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diff --git a/31334.txt b/31334.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d0e739 --- /dev/null +++ b/31334.txt @@ -0,0 +1,856 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, Genus +Ptychohyla, by William E. Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, Genus Ptychohyla + Studies of American Hylid Frogs, V + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: February 21, 2010 [EBook #31334] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TWO SPECIES OF FROGS, GENUS PTYCHOHYLA *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 13, No. 8, Pl. 25, figs. 1-2, pp. 349-357 April 27, 1961 + + +Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, Genus Ptychohyla Studies of +American Hylid Frogs, V + +BY WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1961 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, +Robert W. Wilson + + +Volume 13, No. 8, Pl. 25, figs. 1-2, pp. 349-357 +Published April 27, 1961 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + +PRINTED IN +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1961 + +28-6442 + + + + +Descriptions of Two New Species of Frogs, +Genus Ptychohyla +Studies of American Hylid Frogs, V + +BY + +WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + +Field studies on hylid frogs in southern Mexico and northern Central +America have resulted in the collection of numerous specimens of +_Ptychohyla_, a genus of hylid frogs heretofore poorly represented in +museum collections. Experience with the living frogs in their natural +habitats has been helpful in defining the species and in formulating +ideas concerning their relationships. + +Taylor (1944) proposed the generic name _Ptychohyla_ for a new species +of frog, _Ptychohyla adipoventris_ [= _Ptychohyla leonhard-schultzei_ +(Ahl)--_fide_ Duellman, 1960] from Agua del Obispo, Guerrero. Taylor +defined the genus as having large ventrolateral glands and horny +nuptial spines in males. Stuart (1954:169) discussed the generic +characters and pointed out that both the ventrolateral glands and horny +nuptial spines were seasonal in their development, being found only in +breeding males. Stuart then went on to describe _Ptychohyla +schmidtorum_, a species characterized by the absence of horny nuptial +spines in breeding males. My investigations of these frogs have +revealed the presence of two groups of species. In both groups breeding +males have large ventrolateral glands, but the two groups are easily +separated by four characters. The first group contains, among others, +_Ptychohyla leonhard-schultzei_, _euthysanota_, _spinipollex_, and +another species in the Mesa Central of Chiapas to which I tentatively +apply the name _Ptychohyla macrotympanum_ (Tanner), 1957. This group of +species is characterized by horny nuptial spines in breeding males, +presence of a tarsal fold, a call consisting of a single long note, and +tadpoles having lips not greatly expanded. The second group, as +recognized here, is characterized by the absence of horny nuptial +spines in breeding males, lack of a tarsal fold, a call consisting of a +series of short notes, and tadpoles having greatly expanded lips. In +this group belong _Ptychohyla schmidtorum_ and the two species +described below. + +Only the descriptions of the new species are given in this paper; +detailed comparisons, descriptions of osteological features, analyses +of calls, and discussions of relationships are reserved for a +forthcoming review of the entire genus. + +In the spring of 1959, collections of amphibians and reptiles were made +in the cloud forests on the northern slopes of the Sierra Madre +Oriental in northern Oaxaca. Among the hylids found, two specimens of a +heretofore unnamed species of _Ptychohyla_ have brilliant red +flash-colors on the groin and thighs; in allusion to these fiery colors +I propose that this species be named: + +~_Ptychohyla ignicolor_~ new species + +(Plate 25, Fig. 1) + + _Holotype._--University of Michigan Museum of Zoology No. + 119603, from a stream 6 kilometers south of Vista Hermosa, + Oaxaca, Mexico (1865 meters); obtained on March 31, 1959, by + Thomas E. Moore. Original Number WED 14159. + + _Paratype._--UMMZ 119602 from Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca (1500 + meters); obtained on March 30, 1959, by William E. Duellman. + + _Diagnosis._--A species of the _schmidtorum_-group of + _Ptychohyla_ differing from other known members of the group + in having the diameter of the tympanum less than one-half + the diameter of the eye, no white spot below the eye, no + lateral light stripe, bright green dorsum in life and red + flash-colors on groin and thighs. + + _Description of Holotype._--Adult male having a snout-vent + length of 30.0 mm.; tibia length, 14.6 mm.; tibia + length/snout-vent length, 48.7 per cent; foot length + (measured from proximal edge of inner metatarsal tubercle to + tip of longest toe), 12.3 mm.; head length, 9.2 mm.; head + length/snout-vent length, 32.3 per cent; head width, 9.3 + mm.; head width/snout-vent length, 31.0 per cent; diameter + of eye, 3.2 mm.; diameter of tympanum, 1.3 mm.; + tympanum/eye, 40.6 per cent. Snout in lateral profile + square, in dorsal profile obtusely rounded; canthus + pronounced; loreal region slightly concave; lips moderately + flaring; top of head flat; nostrils protuberant; internarial + distance, 2.8 mm.; interorbital distance, 3.3 mm., much + broader than width of eyelid, 2.8 mm. A heavy dermal fold + from posterior corner of eye above tympanum to insertion of + forelimb, covering upper edge of tympanum; tympanum + elliptical, its greatest diameter equal to its distance from + eye. Forearm robust with a distinct fold on wrist; pollex + moderately enlarged without nuptial spines; second and + fourth fingers equal in length; subarticular tubercles + round; none is bifid; disc of third finger slightly larger + than tympanum; no web between first and second fingers; + vestige of web between other fingers. Heels overlap when + hind limbs adpressed; tibiotarsal articulation extends to + anterior corner of eye; no tarsal fold; inner metatarsal + tubercle large, flat, and elliptical; outer metatarsal + tubercle near inner one and triangular; subarticular + tubercles round; length of digits from shortest to longest + 1-2-5-3-4; toes about one-half webbed; discs smaller on toes + than on fingers. Anal opening directed posteriorly at upper + level of thighs; no anal flap; pair of large tubercles below + anal opening; small tubercles ventral and lateral to these. + Skin of dorsum and ventral surfaces of limbs smooth, that of + throat and belly granular. Ventrolateral glands noticeably + thickened, extending from axilla nearly to groin and only + narrowly separated medially on chest. Skin of anterior part + of chin thickened and glandular. Tongue cordiform, shallowly + notched behind and only slightly free posteriorly; vomerine + teeth 0-3, situated on rounded elevations between somewhat + larger, round inner nares; openings to vocal sac large, one + situated along posterior margin of each mandibular ramus. + +PLATE 25 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Paratype of _Ptychohyla ignicolor_ +(UMMZ 119602). x 3.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. Holotype of _Ptychohyla chamulae_ +(KU 58063). x 3.] + + Color (in alcohol) dull brown above with irregular dark + brown blotches; dorsal surfaces of limbs brown with narrow + darker brown transverse bars; posterior surfaces of thighs + cream-color with brown spots and mottling; groin and dorsal + surfaces of first and second toes white; belly + cream-colored; glandular areas orange-brown; chest and chin + having black spots. Ventral surfaces of hind limbs and first + toes cream-colored; undersides of other toes and soles of + feet brown. + + Color (in life) uniform bright green above; venter pale + creamy yellow; anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, + ventral surfaces of shanks, anterior surfaces of tarsi and + upper proximal surfaces of first three toes red; iris pale + golden color. + + The paratype is an adult male, having a snout-vent length of + 26.3 mm., and agrees with the holotype in proportions. The + ventrolateral glands are less extensive and the chin less + spotted than in the holotype. + + _Comparisons_: Both _Ptychohyla schmidtorum_ and the species + described below differ from _P. ignicolor_ in lacking red + flash-colors and in having a white spot below the eye. + _Ptychohyla ignicolor_ also differs in having a small + tympanum. As stated above, these species can be + distinguished from the rest of the genus by the absence of a + tarsal fold and absence of horny nuptial spines in breeding + males. + + _Remarks_: The holotype was found on a moss-covered log over + a stream in dense cloud forest by day. The paratype was + calling at night from a low herb at the edge of a small + stream in the cloud forest. Nearby a _Ptychohyla + leonhard-schultzei_ was calling. + +Along two cascading mountain streams in cloud forest on the northern +slopes of the Mesa Central in central Chiapas numerous specimens of a +distinctive species of _Ptychohyla_ were found in association with two +species of _Hyla_ and two of _Plectrohyla_. The first specimen of this +new species of _Ptychohyla_ was discovered by Dale L. Hoyt, who found +the frog on a rock at midday. At night on August 5, 1960, numerous +individuals were found calling from leaves of plants growing on the +slopes of the ravine by the streams. None was more than two meters +above the ground. Tadpoles were found in the fast-flowing stream, where +they were holding onto rocks with their mouths. Little is known of the +herpetofauna of these mountains that are the home of the Chamula +Indians. Since the little frog described here comes from the land of +the Chamulas, I propose that it be named: + +~_Ptychohyla chamulae_~ new species + +(Plate 25, Fig. 2) + + _Holotype._--University of Kansas Museum of Natural History + No. 58063, from a stream above (6.2 kilometers by road + south) Rayon Mescalapa, Chiapas, Mexico (1690 meters); one + of a series collected on August 5, 1960, by William E. + Duellman, Dale L. Hoyt, and John Wellman. Original No. WED + 17327. + + _Paratypes._--KU Nos. 58064-58073 collected with the holotype. + + _Diagnosis._--A species of the _schmidtorum_-group of + _Ptychohyla_ differing from other known members of the group + in having the following combination of characters: diameter + of tympanum not noticeably less than half that of eye; white + spot below eye; white lateral stripe on body anteriorly; + dorsum bright green in life; thighs yellowish brown. + + _Description of Holotype._--Adult male having snout-vent + length of 27.3 mm.; tibia length, 12.8 mm.; tibia + length/snout-vent length, 48.7 per cent; foot length + (measured from proximal edge of inner metatarsal tubercle to + tip of longest toe), 10.8 mm.; head length, 9.2 mm.; head + length/snout-vent length, 33.7 per cent; head width, 9.0 + mm.; head width/snout-vent length, 30.9 per cent; diameter + of eye, 2.8 mm.; diameter of tympanum, 1.4 mm.; + tympanum/eye, 50.0 per cent. Snout in lateral profile nearly + square, slightly rounded above; in dorsal profile bluntly + squared; canthus pronounced; loreal region concave; lips + thick, rounded, and flaring; nostrils protuberant; + internarial distance, 2.3 mm.; top of head flat; + interorbital distance, 3.3 mm.; much broader than width of + eyelid, 2.4 mm. A thin dermal fold from posterior corner of + eye above tympanum to insertion of forelimb, covering upper + edge of tympanum; tympanum nearly round, its diameter equal + to its distance from eye. Forearm slender lacking distinct + fold on wrist; a row of low, rounded tubercles on + ventrolateral surface of forearm; pollex moderately enlarged + without nuptial spines; second and fourth fingers equal in + length; subarticular tubercles round, none bifid; discs + small, that of third finger noticeably smaller than + tympanum; no web between first and second fingers; vestige + of web between other fingers. Heels overlap when hind limbs + adpressed; tibiotarsal articulation reaches to middle of + eye; no tarsal fold; inner metatarsal tubercle large, flat, + and elliptical; outer metatarsal tubercle slightly more + distal than inner, small, and elliptical; subarticular + tubercles round; length of digits from shortest to longest + 1-2-5-3-4; third and fifth toes webbed to base of disc; + fourth toe webbed to base of penultimate phalanx; discs + smaller on toes than on fingers. Anal opening directed + posteriorly at upper level of thighs; no anal flap; pair of + large tubercles below anal opening and a slightly smaller + pair farther below. Skin of dorsum and ventral surfaces of + forelimbs and shanks smooth; that of throat, belly, and + ventral surfaces of thighs granular. Ventrolateral glands + well developed, not reaching axilla or groin and broadly + separated midventrally. Skin of anterior part of chin + glandular. Tongue cordiform, shallowly notched behind and + only slightly free posteriorly; vomerine teeth 2-2, situated + on small triangular elevations between large, ovoid inner + nares; openings to vocal sac large, one situated along inner + posterior edge of each mandibular ramus. + + Color (in alcohol) dark purplish brown on dorsal surfaces of + head, body, and shanks; thighs brown above and yellowish tan + posteriorly; white stripe extending from below eye above + forearm to mid-flank. Ventral surfaces creamy white; + ventrolateral glands orange-tan flecked with dark brown; + edge of lower lip with dark brown spots; narrow white line + on upper lip; palms white and soles brown. + + Color (in life) uniform dark bright green above with creamy + white bar below eye; lateral stripe silvery white; ventral + surfaces deep yellow; posterior surfaces of thighs yellow + brown; iris reddish bronze. + + _Variation._--Sixteen adult males are available; these have + snout-vent lengths of 26.3 to 28.5 mm. (average, 27.6 mm.). + The tympanum/eye ratio is 48.2 to 58.6 per cent (average, + 53.2 per cent). The number of vomerine teeth varies from + four to six. The extent of the ventrolateral glands is + variable. In five specimens the glands nearly meet + midventrally; in two others the glands include the axillary + region; in none do the glands extend into the groin. In + other structural details there is no noticeable variation. + + The greatest variation in color pattern is found in the + lateral stripe. The pale spot or bar below the eye is + present in all specimens; in one individual there is no + lateral stripe; in three the stripe extends posteriorly only + to above the forearm, in two to the mid-flank, and in the + others to the groin. + + Although all of the males were bright uniform green above + when collected at night as they were calling, some changed + color later. In these individuals the dorsum became a + somewhat paler green with faint irregular yellowish tan + blotches. + + The one available female (UMMZ 121399) has a snout-vent + length of 30.3 mm. and a tympanum/eye ratio of 52.8 per + cent, and is colored like the males. The tubercles by the + anal opening are placed irregularly and do not consist of + two pairs below the opening. There are no ventrolateral + glands, glandular area on the chin, or enlarged prepollex. + + _Comparisons._--_Ptychohyla chamulae_ resembles _P. + schmidtorum_ in color pattern and body proportions, but the + ground color of _schmidtorum_ is chocolate brown and not + green as in _chamulae_. Also, in _schmidtorum_ the webbing + and posterior surfaces of the thighs are pale cream-color in + preserved specimens as contrasted with tan in _chamulae_. In + living _schmidtorum_ the iris is bright red, not reddish + bronze as in _chamulae_. The ventrolateral glands in + _schmidtorum_ more closely approximate one another + midventrally than in _chamulae_. It is conceivable that + these populations are subspecifically related; _schmidtorum_ + occurs in the same kind of habitat as does _chamulae_, but + is known only from the Pacific slopes of southeastern + Chiapas and southwestern Guatemala, whereas _chamulae_ is + known only from the Atlantic slopes of the Mesa Central in + north-central Chiapas. Both of these species differ from + _Ptychohyla ignicolor_ in having a relatively larger + tympanum, more webbing on the foot, different arrangement of + anal tubercles, and different coloration. + + _Description of Tadpole._--Six tadpoles having fully + developed mouth parts have body lengths of 5.5 to 11.9 mm. + and total lengths of 17.3 to 44.0 mm. The following + description is based on a tadpole (KU 58199) having small + hind limbs, a body length of 10.5 mm., and a total length of + 39.0 mm. Body ovoid, only slightly flattened dorsally and + ventrally (Fig. 1); body only slightly deeper than wide; + eyes directed dorsolaterally and slightly protuberant; + nostrils small. Tail long and slender; greatest depth of + tail-musculature two-thirds greatest depth of tail-fin; + tail-musculature extending nearly to tip of tail-fin. + + Mouth directed anteroventrally; thin fleshy lips greatly + expanded and forming large suckerlike disc; width of mouth + greater than width of snout and nearly as wide as body. + Outer edge of lips having small papillae; inner surface of + mouth smooth; scattered large papillae, seemingly in rows, + around teeth and beak (Fig. 2). Tooth rows 3/3; the upper + rows subequal in length; upper rows one and three + interrupted medially; lower rows one and two about equal in + length to upper rows; third lower row short. Upper beak + heavy and horn-covered. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Tadpole of _Ptychohyla chamulae_ +(KU 58199). x 2.5.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. Mouthparts of tadpole of _Ptychohyla chamulae_ +(KU 58199). x 16.] + + Color (in alcohol) dark brown over entire body and + tail-musculature; a white area near base of tail, and a dark + streak on anterior one-fourth of tail; tail-fin transparent + having brown blotches. + + _Remarks_.--Five metamorphosing tadpoles and juveniles (KU + 58074, 58234-8) were found at night on vegetation by + streams. Of two completely metamorphosed young each has a + snout-vent length of 15.7 mm. Another having a snout-vent + length of 16.2 mm. has a tail stub 2 mm. long and a + completely metamorphosed mouth. Two others have snout-vent + lengths of 13.6 and 14.1 mm. and tail lengths of 11.5 and + 8.1 mm. respectively; in these the mouth parts are + incompletely metamorphosed. The single female available + (UMMZ 121399) contains approximately 60 ovarian eggs, the + largest of which are about 2.5 mm. in diameter. + + _Referred Specimens.--Chiapas_: 6.2 km. S of Rayon + Mescalapa, KU 58063-74, 58199 (1 tadpole), 58234-8; 5.6 km. + S of Rayon Mescalapa, KU 58062, 58200 (5 tadpoles); 11.4 mi. + N of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacan, UMMZ 121395-9. The + specimens listed last were collected along a stream between + Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacan and Rayon Mescalapa, which, + according to Floyd L. Downs, is probably the same stream + listed above as 5.6 km. S of Rayon Mescalapa. + +Acknowledgments + +I take this opportunity to thank Dale L. Hoyt, Thomas E. Moore, and +John Wellman, who ably assisted in collecting and studying these frogs +in the field. I am indebted to Floyd L. Downs for permission to include +specimens collected by him and John Winklemann. My studies on hylid +frogs are supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant G 9827). + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +DUELLMAN, W. E. + + 1960. Synonymy, variation, and distribution of _Ptychohyla + leonhard-schultzei_ Ahl. Studies of American Hylid + Frogs. IV. Herpetologica, 16:191-197, September 23. + +STUART, L. C. + + 1954. Descriptions of some new amphibians and reptiles from + Guatemala. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 67:159-178, + August 5. + +TAYLOR, E. H. + + 1944. A new genus and species of Mexican hylid frogs. Univ. + Kansas Sci. Bull., 30 (pt. 1):41-45, June 12. + +_Transmitted January 23, 1961._ + + +28-6442 + + + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes + +Italicized text is shown within _underscores_. + +Italicized bold text is shown within ~_tildes and underscores_~. + +Page 352: Rejoined last paragraph, originally split by Plate 25. + +Page 355: Changed typo "Comaprisons" to "Comparisons." + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, +Genus Ptychohyla, by William E. 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