diff options
Diffstat (limited to '31385.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 31385.txt | 7693 |
1 files changed, 7693 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/31385.txt b/31385.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e30ee00 --- /dev/null +++ b/31385.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7693 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Diplomatic History of the +Jewish Question, by Lucien Wolf + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes on the Diplomatic History of the Jewish Question + +Author: Lucien Wolf + +Release Date: February 25, 2010 [EBook #31385] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH QUESTION *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Chuck Greif and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY + +OF THE JEWISH QUESTION + + + + +NOTES ON + +THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF +THE JEWISH QUESTION + +WITH TEXTS OF PROTOCOLS, TREATY +STIPULATIONS AND OTHER PUBLIC +ACTS AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS + +BY +LUCIEN WOLF + +PUBLISHED BY THE +JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND + +_Mocatta Library and Museum_ +UNIVERSITY COLLEGE +(_University of London_) +GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C. 1 +1919 + +_All rights reserved_ + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The substance of this volume was read as a Paper before the Jewish +Historical Society of England on February 11, 1918. It has now been +expanded and supplied with a full equipment of documents--Protocols of +Congresses and Conferences, Treaty Stipulations, Diplomatic +Correspondence and other public Acts--in the hope that it may prove +useful as a permanent record, and serviceable to those of our communal +organisations whose duty it will be to bring the still unsolved aspects +of the Jewish Question before the coming Peace Conference. + +Besides helping to indicate the lines on which Jewish action should +travel in this matter, the State Papers here quoted may also serve to +remind the Plenipotentiaries themselves that the Jewish Question is far +from being a subsidiary issue in the Reconstruction of Europe, that they +have a great tradition of effort and achievement in regard to it, and +that this tradition, apart from the high merits of the task itself, +imposes upon them the solemn obligation of solving the Question +completely and finally now that the opportunity of doing so presents +itself free from all restraints of a selfish and calculating diplomacy. +It is not only that the edifice of Religious Liberty in Europe has to be +completed, but also that some six millions of human beings have to be +freed from political and civil disabilities and social and economic +restrictions which for calculated cruelty have no parallels outside the +Dark Ages. The Peace Conference will have accomplished relatively little +if a shred of this blackest of all European scandals is allowed to +survive its deliberations. + +This collection does not pretend to be complete. The aim has been only +to illustrate adequately the main lines of the theme with a view to +practical questions which may arise in connection with the Peace +Conference. American documents have been only sparely quoted, for the +reason that the American Jewish Historical Society has already published +a very full collection of such documents. (Cyrus Adler: "Jews in the +Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States.") The many generous +interventions of the Vatican on behalf of persecuted Jews have also been +omitted partly for a similar reason (see Stern: "Urkundliche Beitraege +ueber die Stellung der Paepste zu den Juden") and partly because they have +very little direct bearing on the diplomatic activities of the Great +Powers during the period under discussion. + +My grateful acknowledgements are due to the Foreign Office for kindly +permitting me to copy the documents relating to Palestine, which will be +found appended to Chapter IV, and to Lieut. J. B. Morton, who was good +enough to relieve me of much of the work of reading the proof-sheets. I +have also to thank Mr. D. Mitrani for the generous help he gave me in +preparing the Index. + +L. W. + +GRAY'S INN, LONDON. + +_December 1918._ + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + + +I. INTRODUCTION + + ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY GENERALLY 1 + + +II. INTERVENTIONS ON GROUNDS OF HUMANITY 6 + + (_a_) PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN BOHEMIA (1744-1745) 7 + DOCUMENTS-- + Petition to King George II, 1744 7 + Appeal of Bohemian Jews, 1744 9 + The Decree of the Empress, 1744 10 + Instructions to the British Ambassador in Vienna, 1744 11 + + (_b_) THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815) 12 + DOCUMENTS-- + List from Klueber 14 + Art. XVI of Annexe IX of Final Act of Congress, 1815 14 + + (_c_) THE CONGRESS OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1818) 15 + DOCUMENT-- + Protocol of Nov. 21, 1818 16 + + (_d_) THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON (1830) 17 + DOCUMENT-- + Protocol of Feb. 3, 1830 17 + + (_e_) THE CONGRESS OF PARIS (1856-1858) 18 + DOCUMENTS-- + Art. IX of the Treaty of Paris, 1856 21 + Extracts from the Hatti-Humayoun of Feb. 18, 1856 21 + Conferences of Constantinople: Protocol of Feb. 11, 1856 23 + Art. XLVI of Convention of Paris of Aug. 10, 1858 23 + + (_f_) THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1878) 23 + DOCUMENTS-- + Extracts from Protocols of June 24, 25, 26, + and 28, and July 1, 4, and 10, 1878 25 + Extracts from Treaty of Berlin: Arts. XLIV and LXII, 1878 33 + Mr. White to the Marquis of Salisbury, Oct. 25, 1879 34 + Identic Note to Rumanian Government, Feb. 20, 1880 35 + + (_g_) RUMANIA AND THE POWERS (1902) 36 + DOCUMENTS-- + Dispatch from Mr. John Hay to U.S. Minister at Athens, + July 17, 1902 38 + American Circular Note to the Great Powers, Aug. 11, 1902 44 + Mr. Bertie to Mr. Choate, Sept. 2, 1902 44 + + (_h_) THE CONFERENCES OF LONDON, ST. PETERSBURG, + AND BUCHAREST (1912-1913) 45 + DOCUMENTS-- + Conference of Bucharest: Protocol of July 23, 1913 47 + Jewish Conjoint Committee to Sir Edward Grey, Oct. 13, 1913 48 + Sir Eyre A. Crowe to Conjoint Committee, Oct. 29, 1913 51 + Conjoint Committee to Sir Edward Grey, Nov. 13, 1913 51 + The same to the same, March 12, 1914 52 + + (_i_) THE JEWISH QUESTION AND THE BALANCE OF POWER (1890 and 1906) 54 + DOCUMENT-- + The proposed Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance: Secret Russian + Memorandum, Jan. 3, 1906 57 + + +III. INTERVENTIONS BY RIGHT + + (_a_) STATUS OF JEWS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES 63 + DOCUMENT-- + Art. XIV, Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699 71 + Interpretation by Austrian Government, Dec. 28, 1815 71 + Arts. I, III, and VI of Franco-Swiss Treaty, 1827 71 + Secret Note by French Negotiator, Aug. 7, 1826 72 + Speech of King Louis-Philippe, Nov. 5, 1835 73 + Extract from Franco-Swiss Treaty, June 30, 1864 73 + Art. I, Anglo-Swiss Treaty, Sept. 6, 1855 73 + Art. I, American-Swiss Treaty, Nov. 6, 1855 74 + Interpretation by United States, 1857 74 + Mr. Seward to U.S. Minister in Switzerland, Sept. 14, 1861 75 + Art. I, Russo-American Treaty, 1832 75 + Mr. Blaine to U.S. Minister in St. Petersburg, July 29, 1881 76 + Resolution of U.S. House of Representatives, Dec. 13, 1911 79 + Resolution of U.S. Senate, Dec. 20, 1911 79 + Arts. I and XI, Anglo-Russian Treaty, 1859 80 + Interpretation by Great Britain, 1862 and 1881 81 + The Marquis of Salisbury to Sir Julian Goldsmid, Jan. 29, 1891 82 + Sir Edward Grey to Jewish Conjoint Committee, Oct. 1, 1912 82 + Art. XIII, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 83 + + (_b_) CONSULAR PROTECTION 83 + DOCUMENTS-- + Earl Russell to the Jewish Board of Deputies, Feb. 1, 1864 86 + Art. III, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1727-28 87 + Art. III, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 87 + Art. IV, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 87 + Franco-Moorish Reglement, Aug. 19, 1863 88 + + (_c_) THE CONFERENCES OF MADRID (1880) AND ALGECIRAS (1906) 88 + DOCUMENTS-- + Madrid: Protocols of May 20 and June 24, 1880 90 + Art. VI, Treaty of Madrid, 1880 91 + Edict of the Sultan of Morocco, 1864 92 + Madrid: Protocol of June 26, 1880 92 + Algeciras: Protocol of April 2, 1906 98 + + +IV. THE PALESTINE QUESTION AND THE NATIONAL RESTORATION OF THE JEWS 100 + + DOCUMENTS-- + Russian Memorandum, Oct. 1840 107 + Austrian Memorandum, Oct. 1840 111 + Lord Clanricarde to Lord Palmerston, Feb. 23. 1841 113 + Memoire of the King of Prussia, Feb. 24, 1841 114 + Baron Buelow to Lord Palmerston, March 6, 1841 116 + Lord Beauvale to Lord Palmerston, March 2, 1841 116 + Lord Palmerston to Lord Beauvale, March 11, 1841 117 + Further Austrian Memorandum, March 31, 1841 117 + Col. Churchill to Sir Moses Montefiore, June 14, 1841 119 + The same to the same, Aug. 15, 1842 121 + Resolution of the Jewish Board of Deputies, Nov. 8, 1843 123 + Col. Churchill to the Board of Deputies, Jan. 8, 1843 123 + Art. V of Agreement between Great Britain, France and Russia, + Feb. 21, 1917 124 + Mr. Balfour to Lord Rothschild, Nov. 2, 1917 124 + + +APPENDIX. + + International Anti-Semitism in 1498 126 + DOCUMENT-- + Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 18, 1498 126 + + +INDEX 127 + +FOOTNOTES + + + + +NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE JEWISH QUESTION. + + + + +I. INTRODUCTION. + +ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY GENERALLY. + + +The Jewish Question is part of the general question of Religious +Toleration. Together with the questions relating to the toleration of +"Turks and Infidels," it raises the question of Religious Liberty in its +most acute form. It is both local and international. Locally it seeks a +solution through Civil and Political Emancipation on the basis of +Religious Toleration. Internationally it arises when a State or +combination of States which has been gained to the cause of Religious +Toleration intervenes for the protection or emancipation of the +oppressed Jewish subjects of another State. There have been, however, at +least two occasions when the interventions have taken the contrary form +of efforts to promote the persecution or restraint of Jews as such.[1] + +As an altruistic form of international action the principle of +intervention has been of slow growth. It required an atmosphere of +toleration on a wide scale, and, before this atmosphere could be +created, Christian States had to learn toleration for themselves by a +hard experience of its necessity. They had, in the first place, to +secure toleration for their own nationals and the converts of their +Churches in heathen countries where the people could not be coerced or +lectured with impunity. In the next place they had to achieve toleration +among themselves. + +Toleration among the Christian Churches--the so-called peace of +Christendom--became necessary owing to the struggle between the +Reformation and the Counter-Reformation; but it took the Thirty Years' +War to prove its necessity. The proof is embodied for all time in the +Peace of Westphalia--chiefly in the Treaty of Osnabruck, which was +signed in 1648, at the same time as the famous Treaty of Muenster. The +ostensible effect of the Peace of Westphalia was to place Roman +Catholicism and Protestantism on an equal legal footing throughout +Europe. A secondary effect was to give a very marked stimulus to the +cause of Religious Liberty generally. We may recognise its first fruits +in, among other things, the campaign for unrestricted religious +toleration during the Commonwealth in England, and its application to +the Jews.[2] + +It was not until 1814 that this principle was extended by Treaty beyond +the pale of Christendom. This was in the Protocol of the four allied +Powers--Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria--by which the union +of Belgium with Holland was recognised. The return of the House of +Orange to the Netherlands after the fall of Napoleon had entailed the +promulgation of a new Constitution, which, in view of the democratic +traditions of the French occupation, was necessarily of a liberal type. +Among its concessions was an article granting the fullest religious +liberty. When the Powers were called upon to sanction the union with +Belgium, they did so on condition that the new Constitution should be +applied to the whole country, and, in view of the religious differences +prevailing, emphasised the article on Religious Liberty. This is the +form in which it appears in the Protocol:-- + + * * * * * + +Art. I.--Cette reunion devra etre entiere et complete, de facon que les +2 Pays ne forment qu'un seul et meme Etat regi par la Constitution deja +etablie en Hollande, et qui sera modifiee, d'un commun accord, d'apres +les nouvelles circonstances. + +Art. II.--Il ne sera rien innove aux Articles de cette Constitution qui +assurent a tous les Cultes une protection et une faveur egales, et +garantissent l'admission de tous les Citoyens, quelle que soit leur +croyance religieuse, aux emplois et offices publics. + + * * * * * + +Incidentally the legal effect of this stipulation was to emancipate the +Dutch Jews, though, as a matter of fact, the few disabilities under +which they laboured did not immediately disappear. The Protocol was +afterwards ratified by the Congress of Vienna and added to the Final Act +as part of the Tenth Annexe,[3] though in other respects the Congress +did not evince a very generous conception of Religious Liberty. + +The conquest of religious liberty for Christians in heathen lands was a +more convincing object lesson than the Peace of Westphalia. It was +difficult for one Christian Church to acknowledge its equality with +another Christian Church and to tolerate heresy, but it was far more +distasteful to have to come to terms with the heathen and to accept +toleration at his hands. + +This was not altogether an altruistic form of political action. It was +in some of its aspects part of the elementary duty of every State to +protect its nationals in foreign countries. + +The earliest instances of this action we find in China, where, in the +thirteenth century, the Papacy concluded Treaties with the Mongol +Emperors for the protection of Christian Missions.[4] It was not, +however, until the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858 that Great Britain and +France secured religious liberty for Christians in China. + +In the Mussulman Levant, toleration for foreign Christians was secured +by the so-called Capitulations. These were, in effect, treaties, +although they were in the form of grants by the Sultans. They gave large +exterritorial jurisdiction to the Ambassadors and Consuls of the States +on whom they were conferred. The earliest grant of this kind occurs in +the ninth century, when the Emperor Charlemagne obtained guarantees for +his subjects visiting the Levant from the famous Khalif Haroun +al-Rashid.[5] Later on, all the leading Christian States negotiated +Capitulations with the Sultans. The existing British Capitulations are +dated 1675, but an earlier grant was made in 1583. + +One of the main objects of the Capitulations, besides personal security +and trading rights, was to assure religious liberty for the nationals +of the grantees. This benefited Jews at an early date, as the +Capitulations and similar treaties generally provided for certain +immunities for the native interpreters, servants and other employees of +the privileged foreigners. As Jews were frequently so employed, they +thus acquired protection against Moslem fanaticism. + +In this way arose the system of Consular Protection which was long a +boon to Jews in the Ottoman Empire and in the Barbary States.[6] + +In spite of these experiences the idea of diplomatic intervention for +the promotion of religious toleration in foreign States, especially on +behalf of non-Christians, has only prevailed within narrow limits. It +has been largely circumvented by the fact that such interventions must, +even with the best will in the world, be more or less conditioned by the +_raison d'etat_. Unless they are likely to promote policy, or at any +rate to coincide with policy, the usual course when they are invoked is +to take refuge in the so-called principle of non-intervention. + +It was, indeed, not until the seventeenth century that the question was +seriously discussed at all by the jurists, although Cromwell had already +laid down the splendid principle, in the case of the persecution of the +Vaudois, that "to be indifferent to such things is a great sin, and a +deeper sin still is it to be blind to them from policy or ambition." The +first impulses of the international lawyers were much in the Cromwellian +spirit. Bacon, Grotius, and Puffendorff all strongly maintained the +legality not only of diplomatic but also of armed intervention to put +down tyranny or misgovernment in a neighbouring State, and a century +later they were followed by Vattel. Sweden acted upon the principle in +her intervention on behalf of the Protestants of Poland in 1707, and, in +1792, it was given its widest scope, and was formally adopted, by the +French Revolution in the famous decree of the Convention which promised +"fraternity and succour to all peoples who wish to recover their +liberty." + +The doctrine, however, lingered only anaemically through the early +decades of the nineteenth century. In face of the growing delicacy of +the international system, it was gradually abandoned for the +conservative principle of non-intervention, based on the independence +and equality of all States.[7] But even this principle has not always +been observed in regard to small States, although, curiously enough, +Russia invoked it against Great Britain for the protection of King +"Bomba" of Sicily, in the case of the Neapolitan prison horrors.[8] +Abstention from intervention in certain glaring cases of inhumanity by +foreign Governments--such as the persecution of the Russian Jews--has +been defended on the ground of absence of treaty rights, but, as a +matter of fact, this argument, too, has not been consistently adhered +to.[9] In all cases, whether of great or small States, treaty rights or +no treaty rights, the real test has almost always been the frigid +_raison d'etat_. The United States has been less affected by this +restriction than the European Powers, and on many occasions has shown a +really noble example of the purest altruism in international +politics.[10] + + + + +II. INTERVENTIONS ON GROUNDS OF HUMANITY. + + +Long before the Peace of Westphalia an attempt was made by the famous +Jewess, Donna Gracia Nasi, to obtain protection for her persecuted +co-religionists by diplomatic action, and it proved successful. The +circumstances will be narrated presently.[11] It stood, however, alone +for two hundred years. Even after the Peace eminent Jews, who sought in +a like way to enlist the sympathy and help of European governments, +failed. Menasseh ben Israel made representations in this sense on behalf +of the oppressed Jews of Poland, Prussia, Spain, and Portugal to both +Queen Christina of Sweden and Oliver Cromwell, but although he met with +much and genuine sympathy he found the _raison d'etat_--and probably +also a lingering reluctance to regard Jews as quite within the pale of +humanity--too strong for him.[12] A decade later a similar attempt was +made by Fernando Mendes da Costa, one of the founders of the +Anglo-Jewish Community, and a member of a very distinguished Portuguese +Marrano family. From a letter of his which is still extant,[13] it seems +that he was deeply concerned in helping the persecuted Marranos in Spain +and Portugal, and he had a scheme for organising an emigration of his +hapless brethren on a large scale to Italy and England. He received much +help from Don Francisco Manuel de Mello, the distinguished Portuguese +soldier, author and diplomatist, and through him interested Queen +Katharine of Braganza and Charles II in the scheme. It appears, too, +that, with the support of these eminent personages, the scheme was +brought to the notice of the Pope, but of its subsequent fate we know +nothing. + + +(_a_) PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN BOHEMIA (1744-45). + +The earliest actual intervention of a Great Power on behalf of the Jews +on humanitarian grounds took place in 1744-45, when Great Britain and +Holland made strong and successful representations to the Government of +the Empress Maria Theresa for the protection of the Jews of Bohemia and +Moravia. The intervening Powers were allies of the Empress in the War of +the Austrian Succession which was then raging. During the war some +prejudice had been caused to the Austrian Jews through the imprudence of +some of their co-religionists in Lorraine, who had obtained "safe +conducts" from the French Military Authorities to enable them to cross +the frontier into France. Reprisals against the Jews in Bohemia and +Moravia were taken by the Empress in the shape of a decree of wholesale +banishment. The decree was enforced with the utmost severity, and over +20,000 Jews were compelled to leave Prague in the depth of winter, with +little or no prospect of finding shelter elsewhere. Appeals for help +were addressed to foreign communities, and among the recipients of them +was Aaron Franks, then presiding Warden of the Great Synagogue in +London. Together with his wealthy and influential relative, Moses Hart, +he at once petitioned King George, who consented to receive him in +personal audience. His Majesty manifested every sympathy with the +persecuted Jews, and the result was that the British Ambassador in +Vienna[14] was instructed to make representations, in concert with the +Dutch Ambassador, to the Austrian Government. The representations were +received in excellent spirit, and, in deference to them, the Empress +consented to revoke the decree and permit the Jews to return to their +homes.[15] + + +DOCUMENTS. + +PETITION TO KING GEORGE II (_B. M. Add. MSS._ 23,819, _f._ 63). + +To his Most Sacred Majesty + + * * * * * + +The Petition of Moses Hart and Aaron Franks of the City of London +Merchants In behalf of their Brethren the Distressed Jews of the Kingdom +of Bohemia. + +Humbly Sheweth + +That your Majesty's Petitioners have receiv'd a Copy of an Edict +published and Issued by Her Majesty the Queen of Hungary from their said +Brethren the Jews of the said Kingdom of Bohemia by which (together with +several letters that have been transmitted to them Requesting them to +Commiserate their distress'd condition and Interceed with his Brittanick +Majesty on their behalf) it appears that their said Brethren are to be +utterly Expelled the said Kingdom and that by the last day of January +next Ensuing No Jew is to be found in any of the Towns belonging to +Prague. That after the Expiration of six Months to be accounted from the +said last day of January No Jew is to be suffered or found in the +Hereditary Dominion of her said Majesty, and in case any should be found +they are to suffer Military Chastisement. + +Your Petitioners most humbly beg leave to observe that in the said Edict +there is no reason or cause assign'd for the Expulsion of their said +Brethren who therefore Suspect that it is fomented by their inveterate +enemies for motives which they cannot account for as they have always +acted as dutiful, Faithful and Loyal Subjects to their most Gracious +Sovereign the said Queen of Hungary even during the many Revolutions +that have happened in Prague within these few Years and notwithstanding +the great Devastation and Excesses which Naturally occur'd therefrom +they have continued and still do continue firm and unshaken in their +Principles of Affection & Fidelity to her said Majesty and her most +Illustrious House. + +Your Petitioners far from Vindicating any Particular Persons in the +Crimes they may have committed during the last Revolution (if any such +there are) desire Adequate Punishments to be inflicted on them; but +humbly hope that the Innocent will not be permitted to suffer for Crimes +which they have in no wise been Accessary to and humbly Remonstrate that +the Expulsion of fifty thousand Familys and upwards from their Native +Country at so critical a Juncture who (as Your Petitioners are informed +and believe) always Contributed and Concurr'd in strengthening her +Majesty's hands against her Enemies must in its consequences prove +Detrimental and Prejudicial to the true Interest of the common Cause and +more immediately so to her Hungarian Majesty. + +In tender Consideration whereof Your Petitioners (in behalf of the +aforesaid distress'd people) most humbly Supplicate your Majesty in your +great & known Equity & Compassion to Interpose Your Majesty's Good +Offices upon this Occasion with the Queen of Hungary in order to prevail +upon her said Majesty to revoke the said Edict or at least to Suspend +the time of the Expulsion of their said Brethren & to establish a +Commission of Enquiry in order to discriminate the Innocent from the +Guilty and Punish those only who have deserv'd her said Majesty's +Displeasure. + +And Your Petitioners as in duty bound shall ever pray &c. + +MOSES HART. + +AARON FRANKS. + +(Endorsed:) + +MOSES HART & AARON FRANKS Petition in behalf of the Bohemian Jews &c. in +Ld. Harrington's of the 28 Decr./8 Jany. 1745. sent to Sir Thos. +Robinson 27 [_sic_] Decr. 1744. + + * * * * * + +APPEAL OF THE BOHEMIAN JEWS (_Ibid. f. 64_). + +PRAGUE, _1st Decr. 1744. N.S._ + +It is Certainly very Notorious all the Callamities Which have +overwhelm'd us to such a Degree that we had hardly power to Withstand +them. but None were in Competition with this Last. by a Decree from her +Majesty our Sovereign Queen of Hungaria. To Banish all the Jews out of +the Kingdom of Bohemia. Within the Term of 5 Weeks. Which is the Latter +End of January for those in Prague. & those in Bohemia are allow'd 6 +Months. as appears by the original Decree of Her Majesty--Therefore What +shall we poor Souls do, in the first place, the Children Women, infirm & +Aged. Which are not in a Condition to Walk. Especially at this present +Juncture Being Cold & frosty Weather. Likewise In the Condition we are +at Present in for the Stripd many Hundreds quite to their shirts. Not +only that. but the World Is Closed to us. by reason all Roads are filled +with Troops. Which way Soever we Turn we Can find no Relief. Neither do +we know the reason for the Decree. Excepting some false persons. Who +Contrive falsities on purpose To breed ill will against us by our Lords +Who Protected us. Which they have Done. + +Therefore Brethren. We Humbly Beg you wou'd Commiserate our Condition +Considering the Eminent Danger Many Thousands Souls are in by this +Decree. & Not Delay Interceeding for Recommendations from all Courts +that we may have time allowed us. for a Commission of Inquiry. + +SIMON SPIRA &c. + +MOSES IZAAC. + +SIMON COHEN. + +MENAHEM MENDAL. + +ABRAHAM. + +SAMUEL SPIRA. + +MEYER MOSES, &c. + +(Endorsed:) + +Representation from the Jews at Prague + +Sent to Sir Thos. Robinson 28 Decr./Jany 8. 1744-5. + + * * * * * + +THE DECREE OF THE EMPRESS (_Ibid. fol. 66_). + +After Mature Deliberation We have been Induced by many weighty Reasons +and Considerations to resolve and Determine that no JEW shall hereafter +be Suffered or permitted to Dwell in our Hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia, +which our Resolution, We Will Shall be put in Execution in Manner +following. + +1st. That on the last Day of the Month of January 1745 next Ensuing No +Jew shall be found in any of our Towns belonging to Prague, and in Case +any shall, Military Chastisement shall be inflicted on them. + +2nd. They are hereby permitted to Stay and remain in the Kingdom six +Months to be Accounted from the Latter end of December Instant and to +Determine at the latter end of the Month of June 1745 to Settle their +Affairs and in order to Dispose of their Effects Estate and Credit which +they shall not be able to Carry with them by the last Day of January. + +That after their retreat from Prague (towards the Country) on the last +day of January as is aforementioned, No Jew shall be permitted to +Reenter the said City by Day (without having a Certificate from the +Commissary appointed to Execute the Contents hereof) and absolutely None +shall be Suffered to Stay a Single Night; And the Said Commissary is +hereby Directed to take the Necessary Precautions for Executing this Our +Will and Pleasure, and due Care that None of his Certificates be +Improperly made use of by Enabling them to Enter the City too frequently +excepting such as he shall grant thro' favour to the Principal Merchants +who will stand in Greater Need than others of entring the City often. + +3rd. After the Determination of the said Six Months all the Jews shall +quitt all our Hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia and Shall Never more be +found on the Borders thereof, and in Case any Shall, Military +Chastisement shall be inflicted on them as aforesaid. + +4th. Our Meaning and Intention is not only that the Jews of the City of +Prague and all others who live in any Part of our Hereditary Kingdom of +Bohemia shall quitt the Same within the Thirtieth day of June 1745 but +also that No Jew shall on the said Day be found in the said Kingdom or +Settle in any of our Hereditary Countrys. + +5th. And we do hereby Ordain and Appoint our Trusty and Well-beloved +Privy Councellor and Vice President of the Royal Bohemian Kingdom The +Right Honourable Philip Knakowsky Count Collowrath punctually to +perform the Contents hereof hereby requiring all and Every Person whom +these Presents or the Execution thereof may Concern to aid and Assist +the said Philip Count Collowrath and Do hereby further Positively Order +that the Contents hereof be Published in the Towns belonging to Prague +and our whole Country to the End that no Intelligence be given thereof +to those who Shall have any Dealings and Transactions with Jews. + +Witness Ourself + +Given at Vienna the 18th day of December 1744. + + * * * * * + +INSTRUCTIONS TO THE BRITISH AMBASSADOR IN VIENNA (_Ibid. fols. 61-61 +d._). + +Separate. + +WHITEHALL, _28th Decr. 1744._ + +SIR,--The principal Merchants of the Jewish Nation established here, +having made an humble Application to His Majesty, that he would be +pleased to intercede with the Queen of Hungary for a Reversal of the +Sentence passed upon Their Brethren in Bohemia (amounting, as They +affirm, to no less than Sixty Thousand Families), by Her Majesty's late +Edict, whereby They are ordered to depart that Kingdom in Six Months +time, and His Majesty finding that the States General have already +interposed Their Good Offices in Their Behalf; It is the King's +Pleasure, that you should join with Mor. Burmannia in endeavouring to +dissuade the Court of Vienna from putting the said Sentence in +Execution, hinting to Them in the tenderest and most friendly Manner, +the Prejudice that the World might conceive against the Queen's +Proceedings in that Affair, if such Numbers of innocent People were made +to suffer for the Fault of some few Traytors, and, at the same time, +shewing Them, the great Loss that would accrue to Her Majesty's Revenue, +and to the Wealth and Strength of her Kingdom of Bohemia, by depriving +it at once of so vast Numbers of it's Inhabitants: You will find +inclosed the Petition presented to His Majesty by the Jews here, as +above-mentioned, together with the Representation sent hither to Them +from Those in Bohemia, and I am to add to what is above, that, as His +Majesty does extremely commiserate the terrible circumstances of +Distress to which so many poor and innocent Families must be reduced, if +this Edict takes place, He is most earnestly desirous of procuring the +Repeal of it by His Royal Intercession, in such Manner that the Guilty +only may be brought to Punishment; for obtaining which, you are to exert +yourself with all possible Zeal and Diligence. + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +HARRINGTON. + +SIR THOMAS ROBINSON. + + * * * * * + + +(_b_) CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815). + +The next appearance of the Jewish Question in the field of international +politics was at the Congress of Vienna, sixty years later. The Congress +was not favourable to liberal reforms of any kind, either national or +religious. Its aim was to vindicate the vested interests of Legitimism +against the doctrines of the French Revolution. In its final shape the +policy of the Congress was embodied in the Holy Alliance. British +foreign policy, then under the guidance of Castlereagh, was distinctly +favourable to this policy. Nevertheless, there were curious +cross-currents at the Congress, and what liberalism there was came, +strangely enough, in large part from the Russian Tsar, Alexander I. He +had moments of liberalism so pronounced that Metternich called him "the +crowned _sans-culotte_." + +It is curious to note that the Jewish Board of Deputies in England did +not move during the Congress. The reason is perhaps not difficult to +understand. They were always timid in regard to high politics, and, in +1783, when it was proposed to address the King on the American Peace, +they actually passed a resolution declaring that it was their duty to +avoid such "political concerns."[16] In the case of the Congress of +Vienna, however, they may well have felt that they could not touch the +question of religious liberty, and especially of Jewish emancipation, +without risking an imputation of Jacobinism. Moreover, the British +Cabinet then in power was a Coalition Cabinet of pro-Catholics and +anti-Catholics, and they could not well listen to any proposals that +they should champion Jewish emancipation in Vienna, while in Downing +Street the question of Roman Catholic emancipation could not even be +discussed. + +Fortunately, these considerations did not apply to the German Jews. +Frankfurt and the Hansa towns sent deputations to Vienna to plead the +cause of Jewish emancipation. The Frankfurt deputation was headed by +Jacob Baruch, father of Ludwig Boerne. They managed to secure the +support of both Hardenberg and Metternich, and when it was found that +the Tsar was not averse from some concession to the Jews, they agreed to +propose the insertion of a clause--or rather half a clause--in the +Final Act of the Conference providing for the gradual extension of civil +rights to the Jews of Germany. + +Unfortunately for a long time this concession remained a dead letter, +owing not only to the ill-will of the German Governments themselves, but +to an apparently harmless verbal amendment which was introduced into the +clause by the Redaction Committee at the last moment. In the final +_alinea_ it was stipulated that "the rights already conferred on the +Jews in the several Federated States shall be maintained." The object of +this was to secure to the Jews of Germany the liberties granted to them +by Napoleon during the French occupation. This design was frustrated by +the Redaction Committee, at whose instance the word "_by_" was +substituted for "_in_," the result being that the rights secured to the +Jews were not those of the French occupation, but only those which had +been grudgingly, and in very small measure, granted to them by the +Federated States themselves in the dark days before the Napoleonic +irruption. + +Thus the provision of the Treaty of Vienna relating to the Jews of +Germany remained a dead letter, partly because of the amendment +introduced into it at the last moment, and partly because the +authorities had no intention of carrying it out. The Jews complained, +and both Prussia and Austria, under the influence of Hardenberg and +Metternich, protested.[17] Nathan Rothschild in London brought the case +of the recalcitrant Frankfurt authorities to the notice of the Duke of +Wellington, who persuaded Castlereagh in 1816 to make representations +with a view to their protection.[18] All these efforts, however, proved +futile, and Nathan Rothschild could only avenge himself by the public +announcement that his firm would refuse to accept bills drawn in any +German city where the Jews were denied their treaty rights.[19] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +_The following is a list of the documents relating to the Jewish +Question at the Vienna Congress given in Klueber: "Akten des Wiener +Kongresses."_ + + * * * * * + +1. Unterthaenige Vorstellung und Bittschrift der Israelitischen Gemeinde +zu Frankfurt-am-Main an den hohen Kongress zu Wien mit Beilage uebergeben +daselbst am 10ten Oktober 1814. + +2. Schreiben des Deputierten der Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt/M +an den Koeniglichen-Preussischen ersten Herrn Bevollmaechtigten Fuersten +von Hardenberg wegen Erhaltung der von dem Grossherzog von Frankfurt +jener Gemeinde bewilligten Rechtzustandes. Datiert Wien, 12ten Mai, +1815. + +3. Antwort seiner Durchlaucht des Fuersten von Hardenberg auf +vorstehendes Schreiben. Datiert Wien, 18ten Mai, 1815. + +4. Erlass des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen ersten Bevollmaechtigten und +Kongress-Praesidenten Herrn Fuersten von Metternich an die Deputierten der +Israelitischen Gemeinde der Stadt Frankfurt-am-Main als Antwort auf die +von diesen an den Kongress eingereichte Bittschrift. Datiert Wien, 9ten +Juni, 1815. + +5. Anmerkung des Herausgebers (Kluebers) zu vorstehenden Erlass an die +Deputierten der Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt-am-Main. + +6. Note des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen Herrn Bevollmaechtigten und +Kongress Praesidenten Fuersten von Metternich, wodurch derselbe dem +Bevollmaechtigten der freien Stadt Frankfurt Herrn Syndicus Danz die von +dem allerhoechsten verbuendeten Maechten, neuerdings erfolgte Bestaetigung +der Selbstaendigkeit und Freiheit der Stadt Frankfurt anzeigt. Datiert +Wien, 9ten Juni, 1815 mit einer Beilage. + +7. Accessions Urkunde der freien Stadt Frankfurt. + + * * * * * + +(See also documents relating to the abolition of the Feudal land-tenure +System on the left bank of the Rhine, effected during the domination of +the French revolutionary Government, vol. vi., pp. 396-426.) + + * * * * * + +8. Erlass des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen ersten Bevollmaechtigten und +Kongress Praesidenten Fuersten von Metternich an den Bevollmaechtigten +Israelitischen Gemeinden Deutschland Doktor und Advokaten Carl August +Buchholz aus Luebeck betreffend die Verbesserung des Rechtzustandes der +Juden, vol. 9, p. 334. + + * * * * * + +The Article of the Final Act relating to the Jews is Article XVI of +Annexe IX, "Acte sur la Constitution Federative de l'Allemagne." It runs +as follows:-- + + * * * * * + +XVI.--La difference des Confessions Chretiennes dans les Pays et +Territoires de la Confederation Allemande, n'en entrainera aucune dans +la jouissance des droits civils et politiques. + +La Diete prendra en consideration les moyens d'operer de la maniere la +plus uniforme, l'amelioration de l'etat civil de ceux qui professent la +Religion Juive en Allemagne, et s'occupera particulierement des mesures, +par lesquelles on pourra leur assurer et leur garantir dans les Etats de +la Confederation, la jouissance des Droits Civils, a condition qu'ils se +soumettent a toutes les obligations des autres Citoyens. En attendant +les Droits accordes deja aux Membres de cette Religion par tel ou tel +Etat en particulier, leur sont conserves. + +(British and Foreign State Papers, vol. ii. pp. 132-3.) + + * * * * * + + +(_c_) THE CONGRESS OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1818). + +At the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, the question was once more brought +before the Great Powers. This time the initiative was taken by a +well-known English conversionist, the Rev. Lewis Way, of Stanstead, +Sussex. There was, however, no trace of conversionism in his efforts on +this occasion, and there can be no question that the Jewish Community +owe him a great debt of gratitude. He proceeded to Aix some weeks before +the Congress met, and presented to the Tsar Alexander a short scheme of +Jewish emancipation. The Tsar encouraged him to amplify it, and this he +did in two elaborate memoirs, one describing the situation of the Jews, +and the other embodying a scheme under which they might be invested with +civil rights. To this he added a short memorandum drawn up at his +request by Dohm, the veteran champion of the Jews, who came to Aix for +that special purpose. By command of the Tsar, these documents were +presented to the Congress at its sitting on November 21, 1818, and were +made the subject of a special Protocol, in which sympathy was expressed +for "the praiseworthy object of his proposals." The plenipotentiaries +further declared that the solution of the Jewish Question was a matter +which should "equally occupy the statesman and the friend of +humanity."[20] It is interesting to note that in his scheme Way +declares himself to be a believer in Jewish Nationalism, and it is for +this reason that he does not ask for more than civil rights for the +Jews, as he regards their exile in Europe as an intermediate stage of +their history. In this he was probably influenced by the prevalent +anti-French atmosphere, inasmuch as the French Jews, in their compact +with Napoleon, made by the Sanhedrin in 1806, had solemnly repudiated +Jewish Nationalism, and had thus rendered themselves eligible for +political, as well as civil, rights.[21] + + +DOCUMENT. + +For the texts of the documents referred to above see "Memoires sur +l'etat des Israelites, dedies et presentes a leur Majestes Imperiales et +Royales, Reunies au Congres d'Aix-la-Chapelle" [by the Rev. Lewis Way, +A.M.], Paris, 1819. + +The Protocol of the Congress at which these "Memoires" were considered +runs as follows:-- + + * * * * * + +PROTOCOLE. + +_Seance du 21 Novembre, 1818._ _Entre les cinq Cabinets._ + +Messieurs les SS. de Russie ont communique l'imprime ci-joint, relatif a +une reforme dans la legislation civile et politique en ce qui concerne +la nation juive. La conference, sans entrer absolument dans toutes les +vues de l'auteur de cette piece, a rendu justice a la tendance generale +et au but louable de ses propositions. MM. les SS. d'Autriche et de +Prusse se sont declares prets a donner, sur l'etat de la question dans +les deux monarchies, tous les eclaircissements qui pourraient servir a +la solution d'un probleme qui doit egalement occuper l'homme d'etat et +l'ami de l'humanite. + + Signe: METTERNICH. + RICHELIEU. + CASTLEREAGH. + WELLINGTON. + HARDENBERG. + BERNSTORFF. + NESSELRODE. + CAPODISTRIAS. + + + * * * * * + + +(_d_) THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON (1830). + +The growing symptoms of an impending break-up of the Ottoman Empire +visibly extended the practical applications of the doctrine of religious +liberty in the field of international politics. In emancipating the +Christian feudatories of the Porte, account had to be taken of the large +Moslem and Jewish minorities inhabiting those States. It was impossible +to emancipate the Christians and at the same time to place +non-Christians under disabilities, especially where they had governments +of their own faith to whom they might appeal and who might resort to +reprisals. Hence, the parity of all religions in the Levant had to be +recognised. + +The point first arose in the settlement of the Greek question in 1830. +In this question it was not only the Moslems who had to be considered. +France renounced in favour of the new Kingdom her Protectorate over the +Catholics, which she derived from her capitulations with Turkey. Hence, +besides the Moslems, guarantees had to be exacted for the religious +liberty of Catholics in Greece. These guarantees were the subject of the +third Protocol of the Conference of London, February 3, 1830. At the +same time it was stipulated that there should be perfect equality for +the subjects of the new State, whatever might be their religion. Neither +Moslems nor Jews were expressly mentioned, but it is in virtue of this +Protocol that the Jews of Greece enjoy their present status as Greek +Nationals. The Jews of Greece were thus the first Jews of the Levant to +be fully emancipated. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +PROTOCOL _No. 3 of the Conference held at the Foreign Office, London, on +3 February, 1830_. + +Present: The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain, France and Russia. + +The Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg having been called, by the united +suffrages of the three Courts of the Alliance, to the Sovreignty of +Greece, the French Plenipotentiary requested the attention of the +Conference to the particular situation in which his Government is +placed, relative to a portion of the Greek population. + +He represented that for many ages France has been entitled to exercise, +in favour of the Catholics subjected to the Sultan, an especial +protection, which His Most Christian Majesty deems it to be his duty to +deposit at the present moment in the hands of the future Sovereign of +Greece, so far as the provinces which are to form the new State are +concerned; but in divesting himself of this prerogative, His Most +Christian Majesty owes it to himself, and he owes it to a people who +have lived so long under the protection of his ancestors, to require +that the Catholics of the continent and of the islands shall find in the +organization which is about to be given to Greece, guarantees which may +be substituted for the influence which France has hitherto exercised in +their favour. + +The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain and Russia appreciated the +justice of this demand; and it was decided that the Catholic religion +should enjoy in the new State the free and public exercise of its +worship, that its property should be guaranteed to it, that its bishops +should be maintained in the integrity of the functions, rights and +privileges, which they have enjoyed under the protection of the Kings of +France, and that, lastly, agreeably to the same principle, the +properties belonging to the antient French Missions, or French +Establishments, shall be recognized and respected. + +The Plenipotentiaries of the three Allied Courts being desirous moreover +of giving to Greece a new proof of the benevolent anxiety of their +Sovereigns respecting it, and of preserving that country from the +calamities which the rivalry of the religions therein professed might +excite, agreed that all the subjects of the new State, whatever may be +their religion, shall be admissable to all public employments, +functions, and honours, and be treated on the footing of a perfect +equality, without regard to difference of creed in all their relations, +religious, civil or political. + + (Signed) ABERDEEN + MONTMOREN Y-LAVAL. + LIEVEN. + +(Holland: "The European Concert in the Eastern Question," pp. 32, 33.) + + * * * * * + + +(_e_) THE CONGRESS OF PARIS (1856-1858). + +The Jewish Question was more expressly discussed twenty-six years later, +at the Congress of Paris, and the subsidiary conferences which had to +settle the great political problems arising out of the Crimean War. +Meanwhile, under the influence of Sir Moses Montefiore, and more +especially of his jealousy of M. Cremieux, the Jewish Board of Deputies +had plucked up a measure of courage, and had begun to take a more active +interest in the larger political questions which involved the future of +their foreign co-religionists. In the international discussions of the +question of religious liberty which preceded the outbreak of war, the +Powers only concerned themselves with the Christian communities. The +French Jews at once took alarm, and the Central Consistory addressed the +Emperor Napoleon III and applied to the Board of Deputies in London to +make similar representations to the British Government. Both bodies had, +however, been anticipated by the personal activity of the Rothschilds in +Paris and London. Baron James, through his gifted friend and co-worker, +Albert Cohn, had already entered into direct negotiations with the +Turkish Government, and Baron Lionel and Sir Anthony de Rothschild had +interviewed Lord Clarendon, who, at their instance, had given +instructions to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe to take special note of the +Jewish Question. Thus, when the letter of the French Consistory was read +at the Meeting of the Board of Deputies on April 24, 1854, that body +found that it had little to do. Nevertheless, it addressed a formal +letter to Lord Clarendon on May 10, and, five days later, received an +assurance from him that it might rely on a favourable consideration of +the situation of the Jews of Turkey at the hands of His Majesty's +Government.[22] + +Nevertheless, the Treaty of Paris of 1856, which more or less settled +all the questions arising out of the war, does not mention the Jews in +any of its articles. This is not to say that it did not fulfil Lord +Clarendon's pledges. As a matter of fact, it deals with both the +situation of the Jews in Turkey and with that of the Jews in the +liberated Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Thus, Article IX, +which takes note of the Turkish _Hatti-Humayoun_ of February 18, 1856, +is intended to refer to the Jews as well as to all other non-Mussulmans. +The history of this aspect of the Article is a little curious. Shortly +after the outbreak of the war in 1854, Turkey prepared a draft treaty of +peace containing an article providing for the religious liberty of +Christian communities. Through the inter-position of Baron James de +Rothschild of Paris, this article was reconsidered, and another was +inserted granting equal rights to all Ottoman subjects, without +distinction of creed. This was the germ of the famous _Hatti-Humayoun_. +That the latter was intended to deal equally with Jews and Christians is +shown by its Article II, in which the same privileges are expressly +granted to the Turkish Grand Rabbis as to the ecclesiastical heads of +the Christian confessions.[23] + +The absence of any direct reference to the Jews, or even to equal rights +for all religious communities in the Principalities, is less +satisfactory. The omission is in the first place due to the circumstance +that the Treaty in itself is incomplete. Articles XXIII, XXIV, and XXV +refer the question of the constitutional reorganisation of the +Principalities to a Commission which was to meet at Bucharest and +consult Divans of the two Principalities with a view to making the +necessary recommendations to the Powers.[24] This Commission did not +report until 1858, when its proposals were considered by a fresh +Conference of the Powers, which based upon them the scheme embodied in +the Convention of Paris of August 19 of that year. The question of +religious liberty is dealt with in Article XLVI of that instrument.[25] +Originally it was intended to assure complete emancipation and equality +for all non-Christian communities in the Principalities, and articles to +this effect were adopted by the preparatory Conference of +Constantinople, in its Protocol of February 11, 1856, with the express +design of relieving the Jews, whose sufferings had already become a +matter of European notoriety.[26] The Rumanians, however, were already +strongly hostile to Jewish emancipation, and the reigning Prince of +Moldavia misled the Powers with specious promises of a type which has +since become bitterly familiar to the Jews all over the world.[27] The +Report of the Bucharest Commission of 1858 accepted these promises and +excluded all references to Religious Liberty from its scheme.[28] The +first draft of the Convention submitted to the Conference of the Powers +did likewise,[29] but ultimately a compromise amendment was introduced +by which the Powers agreed (Art. XLVI) to limit political rights to +Christians, while providing for the extension of these rights to +non-Christians by subsequent legislative arrangements.[30] This +concession to the Rumanians was made on the express pledge that the +original scheme of the Conference at Constantinople would be gradually +realised.[31] Needless to say, the pledge was never fulfilled. In +dealing, however, with the question, the Convention of Paris had one +merit. It lent no support to the subsequent theory of the Rumanians, +that the Jews were foreigners in a secular sense in their own country, +but, on the contrary, assumed that their status was as much that of +Moldavians and Wallachians as was the status of the native Christians. + + +DOCUMENTS. + +ARTICLE IX OF THE TREATY OF PARIS. _March 30, 1856._ + + * * * * * + +Art. IX. His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, having, in his constant +solicitude for the welfare of his subjects, issued a Firman[32] which, +while ameliorating their condition without distinction of religion or of +race, records his generous intentions towards the Christian populations +of his Empire, and wishing to give a further proof of his sentiments in +that respect, has resolved to communicate to the Contracting Parties the +said Firman emanating spontaneously from his sovereign will. + +The Contracting Powers recognise the high value of this communication. +It is clearly understood that it cannot, in any case, give to the said +Powers the right to interfere, either collectively or separately, in the +relations of His Majesty the Sultan with his subjects, nor in the +internal administration of the Empire. + +(Holland: "European Concert," &c., p. 246.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM THE HATTI-HUMAYOUN OF FEB. 18, 1856. + +I. Les garanties promises et accordees a tous nos sujets par le +_Hatti-cherif_ de Gulhane et par les lois du _Tanzimat_, sans +distinction de culte, pour la securite de leur personne et de leurs +biens, et pour la conservation de leur honneur, sont rappelees et +consacrees de nouveau; il sera pris des mesures efficaces pour que ces +garanties recoivent leur plein et entier effet. + +II. Sont reconnus et maintenus, en totalite, les immunites et privileges +spirituels donnes et accordes par nos illustres ancetres, et a des dates +posterieures, aux communautes chretiennes et autres, non musulmanes, +etablies dans notre empire, sous notre egide protectrice.... Les +patriarches, metropolitains (archeveques), delegues et eveques, ainsi +que les grands-rabbins, preteront serment a leur entree en fonctions, +d'apres une formule qui sera concertee entre notre Sublime-Porte et les +chefs spirituels des differentes communautes. + +III....L'administration des affaires temporelles des communautes +chretiennes et autres, non musulmanes, sera placee sous le sauvegarde +d'un conseil, dont les membres seront choisis parmi le clerge et les +laiques de chaque communaute. + +VII. Le gouvernement prendra les mesures energiques et necessaires pour +assurer a chaque culte, quel que soit le nombre de ses adherents, la +pleine liberte de son exercice. + +VIII. Tout mot et toute expression ou appellation tendant a rendre une +classe de mes sujets inferieure a l'autre, a raison du culte, de la +langue ou de la race, sont a jamais abolis et effaces du protocole +administratif. + +IX. La loi punira l'emploi, entre particuliers, ou de la part des agents +de l'autorite, de toute expression ou qualification injurieuse ou +blessant. + +X. Le culte de toutes les croyances et religions existant dans mes +Etats, y etant pratique en toute liberte, aucun de mes sujets ne sera +empeche d'exercer la religion qu'il professe. + +XI. Personne ne sera ni vexe, ni inquiete a cet egard. + +XII. Personne ne sera contraint a changer de culte ou de religion. + +XIII. Les agents et employes de l'Etat sont choisis par nous; ils sont +nommes par decret imperial; et comme tous nos sujets, sans distinction +de nationalite, seront admissibles aux emplois et services publics, ils +seront aptes a les occuper, selon leur capacite, et conformement a des +regles dont l'application sera generale. + +XIV. Tous nos sujets, sans difference ni distinctions, seront recus dans +les ecoles civiles et militaires du gouvernement, pourvu qu'ils +remplissent les conditions d'age et d'examen specifies dans les +reglements organiques des dites ecoles. + +XV. De plus, chaque communaute est autorisee a etablir des ecoles +publiques pour les sciences, les arts et l'industrie; seulement le mode +d'enseignement et le choix des professeurs de ces sortes d'ecoles seront +places sous l'inspection et le controle d'un conseil mixte d'instruction +publique, dont les membres seront nommes par nous. + +(Holland: _op. cit._, pp. 330-332.) + +CONFERENCES OF CONSTANTINOPLE (1856).--_Protocol of Feb. 11._ + +XIII. Tous les cultes et ceux qui les professent jouiront d'une egale +liberte et d'une egale protection dans les deux principautes. + +XV. Les etrangers pourront posseder des biens-fonds en Moldavie et en +Valachie, en acquittant les memes charges que les indigenes, et en se +soumettant aux lois. + +XVI. Tous les Moldaves et tous les Valaques seront, sans exception, +admissibles aux emplois publics. + +XVIII. Toutes les classes de la population, sans aucune distinction de +naissance ni de culte, jouiront de l'egalite des droits civils, et +particulierement du droit de propriete, dans toutes les formes; mais +l'exercice des droits politiques sera suspendu pour les indigenes places +sous une protection etrangere. + +(Ubicini, "La Question des Principautes," p. 13.) + + * * * * * + +ART. XLVI OF THE CONVENTION OF PARIS OF AUGUST 10, 1858. + +XLVI. Les Moldaves et les Valaques seront tous egaux devant la loi, +devant l'impot, et egalement admissibles aux emplois publics dans l'une +et l'autre Principaute. + +Leur liberte individuelle sera garantie. Personne ne pourra etre retenu, +arrete, ni poursuivi que conformement a la loi. + +Personne ne pourra etre exproprie que legalement, pour cause d'interet +public, et moyennant indemnite. + +Les Moldaves et les Valaques de tous les rits Chretiens jouiront +egalement des droits politiques. La jouissance de ces droits pourra etre +etendue aux autres cultes par les dispositions legislatives.[33] + +Tous les privileges, exemptions, ou monopoles, dont jouissent encore +certaines classes, seront abolis; et il sera procede sans retard a la +revision de la loi qui regle les rapports des proprietaires du sol avec +les cultivateurs, en vue d'ameliorer l'etat des paysans. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. xlviii. pp. 77-78.) + + * * * * * + + +(_f_) THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1878). + +Not only were the promises of the Prince of Moldavia not realised, but, +during the next twenty years, the Jews of the Principalities were more +cruelly persecuted than ever. The persecution extended beyond the +frontiers to Servia, and it soon became the leading preoccupation of the +Jews throughout the world. Owing to their protests, the Powers +frequently intervened.[34] Rumania then took the impudent course of +resenting this interference in her internal affairs, on the ground that, +by international comity, they were no concern of foreign States. In +1867, this provoked a notable retort from Great Britain. In a despatch +sent to Bucharest in that year, the following sentence appears: "The +peculiar position of the Jews places them under the protection of the +civilised world."[35] + +When the Congress of Berlin met in 1878, to reconsider the Eastern +Question, the situation of the Jews in Eastern Europe, and more +particularly in the Balkans, took its place in the front rank of the +preoccupations of the Powers. Several long protocols are entirely +devoted to it.[36] The result was that the Treaty of Berlin dealt +comprehensively with the whole question of religious liberty, and +stipulated separately for such liberty in all the States of the Levant. +The Treaty is thus, as the Jewish Conjoint Committee described it, in +their important Memorandum of November 1908, "above all a great charter +of Emancipation, especially of civil and religious equality."[37] This +principle is embodied in no fewer than five of its articles, relating to +every political division of the vast region with which it deals, and in +each case it is asserted as the fundamental basis of the liberties +conferred on the various States.[38] In a word, it made it a principle +of European policy that no new State or transfer of territory should be +recognised unless the fullest religious liberty and civil and political +equality were guaranteed to the inhabitants. Thus it marks the triumph +of the principle first tentatively laid down for Holland and Belgium in +Article II of the Protocol of June 1814. Though applied to Greece in the +Protocol of February 1830, it had had to wait nearly fifty years for +universal acceptance. + +All the States concerned frankly and honestly accepted this principle, +and put it into operation, except Rumania. By a repetition of the +specious promises of 1858, she again obtained permission to emancipate +her Jews gradually, it being understood that the process would be +hastened, and that full emancipation would be accomplished within a +reasonable time. Unfortunately the phrasing of the articles embodying +the principle left a technical loophole of which Rumania very +dexterously availed herself, inasmuch as it did not make provision +against the application, under Rumanian law, of the _jus sanguinis_ to +the Jews who _qua_ Jews were held to be aliens. The point was not +ignored by the Congress, but no attempt was made to satisfy it as the +intentions of the Congress were clear enough and reliance was placed on +the good faith of Rumania.[39] The result is that for forty years +Rumania has evaded both the will of the Congress and her own promises; +and to-day the Jews of that country, with the exception of a handful who +have been emancipated by individual Acts of Parliament, are the only +Jews in Europe who are denied equal rights with their fellow-citizens. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN. + +_Protocole No._ 5.--_Seance du 24 Juin, 1878._ + +M. Waddington donne lecture de deux Articles Additionnels proposes par +les Plenipotentiaires de France, et dont voici le texte:-- + +"Art. I. Tous les sujets Bulgares, quelle que soit leur religion, +jouiront d'une complete egalite de droits. Ils pourront concourir a tous +les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et la difference de croyance +ne pourra leur etre opposee comme un motif d'exclusion. + +"L'exercice et la pratique exterieure de tous les cultes seront +entierement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra etre apportee soit a +l'organisation hierarchique des differentes communions, soit a leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels. + +"II. Une pleine et entiere liberte est assuree aux religieux et eveques +Catholiques etrangers pour l'exercice de leur culte en Bulgarie et dans +la Roumelie Orientale. Ils seront maintenus dans l'exercice de leurs +droits et privileges, et leurs proprietes seront respectees." + +Le President dit que ces deux propositions seront imprimees, +distribuees, et placees a un ordre du jour ulterieur. + +Apres un echange d'observations entre le Comte Schouvaloff et M. +Waddington sur la portee des deux propositions de M. le Premier +Plenipotentiaire de France, il demeure entendu que la premiere +s'applique a la Bulgarie, et l'autre a la Bulgarie et a la Roumelie +Orientale ensemble. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. lxix., p. 917.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 6--_Seance du 25 Juin, 1878._ + +L'ordre du jour appelle ensuite les deux propositions Francaises +inserees dans le Protocole 5, et relatives a la liberte des cultes. + +Sur la premiere, M. Desprez demande la substitution des mots "habitants +de la Principaute de Bulgarie" a ceux de "sujets Bulgares"; cette +modification est admise, et la proposition acceptee a l'unanimite. Sur +la seconde proposition particulierement relative aux eveques et +religieux Catholiques, le Comte Schouvaloff propose de substituer a ces +mots, "les ecclesiastiques et religieux etrangers." + +Lord Salisbury desirerait que la meme legislation fut, sous ce rapport, +etablie pour la Roumelie, et pour les autres provinces de la Turquie. + +Caratheodory Pacha declare qu'en effet une proposition concernant le +libre exercice du culte dans la province de Roumelie Orientale parait +tout-a-fait superflue, cette province devant etre soumise a l'autorite +du Sultan, et, par consequent, aux principes et aux lois communs a +toutes les parties de l'Empire, et qui etablissent la tolerance pour +tous les cultes egalement. + +M. Waddington, prenant acte de ces paroles, annonce l'intention +d'introduire quelques changements dans la redaction de sa proposition, +et demande l'ajournement de la discussion a demain. + +(_Ibid._, p. 935.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 7--_Seance du 26 Juin, 1878._ + +Le President soumet au Congres l'Article Additionnel presente par les +Plenipotentiaires Francais dans une seance precedente, et relatif aux +religieux Catholiques etrangers en Bulgarie et en Roumelie Orientale. + +Lord Salisbury regrette que les Plenipotentiaires de France ne donnent +pas suite a leur proposition en etendant sa portee a toute la Turquie +d'Europe. Son Excellence y aurait vu un important progres realise. + +M. Waddington repond que le progres dont parle Lord Salisbury a ete +obtenu par l'acceptation dans la seance d'hier, de la premiere +proposition Francaise qui consacre l'entiere liberte des cultes. + +Lord Salisbury ayant fait remarquer que cette proposition ne concernait +que la Bulgarie, le President dit que, pour sa part, il s'associe au +desir que la liberte des cultes soit reclamee pour toute la Turquie, +tant en Europe qu'en Asie, mais il se demande si l'on obtiendrait sur +ce point l'assentiment des Plenipotentiaires Ottomans. + +Caratheodory Pacha declare, qu'en repondant hier a M. Waddington, il +s'en est simplement rapporte a la legislation generale de l'Empire +Ottoman ainsi qu'aux Traites et Conventions. Son Excellence ajoute que +la tolerance dont jouissent tous les cultes en Turquie ne fait aucun +doute, et qu'en l'absence d'une proposition plus etendue sur laquelle il +aurait alors a s'expliquer, il se croit en droit de considerer comme +superflue une mention speciale pour la Roumelie Orientale. + +Le President constate que l'unanimite du Congres s'associe au desir de +la France de prendre acte des declarations donnees par la Turquie en +faveur de la liberte religieuse. Tel etait le but des Plenipotentiaires +Francais, et il a ete atteint. Lord Salisbury desirerait aller au dela, +et faire etendre la proposition primitive non seulement a la Bulgarie et +la Roumelie, mais a tout l'Empire Ottoman. En ce qui concerne +l'Allemagne, le Prince de Bismarck, qui a donne son adhesion a la +proposition Francaise, aurait aussi volontiers admis celle de Lord +Salisbury, mais la discussion d'une question aussi complexe detournerait +le Congres de l'objet de sa seance presente. Son Altesse Serenissime +demande toutefois a Lord Salisbury s'il entend presenter a cet egard une +motion speciale. + +M. le Second Plenipotentiaire de la Grande Bretagne se reserve de +revenir sur ce point a propos de l'Article XXII du Traite de San +Stefano. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff ajoute que le desir de Lord Salisbury de voir +etendre la liberte religieuse autant que possible en Europe et en Asie +lui semble tres justifie. Son Altesse desirerait qu'il fut fait mention +au Protocole de son adhesion au v[oe]u de M. le Plenipotentiaire +d'Angleterre, et fait observer que le Congres ayant cherche a effacer +les frontieres ethnographiques, et a les remplacer par de frontieres +commerciales et strategiques, les Plenipotentiaires de Russie souhaitent +d'autant plus que ces frontieres ne deviennent point des barrieres +religieuses. + +Le President resume la discussion en disant qu'il sera inscrit au +Protocole que l'unanimite du Congres s'est ralliee a la proposition +Francaise, et que la plupart des Plenipotentiaires ont forme des v[oe]ux +pour l'extension de la liberte des cultes. Ce point sera compris +d'ailleurs dans la discussion de l'Article XXII du Traite de San +Stefano. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 942-943.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 8.--_Seance du 28 Juin, 1878._ + +Lord Salisbury reconnait l'independance de la Serbie, mais pense qu'il +serait opportun de stipuler dans la Principaute le grand principe de la +liberte religieuse. + +M. Waddington admet egalement l'independance de la Serbie, mais sous le +benefice de la proposition suivante identique a celle que le Congres a +acceptee pour la Bulgarie:-- + +"Les habitants de la Principaute de Serbie, quelle que soit leur +religion, jouiront d'une complete egalite de droits. Ils pourront +concourir a tous les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et exercer +toutes les professions, et la difference de croyance ne pourra leur etre +opposee comme un motif d'exclusion. + +"L'exercice et la pratique exterieure de tous les cultes seront +entierement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra etre apportee soit a +l'organisation hierarchique des differentes communions, soit a leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels." + +Le Prince Gortchacow craint que cette redaction ne s'applique surtout +aux Israelites, et sans se montrer contraire aux principes generaux qui +y sont enonces, son Altesse Serenissime ne voudrait pas que la question +Israelite, qui viendra plus tard, fut prejugee par une declaration +prealable. S'il ne s'agit que de la liberte religieuse, le Prince +Gortchacow declare qu'elle a toujours ete appliquee en Russie; il donne +pour sa part a ce principe l'adhesion la plus complete et serait pret a +l'etendre dans le sens le plus large. Mais s'il s'agit de droits civils +et politiques, son Altesse Serenissime demande a ne pas confondre les +Israelites de Berlin, Paris, Londres, ou Vienne, auxquels on ne saurait +assurement refuser aucun droit politique et civil, avec les Juifs de la +Serbie, de la Roumanie, et de quelques provinces Russes, qui sont, a son +avis, un veritable fleau pour les populations indigenes. + +Le President ayant fait remarquer qu'il conviendrait peut-etre +d'attribuer a la restriction des droits civils et politiques ce +regrettable etat des Israelites, le Prince Gortchacow rappelle qu'en +Russie, le Gouvernement, dans certaines provinces, a du, sous +l'impulsion d'une necessite absolue et justifie par l'experience, +soumettre les Israelites a un regime exceptionnel pour sauvegarder les +interets des populations. + +M. Waddington croit qu'il est important de saisir cette occasion +solennelle pour faire affirmer les principes de la liberte religieuse +par les Representants de l'Europe. Son Excellence ajoute que la Serbie, +qui demande a entrer dans la famille Europeenne sur le meme pied que les +autres Etats, doit au prealable reconnaitre les principes qui sont la +base de l'organisation sociale dans tous les Etats de l'Europe, et les +accepter comme une condition necessaire de la faveur qu'elle sollicite. + +Le Prince Gortchacow persiste a penser que les droits civils et +politiques ne sauraient etre attribues aux Juifs d'une maniere absolue +en Serbie. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff fait remarquer que ces observations ne constituent +pas une opposition de principe a la proposition Francaise: l'element +Israelite, trop considerable dans certaines provinces Russes, a du y +etre l'objet d'une reglementation speciale, mais son Excellence espere +que, dans l'avenir, on pourra prevenir les inconvenients incontestables +signales par le Prince Gortchacow sans toucher a la liberte religieuse +dont la Russie desire le developpement. + +Le Prince de Bismarck adhere a la proposition Francaise, en declarant +que l'assentiment de l'Allemagne est toujours acquis a toute motion +favorable a la liberte religieuse. + +Le Comte de Launay dit qu'au nom de l'Italie il s'empresse d'adherer au +principe de la liberte religieuse, qui forme une des bases essentielles +des institutions de son pays, et qu'il s'associe aux declarations faites +a ce sujet par l'Allemagne, la France, et la Grande Bretagne. + +Le Comte Andrassy s'exprime dans le meme sens, et les Plenipotentiaires +Ottomans n'elevent aucune objection. + +Le Prince de Bismarck, apres avoir constate les resultats du vote, +declare que le Congres admet l'independance de la Serbie, mais sous la +condition que la liberte religieuse sera reconnue dans la Principaute. +Son Altesse Serenissime ajoute que la Commission de Redaction, en +formulant cette decision, devra constater la connexite etablie par le +Congres entre la proclamation de l'independence Serbe et la +reconnaissance de la liberte religieuse. + +(_Ibid._ pp. 959-961.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 10--_Seance du 1er Juillet, 1878._ + +M. Waddington declare que, fideles aux principes qui les ont inspires +jusqu'ici, les Plenipotentiaires de France demandent que le Congres pose +a l'independance Roumaine les memes conditions qu'a l'independance +Serbe. Son Excellence ne se dissimule pas les difficultes locales qui +existent en Roumanie, mais, apres avoir murement examine les arguments +qu'on peut faire valoir dans un sens et dans l'autre, les +Plenipotentiaires de France ont juge preferable de ne point se departir +de la grande regle de l'egalite des droits et de la liberte des cultes. +Il est difficile, d'ailleurs, que le Gouvernement Roumain repousse, sur +son territoire, le principe admis en Turquie pour ses propres sujets. +Son Excellence pense qu'il n'y a pas a hesiter que la Roumanie, +demandant a entrer dans la grande famille Europeenne, doit accepter les +charges et meme les ennuis de la situation dont elle reclame le +benefice, et que l'on ne trouvera, de longtemps, une occasion aussi +solennelle et decisive d'affirmir de nouveau les principes qui font +l'honneur et la securite des nations civilisees. Quant aux difficultes +locales, M. le Premier Plenipotentiaire de France estime qu'elles seront +plus aisement surmontees lorsque ces principes auront ete reconnus en +Roumanie et que la race Juive saura qu'elle n'a rien a attendre que de +ses propres efforts et de la solidarite de ses interets avec ceux des +populations indigenes. M. Waddington termine en insistant pour que les +memes conditions d'ordre politique et religieux indiquees pour la Serbie +soient egalement imposees a l'Etat Roumain. + +Le Prince de Bismarck faisant allusion aux principes du droit public en +vigueur d'apres la Constitution de l'Empire Allemand, et a l'interet que +l'opinion publique attache a ce que les memes principes suivis dans la +politique interieure soient appliques a la politique etrangere, declare +s'associer, au nom de l'Allemagne, a la proposition Francaise. + +Le Comte Andrassy adhere a la proposition Francaise. + +Lord Beaconsfield dit qu'il donne une complete adhesion, au nom du +Gouvernement Anglais, a la proposition Francaise. Son Excellence ne +saurait supposer un instant que le Congres reconnaitrait l'independance +de la Roumanie en dehors de cette condition. + +Les Plenipotentiaires Italiens font la meme declaration. + +Le Prince Gortchacow, se referant aux expressions par lesquelles a ete +motivee la proposition Francaise et qui donnent la plus grande extension +a la liberte religieuse, se rallie entierement a cette proposition. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff ajoute que l'adhesion de la Russie a l'independance +est cependant subordonnee a l'acceptation par la Roumanie de la +retrocession reclamee par le Gouvernement Russe. + +Les Plenipotentiaires Ottomans n'elevent aucune objection contre les +principes presentes par les Plenipotentiaires Francais, et le President +constate que le Congres est unanime a n'accorder l'independance a la +Roumanie qu'aux memes conditions posees a la Serbie. + +Le Baron de Haymerle lit une motion relative a la liberte des cultes +dans le Montenegro:-- + +"Tous les habitants du Montenegro jouiront d'une pleine et entiere +liberte de l'exercice et de la pratique exterieure de leurs cultes, et +aucune entrave ne pourra etre apportee soit a l'organisation +hierarchique des differentes communions, soit a leurs rapports avec +leurs chefs spirituels." + +Le Congres decide le renvoi a la Commission de Redaction. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 982-983, 989, 990.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 12--Seance du 4 Juillet, 1878._ + +Le President fait mention des petitions de la liste No. 9, et notamment +de la communication adressee au Congres par M. Ristitch, faisant savoir +au Congres que le Prince Milan l'a autorise a declarer que le +Gouvernement Serbe saisira la premiere occasion, apres la conclusion de +la paix, pour abolir par la voie legale la derniere restriction qui +existe encore en Serbie relativement a la position des Israelites. Son +Altesse Serenissime, sans vouloir entrer dans l'examen de la question, +fait remarquer que les mots "la voie legale" semblent une reserve qu'il +signale a l'attention de la haute assemblee. Le Prince de Bismarck +croit devoir constater qu'en aucun cas cette reserve ne saurait infirmer +l'autorite des decisions du Congres. + +Le Congres passe a l'Article XXII du Traite de San Stefano relatif aux +ecclesiastiques Russes et aux moines de Mont Athos. + +Le Marquis de Salisbury rappelle qu'avant la seance il a fait distribuer +a ses collegues une proposition tendant a substituer a l'Article XXII +les dispositions suivantes:-- + +"Tous les habitants de l'Empire Ottoman en Europe, quelle que soit leur +religion, jouiront d'une complete egalite de droits. Ils pourront +concourir a tous les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et seront +egalement admis en temoignage devant les Tribunaux. + +"L'exercice et la pratique exterieure de tous les cultes seront +entierement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra etre apportee, soit a +l'organisation hierarchique des differentes communions, soit a leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels. + +"Les ecclesiastiques, les pelerins, et les moines de toutes les +nationalites, voyageant ou sejournant dans la Turquie d'Europe et +d'Asie, jouiront d'une entiere egalite de droits, avantages et +privileges. + +"Le droit de protection officielle est reconnu aux Representants +Diplomatiques et aux Agents Consulaires des Puissances en Turquie, tant +a l'egard des personnes sus-indiquees que de leurs possessions, +etablissements religieux, de bienfaisance, et autres dans les Lieux +Saints et ailleurs. + +"Les moines du Mont Athos seront maintenus dans leurs possessions et +avantages anterieurs, et jouiront, sans aucune exception, d'une entiere +egalite de droits et prerogatives." + +Lord Salisbury explique que les deux premiers alineas de cette +proposition representent l'application a l'Empire Ottoman des principes +adoptes par le Congres, sur la demande de la France, en ce qui concerne +la Serbie et la Roumanie; les trois derniers alineas ont pour but +d'etendre aux ecclesiastiques de toutes les nationalites le benefice des +stipulations de l'Article XXII speciales aux ecclesiastiques Russes. + +Le President fait egalement remarquer que la portee de la proposition +Anglaise est la substitution de la Chretiente tout entiere a une seule +nationalite, et commence la lecture du document par alineas. + +Sur le premier alinea, Caratheodory Pacha dit que, sans doute, les +principes de la proposition sont acceptes par la Turquie, mais son +Excellence ne voudrait pas qu'ils fussent consideres comme une +innovation, et donne lecture, a ce sujet, de la communication suivante +qu'il vient de recevoir de son Gouvernement:-- + +"En presence des declarations faites au sein du Congres dans differentes +circonstances en faveur de la tolerance religieuse, vous etes autorise a +declarer, de votre cote, que le sentiment de la Sublime Porte a cet +egard s'accorde parfaitement avec le but poursuivi par l'Europe. Ses +plus constantes traditions, sa politique seculaire, l'instinct de ses +populations, tout l'y pousse. Dans tout l'Empire les religions les plus +differentes sont professees par des millions de sujets du Sultan, et +personne n'a ete gene dans sa croyance et dans l'exercice de son culte. +Le Gouvernement Imperial est decide a maintenir dans toute sa force ce +principe, et a lui donner toute l'extension qu'il comporte." + +Le Premier Plenipotentiaire de Turquie desirerait, en consequence, que, +si le Congres se rallie a la proposition Anglaise, il fut, du moins, +constate dans le texte que les principes dont il s'agit sont conformes a +ceux qui dirigent son Gouvernement. Son Excellence ajoute que, +contrairement a ce qui se passait en Serbie et en Roumanie, il n'existe +dans la legislation de l'Empire aucune inegalite ou incapacite fondees +sur des motifs religieux, et demande l'addition de quelques mots +indiquant que cette regle a toujours ete appliquee dans l'Empire Ottoman +non seulement en Europe, mais en Asie. Le Congres pourrait, par exemple, +ajouter "conformement aux declarations de la Porte et aux dispositions +anterieures, qu'elle affirme vouloir maintenir." + +Lord Salisbury n'a pas d'objections contre la demande de Caratheodory +Pacha, tout en faisant observer que ces dispositions se rencontrent, en +effet, dans les declarations de la Porte, mais n'ont pas toujours ete +observees dans la pratique. Au surplus, son Excellence ne s'oppose point +a ce que le Comite de Redaction soit invite a inserer l'addition +reclamee par les Plenipotentiaires Ottomans. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 1002-3, 1009-10.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 17.--Seance du 10 Juillet 1878._ + +Le President invite le Rapporteur de la Commission de Redaction a lire +le travail preparatoire du Traite. + +M. Desprez fait connaitre a la haute assemblee que le texte du preambule +n'est pas encore arrete, mai lui sera soumis dans la prochaine seance. +Article V, qui a pour objet l'egalite des droits et la liberte des +cultes, a donne lieu a des difficultes de redaction; cet Article, en +effet, est commun a la Bulgarie, au Montenegro, a la Serbie, a la +Roumanie, et la Commission devait trouver une meme formule pour diverses +situations; il etait particulierement malaise d'y comprendre les +Israelites de Roumanie, dont la situation est indeterminee au point de +vue de la nationalite. Le Comte de Launay, dans le but de prevenir tout +malentendu, a propose, au cours de la discussion, l'insertion de la +phrase suivante: "Les Israelites de Roumanie, pour autant qu'ils +n'appartiennent pas a une nationalite etrangere, acquierent, de plein +droit, la nationalite Roumaine." + +Le Prince de Bismarck signale les inconvenients qu'il y aurait a +modifier les resolutions adoptees par le Congres et qui ont forme la +base des travaux de la Commission de Redaction. Il est necessaire que +le Congres s'oppose a toute tentative de revenir sur le fond. + +M. Desprez ajoute que la Commission a maintenu sa redaction primitive, +qui lui parait de nature a concilier tous les interets en cause, et que +M. de Launay s'est borne a demander l'insertion de sa motion au +Protocole. + +Le Prince Gortchacow rappelle les observations qu'il a presente, dans +une precedente seance, a propos des droits politiques et civils des +Israelites en Roumanie. Son Altesse Serenissime ne veut pas renouveler +ses objections, mais tient a declarer de nouveau qu'il ne partage pas, +sur ce point, l'opinion enoncee dans le Traite. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 1058-1059.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM THE TREATY OF BERLIN, SIGNED JULY 13, 1878. + +XLIV. En Roumanie la distinction des croyances religieuses et des +confessions ne pourra etre opposee a personne comme un motif d'exclusion +ou d'incapacite en ce qui concerne la jouissance des droits civils et +politiques, l'admission aux emplois publics, fonctions, et honneurs, ou +l'exercice des differentes professions et industries dans quelque +localite que ce soit. + +La liberte et la pratique exterieure de tous les cultes seront assurees +a tous les ressortissants de l'Etat Roumain aussi bien qu'aux etrangers, +et aucune entrave ne sera apportee, soit a l'organisation hierarchique +des differentes communions, soit a leurs rapports avec leurs chefs +spirituels. + +Les nationaux de toutes les Puissances, commercants ou autres, seront +traites en Roumanie, sans distinction de religion, sur le pied d'une +parfaite egalite. + + * * * * * + +[Articles V, XXVII, and XXXV, relating respectively to Bulgaria, +Montenegro, and Servia, are in the same form with the exception of the +last _alinea_, which only appears in the above quoted article.] + + * * * * * + +LXII. La Sublime Porte ayant exprime la volonte de maintenir le principe +de la liberte religieuse en y donnant l'extension la plus large, les +Parties Contractantes prennent acte de cette declaration spontanee. + +Dans aucune partie de l'Empire Ottoman la difference de religion ne +pourra etre opposee a personne comme un motif d'exclusion ou +d'incapacite en ce qui concerne l'usage des droits civils et politiques, +l'admission aux emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, ou l'exercice +des differentes professions et industries. + +Tous seront admis sans distinction de religion a temoigner devant les +tribunaux. + +La liberte et la pratique exterieure de tous les cultes sont assures a +tous, et aucune entrave ne pourra etre apportee, soit a l'organisation +hierarchique des differentes communions, soit a leurs rapports avec +leurs chefs spirituels. + +Les ecclesiastiques, les pelerins, et les moines de toutes les +nationalites voyageant dans la Turquie d'Europe ou la Turquie d'Asie +jouiront des memes droits, avantages et privileges. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 764, 766-767.) + + * * * * * + +REVISION OF THE RUMANIAN CONSTITUTION (1879). + +_No. 115. Mr. White to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Rec. November 4.)_ + +BUCHAREST, _October 25, 1879_. + +MY LORD,--I have the honour to forward to your Lordship an authorized +French translation of the Constitutional amendment concerning +naturalization and religious equality as promulgated by a Decree this +morning. + +I have, &c., + +W. A. WHITE. + +THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. + + * * * * * + +(TRADUCTION.) + +_Article Unique.--A la place de l'Article 7 de la Constitution soumis a +la revision, on mettra le suivant_:-- + +Article 7. La distinction de croyances religieuses et de confessions ne +constituera point en Roumanie un obstacle a l'acquisition des droits +civils et politiques et a leur exercice. + +Sec. 1. L'etranger pourra, sans distinction de religion, et qu'il soit +soumis ou non a une protection etrangere, obtenir la naturalisation sous +les conditions suivantes: + +(_a_) Il addressera au Gouvernement sa petition de naturalisation, par +laquelle il fera connaitre le capital qu'il possede, la profession ou +l'industrie qu'il exerce, et la volonte d'etablir en Roumanie son +domicile. + +(_b_) A la suite de cette demande il habitera le pays pendant dix +annees, et il prouvera, par ses actions, qu'il est utile au pays. + +Sec. 2. Pourront etre dispenses du stage: + +(_a_) Ceux qui auront introduit dans le pays des industries, des +inventions utiles, ou qui possederont des talents distingues, ceux qui +auront fonde de grands etablissements de commerce ou d'industrie. + +(_b_) Ceux qui, nes et eleves dans le pays, de parents y etablis, +n'auront jamais joui, ni les uns ni les autres, d'une protection +etrangere. + +(_c_) Ceux qui auront servi sous les drapeaux pendant la Guerre de +l'Independance, lesquels pourront etre naturalises d'une maniere +collective, sur la proposition du Gouvernement, par une seule Loi et +sans autre formalite. + +3. La naturalisation ne peut etre accordee que par la Loi, et +individuellement. + +4. Une Loi speciale determinera, le mode d'apres lequel les etrangers +pourront etablir leur domicile en Roumanie. + +5. Les Roumains ou ceux qui seront naturalises Roumains pourront +acquerir des immeubles ruraux en Roumanie. Les droits deja acquis seront +respectes. Les Conventions Internationales actuellement existantes +restent en vigueur, avec toutes leurs clauses et jusqu'a l'expiration de +leur duree. + +(_Ibid._, lxxi. 1176-77.) + + * * * * * + +THE COMPACT WITH RUMANIA (1880). + +_English Text of Identic Note presented to the Roumanian Government, +February 20, 1880._ + +The Undersigned, British Representative at Bucharest, has the honour, by +order of his Government, to convey to M. Boeresco, the Minister for +Foreign Affairs of Roumania, the following communication:-- + +Her Britannic Majesty's Government have been informed, through the Agent +of His Royal Highness the Prince of Roumania at Paris, of the +promulgation, on the 25th October, 1879, of a Law, voted by the +"Chambres de Revision" of the Principality, for the purpose of bringing +the text of the Roumanian Constitution into conformity with the +stipulations inserted in Article XLIV of the Treaty of Berlin. + +Her Majesty's Government cannot consider the new Constitutional +provisions which have been brought to their cognizance--and particularly +those by which persons belonging to a non-Christian creed domiciled in +Roumania, and not belonging to any foreign nationality, are required to +submit to the formalities of individual naturalization--as being a +complete fulfilment of the views of the Powers signatories of the Treaty +of Berlin. + +Trusting, however, to the determination of the Prince's Government to +approximate more and more, in the execution of these provisions, to the +liberal intentions entertained by the Powers, and taking note of the +positive assurances to that effect which have been conveyed to them, the +Government of Her Britannic Majesty, being desirous of giving to the +Roumanian nation a proof of their friendly sentiments, have decided to +recognize the Principality of Roumania as an independent State. Her +Majesty's Government consequently declare themselves ready to enter +into regular diplomatic relations with the Prince's Government. + +In bringing the decision come to by his Government to the knowledge of +the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Undersigned, &c. + +W. A. WHITE. + +BUCHAREST, _February 20, 1880_. + +(_Ibid._, p. 1187.) + + * * * * * + + +(_g_) RUMANIA AND THE POWERS (1902). + +It must be confessed--and, indeed, it has been avowed by prominent +Rumanians themselves[40]--that Rumania's evasion of the Treaty of Berlin +has been a monument of resourceful duplicity and bad faith. Accomplished +by pretending to regard the native Jews as foreigners, it actually +placed them in a far worse position than they had held in 1858, when at +any rate their national character as Moldavians or Wallachians was not +contested. But, not only have they been refused emancipation and stamped +as foreigners, but, in their character of foreigners, without a State to +protect them, they have been made the victims of special and cruel +disabilities, which in practice do not and cannot affect other +foreigners. + +One peculiarly barbarous act of persecution of this kind which was +attempted in 1902 nearly brought about a serious intervention by the +Great Powers to compel Rumania to observe her Treaty obligations. An Act +was passed by the Rumanian Parliament forbidding foreigners to exercise +any handicraft in Rumania unless Rumanians were assured similar +privileges in the parent States of such foreigners. The result of this +Act would have been to deprive all the Jewish artizans in Rumania of the +means of earning their livelihood, as, being foreigners without a parent +State of their own, they could not prove the reciprocity required by the +law. Prompt steps were taken to bring this project to the notice of the +Great Powers, chiefly by the late Lord Rothschild in London and Mr. +Jacob Schiff in Washington. Lord Rothschild was the first to move. In +June 1901 he forwarded to His Majesty's Government an elaborate +Memorandum setting forth the intolerable situation of the Rumanian Jews +and especially emphasising its international dangers as a stimulus of +undesirable immigration in other countries.[41] At the same time he +brought all his great influence to bear privately on individual members +of the Government. From Lord Lansdowne he received the warmest sympathy, +and the Foreign Office at once set inquiries on foot with a view to +ascertaining whether combined action by the Powers signatory of the +Berlin Treaty would be practicable. The responses, however, were not +encouraging.[42] Meanwhile the action of the London Jews had been +communicated to Mr. Oscar Straus in New York, and he persuaded Mr. +Schiff to bring the question to the knowledge of President Roosevelt. +The President, deeply moved by Mr. Schiff's story, acted with +characteristic energy. In July 1902 the Secretary of State, Mr. John +Hay, under the guise of a despatch giving instructions to the United +States Minister at Athens in regard to certain negotiations then pending +for a Naturalisation Treaty with Rumania, formulated a powerful +indictment of the persecutions. Three weeks later the American +Ambassadors in London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, Rome, and +Constantinople were instructed to communicate this despatch to the +Governments to which they were accredited, and to ascertain from them +whether it might not be possible to take some steps to secure from +Rumania the fulfilment of her obligations under Article XLIV of the +Treaty of Berlin.[43] Thus supported, Lord Lansdowne no longer +hesitated. In September he despatched a Circular to the Great Powers +definitely proposing combined representations at Bucharest.[44] + +As soon as this _demarche_ got wind Rumania hastened to annul the +offending law, and otherwise to restrain her anti-Semitic zeal. Nothing +more was heard of the proposed collective intervention, but it is now +known that Lord Lansdowne's proposal never took final shape because the +Russian and German Governments refused to associate themselves with it. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +DISPATCH FROM MR. JOHN HAY (U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE) TO THE U.S. +MINISTER AT ATHENS. + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_July 17, 1902_. + +_Charles S. Wilson, Esquire, etc., etc., etc., Athens._ + +SIR,--Your legation's despatch No. 19, of the 13th of February last, +reported having submitted to the Roumanian Government, through its +diplomatic representative in Greece, as the outcome of conference had by +Mr. Francis with him on the subject, a tentative draft of the +naturalization convention, on the lines of the draft previously +submitted to the Servian Government, and Mr. Francis added that His +Excellency the Roumanian Minister had informed him of his hearty +approval of the project, which he had forwarded to his Government with +his unqualified endorsement. Minister Francis was instructed on March 4 +that his action was approved. No report of progress has since been +received from your legation, but it is presumed that the matter is +receiving the consideration due to its importance. + +For its part, the Government of the United States regards the conclusion +of conventions of this character as of the highest value, because not +only establishing and recognizing the right of the citizens of the +foreign State to expatriate themselves voluntarily and acquire the +citizenship of this country, but also because establishing beyond the +pale of doubt the absolute equality of such naturalized persons with +native citizens of the United States in all that concerns their relation +to or intercourse with the country of their former allegiance. + +The right of citizens of the United States to resort to and transact +affairs of business or commerce in another country, without molestation +or disfavor of any kind, is set forth in the general treaties of amity +and commerce which the United States have concluded with foreign +nations, thus declaring what this Government holds to be a necessary +feature of the mutual intercourse of civilized nations and confirming +the principles of equality, equity and comity which underlie their +relations to one another. This right is not created by treaties; it is +recognized by them as a necessity of national existence, and we apply +the precept to other countries, whether it be conventionally declared or +not, as fully as we expect its extension to us. + +In some instances, other governments, taking a less broad view, regard +the rights of intercourse of alien citizens as not extending to their +former subjects who may have acquired another nationality. So far as +this position is founded on national sovereignty and asserts a claim to +the allegiance and service of the subject not to be extinguished save by +the consent of the sovereign, it finds precedent and warrant which it is +immaterial to the purpose of this instruction to discuss. Where such a +claim exists, it becomes the province of a naturalization convention to +adjust it on a ground of common advantage, substituting the general +sanction of treaty for the individual permission of expatriation and +recognizing the subject who may have changed allegiance as being on the +same plane with the natural or native citizens of the other contracting +State. + +Some States, few in number, be it said, make distinction between +different classes of citizens of the foreign State, denying to some the +rights of innocent intercourse and commerce which by comity and natural +right are accorded to the stranger, and doing this without regard to the +origin of the persons adversely affected. One country in particular, +although maintaining with the United States a treaty which unqualifiedly +guarantees to citizens of this country the rights of visit, sojourn and +commerce of the Empire, yet assumes to prohibit those rights to Hebrew +citizens of the United States, whether native or naturalized.[45] This +Government can lose no opportunity to controvert such a distinction, +wherever it may appear. It cannot admit such discrimination among its +own citizens, and can never assent that a foreign State, of its own +volition, can apply a religious test to debar any American citizen from +the favor due to all. + +There is no treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and +Roumania, but this Government is pleased to believe that Roumania +follows the precepts of comity in this regard as completely and +unreservedly as we ourselves do, and that the American in Roumania is as +welcome and as free in matters of sojourn and commerce and legal resorts +as the Roumanian is in the United States. We hear no suggestion that any +differential treatment of our citizens is there imposed. No religious +test is known to bar any American from resorting to Roumania for +business or pleasure. No attempt has been made to set up any such test +in the United States whereby any American citizen might be denied +recourse to the representatives of Roumania in order to authenticate +documents necessary to the establishment of his legal rights or the +furtherance of his personal interests in Roumania. And in welcoming +negotiations for a convention of naturalization Roumania gives proof of +her desire to confirm all American citizens in their inherently just +rights. + +Another consideration, of cognate character, presents itself. In the +absence of a naturalization convention, some few States hold +self-expatriation without the previous consent of the sovereign to be +punishable, or to entail consequences indistinguishable from banishment. +Turkey, for instance, only tacitly assents to the expatriation of +Ottoman subjects, so long as they remain outside Turkish jurisdiction. +Should they return thereto their acquired alienship is ignored. Should +they seek to cure the matter by asking permission to be naturalized +abroad, consent is coupled with the condition of non-return to Turkey. +It is the object of a naturalization convention to remedy this feature +by placing the naturalized alien on a parity with the natural-born +citizen and according him due recognition as such. This consideration +gives us added satisfaction that negotiations on the subject have been +auspiciously inaugurated with Roumania. If I have mentioned this aspect +of the matter, it is in order that the two Governments may be in accord +as to the bases of their agreement in this regard; for it is +indispensable that the essential purpose of the proposed convention +should not be impaired or perverted by any coupled condition of +banishment imposed independently by the act of either contracting party. + +The United States welcomes now, as it has welcomed from the foundation +of its government, the voluntary immigration of all aliens coming hither +under conditions fitting them to become merged in the body-politic of +this land. Our laws provide the means for them to become incorporated +indistinguishably in the mass of citizens, and prescribe their absolute +equality with the native born, guaranteeing to them equal civil rights +at home and equal protection abroad. The conditions are few, looking to +their coming as free agents, so circumstanced physically and morally as +to supply the healthful and intelligent material of free citizenhood. +The pauper, the criminal, the contagiously or incurably diseased, are +excluded from the benefits of immigration only when they are likely to +become a source of danger or a burden upon the community. The voluntary +character of their coming is essential,--hence we shut out all +immigration assisted or constrained by foreign agencies. The purpose of +our generous treatment of the alien immigrant is to benefit us and him +alike,--not to afford to another State a field upon which to cast its +own objectionable elements. A convention of naturalization may not be +construed as an instrument to facilitate any such process. The alien, +coming hither voluntarily and prepared to take upon himself the +preparatory, and in due course the definite obligations of citizenship, +retains thereafter, in domestic and international relations, the initial +character of free agency, in the full enjoyment of which it is incumbent +upon his adoptive State to protect him. + +The foregoing considerations, whilst pertinent to the examination of the +purpose and scope of a naturalization treaty, have a larger aim. It +behoves the State to scrutinize most jealously the character of the +immigration from a foreign land, and, if it be obnoxious to objection, +to examine the causes which render it so. Should those causes originate +in the act of another sovereign State, to the detriment of its +neighbors, it is the prerogative of an injured State to point out the +evil and to make remonstrance; for with nations, as with individuals, +the social law holds good that the right of each is bounded by the right +of the neighbor. + +The condition of a large class of the inhabitants of Roumania has for +many years been a source of grave concern to the United States. I refer +to the Roumanian Jews, numbering some 400,000. Long ago, while the +Danubian principalities labored under oppressive conditions which only +war and a general action of the European Powers sufficed to end, the +persecution of the indigenous Jews under Turkish rule called forth in +1872 the strong remonstrance of the United States. The Treaty of Berlin +was hailed as a cure for the wrong, in view of the express provisions of +its 44th article, prescribing that "in Roumania, the difference of +religious creeds and confessions shall not be alleged against any person +as a ground for exclusion or incapacity in matters relating to the +enjoyment of civil and political rights, admissions to public +employments, functions, and honors, or the exercise of the various +professions and industries in any locality whatsoever," and stipulating +freedom in the exercise of all forms of worship to Roumanian dependents +and foreigners alike, as well as guaranteeing that all foreigners in +Roumania shall be treated, without distinction of creed, on a footing of +perfect equality. + +With the lapse of time these just prescriptions have been rendered +nugatory in great part, as regards the native Jews, by the legislation +and municipal regulations of Roumania. Starting from the arbitrary and +controvertible premises that the native Jews of Roumania domiciled there +for centuries are "aliens not subject to foreign protection," the +ability of the Jew to earn even the scanty means of existence that +suffice for a frugal race has been constricted by degrees, until nearly +every opportunity to win a livelihood is denied; and until the helpless +poverty of the Jew has constrained an exodus of such proportions as to +cause general concern. + +The political disabilities of the Jews in Roumania, their exclusion from +the public service and the learned professions, the limitations of their +civil rights, and the imposition upon them of exceptional taxes, +involving as they do wrongs repugnant to the moral sense of liberal +modern peoples, are not so directly in point for my present purpose as +the public acts which attack the inherent right of man as a bread winner +in the ways of agriculture and trade. The Jews are prohibited from +owning land, or even from cultivating it as common laborers. They are +debarred from residing in the rural districts. Many branches of petty +trade and manual production are closed to them in the over-crowded +cities where they are forced to dwell and engage against fearful odds, +in the desperate struggle for existence. Even as ordinary artisans or +hired laborers they may only find employment in the proportion of one +"unprotected alien" to two "Roumanians" under any one employer. In +short, by the cumulative effect of successive restrictions, the Jews of +Roumania have become reduced to a state of wretched misery. Shut out +from nearly every avenue of self-support which is open to the poor of +other lands, and ground down by poverty as the natural result of their +discriminatory treatment, they are rendered incapable of lifting +themselves from the enforced degradation they endure. Even were the +fields of education open to them, of civil employment and of commerce, +as to "Roumanian citizens," their penury would prevent rising by +individual effort. Human beings, so circumstanced, have virtually no +alternatives but submissive suffering, or flight to some land less +unfavourable to them. Removal under such conditions is not and cannot be +the healthy intelligent emigration of a free and self-reliant being. It +must be, in most cases, the mere transplantation of an artificially +produced diseased growth to a new place. + +Granting that, in better and more healthful surroundings, the morbid +conditions will eventually change for good, such emigration is +necessarily for a time a burden to the community upon which the +fugitives may be cast. Self-reliance, and the knowledge and ability that +evolve the power of self-support must be developed, and, at the same +time, avenues of employment must be opened in quarters where competition +is already keen and opportunities scarce. The teachings of history, and +the experience of our own nation, show that the Jews possess in a high +degree the mental and moral qualifications of conscientious citizenhood. +No class of emigrants is more welcome to our shores when coming equipped +in mind and body for entrance upon the struggle for bread, and inspired +with the high purpose to give the best service of heart and brain to the +land they adopt of their own free will. But when they come as outcasts, +made doubly paupers by physical and moral oppression in their native +land, and thrown upon the long-suffering generosity of a more favored +community, their migration lacks the essential conditions which make +alien immigration either acceptable or beneficial. So well is this +appreciated on the Continent, that, even in the countries where +anti-Semitism has no foothold, it is difficult for these fleeing Jews to +obtain any lodging. America is their only goal. + +The United States offers asylum to the oppressed of all lands. But its +sympathy with them in no wise impairs its just liberty and right to +weigh the acts of the oppressor in the light of their effects upon this +country, and to judge accordingly. + +Putting together the facts now painfully brought home to this Government +during the past few years: that many of the inhabitants of Roumania are +being forced, by artificially adverse discriminations, to quit their +native country; that the hospitable asylum offered by this country is +almost the only refuge left to them; that they come hither unfitted by +the conditions of their exile to take part in the new life of this land +under circumstances either profitable to themselves or beneficial to the +community; and that they are objects of charity from the outset and for +a long time,--the right of remonstrance against the acts of the +Roumanian Government is clearly established in favor of this Government. +Whether consciously and of purpose, or not, these helpless people, +burdened and spurned by their native land, are forced by the sovereign +power of Roumania upon the charity of the United States. This Government +cannot be a tacit party to such an international wrong. It is +constrained to protest against the treatment to which the Jews of +Roumania are subjected, not alone because it has unimpeachable ground to +remonstrate against the resultant injury to itself, but in the name of +humanity. The United States may not authoritatively appeal to the +stipulations of the Treaty of Berlin, to which it was not and cannot +become a signatory, but it does earnestly appeal to the principles +consigned therein, because they are the principles of international law +and eternal justice, advocating the broad toleration which that solemn +compact enjoins, and standing ready to lend its moral support to the +fulfilment thereof by its co-signatories, for the act of Roumania itself +has effectively joined the United States to them as an interested party +in this regard. + +Occupying this ground and maintaining these views, it behoves us to see +that in concluding a naturalization convention no implication may exist +of obligation on the part of the United States to receive and convert +these unfortunates into citizens, and to eliminate any possible +inference of some condition or effect tantamount to banishment from +Roumania with inhibition of return or imposition of such legal +disability upon them by reason of their creed, as may impair their +interests in that country or operate to deny them judicial remedies +there which all American citizens may justly claim in accordance with +the law and comity of nations. + +I am, Sir, + +Your obedient servant, + +JOHN HAY. + + + * * * * * + + +AMERICAN CIRCULAR NOTE TO THE GREAT POWERS. + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_August 11, 1902_. + +SIR,--In the course of an instruction recently sent to the Minister +accredited to the Government of Roumania in regard to the bases of +negotiation begun with that Government looking to a convention of +naturalization between the United States and Roumania, certain +considerations were set forth for the Minister's guidance concerning the +character of the emigration from that country, the causes which +constrain it, and the consequences so far as they adversely affect the +United States. + +It has seemed to the President appropriate that these considerations, +relating as they do to the obligations entered into by the signatories +of the Treaty of Berlin of July 13, 1878, should be brought to the +attention of the Governments concerned and commended to their +consideration in the hope that, if they are so fortunate as to meet the +approval of the several Powers, such measures as to them may seem wise +may be taken to persuade the Government of Roumania to reconsider the +subject of the grievances in question. + + * * * * * + +(This note continues in the language of the foregoing despatch from the +words: "The United States welcomes now, etc." down to words: "as an +interested party in this regard.") + + * * * * * + +You will take an early occasion to read this instruction to the Minister +for Foreign Affairs and, should he request it, leave with him a copy. + +JOHN HAY. + + * * * * * + +_Reply of Great Britain._ + +(Mr. Bertie to Mr. Choate.) + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_September 2, 1902_. + +YOUR EXCELLENCY,--I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your +note of the 23rd ultimo, inclosing a copy of a dispatch from Mr. +Secretary Hay on the subject of the conditions of the Jews in Roumania. + +His Majesty's Government joins with the United States Government in +deploring the depressed condition of the Roumanian Jews and in regarding +with apprehension the results of their enforced emigration. + +His Majesty's Government will place themselves in communication with +the other Powers signatory of the Treaty of Berlin, with a view to a +joint representation to the Roumanian Government on the subject. + +FRANCIS BERTIE. + +(_In the absence of the Marquis of Lansdowne._) + +("Foreign Relations of the United States (1902)," pp. 910 _et seq._, 42 +_et seq._, and 550). + + * * * * * + + +(_h_) THE CONFERENCES OF LONDON, ST. PETERSBURG AND BUCHAREST (1912-13). + +In connection with the Balkan complications of the last ten years, which +form the overture to the present war, the Jewish organisations in +Western Europe and America--chiefly the London Jewish Conjoint +Committee--lost no opportunity of keeping the grievances of the Rumanian +Jews before the Great Powers and of maintaining the liberties already +won in South-Eastern Europe. The work has been of a more arduous and +far-reaching character than the public suspect, and, although it has not +achieved final success, it has been far from unfruitful. Of this work it +is only possible to speak in a very summary way, as much of it is still +confidential and all of it is directly related to negotiations still +pending and necessarily belonging to the domain of what is invidiously +called secret diplomacy. + +In 1908, on the occasion of the annexation of Bosnia and the Herzegovina +by Austria-Hungary, the Conjoint Committee seized the opportunity of +endeavouring to reopen the Rumano-Jewish Question. The annexation was a +technical infraction of the Berlin Treaty and required the sanction of +the Great Powers, for which probably a Conference would be held. The +Conjoint Committee addressed to Sir Edward Grey a request that the scope +of the proposed Conference should be extended to other infractions of +the Treaty, and accompanied it with a review of the Rumano-Jewish +Question, which constitutes one of the most important State Papers +produced in the Jewish community.[46] Unfortunately the projected +Conference was abandoned, but Sir Edward Grey was so impressed by the +statements of the Conjoint Committee that he ordered an investigation to +be made, and he afterwards formally avowed, in a letter to the Conjoint +Committee, that the charges made in the Memorandum were accurate and +that Rumania had not fulfilled her Treaty pledges. This perhaps may not +seem to be a great gain, but those who know anything of international +politics will be aware that an official statement of this kind has +considerable practical importance, and, indeed, it was not lost upon the +Cabinet of Bucharest. + +The last occasions on which attempts were made to put an end to the +Rumanian scandal were in connection with the Conferences of London, St. +Petersburg, and Bucharest, which liquidated the various questions +arising out of the Balkan wars in 1912-13. Here two questions confronted +the Conjoint Committee. While the international questions at issue were +confined to the trans-Danubian States, all that was necessary was to +secure for the populations of the transferred territories in that region +a reaffirmation of the clauses of the Treaties of 1830 and 1878, by +which the liberties of racial and religious minorities were guaranteed. +When, however, Rumania joined in the war, this question became of much +greater importance, and it involved the reopening of the whole question +of Rumania's violation of the Treaty of Berlin. In spite of the efforts +of the Conjoint Committee, neither the three Conferences of London, nor +the Conference of St. Petersburg dealt with these questions. At the +Conference of Bucharest the United States Government, at the instance of +the American Jewish Committee, made a suggestion that the civil and +religious liberties of the populations of the territories transferred +under the proposed Treaty should be specially guaranteed. On the +proposal of the Rumanian Prime Minister, however, the Conference agreed +that such securities were not necessary, but expressed their readiness +to give a verbal assurance that the wishes of the United States would be +fully realised.[47] A long correspondence ensued between the Conjoint +Committee and the Foreign Office, and eventually Sir Edward Grey agreed +to a suggestion of the Committee that the Great Powers should be +consulted with a view to making their sanction of the new territorial +arrangements in the Balkans conditional on the guarantee of full civil +and religious liberty to all the inhabitants of the annexed +territories.[48] This important assurance was reaffirmed by the +Secretary of State towards the end of July 1914, within a week of the +outbreak of the present war. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +EXTRACT FROM THE PROTOCOLS OF THE CONFERENCE OF BUCHAREST. + +_Protocole No. 6.--Seance du Mardi, 23 Juillet (5 Aout), 1913._ + +[Le President] fait part a la Conference de la note suivante que lui a +remise S.E. Monsieur Jackson, Ministre des Etats-Unis d'Amerique a +Bucarest. + +"Le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amerique desire faire savoir qu'il +regarderait avec satisfaction si une provision accordant pleine liberte +civile et religieuse aux habitants de tout territoire que pourrait etre +assujetti a la souverainte de quiconque des cinq Puissances ou qui +pourrait etre transfere de la jurisdiction de l'une des Puissances a +celle d'une autre, pourrait etre introduite dans toute convention +conclue a Bucarest." + +M. Maioresco estime que les delegues sont unanimes a reconnaitre +pleinement, en fait et en droit, le principe qui a inspire la note +precitee, le droit public des Etats constitutionnels representes a cette +Conference en ayant consacre de longue date l'application. Le President +pense donc que la note des Etats-Unis d'Amerique ne saurait soulever +aucune difficulte: il est peut-etre bon de rappeler quelquefois les +principes, meme lorsqu'ils sont universellement admis. Aussi, croit-il +etre l'interprete des sentiments de MM. les Plenipotentiaires en +declarant que les habitants de tout territoire nouvellement acquis +auront, sans distinction de religion, la meme pleine liberte civile et +religieuse que tous les autres habitants de l'etat. + +M. Venizelos considere qu'a la suite des declarations du President, qui +seront consignees au Protocole, toute insertion dans le traite a +conclure, d'un principe deja universellement reconnu serait superflue. + +Cette maniere de voir de M. le premier delegue de Grece a recueilli +l'assentiment unanime. + +("Le Traite de Paix de Bucarest--Protocoles de la Conference," Bucarest, +1913, pp. 24-25.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE CONJOINT COMMITTEE AND SIR +EDWARD GREY. + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_13th October, 1913_. + +SIR,--The Jewish Conjoint Foreign Committee of the London Committee of +Deputies of British Jews and the Anglo-Jewish Association have had under +their consideration the diplomatic acts--principally the Treaty of +Bucharest--by which the new territorial system in the Near East has been +adjusted, and they have instructed us to invite the attention of His +Majesty's Government to the omission from those documents of provisions +either confirming or repeating on their own account, for the benefit of +the annexed territories, the guarantees of civil and religious liberty +and equality contained in the Protocol No. 3 of the Conference of London +of February 3rd, 1830, and in Articles V, XXVII, XXXIV, XLIV, and LXII +of the Treaty of Berlin. + +Owing to the vast changes which have been made in the distribution of +the Jewish communities throughout the region lying between the Danube +and the AEgean, and more especially in view of the annexations to the +Kingdom of Roumania, where hitherto the Civil and Religious Liberty +Clauses of the Treaty of Berlin have been systematically evaded, this +question has caused the Jewish people the gravest anxiety. The Conjoint +Committee are well aware that in four of the annexing States, namely, +Greece, Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro, the Constitutions provide for +the equal rights of all religious denominations, and they gratefully +acknowledge that for many years past the Jews in those countries have +had no reason to complain; but in the new conditions of mixed races and +creeds which confront those States, and in face of the symptoms already +apparent of an accentuation of the long-standing inter-confessional +bitterness and strife, they prefer not to relinquish the international +obligations by which the rights of their co-religionists have hitherto +been secured. In this view they find themselves supported not only by +all the Jewish communities of the Balkans, but also by all of the +religious minorities in the dominions which have recently changed hands. +The reasonableness of their view is further supported by the +constitutional changes effected in like circumstances in Moldo-Wallachia +and Servia three-quarters of a century ago to the prejudice of the Jews, +and also by the continued encouragement to religious intolerance +afforded by the legalised oppression of a quarter of a million Jews in +the Kingdom of Roumania. + +The question was not ignored at the Peace Conference at Bucharest, but +it failed to receive any contractual solution. At the sitting of August +8th a scheme of religious, scholastic and cultural liberty was +discussed, but no agreement was reached, owing to irreconcilable +differences between the Patriarchists and the Exarchists. Moreover, the +scheme as drawn up was confined to Christian communities (Protocol No. +10). At the sitting of August 5th, the question was raised in its wider +aspects by a communication from the United States Government expressing +the hope that a provision would be introduced into the Treaty "according +full civil and religious liberty to the inhabitants of any territory +subject to the sovereignty of any of the five Powers, or which might be +transferred from the jurisdiction of any one of them to that of +another." This also met with no adequate response. M. Maioresco, the +Chief Roumanian plenipotentiary, expressed the opinion that such a +provision was unnecessary, "as the principle inspiring it had long been +recognised, in fact and in law, by the public law of the Constitutional +States represented at the Conference," but he added that he was willing +to declare on behalf of the plenipotentiaries that "the inhabitants of +any territory newly acquired will have, without distinction of religion, +the same full civil and religious liberty, as all the other inhabitants +of the State." In this view the other plenipotentiaries concurred. +(Protocol No. 6.) + +The Jewish Conjoint Committee regret that they are unable to accept +either the reasoning or the assurances of M. Maioresco for the following +reasons:-- + +1. Even if it were true that the constitutions of all the five +contracting States assure civil and religious liberty to their +inhabitants without distinction of religion--Roumania herself is a +flagrant exception--it would not afford as permanent a guarantee as an +international obligation. The circumstances which render such a +guarantee necessary in the present case have already been referred to +above. + +2. In previous territorial changes in the Near East, the liberal +provisions of the constitutions of the annexing States have not been +held sufficient for the protection of religious minorities. Thus, in +1864, when the Ionian Islands were transferred to Greece, the Powers +specifically extended to the new territories the civil and religious +liberty obligations imposed on the Hellenic Kingdom in 1830 (see Article +IV of the Treaty of London of March 20th, 1864). Again in 1881, when +Thessaly was ceded to Greece, the religious liberty obligations of 1830 +were repeated in the Treaty of Cession for the benefit of the Mussulman +population (Convention of May 14th, 1881, Article VIII). A similar +course was adopted by the Great Powers in 1886, when Eastern Roumelia +was virtually annexed to Bulgaria (Article IV of Arrangement of April +5th, 1886; _cf._ Eastern Roumelia Statute, Article XXIV). + +3. Roumania herself is not content to rely on the national constitutions +of the other Balkan States where the destinies of her own expatriated +brethren in race and religion are concerned. Although she persuaded the +Conference of Bucharest to reject the American proposal to insert +binding guarantees for the equitable treatment of racial and religious +minorities in the annexed territories generally, she insisted on the +adoption of an Annexe to the Protocols of the Conference pledging the +signatory States to grant equal rights and religious and scholastic +freedom to the Koutzo-Vlachs residing within their dominions. It is +difficult to understand why these Treaty guarantees should be required +for communities which have a Government at Bucharest, attached to them +by racial and religious sympathies, to look after their interests, and +not for the Jews, who have no such resource in the event of their rights +being ignored. + +4. The terms of M. Maioresco's declaration in regard to "the inhabitants +of any territory newly acquired" are ambiguous, and in the case of the +Jews of the northern districts of Bulgaria, now annexed to Roumania, +might, and no doubt would be, interpreted as assimilating them to the +oppressed Jewish communities of the annexed State. Moreover, in view of +what happened to the Jews of the Dobrudja when that province was +acquired by Roumania in 1878, any unilateral assurances from the Cabinet +of Bucharest on this subject must fail to inspire confidence. The action +of the Roumanian Government on that occasion was dealt with by us in the +letter we had the honour of addressing to you on July 13th last, and it +will consequently suffice to state now that the Jews of the Dobrudja +were deprived of their national rights for thirty years after the +annexation, and even then they experienced great difficulty in obtaining +them. We cannot contemplate without anxiety the possibility of a +repetition of this application of the principle formulated by M. +Maioresco. + +For these reasons the Jewish Conjoint Committee regard with grave +apprehension the omission from the Treaty of Bucharest of guarantees of +civil and religious equality for the inhabitants of the territories +which have changed hands in virtue of that instrument, and they trust +they may rely on His Majesty's Government to take such steps as will +assure to those inhabitants the full enjoyment of the high protection +accorded them by the London Protocol of 1830 and the Treaty of Berlin. + +They venture to suggest that the objects they have in view might be +attained by a collective note to the States signatory of the Treaties of +London, Bucharest and Constantinople, declaring that the Great Powers +regard the Civil and Religious Liberty clauses of the Protocol of 1830 +and the Treaty of Berlin as binding upon all of them within their new +frontiers and throughout all their territories. The Committee hope that +His Majesty's Government may see their way to propose such a note to +the Great Powers. + +We are, Sir, + +Your humble and obedient Servants, + +D. L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + + * * * * * + +TO THE RT. HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., HIS MAJESTY'S +PRINCIPAL SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS, ETC., ETC., ETC. + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_October 29th, 1913_. + +GENTLEMEN,--I am directed by Secretary Sir E. Grey to acknowledge the +receipt of your letter of October 13th, and to observe in reply that the +Articles of the Treaty of Berlin, to which you refer, are in no way +abrogated by the territorial changes in the Near East, and remain as +binding as they have been hitherto as regards all territories covered by +those Articles at the time when the Treaty was signed. + +His Majesty's Government will, however, consult with the other Powers as +to the policy of reaffirming in some way the provisions of the Treaty of +Berlin for the protection of the religious and other liberties of +minorities in the territories referred to, when the question of giving +formal recognition by the Powers to the recent territorial changes in +the Balkan Peninsula is raised. + +I am, Gentlemen, + +Your most obedient, humble servant, + +EYRE A. CROWE. + +THE CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE. + + * * * * * + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_17th November, 1913_. + +SIR,--We have had the honour of receiving the letter of the 29th ult. +addressed to us on your behalf by Sir Eyre A. Crowe, and we have duly +submitted it to our colleagues of the Conjoint Jewish Committee. + +We are desired by the Committee to thank you for this communication and +to express their lively satisfaction with the assurances you are good +enough to give them and which appear to them to meet the necessities of +the case they had the honour of placing before you. + +The Committee propose, with your permission, to submit to you at a later +stage, for the consideration of His Majesty's Government, an amended +formula of civil and religious liberty in the Balkans, which they think +will more clearly express the intentions of the Conference of London and +the Congress of Berlin than the provisions on the same subject contained +in the Protocol No. 3 of 1830 and the Treaty of 1878. They trust that +His Majesty's Government may find it possible to make this or some +similar amendment the basis for the proposed consultation with the other +Great Powers, as they venture to think that in this way a means may be +found of obviating a repetition of the misunderstandings by which the +Jews of Roumania have hitherto been deprived of the rights sought to be +conferred upon them by the Treaty of Berlin, besides securing the rights +of other religious and racial minorities in the Balkans on a footing of +perfect equality. + +We, are, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble servants, + +DAVID L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of the Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + + * * * * * + +TO THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., ETC., ETC. + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_12th March, 1914_. + +SIR,--Referring to the letter we had the honour of addressing to you on +the 17th November last, we now beg to submit to you, for the +consideration of His Majesty's Government, a revised formula of civil +and religious liberty in the Balkans in the hope that His Majesty's +Government may be able to recommend it to the other Great Powers +signatory of the Treaty of Berlin for application to the territories +which have recently changed hands in the Near East under the provisions +of the Treaties of London and Bucharest, and their subsidiary diplomatic +Acts. + +As you are aware, Civil and Religious Liberty in Bulgaria, Montenegro, +Servia and Roumania is at present guaranteed in identic terms by +Articles V, XXVII, XXXIV-V, XLIV of the Treaty of Berlin, and in Greece +by the concluding _alinea_ of Protocol No. 3 of the Conference of London +of the 3rd February 1830. We beg to suggest that in the extension of +these stipulations to the new territories they shall be elucidated by +the addition to each of the following paragraph:-- + + * * * * * + +All persons of whatever religious belief born or residing in the +territories annexed to the Kingdom of---- in virtue of the Treaties of +London and Bucharest, and who do not claim a foreign nationality and +cannot be shown to be claimed as nationals of a foreign state shall be +entitled to full civil and political rights as nationals of the Kingdom +of---- in accordance with the foregoing stipulations. + + * * * * * + +Some slight modification of this paragraph will be required to meet the +special circumstances of each case, as, for example, the omission of the +reference to the Treaty of London in the case of Roumania, and perhaps, +the insertion of the paragraph before the final _alinea_ of Article XLIV +of the Treaty of Berlin instead of its addition to that Article. + +In making this proposal we are chiefly actuated by a desire to obviate +as far as may be possible a repetition in the territories annexed to the +Kingdom of Roumania of the cruel evasion of Article XLIV of the Treaty +of Berlin by which the native Jews of Roumania have hitherto been +deprived of their civil and political rights. It will be within your +recollection that this evasion was contrived by arbitrarily declaring +all the native Jews to be _ipso facto_ foreigners and by submitting them +in that capacity to harsh disabilities which, while apparently +applicable to all foreigners, in reality only affected them. We are +further impressed by the fact that Bulgaria, Servia and Greece have each +acquired a considerable addition to their Jewish populations and, +although we acknowledge most gratefully the fidelity with which those +States have hitherto performed their obligation in regard to civil and +religious liberty, we think it wise, in view of the evil precedent +created by Roumania, to strengthen the hands of their rulers and +statesmen by extending those obligations in the form we now suggest to +the territories they have recently acquired. + +Our aims will, we think, be attained by the formula suggested above +without in any way enlarging the scope of the original stipulations, as +those stipulations were understood by their authors and the majority of +the States to which they have hitherto been applied. It is to be noted +that a similar amendment of Article XLIV was actually suggested by the +Italian representative, the Count de Launay, at the Berlin Congress, +with a view to obviating the very evasion of the Treaty subsequently +effected by Roumania, and it was only rejected by the Congress because +it was desired to adopt an identic formula for all the Balkan States and +because it was felt that the formula as it stood "parait de nature a +concilier tous les interets en cause." (British and Foreign State +Papers, vol. lxix. pp. 1058-9.) + +Now that it has been shown that this anticipation was illusory, we +venture to hope that His Majesty's Government may see their way to +realize the intentions of the Berlin Congress by suggesting to the Great +Powers the amendment we have proposed, and that their recognition of the +territorial changes in the Near East will be made conditional upon its +adoption by all the annexing States, and more particularly by the +Kingdom of Roumania. + +We are, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble servants, + +DAVID L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + +TO THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., ETC., ETC. + + * * * * * + +(For the humanitarian interventions on behalf of the Jews of Morocco see +"The Conferences of Madrid and Algeciras," _infra_, pp. 88-99.) + + +(_i_) THE JEWISH QUESTION AND THE BALANCE OF POWER (1890 AND 1906). + +It will be noted that none of the diplomatic interventions took +cognizance of the ill-treatment of the Jews in Russia,[49] although +until the recent Revolution it afforded, in magnitude and cruelty, the +worst example of religious persecution known to modern Europe.[50] The +cynical reason has already been indicated. But if international politics +has affected to ignore the Jewish question in Russia, that question has +not been without a very distinct influence on the evolution of the +European international system. No survey of the Jewish problem in +international politics would be complete without a reference to the +curious part played by the Russo-Jewish question in the orientation of +Russian policy which made for the alliance with France and through it +for the Triple Entente. It is well known that even after the termination +of the Russo-German secret treaty of mutual neutrality in 1890, the Tsar +Alexander III remained for a long time reluctant to come to terms with +Republican France. Towards the end of 1890 there was a fresh outbreak of +official anti-Semitism in Russia, and the bitter cry of the persecuted +Jews was heard all over Europe. At that moment it happened that +negotiations for a large loan had been entered into by the Russian +Treasury with the house of Rothschild, and a preliminary contract had +actually been signed. As soon as the news of the persecutions reached +New Court, Lord Rothschild resolved to break off the negotiations. At +his instance, M. Wyshnigradski, the Russian Finance Minister, was +informed by the Paris House that unless the oppression of the Jews were +stopped they would be compelled to withdraw from the loan operation. +Deeply mortified by this attempt on the part of a Jewish banking firm to +deal with him _de puissance a puissance_, the Tsar peremptorily +cancelled the contract and ordered that overtures should be made to a +non-Jewish French syndicate headed by M. Hoskier of Paris. Thus was +forged the main financial link in the chain of common interests which +soon after led to the Dual Alliance. Incidentally, it may be mentioned +that one of the effects of the Alliance was to secure to the Tsar a much +larger immunity from criticism in his persistent ill-treatment of the +Jews.[51] + +Fifteen years later the Jewish question also played a part in the +curious Russo-German _rapprochement_ which nearly wrecked the Dual +Alliance. Much light has been shed upon this incident by the recent +publication of the late Tsar's secret correspondence with the German +Emperor[52] and other Russian State documents, notably a Memorandum on +the Jewish question drawn up by Count Lamsdorf in January 1906.[53] +Negotiations for the adhesion of Russia to the Anglo-French Entente had +been opened in the winter of 1903, but owing to the war with Japan and +the revolutionary outbreak in Russia the Tsar's views on the subject had +changed. Worked on by the German Emperor, he imagined himself a victim +of English intrigue, and he concluded with the Kaiser at Bjoerkoeon July +23, 1905, the bases of a new Triple Alliance to consist of Russia, +Germany, and France. While the Treaty was still unratified certain +reactionaries in Russia seized the opportunity of endeavouring to give +it a specially anti-Jewish bias. On the one hand the bureaucracy had +persuaded themselves that the Jews were the main authors of the October +Revolution, and on the other Count Witte and his colleagues in the +Cabinet were furious at the renewed rebuffs they had received at the +hands of the House of Rothschild in their efforts to raise new loans on +the Paris and London markets.[54] It was in these circumstances that +Count Lamsdorf prepared a Memorandum proposing to the Tsar that an +agreement should be concluded with Germany providing for the special +_surveillance_ of Jewish activities on the lines of a secret Protocol +which had been drawn up by the two Powers on March 14, 1904, for the +similar _surveillance_ and extradition of Anarchists.[55] At the same +time the Count suggested that the Pope should be asked to adhere to this +new Holy Alliance. This strange proposal was approved by the Tsar, who +ordered the immediate initiation of negotiations with the +Wilhelmstrasse. In due course this instruction was acted upon,[56] but +in the following May Count Lamsdorf fell, and with the entry of M. +Izvolsky into the Russian Foreign Office a new and saner direction was +given to Russian Foreign policy. Nothing more was heard either of the +Bjoerkoe Treaty or of the proposed Triple Alliance against the Jews. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +THE PROPOSED ANTI-SEMITIC TRIPLE ALLIANCE. + +(The footnotes appended to the following document are those of Count +Lamsdorf himself. Footnotes by the Editor will be found at the end.) + +_Secret._ + +ON THE ANARCHISTS. + +The events of the year 1905, which became particularly acute at the +beginning of October last, and, after a number of so-called "strikes," +culminated in an armed revolt at Moscow and in other cities and +localities of the Empire, show quite clearly that the Russian +revolutionary movement, apart from its deep social economic causes of an +_internal_ nature, has also a quite definite _international_ character. +This side of the revolutionary movement, which deserves very serious +attention, manifests itself chiefly in the fact that it is supported to +a large extent from abroad. + +This is clearly indicated by the striking phenomenon that the Russian +revolutionists dispose of an enormous quantity of _arms_ imported from +abroad, as well as of considerable _pecuniary means_, since there can be +no doubt that the revolutionary movement hostile to the Government, +including the organising of various kinds of strikes, must have cost the +revolutionaries large sums of money. + +Since it must be recognised that such support of the revolutionary +movement with arms and money could hardly be set to the account of +foreign governments (with the exception of certain isolated cases, as +for instance, the support of the Finnish movement by Sweden, and perhaps +the partial support of the Polish movement by Austria), one inevitably +arrives at the further conclusion that the support of our revolutionary +movement enters into the calculations of some _foreign capitalist +organisations_. + +This result must be coupled with the fact that the Russian revolutionary +movement is altogether distinguished by an alien racial character, since +it was precisely the various allogenes--the Armenians, Georgians, Letts, +Esthonians, Finns, Poles, etc.--who rose one after another against the +Imperial Government for the purpose of obtaining, if not complete +political autonomy, at least equal rights with the native population of +the Empire. When one considers, moreover, that, as is established with +sufficient certainty, among these allogenes a most important part is +played by the Jews, who have figured and still figure as a specially +active and aggressive element of the revolution, whether as individuals, +or as leaders of the movement, or in the shape of entire organisations +(_e.g._ the Jewish Bund in the Western region), one may assume with +certainty that the aforesaid support of the revolutionary movement from +abroad emanates precisely from _Jewish_ capitalist circles. + +In this respect one cannot ignore the coincidence of several phenomena +which could hardly be accidental. This coincidence rather logically +leads to the further result that our revolutionary movement is not only, +as already stated, _supported_ from abroad, but to a certain extent also +_directed_ from there. The strikes broke out with particular force +precisely in October last, that is to say, at a time when our Government +was making the attempt to bring about a large foreign loan without the +participation of the Rothschilds,[A] and just in the nick of time for +the frustration of the realisation of that financial scheme. The panic +provoked by it among the holders of Russian securities and the hurried +sale of those securities could not but procure in the end, as was safely +to be expected, new profits for the Jewish capitalists and bankers, who +speculated consciously and openly, as in Paris for instance, on the fall +of Russian securities.[57] + +On the other hand, the hostile movement against the Government, which +flared up immediately after the promulgation of the Manifesto of October +30th, assumed for a time milder forms as soon as the bulk of the Russian +people, of whom the revolutionists had taken no account at first, +responded to the hostile manifestations against the Government by +pogroms upon the Jews.[B] + +This connexion between the Russian revolutionary movement and the +foreign Jewish organisations is, moreover, confirmed in an obvious +manner by some significant facts which have even percolated through the +Press. Thus, for instance, the above-mentioned wholesale importation of +arms into Russia, which, as it transpires from the Agency reports, is +carried on very largely from the continent of Europe _via England_, +becomes quite intelligible when one considers that already in June 1905, +precisely in England, an Anglo-Jewish Committee for collecting donations +for the equipment of fighting groups among Russian Jews was openly +organised with the most active co-operation of the well-known Russophobe +publicist Lucien Wolf.[C] On the other hand, on account of the +melancholy consequences of the revolutionary agitation, which recoiled +upon the Jews themselves, in the very same England a Committee of Jewish +capitalists was founded under the presidency of Lord Rothschild, which +concentrated enormous sums of money, collected by way of subscriptions +in France, England and Germany, for the ostensible purpose of granting +relief to the Jewish subjects of Russia who had suffered by the pogroms. +Lastly, the Jews in America are organising collections both for the +victims and for the arming of the Jewish youths, without formally +separating these two aims from one another.[58][D] There is thus no +room for doubt as to the close connexion of the Russian revolution with +the Jewish question in general, and with the foreign Jewish +organisations in particular, which connexion is already perfectly clear +from the point of view of its fundamental principles, since the founders +of the Socialist doctrine, Lassalle and Marx, who wield so great an +influence on the present mind of the Russian University youth, were +notoriously both of Jewish origin. Nor can it be in any way doubted that +the practical direction of the Russian revolutionary movement is in +Jewish hands. While our newspapers pass over, no doubt intentionally, +the leading part played by them in almost complete silence, it is no +longer deemed necessary to make a secret of it abroad, even in Socialist +circles. A member of the Jewish Working-men's Union (Bund), named +Hervaille, thus declared openly at a meeting of the Dutch Socialists at +Amsterdam on the 22nd October (November 4th) that in spite of the +persecutions to which they were subjected, it is precisely the Jews who +are standing at the head of the Russian revolutionary movement.[59] In +Italy, numerous meetings of sympathy with the said movement, which in +the course of last November were organised at Rome, Milan, Turin, etc. +ostensibly, "Pro liberta Russa," ended in manifestations "Pro ebrei +Russi."[60] + +Thus, with the evident promotion of the Russian revolution by the Jews +of all countries, in one form or another, to a larger or smaller extent, +providing it above all with intelligent leaders, arms and pecuniary +means, the so-to-say international side of our revolutionary movement +becomes perfectly clear, and at the same time reveals those forces which +the Imperial Government must combat, as well as the factors of State and +public life abroad, on which it must rely in this struggle. + +Starting from the idea set out above, namely, that our revolutionary +movement is being actively supported and partly directed by the forces +of universal Jewry, we also discover with great probability the +organising and intellectual centre where the main supports and feeding +organs of the militant hostility to the Government in Russia are hiding +themselves. That is the famous pan-Jewish universal union established in +the year 1860, the "Alliance Israelite Universelle," with a Central +Committee in Paris, which possesses gigantic pecuniary means, disposes +of an enormous membership, and is supported by the Masonic lodges of +every description (according to some reports, they have again been +carried into Russia in recent years), which represent the obedient +organs of that universal organisation.[61][E] The principal aim of the +"Alliance Israelite Universelle"--the all-round triumph of +anti-Christian and anti-monarchist Jewry (which has already taken +practical possession of France) by means of Socialism which is to serve +as a bait for the ignorant masses--could not but find the State system +of Russia--a land of peasants, Orthodoxy and monarchism--an obstacle in +its path. Hence the fight against the existing Government, which was +started with consummate calculation at the very moment of our greatest +weakness brought about by the Japanese war. That is also why the chief +watchword of this inexorable campaign at the present moment is +universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage; that is to say, it fights +for a principle which if recognised by the Government would bring about +immediately, even before the meeting of the State Duma, the complete +removal of the existing historical-legal impediments to the triumph of +Jewry in Russia, though their complete abolition is not likely to be +welcome to the future chosen men of the Russian land either. + +The said factors, which support the fight of the revolutionary elements +against the Imperial Government from abroad, also afford on the other +hand the opportunity of recognising those forces by whose joint work a +favourable soil for a successful struggle with international +revolutionary Socialism might be created. As a matter of fact, there can +be no doubt that, in accordance with the main considerations set out +above, the universally organised international revolutionary Jewry must +be confronted by other enemies, apart from Russia, who by that alone +must become the friends and allies of the Imperial Government. +Anti-monarchist Jewry, sustained by money, cannot help undermining in +every way the Monarchical German Empire, sustained by its material +power. On the other hand, owing to a tradition centuries old, the +universally organised anti-Christian Judaism cannot help seeing an +irreconcilable enemy in the only Christian community that is likewise +organised on a universal and centralised basis, viz. the Roman Catholic +Church. + +It seems, therefore, that the friendly relations which have recently +been brought about so happily between the Imperial Government and the +German Empire,[F] as well as the Holy See, are destined to exercise a +very beneficent influence with regard to the anti-monarchical and +anti-Christian revolutionary movement in Europe. + +As for the Vatican, it must be remembered first of all that the +Protestant Government of Germany has recognised long ago the full +importance of the Holy See for the defence of the traditional +foundations of European culture. While in its internal policy, it is +leaning on the Catholic Centre-party, it has necessarily arrived at a +friendly accord with the Pope in its foreign policy as well. As for +Russia, the friendly assistance of the Vatican might likewise prove to +be of supreme importance just in the sense indicated above. Even apart +from the authoritative influence of the Holy See, through the medium of +the local clergy, especially in our Polish affairs--in this respect, the +latest Encyclical of the Pope to the Bishops of Poland presents a +significant step in meeting the wishes of the Russian Government--the +Vatican could render us an invaluable service by communicating +matter-of-fact data on the dissolving Jewish freemasonry organisation +and its branches, whose threads converge in Paris--an organisation about +which our Government is unfortunately but little informed, whereas the +Vatican is sure to watch its activity in the most attentive manner. + +As for Germany, on the other hand, any further approach of its +Government towards Russia--and one of a still closer nature than the +agreement founded on the Protocol of March 1st, 1904, on combating +Anarchism--would meet with unqualified sympathy at Berlin, since it +cannot be overlooked that, next to Russia, Germany is undoubtedly the +first State that will have to sustain the struggle with the +Social-Revolutionary party. Both the Government and Society in Germany +already take note at the present moment with the greatest apprehension +of the indubitable effect of the Russian events on the Social-Democratic +and Labour question, not to mention the movement of specific hostility +to the Government in the Provinces of Prussian Poland. + +Indeed, the West-European Socialists of various nationalities do not +consider it any longer necessary to make a secret of their intention to +inaugurate in this very month of January 1906, a movement hostile to the +Government of Germany--which is to reach its highest development on the +1st of May 1906--and has already started it in Prussia and in Saxony +with the self-same watchword of "Universal Suffrage." It could hardly be +doubted that behind this movement--which they intend to organise, in +accordance with the resolutions passed by the Socialist Congresses held +at Jena and Breslau, by the same means as in Russia--there stand in +reality the above indicated international aims and considerations of +principle, that is to say, the same anti-Christian and anti-monarchical +factors which had likewise been and are still in operation in the +Russian revolutionary movement. At any rate, according to an observation +by the _Deutsche Tageszeitung_, which has made it its special aim to +organise the fight against the impending general European revolution, +the more candid publicists of Social-Revolutionary tendencies are +already expressing unceremoniously their hope that the Russian movement +of hostility to the Government only presents a prelude to that general +European upheaval which, among other things, is to destroy utterly the +monarchical order of contemporary Europe. When one places oneself on +this standpoint, one cannot help perceiving in everything said above +nothing else but partial manifestations of a general revolutionary +scheme the menace of which is not confined to Russia, and which, +according to the formula of the well-known Liebknecht, consists +essentially in realising a Republic in politics, Socialism in economics, +and Atheism in the domain of religion. + +In view of the considerations set forth above, no doubt can remain as to +the absolute necessity of a confidential and sincere exchange of views +on our part, in the sense indicated above, with the leading spheres both +at Berlin and Rome. It could become the foundation of a most useful +joint action, first, for the purpose of organising a vigilant +supervision, and then also for an active joint struggle against the +common foe of the Christian and monarchical order of Europe. As a first +step in the said direction, and for the purpose of elucidating the main +principles for a future programme of joint action, it seems to be +desirable to confine ourselves for the present to a quite confidential +exchange of views with the German Government. + +(Signed) COUNT LAMSDORF. + + Negotiations must be entered into _immediately_. } + I share entirely the opinions herein expressed. } Endorsement in the + } Tsar's handwriting. + TSARSKOYE SELO, } + _January 3rd (O.S.) 1906_. } + +(Translated from the Russian text in vol. vi. of "Secret Documents," +published by the Soviet Commission of Foreign Affairs.) + + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +[A] _Supra_, p. 56 (note). + +[B] How these pogroms were organised by the Russian Secret Police will +be found described from authentic documents in Semenoff: _The Russian +Government and the Massacres_. + +[C] This is not quite accurate. The object of the Committee was to +assist the Self-Defence groups of Russian Jews in resisting the pogroms. +No arms were exported to Russia, as the groups in question, and indeed +the Russian Revolutionists themselves, found it quite easy to purchase +arms from the Imperial Russian magazines. + +[D] This also is quite untrue, as the published accounts of the Funds +show. + +[E] Freemasons will be able to judge of the accuracy of this statement. +It will suffice to say here that it is as untrue as it is ludicrous. The +same remark applies to the absurd reference to the Alliance Israelite. + +[F] This is clearly a reference to the Bjoerkoe interview and shows that +M. Izvolsky was in error when he stated that the Agreement resulting +from the interview was disapproved by Count Lamsdorf. (See interview +with M. Izvolsky in _Le Temps_, September 15, 1917.) + + + + +III. INTERVENTIONS BY RIGHT. + + +(_a_) STATUS OF JEWS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. + +Not all the diplomatic interventions on behalf of Jews have proceeded on +humanitarian grounds. Through the political assimilation of the Jews +with the populations among whom they dwell, and more particularly +through their emancipation in the various countries of Western Europe +and America, they have acquired the same rights in foreign countries +under International Law and treaties as their Christian fellow-citizens. +Unfortunately this has not been universally recognised, and it has +frequently happened that, when they travelled into countries where +Jewish disabilities still lingered, they were held liable as Jews to +ill-treatment from which their Christian fellow-countrymen were free. +The question of the legality of this ill-treatment arose at an early +date. + +In 1556, the Jews in the Papal States suffered a terrible persecution at +the hands of the fanatical Pope Paul IV. This culminated in the +imprisonment of all the Marranos or Crypto Jews of Ancona, and their +sentence to the stake. At that time the most influential Jews in Europe +were the Mendes or Nasi Family of Portugal and the Low Countries, the +head of which was the famous Donna Gracia Nasi. Her son-in-law, who +afterwards became Duke of Naxos in the service of the Porte, for whom he +conquered Cyprus, was the Rothschild as well as the Disraeli of his +day.[62] The Italian Jews sent piteous appeals to Donna Gracia, who was +then settled in Constantinople. She at once addressed herself to the +reigning Sultan, Solyman the Magnificent, and entreated his +intervention, on the ground that the Marrano Jews in Ancona were for the +most part Turkish subjects. The appeal was well conceived, for the +Sultan was outraged by the idea that subjects of his could be maltreated +by a foreign potentate. He promptly responded (March 9, 1556) by sending +an ultimatum to the Pope, demanding the immediate release of his +unjustly accused lieges, under pain of reprisals on the foreign +Christians within his own dominions.[63] The Turk in those days was not +in the habit of treating Christian States with an excess of ceremony, +and the Pope realised the wisdom of complying with the ultimatum. He +revenged himself, however, by burning those of the prisoners who could +not be shown to be Turkish subjects.[64] + +This incident is of peculiar interest for its bearing on the still much +debated question of the political status of Jews in the lands of their +"Dispersion." The Turkish Jews in 1556 seem to have had no doubt that +they were full nationals of the Ottoman Porte and as such entitled to +the protection of the Turkish Sultan. The precedent, however, was far +from decisive. In other circumstances other views have prevailed. Thus +in 1655, when the Commonwealth declared war on Spain, and an order was +issued for the confiscation of the property of Spaniards in England, +some of the Spanish Crypto Jews, then resident in London, appealed +against the order on the ground that their national status was that of +Jews and not that of Spaniards. This plea was allowed by the Admiralty +Commissioners, to whom it was referred, and they discharged the orders +made against the appellants.[65] + +The question slumbered for a century and a half, and when it reappeared +the Turk was again on the side of the light. In 1815, there was a +dispute on this subject between Austria and Turkey. At that time the +Jews of Turkey were treated better than the Jews of Austria. Austria +applied to Turkish Jews visiting her territories the disabilities +imposed upon her own Jews. Turkey protested on the ground that, +according to the treaties--mainly the Treaty of Carlowitz--in force +between the two powers, Austria had no right to make any distinction +between Turkish Jews and other subjects of the Ottoman Porte. This +contention was held to be valid by the Austrian Government, and the +incident was terminated by the issue of an instruction to the police of +Lower Austria, where the disabilities complained of were in force, +ordering them to treat all Turkish subjects alike without distinction of +race or creed. + +The Treaty of Carlowitz by which this case was governed left very little +option to the Austrian Government,[66] inasmuch as the reciprocity for +which it stipulated was not based, as in other treaties, on what is +known as "National treatment," that is to say that the nationals of each +contracting party visiting the territories of the other shall be treated +on the same footing as the nationals of the territories they visit. The +reason, no doubt, was that the racial and religious heterogeneity of +both Empires, and the differential treatment to which it gave rise in +their respective internal administrations, could not be recognised +internationally without grave risk of friction and controversy. The +lesson was not lost on other States, especially those which desired to +maintain their differential treatment of Jews as against the doctrine of +undenominational Nationality which was chiefly championed by France. The +result was a strengthening of the "National treatment" clause of +commercial treaties, and this, with the progress of religious liberty, +led to a succession of fresh international disputes. + +For many years, curiously enough, the chief offender was the democratic +Swiss Confederation, the Federal constitution of which was exclusively +Christian, while the Cantonal legislation was in many cases frankly and +even aggressively anti-Semitic. Until 1827 the Swiss Commercial Treaties +contained no hint of religious differentiation, but in that year, +availing themselves of the reactionary and clerical sympathies of the +government of Charles X, the Federal Authorities negotiated a Treaty +with France containing a "National treatment" clause, under which the +powers of the separate Cantons to deal as they pleased with Jews were, +in effect, reserved. But this was not all. Lest the clause should be +misinterpreted, the French Minister at Berne was authorised to address a +secret Note to the President of the Swiss Diet acknowledging that it +implied the desired restriction, on "the Jewish subjects of the +King."[67] The transaction was obviously one which could not stand the +light of the Revolution of 1830, and when three years later the +Government of the Canton of Basle applied the Treaty in all its rigour +to French Jews, the Duc de Broglie, then French Minister for Foreign +Affairs, issued an Ordinance suspending the operation of the Treaty in +regard to the offending Canton, and followed this up by severing +diplomatic relations and by placing a military cordon on the +frontier.[68] The King himself approved the action of his Minister in an +energetic speech to a deputation of the Consistoire Israelite. However, +in 1835 the Ordinance was withdrawn, and until 1850 the peace was more +or less preserved by a tacit _modus vivendi_. + +The resistance of France was rendered difficult, partly by perplexities +of general politics, but more immediately by the fact that the question +was a larger one than it had at first appeared. In February 1840 a +French Jew had been refused a _permis de sejour_ by the police of +Dresden on the ground that Jews were not permitted to reside in the +city. The case was precisely similar to that of Switzerland, and M. +Guizot, who was then Foreign Minister, hesitated to take up a strong +attitude as he was afraid that the precedent might involve him in +complications with other countries.[69] Nevertheless, French public +opinion was aroused, and the Chamber, after a lively debate, called upon +the Government to make suitable representations to Saxony.[70] In 1850 a +Commercial Treaty between the United States and Switzerland was signed +at Berne, but the American Senate, on the advice of the President, +refused to ratify it because it discriminated against +non-Christians.[71] This was followed almost immediately by a revival of +the anti-Semitic activity of the Basle police, chiefly at the expense of +French Jews resident in the Canton. The French Government again +protested energetically and insisted on the withdrawal of the police +measures. The demand was sulkily complied with, the Cantonal Government +reserving what they called "the principle."[72] + +In 1855 a new phase of the conflict was opened by the negotiation of two +further Commercial Treaties with Switzerland--one by Great Britain and +the other by the United States--in both of which the invidious +reservations, substantially as in the French Treaty of 1827, were +retained.[73] Some mystery attaches to the circumstances in which these +treaties were signed and ratified,[74] but the probable explanation is +that the Swiss negotiators promised in effect that there should be no +discrimination. This conjecture is confirmed by the action of the +Federal Assembly in the following year, in proposing a modification of +the Constitution by which equal rights should be accorded to the Jews in +all the Cantons. Unfortunately not all the Cantons agreed,[75] and in +1857 American public opinion became much excited at the discovery that +in the Canton of Neufchatel American citizens of the Jewish faith could +not be protected by American passports.[76] From this time until 1861 +the United States took the place of France as the champion of Religious +Liberty in Switzerland, and was strongly supported by Great Britain.[77] +Her efforts, however, were not successful, and it was still reserved for +France to settle the question. + +The opportunity presented itself when in the early sixties, under the +influence of Cobden and Chevalier, France denounced all her Commercial +Treaties. In negotiating the new Treaty with Switzerland she resolutely +set her face against all discriminations, or possibilities of +discrimination, between French citizens on the score of religion. The +result was that she obtained in her new Treaty (June 30, 1864) a form of +article without precedent in instruments of the kind.[78] In place of +"National treatment," French citizens in Switzerland "without +distinction of creed" were assured the same treatment as was accorded to +"Christians."[79] This striking victory was speedily followed by the +abolition of all Jewish disabilities throughout the Confederation.[80] + +A series of more formidable cases of the same kind arose at a later +period out of the disabilities imposed on Jews in Russia. The Powers +mainly affected were the United States and Great Britain. Both had +Treaties of Commerce with Russia, the American Treaty having been +concluded in 1832 and the British in 1859. Both Treaties contained, in +substantially the same form, articles guaranteeing reciprocal "National +treatment" to the subjects of the High Contracting parties. There is, +however, an extraordinary contrast in the interpretation of these +Treaties by the British and American Governments respectively. + +The question first came up for consideration in 1862. Certain British +Jews resident in Warsaw complained that the disabilities imposed upon +native Jews were also imposed upon them, and they appealed to Her +Majesty's Government for protection. Lord John Russell held that the +articles of the Treaty of 1859, by which British subjects in Russia and +Russian subjects in England were to be treated on an equal footing with +the nationals of those countries, did not mean that British Jews in +Russia should be treated as British subjects, but that they should only +have equal treatment with their oppressed co-religionists. He +accordingly declined to seek any relief for the petitioners.[81] The +case gave rise to no controversy, not only because the British and +Russian Governments were at one in their interpretation of the Treaty, +but because the facts were not made public at the time. It proved, +however, a fatal and humiliating precedent. In 1880 a terrible era of +persecution was inaugurated for the Jews of Russia, and it soon reacted +on their foreign brethren visiting the country. Towards the end of the +year a naturalised British Jew named Lewisohn was expelled from St. +Petersburg because he was a Jew, and he invoked the protection of his +Government. Lord Granville, who was then Foreign Secretary, was at first +disposed to regard the expulsion as a violation of the Treaty,[82] but +later on he became acquainted with the precedent of 1862, and he +declined to depart from it.[83] In 1890, at the instance of the Jewish +Conjoint Committee, Lord Salisbury submitted the question to the Law +Officers of the Crown, with the result that the precedent set by Lord +John Russell was confirmed on its merits and not--as in the case of Lord +Granville--_qua_ precedent only.[84] The last occasion on which an +effort was made to obtain a reversal of this decision was in 1912. The +Conjoint Committee addressed to the Secretary of State, Sir Edward Grey, +an elaborate Memorandum reviewing the history and legal aspects of the +question.[85] The reply was in effect a reaffirmation of the previous +decisions, but the grounds on which it was rested were different. Sir +Edward Grey did not discuss the reasonableness of the established +interpretation, but he pleaded that any departure from it would only +lead to the termination of the Treaty, and that this would serve neither +British nor Jewish interests.[86] + +The dispute with the United States pursued a very different course. In +its earliest stages it was dealt with by minor diplomatic and consular +officials very much in the spirit of Lord John Russell,[87] but when in +1880 the Russian Government began to expel American Jews from St. +Petersburg, the question was taken in hand by the Secretary of State as +one of gravity. It was at once recognised that a religious +discrimination between American citizens could not be tolerated in any +American Treaty. This was quite apart from the question of the legal +interpretation of the Treaty of 1832.[88] That question, however, was +dealt with vigorously by Mr. Blaine in July 1881. He took the broad view +that the intention of the United States in 1832 was not, and could not +have been, that which the Russian Government read into the Treaty, that +the Russian interpretation was indefensible on moral grounds, and that +on such questions local law cannot be permitted to override the express +terms of a Treaty.[89] On this basis the United States patiently sought +a reversal of the Russian view, but without success. The fight lasted +thirty years. Eventually American public opinion became agitated, an +organised movement for the termination of the obnoxious treaty was set +on foot, and in December 1911 the House of Representatives at Washington +sent a strongly worded joint resolution to the Senate declaring that +Russia had violated the Treaty and calling upon the President to +denounce it. The Russian Ambassador in Washington expressed official +disapproval of the resolution, but President Taft acted upon it without +waiting for the Senate, and denounced the Treaty on December 15. +Thereupon the Senate contented itself with a joint resolution approving +the action of the President.[90] + +The question of the status of Jews in foreign lands has also arisen in +Palestine and Morocco. In 1882 the Turkish Government, fearing a Zionist +propaganda, prohibited the settlement of foreign Jews in the Holy Land. +The United States protested, and in 1887 and 1888 similar action was +taken by Great Britain and France. In the following year the +restriction was removed.[91] In the case of Morocco, Great Britain +solved the question in advance by stipulating in her Treaty with that +country, negotiated in 1855, that her Christian, Mohammedan, and Jewish +subjects visiting and residing in Morocco should be treated on an equal +footing.[92] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +ART. XIV.--TREATY OF CARLOWITZ BETWEEN THE EMPEROR AND THE GRAND SULTAN, +_Jan. 26, 1699_.[93] + +XIV. Trade shall be free for the Subjects of both Partys, in all the +Kingdoms and Dominions of both Empires, according to the antient sacred +Capitulations. And that it may be carry'd on by both Partys with Profit +and without Fraud and Deceit, the same shall be settled by Stipulations +between Commissarys deputed on both sides, well vers'd in Merchandize, +at the time of solemn Embassys on both sides, and as has been observ'd +with other Nations in Friendship with the Sublime Empire, so his +Imperial Majesty's subjects of what Nation soever, shall enjoy the +Security and Advantage of Trade in the Kingdoms of the Sublime Empire, +as well as the usual Privileges in a fitting manner. + +("Collection of Treatys of Peace and Commerce," London, 1732, vol. iv. +p. 298.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Austrian Government. Instructions to Police of Lower +Austria, Dec. 28, 1815._ + +"All differences established between Turkish Jews and other subjects of +the Ottoman Porte appear contrary to the spirit of the Treaties. These +speak of 'Turkish subjects' without making any exception. It is +consequently to this quality only that one must have regard, and not in +any case to the religion or profession of individuals." + +(Quoted by M. Carnot in Debate in French Chamber. _Moniteur_, May 29, +1841.) + + * * * * * + +ARTS. I, III AND VI OF FRANCO-SWISS TREATY, MAY 30, 1827. + +Article premier.--Les Francais seront recus et traites, dans chaque +canton de la Confederation, relativement a leurs personnes et a leurs +proprietes, sur le meme pied et de la meme maniere que le sont ou +pourront l'etre a l'avenir les ressortissants suisses des autres +cantons. Tout genre d'industrie et de commerce permis aux ressortissants +suisses des divers cantons le sera egalement aux Francais et sans qu'on +puisse exiger d'eux aucune condition pecuniaire ou autre plus onereuse. +Lorsqu'ils prendront domicile ou formeront un etablissement dans les +cantons qui admettent les ressortissants de leurs co-etats, ils ne +seront egalement astreints a aucune autre condition que ces derniers. + +Art. 3.--Les Suisses jouiront en France des memes droits et avantages +que l'article premier assure aux Francais en Suisse, de telle sorte qu'a +l'egard des cantons qui, sous les rapports specifies audit article +premier, traiteront les Francais comme leurs propres ressortissants, +ceux-ci seront, sous les memes rapports, traites en France comme les +nationaux. Sa Majeste Tres Chretienne garantit aux autres cantons les +memes droits et avantages dont ils feront jouir ses sujets. + +Art. 6.--Les Francais etablis en Suisse, de meme que les Suisses etablis +en France en vertu du traite de 1803, continueront a jouir des droits +qui leur etaient acquis. Toutes les dispositions de la presente +convention leur seront d'ailleurs applicables. + +(Brisac: "Ce que les Israelites de la Suisse doivent a la France," pp. +10-11.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by French Negotiator. Secret Note to the Swiss Diet, +August 7, 1826._ + +Le premier point qui a paru avoir besoin de quelques eclaircissements +est relatif aux israelites sujets du roi, lesquels, en cette derniere +qualite, pourraient se croire autorises a reclamer, dans tous les +cantons suisses, le benefice de l'article 5 du projet de traite arrete +entre la commission de la Diete et moi. Je ferai observer a cet egard +que, cet article premier n'accordant aux Francais que les droits qui +sont accordes par chaque canton suisse aux ressortissants des autres +cantons, il s'ensuit necessairement que, dans ceux des cantons ou le +domicile et tout nouvel etablissement serait interdit, par les lois du +canton souverain, aux individus de la religion de Moise, les sujets du +roi qui professent cette religion ne sauraient se prevaloir de l'article +en question pour reclamer une exception a la regle generale du canton +suisse. Il est toutefois bien entendu que c'est une consequence directe +de l'article 6 du projet de traite, que ceux d'entre les israelites +d'origine francaise qui se seraient etablis sur le territoire de la +Confederation sous le regime de l'acte de mediation et en vertu du +traite de 1803, continueront a jouir des droits qui leur etaient acquis. + +(Brisac: _op. cit._, pp. 12-13.) + + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by France (1835). Speech by King Louis Philippe to a +Deputation from the Consistoire Israelite, November 5, 1835._ + +Le roi a repondu: + +"Oui, dans tous les temps j'ai regarde comme injustes et impolitiques +les mesures qui etablissaient entre les citoyens d'une meme nation des +differences de qualifications sociales fondees sur la diversite des +croyances religieuses. Comme roi j'ai soutenu ce principe, et je vous ai +deja temoigne plusieurs fois combien j'avais joui qu'il m'eut ete +reserve de vous en faire l'application. J'espere qu'elle deviendra +generale, je le desire beaucoup. Je crois que c'est dans l'interet bien +entendu de tous les peuples, et la raison doit finir par l'emporter sur +les prejuges, comme l'eau qui tombe goutte a goutte finit par percer le +plus dur rocher. Tels sont au moins mes desirs et mes esperances; mais +je ne puis me meler de ce qui se passe dans les autres Etats, a moins +que les interets francais n'en soient leses, ainsi que cela est arrive +dans le canton de Bale campagne. J'avoue que j'ai ete bien aise d'avoir +cette occasion de bien etablir que sous mon regne tous les Francais +jouissent des memes droits et que tous obtiennent la meme protection de +la part de mon gouvernement. J'espere que mes efforts ne seront pas +infructueux et que, dans l'affaire meme dont vous m'entretenez, le +canton reviendra sur une determination aussi contraire a nos traites +avec la Suisse qu'a l'esprit du siecle ou nous vivons. Pour moi, je suis +heureux d'avoir donne l'exemple de votre complete emancipation, et je +vous remercie de la justice que vous rendez a mes actes et a mes +intentions; je suis bien touche de ce que vous venez de m'exprimer." + +(_Moniteur_, Nov. 12, 1835.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACT FROM FRANCO-SWISS TREATY OF ESTABLISHMENT, _June 30, 1864_. + +"Tous les Francais sans distinction de culte seront recus et traites a +l'avenir dans chacun des Cantons suisses sur le meme pied que les +ressortissants chretiens des autres Cantons." + +(Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 53.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. ANGLO-SWISS TREATY, _September 6, 1855_. + +Article I. The subjects of Her Britannic Majesty shall be admitted to +reside in each of the Swiss Cantons on the same conditions, and on the +same footing, as citizens of the other Swiss Cantons. In the same +manner, Swiss citizens shall be admitted to reside in all the +territories of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on the +same conditions, and on the same footing as British subjects. + +Consequently, the subjects and citizens of either of the two Contracting +Parties shall, provided they conform to the laws of the country, be at +liberty, with their families, to enter, establish themselves, reside, +and remain in any part of the territories of the other. They may hire +and occupy houses and warehouses for the purposes of residence and +commerce, and may exercise, conformably to the laws of the country, any +profession or business, or carry on trade in articles of lawful commerce +by wholesale or retail, and may conduct such trade either in person or +by any brokers or agents whom they may think fit to employ, provided +such brokers or agents shall themselves also fulfil the conditions +necessary for being admitted to reside in the country. They shall not be +subject to any taxes, charges or conditions in respect of residence, +establishment, passports, licences to reside, establish themselves, or +to trade, in respect of permission to exercise their profession, +business, trade, or occupation, greater or more onerous than those which +are or may be imposed upon the subjects or citizens of the country in +which they reside; and they shall, in all these respects, enjoy every +right, privilege, and exemption which is or may be accorded to subjects +or citizens of the country, or to subjects or citizens of the most +favoured nation. + +(Bernhardt, "Handbook of Treaties, &c., relating to Commerce," Lond. +1908, pp. 915-916.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. AMERICAN-SWISS TREATY, _November 6, 1855_. + +Art. I. "The citizens of the United States of America and the citizens +of Switzerland shall be admitted and treated upon a footing of +reciprocal equality in the two countries, where such admission and +treatment shall not conflict with the constitutional or legal +provisions, as well Federal as State and Cantonal, of the contracting +parties. + +(_Pub. Amer. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. xi. p. 15.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by the United States, 1857. Letter from the Assistant +Secretary of State to the Jews of Baltimore._ + +_August 13, 1857._ + +In compliance with your request, I enclose herewith a copy of the treaty +between the United States and Switzerland which was proclaimed in 1855. +It was originally concluded in 1850, but was amended with a view to +avoid some objections which were made on the very subject to which you +refer. In its present form, although it may not remove some +difficulties with reference to those who profess the Israelitish faith, +yet I do not see that it discriminates against this class of our +citizens in any mode whatever. Undoubtedly in some portions of the +Confederation the local laws are less liberal to Israelites than to +others, and this is deeply to be regretted; but the Government of the +United States has no control over the legislation of a foreign State and +can only employ its influence and good offices to relieve the +difficulties which such legislation may impose in any given case. + +JOHN APPLETON. + +(_Ibid._, p. 23.) + + * * * * * + +_Action by the United States, 1861. Instruction to Mr. Fogg, Minister to +Switzerland._ + +_September 14, 1861._ + +SIR,--Among the important instructions addressed to your predecessor are +those concerning the restrictions of certain of the Swiss Cantons +against citizens of the United States professing Judaism--a subject +which received at Mr. Fay's hands a large share of earnest attention and +upon which he addressed the department repeatedly and at much length. It +is very desirable that his efforts to procure the removal of the +restrictions referred to, which, though not completely successful, have +no doubt had much effect in smoothing the way to such a result, should +be followed up by you. You will therefore, after having fully acquainted +yourself with what Mr. Fay has done in the premises and with the views +of the department as expressed to him in the despatches on file in the +Legation, take such steps as you may deem judicious and legal to advance +the benevolent object in question. It is not doubted that further proper +appeals to the justice and liberality of the authorities of the several +Cantons whose laws discriminate against Israelitish citizens of the +United States, will result in a removal of the odious restrictions and a +recognition of the just rights of those citizens. + +WILLIAM H. SEWARD, + +_Secretary of State_. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 47-48.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. RUSSO-AMERICAN TREATY, _December_ 18, 1832. + +Article I. There shall be between the territories of the high +contracting parties a reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation. + +The inhabitants of their respective states shall mutually have liberty +to enter the ports, places and rivers of each party wherever foreign +commerce is permitted. They shall be at liberty to sojourn and reside in +all parts whatsoever of said territories, in order to attend to their +affairs; and they shall enjoy, to that effect, the same security and +protection as natives of the country wherein they reside, on condition +of submitting to the laws and ordinances there prevailing, and +particularly to the regulations in force concerning commerce. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. xx. p. 267.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by United States, 1881. Dispatch of Secretary of State +to the American Minister in St. Petersburg._ + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_July_ 29, 1881. + +SIR,--...The case would clearly be one in which the obligation of a +treaty is supreme and where the local law must yield. These questions of +the conflict of local law and international treaty stipulations are +among the most common which have engaged the attention of publicists, +and it is their concurrent judgment that where a treaty creates a +privilege for aliens in express terms it cannot be limited by the +operations of domestic law without a serious breach of the good faith +which governs the intercourse of nations. So long as such a conventional +engagement in favor of the citizens in another State exists, the law +governing natives in like cases is manifestly inapplicable. + +I need hardly enlarge on the point that the Government of the United +States concludes its treaties with foreign States for the equal +protection of all classes of American citizens. It can make absolutely +no discrimination between them, whatever be their origin or creed. So +that they abide by the laws at home or abroad it must give them due +protection and expect like protection for them. Any unfriendly or +discriminatory act against them on the part of a foreign power with +which we are at peace would call for our earnest remonstrance, whether a +treaty existed or not. The friendliness of our relations with foreign +nations is emphasized by the treaties we have concluded with them. We +have been moved to enter into such international compacts by +considerations of mutual benefit and reciprocity, by the same +considerations, in short, which have animated the Russian Government +from the time of the noble and tolerant declarations of the Empress +Catherine in 1784 to those of the ukase of 1860. We have looked to the +spirit rather than to the letter of those engagements, and believed that +they should be interpreted in the broadest way; and it is therefore a +source of unfeigned regret to us when a Government, to which we are +allied by so many historical ties as to that of Russia, shows a +disposition in its dealings with us to take advantage of technicalities, +to appeal to the rigid letter and not the reciprocal motive of its +international engagements in justification of the expulsion from its +territories of peaceable American citizens resorting thither under the +good faith of treaties and accused of no wrong-doing or of no violation +of the commercial code of the land, but of the simple adherence to the +faith of their fathers.... + +I can readily conceive that statutes bristling with difficulties remain +unrepealed in the volumes of the law of Russia as well as of other +nations. Even we ourselves have our obsolete "blue laws," and their +literal enforcement, if such a thing were possible, might to-day subject +a Russian of freethinking proclivities, in Maryland or Delaware, to the +penalty of having his tongue bored through with a red-hot iron for +blasphemy. Happily the spirit of progress is of higher authority than +the letter of outworn laws, and statutory enactments are not so +inelastic but that they relax and change with the general advancement of +peoples in the path of tolerance. + +The simple fact that thousands of Israelites to-day pursue their +callings unmolested in St. Petersburg, under the shadow of ancient +proscriptive laws, is in itself an eloquent testimony to the principle +of progress. And so, too, in Spain, where the persecution and expulsion +of the Jews is one of the most notable and deplorable facts in history, +and where the edicts of the earlier sovereigns remain unrepealed, we see +to-day an offer of protection and assured right of domicile made to +Israelites of every race.... + +I had the honor in my letter of the 20th ultimo to Mr. Bartholomey to +acquaint him with the general views of the President in relation to this +matter. + +I cannot better bring this instruction to a close than by repeating and +amplifying those views which the President so firmly holds, and which he +so anxiously desires to have recognized and responded to by the Russian +Government. + +He conceives that the intention of the United States in negotiating the +treaty of December 18, 1832, and the distinct and enlightened reciprocal +engagements then entered into with the Government of Russia, give us +moral ground to expect careful attention to our opinions as to its +rational interpretation in the broadest and most impartial sense; that +he would deeply regret, in view of the gratifying friendliness of the +relations of the two countries which he is so desirous to maintain, to +find that this large national sentiment fails to control the present +issue, or that a narrow and rigid limitation of the construction +possible to the treaty stipulation between the two countries is likely +to be adhered to; that if, after a frank comparison of the views of the +two Governments, in the most amicable spirit and with the most earnest +desire to reach a mutually agreeable conclusion, the treaty stipulations +between the United States and Russia are found insufficient to determine +questions of nationality and tolerance of individual faith, or to secure +to American citizens in Russia the treatment which Russians receive in +the United States, it is simply due to the good relations of the two +countries that the stipulations should be made sufficient in these +regards; and we can look for no clearer evidence of the good will which +Russia professes toward us than a frank declaration of her readiness to +come to a distinct agreement with us on these points in an earnest and +generous spirit. + +I have observed that in your conferences on this subject heretofore with +the minister of foreign affairs, as reported in your dispatches, you +have on some occasions given discreet expression to the feelings of +sympathy and gratification with which this Government and people regard +any steps taken in foreign countries in the direction of a liberal +tolerance analogous to that which forms the fundamental principle of our +national existence. Such expressions were natural on your part and +reflected a sentiment which we all feel. But in making the President's +views known to the minister I desire that you will carefully subordinate +such sentiments to the simple consideration of what is conscientiously +believed to be due to our citizens in foreign lands. You will distinctly +impress upon him that, regardful of the sovereignty of Russia, we do not +submit any suggestions touching the laws and customs of the Empire +except where those laws and customs conflict with and destroy the rights +of American citizens as assured by treaty obligations. + +You can further advise him that we can make no new treaty with Russia +nor accept any construction of our existing treaty which shall +discriminate against any class of American citizens on account of their +religious faith. + +I cannot but feel assured that this earnest presentation of the views of +this Government will accord with the sense of justice and equity of that +of Russia and that the questions at issue will soon find their natural +solution in harmony with the noble spirit of tolerance which pervaded +the ukase of the Empress Catherine a century ago, and with the +statesmanlike declaration of the principle of reciprocity found in the +late decree of the Czar Alexander II in 1860. + +You may read this dispatch to the minister for foreign affairs, and +should he desire a copy you will give it to him. + +JAMES G. BLAINE. + +("For. Relat. of the U.S.," 1881, pp. 1030 _et seq._) + + + * * * * * + + +DENUNCIATION BY UNITED STATES, 1911. + +_Resolution of the House of Representatives, December 13, 1911._ + +Resolved, etc., That the people of the United States assert as a +fundamental principle that the rights of its citizens shall not be +impaired at home or abroad because of race or religion; that the +Government of the United States concludes its treaties for the equal +protection of all classes of its citizens, without regard to race or +religion; that the Government of the United States will not be a party +to any treaty which discriminates, or which by one of the parties +thereto is so construed as to discriminate, between American citizens on +the ground of race or religion; that the Government of Russia has +violated the treaty between the United States and Russia, concluded at +St. Petersburg, December 18, 1832, refusing to honor American passports +duly issued to American citizens, on account of race and religion; that +in the judgment of the Congress the said treaty, for the reasons +aforesaid, ought to be terminated at the earliest possible time; that +for the aforesaid reasons the said treaty is hereby declared to be +terminated and of no further force and effect from the expiration of one +year after the date of notification to the Government of Russia of the +terms of this resolution, and that to this end the President is hereby +charged with the duty of communicating such notice to the Government of +Russia. + +("Congressional Record," xlviii. 280, 304-305.) + + * * * * * + +_Resolution of the Senate, December 20, 1911._ + +Whereas the treaty of commerce and navigation between the United States +and Russia concluded on the 18th day of December, 1832, provides in +Article XII thereof that it "shall continue in force until the first day +of January in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and +thirty-nine, and if one year before that day one of the high contracting +parties shall not have announced to the other by an official +notification its intention to arrest the operation thereof this treaty +shall remain obligatory one year beyond that day, and so on until the +expiration of the year which shall commence after the date of a similar +notification"; and + +Whereas on the 17th day of December, 1911, the President caused to be +delivered to the Imperial Russian Government by the American Ambassador +at St. Petersburg an official notification on behalf of the Government +of the United States announcing intention to terminate the operation of +this treaty upon the expiration of the year commencing on the 1st day of +January 1912; and + +Whereas said treaty is no longer responsive in various respects to the +political principles and commercial needs of the two countries; and + +Whereas the constructions placed thereon by the respective contracting +parties differ upon matters of fundamental importance and interest to +each; Therefore be it + +Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States +of America in Congress assembled, That the notice thus given by the +President of the United States to the Government of the Empire of Russia +to terminate said treaty in accordance with the terms of the Treaty is +hereby adopted and ratified. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 493-522.) + + * * * * * + +ARTS. I AND XI, ANGLO-RUSSIAN TREATY, _January 12, 1859_. + +Article I. There shall be between all the dominions and possessions of +the two High Contracting Parties, reciprocal freedom of commerce and +navigation. The subjects of each of the two Contracting Parties, +respectively, shall have liberty freely and securely to come, with their +ships and cargoes, to all places, ports and rivers in the dominions and +possessions of the other, to which other foreigners are or may be +permitted to come; and shall, throughout the whole extent of the +dominions and possessions of the other, enjoy the same rights, +privileges, liberties, favours, immunities and exemptions in matters of +commerce and navigation, which are or may be enjoyed by native subjects +generally. + +It is understood, however, that the preceding stipulations in no wise +affect the laws, decrees, and special regulations regarding commerce, +industry, and police, in vigour in each of the two countries, and +generally applicable to all foreigners. + +Article XI. The subjects of either of the two High Contracting Parties, +conforming themselves to the laws of the country, shall have:-- + +1. Full liberty, with their families, to enter, travel, or reside in any +part of the dominions and possessions of the other Contracting Party. + +2. They shall be permitted, in the towns and ports, to hire or possess +the houses, warehouses, shops and premises, which may be necessary for +them. + +3. They may carry on their commerce, either in person or by any agents +whom they may think fit to employ. + +4. They shall not be subject, in respect of their persons or property, +or in respect of passports, licences for residence or establishment, nor +in respect of their commerce or industry, to any taxes, whether general +or local, nor to imposts or obligations of any kind whatever, other or +greater than those which are or may be imposed upon native subjects. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, pp. 721, 724-725.) + + + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1862 and 1881. Despatch from Lord +Granville to H.B.M. Ambassador at St. Petersburg._ + +_Earl Granville to Sir E. Thornton._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_December 28th, 1881_. + +SIR,--In my preceding despatch of to-day I have discussed the question +whether Mr. Lewisohn, in the arbitrary expulsion from Russia to which he +was subjected in September of last year, was treated in accordance with +the Russian law as applied to foreign Jews. It now remains to be +considered whether Her Majesty's Government are entitled to claim for a +British subject of the Jewish faith immunity from the operation of these +laws, under the Treaty between Great Britain and Russia of 1859. + +It will be seen that Article I of that Treaty secures to foreigners the +same rights as are enjoyed by native subjects generally, but the +stipulations of that Article are not to affect the laws, decrees, and +special regulations regarding commerce, industry and police in vigour in +each of the two countries, and applicable to foreigners generally; and +again, by Article XI, they are not to be subjected to imposts or +obligations of any kind whatever other and greater than those which are +or may be imposed on native subjects. + +The Treaty is no doubt open to two possible constructions: the one, that +it only assures to British subjects of any particular creed the same +privileges as are enjoyed by Russian subjects of the same creed; the +other that the privileges accorded to British subjects are accorded to +all alike, without regard to the religious body to which they belong. + +If the latter construction be adopted, British Jews in Russia would be +entitled to be relieved from the disabilities to which native Jews are +liable, but such a construction would also involve the supposition that +Russia had agreed to create a state of things inconsistent with the +traditions of her Government, which could not fail to be a source of +embarrassment to her. + +Upon an examination of the archives of this Department, it has been +found that the position of the Jews in Russia formed the subject of a +complaint from certain British subjects of that religion at Warsaw in +1862, and that Her Majesty's Government then came to the conclusion that +they would not be justified in claiming exemption for British Jews in +Russia from disabilities to which their Russian co-religionists were +liable by law. + +On that occasion Earl Russell informed Lord Napier, then Her Majesty's +Ambassador at St. Petersburgh, that the effect of the 1st and 11th +Articles of the Treaty was to place British subjects on the footing of +Russian subjects before the law, each class being alike, and one not +more than the other amenable to all general laws applicable in like +cases; that as Russian subjects, being Jews, incurred certain +disabilities, the equality intended and provided for by the Treaty was +not infringed by British subjects who were Jews and resident in Russia +sharing the same disabilities. The despatch went on to say that it would +seem to be beyond the scope and general intent of a Treaty of Commerce +and Navigation if it were to be held to repeal in the persons of +foreigners the legal disabilities to which, for reasons of general State +policy, particular classes of individual natives of the country had been +subjected, and it was hardly to be supposed that such an interpretation +would be accepted or adopted by an independent Government as against +itself. + +Her Majesty's Government feel that they cannot now insist upon a +construction of the Treaty at variance with that which was placed upon +it in 1862. + +I am, &c., + +GRANVILLE. + +("Parl. Paper, Russia," No. 4 (1881), p. 21.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1891. Letter from the Marquis of +Salisbury to Sir Julian Goldsmid._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_January 29th, 1891_. + +SIR,--With reference to the letter from this office of the 16th ultimo +and to previous correspondence respecting the position of British Jews +in Russia, I am directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to inform you that +the question has been fully considered in communication with the Law +Officers of the Crown. + +Her Majesty's Government are advised that, so long as the disabilities +to which British and Russian Jews are subjected are substantially the +same, it is not open to Her Majesty's Government to depart from the +interpretation of Treaties laid down in Lord Granville's despatch of +December 28, 1881. + +You will find a copy of this despatch on page 21 of the Parliamentary +Paper "Russia No. 4, 1881." + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient, humble Servant, + +T. H. SANDERSON. + + * * * * * + + +SIR J. GOLDSMID, BART., M.P. + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1912. Letter from Sir Edward Grey to +the Conjoint Committee._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_October 1st, 1912_. + +GENTLEMEN,--Secretary Sir E. Grey has had under his careful +consideration your Memorial of August 2nd last on the subject of the +grievances caused by the restrictions imposed in Russia on British +subjects of the Jewish faith in regard to the interpretation of Articles +I and XI of the Treaty of Commerce between this country and Russia of +January 12th, 1859. + +I am to inform you that, inasmuch as the construction which should be +placed on the Articles of the Treaty was carefully considered by His +Majesty's Government in 1862, and again in 1881, His Majesty's +Government would not now be able to reverse the decision then arrived +at, and that an attempt to do so, or to interpret and utilise the Treaty +in a sense contrary to the spirit of that decision, would only lead to +its termination by formal notice as provided for by the Treaty at the +end of twelve months. Such result would in no way advance the interests +of those whom you represent, and would in other respects be +disadvantageous to British interests. Sir E. Grey, therefore, regrets +that he is unable to approach the Russian Government in the sense +desired. + +I am, Gentlemen, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +EYRE A. CROWE. + +THE CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +("Annual Report, Board of Deputies, 1912," pp. 81-82.) + + * * * * * + +ART. XIII. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY, _December 9, 1856_. + +Article XIII. All British subjects, whether Mahometans, Jews, or +Christians, shall alike enjoy all the rights and privileges granted by +the present Treaty and the Convention of Commerce and Navigation which +has also been concluded this day, or which shall at any time be granted +to the most favoured nation. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, p. 561.) + + * * * * * + + + * * * * * + +(_b_) CONSULAR PROTECTION. + +Besides natural born and naturalised Jewish subjects of intervening +States, there is another class of Jews on whose behalf protective +interventions have been exercised on grounds of right. These are native +Jews who for one reason or another have acquired Consular Protection +under the Capitulations and other exterritorial privileges enjoyed by +foreign States in Oriental and semi-barbarous countries. The origin of +this protection has already been briefly described.[94] + + * * * * * + +The exact national status of the persons on whom it is conferred is not +easy to define, but in the Foreign Jurisdiction Orders in Council they +are assimilated with "British subjects" so far as British exterritorial +jurisdiction is concerned,[95] and this roughly has been the practice of +all States exercising Consular Protection. + +The system lent itself easily to abuse and fraud, chiefly because +exterritoriality in the countries in which it was exercised generally +carried with it immunity not only from arbitrary exactions but also from +ordinary taxation. Moreover, in the case of native Jews who often +suffered from Moslem fanaticism--chiefly in Morocco and Persia--Consular +Protection was exercised from motives of humanity, and for that purpose +more or less fictitious qualifications were found for them. We get a +curious glimpse of the loose way in which Consular Protection was +granted from the Anglo-Turkish Treaty of 1809. Under the Capitulations +(Arts. LIX and LX) native interpreters and servants of the Embassy were +free of taxes and indeed of Turkish jurisdiction generally. By the +Treaty of 1809 (Art. IX) it was agreed that in future the _berats_ of +interpreters should not issue to "artizans, shopkeepers, bankers and +other persons not acting as interpreters."[96] Owing to this stipulation +and the sensitiveness of the Porte in regard to its jurisdiction over +its own subjects, irregular Protections were discontinued in Turkey. +This, however, was not a source of serious grievance to Jews, as on the +whole they have been extremely well treated in the Ottoman Empire. + +It is not generally known--and the fact may prove of peculiar importance +at the present moment--that all Russian Jews settled in Palestine are, +on certain conditions, entitled to claim British protection and so much +of the status of British subjects as this privilege implies. In 1849, +when there was a considerable influx of Russian Jews into Jerusalem, the +Russian Government, having no Consul in the city and for other reasons, +desired to get rid of the responsibility of protecting them. Accordingly +an arrangement was arrived at between the British and Russian +authorities permitting such Jews, on receiving papers of dismissal from +their Russian allegiance from the Vice-Consul at Jaffa, to register at +the British Consulate as British proteges. A large number availed +themselves of the privilege. There is nothing to show that the Agreement +of 1849 was ever cancelled.[97] + +In Morocco the Consular Protection System affected Jews more closely +than in Turkey. It was for many years their sole protection against the +oppressions of the Bashaws and the cruel fanaticism of the people, and +on this ground there was much to be said for its so-called abuses and +irregularities. The right of protection seems to have been derived from +a very loosely worded article of the Anglo-Moorish Treaty of 1728, +granting immunity from taxation to all the native servants of British +subjects, whether Moors or Jews.[98] This Treaty was abrogated by the +general Treaty of 1856 (Article XXXVIII) and a more definite scope was +given to British Consular jurisdiction (Article III), but in a Treaty of +Commerce signed on the same day, it was expressly stipulated (Article +IV) that native agents employed by British subjects "shall be treated +and regarded as other subjects of the Moorish dominions."[99] +Nevertheless, the old abuses continued in virtue of the "Most favoured +nation" clause,[100] and a very large number of native Jews received +protection at the hands of the Consuls of all the Powers, partly on +account of their usefulness and partly on account of the insecurity of +their lives and property under the Moorish authorities. + +It was, however, difficult to restrain Moorish fanaticism, and the +Consuls were frequently called upon to protect their Jewish proteges or +to avenge outrages of which they became victims.[101] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +PROTECTION OF RUSSIAN JEWS IN PALESTINE.--THE AGREEMENT OF 1849. + +_Earl Russell to the Jewish Board of Deputies._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_February 1st, 1864_. + +SIR,--I am directed by Earl Russell to acknowledge the receipt of your +two letters of the 29th of December and 22nd inst., in the former of +which you enclose a Memorial to His Lordship from the Jews of Safed and +Tiberias, praying that they may again be placed under British +protection, of which they assert that they were deprived by Mr. Consul +Finn under the circumstances stated by them. + +I am now to state to you in reply for the information of the +Memorialists that Her Majesty's Government have every disposition to +give effect to the arrangements which were made with the Russian Consul +General in 1849, namely to afford British protection to those Jews who, +having declined to return to Russia, have divested themselves of their +Russian Nationality, and so forfeited the protection to which _prima +facie_ they were entitled to look. But I am to add that it must be +distinctly understood that this can only be done by the production on +the part of the individual seeking British protection of the formal +letter of Dismissal from the Russian Consulate, shewing that he has been +cast off from Russian protection, and would thus be left otherwise +unprotected. If he can produce no such letter, Her Majesty's Consular +Officers will not be entitled to grant to such individual British +protection. + +Mr. Finn acted erroneously in originally supposing that British +protection could be granted to Russian Jews without the production of +formal letters of dismissal, and it was in consequence of instructions +from Her Majesty's Government that he withdrew British Consular +protection from those persons who could not produce such letters. Lord +Russell, however, is of opinion that Mr. Finn has shewn satisfactorily +that his good offices have nevertheless not unfrequently been extended +to the Jewish Communities at Safed and Tiberias, and that they have no +just reason to complain of him. + +A delay has been occasioned in answering your first letter by the +necessity of communicating with Mr. Finn and of making other inquiries +with regard to the statements contained in the Memorial. + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +I. HAMMOND. + +J. M. MONTEFIORE, ESQ., + +4 GT. STANHOPE ST., MAYFAIR. + +(Minute Books of Board of Deputies, 1864.) + + +ART. III. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY _of January 14, 1727-8_. + +III. That the Menial Servants of his Britannic Majesty's Subjects, the +Natives of the Country, either Moors or Jews, be exempt from Taxes of +all kinds. + +("A General Collection of Treaties" (1732), iv. 458.) + + * * * * * + +ART. III. ANGLO-MOORISH GENERAL TREATY _of December 9, 1856_. + +EXTRACT. + +Article III....The British Charge d'Affaires shall be at liberty to +choose his own interpreters and servants, either from the Mussulmans or +others, and neither his interpreters nor servants shall be compelled to +pay any capitation tax, forced contribution, or other similar or +corresponding charge. With respect to the Consuls or Vice-Consuls who +shall reside at the ports under the orders of the said Charge +d'Affaires, they shall be at liberty to choose one interpreter, one +guard, and two servants, either from the Mussulmans or others; and +neither the interpreter, nor the guard, nor their servants, shall be +compelled to pay any capitation tax, forced contribution, or other +similar or corresponding charge. If the said Charge d'Affaires should +appoint a subject of the Sultan of Morocco as Vice-Consul at a Moorish +port, the said Vice-Consul, and those members of his family who may +dwell within his house, shall be respected, and exempted from the +payment of any capitation tax, or other similar or corresponding charge; +but the said Vice-Consul shall not take under his protection any subject +of the Sultan of Morocco except the members of his family dwelling under +his roof. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, p. 556.) + + * * * * * + +ART. IV. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY OF COMMERCE _of December 9, 1856_. + +EXTRACT. + +Article IV. The subjects of Her Britannic Majesty within the dominions +of His Majesty the Sultan shall be free to manage their own affairs +themselves, or to commit those affairs to the management of any persons +whom they may appoint as their broker, factor or agent; nor shall such +British subjects be restrained in their choice of persons to act in such +capacities; nor shall they be called upon to pay any salary or +remuneration to any person whom they shall not choose to employ; but +those persons who shall be thus employed, and who are subjects of the +Sultan of Morocco, shall be treated and regarded as other subjects of +the Moorish dominions. + +(_Ibid._ p. 573.) + + + * * * * * + + +FRANCO-MOORISH "REGLEMENT" REGARDING PROTECTION, _August 19, 1863_. + +EXTRACTS. + +La protection est individuelle et temporaire. + +Elle ne s'applique pas en general aux parents de l'individu protege. + +Elle ne peut s'appliquer a sa famille, c'est-a-dire a la femme et aux +enfants demeurant sous le meme toit. + +Elle est tout au plus viagere, jamais hereditaire, sauf la seule +exception admise en faveur de la famille Benchimol, qui, de pere en +fils, a fourni et fournit des censaux interpretes au port de Tanger. + +Les proteges se divisent en deux categories: + +La premiere categorie comprend les indigenes employes par la Legation et +par les differentes Autorites consulaires. + +La seconde categorie se compose des facteurs, courtiers ou agents +indigenes employes par les negociants francais pour leurs affaires de +commerce.... + +Le nombre des courtiers indigenes jouissant de la protection francaise +est limite a deux par maison de commerce. Par exception, les maisons de +commerce qui ont des comptoirs dans differents ports pourront avoir des +courtiers attaches a chacun de ces comptoirs et jouissant a ce titre de +la protection francaise.... + +Il est entendu, que les cultivateurs, gardiens de troupeaux ou autres +paysans indigenes au service des Francais ne pourront etre l'objet de +poursuites judiciaires sans que l'Autorite consulaire competente en soit +immediatement informee, afin que celle-ci puisse sauvegarder l'interet +de ses nationaux.... + +(De Card: "Les Traites entre la France et le Maroc" (Paris, 1898), pp. +221-22.) + + * * * * * + + +(_c_) THE CONFERENCES OF MADRID (1800) AND ALGECIRAS (1906). + +Through the efforts of the British Minister at Tangier, Sir John +Drummond Hay, who had negotiated the Treaties of 1856 and who was +strongly opposed to the abuses of the Protection system, a Conference of +the Powers and other interested States was held at Madrid in 1880 with +the object of introducing reforms.[102] A new Convention, containing a +few fresh restrictions, was agreed upon, but, as a matter of fact, the +Conference was a failure, owing to the reluctance of France to abandon a +system which gave her an advantage against Great Britain in promoting +her influence in Morocco.[103] For obvious reasons, Jewish influence +was also largely used to the same end. The Jewish factor of the problem +came out very prominently in the debates of the Conference. All the +proteges referred to by name were Jews, such as the families of +Benchimol, Moses Nahon, David Buzaglo, and Isaac Toledano.[104] One of +the few reforms carried out by the Conference was the abolition of +hereditary protection. An exception was, however, made in the case of +the Jewish family of Benchimol, whose rights in this respect had been +guaranteed in the Convention of 1863 with France, and a special +reservation to this effect was inserted in the new Treaty.[105] + +The Conference also dealt with the general questions of Religious +Liberty in Morocco and of the treatment of native Jews. In 1864 Sir +Moses Montefiore, as President of the Jewish Board of Deputies and with +the support of the British Government, had undertaken a mission to +Morocco in order to secure an improvement in the treatment of the +non-Mohammedan population, and more particularly the Jews. He succeeded +in obtaining from the Sultan a remarkable Edict assuring to the Jews a +perfect equality of treatment with all the other subjects of the +Sultan.[106] This Edict had not been observed, and, at the instance of +the Pope, the Madrid Conference adopted a Declaration calling upon the +Shereefian Government to give effect to it and at the same time to +assure Religious Liberty to all its subjects. The result was to extract +from the Sultan a formal reaffirmation of the Montefiore Edict.[107] + +A similar course was pursued by the Conference which met at Algeciras in +1906 to consider the Moorish question in its wider political aspects. +The intervening quarter of a century had been as barren of reforms as +the period which elapsed between the granting of the Edict of 1864 and +the meeting of the Madrid Conference. The maltreatment of the Jews had +continued, and had been the subject of frequent complaints by the +Alliance Israelite, the Anglo-Jewish Association, and the American +Jewish Committee, and of remonstrances by their respective Governments. +Accordingly at the instance of the United States Government, the +question was brought before the Algeciras Conference, and, at the +sitting of that body on April 2, 1906, a resolution was adopted, again +calling upon the Sultan of Morocco to see "that the Jews of his Empire +and all his subjects, without distinction of faith, were treated with +justice and equality."[108] + +No steps, however, were taken to enforce this resolution, and it was not +even made a treaty obligation. That, however, was of little consequence, +for, very shortly after, the Moorish Empire virtually disappeared, and a +French Protectorate was proclaimed. The Jews of Morocco are now in the +same situation as their brethren in Algiers and Tunis, which, however, +is not to say that it is entirely satisfactory. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE MADRID CONFERENCE (1880). + +_Protocole No. 3.--Seance du 20 Mai, 1880._ + +Sur la question de la protection hereditaire, le Plenipotentiaire de +France rappelle que la Convention de 1863 accorde formellement cette +protection a la famille Benchimol. Les raisons qui ont motive cette +exception ont ete dument appreciees a cette epoque par le Gouvernement +Marocain; elles ont conserve toute leur force, et il est impossible au +Gouvernement Francais d'abandonner une famille qui jouit depuis 17 ans +de la plus juste consideration. Il demande le maintien de cette +exception si legitime. + +Le Plenipotentiaire du Portugal, tout en maintenant dans toute son +etendue le droit au traitement de la nation la plus favorisee, reconnu +toujours au Portugal et recemment encore lors des Ambassades speciales +envoyees par sa Majeste Cherifienne en 1875 et 1877, admet que la France +puisse alleguer des motifs speciaux en faveur d'une exception qui, selon +lui, n'invalide pas le principe. Il accepte donc sans reserve que la +protection ne soit pas hereditaire, avec l'exception unique etabli +nominativement dans la Convention de 1863. Seulement pour le cas ou le +Gouvernement Marocain accorderait par la suite d'autres exceptions de +cette nature, il reserverait le droit du Gouvernement Portugais de +reclamer une exception analogue. + +Pareille reserve est faite par les autres Plenipotentiaires. + +"La protection n'est point hereditaire. Une seule exception est +maintenue en faveur de la famille Benchimol, comme etant etablie dans la +Convention de 1863; mais elle ne saurait creer un precedent. Cependant +si le Souverain du Maroc accordait une autre exception, toutes les +Puissances representees a la Conference auraient le droit de reclamer +une exception pareille." + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 11.--Seance du 24 Juin, 1880._ + +Le Plenipotentiaire d'Italie demande la parole, et s'exprime en ces +termes:-- + +"...L'Italie a toujours maintenu inalterable son droit consuetudinaire +sans jamais en abuser. En effet, en examinant le chiffre de 108, auquel +montent ses proteges, on trouvera que 11 seulement sont proteges en +vertu du droit consuetudinaire. + +"Six sont d'anciens Vice-Consuls et interpretes des Etats Italiens +composant actuellement le Royaume d'Italie. Le nombre de ceux qui ont +rendu ainsi des services a l'Italie est de six et non d'un seul (M. +Moses Nahon), comme M. le Ministre des Affaires Etrangeres du Maroc +avait cru pouvoir l'affirmer dans la seance du 19 Juillet, 1879, des +Conferences de Tanger. + +"La veuve David Buzaglo et ses deux fils composent la famille d'un Agent +Diplomatique Italien, et jouisse a ce titre de la protection. + +"La veuve Isaac Toldano et 8 autres personnes appartiennent a la famille +de Joseph Toldano, Interprete de la Legation d'Italie, famille qui +jusqu'a present a joui de la protection hereditaire comme la famille +Benchimol, protegee par la France." + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," lxxi. 825-826, 872, 873-874.) + + * * * * * + +ART. VI. TREATY OF MADRID, _July 6, 1880_.[109] + +VI. La protection s'etend sur la famille du protege. Sa demeure est +respectee. + +Il est entendu que la famille ne se compose que de la femme, des +enfants, et des parents mineurs qui habitent sous le meme toit. + +La protection n'est pas hereditaire. Une seule exception, deja etablie +par la Convention de 1863, et qui ne saurait creer un precedent, est +maintenue en faveur de la famille Benchimol. + +Cependant, si le Sultan du Maroc accordait une autre exception, chacune +des Puissances Contractantes aurait le droit de reclamer une concession +semblable. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 641-642.) + + + * * * * * + + +THE MONTEFIORE EDICT, 1864. + +In the Name of God, the Merciful and Gracious. There is no power but in +God, the High and Mighty. + +Be it known by this our Royal Edict--may God exalt and bless its purport +and elevate the same to the high heavens, as he does the sun and +moon!--that it is our command, that all Jews residing within our +dominions, be the condition in which the Almighty God has placed them +whatever it may, shall be treated by our Governors, Administrators, and +all other subjects, in manner conformable with the evenly balanced +scales of Justice, and that in the administration of the Courts of Law +they (the Jews) shall occupy a position of perfect equality with all +other people; so that not even a fractional portion of the smallest +imaginable particle of injustice shall reach any of them, nor shall they +be subjected to anything of an objectionable nature. Neither they (the +Authorities) nor any one else shall do them (the Jews) wrong, whether to +their persons or to their property. Nor shall any tradesman among them, +or artizan, be compelled to work against his will. The work of everyone +shall be duly recompensed, for injustice here is injustice in Heaven, +and we cannot countenance it in any matter affecting either their (the +Jews') rights or the rights of others, our own dignity being itself +opposed to such a course. All persons in our regard have an equal claim +to justice; and if any person should wrong or injure one of them (the +Jews), we will, with the help of God, punish him. + +The commands hereinbefore set forth had been given and made known before +now; but we repeat them, and add force to them, in order that they may +be more clearly understood, and more strictly carried into effect, as +well as serve for a warning to such as may be evilly disposed towards +them (the Jews), and that the Jews shall thus enjoy for the future more +security than heretofore, whilst the fear to injure them shall be +greatly increased. + +This Decree, blessed by God, is promulgated on the 26th of Shaban, 1280 +(15 February 1864). Peace! + +(Loewe, "Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore," vol. ii. p. 153.) + + * * * * * + +FURTHER EXTRACT FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE MADRID CONFERENCE (1880). + +_Protocole No. 12.--Seance du 26 Juin, 1880._ + +Le President observe que la Conference, ayant accompli, et au dela, la +tache qu'elle s'etait proposee, est a la veille de se dissoudre. Mais il +doit porter a la connaissance de ses membres, avant qu'ils ne se +separent, une communication importante qui a ete adressee par le +Saint-Siege au Gouvernement de Sa Majeste Catholique. + +M. Canovas del Castillo donne lecture de la production suivante d'une +lettre, en date du 4 Mai, 1880, qu'il a recue de son Eminence le +Cardinal Nina: + +"EXCELLENCE,--Le Saint-Pere, obeissant au devoirs de sa mission +apostolique, ne peut que mettre a profit toutes les occasions qui se +presentent de veiller aux interets du Catholicisme, sur n'importe quel +point du globe. Ayant appris que dans le courant de ce mois un Congres +Diplomatique doit se reunir sous votre presidence pour s'occuper des +affaires du Maroc, Sa Saintete, tout en reconnaissant que parmi les +questions qui seront soumises a la deliberation de la Conference, celle +qui se rapporte a la liberte religieuse dans l'Empire Marocain n'a pas +ete particulierement designee, croit cependant que rien n'interdirait +aux Plenipotentiaires reunis a Madrid de porter leur attention sur un +sujet si important pour le bienetre des habitants du Maroc, quand meme +il ne serait considere qu'au point de vue materiel. + +"Il n'est point douteux que, de meme qu'au dernier Congres de Berlin les +appels faits par mon illustre predecesseur, le Cardinal Franchi, aux +Representants de la France et de l'Autriche, MM. Waddington et Andrassy, +eurent pour resultat de faire accueillir et voter, avec l'approbation +generale, les demandes de Sa Saintete relatives a la liberte de la +religion Catholique pour les sujets de la Sublime Porte et des Etats qui +l'avoisinent, de meme la proposition que je fais en ce moment trouvera +un accueil non moins favorable de la part des dignes Representants a la +veille de se reunir dans la capitale d'une nation si devouee au +Saint-Siege, et liee par tant d'interets a l'Empire du Maroc. D'autre +part, il n'est pas permis de presumer que le Gouvernement Marocain, uni +par un lien si etroit au Representant supreme de l'Islamisme, puisse se +refuser a suivre l'exemple qui lui a ete offert par l'adhesion de +l'Empereur des Ottomans aux Articles stipules dans le Congres de Berlin, +lorsque la Conference qui va se reunir lui proposera d'adopter une +resolution analogue. + +"Obeissant a ces considerations, le Saint-Pere m'a charge de m'adresser +a votre Excellence, digne President de l'Assemblee, et de faire appel, +en son nom Pontifical, a ses sentiments comme Catholique et comme +Espagnol, afin quelle veuille bien se charger de proposer et de defendre +au sein du Congres la proposition sus-indiquee, qui porte que les sujets +du Sultan, ainsi que les etrangers, jouiront au Maroc du libre exercice +du culte Catholique, sans que par ce motif ils aient a souffrir tort ou +prejudice dans leurs droits civils ou politiques. + +"Le Saint-Pere ne meconnait point les obstacles qu'oppose l'etat actuel +du Maroc a la realisation de cette liberte; mais ces obstacles, loin de +decourager, doivent stimuler les c[oe]urs genereux qui n'envisagent que +la grandeur du but a atteindre. + +"Du reste, une fois que le Gouvernement Marocain aura accepte le +principe en question, et pris vis-a-vis des Puissances etrangeres +l'engagement de s'y conformer, si ces Puissances, d'accord avec +l'Espagne, dont les relations avec le Maroc presentent un caractere tout +special, voulaient prendre une attitude semblable a celle qu'elles ont +adoptee en Orient, on pourrait avec raison esperer que le progres de la +civilisation ameneraient bientot, par des voies pacifiques, le libre +exercice du culte Catholique dans ces regions Africaines. + +"En me conformant aux ordres de l'auguste Pontife, je dois en meme temps +vous faire savoir que le Saint-Pere est anime d'une conviction intime +que vous repondrez a son appel paternel et que les Representants des +autres Puissances seconderont vos efforts, en accueillant avec faveur +une demande conforme aux principes aujourd'hui admis du droit public +international. + +"Le Saint-Pere croit egalement qu'en agissant ainsi, votre Excellence +repondra aux sentiments bien connus de Sa Majeste le Roi, son auguste +Souverain, en faveur de notre sainte religion. + +Je saisis, &c., + +"L. CARD. NINA. + +"A son Excellence M. CANOVAS DEL CASTILLO." + +M. Canovas del Castillo a eu l'honneur de repondre a Mgr. le Nonce +Apostolique a Madrid, avec lequel il s'est entretenu a ce sujet, que le +Plenipotentiaire d'Espagne etait pret a presenter, et a appuyer au sein +de la Conference, la proposition du Saint-Siege, aussitot qu'il serait +avere que les Representants des autres Puissances pourraient consentir a +traiter des questions en dehors de celles qui avaient motive leur +reunion; il devrait, en particulier, consulter son collegue le +Representant de la Grande-Bretagne, dont le Gouvernement a pris +l'initiative de la convocation des Plenipotentiaires, sur l'opportunite +qu'il y aurait a saisir la Conference de cette proposition. M. Canovas a +ajoute que, si la Conference admettait en principe la possibilite de +traiter des questions etrangeres au but determine qu'elle s'etait +propose, le Plenipotentiaire d'Espagne tiendrait a honneur de remplir la +mission que le Saint-Siege daignait lui confier, et qu'il etait persuade +que la communication du Saint-Pere serait accueillie, en ce cas, avec +toute la deference due a sa haute origine. + +Il a rappele en meme temps que le Traite de 1861 assure la liberte +religieuse aux Catholiques Espagnols au Maroc, et que d'autre part le +Traite Anglais de 1856 stipulait egalement, pour les sujets +Britanniques, le libre exercice de leur culte. + +Ayant acquis posterieurement la conviction que les Plenipotentiaires +sont disposes a examiner cette question, le President estime que la +Conference devra faire une declaration erigeant en regle generale le +principe que le Maroc a deja admis par des Traites. + +Le Plenipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie prend alors la parole, et dit que +le Gouvernement de Sa Majeste Imperiale et Royale Apostolique, a la +suite d'une demarche analogue du Saint-Siege, a pu s'assurer, de son +cote que les autres Cabinets seraient, en effet, disposes a se joindre a +un v[oe]u comme celui dont vient de prendre l'initiative le President de +la Conference, pourvu que ce v[oe]u fut exprime en faveur de tous les +habitants non-Musulmans du Maroc, et que la Conference recommandat en +meme temps a la sagesse du Sultan du Maroc l'abolition des incapacites +qui pesent encore sur certaines classes de ses sujets en raison de leurs +croyances. + +C'est dans ce sens, et pour donner une forme plus precise a ce v[oe]u, +que M. le Comte Ludolf a ete charge de preparer le projet d'Adresse au +Souverain du Maroc qu'il a l'honneur de soumettre a la Conference. + +Le Plenipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie donne lecture du document en ces +termes:-- + +"La Conference, au moment de se dissoudre, informee par son President de +la demande exprimee en faveur de l'Eglise Catholique par Sa Saintete le +Souverain Pontife, dans le lettre dont lecture vient d'etre fait, +demande de son cote que le libre exercice de tous les cultes soit +reconnu au Maroc. + +"La Conference, d'autant plus convaincu que ce v[oe]u trouvera un +accueil favorable aupres de Sa Majeste Cherifienne que l'illustre +Souverain du Maroc a deja donne une preuve manifeste de sa tolerance et +de sa sollicitude pour le bien-etre de ses sujets non-Musulmans, en +confirmant en 1874 le Decret accorde par Sa Majeste le Sultan Sidi +Mohammed, sous le 26 Chaban de 1280 (Fevrier 1864) a Sir Moses +Montefiore, Decret qui proclame que tous les sujets de l'Empire du Maroc +doivent avoir le meme rang devant la loi: que par consequent les Juifs +du Maroc doivent etre traites conformement a la justice et a l'equite, +et qu'aucune violence ne doit etre exercee a l'egard de leurs personnes +ni de leurs biens. + +"A la suite de ce Decret, bien des lois humiliantes, edictees contre les +non-Musulmans dans des temps anterieurs, ont ete mises hors de pratique, +et le sort des races non-Musulmans au Maroc est devenu plus supportable. + +"Toutefois, ces lois ne sont pas encore toutes formellement revoquees, +et quelques-unes meme continuent a etre en vigueur dans plus d'un +endroit de l'interieur de l'Empire. De meme, le libre exercice de leurs +cultes n'est pas encore accorde d'une maniere legale aux sujets +non-Musulmans de Sa Majeste Cherifienne, et beaucoup de restrictions +existent encore pour ces derniers qui sont contraires a l'esprit du +Decret du 26 Chaban, 1280, et a cette regle si elementaire et si +universellement respectee, que les sujets d'un meme pays, de quelque +race ou de quelque religion qu'ils soient, des qu'ils accomplissent +fidelement leurs devoirs envers le Souverain, doivent jouir d'une +parfaite identite de droits et d'une complete egalite devant la loi. + +"Le Sultan Abdul Medjid, Empereur des Ottomans, a deja, en 1839, par le +Hatti-Cherif de Gulhane, reconnu spontanement et inscrit dans la +legislation de son pays ce meme principe, qui a ete developpe et +consacre depuis par ses successeurs, en 1856 et dernierement encore en +1878, de facon qu'on ne saurait douter qu'il ne se laisse parfaitement +concilier avec la loi Mahometane. + +"Quoique persuadee que l'illustre Souverain du Maroc est anime, non +moins que le Sultan de la Turquie, d'intentions bienveillantes envers +ses sujets non-Musulmans, la Conference croirait manquer a un devoir si +elle ne temoignait le vif et profond interet qu'elle prend a la prompte +amelioration de leur sort. A cet effet, la Conference, au nom des Hautes +Puissances representees dans son sein, fait appel a Sa Majeste +Cherifienne afin que, fidele a ses sentiments de justice et de +generosite, elle manifeste sa ferme volonte-- + +"1. De faire respecter dans ses Etats le principe que tous ceux qui y +habitent et qui y habiteront a l'avenir pourront professer et exercer +sans entraves leurs cultes; + +"2. De prescrire a son Gouvernement, comme base immuable de la +legislation du Maroc, la maxime, deja adoptee dans le Decret du 26 +Chaban, 1280, et d'apres laquelle ni la religion ni la race ne pourront +jamais etre un motif pour etablir une difference dans le traitement par +et devant la loi entre ses sujets Musulmans et non-Musulmans, ni servir +de pretexte pour imposer a ces derniers des humiliations, pour les +priver d'un droit civil quelconque, ou pour les empecher d'exercer +librement toutes les professions et industries qui sont permises aux +sujets Musulmans de l'Empire. + +"Une pareille manifestation non seulement honorerait le regne de Sa +Majeste Cherifienne, mais inaugurerait aussi pour ses Etats une ere +nouvelle de prosperite. + +"Les Soussignes, en deposant le present acte entre les mains de son +Excellence Cid Mohammed Vargas, prient M. le Plenipotentiaire du Maroc +de le soumettre a Sa Majeste Cherifienne, qui ne lui refusera certes pas +la serieuse attention que merite un v[oe]u exprime au nom des Puissances +que les Soussignes ont l'honneur de representer. + +"_Madrid, le 26 Juin, 1880._" + +Ce texte est approuve par les Plenipotentiaires, a l'exception du +Representant de Sa Majeste Cherifienne, qui ne peut que s'engager a +porter a la connaissance de son Souverain les v[oe]ux que les +Plenipotentiaires viennent d'exprimer au nom de leurs Gouvernements +respectifs. + +Cid Mohammed Vargas croit cependant devoir rappeler qu'au Maroc les +Musulmans, les Chretiens, et les Juifs suivent leur religion, sans qu'il +y soit mis d'empechement ni d'obstacle. + +Le Plenipotentiaire du Maroc n'a pas d'instructions de son Souverain qui +lui permettent de traiter cette question ou toute autre qui, comme elle, +ne se rattacherait pas directement a l'objet de sa mission a Madrid. +Neanmoins, en vue de l'Adresse que vient d'adopter la Conference, il +croit devoir lui communiquer une lettre qu'il a recu de Sa Majeste le +Sultan Muley-el-Hassan, et qui a trait aux Juifs ses sujets. Il en donne +lecture en ces termes:-- + +"Louange a Dieu unique! Que la benediction de Dieu soit sur Mahomet, +notre Seigneur et Maitre, sur sa famille, et ses compagnons! + +"A notre estime serviteur, le Taleb Mohammed Vargas. Que Dieu te soit +propice, et que la paix soit sur toi, ainsi que la benediction de Dieu +Tres Haut et sa misericorde. + +"Et puis:-- + +"Il est parvenu a notre connaissance que certains Juifs de nos sujets se +sont plaints a plusieurs reprises a leurs freres residant en Europe et +aux Representants etrangers a Tanger, de ce qu'ils ne parviennent pas a +obtenir justice dans leurs reclamations relatives a meurtres, vols, &c. +Ils pretendent que les Gouverneurs montrent de l'indifference a leur +faire avoir satisfaction des personnes qui les attaquent, et que leurs +demandes n'arrivent jamais a notre Majeste Cherifienne, si ce n'est par +l'entremise de personnes (les Juifs residant en Europe et les +Representants etrangers). + +"Notre volonte Cherifienne est qu'ils obtiennent justice sans +l'intervention des Puissances ni des Representants, parce qu'ils sont +nos sujets et nos tributaires, ayant par la les memes droits que les +Musulmans devant nous, et tous abus contre eux etant defendu par notre +religion. + +"C'est pourquoi nous t'ordonnons d'accepter la reclamation de tout Juif +qui se plaindra de ne pas obtenir justice d'un Gouverneur, et de nous en +donner connaissance lorsque tu ne trouveras pas le moyen d'y faire +droit. + +"Nous avons envoye des ordres en ce sens aux Gouverneurs des villes, des +ports, et de la campagne, afin qu'ils en donnent connaissance aux Juifs, +et en meme temps nous les avons prevenus que si quelqu'un d'eux s'oppose +ou met des difficultes a ce que la plainte d'un Juif parvienne a toi, +nous le punirons tres severement. + +"Nous t'ordonnons de traiter leurs affaires avec toute justice et de ne +rien nous cacher sur l'arbitraire des Gouverneurs a leur egard, car tous +les hommes sont egaux pour nous en matiere de justice. + +"_Le 22 Joumadi premier, an 1297._" + +Le President donnant acte au Representant du Maroc de cette +communication, constate, au nom de tous les Plenipotentiaires, la vive +satisfaction avec laquelle la Conference accueille les declarations qui +viennent de lui etre faites. Les Plenipotentiaires voient dans le +principe, qu'elles etablissent, d'un appel au Ministre des Affaires +Etrangeres, a la fois une preuve des sentiments de justice qui animent +Sa Majeste Cherifienne a l'egard de ses sujets Israelites, et l'annonce +du prompt accomplissement des v[oe]ux exprimes par la Conference. + +("British and Foreign State Papers," vol. lxxi. pp. 881-887.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE ALGECIRAS CONFERENCE, 1906. + +No. 33. _2 Avril, 1906. Dix-septieme Seance._ + +S. Exc. M. White (Etats-Unis) prononce ensuite les paroles suivantes: +"Le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amerique a toujours considere comme un +devoir de s'associer a tout ce qui pourrait contribuer au progres des +idees d'humanite et assurer le respect du a toutes les croyances +religieuses. Anime par ces sentiments et par l'amitie qui a si longtemps +subsiste entre lui et l'Empire marocain dont il suit le developpement +avec un profond interet, mon Gouvernement m'a charge d'invoquer le +concours de la Conference, au moment ou elle est sur le point de +terminer ses travaux, en vue de l'emission d'un v[oe]u pour le bien-etre +des israelites au Maroc. Je suis heureux de constater que la condition +des sujets israelites de S.M. Cherifienne a ete de beaucoup amelioree +pendant le regne de feu le Sultan Mouley-el-Hassan et que le Sultan +actuel parait, autant qu'il lui a ete possible, les avoir traites avec +equite et bienveillance. Mais les agents du Makhzen, dans les parties du +pays eloignees du pouvoir central ne s'inspirent pas toujours +suffisamment des sentiments de tolerance et de justice qui animent leur +souverain. La Delegation americaine vient donc prier la Conference de +vouloir bien emettre le v[oe]u que S.M. Cherifienne continue dans la +bonne voie inauguree par son pere et maintenue par Sa Majeste elle-meme +par rapport a ses sujets israelites et qu'elle vise a ce que son +Gouvernement ne neglige aucune occasion de faire savoir a ses +fonctionnaires que le Sultan tient a ce que les israelites de son Empire +et tous ses sujets, sans distinction de croyance, soient traites avec +justice et equite." + +S. Exc. Sir Arthur Nicolson (Grande-Bretagne) declare que, conformement +aux instructions de son Gouvernement, il est heureux de se rallier a la +proposition du premier Delegue des Etats-Unis. + +S. Exc. M. le Duc de Almodovar del Rio (Espagne) s'exprime en ces +termes: "Je m'associe, au nom de S.M. Catholique, aux hauts sentiments +de tolerance religieuse qui viennent d'etre exprimes par S. Exc. le +premier Delegue des Etats-Unis; et je tiens d'autant plus a me rallier a +sa proposition que le sort des populations israelites au Maroc, +rattachees a l'Espagne par des liens de descendance et dont la langue +habituelle continue a etre la langue castillane, qui fut naguere celle +de leurs ancetres, est particulierement interessant aux yeux du peuple +espagnol d'aujourd'hui." + +LL. EE. MM. de Radowitz (Allemagne) et Revoil (France) se rallient +egalement au v[oe]u de M. le premier Delegue des Etats-Unis. + +S. Exc. M. le Marquis Visconti Venosta (Italie) declare qu'il adhere au +v[oe]u dont S. Exc. le premier Delegue des Etats-Unis a pris +l'initiative. Il reconnait que, dans ces derniers temps, les Souverains +du Maroc ont donne de preuves de tolerance vis-a-vis de leurs sujets +non-musulmans; mais il ne reste pas moins a desirer que les conditions +des juifs dans l'interieur de l'Empire soient mises au meme niveau et +entourees des memes garanties que dans les villes et ports de la cote. +La Conference, dans le cours de ses travaux, s'est toujours preoccupee +du progres et de la prosperite du Maroc; elle restera fidele au meme +esprit en exprimant a S.M. le Sultan le v[oe]u que tous ses sujets, +quelle que soit leur religion, soient appeles a jouir des memes droits, +ainsi que du meme traitement devant la loi et que les ordres que S.M. +Cherifienne a donnes ou donnera a cet effet soient fidelement executes. +L'assentiment de l'Italie est toujours acquis a l'affirmation des +principes de liberte religieuse qui sont une des bases de ses +institutions politiques et sociales. + +S. Exc. le Baron Joostens (Belgique) declare que la Delegation belge +s'associe entierement a la declaration que vient de faire S. Exc. M. le +Marquis Visconti-Venosta. + +LL. EE. le Jonkheer Testa (Pays-Bas), M. le Comte Cassini (Russie) et M. +Sager (Suede) adherent aussi aux sentiments exprimes par MM. les +premiers Delegues des Etats-Unis et d'Italie. + +Le v[oe]u propose par S. Exc. M. White est adopte par l'unanimite des +Delegues des Puissances. + +LL. EE. MM. les Delegues marocains expliquent qu'ils ne manqueront pas +de faire connaitre cette decision a S.M. le Sultan, qui certainement +aura a c[oe]ur de proceder dans l'espece de la meme facon que feu son +pere. + +S. Exc. M. White (Etats-Unis) remercie MM. les Delegues des Puissances +d'une adhesion qui repond si entierement aux vues du Gouvernement des +Etats-Unis et aux sentiments personnels du President Roosevelt. + +("Protocoles et Comptes Rendus de la Conference d'Algesiras" (Paris, +1906), pp. 246-248.) + + * * * * * + + + + +IV. THE PALESTINE QUESTION AND THE NATIONAL RESTORATION OF THE JEWS. + + +Until quite recently the question of the national restoration of the +Jews to Palestine did not play a conspicuous part, or, indeed, much of a +part at all, in practical international politics. This is not a little +strange in view of the great mass of religious opinion which has always +been deeply interested in it. It may be profitable to indicate some of +the reasons. + +In the first place, from the middle of the second down to the middle of +the nineteenth centuries the Palestine problem, as a political problem, +was exclusively concerned with the custody of the Holy Places of +Christendom. After the failure of the many attempts to oust the Turk, +the question became one of diplomatic accommodation, and under the +Capitulations with France and the Treaties of Carlowitz and Passarowitz +between the Holy Roman Empire and the Grand Signior, various expedients +were adopted by which Christian interests in Jerusalem might be +reconciled with the local political rights of the Ottoman Porte. This +difficult problem absorbed the Oriental activities of European diplomacy +until after the Crimean War, and it left no room for the consideration +of Jewish claims. + +In the second place the question during the whole of this period was +always primarily one of eschatology rather than of practical politics. +Even when the Millenarian mystics sometimes crossed the border-line, the +case they presented was not calculated to conciliate sovereign princes. +We have a curious instance of this in the first Zionist book published +in London, "The World's Great Restoration, or Calling of the +Jewes"--(London, 1621)--which was written by Sir Henry Finch, the +eminent serjeant-at-law, although his name does not appear on the title +page.[110] Among other items in Finch's programme was one to the effect +that all Christian princes should surrender their power and do homage +"to the temporal supreme Empire of the Jewish nation." When James I read +the book he was furious. He said he was "too auld a King to do his +homage at Jerusalem," and he ordered Finch to be thrown into gaol.[111] +In 1795 an exactly similar proposal was made by an ex-naval officer, one +Richard Brothers, who announced himself as King of the Jews. He also was +prosecuted, but was found to be a lunatic.[112] A certain political +interest attaches to the case of Brothers; inasmuch as his scheme for +the National Restoration of the Jews was brought before the House of +Commons by one of his adherents, Mr. Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, M.P., +with a motion for the printing and distribution of Brothers's proposal. +The motion failed to find a seconder.[113] + +In the third place, unless the Restoration were favoured by the Ottoman +Government, all schemes to compass it in normal times ran counter to +international law and the comity of nations. This point was actually +decided in this sense by the Law Courts some seventy years ago in the +case of Habershon _v._ Vardon. The case related to a bequest by one +Nadir Baxter for the political restoration of the Jews in Jerusalem. The +bequest was held void, and the Vice-Chancellor, in giving judgment, +said: "If it could be understood to mean anything it was to create a +revolution in a friendly country."[114] + +In the fourth place the idea was likely to weaken the doctrine of the +integrity of Turkey, and, for this and other reasons, was inconsistent +with the interests and traditional policy of Great Britain and other +Western States. It was all the more inconsistent because this policy +originally shaped itself in deference to religious considerations far +more precious to Englishmen than the national cause of the Jews. In the +sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the struggle between the +Reformation and the Counter-Reformation was at its height, the naval +balance of power in the Mediterranean rested between Spain and Turkey. +Hence a bias towards Turkey on the part of Protestant States was +inevitable. Curiously enough, the Jews, who were then hostile to Spain, +supported the pro-Turkish policy of England, as they did in 1876-78 on +account of their antipathy to Russia. In the time of Cromwell this +consideration was reinforced by our trade interests in the Levant and in +India. A century later the tradition became again imperative owing to +the fear of Russia and afterwards of Napoleon. All this rendered a +strong and friendly Turkey necessary to us, and hence to entertain the +idea of a National Restoration of the Jews to Palestine was to risk +offence to a valued ally. + +A fifth reason was the indifference of the Jews themselves. Until the +Zionist movement was founded twenty years ago there was scarcely any +symptom of a Jewish desire for international action on their behalf in +the Palestine question. This was not for want of opportunity or even for +want of suggestion from others. In 1840, when Mehemet Ali was driven out +of Palestine and Syria by the Powers, the future of Palestine was open +for discussion.[115] The country, with all its Hebrew and Christian +shrines, was in the hands of Christendom, who could have done with it as +it pleased. Not a voice was raised among the Jews for the restoration of +the land to them. And this, be it remembered, was when Sir Moses +Montefiore and M. Cremieux were busy in the East in connection with the +Damascus Blood Accusation, and when Lord Palmerston was proposing to +take the Jews under British protection as a separate nationality.[116] +Instead of championing the national aspirations of the Jews, they +contented themselves with obtaining the famous Hatti-Humayoun, or +Charter of Liberties for the Jews of Turkey, by which they were more +nearly assimilated to Turkish Nationals.[117] In the following year the +Powers were actually discussing the future of Palestine, but the Jews +again made no move. Even while the negotiations were in progress, a +scheme for restoring the Jews as the political masters of the country +was drawn up by a Christian, Colonel Churchill, then British Consul in +Syria, and submitted by him to Sir Moses Montefiore and the Board of +Deputies. Its reception was curiously frigid. Whilst piously blessing +Colonel Churchill's proposals, the Board declined to take any +initiative.[118] It was the same in 1878 when Lord Beaconsfield annexed +Cyprus and secured a British Protectorate over Asiatic Turkey. No +opportunity could have seemed better for the promotion of Zionist aims, +but when Laurence Oliphant pointed this out he found scarcely an echo +beyond a small circle of obscure Jewish dreamers in Southern +Russia.[119] Indeed, until the time of Herzl all the most prominent +protagonists of Zionism were Christians. The Dane, Holger Paulli, who in +1697 presented a Zionist scheme to King William III of England with a +view to its submission to the Peace Conference of Ryswick, was a +Christian,[120] and even the notorious Jewish pseudo-Messiah, Sabbathai +Zevi, who raised the flag of Jewish nationality in Syria thirty years +earlier, owed more of his inspiration to English Fifth Monarchy teaching +than to Jewish tradition.[121] + +Nevertheless, there were two occasions on which the Jewish aspects of +the Palestine question did enter the field of practical international +politics. + +The first was in 1799, when Napoleon carried out his audacious raid on +British interests in the East by his expedition to Egypt and Syria. A +scheme for enlisting the support of the Jews by founding a Jewish +Commonwealth in Palestine formed part of the plans for the expedition +secretly prepared by the Directory in 1798, and French public opinion +was familiarised with it by a good deal of propagandist literature. The +Jews were alleged to be anxious to support the French in the Levant, and +a bogus Zionist scheme--very much on the Herzlian lines--supposed to be +written by an Italian Jew--was widely circulated in France. It embodied +an appeal to the Jews of the world to form a representative council +through which they could negotiate with the Directory for Palestine. It +was supported in a very soberly reasoned article by the _Decade +Philosophique et Litteraire_, and was soon after published in the London +Press and reprinted as a twopenny pamphlet by the _Courier_.[122] Ten +months later Napoleon, marching from El Arish on the road which has +lately been traversed by General Allenby, published a proclamation +inviting the Jews of Asia and Africa to rally to his standard "for the +restoration of the ancient kingdom of Jerusalem."[123] The scheme +collapsed with the battles of Acre and Aboukir. + +The second occasion was in 1841, when the Powers had to decide on the +fate of Syria and Palestine wrested by them from Mehemet Ali. It is true +that the Jewish element in the question received very scanty attention +and evoked no positive sympathy, but, at any rate, it was mentioned, and +this fact indicates that the Powers had begun to realise that the future +of Palestine was not exclusively a Christian question. The exchange of +views which then took place is, however, interesting for other reasons. +The documents, which are now published for the first time, comprise four +separate schemes for solving the Palestine problem, and the +considerations discussed in connection with them constitute a body of +material which may be usefully studied at the present moment. + +The first scheme, apparently suggested by France, contemplated the +creation of a small autonomous Ecclesiastical State, consisting of +Jerusalem, constituted as a Free City, with a limited _rayon_ of +territory. This was to be governed by a Christian municipality, +organised and protected by the Great Christian Powers.[124] Russia +raised objections in October 1840, and incidentally took occasion to +ridicule the idea of a National Restoration of the Jews.[125] Both +Russia and Austria were anxious to preserve the Turkish domination, and +to that end made counter-proposals. The Russian scheme proposed that +Palestine should become a separate Pashalik, that the Church of the +Orient should be restored, that the Greek Patriarch should resume his +residence in Jerusalem, and that an special Church and Monastery should +be founded for the use of the Russian clergy and pilgrims. The Austrian +scheme proposed to leave the Turkish administration untouched except in +regard to jurisdiction over Christians. This was to be confided to a +high Turkish official directly responsible to Constantinople and advised +by a Council of Procureurs appointed by the Great Powers.[126] Russia +opposed the Austrian scheme.[127] Thereupon Prussia put forward a fourth +scheme of a far more ambitious character.[128] It provided for a +European Protectorate of the Holy Cities of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and +Nazareth, and a sort of national autonomy for the various Christian +sects which might be extended to the Jews, the whole to be governed by +three Residents appointed by the Christian Powers. Each Resident was to +have a small military guard. The Protestant Church, under the joint +protection of Great Britain and Prussia, was to be recognised as on an +equal footing with the other Churches, and to establish its headquarters +and other institutions--including schools for Jews--on Mount Zion, which +was to be fortified.[129] This scheme was strongly opposed by Austria, +in whose view Lord Palmerston concurred.[130] Russia also opposed it, +but in Paris it was received sympathetically.[131] + +In the end all these schemes were dropped, and Palestine was handed back +to the Porte practically without any new conditions. Prussia, however, +continued her negotiations with Great Britain, both with a view to +general reforms and to the recognition of the Protestant Church in +Jerusalem. For this purpose she sent Baron Bunsen to London on a special +embassy.[132] Among the reforms proposed by him were facilities for the +purchase of land, "as many persons in Protestant Germany, Jews and +Christians, are desirous of settling in Palestine."[133] Eventually he +negotiated with Palmerston the Anglo-Prussian Agreement for the +establishment of a Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem. There is a curious +reference to the Restoration of the Jews in Bunsen's account of this +transaction:[134] + + * * * * * + +"Monday, 19th July, 1841.--This is a great day. I am just returned from +Lord Palmerston; the principle is admitted, and orders to be transmitted +accordingly to Lord Ponsonby at Constantinople, to demand the +acknowledgement required. The successor of St. James will embark in +October; he is by race an Israelite,--born a Prussian in Breslau,--in +confession belonging to the Church of England--ripened (by hard work) in +Ireland--twenty years Professor of Hebrew and Arabic in England (in what +is now King's College).[135] So the beginning is made, please God, for +the restoration of Israel." + + * * * * * + +It should be added that probably one of the reasons why, during recent +years, the British Government has held aloof from the Palestine question +is that by the Treaty of London of July 15, 1840, Palestine was +recognised as an integral part of Syria,[136] and that in 1878, at the +Berlin Congress, Lord Salisbury agreed to recognise the whole of Syria +as a French sphere of interest in return for the French recognition of +the Cyprus Convention between Great Britain and Turkey.[137] It is to be +assumed from the terms of the Secret Agreement of February 21, +1917,[138] that British interests in the Suez Canal and other more +recent events have modified that arrangement. + +During the present war the growing strength of the Zionist movement, and +the energy of its leaders, have forced the Restoration idea on the +attention of the Great Powers. In November 1917 Great Britain led the +way with a promise to give sympathetic consideration to the aims of the +Zionists.[139] With this promise the other Entente Powers have since +associated themselves. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +THE GREAT POWERS AND PALESTINE, 1840-1841. + +_Memorandum delivered by the Russian Government to the Prussian +Government in October 1840._ + +Des opinions diverses et pour la plupart contradictoires, ont circule +recemment en Europe, et surtout en France, sur les facilites que les +grandes Puissances intervenues dans les affaires de l'Orient, auraient, +dans ce moment, pour accomplir l'[oe]uvre que les Croises d'autrefois +avaient vainement tentee dans leurs longues et sanglantes guerres. Le +projet d'eriger une Souverainete Chretienne en Palestine, a ete mis, si +non serieusement discute. D'autres ont pense a la possibilite de faire +revivre l'ancien ordre des Chevaliers du St. Sepulcre pour lui confier +la garde de ce sanctuaire. Il y a eu meme quelques individus qui ont +exprime le v[oe]u d'appeler dans la ville de Salomon les Juifs disperses +dans differents pays pour tenter la conversion sociale et religieuse de +ce peuple d'antique et coupable origine. + +Il serait superflu de discuter ici tous ces projets, on ne s'arretera +qu'a l'examen d'une autre combinaison dont la realisation serait +desirable, si elle etait possible. Il s'agirait de l'assentiment de la +Porte et d'une entente entre les principales cours de l'Europe pour +eriger Jerusalem une ville libre, avec un rayon de territoire convenable +et sous une administration municipale organisee sous les auspices des +Puissances qui se declareraient les protectrices et les garanties de ce +petit etat ecclesiastique.[140] + +Un pareil arrangement doit assurement reunir beaucoup de suffrages. +Cependant, avant d'aborder la question d'une maniere serieuse, soit avec +les autres Cabinets, soit avec le Divan il importe de calculer d'avance +les moyens dont on disposera pour mener l'[oe]uvre a bon terme, les +difficultes locales qu'on aura a surmonter dans la realisation du plan +convenu et les probabilites qui s'offrent pour le maintien du nouvel +ordre de choses qu'on parviendrait a etablir. Sous tous ces rapports on +peut consulter avec profit les renseignements et les donnes que le +Ministere de Sa Majeste possede, et qui lui ont ete fournis en partie +par les indigenes, mais plus particulierement par deux employes du +service de S.M. qui ont visite la terre sainte a des epoques +differentes, et recueilli sur les lieux memes des informations dont on +ne saurait revoquer en doute l'exactitude. + +Il resulte de l'ensemble de ces informations: + +1. Que la ville de Jerusalem, situee entre la Syrie, l'Egypte et le +desert, a ete de tout temps exposee d'une part aux incursions des Arabes +Bedouins et de l'autre aux vexations des Pachas voisins. + +2. Que sa population, composee d'environ 15/m. ames, parmi lesquelles on +compte a peine un millier de Chretiens appartenant a diverses +communions, n'offre guere d'elements propres a la formation d'une +administration municipale indigene, digne de quelque confiance, sous le +rapport politique ou religieux. + +3. Que l'eloignement des cotes de la mer, distantes de la ville de pres +de deux journees de marche a travers une route escarpee et deserte, ne +permettrait pas aux batiments de guerre Europeens de prendre sous la +protection de leurs canons la defense de la cite et de ses habitants. + +4. Que la population Musulmane et Arabe etablie depuis des siecles dans +le pays et qui possede dans la seule ville de Jerusalem plus de trente +mosquees, ainsi que le fameux temple de Salomon que les premiers califes +conquerants ont rebati, s'assujettiraient difficilement a un +Gouvernement Chretien quelconque, qui ne disposerait pas de beaucoup de +ressources et d'une forte garnison, pour en imposer aux hordes des +Bedouins et pour reduire par les armes tout ce qui s'opposerait au +nouvel ordre de choses. + +Les memes rapports signalent, sous les plus tristes couleurs, la +desunion profonde et la rivalite incessante qui existe entre les +Chretiens des diverses communions, admis a l'adoration du St. Sepulcre +et dont les scandaleuses dissensions, loin d'etre amorties ou contenues +par la saintete du lieu, y ont eclate souvent avec une vivacite haineuse +et une obstination fanatique que la presence des autorites Musulmanes +pouvait seule contenir dans de certaines bornes. + +Nous savons enfin de maniere a ne pas pouvoir en douter que les +religieux Latins, pour la plupart Espagnols et Portugais d'origine, et +qui, durant leur mission en terre sainte, se trouvent sous la protection +speciale de la France, sont les principaux fauteurs de cette rivalite +si peu evangelique, en s'elevant sans cesse des pretentions sur la +possession exclusive et la garde du St. Sepulcre et en invoquant en leur +faveur les traites de Francois I avec la Porte et meme les souvenirs des +Baudouin et de Godefroi. + + * * * * * + +_Enclosure in Russian Mem. of October 1840._ + +1. Publication d'un nouveau Hatti Scherif avec pleine confirmation de +tous ceux qui ont ete emanes sous les regnes anterieurs en faveur de +l'Eglise et du Clerge de Jerusalem. + +2. Nomination d'un Pacha ou moschir de la Palestine, homme de sens et de +justice, qui fixerait sa residence, soit a Jerusalem, soit a Jaffa, avec +une autorite civile et militaire, suffisante pour y maintenir le bon +ordre et pour faire respecter les lieux de sa jurisdiction par les +Bedouins du desert qui, n'etant plus contenus par la crainte des troupes +Egyptiennes, recommenceront probablement bientot leurs brigandages +habituels sur les couvents Chretiens des environs de Jerusalem et sur +les caravanes des pelerins que la devotion appelle des pays les plus +eloignes. + +3. Defense positive au Clerge Grec comme a celui des Catholiques et des +Armeniens, de renouveler leurs dissensions anciennes et souvent pueriles +en cherchant a se calomnier mutuellement et a s'exclure des eglises et +des oratoires, dont les Hatti Cheriffs precites ont fixe la possession a +chacune de ces communautes. + +4. Defense severe au Mollah et au Cadi de Jerusalem de ranconner les +religieux et les superieurs des couvens, toutes les fois que ces +ecclesiastiques ont recours a la justice locale, ou qu'ils cherchent a +se disculper de quelque avanie. + +5. La crainte de ces memes avanies et les frais considerables +d'installation, auxquels etaient exposes les patriarches de Jerusalem +toutes les fois qu'ils se rendaient dans leur diocese, ayant oblige +depuis quelques annees ces prelats a sejourner a Constantinople, en +laissant a leurs vicaires le gouvernement de leur eglise, la Porte +ferait aujourd'hui un acte de politique et d'equite a la fois, en +accordant au patriarche actuel d'autorisation et les facilites dont il +peut avoir besoin, pour se rendre sur les lieux de sa jurisdiction +spirituelle, et veiller de pres a la discipline de ses subordonnes et au +redressement des desordres ou des abus, que les troubles recens et les +changemens politiques survenus dans ces contres, peuvent y avoir +introduits. + +6. Toute innovation dans l'antique hierarchie de l'eglise d'Orient +serait rejete comme dangereuse et inutile et toute reclamation de +priorite ou de privilege de la part des religieux des autres communions, +ne serait admise qu'apres un examen impartial et approfondi de la +question. Dans les cas de cette nature, il semblerait que le tribunal +le plus competent, a en juger, serait une commission ou conseil du +Gouverneur de la province, du patriarche de Jerusalem, ou en son +absence, de son vicaire, du superieur des ecclesiastiques Armeniens et +d'un commissaire ad hoc, choisi et nomme par la Porte parmi les prelats +les mieux reputes de la nation Grecque etablis a Constantinople. + +Ce conseil pourrait aussi fixer aux deservans des cultes respectifs, les +heures des prieres et des ceremonies, en regularisant d'une maniere +equitable et definitive ce point qui a ete souvent un sujet de litige et +qui a meme occasionne des rixes scandaleuses dans l'enceinte d'un +Temple, ou l'union et l'humilite devraient regner constamment. + +7. La reparation des eglises et des couvens ruines ou endommages par le +temps et les incendies, sera permise par les autorites locales, toutes +les fois que les superieurs de ces communautes en demanderont +l'autorisation, et le Gouvernement n'exigera pas dans ces occasions des +cadeaux ou des benefices arbitraires. + +8. Defense severe serait faite aux soldats Turcs preposes a la garde des +portes de l'eglise qui renferme le Saint Sepulcre, de s'introduire dans +l'anterieur du temple, sous pretexte d'y faire la police. Ces gardiens +recevraient egalement l'ordre de temoigner tous les egards et tout le +respect qui sont dus au patriarche et a ses delegues. + +9. Pour ce qui concerne plus specialement les pelerins Russes qui +visitent chaque annee les lieux saintes, la sublime Porte serait invitee +a prescrire a ces officiers civils et militaires de leur accorder toute +protection et assistance. Et afin que ces voyageurs, etrangers pour la +plupart aux usages et a la langue du pays, ne soient exposes a des +avanies ou a des retards dans l'accomplissement de leurs v[oe]ux, le +consul de S.M. Imperiale residant a Jaffa aura l'autorisation +d'accompagner, toutes les fois qu'il le jugera necessaire, la caravane +des pelerins de sa nation et de veiller sur eux pendant le tems de leur +sejour a Jerusalem. + +10. Les religieux de la plupart des nations chretiennes possedent a +Jerusalem des etablissements pieux ou ils se reunissent, soit pour y +demeurer, soit pour y celebrer les ceremonies de leur rit dans leur +propre langue. + +Les ecclesiastiques Russes sont seuls prives de cet avantage, et doivent +par consequent recourir, toutes les fois qu'ils visitent la terre +sainte, a l'hospitalite et a l'assistance spirituelle de leurs +co-religionaires les ecclesiastiques Grecs. Il serait de toute justice +que la Porte autorisat le Patriarche d'assigner une des eglises ou +monasteres de la ville a l'usage exclusif du clerge et des pelerins +Russes, et que les autorites civiles et militaires du pays eussent +l'ordre precis de reconnaitre et de respecter cet etablissement, comme +etant place sous la protection speciale de la Russie et sur le +surveillance de son Consul. + + * * * * * + +_Memorandum delivered by the Austrian Government to the Prussian +Government in October 1840._ + +Les succes obtenus en Syrie qui ont amene la soumission de Mehemet Ali +et la determination de Sa Hautesse de la faire suivre par l'investiture +du Pacha d'Egypte du Gouvernement hereditaire de cette Province viennent +de mettre au grand jour le resultat vers lequel tendaient les +transactions de Londres, dictees par les v[oe]ux uniformes des +Puissances Chretiennes, d'assurer la paix politique de l'Europe par le +maintien de l'independance et de l'integrite de l'Empire Ottoman qui +devait ressortir du reglement definitif des rapports entre la Sublime +Porte et le Gouvernement de l'Egypte. La Syrie qui avait ete placee +pendant quelque tems sous la domination de ce dernier et avait offert +aux etrangers une securite analogue a celle qu'ils trouvaient en Egypte, +pendant que la population indigene Syrienne se voyant assimilee a celle +de cette province et menacee de perdre toutes les conditions d'un etat +social tout different et base sur des lois positives, des transactions +historiques et des habitudes gouvernementales garantissant la propriete, +la liberte du commerce, &c., &c.; la Syrie rentree maintenant par les +succes des armees du Sultan et de ses allies sous la domination du Grand +Seigneur, reclame les soins les plus assidus du Gouvernement Ottoman, +afin d'oter tout pretexte raisonnable a ceux qui voudraient deverser un +blame sur les resultats obtenus en 1840, en alleguant que la condition +de cette Province interessante, aurait empire a leur suite. + +Les Puissances qui ont prete leurs conseils et leurs secours a S.H. dans +le but invariable d'assurer l'independance de son pouvoir et l'integrite +de son Empire contre les usurpations d'un sujet rebelle, doivent +abandonner maintenant au Sultan le soin de faire participer ses sujets +en Syrie aux bienveillantes dispositions pour ses peuples, enoncees des +le commencement de son regne par le Hat de Gulhane; et si leurs conseils +doivent tendre a hater leur realisation, elles auront dans les voies +d'une sage politique, a en surveiller l'execution. + +Mais le fait meme, nouveau dans l'histoire, du secours porte par des +Puissances Chretiennes au Grand Seigneur contre un sujet rebelle, auquel +l'opinion publique attribuait le merite d'avoir procure, dans les pays +soumis a sa domination de fait, aux Chretiens tant indigenes +qu'etrangers plus de securite pour leurs personnes et une plus grande +tolerance que celles qu'ils y trouvaient auparavant, impose a ces +Puissances comme devoir de conscience de peser murement les moyens pour +epargner tant au Grand Seigneur, leur allie, qu'a Elles-memes, le blame +qui pourrait ressortir pour Elles, si la condition des Chretiens en +Syrie allait se presenter sous un jour moins favorable, a la suite de la +reintegration de cette Province sous la domination directe du Grand +Seigneur. C'est pour obvier a cette facheuse eventualite que le Cabinet +Imperial soumet a ses Allies les considerations suivantes: + +Les Chretiens en Syrie sont ou fixes dans le pays, ou ils y resident +temporairement. Les premiers constitues en corps de nations, comme +Maronites, Armeniens, &c., &c., jouissent d'une existence politique +decoulant de capitulations, traites, privileges, &c., &c., et se +trouvent sous des Chefs ressortant de ces derniers; la Sublime Porte +vient d'enoncer sa ferme volonte de donner a cet etat de choses, les +developpements et la fixite qu'il reclame et pour lequel ces Populations +ont acquis un nouveau titre a la suite du devouement qu'elles viennent +de montrer pour rentrer sous la domination legitime. + +Une autre partie de la population sedentaire Chretienne est repandue +dans le reste du pays, soumise aux lois generales et protegee par le Hat +de Gulhane. Elle ne saurait demander que la stricte observation de ces +dispositions par les autorites locales, et toute la tendance du +Gouvernement Ottoman est la pour la leur assurer dans l'avenir. + +La population Chretienne transitoire se compose en partie de ceux qui y +arrivent comme etrangers pour leurs affaires de commerce, les traites +existant avec les differentes Puissances et la protection consulaire +assurent leur condition. Mais la Syrie renferme les lieux que l'origine +de la Religion Chretienne a sanctifies pour toujours et ou la piete des +fideles a etabli de nombreuses fondations et qui ont attire de tous tems +de nombreux pelerins; ces fondations et ces pelerins ont joui depuis +l'occupation Mahometane de nombreux privileges, qui, a partir de 1059 +jusqu'en 1803, se sont succedes et dont l'effet n'a pu etre suspendu ou +contrarie que par le fait des autorites locales Musulmanes, qui, au lieu +de se conformer aux dispositions souveraines et a l'esprit de la +legislation et du centre, gardiennes de la foi juree, et favorables a +une tolerance conforme aux principes du Coran et a un Gouvernement +eclaire, se sont laissees egarer par un esprit de lucre et de +partialite. + +Il parait donc que l'action tutelaire _du centre du Gouvernement_, qui +doit vouloir le maintien des concessions faites, des privileges donnes, +&c., &c., a manque jusqu'ici d'organes propres pour obvier a ces abus, +et que le but special, dont ils sont l'objet, la protection des lieux +saints et des pelerins de toute la Chretiente qui vont les visiter, ne +saurait etre atteint, tant qu'il ne formerait qu'une des attributions +des administrations ordinaires; ne serait-ce pas ici le cas pour que la +Porte se decidat a nommer _un employe special_, afin d'assurer le +maintien des anciens privileges et l'execution des dispositions du Hat +de Gulhane a l'egard des lieux saints, et les Chretiens qui forment la +population sedentaire et mouvante Chretienne de ces lieux? + +Cet employe d'un rang assez eleve pour assurer sa position et garantir +les attributions de sa place vis-a-vis l'autorite du Pacha revetu du +Gouvernement civil et militaire, cet employe charge directement de tout +ce qui aurait rapport aux lieux saints et aux pelerins et mis en contact +avec les representans des Gouvernemens Chretiens nommes ad hoc, qui, +sous la denomination de _Procureurs_, auraient a soutenir les droits de +leurs nationaux sous le point de vue confessionnel; cet employe place +pour sa personne en rapport direct avec le centre du Gouvernement a +Constantinople, ne recevant d'ordres que de la ou toute reclamation +possible contre lui et tout appel en derniere instance s'adresserait +egalement par les organes diplomatiques des Puissances Chretiennes, +repondrait a un besoin qu'il est facile de pressentir des ce jour, et +dont l'experience demontrera ou l'utilite, s'il est nomme a tems, ou la +necessite si l'on tarde a y pourvoir. + +Il ne s'agit pas de faire du nouveau pour le fond; il s'agit de +maintenir des privileges, et de regulariser de nouveau ce qui a existe +et ce qui est tombe en desuetude dans le cours des siecles. Le pelerin +religieux est respectable aux yeux du croyant, le gardien des lieux +saints ne l'est pas moins, le Gouvernement central et l'esprit religieux +du peuple le reconnaissent et le sentent egalement; ce n'est que les +abus des passions et des positions subalternes qui ont fait et qui font +le mal et auxquels il s'agit d'opposer la digue d'une entente entre les +Puissances et la Porte qui aurait pour objet de regulariser l'action +d'une autorite bien organisee dependant directement du centre de +l'Empire, autorite qui ne saurait avoir un autre interet que celui de +repondre au but de son institution. + +(F.O. Docs. 64/235.) + + * * * * * + +_Lord Clanricarde to Lord Palmerston (Extract)._ + +ST. PETERSBURG, + +_February 23, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--...The memorandum of Prince Metternich, suggesting the +establishment of a Turkish Commissioner in the Holy Land, for the +protection of Christian Pilgrims, and Travellers, and proposing a joint, +or simultaneous application from the European Powers to the Porte, in +which France might take a part, and thus be drawn out of her isolated +position, has been coldly received by the Russian Government. Count +Nesselrode said it did not appear to him a necessary or desirable +measure, and that the Consuls in Syria were adequate to protect the +Europeans, whom Commerce, piety, or curiosity might attract to that +Country.... + +The Emperor and his Ministers seem to think that age, and a great sense +of the responsibility that is upon him, have of late much increased +Prince Metternich's natural caution and timidity. + +I have the Honour to be with the Highest Respect, My Lord, + +Your Lordship's most obedient Humble Servant, + +CLANRICARDE. + +THE VISCOUNT PALMERSTON, G.C.B. + +(F.O. Docs. 63/271.) + + + * * * * * + +_Memoire of the King of Prussia dated February 24, 1841, delivered to +Lord Palmerston by Baron Buelow._ + +Les evenements importants qui viennent de s'accomplir en Orient, ont +replace sous l'autorite souveraine du Sultan la Palestine et y ont +retabli l'etat politique qui existait avant l'occupation de Mehemet Ali. +Ce n'est pas par ses propres moyens que le Sultan a reussi a expulser +son vassal rebelle de cette contree, berceau du christianisme et cher a +toutes les communions de la grande Eglise chretienne. Le chef de la +religion musulmane doit ce succes a un Traite que quatre des Puissances +chretiennes ont conclu avec lui et qui a recu son execution par la +valeur chevaleresque de militaires chretiens. Plus le noble +desinteressement des Puissances qui ont porte secours a l'Empereur des +Ottomans, leur fournit des titres a sa reconnaissance moins il peut etre +douteux que ces memes Puissances sont pleinement en droit de reclamer de +ce souverain des concessions dans un but purement spirituel et +uniquement destinees a relever l'exercice du culte chretien de la triste +condition ou il se trouve dans la contree meme qui l'a vu naitre. + +Le Roi, notre auguste maitre, a saisi cette idee. Profondement attache a +ses convictions religieuses et penetre de ses devoirs comme Prince +chretien, Sa Majeste se reconnait dans le concours de la Prusse aux +stipulations du 15 Juillet 1839 un droit et se sent la vocation de +signaler a l'attention des autres Puissances chretiennes l'opportunite +du moment actuel et les precieuses facilites qu'il offre, pour obtenir +du Grand-Seigneur l'amelioration du sort des chretiens qui habitent la +Terre sainte, l'affranchissement de leur culte et l'etablissement +d'institutions qui garantissent a l'avenir aux Chretiens de toutes les +confessions le libre acces des lieux, objets de leur veneration et +temoins des evenemens sur lesquels repose l'esperance de leur salut +eternel. + +Sa Majeste est persuadee que les autres Souverains partageront les +sentiments qu'Elle professe Elle-meme. D'ailleurs il est incontestable +que depuis une demi-siecle, les esprits les plus eleves ont deja plaide +la cause que le Roi, notre auguste maitre, recommande a la sollicitude +des grandes Cours Europeennes. Il serait superflu de citer des noms, +mais le nombre et la qualite des voyageurs de toutes les nations et de +toutes les confessions chretiennes, qui affluent a Jerusalem, attestent +deja que la Chretiente prend toujours un vif interet aux lieux saints et +que cet interet, loin de se refroidir, se ravive avec le progres que +l'esprit religieux fait en Europe. + +En comptant avec une entiere assurance sur les sympathies de SS.MM. +l'Empereur d'Autriche, de Russie et de la Reine de la Grande Bretagne +pour les v[oe]ux qu'il forme a ce sujet, le Roi, notre auguste maitre, +Leur fait proposer de faire valoir aupres de la Porte Ottomane les +immenses services qu'elles viennent de lui rendre, pour l'engager a +conclure avec les grandes Puissances Europeennes un arrangement qui +place les villes saintes de Jerusalem, Bethlehem et Nazareth, sauf les +droits de souverainete du Sultan, sous la protection commune de ces +Puissances. + +D'apres les idees de Sa Majeste l'arrangement a conclure porterait que + +1. Les populations chretiennes des dites villes, les eglises, couvents, +hospitaux qui en dependent, ainsi que les pelerins, les savants, les +artistes, les artisans chretiens, &c., &c., qui y feraient un sejour +passager, obtiendraient des immunites et des franchises telles que +l'intervention des autorites turques dans leur administration interieure +fut exclue. Ces immunites et franchises seraient cependant accordees +sans prejudice des droits de Souverainete du Sultan. + +2. Les habitans chretiens des dites villes cesseraient d'appartenir a la +categorie de Rayahs; ils seraient a l'avenir _exclusivement_ +justiciables, quant a leur personnes et quant a leur proprietes, des +Residents des cinq grandes Puissances Europeennes, de maniere que leurs +obligations envers la Porte se reduiraient a un tribut dont le montant +annuel serait acquitte par la communaute (non par les individus). + +3. Le propriete des lieux saints a Jerusalem, Bethlehem et Nazareth +passerait aux cinq grandes Puissances chretiennes et ferait l'objet d'un +arrangement special a conclure avec ceux qui se trouvent maintenant en +possession de ces localites. + +4. Les chretiens habitant soit pour toujours soit temporairement les +villes saintes, se formeraient d'apres les differentes confessions, en +autant de corps speciaux, catholiques-romains, grecs, evangeliques. Les +Armeniens et les Syriens se joindraient au premier ou au second de ces +corps, selon leur rit actuel. Chacun de ces corps serait considere comme +une communaute speciale legalement constituee. Toutes les communautes +jouiraient de droits fixes d'avance a l'egard des lieux saints; la +communaute evangelique serait autorisee a etablir un culte selon ses +rits, a fonder un hospital, &c., &c. Les Chretiens de cette confession +seraient admis a faire leur devotion dans l'eglise du St. Sepulcre et +dans la Basilique de Bethlehem, dont les parties seraient specialement +destinees a leur usage. + +5. La direction des communautes serait confiee a trois Residents. Celui +de la communaute catholique serait a la nomination de l'Autriche et de +la France, la Russie nommerait le Resident pour la communaute grecque; +la Grande Bretagne et la Prusse celui des protestants. Chaque Puissance +qui nommerait un resident, mettrait a sa disposition un garde de 60 +soldats. La formation de ses gardes ferait l'objet d'une stipulation +ulterieure. + +On choisirait quelques points pour les fortifier autant qu'il le +faudrait, pour les mettre a l'abri d'une incursion subite de hordes +arabes et pour que les communautes chretiennes pussent s'en servir pour +mettre en surete les vases sacres precieux et leurs proprietes en +general. + +L'ancienne place du temple et la mosquee d'Omar resteraient dans tous +les cas aux Turcs. + +On pourrait encore soumettre a une deliberation commune, si les cinq +Puissances ne stipuleraient pas egalement en faveur des Juifs domicilies +a Jerusalem et de ceux qui s'y rendent en pelerinage, des immunites +analogues a celles a obtenir pour les Chretiens. + + * * * * * + +_Covering Letter from Baron Buelow to Lord Palmerston, March 6, 1841 +(Extract)._ + +...Il faudra donc faire obtenir aux membres de l'eglise evangelique +(sans distinction des communions speciales qui la composent) la +propriete exclusive d'une place distincte pres du St. Sepulcre de +Jerusalem et dans l'eglise du meme nom pour y faire leurs prieres et +pour y celebrer leur culte. Cette place serait mise sous la protection +speciale des deux Puissances qui en garantiraient la possession paisible +a la communaute protestante. Il s'agira aussi d'acquerir pour cette +communaute le mont Sion afin d'y batir un hospice pour tous ceux qui +visiteront ces contres par des motifs religieux ou scientifiques, +d'etablir des presbyteres et des hospitaux, de fonder des ecoles pour +les enfans de la population protestante (peut-etre aussi pour les enfans +juifs), enfin de construire des ouvrages de fortification dont la faible +garnison, mentionnee dans le memoire, aura besoin pour se defendre.... + +(F.O. Docs., 64/235.) + + * * * * * + +_Lord Beauvale to Lord Palmerston._ + +VIENNA, _March 2nd, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--The King of Prussia has sent His Minister at this Court a +proposition for regulating the position of the Christians in Syria, +which, if it were acted upon, would in Prince Metternich's opinion throw +that Country into inextricable confusion. His Highness transmitted a few +days back a memorandum on the subject to London which He persists in +regarding as establishing the only advantageous mode of treating the +question, and as He purposes drawing up a statement of his objections to +the Prussian proposition, He earnestly entreats that no acquiescence may +be given to any part of it on behalf of the British Government until +those objections have been submitted to Your Lordship. + +I have the honor to be with the greatest respect, My Lord, + +Your Lordship's Most Obedient Humble Servant, + +BEAUVALE. + +THE VISCOUNT PALMERSTON, G.C.B. + +(F.O. Docs., 7/298.) + + + * * * * * + +_Lord Palmerston to Lord Beauvale, (Draft)._ + +F.O., _March 11th, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--With reference to Your Excellency's despatch No. 38 of the 2nd +instant reporting Prince Metternich's objections to the Prussian scheme +for regulating the position of the Christians in Syria, I have to inform +Your Excellency that H.M.'s Government agree very much with Prince +Metternich's as to that scheme. + +P. + +(F.O. Docs. 1/296.) + + * * * * * + +_Memorandum of Austrian Government delivered to Lord Palmerston by +Prince Esterhazy, March 31, 1841._ + +Sur le Memorandum du 3 Fevrier[141] et le memoire Prussien, relativement +a la protection des Chretiens en Syrie. + +La difference entre le memorandum du 3 fev. et le memoire prussien +consiste en ce que le premier fournit un moyen pratique pour _porter +remede_ au mal existant, sans entreprendre une reforme dangereuse, +tandis que l'autre tend a introduire _un nouvel ordre de choses_ en +faveur de la representation de l'Eglise evangelique, par des moyens +inexecutables. + +_Le travail du 3 fevr._ se base sur la verite, que ni les populations +chretiennes sedentaires et mouvantes, ni les couvens des trois +confessions, catholique, grecque et armenienne, n'ont jamais eu a se +plaindre d'un manque de tolerance musulmane. C'est un temoignage +irrecusable qu'on peut recueillir sur les lieux aupres de ceux meme qui +y sont les plus interesses. + +Des firmans sans nombre, relatifs a des privileges et a la donation de +lieux saints aux environs de Jerusalem, Bethlehem et Nazareth se +trouvent deposes aux archives des differens couvens, et s'ils n'ont +point ete mis en execution et forment le sujet de disputes continuelles +entre les trois confessions, la faute n'en est pas au Gouvernement Turc, +mais uniquement _a la venalite_ des Musselims, comme autorites locales. + +L'execution des firmans toujours mise arbitrairement a un prix tres +eleve est devenu de la part des Musselims une speculation financiere. + +La desunion regrettable qui regne entre les confessions, ou comme on les +appelle sur les lieux, les trois nations, exploite cette corruptibilite, +tantot pour suspendre l'execution d'un firman jalouse, tantot pour +obtenir moyennant l'intervention du Musselim un second firman annullant +le premier, ce qui a surtout lieu, lorsqu'il s'agit de la donation d'un +lieu saint. En pareil cas la confession la plus offrante est sure +d'atteindre son but et rien n'est plus a desirer que _la punition severe +du trafic illicite et honteux_, qui se pratique avec les firmans et +l'irrevocabilite _de ceux une fois emanes_. + +C'est donc en parfaite connoissance du veritable siege du mal, que le +memorandum du 3 fevrier _a cherche le remede dans le renfort de l'action +tutelaire du Gouv. par un employe sultanique special d'un rang assez +eleve pour etre place a cote des Musselims; employe qui serait charge +directement de tout ce qui aurait rapport aux lieux saints et aux +pelerins--qui serait mis en contact avec les Representans des +Gouvernement Chretiens nommes ad hoc, sous la denomination de procureurs +et qui ne recevrait d'ordres que de Constantinople ou les plaintes +elevees contre lui seraient portees a la connoissance du Gouvernement +dans la voie diplomatique_. + +_Le memoire prussien_ tendant a etablir sur les lieux une representation +de l'eglise evangelique et sa participation aux fondations existantes, +suscite une question _toute nouvelle_, dont la portee n'est pas a +calculer. + +Sans considerer l'opposition de Rome, du St. Synode de St. Petersbourg, +et du Patriarchat grec a Constantinople le memoire suggere des moyens +qui, loin de porter remede au mal existant, feraient naitre des +nouvelles complications et accroitre la desunion parmi les confessions +chretiennes. Ce regrettable resultat serait surtout amene par les points +suivans du memoire prussien: + +A. _La propriete des lieux saints a Jerusalem, Bethlehem et Nazareth +passerait aux cinq grandes Puissances._ + +Mais cette propriete est aux differentes confessions, qui deja jalouses +de la partager entre _trois_, ne voudraient certainement pas faire une +cession de droits acquis, en faveur d'une _quatrieme pretendant_. + +B. _Les Chretiens evangeliques auraient dans l'eglise du St. Sepulcre a +Jerusalem et dans celle de Bethlehem des parties specialement destinees +a leur usage._ + +Mais dans ces deux eglises chaque pouce de terrain est dispute par les +trois confessions. Toute la Basilique de Bethlehem fut adjugee, il y a +80 ans, aux Grecs; en vertu d'un firman obtenu par des sommes +considerables, eux et les Armeniens possedent _seuls_ la propriete de la +Grotte de la Nativite; les moins franciscains n'osent point y dire la +messe, et il n'y a que l'autel de la Ste. Creche qui appartienne a ces +derniers. Dans le temple de Jerusalem existent les memes subdivisions +exclusives. Chaque chapelle forme pour ainsi dire une monopole; celle du +Calvaire est partagee en deux--l'autel des Grecs occupant la place de +l'exaltation de la croix, celui des Catholiques celle du crucifiement. +Comment faire entrer une quatrieme confession dans un partage deja si +conteste? La repartition toute faite de localites dont la propriete est +aussi hautement appreciee par la confession qui la possede qu'enviee par +la confession qui voudrait l'usurper, s'opposerait du reste a une +pareille entreprise. + +C. _Chaque Puissance, qui nommerait un resident, mettrait a sa +disposition 60 soldats._ + +A part d'autres considerations qui rendent ce moyen inadmissible, il +fournirait des armes a une guerre de religion en petit qui, vu les +elemens de jalousie et de discorde deja existans, ne manquerait pas +d'eclater. + +(F.O. Docs. 7/302.) + + * * * * * + +BRITISH JEWS AND PALESTINE, 1841-1843. + +_Colonel Churchill to Sir Moses Montefiore._ + +_June 14th, 1841._ + +MY DEAR SIR MOSES,--I have not yet had the pleasure of hearing from you, +but I would fain hope that my letters have reached you safe. + +I enclose you a petition which has been drawn by the Brothers Harari, in +which they state their claims and their earnest desire to be immediately +under British protection. I am sorry to say that such a measure is much +required even now, not only for them, but also for all the Jews in +Damascus. + +They are still liable to persecutions similar to those from which, +through your active and generous intervention, they have so lately +escaped. The Christians still regard them with malevolence, and the +statement in the petition enclosed is perfectly correct. + +I cannot conceal from you my most anxious desire to see your countrymen +endeavour once more to resume their existence as a people. I consider +the object to be perfectly attainable. But, two things are indispensably +necessary. Firstly, that the Jews will themselves take up the matter +universally and unanimously. Secondly, that the European Powers will aid +them in their views. It is for the Jews to make a commencement. Let the +principal persons of their community place themselves at the head of the +movement. Let them meet, concert and petition. In fact the agitation +must be simultaneous throughout Europe. There is no Government which can +possibly take offence at such public meetings. The result would be that +you would conjure up a new element in Eastern diplomacy--an element +which under such auspices as those of the wealthy and influential +members of the Jewish community could not fail not only of attracting +great attention and of exciting extraordinary interest, but also of +producing great events. + +Were the resources which you all possess steadily directed towards the +regeneration of Syria and Palestine, there cannot be a doubt but that, +under the blessing of the Most High, those countries would amply repay +the undertaking, and that you would end by obtaining the sovereignty of +at least Palestine. That the present attempt to prop up the Turkish +Empire as at present constituted is a miserable failure, we who see +what is going on around us must at once acknowledge. What turn events +will take no one can possibly tell, but of this I am perfectly certain +that these countries must be rescued from the grasp of ignorant and +fanatical rulers, that the march of civilisation _must_ progress, and +its various elements of commercial prosperity _must_ be developed. It is +needless to observe that such will never be the case under the +blundering and decrepit despotism of the Turks or the Egyptians. Syria +and Palestine, in a word, must be taken under European protection and +governed in the sense and according to the spirit of European +administration. It must ultimately come to this. What a great advantage +it would be, nay, how indispensably necessary, when at length the +Eastern Question comes to be argued and debated with this new ray of +light thrown around it, for the Jews to be ready and prepared to say: +"Behold us here all waiting, burning to return to that land which you +seek to remould and regenerate. Already we feel ourselves a people. The +sentiment has gone forth amongst us and has been agitated and has become +to us a second nature; that Palestine demands back again her sons. We +only ask a summons from these Powers on whose counsels the fate of the +East depends to enter upon the glorious task of rescuing our beloved +country from the withering influence of centuries of desolation and of +crowning her plains and valleys and mountain-tops once more, with all +the beauty and freshness and abundance of her pristine greatness." I say +it is for the Jews to be ready against such a crisis in diplomacy. I +therefore would strenuously urge this subject upon your calm +consideration, upon the consideration of those who, by their position +and influence amongst you are most likely to take the lead in such a +glorious struggle for national existence. I had once intended to have +addressed the Jews here in their Synagogue upon the subject, but I have +reflected that such a proceeding might have awakened the jealousy of the +local Government. I have, however, prepared a rough petition which will +be signed by all the Jews here and in other parts of Syria, and which I +shall then forward to you. Probably two or three months will elapse +first. There are many considerations to be weighed and examined as the +question develops itself--but a _beginning_ must be made--a resolution +must be taken, _an agitation must be commenced_, and where the stake is +"Country and Home" where is the heart that will not leap and bound to +the appeal? + +I am the Resident Officer at Damascus until further order. + +Believe me to be, Dear Sir Moses, + +Yours very faithfully, + +CHAS. H. CHURCHILL. + +Before closing my letter, I cannot avoid offering one or two further +considerations. + +Supposing that you and your colleagues should at once and earnestly +interest yourselves upon this important subject of the recovery of your +ancient country, it appears to me (forming my opinions upon the present +attitude of affairs in the Turkish Empire) that it could only be as +subjects of the Porte that you could commence to regain a footing in +Palestine. Your first object would be to interest the Five Great Powers +in your views and to get them to advocate your view with the Sultan upon +the clear understanding that the Jews, if permitted to colonise any part +of Syria and Palestine, should be under the protection of the Great +Powers, that they should have the internal regulation of their own +affairs, that they should be exempt from military service (except on +their own account as a measure of defence against the incursions of the +Bedouin Arabs), and that they should only be called upon to pay a +tribute to the Porte on the usual mode of taxation. + +No doubt, such an undertaking will require _Patriotism_ in the fullest +sense of the word, energy and great perseverance. It will require large +capital at the outset, but with good prospect of remuneration, returned +after the lapse of a few years. + +In all enterprises men must be prepared to make great sacrifices, +whether of time, health or resources. To reflect calmly before +commencing an undertaking and once begun to carry it through, +vanquishing, surmounting, triumphing over every obstacle, this is worthy +of man's existence and carries with it its own reward, if the judgment +is sound, the head clear and the heart honest. I humbly venture to give +my opinion upon a subject, which no doubt has already occupied your +thought--and the bare mention of which, I know, makes every Jewish heart +vibrate. The only question is--_when_ and _how_. + +The blessing of the Most High must be invoked on the endeavour. +Political events seem to warrant the conclusion that the hour is nigh at +hand when the Jewish people may justly and with every reasonable +prospect of success put their hands to the glorious work of National +Regeneration. If you think otherwise I shall bend at once to your +decision, only begging you to appreciate my motive, which is simply an +ardent desire for the welfare and prosperity of a people to whom we all +owe our possession of those blessed truths which direct our minds with +unerring faith to the enjoyment of another and better world.--C. H. C. + +I will keep you "au fait" of all that passes in this country if you wish +it. + + * * * * * + +_15th August, 1842._ + +MY DEAR SIR MOSES,--I have delayed until now sending to you a written +statement of my proposition regarding the Jews of Syria and Palestine +partly because I knew you were absent last week from England and partly +because I wished to keep the document by me for a few days previous to +committing it finally to your care. The subject, I am sure, must in your +eyes appear most worthy of consideration, and I trust that when you have +perused my paper and matured the contents in your mind, you will come to +such a decision as will induce you to give my proposition your warmest +support. It appears to me that it might with advantage be brought under +the notice of the Jews on the Continent, and if this be your opinion, +perhaps you could get my paper, which, as you will perceive, I have +drawn up in the shape of an "address," translated into German and +forwarded to your friends in Prussia and Germany. I do sincerely believe +that were the Jews as a body, both in England and on the Continent of +Europe, to so arrange as to present a joint application to the British +Government in the sense I propose, they would have reason to rejoice +hereafter that they had taken such a step. + +I have nothing more to add, as my Document, which I enclose, will +express to you all I can say upon the subject. + +The only question that remains for your personal consideration is +whether you possess the power of having the proposition laid before the +leading Jews, abroad as well as in England for their deliberate +judgment. + +May I beg you to present my kind regards to Lady Montefiore, and believe +me to be, + +Dear Sir Moses, + +Yours most sincerely, + +CHAS. H. CHURCHILL. + + * * * * * + +_Proposal of Colonel Churchill (Extract)._ + +Human efforts preceded by prayer and undertaken in faith the whole +history of your nation shows to be almost invariably blessed. If such +then be your conviction it remains for you to consider whether you may +not in all humility, but with earnest sincerity and confiding hope +direct your most strenuous attention towards the land of your Fathers +with the view of doing all in your power to ameliorate the conditions of +your brethren now residing there and with heartfelt aspiration of being +approved by Almighty God whilst you endeavour as much as in you lies to +render that Land once more a refuge and resting-place to such of your +brethren scattered throughout the world as may resort to it. + +Hundreds and thousands of your countrymen would strain every effort to +accomplish the means of living amidst those scenes rendered sacred by +ancient recollections, and which they regard with filial affection, but +the dread of the insecurity of life and property which has rested so +long upon the soil of "Judea" has hitherto been a bar to the +accomplishment of their natural desire. + +My proposition is that the Jews of England conjointly with their +brethren on the Continent of Europe should make an application to the +British Government through the Earl of Aberdeen to accredit and send out +a fit and proper person to reside in Syria for the sole and express +purpose of superintending and watching over the interests of the Jews +residing in that country. The duties and powers of such a public officer +to be a matter of arrangement between the Secretary of State for Foreign +Affairs and the Committee of Jews conducting the negotiations. It is, I +hope, superfluous for me to enlarge upon the incalculable benefit which +would accrue to your nation at large were such an important measure to +be accomplished, or to allude more than briefly to the spirit of +confidence and revival which would be excited in the breasts of your +fellow-countrymen all over the world were they to be held and +acknowledged agents for the Jewish people resident in Syria and +Palestine under the auspices and sanction of Great Britain.... + +..."God has put into my heart the desire to serve His ancient people. +...I have discharged a duty imposed on me by my conscience."... + + * * * * * + +_Resolution of the Board of Deputies of British Jews._ + +_November 8th, 1842._ + +That the President be requested to reply to Colonel Churchill to the +effect that this Board, being appointed for the fulfilment of special +duties and deriving its pecuniary resources from the contributions to +the several congregations it represents, is precluded from originating +any measures for carrying out the benevolent views of Colonel Churchill +respecting the Jews of Syria, that this Board is fully convinced that +much good would arise from the realisation of Colonel Churchill's +intentions, but is of opinion that any measures in reference to this +subject should emanate from the general body of the Jews throughout +Europe, and that this Board doubts not that if the Jews of other +countries entertain the proposition those of Great Britain would be +ready and desirous to contribute towards it their most zealous support. + + * * * * * + +_Colonel Churchill to the Secretary of the Board of Deputies._ + +BEYROUT, _Jany._ 8_th_, 1843. + +SIR,--I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the official +Communication which the Board of Deputies of British Jews has been +pleased to address to me. + +It affords me the greatest gratification to learn that the British Jews +would zealously co-operate with the general body of their countrymen in +endeavouring to procure the permanent amelioration of the condition of +Jews in Syria and Palestine. + +I humbly venture to express a hope that the Board of Deputies will still +continue to entertain this subject, and that it will not think it +inexpedient to endeavour to ascertain the feelings and wishes of the +Jews in the rest of Europe on a question so interesting and important, +one in which is necessarily involved that of the prospective +regeneration of their long-suffering and afflicted country. + +I beg leave to offer my best thanks and warmest acknowledgements to the +Board of Deputies for the kind manner in which it has been pleased to +receive my previous communication, and to assure it that my services are +ever at its command. + +I have the honour to be, &c., + +CHAS. CHURCHILL. + +(Minute-Books of Board of Deputies, 1841-43.) + + * * * * * + +THE ENTENTE POWERS AND PALESTINE, 1917. + +_Extract from Agreement between Great Britain, France and Russia, dated +February 21, 1917._ + +"5.... With a view to securing the religious interests of the Entente +Powers, Palestine, with the Holy Places, is separated from Turkish +territory and subjected to a special regime to be determined by +agreement between Russia, France and England." + +(_Manchester Guardian_, January 19, 1918.) + + * * * * * + +GREAT BRITAIN AND ZIONISM, 1917. + +_Mr. Balfour to Lord Rothschild._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_November 2nd, 1917_. + +DEAR LORD ROTHSCHILD,--I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on +behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of +sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, +and approved by, the Cabinet:-- + +"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in +Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their +best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being +clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the +civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in +Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any +other country." + +I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the +knowledge of the Zionist Federation. + +Yours sincerely, + +ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR. + +(_Times_, November 9, 1917.) + + + * * * * * + + + + +APPENDIX. + +INTERNATIONAL ANTI-SEMITISM IN 1498. + + +The earliest appearance of the Jewish Question in international European +politics--or rather the earliest reference to it in the British State +Papers--happened in 1498, shortly after the great expulsion of the Jews +from Spain. In that year Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain sent a mission +to England on business connected with Prince Arthur's marriage. The +mission was apparently instructed to deal with the Jewish Question. The +envoys expressed to the King their sorrow that, while Spain had been +purged of infidelity, Flanders and England were infested by that +scourge. Thereupon, according to a dispatch from the chief of the +mission, Henry VII, laying both hands on his breast, swore that he would +persecute without mercy any Jew or heretic that the King or Queen of +Spain might point out in his dominions. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +_De Carta del soprior de Santa Cruza Sus Alts. (Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz +to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 18, 1498). Extract._ + + * * * * * + +Acabada nuestra embasada hable al Rey de Inglaterra solo.... + +Al otro cabo que le dixe que en su Reyno y en Flandes estaban muchos +conversos de los Reynos de V.A. y algunos fuydos por miedo de la +Inquisicion y quan firmes V.A. estaban en su amistad y hermandad y que +los sobredichos siempre procuraban el contrario que le avisaban dello, +holgo mucho de tal avis y dixo la mano puesta en los pechos que por la +fe de su coracon que no decia el de marranos mas del mejor de su Reyno +si contra lo que yo le decia algo le dixiese, no le oiria ni le ternia +por suyo, y que si S.A. le mandaien airsar si en su tierra hay algun +judio o herege que por la fe de su corazon et los castigaria bien. Fue +esta habla larga y por ser nuevo oficial abrevie, huelga mucho el Rey de +Inglaterra en fablar de la Princesa de Gales.... + +(Record Office: "Spanish Transcripts," Series I, vol. I, B. 205.) + + + * * * * * + + + + +INDEX. + + +Abdul Medjid, Sultan of Turkey, 96 + +Aberdeen, Earl of, 18, 123 + +Adler, Cyrus, 67, 70, 71 + +Agreement, Anglo-Prussian (1841), 106 + +Alexander I, Tsar, 12, 15 + +Alexander II, Tsar, 78 + +Alexander III, Tsar, 55 + +Alexander, Bishop, 106 + +Alexander, D. L., 51, 52, 54 + +Algeciras, Conference of (1906), 54, 88; + Protocols, 98-99 + +Allenby, General, 104 + +Alliance Israelite, 59, 60, 89 + +Almodovar del Rio, Duc de, 98 + +American-Jewish Committee, 89 + +American House of Representatives, Resolution, 79 + +American Senate, Resolution, 79-80 + +American-Swiss Treaty (1855), 74 + +"Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon," 103 + +Anarchists, 57 + +Ancona, Jews of, 63 + +Andrassy, Count, 30, 93 + +Anglo-French Entente, 56 + +Anglo-Jewish Association, 45, 51, 69, 89 + +Anglo-Moorish Treaty (1856), 78, 83, 87 + +Anglo-Prussian Agreement (1841), 106 + +Anglo-Russian Treaty (1859), 80 + +Anglo-Swiss Treaty (1855), 73 + +Anglo-Turkish Treaty (1809), 84 + +Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance, 57-62 + +Appleton, John, 75 + +Austria, 64, 65 + +Austrian Instruction (1815), 71 + +Austrian Jews, 7 + + +Balance of Power, The, 54 + +Balfour, Arthur James, 124, 125 + +Baltimore, Jews of, 74 + +Bartholomey, Mr., 77 + +Baruch, Jacob, 12 + +Baxter, Nadir, 101 + +Beaconsfield, Earl of, 30, 103 + +Beauvale, Lord, 106, 116, 117 + +Belgium and Holland, Union of, 2 + +Benchimol Family, 88, 89, 90, 91 + +Berlin, Congress of (1878), 23-36, 52 + +Berlin, Treaty of (1878), 24, 33 + +Bernhardt, "Handbook of Treaties, &c.," 74, 80, 83, 84, 87 + +Bernstorff, Count, 16 + +Bertie, Francis, 44, 45 + +Bethlehem, 105 + +Bismarck, Prince, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32 + +Bjoerkoe interview, 56, 62 + +Blaine, James G. (U.S. Secretary of State), 54, 70, 78 + +"Blue Laws," 77 + +Boerne, Ludwig, 12 + +Bohemia, Jews of, 7-11 + +Brisac, J., 66, 67, 68, 72, 73 + +Broglie, Duc de, 66 + +Brothers, Richard, 101 + +Bucharest Commission, 20 + +Bucharest, Treaty of (1913), 50 + +Bulgaria, 26, 33 + +Buelow, Baron, 105, 114, 116 + +Bund, Jewish, 57, 59 + +Bunsen, Baron, 106 + +Buzaglo, David, 89, 91 + +Canovas Del Castillo, Senor, 93, 94 + +Capitulations, 3, 4, 83, 100 + +Capodistrias, Count, 16 + +Caratheodory Pacha, 26, 27, 31, 32 + +Carlowitz, Treaty of (1699), 64, 71, 100 + +Cassini, Count, 99 + +Castlereagh, Viscount, 12, 13, 16 + +Catharine of Braganza, Queen, 6 + +Catherine of Russia, Empress, 76, 78 + +"Ce que les Israelites de la Suisse doivent a la France," 66 + +Charlemagne, Emperor, 3 + +Charles II, King of England, 6 + +Charles X, King of France, 65 + +Chevalier, Michel, 67 + +China, religious liberty in, 3 + +Choate, Joseph H., 44 + +Christendom, Peace of, 2 + +Christian Missions, protection of, 3 + +Christina, Queen of Sweden, 6 + +Churchill, Colonel, C. H., 103, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124 + +Circular Note to Great Powers, American (1902), 44 + +Clarendon, Earl of, 19, 67 + +Clanricarde, Marquis of, 113 + +Cobden, Richard, 67 + +Cohn, Albert, 19 + +Conferences:-- + Algeciras (1906), 54, 88 + Bucharest (1913), 45, 47, 48, 49 + Constantinople (1856), 20, 21, 23 + London (1830), 17, 52 + London (1912), 13, 45, 47 + Madrid (1880), 54, 88 + Ryswick (1697), 103 + St. Petersburg (1912-13), 45-47 + _See also_ Protocols and Treaties + +Congresses:-- + Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), 15, 16 + Berlin (1878), 23, 25-33, 36 + Paris (1856), 18-23 + Vienna (1815), 3, 12-15 + _See also_ Protocols and Treaties + +Consistoire Israelite, 66 + +Consular Protection, 4, 82-85, 86-88 + +Convention, Cyprus (1878), 107 + +Convention of Paris (1858), 20, 21, 23 + +Cremieux, Adolphe, 18, 102 + +Cromwell, Oliver, 4, 6, 102 + +Crowe, Sir Eyre, 51, 83 + +Cyprus, 103 + +Cyprus Convention (1878), 107 + + +Damascus, 120 + +Daudet, Ernest, 55 + +"Decade Philosophique et Litteraire," 104 + +De Card, "Les Traites entre la France et le Maroc," 88 + +Declaration on Palestine, British (1917), 124-5 + +De Launay, Count, 29, 32, 53 + +De Mello, Don Francisco Manuel, 6 + +Deschamps, Emile, 59 + +Despatch, American, to U.S. Minister at Athens (1902), 38 + +Desprez, M., 26, 32, 33 + +Dicey, Professor A. V., 5, 54 + +D'Israeli, "Genius of Judaism," 101 + +Dobrudja, 50 + +Dohm, C. W., 15 + + +Eastern Roumelia, 26, 79 + +Edict of Sultan of Morocco, 89, 92 + +El Arish, 104 + +Esterhazy, Prince, 117 + + +Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 126 + +Finch, Sir Henry, 100, 101 + +Finn, James, 86, 102; + "Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles," 85 + +Fogg, Mr., 75 + +Foreign Jews Protection Society, 64 + +Foster, J. W., 70 + +France, 65, 66 + +Franchi, Cardinal, 93 + +Franco-Moorish Reglement (1863), 88 + +Franco-Swiss Treaty (1827), 71 + +Franco-Swiss Treaty (1864), 73 + +Franks, Aaron, 7, 8, 9 + +Freemasons, 59, 60, 62 + +Fuller, "A Pisgah Sight of Palestine," 100 + + +George II, King of England, 7-9 + +German Jews, 12, 13 + +Goldsmid, Sir Julian, 82 + +Gortchacow, Prince, 28, 29, 30, 33 + +Graetz, "Geschichte der Juden," 103 + +Granville, Earl, 69; + despatch of, 81-82 + +Greece, Jews of, 17 + +Grey, Sir Edward, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 54, 69, 82 + +Grey, Viscount (_see_ Sir Edward) + +Guizot, 66, 105, 107 + + +Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey, M.P., 101 + +Hammond, J., 86 + +Hardenberg, Prince, 12, 13, 16 + +Haroun al-Rashid, Khalif, 3 + +Harrington, Lord, 11 + +Hart, Moses, 7, 8, 9 + +_Hatti-Humayoun_ (1856), 19-22 + +Hay, John (U.S. Secretary of State), 37, 38, 43, 44; + despatch on Rumania, 38-43 + +Hay, Sir John Drummond, 85, 88 + +Haymerle, Baron, 30 + +Henry VII, King of England, 126 + +Hervaille, 59 + +Herzl, Theodor, 104 + +"Histoire Diplomatique de l'Alliance Franco-Russe," 55 + +Holland, 7 + +Holland, Jews of, 2, 3 + +Holland, "The European Concert in the Eastern Question," 18, 21, 22 + +Holy Alliance, 12 + +Holy Roman Empire, 100 + +Hoskier, M., 55 + + +_Izviestia_, 56 + +Izvolsky, A., 56, 62 + + +Jackson, J. B. (U.S. Minister at Bucharest), 47 + +Jaffa, 85 + +James I, King of England, 101 + +Jerusalem, 101, 104, 108, 109, 115, 117 + +Jewish Board of Deputies, 12, 45, 47, 51, 69, 86, 89, 103, 123, 124 + +Jewish Bund, 57 + +Jewish Conjoint Committee, 24, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 69, 82, 83 + +"Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States," 37 + +Jewish Nationalism, 16 + +"Jews and the War," 24, 45 + +Jews in Bohemia, 7-11 + +Jews in Foreign Countries, Status of, 63-83 + +Jews in Morocco, 83-85, 87-99 + +Jews in Rumania, 28-48 + +Jews in Russia, 54 + +Jews in Russia, American Despatch, 76-78, 81-83 + +Jews in Switzerland, 72-73 + +"Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the U.S.," 70 + +Jews, National Restoration of, 100-125 + +Jews of Baltimore, 74 + +Joostens, Baron, 99 + + +Kamarowsky, 105, 106 + +Klueber, "Akten des Wiener Kongresses," 14 + +Kohler, Max, 37 + +Koutzo-Vlachs, 50 + +Lamsdorf, Count, 55, 56, 62 + +Lansdowne, Marquis of, 37, 38 + +Lassalle, Ferdinand, 59 + +"Legal Sufferings of Jews in Russia," 54 + +Lemoine, "Napoleon et les Juifs," 104 + +Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, Prince, 17 + +Leven, Narcisse, 24, 85 + +Lewisohn, Leon, 69, 81 + +Lieven, Count, 18 + +Loeb, Isidor, 24 + +Loewe, "Diaries of Sir Moses Montefiore," 89, 92 + +London, Treaty of (1840), 106 + +Louis Philippe, King of France, 66; + speech of (1835), 73 + +Ludolf, Count, 95 + + +Madrid, Conference of (1880), 54, 88; + Protocols, 90-98 + +Madrid, Treaty of (1880), 91 + +Maiorescu, Titu (Rumanian Prime Minister), 46, 47, 49, 50 + +Maria Theresa, Empress, 7-11 + +Marranos (or Crypto-Jews), 63, 64 + +Marx, Karl, 59 + +Mehemet Ali, 102 + +"Memorandum on the Grievances of British Subjects of the Jewish Faith," 69 + +"Memorandum on Treaty Rights of Jews of Rumania" (1908), 45 + +Memorandum (Palestine), Austrian (1840), 111-113; + (1841), 117-119 + +Memorandum (Palestine), Prussian (1841), 114-116 + +Memorandum (Palestine) of Russian Government (1840), 107-110 + +Menasseh ben Israel, 6 + +Mendes da Costa, Fernando, 6 + +Metternich, Prince, 12, 13, 16, 113, 116, 117, 118 + +Milan, Prince, 30 + +Mohammed Vargas, Cid, 96, 97 + +Moldavia, Jews in, 19, 21 + +Moldavians and Wallachians, 23 + +Montefiore, Claude G., 51, 52, 54 + +Montefiore, Joseph Meyer, 86 + +Montefiore, Lady, 122 + +Montefiore, Sir Moses, 18, 89, 95, 102, 103, 119, 121 + +Montenegro, 30, 33 + +Montmoren y Laval, 18 + +Moravia, Jews of, 7 + +Morocco, Jews of, 70 + +Morocco, Religious Liberty in, 89-99 + +Mount Athos, 31 + +Muley-el-Hassan, Sultan of Morocco, 97, 98 + + +Nahon, Moses, 89, 91 + +Napier, Lord, 81 + +Napoleon I, Emperor, 102, 104 + +Napoleon III, Emperor, 19 + +Nasi, Donna Gracia, 6, 63 + +Nasi, Don Joseph (_see_ Naxos, Duke of) + +"National Treatment," 65, 68 + +Nationality, Jewish, 64 + +Naxos, Duke of, 63 + +Nazareth, 105 + +Neapolitan prison horrors, 5 + +Nelidow, Actual Privy Councillor, 58 + +Nesselrode, Count, 16, 113 + +Nicholas II, Tsar, 56, 62 + +Nicolson, Sir Arthur, 98 + +"Nikky-Willy" correspondence, 55 + +Nina, Cardinal, 94 + + +Oliphant, Lawrence, 103 + +Omar, Mosque of, 116 + +Ottoman Empire, Jews in, 3, 4 + + +Palestine Declaration, British (1917), 124-125 + +Palestine, Jews in, 70 + +Palestine Question, 100-125 + +Palestine, Russian Jews in, 84, 85 + +Palestine, Secret Agreement (1917), 107, 124 + +Palestine Memorandum, Austrian (1840), 111-113; (1841), 117-119 + +Palestine Memorandum, Prussian (1841), 114-116 + +Palestine Memorandum, Russian (1840), 107-110 + +Palmerston, Viscount, 102, 105, 106, 113, 114, 116, 117 + +Paris, Convention of (1858), 23 + +Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718), 71, 100 + +Passport Question in Russia, 68 + +Paul IV, Pope, 63, 64 + +Paulli, Holger, 103 + +Peace of Christendom, 2 + +Peace of Westphalia, 2, 3, 6 + +Petition concerning Jews of Bohemia, 7-11 + +Piggott, Sir Francis, "Exterritoriality," 84 + +Pogroms, 62 + +Poland, Jews of, 6 + +Poland, Protestants of, 4 + +Ponsonby, Lord, 106 + +Pope, the, 93, 95 + +Portugal, Jews of, 6 + +Prince of Wales (Arthur), 126 + +Protocols:-- + Anti-Anarchist (1904), 56 + Algeciras Conference (1906), 98-99 + Conference of Bucharest (1913), 47 + Conference of Constantinople (1856), 20, 23 + Conference of London (1830), 17, 18 + Conference, Madrid (1880), 90-98 + Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), 16 + Congress of Berlin (1878), 25-33 + Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, 2, 3 + _See also_ Conferences, Congresses and Treaties + +Prussia, Jews of, 6 + +Prussia, King of, 114 + + +Radowitz, Herr von, 99 + +Reglement, Franco-Moorish (1863), 88 + +Religious Liberty, 1, 2, 3, 17, 20, 21 + +"Restoration of the Hebrews, The," 101 + +Revoil, M., 99 + +Richelieu, 16 + +Ristitch, 30 + +Robinson, Sir Thomas, 7, 9, 11 + +Roosevelt, Theodore, 37, 99 + +Rothschild, Sir Anthony de, 19 + +Rothschild, Baron James de, 19, 20 + +Rothschild, Baron Lionel de, 19 + +Rothschild, Leopold de, 13 + +Rothschild, Lord, 36, 37, 55, 56, 58 + +Rothschild, Lord (second), 124 + +Rothschild, Nathan, 13 + +Rumania, 24, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38, 48 + +Rumania and the Powers (1902), 36-45 + +Rumania, American Circular Note on, 44 + +Rumania, Identic Note to (1880), 35-36 + +Rumania, Jews of, 28 + +Rumanian Constitution, Art. VII, 34-35 + +Russell, Earl, 81, 86 (_see_ Russell, Lord John) + +Russell, Lord John, 68, 69, 70 + +Russia, Jews in, 54, 76-78, 81-83 + +"Russian Government and the Massacres," 54 + +Russian Jews in Palestine, 84, 85 + +Russian Jews, persecution of, 5 + +Russian Revolution, 54 + +Russian Secret Documents, 62 + +Russo-American Treaty (1832), 75 + +Russo-American Treaty (1832), denunciation of, 79-80 + +Ryswick, Conference of (1697), 103 + + +Sabbathai Zevi, 103 + +Sager, M., 99 + +Salisbury, Marquis of, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 69, 82, 106 + +Samuel, Henry, Case of, 64 + +Sanderson, Sir T. H., 69, 82 + +Santa Cruz, Sub-Prior of, 126 + +Saxony, 66 + +Schiff, Jacob, 36, 37 + +Schouvaloff, Count, 26, 27, 28, 30 + +Secret Agreement (Palestine) (1917), 107, 124 + +Secret Note to Swiss Diet, French (1826), 72 + +Semenoff, M., 54, 62 + +Servia, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32 + +Servia, Jews of, 28 + +Seward, William H. (U.S. Secretary of State), 75 + +Sidi Mohammed, Sultan of Morocco, 95 + +Socialists, 59, 60, 61 + +Solyman the Magnificent, 63, 64 + +Spain, Jews of, 6 + +Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, 19 + +Straus, Oscar, 37, 103 + +Stroock, 67 + +Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz, 126 + +Suliotis, M., 36 + +Sweden, 4, 57 + +Switzerland, 65, 66, 67, 68 + +"Switzerland and American Jews," 67 + +Switzerland, Jews in, 72-73 + + +Tatistcheff, M., 105 + +Testa, Jonkheer, 99 + +Thirty Years War, 2 + +Thornton, Sir E., 81 + +Toledano, Isaac, 89, 91 + +Treaties:-- + American-Swiss (1855), 66, 67, 73 + Anglo-Moorish (1727-8), 87 + Anglo-Moorish (1856), 83, 87 + Anglo-Russian (1859), 68, 80 + Anglo-Swiss (1855), 67, 73 + Anglo-Turkish (1809), 87 + Berlin (1878), 24, 37 + Bucharest (1913), 50 + Carlowitz (1699), 64, 71, 100 + Franco-Swiss (1827), 65, 71 + Franco-Swiss (1864), 68, 73 + London (1840), 106 + London (1864), 49 + Madrid (1880), 91 + Muenster (1648), 2 + Osnabruck (1648), 2 + Paris (1856), 20-22 + Passarowitz (1718), 71, 100 + Russo-American (1832), 68, 70, 75 + San Stefano (1878), 27, 31 + Tientsin (1858), 3 + Vienna (1815), 13-15 + _See also_ Conferences, Congresses, Conventions, Protocols and Reglement + +Turkey, 31, 33, 37, 40, 63, 64, 65 + +Turkey, Jews in, 19 + + +Ubicini, "Question des Principautes," 23 + +United States, 46, 66, 67 + +United States, Religious Liberty in, 38-43 + +Universal Suffrage, 61 + + +Vatican, 60, 61 + +Vaudois, persecution of the, 4 + +Venizelos, M., 47 + +Visconti Venosta, Viscount, 99 + + +Waddington, M., 25, 26, 28, 29, 93 + +Wallachia, Jews in, 19, 21 + +Wallachians and Moldavians, 23 + +Warsaw, British Jews in, 68 + +Way, Rev. Lewis, 15, 16 + +Wellington, Duke of, 13, 16 + +Westphalia, Peace of, 2 + +White, Henry, 98, 99 + +White, Sir W. A., 34, 36 + +William II, Emperor of Germany, 56 + +William III, King of England, 103 + +Wilson, Charles S., 38 + +Witte, Count, 56 + +Wolf, Lucien, 54, 58; + "Sir Moses Montefiore," 89 + +Wolf, Simon, 37 + +"World's Great Restoration, The," 100 + +Wyshnigradski, M., 55 + + +Zion, Mount, 116 + +Zionism, 103, 104, 107, 124 + + +Printed by SPOTTISWOODE, BALLANTYNE & CO. LTD. Colchester, London & +Eton, England + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] _Infra_, pp. 57-62 and Appendix. + +[2] Wolf: _Menasseh b. Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell_, pp. xviii +_et seq._ + +[3] The Protocol was accepted by the Dutch King on July 21, 1814. Its +text will be found in _British and Foreign State Papers_, ii. 141-142. + +[4] Guasco: "L'Eglise Catholique et la Liberte Religieuse dans l'Empire +Chinois" (_Revue Generale de Droit International Public_, x. 53 _et +seq._) + +[5] Verney and Dambmann: _Puissances Etrangeres dans le Levant_, pp. +69-80. + +[6] _Infra_, pp. 83 _et seq._ + +[7] The historical and juridical aspects of the question have been fully +discussed by Professor Rougier in the _Revue Generale de Droit +International Public_, xvii. 468 _et seq._ + +[8] Martin: _Life of the Prince Consort_, iii. 510-511. + +[9] For a vigorous exposition of the duty of civilised States in such +cases, see Prof. A. Dicey's introduction to _Legal Sufferings of the +Jews in Russia_, p. x. + +[10] See Straus: _The American Spirit_ (New York). For documentary +examples relating to the Jews, see Cyrus Adler: _Jews in the Diplomatic +Correspondence of the United States_. + +[11] _Infra_, pp. 63-64. + +[12] Kayserling: "Menasseh b. Israel" (_Misc. Heb. Lit._ ii. 29); +_Harleian Miscellany_, vii. 618. + +[13] Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 29,868, _f._ 1. + +[14] Sir Thomas Robinson, "l'infatigable Robinson" of Carlyle's +_Frederick_, afterwards Lord Grantham. + +[15] Graetz: _Geschichte der Juden_, x. 393-394. + +[16] Emanuel: _A Century and a Half of Anglo-Jewish History_, p. 9. + +[17] Graetz: _Geschichte_, xi. 324-328. See also Kohler: _Jewish Rights +at International Congresses_, pp. 6-20. + +[18] _Diary of Sir Moses Montefiore_, 1817, p. 192. (Ramsgate +Theological College MSS.) Kohler: _op. cit._ pp. 25-26. + +[19] Communication from the late Mr. Leopold de Rothschild. See also +_Gentleman's Magazine_, Oct. 1819, p. 362. + +[20] _Infra_, p. 16. The Protocol does not appear in the Protocols of +the Congress published in the _British and Foreign State Papers_, and is +usually excluded from the official records of the Congress. Its text is, +however, given in Way's _Memoires_ (Paris, 1819) as an unpaginated +Appendix. + +[21] _Proces-Verbal des Seances de l'Assemblee Juive_ (Paris, 1806), pp. +47-49; _Actes du Grand Sanhedrin_, pp. 65-73, 83, 90-91. + +[22] Emanuel: _op. cit._, p. 66. The facts are given more fully by Loeb: +_Biographie d'Albert Cohn_ (Paris, 1878), pp. 48-49. + +[23] Loeb: _op. cit._, p. 49 (supplemented by private sources), Holland: +_The European Concert in the Eastern Question_, p. 330. + +[24] Holland: _op. cit._, pp. 233-234, 251. + +[25] _British and Foreign State Papers_, xlviii. 78. + +[26] Loeb: _Situation des Israelites en Turquie, en Serbie, et en +Roumanie_ (1877), p. 200. + +[27] _The Jews and the War_, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16. (Privately printed +by Jewish Conjoint Committee.) + +[28] _British and Foreign State Papers_, xlviii. 97. + +[29] _Ibid._ p. 113. + +[30] _Ibid._ p. 120. + +[31] _Jews and the War_, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16. + +[32] The _Hatti-Humayoun_ (see next document). + +[33] This _alinea_ did not appear in the scheme drawn up by the +Bucharest Commission, but was inserted by the Conference. + +[34] Loeb: _Situation_, pp. 139-196. Narcisse Leven: _Cinquante ans +d'histoire_, pp. 93-146. + +[35] _British and Foreign State Papers_, lxii. p. 705. + +[36] _Infra_, pp. 25-33. + +[37] _Jews and the War_, p. 29. + +[38] _Infra_, p. 33. + +[39] _Infra_, p. 32. Extract from Protocol No. 17. + +[40] "Le Traite de Berlin," writes M. Suliotis in the _Journal du droit +international prive_ (xiv. 563), "a cru faire merveille en faveur des +etrangers, mais la Roumanie a su habilement eluder les inconvenients qui +pouvaient resulter de l'application de l'article VII. dans le sens du +Traite de Berlin, qui n'a eu d'autres resultats que de rendre plus +difficile la situation des etrangers." + +[41] Dated June 13, 1901. It is not printed. Its argument is largely +reproduced in the Memorandum of the Conjoint Committee of November 1908, +for full text of which see _Jews and the War_, pp. 14 _et seq._ + +[42] Private information and documents. + +[43] For a detailed and documented account of the American intervention, +but without the full texts of the Notes of Secretary Hay (_infra_, pp. +38-45), see Kohler and Wolf: _Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States_ +(the American Jewish Committee, 1916), pp. 80-83, 108-137. + +[44] Semi-official communique to the newspapers through Reuter's Agency, +September 23, 1902. The fact was also privately communicated by Lord +Lansdowne to Lord Rothschild at the time. + +[45] This is a reference to Russia. _Infra_, pp. 69-70. + +[46] "Memorandum on the Treaty Rights of the Jews of Rumania" (November +1908). Printed for confidential use, 16 pp. fcp. Reprinted in _Jews and +the War_, pp. 14-30. Also in the Annual Reports of the Board of Deputies +and Anglo-Jewish Association (1909), and in Kohler and Wolf, _op. cit._ + +[47] _Infra_, p. 47. + +[48] _Infra_, p. 51. For a fuller text of the correspondence, see Annual +Report of the Board of Deputies (1913), pp. 54-74. + +[49] The United States was a conspicuous exception. See especially Mr. +Blaine's despatch of February 18, 1891. (_Foreign Relations of U.S._ +1891, p. 737.) + +[50] Wolf and Dicey: _Legal Sufferings of the Jews in Russia_ (London, +1912). Semenoff and Wolf: _The Russian Government and the Massacres_ +(London, 1907). + +[51] The story is told by M. Ernest Daudet in his _Histoire Diplomatique +de l'Alliance Franco-Russe_, pp. 261-262, but the present writer is able +to confirm it from other sources. + +[52] The famous "Nikky-Willy" correspondence (see _Times_, September 4, +1917; _Daily Telegraph_, September 4, 27 and 29, 1917; and _Morning +Post_, September 15, 1917.) + +[53] _Infra_, pp. 57-62. + +[54] The statement in the Memorandum that Messrs. Rothschild had been +excluded by the Russian Government from these loan operations is +inaccurate. The exclusion had come from the other side, and at the very +time that the Memorandum was being prepared Count Witte had sent +representatives of the Finance Ministry to London to endeavour to +overcome Lord Rothschild's reluctance. + +[55] This Protocol is published in vol. vi. of the _Secret Documents_ +published by the Russian Revolutionary Government in February 1918. + +[56] Secret letter from the Kaiser to the Tsar published in the Soviet +organ _Inviestia_, December 19, 1917. + +[57] Actual Privy Councillor Nelidow's despatch of December 1-14, 1905. + +[58] Communicated by Emil Deschamps in the _Journal de St. Petersbourg_, +of December 23, 1905. + +[59] Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at the Hague of October 24, +1905, No. 22. + +[60] Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at Rome of November 29, 1905, +No. 23. + +[61] According to the rules of French Freemasonry, promotion to the +eighteenth degree makes the recipient automatically a member of the +"Alliance Israelite Universelle," while out of the nine members of the +Secret Supreme Council of Freemasonry five must be Jews. + +[62] Levy: _Don Joseph Nasi_, _Herzog von Naxos und seine Familie_ +(Breslau, 1859). See also Graetz: _Geschichte_, vol. ix. _passim_. + +[63] The text of the Sultan's letter is preserved in the rare _Lettere +di Principi_ (Venice, 1581), iii. 171. + +[64] Graetz: _Geschichte_, ix. 361, and 571-572. + +[65] _Transactions, Jewish Historical Society_, iv. 478 _et seq._ The +plea has been revived during the present war, but with less success. It +was largely used by Russian Jews in order to escape conscription under +the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1916. (See Petition of Foreign Jews +Protection Society, _Herald_, July 22 and 29, 1916.) See also the case +of the prosecution of Henry Samuel, _Times_, September 19, 1918. + +[66] _Infra_, p. 71. + +[67] Brisac: _Ce que les Israelites de la Suisse doivent a la France_ +(Lausanne, 1916), pp. 9-13. _Infra_, pp. 71-72. + +[68] Brisac: _op. cit._, pp. 14-15, 16-17. + +[69] Jewish disabilities still existed in England, Germany, Austria, +Russia, the Italian States, Spain and Portugal. + +[70] May 28, 1841. A full report of the debate will be found in the +_Moniteur_, May 29, 1841. + +[71] Stroock: "Switzerland and American Jews," in _Publications of the +American Jewish Historical Society_, xi. 7-8, 15. + +[72] Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 27-33. + +[73] _Infra_, pp. 73-74. + +[74] Stroock: _op. cit._, p. 15. + +[75] Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 37. + +[76] Stroock: _op. cit._, pp. 24-32. + +[77] Lord Clarendon on December 17, 1857, instructed the British +Minister at Berne to make representations to the Swiss Government +(Stroock: p. 36). The bulk of the official correspondence of the United +States on the subject is printed by Cyrus Adler in _Publications of the +American Jewish Historical Society_, xv. 25-39. + +[78] _Infra_, p. 73. + +[79] This was not in the Commercial Treaty but in a separate Treaty of +Establishment signed the same day. + +[80] Sanctioned by the Referendum of January 14, 1866 (Brisac, p. 54). + +[81] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 4 (1881), p. 21. _Infra_, pp. 81-82. + +[82] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 3 (1881), pp. 17-18. + +[83] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 4 (1881), pp. 21-22. _Infra_, p. 82. + +[84] Letter from Sir T. H. Sanderson on behalf of the Marquis of +Salisbury, January 29, 1891. + +[85] "Memorandum on the grievances of British subjects of the Jewish +faith in regard to the interpretation of Articles I and XI of the +Anglo-Russian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of January 12, 1859" +(August 2, 1912). Printed for confidential use, 9 pp. fcp. The text +together with further correspondence has been reprinted in the Annual +Reports of the Board of Deputies and the Anglo-Jewish Association for +1912. + +[86] _Infra_, pp. 82-83. + +[87] Cyrus Adler: _Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the United +States_, pp. 73-74. See also dispatch from Mr. Foster, October 18, 1880, +in _Foreign Relations of the United States_, 1881, p. 991. + +[88] See dispatches quoted by C. Adler, _op. cit._, pp. 75-96 from +_Foreign Relations_ 1880 and 1881. + +[89] _Infra_, pp. 76-78. + +[90] _Infra_, pp. 79-80. + +[91] Cyrus Adler: _op. cit._, pp. 7-19. See also _infra_, p. 103 (note). + +[92] _Infra_, p. 83. + +[93] Confirmed by Art. XIII of the Treaty of Passarowitz, July 21, 1718. + +[94] _Supra_, pp. 3-4. + +[95] Piggott: _Exterritoriality_ (Lond. 1907), pp. 67-68. + +[96] Bernhardt: _op. cit._, pp. 947, 957. + +[97] _Infra_, p. 86. Further details will be found in Mr. Finn's +_Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles_ (Lond. 1878), i. 112-114. + +[98] _Infra_, p. 87. + +[99] _Infra_, p. 87. + +[100] _Memoir of Sir John Drummond Hay_ (Lond. 1896), pp. 322-323. See +also stipulations of French Treaty (_infra_, p. 88). + +[101] For details of these cases see Leven: _Cinquante Ans d'Histoire_, +pp. 158 _et seq._ Annual Reports of the Anglo-Jewish Association. + +[102] _Memoir of Sir J. D. Hay_, pp. 321-323. + +[103] _Ibid._, p. 323. + +[104] _Infra_, pp. 90-91. + +[105] _Infra_, p. 93. + +[106] _Infra_, p. 92. See also Wolf: _Sir Moses Montefiore_ (Lond. +1884), pp. 213-232, and Loewe: _Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore_, ii. +148-153. + +[107] _Infra_, p. 97. + +[108] _Infra_, p. 98. + +[109] _Cf. supra_, p. 89. + +[110] Fuller: _A Pisgah Sight of Palestine_ (Lond. 1650), bk. iv. p. +194. + +[111] D'Israeli: _Genius of Judaism_, pp. 200-201. + +[112] _The Restoration of the Hebrews to Jerusalem by the Year of 1798 +under the Revealed Prince and Prophet_ (Lond. 1794). _A letter from Mr. +Brothers to Miss Cott with an Address to the Members of His Britannic +Majesty's Council_ (Lond. 1798). _The Curious Trial of Mr. Brothers... +on a Statute of Lunacy_ (Lond. 1795). + +[113] _Mr. Halhed's Speech in the House of Commons... on Monday, May the +4th, 1795_ (Lond. 1795). + +[114] Law Reports: 4 De Gex & Smale, 467. + +[115] For details see _infra_, pp. 104-106. + +[116] Finn: _op. cit._, i. 106. The passage is worth quoting: "In 1839, +Lord Palmerston's direction to his first Consul in Jerusalem was 'to +afford protection to the Jews generally.' The words were simply those, +broad and general, as under the circumstances they ought to be, leaving +after events to work out their own modifications. The instruction, +however, seemed to bear on its face a recognition that the Jews are a +nation by themselves and that contingencies might possibly arise in +which their relations to Mohammedans should become difficult, though it +was impossible to foresee the shape that future transactions might +assume upon the impending expulsion of the Egyptians from Syria." + +[117] See text of Firman in Loewe: _Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore_, i. +278-279. + +[118] _Infra_, pp. 119-124. + +[119] _Memoir of Laurence Oliphant_, ii. 179. As late as January 1888 +Mr. Oscar Straus, the United States Minister in Constantinople and +himself a Jew, assured the Grand Vizier, with regard to the +establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine, "that no such purpose +actuated the Jews throughout the world" (_Foreign Relations of U.S._, +1888, p. 1559). + +[120] _Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon_ (1702), _Novus in +Belgio Judaeorum Rex_, p. 25. + +[121] Graetz: _Geschichte_, x. 207. + +[122] "Re-establishment of the Jewish Government, with a letter from a +Jew to his Brethren; copied from the _Courier_, June 10, 1798." + +[123] Lemoine: _Napoleon et les Juifs_ (Paris, 1900), p. 72. + +[124] _Infra_, p. 107. There is no trace of this scheme in the Foreign +Office papers except in the reference here quoted from the Russian +Memorandum, but Tatistcheff, who saw the Russian set of these papers in +the Petrograd Foreign Office, describes a scheme submitted by Guizot to +Palmerston and Metternich which seems to be the one referred to here. +(Kamarowsky: "La Question d'Orient," in _Revue Generale de Droit +International Public_, iii. 423.) + +[125] _Infra_, pp. 107-109. + +[126] _Infra_, pp. 111-113. + +[127] _Infra_, p. 113. + +[128] _Infra_, pp. 114-116. + +[129] Covering despatch from Baron Buelow, _infra_, p. 116. + +[130] Despatch from Lord Beauvale and draft of reply by Palmerston, +_infra_, pp. 116-117. + +[131] Kamarowsky, _op. cit._, p. 423. + +[132] _Memoirs of Bunsen_ (London, 1868), i. 593 _et seq._ + +[133] Memorandum of July 15, 1841, presented to Palmerston by Bunsen +(F.O. 64/235 Prussia). + +[134] Letter from Bunsen to his Wife (_Memoirs_, i. 608-609). + +[135] Bishop Alexander was before his conversion Minister of the Jewish +Synagogue at Plymouth. + +[136] Holland: _European Concert in Eastern Question_, p. 93. + +[137] _British and Foreign State Papers_, lxix. 1342-1353; lxxiii. 438. + +[138] _Infra_, p. 124. + +[139] _Infra_, pp. 124-125. + +[140] This was probably the scheme suggested by Guizot (_supra_, p. +105). + +[141] This Memorandum is identical with the Austrian Memorandum of +October 1840, which at the time was only communicated to the Prussian +Government (_supra_, pp. 111-113). + + * * * * * + + Notes of the transcriber of this etext: + + "Religous" changed to "Religious" + "repondu" changed to "repondu" + both "Toldano" and "Toledano" appear + "Etats-Unis" changed to "Etats-Unis" + "Janaury" changed to "January" + "Canovas" and "Canovas" appear + "morocain" changed to "marocain" + "qu iont" changed to "qui ont" + "Gortschacow" changed to "Gortchacow" + "Kluber" changed to "Klueber" + "Munster" changed to "Muenster" + "parait" changed to "parait" + "Plenipotentiaire" changed to "Plenipotentiaire" + "reconnait" changed to "reconnait" + "Bartholomei" changed to "Bartholomey" + "Litteraire" changed to "Litteraire" + "Maioresco" appears in the index as "Maiorescu" + "Semenoff" appears in the index, Semenoff in the notes. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Diplomatic History of the +Jewish Question, by Lucien Wolf + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH QUESTION *** + +***** This file should be named 31385.txt or 31385.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/3/8/31385/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Chuck Greif and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |