initial commit of ebook 31351HEADmain

1 files changed, 1675 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/31351-8.txt b/31351-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d89868e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31351-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1675 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Record of Study in Aboriginal American
+Languages, by Daniel G. Brinton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Record of Study in Aboriginal American Languages
+
+Author: Daniel G. Brinton
+
+Release Date: February 22, 2010 [EBook #31351]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RECORD OF STUDY--ABOR. AMER. LANG. ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+A number of typographical errors have been maintained in this version of
+this book. They have been marked with a [TN-#], which refers to a
+description in the complete list found at the end of the text.
+
+
+
+
+  A RECORD OF STUDY
+
+  IN
+
+  ABORIGINAL AMERICAN LANGUAGES
+
+  BY
+
+  DANIEL G. BRINTON, A.M., M.D., LL.D., Sc.D.,
+
+  _Professor of American Archæology and Linguistics in the
+  University of Pennsylvania_
+
+
+  PRINTED FOR PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION
+  MEDIA, PA., 1898
+
+
+
+
+  PRESS OF
+  THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY,
+  LANCASTER, PA.
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY.
+
+
+If this review of my own work in the field of American Linguistics
+requires an apology, I may say that the preparation of it was suggested
+to me by my late friend, Mr. James Constantine Pilling, whose admirable
+volumes on the bibliography of American Aboriginal Languages are
+familiar to all students. He had experienced the difficulty of
+cataloguing the articles of writers whose contributions extend over many
+years, and have been published in different journals, proceedings of
+societies and volumes, and was impressed with the advantage of an
+analytical list composed by the author himself.
+
+With this in view, I have arranged the present survey of my writings in
+this branch of science, extending over a period of two score years. They
+are grouped geographically, and sufficient reference to their contents
+subjoined to indicate their aims and conclusions.
+
+  D. G. BRINTON.
+
+  MEDIA, PENNA., November, 1898.
+
+
+
+
+I. GENERAL ARTICLES AND WORKS.
+
+
+     1. The Philosophic Grammar of American Languages as set forth by
+     Wilhelm von Humboldt; with the translation of an unpublished Memoir
+     by him on the American Verb. pp. 51. In _Proceedings_ of the
+     American Philosophical Society, 1885.
+
+     2. On Polysynthesis and Incorporation as characteristics of
+     American Languages. pp. 41. In _Proceedings_ of the American
+     Philosophical Society, 1885.
+
+     3. Characteristics of American Languages. _American Antiquarian_,
+     January, 1894.
+
+     4. On certain morphologic traits in American Languages. _American
+     Antiquarian_, October, 1894.
+
+     5. On various supposed relations between the American and Asiatic
+     Races. _Memoirs_ of the International Congress of Anthropology,
+     1893.
+
+     6. The Present Status of American Linguistics. _Memoirs_ of the
+     International Congress of Anthropology, 1893.
+
+     7. American Languages and why we should Study them. An address
+     delivered before the Pennsylvania Historical Society. pp. 23. In
+     _Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_, 1885.
+
+     8. The Rate of Change in American Languages. In _Science_, Vol. X.,
+     1887.
+
+     9. Traits of Primitive Speech, illustrated from American languages.
+     In _Proceedings_ of the American Association for the Advancement of
+     Science, August, 1888.
+
+     10. The Language of Palæolithic Man. pp. 14. In _Proceedings_ of
+     the American Philosophical Society, October, 1888.
+
+     11. The American Race: A Linguistic Classification and Ethnographic
+     Description of the Native Tribes of North and South America. pp.
+     392. New York, 1891.
+
+     12. The Standard Dictionary (Indian Words in). New York, 1894.
+
+     13. Aboriginal American Authors and their Productions, especially
+     those in the Native Languages. pp. 63. Philadelphia, 1883.
+
+     14. American Aboriginal Poetry. pp. 21. In _Proceedings_ of the
+     Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, 1883.
+
+     15. The Conception of Love in some American Languages. pp. 18. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, November,
+     1886.
+
+The earlier numbers, (1-4,) in the above list are occupied with the
+inquiry whether the native American languages, as a group, have peculiar
+morphological traits, which justify their classification as one of the
+great divisions of human speech. In this question, I have been a
+disciple of Wilhelm von Humboldt and Professor H. Steinthal, and have
+argued that the phenomenon of Incorporation, in some of its forms, is
+markedly present in the vast majority, if not in all, American tongues.
+That which has been called "polysynthesis" is one of these forms. This
+is nothing more than a familiar, nigh universal, grammatic process
+carried to an extreme degree. It is the _dvanda_ of the Sanscrit
+grammarians, an excellent study of which has recently appeared from the
+pen of Dr. H. C. Müller.[6-1] In its higher forms Incorporation
+subordinates the nominal concepts of the phrase to those of time and
+relation, which are essentially verbal, and this often where the true
+verbal concept, that of abstract action, is lacking, and the verb itself
+is in reality a noun in the possessive relation.[6-2][TN-1]
+
+Even extremely simple American languages, such as the Zoque, display the
+tendency to energetic synthesis;[6-3] while many of them carry the
+incorporative quality to such a degree that the sentence becomes one
+word, a good example of which is the Micmac.[6-4] Some American and
+French writers have misunderstood the nature of this trait, and have
+denied it; but the student who acquaints himself thoroughly with the
+authors above mentioned, will not be misled.[6-5]
+
+The MS. of the Memoir by W. von Humboldt I obtained from the Berlin
+Library. Even Professor Steinthal, in his edition of Humboldt's
+linguistic Works, had overlooked it. It is a highly philosophic analysis
+of the verb, as it occurs in the languages of the following tribes:
+Abipones, Achaguas, Betoyas, Caribs, Huastecas, Lules, Maipures, Mayas,
+Mbayas, Mexicans (Nahuas), Mixtecas, Mocovis, Omaguas, Otomis,
+Tamanacas, Totonacos, Tupis, Yaruros.
+
+In (5) I have examined the various alleged affiliations between American
+and Asiatic tongues, and showed they are wholly unfounded.
+
+In (7) I have entered a plea for more attention to American languages.
+Not only for ethnographic purposes are they useful, but their primitive
+aspects and methods of presenting ideas enable us to solve psychological
+and grammatic problems more completely than other tongues.
+
+In support of this, in (9) and (10), I endeavor to outline what must
+have been the morphology of the language which man spoke when in the
+very beginning of his existence as man; a speech of marvelous
+simplicity, but adapted to his wants.
+
+The volume, of nearly four hundred pages, entitled _The American Race_
+(No. 11) was the first attempt at a systematic classification of all the
+tribes of America, North, Central and South, on the basis of language.
+It defines seventy-nine linguistic stocks in North America and sixty-one
+in South America. The number of tribes named and referred to these
+stocks is nearly sixteen hundred. Several of these stocks are defined
+for the first time, such as the Tequistlatecan of Mexico, the Matagalpan
+of Central America, and in South America the Timote, the Paniquita, the
+Cocanuca, the Mocoa, the Betoya, the Lamuca, etc.
+
+In the article (8) I show that, contrary to an oft expressed opinion,
+the rate of change in these unwritten tongues is remarkably slow, not
+greater than in cultivated languages.
+
+When the publishers of the _Standard Dictionary_ (New York, 1895) were
+preparing that well-known work, they placed in my hands all the words in
+the English language derived from the native tongues of America.
+Although the etymology of some of them remains obscure, I believe the
+derivation of all positively traced will be found presented.
+
+I early became convinced that the translations of books of devotion,
+etc., into the native tongues gave no correct impression of those
+tongues. The ideas conveyed were foreign to the primitive mind, and the
+translations were generally by foreigners who had not completely
+mastered the idioms. Hence, the only true reflex of a language is in the
+words and thoughts of the natives themselves, in their indigenous
+literature.
+
+This led me to project the publication of a series of volumes containing
+writings, preferably on secular subjects, by natives in their own
+languages. That there is such a literature I undertook to show in (13)
+and (14). The former was the expansion of a paper presented to the
+International Congress of Americanists at Copenhagen. It contains a list
+of native American authors and notices of a number of their works
+composed in their own tongues. That on "aboriginal poetry" vindicates
+for native American bards a respectable position among lyric and
+dramatic composers.
+
+That some of the central subjects of poetic literature--the emotions of
+love and friendship--exist, and often in no low form of sentiment, among
+these natives, I have undertaken to show by an analysis of a number of
+terms expressing these feelings in five leading American linguistic
+stocks, the Algonkin, Nahuatl, Maya, Quechua and Tupi (No. 15).
+
+Following out this plan, I began in 1882 the publication of "The Library
+of Aboriginal American Literature." Each volume was to contain a work
+composed in a native tongue by a native; but those based upon foreign
+inspiration, such as sermons, etc., were to be excluded. Each was to be
+translated and edited with sufficient completeness to make it available
+for the general student.
+
+Of this "Library" eight volumes were issued, the first in 1882, the
+eighth in 1890, when I ceased the publication, not from lack of
+material, but because I had retired in 1887 from my connection with the
+publishing business and became more engaged in general anthropological
+pursuits.
+
+The "Library," as issued, contains the following numbers:
+
+No. I. The Chronicles of the Mayas. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D.
+279 pages. 1882.
+
+    This volume contains five brief chronicles in the Maya language,
+      written shortly after the conquest, and carrying the history of
+      that people back many centuries. To these is added a history of
+      the conquest, written in his native tongue, by a Maya chief, in
+      1562. This interesting account has been published separately, with
+      an excellent grammatical and lexical analysis by the Count de
+      Charencey, under the title _Chrestomathie Maya, d'après la
+      Chronique de Chac-Xulub-Chen_ (Paris, 1891). The texts are
+      preceded by an introduction on the history of the Mayas, their
+      language, calendar, numerical system, etc.; and a vocabulary is
+      added at the close.
+
+No. II. The Iroquois Book of Rites. Edited by Horatio Hale. 222 pages.
+1883.
+
+    This work contains, in the Mohawk and Onondaga languages, the
+      speeches, songs and rituals with which a deceased chief was
+      lamented and his successor installed in office. The introduction
+      treats of the ethnology and history of the Huron-Iroquois. A map,
+      notes and glossary complete the work.
+
+No. III. The Comedy-Ballet of Güegüence. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M.
+D. 146 pages. 1883.
+
+    A curious and unique specimen of the native comic dances, with
+      dialogues, called _bailes_, formerly common in Central America. It
+      is in the mixed Nahuatl-Spanish jargon of Nicaragua, and shows
+      distinctive features of native authorship. The introduction treats
+      of the ethnology of Nicaragua, and the local dialects, musical
+      instruments and dramatic representations. A map and a number of
+      illustrations are added.
+
+No. IV. A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians. Edited by A. S.
+Gatschet. 251 pages. 1884.
+
+    Offers a survey of the ethnology of the native tribes of the Gulf
+      States. The legend told to Governor Oglethorpe, in 1732, by the
+      Creeks, is given in the original.
+
+No. V. The Lenâpé and Their Legends. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D.
+262 pages. 1885.
+
+    Contains the complete text and symbols, 184 in number, of the "Walum
+      Olum," or "Red Score," of the Delaware Indians, with the full
+      original text, and a new translation, notes and vocabulary. A
+      lengthy introduction treats of the Lenâpé or Delawares, their
+      history, customs, myths, language, etc., with numerous references
+      to other tribes of the great Algonkin stock.
+
+No. VI. The Annals of the Cakchiquels. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M.
+D. 234 pages. 1885.
+
+    The original text, written about 1562, by a member of the reigning
+      family, with a translation, introduction, notes and vocabulary.
+      This may be considered one of the most important historical
+      documents relating to the pre-Columbian period.
+
+No. VII. Ancient Nahuatl Poetry. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. 176
+pages. 1890.
+
+    In this volume twenty-seven songs in the original Nahuatl are
+      presented, with translation, notes, vocabulary, etc. Many of them
+      date from before the conquest and none later than the sixteenth
+      century. The introduction describes the ancient poetry of the
+      Nahuas in all its bearings.
+
+No. VIII. Rig Veda Americanus. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. 95
+pages. 1890.
+
+    Presents the original text with a gloss in Nahuatl of twenty sacred
+      chants of the ancient Mexicans. They are preserved in the Madrid
+      MSS. of Father Sahagun, and date anterior to the Conquest. A
+      paraphrase, notes and a vocabulary are added, and a number of
+      curious illustrations are reproduced from the original.
+
+The edition of each of these was about 400 copies, except No. II., of
+which 900 were printed. A complete set is now difficult to obtain.
+
+
+II. NORTH AMERICAN LANGUAGES NORTH OF MEXICO.
+
+     16. Lenâpé-English Dictionary. From an anonymous MS. in the
+     archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa., with additions,
+     by Daniel G. Brinton and Rev. Albert Seqaqkind Anthony, 4to, pp.
+     326. Philadelphia, 1888. Published by the Historical Society of
+     Pennsylvania.
+
+     17. The Lenâpé and their Legends; with the complete Text and
+     Symbols of the Walum Olum, a new Translation and an Inquiry into
+     its Authenticity. pp. 262. Illustrated. Philadelphia, 1885.
+
+     18. Lenâpé Conversations. In _American Journal of Folk-Lore_, Vol.
+     I.
+
+     19. The Shawnees and their Migrations. In _American Historical
+     Magazine_, January, 1866.
+
+     20. The Chief God of the Algonkins, in his Character as a Cheat and
+     Liar. In the _American Antiquarian_, May, 1885.
+
+     21. On certain supposed Nanticoke words shown to be of African
+     origin. _American Antiquarian_, 1887.
+
+     22. Vocabulary of the Nanticoke dialect. Proceedings of the
+     _American Philosophical Society_, November, 1893.
+
+     23. The Natchez of Louisiana, an Offshoot of the Civilized Nations
+     of Central America. In the _Historical Magazine_ (New York), for
+     January, 1867.
+
+     24. On the Language of the Natchez. In _Proceedings_ of the
+     American Philosophical Society, December, 1873.
+
+     25. Grammar of the Choctaw Language. By the Rev. Cyrus Byington.
+     Edited from the original MS. by D. G. Brinton. pp. 56. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1870.
+
+     26. Contributions to a Grammer[TN-2] of the Muskokee Language. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, March, 1870.
+
+     27. The Floridian Peninsula, its Literary History, Indian Tribes,
+     and Antiquities. 8vo, cloth, pp. 202. Philadelphia, 1859.
+
+     28. The Taensa Grammar and Dictionary. A deception exposed. In
+     _American Antiquarian_, March, 1885.
+
+     29. The Taensa Grammar and Dictionary. A reply to M. Lucien Adam.
+     In _American Antiquarian_, September, 1885.
+
+Within the area of the United States, my articles have been confined
+practically to two groups, the Algonkian dialects and those spoken in
+Florida and the Gulf States.
+
+The Delaware Indians or Lenni Lenâpé, who occupied the valley of the
+Delaware River and the land east of it to the ocean, although long in
+peaceful association with the white settlers, were never studied,
+linguistically, except by the Moravian missionaries, in the latter half
+of the eighteenth century. In examining the MSS. in the Moravian Church
+at Bethlehem, Pa., I discovered a MS. dictionary of their tongue,
+containing about 4,300 words. This I had carefully copied, and induced a
+native Delaware, an educated clergyman of the English Church, the Rev.
+Albert Seqaqkind Anthony, to pass a fortnight at my house, going over it
+with me, word by word. The MS. thus revised, was published by the
+Historical Society of Pennsylvania as the first number of its "Student
+Series." Various interesting items illustrating the beliefs and customs
+of the Delawares of the present day, communicated to me by Mr. Anthony,
+I collected into the article (18), "Lenâpé Conversations."
+
+A few years previous I had succeeded in obtaining the singular MS.
+referred to by C. S. Rafinesque, in 1836, as the "Painted Record" of the
+Delaware Indians, the _Walum Olum,_ properly, "painted" or "red"
+"score." This I reproduced in No. 17, with the accessories mentioned
+above (p. 9). There is no doubt of the general authenticity of this
+record. A corroboration of it was sent me in March of this year (1898)
+by Dr. A. S. Gatschet, of the U. S. Bureau of American Ethnology. He
+writes:
+
+"When the Delaware delegate, Johnnycake, was here for the last time, he
+told Mr. J. B. N. Hewitt (also attached to the Bureau) that some of the
+Lenâpé Indians, near Nowata, Cherokee Nation, had seen your publication
+on the _Walum Olum_. They belong to the oldest men of that tribe, and
+stated that the text was all right, and that they remembered the songs
+from their youth. They could give many additions, and said that a few
+passages were in the wrong order and had to be placed elsewhere to give
+them the full meaning they were intended to convey."
+
+This was cheering confirmation to me that my labor had not been expended
+on a fantastic composition of Rafinesque's, as some have been inclined
+to think.
+
+Some years ago I contemplated the publication of a work through the
+American Folklore Society on Algonquian Mythology. Various reasons led
+me to lay it aside. Part of the material was introduced into my works on
+the general mythology of the American tribes,[12-1] and one fragment
+appeared in (20) in which I offered a psychological explanation of the
+character of the hero god Gluscap, so prominent in the legends of the
+Micmacs and Abenakis. At that time I was not acquainted with the
+ingenious suggestions on the etymology of the name subsequently
+advocated by the native author, Joseph Nicolar.[12-2]
+
+The Nanticokes lived on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay. In
+collecting their vocabularies I found one alleged to have been obtained
+from them, but differing completely from the Algonquian dialects. It had
+been partly printed by Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton,[12-3] but remained a
+puzzle. My article (21) proves that it belongs to the Mandingo language
+of western Africa. It was doubtless obtained from some negro slave.
+
+The Nanticoke vocabulary (22) was secured in 1792 for Mr. Thomas
+Jefferson. I give the related terms in the other dialects of the stock.
+
+The Natchez are an interesting people of whose rites we have strange
+accounts from the early French explorers. Their language is a small
+stock by itself. At one time I thought it related to the Maya (23); but
+this is probably an error. In (24) I printed a vocabulary of words
+obtained for me from a native, together with some slight grammatical
+material.
+
+The Taensas were a branch of the Natchez, speaking the same tongue; but
+in 1881, J. Parisot presented an article of half a dozen pages to the
+International Congress of Americanists on what he called the "Hastri or
+Taensa Language," totally different from the Natchez.[13-1] Subsequently
+this was expanded to a volume, and appeared as Tome IX. of the
+_Bibliothêque Linguistique Américaine_ (Maisonneuve et Cie, Paris)
+introduced by the well-known scholars Lucien Adam and Albert S.
+Gatschet.
+
+It passed unchallenged until 1885, when I proved conclusively that the
+whole was a forgery of some young seminarists, and had been palmed off
+on these unsuspecting scientists out of a pleasure in mystification
+(28). As I have given the details elsewhere, I shall not repeat
+them.[13-2]
+
+The works of Pareja in the Timuquana tongue of Florida were unknown to
+linguists when, in 1859, I published the little volume (27). In it,
+however, I called attention to them, and from the scanty references in
+Hervas expressed the opinion that it might be related to the Carib. This
+was an error, as no such affinity appears on the fuller examination of
+the tongue now possible, since Pareja's grammar has been
+republished,[13-3] and texts of the Timuquana have been reproduced by
+Buckingham Smith.[13-4] The language stands alone, an independent stock.
+
+
+III. MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN LANGUAGES.
+
+     30. The Native Calendar of Central America and Mexico. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, November,
+     1893.
+
+     31. The Lineal Measures of the Semi-civilized Nations of Mexico and
+     Central America. In _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical
+     Society, January, 1885.
+
+     32. On the Chontallis and Popolucas. In the Compte Rendu du Congrés
+     des Américanistes, 1890.
+
+     33. The Study of the Nahuatl Language. In the _American
+     Antiquarian_, January, 1886.
+
+     34. The Written Language of the Ancient Mexicans. In _Transactions_
+     of the American Philosophical Society, 1889.
+
+     35. The ancient phonetic alphabet of Yucatan. In _American
+     Historical Magazine_, 1870.
+
+     36. The Graphic System and ancient Records of the Mayas. In
+     _Contributions to American Ethnology_, Vol. V., Washington, 1882.
+
+     37. The Phonetic Elements in the Graphic Systems of the Mayas and
+     Mexicans. In _American Antiquarian_, November, 1886.
+
+     38. On the "Ikonomatic" Method of Phonetic Writing. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1886.
+
+     39. A Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics. pp. 152. Boston, 1895.
+
+     40. What the Mayan Inscriptions tell about. In _American
+     Archæologist_, 1894.
+
+     41. On the "Stone of the Giants" near Orizaba, Mexico. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of
+     Philadelphia, 1889.
+
+     42. On the Nahuatl version of Sahagun's Historia de la Nueva
+     España, at Madrid. In the _Compte Rendu_ of the Congrés
+     International des Americanistes, 7^eme Session.
+
+     43. On the words "Anahuac" and "Nahuatl." In _American
+     Antiquarian_, November, 1893.
+
+     44. On the so-called Alagüilac Language of Guatemala. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, November,
+     1887.
+
+     45. The Güegüence; a Comedy Ballet in the Nahuatl-Spanish Dialect
+     of Nicaragua. pp 94. Philadelphia, 1883.
+
+     46. Ancient Nahuatl Poetry; Containing the Nahuatl Text of
+     Twenty-seven Ancient Mexican Poems; With Translation, Introduction,
+     Notes and Vocabulary. pp. 177. 1887.
+
+     47. Rig Veda Americanus. Sacred Songs of the Ancient Mexicans, with
+     a Gloss in Nahuatl. With Paraphrase, Notes and Vocabulary. pp. 95.
+     Illustrated. Philadelphia, 1890.
+
+     48. A notice of some Manuscripts of Central American Languages. In
+     the _American Journal of Science and Arts_ (New Haven), March,
+     1869.
+
+     49. The Maya Chronicles. pp. 279. Philadelphia, 1882.
+
+     50. The Books of Chilan Balam, the Prophetic and Historic Records
+     of the Mayas of Yucatan. In the _Penn Monthly_, March, 1882.
+
+     51. The Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths. pp. 38. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1881.
+
+     52. On the Chane-abal (Four-Language) Tribe and Dialect of Chiapas.
+     In the _American Anthropologist_, January, 1888.
+
+     53. A Grammar of the Cakchiquel Language of Guatemala. Translated
+     from an Ancient Spanish MS., with an Introduction and numerous
+     Additions. pp. 67. In _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical
+     Society, 1884.
+
+     54. The Annals of the Cakchiquels. The Original text, with a
+     Translation, Notes and Introduction. pp. 234. Illustrated.
+     Philadelphia, 1885.
+
+     55. On some Affinities of the Otomi and Tinné Stocks. International
+     Congress of Americanists, 1894.
+
+     56. Observations on the Chinantec Language of Mexico and the
+     Mazatec Language and its Affinities. In _Proceedings_ of the
+     American Philosophical Society, 1892.
+
+     57. Notes on the Mangue dialect. In _Proceedings_ of the American
+     Philosophical Society, November, 1885.
+
+     58. On the Xinca Indians of Guatemala. In _Proceedings_ of the
+     American Philosophical Society, October, 1884.
+
+     59. The Ethnic Affinities of the Guetares of Costa Rica. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, December,
+     1897.
+
+     60. On the Matagalpan Linguistic Stock of Central America. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, December,
+     1895.
+
+     61. Some Vocabularies from the Mosquito Coast. In _Proceedings_ of
+     the American Philosophical Society, March, 1891.
+
+The _Popol Vuh_, or "sacred book" of the Quiches of Guatemala was
+published by the Abbé Brasseur in 1861. The study (51) is an effort to
+analyze the names of the gods which it contains and to extract their
+symbolic significance.
+
+The Chane-abal dialect of Chiapas (52) is a mixed jargon, the component
+elements of which I have endeavored to set forth from MS. material
+collected by Dr. Berendt.
+
+Another language of Chiapas is the "Chapanecan." In (57) and also in the
+introduction to (45) I have shown, from unpublished sources, its close
+relationship to the Mangue of Nicaragua.
+
+The Mazatec language of Oaxaca, is examined for the first time in (56)
+from material supplied me by Mr. A. Pinart. It is shown to have
+relations with the Chapanecan and others with Costa Rican tongues.
+
+The article on the Chinantec, (56) a little-known tongue of Oaxaca, is
+an analysis of its forms and a vocabulary from the _Doctrina_ of Father
+Barreda and notes of Dr. Berendt.
+
+The Cakchiquels occupied most of the soil of Guatemala at the period of
+the Conquest, and their tongue was that chosen to be the "Metropolitan"
+language of the diocess. In (53) I gave a translation of an unpublished
+grammar of it, the MS. being one in the archives of the American
+Philosophical Society. In some respects it is superior to the grammar of
+Flores.
+
+The higher culture of the tribes of Central America and Mexico gives a
+special interest to the study of their languages, oral and written; for
+with some of them we find moderately well-developed methods of recording
+ideas.
+
+Much of this culture was intimately connected with their astrological
+methods and these with their calendar. This remarkable artificial
+computation of time, based on the relations of the numerals 13 and 20
+applied to various periods, was practically the same among the Mayas,
+Nahuas, Zapotecs, Mixtecs, Chapanecs, Otomis and Tarascos--seven
+different linguistic stocks--and unknown elsewhere on the globe. The
+study of it (30) is exclusively from its linguistic and symbolic side.
+
+It is strange that nowhere in North America was any measure of weight
+known to the natives. Their lineal measures were drawn chiefly from the
+proportions of the human body. They are investigated in (31).
+
+Under the names _Chontalli_ and _Popoluca_, both Nahuatl words
+indicating "foreigners," ethnographers have included tribes of wholly
+diverse lineage. In (32) I have shown that some are Tzentals, others
+Tequistlatecas, Ulvas, Mixes, Zapotecs, Nahuas, Lencas and Cakchiquels,
+thus doing away with the confusion introduced by these inappropriate
+ethnic terms.
+
+No. (33) is an article for the use of students of the Nahuatl language,
+mentioning the principal grammars, dictionaries and text-books which are
+available.
+
+The numbers (34), (35), (36), (37), (38), (39), (40) and (41), are
+devoted to the methods of writing invented by the cultured natives of
+Mexico and Central America in order to preserve their literature, such
+as it was. The methods are various, that of the Nahuas not being
+identical with that of the Mayas. The former is largely phonetic, but in
+a peculiar manner, for which I have proposed the term of "ikonomatic,"
+the principle being that of the rebus. That this method can be
+successfully applied to the decipherment of inscriptions I demonstrated
+in the translation of one which is quite celebrated, the "Stone of the
+Giants" at Orizaba, Mexico (41). The translation I proposed has been
+fully accepted.[16-1]
+
+The "Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics" (39) was intended as a summary of
+what had been achieved up to that time (1895) by students in this
+branch. It endeavored, moreover, to render to each student the credit of
+his independent work; and as, unfortunately, some, notably in Germany,
+had put forward as their own what belonged to others of earlier date,
+the book naturally was not very well treated by such reviewers. Its aim,
+however, to present a concise and fair statement of what had been
+accomplished in its field up to the date of its publication was
+generally conceded to have been attained.
+
+Much of the considerable manuscript material which I have accumulated on
+the languages of this section of the continent was obtained from the
+collections of the late Dr. Carl Hermann Berendt and the Abbé E. C.
+Brasseur (de Bourbourg).
+
+When in Spain, in 1888, I found in the Royal Library the MS. of the
+earlier portion of Sahagun's "History of New Spain" in Nahuatl. I
+described it in (42).
+
+The term "Anahuac" has long been applied to the territory of Mexico. Dr.
+E. Seler, of Berlin, published an article asserting that this was an
+error, and devoid of native authority. In (43) I pointed out that in
+this he was wrong, as early Nahuatl records use it in this sense.
+
+The Alaguilac language of Guatemala, long a puzzle to linguistics, is
+shown in (44) to be an isolated dialect of the Nahuatl.
+
+Nos. (45), (46), (47), (49) and (54), have been already mentioned.
+
+The term _Chilan balam_, which may be freely rendered "the inspired
+speaker," was the title of certain priests of the native Mayas. Many
+records in the Maya tongue, written after the conquests, go by the name
+of "the Books of Chilan Balam." They have never been published, but
+copies of them, made by Dr. Berendt, are in my possession. Their purpose
+and contents were described in (50).
+
+There are reasons for believing that previous to the arrival of the
+Cakchiquels in Guatemala its area was largely peopled by Xincas. Of this
+little-known stock I present in (58) three extended vocabularies, from
+unpublished sources, with comments on the "culture-words."
+
+Some apparent but no decisive affinities between the Otomi of Mexico
+and the Tinné or Athapascan dialects are shown in (55); and in (59) the
+ancient Guetares of Costa Rica are proved, on linguistic evidence, to
+have been members of the Talamancan linguistic stock.
+
+The Matagalpan is an interesting family, first defined in _The American
+Race_, and in (60) more fully discussed, as they survive in San
+Salvador.
+
+In (61) some unpublished vocabularies from the tribe of the Ramas, on
+the Mosquito coast, place them as members of the Changuina stock, most
+of whom dwelt on the Isthmus of Panama.
+
+
+IV. SOUTH AMERICAN AND ANTILLEAN LANGUAGES.
+
+     62. Remarks on the MS. Arawack Vocabulary of Schultz. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1869.
+
+     63. The Arawack Language of Guiana in its Linguistic and
+     Ethnological Relations. In _Transactions_ of the American
+     Philosophical Society, 1871.
+
+     64. Studies in South American Languages. pp. 67. In _Proceedings_
+     of the American Philosophical Society, 1892.
+
+     65. Some words from the Andagueda dialect of the Choco stock. In
+     _Proceedings_ of American Philosophical Society, November, 1897.
+
+     66. Vocabulary of the Noanama dialect of the Choco stock. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, November,
+     1896.
+
+     67. Note on the Puquina Language of Peru. In _Proceedings_ of the
+     American Philosophical Society, November, 1890.
+
+     68. Further Notes on the Betoya dialects. In _Proceedings_ of the
+     American Philosophical Society, October, 1892.
+
+     69. The Linguistic Cartography of the Chaco Region. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, October, 1898.
+
+     70. Further Notes on Fuegian Languages. In _Proceedings_ of the
+     American Philosophical Society, 1892.
+
+     71. On two recent, unclassified Vocabularies from South America. In
+     _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, October, 1898.
+
+The library of the American Philosophical Society contains a MS. copy of
+the Arawack vocabulary of the missionary Schultz, the same work,
+apparently, which was edited from another copy by M. Lucien Adam in
+1882. A study of this MS. led me to discover the identity of the
+so-called "Lucayan" of the Bahamas, the language of Cuba, fragments of
+which have been presented, and the "Taino" of Haiti, with the Arawack.
+They had previously been considered either of Mayan or Caribbean
+affinities. The results are presented in (63).
+
+The "Studies" in (64) are ten in number. No. I. is on the Tacana
+language and its dialects, and is the only attempt, up to the present
+time, to determine the boundaries and character of this tongue. Texts
+and a vocabulary in five of its dialects are given. No. II. is on the
+Jivaro or Xebero tongue, and is entirely from unpublished sources. A
+grammatical sketch, texts and a vocabulary give a moderately complete
+material for comparison. No. III. presents the first printed account of
+the Cholona language on the River Huallaga, drawn from MSS. in the
+British Museum. In No. IV. is a discussion of the relations of the Leca
+language spoken on the Rio Mapiri. No. V. contains a text of some length
+in the Manao dialect of the Arawack stock, the original MS. being in the
+British Museum. The Bonaris are an extinct tribe of the Carib stock. No.
+VI. contains the only vocabulary which has been preserved of their
+dialect. On a loose sheet in the British Museum, among papers on
+Patagonia, I found a short vocabulary in a tongue called "Hongote,"
+which I could not locate and hence published it in No. VII. It
+subsequently proved to be one of the North Pacific Coast languages. The
+same "Study" presents a comparative vocabulary in fourteen Patagonian
+dialects, with notes (Tsoneca, Tehuelche, Puelche, Tekennika (Yahgan),
+Alikuluf, etc.). In Study No. VIII. are discussed the various dialects
+of the Kechua or Quichua tongue of Peru, with an unpublished text from
+the Pacasa dialect. No. IX. examines the affinities which have been
+noted between the languages of North and South America, especially in
+the Mazatec and Costa Rican dialects of the northern Continent. Finally,
+No. X. aims to define for the first time the linguistic stock to which
+belong the dialects of the Betoyas, Tucanos, Zeonas and other tribes on
+the rivers Napo, Meta, Apure and their confluents. Further information
+on this stock is given in (68).
+
+The Choco stock extends widely over the northwest angle of the southern
+continent. In (65) and (66) I have printed short vocabularies of some of
+its dialects secured for me from living natives by Mr. Henry G.
+Granger.
+
+The Puquina language of Peru was quite unknown to linguists when, in
+1890, I published the article (67) containing material in it from the
+extremely rare work of Geronimo de Ore, entitled _Rituale Peruanum_
+(Naples, 1607). Since then an extended essay upon it has been written by
+M. de la Grasserie.
+
+In the "Further Notes on the Fuegian Languages" (70), I have printed an
+Alikuluf vocabulary of 1695, with comparisons, and given a vocabulary of
+the idiom of the Onas, pointing out some affinities with the Yahgan.
+
+Few linguistic areas on the continent have been more obscure than that
+called "El Gran Chaco," in northern Argentina and southern Bolivia. In
+(69) I have mapped the area from 20° to 30° south latitude and 56° to
+66° west longitude, defining the boundaries of each of the seven
+linguistic stocks which occupied it, to wit, the Ennima, Guaycuru, Lule,
+Mataco, Quechua, Samucu and Tupi, with discussions of some uncertain
+dialects, as the Calchaqui, Lengua, Querandi, Charua, Payagua.
+
+In (70) recent vocabularies of the Andoa and Cataquina tongues are
+examined and their linguistic relations discussed.
+
+Many of the above articles, written previous to 1890, were collected by
+me in that year and published in a volume entitled "Essays of an
+Americanist" (pp. 489. Philadelphia). For the convenience of those who
+may wish to refer to them I add here a complete list of the essays which
+it contains.
+
+     PART I.--ETHNOLOGIC AND ARCHÆOLOGIC.--A Review of the Data for the
+     Study of the Prehistoric Chronology of America. On Palæoliths,
+     American and others. On the alleged Mongolian Affinities of the
+     American Race. The Probable Nationality of the Mound-Builders of
+     the Ohio Valley. The Toltecs of Mexico and their Fabulous Empire.
+
+     PART II.--MYTHOLOGY AND FOLK-LORE.--The Sacred Names in the
+     Mythology of the Quiches of Guatemala. The Hero-God of the
+     Algonkins as a Cheat and Liar. The Journey of the Soul in Egyptian,
+     Aryan and American Mythology. The Sacred Symbols of the Cross, the
+     Svastika and the Triqetrum in America. The Modern Folk-lore of the
+     Natives of Yucatan. The Folk-lore of the Modern Lênapé Indians.
+
+     PART III.--GRAPHIC SYSTEMS AND LITERATURE.--The Phonetic Elements
+     in the Hieroglyphs of the Mayas and Mexicans. The Ikonomatic Method
+     of Phonetic Writing used by the Ancient Mexicans. The Writings and
+     Records of the Ancient Mayas of Yucatan. The Books of Chilan
+     Balam, the Sacred Volume of the Modern Mayas. Translation of the
+     Inscription on "The Stone of The Giants" at Orizaba, Mexico. The
+     Poetry of the American Indians, with Numerous Examples.
+
+     PART IV.--LINGUISTIC.--American Aboriginal Languages, and why we
+     should study them. Wilhelm von Humboldt's Researches in American
+     Languages. Some Characteristics of American Languages. The Earliest
+     Form of Human Speech, as Revealed by American Languages. The
+     Conception of Love, as expressed in some American Languages. The
+     Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central
+     America. The Curious Hoax about the Taensa Language.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[6-1] _Beiträge zur Lehre der Wortzusammensetzung._ Leiden. 1896.
+
+[6-2] In this connection I would refer students to an instructive
+passage of Heinrich Wrinkler on "Die Hauptformen in den Amerikanischen
+Sprachen," in his work _Zur Sprachgeschichte_ (Berlin, 1887) and to his
+essay on the Pokonchi Language in his _Weiteres zur Sprachgeschichte_,
+(Berlin, 1889).
+
+[6-3] See my remarks on this tongue in the _American Anthropologist_,
+August, 1898, p. 251.
+
+[6-4] Interesting examples in the Preface to S. T. Rand's _Micmac
+Dictionary_ (Halifax, 1888).
+
+[6-5] Notably with Steinthal's _Charakteristik des hauptsächlichsten
+Typen des Sprachbaues._
+
+[12-1] _The Myths of the New World_ (third edition, 1896); _American
+Hero Myths_ (1881).
+
+[12-2] _Life and Traditions of the Red Man_ (Bangor, 1893).
+
+[12-3] _New Views of the Origin of the Tribes of America_ (Philadelphia,
+1798).
+
+[13-1] _Actas del Congreso Internacional de Americanistas_, Tom. II.,
+pp. 310-315.
+
+[13-2] See the article "The Curious Hoax of the Taensa Language," in my
+_Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 452-467. (Philadelphia, 1890.)
+
+[13-3] In Tome XI., of the _Bibliothêque Linguistique Américaine_.
+
+[13-4] Privately printed, 1867.
+
+[16-1] See Garrick Mallery in _10th Annual Report of the Bureau of
+Ethnology_, pp. 133, sqq. (Washington, 1893).
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  Abenakis, 12
+
+  Abipones, 6
+
+  Achaguas, 6
+
+  Adam, L., 13, 18
+
+  Alaguilac language, 17
+
+  Algonkin, 8, 11
+
+  Algonquian mythology, 12
+
+  Alikuluf, 19, 20
+
+  American Authors, Aboriginal, 8
+
+  American languages, 6
+
+  American Race, the, 7
+
+  Americanists, Congress of, 8
+
+  "Anahuac", 17
+
+  Andagueda, 18
+
+  Andoa, 20
+
+  Anthony, A. S., 11
+
+  Antillean languages, 18
+
+  Arawack, 18, 19
+
+  Asiatic analogies, 7
+
+
+  _Bailes_, 9
+
+  Barton, B. S., 12
+
+  Berendt, C. H., 15, 17
+
+  Betoya, 6, 7, 19
+
+  Bonaris, 19
+
+  Brasseur, E. C., 15, 17
+
+  Byington, C., 10
+
+
+  Cakchiquels, 9, 16
+
+  Calchaqui, 20
+
+  Calendar, native, 16
+
+  Carib, 6, 13, 19
+
+  Cataquina, 20
+
+  Chaco, el Gran, 20
+
+  Chane-abal language, 15
+
+  Changuina, 18
+
+  Chapanecs, 15
+
+  Charua, 20
+
+  Chiapas, 15
+
+  Chilan Balam, 17
+
+  Chinantec, 15
+
+  Choco, 19
+
+  Choctaw Grammar, 10
+
+  Cholona, 19
+
+  Chontallis, 16
+
+  Cocanuca, 7
+
+  Costa Rica, 7, 18
+
+  Creeks, 9
+
+  Cuba, language of, 18
+
+
+  Delaware, 9, 11
+
+  _Dvanda_, the, 6
+
+
+  Ennima, 20
+
+
+  Floridian Peninsula, 13
+
+  Fuegian languages, 20
+
+
+  Gatschet, A. S., 9, 11, 13
+
+  Gluscap, 12
+
+  Gods, names of, 15
+
+  Granger, H. G., 19
+
+  Grasserie, R., 20
+
+  Guatemala, 15, 17
+
+  Guaycuru, 20
+
+  Güegüence, 9
+
+  Guetares, 18
+
+
+  Haiti, language of, 18
+
+  Hale, H., 9
+
+  "Hastri" language, 13
+
+  Hongote, 19
+
+  Huasteca, 6
+
+  Humboldt, W. von, 6
+
+  Huron, 9
+
+
+  "Ikonomatic" method, the, 16
+
+  Incorporation, 6
+
+  Iroquois, 9
+
+
+  Johnnycake, 11
+
+  Jefferson, T., 12
+
+  Jivaro, 19
+
+
+  Kechua, 19
+
+  Kiche myths, 15
+
+
+  Leca, 19
+
+  Lenâpé, 9, 11
+
+  Lenâpé Dictionary, 11
+
+  Lenâpé Conversations, 11
+
+  Lencas, 16
+
+  Lengua, 20
+
+  Library of Aborig. Literature, 8
+
+  Lineal Measures, 16
+
+  Love, Conception of, 8
+
+  Lucayan, 18
+
+  Lule, 6, 20
+
+
+  Maipure, 6
+
+  Manao, 19
+
+  Mandingo language, 12
+
+  Mangue, 15
+
+  Mata co, 20
+
+  Matagalpan, 7
+
+  Maya, 6, 8, 16
+
+  Mayan Hieroglyphics, 16
+
+  Mayan Inscriptions, 14
+
+  Mazatec, 19
+
+  Mbaya, 6
+
+  Measures, lineal, 16
+
+  Mexican, 6
+
+  Micmacs, 6
+
+  Mixes, 16
+
+  Mixteca, 7, 16
+
+  Mocoa, 7
+
+  Mocovi, 7
+
+  Mohawk, 9
+
+  Morphology of Amer. Langs., 6
+
+  Mosquito Coast[TN-3]
+
+  Muller,[TN-4] H. C., 6
+
+  Muskokee, 11
+
+  Mythology, American, 12
+
+  Myths of New World, 12
+
+
+  Nahuatl, 6, 8, 10
+
+  Nahuatl-Spanish jargon, 9
+
+  Nanticoke, 12
+
+  Natchez, 12
+
+  Nicaragua, 15
+
+  Nicolar, J., 12
+
+  Noanama, 18
+
+
+  Omagua, 7
+
+  Onas, 20
+
+  Onondaga, 9
+
+  Ore, G. de, 20
+
+  Otomi, 7.[TN-5] 16, 17
+
+
+  Pacasa, 19
+
+  Paniquita, 7
+
+  Pareja, F., 13
+
+  Payagua, 20
+
+  Pilling, J. C., 4
+
+  Pinart, A., 15
+
+  Poetry, Aboriginal, 8
+
+  Polysynthesis, 6
+
+  Popolucas, 16
+
+  Primitive speech, 7
+
+  Puelche, 19
+
+  Puquina, 20
+
+
+  Querandi, 20
+
+  Quiche, 15
+
+  Quechua, 8, 19, 20
+
+
+  Rafinesque, C. S., 11
+
+  Ramas, 18
+
+  Rand, S. F., 6
+
+  Rate of change, 7
+
+  Rebus writing, 16
+
+  Red Score, the, 9, 11
+
+  Rig Veda Americanus, 10
+
+
+  Sahagun, 10, 17
+
+  Samucu, 20
+
+  Schultz, Rev., 18
+
+  Shawnees, 19
+
+  Smith, B., 13
+
+  Standard Dictionary, the, 7
+
+  Steinthal, H., 6
+
+  "Stone of the Giants", 16
+
+  Svastika, the, 20
+
+
+  Tacana, 19
+
+  Taensa, 13
+
+  Taino, 18
+
+  Tamanaca, 6
+
+  Tarascos, 16
+
+  Tehuelche, 19
+
+  Teknnika, 19
+
+  Tequistlatecan, 7
+
+  Timote., 7
+
+  Timuquana, 13
+
+  Tinné, 18
+
+  Toltecs, the, 20
+
+  Totonaco, 6
+
+  Triquetrum, the, 20
+
+  Tsoneca, 19
+
+  Tucanos, 19
+
+  Tupi, 6, 8, 20
+
+  Tzental, 16
+
+
+  Ulvas, 16
+
+
+  Verb, the American, 6
+
+
+  Walum-Olum, 9, 11
+
+  Winkler, H., 6
+
+  Written language, 16
+
+
+  Xebero, 19
+
+  Xinca, 17
+
+
+  Yahgan, 19, 20
+
+  Yaruro, 6
+
+  Yucatan, 14
+
+
+  Zapotecs, 16
+
+  Zeonas, 19
+
+  Zoque, the, 6
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+
+The following misspellings and typographical errors were maintained.
+
+        Page   Error
+  TN-1    6    The marker for footnote 6-2 was not printed and has been
+               inserted based on context.
+  TN-2   11    Grammer should read Grammar
+  TN-3   23    Mosquito Coast should read Mosquito Coast, 15, 18
+  TN-4   23    Muller, should read Müller
+  TN-5   23    Otomi, 7. should read Otomi, 7,
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Record of Study in Aboriginal
+American Languages, by Daniel G. Brinton
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RECORD OF STUDY--ABOR. AMER. LANG. ***
+
+***** This file should be named 31351-8.txt or 31351-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/3/5/31351/
+
+Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.