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diff --git a/31385-0.txt b/31385-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a22c225 --- /dev/null +++ b/31385-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,7693 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Diplomatic History of the +Jewish Question, by Lucien Wolf + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes on the Diplomatic History of the Jewish Question + +Author: Lucien Wolf + +Release Date: February 25, 2010 [EBook #31385] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH QUESTION *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Chuck Greif and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY + +OF THE JEWISH QUESTION + + + + +NOTES ON + +THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF +THE JEWISH QUESTION + +WITH TEXTS OF PROTOCOLS, TREATY +STIPULATIONS AND OTHER PUBLIC +ACTS AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS + +BY +LUCIEN WOLF + +PUBLISHED BY THE +JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND + +_Mocatta Library and Museum_ +UNIVERSITY COLLEGE +(_University of London_) +GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C. 1 +1919 + +_All rights reserved_ + + + + +PREFACE. + + +The substance of this volume was read as a Paper before the Jewish +Historical Society of England on February 11, 1918. It has now been +expanded and supplied with a full equipment of documents--Protocols of +Congresses and Conferences, Treaty Stipulations, Diplomatic +Correspondence and other public Acts--in the hope that it may prove +useful as a permanent record, and serviceable to those of our communal +organisations whose duty it will be to bring the still unsolved aspects +of the Jewish Question before the coming Peace Conference. + +Besides helping to indicate the lines on which Jewish action should +travel in this matter, the State Papers here quoted may also serve to +remind the Plenipotentiaries themselves that the Jewish Question is far +from being a subsidiary issue in the Reconstruction of Europe, that they +have a great tradition of effort and achievement in regard to it, and +that this tradition, apart from the high merits of the task itself, +imposes upon them the solemn obligation of solving the Question +completely and finally now that the opportunity of doing so presents +itself free from all restraints of a selfish and calculating diplomacy. +It is not only that the edifice of Religious Liberty in Europe has to be +completed, but also that some six millions of human beings have to be +freed from political and civil disabilities and social and economic +restrictions which for calculated cruelty have no parallels outside the +Dark Ages. The Peace Conference will have accomplished relatively little +if a shred of this blackest of all European scandals is allowed to +survive its deliberations. + +This collection does not pretend to be complete. The aim has been only +to illustrate adequately the main lines of the theme with a view to +practical questions which may arise in connection with the Peace +Conference. American documents have been only sparely quoted, for the +reason that the American Jewish Historical Society has already published +a very full collection of such documents. (Cyrus Adler: "Jews in the +Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States.") The many generous +interventions of the Vatican on behalf of persecuted Jews have also been +omitted partly for a similar reason (see Stern: "Urkundliche Beiträge +über die Stellung der Päpste zu den Juden") and partly because they have +very little direct bearing on the diplomatic activities of the Great +Powers during the period under discussion. + +My grateful acknowledgements are due to the Foreign Office for kindly +permitting me to copy the documents relating to Palestine, which will be +found appended to Chapter IV, and to Lieut. J. B. Morton, who was good +enough to relieve me of much of the work of reading the proof-sheets. I +have also to thank Mr. D. Mitrani for the generous help he gave me in +preparing the Index. + +L. W. + +GRAY'S INN, LONDON. + +_December 1918._ + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + + +I. INTRODUCTION + + ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY GENERALLY 1 + + +II. INTERVENTIONS ON GROUNDS OF HUMANITY 6 + + (_a_) PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN BOHEMIA (1744-1745) 7 + DOCUMENTS-- + Petition to King George II, 1744 7 + Appeal of Bohemian Jews, 1744 9 + The Decree of the Empress, 1744 10 + Instructions to the British Ambassador in Vienna, 1744 11 + + (_b_) THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815) 12 + DOCUMENTS-- + List from Klüber 14 + Art. XVI of Annexe IX of Final Act of Congress, 1815 14 + + (_c_) THE CONGRESS OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1818) 15 + DOCUMENT-- + Protocol of Nov. 21, 1818 16 + + (_d_) THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON (1830) 17 + DOCUMENT-- + Protocol of Feb. 3, 1830 17 + + (_e_) THE CONGRESS OF PARIS (1856-1858) 18 + DOCUMENTS-- + Art. IX of the Treaty of Paris, 1856 21 + Extracts from the Hatti-Humayoun of Feb. 18, 1856 21 + Conferences of Constantinople: Protocol of Feb. 11, 1856 23 + Art. XLVI of Convention of Paris of Aug. 10, 1858 23 + + (_f_) THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1878) 23 + DOCUMENTS-- + Extracts from Protocols of June 24, 25, 26, + and 28, and July 1, 4, and 10, 1878 25 + Extracts from Treaty of Berlin: Arts. XLIV and LXII, 1878 33 + Mr. White to the Marquis of Salisbury, Oct. 25, 1879 34 + Identic Note to Rumanian Government, Feb. 20, 1880 35 + + (_g_) RUMANIA AND THE POWERS (1902) 36 + DOCUMENTS-- + Dispatch from Mr. John Hay to U.S. Minister at Athens, + July 17, 1902 38 + American Circular Note to the Great Powers, Aug. 11, 1902 44 + Mr. Bertie to Mr. Choate, Sept. 2, 1902 44 + + (_h_) THE CONFERENCES OF LONDON, ST. PETERSBURG, + AND BUCHAREST (1912-1913) 45 + DOCUMENTS-- + Conference of Bucharest: Protocol of July 23, 1913 47 + Jewish Conjoint Committee to Sir Edward Grey, Oct. 13, 1913 48 + Sir Eyre A. Crowe to Conjoint Committee, Oct. 29, 1913 51 + Conjoint Committee to Sir Edward Grey, Nov. 13, 1913 51 + The same to the same, March 12, 1914 52 + + (_i_) THE JEWISH QUESTION AND THE BALANCE OF POWER (1890 and 1906) 54 + DOCUMENT-- + The proposed Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance: Secret Russian + Memorandum, Jan. 3, 1906 57 + + +III. INTERVENTIONS BY RIGHT + + (_a_) STATUS OF JEWS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES 63 + DOCUMENT-- + Art. XIV, Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699 71 + Interpretation by Austrian Government, Dec. 28, 1815 71 + Arts. I, III, and VI of Franco-Swiss Treaty, 1827 71 + Secret Note by French Negotiator, Aug. 7, 1826 72 + Speech of King Louis-Philippe, Nov. 5, 1835 73 + Extract from Franco-Swiss Treaty, June 30, 1864 73 + Art. I, Anglo-Swiss Treaty, Sept. 6, 1855 73 + Art. I, American-Swiss Treaty, Nov. 6, 1855 74 + Interpretation by United States, 1857 74 + Mr. Seward to U.S. Minister in Switzerland, Sept. 14, 1861 75 + Art. I, Russo-American Treaty, 1832 75 + Mr. Blaine to U.S. Minister in St. Petersburg, July 29, 1881 76 + Resolution of U.S. House of Representatives, Dec. 13, 1911 79 + Resolution of U.S. Senate, Dec. 20, 1911 79 + Arts. I and XI, Anglo-Russian Treaty, 1859 80 + Interpretation by Great Britain, 1862 and 1881 81 + The Marquis of Salisbury to Sir Julian Goldsmid, Jan. 29, 1891 82 + Sir Edward Grey to Jewish Conjoint Committee, Oct. 1, 1912 82 + Art. XIII, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 83 + + (_b_) CONSULAR PROTECTION 83 + DOCUMENTS-- + Earl Russell to the Jewish Board of Deputies, Feb. 1, 1864 86 + Art. III, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1727-28 87 + Art. III, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 87 + Art. IV, Anglo-Moorish Treaty, 1856 87 + Franco-Moorish Règlement, Aug. 19, 1863 88 + + (_c_) THE CONFERENCES OF MADRID (1880) AND ALGECIRAS (1906) 88 + DOCUMENTS-- + Madrid: Protocols of May 20 and June 24, 1880 90 + Art. VI, Treaty of Madrid, 1880 91 + Edict of the Sultan of Morocco, 1864 92 + Madrid: Protocol of June 26, 1880 92 + Algeciras: Protocol of April 2, 1906 98 + + +IV. THE PALESTINE QUESTION AND THE NATIONAL RESTORATION OF THE JEWS 100 + + DOCUMENTS-- + Russian Memorandum, Oct. 1840 107 + Austrian Memorandum, Oct. 1840 111 + Lord Clanricarde to Lord Palmerston, Feb. 23. 1841 113 + Mémoire of the King of Prussia, Feb. 24, 1841 114 + Baron Bülow to Lord Palmerston, March 6, 1841 116 + Lord Beauvale to Lord Palmerston, March 2, 1841 116 + Lord Palmerston to Lord Beauvale, March 11, 1841 117 + Further Austrian Memorandum, March 31, 1841 117 + Col. Churchill to Sir Moses Montefiore, June 14, 1841 119 + The same to the same, Aug. 15, 1842 121 + Resolution of the Jewish Board of Deputies, Nov. 8, 1843 123 + Col. Churchill to the Board of Deputies, Jan. 8, 1843 123 + Art. V of Agreement between Great Britain, France and Russia, + Feb. 21, 1917 124 + Mr. Balfour to Lord Rothschild, Nov. 2, 1917 124 + + +APPENDIX. + + International Anti-Semitism in 1498 126 + DOCUMENT-- + Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 18, 1498 126 + + +INDEX 127 + +FOOTNOTES + + + + +NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE JEWISH QUESTION. + + + + +I. INTRODUCTION. + +ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY GENERALLY. + + +The Jewish Question is part of the general question of Religious +Toleration. Together with the questions relating to the toleration of +"Turks and Infidels," it raises the question of Religious Liberty in its +most acute form. It is both local and international. Locally it seeks a +solution through Civil and Political Emancipation on the basis of +Religious Toleration. Internationally it arises when a State or +combination of States which has been gained to the cause of Religious +Toleration intervenes for the protection or emancipation of the +oppressed Jewish subjects of another State. There have been, however, at +least two occasions when the interventions have taken the contrary form +of efforts to promote the persecution or restraint of Jews as such.[1] + +As an altruistic form of international action the principle of +intervention has been of slow growth. It required an atmosphere of +toleration on a wide scale, and, before this atmosphere could be +created, Christian States had to learn toleration for themselves by a +hard experience of its necessity. They had, in the first place, to +secure toleration for their own nationals and the converts of their +Churches in heathen countries where the people could not be coerced or +lectured with impunity. In the next place they had to achieve toleration +among themselves. + +Toleration among the Christian Churches--the so-called peace of +Christendom--became necessary owing to the struggle between the +Reformation and the Counter-Reformation; but it took the Thirty Years' +War to prove its necessity. The proof is embodied for all time in the +Peace of Westphalia--chiefly in the Treaty of Osnabruck, which was +signed in 1648, at the same time as the famous Treaty of Münster. The +ostensible effect of the Peace of Westphalia was to place Roman +Catholicism and Protestantism on an equal legal footing throughout +Europe. A secondary effect was to give a very marked stimulus to the +cause of Religious Liberty generally. We may recognise its first fruits +in, among other things, the campaign for unrestricted religious +toleration during the Commonwealth in England, and its application to +the Jews.[2] + +It was not until 1814 that this principle was extended by Treaty beyond +the pale of Christendom. This was in the Protocol of the four allied +Powers--Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria--by which the union +of Belgium with Holland was recognised. The return of the House of +Orange to the Netherlands after the fall of Napoleon had entailed the +promulgation of a new Constitution, which, in view of the democratic +traditions of the French occupation, was necessarily of a liberal type. +Among its concessions was an article granting the fullest religious +liberty. When the Powers were called upon to sanction the union with +Belgium, they did so on condition that the new Constitution should be +applied to the whole country, and, in view of the religious differences +prevailing, emphasised the article on Religious Liberty. This is the +form in which it appears in the Protocol:-- + + * * * * * + +Art. I.--Cette réunion devra être entière et complète, de façon que les +2 Pays ne forment qu'un seul et même État régi par la Constitution déjà +établie en Hollande, et qui sera modifiée, d'un commun accord, d'après +les nouvelles circonstances. + +Art. II.--Il ne sera rien innové aux Articles de cette Constitution qui +assurent à tous les Cultes une protection et une faveur égales, et +garantissent l'admission de tous les Citoyens, quelle que soit leur +croyance réligieuse, aux emplois et offices publics. + + * * * * * + +Incidentally the legal effect of this stipulation was to emancipate the +Dutch Jews, though, as a matter of fact, the few disabilities under +which they laboured did not immediately disappear. The Protocol was +afterwards ratified by the Congress of Vienna and added to the Final Act +as part of the Tenth Annexe,[3] though in other respects the Congress +did not evince a very generous conception of Religious Liberty. + +The conquest of religious liberty for Christians in heathen lands was a +more convincing object lesson than the Peace of Westphalia. It was +difficult for one Christian Church to acknowledge its equality with +another Christian Church and to tolerate heresy, but it was far more +distasteful to have to come to terms with the heathen and to accept +toleration at his hands. + +This was not altogether an altruistic form of political action. It was +in some of its aspects part of the elementary duty of every State to +protect its nationals in foreign countries. + +The earliest instances of this action we find in China, where, in the +thirteenth century, the Papacy concluded Treaties with the Mongol +Emperors for the protection of Christian Missions.[4] It was not, +however, until the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858 that Great Britain and +France secured religious liberty for Christians in China. + +In the Mussulman Levant, toleration for foreign Christians was secured +by the so-called Capitulations. These were, in effect, treaties, +although they were in the form of grants by the Sultans. They gave large +exterritorial jurisdiction to the Ambassadors and Consuls of the States +on whom they were conferred. The earliest grant of this kind occurs in +the ninth century, when the Emperor Charlemagne obtained guarantees for +his subjects visiting the Levant from the famous Khalif Haroun +al-Rashid.[5] Later on, all the leading Christian States negotiated +Capitulations with the Sultans. The existing British Capitulations are +dated 1675, but an earlier grant was made in 1583. + +One of the main objects of the Capitulations, besides personal security +and trading rights, was to assure religious liberty for the nationals +of the grantees. This benefited Jews at an early date, as the +Capitulations and similar treaties generally provided for certain +immunities for the native interpreters, servants and other employees of +the privileged foreigners. As Jews were frequently so employed, they +thus acquired protection against Moslem fanaticism. + +In this way arose the system of Consular Protection which was long a +boon to Jews in the Ottoman Empire and in the Barbary States.[6] + +In spite of these experiences the idea of diplomatic intervention for +the promotion of religious toleration in foreign States, especially on +behalf of non-Christians, has only prevailed within narrow limits. It +has been largely circumvented by the fact that such interventions must, +even with the best will in the world, be more or less conditioned by the +_raison d'état_. Unless they are likely to promote policy, or at any +rate to coincide with policy, the usual course when they are invoked is +to take refuge in the so-called principle of non-intervention. + +It was, indeed, not until the seventeenth century that the question was +seriously discussed at all by the jurists, although Cromwell had already +laid down the splendid principle, in the case of the persecution of the +Vaudois, that "to be indifferent to such things is a great sin, and a +deeper sin still is it to be blind to them from policy or ambition." The +first impulses of the international lawyers were much in the Cromwellian +spirit. Bacon, Grotius, and Puffendorff all strongly maintained the +legality not only of diplomatic but also of armed intervention to put +down tyranny or misgovernment in a neighbouring State, and a century +later they were followed by Vattel. Sweden acted upon the principle in +her intervention on behalf of the Protestants of Poland in 1707, and, in +1792, it was given its widest scope, and was formally adopted, by the +French Revolution in the famous decree of the Convention which promised +"fraternity and succour to all peoples who wish to recover their +liberty." + +The doctrine, however, lingered only anæmically through the early +decades of the nineteenth century. In face of the growing delicacy of +the international system, it was gradually abandoned for the +conservative principle of non-intervention, based on the independence +and equality of all States.[7] But even this principle has not always +been observed in regard to small States, although, curiously enough, +Russia invoked it against Great Britain for the protection of King +"Bomba" of Sicily, in the case of the Neapolitan prison horrors.[8] +Abstention from intervention in certain glaring cases of inhumanity by +foreign Governments--such as the persecution of the Russian Jews--has +been defended on the ground of absence of treaty rights, but, as a +matter of fact, this argument, too, has not been consistently adhered +to.[9] In all cases, whether of great or small States, treaty rights or +no treaty rights, the real test has almost always been the frigid +_raison d'état_. The United States has been less affected by this +restriction than the European Powers, and on many occasions has shown a +really noble example of the purest altruism in international +politics.[10] + + + + +II. INTERVENTIONS ON GROUNDS OF HUMANITY. + + +Long before the Peace of Westphalia an attempt was made by the famous +Jewess, Donna Gracia Nasi, to obtain protection for her persecuted +co-religionists by diplomatic action, and it proved successful. The +circumstances will be narrated presently.[11] It stood, however, alone +for two hundred years. Even after the Peace eminent Jews, who sought in +a like way to enlist the sympathy and help of European governments, +failed. Menasseh ben Israel made representations in this sense on behalf +of the oppressed Jews of Poland, Prussia, Spain, and Portugal to both +Queen Christina of Sweden and Oliver Cromwell, but although he met with +much and genuine sympathy he found the _raison d'état_--and probably +also a lingering reluctance to regard Jews as quite within the pale of +humanity--too strong for him.[12] A decade later a similar attempt was +made by Fernando Mendes da Costa, one of the founders of the +Anglo-Jewish Community, and a member of a very distinguished Portuguese +Marrano family. From a letter of his which is still extant,[13] it seems +that he was deeply concerned in helping the persecuted Marranos in Spain +and Portugal, and he had a scheme for organising an emigration of his +hapless brethren on a large scale to Italy and England. He received much +help from Don Francisco Manuel de Mello, the distinguished Portuguese +soldier, author and diplomatist, and through him interested Queen +Katharine of Braganza and Charles II in the scheme. It appears, too, +that, with the support of these eminent personages, the scheme was +brought to the notice of the Pope, but of its subsequent fate we know +nothing. + + +(_a_) PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN BOHEMIA (1744-45). + +The earliest actual intervention of a Great Power on behalf of the Jews +on humanitarian grounds took place in 1744-45, when Great Britain and +Holland made strong and successful representations to the Government of +the Empress Maria Theresa for the protection of the Jews of Bohemia and +Moravia. The intervening Powers were allies of the Empress in the War of +the Austrian Succession which was then raging. During the war some +prejudice had been caused to the Austrian Jews through the imprudence of +some of their co-religionists in Lorraine, who had obtained "safe +conducts" from the French Military Authorities to enable them to cross +the frontier into France. Reprisals against the Jews in Bohemia and +Moravia were taken by the Empress in the shape of a decree of wholesale +banishment. The decree was enforced with the utmost severity, and over +20,000 Jews were compelled to leave Prague in the depth of winter, with +little or no prospect of finding shelter elsewhere. Appeals for help +were addressed to foreign communities, and among the recipients of them +was Aaron Franks, then presiding Warden of the Great Synagogue in +London. Together with his wealthy and influential relative, Moses Hart, +he at once petitioned King George, who consented to receive him in +personal audience. His Majesty manifested every sympathy with the +persecuted Jews, and the result was that the British Ambassador in +Vienna[14] was instructed to make representations, in concert with the +Dutch Ambassador, to the Austrian Government. The representations were +received in excellent spirit, and, in deference to them, the Empress +consented to revoke the decree and permit the Jews to return to their +homes.[15] + + +DOCUMENTS. + +PETITION TO KING GEORGE II (_B. M. Add. MSS._ 23,819, _f._ 63). + +To his Most Sacred Majesty + + * * * * * + +The Petition of Moses Hart and Aaron Franks of the City of London +Merchants In behalf of their Brethren the Distressed Jews of the Kingdom +of Bohemia. + +Humbly Sheweth + +That your Majesty's Petitioners have receiv'd a Copy of an Edict +published and Issued by Her Majesty the Queen of Hungary from their said +Brethren the Jews of the said Kingdom of Bohemia by which (together with +several letters that have been transmitted to them Requesting them to +Commiserate their distress'd condition and Interceed with his Brittanick +Majesty on their behalf) it appears that their said Brethren are to be +utterly Expelled the said Kingdom and that by the last day of January +next Ensuing No Jew is to be found in any of the Towns belonging to +Prague. That after the Expiration of six Months to be accounted from the +said last day of January No Jew is to be suffered or found in the +Hereditary Dominion of her said Majesty, and in case any should be found +they are to suffer Military Chastisement. + +Your Petitioners most humbly beg leave to observe that in the said Edict +there is no reason or cause assign'd for the Expulsion of their said +Brethren who therefore Suspect that it is fomented by their inveterate +enemies for motives which they cannot account for as they have always +acted as dutiful, Faithful and Loyal Subjects to their most Gracious +Sovereign the said Queen of Hungary even during the many Revolutions +that have happened in Prague within these few Years and notwithstanding +the great Devastation and Excesses which Naturally occur'd therefrom +they have continued and still do continue firm and unshaken in their +Principles of Affection & Fidelity to her said Majesty and her most +Illustrious House. + +Your Petitioners far from Vindicating any Particular Persons in the +Crimes they may have committed during the last Revolution (if any such +there are) desire Adequate Punishments to be inflicted on them; but +humbly hope that the Innocent will not be permitted to suffer for Crimes +which they have in no wise been Accessary to and humbly Remonstrate that +the Expulsion of fifty thousand Familys and upwards from their Native +Country at so critical a Juncture who (as Your Petitioners are informed +and believe) always Contributed and Concurr'd in strengthening her +Majesty's hands against her Enemies must in its consequences prove +Detrimental and Prejudicial to the true Interest of the common Cause and +more immediately so to her Hungarian Majesty. + +In tender Consideration whereof Your Petitioners (in behalf of the +aforesaid distress'd people) most humbly Supplicate your Majesty in your +great & known Equity & Compassion to Interpose Your Majesty's Good +Offices upon this Occasion with the Queen of Hungary in order to prevail +upon her said Majesty to revoke the said Edict or at least to Suspend +the time of the Expulsion of their said Brethren & to establish a +Commission of Enquiry in order to discriminate the Innocent from the +Guilty and Punish those only who have deserv'd her said Majesty's +Displeasure. + +And Your Petitioners as in duty bound shall ever pray &c. + +MOSES HART. + +AARON FRANKS. + +(Endorsed:) + +MOSES HART & AARON FRANKS Petition in behalf of the Bohemian Jews &c. in +Ld. Harrington's of the 28 Decr./8 Jany. 1745. sent to Sir Thos. +Robinson 27 [_sic_] Decr. 1744. + + * * * * * + +APPEAL OF THE BOHEMIAN JEWS (_Ibid. f. 64_). + +PRAGUE, _1st Decr. 1744. N.S._ + +It is Certainly very Notorious all the Callamities Which have +overwhelm'd us to such a Degree that we had hardly power to Withstand +them. but None were in Competition with this Last. by a Decree from her +Majesty our Sovereign Queen of Hungaria. To Banish all the Jews out of +the Kingdom of Bohemia. Within the Term of 5 Weeks. Which is the Latter +End of January for those in Prague. & those in Bohemia are allow'd 6 +Months. as appears by the original Decree of Her Majesty--Therefore What +shall we poor Souls do, in the first place, the Children Women, infirm & +Aged. Which are not in a Condition to Walk. Especially at this present +Juncture Being Cold & frosty Weather. Likewise In the Condition we are +at Present in for the Stripd many Hundreds quite to their shirts. Not +only that. but the World Is Closed to us. by reason all Roads are filled +with Troops. Which way Soever we Turn we Can find no Relief. Neither do +we know the reason for the Decree. Excepting some false persons. Who +Contrive falsities on purpose To breed ill will against us by our Lords +Who Protected us. Which they have Done. + +Therefore Brethren. We Humbly Beg you wou'd Commiserate our Condition +Considering the Eminent Danger Many Thousands Souls are in by this +Decree. & Not Delay Interceeding for Recommendations from all Courts +that we may have time allowed us. for a Commission of Inquiry. + +SIMON SPIRA &c. + +MOSES IZAAC. + +SIMON COHEN. + +MENAHEM MENDAL. + +ABRAHAM. + +SAMUEL SPIRA. + +MEYER MOSES, &c. + +(Endorsed:) + +Representation from the Jews at Prague + +Sent to Sir Thos. Robinson 28 Decr./Jany 8. 1744-5. + + * * * * * + +THE DECREE OF THE EMPRESS (_Ibid. fol. 66_). + +After Mature Deliberation We have been Induced by many weighty Reasons +and Considerations to resolve and Determine that no JEW shall hereafter +be Suffered or permitted to Dwell in our Hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia, +which our Resolution, We Will Shall be put in Execution in Manner +following. + +1st. That on the last Day of the Month of January 1745 next Ensuing No +Jew shall be found in any of our Towns belonging to Prague, and in Case +any shall, Military Chastisement shall be inflicted on them. + +2nd. They are hereby permitted to Stay and remain in the Kingdom six +Months to be Accounted from the Latter end of December Instant and to +Determine at the latter end of the Month of June 1745 to Settle their +Affairs and in order to Dispose of their Effects Estate and Credit which +they shall not be able to Carry with them by the last Day of January. + +That after their retreat from Prague (towards the Country) on the last +day of January as is aforementioned, No Jew shall be permitted to +Reenter the said City by Day (without having a Certificate from the +Commissary appointed to Execute the Contents hereof) and absolutely None +shall be Suffered to Stay a Single Night; And the Said Commissary is +hereby Directed to take the Necessary Precautions for Executing this Our +Will and Pleasure, and due Care that None of his Certificates be +Improperly made use of by Enabling them to Enter the City too frequently +excepting such as he shall grant thro' favour to the Principal Merchants +who will stand in Greater Need than others of entring the City often. + +3rd. After the Determination of the said Six Months all the Jews shall +quitt all our Hereditary Kingdom of Bohemia and Shall Never more be +found on the Borders thereof, and in Case any Shall, Military +Chastisement shall be inflicted on them as aforesaid. + +4th. Our Meaning and Intention is not only that the Jews of the City of +Prague and all others who live in any Part of our Hereditary Kingdom of +Bohemia shall quitt the Same within the Thirtieth day of June 1745 but +also that No Jew shall on the said Day be found in the said Kingdom or +Settle in any of our Hereditary Countrys. + +5th. And we do hereby Ordain and Appoint our Trusty and Well-beloved +Privy Councellor and Vice President of the Royal Bohemian Kingdom The +Right Honourable Philip Knakowsky Count Collowrath punctually to +perform the Contents hereof hereby requiring all and Every Person whom +these Presents or the Execution thereof may Concern to aid and Assist +the said Philip Count Collowrath and Do hereby further Positively Order +that the Contents hereof be Published in the Towns belonging to Prague +and our whole Country to the End that no Intelligence be given thereof +to those who Shall have any Dealings and Transactions with Jews. + +Witness Ourself + +Given at Vienna the 18th day of December 1744. + + * * * * * + +INSTRUCTIONS TO THE BRITISH AMBASSADOR IN VIENNA (_Ibid. fols. 61-61 +d._). + +Separate. + +WHITEHALL, _28th Decr. 1744._ + +SIR,--The principal Merchants of the Jewish Nation established here, +having made an humble Application to His Majesty, that he would be +pleased to intercede with the Queen of Hungary for a Reversal of the +Sentence passed upon Their Brethren in Bohemia (amounting, as They +affirm, to no less than Sixty Thousand Families), by Her Majesty's late +Edict, whereby They are ordered to depart that Kingdom in Six Months +time, and His Majesty finding that the States General have already +interposed Their Good Offices in Their Behalf; It is the King's +Pleasure, that you should join with Mor. Burmannia in endeavouring to +dissuade the Court of Vienna from putting the said Sentence in +Execution, hinting to Them in the tenderest and most friendly Manner, +the Prejudice that the World might conceive against the Queen's +Proceedings in that Affair, if such Numbers of innocent People were made +to suffer for the Fault of some few Traytors, and, at the same time, +shewing Them, the great Loss that would accrue to Her Majesty's Revenue, +and to the Wealth and Strength of her Kingdom of Bohemia, by depriving +it at once of so vast Numbers of it's Inhabitants: You will find +inclosed the Petition presented to His Majesty by the Jews here, as +above-mentioned, together with the Representation sent hither to Them +from Those in Bohemia, and I am to add to what is above, that, as His +Majesty does extremely commiserate the terrible circumstances of +Distress to which so many poor and innocent Families must be reduced, if +this Edict takes place, He is most earnestly desirous of procuring the +Repeal of it by His Royal Intercession, in such Manner that the Guilty +only may be brought to Punishment; for obtaining which, you are to exert +yourself with all possible Zeal and Diligence. + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +HARRINGTON. + +SIR THOMAS ROBINSON. + + * * * * * + + +(_b_) CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815). + +The next appearance of the Jewish Question in the field of international +politics was at the Congress of Vienna, sixty years later. The Congress +was not favourable to liberal reforms of any kind, either national or +religious. Its aim was to vindicate the vested interests of Legitimism +against the doctrines of the French Revolution. In its final shape the +policy of the Congress was embodied in the Holy Alliance. British +foreign policy, then under the guidance of Castlereagh, was distinctly +favourable to this policy. Nevertheless, there were curious +cross-currents at the Congress, and what liberalism there was came, +strangely enough, in large part from the Russian Tsar, Alexander I. He +had moments of liberalism so pronounced that Metternich called him "the +crowned _sans-culotte_." + +It is curious to note that the Jewish Board of Deputies in England did +not move during the Congress. The reason is perhaps not difficult to +understand. They were always timid in regard to high politics, and, in +1783, when it was proposed to address the King on the American Peace, +they actually passed a resolution declaring that it was their duty to +avoid such "political concerns."[16] In the case of the Congress of +Vienna, however, they may well have felt that they could not touch the +question of religious liberty, and especially of Jewish emancipation, +without risking an imputation of Jacobinism. Moreover, the British +Cabinet then in power was a Coalition Cabinet of pro-Catholics and +anti-Catholics, and they could not well listen to any proposals that +they should champion Jewish emancipation in Vienna, while in Downing +Street the question of Roman Catholic emancipation could not even be +discussed. + +Fortunately, these considerations did not apply to the German Jews. +Frankfurt and the Hansa towns sent deputations to Vienna to plead the +cause of Jewish emancipation. The Frankfurt deputation was headed by +Jacob Baruch, father of Ludwig Boerne. They managed to secure the +support of both Hardenberg and Metternich, and when it was found that +the Tsar was not averse from some concession to the Jews, they agreed to +propose the insertion of a clause--or rather half a clause--in the +Final Act of the Conference providing for the gradual extension of civil +rights to the Jews of Germany. + +Unfortunately for a long time this concession remained a dead letter, +owing not only to the ill-will of the German Governments themselves, but +to an apparently harmless verbal amendment which was introduced into the +clause by the Redaction Committee at the last moment. In the final +_alinea_ it was stipulated that "the rights already conferred on the +Jews in the several Federated States shall be maintained." The object of +this was to secure to the Jews of Germany the liberties granted to them +by Napoleon during the French occupation. This design was frustrated by +the Redaction Committee, at whose instance the word "_by_" was +substituted for "_in_," the result being that the rights secured to the +Jews were not those of the French occupation, but only those which had +been grudgingly, and in very small measure, granted to them by the +Federated States themselves in the dark days before the Napoleonic +irruption. + +Thus the provision of the Treaty of Vienna relating to the Jews of +Germany remained a dead letter, partly because of the amendment +introduced into it at the last moment, and partly because the +authorities had no intention of carrying it out. The Jews complained, +and both Prussia and Austria, under the influence of Hardenberg and +Metternich, protested.[17] Nathan Rothschild in London brought the case +of the recalcitrant Frankfurt authorities to the notice of the Duke of +Wellington, who persuaded Castlereagh in 1816 to make representations +with a view to their protection.[18] All these efforts, however, proved +futile, and Nathan Rothschild could only avenge himself by the public +announcement that his firm would refuse to accept bills drawn in any +German city where the Jews were denied their treaty rights.[19] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +_The following is a list of the documents relating to the Jewish +Question at the Vienna Congress given in Klüber: "Akten des Wiener +Kongresses."_ + + * * * * * + +1. Unterthänige Vorstellung und Bittschrift der Israelitischen Gemeinde +zu Frankfurt-am-Main an den hohen Kongress zu Wien mit Beilage übergeben +daselbst am 10ten Oktober 1814. + +2. Schreiben des Deputierten der Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt/M +an den Königlichen-Preussischen ersten Herrn Bevollmächtigten Fürsten +von Hardenberg wegen Erhaltung der von dem Grossherzog von Frankfurt +jener Gemeinde bewilligten Rechtzustandes. Datiert Wien, 12ten Mai, +1815. + +3. Antwort seiner Durchlaucht des Fürsten von Hardenberg auf +vorstehendes Schreiben. Datiert Wien, 18ten Mai, 1815. + +4. Erlass des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen ersten Bevollmächtigten und +Kongress-Präsidenten Herrn Fürsten von Metternich an die Deputierten der +Israelitischen Gemeinde der Stadt Frankfurt-am-Main als Antwort auf die +von diesen an den Kongress eingereichte Bittschrift. Datiert Wien, 9ten +Juni, 1815. + +5. Anmerkung des Herausgebers (Klübers) zu vorstehenden Erlass an die +Deputierten der Israelitischen Gemeinde zu Frankfurt-am-Main. + +6. Note des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen Herrn Bevollmächtigten und +Kongress Präsidenten Fürsten von Metternich, wodurch derselbe dem +Bevollmächtigten der freien Stadt Frankfurt Herrn Syndicus Danz die von +dem allerhöchsten verbündeten Mächten, neuerdings erfolgte Bestätigung +der Selbständigkeit und Freiheit der Stadt Frankfurt anzeigt. Datiert +Wien, 9ten Juni, 1815 mit einer Beilage. + +7. Accessions Urkunde der freien Stadt Frankfurt. + + * * * * * + +(See also documents relating to the abolition of the Feudal land-tenure +System on the left bank of the Rhine, effected during the domination of +the French revolutionary Government, vol. vi., pp. 396-426.) + + * * * * * + +8. Erlass des Kaiserlich-Oesterreichischen ersten Bevollmächtigten und +Kongress Präsidenten Fürsten von Metternich an den Bevollmächtigten +Israelitischen Gemeinden Deutschland Doktor und Advokaten Carl August +Buchholz aus Lübeck betreffend die Verbesserung des Rechtzustandes der +Juden, vol. 9, p. 334. + + * * * * * + +The Article of the Final Act relating to the Jews is Article XVI of +Annexe IX, "Acte sur la Constitution Fédérative de l'Allemagne." It runs +as follows:-- + + * * * * * + +XVI.--La différence des Confessions Chrétiennes dans les Pays et +Territoires de la Confédération Allemande, n'en entraînera aucune dans +la jouissance des droits civils et politiques. + +La Diète prendra en considération les moyens d'opérer de la manière la +plus uniforme, l'amélioration de l'état civil de ceux qui professent la +Religion Juive en Allemagne, et s'occupera particulièrement des mesures, +par lesquelles on pourra leur assurer et leur garantir dans les États de +la Confédération, la jouissance des Droits Civils, à condition qu'ils se +soumettent à toutes les obligations des autres Citoyens. En attendant +les Droits accordés déjà aux Membres de cette Religion par tel ou tel +État en particulier, leur sont conservés. + +(British and Foreign State Papers, vol. ii. pp. 132-3.) + + * * * * * + + +(_c_) THE CONGRESS OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1818). + +At the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, the question was once more brought +before the Great Powers. This time the initiative was taken by a +well-known English conversionist, the Rev. Lewis Way, of Stanstead, +Sussex. There was, however, no trace of conversionism in his efforts on +this occasion, and there can be no question that the Jewish Community +owe him a great debt of gratitude. He proceeded to Aix some weeks before +the Congress met, and presented to the Tsar Alexander a short scheme of +Jewish emancipation. The Tsar encouraged him to amplify it, and this he +did in two elaborate memoirs, one describing the situation of the Jews, +and the other embodying a scheme under which they might be invested with +civil rights. To this he added a short memorandum drawn up at his +request by Dohm, the veteran champion of the Jews, who came to Aix for +that special purpose. By command of the Tsar, these documents were +presented to the Congress at its sitting on November 21, 1818, and were +made the subject of a special Protocol, in which sympathy was expressed +for "the praiseworthy object of his proposals." The plenipotentiaries +further declared that the solution of the Jewish Question was a matter +which should "equally occupy the statesman and the friend of +humanity."[20] It is interesting to note that in his scheme Way +declares himself to be a believer in Jewish Nationalism, and it is for +this reason that he does not ask for more than civil rights for the +Jews, as he regards their exile in Europe as an intermediate stage of +their history. In this he was probably influenced by the prevalent +anti-French atmosphere, inasmuch as the French Jews, in their compact +with Napoleon, made by the Sanhedrin in 1806, had solemnly repudiated +Jewish Nationalism, and had thus rendered themselves eligible for +political, as well as civil, rights.[21] + + +DOCUMENT. + +For the texts of the documents referred to above see "Mémoires sur +l'état des Israélites, dédiés et présentés à leur Majestés Impériales et +Royales, Réunies au Congrès d'Aix-la-Chapelle" [by the Rev. Lewis Way, +A.M.], Paris, 1819. + +The Protocol of the Congress at which these "Mémoires" were considered +runs as follows:-- + + * * * * * + +PROTOCOLE. + +_Séance du 21 Novembre, 1818._ _Entre les cinq Cabinets._ + +Messieurs les SS. de Russie ont communiqué l'imprimé ci-joint, relatif à +une réforme dans la législation civile et politique en ce qui concerne +la nation juive. La conférence, sans entrer absolument dans toutes les +vues de l'auteur de cette pièce, a rendu justice à la tendance générale +et au but louable de ses propositions. MM. les SS. d'Autriche et de +Prusse se sont déclarés prêts à donner, sur l'état de la question dans +les deux monarchies, tous les éclaircissements qui pourraient servir à +la solution d'un problème qui doit également occuper l'homme d'état et +l'ami de l'humanité. + + Signé: METTERNICH. + RICHELIEU. + CASTLEREAGH. + WELLINGTON. + HARDENBERG. + BERNSTORFF. + NESSELRODE. + CAPODISTRIAS. + + + * * * * * + + +(_d_) THE CONFERENCE OF LONDON (1830). + +The growing symptoms of an impending break-up of the Ottoman Empire +visibly extended the practical applications of the doctrine of religious +liberty in the field of international politics. In emancipating the +Christian feudatories of the Porte, account had to be taken of the large +Moslem and Jewish minorities inhabiting those States. It was impossible +to emancipate the Christians and at the same time to place +non-Christians under disabilities, especially where they had governments +of their own faith to whom they might appeal and who might resort to +reprisals. Hence, the parity of all religions in the Levant had to be +recognised. + +The point first arose in the settlement of the Greek question in 1830. +In this question it was not only the Moslems who had to be considered. +France renounced in favour of the new Kingdom her Protectorate over the +Catholics, which she derived from her capitulations with Turkey. Hence, +besides the Moslems, guarantees had to be exacted for the religious +liberty of Catholics in Greece. These guarantees were the subject of the +third Protocol of the Conference of London, February 3, 1830. At the +same time it was stipulated that there should be perfect equality for +the subjects of the new State, whatever might be their religion. Neither +Moslems nor Jews were expressly mentioned, but it is in virtue of this +Protocol that the Jews of Greece enjoy their present status as Greek +Nationals. The Jews of Greece were thus the first Jews of the Levant to +be fully emancipated. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +PROTOCOL _No. 3 of the Conference held at the Foreign Office, London, on +3 February, 1830_. + +Present: The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain, France and Russia. + +The Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg having been called, by the united +suffrages of the three Courts of the Alliance, to the Sovreignty of +Greece, the French Plenipotentiary requested the attention of the +Conference to the particular situation in which his Government is +placed, relative to a portion of the Greek population. + +He represented that for many ages France has been entitled to exercise, +in favour of the Catholics subjected to the Sultan, an especial +protection, which His Most Christian Majesty deems it to be his duty to +deposit at the present moment in the hands of the future Sovereign of +Greece, so far as the provinces which are to form the new State are +concerned; but in divesting himself of this prerogative, His Most +Christian Majesty owes it to himself, and he owes it to a people who +have lived so long under the protection of his ancestors, to require +that the Catholics of the continent and of the islands shall find in the +organization which is about to be given to Greece, guarantees which may +be substituted for the influence which France has hitherto exercised in +their favour. + +The Plenipotentiaries of Great Britain and Russia appreciated the +justice of this demand; and it was decided that the Catholic religion +should enjoy in the new State the free and public exercise of its +worship, that its property should be guaranteed to it, that its bishops +should be maintained in the integrity of the functions, rights and +privileges, which they have enjoyed under the protection of the Kings of +France, and that, lastly, agreeably to the same principle, the +properties belonging to the antient French Missions, or French +Establishments, shall be recognized and respected. + +The Plenipotentiaries of the three Allied Courts being desirous moreover +of giving to Greece a new proof of the benevolent anxiety of their +Sovereigns respecting it, and of preserving that country from the +calamities which the rivalry of the religions therein professed might +excite, agreed that all the subjects of the new State, whatever may be +their religion, shall be admissable to all public employments, +functions, and honours, and be treated on the footing of a perfect +equality, without regard to difference of creed in all their relations, +religious, civil or political. + + (Signed) ABERDEEN + MONTMOREN Y-LAVAL. + LIEVEN. + +(Holland: "The European Concert in the Eastern Question," pp. 32, 33.) + + * * * * * + + +(_e_) THE CONGRESS OF PARIS (1856-1858). + +The Jewish Question was more expressly discussed twenty-six years later, +at the Congress of Paris, and the subsidiary conferences which had to +settle the great political problems arising out of the Crimean War. +Meanwhile, under the influence of Sir Moses Montefiore, and more +especially of his jealousy of M. Crémieux, the Jewish Board of Deputies +had plucked up a measure of courage, and had begun to take a more active +interest in the larger political questions which involved the future of +their foreign co-religionists. In the international discussions of the +question of religious liberty which preceded the outbreak of war, the +Powers only concerned themselves with the Christian communities. The +French Jews at once took alarm, and the Central Consistory addressed the +Emperor Napoleon III and applied to the Board of Deputies in London to +make similar representations to the British Government. Both bodies had, +however, been anticipated by the personal activity of the Rothschilds in +Paris and London. Baron James, through his gifted friend and co-worker, +Albert Cohn, had already entered into direct negotiations with the +Turkish Government, and Baron Lionel and Sir Anthony de Rothschild had +interviewed Lord Clarendon, who, at their instance, had given +instructions to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe to take special note of the +Jewish Question. Thus, when the letter of the French Consistory was read +at the Meeting of the Board of Deputies on April 24, 1854, that body +found that it had little to do. Nevertheless, it addressed a formal +letter to Lord Clarendon on May 10, and, five days later, received an +assurance from him that it might rely on a favourable consideration of +the situation of the Jews of Turkey at the hands of His Majesty's +Government.[22] + +Nevertheless, the Treaty of Paris of 1856, which more or less settled +all the questions arising out of the war, does not mention the Jews in +any of its articles. This is not to say that it did not fulfil Lord +Clarendon's pledges. As a matter of fact, it deals with both the +situation of the Jews in Turkey and with that of the Jews in the +liberated Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Thus, Article IX, +which takes note of the Turkish _Hatti-Humayoun_ of February 18, 1856, +is intended to refer to the Jews as well as to all other non-Mussulmans. +The history of this aspect of the Article is a little curious. Shortly +after the outbreak of the war in 1854, Turkey prepared a draft treaty of +peace containing an article providing for the religious liberty of +Christian communities. Through the inter-position of Baron James de +Rothschild of Paris, this article was reconsidered, and another was +inserted granting equal rights to all Ottoman subjects, without +distinction of creed. This was the germ of the famous _Hatti-Humayoun_. +That the latter was intended to deal equally with Jews and Christians is +shown by its Article II, in which the same privileges are expressly +granted to the Turkish Grand Rabbis as to the ecclesiastical heads of +the Christian confessions.[23] + +The absence of any direct reference to the Jews, or even to equal rights +for all religious communities in the Principalities, is less +satisfactory. The omission is in the first place due to the circumstance +that the Treaty in itself is incomplete. Articles XXIII, XXIV, and XXV +refer the question of the constitutional reorganisation of the +Principalities to a Commission which was to meet at Bucharest and +consult Divans of the two Principalities with a view to making the +necessary recommendations to the Powers.[24] This Commission did not +report until 1858, when its proposals were considered by a fresh +Conference of the Powers, which based upon them the scheme embodied in +the Convention of Paris of August 19 of that year. The question of +religious liberty is dealt with in Article XLVI of that instrument.[25] +Originally it was intended to assure complete emancipation and equality +for all non-Christian communities in the Principalities, and articles to +this effect were adopted by the preparatory Conference of +Constantinople, in its Protocol of February 11, 1856, with the express +design of relieving the Jews, whose sufferings had already become a +matter of European notoriety.[26] The Rumanians, however, were already +strongly hostile to Jewish emancipation, and the reigning Prince of +Moldavia misled the Powers with specious promises of a type which has +since become bitterly familiar to the Jews all over the world.[27] The +Report of the Bucharest Commission of 1858 accepted these promises and +excluded all references to Religious Liberty from its scheme.[28] The +first draft of the Convention submitted to the Conference of the Powers +did likewise,[29] but ultimately a compromise amendment was introduced +by which the Powers agreed (Art. XLVI) to limit political rights to +Christians, while providing for the extension of these rights to +non-Christians by subsequent legislative arrangements.[30] This +concession to the Rumanians was made on the express pledge that the +original scheme of the Conference at Constantinople would be gradually +realised.[31] Needless to say, the pledge was never fulfilled. In +dealing, however, with the question, the Convention of Paris had one +merit. It lent no support to the subsequent theory of the Rumanians, +that the Jews were foreigners in a secular sense in their own country, +but, on the contrary, assumed that their status was as much that of +Moldavians and Wallachians as was the status of the native Christians. + + +DOCUMENTS. + +ARTICLE IX OF THE TREATY OF PARIS. _March 30, 1856._ + + * * * * * + +Art. IX. His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, having, in his constant +solicitude for the welfare of his subjects, issued a Firman[32] which, +while ameliorating their condition without distinction of religion or of +race, records his generous intentions towards the Christian populations +of his Empire, and wishing to give a further proof of his sentiments in +that respect, has resolved to communicate to the Contracting Parties the +said Firman emanating spontaneously from his sovereign will. + +The Contracting Powers recognise the high value of this communication. +It is clearly understood that it cannot, in any case, give to the said +Powers the right to interfere, either collectively or separately, in the +relations of His Majesty the Sultan with his subjects, nor in the +internal administration of the Empire. + +(Holland: "European Concert," &c., p. 246.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM THE HATTI-HUMAYOUN OF FEB. 18, 1856. + +I. Les garanties promises et accordées à tous nos sujets par le +_Hatti-cherif_ de Gulhané et par les lois du _Tanzimat_, sans +distinction de culte, pour la sécurité de leur personne et de leurs +biens, et pour la conservation de leur honneur, sont rappelées et +consacrées de nouveau; il sera pris des mesures efficaces pour que ces +garanties reçoivent leur plein et entier effet. + +II. Sont reconnus et maintenus, en totalité, les immunités et privilèges +spirituels donnés et accordés par nos illustres ancêtres, et à des dates +postérieures, aux communautés chrétiennes et autres, non musulmanes, +établies dans notre empire, sous notre égide protectrice.... Les +patriarches, métropolitains (archevêques), délégués et évêques, ainsi +que les grands-rabbins, prêteront serment à leur entrée en fonctions, +d'après une formule qui sera concertée entre notre Sublime-Porte et les +chefs spirituels des différentes communautés. + +III....L'administration des affaires temporelles des communautés +chrétiennes et autres, non musulmanes, sera placée sous le sauvegarde +d'un conseil, dont les membres seront choisis parmi le clergé et les +laïques de chaque communauté. + +VII. Le gouvernement prendra les mesures énergiques et nécessaires pour +assurer à chaque culte, quel que soit le nombre de ses adhérents, la +pleine liberté de son exercice. + +VIII. Tout mot et toute expression ou appellation tendant à rendre une +classe de mes sujets inférieure à l'autre, à raison du culte, de la +langue ou de la race, sont à jamais abolis et effacés du protocole +administratif. + +IX. La loi punira l'emploi, entre particuliers, ou de la part des agents +de l'autorité, de toute expression ou qualification injurieuse ou +blessant. + +X. Le culte de toutes les croyances et religions existant dans mes +États, y étant pratiqué en toute liberté, aucun de mes sujets ne sera +empêché d'exercer la religion qu'il professe. + +XI. Personne ne sera ni vexé, ni inquiété à cet égard. + +XII. Personne ne sera contraint à changer de culte ou de religion. + +XIII. Les agents et employés de l'État sont choisis par nous; ils sont +nommés par décrét impérial; et comme tous nos sujets, sans distinction +de nationalité, seront admissibles aux emplois et services publics, ils +seront aptes à les occuper, selon leur capacité, et conformément à des +règles dont l'application sera générale. + +XIV. Tous nos sujets, sans différence ni distinctions, seront reçus dans +les écoles civiles et militaires du gouvernement, pourvu qu'ils +remplissent les conditions d'âge et d'examen spécifiés dans les +règlements organiques des dites écoles. + +XV. De plus, chaque communauté est autorisée à établir des écoles +publiques pour les sciences, les arts et l'industrie; seulement le mode +d'enseignement et le choix des professeurs de ces sortes d'écoles seront +placés sous l'inspection et le contrôle d'un conseil mixte d'instruction +publique, dont les membres seront nommés par nous. + +(Holland: _op. cit._, pp. 330-332.) + +CONFERENCES OF CONSTANTINOPLE (1856).--_Protocol of Feb. 11._ + +XIII. Tous les cultes et ceux qui les professent jouiront d'une égale +liberté et d'une égale protection dans les deux principautés. + +XV. Les étrangers pourront posséder des biens-fonds en Moldavie et en +Valachie, en acquittant les mêmes charges que les indigènes, et en se +soumettant aux lois. + +XVI. Tous les Moldaves et tous les Valaques seront, sans exception, +admissibles aux emplois publics. + +XVIII. Toutes les classes de la population, sans aucune distinction de +naissance ni de culte, jouiront de l'égalité des droits civils, et +particulièrement du droit de propriété, dans toutes les formes; mais +l'exercice des droits politiques sera suspendu pour les indigènes placés +sous une protection étrangère. + +(Ubicini, "La Question des Principautés," p. 13.) + + * * * * * + +ART. XLVI OF THE CONVENTION OF PARIS OF AUGUST 10, 1858. + +XLVI. Les Moldaves et les Valaques seront tous égaux devant la loi, +devant l'impôt, et également admissibles aux emplois publics dans l'une +et l'autre Principauté. + +Leur liberté individuelle sera garantie. Personne ne pourra être retenu, +arrêté, ni poursuivi que conformément à la loi. + +Personne ne pourra être exproprié que légalement, pour cause d'intérêt +public, et moyennant indemnité. + +Les Moldaves et les Valaques de tous les rits Chrétiens jouiront +également des droits politiques. La jouissance de ces droits pourra être +étendue aux autres cultes par les dispositions législatives.[33] + +Tous les privilèges, exemptions, ou monopoles, dont jouissent encore +certaines classes, seront abolis; et il sera procédé sans retard à la +révision de la loi qui règle les rapports des propriétaires du sol avec +les cultivateurs, en vue d'améliorer l'état des paysans. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. xlviii. pp. 77-78.) + + * * * * * + + +(_f_) THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN (1878). + +Not only were the promises of the Prince of Moldavia not realised, but, +during the next twenty years, the Jews of the Principalities were more +cruelly persecuted than ever. The persecution extended beyond the +frontiers to Servia, and it soon became the leading preoccupation of the +Jews throughout the world. Owing to their protests, the Powers +frequently intervened.[34] Rumania then took the impudent course of +resenting this interference in her internal affairs, on the ground that, +by international comity, they were no concern of foreign States. In +1867, this provoked a notable retort from Great Britain. In a despatch +sent to Bucharest in that year, the following sentence appears: "The +peculiar position of the Jews places them under the protection of the +civilised world."[35] + +When the Congress of Berlin met in 1878, to reconsider the Eastern +Question, the situation of the Jews in Eastern Europe, and more +particularly in the Balkans, took its place in the front rank of the +preoccupations of the Powers. Several long protocols are entirely +devoted to it.[36] The result was that the Treaty of Berlin dealt +comprehensively with the whole question of religious liberty, and +stipulated separately for such liberty in all the States of the Levant. +The Treaty is thus, as the Jewish Conjoint Committee described it, in +their important Memorandum of November 1908, "above all a great charter +of Emancipation, especially of civil and religious equality."[37] This +principle is embodied in no fewer than five of its articles, relating to +every political division of the vast region with which it deals, and in +each case it is asserted as the fundamental basis of the liberties +conferred on the various States.[38] In a word, it made it a principle +of European policy that no new State or transfer of territory should be +recognised unless the fullest religious liberty and civil and political +equality were guaranteed to the inhabitants. Thus it marks the triumph +of the principle first tentatively laid down for Holland and Belgium in +Article II of the Protocol of June 1814. Though applied to Greece in the +Protocol of February 1830, it had had to wait nearly fifty years for +universal acceptance. + +All the States concerned frankly and honestly accepted this principle, +and put it into operation, except Rumania. By a repetition of the +specious promises of 1858, she again obtained permission to emancipate +her Jews gradually, it being understood that the process would be +hastened, and that full emancipation would be accomplished within a +reasonable time. Unfortunately the phrasing of the articles embodying +the principle left a technical loophole of which Rumania very +dexterously availed herself, inasmuch as it did not make provision +against the application, under Rumanian law, of the _jus sanguinis_ to +the Jews who _quâ_ Jews were held to be aliens. The point was not +ignored by the Congress, but no attempt was made to satisfy it as the +intentions of the Congress were clear enough and reliance was placed on +the good faith of Rumania.[39] The result is that for forty years +Rumania has evaded both the will of the Congress and her own promises; +and to-day the Jews of that country, with the exception of a handful who +have been emancipated by individual Acts of Parliament, are the only +Jews in Europe who are denied equal rights with their fellow-citizens. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN. + +_Protocole No._ 5.--_Séance du 24 Juin, 1878._ + +M. Waddington donne lecture de deux Articles Additionnels proposés par +les Plénipotentiaires de France, et dont voici le texte:-- + +"Art. I. Tous les sujets Bulgares, quelle que soit leur religion, +jouiront d'une complète égalité de droits. Ils pourront concourir à tous +les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et la différence de croyance +ne pourra leur être opposée comme un motif d'exclusion. + +"L'exercice et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront +entièrement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée soit à +l'organisation hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels. + +"II. Une pleine et entière liberté est assurée aux religieux et évêques +Catholiques étrangers pour l'exercice de leur culte en Bulgarie et dans +la Roumélie Orientale. Ils seront maintenus dans l'exercice de leurs +droits et privilèges, et leurs propriétés seront respectées." + +Le Président dit que ces deux propositions seront imprimées, +distribuées, et placées à un ordre du jour ultérieur. + +Après un échange d'observations entre le Comte Schouvaloff et M. +Waddington sur la portée des deux propositions de M. le Premier +Plénipotentiaire de France, il demeure entendu que la première +s'applique à la Bulgarie, et l'autre à la Bulgarie et à la Roumélie +Orientale ensemble. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. lxix., p. 917.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 6--_Séance du 25 Juin, 1878._ + +L'ordre du jour appelle ensuite les deux propositions Françaises +insérées dans le Protocole 5, et relatives à la liberté des cultes. + +Sur la première, M. Desprez demande la substitution des mots "habitants +de la Principauté de Bulgarie" à ceux de "sujets Bulgares"; cette +modification est admise, et la proposition acceptée à l'unanimité. Sur +la seconde proposition particulièrement relative aux évêques et +religieux Catholiques, le Comte Schouvaloff propose de substituer à ces +mots, "les ecclésiastiques et religieux étrangers." + +Lord Salisbury désirerait que la même législation fût, sous ce rapport, +établie pour la Roumélie, et pour les autres provinces de la Turquie. + +Carathéodory Pacha déclare qu'en effet une proposition concernant le +libre exercice du culte dans la province de Roumélie Orientale paraît +tout-à-fait superflue, cette province devant être soumise à l'autorité +du Sultan, et, par conséquent, aux principes et aux lois communs à +toutes les parties de l'Empire, et qui établissent la tolérance pour +tous les cultes également. + +M. Waddington, prenant acte de ces paroles, annonce l'intention +d'introduire quelques changements dans la rédaction de sa proposition, +et demande l'ajournement de la discussion à demain. + +(_Ibid._, p. 935.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 7--_Séance du 26 Juin, 1878._ + +Le Président soumet au Congrès l'Article Additionnel présenté par les +Plénipotentiaires Français dans une séance précédente, et relatif aux +religieux Catholiques étrangers en Bulgarie et en Roumélie Orientale. + +Lord Salisbury regrette que les Plénipotentiaires de France ne donnent +pas suite à leur proposition en étendant sa portée à toute la Turquie +d'Europe. Son Excellence y aurait vu un important progrès réalisé. + +M. Waddington répond que le progrès dont parle Lord Salisbury a été +obtenu par l'acceptation dans la séance d'hier, de la première +proposition Française qui consacre l'entière liberté des cultes. + +Lord Salisbury ayant fait remarquer que cette proposition ne concernait +que la Bulgarie, le Président dit que, pour sa part, il s'associe au +désir que la liberté des cultes soit réclamée pour toute la Turquie, +tant en Europe qu'en Asie, mais il se demande si l'on obtiendrait sur +ce point l'assentiment des Plénipotentiaires Ottomans. + +Carathéodory Pacha déclare, qu'en répondant hier à M. Waddington, il +s'en est simplement rapporté à la législation générale de l'Empire +Ottoman ainsi qu'aux Traités et Conventions. Son Excellence ajoute que +la tolérance dont jouissent tous les cultes en Turquie ne fait aucun +doute, et qu'en l'absence d'une proposition plus étendue sur laquelle il +aurait alors à s'expliquer, il se croit en droit de considérer comme +superflue une mention spéciale pour la Roumélie Orientale. + +Le Président constate que l'unanimité du Congrès s'associe au désir de +la France de prendre acte des déclarations données par la Turquie en +faveur de la liberté religieuse. Tel était le but des Plénipotentiaires +Français, et il a été atteint. Lord Salisbury désirerait aller au delà, +et faire étendre la proposition primitive non seulement à la Bulgarie et +la Roumélie, mais à tout l'Empire Ottoman. En ce qui concerne +l'Allemagne, le Prince de Bismarck, qui a donné son adhésion à la +proposition Française, aurait aussi volontiers admis celle de Lord +Salisbury, mais la discussion d'une question aussi complexe détournerait +le Congrès de l'objet de sa séance présente. Son Altesse Sérénissime +demande toutefois à Lord Salisbury s'il entend présenter à cet égard une +motion spéciale. + +M. le Second Plénipotentiaire de la Grande Bretagne se réserve de +revenir sur ce point à propos de l'Article XXII du Traité de San +Stéfano. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff ajoute que le désir de Lord Salisbury de voir +étendre la liberté religieuse autant que possible en Europe et en Asie +lui semble très justifié. Son Altesse désirerait qu'il fut fait mention +au Protocole de son adhésion au v[oe]u de M. le Plénipotentiaire +d'Angleterre, et fait observer que le Congrès ayant cherché à éffacer +les frontières éthnographiques, et à les remplacer par de frontières +commerciales et stratégiques, les Plénipotentiaires de Russie souhaitent +d'autant plus que ces frontières ne deviennent point des barrières +religieuses. + +Le Président résume la discussion en disant qu'il sera inscrit au +Protocole que l'unanimité du Congrès s'est ralliée à la proposition +Française, et que la plupart des Plénipotentiaires ont formé des v[oe]ux +pour l'extension de la liberté des cultes. Ce point sera compris +d'ailleurs dans la discussion de l'Article XXII du Traité de San +Stéfano. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 942-943.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 8.--_Séance du 28 Juin, 1878._ + +Lord Salisbury reconnaît l'indépendance de la Serbie, mais pense qu'il +serait opportun de stipuler dans la Principauté le grand principe de la +liberté religieuse. + +M. Waddington admet également l'indépendance de la Serbie, mais sous le +bénéfice de la proposition suivante identique à celle que le Congrès a +acceptée pour la Bulgarie:-- + +"Les habitants de la Principauté de Serbie, quelle que soit leur +religion, jouiront d'une complète égalité de droits. Ils pourront +concourir à tous les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et exercer +toutes les professions, et la différence de croyance ne pourra leur être +opposée comme un motif d'exclusion. + +"L'exercice et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront +entièrement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée soit à +l'organisation hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels." + +Le Prince Gortchacow craint que cette rédaction ne s'applique surtout +aux Israélites, et sans se montrer contraire aux principes généraux qui +y sont énoncés, son Altesse Sérénissime ne voudrait pas que la question +Israélite, qui viendra plus tard, fût prejugée par une déclaration +préalable. S'il ne s'agit que de la liberté religieuse, le Prince +Gortchacow déclare qu'elle a toujours été appliquée en Russie; il donne +pour sa part à ce principe l'adhésion la plus complète et serait prêt à +l'étendre dans le sens le plus large. Mais s'il s'agit de droits civils +et politiques, son Altesse Sérénissime demande à ne pas confondre les +Israélites de Berlin, Paris, Londres, ou Vienne, auxquels on ne saurait +assurément refuser aucun droit politique et civil, avec les Juifs de la +Serbie, de la Roumanie, et de quelques provinces Russes, qui sont, à son +avis, un véritable fléau pour les populations indigènes. + +Le Président ayant fait remarquer qu'il conviendrait peut-être +d'attribuer à la restriction des droits civils et politiques ce +regrettable état des Israélites, le Prince Gortchacow rappelle qu'en +Russie, le Gouvernement, dans certaines provinces, a dû, sous +l'impulsion d'une nécessité absolue et justifié par l'expérience, +soumettre les Israélites à un régime exceptionnel pour sauvegarder les +intérêts des populations. + +M. Waddington croit qu'il est important de saisir cette occasion +solennelle pour faire affirmer les principes de la liberté religieuse +par les Représentants de l'Europe. Son Excellence ajoute que la Serbie, +qui demande à entrer dans la famille Européenne sur le même pied que les +autres États, doit au préalable reconnaître les principes qui sont la +base de l'organisation sociale dans tous les États de l'Europe, et les +accepter comme une condition nécessaire de la faveur qu'elle sollicite. + +Le Prince Gortchacow persiste à penser que les droits civils et +politiques ne sauraient être attribués aux Juifs d'une manière absolue +en Serbie. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff fait remarquer que ces observations ne constituent +pas une opposition de principe à la proposition Française: l'élément +Israélite, trop considérable dans certaines provinces Russes, a dû y +être l'objet d'une réglementation spéciale, mais son Excellence espère +que, dans l'avenir, on pourra prévenir les inconvénients incontestables +signalés par le Prince Gortchacow sans toucher à la liberté religieuse +dont la Russie désire le développement. + +Le Prince de Bismarck adhère à la proposition Française, en déclarant +que l'assentiment de l'Allemagne est toujours acquis à toute motion +favorable à la liberté religieuse. + +Le Comte de Launay dit qu'au nom de l'Italie il s'empresse d'adhérer au +principe de la liberté religieuse, qui forme une des bases essentielles +des institutions de son pays, et qu'il s'associe aux déclarations faites +à ce sujet par l'Allemagne, la France, et la Grande Bretagne. + +Le Comte Andrássy s'exprime dans le même sens, et les Plénipotentiaires +Ottomans n'élèvent aucune objection. + +Le Prince de Bismarck, après avoir constaté les resultats du vote, +déclare que le Congrès admet l'indépendance de la Serbie, mais sous la +condition que la liberté religieuse sera reconnue dans la Principauté. +Son Altesse Sérénissime ajoute que la Commission de Rédaction, en +formulant cette décision, devra constater la connexité établie par le +Congrès entre la proclamation de l'indépendence Serbe et la +reconnaissance de la liberté religieuse. + +(_Ibid._ pp. 959-961.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No._ 10--_Séance du 1er Juillet, 1878._ + +M. Waddington déclare que, fidèles aux principes qui les ont inspirés +jusqu'ici, les Plénipotentiaires de France demandent que le Congrès pose +à l'indépendance Roumaine les mêmes conditions qu'à l'indépendance +Serbe. Son Excellence ne se dissimule pas les difficultés locales qui +existent en Roumanie, mais, après avoir mûrement examiné les arguments +qu'on peut faire valoir dans un sens et dans l'autre, les +Plénipotentiaires de France ont jugé préférable de ne point se départir +de la grande règle de l'égalité des droits et de la liberté des cultes. +Il est difficile, d'ailleurs, que le Gouvernement Roumain repousse, sur +son territoire, le principe admis en Turquie pour ses propres sujets. +Son Excellence pense qu'il n'y a pas à hésiter que la Roumanie, +demandant à entrer dans la grande famille Européenne, doit accepter les +charges et même les ennuis de la situation dont elle réclame le +bénéfice, et que l'on ne trouvera, de longtemps, une occasion aussi +solennelle et décisive d'affirmir de nouveau les principes qui font +l'honneur et la sécurité des nations civilisées. Quant aux difficultés +locales, M. le Premier Plénipotentiaire de France estime qu'elles seront +plus aisément surmontées lorsque ces principes auront été reconnus en +Roumanie et que la race Juive saura qu'elle n'a rien à attendre que de +ses propres efforts et de la solidarité de ses intérêts avec ceux des +populations indigènes. M. Waddington termine en insistant pour que les +mêmes conditions d'ordre politique et religieux indiquées pour la Serbie +soient également imposées à l'État Roumain. + +Le Prince de Bismarck faisant allusion aux principes du droit public en +vigueur d'après la Constitution de l'Empire Allemand, et à l'intérêt que +l'opinion publique attache à ce que les mêmes principes suivis dans la +politique intérieure soient appliqués à la politique étrangère, déclare +s'associer, au nom de l'Allemagne, à la proposition Française. + +Le Comte Andrássy adhère à la proposition Française. + +Lord Beaconsfield dit qu'il donne une complète adhesion, au nom du +Gouvernement Anglais, à la proposition Française. Son Excellence ne +saurait supposer un instant que le Congrès reconnaîtrait l'indépendance +de la Roumanie en dehors de cette condition. + +Les Plénipotentiaires Italiens font la même déclaration. + +Le Prince Gortchacow, se référant aux expressions par lesquelles a été +motivée la proposition Française et qui donnent la plus grande extension +à la liberté religieuse, se rallie entièrement à cette proposition. + +Le Comte Schouvaloff ajoute que l'adhésion de la Russie à l'indépendance +est cependant subordonnée à l'acceptation par la Roumanie de la +retrocession réclamée par le Gouvernement Russe. + +Les Plénipotentiaires Ottomans n'élèvent aucune objection contre les +principes présentés par les Plénipotentiaires Français, et le Président +constate que le Congrès est unanime à n'accorder l'indépendance à la +Roumanie qu'aux mêmes conditions posées à la Serbie. + +Le Baron de Haymerle lit une motion relative à la liberté des cultes +dans le Monténégro:-- + +"Tous les habitants du Monténégro jouiront d'une pleine et entière +liberté de l'exercice et de la pratique extérieure de leurs cultes, et +aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée soit à l'organisation +hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec +leurs chefs spirituels." + +Le Congrès décide le renvoi à la Commission de Rédaction. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 982-983, 989, 990.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 12--Séance du 4 Juillet, 1878._ + +Le Président fait mention des pétitions de la liste No. 9, et notamment +de la communication adressée au Congrès par M. Ristitch, faisant savoir +au Congrès que le Prince Milan l'a autorisé à déclarer que le +Gouvernement Serbe saisira la première occasion, après la conclusion de +la paix, pour abolir par la voie légale la dernière restriction qui +existe encore en Serbie relativement à la position des Israélites. Son +Altesse Sérénissime, sans vouloir entrer dans l'examen de la question, +fait remarquer que les mots "la voie légale" semblent une réserve qu'il +signale à l'attention de la haute assemblée. Le Prince de Bismarck +croit devoir constater qu'en aucun cas cette réserve ne saurait infirmer +l'autorité des décisions du Congrès. + +Le Congrès passe à l'Article XXII du Traité de San Stéfano relatif aux +ecclésiastiques Russes et aux moines de Mont Athos. + +Le Marquis de Salisbury rappelle qu'avant la séance il a fait distribuer +à ses collègues une proposition tendant à substituer à l'Article XXII +les dispositions suivantes:-- + +"Tous les habitants de l'Empire Ottoman en Europe, quelle que soit leur +religion, jouiront d'une complète égalité de droits. Ils pourront +concourir à tous les emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, et seront +également admis en témoignage devant les Tribunaux. + +"L'exercice et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront +entièrement libres, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée, soit à +l'organisation hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs +rapports avec leurs chefs spirituels. + +"Les ecclésiastiques, les pèlerins, et les moines de toutes les +nationalités, voyageant ou séjournant dans la Turquie d'Europe et +d'Asie, jouiront d'une entière égalité de droits, avantages et +privilèges. + +"Le droit de protection officielle est reconnu aux Représentants +Diplomatiques et aux Agents Consulaires des Puissances en Turquie, tant +à l'égard des personnes sus-indiquées que de leurs possessions, +établissements religieux, de bienfaisance, et autres dans les Lieux +Saints et ailleurs. + +"Les moines du Mont Athos seront maintenus dans leurs possessions et +avantages antérieurs, et jouiront, sans aucune exception, d'une entière +égalité de droits et prérogatives." + +Lord Salisbury explique que les deux premiers alineas de cette +proposition représentent l'application à l'Empire Ottoman des principes +adoptés par le Congrès, sur la demande de la France, en ce qui concerne +la Serbie et la Roumanie; les trois derniers alineas ont pour but +d'étendre aux ecclésiastiques de toutes les nationalités le bénéfice des +stipulations de l'Article XXII spéciales aux ecclésiastiques Russes. + +Le Président fait également remarquer que la portée de la proposition +Anglaise est la substitution de la Chrétienté tout entière à une seule +nationalité, et commence la lecture du document par alineas. + +Sur le premier alinea, Carathéodory Pacha dit que, sans doute, les +principes de la proposition sont acceptés par la Turquie, mais son +Excellence ne voudrait pas qu'ils fussent considérés comme une +innovation, et donne lecture, à ce sujet, de la communication suivante +qu'il vient de recevoir de son Gouvernement:-- + +"En présence des déclarations faites au sein du Congrès dans différentes +circonstances en faveur de la tolérance religieuse, vous êtes autorisé à +déclarer, de votre côté, que le sentiment de la Sublime Porte à cet +égard s'accorde parfaitement avec le but poursuivi par l'Europe. Ses +plus constantes traditions, sa politique séculaire, l'instinct de ses +populations, tout l'y pousse. Dans tout l'Empire les religions les plus +différentes sont professées par des millions de sujets du Sultan, et +personne n'a été gêné dans sa croyance et dans l'exercice de son culte. +Le Gouvernement Impérial est décidé à maintenir dans toute sa force ce +principe, et a lui donner toute l'extension qu'il comporte." + +Le Premier Plénipotentiaire de Turquie désirerait, en conséquence, que, +si le Congrès se rallie à la proposition Anglaise, il fût, du moins, +constaté dans le texte que les principes dont il s'agit sont conformes à +ceux qui dirigent son Gouvernement. Son Excellence ajoute que, +contrairement à ce qui se passait en Serbie et en Roumanie, il n'existe +dans la législation de l'Empire aucune inégalité ou incapacité fondées +sur des motifs religieux, et demande l'addition de quelques mots +indiquant que cette règle a toujours été appliquée dans l'Empire Ottoman +non seulement en Europe, mais en Asie. Le Congrès pourrait, par exemple, +ajouter "conformément aux déclarations de la Porte et aux dispositions +antérieures, qu'elle affirme vouloir maintenir." + +Lord Salisbury n'a pas d'objections contre la demande de Carathéodory +Pacha, tout en faisant observer que ces dispositions se rencontrent, en +effet, dans les déclarations de la Porte, mais n'ont pas toujours été +observées dans la pratique. Au surplus, son Excellence ne s'oppose point +à ce que le Comité de Rédaction soit invité à insérer l'addition +réclamée par les Plénipotentiaires Ottomans. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 1002-3, 1009-10.) + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 17.--Séance du 10 Juillet 1878._ + +Le Président invite le Rapporteur de la Commission de Rédaction à lire +le travail préparatoire du Traité. + +M. Desprez fait connaître à la haute assemblée que le texte du préambule +n'est pas encore arrêté, mai lui sera soumis dans la prochaine séance. +Article V, qui a pour objet l'égalité des droits et la liberté des +cultes, a donné lieu à des difficultés de rédaction; cet Article, en +effet, est commun à la Bulgarie, au Monténégro, à la Serbie, à la +Roumanie, et la Commission devait trouver une même formule pour diverses +situations; il était particulièrement malaisé d'y comprendre les +Israélites de Roumanie, dont la situation est indéterminée au point de +vue de la nationalité. Le Comte de Launay, dans le but de prévenir tout +malentendu, a proposé, au cours de la discussion, l'insertion de la +phrase suivante: "Les Israélites de Roumanie, pour autant qu'ils +n'appartiennent pas à une nationalité étrangère, acquièrent, de plein +droit, la nationalité Roumaine." + +Le Prince de Bismarck signale les inconvénients qu'il y aurait à +modifier les résolutions adoptées par le Congrès et qui ont formé la +base des travaux de la Commission de Rédaction. Il est nécessaire que +le Congrès s'oppose à toute tentative de revenir sur le fond. + +M. Desprez ajoute que la Commission a maintenu sa rédaction primitive, +qui lui paraît de nature à concilier tous les intérêts en cause, et que +M. de Launay s'est borné à demander l'insertion de sa motion au +Protocole. + +Le Prince Gortchacow rappelle les observations qu'il a présenté, dans +une précédente séance, à propos des droits politiques et civils des +Israélites en Roumanie. Son Altesse Sérénissime ne veut pas renouveler +ses objections, mais tient à déclarer de nouveau qu'il ne partage pas, +sur ce point, l'opinion énoncée dans le Traité. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 1058-1059.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM THE TREATY OF BERLIN, SIGNED JULY 13, 1878. + +XLIV. En Roumanie la distinction des croyances religieuses et des +confessions ne pourra être opposée à personne comme un motif d'exclusion +ou d'incapacité en ce qui concerne la jouissance des droits civils et +politiques, l'admission aux emplois publics, fonctions, et honneurs, ou +l'exercice des différentes professions et industries dans quelque +localité que ce soit. + +La liberté et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes seront assurées +à tous les ressortissants de l'État Roumain aussi bien qu'aux étrangers, +et aucune entrave ne sera apportée, soit à l'organisation hiérarchique +des différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec leurs chefs +spirituels. + +Les nationaux de toutes les Puissances, commerçants ou autres, seront +traités en Roumanie, sans distinction de religion, sur le pied d'une +parfaite égalité. + + * * * * * + +[Articles V, XXVII, and XXXV, relating respectively to Bulgaria, +Montenegro, and Servia, are in the same form with the exception of the +last _alinéa_, which only appears in the above quoted article.] + + * * * * * + +LXII. La Sublime Porte ayant exprimé la volonté de maintenir le principe +de la liberté religieuse en y donnant l'extension la plus large, les +Parties Contractantes prennent acte de cette déclaration spontanée. + +Dans aucune partie de l'Empire Ottoman la différence de religion ne +pourra être opposée à personne comme un motif d'exclusion ou +d'incapacité en ce qui concerne l'usage des droits civils et politiques, +l'admission aux emplois publics, fonctions et honneurs, ou l'exercice +des différentes professions et industries. + +Tous seront admis sans distinction de religion à témoigner devant les +tribunaux. + +La liberté et la pratique extérieure de tous les cultes sont assurés à +tous, et aucune entrave ne pourra être apportée, soit à l'organisation +hiérarchique des différentes communions, soit à leurs rapports avec +leurs chefs spirituels. + +Les ecclésiastiques, les pèlerins, et les moines de toutes les +nationalités voyageant dans la Turquie d'Europe ou la Turquie d'Asie +jouiront des mêmes droits, avantages et privilèges. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 764, 766-767.) + + * * * * * + +REVISION OF THE RUMANIAN CONSTITUTION (1879). + +_No. 115. Mr. White to the Marquis of Salisbury. (Rec. November 4.)_ + +BUCHAREST, _October 25, 1879_. + +MY LORD,--I have the honour to forward to your Lordship an authorized +French translation of the Constitutional amendment concerning +naturalization and religious equality as promulgated by a Decree this +morning. + +I have, &c., + +W. A. WHITE. + +THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. + + * * * * * + +(TRADUCTION.) + +_Article Unique.--À la place de l'Article 7 de la Constitution soumis à +la revision, on mettra le suivant_:-- + +Article 7. La distinction de croyances religieuses et de confessions ne +constituera point en Roumanie un obstacle à l'acquisition des droits +civils et politiques et à leur exercice. + +§ 1. L'étranger pourra, sans distinction de religion, et qu'il soit +soumis ou non à une protection étrangère, obtenir la naturalisation sous +les conditions suivantes: + +(_a_) Il addressera au Gouvernement sa pétition de naturalisation, par +laquelle il fera connaître le capital qu'il possède, la profession ou +l'industrie qu'il exerce, et la volonté d'établir en Roumanie son +domicile. + +(_b_) À la suite de cette demande il habitera le pays pendant dix +années, et il prouvera, par ses actions, qu'il est utile au pays. + +§ 2. Pourront être dispensés du stage: + +(_a_) Ceux qui auront introduit dans le pays des industries, des +inventions utiles, ou qui posséderont des talents distingués, ceux qui +auront fondé de grands établissements de commerce ou d'industrie. + +(_b_) Ceux qui, nés et élevés dans le pays, de parents y établis, +n'auront jamais joui, ni les uns ni les autres, d'une protection +étrangère. + +(_c_) Ceux qui auront servi sous les drapeaux pendant la Guerre de +l'Indépendance, lesquels pourront être naturalisés d'une manière +collective, sur la proposition du Gouvernement, par une seule Loi et +sans autre formalité. + +3. La naturalisation ne peut être accordée que par la Loi, et +individuellement. + +4. Une Loi spéciale déterminera, le mode d'après lequel les étrangers +pourront établir leur domicile en Roumanie. + +5. Les Roumains ou ceux qui seront naturalisés Roumains pourront +acquérir des immeubles ruraux en Roumanie. Les droits déjà acquis seront +respectés. Les Conventions Internationales actuellement existantes +restent en vigueur, avec toutes leurs clauses et jusqu'à l'expiration de +leur durée. + +(_Ibid._, lxxi. 1176-77.) + + * * * * * + +THE COMPACT WITH RUMANIA (1880). + +_English Text of Identic Note presented to the Roumanian Government, +February 20, 1880._ + +The Undersigned, British Representative at Bucharest, has the honour, by +order of his Government, to convey to M. Boeresco, the Minister for +Foreign Affairs of Roumania, the following communication:-- + +Her Britannic Majesty's Government have been informed, through the Agent +of His Royal Highness the Prince of Roumania at Paris, of the +promulgation, on the 25th October, 1879, of a Law, voted by the +"Chambres de Revision" of the Principality, for the purpose of bringing +the text of the Roumanian Constitution into conformity with the +stipulations inserted in Article XLIV of the Treaty of Berlin. + +Her Majesty's Government cannot consider the new Constitutional +provisions which have been brought to their cognizance--and particularly +those by which persons belonging to a non-Christian creed domiciled in +Roumania, and not belonging to any foreign nationality, are required to +submit to the formalities of individual naturalization--as being a +complete fulfilment of the views of the Powers signatories of the Treaty +of Berlin. + +Trusting, however, to the determination of the Prince's Government to +approximate more and more, in the execution of these provisions, to the +liberal intentions entertained by the Powers, and taking note of the +positive assurances to that effect which have been conveyed to them, the +Government of Her Britannic Majesty, being desirous of giving to the +Roumanian nation a proof of their friendly sentiments, have decided to +recognize the Principality of Roumania as an independent State. Her +Majesty's Government consequently declare themselves ready to enter +into regular diplomatic relations with the Prince's Government. + +In bringing the decision come to by his Government to the knowledge of +the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Undersigned, &c. + +W. A. WHITE. + +BUCHAREST, _February 20, 1880_. + +(_Ibid._, p. 1187.) + + * * * * * + + +(_g_) RUMANIA AND THE POWERS (1902). + +It must be confessed--and, indeed, it has been avowed by prominent +Rumanians themselves[40]--that Rumania's evasion of the Treaty of Berlin +has been a monument of resourceful duplicity and bad faith. Accomplished +by pretending to regard the native Jews as foreigners, it actually +placed them in a far worse position than they had held in 1858, when at +any rate their national character as Moldavians or Wallachians was not +contested. But, not only have they been refused emancipation and stamped +as foreigners, but, in their character of foreigners, without a State to +protect them, they have been made the victims of special and cruel +disabilities, which in practice do not and cannot affect other +foreigners. + +One peculiarly barbarous act of persecution of this kind which was +attempted in 1902 nearly brought about a serious intervention by the +Great Powers to compel Rumania to observe her Treaty obligations. An Act +was passed by the Rumanian Parliament forbidding foreigners to exercise +any handicraft in Rumania unless Rumanians were assured similar +privileges in the parent States of such foreigners. The result of this +Act would have been to deprive all the Jewish artizans in Rumania of the +means of earning their livelihood, as, being foreigners without a parent +State of their own, they could not prove the reciprocity required by the +law. Prompt steps were taken to bring this project to the notice of the +Great Powers, chiefly by the late Lord Rothschild in London and Mr. +Jacob Schiff in Washington. Lord Rothschild was the first to move. In +June 1901 he forwarded to His Majesty's Government an elaborate +Memorandum setting forth the intolerable situation of the Rumanian Jews +and especially emphasising its international dangers as a stimulus of +undesirable immigration in other countries.[41] At the same time he +brought all his great influence to bear privately on individual members +of the Government. From Lord Lansdowne he received the warmest sympathy, +and the Foreign Office at once set inquiries on foot with a view to +ascertaining whether combined action by the Powers signatory of the +Berlin Treaty would be practicable. The responses, however, were not +encouraging.[42] Meanwhile the action of the London Jews had been +communicated to Mr. Oscar Straus in New York, and he persuaded Mr. +Schiff to bring the question to the knowledge of President Roosevelt. +The President, deeply moved by Mr. Schiff's story, acted with +characteristic energy. In July 1902 the Secretary of State, Mr. John +Hay, under the guise of a despatch giving instructions to the United +States Minister at Athens in regard to certain negotiations then pending +for a Naturalisation Treaty with Rumania, formulated a powerful +indictment of the persecutions. Three weeks later the American +Ambassadors in London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, Rome, and +Constantinople were instructed to communicate this despatch to the +Governments to which they were accredited, and to ascertain from them +whether it might not be possible to take some steps to secure from +Rumania the fulfilment of her obligations under Article XLIV of the +Treaty of Berlin.[43] Thus supported, Lord Lansdowne no longer +hesitated. In September he despatched a Circular to the Great Powers +definitely proposing combined representations at Bucharest.[44] + +As soon as this _démarche_ got wind Rumania hastened to annul the +offending law, and otherwise to restrain her anti-Semitic zeal. Nothing +more was heard of the proposed collective intervention, but it is now +known that Lord Lansdowne's proposal never took final shape because the +Russian and German Governments refused to associate themselves with it. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +DISPATCH FROM MR. JOHN HAY (U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE) TO THE U.S. +MINISTER AT ATHENS. + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_July 17, 1902_. + +_Charles S. Wilson, Esquire, etc., etc., etc., Athens._ + +SIR,--Your legation's despatch No. 19, of the 13th of February last, +reported having submitted to the Roumanian Government, through its +diplomatic representative in Greece, as the outcome of conference had by +Mr. Francis with him on the subject, a tentative draft of the +naturalization convention, on the lines of the draft previously +submitted to the Servian Government, and Mr. Francis added that His +Excellency the Roumanian Minister had informed him of his hearty +approval of the project, which he had forwarded to his Government with +his unqualified endorsement. Minister Francis was instructed on March 4 +that his action was approved. No report of progress has since been +received from your legation, but it is presumed that the matter is +receiving the consideration due to its importance. + +For its part, the Government of the United States regards the conclusion +of conventions of this character as of the highest value, because not +only establishing and recognizing the right of the citizens of the +foreign State to expatriate themselves voluntarily and acquire the +citizenship of this country, but also because establishing beyond the +pale of doubt the absolute equality of such naturalized persons with +native citizens of the United States in all that concerns their relation +to or intercourse with the country of their former allegiance. + +The right of citizens of the United States to resort to and transact +affairs of business or commerce in another country, without molestation +or disfavor of any kind, is set forth in the general treaties of amity +and commerce which the United States have concluded with foreign +nations, thus declaring what this Government holds to be a necessary +feature of the mutual intercourse of civilized nations and confirming +the principles of equality, equity and comity which underlie their +relations to one another. This right is not created by treaties; it is +recognized by them as a necessity of national existence, and we apply +the precept to other countries, whether it be conventionally declared or +not, as fully as we expect its extension to us. + +In some instances, other governments, taking a less broad view, regard +the rights of intercourse of alien citizens as not extending to their +former subjects who may have acquired another nationality. So far as +this position is founded on national sovereignty and asserts a claim to +the allegiance and service of the subject not to be extinguished save by +the consent of the sovereign, it finds precedent and warrant which it is +immaterial to the purpose of this instruction to discuss. Where such a +claim exists, it becomes the province of a naturalization convention to +adjust it on a ground of common advantage, substituting the general +sanction of treaty for the individual permission of expatriation and +recognizing the subject who may have changed allegiance as being on the +same plane with the natural or native citizens of the other contracting +State. + +Some States, few in number, be it said, make distinction between +different classes of citizens of the foreign State, denying to some the +rights of innocent intercourse and commerce which by comity and natural +right are accorded to the stranger, and doing this without regard to the +origin of the persons adversely affected. One country in particular, +although maintaining with the United States a treaty which unqualifiedly +guarantees to citizens of this country the rights of visit, sojourn and +commerce of the Empire, yet assumes to prohibit those rights to Hebrew +citizens of the United States, whether native or naturalized.[45] This +Government can lose no opportunity to controvert such a distinction, +wherever it may appear. It cannot admit such discrimination among its +own citizens, and can never assent that a foreign State, of its own +volition, can apply a religious test to debar any American citizen from +the favor due to all. + +There is no treaty of amity and commerce between the United States and +Roumania, but this Government is pleased to believe that Roumania +follows the precepts of comity in this regard as completely and +unreservedly as we ourselves do, and that the American in Roumania is as +welcome and as free in matters of sojourn and commerce and legal resorts +as the Roumanian is in the United States. We hear no suggestion that any +differential treatment of our citizens is there imposed. No religious +test is known to bar any American from resorting to Roumania for +business or pleasure. No attempt has been made to set up any such test +in the United States whereby any American citizen might be denied +recourse to the representatives of Roumania in order to authenticate +documents necessary to the establishment of his legal rights or the +furtherance of his personal interests in Roumania. And in welcoming +negotiations for a convention of naturalization Roumania gives proof of +her desire to confirm all American citizens in their inherently just +rights. + +Another consideration, of cognate character, presents itself. In the +absence of a naturalization convention, some few States hold +self-expatriation without the previous consent of the sovereign to be +punishable, or to entail consequences indistinguishable from banishment. +Turkey, for instance, only tacitly assents to the expatriation of +Ottoman subjects, so long as they remain outside Turkish jurisdiction. +Should they return thereto their acquired alienship is ignored. Should +they seek to cure the matter by asking permission to be naturalized +abroad, consent is coupled with the condition of non-return to Turkey. +It is the object of a naturalization convention to remedy this feature +by placing the naturalized alien on a parity with the natural-born +citizen and according him due recognition as such. This consideration +gives us added satisfaction that negotiations on the subject have been +auspiciously inaugurated with Roumania. If I have mentioned this aspect +of the matter, it is in order that the two Governments may be in accord +as to the bases of their agreement in this regard; for it is +indispensable that the essential purpose of the proposed convention +should not be impaired or perverted by any coupled condition of +banishment imposed independently by the act of either contracting party. + +The United States welcomes now, as it has welcomed from the foundation +of its government, the voluntary immigration of all aliens coming hither +under conditions fitting them to become merged in the body-politic of +this land. Our laws provide the means for them to become incorporated +indistinguishably in the mass of citizens, and prescribe their absolute +equality with the native born, guaranteeing to them equal civil rights +at home and equal protection abroad. The conditions are few, looking to +their coming as free agents, so circumstanced physically and morally as +to supply the healthful and intelligent material of free citizenhood. +The pauper, the criminal, the contagiously or incurably diseased, are +excluded from the benefits of immigration only when they are likely to +become a source of danger or a burden upon the community. The voluntary +character of their coming is essential,--hence we shut out all +immigration assisted or constrained by foreign agencies. The purpose of +our generous treatment of the alien immigrant is to benefit us and him +alike,--not to afford to another State a field upon which to cast its +own objectionable elements. A convention of naturalization may not be +construed as an instrument to facilitate any such process. The alien, +coming hither voluntarily and prepared to take upon himself the +preparatory, and in due course the definite obligations of citizenship, +retains thereafter, in domestic and international relations, the initial +character of free agency, in the full enjoyment of which it is incumbent +upon his adoptive State to protect him. + +The foregoing considerations, whilst pertinent to the examination of the +purpose and scope of a naturalization treaty, have a larger aim. It +behoves the State to scrutinize most jealously the character of the +immigration from a foreign land, and, if it be obnoxious to objection, +to examine the causes which render it so. Should those causes originate +in the act of another sovereign State, to the detriment of its +neighbors, it is the prerogative of an injured State to point out the +evil and to make remonstrance; for with nations, as with individuals, +the social law holds good that the right of each is bounded by the right +of the neighbor. + +The condition of a large class of the inhabitants of Roumania has for +many years been a source of grave concern to the United States. I refer +to the Roumanian Jews, numbering some 400,000. Long ago, while the +Danubian principalities labored under oppressive conditions which only +war and a general action of the European Powers sufficed to end, the +persecution of the indigenous Jews under Turkish rule called forth in +1872 the strong remonstrance of the United States. The Treaty of Berlin +was hailed as a cure for the wrong, in view of the express provisions of +its 44th article, prescribing that "in Roumania, the difference of +religious creeds and confessions shall not be alleged against any person +as a ground for exclusion or incapacity in matters relating to the +enjoyment of civil and political rights, admissions to public +employments, functions, and honors, or the exercise of the various +professions and industries in any locality whatsoever," and stipulating +freedom in the exercise of all forms of worship to Roumanian dependents +and foreigners alike, as well as guaranteeing that all foreigners in +Roumania shall be treated, without distinction of creed, on a footing of +perfect equality. + +With the lapse of time these just prescriptions have been rendered +nugatory in great part, as regards the native Jews, by the legislation +and municipal regulations of Roumania. Starting from the arbitrary and +controvertible premises that the native Jews of Roumania domiciled there +for centuries are "aliens not subject to foreign protection," the +ability of the Jew to earn even the scanty means of existence that +suffice for a frugal race has been constricted by degrees, until nearly +every opportunity to win a livelihood is denied; and until the helpless +poverty of the Jew has constrained an exodus of such proportions as to +cause general concern. + +The political disabilities of the Jews in Roumania, their exclusion from +the public service and the learned professions, the limitations of their +civil rights, and the imposition upon them of exceptional taxes, +involving as they do wrongs repugnant to the moral sense of liberal +modern peoples, are not so directly in point for my present purpose as +the public acts which attack the inherent right of man as a bread winner +in the ways of agriculture and trade. The Jews are prohibited from +owning land, or even from cultivating it as common laborers. They are +debarred from residing in the rural districts. Many branches of petty +trade and manual production are closed to them in the over-crowded +cities where they are forced to dwell and engage against fearful odds, +in the desperate struggle for existence. Even as ordinary artisans or +hired laborers they may only find employment in the proportion of one +"unprotected alien" to two "Roumanians" under any one employer. In +short, by the cumulative effect of successive restrictions, the Jews of +Roumania have become reduced to a state of wretched misery. Shut out +from nearly every avenue of self-support which is open to the poor of +other lands, and ground down by poverty as the natural result of their +discriminatory treatment, they are rendered incapable of lifting +themselves from the enforced degradation they endure. Even were the +fields of education open to them, of civil employment and of commerce, +as to "Roumanian citizens," their penury would prevent rising by +individual effort. Human beings, so circumstanced, have virtually no +alternatives but submissive suffering, or flight to some land less +unfavourable to them. Removal under such conditions is not and cannot be +the healthy intelligent emigration of a free and self-reliant being. It +must be, in most cases, the mere transplantation of an artificially +produced diseased growth to a new place. + +Granting that, in better and more healthful surroundings, the morbid +conditions will eventually change for good, such emigration is +necessarily for a time a burden to the community upon which the +fugitives may be cast. Self-reliance, and the knowledge and ability that +evolve the power of self-support must be developed, and, at the same +time, avenues of employment must be opened in quarters where competition +is already keen and opportunities scarce. The teachings of history, and +the experience of our own nation, show that the Jews possess in a high +degree the mental and moral qualifications of conscientious citizenhood. +No class of emigrants is more welcome to our shores when coming equipped +in mind and body for entrance upon the struggle for bread, and inspired +with the high purpose to give the best service of heart and brain to the +land they adopt of their own free will. But when they come as outcasts, +made doubly paupers by physical and moral oppression in their native +land, and thrown upon the long-suffering generosity of a more favored +community, their migration lacks the essential conditions which make +alien immigration either acceptable or beneficial. So well is this +appreciated on the Continent, that, even in the countries where +anti-Semitism has no foothold, it is difficult for these fleeing Jews to +obtain any lodging. America is their only goal. + +The United States offers asylum to the oppressed of all lands. But its +sympathy with them in no wise impairs its just liberty and right to +weigh the acts of the oppressor in the light of their effects upon this +country, and to judge accordingly. + +Putting together the facts now painfully brought home to this Government +during the past few years: that many of the inhabitants of Roumania are +being forced, by artificially adverse discriminations, to quit their +native country; that the hospitable asylum offered by this country is +almost the only refuge left to them; that they come hither unfitted by +the conditions of their exile to take part in the new life of this land +under circumstances either profitable to themselves or beneficial to the +community; and that they are objects of charity from the outset and for +a long time,--the right of remonstrance against the acts of the +Roumanian Government is clearly established in favor of this Government. +Whether consciously and of purpose, or not, these helpless people, +burdened and spurned by their native land, are forced by the sovereign +power of Roumania upon the charity of the United States. This Government +cannot be a tacit party to such an international wrong. It is +constrained to protest against the treatment to which the Jews of +Roumania are subjected, not alone because it has unimpeachable ground to +remonstrate against the resultant injury to itself, but in the name of +humanity. The United States may not authoritatively appeal to the +stipulations of the Treaty of Berlin, to which it was not and cannot +become a signatory, but it does earnestly appeal to the principles +consigned therein, because they are the principles of international law +and eternal justice, advocating the broad toleration which that solemn +compact enjoins, and standing ready to lend its moral support to the +fulfilment thereof by its co-signatories, for the act of Roumania itself +has effectively joined the United States to them as an interested party +in this regard. + +Occupying this ground and maintaining these views, it behoves us to see +that in concluding a naturalization convention no implication may exist +of obligation on the part of the United States to receive and convert +these unfortunates into citizens, and to eliminate any possible +inference of some condition or effect tantamount to banishment from +Roumania with inhibition of return or imposition of such legal +disability upon them by reason of their creed, as may impair their +interests in that country or operate to deny them judicial remedies +there which all American citizens may justly claim in accordance with +the law and comity of nations. + +I am, Sir, + +Your obedient servant, + +JOHN HAY. + + + * * * * * + + +AMERICAN CIRCULAR NOTE TO THE GREAT POWERS. + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_August 11, 1902_. + +SIR,--In the course of an instruction recently sent to the Minister +accredited to the Government of Roumania in regard to the bases of +negotiation begun with that Government looking to a convention of +naturalization between the United States and Roumania, certain +considerations were set forth for the Minister's guidance concerning the +character of the emigration from that country, the causes which +constrain it, and the consequences so far as they adversely affect the +United States. + +It has seemed to the President appropriate that these considerations, +relating as they do to the obligations entered into by the signatories +of the Treaty of Berlin of July 13, 1878, should be brought to the +attention of the Governments concerned and commended to their +consideration in the hope that, if they are so fortunate as to meet the +approval of the several Powers, such measures as to them may seem wise +may be taken to persuade the Government of Roumania to reconsider the +subject of the grievances in question. + + * * * * * + +(This note continues in the language of the foregoing despatch from the +words: "The United States welcomes now, etc." down to words: "as an +interested party in this regard.") + + * * * * * + +You will take an early occasion to read this instruction to the Minister +for Foreign Affairs and, should he request it, leave with him a copy. + +JOHN HAY. + + * * * * * + +_Reply of Great Britain._ + +(Mr. Bertie to Mr. Choate.) + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_September 2, 1902_. + +YOUR EXCELLENCY,--I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your +note of the 23rd ultimo, inclosing a copy of a dispatch from Mr. +Secretary Hay on the subject of the conditions of the Jews in Roumania. + +His Majesty's Government joins with the United States Government in +deploring the depressed condition of the Roumanian Jews and in regarding +with apprehension the results of their enforced emigration. + +His Majesty's Government will place themselves in communication with +the other Powers signatory of the Treaty of Berlin, with a view to a +joint representation to the Roumanian Government on the subject. + +FRANCIS BERTIE. + +(_In the absence of the Marquis of Lansdowne._) + +("Foreign Relations of the United States (1902)," pp. 910 _et seq._, 42 +_et seq._, and 550). + + * * * * * + + +(_h_) THE CONFERENCES OF LONDON, ST. PETERSBURG AND BUCHAREST (1912-13). + +In connection with the Balkan complications of the last ten years, which +form the overture to the present war, the Jewish organisations in +Western Europe and America--chiefly the London Jewish Conjoint +Committee--lost no opportunity of keeping the grievances of the Rumanian +Jews before the Great Powers and of maintaining the liberties already +won in South-Eastern Europe. The work has been of a more arduous and +far-reaching character than the public suspect, and, although it has not +achieved final success, it has been far from unfruitful. Of this work it +is only possible to speak in a very summary way, as much of it is still +confidential and all of it is directly related to negotiations still +pending and necessarily belonging to the domain of what is invidiously +called secret diplomacy. + +In 1908, on the occasion of the annexation of Bosnia and the Herzegovina +by Austria-Hungary, the Conjoint Committee seized the opportunity of +endeavouring to reopen the Rumano-Jewish Question. The annexation was a +technical infraction of the Berlin Treaty and required the sanction of +the Great Powers, for which probably a Conference would be held. The +Conjoint Committee addressed to Sir Edward Grey a request that the scope +of the proposed Conference should be extended to other infractions of +the Treaty, and accompanied it with a review of the Rumano-Jewish +Question, which constitutes one of the most important State Papers +produced in the Jewish community.[46] Unfortunately the projected +Conference was abandoned, but Sir Edward Grey was so impressed by the +statements of the Conjoint Committee that he ordered an investigation to +be made, and he afterwards formally avowed, in a letter to the Conjoint +Committee, that the charges made in the Memorandum were accurate and +that Rumania had not fulfilled her Treaty pledges. This perhaps may not +seem to be a great gain, but those who know anything of international +politics will be aware that an official statement of this kind has +considerable practical importance, and, indeed, it was not lost upon the +Cabinet of Bucharest. + +The last occasions on which attempts were made to put an end to the +Rumanian scandal were in connection with the Conferences of London, St. +Petersburg, and Bucharest, which liquidated the various questions +arising out of the Balkan wars in 1912-13. Here two questions confronted +the Conjoint Committee. While the international questions at issue were +confined to the trans-Danubian States, all that was necessary was to +secure for the populations of the transferred territories in that region +a reaffirmation of the clauses of the Treaties of 1830 and 1878, by +which the liberties of racial and religious minorities were guaranteed. +When, however, Rumania joined in the war, this question became of much +greater importance, and it involved the reopening of the whole question +of Rumania's violation of the Treaty of Berlin. In spite of the efforts +of the Conjoint Committee, neither the three Conferences of London, nor +the Conference of St. Petersburg dealt with these questions. At the +Conference of Bucharest the United States Government, at the instance of +the American Jewish Committee, made a suggestion that the civil and +religious liberties of the populations of the territories transferred +under the proposed Treaty should be specially guaranteed. On the +proposal of the Rumanian Prime Minister, however, the Conference agreed +that such securities were not necessary, but expressed their readiness +to give a verbal assurance that the wishes of the United States would be +fully realised.[47] A long correspondence ensued between the Conjoint +Committee and the Foreign Office, and eventually Sir Edward Grey agreed +to a suggestion of the Committee that the Great Powers should be +consulted with a view to making their sanction of the new territorial +arrangements in the Balkans conditional on the guarantee of full civil +and religious liberty to all the inhabitants of the annexed +territories.[48] This important assurance was reaffirmed by the +Secretary of State towards the end of July 1914, within a week of the +outbreak of the present war. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +EXTRACT FROM THE PROTOCOLS OF THE CONFERENCE OF BUCHAREST. + +_Protocole No. 6.--Séance du Mardi, 23 Juillet (5 Août), 1913._ + +[Le Président] fait part à la Conférence de la note suivante que lui a +remise S.E. Monsieur Jackson, Ministre des États-Unis d'Amérique à +Bucarest. + +"Le Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique désire faire savoir qu'il +regarderait avec satisfaction si une provision accordant pleine liberté +civile et religieuse aux habitants de tout territoire que pourrait être +assujetti à la souverainté de quiconque des cinq Puissances ou qui +pourrait être transféré de la jurisdiction de l'une des Puissances à +celle d'une autre, pourrait être introduite dans toute convention +conclue à Bucarest." + +M. Maioresco estime que les délégués sont unanimes à reconnaître +pleinement, en fait et en droit, le principe qui a inspiré la note +précitée, le droit public des États constitutionnels représentés à cette +Conférence en ayant consacré de longue date l'application. Le Président +pense donc que la note des États-Unis d'Amérique ne saurait soulever +aucune difficulté: il est peut-être bon de rappeler quelquefois les +principes, même lorsqu'ils sont universellement admis. Aussi, croit-il +être l'interprète des sentiments de MM. les Plénipotentiaires en +déclarant que les habitants de tout territoire nouvellement acquis +auront, sans distinction de religion, la même pleine liberté civile et +religieuse que tous les autres habitants de l'état. + +M. Venizelos considère qu'à la suite des déclarations du Président, qui +seront consignées au Protocole, toute insertion dans le traité à +conclure, d'un principe déjà universellement reconnu serait superflue. + +Cette manière de voir de M. le premier délégué de Grèce a recueilli +l'assentiment unanime. + +("Le Traité de Paix de Bucarest--Protocoles de la Conférence," Bucarest, +1913, pp. 24-25.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE CONJOINT COMMITTEE AND SIR +EDWARD GREY. + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_13th October, 1913_. + +SIR,--The Jewish Conjoint Foreign Committee of the London Committee of +Deputies of British Jews and the Anglo-Jewish Association have had under +their consideration the diplomatic acts--principally the Treaty of +Bucharest--by which the new territorial system in the Near East has been +adjusted, and they have instructed us to invite the attention of His +Majesty's Government to the omission from those documents of provisions +either confirming or repeating on their own account, for the benefit of +the annexed territories, the guarantees of civil and religious liberty +and equality contained in the Protocol No. 3 of the Conference of London +of February 3rd, 1830, and in Articles V, XXVII, XXXIV, XLIV, and LXII +of the Treaty of Berlin. + +Owing to the vast changes which have been made in the distribution of +the Jewish communities throughout the region lying between the Danube +and the Ægean, and more especially in view of the annexations to the +Kingdom of Roumania, where hitherto the Civil and Religious Liberty +Clauses of the Treaty of Berlin have been systematically evaded, this +question has caused the Jewish people the gravest anxiety. The Conjoint +Committee are well aware that in four of the annexing States, namely, +Greece, Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro, the Constitutions provide for +the equal rights of all religious denominations, and they gratefully +acknowledge that for many years past the Jews in those countries have +had no reason to complain; but in the new conditions of mixed races and +creeds which confront those States, and in face of the symptoms already +apparent of an accentuation of the long-standing inter-confessional +bitterness and strife, they prefer not to relinquish the international +obligations by which the rights of their co-religionists have hitherto +been secured. In this view they find themselves supported not only by +all the Jewish communities of the Balkans, but also by all of the +religious minorities in the dominions which have recently changed hands. +The reasonableness of their view is further supported by the +constitutional changes effected in like circumstances in Moldo-Wallachia +and Servia three-quarters of a century ago to the prejudice of the Jews, +and also by the continued encouragement to religious intolerance +afforded by the legalised oppression of a quarter of a million Jews in +the Kingdom of Roumania. + +The question was not ignored at the Peace Conference at Bucharest, but +it failed to receive any contractual solution. At the sitting of August +8th a scheme of religious, scholastic and cultural liberty was +discussed, but no agreement was reached, owing to irreconcilable +differences between the Patriarchists and the Exarchists. Moreover, the +scheme as drawn up was confined to Christian communities (Protocol No. +10). At the sitting of August 5th, the question was raised in its wider +aspects by a communication from the United States Government expressing +the hope that a provision would be introduced into the Treaty "according +full civil and religious liberty to the inhabitants of any territory +subject to the sovereignty of any of the five Powers, or which might be +transferred from the jurisdiction of any one of them to that of +another." This also met with no adequate response. M. Maioresco, the +Chief Roumanian plenipotentiary, expressed the opinion that such a +provision was unnecessary, "as the principle inspiring it had long been +recognised, in fact and in law, by the public law of the Constitutional +States represented at the Conference," but he added that he was willing +to declare on behalf of the plenipotentiaries that "the inhabitants of +any territory newly acquired will have, without distinction of religion, +the same full civil and religious liberty, as all the other inhabitants +of the State." In this view the other plenipotentiaries concurred. +(Protocol No. 6.) + +The Jewish Conjoint Committee regret that they are unable to accept +either the reasoning or the assurances of M. Maioresco for the following +reasons:-- + +1. Even if it were true that the constitutions of all the five +contracting States assure civil and religious liberty to their +inhabitants without distinction of religion--Roumania herself is a +flagrant exception--it would not afford as permanent a guarantee as an +international obligation. The circumstances which render such a +guarantee necessary in the present case have already been referred to +above. + +2. In previous territorial changes in the Near East, the liberal +provisions of the constitutions of the annexing States have not been +held sufficient for the protection of religious minorities. Thus, in +1864, when the Ionian Islands were transferred to Greece, the Powers +specifically extended to the new territories the civil and religious +liberty obligations imposed on the Hellenic Kingdom in 1830 (see Article +IV of the Treaty of London of March 20th, 1864). Again in 1881, when +Thessaly was ceded to Greece, the religious liberty obligations of 1830 +were repeated in the Treaty of Cession for the benefit of the Mussulman +population (Convention of May 14th, 1881, Article VIII). A similar +course was adopted by the Great Powers in 1886, when Eastern Roumelia +was virtually annexed to Bulgaria (Article IV of Arrangement of April +5th, 1886; _cf._ Eastern Roumelia Statute, Article XXIV). + +3. Roumania herself is not content to rely on the national constitutions +of the other Balkan States where the destinies of her own expatriated +brethren in race and religion are concerned. Although she persuaded the +Conference of Bucharest to reject the American proposal to insert +binding guarantees for the equitable treatment of racial and religious +minorities in the annexed territories generally, she insisted on the +adoption of an Annexe to the Protocols of the Conference pledging the +signatory States to grant equal rights and religious and scholastic +freedom to the Koutzo-Vlachs residing within their dominions. It is +difficult to understand why these Treaty guarantees should be required +for communities which have a Government at Bucharest, attached to them +by racial and religious sympathies, to look after their interests, and +not for the Jews, who have no such resource in the event of their rights +being ignored. + +4. The terms of M. Maioresco's declaration in regard to "the inhabitants +of any territory newly acquired" are ambiguous, and in the case of the +Jews of the northern districts of Bulgaria, now annexed to Roumania, +might, and no doubt would be, interpreted as assimilating them to the +oppressed Jewish communities of the annexed State. Moreover, in view of +what happened to the Jews of the Dobrudja when that province was +acquired by Roumania in 1878, any unilateral assurances from the Cabinet +of Bucharest on this subject must fail to inspire confidence. The action +of the Roumanian Government on that occasion was dealt with by us in the +letter we had the honour of addressing to you on July 13th last, and it +will consequently suffice to state now that the Jews of the Dobrudja +were deprived of their national rights for thirty years after the +annexation, and even then they experienced great difficulty in obtaining +them. We cannot contemplate without anxiety the possibility of a +repetition of this application of the principle formulated by M. +Maioresco. + +For these reasons the Jewish Conjoint Committee regard with grave +apprehension the omission from the Treaty of Bucharest of guarantees of +civil and religious equality for the inhabitants of the territories +which have changed hands in virtue of that instrument, and they trust +they may rely on His Majesty's Government to take such steps as will +assure to those inhabitants the full enjoyment of the high protection +accorded them by the London Protocol of 1830 and the Treaty of Berlin. + +They venture to suggest that the objects they have in view might be +attained by a collective note to the States signatory of the Treaties of +London, Bucharest and Constantinople, declaring that the Great Powers +regard the Civil and Religious Liberty clauses of the Protocol of 1830 +and the Treaty of Berlin as binding upon all of them within their new +frontiers and throughout all their territories. The Committee hope that +His Majesty's Government may see their way to propose such a note to +the Great Powers. + +We are, Sir, + +Your humble and obedient Servants, + +D. L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + + * * * * * + +TO THE RT. HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., HIS MAJESTY'S +PRINCIPAL SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS, ETC., ETC., ETC. + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_October 29th, 1913_. + +GENTLEMEN,--I am directed by Secretary Sir E. Grey to acknowledge the +receipt of your letter of October 13th, and to observe in reply that the +Articles of the Treaty of Berlin, to which you refer, are in no way +abrogated by the territorial changes in the Near East, and remain as +binding as they have been hitherto as regards all territories covered by +those Articles at the time when the Treaty was signed. + +His Majesty's Government will, however, consult with the other Powers as +to the policy of reaffirming in some way the provisions of the Treaty of +Berlin for the protection of the religious and other liberties of +minorities in the territories referred to, when the question of giving +formal recognition by the Powers to the recent territorial changes in +the Balkan Peninsula is raised. + +I am, Gentlemen, + +Your most obedient, humble servant, + +EYRE A. CROWE. + +THE CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE. + + * * * * * + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_17th November, 1913_. + +SIR,--We have had the honour of receiving the letter of the 29th ult. +addressed to us on your behalf by Sir Eyre A. Crowe, and we have duly +submitted it to our colleagues of the Conjoint Jewish Committee. + +We are desired by the Committee to thank you for this communication and +to express their lively satisfaction with the assurances you are good +enough to give them and which appear to them to meet the necessities of +the case they had the honour of placing before you. + +The Committee propose, with your permission, to submit to you at a later +stage, for the consideration of His Majesty's Government, an amended +formula of civil and religious liberty in the Balkans, which they think +will more clearly express the intentions of the Conference of London and +the Congress of Berlin than the provisions on the same subject contained +in the Protocol No. 3 of 1830 and the Treaty of 1878. They trust that +His Majesty's Government may find it possible to make this or some +similar amendment the basis for the proposed consultation with the other +Great Powers, as they venture to think that in this way a means may be +found of obviating a repetition of the misunderstandings by which the +Jews of Roumania have hitherto been deprived of the rights sought to be +conferred upon them by the Treaty of Berlin, besides securing the rights +of other religious and racial minorities in the Balkans on a footing of +perfect equality. + +We, are, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble servants, + +DAVID L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of the Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + + * * * * * + +TO THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., ETC., ETC. + +CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +_12th March, 1914_. + +SIR,--Referring to the letter we had the honour of addressing to you on +the 17th November last, we now beg to submit to you, for the +consideration of His Majesty's Government, a revised formula of civil +and religious liberty in the Balkans in the hope that His Majesty's +Government may be able to recommend it to the other Great Powers +signatory of the Treaty of Berlin for application to the territories +which have recently changed hands in the Near East under the provisions +of the Treaties of London and Bucharest, and their subsidiary diplomatic +Acts. + +As you are aware, Civil and Religious Liberty in Bulgaria, Montenegro, +Servia and Roumania is at present guaranteed in identic terms by +Articles V, XXVII, XXXIV-V, XLIV of the Treaty of Berlin, and in Greece +by the concluding _alinéa_ of Protocol No. 3 of the Conference of London +of the 3rd February 1830. We beg to suggest that in the extension of +these stipulations to the new territories they shall be elucidated by +the addition to each of the following paragraph:-- + + * * * * * + +All persons of whatever religious belief born or residing in the +territories annexed to the Kingdom of---- in virtue of the Treaties of +London and Bucharest, and who do not claim a foreign nationality and +cannot be shown to be claimed as nationals of a foreign state shall be +entitled to full civil and political rights as nationals of the Kingdom +of---- in accordance with the foregoing stipulations. + + * * * * * + +Some slight modification of this paragraph will be required to meet the +special circumstances of each case, as, for example, the omission of the +reference to the Treaty of London in the case of Roumania, and perhaps, +the insertion of the paragraph before the final _alinéa_ of Article XLIV +of the Treaty of Berlin instead of its addition to that Article. + +In making this proposal we are chiefly actuated by a desire to obviate +as far as may be possible a repetition in the territories annexed to the +Kingdom of Roumania of the cruel evasion of Article XLIV of the Treaty +of Berlin by which the native Jews of Roumania have hitherto been +deprived of their civil and political rights. It will be within your +recollection that this evasion was contrived by arbitrarily declaring +all the native Jews to be _ipso facto_ foreigners and by submitting them +in that capacity to harsh disabilities which, while apparently +applicable to all foreigners, in reality only affected them. We are +further impressed by the fact that Bulgaria, Servia and Greece have each +acquired a considerable addition to their Jewish populations and, +although we acknowledge most gratefully the fidelity with which those +States have hitherto performed their obligation in regard to civil and +religious liberty, we think it wise, in view of the evil precedent +created by Roumania, to strengthen the hands of their rulers and +statesmen by extending those obligations in the form we now suggest to +the territories they have recently acquired. + +Our aims will, we think, be attained by the formula suggested above +without in any way enlarging the scope of the original stipulations, as +those stipulations were understood by their authors and the majority of +the States to which they have hitherto been applied. It is to be noted +that a similar amendment of Article XLIV was actually suggested by the +Italian representative, the Count de Launay, at the Berlin Congress, +with a view to obviating the very evasion of the Treaty subsequently +effected by Roumania, and it was only rejected by the Congress because +it was desired to adopt an identic formula for all the Balkan States and +because it was felt that the formula as it stood "paraît de nature à +concilier tous les intérêts en cause." (British and Foreign State +Papers, vol. lxix. pp. 1058-9.) + +Now that it has been shown that this anticipation was illusory, we +venture to hope that His Majesty's Government may see their way to +realize the intentions of the Berlin Congress by suggesting to the Great +Powers the amendment we have proposed, and that their recognition of the +territorial changes in the Near East will be made conditional upon its +adoption by all the annexing States, and more particularly by the +Kingdom of Roumania. + +We are, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble servants, + +DAVID L. ALEXANDER, + +_President, London Committee of Deputies of British Jews_, + +CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE, + +_President, Anglo-Jewish Association_. + +TO THE RIGHT HON. SIR EDWARD GREY, BART., M.P., K.G., ETC., ETC., ETC. + + * * * * * + +(For the humanitarian interventions on behalf of the Jews of Morocco see +"The Conferences of Madrid and Algeciras," _infra_, pp. 88-99.) + + +(_i_) THE JEWISH QUESTION AND THE BALANCE OF POWER (1890 AND 1906). + +It will be noted that none of the diplomatic interventions took +cognizance of the ill-treatment of the Jews in Russia,[49] although +until the recent Revolution it afforded, in magnitude and cruelty, the +worst example of religious persecution known to modern Europe.[50] The +cynical reason has already been indicated. But if international politics +has affected to ignore the Jewish question in Russia, that question has +not been without a very distinct influence on the evolution of the +European international system. No survey of the Jewish problem in +international politics would be complete without a reference to the +curious part played by the Russo-Jewish question in the orientation of +Russian policy which made for the alliance with France and through it +for the Triple Entente. It is well known that even after the termination +of the Russo-German secret treaty of mutual neutrality in 1890, the Tsar +Alexander III remained for a long time reluctant to come to terms with +Republican France. Towards the end of 1890 there was a fresh outbreak of +official anti-Semitism in Russia, and the bitter cry of the persecuted +Jews was heard all over Europe. At that moment it happened that +negotiations for a large loan had been entered into by the Russian +Treasury with the house of Rothschild, and a preliminary contract had +actually been signed. As soon as the news of the persecutions reached +New Court, Lord Rothschild resolved to break off the negotiations. At +his instance, M. Wyshnigradski, the Russian Finance Minister, was +informed by the Paris House that unless the oppression of the Jews were +stopped they would be compelled to withdraw from the loan operation. +Deeply mortified by this attempt on the part of a Jewish banking firm to +deal with him _de puissance à puissance_, the Tsar peremptorily +cancelled the contract and ordered that overtures should be made to a +non-Jewish French syndicate headed by M. Hoskier of Paris. Thus was +forged the main financial link in the chain of common interests which +soon after led to the Dual Alliance. Incidentally, it may be mentioned +that one of the effects of the Alliance was to secure to the Tsar a much +larger immunity from criticism in his persistent ill-treatment of the +Jews.[51] + +Fifteen years later the Jewish question also played a part in the +curious Russo-German _rapprochement_ which nearly wrecked the Dual +Alliance. Much light has been shed upon this incident by the recent +publication of the late Tsar's secret correspondence with the German +Emperor[52] and other Russian State documents, notably a Memorandum on +the Jewish question drawn up by Count Lamsdorf in January 1906.[53] +Negotiations for the adhesion of Russia to the Anglo-French Entente had +been opened in the winter of 1903, but owing to the war with Japan and +the revolutionary outbreak in Russia the Tsar's views on the subject had +changed. Worked on by the German Emperor, he imagined himself a victim +of English intrigue, and he concluded with the Kaiser at Bjoerkoeon July +23, 1905, the bases of a new Triple Alliance to consist of Russia, +Germany, and France. While the Treaty was still unratified certain +reactionaries in Russia seized the opportunity of endeavouring to give +it a specially anti-Jewish bias. On the one hand the bureaucracy had +persuaded themselves that the Jews were the main authors of the October +Revolution, and on the other Count Witte and his colleagues in the +Cabinet were furious at the renewed rebuffs they had received at the +hands of the House of Rothschild in their efforts to raise new loans on +the Paris and London markets.[54] It was in these circumstances that +Count Lamsdorf prepared a Memorandum proposing to the Tsar that an +agreement should be concluded with Germany providing for the special +_surveillance_ of Jewish activities on the lines of a secret Protocol +which had been drawn up by the two Powers on March 14, 1904, for the +similar _surveillance_ and extradition of Anarchists.[55] At the same +time the Count suggested that the Pope should be asked to adhere to this +new Holy Alliance. This strange proposal was approved by the Tsar, who +ordered the immediate initiation of negotiations with the +Wilhelmstrasse. In due course this instruction was acted upon,[56] but +in the following May Count Lamsdorf fell, and with the entry of M. +Izvolsky into the Russian Foreign Office a new and saner direction was +given to Russian Foreign policy. Nothing more was heard either of the +Bjoerkoe Treaty or of the proposed Triple Alliance against the Jews. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +THE PROPOSED ANTI-SEMITIC TRIPLE ALLIANCE. + +(The footnotes appended to the following document are those of Count +Lamsdorf himself. Footnotes by the Editor will be found at the end.) + +_Secret._ + +ON THE ANARCHISTS. + +The events of the year 1905, which became particularly acute at the +beginning of October last, and, after a number of so-called "strikes," +culminated in an armed revolt at Moscow and in other cities and +localities of the Empire, show quite clearly that the Russian +revolutionary movement, apart from its deep social economic causes of an +_internal_ nature, has also a quite definite _international_ character. +This side of the revolutionary movement, which deserves very serious +attention, manifests itself chiefly in the fact that it is supported to +a large extent from abroad. + +This is clearly indicated by the striking phenomenon that the Russian +revolutionists dispose of an enormous quantity of _arms_ imported from +abroad, as well as of considerable _pecuniary means_, since there can be +no doubt that the revolutionary movement hostile to the Government, +including the organising of various kinds of strikes, must have cost the +revolutionaries large sums of money. + +Since it must be recognised that such support of the revolutionary +movement with arms and money could hardly be set to the account of +foreign governments (with the exception of certain isolated cases, as +for instance, the support of the Finnish movement by Sweden, and perhaps +the partial support of the Polish movement by Austria), one inevitably +arrives at the further conclusion that the support of our revolutionary +movement enters into the calculations of some _foreign capitalist +organisations_. + +This result must be coupled with the fact that the Russian revolutionary +movement is altogether distinguished by an alien racial character, since +it was precisely the various allogenes--the Armenians, Georgians, Letts, +Esthonians, Finns, Poles, etc.--who rose one after another against the +Imperial Government for the purpose of obtaining, if not complete +political autonomy, at least equal rights with the native population of +the Empire. When one considers, moreover, that, as is established with +sufficient certainty, among these allogenes a most important part is +played by the Jews, who have figured and still figure as a specially +active and aggressive element of the revolution, whether as individuals, +or as leaders of the movement, or in the shape of entire organisations +(_e.g._ the Jewish Bund in the Western region), one may assume with +certainty that the aforesaid support of the revolutionary movement from +abroad emanates precisely from _Jewish_ capitalist circles. + +In this respect one cannot ignore the coincidence of several phenomena +which could hardly be accidental. This coincidence rather logically +leads to the further result that our revolutionary movement is not only, +as already stated, _supported_ from abroad, but to a certain extent also +_directed_ from there. The strikes broke out with particular force +precisely in October last, that is to say, at a time when our Government +was making the attempt to bring about a large foreign loan without the +participation of the Rothschilds,[A] and just in the nick of time for +the frustration of the realisation of that financial scheme. The panic +provoked by it among the holders of Russian securities and the hurried +sale of those securities could not but procure in the end, as was safely +to be expected, new profits for the Jewish capitalists and bankers, who +speculated consciously and openly, as in Paris for instance, on the fall +of Russian securities.[57] + +On the other hand, the hostile movement against the Government, which +flared up immediately after the promulgation of the Manifesto of October +30th, assumed for a time milder forms as soon as the bulk of the Russian +people, of whom the revolutionists had taken no account at first, +responded to the hostile manifestations against the Government by +pogroms upon the Jews.[B] + +This connexion between the Russian revolutionary movement and the +foreign Jewish organisations is, moreover, confirmed in an obvious +manner by some significant facts which have even percolated through the +Press. Thus, for instance, the above-mentioned wholesale importation of +arms into Russia, which, as it transpires from the Agency reports, is +carried on very largely from the continent of Europe _via England_, +becomes quite intelligible when one considers that already in June 1905, +precisely in England, an Anglo-Jewish Committee for collecting donations +for the equipment of fighting groups among Russian Jews was openly +organised with the most active co-operation of the well-known Russophobe +publicist Lucien Wolf.[C] On the other hand, on account of the +melancholy consequences of the revolutionary agitation, which recoiled +upon the Jews themselves, in the very same England a Committee of Jewish +capitalists was founded under the presidency of Lord Rothschild, which +concentrated enormous sums of money, collected by way of subscriptions +in France, England and Germany, for the ostensible purpose of granting +relief to the Jewish subjects of Russia who had suffered by the pogroms. +Lastly, the Jews in America are organising collections both for the +victims and for the arming of the Jewish youths, without formally +separating these two aims from one another.[58][D] There is thus no +room for doubt as to the close connexion of the Russian revolution with +the Jewish question in general, and with the foreign Jewish +organisations in particular, which connexion is already perfectly clear +from the point of view of its fundamental principles, since the founders +of the Socialist doctrine, Lassalle and Marx, who wield so great an +influence on the present mind of the Russian University youth, were +notoriously both of Jewish origin. Nor can it be in any way doubted that +the practical direction of the Russian revolutionary movement is in +Jewish hands. While our newspapers pass over, no doubt intentionally, +the leading part played by them in almost complete silence, it is no +longer deemed necessary to make a secret of it abroad, even in Socialist +circles. A member of the Jewish Working-men's Union (Bund), named +Hervaille, thus declared openly at a meeting of the Dutch Socialists at +Amsterdam on the 22nd October (November 4th) that in spite of the +persecutions to which they were subjected, it is precisely the Jews who +are standing at the head of the Russian revolutionary movement.[59] In +Italy, numerous meetings of sympathy with the said movement, which in +the course of last November were organised at Rome, Milan, Turin, etc. +ostensibly, "Pro liberta Russa," ended in manifestations "Pro ebrei +Russi."[60] + +Thus, with the evident promotion of the Russian revolution by the Jews +of all countries, in one form or another, to a larger or smaller extent, +providing it above all with intelligent leaders, arms and pecuniary +means, the so-to-say international side of our revolutionary movement +becomes perfectly clear, and at the same time reveals those forces which +the Imperial Government must combat, as well as the factors of State and +public life abroad, on which it must rely in this struggle. + +Starting from the idea set out above, namely, that our revolutionary +movement is being actively supported and partly directed by the forces +of universal Jewry, we also discover with great probability the +organising and intellectual centre where the main supports and feeding +organs of the militant hostility to the Government in Russia are hiding +themselves. That is the famous pan-Jewish universal union established in +the year 1860, the "Alliance Israélite Universelle," with a Central +Committee in Paris, which possesses gigantic pecuniary means, disposes +of an enormous membership, and is supported by the Masonic lodges of +every description (according to some reports, they have again been +carried into Russia in recent years), which represent the obedient +organs of that universal organisation.[61][E] The principal aim of the +"Alliance Israélite Universelle"--the all-round triumph of +anti-Christian and anti-monarchist Jewry (which has already taken +practical possession of France) by means of Socialism which is to serve +as a bait for the ignorant masses--could not but find the State system +of Russia--a land of peasants, Orthodoxy and monarchism--an obstacle in +its path. Hence the fight against the existing Government, which was +started with consummate calculation at the very moment of our greatest +weakness brought about by the Japanese war. That is also why the chief +watchword of this inexorable campaign at the present moment is +universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage; that is to say, it fights +for a principle which if recognised by the Government would bring about +immediately, even before the meeting of the State Duma, the complete +removal of the existing historical-legal impediments to the triumph of +Jewry in Russia, though their complete abolition is not likely to be +welcome to the future chosen men of the Russian land either. + +The said factors, which support the fight of the revolutionary elements +against the Imperial Government from abroad, also afford on the other +hand the opportunity of recognising those forces by whose joint work a +favourable soil for a successful struggle with international +revolutionary Socialism might be created. As a matter of fact, there can +be no doubt that, in accordance with the main considerations set out +above, the universally organised international revolutionary Jewry must +be confronted by other enemies, apart from Russia, who by that alone +must become the friends and allies of the Imperial Government. +Anti-monarchist Jewry, sustained by money, cannot help undermining in +every way the Monarchical German Empire, sustained by its material +power. On the other hand, owing to a tradition centuries old, the +universally organised anti-Christian Judaism cannot help seeing an +irreconcilable enemy in the only Christian community that is likewise +organised on a universal and centralised basis, viz. the Roman Catholic +Church. + +It seems, therefore, that the friendly relations which have recently +been brought about so happily between the Imperial Government and the +German Empire,[F] as well as the Holy See, are destined to exercise a +very beneficent influence with regard to the anti-monarchical and +anti-Christian revolutionary movement in Europe. + +As for the Vatican, it must be remembered first of all that the +Protestant Government of Germany has recognised long ago the full +importance of the Holy See for the defence of the traditional +foundations of European culture. While in its internal policy, it is +leaning on the Catholic Centre-party, it has necessarily arrived at a +friendly accord with the Pope in its foreign policy as well. As for +Russia, the friendly assistance of the Vatican might likewise prove to +be of supreme importance just in the sense indicated above. Even apart +from the authoritative influence of the Holy See, through the medium of +the local clergy, especially in our Polish affairs--in this respect, the +latest Encyclical of the Pope to the Bishops of Poland presents a +significant step in meeting the wishes of the Russian Government--the +Vatican could render us an invaluable service by communicating +matter-of-fact data on the dissolving Jewish freemasonry organisation +and its branches, whose threads converge in Paris--an organisation about +which our Government is unfortunately but little informed, whereas the +Vatican is sure to watch its activity in the most attentive manner. + +As for Germany, on the other hand, any further approach of its +Government towards Russia--and one of a still closer nature than the +agreement founded on the Protocol of March 1st, 1904, on combating +Anarchism--would meet with unqualified sympathy at Berlin, since it +cannot be overlooked that, next to Russia, Germany is undoubtedly the +first State that will have to sustain the struggle with the +Social-Revolutionary party. Both the Government and Society in Germany +already take note at the present moment with the greatest apprehension +of the indubitable effect of the Russian events on the Social-Democratic +and Labour question, not to mention the movement of specific hostility +to the Government in the Provinces of Prussian Poland. + +Indeed, the West-European Socialists of various nationalities do not +consider it any longer necessary to make a secret of their intention to +inaugurate in this very month of January 1906, a movement hostile to the +Government of Germany--which is to reach its highest development on the +1st of May 1906--and has already started it in Prussia and in Saxony +with the self-same watchword of "Universal Suffrage." It could hardly be +doubted that behind this movement--which they intend to organise, in +accordance with the resolutions passed by the Socialist Congresses held +at Jena and Breslau, by the same means as in Russia--there stand in +reality the above indicated international aims and considerations of +principle, that is to say, the same anti-Christian and anti-monarchical +factors which had likewise been and are still in operation in the +Russian revolutionary movement. At any rate, according to an observation +by the _Deutsche Tageszeitung_, which has made it its special aim to +organise the fight against the impending general European revolution, +the more candid publicists of Social-Revolutionary tendencies are +already expressing unceremoniously their hope that the Russian movement +of hostility to the Government only presents a prelude to that general +European upheaval which, among other things, is to destroy utterly the +monarchical order of contemporary Europe. When one places oneself on +this standpoint, one cannot help perceiving in everything said above +nothing else but partial manifestations of a general revolutionary +scheme the menace of which is not confined to Russia, and which, +according to the formula of the well-known Liebknecht, consists +essentially in realising a Republic in politics, Socialism in economics, +and Atheism in the domain of religion. + +In view of the considerations set forth above, no doubt can remain as to +the absolute necessity of a confidential and sincere exchange of views +on our part, in the sense indicated above, with the leading spheres both +at Berlin and Rome. It could become the foundation of a most useful +joint action, first, for the purpose of organising a vigilant +supervision, and then also for an active joint struggle against the +common foe of the Christian and monarchical order of Europe. As a first +step in the said direction, and for the purpose of elucidating the main +principles for a future programme of joint action, it seems to be +desirable to confine ourselves for the present to a quite confidential +exchange of views with the German Government. + +(Signed) COUNT LAMSDORF. + + Negotiations must be entered into _immediately_. } + I share entirely the opinions herein expressed. } Endorsement in the + } Tsar's handwriting. + TSARSKOYE SELO, } + _January 3rd (O.S.) 1906_. } + +(Translated from the Russian text in vol. vi. of "Secret Documents," +published by the Soviet Commission of Foreign Affairs.) + + * * * * * + + +NOTES. + +[A] _Supra_, p. 56 (note). + +[B] How these pogroms were organised by the Russian Secret Police will +be found described from authentic documents in Semenoff: _The Russian +Government and the Massacres_. + +[C] This is not quite accurate. The object of the Committee was to +assist the Self-Defence groups of Russian Jews in resisting the pogroms. +No arms were exported to Russia, as the groups in question, and indeed +the Russian Revolutionists themselves, found it quite easy to purchase +arms from the Imperial Russian magazines. + +[D] This also is quite untrue, as the published accounts of the Funds +show. + +[E] Freemasons will be able to judge of the accuracy of this statement. +It will suffice to say here that it is as untrue as it is ludicrous. The +same remark applies to the absurd reference to the Alliance Israélite. + +[F] This is clearly a reference to the Bjoerkoe interview and shows that +M. Izvolsky was in error when he stated that the Agreement resulting +from the interview was disapproved by Count Lamsdorf. (See interview +with M. Izvolsky in _Le Temps_, September 15, 1917.) + + + + +III. INTERVENTIONS BY RIGHT. + + +(_a_) STATUS OF JEWS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. + +Not all the diplomatic interventions on behalf of Jews have proceeded on +humanitarian grounds. Through the political assimilation of the Jews +with the populations among whom they dwell, and more particularly +through their emancipation in the various countries of Western Europe +and America, they have acquired the same rights in foreign countries +under International Law and treaties as their Christian fellow-citizens. +Unfortunately this has not been universally recognised, and it has +frequently happened that, when they travelled into countries where +Jewish disabilities still lingered, they were held liable as Jews to +ill-treatment from which their Christian fellow-countrymen were free. +The question of the legality of this ill-treatment arose at an early +date. + +In 1556, the Jews in the Papal States suffered a terrible persecution at +the hands of the fanatical Pope Paul IV. This culminated in the +imprisonment of all the Marranos or Crypto Jews of Ancona, and their +sentence to the stake. At that time the most influential Jews in Europe +were the Mendes or Nasi Family of Portugal and the Low Countries, the +head of which was the famous Donna Gracia Nasi. Her son-in-law, who +afterwards became Duke of Naxos in the service of the Porte, for whom he +conquered Cyprus, was the Rothschild as well as the Disraeli of his +day.[62] The Italian Jews sent piteous appeals to Donna Gracia, who was +then settled in Constantinople. She at once addressed herself to the +reigning Sultan, Solyman the Magnificent, and entreated his +intervention, on the ground that the Marrano Jews in Ancona were for the +most part Turkish subjects. The appeal was well conceived, for the +Sultan was outraged by the idea that subjects of his could be maltreated +by a foreign potentate. He promptly responded (March 9, 1556) by sending +an ultimatum to the Pope, demanding the immediate release of his +unjustly accused lieges, under pain of reprisals on the foreign +Christians within his own dominions.[63] The Turk in those days was not +in the habit of treating Christian States with an excess of ceremony, +and the Pope realised the wisdom of complying with the ultimatum. He +revenged himself, however, by burning those of the prisoners who could +not be shown to be Turkish subjects.[64] + +This incident is of peculiar interest for its bearing on the still much +debated question of the political status of Jews in the lands of their +"Dispersion." The Turkish Jews in 1556 seem to have had no doubt that +they were full nationals of the Ottoman Porte and as such entitled to +the protection of the Turkish Sultan. The precedent, however, was far +from decisive. In other circumstances other views have prevailed. Thus +in 1655, when the Commonwealth declared war on Spain, and an order was +issued for the confiscation of the property of Spaniards in England, +some of the Spanish Crypto Jews, then resident in London, appealed +against the order on the ground that their national status was that of +Jews and not that of Spaniards. This plea was allowed by the Admiralty +Commissioners, to whom it was referred, and they discharged the orders +made against the appellants.[65] + +The question slumbered for a century and a half, and when it reappeared +the Turk was again on the side of the light. In 1815, there was a +dispute on this subject between Austria and Turkey. At that time the +Jews of Turkey were treated better than the Jews of Austria. Austria +applied to Turkish Jews visiting her territories the disabilities +imposed upon her own Jews. Turkey protested on the ground that, +according to the treaties--mainly the Treaty of Carlowitz--in force +between the two powers, Austria had no right to make any distinction +between Turkish Jews and other subjects of the Ottoman Porte. This +contention was held to be valid by the Austrian Government, and the +incident was terminated by the issue of an instruction to the police of +Lower Austria, where the disabilities complained of were in force, +ordering them to treat all Turkish subjects alike without distinction of +race or creed. + +The Treaty of Carlowitz by which this case was governed left very little +option to the Austrian Government,[66] inasmuch as the reciprocity for +which it stipulated was not based, as in other treaties, on what is +known as "National treatment," that is to say that the nationals of each +contracting party visiting the territories of the other shall be treated +on the same footing as the nationals of the territories they visit. The +reason, no doubt, was that the racial and religious heterogeneity of +both Empires, and the differential treatment to which it gave rise in +their respective internal administrations, could not be recognised +internationally without grave risk of friction and controversy. The +lesson was not lost on other States, especially those which desired to +maintain their differential treatment of Jews as against the doctrine of +undenominational Nationality which was chiefly championed by France. The +result was a strengthening of the "National treatment" clause of +commercial treaties, and this, with the progress of religious liberty, +led to a succession of fresh international disputes. + +For many years, curiously enough, the chief offender was the democratic +Swiss Confederation, the Federal constitution of which was exclusively +Christian, while the Cantonal legislation was in many cases frankly and +even aggressively anti-Semitic. Until 1827 the Swiss Commercial Treaties +contained no hint of religious differentiation, but in that year, +availing themselves of the reactionary and clerical sympathies of the +government of Charles X, the Federal Authorities negotiated a Treaty +with France containing a "National treatment" clause, under which the +powers of the separate Cantons to deal as they pleased with Jews were, +in effect, reserved. But this was not all. Lest the clause should be +misinterpreted, the French Minister at Berne was authorised to address a +secret Note to the President of the Swiss Diet acknowledging that it +implied the desired restriction, on "the Jewish subjects of the +King."[67] The transaction was obviously one which could not stand the +light of the Revolution of 1830, and when three years later the +Government of the Canton of Basle applied the Treaty in all its rigour +to French Jews, the Duc de Broglie, then French Minister for Foreign +Affairs, issued an Ordinance suspending the operation of the Treaty in +regard to the offending Canton, and followed this up by severing +diplomatic relations and by placing a military cordon on the +frontier.[68] The King himself approved the action of his Minister in an +energetic speech to a deputation of the Consistoire Israélite. However, +in 1835 the Ordinance was withdrawn, and until 1850 the peace was more +or less preserved by a tacit _modus vivendi_. + +The resistance of France was rendered difficult, partly by perplexities +of general politics, but more immediately by the fact that the question +was a larger one than it had at first appeared. In February 1840 a +French Jew had been refused a _permis de séjour_ by the police of +Dresden on the ground that Jews were not permitted to reside in the +city. The case was precisely similar to that of Switzerland, and M. +Guizot, who was then Foreign Minister, hesitated to take up a strong +attitude as he was afraid that the precedent might involve him in +complications with other countries.[69] Nevertheless, French public +opinion was aroused, and the Chamber, after a lively debate, called upon +the Government to make suitable representations to Saxony.[70] In 1850 a +Commercial Treaty between the United States and Switzerland was signed +at Berne, but the American Senate, on the advice of the President, +refused to ratify it because it discriminated against +non-Christians.[71] This was followed almost immediately by a revival of +the anti-Semitic activity of the Basle police, chiefly at the expense of +French Jews resident in the Canton. The French Government again +protested energetically and insisted on the withdrawal of the police +measures. The demand was sulkily complied with, the Cantonal Government +reserving what they called "the principle."[72] + +In 1855 a new phase of the conflict was opened by the negotiation of two +further Commercial Treaties with Switzerland--one by Great Britain and +the other by the United States--in both of which the invidious +reservations, substantially as in the French Treaty of 1827, were +retained.[73] Some mystery attaches to the circumstances in which these +treaties were signed and ratified,[74] but the probable explanation is +that the Swiss negotiators promised in effect that there should be no +discrimination. This conjecture is confirmed by the action of the +Federal Assembly in the following year, in proposing a modification of +the Constitution by which equal rights should be accorded to the Jews in +all the Cantons. Unfortunately not all the Cantons agreed,[75] and in +1857 American public opinion became much excited at the discovery that +in the Canton of Neufchatel American citizens of the Jewish faith could +not be protected by American passports.[76] From this time until 1861 +the United States took the place of France as the champion of Religious +Liberty in Switzerland, and was strongly supported by Great Britain.[77] +Her efforts, however, were not successful, and it was still reserved for +France to settle the question. + +The opportunity presented itself when in the early sixties, under the +influence of Cobden and Chevalier, France denounced all her Commercial +Treaties. In negotiating the new Treaty with Switzerland she resolutely +set her face against all discriminations, or possibilities of +discrimination, between French citizens on the score of religion. The +result was that she obtained in her new Treaty (June 30, 1864) a form of +article without precedent in instruments of the kind.[78] In place of +"National treatment," French citizens in Switzerland "without +distinction of creed" were assured the same treatment as was accorded to +"Christians."[79] This striking victory was speedily followed by the +abolition of all Jewish disabilities throughout the Confederation.[80] + +A series of more formidable cases of the same kind arose at a later +period out of the disabilities imposed on Jews in Russia. The Powers +mainly affected were the United States and Great Britain. Both had +Treaties of Commerce with Russia, the American Treaty having been +concluded in 1832 and the British in 1859. Both Treaties contained, in +substantially the same form, articles guaranteeing reciprocal "National +treatment" to the subjects of the High Contracting parties. There is, +however, an extraordinary contrast in the interpretation of these +Treaties by the British and American Governments respectively. + +The question first came up for consideration in 1862. Certain British +Jews resident in Warsaw complained that the disabilities imposed upon +native Jews were also imposed upon them, and they appealed to Her +Majesty's Government for protection. Lord John Russell held that the +articles of the Treaty of 1859, by which British subjects in Russia and +Russian subjects in England were to be treated on an equal footing with +the nationals of those countries, did not mean that British Jews in +Russia should be treated as British subjects, but that they should only +have equal treatment with their oppressed co-religionists. He +accordingly declined to seek any relief for the petitioners.[81] The +case gave rise to no controversy, not only because the British and +Russian Governments were at one in their interpretation of the Treaty, +but because the facts were not made public at the time. It proved, +however, a fatal and humiliating precedent. In 1880 a terrible era of +persecution was inaugurated for the Jews of Russia, and it soon reacted +on their foreign brethren visiting the country. Towards the end of the +year a naturalised British Jew named Lewisohn was expelled from St. +Petersburg because he was a Jew, and he invoked the protection of his +Government. Lord Granville, who was then Foreign Secretary, was at first +disposed to regard the expulsion as a violation of the Treaty,[82] but +later on he became acquainted with the precedent of 1862, and he +declined to depart from it.[83] In 1890, at the instance of the Jewish +Conjoint Committee, Lord Salisbury submitted the question to the Law +Officers of the Crown, with the result that the precedent set by Lord +John Russell was confirmed on its merits and not--as in the case of Lord +Granville--_quâ_ precedent only.[84] The last occasion on which an +effort was made to obtain a reversal of this decision was in 1912. The +Conjoint Committee addressed to the Secretary of State, Sir Edward Grey, +an elaborate Memorandum reviewing the history and legal aspects of the +question.[85] The reply was in effect a reaffirmation of the previous +decisions, but the grounds on which it was rested were different. Sir +Edward Grey did not discuss the reasonableness of the established +interpretation, but he pleaded that any departure from it would only +lead to the termination of the Treaty, and that this would serve neither +British nor Jewish interests.[86] + +The dispute with the United States pursued a very different course. In +its earliest stages it was dealt with by minor diplomatic and consular +officials very much in the spirit of Lord John Russell,[87] but when in +1880 the Russian Government began to expel American Jews from St. +Petersburg, the question was taken in hand by the Secretary of State as +one of gravity. It was at once recognised that a religious +discrimination between American citizens could not be tolerated in any +American Treaty. This was quite apart from the question of the legal +interpretation of the Treaty of 1832.[88] That question, however, was +dealt with vigorously by Mr. Blaine in July 1881. He took the broad view +that the intention of the United States in 1832 was not, and could not +have been, that which the Russian Government read into the Treaty, that +the Russian interpretation was indefensible on moral grounds, and that +on such questions local law cannot be permitted to override the express +terms of a Treaty.[89] On this basis the United States patiently sought +a reversal of the Russian view, but without success. The fight lasted +thirty years. Eventually American public opinion became agitated, an +organised movement for the termination of the obnoxious treaty was set +on foot, and in December 1911 the House of Representatives at Washington +sent a strongly worded joint resolution to the Senate declaring that +Russia had violated the Treaty and calling upon the President to +denounce it. The Russian Ambassador in Washington expressed official +disapproval of the resolution, but President Taft acted upon it without +waiting for the Senate, and denounced the Treaty on December 15. +Thereupon the Senate contented itself with a joint resolution approving +the action of the President.[90] + +The question of the status of Jews in foreign lands has also arisen in +Palestine and Morocco. In 1882 the Turkish Government, fearing a Zionist +propaganda, prohibited the settlement of foreign Jews in the Holy Land. +The United States protested, and in 1887 and 1888 similar action was +taken by Great Britain and France. In the following year the +restriction was removed.[91] In the case of Morocco, Great Britain +solved the question in advance by stipulating in her Treaty with that +country, negotiated in 1855, that her Christian, Mohammedan, and Jewish +subjects visiting and residing in Morocco should be treated on an equal +footing.[92] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +ART. XIV.--TREATY OF CARLOWITZ BETWEEN THE EMPEROR AND THE GRAND SULTAN, +_Jan. 26, 1699_.[93] + +XIV. Trade shall be free for the Subjects of both Partys, in all the +Kingdoms and Dominions of both Empires, according to the antient sacred +Capitulations. And that it may be carry'd on by both Partys with Profit +and without Fraud and Deceit, the same shall be settled by Stipulations +between Commissarys deputed on both sides, well vers'd in Merchandize, +at the time of solemn Embassys on both sides, and as has been observ'd +with other Nations in Friendship with the Sublime Empire, so his +Imperial Majesty's subjects of what Nation soever, shall enjoy the +Security and Advantage of Trade in the Kingdoms of the Sublime Empire, +as well as the usual Privileges in a fitting manner. + +("Collection of Treatys of Peace and Commerce," London, 1732, vol. iv. +p. 298.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Austrian Government. Instructions to Police of Lower +Austria, Dec. 28, 1815._ + +"All differences established between Turkish Jews and other subjects of +the Ottoman Porte appear contrary to the spirit of the Treaties. These +speak of 'Turkish subjects' without making any exception. It is +consequently to this quality only that one must have regard, and not in +any case to the religion or profession of individuals." + +(Quoted by M. Carnot in Debate in French Chamber. _Moniteur_, May 29, +1841.) + + * * * * * + +ARTS. I, III AND VI OF FRANCO-SWISS TREATY, MAY 30, 1827. + +Article premier.--Les Français seront reçus et traités, dans chaque +canton de la Confédération, relativement à leurs personnes et à leurs +propriétés, sur le même pied et de la même manière que le sont ou +pourront l'être à l'avenir les ressortissants suisses des autres +cantons. Tout genre d'industrie et de commerce permis aux ressortissants +suisses des divers cantons le sera également aux Français et sans qu'on +puisse exiger d'eux aucune condition pécuniaire ou autre plus onéreuse. +Lorsqu'ils prendront domicile ou formeront un établissement dans les +cantons qui admettent les ressortissants de leurs co-états, ils ne +seront également astreints à aucune autre condition que ces derniers. + +Art. 3.--Les Suisses jouiront en France des mêmes droits et avantages +que l'article premier assure aux Français en Suisse, de telle sorte qu'à +l'égard des cantons qui, sous les rapports spécifiés audit article +premier, traiteront les Français comme leurs propres ressortissants, +ceux-ci seront, sous les mêmes rapports, traités en France comme les +nationaux. Sa Majesté Très Chrétienne garantit aux autres cantons les +mêmes droits et avantages dont ils feront jouir ses sujets. + +Art. 6.--Les Français établis en Suisse, de même que les Suisses établis +en France en vertu du traité de 1803, continueront à jouir des droits +qui leur étaient acquis. Toutes les dispositions de la présente +convention leur seront d'ailleurs applicables. + +(Brisac: "Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France," pp. +10-11.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by French Negotiator. Secret Note to the Swiss Diet, +August 7, 1826._ + +Le premier point qui a paru avoir besoin de quelques éclaircissements +est relatif aux israélites sujets du roi, lesquels, en cette dernière +qualité, pourraient se croire autorisés à réclamer, dans tous les +cantons suisses, le bénéfice de l'article 5 du projet de traité arrêté +entre la commission de la Diète et moi. Je ferai observer à cet égard +que, cet article premier n'accordant aux Français que les droits qui +sont accordés par chaque canton suisse aux ressortissants des autres +cantons, il s'ensuit nécessairement que, dans ceux des cantons où le +domicile et tout nouvel établissement serait interdit, par les lois du +canton souverain, aux individus de la religion de Moïse, les sujets du +roi qui professent cette religion ne sauraient se prévaloir de l'article +en question pour réclamer une exception à la règle générale du canton +suisse. Il est toutefois bien entendu que c'est une conséquence directe +de l'article 6 du projet de traité, que ceux d'entre les israélites +d'origine française qui se seraient établis sur le territoire de la +Confédération sous le régime de l'acte de médiation et en vertu du +traité de 1803, continueront à jouir des droits qui leur étaient acquis. + +(Brisac: _op. cit._, pp. 12-13.) + + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by France (1835). Speech by King Louis Philippe to a +Deputation from the Consistoire Israélite, November 5, 1835._ + +Le roi a répondu: + +"Oui, dans tous les temps j'ai regardé comme injustes et impolitiques +les mesures qui établissaient entre les citoyens d'une même nation des +différences de qualifications sociales fondées sur la diversité des +croyances religieuses. Comme roi j'ai soutenu ce principe, et je vous ai +déjà témoigné plusieurs fois combien j'avais joui qu'il m'eût été +réservé de vous en faire l'application. J'espère qu'elle deviendra +générale, je le désire beaucoup. Je crois que c'est dans l'intérêt bien +entendu de tous les peuples, et la raison doit finir par l'emporter sur +les préjugés, comme l'eau qui tombe goutte à goutte finit par percer le +plus dur rocher. Tels sont au moins mes désirs et mes espérances; mais +je ne puis me mêler de ce qui se passe dans les autres États, à moins +que les intérêts français n'en soient lésés, ainsi que cela est arrivé +dans le canton de Bâle campagne. J'avoue que j'ai été bien aise d'avoir +cette occasion de bien établir que sous mon règne tous les Français +jouissent des mêmes droits et que tous obtiennent la même protection de +la part de mon gouvernement. J'espère que mes efforts ne seront pas +infructueux et que, dans l'affaire même dont vous m'entretenez, le +canton reviendra sur une détermination aussi contraire à nos traités +avec la Suisse qu'à l'esprit du siècle où nous vivons. Pour moi, je suis +heureux d'avoir donné l'exemple de votre complète émancipation, et je +vous remercie de la justice que vous rendez à mes actes et à mes +intentions; je suis bien touché de ce que vous venez de m'exprimer." + +(_Moniteur_, Nov. 12, 1835.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACT FROM FRANCO-SWISS TREATY OF ESTABLISHMENT, _June 30, 1864_. + +"Tous les Français sans distinction de culte seront reçus et traités à +l'avenir dans chacun des Cantons suisses sur le même pied que les +ressortissants chrétiens des autres Cantons." + +(Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 53.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. ANGLO-SWISS TREATY, _September 6, 1855_. + +Article I. The subjects of Her Britannic Majesty shall be admitted to +reside in each of the Swiss Cantons on the same conditions, and on the +same footing, as citizens of the other Swiss Cantons. In the same +manner, Swiss citizens shall be admitted to reside in all the +territories of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on the +same conditions, and on the same footing as British subjects. + +Consequently, the subjects and citizens of either of the two Contracting +Parties shall, provided they conform to the laws of the country, be at +liberty, with their families, to enter, establish themselves, reside, +and remain in any part of the territories of the other. They may hire +and occupy houses and warehouses for the purposes of residence and +commerce, and may exercise, conformably to the laws of the country, any +profession or business, or carry on trade in articles of lawful commerce +by wholesale or retail, and may conduct such trade either in person or +by any brokers or agents whom they may think fit to employ, provided +such brokers or agents shall themselves also fulfil the conditions +necessary for being admitted to reside in the country. They shall not be +subject to any taxes, charges or conditions in respect of residence, +establishment, passports, licences to reside, establish themselves, or +to trade, in respect of permission to exercise their profession, +business, trade, or occupation, greater or more onerous than those which +are or may be imposed upon the subjects or citizens of the country in +which they reside; and they shall, in all these respects, enjoy every +right, privilege, and exemption which is or may be accorded to subjects +or citizens of the country, or to subjects or citizens of the most +favoured nation. + +(Bernhardt, "Handbook of Treaties, &c., relating to Commerce," Lond. +1908, pp. 915-916.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. AMERICAN-SWISS TREATY, _November 6, 1855_. + +Art. I. "The citizens of the United States of America and the citizens +of Switzerland shall be admitted and treated upon a footing of +reciprocal equality in the two countries, where such admission and +treatment shall not conflict with the constitutional or legal +provisions, as well Federal as State and Cantonal, of the contracting +parties. + +(_Pub. Amer. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. xi. p. 15.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by the United States, 1857. Letter from the Assistant +Secretary of State to the Jews of Baltimore._ + +_August 13, 1857._ + +In compliance with your request, I enclose herewith a copy of the treaty +between the United States and Switzerland which was proclaimed in 1855. +It was originally concluded in 1850, but was amended with a view to +avoid some objections which were made on the very subject to which you +refer. In its present form, although it may not remove some +difficulties with reference to those who profess the Israelitish faith, +yet I do not see that it discriminates against this class of our +citizens in any mode whatever. Undoubtedly in some portions of the +Confederation the local laws are less liberal to Israelites than to +others, and this is deeply to be regretted; but the Government of the +United States has no control over the legislation of a foreign State and +can only employ its influence and good offices to relieve the +difficulties which such legislation may impose in any given case. + +JOHN APPLETON. + +(_Ibid._, p. 23.) + + * * * * * + +_Action by the United States, 1861. Instruction to Mr. Fogg, Minister to +Switzerland._ + +_September 14, 1861._ + +SIR,--Among the important instructions addressed to your predecessor are +those concerning the restrictions of certain of the Swiss Cantons +against citizens of the United States professing Judaism--a subject +which received at Mr. Fay's hands a large share of earnest attention and +upon which he addressed the department repeatedly and at much length. It +is very desirable that his efforts to procure the removal of the +restrictions referred to, which, though not completely successful, have +no doubt had much effect in smoothing the way to such a result, should +be followed up by you. You will therefore, after having fully acquainted +yourself with what Mr. Fay has done in the premises and with the views +of the department as expressed to him in the despatches on file in the +Legation, take such steps as you may deem judicious and legal to advance +the benevolent object in question. It is not doubted that further proper +appeals to the justice and liberality of the authorities of the several +Cantons whose laws discriminate against Israelitish citizens of the +United States, will result in a removal of the odious restrictions and a +recognition of the just rights of those citizens. + +WILLIAM H. SEWARD, + +_Secretary of State_. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 47-48.) + + * * * * * + +ART. I. RUSSO-AMERICAN TREATY, _December_ 18, 1832. + +Article I. There shall be between the territories of the high +contracting parties a reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation. + +The inhabitants of their respective states shall mutually have liberty +to enter the ports, places and rivers of each party wherever foreign +commerce is permitted. They shall be at liberty to sojourn and reside in +all parts whatsoever of said territories, in order to attend to their +affairs; and they shall enjoy, to that effect, the same security and +protection as natives of the country wherein they reside, on condition +of submitting to the laws and ordinances there prevailing, and +particularly to the regulations in force concerning commerce. + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," vol. xx. p. 267.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by United States, 1881. Dispatch of Secretary of State +to the American Minister in St. Petersburg._ + +DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, + +_July_ 29, 1881. + +SIR,--...The case would clearly be one in which the obligation of a +treaty is supreme and where the local law must yield. These questions of +the conflict of local law and international treaty stipulations are +among the most common which have engaged the attention of publicists, +and it is their concurrent judgment that where a treaty creates a +privilege for aliens in express terms it cannot be limited by the +operations of domestic law without a serious breach of the good faith +which governs the intercourse of nations. So long as such a conventional +engagement in favor of the citizens in another State exists, the law +governing natives in like cases is manifestly inapplicable. + +I need hardly enlarge on the point that the Government of the United +States concludes its treaties with foreign States for the equal +protection of all classes of American citizens. It can make absolutely +no discrimination between them, whatever be their origin or creed. So +that they abide by the laws at home or abroad it must give them due +protection and expect like protection for them. Any unfriendly or +discriminatory act against them on the part of a foreign power with +which we are at peace would call for our earnest remonstrance, whether a +treaty existed or not. The friendliness of our relations with foreign +nations is emphasized by the treaties we have concluded with them. We +have been moved to enter into such international compacts by +considerations of mutual benefit and reciprocity, by the same +considerations, in short, which have animated the Russian Government +from the time of the noble and tolerant declarations of the Empress +Catherine in 1784 to those of the ukase of 1860. We have looked to the +spirit rather than to the letter of those engagements, and believed that +they should be interpreted in the broadest way; and it is therefore a +source of unfeigned regret to us when a Government, to which we are +allied by so many historical ties as to that of Russia, shows a +disposition in its dealings with us to take advantage of technicalities, +to appeal to the rigid letter and not the reciprocal motive of its +international engagements in justification of the expulsion from its +territories of peaceable American citizens resorting thither under the +good faith of treaties and accused of no wrong-doing or of no violation +of the commercial code of the land, but of the simple adherence to the +faith of their fathers.... + +I can readily conceive that statutes bristling with difficulties remain +unrepealed in the volumes of the law of Russia as well as of other +nations. Even we ourselves have our obsolete "blue laws," and their +literal enforcement, if such a thing were possible, might to-day subject +a Russian of freethinking proclivities, in Maryland or Delaware, to the +penalty of having his tongue bored through with a red-hot iron for +blasphemy. Happily the spirit of progress is of higher authority than +the letter of outworn laws, and statutory enactments are not so +inelastic but that they relax and change with the general advancement of +peoples in the path of tolerance. + +The simple fact that thousands of Israelites to-day pursue their +callings unmolested in St. Petersburg, under the shadow of ancient +proscriptive laws, is in itself an eloquent testimony to the principle +of progress. And so, too, in Spain, where the persecution and expulsion +of the Jews is one of the most notable and deplorable facts in history, +and where the edicts of the earlier sovereigns remain unrepealed, we see +to-day an offer of protection and assured right of domicile made to +Israelites of every race.... + +I had the honor in my letter of the 20th ultimo to Mr. Bartholomey to +acquaint him with the general views of the President in relation to this +matter. + +I cannot better bring this instruction to a close than by repeating and +amplifying those views which the President so firmly holds, and which he +so anxiously desires to have recognized and responded to by the Russian +Government. + +He conceives that the intention of the United States in negotiating the +treaty of December 18, 1832, and the distinct and enlightened reciprocal +engagements then entered into with the Government of Russia, give us +moral ground to expect careful attention to our opinions as to its +rational interpretation in the broadest and most impartial sense; that +he would deeply regret, in view of the gratifying friendliness of the +relations of the two countries which he is so desirous to maintain, to +find that this large national sentiment fails to control the present +issue, or that a narrow and rigid limitation of the construction +possible to the treaty stipulation between the two countries is likely +to be adhered to; that if, after a frank comparison of the views of the +two Governments, in the most amicable spirit and with the most earnest +desire to reach a mutually agreeable conclusion, the treaty stipulations +between the United States and Russia are found insufficient to determine +questions of nationality and tolerance of individual faith, or to secure +to American citizens in Russia the treatment which Russians receive in +the United States, it is simply due to the good relations of the two +countries that the stipulations should be made sufficient in these +regards; and we can look for no clearer evidence of the good will which +Russia professes toward us than a frank declaration of her readiness to +come to a distinct agreement with us on these points in an earnest and +generous spirit. + +I have observed that in your conferences on this subject heretofore with +the minister of foreign affairs, as reported in your dispatches, you +have on some occasions given discreet expression to the feelings of +sympathy and gratification with which this Government and people regard +any steps taken in foreign countries in the direction of a liberal +tolerance analogous to that which forms the fundamental principle of our +national existence. Such expressions were natural on your part and +reflected a sentiment which we all feel. But in making the President's +views known to the minister I desire that you will carefully subordinate +such sentiments to the simple consideration of what is conscientiously +believed to be due to our citizens in foreign lands. You will distinctly +impress upon him that, regardful of the sovereignty of Russia, we do not +submit any suggestions touching the laws and customs of the Empire +except where those laws and customs conflict with and destroy the rights +of American citizens as assured by treaty obligations. + +You can further advise him that we can make no new treaty with Russia +nor accept any construction of our existing treaty which shall +discriminate against any class of American citizens on account of their +religious faith. + +I cannot but feel assured that this earnest presentation of the views of +this Government will accord with the sense of justice and equity of that +of Russia and that the questions at issue will soon find their natural +solution in harmony with the noble spirit of tolerance which pervaded +the ukase of the Empress Catherine a century ago, and with the +statesmanlike declaration of the principle of reciprocity found in the +late decree of the Czar Alexander II in 1860. + +You may read this dispatch to the minister for foreign affairs, and +should he desire a copy you will give it to him. + +JAMES G. BLAINE. + +("For. Relat. of the U.S.," 1881, pp. 1030 _et seq._) + + + * * * * * + + +DENUNCIATION BY UNITED STATES, 1911. + +_Resolution of the House of Representatives, December 13, 1911._ + +Resolved, etc., That the people of the United States assert as a +fundamental principle that the rights of its citizens shall not be +impaired at home or abroad because of race or religion; that the +Government of the United States concludes its treaties for the equal +protection of all classes of its citizens, without regard to race or +religion; that the Government of the United States will not be a party +to any treaty which discriminates, or which by one of the parties +thereto is so construed as to discriminate, between American citizens on +the ground of race or religion; that the Government of Russia has +violated the treaty between the United States and Russia, concluded at +St. Petersburg, December 18, 1832, refusing to honor American passports +duly issued to American citizens, on account of race and religion; that +in the judgment of the Congress the said treaty, for the reasons +aforesaid, ought to be terminated at the earliest possible time; that +for the aforesaid reasons the said treaty is hereby declared to be +terminated and of no further force and effect from the expiration of one +year after the date of notification to the Government of Russia of the +terms of this resolution, and that to this end the President is hereby +charged with the duty of communicating such notice to the Government of +Russia. + +("Congressional Record," xlviii. 280, 304-305.) + + * * * * * + +_Resolution of the Senate, December 20, 1911._ + +Whereas the treaty of commerce and navigation between the United States +and Russia concluded on the 18th day of December, 1832, provides in +Article XII thereof that it "shall continue in force until the first day +of January in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and +thirty-nine, and if one year before that day one of the high contracting +parties shall not have announced to the other by an official +notification its intention to arrest the operation thereof this treaty +shall remain obligatory one year beyond that day, and so on until the +expiration of the year which shall commence after the date of a similar +notification"; and + +Whereas on the 17th day of December, 1911, the President caused to be +delivered to the Imperial Russian Government by the American Ambassador +at St. Petersburg an official notification on behalf of the Government +of the United States announcing intention to terminate the operation of +this treaty upon the expiration of the year commencing on the 1st day of +January 1912; and + +Whereas said treaty is no longer responsive in various respects to the +political principles and commercial needs of the two countries; and + +Whereas the constructions placed thereon by the respective contracting +parties differ upon matters of fundamental importance and interest to +each; Therefore be it + +Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States +of America in Congress assembled, That the notice thus given by the +President of the United States to the Government of the Empire of Russia +to terminate said treaty in accordance with the terms of the Treaty is +hereby adopted and ratified. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 493-522.) + + * * * * * + +ARTS. I AND XI, ANGLO-RUSSIAN TREATY, _January 12, 1859_. + +Article I. There shall be between all the dominions and possessions of +the two High Contracting Parties, reciprocal freedom of commerce and +navigation. The subjects of each of the two Contracting Parties, +respectively, shall have liberty freely and securely to come, with their +ships and cargoes, to all places, ports and rivers in the dominions and +possessions of the other, to which other foreigners are or may be +permitted to come; and shall, throughout the whole extent of the +dominions and possessions of the other, enjoy the same rights, +privileges, liberties, favours, immunities and exemptions in matters of +commerce and navigation, which are or may be enjoyed by native subjects +generally. + +It is understood, however, that the preceding stipulations in no wise +affect the laws, decrees, and special regulations regarding commerce, +industry, and police, in vigour in each of the two countries, and +generally applicable to all foreigners. + +Article XI. The subjects of either of the two High Contracting Parties, +conforming themselves to the laws of the country, shall have:-- + +1. Full liberty, with their families, to enter, travel, or reside in any +part of the dominions and possessions of the other Contracting Party. + +2. They shall be permitted, in the towns and ports, to hire or possess +the houses, warehouses, shops and premises, which may be necessary for +them. + +3. They may carry on their commerce, either in person or by any agents +whom they may think fit to employ. + +4. They shall not be subject, in respect of their persons or property, +or in respect of passports, licences for residence or establishment, nor +in respect of their commerce or industry, to any taxes, whether general +or local, nor to imposts or obligations of any kind whatever, other or +greater than those which are or may be imposed upon native subjects. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, pp. 721, 724-725.) + + + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1862 and 1881. Despatch from Lord +Granville to H.B.M. Ambassador at St. Petersburg._ + +_Earl Granville to Sir E. Thornton._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_December 28th, 1881_. + +SIR,--In my preceding despatch of to-day I have discussed the question +whether Mr. Lewisohn, in the arbitrary expulsion from Russia to which he +was subjected in September of last year, was treated in accordance with +the Russian law as applied to foreign Jews. It now remains to be +considered whether Her Majesty's Government are entitled to claim for a +British subject of the Jewish faith immunity from the operation of these +laws, under the Treaty between Great Britain and Russia of 1859. + +It will be seen that Article I of that Treaty secures to foreigners the +same rights as are enjoyed by native subjects generally, but the +stipulations of that Article are not to affect the laws, decrees, and +special regulations regarding commerce, industry and police in vigour in +each of the two countries, and applicable to foreigners generally; and +again, by Article XI, they are not to be subjected to imposts or +obligations of any kind whatever other and greater than those which are +or may be imposed on native subjects. + +The Treaty is no doubt open to two possible constructions: the one, that +it only assures to British subjects of any particular creed the same +privileges as are enjoyed by Russian subjects of the same creed; the +other that the privileges accorded to British subjects are accorded to +all alike, without regard to the religious body to which they belong. + +If the latter construction be adopted, British Jews in Russia would be +entitled to be relieved from the disabilities to which native Jews are +liable, but such a construction would also involve the supposition that +Russia had agreed to create a state of things inconsistent with the +traditions of her Government, which could not fail to be a source of +embarrassment to her. + +Upon an examination of the archives of this Department, it has been +found that the position of the Jews in Russia formed the subject of a +complaint from certain British subjects of that religion at Warsaw in +1862, and that Her Majesty's Government then came to the conclusion that +they would not be justified in claiming exemption for British Jews in +Russia from disabilities to which their Russian co-religionists were +liable by law. + +On that occasion Earl Russell informed Lord Napier, then Her Majesty's +Ambassador at St. Petersburgh, that the effect of the 1st and 11th +Articles of the Treaty was to place British subjects on the footing of +Russian subjects before the law, each class being alike, and one not +more than the other amenable to all general laws applicable in like +cases; that as Russian subjects, being Jews, incurred certain +disabilities, the equality intended and provided for by the Treaty was +not infringed by British subjects who were Jews and resident in Russia +sharing the same disabilities. The despatch went on to say that it would +seem to be beyond the scope and general intent of a Treaty of Commerce +and Navigation if it were to be held to repeal in the persons of +foreigners the legal disabilities to which, for reasons of general State +policy, particular classes of individual natives of the country had been +subjected, and it was hardly to be supposed that such an interpretation +would be accepted or adopted by an independent Government as against +itself. + +Her Majesty's Government feel that they cannot now insist upon a +construction of the Treaty at variance with that which was placed upon +it in 1862. + +I am, &c., + +GRANVILLE. + +("Parl. Paper, Russia," No. 4 (1881), p. 21.) + + * * * * * + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1891. Letter from the Marquis of +Salisbury to Sir Julian Goldsmid._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_January 29th, 1891_. + +SIR,--With reference to the letter from this office of the 16th ultimo +and to previous correspondence respecting the position of British Jews +in Russia, I am directed by the Marquis of Salisbury to inform you that +the question has been fully considered in communication with the Law +Officers of the Crown. + +Her Majesty's Government are advised that, so long as the disabilities +to which British and Russian Jews are subjected are substantially the +same, it is not open to Her Majesty's Government to depart from the +interpretation of Treaties laid down in Lord Granville's despatch of +December 28, 1881. + +You will find a copy of this despatch on page 21 of the Parliamentary +Paper "Russia No. 4, 1881." + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient, humble Servant, + +T. H. SANDERSON. + + * * * * * + + +SIR J. GOLDSMID, BART., M.P. + +_Interpretation by Great Britain, 1912. Letter from Sir Edward Grey to +the Conjoint Committee._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_October 1st, 1912_. + +GENTLEMEN,--Secretary Sir E. Grey has had under his careful +consideration your Memorial of August 2nd last on the subject of the +grievances caused by the restrictions imposed in Russia on British +subjects of the Jewish faith in regard to the interpretation of Articles +I and XI of the Treaty of Commerce between this country and Russia of +January 12th, 1859. + +I am to inform you that, inasmuch as the construction which should be +placed on the Articles of the Treaty was carefully considered by His +Majesty's Government in 1862, and again in 1881, His Majesty's +Government would not now be able to reverse the decision then arrived +at, and that an attempt to do so, or to interpret and utilise the Treaty +in a sense contrary to the spirit of that decision, would only lead to +its termination by formal notice as provided for by the Treaty at the +end of twelve months. Such result would in no way advance the interests +of those whom you represent, and would in other respects be +disadvantageous to British interests. Sir E. Grey, therefore, regrets +that he is unable to approach the Russian Government in the sense +desired. + +I am, Gentlemen, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +EYRE A. CROWE. + +THE CONJOINT JEWISH COMMITTEE, + +19 FINSBURY CIRCUS, E.C. + +("Annual Report, Board of Deputies, 1912," pp. 81-82.) + + * * * * * + +ART. XIII. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY, _December 9, 1856_. + +Article XIII. All British subjects, whether Mahometans, Jews, or +Christians, shall alike enjoy all the rights and privileges granted by +the present Treaty and the Convention of Commerce and Navigation which +has also been concluded this day, or which shall at any time be granted +to the most favoured nation. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, p. 561.) + + * * * * * + + + * * * * * + +(_b_) CONSULAR PROTECTION. + +Besides natural born and naturalised Jewish subjects of intervening +States, there is another class of Jews on whose behalf protective +interventions have been exercised on grounds of right. These are native +Jews who for one reason or another have acquired Consular Protection +under the Capitulations and other exterritorial privileges enjoyed by +foreign States in Oriental and semi-barbarous countries. The origin of +this protection has already been briefly described.[94] + + * * * * * + +The exact national status of the persons on whom it is conferred is not +easy to define, but in the Foreign Jurisdiction Orders in Council they +are assimilated with "British subjects" so far as British exterritorial +jurisdiction is concerned,[95] and this roughly has been the practice of +all States exercising Consular Protection. + +The system lent itself easily to abuse and fraud, chiefly because +exterritoriality in the countries in which it was exercised generally +carried with it immunity not only from arbitrary exactions but also from +ordinary taxation. Moreover, in the case of native Jews who often +suffered from Moslem fanaticism--chiefly in Morocco and Persia--Consular +Protection was exercised from motives of humanity, and for that purpose +more or less fictitious qualifications were found for them. We get a +curious glimpse of the loose way in which Consular Protection was +granted from the Anglo-Turkish Treaty of 1809. Under the Capitulations +(Arts. LIX and LX) native interpreters and servants of the Embassy were +free of taxes and indeed of Turkish jurisdiction generally. By the +Treaty of 1809 (Art. IX) it was agreed that in future the _berats_ of +interpreters should not issue to "artizans, shopkeepers, bankers and +other persons not acting as interpreters."[96] Owing to this stipulation +and the sensitiveness of the Porte in regard to its jurisdiction over +its own subjects, irregular Protections were discontinued in Turkey. +This, however, was not a source of serious grievance to Jews, as on the +whole they have been extremely well treated in the Ottoman Empire. + +It is not generally known--and the fact may prove of peculiar importance +at the present moment--that all Russian Jews settled in Palestine are, +on certain conditions, entitled to claim British protection and so much +of the status of British subjects as this privilege implies. In 1849, +when there was a considerable influx of Russian Jews into Jerusalem, the +Russian Government, having no Consul in the city and for other reasons, +desired to get rid of the responsibility of protecting them. Accordingly +an arrangement was arrived at between the British and Russian +authorities permitting such Jews, on receiving papers of dismissal from +their Russian allegiance from the Vice-Consul at Jaffa, to register at +the British Consulate as British protégés. A large number availed +themselves of the privilege. There is nothing to show that the Agreement +of 1849 was ever cancelled.[97] + +In Morocco the Consular Protection System affected Jews more closely +than in Turkey. It was for many years their sole protection against the +oppressions of the Bashaws and the cruel fanaticism of the people, and +on this ground there was much to be said for its so-called abuses and +irregularities. The right of protection seems to have been derived from +a very loosely worded article of the Anglo-Moorish Treaty of 1728, +granting immunity from taxation to all the native servants of British +subjects, whether Moors or Jews.[98] This Treaty was abrogated by the +general Treaty of 1856 (Article XXXVIII) and a more definite scope was +given to British Consular jurisdiction (Article III), but in a Treaty of +Commerce signed on the same day, it was expressly stipulated (Article +IV) that native agents employed by British subjects "shall be treated +and regarded as other subjects of the Moorish dominions."[99] +Nevertheless, the old abuses continued in virtue of the "Most favoured +nation" clause,[100] and a very large number of native Jews received +protection at the hands of the Consuls of all the Powers, partly on +account of their usefulness and partly on account of the insecurity of +their lives and property under the Moorish authorities. + +It was, however, difficult to restrain Moorish fanaticism, and the +Consuls were frequently called upon to protect their Jewish protégés or +to avenge outrages of which they became victims.[101] + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +PROTECTION OF RUSSIAN JEWS IN PALESTINE.--THE AGREEMENT OF 1849. + +_Earl Russell to the Jewish Board of Deputies._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_February 1st, 1864_. + +SIR,--I am directed by Earl Russell to acknowledge the receipt of your +two letters of the 29th of December and 22nd inst., in the former of +which you enclose a Memorial to His Lordship from the Jews of Safed and +Tiberias, praying that they may again be placed under British +protection, of which they assert that they were deprived by Mr. Consul +Finn under the circumstances stated by them. + +I am now to state to you in reply for the information of the +Memorialists that Her Majesty's Government have every disposition to +give effect to the arrangements which were made with the Russian Consul +General in 1849, namely to afford British protection to those Jews who, +having declined to return to Russia, have divested themselves of their +Russian Nationality, and so forfeited the protection to which _primâ +facie_ they were entitled to look. But I am to add that it must be +distinctly understood that this can only be done by the production on +the part of the individual seeking British protection of the formal +letter of Dismissal from the Russian Consulate, shewing that he has been +cast off from Russian protection, and would thus be left otherwise +unprotected. If he can produce no such letter, Her Majesty's Consular +Officers will not be entitled to grant to such individual British +protection. + +Mr. Finn acted erroneously in originally supposing that British +protection could be granted to Russian Jews without the production of +formal letters of dismissal, and it was in consequence of instructions +from Her Majesty's Government that he withdrew British Consular +protection from those persons who could not produce such letters. Lord +Russell, however, is of opinion that Mr. Finn has shewn satisfactorily +that his good offices have nevertheless not unfrequently been extended +to the Jewish Communities at Safed and Tiberias, and that they have no +just reason to complain of him. + +A delay has been occasioned in answering your first letter by the +necessity of communicating with Mr. Finn and of making other inquiries +with regard to the statements contained in the Memorial. + +I am, Sir, + +Your most obedient humble Servant, + +I. HAMMOND. + +J. M. MONTEFIORE, ESQ., + +4 GT. STANHOPE ST., MAYFAIR. + +(Minute Books of Board of Deputies, 1864.) + + +ART. III. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY _of January 14, 1727-8_. + +III. That the Menial Servants of his Britannic Majesty's Subjects, the +Natives of the Country, either Moors or Jews, be exempt from Taxes of +all kinds. + +("A General Collection of Treaties" (1732), iv. 458.) + + * * * * * + +ART. III. ANGLO-MOORISH GENERAL TREATY _of December 9, 1856_. + +EXTRACT. + +Article III....The British Chargé d'Affaires shall be at liberty to +choose his own interpreters and servants, either from the Mussulmans or +others, and neither his interpreters nor servants shall be compelled to +pay any capitation tax, forced contribution, or other similar or +corresponding charge. With respect to the Consuls or Vice-Consuls who +shall reside at the ports under the orders of the said Chargé +d'Affaires, they shall be at liberty to choose one interpreter, one +guard, and two servants, either from the Mussulmans or others; and +neither the interpreter, nor the guard, nor their servants, shall be +compelled to pay any capitation tax, forced contribution, or other +similar or corresponding charge. If the said Chargé d'Affaires should +appoint a subject of the Sultan of Morocco as Vice-Consul at a Moorish +port, the said Vice-Consul, and those members of his family who may +dwell within his house, shall be respected, and exempted from the +payment of any capitation tax, or other similar or corresponding charge; +but the said Vice-Consul shall not take under his protection any subject +of the Sultan of Morocco except the members of his family dwelling under +his roof. + +(Bernhardt: _op. cit._, p. 556.) + + * * * * * + +ART. IV. ANGLO-MOORISH TREATY OF COMMERCE _of December 9, 1856_. + +EXTRACT. + +Article IV. The subjects of Her Britannic Majesty within the dominions +of His Majesty the Sultan shall be free to manage their own affairs +themselves, or to commit those affairs to the management of any persons +whom they may appoint as their broker, factor or agent; nor shall such +British subjects be restrained in their choice of persons to act in such +capacities; nor shall they be called upon to pay any salary or +remuneration to any person whom they shall not choose to employ; but +those persons who shall be thus employed, and who are subjects of the +Sultan of Morocco, shall be treated and regarded as other subjects of +the Moorish dominions. + +(_Ibid._ p. 573.) + + + * * * * * + + +FRANCO-MOORISH "RÈGLEMENT" REGARDING PROTECTION, _August 19, 1863_. + +EXTRACTS. + +La protection est individuelle et temporaire. + +Elle ne s'applique pas en général aux parents de l'individu protégé. + +Elle ne peut s'appliquer à sa famille, c'est-à-dire à la femme et aux +enfants demeurant sous le même toit. + +Elle est tout au plus viagère, jamais héréditaire, sauf la seule +exception admise en faveur de la famille Benchimol, qui, de père en +fils, a fourni et fournit des censaux interprètes au port de Tanger. + +Les protégés se divisent en deux catégories: + +La première catégorie comprend les indigènes employés par la Légation et +par les différentes Autorités consulaires. + +La seconde catégorie se compose des facteurs, courtiers ou agents +indigènes employés par les négociants français pour leurs affaires de +commerce.... + +Le nombre des courtiers indigènes jouissant de la protection française +est limité à deux par maison de commerce. Par exception, les maisons de +commerce qui ont des comptoirs dans différents ports pourront avoir des +courtiers attachés à chacun de ces comptoirs et jouissant à ce titre de +la protection française.... + +Il est entendu, que les cultivateurs, gardiens de troupeaux ou autres +paysans indigènes au service des Français ne pourront être l'objet de +poursuites judiciaires sans que l'Autorité consulaire compétente en soit +immédiatement informée, afin que celle-ci puisse sauvegarder l'intérêt +de ses nationaux.... + +(De Card: "Les Traités entre la France et le Maroc" (Paris, 1898), pp. +221-22.) + + * * * * * + + +(_c_) THE CONFERENCES OF MADRID (1800) AND ALGECIRAS (1906). + +Through the efforts of the British Minister at Tangier, Sir John +Drummond Hay, who had negotiated the Treaties of 1856 and who was +strongly opposed to the abuses of the Protection system, a Conference of +the Powers and other interested States was held at Madrid in 1880 with +the object of introducing reforms.[102] A new Convention, containing a +few fresh restrictions, was agreed upon, but, as a matter of fact, the +Conference was a failure, owing to the reluctance of France to abandon a +system which gave her an advantage against Great Britain in promoting +her influence in Morocco.[103] For obvious reasons, Jewish influence +was also largely used to the same end. The Jewish factor of the problem +came out very prominently in the debates of the Conference. All the +protégés referred to by name were Jews, such as the families of +Benchimol, Moses Nahon, David Buzaglo, and Isaac Toledano.[104] One of +the few reforms carried out by the Conference was the abolition of +hereditary protection. An exception was, however, made in the case of +the Jewish family of Benchimol, whose rights in this respect had been +guaranteed in the Convention of 1863 with France, and a special +reservation to this effect was inserted in the new Treaty.[105] + +The Conference also dealt with the general questions of Religious +Liberty in Morocco and of the treatment of native Jews. In 1864 Sir +Moses Montefiore, as President of the Jewish Board of Deputies and with +the support of the British Government, had undertaken a mission to +Morocco in order to secure an improvement in the treatment of the +non-Mohammedan population, and more particularly the Jews. He succeeded +in obtaining from the Sultan a remarkable Edict assuring to the Jews a +perfect equality of treatment with all the other subjects of the +Sultan.[106] This Edict had not been observed, and, at the instance of +the Pope, the Madrid Conference adopted a Declaration calling upon the +Shereefian Government to give effect to it and at the same time to +assure Religious Liberty to all its subjects. The result was to extract +from the Sultan a formal reaffirmation of the Montefiore Edict.[107] + +A similar course was pursued by the Conference which met at Algeciras in +1906 to consider the Moorish question in its wider political aspects. +The intervening quarter of a century had been as barren of reforms as +the period which elapsed between the granting of the Edict of 1864 and +the meeting of the Madrid Conference. The maltreatment of the Jews had +continued, and had been the subject of frequent complaints by the +Alliance Israélite, the Anglo-Jewish Association, and the American +Jewish Committee, and of remonstrances by their respective Governments. +Accordingly at the instance of the United States Government, the +question was brought before the Algeciras Conference, and, at the +sitting of that body on April 2, 1906, a resolution was adopted, again +calling upon the Sultan of Morocco to see "that the Jews of his Empire +and all his subjects, without distinction of faith, were treated with +justice and equality."[108] + +No steps, however, were taken to enforce this resolution, and it was not +even made a treaty obligation. That, however, was of little consequence, +for, very shortly after, the Moorish Empire virtually disappeared, and a +French Protectorate was proclaimed. The Jews of Morocco are now in the +same situation as their brethren in Algiers and Tunis, which, however, +is not to say that it is entirely satisfactory. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE MADRID CONFERENCE (1880). + +_Protocole No. 3.--Séance du 20 Mai, 1880._ + +Sur la question de la protection héréditaire, le Plénipotentiaire de +France rappelle que la Convention de 1863 accorde formellement cette +protection à la famille Benchimol. Les raisons qui ont motivé cette +exception ont été dûment appreciées à cette époque par le Gouvernement +Marocain; elles ont conservé toute leur force, et il est impossible au +Gouvernement Français d'abandonner une famille qui jouit depuis 17 ans +de la plus juste considération. Il demande le maintien de cette +exception si légitime. + +Le Plénipotentiaire du Portugal, tout en maintenant dans toute son +étendue le droit au traitement de la nation la plus favorisée, reconnu +toujours au Portugal et récemment encore lors des Ambassades spéciales +envoyées par sa Majesté Chérifienne en 1875 et 1877, admet que la France +puisse alléguer des motifs spéciaux en faveur d'une exception qui, selon +lui, n'invalide pas le principe. Il accepte donc sans reserve que la +protection ne soit pas héréditaire, avec l'exception unique établi +nominativement dans la Convention de 1863. Seulement pour le cas où le +Gouvernement Marocain accorderait par la suite d'autres exceptions de +cette nature, il réserverait le droit du Gouvernement Portugais de +réclamer une exception analogue. + +Pareille réserve est faite par les autres Plénipotentiaires. + +"La protection n'est point héréditaire. Une seule exception est +maintenue en faveur de la famille Benchimol, comme étant établie dans la +Convention de 1863; mais elle ne saurait créer un précédent. Cependant +si le Souverain du Maroc accordait une autre exception, toutes les +Puissances représentées à la Conférence auraient le droit de réclamer +une exception pareille." + + * * * * * + +_Protocole No. 11.--Séance du 24 Juin, 1880._ + +Le Plénipotentiaire d'Italie demande la parole, et s'exprime en ces +termes:-- + +"...L'Italie a toujours maintenu inaltérable son droit consuétudinaire +sans jamais en abuser. En effet, en examinant le chiffre de 108, auquel +montent ses protégés, on trouvera que 11 seulement sont protégés en +vertu du droit consuétudinaire. + +"Six sont d'anciens Vice-Consuls et interprètes des États Italiens +composant actuellement le Royaume d'Italie. Le nombre de ceux qui ont +rendu ainsi des services à l'Italie est de six et non d'un seul (M. +Moses Nahon), comme M. le Ministre des Affaires Etrangères du Maroc +avait cru pouvoir l'affirmer dans la séance du 19 Juillet, 1879, des +Conférences de Tanger. + +"La veuve David Buzaglo et ses deux fils composent la famille d'un Agent +Diplomatique Italien, et jouisse à ce titre de la protection. + +"La veuve Isaac Toldano et 8 autres personnes appartiennent à la famille +de Joseph Toldano, Interprète de la Légation d'Italie, famille qui +jusqu'à présent a joui de la protection héréditaire comme la famille +Benchimol, protégée par la France." + +("Brit. and For. State Papers," lxxi. 825-826, 872, 873-874.) + + * * * * * + +ART. VI. TREATY OF MADRID, _July 6, 1880_.[109] + +VI. La protection s'étend sur la famille du protégé. Sa demeure est +respectée. + +Il est entendu que la famille ne se compose que de la femme, des +enfants, et des parents mineurs qui habitent sous le même toit. + +La protection n'est pas héréditaire. Une seule exception, déjà établie +par la Convention de 1863, et qui ne saurait créer un précédent, est +maintenue en faveur de la famille Benchimol. + +Cependant, si le Sultan du Maroc accordait une autre exception, chacune +des Puissances Contractantes aurait le droit de réclamer une concession +semblable. + +(_Ibid._, pp. 641-642.) + + + * * * * * + + +THE MONTEFIORE EDICT, 1864. + +In the Name of God, the Merciful and Gracious. There is no power but in +God, the High and Mighty. + +Be it known by this our Royal Edict--may God exalt and bless its purport +and elevate the same to the high heavens, as he does the sun and +moon!--that it is our command, that all Jews residing within our +dominions, be the condition in which the Almighty God has placed them +whatever it may, shall be treated by our Governors, Administrators, and +all other subjects, in manner conformable with the evenly balanced +scales of Justice, and that in the administration of the Courts of Law +they (the Jews) shall occupy a position of perfect equality with all +other people; so that not even a fractional portion of the smallest +imaginable particle of injustice shall reach any of them, nor shall they +be subjected to anything of an objectionable nature. Neither they (the +Authorities) nor any one else shall do them (the Jews) wrong, whether to +their persons or to their property. Nor shall any tradesman among them, +or artizan, be compelled to work against his will. The work of everyone +shall be duly recompensed, for injustice here is injustice in Heaven, +and we cannot countenance it in any matter affecting either their (the +Jews') rights or the rights of others, our own dignity being itself +opposed to such a course. All persons in our regard have an equal claim +to justice; and if any person should wrong or injure one of them (the +Jews), we will, with the help of God, punish him. + +The commands hereinbefore set forth had been given and made known before +now; but we repeat them, and add force to them, in order that they may +be more clearly understood, and more strictly carried into effect, as +well as serve for a warning to such as may be evilly disposed towards +them (the Jews), and that the Jews shall thus enjoy for the future more +security than heretofore, whilst the fear to injure them shall be +greatly increased. + +This Decree, blessed by God, is promulgated on the 26th of Shaban, 1280 +(15 February 1864). Peace! + +(Loewe, "Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore," vol. ii. p. 153.) + + * * * * * + +FURTHER EXTRACT FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE MADRID CONFERENCE (1880). + +_Protocole No. 12.--Séance du 26 Juin, 1880._ + +Le Président observe que la Conférence, ayant accompli, et au delà, la +tâche qu'elle s'était proposée, est à la veille de se dissoudre. Mais il +doit porter à la connaissance de ses membres, avant qu'ils ne se +séparent, une communication importante qui a été adressée par le +Saint-Siège au Gouvernement de Sa Majesté Catholique. + +M. Canovas del Castillo donne lecture de la production suivante d'une +lettre, en date du 4 Mai, 1880, qu'il a reçue de son Eminence le +Cardinal Nina: + +"EXCELLENCE,--Le Saint-Père, obéissant au devoirs de sa mission +apostolique, ne peut que mettre à profit toutes les occasions qui se +présentent de veiller aux intérêts du Catholicisme, sur n'importe quel +point du globe. Ayant appris que dans le courant de ce mois un Congrès +Diplomatique doit se réunir sous votre présidence pour s'occuper des +affaires du Maroc, Sa Sainteté, tout en reconnaissant que parmi les +questions qui seront soumises à la délibération de la Conférence, celle +qui se rapporte à la liberté religieuse dans l'Empire Marocain n'a pas +été particulièrement désignée, croit cependant que rien n'interdirait +aux Plénipotentiaires réunis à Madrid de porter leur attention sur un +sujet si important pour le bienêtre des habitants du Maroc, quand même +il ne serait considéré qu'au point de vue matériel. + +"Il n'est point douteux que, de même qu'au dernier Congrès de Berlin les +appels faits par mon illustre prédécesseur, le Cardinal Franchi, aux +Représentants de la France et de l'Autriche, MM. Waddington et Andrássy, +eurent pour résultat de faire accueillir et voter, avec l'approbation +générale, les demandes de Sa Sainteté relatives à la liberté de la +religion Catholique pour les sujets de la Sublime Porte et des États qui +l'avoisinent, de même la proposition que je fais en ce moment trouvera +un accueil non moins favorable de la part des dignes Représentants à la +veille de se réunir dans la capitale d'une nation si dévouée au +Saint-Siège, et liée par tant d'intérêts à l'Empire du Maroc. D'autre +part, il n'est pas permis de présumer que le Gouvernement Marocain, uni +par un lien si étroit au Représentant suprême de l'Islamisme, puisse se +réfuser à suivre l'exemple qui lui a été offert par l'adhésion de +l'Empereur des Ottomans aux Articles stipulés dans le Congrès de Berlin, +lorsque la Conférence qui va se réunir lui proposera d'adopter une +résolution analogue. + +"Obéissant à ces considérations, le Saint-Père m'a chargé de m'adresser +à votre Excellence, digne Président de l'Assemblée, et de faire appel, +en son nom Pontifical, à ses sentiments comme Catholique et comme +Espagnol, afin quelle veuille bien se charger de proposer et de défendre +au sein du Congrès la proposition sus-indiquée, qui porte que les sujets +du Sultan, ainsi que les étrangers, jouiront au Maroc du libre exercice +du culte Catholique, sans que par ce motif ils aient à souffrir tort ou +préjudice dans leurs droits civils ou politiques. + +"Le Saint-Père ne méconnait point les obstacles qu'oppose l'état actuel +du Maroc à la réalisation de cette liberté; mais ces obstacles, loin de +décourager, doivent stimuler les c[oe]urs généreux qui n'envisagent que +la grandeur du but à atteindre. + +"Du reste, une fois que le Gouvernement Marocain aura accepté le +principe en question, et pris vis-à-vis des Puissances étrangères +l'engagement de s'y conformer, si ces Puissances, d'accord avec +l'Espagne, dont les relations avec le Maroc présentent un caractère tout +spécial, voulaient prendre une attitude semblable à celle qu'elles ont +adoptée en Orient, on pourrait avec raison espérer que le progrès de la +civilisation améneraient bientôt, par des voies pacifiques, le libre +exercice du culte Catholique dans ces régions Africaines. + +"En me conformant aux ordres de l'auguste Pontife, je dois en même temps +vous faire savoir que le Saint-Père est animé d'une conviction intime +que vous répondrez à son appel paternel et que les Représentants des +autres Puissances seconderont vos efforts, en accueillant avec faveur +une demande conforme aux principes aujourd'hui admis du droit public +international. + +"Le Saint-Père croit également qu'en agissant ainsi, votre Excellence +répondra aux sentiments bien connus de Sa Majesté le Roi, son auguste +Souverain, en faveur de notre sainte religion. + +Je saisis, &c., + +"L. CARD. NINA. + +"A son Excellence M. CANOVAS DEL CASTILLO." + +M. Cánovas del Castillo a eu l'honneur de répondre à Mgr. le Nonce +Apostolique à Madrid, avec lequel il s'est entretenu à ce sujet, que le +Plénipotentiaire d'Espagne était prêt à présenter, et à appuyer au sein +de la Conférence, la proposition du Saint-Siège, aussitôt qu'il serait +avéré que les Représentants des autres Puissances pourraient consentir à +traiter des questions en dehors de celles qui avaient motivé leur +réunion; il devrait, en particulier, consulter son collègue le +Représentant de la Grande-Bretagne, dont le Gouvernement a pris +l'initiative de la convocation des Plénipotentiaires, sur l'opportunité +qu'il y aurait à saisir la Conférence de cette proposition. M. Cánovas a +ajouté que, si la Conférence admettait en principe la possibilité de +traiter des questions étrangères au but déterminé qu'elle s'était +proposé, le Plénipotentiaire d'Espagne tiendrait à honneur de remplir la +mission que le Saint-Siège daignait lui confier, et qu'il était persuadé +que la communication du Saint-Père serait accueillie, en ce cas, avec +toute la déférence due à sa haute origine. + +Il a rappelé en même temps que le Traité de 1861 assure la liberté +religieuse aux Catholiques Espagnols au Maroc, et que d'autre part le +Traité Anglais de 1856 stipulait également, pour les sujets +Britanniques, le libre exercice de leur culte. + +Ayant acquis postérieurement la conviction que les Plénipotentiaires +sont disposés à examiner cette question, le Président estime que la +Conférence devra faire une déclaration érigeant en règle générale le +principe que le Maroc a déjà admis par des Traités. + +Le Plénipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie prend alors la parole, et dit que +le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté Impériale et Royale Apostolique, à la +suite d'une démarche analogue du Saint-Siège, a pu s'assurer, de son +côté que les autres Cabinets seraient, en effet, disposés à se joindre à +un v[oe]u comme celui dont vient de prendre l'initiative le Président de +la Conférence, pourvu que ce v[oe]u fut exprimé en faveur de tous les +habitants non-Musulmans du Maroc, et que la Conférence recommandât en +même temps à la sagesse du Sultan du Maroc l'abolition des incapacités +qui pèsent encore sur certaines classes de ses sujets en raison de leurs +croyances. + +C'est dans ce sens, et pour donner une forme plus précise à ce v[oe]u, +que M. le Comte Ludolf a été chargé de préparer le projet d'Adresse au +Souverain du Maroc qu'il a l'honneur de soumettre à la Conférence. + +Le Plénipotentiaire d'Autriche-Hongrie donne lecture du document en ces +termes:-- + +"La Conférence, au moment de se dissoudre, informée par son Président de +la demande exprimée en faveur de l'Église Catholique par Sa Sainteté le +Souverain Pontife, dans le lettre dont lecture vient d'être fait, +demande de son côté que le libre exercice de tous les cultes soit +reconnu au Maroc. + +"La Conférence, d'autant plus convaincu que ce v[oe]u trouvera un +accueil favorable auprès de Sa Majesté Chérifienne que l'illustre +Souverain du Maroc a déjà donné une preuve manifeste de sa tolérance et +de sa sollicitude pour le bien-être de ses sujets non-Musulmans, en +confirmant en 1874 le Décret accordé par Sa Majesté le Sultan Sidi +Mohammed, sous le 26 Chaban de 1280 (Février 1864) à Sir Moses +Montefiore, Décret qui proclame que tous les sujets de l'Empire du Maroc +doivent avoir le même rang devant la loi: que par conséquent les Juifs +du Maroc doivent être traités conformément à la justice et à l'équité, +et qu'aucune violence ne doit être exercée à l'égard de leurs personnes +ni de leurs biens. + +"A la suite de ce Décret, bien des lois humiliantes, édictées contre les +non-Musulmans dans des temps antérieurs, ont été mises hors de pratique, +et le sort des races non-Musulmans au Maroc est devenu plus supportable. + +"Toutefois, ces lois ne sont pas encore toutes formellement révoquées, +et quelques-unes même continuent à être en vigueur dans plus d'un +endroit de l'intérieur de l'Empire. De même, le libre exercice de leurs +cultes n'est pas encore accordé d'une manière légale aux sujets +non-Musulmans de Sa Majesté Chérifienne, et beaucoup de restrictions +existent encore pour ces derniers qui sont contraires à l'esprit du +Décret du 26 Chaban, 1280, et à cette règle si élémentaire et si +universellement respectée, que les sujets d'un même pays, de quelque +race ou de quelque religion qu'ils soient, des qu'ils accomplissent +fidèlement leurs devoirs envers le Souverain, doivent jouir d'une +parfaite identité de droits et d'une complète égalité devant la loi. + +"Le Sultan Abdul Medjid, Empéreur des Ottomans, à déjà, en 1839, par le +Hatti-Chérif de Gulhané, reconnu spontanément et inscrit dans la +législation de son pays ce même principe, qui a été développé et +consacré depuis par ses successeurs, en 1856 et dernièrement encore en +1878, de façon qu'on ne saurait douter qu'il ne se laisse parfaitement +concilier avec la loi Mahométane. + +"Quoique persuadée que l'illustre Souverain du Maroc est animé, non +moins que le Sultan de la Turquie, d'intentions bienveillantes envers +ses sujets non-Musulmans, la Conférence croirait manquer à un devoir si +elle ne témoignait le vif et profond intérêt qu'elle prend à la prompte +amélioration de leur sort. A cet effet, la Conférence, au nom des Hautes +Puissances représentées dans son sein, fait appel à Sa Majesté +Chérifienne afin que, fidèle à ses sentiments de justice et de +générosité, elle manifeste sa ferme volonté-- + +"1. De faire respecter dans ses États le principe que tous ceux qui y +habitent et qui y habiteront à l'avenir pourront professer et exercer +sans entraves leurs cultes; + +"2. De préscrire à son Gouvernement, comme base immuable de la +législation du Maroc, la maxime, déjà adoptée dans le Décret du 26 +Chaban, 1280, et d'après laquelle ni la religion ni la race ne pourront +jamais être un motif pour établir une différence dans le traitement par +et devant la loi entre ses sujets Musulmans et non-Musulmans, ni servir +de prétexte pour imposer à ces derniers des humiliations, pour les +priver d'un droit civil quelconque, ou pour les empêcher d'exercer +librement toutes les professions et industries qui sont permises aux +sujets Musulmans de l'Empire. + +"Une pareille manifestation non seulement honorerait le règne de Sa +Majesté Chérifienne, mais inaugurerait aussi pour ses États une ère +nouvelle de prospérité. + +"Les Soussignés, en deposant le présent acte entre les mains de son +Excellence Cid Mohammed Vargas, prient M. le Plénipotentiaire du Maroc +de le soumettre à Sa Majesté Chérifienne, qui ne lui réfusera certes pas +la sérieuse attention que mérite un v[oe]u exprimé au nom des Puissances +que les Soussignés ont l'honneur de représenter. + +"_Madrid, le 26 Juin, 1880._" + +Ce texte est approuvé par les Plénipotentiaires, à l'exception du +Représentant de Sa Majesté Chérifienne, qui ne peut que s'engager à +porter à la connaissance de son Souverain les v[oe]ux que les +Plénipotentiaires viennent d'exprimer au nom de leurs Gouvernements +respectifs. + +Cid Mohammed Vargas croit cependant devoir rappeler qu'au Maroc les +Musulmans, les Chrétiens, et les Juifs suivent leur religion, sans qu'il +y soit mis d'empêchement ni d'obstacle. + +Le Plénipotentiaire du Maroc n'a pas d'instructions de son Souverain qui +lui permettent de traiter cette question ou toute autre qui, comme elle, +ne se rattacherait pas directement à l'objet de sa mission à Madrid. +Néanmoins, en vue de l'Adresse que vient d'adopter la Conférence, il +croit devoir lui communiquer une lettre qu'il a reçu de Sa Majesté le +Sultan Muley-el-Hassan, et qui a trait aux Juifs ses sujets. Il en donne +lecture en ces termes:-- + +"Louange à Dieu unique! Que la bénédiction de Dieu soit sur Mahomet, +notre Seigneur et Maître, sur sa famille, et ses compagnons! + +"A notre estimé serviteur, le Taleb Mohammed Vargas. Que Dieu te soit +propice, et que la paix soit sur toi, ainsi que la bénédiction de Dieu +Très Haut et sa miséricorde. + +"Et puis:-- + +"Il est parvenu à notre connaissance que certains Juifs de nos sujets se +sont plaints à plusieurs reprises à leurs frères résidant en Europe et +aux Représentants étrangers à Tanger, de ce qu'ils ne parviennent pas à +obtenir justice dans leurs réclamations relatives à meurtres, vols, &c. +Ils prétendent que les Gouverneurs montrent de l'indifférence à leur +faire avoir satisfaction des personnes qui les attaquent, et que leurs +demandes n'arrivent jamais à notre Majesté Chérifienne, si ce n'est par +l'entremise de personnes (les Juifs résidant en Europe et les +Représentants étrangers). + +"Notre volonté Chérifienne est qu'ils obtiennent justice sans +l'intervention des Puissances ni des Représentants, parce qu'ils sont +nos sujets et nos tributaires, ayant par là les mêmes droits que les +Musulmans devant nous, et tous abus contre eux étant défendu par notre +religion. + +"C'est pourquoi nous t'ordonnons d'accepter la réclamation de tout Juif +qui se plaindra de ne pas obtenir justice d'un Gouverneur, et de nous en +donner connaissance lorsque tu ne trouveras pas le moyen d'y faire +droit. + +"Nous avons envoyé des ordres en ce sens aux Gouverneurs des villes, des +ports, et de la campagne, afin qu'ils en donnent connaissance aux Juifs, +et en même temps nous les avons prévenus que si quelqu'un d'eux s'oppose +ou met des difficultés à ce que la plainte d'un Juif parvienne à toi, +nous le punirons très sévèrement. + +"Nous t'ordonnons de traiter leurs affaires avec toute justice et de ne +rien nous cacher sur l'arbitraire des Gouverneurs à leur égard, car tous +les hommes sont égaux pour nous en matière de justice. + +"_Le 22 Joumadi premier, an 1297._" + +Le Président donnant acte au Représentant du Maroc de cette +communication, constate, au nom de tous les Plénipotentiaires, la vive +satisfaction avec laquelle la Conférence accueille les déclarations qui +viennent de lui être faites. Les Plénipotentiaires voient dans le +principe, qu'elles établissent, d'un appel au Ministre des Affaires +Étrangères, à la fois une preuve des sentiments de justice qui animent +Sa Majesté Chérifienne à l'égard de ses sujets Israélites, et l'annonce +du prompt accomplissement des v[oe]ux exprimés par la Conférence. + +("British and Foreign State Papers," vol. lxxi. pp. 881-887.) + + * * * * * + +EXTRACTS FROM PROTOCOLS OF THE ALGECIRAS CONFERENCE, 1906. + +No. 33. _2 Avril, 1906. Dix-septième Séance._ + +S. Exc. M. White (États-Unis) prononce ensuite les paroles suivantes: +"Le Gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique a toujours considéré comme un +devoir de s'associer à tout ce qui pourrait contribuer au progrès des +idées d'humanité et assurer le respect dû à toutes les croyances +religieuses. Animé par ces sentiments et par l'amitié qui a si longtemps +subsisté entre lui et l'Empire marocain dont il suit le développement +avec un profond intérêt, mon Gouvernement m'a chargé d'invoquer le +concours de la Conférence, au moment où elle est sur le point de +terminer ses travaux, en vue de l'émission d'un v[oe]u pour le bien-être +des israélites au Maroc. Je suis heureux de constater que la condition +des sujets israélites de S.M. Chérifienne a été de beaucoup améliorée +pendant le règne de feu le Sultan Mouley-el-Hassan et que le Sultan +actuel paraît, autant qu'il lui a été possible, les avoir traités avec +équité et bienveillance. Mais les agents du Makhzen, dans les parties du +pays éloignées du pouvoir central ne s'inspirent pas toujours +suffisamment des sentiments de tolérance et de justice qui animent leur +souverain. La Délégation americaine vient donc prier la Conférence de +vouloir bien émettre le v[oe]u que S.M. Chérifienne continue dans la +bonne voie inaugurée par son père et maintenue par Sa Majesté elle-même +par rapport à ses sujets israélites et qu'elle vise à ce que son +Gouvernement ne néglige aucune occasion de faire savoir à ses +fonctionnaires que le Sultan tient à ce que les israélites de son Empire +et tous ses sujets, sans distinction de croyance, soient traités avec +justice et équité." + +S. Exc. Sir Arthur Nicolson (Grande-Bretagne) déclare que, conformément +aux instructions de son Gouvernement, il est heureux de se rallier à la +proposition du premier Délégué des États-Unis. + +S. Exc. M. le Duc de Almodovar del Rio (Espagne) s'exprime en ces +termes: "Je m'associe, au nom de S.M. Catholique, aux hauts sentiments +de tolérance religieuse qui viennent d'être exprimés par S. Exc. le +premier Délégué des États-Unis; et je tiens d'autant plus à me rallier à +sa proposition que le sort des populations israélites au Maroc, +rattachées à l'Espagne par des liens de descendance et dont la langue +habituelle continue à être la langue castillane, qui fut naguère celle +de leurs ancêtres, est particulièrement intéressant aux yeux du peuple +espagnol d'aujourd'hui." + +LL. EE. MM. de Radowitz (Allemagne) et Revoil (France) se rallient +également au v[oe]u de M. le premier Délégué des États-Unis. + +S. Exc. M. le Marquis Visconti Venosta (Italie) déclare qu'il adhère au +v[oe]u dont S. Exc. le premier Délégué des États-Unis a pris +l'initiative. Il reconnaît que, dans ces derniers temps, les Souverains +du Maroc ont donné de preuves de tolérance vis-à-vis de leurs sujets +non-musulmans; mais il ne reste pas moins à désirer que les conditions +des juifs dans l'intérieur de l'Empire soient mises au même niveau et +entourées des mêmes garanties que dans les villes et ports de la côte. +La Conférence, dans le cours de ses travaux, s'est toujours préoccupée +du progrès et de la prospérité du Maroc; elle restera fidèle au même +esprit en exprimant à S.M. le Sultan le v[oe]u que tous ses sujets, +quelle que soit leur religion, soient appelés à jouir des mêmes droits, +ainsi que du même traitement devant la loi et que les ordres que S.M. +Chérifienne a donnés ou donnera à cet effet soient fidèlement exécutés. +L'assentiment de l'Italie est toujours acquis à l'affirmation des +principes de liberté religieuse qui sont une des bases de ses +institutions politiques et sociales. + +S. Exc. le Baron Joostens (Belgique) déclare que la Délégation belge +s'associe entièrement à la déclaration que vient de faire S. Exc. M. le +Marquis Visconti-Venosta. + +LL. EE. le Jonkheer Testa (Pays-Bas), M. le Comte Cassini (Russie) et M. +Sager (Suède) adhèrent aussi aux sentiments exprimés par MM. les +premiers Délégués des États-Unis et d'Italie. + +Le v[oe]u proposé par S. Exc. M. White est adopté par l'unanimité des +Délégués des Puissances. + +LL. EE. MM. les Délégués marocains expliquent qu'ils ne manqueront pas +de faire connaître cette décision à S.M. le Sultan, qui certainement +aura à c[oe]ur de procéder dans l'espèce de la même façon que feu son +père. + +S. Exc. M. White (États-Unis) remercie MM. les Délégués des Puissances +d'une adhésion qui répond si entièrement aux vues du Gouvernement des +États-Unis et aux sentiments personnels du Président Roosevelt. + +("Protocoles et Comptes Rendus de la Conférence d'Algésiras" (Paris, +1906), pp. 246-248.) + + * * * * * + + + + +IV. THE PALESTINE QUESTION AND THE NATIONAL RESTORATION OF THE JEWS. + + +Until quite recently the question of the national restoration of the +Jews to Palestine did not play a conspicuous part, or, indeed, much of a +part at all, in practical international politics. This is not a little +strange in view of the great mass of religious opinion which has always +been deeply interested in it. It may be profitable to indicate some of +the reasons. + +In the first place, from the middle of the second down to the middle of +the nineteenth centuries the Palestine problem, as a political problem, +was exclusively concerned with the custody of the Holy Places of +Christendom. After the failure of the many attempts to oust the Turk, +the question became one of diplomatic accommodation, and under the +Capitulations with France and the Treaties of Carlowitz and Passarowitz +between the Holy Roman Empire and the Grand Signior, various expedients +were adopted by which Christian interests in Jerusalem might be +reconciled with the local political rights of the Ottoman Porte. This +difficult problem absorbed the Oriental activities of European diplomacy +until after the Crimean War, and it left no room for the consideration +of Jewish claims. + +In the second place the question during the whole of this period was +always primarily one of eschatology rather than of practical politics. +Even when the Millenarian mystics sometimes crossed the border-line, the +case they presented was not calculated to conciliate sovereign princes. +We have a curious instance of this in the first Zionist book published +in London, "The World's Great Restoration, or Calling of the +Jewes"--(London, 1621)--which was written by Sir Henry Finch, the +eminent serjeant-at-law, although his name does not appear on the title +page.[110] Among other items in Finch's programme was one to the effect +that all Christian princes should surrender their power and do homage +"to the temporal supreme Empire of the Jewish nation." When James I read +the book he was furious. He said he was "too auld a King to do his +homage at Jerusalem," and he ordered Finch to be thrown into gaol.[111] +In 1795 an exactly similar proposal was made by an ex-naval officer, one +Richard Brothers, who announced himself as King of the Jews. He also was +prosecuted, but was found to be a lunatic.[112] A certain political +interest attaches to the case of Brothers; inasmuch as his scheme for +the National Restoration of the Jews was brought before the House of +Commons by one of his adherents, Mr. Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, M.P., +with a motion for the printing and distribution of Brothers's proposal. +The motion failed to find a seconder.[113] + +In the third place, unless the Restoration were favoured by the Ottoman +Government, all schemes to compass it in normal times ran counter to +international law and the comity of nations. This point was actually +decided in this sense by the Law Courts some seventy years ago in the +case of Habershon _v._ Vardon. The case related to a bequest by one +Nadir Baxter for the political restoration of the Jews in Jerusalem. The +bequest was held void, and the Vice-Chancellor, in giving judgment, +said: "If it could be understood to mean anything it was to create a +revolution in a friendly country."[114] + +In the fourth place the idea was likely to weaken the doctrine of the +integrity of Turkey, and, for this and other reasons, was inconsistent +with the interests and traditional policy of Great Britain and other +Western States. It was all the more inconsistent because this policy +originally shaped itself in deference to religious considerations far +more precious to Englishmen than the national cause of the Jews. In the +sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the struggle between the +Reformation and the Counter-Reformation was at its height, the naval +balance of power in the Mediterranean rested between Spain and Turkey. +Hence a bias towards Turkey on the part of Protestant States was +inevitable. Curiously enough, the Jews, who were then hostile to Spain, +supported the pro-Turkish policy of England, as they did in 1876-78 on +account of their antipathy to Russia. In the time of Cromwell this +consideration was reinforced by our trade interests in the Levant and in +India. A century later the tradition became again imperative owing to +the fear of Russia and afterwards of Napoleon. All this rendered a +strong and friendly Turkey necessary to us, and hence to entertain the +idea of a National Restoration of the Jews to Palestine was to risk +offence to a valued ally. + +A fifth reason was the indifference of the Jews themselves. Until the +Zionist movement was founded twenty years ago there was scarcely any +symptom of a Jewish desire for international action on their behalf in +the Palestine question. This was not for want of opportunity or even for +want of suggestion from others. In 1840, when Mehemet Ali was driven out +of Palestine and Syria by the Powers, the future of Palestine was open +for discussion.[115] The country, with all its Hebrew and Christian +shrines, was in the hands of Christendom, who could have done with it as +it pleased. Not a voice was raised among the Jews for the restoration of +the land to them. And this, be it remembered, was when Sir Moses +Montefiore and M. Crémieux were busy in the East in connection with the +Damascus Blood Accusation, and when Lord Palmerston was proposing to +take the Jews under British protection as a separate nationality.[116] +Instead of championing the national aspirations of the Jews, they +contented themselves with obtaining the famous Hatti-Humayoun, or +Charter of Liberties for the Jews of Turkey, by which they were more +nearly assimilated to Turkish Nationals.[117] In the following year the +Powers were actually discussing the future of Palestine, but the Jews +again made no move. Even while the negotiations were in progress, a +scheme for restoring the Jews as the political masters of the country +was drawn up by a Christian, Colonel Churchill, then British Consul in +Syria, and submitted by him to Sir Moses Montefiore and the Board of +Deputies. Its reception was curiously frigid. Whilst piously blessing +Colonel Churchill's proposals, the Board declined to take any +initiative.[118] It was the same in 1878 when Lord Beaconsfield annexed +Cyprus and secured a British Protectorate over Asiatic Turkey. No +opportunity could have seemed better for the promotion of Zionist aims, +but when Laurence Oliphant pointed this out he found scarcely an echo +beyond a small circle of obscure Jewish dreamers in Southern +Russia.[119] Indeed, until the time of Herzl all the most prominent +protagonists of Zionism were Christians. The Dane, Holger Paulli, who in +1697 presented a Zionist scheme to King William III of England with a +view to its submission to the Peace Conference of Ryswick, was a +Christian,[120] and even the notorious Jewish pseudo-Messiah, Sabbathai +Zevi, who raised the flag of Jewish nationality in Syria thirty years +earlier, owed more of his inspiration to English Fifth Monarchy teaching +than to Jewish tradition.[121] + +Nevertheless, there were two occasions on which the Jewish aspects of +the Palestine question did enter the field of practical international +politics. + +The first was in 1799, when Napoleon carried out his audacious raid on +British interests in the East by his expedition to Egypt and Syria. A +scheme for enlisting the support of the Jews by founding a Jewish +Commonwealth in Palestine formed part of the plans for the expedition +secretly prepared by the Directory in 1798, and French public opinion +was familiarised with it by a good deal of propagandist literature. The +Jews were alleged to be anxious to support the French in the Levant, and +a bogus Zionist scheme--very much on the Herzlian lines--supposed to be +written by an Italian Jew--was widely circulated in France. It embodied +an appeal to the Jews of the world to form a representative council +through which they could negotiate with the Directory for Palestine. It +was supported in a very soberly reasoned article by the _Décade +Philosophique et Littéraire_, and was soon after published in the London +Press and reprinted as a twopenny pamphlet by the _Courier_.[122] Ten +months later Napoleon, marching from El Arish on the road which has +lately been traversed by General Allenby, published a proclamation +inviting the Jews of Asia and Africa to rally to his standard "for the +restoration of the ancient kingdom of Jerusalem."[123] The scheme +collapsed with the battles of Acre and Aboukir. + +The second occasion was in 1841, when the Powers had to decide on the +fate of Syria and Palestine wrested by them from Mehemet Ali. It is true +that the Jewish element in the question received very scanty attention +and evoked no positive sympathy, but, at any rate, it was mentioned, and +this fact indicates that the Powers had begun to realise that the future +of Palestine was not exclusively a Christian question. The exchange of +views which then took place is, however, interesting for other reasons. +The documents, which are now published for the first time, comprise four +separate schemes for solving the Palestine problem, and the +considerations discussed in connection with them constitute a body of +material which may be usefully studied at the present moment. + +The first scheme, apparently suggested by France, contemplated the +creation of a small autonomous Ecclesiastical State, consisting of +Jerusalem, constituted as a Free City, with a limited _rayon_ of +territory. This was to be governed by a Christian municipality, +organised and protected by the Great Christian Powers.[124] Russia +raised objections in October 1840, and incidentally took occasion to +ridicule the idea of a National Restoration of the Jews.[125] Both +Russia and Austria were anxious to preserve the Turkish domination, and +to that end made counter-proposals. The Russian scheme proposed that +Palestine should become a separate Pashalik, that the Church of the +Orient should be restored, that the Greek Patriarch should resume his +residence in Jerusalem, and that an special Church and Monastery should +be founded for the use of the Russian clergy and pilgrims. The Austrian +scheme proposed to leave the Turkish administration untouched except in +regard to jurisdiction over Christians. This was to be confided to a +high Turkish official directly responsible to Constantinople and advised +by a Council of Procureurs appointed by the Great Powers.[126] Russia +opposed the Austrian scheme.[127] Thereupon Prussia put forward a fourth +scheme of a far more ambitious character.[128] It provided for a +European Protectorate of the Holy Cities of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and +Nazareth, and a sort of national autonomy for the various Christian +sects which might be extended to the Jews, the whole to be governed by +three Residents appointed by the Christian Powers. Each Resident was to +have a small military guard. The Protestant Church, under the joint +protection of Great Britain and Prussia, was to be recognised as on an +equal footing with the other Churches, and to establish its headquarters +and other institutions--including schools for Jews--on Mount Zion, which +was to be fortified.[129] This scheme was strongly opposed by Austria, +in whose view Lord Palmerston concurred.[130] Russia also opposed it, +but in Paris it was received sympathetically.[131] + +In the end all these schemes were dropped, and Palestine was handed back +to the Porte practically without any new conditions. Prussia, however, +continued her negotiations with Great Britain, both with a view to +general reforms and to the recognition of the Protestant Church in +Jerusalem. For this purpose she sent Baron Bunsen to London on a special +embassy.[132] Among the reforms proposed by him were facilities for the +purchase of land, "as many persons in Protestant Germany, Jews and +Christians, are desirous of settling in Palestine."[133] Eventually he +negotiated with Palmerston the Anglo-Prussian Agreement for the +establishment of a Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem. There is a curious +reference to the Restoration of the Jews in Bunsen's account of this +transaction:[134] + + * * * * * + +"Monday, 19th July, 1841.--This is a great day. I am just returned from +Lord Palmerston; the principle is admitted, and orders to be transmitted +accordingly to Lord Ponsonby at Constantinople, to demand the +acknowledgement required. The successor of St. James will embark in +October; he is by race an Israelite,--born a Prussian in Breslau,--in +confession belonging to the Church of England--ripened (by hard work) in +Ireland--twenty years Professor of Hebrew and Arabic in England (in what +is now King's College).[135] So the beginning is made, please God, for +the restoration of Israel." + + * * * * * + +It should be added that probably one of the reasons why, during recent +years, the British Government has held aloof from the Palestine question +is that by the Treaty of London of July 15, 1840, Palestine was +recognised as an integral part of Syria,[136] and that in 1878, at the +Berlin Congress, Lord Salisbury agreed to recognise the whole of Syria +as a French sphere of interest in return for the French recognition of +the Cyprus Convention between Great Britain and Turkey.[137] It is to be +assumed from the terms of the Secret Agreement of February 21, +1917,[138] that British interests in the Suez Canal and other more +recent events have modified that arrangement. + +During the present war the growing strength of the Zionist movement, and +the energy of its leaders, have forced the Restoration idea on the +attention of the Great Powers. In November 1917 Great Britain led the +way with a promise to give sympathetic consideration to the aims of the +Zionists.[139] With this promise the other Entente Powers have since +associated themselves. + + +DOCUMENTS. + + * * * * * + +THE GREAT POWERS AND PALESTINE, 1840-1841. + +_Memorandum delivered by the Russian Government to the Prussian +Government in October 1840._ + +Des opinions diverses et pour la plupart contradictoires, ont circulé +récemment en Europe, et surtout en France, sur les facilités que les +grandes Puissances intervenues dans les affaires de l'Orient, auraient, +dans ce moment, pour accomplir l'[oe]uvre que les Croisés d'autrefois +avaient vainement tentée dans leurs longues et sanglantes guerres. Le +projet d'ériger une Souveraineté Chrétienne en Palestine, a été mis, si +non sérieusement discuté. D'autres ont pensé à la possibilité de faire +revivre l'ancien ordre des Chevaliers du St. Sépulcre pour lui confier +la garde de ce sanctuaire. Il y a eu même quelques individus qui ont +exprimé le v[oe]u d'appeler dans la ville de Salomon les Juifs dispersés +dans différents pays pour tenter la conversion sociale et religieuse de +ce peuple d'antique et coupable origine. + +Il serait superflu de discuter ici tous ces projets, on ne s'arrêtera +qu'à l'examen d'une autre combinaison dont la réalisation serait +désirable, si elle était possible. Il s'agirait de l'assentiment de la +Porte et d'une entente entre les principales cours de l'Europe pour +ériger Jérusalem une ville libre, avec un rayon de territoire convenable +et sous une administration municipale organisée sous les auspices des +Puissances qui se déclareraient les protectrices et les garanties de ce +petit état ecclésiastique.[140] + +Un pareil arrangement doit assurément réunir beaucoup de suffrages. +Cependant, avant d'aborder la question d'une manière sérieuse, soit avec +les autres Cabinets, soit avec le Divan il importe de calculer d'avance +les moyens dont on disposera pour mener l'[oe]uvre à bon terme, les +difficultés locales qu'on aura à surmonter dans la réalisation du plan +convenu et les probabilités qui s'offrent pour le maintien du nouvel +ordre de choses qu'on parviendrait à établir. Sous tous ces rapports on +peut consulter avec profit les renseignements et les donnés que le +Ministère de Sa Majesté possède, et qui lui ont été fournis en partie +par les indigènes, mais plus particulièrement par deux employés du +service de S.M. qui ont visité la terre sainte à des époques +différentes, et recueilli sur les lieux mêmes des informations dont on +ne saurait revoquer en doute l'exactitude. + +Il résulte de l'ensemble de ces informations: + +1. Que la ville de Jérusalem, située entre la Syrie, l'Egypte et le +désert, a été de tout temps exposée d'une part aux incursions des Arabes +Bédouins et de l'autre aux vexations des Pachas voisins. + +2. Que sa population, composée d'environ 15/m. âmes, parmi lesquelles on +compte à peine un millier de Chrétiens appartenant à diverses +communions, n'offre guère d'éléments propres à la formation d'une +administration municipale indigène, digne de quelque confiance, sous le +rapport politique ou religieux. + +3. Que l'éloignement des côtes de la mer, distantes de la ville de près +de deux journées de marche à travers une route escarpée et déserte, ne +permettrait pas aux bâtiments de guerre Européens de prendre sous la +protection de leurs canons la défense de la cité et de ses habitants. + +4. Que la population Musulmane et Arabe établie depuis des siècles dans +le pays et qui possède dans la seule ville de Jérusalem plus de trente +mosquées, ainsi que le fameux temple de Salomon que les premiers califes +conquérants ont rebâti, s'assujettiraient difficilement à un +Gouvernement Chrétien quelconque, qui ne disposerait pas de beaucoup de +ressources et d'une forte garnison, pour en imposer aux hordes des +Bédouins et pour réduire par les armes tout ce qui s'opposerait au +nouvel ordre de choses. + +Les mêmes rapports signalent, sous les plus tristes couleurs, la +désunion profonde et la rivalité incessante qui existe entre les +Chrétiens des diverses communions, admis à l'adoration du St. Sépulcre +et dont les scandaleuses dissensions, loin d'être amorties ou contenues +par la sainteté du lieu, y ont éclaté souvent avec une vivacité haîneuse +et une obstination fanatique que la présence des autorités Musulmanes +pouvait seule contenir dans de certaines bornes. + +Nous savons enfin de manière à ne pas pouvoir en douter que les +religieux Latins, pour la plupart Espagnols et Portugais d'origine, et +qui, durant leur mission en terre sainte, se trouvent sous la protection +spéciale de la France, sont les principaux fauteurs de cette rivalité +si peu évangélique, en s'élevant sans cesse des prétentions sur la +possession exclusive et la garde du St. Sépulcre et en invoquant en leur +faveur les traités de François I avec la Porte et même les souvenirs des +Baudouin et de Godefroi. + + * * * * * + +_Enclosure in Russian Mem. of October 1840._ + +1. Publication d'un nouveau Hatti Schérif avec pleine confirmation de +tous ceux qui ont été émanés sous les règnes antérieurs en faveur de +l'Église et du Clergé de Jérusalem. + +2. Nomination d'un Pacha ou moschir de la Palestine, homme de sens et de +justice, qui fixerait sa résidence, soit à Jérusalem, soit à Jaffa, avec +une autorité civile et militaire, suffisante pour y maintenir le bon +ordre et pour faire respecter les lieux de sa jurisdiction par les +Bédouins du désert qui, n'étant plus contenus par la crainte des troupes +Égyptiennes, recommenceront probablement bientôt leurs brigandages +habituels sur les couvents Chrétiens des environs de Jérusalem et sur +les caravanes des pèlerins que la dévotion appelle des pays les plus +éloignés. + +3. Défense positive au Clergé Grec comme à celui des Catholiques et des +Arméniens, de renouveler leurs dissensions anciennes et souvent puériles +en cherchant à se calomnier mutuellement et à s'exclure des églises et +des oratoires, dont les Hatti Chériffs précités ont fixé la possession à +chacune de ces communautés. + +4. Défense sévère au Mollah et au Cadi de Jérusalem de rançonner les +religieux et les supérieurs des couvens, toutes les fois que ces +ecclésiastiques ont recours à la justice locale, ou qu'ils cherchent à +se disculper de quelque avanie. + +5. La crainte de ces mêmes avanies et les frais considérables +d'installation, auxquels étaient exposés les patriarches de Jérusalem +toutes les fois qu'ils se rendaient dans leur diocèse, ayant obligé +depuis quelques années ces prélats à séjourner à Constantinople, en +laissant à leurs vicaires le gouvernement de leur église, la Porte +ferait aujourd'hui un acte de politique et d'équité à la fois, en +accordant au patriarche actuel d'autorisation et les facilités dont il +peut avoir besoin, pour se rendre sur les lieux de sa jurisdiction +spirituelle, et veiller de près à la discipline de ses subordonnés et au +redressement des désordres ou des abus, que les troubles récens et les +changemens politiques survenus dans ces contrés, peuvent y avoir +introduits. + +6. Toute innovation dans l'antique hiérarchie de l'église d'Orient +serait rejeté comme dangereuse et inutile et toute réclamation de +priorité ou de privilège de la part des religieux des autres communions, +ne serait admise qu'après un examen impartial et approfondi de la +question. Dans les cas de cette nature, il semblerait que le tribunal +le plus compétent, à en juger, serait une commission ou conseil du +Gouverneur de la province, du patriarche de Jérusalem, ou en son +absence, de son vicaire, du supérieur des ecclésiastiques Arméniens et +d'un commissaire ad hoc, choisi et nommé par la Porte parmi les prélats +les mieux réputés de la nation Grecque établis à Constantinople. + +Ce conseil pourrait aussi fixer aux deservans des cultes respectifs, les +heures des prières et des cérémonies, en régularisant d'une manière +équitable et définitive ce point qui a été souvent un sujet de litige et +qui a même occasionné des rixes scandaleuses dans l'enceinte d'un +Temple, où l'union et l'humilité devraient règner constamment. + +7. La réparation des églises et des couvens ruinés ou endommagés par le +temps et les incendies, sera permise par les autorités locales, toutes +les fois que les supérieurs de ces communautés en demanderont +l'autorisation, et le Gouvernement n'exigera pas dans ces occasions des +cadeaux ou des bénéfices arbitraires. + +8. Défense sévère serait faite aux soldats Turcs préposés à la garde des +portes de l'église qui renferme le Saint Sépulcre, de s'introduire dans +l'antérieur du temple, sous prétexte d'y faire la police. Ces gardiens +recevraient également l'ordre de témoigner tous les égards et tout le +respect qui sont dûs au patriarche et à ses délégués. + +9. Pour ce qui concerne plus spécialement les pèlerins Russes qui +visitent chaque année les lieux saintes, la sublime Porte serait invitée +à prescrire à ces officiers civils et militaires de leur accorder toute +protection et assistance. Et afin que ces voyageurs, étrangers pour la +plupart aux usages et à la langue du pays, ne soient exposés à des +avanies ou à des retards dans l'accomplissement de leurs v[oe]ux, le +consul de S.M. Impériale résidant à Jaffa aura l'autorisation +d'accompagner, toutes les fois qu'il le jugera nécessaire, la caravane +des pèlerins de sa nation et de veiller sur eux pendant le tems de leur +séjour à Jérusalem. + +10. Les religieux de la plupart des nations chrétiennes possèdent à +Jérusalem des établissements pieux où ils se réunissent, soit pour y +demeurer, soit pour y célébrer les cérémonies de leur rit dans leur +propre langue. + +Les ecclésiastiques Russes sont seuls privés de cet avantage, et doivent +par conséquent recourir, toutes les fois qu'ils visitent la terre +sainte, à l'hospitalité et à l'assistance spirituelle de leurs +co-religionaires les ecclésiastiques Grecs. Il serait de toute justice +que la Porte autorisât le Patriarche d'assigner une des églises ou +monastères de la ville à l'usage exclusif du clergé et des pèlerins +Russes, et que les autorités civiles et militaires du pays eussent +l'ordre précis de reconnaître et de respecter cet établissement, comme +étant placé sous la protection spéciale de la Russie et sur le +surveillance de son Consul. + + * * * * * + +_Memorandum delivered by the Austrian Government to the Prussian +Government in October 1840._ + +Les succès obtenus en Syrie qui ont amené la soumission de Méhémet Ali +et la détermination de Sa Hautesse de la faire suivre par l'investiture +du Pacha d'Egypte du Gouvernement héréditaire de cette Province viennent +de mettre au grand jour le résultat vers lequel tendaient les +transactions de Londres, dictées par les v[oe]ux uniformes des +Puissances Chrétiennes, d'assurer la paix politique de l'Europe par le +maintien de l'indépendance et de l'intégrité de l'Empire Ottoman qui +devait ressortir du règlement définitif des rapports entre la Sublime +Porte et le Gouvernement de l'Egypte. La Syrie qui avait été placée +pendant quelque tems sous la domination de ce dernier et avait offert +aux étrangers une sécurité analogue à celle qu'ils trouvaient en Egypte, +pendant que la population indigène Syrienne se voyant assimilée à celle +de cette province et menacée de perdre toutes les conditions d'un état +social tout différent et basé sur des lois positives, des transactions +historiques et des habitudes gouvernementales garantissant la propriété, +la liberté du commerce, &c., &c.; la Syrie rentrée maintenant par les +succès des armées du Sultan et de ses alliés sous la domination du Grand +Seigneur, réclame les soins les plus assidus du Gouvernement Ottoman, +afin d'ôter tout prétexte raisonnable à ceux qui voudraient déverser un +blâme sur les résultats obtenus en 1840, en alléguant que la condition +de cette Province intéressante, aurait empiré à leur suite. + +Les Puissances qui ont prêté leurs conseils et leurs secours à S.H. dans +le but invariable d'assurer l'indépendance de son pouvoir et l'intégrité +de son Empire contre les usurpations d'un sujet rebelle, doivent +abandonner maintenant au Sultan le soin de faire participer ses sujets +en Syrie aux bienveillantes dispositions pour ses peuples, énoncées dès +le commencement de son règne par le Hat de Gulhané; et si leurs conseils +doivent tendre à hâter leur réalisation, elles auront dans les voies +d'une sage politique, à en surveiller l'exécution. + +Mais le fait même, nouveau dans l'histoire, du secours porté par des +Puissances Chrétiennes au Grand Seigneur contre un sujet rebelle, auquel +l'opinion publique attribuait le mérite d'avoir procuré, dans les pays +soumis à sa domination de fait, aux Chrétiens tant indigènes +qu'étrangers plus de sécurité pour leurs personnes et une plus grande +tolérance que celles qu'ils y trouvaient auparavant, impose à ces +Puissances comme devoir de conscience de peser mûrement les moyens pour +épargner tant au Grand Seigneur, leur allié, qu'à Elles-mêmes, le blâme +qui pourrait ressortir pour Elles, si la condition des Chrétiens en +Syrie allait se présenter sous un jour moins favorable, à la suite de la +réintégration de cette Province sous la domination directe du Grand +Seigneur. C'est pour obvier à cette fâcheuse éventualité que le Cabinet +Impérial soumet à ses Alliés les considérations suivantes: + +Les Chrétiens en Syrie sont ou fixés dans le pays, ou ils y résident +temporairement. Les premiers constitués en corps de nations, comme +Maronites, Arméniens, &c., &c., jouissent d'une existence politique +découlant de capitulations, traités, privilèges, &c., &c., et se +trouvent sous des Chefs ressortant de ces derniers; la Sublime Porte +vient d'énoncer sa ferme volonté de donner à cet état de choses, les +développements et la fixité qu'il réclame et pour lequel ces Populations +ont acquis un nouveau titre à la suite du dévouement qu'elles viennent +de montrer pour rentrer sous la domination légitime. + +Une autre partie de la population sédentaire Chrétienne est répandue +dans le reste du pays, soumise aux lois générales et protégée par le Hat +de Gulhané. Elle ne saurait demander que la stricte observation de ces +dispositions par les autorités locales, et toute la tendance du +Gouvernement Ottoman est là pour la leur assurer dans l'avenir. + +La population Chrétienne transitoire se compose en partie de ceux qui y +arrivent comme étrangers pour leurs affaires de commerce, les traités +existant avec les différentes Puissances et la protection consulaire +assurent leur condition. Mais la Syrie renferme les lieux que l'origine +de la Religion Chrétienne a sanctifiés pour toujours et où la piété des +fidèles a établi de nombreuses fondations et qui ont attiré de tous tems +de nombreux pèlerins; ces fondations et ces pèlerins ont joui depuis +l'occupation Mahométane de nombreux privilèges, qui, à partir de 1059 +jusqu'en 1803, se sont succédés et dont l'effet n'a pu être suspendu ou +contrarié que par le fait des autorités locales Musulmanes, qui, au lieu +de se conformer aux dispositions souveraines et à l'esprit de la +législation et du centre, gardiennes de la foi jurée, et favorables à +une tolérance conforme aux principes du Coran et à un Gouvernement +éclairé, se sont laissées égarer par un esprit de lucre et de +partialité. + +Il paraît donc que l'action tutélaire _du centre du Gouvernement_, qui +doit vouloir le maintien des concessions faites, des privilèges donnés, +&c., &c., a manqué jusqu'ici d'organes propres pour obvier à ces abus, +et que le but spécial, dont ils sont l'objet, la protection des lieux +saints et des pèlerins de toute la Chrétienté qui vont les visiter, ne +saurait être atteint, tant qu'il ne formerait qu'une des attributions +des administrations ordinaires; ne serait-ce pas ici le cas pour que la +Porte se décidât à nommer _un employé spécial_, afin d'assurer le +maintien des anciens privilèges et l'exécution des dispositions du Hat +de Gulhané à l'égard des lieux saints, et les Chrétiens qui forment la +population sédentaire et mouvante Chrétienne de ces lieux? + +Cet employé d'un rang assez élevé pour assurer sa position et garantir +les attributions de sa place vis-à-vis l'autorité du Pacha revêtu du +Gouvernement civil et militaire, cet employé chargé directement de tout +ce qui aurait rapport aux lieux saints et aux pèlerins et mis en contact +avec les représentans des Gouvernemens Chrétiens nommés ad hoc, qui, +sous la dénomination de _Procureurs_, auraient à soutenir les droits de +leurs nationaux sous le point de vue confessionnel; cet employé placé +pour sa personne en rapport direct avec le centre du Gouvernement à +Constantinople, ne recevant d'ordres que de là où toute réclamation +possible contre lui et tout appel en dernière instance s'adresserait +également par les organes diplomatiques des Puissances Chrétiennes, +répondrait à un besoin qu'il est facile de pressentir dès ce jour, et +dont l'expérience démontrera ou l'utilité, s'il est nommé à tems, ou la +nécessité si l'on tarde à y pourvoir. + +Il ne s'agit pas de faire du nouveau pour le fond; il s'agit de +maintenir des privilèges, et de régulariser de nouveau ce qui a existé +et ce qui est tombé en désuétude dans le cours des siècles. Le pèlerin +religieux est respectable aux yeux du croyant, le gardien des lieux +saints ne l'est pas moins, le Gouvernement central et l'esprit religieux +du peuple le reconnaissent et le sentent également; ce n'est que les +abus des passions et des positions subalternes qui ont fait et qui font +le mal et auxquels il s'agit d'opposer la digue d'une entente entre les +Puissances et la Porte qui aurait pour objet de régulariser l'action +d'une autorité bien organisée dépendant directement du centre de +l'Empire, autorité qui ne saurait avoir un autre intérêt que celui de +répondre au but de son institution. + +(F.O. Docs. 64/235.) + + * * * * * + +_Lord Clanricarde to Lord Palmerston (Extract)._ + +ST. PETERSBURG, + +_February 23, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--...The memorandum of Prince Metternich, suggesting the +establishment of a Turkish Commissioner in the Holy Land, for the +protection of Christian Pilgrims, and Travellers, and proposing a joint, +or simultaneous application from the European Powers to the Porte, in +which France might take a part, and thus be drawn out of her isolated +position, has been coldly received by the Russian Government. Count +Nesselrode said it did not appear to him a necessary or desirable +measure, and that the Consuls in Syria were adequate to protect the +Europeans, whom Commerce, piety, or curiosity might attract to that +Country.... + +The Emperor and his Ministers seem to think that age, and a great sense +of the responsibility that is upon him, have of late much increased +Prince Metternich's natural caution and timidity. + +I have the Honour to be with the Highest Respect, My Lord, + +Your Lordship's most obedient Humble Servant, + +CLANRICARDE. + +THE VISCOUNT PALMERSTON, G.C.B. + +(F.O. Docs. 63/271.) + + + * * * * * + +_Mémoire of the King of Prussia dated February 24, 1841, delivered to +Lord Palmerston by Baron Bülow._ + +Les événements importants qui viennent de s'accomplir en Orient, ont +replacé sous l'autorité souveraine du Sultan la Palestine et y ont +rétabli l'état politique qui existait avant l'occupation de Méhémet Ali. +Ce n'est pas par ses propres moyens que le Sultan a réussi à expulser +son vassal rebelle de cette contrée, berceau du christianisme et cher à +toutes les communions de la grande Eglise chrétienne. Le chef de la +religion musulmane doit ce succès à un Traité que quatre des Puissances +chrétiennes ont conclu avec lui et qui a reçu son exécution par la +valeur chevaleresque de militaires chrétiens. Plus le noble +désintéressement des Puissances qui ont porté secours à l'Empereur des +Ottomans, leur fournit des titres à sa reconnaissance moins il peut être +douteux que ces mêmes Puissances sont pleinement en droit de réclamer de +ce souverain des concessions dans un but purement spirituel et +uniquement destinées à relever l'exercice du culte chrétien de la triste +condition où il se trouve dans la contrée même qui l'a vu naître. + +Le Roi, notre auguste maître, a saisi cette idée. Profondément attaché à +ses convictions religieuses et pénétré de ses devoirs comme Prince +chrétien, Sa Majesté se reconnaît dans le concours de la Prusse aux +stipulations du 15 Juillet 1839 un droit et se sent la vocation de +signaler à l'attention des autres Puissances chrétiennes l'opportunité +du moment actuel et les précieuses facilités qu'il offre, pour obtenir +du Grand-Seigneur l'amélioration du sort des chrétiens qui habitent la +Terre sainte, l'affranchissement de leur culte et l'établissement +d'institutions qui garantissent à l'avenir aux Chrétiens de toutes les +confessions le libre accès des lieux, objets de leur vénération et +témoins des événemens sur lesquels repose l'espérance de leur salut +éternel. + +Sa Majesté est persuadée que les autres Souverains partageront les +sentiments qu'Elle professe Elle-même. D'ailleurs il est incontestable +que depuis une demi-siècle, les esprits les plus élevés ont déjà plaidé +la cause que le Roi, notre auguste maître, recommande à la sollicitude +des grandes Cours Européennes. Il serait superflu de citer des noms, +mais le nombre et la qualité des voyageurs de toutes les nations et de +toutes les confessions chrétiennes, qui affluent à Jérusalem, attestent +déjà que la Chrétienté prend toujours un vif intérêt aux lieux saints et +que cet intérêt, loin de se refroidir, se ravive avec le progrès que +l'esprit religieux fait en Europe. + +En comptant avec une entière assurance sur les sympathies de SS.MM. +l'Empereur d'Autriche, de Russie et de la Reine de la Grande Bretagne +pour les v[oe]ux qu'il forme à ce sujet, le Roi, notre auguste maître, +Leur fait proposer de faire valoir auprès de la Porte Ottomane les +immenses services qu'elles viennent de lui rendre, pour l'engager à +conclure avec les grandes Puissances Européennes un arrangement qui +place les villes saintes de Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth, sauf les +droits de souveraineté du Sultan, sous la protection commune de ces +Puissances. + +D'après les idées de Sa Majesté l'arrangement à conclure porterait que + +1. Les populations chrétiennes des dites villes, les églises, couvents, +hospitaux qui en dépendent, ainsi que les pèlerins, les savants, les +artistes, les artisans chrétiens, &c., &c., qui y feraient un séjour +passager, obtiendraient des immunités et des franchises telles que +l'intervention des autorités turques dans leur administration intérieure +fût exclue. Ces immunités et franchises seraient cependant accordées +sans préjudice des droits de Souveraineté du Sultan. + +2. Les habitans chrétiens des dites villes cesseraient d'appartenir à la +catégorie de Rayahs; ils seraient à l'avenir _exclusivement_ +justiciables, quant à leur personnes et quant à leur propriétés, des +Résidents des cinq grandes Puissances Européennes, de manière que leurs +obligations envers la Porte se réduiraient à un tribut dont le montant +annuel serait acquitté par la communauté (non par les individus). + +3. Le propriété des lieux saints à Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth +passerait aux cinq grandes Puissances chrétiennes et ferait l'objet d'un +arrangement spécial à conclure avec ceux qui se trouvent maintenant en +possession de ces localités. + +4. Les chrétiens habitant soit pour toujours soit temporairement les +villes saintes, se formeraient d'après les différentes confessions, en +autant de corps spéciaux, catholiques-romains, grecs, évangéliques. Les +Arméniens et les Syriens se joindraient au premier ou au second de ces +corps, selon leur rit actuel. Chacun de ces corps serait considéré comme +une communauté spéciale légalement constituée. Toutes les communautés +jouiraient de droits fixés d'avance à l'égard des lieux saints; la +communauté évangélique serait autorisée à établir un culte selon ses +rits, à fonder un hospital, &c., &c. Les Chrétiens de cette confession +seraient admis à faire leur dévotion dans l'église du St. Sépulcre et +dans la Basilique de Bethléhem, dont les parties seraient spécialement +destinées à leur usage. + +5. La direction des communautés serait confiée à trois Résidents. Celui +de la communauté catholique serait à la nomination de l'Autriche et de +la France, la Russie nommerait le Résident pour la communauté grecque; +la Grande Bretagne et la Prusse celui des protestants. Chaque Puissance +qui nommerait un résident, mettrait à sa disposition un garde de 60 +soldats. La formation de ses gardes ferait l'objet d'une stipulation +ultérieure. + +On choisirait quelques points pour les fortifier autant qu'il le +faudrait, pour les mettre à l'abri d'une incursion subite de hordes +arabes et pour que les communautés chrétiennes pussent s'en servir pour +mettre en sûreté les vases sacrés précieux et leurs propriétés en +général. + +L'ancienne place du temple et la mosquée d'Omar resteraient dans tous +les cas aux Turcs. + +On pourrait encore soumettre à une délibération commune, si les cinq +Puissances ne stipuleraient pas également en faveur des Juifs domiciliés +à Jérusalem et de ceux qui s'y rendent en pèlerinage, des immunités +analogues à celles à obtenir pour les Chrétiens. + + * * * * * + +_Covering Letter from Baron Bülow to Lord Palmerston, March 6, 1841 +(Extract)._ + +...Il faudra donc faire obtenir aux membres de l'église évangélique +(sans distinction des communions spéciales qui la composent) la +propriété exclusive d'une place distincte près du St. Sépulcre de +Jérusalem et dans l'église du même nom pour y faire leurs prières et +pour y célébrer leur culte. Cette place serait mise sous la protection +spéciale des deux Puissances qui en garantiraient la possession paisible +à la communauté protestante. Il s'agira aussi d'acquérir pour cette +communauté le mont Sion afin d'y bâtir un hospice pour tous ceux qui +visiteront ces contrés par des motifs religieux ou scientifiques, +d'établir des presbytères et des hospitaux, de fonder des écoles pour +les enfans de la population protestante (peut-être aussi pour les enfans +juifs), enfin de construire des ouvrages de fortification dont la faible +garnison, mentionnée dans le mémoire, aura besoin pour se défendre.... + +(F.O. Docs., 64/235.) + + * * * * * + +_Lord Beauvale to Lord Palmerston._ + +VIENNA, _March 2nd, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--The King of Prussia has sent His Minister at this Court a +proposition for regulating the position of the Christians in Syria, +which, if it were acted upon, would in Prince Metternich's opinion throw +that Country into inextricable confusion. His Highness transmitted a few +days back a memorandum on the subject to London which He persists in +regarding as establishing the only advantageous mode of treating the +question, and as He purposes drawing up a statement of his objections to +the Prussian proposition, He earnestly entreats that no acquiescence may +be given to any part of it on behalf of the British Government until +those objections have been submitted to Your Lordship. + +I have the honor to be with the greatest respect, My Lord, + +Your Lordship's Most Obedient Humble Servant, + +BEAUVALE. + +THE VISCOUNT PALMERSTON, G.C.B. + +(F.O. Docs., 7/298.) + + + * * * * * + +_Lord Palmerston to Lord Beauvale, (Draft)._ + +F.O., _March 11th, 1841_. + +MY LORD,--With reference to Your Excellency's despatch No. 38 of the 2nd +instant reporting Prince Metternich's objections to the Prussian scheme +for regulating the position of the Christians in Syria, I have to inform +Your Excellency that H.M.'s Government agree very much with Prince +Metternich's as to that scheme. + +P. + +(F.O. Docs. 1/296.) + + * * * * * + +_Memorandum of Austrian Government delivered to Lord Palmerston by +Prince Esterhazy, March 31, 1841._ + +Sur le Mémorandum du 3 Février[141] et le mémoire Prussien, relativement +à la protection des Chrétiens en Syrie. + +La différence entre le mémorandum du 3 fév. et le mémoire prussien +consiste en ce que le premier fournit un moyen pratique pour _porter +remède_ au mal existant, sans entreprendre une reforme dangereuse, +tandis que l'autre tend à introduire _un nouvel ordre de choses_ en +faveur de la représentation de l'Église évangélique, par des moyens +inexécutables. + +_Le travail du 3 fevr._ se base sur la vérité, que ni les populations +chrétiennes sédentaires et mouvantes, ni les couvens des trois +confessions, catholique, grecque et arménienne, n'ont jamais eu à se +plaindre d'un manque de tolérance musulmane. C'est un témoignage +irrécusable qu'on peut recueillir sur les lieux auprès de ceux même qui +y sont les plus intéressés. + +Des firmans sans nombre, relatifs à des privilèges et à la donation de +lieux saints aux environs de Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth se +trouvent déposés aux archives des différens couvens, et s'ils n'ont +point été mis en exécution et forment le sujet de disputes continuelles +entre les trois confessions, la faute n'en est pas au Gouvernement Turc, +mais uniquement _à la vénalité_ des Musselims, comme autorités locales. + +L'exécution des firmans toujours mise arbitrairement à un prix très +élevé est devenu de la part des Musselims une spéculation financière. + +La désunion regrettable qui règne entre les confessions, ou comme on les +appelle sur les lieux, les trois nations, exploite cette corruptibilité, +tantôt pour suspendre l'exécution d'un firman jalousé, tantôt pour +obtenir moyennant l'intervention du Musselim un second firman annullant +le premier, ce qui a surtout lieu, lorsqu'il s'agit de la donation d'un +lieu saint. En pareil cas la confession la plus offrante est sûre +d'atteindre son but et rien n'est plus à désirer que _la punition sévère +du trafic illicite et honteux_, qui se pratique avec les firmans et +l'irrévocabilité _de ceux une fois émanés_. + +C'est donc en parfaite connoissance du véritable siége du mal, que le +mémorandum du 3 février _a cherché le remède dans le renfort de l'action +tutélaire du Gouv. par un employé sultanique spécial d'un rang assez +élevé pour être placé à côté des Musselims; employé qui serait chargé +directement de tout ce qui aurait rapport aux lieux saints et aux +pèlerins--qui serait mis en contact avec les Représentans des +Gouvernement Chrétiens nommés ad hoc, sous la dénomination de procureurs +et qui ne recevrait d'ordres que de Constantinople où les plaintes +élevées contre lui seraient portées à la connoissance du Gouvernement +dans la voie diplomatique_. + +_Le mémoire prussien_ tendant à établir sur les lieux une représentation +de l'église évangélique et sa participation aux fondations existantes, +suscite une question _toute nouvelle_, dont la portée n'est pas à +calculer. + +Sans considérer l'opposition de Rome, du St. Synode de St. Pétersbourg, +et du Patriarchat grec à Constantinople le mémoire suggère des moyens +qui, loin de porter remède au mal existant, feraient naître des +nouvelles complications et accroître la désunion parmi les confessions +chrétiennes. Ce regrettable résultat serait surtout amené par les points +suivans du mémoire prussien: + +A. _La propriété des lieux saints à Jérusalem, Bethléhem et Nazareth +passerait aux cinq grandes Puissances._ + +Mais cette propriété est aux différentes confessions, qui déjà jalouses +de la partager entre _trois_, ne voudraient certainement pas faire une +cession de droits acquis, en faveur d'une _quatrième prétendant_. + +B. _Les Chrétiens évangéliques auraient dans l'église du St. Sépulcre à +Jérusalem et dans celle de Bethléhem des parties spécialement destinées +à leur usage._ + +Mais dans ces deux églises chaque pouce de terrain est disputé par les +trois confessions. Toute la Basilique de Bethléhem fut adjugée, il y a +80 ans, aux Grecs; en vertu d'un firman obtenu par des sommes +considérables, eux et les Arméniens possèdent _seuls_ la propriété de la +Grotte de la Nativité; les moins franciscains n'osent point y dire la +messe, et il n'y a que l'autel de la Ste. Crèche qui appartienne à ces +derniers. Dans le temple de Jérusalem existent les mêmes subdivisions +exclusives. Chaque chapelle forme pour ainsi dire une monopole; celle du +Calvaire est partagée en deux--l'autel des Grecs occupant la place de +l'exaltation de la croix, celui des Catholiques celle du crucifiement. +Comment faire entrer une quatrième confession dans un partage déjà si +contesté? La répartition toute faite de localités dont la propriété est +aussi hautement appréciée par la confession qui la possède qu'enviée par +la confession qui voudrait l'usurper, s'opposerait du reste à une +pareille entreprise. + +C. _Chaque Puissance, qui nommerait un résident, mettrait à sa +disposition 60 soldats._ + +A part d'autres considérations qui rendent ce moyen inadmissible, il +fournirait des armes à une guerre de religion en petit qui, vu les +élémens de jalousie et de discorde déjà existans, ne manquerait pas +d'éclater. + +(F.O. Docs. 7/302.) + + * * * * * + +BRITISH JEWS AND PALESTINE, 1841-1843. + +_Colonel Churchill to Sir Moses Montefiore._ + +_June 14th, 1841._ + +MY DEAR SIR MOSES,--I have not yet had the pleasure of hearing from you, +but I would fain hope that my letters have reached you safe. + +I enclose you a petition which has been drawn by the Brothers Harari, in +which they state their claims and their earnest desire to be immediately +under British protection. I am sorry to say that such a measure is much +required even now, not only for them, but also for all the Jews in +Damascus. + +They are still liable to persecutions similar to those from which, +through your active and generous intervention, they have so lately +escaped. The Christians still regard them with malevolence, and the +statement in the petition enclosed is perfectly correct. + +I cannot conceal from you my most anxious desire to see your countrymen +endeavour once more to resume their existence as a people. I consider +the object to be perfectly attainable. But, two things are indispensably +necessary. Firstly, that the Jews will themselves take up the matter +universally and unanimously. Secondly, that the European Powers will aid +them in their views. It is for the Jews to make a commencement. Let the +principal persons of their community place themselves at the head of the +movement. Let them meet, concert and petition. In fact the agitation +must be simultaneous throughout Europe. There is no Government which can +possibly take offence at such public meetings. The result would be that +you would conjure up a new element in Eastern diplomacy--an element +which under such auspices as those of the wealthy and influential +members of the Jewish community could not fail not only of attracting +great attention and of exciting extraordinary interest, but also of +producing great events. + +Were the resources which you all possess steadily directed towards the +regeneration of Syria and Palestine, there cannot be a doubt but that, +under the blessing of the Most High, those countries would amply repay +the undertaking, and that you would end by obtaining the sovereignty of +at least Palestine. That the present attempt to prop up the Turkish +Empire as at present constituted is a miserable failure, we who see +what is going on around us must at once acknowledge. What turn events +will take no one can possibly tell, but of this I am perfectly certain +that these countries must be rescued from the grasp of ignorant and +fanatical rulers, that the march of civilisation _must_ progress, and +its various elements of commercial prosperity _must_ be developed. It is +needless to observe that such will never be the case under the +blundering and decrepit despotism of the Turks or the Egyptians. Syria +and Palestine, in a word, must be taken under European protection and +governed in the sense and according to the spirit of European +administration. It must ultimately come to this. What a great advantage +it would be, nay, how indispensably necessary, when at length the +Eastern Question comes to be argued and debated with this new ray of +light thrown around it, for the Jews to be ready and prepared to say: +"Behold us here all waiting, burning to return to that land which you +seek to remould and regenerate. Already we feel ourselves a people. The +sentiment has gone forth amongst us and has been agitated and has become +to us a second nature; that Palestine demands back again her sons. We +only ask a summons from these Powers on whose counsels the fate of the +East depends to enter upon the glorious task of rescuing our beloved +country from the withering influence of centuries of desolation and of +crowning her plains and valleys and mountain-tops once more, with all +the beauty and freshness and abundance of her pristine greatness." I say +it is for the Jews to be ready against such a crisis in diplomacy. I +therefore would strenuously urge this subject upon your calm +consideration, upon the consideration of those who, by their position +and influence amongst you are most likely to take the lead in such a +glorious struggle for national existence. I had once intended to have +addressed the Jews here in their Synagogue upon the subject, but I have +reflected that such a proceeding might have awakened the jealousy of the +local Government. I have, however, prepared a rough petition which will +be signed by all the Jews here and in other parts of Syria, and which I +shall then forward to you. Probably two or three months will elapse +first. There are many considerations to be weighed and examined as the +question develops itself--but a _beginning_ must be made--a resolution +must be taken, _an agitation must be commenced_, and where the stake is +"Country and Home" where is the heart that will not leap and bound to +the appeal? + +I am the Resident Officer at Damascus until further order. + +Believe me to be, Dear Sir Moses, + +Yours very faithfully, + +CHAS. H. CHURCHILL. + +Before closing my letter, I cannot avoid offering one or two further +considerations. + +Supposing that you and your colleagues should at once and earnestly +interest yourselves upon this important subject of the recovery of your +ancient country, it appears to me (forming my opinions upon the present +attitude of affairs in the Turkish Empire) that it could only be as +subjects of the Porte that you could commence to regain a footing in +Palestine. Your first object would be to interest the Five Great Powers +in your views and to get them to advocate your view with the Sultan upon +the clear understanding that the Jews, if permitted to colonise any part +of Syria and Palestine, should be under the protection of the Great +Powers, that they should have the internal regulation of their own +affairs, that they should be exempt from military service (except on +their own account as a measure of defence against the incursions of the +Bedouin Arabs), and that they should only be called upon to pay a +tribute to the Porte on the usual mode of taxation. + +No doubt, such an undertaking will require _Patriotism_ in the fullest +sense of the word, energy and great perseverance. It will require large +capital at the outset, but with good prospect of remuneration, returned +after the lapse of a few years. + +In all enterprises men must be prepared to make great sacrifices, +whether of time, health or resources. To reflect calmly before +commencing an undertaking and once begun to carry it through, +vanquishing, surmounting, triumphing over every obstacle, this is worthy +of man's existence and carries with it its own reward, if the judgment +is sound, the head clear and the heart honest. I humbly venture to give +my opinion upon a subject, which no doubt has already occupied your +thought--and the bare mention of which, I know, makes every Jewish heart +vibrate. The only question is--_when_ and _how_. + +The blessing of the Most High must be invoked on the endeavour. +Political events seem to warrant the conclusion that the hour is nigh at +hand when the Jewish people may justly and with every reasonable +prospect of success put their hands to the glorious work of National +Regeneration. If you think otherwise I shall bend at once to your +decision, only begging you to appreciate my motive, which is simply an +ardent desire for the welfare and prosperity of a people to whom we all +owe our possession of those blessed truths which direct our minds with +unerring faith to the enjoyment of another and better world.--C. H. C. + +I will keep you "au fait" of all that passes in this country if you wish +it. + + * * * * * + +_15th August, 1842._ + +MY DEAR SIR MOSES,--I have delayed until now sending to you a written +statement of my proposition regarding the Jews of Syria and Palestine +partly because I knew you were absent last week from England and partly +because I wished to keep the document by me for a few days previous to +committing it finally to your care. The subject, I am sure, must in your +eyes appear most worthy of consideration, and I trust that when you have +perused my paper and matured the contents in your mind, you will come to +such a decision as will induce you to give my proposition your warmest +support. It appears to me that it might with advantage be brought under +the notice of the Jews on the Continent, and if this be your opinion, +perhaps you could get my paper, which, as you will perceive, I have +drawn up in the shape of an "address," translated into German and +forwarded to your friends in Prussia and Germany. I do sincerely believe +that were the Jews as a body, both in England and on the Continent of +Europe, to so arrange as to present a joint application to the British +Government in the sense I propose, they would have reason to rejoice +hereafter that they had taken such a step. + +I have nothing more to add, as my Document, which I enclose, will +express to you all I can say upon the subject. + +The only question that remains for your personal consideration is +whether you possess the power of having the proposition laid before the +leading Jews, abroad as well as in England for their deliberate +judgment. + +May I beg you to present my kind regards to Lady Montefiore, and believe +me to be, + +Dear Sir Moses, + +Yours most sincerely, + +CHAS. H. CHURCHILL. + + * * * * * + +_Proposal of Colonel Churchill (Extract)._ + +Human efforts preceded by prayer and undertaken in faith the whole +history of your nation shows to be almost invariably blessed. If such +then be your conviction it remains for you to consider whether you may +not in all humility, but with earnest sincerity and confiding hope +direct your most strenuous attention towards the land of your Fathers +with the view of doing all in your power to ameliorate the conditions of +your brethren now residing there and with heartfelt aspiration of being +approved by Almighty God whilst you endeavour as much as in you lies to +render that Land once more a refuge and resting-place to such of your +brethren scattered throughout the world as may resort to it. + +Hundreds and thousands of your countrymen would strain every effort to +accomplish the means of living amidst those scenes rendered sacred by +ancient recollections, and which they regard with filial affection, but +the dread of the insecurity of life and property which has rested so +long upon the soil of "Judea" has hitherto been a bar to the +accomplishment of their natural desire. + +My proposition is that the Jews of England conjointly with their +brethren on the Continent of Europe should make an application to the +British Government through the Earl of Aberdeen to accredit and send out +a fit and proper person to reside in Syria for the sole and express +purpose of superintending and watching over the interests of the Jews +residing in that country. The duties and powers of such a public officer +to be a matter of arrangement between the Secretary of State for Foreign +Affairs and the Committee of Jews conducting the negotiations. It is, I +hope, superfluous for me to enlarge upon the incalculable benefit which +would accrue to your nation at large were such an important measure to +be accomplished, or to allude more than briefly to the spirit of +confidence and revival which would be excited in the breasts of your +fellow-countrymen all over the world were they to be held and +acknowledged agents for the Jewish people resident in Syria and +Palestine under the auspices and sanction of Great Britain.... + +..."God has put into my heart the desire to serve His ancient people. +...I have discharged a duty imposed on me by my conscience."... + + * * * * * + +_Resolution of the Board of Deputies of British Jews._ + +_November 8th, 1842._ + +That the President be requested to reply to Colonel Churchill to the +effect that this Board, being appointed for the fulfilment of special +duties and deriving its pecuniary resources from the contributions to +the several congregations it represents, is precluded from originating +any measures for carrying out the benevolent views of Colonel Churchill +respecting the Jews of Syria, that this Board is fully convinced that +much good would arise from the realisation of Colonel Churchill's +intentions, but is of opinion that any measures in reference to this +subject should emanate from the general body of the Jews throughout +Europe, and that this Board doubts not that if the Jews of other +countries entertain the proposition those of Great Britain would be +ready and desirous to contribute towards it their most zealous support. + + * * * * * + +_Colonel Churchill to the Secretary of the Board of Deputies._ + +BEYROUT, _Jany._ 8_th_, 1843. + +SIR,--I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the official +Communication which the Board of Deputies of British Jews has been +pleased to address to me. + +It affords me the greatest gratification to learn that the British Jews +would zealously co-operate with the general body of their countrymen in +endeavouring to procure the permanent amelioration of the condition of +Jews in Syria and Palestine. + +I humbly venture to express a hope that the Board of Deputies will still +continue to entertain this subject, and that it will not think it +inexpedient to endeavour to ascertain the feelings and wishes of the +Jews in the rest of Europe on a question so interesting and important, +one in which is necessarily involved that of the prospective +regeneration of their long-suffering and afflicted country. + +I beg leave to offer my best thanks and warmest acknowledgements to the +Board of Deputies for the kind manner in which it has been pleased to +receive my previous communication, and to assure it that my services are +ever at its command. + +I have the honour to be, &c., + +CHAS. CHURCHILL. + +(Minute-Books of Board of Deputies, 1841-43.) + + * * * * * + +THE ENTENTE POWERS AND PALESTINE, 1917. + +_Extract from Agreement between Great Britain, France and Russia, dated +February 21, 1917._ + +"5.... With a view to securing the religious interests of the Entente +Powers, Palestine, with the Holy Places, is separated from Turkish +territory and subjected to a special régime to be determined by +agreement between Russia, France and England." + +(_Manchester Guardian_, January 19, 1918.) + + * * * * * + +GREAT BRITAIN AND ZIONISM, 1917. + +_Mr. Balfour to Lord Rothschild._ + +FOREIGN OFFICE, + +_November 2nd, 1917_. + +DEAR LORD ROTHSCHILD,--I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on +behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of +sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, +and approved by, the Cabinet:-- + +"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in +Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their +best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being +clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the +civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in +Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any +other country." + +I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the +knowledge of the Zionist Federation. + +Yours sincerely, + +ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR. + +(_Times_, November 9, 1917.) + + + * * * * * + + + + +APPENDIX. + +INTERNATIONAL ANTI-SEMITISM IN 1498. + + +The earliest appearance of the Jewish Question in international European +politics--or rather the earliest reference to it in the British State +Papers--happened in 1498, shortly after the great expulsion of the Jews +from Spain. In that year Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain sent a mission +to England on business connected with Prince Arthur's marriage. The +mission was apparently instructed to deal with the Jewish Question. The +envoys expressed to the King their sorrow that, while Spain had been +purged of infidelity, Flanders and England were infested by that +scourge. Thereupon, according to a dispatch from the chief of the +mission, Henry VII, laying both hands on his breast, swore that he would +persecute without mercy any Jew or heretic that the King or Queen of +Spain might point out in his dominions. + + +DOCUMENT. + + * * * * * + +_De Carta del soprior de Santa Cruza Sus Alts. (Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz +to Ferdinand and Isabella, July 18, 1498). Extract._ + + * * * * * + +Acabada nuestra embasada hable al Rey de Inglaterra solo.... + +Al otro cabo que le dixe que en su Reyno y en Flandes estaban muchos +conversos de los Reynos de V.A. y algunos fuydos por miedo de la +Inquisicion y quan firmes V.A. estaban en su amistad y hermandad y que +los sobredichos siempre procuraban el contrario que le avisaban dello, +holgo mucho de tal avis y dixo la mano puesta en los pechos que por la +fe de su coraçon que no decia el de marranos mas del mejor de su Reyno +si contra lo que yo le decia algo le dixiese, no le oiria ni le ternia +por suyo, y que si S.A. le mandaien airsar si en su tierra hay algun +judio o herege que por la fe de su corazon et los castigaria bien. Fue +esta habla larga y por ser nuevo oficial abrevie, huelga mucho el Rey de +Inglaterra en fablar de la Princesa de Gales.... + +(Record Office: "Spanish Transcripts," Series I, vol. I, B. 205.) + + + * * * * * + + + + +INDEX. + + +Abdul Medjid, Sultan of Turkey, 96 + +Aberdeen, Earl of, 18, 123 + +Adler, Cyrus, 67, 70, 71 + +Agreement, Anglo-Prussian (1841), 106 + +Alexander I, Tsar, 12, 15 + +Alexander II, Tsar, 78 + +Alexander III, Tsar, 55 + +Alexander, Bishop, 106 + +Alexander, D. L., 51, 52, 54 + +Algeciras, Conference of (1906), 54, 88; + Protocols, 98-99 + +Allenby, General, 104 + +Alliance Israélite, 59, 60, 89 + +Almodovar del Rio, Duc de, 98 + +American-Jewish Committee, 89 + +American House of Representatives, Resolution, 79 + +American Senate, Resolution, 79-80 + +American-Swiss Treaty (1855), 74 + +"Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon," 103 + +Anarchists, 57 + +Ancona, Jews of, 63 + +Andrássy, Count, 30, 93 + +Anglo-French Entente, 56 + +Anglo-Jewish Association, 45, 51, 69, 89 + +Anglo-Moorish Treaty (1856), 78, 83, 87 + +Anglo-Prussian Agreement (1841), 106 + +Anglo-Russian Treaty (1859), 80 + +Anglo-Swiss Treaty (1855), 73 + +Anglo-Turkish Treaty (1809), 84 + +Anti-Semitic Triple Alliance, 57-62 + +Appleton, John, 75 + +Austria, 64, 65 + +Austrian Instruction (1815), 71 + +Austrian Jews, 7 + + +Balance of Power, The, 54 + +Balfour, Arthur James, 124, 125 + +Baltimore, Jews of, 74 + +Bartholomey, Mr., 77 + +Baruch, Jacob, 12 + +Baxter, Nadir, 101 + +Beaconsfield, Earl of, 30, 103 + +Beauvale, Lord, 106, 116, 117 + +Belgium and Holland, Union of, 2 + +Benchimol Family, 88, 89, 90, 91 + +Berlin, Congress of (1878), 23-36, 52 + +Berlin, Treaty of (1878), 24, 33 + +Bernhardt, "Handbook of Treaties, &c.," 74, 80, 83, 84, 87 + +Bernstorff, Count, 16 + +Bertie, Francis, 44, 45 + +Bethlehem, 105 + +Bismarck, Prince, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32 + +Bjoerkoe interview, 56, 62 + +Blaine, James G. (U.S. Secretary of State), 54, 70, 78 + +"Blue Laws," 77 + +Boerne, Ludwig, 12 + +Bohemia, Jews of, 7-11 + +Brisac, J., 66, 67, 68, 72, 73 + +Broglie, Duc de, 66 + +Brothers, Richard, 101 + +Bucharest Commission, 20 + +Bucharest, Treaty of (1913), 50 + +Bulgaria, 26, 33 + +Bülow, Baron, 105, 114, 116 + +Bund, Jewish, 57, 59 + +Bunsen, Baron, 106 + +Buzaglo, David, 89, 91 + +Canovas Del Castillo, Señor, 93, 94 + +Capitulations, 3, 4, 83, 100 + +Capodistrias, Count, 16 + +Carathéodory Pacha, 26, 27, 31, 32 + +Carlowitz, Treaty of (1699), 64, 71, 100 + +Cassini, Count, 99 + +Castlereagh, Viscount, 12, 13, 16 + +Catharine of Braganza, Queen, 6 + +Catherine of Russia, Empress, 76, 78 + +"Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France," 66 + +Charlemagne, Emperor, 3 + +Charles II, King of England, 6 + +Charles X, King of France, 65 + +Chevalier, Michel, 67 + +China, religious liberty in, 3 + +Choate, Joseph H., 44 + +Christendom, Peace of, 2 + +Christian Missions, protection of, 3 + +Christina, Queen of Sweden, 6 + +Churchill, Colonel, C. H., 103, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124 + +Circular Note to Great Powers, American (1902), 44 + +Clarendon, Earl of, 19, 67 + +Clanricarde, Marquis of, 113 + +Cobden, Richard, 67 + +Cohn, Albert, 19 + +Conferences:-- + Algeciras (1906), 54, 88 + Bucharest (1913), 45, 47, 48, 49 + Constantinople (1856), 20, 21, 23 + London (1830), 17, 52 + London (1912), 13, 45, 47 + Madrid (1880), 54, 88 + Ryswick (1697), 103 + St. Petersburg (1912-13), 45-47 + _See also_ Protocols and Treaties + +Congresses:-- + Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), 15, 16 + Berlin (1878), 23, 25-33, 36 + Paris (1856), 18-23 + Vienna (1815), 3, 12-15 + _See also_ Protocols and Treaties + +Consistoire Israélite, 66 + +Consular Protection, 4, 82-85, 86-88 + +Convention, Cyprus (1878), 107 + +Convention of Paris (1858), 20, 21, 23 + +Crémieux, Adolphe, 18, 102 + +Cromwell, Oliver, 4, 6, 102 + +Crowe, Sir Eyre, 51, 83 + +Cyprus, 103 + +Cyprus Convention (1878), 107 + + +Damascus, 120 + +Daudet, Ernest, 55 + +"Décade Philosophique et Littéraire," 104 + +De Card, "Les Traités entre la France et le Maroc," 88 + +Declaration on Palestine, British (1917), 124-5 + +De Launay, Count, 29, 32, 53 + +De Mello, Don Francisco Manuel, 6 + +Deschamps, Emile, 59 + +Despatch, American, to U.S. Minister at Athens (1902), 38 + +Desprez, M., 26, 32, 33 + +Dicey, Professor A. V., 5, 54 + +D'Israeli, "Genius of Judaism," 101 + +Dobrudja, 50 + +Dohm, C. W., 15 + + +Eastern Roumelia, 26, 79 + +Edict of Sultan of Morocco, 89, 92 + +El Arish, 104 + +Esterhazy, Prince, 117 + + +Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 126 + +Finch, Sir Henry, 100, 101 + +Finn, James, 86, 102; + "Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles," 85 + +Fogg, Mr., 75 + +Foreign Jews Protection Society, 64 + +Foster, J. W., 70 + +France, 65, 66 + +Franchi, Cardinal, 93 + +Franco-Moorish Règlement (1863), 88 + +Franco-Swiss Treaty (1827), 71 + +Franco-Swiss Treaty (1864), 73 + +Franks, Aaron, 7, 8, 9 + +Freemasons, 59, 60, 62 + +Fuller, "A Pisgah Sight of Palestine," 100 + + +George II, King of England, 7-9 + +German Jews, 12, 13 + +Goldsmid, Sir Julian, 82 + +Gortchacow, Prince, 28, 29, 30, 33 + +Graetz, "Geschichte der Juden," 103 + +Granville, Earl, 69; + despatch of, 81-82 + +Greece, Jews of, 17 + +Grey, Sir Edward, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 54, 69, 82 + +Grey, Viscount (_see_ Sir Edward) + +Guizot, 66, 105, 107 + + +Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey, M.P., 101 + +Hammond, J., 86 + +Hardenberg, Prince, 12, 13, 16 + +Haroun al-Rashid, Khalif, 3 + +Harrington, Lord, 11 + +Hart, Moses, 7, 8, 9 + +_Hatti-Humayoun_ (1856), 19-22 + +Hay, John (U.S. Secretary of State), 37, 38, 43, 44; + despatch on Rumania, 38-43 + +Hay, Sir John Drummond, 85, 88 + +Haymerle, Baron, 30 + +Henry VII, King of England, 126 + +Hervaille, 59 + +Herzl, Theodor, 104 + +"Histoire Diplomatique de l'Alliance Franco-Russe," 55 + +Holland, 7 + +Holland, Jews of, 2, 3 + +Holland, "The European Concert in the Eastern Question," 18, 21, 22 + +Holy Alliance, 12 + +Holy Roman Empire, 100 + +Hoskier, M., 55 + + +_Izviestia_, 56 + +Izvolsky, A., 56, 62 + + +Jackson, J. B. (U.S. Minister at Bucharest), 47 + +Jaffa, 85 + +James I, King of England, 101 + +Jerusalem, 101, 104, 108, 109, 115, 117 + +Jewish Board of Deputies, 12, 45, 47, 51, 69, 86, 89, 103, 123, 124 + +Jewish Bund, 57 + +Jewish Conjoint Committee, 24, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 69, 82, 83 + +"Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States," 37 + +Jewish Nationalism, 16 + +"Jews and the War," 24, 45 + +Jews in Bohemia, 7-11 + +Jews in Foreign Countries, Status of, 63-83 + +Jews in Morocco, 83-85, 87-99 + +Jews in Rumania, 28-48 + +Jews in Russia, 54 + +Jews in Russia, American Despatch, 76-78, 81-83 + +Jews in Switzerland, 72-73 + +"Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the U.S.," 70 + +Jews, National Restoration of, 100-125 + +Jews of Baltimore, 74 + +Joostens, Baron, 99 + + +Kamarowsky, 105, 106 + +Klüber, "Akten des Wiener Kongresses," 14 + +Kohler, Max, 37 + +Koutzo-Vlachs, 50 + +Lamsdorf, Count, 55, 56, 62 + +Lansdowne, Marquis of, 37, 38 + +Lassalle, Ferdinand, 59 + +"Legal Sufferings of Jews in Russia," 54 + +Lemoine, "Napoléon et les Juifs," 104 + +Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, Prince, 17 + +Leven, Narcisse, 24, 85 + +Lewisohn, Leon, 69, 81 + +Lieven, Count, 18 + +Loeb, Isidor, 24 + +Loewe, "Diaries of Sir Moses Montefiore," 89, 92 + +London, Treaty of (1840), 106 + +Louis Philippe, King of France, 66; + speech of (1835), 73 + +Ludolf, Count, 95 + + +Madrid, Conference of (1880), 54, 88; + Protocols, 90-98 + +Madrid, Treaty of (1880), 91 + +Maiorescu, Titu (Rumanian Prime Minister), 46, 47, 49, 50 + +Maria Theresa, Empress, 7-11 + +Marranos (or Crypto-Jews), 63, 64 + +Marx, Karl, 59 + +Mehemet Ali, 102 + +"Memorandum on the Grievances of British Subjects of the Jewish Faith," 69 + +"Memorandum on Treaty Rights of Jews of Rumania" (1908), 45 + +Memorandum (Palestine), Austrian (1840), 111-113; + (1841), 117-119 + +Memorandum (Palestine), Prussian (1841), 114-116 + +Memorandum (Palestine) of Russian Government (1840), 107-110 + +Menasseh ben Israel, 6 + +Mendes da Costa, Fernando, 6 + +Metternich, Prince, 12, 13, 16, 113, 116, 117, 118 + +Milan, Prince, 30 + +Mohammed Vargas, Cid, 96, 97 + +Moldavia, Jews in, 19, 21 + +Moldavians and Wallachians, 23 + +Montefiore, Claude G., 51, 52, 54 + +Montefiore, Joseph Meyer, 86 + +Montefiore, Lady, 122 + +Montefiore, Sir Moses, 18, 89, 95, 102, 103, 119, 121 + +Montenegro, 30, 33 + +Montmoren y Laval, 18 + +Moravia, Jews of, 7 + +Morocco, Jews of, 70 + +Morocco, Religious Liberty in, 89-99 + +Mount Athos, 31 + +Muley-el-Hassan, Sultan of Morocco, 97, 98 + + +Nahon, Moses, 89, 91 + +Napier, Lord, 81 + +Napoleon I, Emperor, 102, 104 + +Napoleon III, Emperor, 19 + +Nasi, Donna Gracia, 6, 63 + +Nasi, Don Joseph (_see_ Naxos, Duke of) + +"National Treatment," 65, 68 + +Nationality, Jewish, 64 + +Naxos, Duke of, 63 + +Nazareth, 105 + +Neapolitan prison horrors, 5 + +Nelidow, Actual Privy Councillor, 58 + +Nesselrode, Count, 16, 113 + +Nicholas II, Tsar, 56, 62 + +Nicolson, Sir Arthur, 98 + +"Nikky-Willy" correspondence, 55 + +Nina, Cardinal, 94 + + +Oliphant, Lawrence, 103 + +Omar, Mosque of, 116 + +Ottoman Empire, Jews in, 3, 4 + + +Palestine Declaration, British (1917), 124-125 + +Palestine, Jews in, 70 + +Palestine Question, 100-125 + +Palestine, Russian Jews in, 84, 85 + +Palestine, Secret Agreement (1917), 107, 124 + +Palestine Memorandum, Austrian (1840), 111-113; (1841), 117-119 + +Palestine Memorandum, Prussian (1841), 114-116 + +Palestine Memorandum, Russian (1840), 107-110 + +Palmerston, Viscount, 102, 105, 106, 113, 114, 116, 117 + +Paris, Convention of (1858), 23 + +Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718), 71, 100 + +Passport Question in Russia, 68 + +Paul IV, Pope, 63, 64 + +Paulli, Holger, 103 + +Peace of Christendom, 2 + +Peace of Westphalia, 2, 3, 6 + +Petition concerning Jews of Bohemia, 7-11 + +Piggott, Sir Francis, "Exterritoriality," 84 + +Pogroms, 62 + +Poland, Jews of, 6 + +Poland, Protestants of, 4 + +Ponsonby, Lord, 106 + +Pope, the, 93, 95 + +Portugal, Jews of, 6 + +Prince of Wales (Arthur), 126 + +Protocols:-- + Anti-Anarchist (1904), 56 + Algeciras Conference (1906), 98-99 + Conference of Bucharest (1913), 47 + Conference of Constantinople (1856), 20, 23 + Conference of London (1830), 17, 18 + Conference, Madrid (1880), 90-98 + Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), 16 + Congress of Berlin (1878), 25-33 + Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, 2, 3 + _See also_ Conferences, Congresses and Treaties + +Prussia, Jews of, 6 + +Prussia, King of, 114 + + +Radowitz, Herr von, 99 + +Règlement, Franco-Moorish (1863), 88 + +Religious Liberty, 1, 2, 3, 17, 20, 21 + +"Restoration of the Hebrews, The," 101 + +Revoil, M., 99 + +Richelieu, 16 + +Ristitch, 30 + +Robinson, Sir Thomas, 7, 9, 11 + +Roosevelt, Theodore, 37, 99 + +Rothschild, Sir Anthony de, 19 + +Rothschild, Baron James de, 19, 20 + +Rothschild, Baron Lionel de, 19 + +Rothschild, Leopold de, 13 + +Rothschild, Lord, 36, 37, 55, 56, 58 + +Rothschild, Lord (second), 124 + +Rothschild, Nathan, 13 + +Rumania, 24, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38, 48 + +Rumania and the Powers (1902), 36-45 + +Rumania, American Circular Note on, 44 + +Rumania, Identic Note to (1880), 35-36 + +Rumania, Jews of, 28 + +Rumanian Constitution, Art. VII, 34-35 + +Russell, Earl, 81, 86 (_see_ Russell, Lord John) + +Russell, Lord John, 68, 69, 70 + +Russia, Jews in, 54, 76-78, 81-83 + +"Russian Government and the Massacres," 54 + +Russian Jews in Palestine, 84, 85 + +Russian Jews, persecution of, 5 + +Russian Revolution, 54 + +Russian Secret Documents, 62 + +Russo-American Treaty (1832), 75 + +Russo-American Treaty (1832), denunciation of, 79-80 + +Ryswick, Conference of (1697), 103 + + +Sabbathai Zevi, 103 + +Sager, M., 99 + +Salisbury, Marquis of, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 69, 82, 106 + +Samuel, Henry, Case of, 64 + +Sanderson, Sir T. H., 69, 82 + +Santa Cruz, Sub-Prior of, 126 + +Saxony, 66 + +Schiff, Jacob, 36, 37 + +Schouvaloff, Count, 26, 27, 28, 30 + +Secret Agreement (Palestine) (1917), 107, 124 + +Secret Note to Swiss Diet, French (1826), 72 + +Séménoff, M., 54, 62 + +Servia, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32 + +Servia, Jews of, 28 + +Seward, William H. (U.S. Secretary of State), 75 + +Sidi Mohammed, Sultan of Morocco, 95 + +Socialists, 59, 60, 61 + +Solyman the Magnificent, 63, 64 + +Spain, Jews of, 6 + +Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, 19 + +Straus, Oscar, 37, 103 + +Stroock, 67 + +Sub-Prior of Santa Cruz, 126 + +Suliotis, M., 36 + +Sweden, 4, 57 + +Switzerland, 65, 66, 67, 68 + +"Switzerland and American Jews," 67 + +Switzerland, Jews in, 72-73 + + +Tatistcheff, M., 105 + +Testa, Jonkheer, 99 + +Thirty Years War, 2 + +Thornton, Sir E., 81 + +Toledano, Isaac, 89, 91 + +Treaties:-- + American-Swiss (1855), 66, 67, 73 + Anglo-Moorish (1727-8), 87 + Anglo-Moorish (1856), 83, 87 + Anglo-Russian (1859), 68, 80 + Anglo-Swiss (1855), 67, 73 + Anglo-Turkish (1809), 87 + Berlin (1878), 24, 37 + Bucharest (1913), 50 + Carlowitz (1699), 64, 71, 100 + Franco-Swiss (1827), 65, 71 + Franco-Swiss (1864), 68, 73 + London (1840), 106 + London (1864), 49 + Madrid (1880), 91 + Münster (1648), 2 + Osnabruck (1648), 2 + Paris (1856), 20-22 + Passarowitz (1718), 71, 100 + Russo-American (1832), 68, 70, 75 + San Stéfano (1878), 27, 31 + Tientsin (1858), 3 + Vienna (1815), 13-15 + _See also_ Conferences, Congresses, Conventions, Protocols and Règlement + +Turkey, 31, 33, 37, 40, 63, 64, 65 + +Turkey, Jews in, 19 + + +Ubicini, "Question des Principautés," 23 + +United States, 46, 66, 67 + +United States, Religious Liberty in, 38-43 + +Universal Suffrage, 61 + + +Vatican, 60, 61 + +Vaudois, persecution of the, 4 + +Venizelos, M., 47 + +Visconti Venosta, Viscount, 99 + + +Waddington, M., 25, 26, 28, 29, 93 + +Wallachia, Jews in, 19, 21 + +Wallachians and Moldavians, 23 + +Warsaw, British Jews in, 68 + +Way, Rev. Lewis, 15, 16 + +Wellington, Duke of, 13, 16 + +Westphalia, Peace of, 2 + +White, Henry, 98, 99 + +White, Sir W. A., 34, 36 + +William II, Emperor of Germany, 56 + +William III, King of England, 103 + +Wilson, Charles S., 38 + +Witte, Count, 56 + +Wolf, Lucien, 54, 58; + "Sir Moses Montefiore," 89 + +Wolf, Simon, 37 + +"World's Great Restoration, The," 100 + +Wyshnigradski, M., 55 + + +Zion, Mount, 116 + +Zionism, 103, 104, 107, 124 + + +Printed by SPOTTISWOODE, BALLANTYNE & CO. LTD. Colchester, London & +Eton, England + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] _Infra_, pp. 57-62 and Appendix. + +[2] Wolf: _Menasseh b. Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell_, pp. xviii +_et seq._ + +[3] The Protocol was accepted by the Dutch King on July 21, 1814. Its +text will be found in _British and Foreign State Papers_, ii. 141-142. + +[4] Guasco: "L'Église Catholique et la Liberté Religieuse dans l'Empire +Chinois" (_Revue Générale de Droit International Public_, x. 53 _et +seq._) + +[5] Verney and Dambmann: _Puissances Etrangères dans le Levant_, pp. +69-80. + +[6] _Infra_, pp. 83 _et seq._ + +[7] The historical and juridical aspects of the question have been fully +discussed by Professor Rougier in the _Revue Générale de Droit +International Public_, xvii. 468 _et seq._ + +[8] Martin: _Life of the Prince Consort_, iii. 510-511. + +[9] For a vigorous exposition of the duty of civilised States in such +cases, see Prof. A. Dicey's introduction to _Legal Sufferings of the +Jews in Russia_, p. x. + +[10] See Straus: _The American Spirit_ (New York). For documentary +examples relating to the Jews, see Cyrus Adler: _Jews in the Diplomatic +Correspondence of the United States_. + +[11] _Infra_, pp. 63-64. + +[12] Kayserling: "Menasseh b. Israel" (_Misc. Heb. Lit._ ii. 29); +_Harleian Miscellany_, vii. 618. + +[13] Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 29,868, _f._ 1. + +[14] Sir Thomas Robinson, "l'infatigable Robinson" of Carlyle's +_Frederick_, afterwards Lord Grantham. + +[15] Graetz: _Geschichte der Juden_, x. 393-394. + +[16] Emanuel: _A Century and a Half of Anglo-Jewish History_, p. 9. + +[17] Graetz: _Geschichte_, xi. 324-328. See also Kohler: _Jewish Rights +at International Congresses_, pp. 6-20. + +[18] _Diary of Sir Moses Montefiore_, 1817, p. 192. (Ramsgate +Theological College MSS.) Kohler: _op. cit._ pp. 25-26. + +[19] Communication from the late Mr. Leopold de Rothschild. See also +_Gentleman's Magazine_, Oct. 1819, p. 362. + +[20] _Infra_, p. 16. The Protocol does not appear in the Protocols of +the Congress published in the _British and Foreign State Papers_, and is +usually excluded from the official records of the Congress. Its text is, +however, given in Way's _Mémoires_ (Paris, 1819) as an unpaginated +Appendix. + +[21] _Procès-Verbal des Séances de l'Assemblée Juive_ (Paris, 1806), pp. +47-49; _Actes du Grand Sanhédrin_, pp. 65-73, 83, 90-91. + +[22] Emanuel: _op. cit._, p. 66. The facts are given more fully by Loeb: +_Biographie d'Albert Cohn_ (Paris, 1878), pp. 48-49. + +[23] Loeb: _op. cit._, p. 49 (supplemented by private sources), Holland: +_The European Concert in the Eastern Question_, p. 330. + +[24] Holland: _op. cit._, pp. 233-234, 251. + +[25] _British and Foreign State Papers_, xlviii. 78. + +[26] Loeb: _Situation des Israélites en Turquie, en Serbie, et en +Roumanie_ (1877), p. 200. + +[27] _The Jews and the War_, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16. (Privately printed +by Jewish Conjoint Committee.) + +[28] _British and Foreign State Papers_, xlviii. 97. + +[29] _Ibid._ p. 113. + +[30] _Ibid._ p. 120. + +[31] _Jews and the War_, No. 1 (1917), pp. 15-16. + +[32] The _Hatti-Humayoun_ (see next document). + +[33] This _alinéa_ did not appear in the scheme drawn up by the +Bucharest Commission, but was inserted by the Conference. + +[34] Loeb: _Situation_, pp. 139-196. Narcisse Leven: _Cinquante ans +d'histoire_, pp. 93-146. + +[35] _British and Foreign State Papers_, lxii. p. 705. + +[36] _Infra_, pp. 25-33. + +[37] _Jews and the War_, p. 29. + +[38] _Infra_, p. 33. + +[39] _Infra_, p. 32. Extract from Protocol No. 17. + +[40] "Le Traité de Berlin," writes M. Suliotis in the _Journal du droit +international privé_ (xiv. 563), "a cru faire merveille en faveur des +étrangers, mais la Roumanie a su habilement éluder les inconvénients qui +pouvaient resulter de l'application de l'article VII. dans le sens du +Traité de Berlin, qui n'a eu d'autres résultats que de rendre plus +difficile la situation des étrangers." + +[41] Dated June 13, 1901. It is not printed. Its argument is largely +reproduced in the Memorandum of the Conjoint Committee of November 1908, +for full text of which see _Jews and the War_, pp. 14 _et seq._ + +[42] Private information and documents. + +[43] For a detailed and documented account of the American intervention, +but without the full texts of the Notes of Secretary Hay (_infra_, pp. +38-45), see Kohler and Wolf: _Jewish Disabilities in the Balkan States_ +(the American Jewish Committee, 1916), pp. 80-83, 108-137. + +[44] Semi-official communiqué to the newspapers through Reuter's Agency, +September 23, 1902. The fact was also privately communicated by Lord +Lansdowne to Lord Rothschild at the time. + +[45] This is a reference to Russia. _Infra_, pp. 69-70. + +[46] "Memorandum on the Treaty Rights of the Jews of Rumania" (November +1908). Printed for confidential use, 16 pp. fcp. Reprinted in _Jews and +the War_, pp. 14-30. Also in the Annual Reports of the Board of Deputies +and Anglo-Jewish Association (1909), and in Kohler and Wolf, _op. cit._ + +[47] _Infra_, p. 47. + +[48] _Infra_, p. 51. For a fuller text of the correspondence, see Annual +Report of the Board of Deputies (1913), pp. 54-74. + +[49] The United States was a conspicuous exception. See especially Mr. +Blaine's despatch of February 18, 1891. (_Foreign Relations of U.S._ +1891, p. 737.) + +[50] Wolf and Dicey: _Legal Sufferings of the Jews in Russia_ (London, +1912). Semenoff and Wolf: _The Russian Government and the Massacres_ +(London, 1907). + +[51] The story is told by M. Ernest Daudet in his _Histoire Diplomatique +de l'Alliance Franco-Russe_, pp. 261-262, but the present writer is able +to confirm it from other sources. + +[52] The famous "Nikky-Willy" correspondence (see _Times_, September 4, +1917; _Daily Telegraph_, September 4, 27 and 29, 1917; and _Morning +Post_, September 15, 1917.) + +[53] _Infra_, pp. 57-62. + +[54] The statement in the Memorandum that Messrs. Rothschild had been +excluded by the Russian Government from these loan operations is +inaccurate. The exclusion had come from the other side, and at the very +time that the Memorandum was being prepared Count Witte had sent +representatives of the Finance Ministry to London to endeavour to +overcome Lord Rothschild's reluctance. + +[55] This Protocol is published in vol. vi. of the _Secret Documents_ +published by the Russian Revolutionary Government in February 1918. + +[56] Secret letter from the Kaiser to the Tsar published in the Soviet +organ _Inviestia_, December 19, 1917. + +[57] Actual Privy Councillor Nelidow's despatch of December 1-14, 1905. + +[58] Communicated by Emil Deschamps in the _Journal de St. Pétersbourg_, +of December 23, 1905. + +[59] Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at the Hague of October 24, +1905, No. 22. + +[60] Despatch from the Imperial Ambassador at Rome of November 29, 1905, +No. 23. + +[61] According to the rules of French Freemasonry, promotion to the +eighteenth degree makes the recipient automatically a member of the +"Alliance Israélite Universelle," while out of the nine members of the +Secret Supreme Council of Freemasonry five must be Jews. + +[62] Levy: _Don Joseph Nasi_, _Herzog von Naxos und seine Familie_ +(Breslau, 1859). See also Graetz: _Geschichte_, vol. ix. _passim_. + +[63] The text of the Sultan's letter is preserved in the rare _Lettere +di Principi_ (Venice, 1581), iii. 171. + +[64] Graetz: _Geschichte_, ix. 361, and 571-572. + +[65] _Transactions, Jewish Historical Society_, iv. 478 _et seq._ The +plea has been revived during the present war, but with less success. It +was largely used by Russian Jews in order to escape conscription under +the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1916. (See Petition of Foreign Jews +Protection Society, _Herald_, July 22 and 29, 1916.) See also the case +of the prosecution of Henry Samuel, _Times_, September 19, 1918. + +[66] _Infra_, p. 71. + +[67] Brisac: _Ce que les Israélites de la Suisse doivent à la France_ +(Lausanne, 1916), pp. 9-13. _Infra_, pp. 71-72. + +[68] Brisac: _op. cit._, pp. 14-15, 16-17. + +[69] Jewish disabilities still existed in England, Germany, Austria, +Russia, the Italian States, Spain and Portugal. + +[70] May 28, 1841. A full report of the debate will be found in the +_Moniteur_, May 29, 1841. + +[71] Stroock: "Switzerland and American Jews," in _Publications of the +American Jewish Historical Society_, xi. 7-8, 15. + +[72] Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 27-33. + +[73] _Infra_, pp. 73-74. + +[74] Stroock: _op. cit._, p. 15. + +[75] Brisac: _op. cit._, p. 37. + +[76] Stroock: _op. cit._, pp. 24-32. + +[77] Lord Clarendon on December 17, 1857, instructed the British +Minister at Berne to make representations to the Swiss Government +(Stroock: p. 36). The bulk of the official correspondence of the United +States on the subject is printed by Cyrus Adler in _Publications of the +American Jewish Historical Society_, xv. 25-39. + +[78] _Infra_, p. 73. + +[79] This was not in the Commercial Treaty but in a separate Treaty of +Establishment signed the same day. + +[80] Sanctioned by the Referendum of January 14, 1866 (Brisac, p. 54). + +[81] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 4 (1881), p. 21. _Infra_, pp. 81-82. + +[82] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 3 (1881), pp. 17-18. + +[83] _Parl. Paper, Russia_, No. 4 (1881), pp. 21-22. _Infra_, p. 82. + +[84] Letter from Sir T. H. Sanderson on behalf of the Marquis of +Salisbury, January 29, 1891. + +[85] "Memorandum on the grievances of British subjects of the Jewish +faith in regard to the interpretation of Articles I and XI of the +Anglo-Russian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of January 12, 1859" +(August 2, 1912). Printed for confidential use, 9 pp. fcp. The text +together with further correspondence has been reprinted in the Annual +Reports of the Board of Deputies and the Anglo-Jewish Association for +1912. + +[86] _Infra_, pp. 82-83. + +[87] Cyrus Adler: _Jews in the Diplomatic Correspondence of the United +States_, pp. 73-74. See also dispatch from Mr. Foster, October 18, 1880, +in _Foreign Relations of the United States_, 1881, p. 991. + +[88] See dispatches quoted by C. Adler, _op. cit._, pp. 75-96 from +_Foreign Relations_ 1880 and 1881. + +[89] _Infra_, pp. 76-78. + +[90] _Infra_, pp. 79-80. + +[91] Cyrus Adler: _op. cit._, pp. 7-19. See also _infra_, p. 103 (note). + +[92] _Infra_, p. 83. + +[93] Confirmed by Art. XIII of the Treaty of Passarowitz, July 21, 1718. + +[94] _Supra_, pp. 3-4. + +[95] Piggott: _Exterritoriality_ (Lond. 1907), pp. 67-68. + +[96] Bernhardt: _op. cit._, pp. 947, 957. + +[97] _Infra_, p. 86. Further details will be found in Mr. Finn's +_Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles_ (Lond. 1878), i. 112-114. + +[98] _Infra_, p. 87. + +[99] _Infra_, p. 87. + +[100] _Memoir of Sir John Drummond Hay_ (Lond. 1896), pp. 322-323. See +also stipulations of French Treaty (_infra_, p. 88). + +[101] For details of these cases see Leven: _Cinquante Ans d'Histoire_, +pp. 158 _et seq._ Annual Reports of the Anglo-Jewish Association. + +[102] _Memoir of Sir J. D. Hay_, pp. 321-323. + +[103] _Ibid._, p. 323. + +[104] _Infra_, pp. 90-91. + +[105] _Infra_, p. 93. + +[106] _Infra_, p. 92. See also Wolf: _Sir Moses Montefiore_ (Lond. +1884), pp. 213-232, and Loewe: _Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore_, ii. +148-153. + +[107] _Infra_, p. 97. + +[108] _Infra_, p. 98. + +[109] _Cf. supra_, p. 89. + +[110] Fuller: _A Pisgah Sight of Palestine_ (Lond. 1650), bk. iv. p. +194. + +[111] D'Israeli: _Genius of Judaism_, pp. 200-201. + +[112] _The Restoration of the Hebrews to Jerusalem by the Year of 1798 +under the Revealed Prince and Prophet_ (Lond. 1794). _A letter from Mr. +Brothers to Miss Cott with an Address to the Members of His Britannic +Majesty's Council_ (Lond. 1798). _The Curious Trial of Mr. Brothers... +on a Statute of Lunacy_ (Lond. 1795). + +[113] _Mr. Halhed's Speech in the House of Commons... on Monday, May the +4th, 1795_ (Lond. 1795). + +[114] Law Reports: 4 De Gex & Smale, 467. + +[115] For details see _infra_, pp. 104-106. + +[116] Finn: _op. cit._, i. 106. The passage is worth quoting: "In 1839, +Lord Palmerston's direction to his first Consul in Jerusalem was 'to +afford protection to the Jews generally.' The words were simply those, +broad and general, as under the circumstances they ought to be, leaving +after events to work out their own modifications. The instruction, +however, seemed to bear on its face a recognition that the Jews are a +nation by themselves and that contingencies might possibly arise in +which their relations to Mohammedans should become difficult, though it +was impossible to foresee the shape that future transactions might +assume upon the impending expulsion of the Egyptians from Syria." + +[117] See text of Firman in Loewe: _Diaries of Sir M. Montefiore_, i. +278-279. + +[118] _Infra_, pp. 119-124. + +[119] _Memoir of Laurence Oliphant_, ii. 179. As late as January 1888 +Mr. Oscar Straus, the United States Minister in Constantinople and +himself a Jew, assured the Grand Vizier, with regard to the +establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine, "that no such purpose +actuated the Jews throughout the world" (_Foreign Relations of U.S._, +1888, p. 1559). + +[120] _Anabaptisticum et Enthusiasticum Pantheon_ (1702), _Novus in +Belgio Judaeorum Rex_, p. 25. + +[121] Graetz: _Geschichte_, x. 207. + +[122] "Re-establishment of the Jewish Government, with a letter from a +Jew to his Brethren; copied from the _Courier_, June 10, 1798." + +[123] Lemoine: _Napoléon et les Juifs_ (Paris, 1900), p. 72. + +[124] _Infra_, p. 107. There is no trace of this scheme in the Foreign +Office papers except in the reference here quoted from the Russian +Memorandum, but Tatistcheff, who saw the Russian set of these papers in +the Petrograd Foreign Office, describes a scheme submitted by Guizot to +Palmerston and Metternich which seems to be the one referred to here. +(Kamarowsky: "La Question d'Orient," in _Revue Générale de Droit +International Public_, iii. 423.) + +[125] _Infra_, pp. 107-109. + +[126] _Infra_, pp. 111-113. + +[127] _Infra_, p. 113. + +[128] _Infra_, pp. 114-116. + +[129] Covering despatch from Baron Bülow, _infra_, p. 116. + +[130] Despatch from Lord Beauvale and draft of reply by Palmerston, +_infra_, pp. 116-117. + +[131] Kamarowsky, _op. cit._, p. 423. + +[132] _Memoirs of Bunsen_ (London, 1868), i. 593 _et seq._ + +[133] Memorandum of July 15, 1841, presented to Palmerston by Bunsen +(F.O. 64/235 Prussia). + +[134] Letter from Bunsen to his Wife (_Memoirs_, i. 608-609). + +[135] Bishop Alexander was before his conversion Minister of the Jewish +Synagogue at Plymouth. + +[136] Holland: _European Concert in Eastern Question_, p. 93. + +[137] _British and Foreign State Papers_, lxix. 1342-1353; lxxiii. 438. + +[138] _Infra_, p. 124. + +[139] _Infra_, pp. 124-125. + +[140] This was probably the scheme suggested by Guizot (_supra_, p. +105). + +[141] This Memorandum is identical with the Austrian Memorandum of +October 1840, which at the time was only communicated to the Prussian +Government (_supra_, pp. 111-113). + + * * * * * + + Notes of the transcriber of this etext: + + "Religous" changed to "Religious" + "repondu" changed to "répondu" + both "Toldano" and "Toledano" appear + "Etats-Unis" changed to "États-Unis" + "Janaury" changed to "January" + "Cánovas" and "Canovas" appear + "morocain" changed to "marocain" + "qu iont" changed to "qui ont" + "Gortschacow" changed to "Gortchacow" + "Kluber" changed to "Klüber" + "Munster" changed to "Münster" + "parait" changed to "paraît" + "Plenipotentiaire" changed to "Plénipotentiaire" + "reconnait" changed to "reconnaît" + "Bartholomei" changed to "Bartholomey" + "Litteraire" changed to "Littéraire" + "Maioresco" appears in the index as "Maiorescu" + "Séménoff" appears in the index, Semenoff in the notes. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on the Diplomatic History of the +Jewish Question, by Lucien Wolf + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE JEWISH QUESTION *** + +***** This file should be named 31385-0.txt or 31385-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/3/8/31385/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Chuck Greif and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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