence of the United States_. + +[11] _Infra_, pp. 63-64. + +[12] Kayserling: "Menasseh b. Israel" (_Misc. Heb. Lit._ ii. 29); +_Harleian Miscellany_, vii. 618. + +[13] Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 29,868, _f._ 1. + +[14] Sir Thomas Robinson, "l'infatigable Robinson" of Carlyle's +_Frederick_, afterwards Lord Grantham. + +[15] Graetz: _Geschichte der Juden_, x. 393-394. + +[16] Emanuel: _A Century and a Half of Anglo-Jewish History_, p. 9. + +[17] Graetz: _Geschichte_, xi. 324-328. See also Kohler: _Jewish Rights +at International Congresses_, pp. 6-20. + +[18] _Diary of Sir Moses Montefiore_, 1817, p. 192. (Ramsgate +Theological College MSS.) Kohler: _op. cit._ pp. 25-26. + +[19] Communication from the late Mr. Leopold de Rothschild. See also +_Gentleman's Magazine_, Oct. 1819, p. 362. + +[20] _Infra_, p. 16. The Protocol does not appear in the Protocols of +the Congress published in the _British and Foreign State Papers_, and is +usually excluded from the official records of the Congress. Its text is, +however, given in Way's _Memoires_ (Paris, 1819) as an unpaginated +Appendix. + +[21] _Proces-Verbal des Seances de l'Assemblee Juive_ (Paris, 1806), pp. +47-49; _Actes du Grand Sanhedrin_, pp. 65-73, 83, 90-91. + +[22] Emanuel: _op. cit._, p. 66. The facts are given more fully by Loeb: +_Biographie d'Albert Cohn_ (Paris, 1878), pp. 48-49. + +[23] Loeb: _op. cit._, p. 49 (supplemented by private sources), Holland: +_The European Concert in the Eastern Question_, p. 330. + +[24] Holland: _op. cit._, pp. 233-234, 251. + +[25] _British and Foreign State Papers_, xlviii. 78. + +[26] Loeb: _Situation des Israelites en Turquie, en Serbie, et en +Roumanie_ (1877), p. 200. + +[27] _The Jews and the War_, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16. (Privately printed +by Jewish Conjoint Committee.) + +[28] _British and Foreign State Papers_, xlviii. 97. + +[29] _Ibid._ p. 113. + +[30] _Ibid._ p. 120. + +[31] _Jews and the War_, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16. + +[32] The _Hatti-Humayoun_ (see next document). + +[33] This _alinea_ did not appear in the scheme drawn up by the +Bucharest Commission, but was inserted by the Conference. + +[34] Loeb: _Situation_, pp. 139-196. Narcisse Leven: _Cinquante ans +d'histoire_, pp. 93-146. + +[35] _British and Foreign State Papers_, lxii. p. 705. + +[36] _Infra_, pp. 25-33. + +[37] _Jews and the War_, p. 29. + +[38] _Infra_, p. 33. + +[39] _Infra_, p. 32. Extract from Protocol No. 17. + +[40] "Le Traite de Berlin," writes M. Suliotis in the _Journal du droit +international prive_ (xiv. 563), "a cru faire merveille en faveur des +etrangers, mais la Roumanie a su habilement eluder les inconvenients qui +pouvaient resulter de l'application de l'article VII. dans le sens du +Traite de Berlin, qui n'a eu d'autres resultats que de rendre plus +difficile la situation des etrangers." + +[41] Dated June 13, 1901. It is not printed. Its argument is largely +reproduced in the Memorandum of the Conjoint Committee of November 1908, +for full text of which see _Jews and the War_, pp. 14 _et seq._ + +[42] Private information and documents. + +[43] For a detailed and documented account of the American intervention, +but without the full texts of the Notes of Secretary Hay (_infra_, pp. +38-45), see Kohler and Wolf: _Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States_ +(the American Jewish Committee, 1916), pp. 80-83, 108-137. + +[44] Semi-official communique to the newspapers through Reuter's Agency, +September 23, 1902. The fact was also privately communicated by Lord +Lansdowne to Lord Rothschild at the time. + +[45] This is a reference to Russia. _Infra_, pp. 69-70. + +[46] "Memorandum on the Treaty Rights of the Jews of Rumania" (November +1908). Printed for confidential use, 16 pp. fcp. Reprinted in _Jews and +the War_, pp. 14-30. Also in the Annual Reports of the Board of Deputies +and Anglo-Jewish Association (1909), and in Kohler and Wolf, _op. cit._ + +[47] _Infra_, p. 47. + +[48] _Infra_, p. 51. For a fuller text of the correspondence, see Annual +Report of the Board of Deputies (1913), pp. 54-74. + +[49] The United States was a conspicuous exception. See especially Mr. +Blaine's despatch of February 18, 1891. (_Foreign Relations of U.S._ +1891, p. 737.) + +[50] Wolf and Dicey: _Legal Sufferings of the Jews in Russia_ (London, +1912). Semenoff and Wolf: _The Russian Government and the Massacres_ +(London, 1907). + +[51] The story is told by M. Ernest Daudet in his _Histoire Diplomatique +de l'Alliance Franco-Russe_, pp. 261-262, but the present writer is able +to confirm it from other sources. + +[52] The famous "Nikky-Willy" correspondence (see _Times_, September 4, +1917; _Daily Telegraph_, September 4, 27 and 29, 1917; and _Morning +Post_, September 15, 1917.) + +[53] _Infra_, pp. 57-62. + +[54] The statement in the Memorandum that Messrs. Rothschild had been +excluded by the Russian Government from these loan operations is +inaccurate. The exclusion had come from the other side, and at the very +time that the Memorandum was being prepared Count Witte had sent +representatives of the Finance Ministry to London to endeavour to +overcome Lord Rothschild's reluctance. + +[55] This Protocol is published in vol. vi. of the _Secret Documents_ +published by the Russian Revolutionary Government in February 1918. + +[56] Secret letter from the Kaiser to the Tsar published in the Soviet +organ _Inviestia_, December 19, 1917. + +[57] Actual Privy Councillor Nelidow's despatch of December 1-14, 1905. + +[58] Communicated by Emil Deschamps in the _Journal de St. Petersbourg_, +of December 23, 1905. + +[59] Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at the Hague of October 24, +1905, No. 22. + +[60] Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at Rome of November 29, 1905, +No. 23. + +[61] According to the rules of French Freemasonry, promotion to the +eighteenth degree makes the recipient automatically a member of the +"Alliance Israelite Universelle," while out of the nine members of the +Secret Supreme Council of Freemasonry five must be Jews. + +[62] Levy: _Don Joseph Nasi_, _Herzog von Naxos und seine Familie_ +(Breslau, 1859). See also Graetz: _Geschichte_, vol. ix. _passim_. + +[63] The text of the Sultan's letter is preserved in the rare _Lettere +di Principi_ (Venice, 1581), iii. 171. + +[64] Graetz: _Geschichte_, ix. 361, and 571-572. + +[65] _Transactions, Jewish Historical Society_, iv. 478 _et seq._ The +plea has been revived during the present war, but with less success. It +was largely used by Russian Jews in order to escape conscription under +the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1916. (See Petition of Foreign Jews +Protection Society, _Herald_, July 22 and 29, 1916.) See also the case +of the prosecution of Henry Samuel, _Times_, September 19, 1918. + +[66] _Infra_, p. 71. + +[67] Brisac: _Ce que les Israelites de la Suisse doivent a la France_ +(Lausanne, 1916), pp. 9-13. _Infra_, pp. 71-72. + +[68] Brisac: _op. cit._, pp. 14-15, 16-17. + +[69] Jewish disabilities still existed in England, Germany, Austria, +Russia, the Italian States, Spain and Portugal. + +[70] May 28, 1841. A full report of the debate will be found in the +_Moniteur_, May 29, 1841. + +[71] Stroock: "Switzerland and American Jews," in _Publications of the +American Jewish Historical Society_, xi. 7-8, 15. + +[72] Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 27-33. + +[73] _Infra_, pp. 73-74. + +[74] Stroock: _op. cit._, p. 15. + +[75] Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 37. + +[76] Stroock: _op. cit._, pp. 24-32. + +[77] Lord Clarendon on December 17, 1857, instructed the British +Minister at Berne to make representations to the Swiss Government +(Stroock: p. 36). The bulk of the official correspondence of the United +States on the subject is printed by Cyrus Adler in _Publications of the +American Jewish Historical Society_, xv. 25-39. + +[78] _Infra_, p. 73. + +[79] This was not in the Commercial Treaty but in a separate Treaty of +Establishment signed the same day. + +[80] Sanctioned by the Referendum of January 14, 1866 (Brisac, p. 54). + +[81] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 4 (1881), p. 21. _Infra_, pp. 81-82. + +[82] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 3 (1881), pp. 17-18. + +[83] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 4 (1881), pp. 21-22. _Infra_, p. 82. + +[84] Letter from Sir T. H. Sanderson on behalf of the Marquis of +Salisbury, January 29, 1891. + +[85] "Memorandum on the grievances of British subjects of the Jewish +faith in regard to the interpretation of Articles I and XI of the +Anglo-Russian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of January 12, 1859" +(August 2, 1912). Printed for confidential use, 9 pp. fcp. The text +together with further correspondence has been reprinted in the Annual +Reports of the Board of Deputies and the Anglo-Jewish Association for +1912. + +[86] _Infra_, pp. 82-83. + +[87] Cyrus Adler: _Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the United +States_, pp. 73-74. See also dispatch from Mr. Foster, October 18, 1880, +in _Foreign Relations of the United States_, 1881, p. 991. + +[88] See dispatches quoted by C. Adler, _op. cit._, pp. 75-96 from +_Foreign Relations_ 1880 and 1881. + +[89] _Infra_, pp. 76-78. + +[90] _Infra_, pp. 79-80. + +[91] Cyrus Adler: _op. cit._, pp. 7-19. See also _infra_, p. 103 (note). + +[92] _Infra_, p. 83. + +[93] Confirmed by Art. XIII of the Treaty of Passarowitz, July 21, 1718. + +[94] _Supra_, pp. 3-4. + +[95] Piggott: _Exterritoriality_ (Lond. 1907), pp. 67-68. + +[96] Bernhardt: _op. cit._, pp. 947, 957. + +[97] _Infra_, p. 86. Further details will be found in Mr. Finn's +_Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles_ (Lond. 1878), i. 112-114. + +[98] _Infra_, p. 87. + +[99] _Infra_, p. 87. + +[100] _Memoir of Sir John Drummond Hay_ (Lond. 1896), pp. 322-323. See +also stipulations of French Treaty (_infra_, p. 88). + +[101] For details of these cases see Leven: _Cinquante Ans d'Histoire_, +pp. 158 _et seq._ Annual Reports of the Anglo-Jewish Association. + +[102] _Memoir of Sir J. D. Hay_, pp. 321-323. + +[103] _Ibid._, p. 323. + +[104] _Infra_, pp. 90-91. + +[105] _Infra_, p. 93. + +[106] _Infra_, p. 92. See also Wolf: _Sir Moses Montefiore_ (Lond. +1884), pp. 213-232, and Loewe: _Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore_, ii. +148-153. + +[107] _Infra_, p. 97. + +[108] _Infra_, p. 98. + +[109] _Cf. supra_, p. 89. + +[110] Fuller: _A Pisgah Sight of Palestine_ (Lond. 1650), bk. iv. p. +194. + +[111] D'Israeli: _Genius of Judaism_, pp. 200-201. + +[112] _The Restoration of the Hebrews to Jerusalem by the Year of 1798 +under the Revealed Prince and Prophet_ (Lond. 1794). _A letter from Mr. +Brothers to Miss Cott with an Address to the Members of His Britannic +Majesty's Council_ (Lond. 1798). _The Curious Trial of Mr. Brothers... +on a Statute of Lunacy_ (Lond. 1795). + +[113] _Mr. Halhed's Speech in the House of Commons... on Monday, May the +4th, 1795_ (Lond. 1795). + +[114] Law Reports: 4 De Gex & Smale, 467. + +[115] For details see _infra_, pp. 104-106. + +[116] Finn: _op. cit._, i. 106. The passage is worth quoting: "In 1839, +Lord Palmerston's direction to his first Consul in Jerusalem was 'to +afford protection to the Jews generally.' The words were simply those, +broad and general, as under the circumstances they ought to be, leaving +after events to work out their own modifications. The instruction, +however, seemed to bear on its face a recognition that the Jews are a +nation by themselves and that contingencies might possibly arise in +which their relations to Mohammedans should become difficult, though it +was impossible to foresee the shape that future transactions might +assume upon the impending expulsion of the Egyptians from Syria." + +[117] See text of Firman in Loewe: _Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore_, i. +278-279. + +[118] _Infra_, pp. 119-124. + +[119] _Memoir of Laurence Oliphant_, ii. 179. As late as January 1888 +Mr. Oscar Straus, the United States Minister in Constantinople and +himself a Jew, assured the Grand Vizier, with regard to the +establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine, "that no such purpose +actuated the Jews throughout the world" (_Foreign Relations of U.S._, +1888, p. 1559). + +[120] _Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon_ (1702), _Novus in +Belgio Judaeorum Rex_, p. 25. + +[121] Graetz: _Geschichte_, x. 207. + +[122] "Re-establishment of the Jewish Government, with a letter from a +Jew to his Brethren; copied from the _Courier_, June 10, 1798." + +[123] Lemoine: _Napoleon et les Juifs_ (Paris, 1900), p. 72. + +[124] _Infra_, p. 107. There is no trace of this scheme in the Foreign +Office papers except in the reference here quoted from the Russian +Memorandum, but Tatistcheff, who saw the Russian set of these papers in +the Petrograd Foreign Office, describes a scheme submitted by Guizot to +Palmerston and Metternich which seems to be the one referred to here. +(Kamarowsky: "La Question d'Orient," in _Revue Generale de Droit +International Public_, iii. 423.) + +[125] _Infra_, pp. 107-109. + +[126] _Infra_, pp. 111-113. + +[127] _Infra_, p. 113. + +[128] _Infra_, pp. 114-116. + +[129] Covering despatch from Baron Buelow, _infra_, p. 116. + +[130] Despatch from Lord Beauvale and draft of reply by Palmerston, +_infra_, pp. 116-117. + +[131] Kamarowsky, _op. cit._, p. 423. + +[132] _Memoirs of Bunsen_ (London, 1868), i. 593 _et seq._ + +[133] Memorandum of July 15, 1841, presented to Palmerston by Bunsen +(F.O. 64/235 Prussia). + +[134] Letter from Bunsen to his Wife (_Memoirs_, i. 608-609). + +[135] Bishop Alexander was before his conversion Minister of the Jewish +Synagogue at Plymouth. + +[136] Holland: _European Concert in Eastern Question_, p. 93. + +[137] _British and Foreign State Papers_, lxix. 1342-1353; lxxiii. 438. + +[138] _Infra_, p. 124. + +[139] _Infra_, pp. 124-125. + +[140] This was probably the scheme suggested by Guizot (_supra_, p. +105). + +[141] This Memorandum is identical with the Austrian Memorandum of +October 1840, which at the time was only communicated to the Prussian +Government (_supra_, pp. 111-113). + + * * * * * + + Notes of the transcriber of this etext: + + "Religous" changed to "Religious" + "repondu" changed to "repondu" + both "Toldano" and "Toledano" appear + "Etats-Unis" changed to "Etats-Unis" + "Janaury" changed to "January" + "Canovas" and "Canovas" appear + "morocain" changed to "marocain" + "qu iont" changed to "qui ont" + "Gortschacow" changed to "Gortchacow" + "Kluber" changed to "Klueber" + "Munster" changed to "Muenster" + "parait" changed to "parait" + "Plenipotentiaire" changed to "Plenipotentiaire" + "reconnait" changed to "reconnait" + "Bartholomei" changed to "Bartholomey" + "Litteraire" changed to "Litteraire" + "Maioresco" appears in the index as "Maiorescu" + "Semenoff" appears in the index, Semenoff in the notes. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Diplomatic History of the +Jewish Question, by Lucien Wolf + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH QUESTION *** + +***** This file should be named 31385.txt or 31385.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/3/8/31385/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Chuck Greif and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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