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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/31351-8.txt b/31351-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d89868e --- /dev/null +++ b/31351-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1675 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Record of Study in Aboriginal American +Languages, by Daniel G. Brinton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Record of Study in Aboriginal American Languages + +Author: Daniel G. Brinton + +Release Date: February 22, 2010 [EBook #31351] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RECORD OF STUDY--ABOR. AMER. LANG. *** + + + + +Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + +Transcriber's Note + +A number of typographical errors have been maintained in this version of +this book. They have been marked with a [TN-#], which refers to a +description in the complete list found at the end of the text. + + + + + A RECORD OF STUDY + + IN + + ABORIGINAL AMERICAN LANGUAGES + + BY + + DANIEL G. BRINTON, A.M., M.D., LL.D., Sc.D., + + _Professor of American Archæology and Linguistics in the + University of Pennsylvania_ + + + PRINTED FOR PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION + MEDIA, PA., 1898 + + + + + PRESS OF + THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY, + LANCASTER, PA. + + + + +PREFATORY. + + +If this review of my own work in the field of American Linguistics +requires an apology, I may say that the preparation of it was suggested +to me by my late friend, Mr. James Constantine Pilling, whose admirable +volumes on the bibliography of American Aboriginal Languages are +familiar to all students. He had experienced the difficulty of +cataloguing the articles of writers whose contributions extend over many +years, and have been published in different journals, proceedings of +societies and volumes, and was impressed with the advantage of an +analytical list composed by the author himself. + +With this in view, I have arranged the present survey of my writings in +this branch of science, extending over a period of two score years. They +are grouped geographically, and sufficient reference to their contents +subjoined to indicate their aims and conclusions. + + D. G. BRINTON. + + MEDIA, PENNA., November, 1898. + + + + +I. GENERAL ARTICLES AND WORKS. + + + 1. The Philosophic Grammar of American Languages as set forth by + Wilhelm von Humboldt; with the translation of an unpublished Memoir + by him on the American Verb. pp. 51. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, 1885. + + 2. On Polysynthesis and Incorporation as characteristics of + American Languages. pp. 41. In _Proceedings_ of the American + Philosophical Society, 1885. + + 3. Characteristics of American Languages. _American Antiquarian_, + January, 1894. + + 4. On certain morphologic traits in American Languages. _American + Antiquarian_, October, 1894. + + 5. On various supposed relations between the American and Asiatic + Races. _Memoirs_ of the International Congress of Anthropology, + 1893. + + 6. The Present Status of American Linguistics. _Memoirs_ of the + International Congress of Anthropology, 1893. + + 7. American Languages and why we should Study them. An address + delivered before the Pennsylvania Historical Society. pp. 23. In + _Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_, 1885. + + 8. The Rate of Change in American Languages. In _Science_, Vol. X., + 1887. + + 9. Traits of Primitive Speech, illustrated from American languages. + In _Proceedings_ of the American Association for the Advancement of + Science, August, 1888. + + 10. The Language of Palæolithic Man. pp. 14. In _Proceedings_ of + the American Philosophical Society, October, 1888. + + 11. The American Race: A Linguistic Classification and Ethnographic + Description of the Native Tribes of North and South America. pp. + 392. New York, 1891. + + 12. The Standard Dictionary (Indian Words in). New York, 1894. + + 13. Aboriginal American Authors and their Productions, especially + those in the Native Languages. pp. 63. Philadelphia, 1883. + + 14. American Aboriginal Poetry. pp. 21. In _Proceedings_ of the + Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, 1883. + + 15. The Conception of Love in some American Languages. pp. 18. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, November, + 1886. + +The earlier numbers, (1-4,) in the above list are occupied with the +inquiry whether the native American languages, as a group, have peculiar +morphological traits, which justify their classification as one of the +great divisions of human speech. In this question, I have been a +disciple of Wilhelm von Humboldt and Professor H. Steinthal, and have +argued that the phenomenon of Incorporation, in some of its forms, is +markedly present in the vast majority, if not in all, American tongues. +That which has been called "polysynthesis" is one of these forms. This +is nothing more than a familiar, nigh universal, grammatic process +carried to an extreme degree. It is the _dvanda_ of the Sanscrit +grammarians, an excellent study of which has recently appeared from the +pen of Dr. H. C. Müller.[6-1] In its higher forms Incorporation +subordinates the nominal concepts of the phrase to those of time and +relation, which are essentially verbal, and this often where the true +verbal concept, that of abstract action, is lacking, and the verb itself +is in reality a noun in the possessive relation.[6-2][TN-1] + +Even extremely simple American languages, such as the Zoque, display the +tendency to energetic synthesis;[6-3] while many of them carry the +incorporative quality to such a degree that the sentence becomes one +word, a good example of which is the Micmac.[6-4] Some American and +French writers have misunderstood the nature of this trait, and have +denied it; but the student who acquaints himself thoroughly with the +authors above mentioned, will not be misled.[6-5] + +The MS. of the Memoir by W. von Humboldt I obtained from the Berlin +Library. Even Professor Steinthal, in his edition of Humboldt's +linguistic Works, had overlooked it. It is a highly philosophic analysis +of the verb, as it occurs in the languages of the following tribes: +Abipones, Achaguas, Betoyas, Caribs, Huastecas, Lules, Maipures, Mayas, +Mbayas, Mexicans (Nahuas), Mixtecas, Mocovis, Omaguas, Otomis, +Tamanacas, Totonacos, Tupis, Yaruros. + +In (5) I have examined the various alleged affiliations between American +and Asiatic tongues, and showed they are wholly unfounded. + +In (7) I have entered a plea for more attention to American languages. +Not only for ethnographic purposes are they useful, but their primitive +aspects and methods of presenting ideas enable us to solve psychological +and grammatic problems more completely than other tongues. + +In support of this, in (9) and (10), I endeavor to outline what must +have been the morphology of the language which man spoke when in the +very beginning of his existence as man; a speech of marvelous +simplicity, but adapted to his wants. + +The volume, of nearly four hundred pages, entitled _The American Race_ +(No. 11) was the first attempt at a systematic classification of all the +tribes of America, North, Central and South, on the basis of language. +It defines seventy-nine linguistic stocks in North America and sixty-one +in South America. The number of tribes named and referred to these +stocks is nearly sixteen hundred. Several of these stocks are defined +for the first time, such as the Tequistlatecan of Mexico, the Matagalpan +of Central America, and in South America the Timote, the Paniquita, the +Cocanuca, the Mocoa, the Betoya, the Lamuca, etc. + +In the article (8) I show that, contrary to an oft expressed opinion, +the rate of change in these unwritten tongues is remarkably slow, not +greater than in cultivated languages. + +When the publishers of the _Standard Dictionary_ (New York, 1895) were +preparing that well-known work, they placed in my hands all the words in +the English language derived from the native tongues of America. +Although the etymology of some of them remains obscure, I believe the +derivation of all positively traced will be found presented. + +I early became convinced that the translations of books of devotion, +etc., into the native tongues gave no correct impression of those +tongues. The ideas conveyed were foreign to the primitive mind, and the +translations were generally by foreigners who had not completely +mastered the idioms. Hence, the only true reflex of a language is in the +words and thoughts of the natives themselves, in their indigenous +literature. + +This led me to project the publication of a series of volumes containing +writings, preferably on secular subjects, by natives in their own +languages. That there is such a literature I undertook to show in (13) +and (14). The former was the expansion of a paper presented to the +International Congress of Americanists at Copenhagen. It contains a list +of native American authors and notices of a number of their works +composed in their own tongues. That on "aboriginal poetry" vindicates +for native American bards a respectable position among lyric and +dramatic composers. + +That some of the central subjects of poetic literature--the emotions of +love and friendship--exist, and often in no low form of sentiment, among +these natives, I have undertaken to show by an analysis of a number of +terms expressing these feelings in five leading American linguistic +stocks, the Algonkin, Nahuatl, Maya, Quechua and Tupi (No. 15). + +Following out this plan, I began in 1882 the publication of "The Library +of Aboriginal American Literature." Each volume was to contain a work +composed in a native tongue by a native; but those based upon foreign +inspiration, such as sermons, etc., were to be excluded. Each was to be +translated and edited with sufficient completeness to make it available +for the general student. + +Of this "Library" eight volumes were issued, the first in 1882, the +eighth in 1890, when I ceased the publication, not from lack of +material, but because I had retired in 1887 from my connection with the +publishing business and became more engaged in general anthropological +pursuits. + +The "Library," as issued, contains the following numbers: + +No. I. The Chronicles of the Mayas. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. +279 pages. 1882. + + This volume contains five brief chronicles in the Maya language, + written shortly after the conquest, and carrying the history of + that people back many centuries. To these is added a history of + the conquest, written in his native tongue, by a Maya chief, in + 1562. This interesting account has been published separately, with + an excellent grammatical and lexical analysis by the Count de + Charencey, under the title _Chrestomathie Maya, d'après la + Chronique de Chac-Xulub-Chen_ (Paris, 1891). The texts are + preceded by an introduction on the history of the Mayas, their + language, calendar, numerical system, etc.; and a vocabulary is + added at the close. + +No. II. The Iroquois Book of Rites. Edited by Horatio Hale. 222 pages. +1883. + + This work contains, in the Mohawk and Onondaga languages, the + speeches, songs and rituals with which a deceased chief was + lamented and his successor installed in office. The introduction + treats of the ethnology and history of the Huron-Iroquois. A map, + notes and glossary complete the work. + +No. III. The Comedy-Ballet of Güegüence. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. +D. 146 pages. 1883. + + A curious and unique specimen of the native comic dances, with + dialogues, called _bailes_, formerly common in Central America. It + is in the mixed Nahuatl-Spanish jargon of Nicaragua, and shows + distinctive features of native authorship. The introduction treats + of the ethnology of Nicaragua, and the local dialects, musical + instruments and dramatic representations. A map and a number of + illustrations are added. + +No. IV. A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians. Edited by A. S. +Gatschet. 251 pages. 1884. + + Offers a survey of the ethnology of the native tribes of the Gulf + States. The legend told to Governor Oglethorpe, in 1732, by the + Creeks, is given in the original. + +No. V. The Lenâpé and Their Legends. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. +262 pages. 1885. + + Contains the complete text and symbols, 184 in number, of the "Walum + Olum," or "Red Score," of the Delaware Indians, with the full + original text, and a new translation, notes and vocabulary. A + lengthy introduction treats of the Lenâpé or Delawares, their + history, customs, myths, language, etc., with numerous references + to other tribes of the great Algonkin stock. + +No. VI. The Annals of the Cakchiquels. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. +D. 234 pages. 1885. + + The original text, written about 1562, by a member of the reigning + family, with a translation, introduction, notes and vocabulary. + This may be considered one of the most important historical + documents relating to the pre-Columbian period. + +No. VII. Ancient Nahuatl Poetry. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. 176 +pages. 1890. + + In this volume twenty-seven songs in the original Nahuatl are + presented, with translation, notes, vocabulary, etc. Many of them + date from before the conquest and none later than the sixteenth + century. The introduction describes the ancient poetry of the + Nahuas in all its bearings. + +No. VIII. Rig Veda Americanus. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. 95 +pages. 1890. + + Presents the original text with a gloss in Nahuatl of twenty sacred + chants of the ancient Mexicans. They are preserved in the Madrid + MSS. of Father Sahagun, and date anterior to the Conquest. A + paraphrase, notes and a vocabulary are added, and a number of + curious illustrations are reproduced from the original. + +The edition of each of these was about 400 copies, except No. II., of +which 900 were printed. A complete set is now difficult to obtain. + + +II. NORTH AMERICAN LANGUAGES NORTH OF MEXICO. + + 16. Lenâpé-English Dictionary. From an anonymous MS. in the + archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa., with additions, + by Daniel G. Brinton and Rev. Albert Seqaqkind Anthony, 4to, pp. + 326. Philadelphia, 1888. Published by the Historical Society of + Pennsylvania. + + 17. The Lenâpé and their Legends; with the complete Text and + Symbols of the Walum Olum, a new Translation and an Inquiry into + its Authenticity. pp. 262. Illustrated. Philadelphia, 1885. + + 18. Lenâpé Conversations. In _American Journal of Folk-Lore_, Vol. + I. + + 19. The Shawnees and their Migrations. In _American Historical + Magazine_, January, 1866. + + 20. The Chief God of the Algonkins, in his Character as a Cheat and + Liar. In the _American Antiquarian_, May, 1885. + + 21. On certain supposed Nanticoke words shown to be of African + origin. _American Antiquarian_, 1887. + + 22. Vocabulary of the Nanticoke dialect. Proceedings of the + _American Philosophical Society_, November, 1893. + + 23. The Natchez of Louisiana, an Offshoot of the Civilized Nations + of Central America. In the _Historical Magazine_ (New York), for + January, 1867. + + 24. On the Language of the Natchez. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, December, 1873. + + 25. Grammar of the Choctaw Language. By the Rev. Cyrus Byington. + Edited from the original MS. by D. G. Brinton. pp. 56. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1870. + + 26. Contributions to a Grammer[TN-2] of the Muskokee Language. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, March, 1870. + + 27. The Floridian Peninsula, its Literary History, Indian Tribes, + and Antiquities. 8vo, cloth, pp. 202. Philadelphia, 1859. + + 28. The Taensa Grammar and Dictionary. A deception exposed. In + _American Antiquarian_, March, 1885. + + 29. The Taensa Grammar and Dictionary. A reply to M. Lucien Adam. + In _American Antiquarian_, September, 1885. + +Within the area of the United States, my articles have been confined +practically to two groups, the Algonkian dialects and those spoken in +Florida and the Gulf States. + +The Delaware Indians or Lenni Lenâpé, who occupied the valley of the +Delaware River and the land east of it to the ocean, although long in +peaceful association with the white settlers, were never studied, +linguistically, except by the Moravian missionaries, in the latter half +of the eighteenth century. In examining the MSS. in the Moravian Church +at Bethlehem, Pa., I discovered a MS. dictionary of their tongue, +containing about 4,300 words. This I had carefully copied, and induced a +native Delaware, an educated clergyman of the English Church, the Rev. +Albert Seqaqkind Anthony, to pass a fortnight at my house, going over it +with me, word by word. The MS. thus revised, was published by the +Historical Society of Pennsylvania as the first number of its "Student +Series." Various interesting items illustrating the beliefs and customs +of the Delawares of the present day, communicated to me by Mr. Anthony, +I collected into the article (18), "Lenâpé Conversations." + +A few years previous I had succeeded in obtaining the singular MS. +referred to by C. S. Rafinesque, in 1836, as the "Painted Record" of the +Delaware Indians, the _Walum Olum,_ properly, "painted" or "red" +"score." This I reproduced in No. 17, with the accessories mentioned +above (p. 9). There is no doubt of the general authenticity of this +record. A corroboration of it was sent me in March of this year (1898) +by Dr. A. S. Gatschet, of the U. S. Bureau of American Ethnology. He +writes: + +"When the Delaware delegate, Johnnycake, was here for the last time, he +told Mr. J. B. N. Hewitt (also attached to the Bureau) that some of the +Lenâpé Indians, near Nowata, Cherokee Nation, had seen your publication +on the _Walum Olum_. They belong to the oldest men of that tribe, and +stated that the text was all right, and that they remembered the songs +from their youth. They could give many additions, and said that a few +passages were in the wrong order and had to be placed elsewhere to give +them the full meaning they were intended to convey." + +This was cheering confirmation to me that my labor had not been expended +on a fantastic composition of Rafinesque's, as some have been inclined +to think. + +Some years ago I contemplated the publication of a work through the +American Folklore Society on Algonquian Mythology. Various reasons led +me to lay it aside. Part of the material was introduced into my works on +the general mythology of the American tribes,[12-1] and one fragment +appeared in (20) in which I offered a psychological explanation of the +character of the hero god Gluscap, so prominent in the legends of the +Micmacs and Abenakis. At that time I was not acquainted with the +ingenious suggestions on the etymology of the name subsequently +advocated by the native author, Joseph Nicolar.[12-2] + +The Nanticokes lived on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay. In +collecting their vocabularies I found one alleged to have been obtained +from them, but differing completely from the Algonquian dialects. It had +been partly printed by Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton,[12-3] but remained a +puzzle. My article (21) proves that it belongs to the Mandingo language +of western Africa. It was doubtless obtained from some negro slave. + +The Nanticoke vocabulary (22) was secured in 1792 for Mr. Thomas +Jefferson. I give the related terms in the other dialects of the stock. + +The Natchez are an interesting people of whose rites we have strange +accounts from the early French explorers. Their language is a small +stock by itself. At one time I thought it related to the Maya (23); but +this is probably an error. In (24) I printed a vocabulary of words +obtained for me from a native, together with some slight grammatical +material. + +The Taensas were a branch of the Natchez, speaking the same tongue; but +in 1881, J. Parisot presented an article of half a dozen pages to the +International Congress of Americanists on what he called the "Hastri or +Taensa Language," totally different from the Natchez.[13-1] Subsequently +this was expanded to a volume, and appeared as Tome IX. of the +_Bibliothêque Linguistique Américaine_ (Maisonneuve et Cie, Paris) +introduced by the well-known scholars Lucien Adam and Albert S. +Gatschet. + +It passed unchallenged until 1885, when I proved conclusively that the +whole was a forgery of some young seminarists, and had been palmed off +on these unsuspecting scientists out of a pleasure in mystification +(28). As I have given the details elsewhere, I shall not repeat +them.[13-2] + +The works of Pareja in the Timuquana tongue of Florida were unknown to +linguists when, in 1859, I published the little volume (27). In it, +however, I called attention to them, and from the scanty references in +Hervas expressed the opinion that it might be related to the Carib. This +was an error, as no such affinity appears on the fuller examination of +the tongue now possible, since Pareja's grammar has been +republished,[13-3] and texts of the Timuquana have been reproduced by +Buckingham Smith.[13-4] The language stands alone, an independent stock. + + +III. MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN LANGUAGES. + + 30. The Native Calendar of Central America and Mexico. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, November, + 1893. + + 31. The Lineal Measures of the Semi-civilized Nations of Mexico and + Central America. In _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical + Society, January, 1885. + + 32. On the Chontallis and Popolucas. In the Compte Rendu du Congrés + des Américanistes, 1890. + + 33. The Study of the Nahuatl Language. In the _American + Antiquarian_, January, 1886. + + 34. The Written Language of the Ancient Mexicans. In _Transactions_ + of the American Philosophical Society, 1889. + + 35. The ancient phonetic alphabet of Yucatan. In _American + Historical Magazine_, 1870. + + 36. The Graphic System and ancient Records of the Mayas. In + _Contributions to American Ethnology_, Vol. V., Washington, 1882. + + 37. The Phonetic Elements in the Graphic Systems of the Mayas and + Mexicans. In _American Antiquarian_, November, 1886. + + 38. On the "Ikonomatic" Method of Phonetic Writing. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1886. + + 39. A Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics. pp. 152. Boston, 1895. + + 40. What the Mayan Inscriptions tell about. In _American + Archæologist_, 1894. + + 41. On the "Stone of the Giants" near Orizaba, Mexico. In + _Proceedings_ of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of + Philadelphia, 1889. + + 42. On the Nahuatl version of Sahagun's Historia de la Nueva + España, at Madrid. In the _Compte Rendu_ of the Congrés + International des Americanistes, 7^eme Session. + + 43. On the words "Anahuac" and "Nahuatl." In _American + Antiquarian_, November, 1893. + + 44. On the so-called Alagüilac Language of Guatemala. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, November, + 1887. + + 45. The Güegüence; a Comedy Ballet in the Nahuatl-Spanish Dialect + of Nicaragua. pp 94. Philadelphia, 1883. + + 46. Ancient Nahuatl Poetry; Containing the Nahuatl Text of + Twenty-seven Ancient Mexican Poems; With Translation, Introduction, + Notes and Vocabulary. pp. 177. 1887. + + 47. Rig Veda Americanus. Sacred Songs of the Ancient Mexicans, with + a Gloss in Nahuatl. With Paraphrase, Notes and Vocabulary. pp. 95. + Illustrated. Philadelphia, 1890. + + 48. A notice of some Manuscripts of Central American Languages. In + the _American Journal of Science and Arts_ (New Haven), March, + 1869. + + 49. The Maya Chronicles. pp. 279. Philadelphia, 1882. + + 50. The Books of Chilan Balam, the Prophetic and Historic Records + of the Mayas of Yucatan. In the _Penn Monthly_, March, 1882. + + 51. The Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths. pp. 38. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1881. + + 52. On the Chane-abal (Four-Language) Tribe and Dialect of Chiapas. + In the _American Anthropologist_, January, 1888. + + 53. A Grammar of the Cakchiquel Language of Guatemala. Translated + from an Ancient Spanish MS., with an Introduction and numerous + Additions. pp. 67. In _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical + Society, 1884. + + 54. The Annals of the Cakchiquels. The Original text, with a + Translation, Notes and Introduction. pp. 234. Illustrated. + Philadelphia, 1885. + + 55. On some Affinities of the Otomi and Tinné Stocks. International + Congress of Americanists, 1894. + + 56. Observations on the Chinantec Language of Mexico and the + Mazatec Language and its Affinities. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, 1892. + + 57. Notes on the Mangue dialect. In _Proceedings_ of the American + Philosophical Society, November, 1885. + + 58. On the Xinca Indians of Guatemala. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, October, 1884. + + 59. The Ethnic Affinities of the Guetares of Costa Rica. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, December, + 1897. + + 60. On the Matagalpan Linguistic Stock of Central America. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, December, + 1895. + + 61. Some Vocabularies from the Mosquito Coast. In _Proceedings_ of + the American Philosophical Society, March, 1891. + +The _Popol Vuh_, or "sacred book" of the Quiches of Guatemala was +published by the Abbé Brasseur in 1861. The study (51) is an effort to +analyze the names of the gods which it contains and to extract their +symbolic significance. + +The Chane-abal dialect of Chiapas (52) is a mixed jargon, the component +elements of which I have endeavored to set forth from MS. material +collected by Dr. Berendt. + +Another language of Chiapas is the "Chapanecan." In (57) and also in the +introduction to (45) I have shown, from unpublished sources, its close +relationship to the Mangue of Nicaragua. + +The Mazatec language of Oaxaca, is examined for the first time in (56) +from material supplied me by Mr. A. Pinart. It is shown to have +relations with the Chapanecan and others with Costa Rican tongues. + +The article on the Chinantec, (56) a little-known tongue of Oaxaca, is +an analysis of its forms and a vocabulary from the _Doctrina_ of Father +Barreda and notes of Dr. Berendt. + +The Cakchiquels occupied most of the soil of Guatemala at the period of +the Conquest, and their tongue was that chosen to be the "Metropolitan" +language of the diocess. In (53) I gave a translation of an unpublished +grammar of it, the MS. being one in the archives of the American +Philosophical Society. In some respects it is superior to the grammar of +Flores. + +The higher culture of the tribes of Central America and Mexico gives a +special interest to the study of their languages, oral and written; for +with some of them we find moderately well-developed methods of recording +ideas. + +Much of this culture was intimately connected with their astrological +methods and these with their calendar. This remarkable artificial +computation of time, based on the relations of the numerals 13 and 20 +applied to various periods, was practically the same among the Mayas, +Nahuas, Zapotecs, Mixtecs, Chapanecs, Otomis and Tarascos--seven +different linguistic stocks--and unknown elsewhere on the globe. The +study of it (30) is exclusively from its linguistic and symbolic side. + +It is strange that nowhere in North America was any measure of weight +known to the natives. Their lineal measures were drawn chiefly from the +proportions of the human body. They are investigated in (31). + +Under the names _Chontalli_ and _Popoluca_, both Nahuatl words +indicating "foreigners," ethnographers have included tribes of wholly +diverse lineage. In (32) I have shown that some are Tzentals, others +Tequistlatecas, Ulvas, Mixes, Zapotecs, Nahuas, Lencas and Cakchiquels, +thus doing away with the confusion introduced by these inappropriate +ethnic terms. + +No. (33) is an article for the use of students of the Nahuatl language, +mentioning the principal grammars, dictionaries and text-books which are +available. + +The numbers (34), (35), (36), (37), (38), (39), (40) and (41), are +devoted to the methods of writing invented by the cultured natives of +Mexico and Central America in order to preserve their literature, such +as it was. The methods are various, that of the Nahuas not being +identical with that of the Mayas. The former is largely phonetic, but in +a peculiar manner, for which I have proposed the term of "ikonomatic," +the principle being that of the rebus. That this method can be +successfully applied to the decipherment of inscriptions I demonstrated +in the translation of one which is quite celebrated, the "Stone of the +Giants" at Orizaba, Mexico (41). The translation I proposed has been +fully accepted.[16-1] + +The "Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics" (39) was intended as a summary of +what had been achieved up to that time (1895) by students in this +branch. It endeavored, moreover, to render to each student the credit of +his independent work; and as, unfortunately, some, notably in Germany, +had put forward as their own what belonged to others of earlier date, +the book naturally was not very well treated by such reviewers. Its aim, +however, to present a concise and fair statement of what had been +accomplished in its field up to the date of its publication was +generally conceded to have been attained. + +Much of the considerable manuscript material which I have accumulated on +the languages of this section of the continent was obtained from the +collections of the late Dr. Carl Hermann Berendt and the Abbé E. C. +Brasseur (de Bourbourg). + +When in Spain, in 1888, I found in the Royal Library the MS. of the +earlier portion of Sahagun's "History of New Spain" in Nahuatl. I +described it in (42). + +The term "Anahuac" has long been applied to the territory of Mexico. Dr. +E. Seler, of Berlin, published an article asserting that this was an +error, and devoid of native authority. In (43) I pointed out that in +this he was wrong, as early Nahuatl records use it in this sense. + +The Alaguilac language of Guatemala, long a puzzle to linguistics, is +shown in (44) to be an isolated dialect of the Nahuatl. + +Nos. (45), (46), (47), (49) and (54), have been already mentioned. + +The term _Chilan balam_, which may be freely rendered "the inspired +speaker," was the title of certain priests of the native Mayas. Many +records in the Maya tongue, written after the conquests, go by the name +of "the Books of Chilan Balam." They have never been published, but +copies of them, made by Dr. Berendt, are in my possession. Their purpose +and contents were described in (50). + +There are reasons for believing that previous to the arrival of the +Cakchiquels in Guatemala its area was largely peopled by Xincas. Of this +little-known stock I present in (58) three extended vocabularies, from +unpublished sources, with comments on the "culture-words." + +Some apparent but no decisive affinities between the Otomi of Mexico +and the Tinné or Athapascan dialects are shown in (55); and in (59) the +ancient Guetares of Costa Rica are proved, on linguistic evidence, to +have been members of the Talamancan linguistic stock. + +The Matagalpan is an interesting family, first defined in _The American +Race_, and in (60) more fully discussed, as they survive in San +Salvador. + +In (61) some unpublished vocabularies from the tribe of the Ramas, on +the Mosquito coast, place them as members of the Changuina stock, most +of whom dwelt on the Isthmus of Panama. + + +IV. SOUTH AMERICAN AND ANTILLEAN LANGUAGES. + + 62. Remarks on the MS. Arawack Vocabulary of Schultz. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1869. + + 63. The Arawack Language of Guiana in its Linguistic and + Ethnological Relations. In _Transactions_ of the American + Philosophical Society, 1871. + + 64. Studies in South American Languages. pp. 67. In _Proceedings_ + of the American Philosophical Society, 1892. + + 65. Some words from the Andagueda dialect of the Choco stock. In + _Proceedings_ of American Philosophical Society, November, 1897. + + 66. Vocabulary of the Noanama dialect of the Choco stock. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, November, + 1896. + + 67. Note on the Puquina Language of Peru. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, November, 1890. + + 68. Further Notes on the Betoya dialects. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, October, 1892. + + 69. The Linguistic Cartography of the Chaco Region. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, October, 1898. + + 70. Further Notes on Fuegian Languages. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, 1892. + + 71. On two recent, unclassified Vocabularies from South America. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, October, 1898. + +The library of the American Philosophical Society contains a MS. copy of +the Arawack vocabulary of the missionary Schultz, the same work, +apparently, which was edited from another copy by M. Lucien Adam in +1882. A study of this MS. led me to discover the identity of the +so-called "Lucayan" of the Bahamas, the language of Cuba, fragments of +which have been presented, and the "Taino" of Haiti, with the Arawack. +They had previously been considered either of Mayan or Caribbean +affinities. The results are presented in (63). + +The "Studies" in (64) are ten in number. No. I. is on the Tacana +language and its dialects, and is the only attempt, up to the present +time, to determine the boundaries and character of this tongue. Texts +and a vocabulary in five of its dialects are given. No. II. is on the +Jivaro or Xebero tongue, and is entirely from unpublished sources. A +grammatical sketch, texts and a vocabulary give a moderately complete +material for comparison. No. III. presents the first printed account of +the Cholona language on the River Huallaga, drawn from MSS. in the +British Museum. In No. IV. is a discussion of the relations of the Leca +language spoken on the Rio Mapiri. No. V. contains a text of some length +in the Manao dialect of the Arawack stock, the original MS. being in the +British Museum. The Bonaris are an extinct tribe of the Carib stock. No. +VI. contains the only vocabulary which has been preserved of their +dialect. On a loose sheet in the British Museum, among papers on +Patagonia, I found a short vocabulary in a tongue called "Hongote," +which I could not locate and hence published it in No. VII. It +subsequently proved to be one of the North Pacific Coast languages. The +same "Study" presents a comparative vocabulary in fourteen Patagonian +dialects, with notes (Tsoneca, Tehuelche, Puelche, Tekennika (Yahgan), +Alikuluf, etc.). In Study No. VIII. are discussed the various dialects +of the Kechua or Quichua tongue of Peru, with an unpublished text from +the Pacasa dialect. No. IX. examines the affinities which have been +noted between the languages of North and South America, especially in +the Mazatec and Costa Rican dialects of the northern Continent. Finally, +No. X. aims to define for the first time the linguistic stock to which +belong the dialects of the Betoyas, Tucanos, Zeonas and other tribes on +the rivers Napo, Meta, Apure and their confluents. Further information +on this stock is given in (68). + +The Choco stock extends widely over the northwest angle of the southern +continent. In (65) and (66) I have printed short vocabularies of some of +its dialects secured for me from living natives by Mr. Henry G. +Granger. + +The Puquina language of Peru was quite unknown to linguists when, in +1890, I published the article (67) containing material in it from the +extremely rare work of Geronimo de Ore, entitled _Rituale Peruanum_ +(Naples, 1607). Since then an extended essay upon it has been written by +M. de la Grasserie. + +In the "Further Notes on the Fuegian Languages" (70), I have printed an +Alikuluf vocabulary of 1695, with comparisons, and given a vocabulary of +the idiom of the Onas, pointing out some affinities with the Yahgan. + +Few linguistic areas on the continent have been more obscure than that +called "El Gran Chaco," in northern Argentina and southern Bolivia. In +(69) I have mapped the area from 20° to 30° south latitude and 56° to +66° west longitude, defining the boundaries of each of the seven +linguistic stocks which occupied it, to wit, the Ennima, Guaycuru, Lule, +Mataco, Quechua, Samucu and Tupi, with discussions of some uncertain +dialects, as the Calchaqui, Lengua, Querandi, Charua, Payagua. + +In (70) recent vocabularies of the Andoa and Cataquina tongues are +examined and their linguistic relations discussed. + +Many of the above articles, written previous to 1890, were collected by +me in that year and published in a volume entitled "Essays of an +Americanist" (pp. 489. Philadelphia). For the convenience of those who +may wish to refer to them I add here a complete list of the essays which +it contains. + + PART I.--ETHNOLOGIC AND ARCHÆOLOGIC.--A Review of the Data for the + Study of the Prehistoric Chronology of America. On Palæoliths, + American and others. On the alleged Mongolian Affinities of the + American Race. The Probable Nationality of the Mound-Builders of + the Ohio Valley. The Toltecs of Mexico and their Fabulous Empire. + + PART II.--MYTHOLOGY AND FOLK-LORE.--The Sacred Names in the + Mythology of the Quiches of Guatemala. The Hero-God of the + Algonkins as a Cheat and Liar. The Journey of the Soul in Egyptian, + Aryan and American Mythology. The Sacred Symbols of the Cross, the + Svastika and the Triqetrum in America. The Modern Folk-lore of the + Natives of Yucatan. The Folk-lore of the Modern Lênapé Indians. + + PART III.--GRAPHIC SYSTEMS AND LITERATURE.--The Phonetic Elements + in the Hieroglyphs of the Mayas and Mexicans. The Ikonomatic Method + of Phonetic Writing used by the Ancient Mexicans. The Writings and + Records of the Ancient Mayas of Yucatan. The Books of Chilan + Balam, the Sacred Volume of the Modern Mayas. Translation of the + Inscription on "The Stone of The Giants" at Orizaba, Mexico. The + Poetry of the American Indians, with Numerous Examples. + + PART IV.--LINGUISTIC.--American Aboriginal Languages, and why we + should study them. Wilhelm von Humboldt's Researches in American + Languages. Some Characteristics of American Languages. The Earliest + Form of Human Speech, as Revealed by American Languages. The + Conception of Love, as expressed in some American Languages. The + Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central + America. The Curious Hoax about the Taensa Language. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[6-1] _Beiträge zur Lehre der Wortzusammensetzung._ Leiden. 1896. + +[6-2] In this connection I would refer students to an instructive +passage of Heinrich Wrinkler on "Die Hauptformen in den Amerikanischen +Sprachen," in his work _Zur Sprachgeschichte_ (Berlin, 1887) and to his +essay on the Pokonchi Language in his _Weiteres zur Sprachgeschichte_, +(Berlin, 1889). + +[6-3] See my remarks on this tongue in the _American Anthropologist_, +August, 1898, p. 251. + +[6-4] Interesting examples in the Preface to S. T. Rand's _Micmac +Dictionary_ (Halifax, 1888). + +[6-5] Notably with Steinthal's _Charakteristik des hauptsächlichsten +Typen des Sprachbaues._ + +[12-1] _The Myths of the New World_ (third edition, 1896); _American +Hero Myths_ (1881). + +[12-2] _Life and Traditions of the Red Man_ (Bangor, 1893). + +[12-3] _New Views of the Origin of the Tribes of America_ (Philadelphia, +1798). + +[13-1] _Actas del Congreso Internacional de Americanistas_, Tom. II., +pp. 310-315. + +[13-2] See the article "The Curious Hoax of the Taensa Language," in my +_Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 452-467. (Philadelphia, 1890.) + +[13-3] In Tome XI., of the _Bibliothêque Linguistique Américaine_. + +[13-4] Privately printed, 1867. + +[16-1] See Garrick Mallery in _10th Annual Report of the Bureau of +Ethnology_, pp. 133, sqq. (Washington, 1893). + + + + +INDEX. + + + Abenakis, 12 + + Abipones, 6 + + Achaguas, 6 + + Adam, L., 13, 18 + + Alaguilac language, 17 + + Algonkin, 8, 11 + + Algonquian mythology, 12 + + Alikuluf, 19, 20 + + American Authors, Aboriginal, 8 + + American languages, 6 + + American Race, the, 7 + + Americanists, Congress of, 8 + + "Anahuac", 17 + + Andagueda, 18 + + Andoa, 20 + + Anthony, A. S., 11 + + Antillean languages, 18 + + Arawack, 18, 19 + + Asiatic analogies, 7 + + + _Bailes_, 9 + + Barton, B. S., 12 + + Berendt, C. H., 15, 17 + + Betoya, 6, 7, 19 + + Bonaris, 19 + + Brasseur, E. C., 15, 17 + + Byington, C., 10 + + + Cakchiquels, 9, 16 + + Calchaqui, 20 + + Calendar, native, 16 + + Carib, 6, 13, 19 + + Cataquina, 20 + + Chaco, el Gran, 20 + + Chane-abal language, 15 + + Changuina, 18 + + Chapanecs, 15 + + Charua, 20 + + Chiapas, 15 + + Chilan Balam, 17 + + Chinantec, 15 + + Choco, 19 + + Choctaw Grammar, 10 + + Cholona, 19 + + Chontallis, 16 + + Cocanuca, 7 + + Costa Rica, 7, 18 + + Creeks, 9 + + Cuba, language of, 18 + + + Delaware, 9, 11 + + _Dvanda_, the, 6 + + + Ennima, 20 + + + Floridian Peninsula, 13 + + Fuegian languages, 20 + + + Gatschet, A. S., 9, 11, 13 + + Gluscap, 12 + + Gods, names of, 15 + + Granger, H. G., 19 + + Grasserie, R., 20 + + Guatemala, 15, 17 + + Guaycuru, 20 + + Güegüence, 9 + + Guetares, 18 + + + Haiti, language of, 18 + + Hale, H., 9 + + "Hastri" language, 13 + + Hongote, 19 + + Huasteca, 6 + + Humboldt, W. von, 6 + + Huron, 9 + + + "Ikonomatic" method, the, 16 + + Incorporation, 6 + + Iroquois, 9 + + + Johnnycake, 11 + + Jefferson, T., 12 + + Jivaro, 19 + + + Kechua, 19 + + Kiche myths, 15 + + + Leca, 19 + + Lenâpé, 9, 11 + + Lenâpé Dictionary, 11 + + Lenâpé Conversations, 11 + + Lencas, 16 + + Lengua, 20 + + Library of Aborig. Literature, 8 + + Lineal Measures, 16 + + Love, Conception of, 8 + + Lucayan, 18 + + Lule, 6, 20 + + + Maipure, 6 + + Manao, 19 + + Mandingo language, 12 + + Mangue, 15 + + Mata co, 20 + + Matagalpan, 7 + + Maya, 6, 8, 16 + + Mayan Hieroglyphics, 16 + + Mayan Inscriptions, 14 + + Mazatec, 19 + + Mbaya, 6 + + Measures, lineal, 16 + + Mexican, 6 + + Micmacs, 6 + + Mixes, 16 + + Mixteca, 7, 16 + + Mocoa, 7 + + Mocovi, 7 + + Mohawk, 9 + + Morphology of Amer. Langs., 6 + + Mosquito Coast[TN-3] + + Muller,[TN-4] H. C., 6 + + Muskokee, 11 + + Mythology, American, 12 + + Myths of New World, 12 + + + Nahuatl, 6, 8, 10 + + Nahuatl-Spanish jargon, 9 + + Nanticoke, 12 + + Natchez, 12 + + Nicaragua, 15 + + Nicolar, J., 12 + + Noanama, 18 + + + Omagua, 7 + + Onas, 20 + + Onondaga, 9 + + Ore, G. de, 20 + + Otomi, 7.[TN-5] 16, 17 + + + Pacasa, 19 + + Paniquita, 7 + + Pareja, F., 13 + + Payagua, 20 + + Pilling, J. C., 4 + + Pinart, A., 15 + + Poetry, Aboriginal, 8 + + Polysynthesis, 6 + + Popolucas, 16 + + Primitive speech, 7 + + Puelche, 19 + + Puquina, 20 + + + Querandi, 20 + + Quiche, 15 + + Quechua, 8, 19, 20 + + + Rafinesque, C. S., 11 + + Ramas, 18 + + Rand, S. F., 6 + + Rate of change, 7 + + Rebus writing, 16 + + Red Score, the, 9, 11 + + Rig Veda Americanus, 10 + + + Sahagun, 10, 17 + + Samucu, 20 + + Schultz, Rev., 18 + + Shawnees, 19 + + Smith, B., 13 + + Standard Dictionary, the, 7 + + Steinthal, H., 6 + + "Stone of the Giants", 16 + + Svastika, the, 20 + + + Tacana, 19 + + Taensa, 13 + + Taino, 18 + + Tamanaca, 6 + + Tarascos, 16 + + Tehuelche, 19 + + Teknnika, 19 + + Tequistlatecan, 7 + + Timote., 7 + + Timuquana, 13 + + Tinné, 18 + + Toltecs, the, 20 + + Totonaco, 6 + + Triquetrum, the, 20 + + Tsoneca, 19 + + Tucanos, 19 + + Tupi, 6, 8, 20 + + Tzental, 16 + + + Ulvas, 16 + + + Verb, the American, 6 + + + Walum-Olum, 9, 11 + + Winkler, H., 6 + + Written language, 16 + + + Xebero, 19 + + Xinca, 17 + + + Yahgan, 19, 20 + + Yaruro, 6 + + Yucatan, 14 + + + Zapotecs, 16 + + Zeonas, 19 + + Zoque, the, 6 + + + + +Transcriber's Note + + +The following misspellings and typographical errors were maintained. + + Page Error + TN-1 6 The marker for footnote 6-2 was not printed and has been + inserted based on context. + TN-2 11 Grammer should read Grammar + TN-3 23 Mosquito Coast should read Mosquito Coast, 15, 18 + TN-4 23 Muller, should read Müller + TN-5 23 Otomi, 7. should read Otomi, 7, + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Record of Study in Aboriginal +American Languages, by Daniel G. 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Brinton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Record of Study in Aboriginal American Languages + +Author: Daniel G. Brinton + +Release Date: February 22, 2010 [EBook #31351] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RECORD OF STUDY--ABOR. AMER. LANG. *** + + + + +Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="tn"> +<p class="titlepage"><b>Transcriber’s Note</b></p> + +<p class="noindent">A number of typographical errors have been maintained in this version of +this book. They are <ins class="correction" title="correction">marked</ins> and the corrected text is shown in the popup. +A description of the errors is found in the <a href="#trans_note">list</a> at the end of the text. +Inconsistent spelling, hyphenation, and capitalization have been maintained.</p> +</div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> + + +<h1 class="chapterhead"><span class="size70per">A RECORD OF STUDY</span><br /> + +<span class="size50per">IN</span><br /> + +ABORIGINAL AMERICAN LANGUAGES</h1> + +<p class="titlepage top2"><span class="size70per">BY</span><br /> + +DANIEL G. BRINTON, A.M., M.D., LL.D., Sc.D.,<br /> + +<span class="size70per"><i>Professor of American Archæology and Linguistics in the<br /> +University of Pennsylvania</i></span></p> + +<p class="titlepage top2"><span class="smcap">Printed for Private Distribution</span><br /> +MEDIA, PA., 1898</p> + + + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> + +<hr class="declong" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> + +<p class="titlepage">PRESS OF<br /> +<span class="smcap">The New Era Printing Company,<br /> +Lancaster, Pa.</span></p> +<hr class="declong" /> + + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="chapterhead">PREFATORY.</h2> + + +<p>If this review of my own work in the field of American Linguistics +requires an apology, I may say that the preparation of it was suggested +to me by my late friend, Mr. James Constantine Pilling, whose admirable +volumes on the bibliography of American Aboriginal Languages are +familiar to all students. He had experienced the difficulty of +cataloguing the articles of writers whose contributions extend over many +years, and have been published in different journals, proceedings of +societies and volumes, and was impressed with the advantage of an +analytical list composed by the author himself.</p> + +<p>With this in view, I have arranged the present survey of my writings in +this branch of science, extending over a period of two score years. They +are grouped geographically, and sufficient reference to their contents +subjoined to indicate their aims and conclusions.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">D. G. Brinton.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Media, Penna.</span>, November, 1898.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> + + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="chapterhead">I. <span class="smcap">General Articles and Works.</span></h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><a name="ref1" id="ref1"></a>1. The Philosophic Grammar of American Languages as set forth by +Wilhelm von Humboldt; with the translation of an unpublished Memoir +by him on the American Verb. pp. 51. In <i>Proceedings</i> of the +American Philosophical Society, 1885.</p> + +<p><a name="ref2" id="ref2"></a>2. On Polysynthesis and Incorporation as characteristics of +American Languages. pp. 41. In <i>Proceedings</i> of the American +Philosophical Society, 1885.</p> + +<p><a name="ref3" id="ref3"></a>3. Characteristics of American Languages. <i>American Antiquarian</i>, +January, 1894.</p> + +<p><a name="ref4" id="ref4"></a>4. On certain morphologic traits in American Languages. <i>American +Antiquarian</i>, October, 1894.</p> + +<p><a name="ref5" id="ref5"></a>5. On various supposed relations between the American and Asiatic +Races. <i>Memoirs</i> of the International Congress of Anthropology, +1893.</p> + +<p><a name="ref6" id="ref6"></a>6. The Present Status of American Linguistics. <i>Memoirs</i> of the +International Congress of Anthropology, 1893.</p> + +<p><a name="ref7" id="ref7"></a>7. American Languages and why we should Study them. An address +delivered before the Pennsylvania Historical Society. pp. 23. In +<i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i>, 1885.</p> + +<p><a name="ref8" id="ref8"></a>8. The Rate of Change in American Languages. In <i>Science</i>, Vol. X., +1887.</p> + +<p><a name="ref9" id="ref9"></a>9. Traits of Primitive Speech, illustrated from American languages. +In <i>Proceedings</i> of the American Association for the Advancement of +Science, August, 1888.</p> + +<p><a name="ref10" id="ref10"></a>10. The Language of Palæolithic Man. pp. 14. In <i>Proceedings</i> of +the American Philosophical Society, October, 1888.</p> + +<p><a name="ref11" id="ref11"></a>11. The American Race: A Linguistic Classification and Ethnographic +Description of the Native Tribes of North and South America. pp. +392. New York, 1891.</p> + +<p><a name="ref12" id="ref12"></a>12. The Standard Dictionary (Indian Words in). New York, 1894.</p> + +<p><a name="ref13" id="ref13"></a>13. Aboriginal American Authors and their Productions, especially +those in the Native Languages. pp. 63. Philadelphia, 1883.</p> + +<p><a name="ref14" id="ref14"></a>14. American Aboriginal Poetry. pp. 21. In <i>Proceedings</i> of the +Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, 1883.</p> + +<p><a name="ref15" id="ref15"></a>15. The Conception of Love in some American Languages. pp. 18. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical Society, November, +1886.</p> +</div> + +<p>The earlier numbers, (<a href="#ref1">1-4</a>,) in the above list are occupied with the +inquiry whether the native American languages, as a group, have peculiar +morphological traits, which justify their classification as one of the +great divisions of human speech. In this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> question, I have been a +disciple of Wilhelm von Humboldt and Professor H. Steinthal, and have +argued that the phenomenon of Incorporation, in some of its forms, is +markedly present in the vast majority, if not in all, American tongues. +That which has been called “polysynthesis†is one of these forms. This +is nothing more than a familiar, nigh universal, grammatic process +carried to an extreme degree. It is the <i>dvanda</i> of the Sanscrit +grammarians, an excellent study of which has recently appeared from the +pen of Dr. H. C. Müller.<a name="FNanchor_6-1_1" id="FNanchor_6-1_1" href="#Footnote_6-1_1" class="fnanchor">6-1</a> In its higher forms Incorporation +subordinates the nominal concepts of the phrase to those of time and +relation, which are essentially verbal, and this often where the true +verbal concept, that of abstract action, is lacking, and the verb itself +is in reality a noun in the possessive relation.<a name="corr1" id="corr1"></a><ins class="correction" title="This footnote marker was missing in the original"><a name="FNanchor_6-2_2" id="FNanchor_6-2_2" href="#Footnote_6-2_2" class="fnanchor">6-2</a></ins></p> + +<p>Even extremely simple American languages, such as the Zoque, display the +tendency to energetic synthesis;<a name="FNanchor_6-3_3" id="FNanchor_6-3_3" href="#Footnote_6-3_3" class="fnanchor">6-3</a> while many of them carry the +incorporative quality to such a degree that the sentence becomes one +word, a good example of which is the Micmac.<a name="FNanchor_6-4_4" id="FNanchor_6-4_4" href="#Footnote_6-4_4" class="fnanchor">6-4</a> Some American and +French writers have misunderstood the nature of this trait, and have +denied it; but the student who acquaints himself thoroughly with the +authors above mentioned, will not be misled.<a name="FNanchor_6-5_5" id="FNanchor_6-5_5" href="#Footnote_6-5_5" class="fnanchor">6-5</a></p> + +<p>The MS. of the Memoir by W. von Humboldt I obtained from the Berlin +Library. Even Professor Steinthal, in his edition of Humboldt’s +linguistic Works, had overlooked it. It is a highly philosophic analysis +of the verb, as it occurs in the languages of the following tribes: +Abipones, Achaguas, Betoyas, Caribs, Huastecas, Lules, Maipures, Mayas, +Mbayas, Mexicans<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> (Nahuas), Mixtecas, Mocovis, Omaguas, Otomis, +Tamanacas, Totonacos, Tupis, Yaruros.</p> + +<p>In (<a href="#ref5">5</a>) I have examined the various alleged affiliations between American +and Asiatic tongues, and showed they are wholly unfounded.</p> + +<p>In (<a href="#ref7">7</a>) I have entered a plea for more attention to American languages. +Not only for ethnographic purposes are they useful, but their primitive +aspects and methods of presenting ideas enable us to solve psychological +and grammatic problems more completely than other tongues.</p> + +<p>In support of this, in (<a href="#ref9">9</a>) and (<a href="#ref10">10</a>), I endeavor to outline what must +have been the morphology of the language which man spoke when in the +very beginning of his existence as man; a speech of marvelous +simplicity, but adapted to his wants.</p> + +<p>The volume, of nearly four hundred pages, entitled <i>The American Race</i> +(No. <a href="#ref11">11</a>) was the first attempt at a systematic classification of all the +tribes of America, North, Central and South, on the basis of language. +It defines seventy-nine linguistic stocks in North America and sixty-one +in South America. The number of tribes named and referred to these +stocks is nearly sixteen hundred. Several of these stocks are defined +for the first time, such as the Tequistlatecan of Mexico, the Matagalpan +of Central America, and in South America the Timote, the Paniquita, the +Cocanuca, the Mocoa, the Betoya, the Lamuca, etc.</p> + +<p>In the article (<a href="#ref8">8</a>) I show that, contrary to an oft expressed opinion, +the rate of change in these unwritten tongues is remarkably slow, not +greater than in cultivated languages.</p> + +<p>When the publishers of the <i>Standard Dictionary</i> (New York, 1895) were +preparing that well-known work, they placed in my hands all the words in +the English language derived from the native tongues of America. +Although the etymology of some of them remains obscure, I believe the +derivation of all positively traced will be found presented.</p> + +<p>I early became convinced that the translations of books of devotion, +etc., into the native tongues gave no correct impression of those +tongues. The ideas conveyed were foreign to the primitive mind, and the +translations were generally by foreigners who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> had not completely +mastered the idioms. Hence, the only true reflex of a language is in the +words and thoughts of the natives themselves, in their indigenous +literature.</p> + +<p>This led me to project the publication of a series of volumes containing +writings, preferably on secular subjects, by natives in their own +languages. That there is such a literature I undertook to show in (<a href="#ref13">13</a>) +and (<a href="#ref14">14</a>). The former was the expansion of a paper presented to the +International Congress of Americanists at Copenhagen. It contains a list +of native American authors and notices of a number of their works +composed in their own tongues. That on “aboriginal poetry†vindicates +for native American bards a respectable position among lyric and +dramatic composers.</p> + +<p>That some of the central subjects of poetic literature—the emotions of +love and friendship—exist, and often in no low form of sentiment, among +these natives, I have undertaken to show by an analysis of a number of +terms expressing these feelings in five leading American linguistic +stocks, the Algonkin, Nahuatl, Maya, Quechua and Tupi (No. <a href="#ref15">15</a>).</p> + +<p>Following out this plan, I began in 1882 the publication of “The Library +of Aboriginal American Literature.†Each volume was to contain a work +composed in a native tongue by a native; but those based upon foreign +inspiration, such as sermons, etc., were to be excluded. Each was to be +translated and edited with sufficient completeness to make it available +for the general student.</p> + +<p>Of this “Library†eight volumes were issued, the first in 1882, the +eighth in 1890, when I ceased the publication, not from lack of +material, but because I had retired in 1887 from my connection with the +publishing business and became more engaged in general anthropological +pursuits.</p> + +<p>The “Library,†as issued, contains the following numbers:</p> + +<p><a name="refI" id="refI"></a>No. I. The Chronicles of the Mayas. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. +279 pages. 1882.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="hanging">This volume contains five brief chronicles in the Maya language, +written shortly after the conquest, and carrying the history of +that people back many centuries. To these is added a history of +the conquest, written in his native tongue, by a Maya chief, in +1562. This interesting account has been published separately, with +an ex<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>cellent grammatical and lexical analysis by the Count de +Charencey, under the title <i>Chrestomathie Maya, d’après la +Chronique de Chac-Xulub-Chen</i> (Paris, 1891). The texts are +preceded by an introduction on the history of the Mayas, their +language, calendar, numerical system, etc.; and a vocabulary is +added at the close.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name="refII" id="refII"></a>No. II. The Iroquois Book of Rites. Edited by Horatio Hale. 222 pages. +1883.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="hanging">This work contains, in the Mohawk and Onondaga languages, the +speeches, songs and rituals with which a deceased chief was +lamented and his successor installed in office. The introduction +treats of the ethnology and history of the Huron-Iroquois. A map, +notes and glossary complete the work.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name="refIII" id="refIII"></a>No. III. The Comedy-Ballet of Güegüence. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. +D. 146 pages. 1883.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="hanging">A curious and unique specimen of the native comic dances, with +dialogues, called <i>bailes</i>, formerly common in Central America. It +is in the mixed Nahuatl-Spanish jargon of Nicaragua, and shows +distinctive features of native authorship. The introduction treats +of the ethnology of Nicaragua, and the local dialects, musical +instruments and dramatic representations. A map and a number of +illustrations are added.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name="refIV" id="refIV"></a>No. IV. A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians. Edited by A. S. +Gatschet. 251 pages. 1884.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="hanging">Offers a survey of the ethnology of the native tribes of the Gulf +States. The legend told to Governor Oglethorpe, in 1732, by the +Creeks, is given in the original.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name="refV" id="refV"></a>No. V. The Lenâpé and Their Legends. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. +262 pages. 1885.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="hanging">Contains the complete text and symbols, 184 in number, of the “Walum +Olum,†or “Red Score,†of the Delaware Indians, with the full +original text, and a new translation, notes and vocabulary. A +lengthy introduction treats of the Lenâpé or Delawares, their +history, customs, myths, language, etc., with numerous references +to other tribes of the great Algonkin stock.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name="refVI" id="refVI"></a>No. VI. The Annals of the Cakchiquels. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. +D. 234 pages. 1885.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="hanging">The original text, written about 1562, by a member of the reigning +family, with a translation, introduction, notes and vocabulary. +This may be considered one of the most important historical +documents relating to the pre-Columbian period.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> + +<p><a name="refVII" id="refVII"></a>No. VII. Ancient Nahuatl Poetry. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. 176 +pages. 1890.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="hanging">In this volume twenty-seven songs in the original Nahuatl are +presented, with translation, notes, vocabulary, etc. Many of them +date from before the conquest and none later than the sixteenth +century. The introduction describes the ancient poetry of the +Nahuas in all its bearings.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name="refVIII" id="refVIII"></a>No. VIII. Rig Veda Americanus. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. 95 +pages. 1890.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="hanging">Presents the original text with a gloss in Nahuatl of twenty sacred +chants of the ancient Mexicans. They are preserved in the Madrid +MSS. of Father Sahagun, and date anterior to the Conquest. A +paraphrase, notes and a vocabulary are added, and a number of +curious illustrations are reproduced from the original.</p> +</div> + +<p>The edition of each of these was about 400 copies, except No. II., of +which 900 were printed. A complete set is now difficult to obtain.</p> + + +<h2 class="sectionhead">II. <span class="smcap">North American Languages North of Mexico.</span></h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><a name="ref16" id="ref16"></a>16. Lenâpé-English Dictionary. From an anonymous MS. in the +archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa., with additions, +by Daniel G. Brinton and Rev. Albert Seqaqkind Anthony, 4to, pp. +326. Philadelphia, 1888. Published by the Historical Society of +Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p><a name="ref17" id="ref17"></a>17. The Lenâpé and their Legends; with the complete Text and +Symbols of the Walum Olum, a new Translation and an Inquiry into +its Authenticity. pp. 262. Illustrated. Philadelphia, 1885.</p> + +<p><a name="ref18" id="ref18"></a>18. Lenâpé Conversations. In <i>American Journal of Folk-Lore</i>, Vol. +I.</p> + +<p><a name="ref19" id="ref19"></a>19. The Shawnees and their Migrations. In <i>American Historical +Magazine</i>, January, 1866.</p> + +<p><a name="ref20" id="ref20"></a>20. The Chief God of the Algonkins, in his Character as a Cheat and +Liar. In the <i>American Antiquarian</i>, May, 1885.</p> + +<p><a name="ref21" id="ref21"></a>21. On certain supposed Nanticoke words shown to be of African +origin. <i>American Antiquarian</i>, 1887.</p> + +<p><a name="ref22" id="ref22"></a>22. Vocabulary of the Nanticoke dialect. Proceedings of the +<i>American Philosophical Society</i>, November, 1893.</p> + +<p><a name="ref23" id="ref23"></a>23. The Natchez of Louisiana, an Offshoot of the Civilized Nations +of Central America. In the <i>Historical Magazine</i> (New York), for +January, 1867.</p> + +<p><a name="ref24" id="ref24"></a>24. On the Language of the Natchez. In <i>Proceedings</i> of the +American Philosophical Society, December, 1873.</p> + +<p><a name="ref25" id="ref25"></a>25. Grammar of the Choctaw Language. By the Rev. Cyrus Byington. +Edited from the original MS. by D. G. Brinton. pp. 56. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical Society, 1870.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> + +<p><a name="ref26" id="ref26"></a>26. Contributions to a <a name="corr2" id="corr2"></a><ins class="correction" title="Grammar">Grammer</ins> of the Muskokee Language. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical Society, March, 1870.</p> + +<p><a name="ref27" id="ref27"></a>27. The Floridian Peninsula, its Literary History, Indian Tribes, +and Antiquities. 8vo, cloth, pp. 202. Philadelphia, 1859.</p> + +<p><a name="ref28" id="ref28"></a>28. The Taensa Grammar and Dictionary. A deception exposed. In +<i>American Antiquarian</i>, March, 1885.</p> + +<p><a name="ref29" id="ref29"></a>29. The Taensa Grammar and Dictionary. A reply to M. Lucien Adam. +In <i>American Antiquarian</i>, September, 1885.</p> +</div> + +<p>Within the area of the United States, my articles have been confined +practically to two groups, the Algonkian dialects and those spoken in +Florida and the Gulf States.</p> + +<p>The Delaware Indians or Lenni Lenâpé, who occupied the valley of the +Delaware River and the land east of it to the ocean, although long in +peaceful association with the white settlers, were never studied, +linguistically, except by the Moravian missionaries, in the latter half +of the eighteenth century. In examining the MSS. in the Moravian Church +at Bethlehem, Pa., I discovered a MS. dictionary of their tongue, +containing about 4,300 words. This I had carefully copied, and induced a +native Delaware, an educated clergyman of the English Church, the Rev. +Albert Seqaqkind Anthony, to pass a fortnight at my house, going over it +with me, word by word. The MS. thus revised, was published by the +Historical Society of Pennsylvania as the first number of its “Student +Series.†Various interesting items illustrating the beliefs and customs +of the Delawares of the present day, communicated to me by Mr. Anthony, +I collected into the article (<a href="#ref18">18</a>), “Lenâpé Conversations.â€</p> + +<p>A few years previous I had succeeded in obtaining the singular MS. +referred to by C. S. Rafinesque, in 1836, as the “Painted Record†of the +Delaware Indians, the <i>Walum Olum,</i> properly, “painted†or “red†+“score.†This I reproduced in No. <a href="#ref17">17</a>, with the accessories mentioned +above (p. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>). There is no doubt of the general authenticity of this +record. A corroboration of it was sent me in March of this year (1898) +by Dr. A. S. Gatschet, of the U. S. Bureau of American Ethnology. He +writes:</p> + +<p>“When the Delaware delegate, Johnnycake, was here for the last time, he +told Mr. J. B. N. Hewitt (also attached to the Bureau) that some of the +Lenâpé Indians, near Nowata, Cherokee Nation, had seen your publication +on the <i>Walum Olum</i>. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> belong to the oldest men of that tribe, and +stated that the text was all right, and that they remembered the songs +from their youth. They could give many additions, and said that a few +passages were in the wrong order and had to be placed elsewhere to give +them the full meaning they were intended to convey.â€</p> + +<p>This was cheering confirmation to me that my labor had not been expended +on a fantastic composition of Rafinesque’s, as some have been inclined +to think.</p> + +<p>Some years ago I contemplated the publication of a work through the +American Folklore Society on Algonquian Mythology. Various reasons led +me to lay it aside. Part of the material was introduced into my works on +the general mythology of the American tribes,<a name="FNanchor_12-1_6" id="FNanchor_12-1_6" href="#Footnote_12-1_6" class="fnanchor">12-1</a> and one fragment +appeared in (<a href="#ref20">20</a>) in which I offered a psychological explanation of the +character of the hero god Gluscap, so prominent in the legends of the +Micmacs and Abenakis. At that time I was not acquainted with the +ingenious suggestions on the etymology of the name subsequently +advocated by the native author, Joseph Nicolar.<a name="FNanchor_12-2_7" id="FNanchor_12-2_7" href="#Footnote_12-2_7" class="fnanchor">12-2</a></p> + +<p>The Nanticokes lived on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay. In +collecting their vocabularies I found one alleged to have been obtained +from them, but differing completely from the Algonquian dialects. It had +been partly printed by Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton,<a name="FNanchor_12-3_8" id="FNanchor_12-3_8" href="#Footnote_12-3_8" class="fnanchor">12-3</a> but remained a +puzzle. My article (<a href="#ref21">21</a>) proves that it belongs to the Mandingo language +of western Africa. It was doubtless obtained from some negro slave.</p> + +<p>The Nanticoke vocabulary (<a href="#ref22">22</a>) was secured in 1792 for Mr. Thomas +Jefferson. I give the related terms in the other dialects of the stock.</p> + +<p>The Natchez are an interesting people of whose rites we have strange +accounts from the early French explorers. Their language is a small +stock by itself. At one time I thought it related to the Maya (<a href="#ref23">23</a>); but +this is probably an error. In (<a href="#ref24">24</a>) I printed a vocabulary of words +obtained for me from a native, together with some slight grammatical +material.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>The Taensas were a branch of the Natchez, speaking the same tongue; but +in 1881, J. Parisot presented an article of half a dozen pages to the +International Congress of Americanists on what he called the “Hastri or +Taensa Language,†totally different from the Natchez.<a name="FNanchor_13-1_9" id="FNanchor_13-1_9" href="#Footnote_13-1_9" class="fnanchor">13-1</a> Subsequently +this was expanded to a volume, and appeared as Tome IX. of the +<i>Bibliothêque Linguistique Américaine</i> (Maisonneuve et Cie, Paris) +introduced by the well-known scholars Lucien Adam and Albert S. +Gatschet.</p> + +<p>It passed unchallenged until 1885, when I proved conclusively that the +whole was a forgery of some young seminarists, and had been palmed off +on these unsuspecting scientists out of a pleasure in mystification +(<a href="#ref28">28</a>). As I have given the details elsewhere, I shall not repeat +them.<a name="FNanchor_13-2_10" id="FNanchor_13-2_10" href="#Footnote_13-2_10" class="fnanchor">13-2</a></p> + +<p>The works of Pareja in the Timuquana tongue of Florida were unknown to +linguists when, in 1859, I published the little volume (<a href="#ref27">27</a>). In it, +however, I called attention to them, and from the scanty references in +Hervas expressed the opinion that it might be related to the Carib. This +was an error, as no such affinity appears on the fuller examination of +the tongue now possible, since Pareja’s grammar has been +republished,<a name="FNanchor_13-3_11" id="FNanchor_13-3_11" href="#Footnote_13-3_11" class="fnanchor">13-3</a> and texts of the Timuquana have been reproduced by +Buckingham Smith.<a name="FNanchor_13-4_12" id="FNanchor_13-4_12" href="#Footnote_13-4_12" class="fnanchor">13-4</a> The language stands alone, an independent stock.</p> + + +<h2 class="sectionhead">III. <span class="smcap">Mexican and Central American Languages.</span></h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><a name="ref30" id="ref30"></a>30. The Native Calendar of Central America and Mexico. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical Society, November, +1893.</p> + +<p><a name="ref31" id="ref31"></a>31. The Lineal Measures of the Semi-civilized Nations of Mexico and +Central America. In <i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical +Society, January, 1885.</p> + +<p><a name="ref32" id="ref32"></a>32. On the Chontallis and Popolucas. In the Compte Rendu du Congrés +des Américanistes, 1890.</p> + +<p><a name="ref33" id="ref33"></a>33. The Study of the Nahuatl Language. In the <i>American +Antiquarian</i>, January, 1886.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span><a name="ref34" id="ref34"></a>34. The Written Language of the Ancient Mexicans. In <i>Transactions</i> +of the American Philosophical Society, 1889.</p> + +<p><a name="ref35" id="ref35"></a>35. The ancient phonetic alphabet of Yucatan. In <i>American +Historical Magazine</i>, 1870.</p> + +<p><a name="ref36" id="ref36"></a>36. The Graphic System and ancient Records of the Mayas. In +<i>Contributions to American Ethnology</i>, Vol. V., Washington, 1882.</p> + +<p><a name="ref37" id="ref37"></a>37. The Phonetic Elements in the Graphic Systems of the Mayas and +Mexicans. In <i>American Antiquarian</i>, November, 1886.</p> + +<p><a name="ref38" id="ref38"></a>38. On the “Ikonomatic†Method of Phonetic Writing. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical Society, 1886.</p> + +<p><a name="ref39" id="ref39"></a>39. A Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics. pp. 152. Boston, 1895.</p> + +<p><a name="ref40" id="ref40"></a>40. What the Mayan Inscriptions tell about. In <i>American +Archæologist</i>, 1894.</p> + +<p><a name="ref41" id="ref41"></a>41. On the “Stone of the Giants†near Orizaba, Mexico. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of +Philadelphia, 1889.</p> + +<p><a name="ref42" id="ref42"></a>42. On the Nahuatl version of Sahagun’s Historia de la Nueva +España, at Madrid. In the <i>Compte Rendu</i> of the Congrés +International des Americanistes, 7<sup>eme</sup> Session.</p> + +<p><a name="ref43" id="ref43"></a>43. On the words “Anahuac†and “Nahuatl.†In <i>American +Antiquarian</i>, November, 1893.</p> + +<p><a name="ref44" id="ref44"></a>44. On the so-called Alagüilac Language of Guatemala. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical Society, November, +1887.</p> + +<p><a name="ref45" id="ref45"></a>45. The Güegüence; a Comedy Ballet in the Nahuatl-Spanish Dialect +of Nicaragua. pp 94. Philadelphia, 1883.</p> + +<p><a name="ref46" id="ref46"></a>46. Ancient Nahuatl Poetry; Containing the Nahuatl Text of +Twenty-seven Ancient Mexican Poems; With Translation, Introduction, +Notes and Vocabulary. pp. 177. 1887.</p> + +<p><a name="ref47" id="ref47"></a>47. Rig Veda Americanus. Sacred Songs of the Ancient Mexicans, with +a Gloss in Nahuatl. With Paraphrase, Notes and Vocabulary. pp. 95. +Illustrated. Philadelphia, 1890.</p> + +<p><a name="ref48" id="ref48"></a>48. A notice of some Manuscripts of Central American Languages. In +the <i>American Journal of Science and Arts</i> (New Haven), March, +1869.</p> + +<p><a name="ref49" id="ref49"></a>49. The Maya Chronicles. pp. 279. Philadelphia, 1882.</p> + +<p><a name="ref50" id="ref50"></a>50. The Books of Chilan Balam, the Prophetic and Historic Records +of the Mayas of Yucatan. In the <i>Penn Monthly</i>, March, 1882.</p> + +<p><a name="ref51" id="ref51"></a>51. The Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths. pp. 38. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical Society, 1881.</p> + +<p><a name="ref52" id="ref52"></a>52. On the Chane-abal (Four-Language) Tribe and Dialect of Chiapas. +In the <i>American Anthropologist</i>, January, 1888.</p> + +<p><a name="ref53" id="ref53"></a>53. A Grammar of the Cakchiquel Language of Guatemala. Translated +from an Ancient Spanish MS., with an Introduction and numerous +Additions. pp. 67. In <i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical +Society, 1884.</p> + +<p><a name="ref54" id="ref54"></a>54. The Annals of the Cakchiquels. The Original text, with a +Translation, Notes and Introduction. pp. 234. Illustrated. +Philadelphia, 1885.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span><a name="ref55" id="ref55"></a>55. On some Affinities of the Otomi and Tinné Stocks. International +Congress of Americanists, 1894.</p> + +<p><a name="ref56" id="ref56"></a>56. Observations on the Chinantec Language of Mexico and the +Mazatec Language and its Affinities. In <i>Proceedings</i> of the +American Philosophical Society, 1892.</p> + +<p><a name="ref57" id="ref57"></a>57. Notes on the Mangue dialect. In <i>Proceedings</i> of the American +Philosophical Society, November, 1885.</p> + +<p><a name="ref58" id="ref58"></a>58. On the Xinca Indians of Guatemala. In <i>Proceedings</i> of the +American Philosophical Society, October, 1884.</p> + +<p><a name="ref59" id="ref59"></a>59. The Ethnic Affinities of the Guetares of Costa Rica. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical Society, December, +1897.</p> + +<p><a name="ref60" id="ref60"></a>60. On the Matagalpan Linguistic Stock of Central America. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical Society, December, +1895.</p> + +<p><a name="ref61" id="ref61"></a>61. Some Vocabularies from the Mosquito Coast. In <i>Proceedings</i> of +the American Philosophical Society, March, 1891.</p> +</div> + +<p>The <i>Popol Vuh</i>, or “sacred book†of the Quiches of Guatemala was +published by the Abbé Brasseur in 1861. The study (<a href="#ref51">51</a>) is an effort to +analyze the names of the gods which it contains and to extract their +symbolic significance.</p> + +<p>The Chane-abal dialect of Chiapas (<a href="#ref52">52</a>) is a mixed jargon, the component +elements of which I have endeavored to set forth from MS. material +collected by Dr. Berendt.</p> + +<p>Another language of Chiapas is the “Chapanecan.†In (<a href="#ref57">57</a>) and also in the +introduction to (<a href="#ref45">45</a>) I have shown, from unpublished sources, its close +relationship to the Mangue of Nicaragua.</p> + +<p>The Mazatec language of Oaxaca, is examined for the first time in (<a href="#ref56">56</a>) +from material supplied me by Mr. A. Pinart. It is shown to have +relations with the Chapanecan and others with Costa Rican tongues.</p> + +<p>The article on the Chinantec, (<a href="#ref56">56</a>) a little-known tongue of Oaxaca, is +an analysis of its forms and a vocabulary from the <i>Doctrina</i> of Father +Barreda and notes of Dr. Berendt.</p> + +<p>The Cakchiquels occupied most of the soil of Guatemala at the period of +the Conquest, and their tongue was that chosen to be the “Metropolitan†+language of the diocess. In (<a href="#ref53">53</a>) I gave a translation of an unpublished +grammar of it, the MS. being one in the archives of the American +Philosophical Society. In some respects it is superior to the grammar of +Flores.</p> + +<p>The higher culture of the tribes of Central America and Mexico gives a +special interest to the study of their languages, oral<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> and written; for +with some of them we find moderately well-developed methods of recording +ideas.</p> + +<p>Much of this culture was intimately connected with their astrological +methods and these with their calendar. This remarkable artificial +computation of time, based on the relations of the numerals 13 and 20 +applied to various periods, was practically the same among the Mayas, +Nahuas, Zapotecs, Mixtecs, Chapanecs, Otomis and Tarascos—seven +different linguistic stocks—and unknown elsewhere on the globe. The +study of it (<a href="#ref30">30</a>) is exclusively from its linguistic and symbolic side.</p> + +<p>It is strange that nowhere in North America was any measure of weight +known to the natives. Their lineal measures were drawn chiefly from the +proportions of the human body. They are investigated in (<a href="#ref31">31</a>).</p> + +<p>Under the names <i>Chontalli</i> and <i>Popoluca</i>, both Nahuatl words +indicating “foreigners,†ethnographers have included tribes of wholly +diverse lineage. In (<a href="#ref32">32</a>) I have shown that some are Tzentals, others +Tequistlatecas, Ulvas, Mixes, Zapotecs, Nahuas, Lencas and Cakchiquels, +thus doing away with the confusion introduced by these inappropriate +ethnic terms.</p> + +<p>No. (<a href="#ref33">33</a>) is an article for the use of students of the Nahuatl language, +mentioning the principal grammars, dictionaries and text-books which are +available.</p> + +<p>The numbers (<a href="#ref34">34</a>), (<a href="#ref35">35</a>), (<a href="#ref36">36</a>), (<a href="#ref37">37</a>), (<a href="#ref38">38</a>), (<a href="#ref39">39</a>), (<a href="#ref40">40</a>) and (<a href="#ref41">41</a>), are +devoted to the methods of writing invented by the cultured natives of +Mexico and Central America in order to preserve their literature, such +as it was. The methods are various, that of the Nahuas not being +identical with that of the Mayas. The former is largely phonetic, but in +a peculiar manner, for which I have proposed the term of “ikonomatic,†+the principle being that of the rebus. That this method can be +successfully applied to the decipherment of inscriptions I demonstrated +in the translation of one which is quite celebrated, the “Stone of the +Giants†at Orizaba, Mexico (<a href="#ref41">41</a>). The translation I proposed has been +fully accepted.<a name="FNanchor_16-1_13" id="FNanchor_16-1_13" href="#Footnote_16-1_13" class="fnanchor">16-1</a></p> + +<p>The “Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics†(<a href="#ref39">39</a>) was intended<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> as a summary of +what had been achieved up to that time (1895) by students in this +branch. It endeavored, moreover, to render to each student the credit of +his independent work; and as, unfortunately, some, notably in Germany, +had put forward as their own what belonged to others of earlier date, +the book naturally was not very well treated by such reviewers. Its aim, +however, to present a concise and fair statement of what had been +accomplished in its field up to the date of its publication was +generally conceded to have been attained.</p> + +<p>Much of the considerable manuscript material which I have accumulated on +the languages of this section of the continent was obtained from the +collections of the late Dr. Carl Hermann Berendt and the Abbé E. C. +Brasseur (de Bourbourg).</p> + +<p>When in Spain, in 1888, I found in the Royal Library the MS. of the +earlier portion of Sahagun’s “History of New Spain†in Nahuatl. I +described it in (<a href="#ref42">42</a>).</p> + +<p>The term “Anahuac†has long been applied to the territory of Mexico. Dr. +E. Seler, of Berlin, published an article asserting that this was an +error, and devoid of native authority. In (<a href="#ref43">43</a>) I pointed out that in +this he was wrong, as early Nahuatl records use it in this sense.</p> + +<p>The Alaguilac language of Guatemala, long a puzzle to linguistics, is +shown in (<a href="#ref44">44</a>) to be an isolated dialect of the Nahuatl.</p> + +<p>Nos. (<a href="#ref45">45</a>), (<a href="#ref46">46</a>), (<a href="#ref47">47</a>), (<a href="#ref49">49</a>) and (<a href="#ref54">54</a>), have been already mentioned.</p> + +<p>The term <i>Chilan balam</i>, which may be freely rendered “the inspired +speaker,†was the title of certain priests of the native Mayas. Many +records in the Maya tongue, written after the conquests, go by the name +of “the Books of Chilan Balam.†They have never been published, but +copies of them, made by Dr. Berendt, are in my possession. Their purpose +and contents were described in (<a href="#ref50">50</a>).</p> + +<p>There are reasons for believing that previous to the arrival of the +Cakchiquels in Guatemala its area was largely peopled by Xincas. Of this +little-known stock I present in (<a href="#ref58">58</a>) three extended vocabularies, from +unpublished sources, with comments on the “culture-words.â€</p> + +<p>Some apparent but no decisive affinities between the Otomi of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> Mexico +and the Tinné or Athapascan dialects are shown in (<a href="#ref55">55</a>); and in (<a href="#ref59">59</a>) the +ancient Guetares of Costa Rica are proved, on linguistic evidence, to +have been members of the Talamancan linguistic stock.</p> + +<p>The Matagalpan is an interesting family, first defined in <i>The American +Race</i>, and in (<a href="#ref60">60</a>) more fully discussed, as they survive in San +Salvador.</p> + +<p>In (<a href="#ref61">61</a>) some unpublished vocabularies from the tribe of the Ramas, on +the Mosquito coast, place them as members of the Changuina stock, most +of whom dwelt on the Isthmus of Panama.</p> + + +<h2 class="sectionhead">IV. <span class="smcap">South American and Antillean Languages.</span></h2> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><a name="ref62" id="ref62"></a>62. Remarks on the MS. Arawack Vocabulary of Schultz. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical Society, 1869.</p> + +<p><a name="ref63" id="ref63"></a>63. The Arawack Language of Guiana in its Linguistic and +Ethnological Relations. In <i>Transactions</i> of the American +Philosophical Society, 1871.</p> + +<p><a name="ref64" id="ref64"></a>64. Studies in South American Languages. pp. 67. In <i>Proceedings</i> +of the American Philosophical Society, 1892.</p> + +<p><a name="ref65" id="ref65"></a>65. Some words from the Andagueda dialect of the Choco stock. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of American Philosophical Society, November, 1897.</p> + +<p><a name="ref66" id="ref66"></a>66. Vocabulary of the Noanama dialect of the Choco stock. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical Society, November, +1896.</p> + +<p><a name="ref67" id="ref67"></a>67. Note on the Puquina Language of Peru. In <i>Proceedings</i> of the +American Philosophical Society, November, 1890.</p> + +<p><a name="ref68" id="ref68"></a>68. Further Notes on the Betoya dialects. In <i>Proceedings</i> of the +American Philosophical Society, October, 1892.</p> + +<p><a name="ref69" id="ref69"></a>69. The Linguistic Cartography of the Chaco Region. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical Society, October, 1898.</p> + +<p><a name="ref70" id="ref70"></a>70. Further Notes on Fuegian Languages. In <i>Proceedings</i> of the +American Philosophical Society, 1892.</p> + +<p><a name="ref71" id="ref71"></a>71. On two recent, unclassified Vocabularies from South America. In +<i>Proceedings</i> of the American Philosophical Society, October, 1898.</p> +</div> + +<p>The library of the American Philosophical Society contains a MS. copy of +the Arawack vocabulary of the missionary Schultz, the same work, +apparently, which was edited from another copy by M. Lucien Adam in +1882. A study of this MS. led me to discover the identity of the +so-called “Lucayan†of the Bahamas, the language of Cuba, fragments of +which have been presented, and the “Taino†of Haiti, with the Arawack. +They had previ<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>ously been considered either of Mayan or Caribbean +affinities. The results are presented in (<a href="#ref63">63</a>).</p> + +<p>The “Studies†in (<a href="#ref64">64</a>) are ten in number. No. I. is on the Tacana +language and its dialects, and is the only attempt, up to the present +time, to determine the boundaries and character of this tongue. Texts +and a vocabulary in five of its dialects are given. No. II. is on the +Jivaro or Xebero tongue, and is entirely from unpublished sources. A +grammatical sketch, texts and a vocabulary give a moderately complete +material for comparison. No. III. presents the first printed account of +the Cholona language on the River Huallaga, drawn from MSS. in the +British Museum. In No. IV. is a discussion of the relations of the Leca +language spoken on the Rio Mapiri. No. V. contains a text of some length +in the Manao dialect of the Arawack stock, the original MS. being in the +British Museum. The Bonaris are an extinct tribe of the Carib stock. No. +VI. contains the only vocabulary which has been preserved of their +dialect. On a loose sheet in the British Museum, among papers on +Patagonia, I found a short vocabulary in a tongue called “Hongote,†+which I could not locate and hence published it in No. VII. It +subsequently proved to be one of the North Pacific Coast languages. The +same “Study†presents a comparative vocabulary in fourteen Patagonian +dialects, with notes (Tsoneca, Tehuelche, Puelche, Tekennika (Yahgan), +Alikuluf, etc.). In Study No. VIII. are discussed the various dialects +of the Kechua or Quichua tongue of Peru, with an unpublished text from +the Pacasa dialect. No. IX. examines the affinities which have been +noted between the languages of North and South America, especially in +the Mazatec and Costa Rican dialects of the northern Continent. Finally, +No. X. aims to define for the first time the linguistic stock to which +belong the dialects of the Betoyas, Tucanos, Zeonas and other tribes on +the rivers Napo, Meta, Apure and their confluents. Further information +on this stock is given in (<a href="#ref68">68</a>).</p> + +<p>The Choco stock extends widely over the northwest angle of the southern +continent. In (<a href="#ref65">65</a>) and (<a href="#ref66">66</a>) I have printed short vocabularies of some of +its dialects secured for me from living natives by Mr. Henry G. +Granger.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>The Puquina language of Peru was quite unknown to linguists when, in +1890, I published the article (<a href="#ref67">67</a>) containing material in it from the +extremely rare work of Geronimo de Ore, entitled <i>Rituale Peruanum</i> +(Naples, 1607). Since then an extended essay upon it has been written by +M. de la Grasserie.</p> + +<p>In the “Further Notes on the Fuegian Languages†(<a href="#ref70">70</a>), I have printed an +Alikuluf vocabulary of 1695, with comparisons, and given a vocabulary of +the idiom of the Onas, pointing out some affinities with the Yahgan.</p> + +<p>Few linguistic areas on the continent have been more obscure than that +called “El Gran Chaco,†in northern Argentina and southern Bolivia. In +(<a href="#ref69">69</a>) I have mapped the area from 20° to 30° south latitude and 56° to +66° west longitude, defining the boundaries of each of the seven +linguistic stocks which occupied it, to wit, the Ennima, Guaycuru, Lule, +Mataco, Quechua, Samucu and Tupi, with discussions of some uncertain +dialects, as the Calchaqui, Lengua, Querandi, Charua, Payagua.</p> + +<p>In (<a href="#ref70">70</a>) recent vocabularies of the Andoa and Cataquina tongues are +examined and their linguistic relations discussed.</p> + +<p>Many of the above articles, written previous to 1890, were collected by +me in that year and published in a volume entitled “Essays of an +Americanist†(pp. 489. Philadelphia). For the convenience of those who +may wish to refer to them I add here a complete list of the essays which +it contains.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><span class="smcap">Part I.</span>—<span class="smcap">Ethnologic and Archæologic.</span>—A Review of the Data for the +Study of the Prehistoric Chronology of America. On Palæoliths, +American and others. On the alleged Mongolian Affinities of the +American Race. The Probable Nationality of the Mound-Builders of +the Ohio Valley. The Toltecs of Mexico and their Fabulous Empire.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Part II.</span>—<span class="smcap">Mythology and Folk-lore.</span>—The Sacred Names in the +Mythology of the Quiches of Guatemala. The Hero-God of the +Algonkins as a Cheat and Liar. The Journey of the Soul in Egyptian, +Aryan and American Mythology. The Sacred Symbols of the Cross, the +Svastika and the Triqetrum in America. The Modern Folk-lore of the +Natives of Yucatan. The Folk-lore of the Modern Lênapé Indians.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Part III.</span>—<span class="smcap">Graphic Systems and Literature.</span>—The Phonetic Elements +in the Hieroglyphs of the Mayas and Mexicans. The Ikonomatic Method +of Phonetic Writing used by the Ancient Mexicans. The Writings and +Records of the Ancient Mayas of Yucatan. The Books of Chilan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +Balam, the Sacred Volume of the Modern Mayas. Translation of the +Inscription on “The Stone of The Giants†at Orizaba, Mexico. The +Poetry of the American Indians, with Numerous Examples.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Part IV.</span>—<span class="smcap">Linguistic.</span>—American Aboriginal Languages, and why we +should study them. Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Researches in American +Languages. Some Characteristics of American Languages. The Earliest +Form of Human Speech, as Revealed by American Languages. The +Conception of Love, as expressed in some American Languages. The +Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central +America. The Curious Hoax about the Taensa Language.</p> +</div> + + +<div class="footnotes"> +<p><a name="Footnote_6-1_1" id="Footnote_6-1_1" href="#FNanchor_6-1_1" class="label">6-1</a> <i>Beiträge zur Lehre der Wortzusammensetzung.</i> Leiden. +1896.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_6-2_2" id="Footnote_6-2_2" href="#FNanchor_6-2_2" class="label">6-2</a> In this connection I would refer students to an +instructive passage of Heinrich Wrinkler on “Die Hauptformen in den +Amerikanischen Sprachen,†in his work <i>Zur Sprachgeschichte</i> (Berlin, +1887) and to his essay on the Pokonchi Language in his <i>Weiteres zur +Sprachgeschichte</i>, (Berlin, 1889).</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_6-3_3" id="Footnote_6-3_3" href="#FNanchor_6-3_3" class="label">6-3</a> See my remarks on this tongue in the <i>American +Anthropologist</i>, August, 1898, p. 251.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_6-4_4" id="Footnote_6-4_4" href="#FNanchor_6-4_4" class="label">6-4</a> Interesting examples in the Preface to S. T. Rand’s +<i>Micmac Dictionary</i> (Halifax, 1888).</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_6-5_5" id="Footnote_6-5_5" href="#FNanchor_6-5_5" class="label">6-5</a> Notably with Steinthal’s <i>Charakteristik des +hauptsächlichsten Typen des Sprachbaues.</i></p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_12-1_6" id="Footnote_12-1_6" href="#FNanchor_12-1_6" class="label">12-1</a> <i>The Myths of the New World</i> (third edition, 1896); +<i>American Hero Myths</i> (1881).</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_12-2_7" id="Footnote_12-2_7" href="#FNanchor_12-2_7" class="label">12-2</a> <i>Life and Traditions of the Red Man</i> (Bangor, 1893).</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_12-3_8" id="Footnote_12-3_8" href="#FNanchor_12-3_8" class="label">12-3</a> <i>New Views of the Origin of the Tribes of America</i> +(Philadelphia, 1798).</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_13-1_9" id="Footnote_13-1_9" href="#FNanchor_13-1_9" class="label">13-1</a> <i>Actas del Congreso Internacional de Americanistas</i>, +Tom. II., pp. 310-315.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_13-2_10" id="Footnote_13-2_10" href="#FNanchor_13-2_10" class="label">13-2</a> See the article “The Curious Hoax of the Taensa +Language,†in my <i>Essays of an Americanist</i>, pp. 452-467. (Philadelphia, +1890.)</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_13-3_11" id="Footnote_13-3_11" href="#FNanchor_13-3_11" class="label">13-3</a> In Tome XI., of the <i>Bibliothêque Linguistique +Américaine</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_13-4_12" id="Footnote_13-4_12" href="#FNanchor_13-4_12" class="label">13-4</a> Privately printed, 1867.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_16-1_13" id="Footnote_16-1_13" href="#FNanchor_16-1_13" class="label">16-1</a> See Garrick Mallery in <i>10th Annual Report of the Bureau +of Ethnology</i>, pp. 133, sqq. (Washington, 1893).</p> +</div> + + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> + +<h2 class="chapterhead">INDEX.</h2> + + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Abenakis, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + <li>Abipones, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Achaguas, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Adam, L., <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + <li>Alaguilac language, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + <li>Algonkin, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + <li>Algonquian mythology, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + <li>Alikuluf, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>American Authors, Aboriginal, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + <li>American languages, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>American Race, the, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + <li>Americanists, Congress of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + <li>“Anahuacâ€, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + <li>Andagueda, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + <li>Andoa, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Anthony, A. S., <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + <li>Antillean languages, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + <li>Arawack, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Asiatic analogies, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li><i>Bailes</i>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + <li>Barton, B. S., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + <li>Berendt, C. H., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + <li>Betoya, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Bonaris, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Brasseur, E. C., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + <li>Byington, C., <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Cakchiquels, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Calchaqui, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Calendar, native, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Carib, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Cataquina, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Chaco, el Gran, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Chane-abal language, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + <li>Changuina, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + <li>Chapanecs, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + <li>Charua, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Chiapas, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + <li>Chilan Balam, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + <li>Chinantec, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + <li>Choco, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Choctaw Grammar, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + <li>Cholona, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Chontallis, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Cocanuca, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + <li>Costa Rica, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + <li>Creeks, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + <li>Cuba, language of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Delaware, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + <li><i>Dvanda</i>, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Ennima, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Floridian Peninsula, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + <li>Fuegian languages, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Gatschet, A. S., <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + <li>Gluscap, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + <li>Gods, names of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + <li>Granger, H. G., <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Grasserie, R., <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Guatemala, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + <li>Guaycuru, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Güegüence, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + <li>Guetares, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Haiti, language of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + <li>Hale, H., <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + <li>“Hastri†language, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + <li>Hongote, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Huasteca, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Humboldt, W. von, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Huron, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>“Ikonomatic†method, the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Incorporation, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Iroquois, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Johnnycake, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + <li>Jefferson, T., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + <li>Jivaro, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>Kechua, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Kiche myths, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Leca, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Lenâpé, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + <li>Lenâpé Dictionary, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + <li>Lenâpé Conversations, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + <li>Lencas, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Lengua, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Library of Aborig. Literature, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + <li>Lineal Measures, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Love, Conception of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + <li>Lucayan, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + <li>Lule, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Maipure, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Manao, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Mandingo language, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + <li>Mangue, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + <li>Mata co, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Matagalpan, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + <li>Maya, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Mayan Hieroglyphics, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Mayan Inscriptions, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + <li>Mazatec, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Mbaya, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Measures, lineal, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Mexican, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Micmacs, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Mixes, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Mixteca, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Mocoa, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + <li>Mocovi, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + <li>Mohawk, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + <li>Morphology of Amer. Langs., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Mosquito <a name="corr3" id="corr3"></a><ins class="correction" title="Coast, 15, 18">Coast</ins></li> + <li><a name="corr4" id="corr4"></a><ins class="correction" title="Müller,">Muller,</ins> H. C., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Muskokee, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + <li>Mythology, American, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + <li>Myths of New World, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Nahuatl, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + <li>Nahuatl-Spanish jargon, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + <li>Nanticoke, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + <li>Natchez, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + <li>Nicaragua, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + <li>Nicolar, J., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + <li>Noanama, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Omagua, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + <li>Onas, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Onondaga, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + <li>Ore, G. de, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Otomi, <a name="corr5" id="corr5"></a><ins class="correction" title="7,"><a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</ins> <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Pacasa, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Paniquita, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + <li>Pareja, F., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + <li>Payagua, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Pilling, J. C., <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + <li>Pinart, A., <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + <li>Poetry, Aboriginal, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + <li>Polysynthesis, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Popolucas, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Primitive speech, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + <li>Puelche, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Puquina, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Querandi, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Quiche, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + <li>Quechua, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Rafinesque, C. S., <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + <li>Ramas, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + <li>Rand, S. F., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Rate of change, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + <li>Rebus writing, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Red Score, the, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + <li>Rig Veda Americanus, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Sahagun, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + <li>Samucu, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Schultz, Rev., <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + <li>Shawnees, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Smith, B., <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + <li>Standard Dictionary, the, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + <li>Steinthal, H., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>“Stone of the Giantsâ€, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Svastika, the, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Tacana, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Taensa, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + <li>Taino, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + <li>Tamanaca, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Tarascos, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Tehuelche, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Teknnika, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>Tequistlatecan, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + <li>Timote., <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + <li>Timuquana, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + <li>Tinné, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + <li>Toltecs, the, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Totonaco, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Triquetrum, the, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Tsoneca, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Tucanos, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Tupi, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Tzental, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Ulvas, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Verb, the American, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Walum-Olum, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + <li>Winkler, H., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Written language, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Xebero, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Xinca, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Yahgan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + <li>Yaruro, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + <li>Yucatan, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +</ul> + +<ul class="ix"> + <li>Zapotecs, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + <li>Zeonas, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + <li>Zoque, the, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +</ul> + + + +<hr class="chapbreak" /> + + +<div class="tn"> +<p class="titlepage"><a name="trans_note" id="trans_note"></a><b>Transcriber’s Note</b></p> + +<p class="noindent">The following errors have been maintained in this version of the book.</p> + +<table class="tntable" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="typos"> +<tr> + <td>Page</td> + <td>Error</td> + <td>Correction</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr1">6</a></td> + <td colspan="2">The marker for footnote 6-2 was not printed and has been +inserted based on context.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr2">11</a></td> + <td>Grammer</td> + <td>Grammar</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr3">23</a></td> + <td>Mosquito Coast</td> + <td>Mosquito Coast, 15, 18</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr4">23</a></td> + <td>Muller</td> + <td>Müller</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr5">23</a></td> + <td>Otomi, 7.</td> + <td>Otomi, 7,</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Record of Study in Aboriginal +American Languages, by Daniel G. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Record of Study in Aboriginal American Languages + +Author: Daniel G. Brinton + +Release Date: February 22, 2010 [EBook #31351] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RECORD OF STUDY--ABOR. AMER. LANG. *** + + + + +Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + +Transcriber's Note + +A number of typographical errors have been maintained in this version of +this book. They have been marked with a [TN-#], which refers to a +description in the complete list found at the end of the text. + + + + + A RECORD OF STUDY + + IN + + ABORIGINAL AMERICAN LANGUAGES + + BY + + DANIEL G. BRINTON, A.M., M.D., LL.D., Sc.D., + + _Professor of American Archaeology and Linguistics in the + University of Pennsylvania_ + + + PRINTED FOR PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION + MEDIA, PA., 1898 + + + + + PRESS OF + THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY, + LANCASTER, PA. + + + + +PREFATORY. + + +If this review of my own work in the field of American Linguistics +requires an apology, I may say that the preparation of it was suggested +to me by my late friend, Mr. James Constantine Pilling, whose admirable +volumes on the bibliography of American Aboriginal Languages are +familiar to all students. He had experienced the difficulty of +cataloguing the articles of writers whose contributions extend over many +years, and have been published in different journals, proceedings of +societies and volumes, and was impressed with the advantage of an +analytical list composed by the author himself. + +With this in view, I have arranged the present survey of my writings in +this branch of science, extending over a period of two score years. They +are grouped geographically, and sufficient reference to their contents +subjoined to indicate their aims and conclusions. + + D. G. BRINTON. + + MEDIA, PENNA., November, 1898. + + + + +I. GENERAL ARTICLES AND WORKS. + + + 1. The Philosophic Grammar of American Languages as set forth by + Wilhelm von Humboldt; with the translation of an unpublished Memoir + by him on the American Verb. pp. 51. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, 1885. + + 2. On Polysynthesis and Incorporation as characteristics of + American Languages. pp. 41. In _Proceedings_ of the American + Philosophical Society, 1885. + + 3. Characteristics of American Languages. _American Antiquarian_, + January, 1894. + + 4. On certain morphologic traits in American Languages. _American + Antiquarian_, October, 1894. + + 5. On various supposed relations between the American and Asiatic + Races. _Memoirs_ of the International Congress of Anthropology, + 1893. + + 6. The Present Status of American Linguistics. _Memoirs_ of the + International Congress of Anthropology, 1893. + + 7. American Languages and why we should Study them. An address + delivered before the Pennsylvania Historical Society. pp. 23. In + _Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_, 1885. + + 8. The Rate of Change in American Languages. In _Science_, Vol. X., + 1887. + + 9. Traits of Primitive Speech, illustrated from American languages. + In _Proceedings_ of the American Association for the Advancement of + Science, August, 1888. + + 10. The Language of Palaeolithic Man. pp. 14. In _Proceedings_ of + the American Philosophical Society, October, 1888. + + 11. The American Race: A Linguistic Classification and Ethnographic + Description of the Native Tribes of North and South America. pp. + 392. New York, 1891. + + 12. The Standard Dictionary (Indian Words in). New York, 1894. + + 13. Aboriginal American Authors and their Productions, especially + those in the Native Languages. pp. 63. Philadelphia, 1883. + + 14. American Aboriginal Poetry. pp. 21. In _Proceedings_ of the + Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, 1883. + + 15. The Conception of Love in some American Languages. pp. 18. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, November, + 1886. + +The earlier numbers, (1-4,) in the above list are occupied with the +inquiry whether the native American languages, as a group, have peculiar +morphological traits, which justify their classification as one of the +great divisions of human speech. In this question, I have been a +disciple of Wilhelm von Humboldt and Professor H. Steinthal, and have +argued that the phenomenon of Incorporation, in some of its forms, is +markedly present in the vast majority, if not in all, American tongues. +That which has been called "polysynthesis" is one of these forms. This +is nothing more than a familiar, nigh universal, grammatic process +carried to an extreme degree. It is the _dvanda_ of the Sanscrit +grammarians, an excellent study of which has recently appeared from the +pen of Dr. H. C. Mueller.[6-1] In its higher forms Incorporation +subordinates the nominal concepts of the phrase to those of time and +relation, which are essentially verbal, and this often where the true +verbal concept, that of abstract action, is lacking, and the verb itself +is in reality a noun in the possessive relation.[6-2][TN-1] + +Even extremely simple American languages, such as the Zoque, display the +tendency to energetic synthesis;[6-3] while many of them carry the +incorporative quality to such a degree that the sentence becomes one +word, a good example of which is the Micmac.[6-4] Some American and +French writers have misunderstood the nature of this trait, and have +denied it; but the student who acquaints himself thoroughly with the +authors above mentioned, will not be misled.[6-5] + +The MS. of the Memoir by W. von Humboldt I obtained from the Berlin +Library. Even Professor Steinthal, in his edition of Humboldt's +linguistic Works, had overlooked it. It is a highly philosophic analysis +of the verb, as it occurs in the languages of the following tribes: +Abipones, Achaguas, Betoyas, Caribs, Huastecas, Lules, Maipures, Mayas, +Mbayas, Mexicans (Nahuas), Mixtecas, Mocovis, Omaguas, Otomis, +Tamanacas, Totonacos, Tupis, Yaruros. + +In (5) I have examined the various alleged affiliations between American +and Asiatic tongues, and showed they are wholly unfounded. + +In (7) I have entered a plea for more attention to American languages. +Not only for ethnographic purposes are they useful, but their primitive +aspects and methods of presenting ideas enable us to solve psychological +and grammatic problems more completely than other tongues. + +In support of this, in (9) and (10), I endeavor to outline what must +have been the morphology of the language which man spoke when in the +very beginning of his existence as man; a speech of marvelous +simplicity, but adapted to his wants. + +The volume, of nearly four hundred pages, entitled _The American Race_ +(No. 11) was the first attempt at a systematic classification of all the +tribes of America, North, Central and South, on the basis of language. +It defines seventy-nine linguistic stocks in North America and sixty-one +in South America. The number of tribes named and referred to these +stocks is nearly sixteen hundred. Several of these stocks are defined +for the first time, such as the Tequistlatecan of Mexico, the Matagalpan +of Central America, and in South America the Timote, the Paniquita, the +Cocanuca, the Mocoa, the Betoya, the Lamuca, etc. + +In the article (8) I show that, contrary to an oft expressed opinion, +the rate of change in these unwritten tongues is remarkably slow, not +greater than in cultivated languages. + +When the publishers of the _Standard Dictionary_ (New York, 1895) were +preparing that well-known work, they placed in my hands all the words in +the English language derived from the native tongues of America. +Although the etymology of some of them remains obscure, I believe the +derivation of all positively traced will be found presented. + +I early became convinced that the translations of books of devotion, +etc., into the native tongues gave no correct impression of those +tongues. The ideas conveyed were foreign to the primitive mind, and the +translations were generally by foreigners who had not completely +mastered the idioms. Hence, the only true reflex of a language is in the +words and thoughts of the natives themselves, in their indigenous +literature. + +This led me to project the publication of a series of volumes containing +writings, preferably on secular subjects, by natives in their own +languages. That there is such a literature I undertook to show in (13) +and (14). The former was the expansion of a paper presented to the +International Congress of Americanists at Copenhagen. It contains a list +of native American authors and notices of a number of their works +composed in their own tongues. That on "aboriginal poetry" vindicates +for native American bards a respectable position among lyric and +dramatic composers. + +That some of the central subjects of poetic literature--the emotions of +love and friendship--exist, and often in no low form of sentiment, among +these natives, I have undertaken to show by an analysis of a number of +terms expressing these feelings in five leading American linguistic +stocks, the Algonkin, Nahuatl, Maya, Quechua and Tupi (No. 15). + +Following out this plan, I began in 1882 the publication of "The Library +of Aboriginal American Literature." Each volume was to contain a work +composed in a native tongue by a native; but those based upon foreign +inspiration, such as sermons, etc., were to be excluded. Each was to be +translated and edited with sufficient completeness to make it available +for the general student. + +Of this "Library" eight volumes were issued, the first in 1882, the +eighth in 1890, when I ceased the publication, not from lack of +material, but because I had retired in 1887 from my connection with the +publishing business and became more engaged in general anthropological +pursuits. + +The "Library," as issued, contains the following numbers: + +No. I. The Chronicles of the Mayas. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. +279 pages. 1882. + + This volume contains five brief chronicles in the Maya language, + written shortly after the conquest, and carrying the history of + that people back many centuries. To these is added a history of + the conquest, written in his native tongue, by a Maya chief, in + 1562. This interesting account has been published separately, with + an excellent grammatical and lexical analysis by the Count de + Charencey, under the title _Chrestomathie Maya, d'apres la + Chronique de Chac-Xulub-Chen_ (Paris, 1891). The texts are + preceded by an introduction on the history of the Mayas, their + language, calendar, numerical system, etc.; and a vocabulary is + added at the close. + +No. II. The Iroquois Book of Rites. Edited by Horatio Hale. 222 pages. +1883. + + This work contains, in the Mohawk and Onondaga languages, the + speeches, songs and rituals with which a deceased chief was + lamented and his successor installed in office. The introduction + treats of the ethnology and history of the Huron-Iroquois. A map, + notes and glossary complete the work. + +No. III. The Comedy-Ballet of Gueegueence. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. +D. 146 pages. 1883. + + A curious and unique specimen of the native comic dances, with + dialogues, called _bailes_, formerly common in Central America. It + is in the mixed Nahuatl-Spanish jargon of Nicaragua, and shows + distinctive features of native authorship. The introduction treats + of the ethnology of Nicaragua, and the local dialects, musical + instruments and dramatic representations. A map and a number of + illustrations are added. + +No. IV. A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians. Edited by A. S. +Gatschet. 251 pages. 1884. + + Offers a survey of the ethnology of the native tribes of the Gulf + States. The legend told to Governor Oglethorpe, in 1732, by the + Creeks, is given in the original. + +No. V. The Lenape and Their Legends. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. +262 pages. 1885. + + Contains the complete text and symbols, 184 in number, of the "Walum + Olum," or "Red Score," of the Delaware Indians, with the full + original text, and a new translation, notes and vocabulary. A + lengthy introduction treats of the Lenape or Delawares, their + history, customs, myths, language, etc., with numerous references + to other tribes of the great Algonkin stock. + +No. VI. The Annals of the Cakchiquels. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. +D. 234 pages. 1885. + + The original text, written about 1562, by a member of the reigning + family, with a translation, introduction, notes and vocabulary. + This may be considered one of the most important historical + documents relating to the pre-Columbian period. + +No. VII. Ancient Nahuatl Poetry. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. 176 +pages. 1890. + + In this volume twenty-seven songs in the original Nahuatl are + presented, with translation, notes, vocabulary, etc. Many of them + date from before the conquest and none later than the sixteenth + century. The introduction describes the ancient poetry of the + Nahuas in all its bearings. + +No. VIII. Rig Veda Americanus. Edited by Daniel G. Brinton, M. D. 95 +pages. 1890. + + Presents the original text with a gloss in Nahuatl of twenty sacred + chants of the ancient Mexicans. They are preserved in the Madrid + MSS. of Father Sahagun, and date anterior to the Conquest. A + paraphrase, notes and a vocabulary are added, and a number of + curious illustrations are reproduced from the original. + +The edition of each of these was about 400 copies, except No. II., of +which 900 were printed. A complete set is now difficult to obtain. + + +II. NORTH AMERICAN LANGUAGES NORTH OF MEXICO. + + 16. Lenape-English Dictionary. From an anonymous MS. in the + archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa., with additions, + by Daniel G. Brinton and Rev. Albert Seqaqkind Anthony, 4to, pp. + 326. Philadelphia, 1888. Published by the Historical Society of + Pennsylvania. + + 17. The Lenape and their Legends; with the complete Text and + Symbols of the Walum Olum, a new Translation and an Inquiry into + its Authenticity. pp. 262. Illustrated. Philadelphia, 1885. + + 18. Lenape Conversations. In _American Journal of Folk-Lore_, Vol. + I. + + 19. The Shawnees and their Migrations. In _American Historical + Magazine_, January, 1866. + + 20. The Chief God of the Algonkins, in his Character as a Cheat and + Liar. In the _American Antiquarian_, May, 1885. + + 21. On certain supposed Nanticoke words shown to be of African + origin. _American Antiquarian_, 1887. + + 22. Vocabulary of the Nanticoke dialect. Proceedings of the + _American Philosophical Society_, November, 1893. + + 23. The Natchez of Louisiana, an Offshoot of the Civilized Nations + of Central America. In the _Historical Magazine_ (New York), for + January, 1867. + + 24. On the Language of the Natchez. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, December, 1873. + + 25. Grammar of the Choctaw Language. By the Rev. Cyrus Byington. + Edited from the original MS. by D. G. Brinton. pp. 56. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1870. + + 26. Contributions to a Grammer[TN-2] of the Muskokee Language. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, March, 1870. + + 27. The Floridian Peninsula, its Literary History, Indian Tribes, + and Antiquities. 8vo, cloth, pp. 202. Philadelphia, 1859. + + 28. The Taensa Grammar and Dictionary. A deception exposed. In + _American Antiquarian_, March, 1885. + + 29. The Taensa Grammar and Dictionary. A reply to M. Lucien Adam. + In _American Antiquarian_, September, 1885. + +Within the area of the United States, my articles have been confined +practically to two groups, the Algonkian dialects and those spoken in +Florida and the Gulf States. + +The Delaware Indians or Lenni Lenape, who occupied the valley of the +Delaware River and the land east of it to the ocean, although long in +peaceful association with the white settlers, were never studied, +linguistically, except by the Moravian missionaries, in the latter half +of the eighteenth century. In examining the MSS. in the Moravian Church +at Bethlehem, Pa., I discovered a MS. dictionary of their tongue, +containing about 4,300 words. This I had carefully copied, and induced a +native Delaware, an educated clergyman of the English Church, the Rev. +Albert Seqaqkind Anthony, to pass a fortnight at my house, going over it +with me, word by word. The MS. thus revised, was published by the +Historical Society of Pennsylvania as the first number of its "Student +Series." Various interesting items illustrating the beliefs and customs +of the Delawares of the present day, communicated to me by Mr. Anthony, +I collected into the article (18), "Lenape Conversations." + +A few years previous I had succeeded in obtaining the singular MS. +referred to by C. S. Rafinesque, in 1836, as the "Painted Record" of the +Delaware Indians, the _Walum Olum,_ properly, "painted" or "red" +"score." This I reproduced in No. 17, with the accessories mentioned +above (p. 9). There is no doubt of the general authenticity of this +record. A corroboration of it was sent me in March of this year (1898) +by Dr. A. S. Gatschet, of the U. S. Bureau of American Ethnology. He +writes: + +"When the Delaware delegate, Johnnycake, was here for the last time, he +told Mr. J. B. N. Hewitt (also attached to the Bureau) that some of the +Lenape Indians, near Nowata, Cherokee Nation, had seen your publication +on the _Walum Olum_. They belong to the oldest men of that tribe, and +stated that the text was all right, and that they remembered the songs +from their youth. They could give many additions, and said that a few +passages were in the wrong order and had to be placed elsewhere to give +them the full meaning they were intended to convey." + +This was cheering confirmation to me that my labor had not been expended +on a fantastic composition of Rafinesque's, as some have been inclined +to think. + +Some years ago I contemplated the publication of a work through the +American Folklore Society on Algonquian Mythology. Various reasons led +me to lay it aside. Part of the material was introduced into my works on +the general mythology of the American tribes,[12-1] and one fragment +appeared in (20) in which I offered a psychological explanation of the +character of the hero god Gluscap, so prominent in the legends of the +Micmacs and Abenakis. At that time I was not acquainted with the +ingenious suggestions on the etymology of the name subsequently +advocated by the native author, Joseph Nicolar.[12-2] + +The Nanticokes lived on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay. In +collecting their vocabularies I found one alleged to have been obtained +from them, but differing completely from the Algonquian dialects. It had +been partly printed by Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton,[12-3] but remained a +puzzle. My article (21) proves that it belongs to the Mandingo language +of western Africa. It was doubtless obtained from some negro slave. + +The Nanticoke vocabulary (22) was secured in 1792 for Mr. Thomas +Jefferson. I give the related terms in the other dialects of the stock. + +The Natchez are an interesting people of whose rites we have strange +accounts from the early French explorers. Their language is a small +stock by itself. At one time I thought it related to the Maya (23); but +this is probably an error. In (24) I printed a vocabulary of words +obtained for me from a native, together with some slight grammatical +material. + +The Taensas were a branch of the Natchez, speaking the same tongue; but +in 1881, J. Parisot presented an article of half a dozen pages to the +International Congress of Americanists on what he called the "Hastri or +Taensa Language," totally different from the Natchez.[13-1] Subsequently +this was expanded to a volume, and appeared as Tome IX. of the +_Bibliotheque Linguistique Americaine_ (Maisonneuve et Cie, Paris) +introduced by the well-known scholars Lucien Adam and Albert S. +Gatschet. + +It passed unchallenged until 1885, when I proved conclusively that the +whole was a forgery of some young seminarists, and had been palmed off +on these unsuspecting scientists out of a pleasure in mystification +(28). As I have given the details elsewhere, I shall not repeat +them.[13-2] + +The works of Pareja in the Timuquana tongue of Florida were unknown to +linguists when, in 1859, I published the little volume (27). In it, +however, I called attention to them, and from the scanty references in +Hervas expressed the opinion that it might be related to the Carib. This +was an error, as no such affinity appears on the fuller examination of +the tongue now possible, since Pareja's grammar has been +republished,[13-3] and texts of the Timuquana have been reproduced by +Buckingham Smith.[13-4] The language stands alone, an independent stock. + + +III. MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN LANGUAGES. + + 30. The Native Calendar of Central America and Mexico. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, November, + 1893. + + 31. The Lineal Measures of the Semi-civilized Nations of Mexico and + Central America. In _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical + Society, January, 1885. + + 32. On the Chontallis and Popolucas. In the Compte Rendu du Congres + des Americanistes, 1890. + + 33. The Study of the Nahuatl Language. In the _American + Antiquarian_, January, 1886. + + 34. The Written Language of the Ancient Mexicans. In _Transactions_ + of the American Philosophical Society, 1889. + + 35. The ancient phonetic alphabet of Yucatan. In _American + Historical Magazine_, 1870. + + 36. The Graphic System and ancient Records of the Mayas. In + _Contributions to American Ethnology_, Vol. V., Washington, 1882. + + 37. The Phonetic Elements in the Graphic Systems of the Mayas and + Mexicans. In _American Antiquarian_, November, 1886. + + 38. On the "Ikonomatic" Method of Phonetic Writing. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1886. + + 39. A Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics. pp. 152. Boston, 1895. + + 40. What the Mayan Inscriptions tell about. In _American + Archaeologist_, 1894. + + 41. On the "Stone of the Giants" near Orizaba, Mexico. In + _Proceedings_ of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of + Philadelphia, 1889. + + 42. On the Nahuatl version of Sahagun's Historia de la Nueva + Espana, at Madrid. In the _Compte Rendu_ of the Congres + International des Americanistes, 7^eme Session. + + 43. On the words "Anahuac" and "Nahuatl." In _American + Antiquarian_, November, 1893. + + 44. On the so-called Alagueilac Language of Guatemala. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, November, + 1887. + + 45. The Gueegueence; a Comedy Ballet in the Nahuatl-Spanish Dialect + of Nicaragua. pp 94. Philadelphia, 1883. + + 46. Ancient Nahuatl Poetry; Containing the Nahuatl Text of + Twenty-seven Ancient Mexican Poems; With Translation, Introduction, + Notes and Vocabulary. pp. 177. 1887. + + 47. Rig Veda Americanus. Sacred Songs of the Ancient Mexicans, with + a Gloss in Nahuatl. With Paraphrase, Notes and Vocabulary. pp. 95. + Illustrated. Philadelphia, 1890. + + 48. A notice of some Manuscripts of Central American Languages. In + the _American Journal of Science and Arts_ (New Haven), March, + 1869. + + 49. The Maya Chronicles. pp. 279. Philadelphia, 1882. + + 50. The Books of Chilan Balam, the Prophetic and Historic Records + of the Mayas of Yucatan. In the _Penn Monthly_, March, 1882. + + 51. The Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths. pp. 38. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1881. + + 52. On the Chane-abal (Four-Language) Tribe and Dialect of Chiapas. + In the _American Anthropologist_, January, 1888. + + 53. A Grammar of the Cakchiquel Language of Guatemala. Translated + from an Ancient Spanish MS., with an Introduction and numerous + Additions. pp. 67. In _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical + Society, 1884. + + 54. The Annals of the Cakchiquels. The Original text, with a + Translation, Notes and Introduction. pp. 234. Illustrated. + Philadelphia, 1885. + + 55. On some Affinities of the Otomi and Tinne Stocks. International + Congress of Americanists, 1894. + + 56. Observations on the Chinantec Language of Mexico and the + Mazatec Language and its Affinities. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, 1892. + + 57. Notes on the Mangue dialect. In _Proceedings_ of the American + Philosophical Society, November, 1885. + + 58. On the Xinca Indians of Guatemala. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, October, 1884. + + 59. The Ethnic Affinities of the Guetares of Costa Rica. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, December, + 1897. + + 60. On the Matagalpan Linguistic Stock of Central America. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, December, + 1895. + + 61. Some Vocabularies from the Mosquito Coast. In _Proceedings_ of + the American Philosophical Society, March, 1891. + +The _Popol Vuh_, or "sacred book" of the Quiches of Guatemala was +published by the Abbe Brasseur in 1861. The study (51) is an effort to +analyze the names of the gods which it contains and to extract their +symbolic significance. + +The Chane-abal dialect of Chiapas (52) is a mixed jargon, the component +elements of which I have endeavored to set forth from MS. material +collected by Dr. Berendt. + +Another language of Chiapas is the "Chapanecan." In (57) and also in the +introduction to (45) I have shown, from unpublished sources, its close +relationship to the Mangue of Nicaragua. + +The Mazatec language of Oaxaca, is examined for the first time in (56) +from material supplied me by Mr. A. Pinart. It is shown to have +relations with the Chapanecan and others with Costa Rican tongues. + +The article on the Chinantec, (56) a little-known tongue of Oaxaca, is +an analysis of its forms and a vocabulary from the _Doctrina_ of Father +Barreda and notes of Dr. Berendt. + +The Cakchiquels occupied most of the soil of Guatemala at the period of +the Conquest, and their tongue was that chosen to be the "Metropolitan" +language of the diocess. In (53) I gave a translation of an unpublished +grammar of it, the MS. being one in the archives of the American +Philosophical Society. In some respects it is superior to the grammar of +Flores. + +The higher culture of the tribes of Central America and Mexico gives a +special interest to the study of their languages, oral and written; for +with some of them we find moderately well-developed methods of recording +ideas. + +Much of this culture was intimately connected with their astrological +methods and these with their calendar. This remarkable artificial +computation of time, based on the relations of the numerals 13 and 20 +applied to various periods, was practically the same among the Mayas, +Nahuas, Zapotecs, Mixtecs, Chapanecs, Otomis and Tarascos--seven +different linguistic stocks--and unknown elsewhere on the globe. The +study of it (30) is exclusively from its linguistic and symbolic side. + +It is strange that nowhere in North America was any measure of weight +known to the natives. Their lineal measures were drawn chiefly from the +proportions of the human body. They are investigated in (31). + +Under the names _Chontalli_ and _Popoluca_, both Nahuatl words +indicating "foreigners," ethnographers have included tribes of wholly +diverse lineage. In (32) I have shown that some are Tzentals, others +Tequistlatecas, Ulvas, Mixes, Zapotecs, Nahuas, Lencas and Cakchiquels, +thus doing away with the confusion introduced by these inappropriate +ethnic terms. + +No. (33) is an article for the use of students of the Nahuatl language, +mentioning the principal grammars, dictionaries and text-books which are +available. + +The numbers (34), (35), (36), (37), (38), (39), (40) and (41), are +devoted to the methods of writing invented by the cultured natives of +Mexico and Central America in order to preserve their literature, such +as it was. The methods are various, that of the Nahuas not being +identical with that of the Mayas. The former is largely phonetic, but in +a peculiar manner, for which I have proposed the term of "ikonomatic," +the principle being that of the rebus. That this method can be +successfully applied to the decipherment of inscriptions I demonstrated +in the translation of one which is quite celebrated, the "Stone of the +Giants" at Orizaba, Mexico (41). The translation I proposed has been +fully accepted.[16-1] + +The "Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics" (39) was intended as a summary of +what had been achieved up to that time (1895) by students in this +branch. It endeavored, moreover, to render to each student the credit of +his independent work; and as, unfortunately, some, notably in Germany, +had put forward as their own what belonged to others of earlier date, +the book naturally was not very well treated by such reviewers. Its aim, +however, to present a concise and fair statement of what had been +accomplished in its field up to the date of its publication was +generally conceded to have been attained. + +Much of the considerable manuscript material which I have accumulated on +the languages of this section of the continent was obtained from the +collections of the late Dr. Carl Hermann Berendt and the Abbe E. C. +Brasseur (de Bourbourg). + +When in Spain, in 1888, I found in the Royal Library the MS. of the +earlier portion of Sahagun's "History of New Spain" in Nahuatl. I +described it in (42). + +The term "Anahuac" has long been applied to the territory of Mexico. Dr. +E. Seler, of Berlin, published an article asserting that this was an +error, and devoid of native authority. In (43) I pointed out that in +this he was wrong, as early Nahuatl records use it in this sense. + +The Alaguilac language of Guatemala, long a puzzle to linguistics, is +shown in (44) to be an isolated dialect of the Nahuatl. + +Nos. (45), (46), (47), (49) and (54), have been already mentioned. + +The term _Chilan balam_, which may be freely rendered "the inspired +speaker," was the title of certain priests of the native Mayas. Many +records in the Maya tongue, written after the conquests, go by the name +of "the Books of Chilan Balam." They have never been published, but +copies of them, made by Dr. Berendt, are in my possession. Their purpose +and contents were described in (50). + +There are reasons for believing that previous to the arrival of the +Cakchiquels in Guatemala its area was largely peopled by Xincas. Of this +little-known stock I present in (58) three extended vocabularies, from +unpublished sources, with comments on the "culture-words." + +Some apparent but no decisive affinities between the Otomi of Mexico +and the Tinne or Athapascan dialects are shown in (55); and in (59) the +ancient Guetares of Costa Rica are proved, on linguistic evidence, to +have been members of the Talamancan linguistic stock. + +The Matagalpan is an interesting family, first defined in _The American +Race_, and in (60) more fully discussed, as they survive in San +Salvador. + +In (61) some unpublished vocabularies from the tribe of the Ramas, on +the Mosquito coast, place them as members of the Changuina stock, most +of whom dwelt on the Isthmus of Panama. + + +IV. SOUTH AMERICAN AND ANTILLEAN LANGUAGES. + + 62. Remarks on the MS. Arawack Vocabulary of Schultz. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, 1869. + + 63. The Arawack Language of Guiana in its Linguistic and + Ethnological Relations. In _Transactions_ of the American + Philosophical Society, 1871. + + 64. Studies in South American Languages. pp. 67. In _Proceedings_ + of the American Philosophical Society, 1892. + + 65. Some words from the Andagueda dialect of the Choco stock. In + _Proceedings_ of American Philosophical Society, November, 1897. + + 66. Vocabulary of the Noanama dialect of the Choco stock. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, November, + 1896. + + 67. Note on the Puquina Language of Peru. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, November, 1890. + + 68. Further Notes on the Betoya dialects. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, October, 1892. + + 69. The Linguistic Cartography of the Chaco Region. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, October, 1898. + + 70. Further Notes on Fuegian Languages. In _Proceedings_ of the + American Philosophical Society, 1892. + + 71. On two recent, unclassified Vocabularies from South America. In + _Proceedings_ of the American Philosophical Society, October, 1898. + +The library of the American Philosophical Society contains a MS. copy of +the Arawack vocabulary of the missionary Schultz, the same work, +apparently, which was edited from another copy by M. Lucien Adam in +1882. A study of this MS. led me to discover the identity of the +so-called "Lucayan" of the Bahamas, the language of Cuba, fragments of +which have been presented, and the "Taino" of Haiti, with the Arawack. +They had previously been considered either of Mayan or Caribbean +affinities. The results are presented in (63). + +The "Studies" in (64) are ten in number. No. I. is on the Tacana +language and its dialects, and is the only attempt, up to the present +time, to determine the boundaries and character of this tongue. Texts +and a vocabulary in five of its dialects are given. No. II. is on the +Jivaro or Xebero tongue, and is entirely from unpublished sources. A +grammatical sketch, texts and a vocabulary give a moderately complete +material for comparison. No. III. presents the first printed account of +the Cholona language on the River Huallaga, drawn from MSS. in the +British Museum. In No. IV. is a discussion of the relations of the Leca +language spoken on the Rio Mapiri. No. V. contains a text of some length +in the Manao dialect of the Arawack stock, the original MS. being in the +British Museum. The Bonaris are an extinct tribe of the Carib stock. No. +VI. contains the only vocabulary which has been preserved of their +dialect. On a loose sheet in the British Museum, among papers on +Patagonia, I found a short vocabulary in a tongue called "Hongote," +which I could not locate and hence published it in No. VII. It +subsequently proved to be one of the North Pacific Coast languages. The +same "Study" presents a comparative vocabulary in fourteen Patagonian +dialects, with notes (Tsoneca, Tehuelche, Puelche, Tekennika (Yahgan), +Alikuluf, etc.). In Study No. VIII. are discussed the various dialects +of the Kechua or Quichua tongue of Peru, with an unpublished text from +the Pacasa dialect. No. IX. examines the affinities which have been +noted between the languages of North and South America, especially in +the Mazatec and Costa Rican dialects of the northern Continent. Finally, +No. X. aims to define for the first time the linguistic stock to which +belong the dialects of the Betoyas, Tucanos, Zeonas and other tribes on +the rivers Napo, Meta, Apure and their confluents. Further information +on this stock is given in (68). + +The Choco stock extends widely over the northwest angle of the southern +continent. In (65) and (66) I have printed short vocabularies of some of +its dialects secured for me from living natives by Mr. Henry G. +Granger. + +The Puquina language of Peru was quite unknown to linguists when, in +1890, I published the article (67) containing material in it from the +extremely rare work of Geronimo de Ore, entitled _Rituale Peruanum_ +(Naples, 1607). Since then an extended essay upon it has been written by +M. de la Grasserie. + +In the "Further Notes on the Fuegian Languages" (70), I have printed an +Alikuluf vocabulary of 1695, with comparisons, and given a vocabulary of +the idiom of the Onas, pointing out some affinities with the Yahgan. + +Few linguistic areas on the continent have been more obscure than that +called "El Gran Chaco," in northern Argentina and southern Bolivia. In +(69) I have mapped the area from 20 deg. to 30 deg. south latitude and 56 +deg. to 66 deg. west longitude, defining the boundaries of each of the +seven linguistic stocks which occupied it, to wit, the Ennima, Guaycuru, +Lule, Mataco, Quechua, Samucu and Tupi, with discussions of some uncertain +dialects, as the Calchaqui, Lengua, Querandi, Charua, Payagua. + +In (70) recent vocabularies of the Andoa and Cataquina tongues are +examined and their linguistic relations discussed. + +Many of the above articles, written previous to 1890, were collected by +me in that year and published in a volume entitled "Essays of an +Americanist" (pp. 489. Philadelphia). For the convenience of those who +may wish to refer to them I add here a complete list of the essays which +it contains. + + PART I.--ETHNOLOGIC AND ARCHAEOLOGIC.--A Review of the Data for the + Study of the Prehistoric Chronology of America. On Palaeoliths, + American and others. On the alleged Mongolian Affinities of the + American Race. The Probable Nationality of the Mound-Builders of + the Ohio Valley. The Toltecs of Mexico and their Fabulous Empire. + + PART II.--MYTHOLOGY AND FOLK-LORE.--The Sacred Names in the + Mythology of the Quiches of Guatemala. The Hero-God of the + Algonkins as a Cheat and Liar. The Journey of the Soul in Egyptian, + Aryan and American Mythology. The Sacred Symbols of the Cross, the + Svastika and the Triqetrum in America. The Modern Folk-lore of the + Natives of Yucatan. The Folk-lore of the Modern Lenape Indians. + + PART III.--GRAPHIC SYSTEMS AND LITERATURE.--The Phonetic Elements + in the Hieroglyphs of the Mayas and Mexicans. The Ikonomatic Method + of Phonetic Writing used by the Ancient Mexicans. The Writings and + Records of the Ancient Mayas of Yucatan. The Books of Chilan + Balam, the Sacred Volume of the Modern Mayas. Translation of the + Inscription on "The Stone of The Giants" at Orizaba, Mexico. The + Poetry of the American Indians, with Numerous Examples. + + PART IV.--LINGUISTIC.--American Aboriginal Languages, and why we + should study them. Wilhelm von Humboldt's Researches in American + Languages. Some Characteristics of American Languages. The Earliest + Form of Human Speech, as Revealed by American Languages. The + Conception of Love, as expressed in some American Languages. The + Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central + America. The Curious Hoax about the Taensa Language. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[6-1] _Beitraege zur Lehre der Wortzusammensetzung._ Leiden. 1896. + +[6-2] In this connection I would refer students to an instructive +passage of Heinrich Wrinkler on "Die Hauptformen in den Amerikanischen +Sprachen," in his work _Zur Sprachgeschichte_ (Berlin, 1887) and to his +essay on the Pokonchi Language in his _Weiteres zur Sprachgeschichte_, +(Berlin, 1889). + +[6-3] See my remarks on this tongue in the _American Anthropologist_, +August, 1898, p. 251. + +[6-4] Interesting examples in the Preface to S. T. Rand's _Micmac +Dictionary_ (Halifax, 1888). + +[6-5] Notably with Steinthal's _Charakteristik des hauptsaechlichsten +Typen des Sprachbaues._ + +[12-1] _The Myths of the New World_ (third edition, 1896); _American +Hero Myths_ (1881). + +[12-2] _Life and Traditions of the Red Man_ (Bangor, 1893). + +[12-3] _New Views of the Origin of the Tribes of America_ (Philadelphia, +1798). + +[13-1] _Actas del Congreso Internacional de Americanistas_, Tom. II., +pp. 310-315. + +[13-2] See the article "The Curious Hoax of the Taensa Language," in my +_Essays of an Americanist_, pp. 452-467. (Philadelphia, 1890.) + +[13-3] In Tome XI., of the _Bibliotheque Linguistique Americaine_. + +[13-4] Privately printed, 1867. + +[16-1] See Garrick Mallery in _10th Annual Report of the Bureau of +Ethnology_, pp. 133, sqq. (Washington, 1893). + + + + +INDEX. + + + Abenakis, 12 + + Abipones, 6 + + Achaguas, 6 + + Adam, L., 13, 18 + + Alaguilac language, 17 + + Algonkin, 8, 11 + + Algonquian mythology, 12 + + Alikuluf, 19, 20 + + American Authors, Aboriginal, 8 + + American languages, 6 + + American Race, the, 7 + + Americanists, Congress of, 8 + + "Anahuac", 17 + + Andagueda, 18 + + Andoa, 20 + + Anthony, A. S., 11 + + Antillean languages, 18 + + Arawack, 18, 19 + + Asiatic analogies, 7 + + + _Bailes_, 9 + + Barton, B. S., 12 + + Berendt, C. H., 15, 17 + + Betoya, 6, 7, 19 + + Bonaris, 19 + + Brasseur, E. C., 15, 17 + + Byington, C., 10 + + + Cakchiquels, 9, 16 + + Calchaqui, 20 + + Calendar, native, 16 + + Carib, 6, 13, 19 + + Cataquina, 20 + + Chaco, el Gran, 20 + + Chane-abal language, 15 + + Changuina, 18 + + Chapanecs, 15 + + Charua, 20 + + Chiapas, 15 + + Chilan Balam, 17 + + Chinantec, 15 + + Choco, 19 + + Choctaw Grammar, 10 + + Cholona, 19 + + Chontallis, 16 + + Cocanuca, 7 + + Costa Rica, 7, 18 + + Creeks, 9 + + Cuba, language of, 18 + + + Delaware, 9, 11 + + _Dvanda_, the, 6 + + + Ennima, 20 + + + Floridian Peninsula, 13 + + Fuegian languages, 20 + + + Gatschet, A. S., 9, 11, 13 + + Gluscap, 12 + + Gods, names of, 15 + + Granger, H. G., 19 + + Grasserie, R., 20 + + Guatemala, 15, 17 + + Guaycuru, 20 + + Gueegueence, 9 + + Guetares, 18 + + + Haiti, language of, 18 + + Hale, H., 9 + + "Hastri" language, 13 + + Hongote, 19 + + Huasteca, 6 + + Humboldt, W. von, 6 + + Huron, 9 + + + "Ikonomatic" method, the, 16 + + Incorporation, 6 + + Iroquois, 9 + + + Johnnycake, 11 + + Jefferson, T., 12 + + Jivaro, 19 + + + Kechua, 19 + + Kiche myths, 15 + + + Leca, 19 + + Lenape, 9, 11 + + Lenape Dictionary, 11 + + Lenape Conversations, 11 + + Lencas, 16 + + Lengua, 20 + + Library of Aborig. Literature, 8 + + Lineal Measures, 16 + + Love, Conception of, 8 + + Lucayan, 18 + + Lule, 6, 20 + + + Maipure, 6 + + Manao, 19 + + Mandingo language, 12 + + Mangue, 15 + + Mata co, 20 + + Matagalpan, 7 + + Maya, 6, 8, 16 + + Mayan Hieroglyphics, 16 + + Mayan Inscriptions, 14 + + Mazatec, 19 + + Mbaya, 6 + + Measures, lineal, 16 + + Mexican, 6 + + Micmacs, 6 + + Mixes, 16 + + Mixteca, 7, 16 + + Mocoa, 7 + + Mocovi, 7 + + Mohawk, 9 + + Morphology of Amer. Langs., 6 + + Mosquito Coast[TN-3] + + Muller,[TN-4] H. C., 6 + + Muskokee, 11 + + Mythology, American, 12 + + Myths of New World, 12 + + + Nahuatl, 6, 8, 10 + + Nahuatl-Spanish jargon, 9 + + Nanticoke, 12 + + Natchez, 12 + + Nicaragua, 15 + + Nicolar, J., 12 + + Noanama, 18 + + + Omagua, 7 + + Onas, 20 + + Onondaga, 9 + + Ore, G. de, 20 + + Otomi, 7.[TN-5] 16, 17 + + + Pacasa, 19 + + Paniquita, 7 + + Pareja, F., 13 + + Payagua, 20 + + Pilling, J. C., 4 + + Pinart, A., 15 + + Poetry, Aboriginal, 8 + + Polysynthesis, 6 + + Popolucas, 16 + + Primitive speech, 7 + + Puelche, 19 + + Puquina, 20 + + + Querandi, 20 + + Quiche, 15 + + Quechua, 8, 19, 20 + + + Rafinesque, C. S., 11 + + Ramas, 18 + + Rand, S. F., 6 + + Rate of change, 7 + + Rebus writing, 16 + + Red Score, the, 9, 11 + + Rig Veda Americanus, 10 + + + Sahagun, 10, 17 + + Samucu, 20 + + Schultz, Rev., 18 + + Shawnees, 19 + + Smith, B., 13 + + Standard Dictionary, the, 7 + + Steinthal, H., 6 + + "Stone of the Giants", 16 + + Svastika, the, 20 + + + Tacana, 19 + + Taensa, 13 + + Taino, 18 + + Tamanaca, 6 + + Tarascos, 16 + + Tehuelche, 19 + + Teknnika, 19 + + Tequistlatecan, 7 + + Timote., 7 + + Timuquana, 13 + + Tinne, 18 + + Toltecs, the, 20 + + Totonaco, 6 + + Triquetrum, the, 20 + + Tsoneca, 19 + + Tucanos, 19 + + Tupi, 6, 8, 20 + + Tzental, 16 + + + Ulvas, 16 + + + Verb, the American, 6 + + + Walum-Olum, 9, 11 + + Winkler, H., 6 + + Written language, 16 + + + Xebero, 19 + + Xinca, 17 + + + Yahgan, 19, 20 + + Yaruro, 6 + + Yucatan, 14 + + + Zapotecs, 16 + + Zeonas, 19 + + Zoque, the, 6 + + + + +Transcriber's Note + + +The following misspellings and typographical errors were maintained. + + Page Error + TN-1 6 The marker for footnote 6-2 was not printed and has been + inserted based on context. + TN-2 11 Grammer should read Grammar + TN-3 23 Mosquito Coast should read Mosquito Coast, 15, 18 + TN-4 23 Muller, should read Mueller + TN-5 23 Otomi, 7. should read Otomi, 7, + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Record of Study in Aboriginal +American Languages, by Daniel G. 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