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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/31334-8.txt b/31334-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84018a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/31334-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,856 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, Genus +Ptychohyla, by William E. Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, Genus Ptychohyla + Studies of American Hylid Frogs, V + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: February 21, 2010 [EBook #31334] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TWO SPECIES OF FROGS, GENUS PTYCHOHYLA *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 13, No. 8, Pl. 25, figs. 1-2, pp. 349-357 April 27, 1961 + + +Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, Genus Ptychohyla Studies of +American Hylid Frogs, V + +BY WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1961 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, +Robert W. Wilson + + +Volume 13, No. 8, Pl. 25, figs. 1-2, pp. 349-357 +Published April 27, 1961 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + +PRINTED IN +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1961 + +28-6442 + + + + +Descriptions of Two New Species of Frogs, +Genus Ptychohyla +Studies of American Hylid Frogs, V + +BY + +WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + +Field studies on hylid frogs in southern México and northern Central +America have resulted in the collection of numerous specimens of +_Ptychohyla_, a genus of hylid frogs heretofore poorly represented in +museum collections. Experience with the living frogs in their natural +habitats has been helpful in defining the species and in formulating +ideas concerning their relationships. + +Taylor (1944) proposed the generic name _Ptychohyla_ for a new species +of frog, _Ptychohyla adipoventris_ [= _Ptychohyla leonhard-schultzei_ +(Ahl)--_fide_ Duellman, 1960] from Agua del Obispo, Guerrero. Taylor +defined the genus as having large ventrolateral glands and horny +nuptial spines in males. Stuart (1954:169) discussed the generic +characters and pointed out that both the ventrolateral glands and horny +nuptial spines were seasonal in their development, being found only in +breeding males. Stuart then went on to describe _Ptychohyla +schmidtorum_, a species characterized by the absence of horny nuptial +spines in breeding males. My investigations of these frogs have +revealed the presence of two groups of species. In both groups breeding +males have large ventrolateral glands, but the two groups are easily +separated by four characters. The first group contains, among others, +_Ptychohyla leonhard-schultzei_, _euthysanota_, _spinipollex_, and +another species in the Mesa Central of Chiapas to which I tentatively +apply the name _Ptychohyla macrotympanum_ (Tanner), 1957. This group of +species is characterized by horny nuptial spines in breeding males, +presence of a tarsal fold, a call consisting of a single long note, and +tadpoles having lips not greatly expanded. The second group, as +recognized here, is characterized by the absence of horny nuptial +spines in breeding males, lack of a tarsal fold, a call consisting of a +series of short notes, and tadpoles having greatly expanded lips. In +this group belong _Ptychohyla schmidtorum_ and the two species +described below. + +Only the descriptions of the new species are given in this paper; +detailed comparisons, descriptions of osteological features, analyses +of calls, and discussions of relationships are reserved for a +forthcoming review of the entire genus. + +In the spring of 1959, collections of amphibians and reptiles were made +in the cloud forests on the northern slopes of the Sierra Madre +Oriental in northern Oaxaca. Among the hylids found, two specimens of a +heretofore unnamed species of _Ptychohyla_ have brilliant red +flash-colors on the groin and thighs; in allusion to these fiery colors +I propose that this species be named: + +~_Ptychohyla ignicolor_~ new species + +(Plate 25, Fig. 1) + + _Holotype._--University of Michigan Museum of Zoology No. + 119603, from a stream 6 kilometers south of Vista Hermosa, + Oaxaca, México (1865 meters); obtained on March 31, 1959, by + Thomas E. Moore. Original Number WED 14159. + + _Paratype._--UMMZ 119602 from Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca (1500 + meters); obtained on March 30, 1959, by William E. Duellman. + + _Diagnosis._--A species of the _schmidtorum_-group of + _Ptychohyla_ differing from other known members of the group + in having the diameter of the tympanum less than one-half + the diameter of the eye, no white spot below the eye, no + lateral light stripe, bright green dorsum in life and red + flash-colors on groin and thighs. + + _Description of Holotype._--Adult male having a snout-vent + length of 30.0 mm.; tibia length, 14.6 mm.; tibia + length/snout-vent length, 48.7 per cent; foot length + (measured from proximal edge of inner metatarsal tubercle to + tip of longest toe), 12.3 mm.; head length, 9.2 mm.; head + length/snout-vent length, 32.3 per cent; head width, 9.3 + mm.; head width/snout-vent length, 31.0 per cent; diameter + of eye, 3.2 mm.; diameter of tympanum, 1.3 mm.; + tympanum/eye, 40.6 per cent. Snout in lateral profile + square, in dorsal profile obtusely rounded; canthus + pronounced; loreal region slightly concave; lips moderately + flaring; top of head flat; nostrils protuberant; internarial + distance, 2.8 mm.; interorbital distance, 3.3 mm., much + broader than width of eyelid, 2.8 mm. A heavy dermal fold + from posterior corner of eye above tympanum to insertion of + forelimb, covering upper edge of tympanum; tympanum + elliptical, its greatest diameter equal to its distance from + eye. Forearm robust with a distinct fold on wrist; pollex + moderately enlarged without nuptial spines; second and + fourth fingers equal in length; subarticular tubercles + round; none is bifid; disc of third finger slightly larger + than tympanum; no web between first and second fingers; + vestige of web between other fingers. Heels overlap when + hind limbs adpressed; tibiotarsal articulation extends to + anterior corner of eye; no tarsal fold; inner metatarsal + tubercle large, flat, and elliptical; outer metatarsal + tubercle near inner one and triangular; subarticular + tubercles round; length of digits from shortest to longest + 1-2-5-3-4; toes about one-half webbed; discs smaller on toes + than on fingers. Anal opening directed posteriorly at upper + level of thighs; no anal flap; pair of large tubercles below + anal opening; small tubercles ventral and lateral to these. + Skin of dorsum and ventral surfaces of limbs smooth, that of + throat and belly granular. Ventrolateral glands noticeably + thickened, extending from axilla nearly to groin and only + narrowly separated medially on chest. Skin of anterior part + of chin thickened and glandular. Tongue cordiform, shallowly + notched behind and only slightly free posteriorly; vomerine + teeth 0-3, situated on rounded elevations between somewhat + larger, round inner nares; openings to vocal sac large, one + situated along posterior margin of each mandibular ramus. + +PLATE 25 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Paratype of _Ptychohyla ignicolor_ +(UMMZ 119602). × 3.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. Holotype of _Ptychohyla chamulae_ +(KU 58063). × 3.] + + Color (in alcohol) dull brown above with irregular dark + brown blotches; dorsal surfaces of limbs brown with narrow + darker brown transverse bars; posterior surfaces of thighs + cream-color with brown spots and mottling; groin and dorsal + surfaces of first and second toes white; belly + cream-colored; glandular areas orange-brown; chest and chin + having black spots. Ventral surfaces of hind limbs and first + toes cream-colored; undersides of other toes and soles of + feet brown. + + Color (in life) uniform bright green above; venter pale + creamy yellow; anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, + ventral surfaces of shanks, anterior surfaces of tarsi and + upper proximal surfaces of first three toes red; iris pale + golden color. + + The paratype is an adult male, having a snout-vent length of + 26.3 mm., and agrees with the holotype in proportions. The + ventrolateral glands are less extensive and the chin less + spotted than in the holotype. + + _Comparisons_: Both _Ptychohyla schmidtorum_ and the species + described below differ from _P. ignicolor_ in lacking red + flash-colors and in having a white spot below the eye. + _Ptychohyla ignicolor_ also differs in having a small + tympanum. As stated above, these species can be + distinguished from the rest of the genus by the absence of a + tarsal fold and absence of horny nuptial spines in breeding + males. + + _Remarks_: The holotype was found on a moss-covered log over + a stream in dense cloud forest by day. The paratype was + calling at night from a low herb at the edge of a small + stream in the cloud forest. Nearby a _Ptychohyla + leonhard-schultzei_ was calling. + +Along two cascading mountain streams in cloud forest on the northern +slopes of the Mesa Central in central Chiapas numerous specimens of a +distinctive species of _Ptychohyla_ were found in association with two +species of _Hyla_ and two of _Plectrohyla_. The first specimen of this +new species of _Ptychohyla_ was discovered by Dale L. Hoyt, who found +the frog on a rock at midday. At night on August 5, 1960, numerous +individuals were found calling from leaves of plants growing on the +slopes of the ravine by the streams. None was more than two meters +above the ground. Tadpoles were found in the fast-flowing stream, where +they were holding onto rocks with their mouths. Little is known of the +herpetofauna of these mountains that are the home of the Chamula +Indians. Since the little frog described here comes from the land of +the Chamulas, I propose that it be named: + +~_Ptychohyla chamulae_~ new species + +(Plate 25, Fig. 2) + + _Holotype._--University of Kansas Museum of Natural History + No. 58063, from a stream above (6.2 kilometers by road + south) Rayón Mescalapa, Chiapas, México (1690 meters); one + of a series collected on August 5, 1960, by William E. + Duellman, Dale L. Hoyt, and John Wellman. Original No. WED + 17327. + + _Paratypes._--KU Nos. 58064-58073 collected with the holotype. + + _Diagnosis._--A species of the _schmidtorum_-group of + _Ptychohyla_ differing from other known members of the group + in having the following combination of characters: diameter + of tympanum not noticeably less than half that of eye; white + spot below eye; white lateral stripe on body anteriorly; + dorsum bright green in life; thighs yellowish brown. + + _Description of Holotype._--Adult male having snout-vent + length of 27.3 mm.; tibia length, 12.8 mm.; tibia + length/snout-vent length, 48.7 per cent; foot length + (measured from proximal edge of inner metatarsal tubercle to + tip of longest toe), 10.8 mm.; head length, 9.2 mm.; head + length/snout-vent length, 33.7 per cent; head width, 9.0 + mm.; head width/snout-vent length, 30.9 per cent; diameter + of eye, 2.8 mm.; diameter of tympanum, 1.4 mm.; + tympanum/eye, 50.0 per cent. Snout in lateral profile nearly + square, slightly rounded above; in dorsal profile bluntly + squared; canthus pronounced; loreal region concave; lips + thick, rounded, and flaring; nostrils protuberant; + internarial distance, 2.3 mm.; top of head flat; + interorbital distance, 3.3 mm.; much broader than width of + eyelid, 2.4 mm. A thin dermal fold from posterior corner of + eye above tympanum to insertion of forelimb, covering upper + edge of tympanum; tympanum nearly round, its diameter equal + to its distance from eye. Forearm slender lacking distinct + fold on wrist; a row of low, rounded tubercles on + ventrolateral surface of forearm; pollex moderately enlarged + without nuptial spines; second and fourth fingers equal in + length; subarticular tubercles round, none bifid; discs + small, that of third finger noticeably smaller than + tympanum; no web between first and second fingers; vestige + of web between other fingers. Heels overlap when hind limbs + adpressed; tibiotarsal articulation reaches to middle of + eye; no tarsal fold; inner metatarsal tubercle large, flat, + and elliptical; outer metatarsal tubercle slightly more + distal than inner, small, and elliptical; subarticular + tubercles round; length of digits from shortest to longest + 1-2-5-3-4; third and fifth toes webbed to base of disc; + fourth toe webbed to base of penultimate phalanx; discs + smaller on toes than on fingers. Anal opening directed + posteriorly at upper level of thighs; no anal flap; pair of + large tubercles below anal opening and a slightly smaller + pair farther below. Skin of dorsum and ventral surfaces of + forelimbs and shanks smooth; that of throat, belly, and + ventral surfaces of thighs granular. Ventrolateral glands + well developed, not reaching axilla or groin and broadly + separated midventrally. Skin of anterior part of chin + glandular. Tongue cordiform, shallowly notched behind and + only slightly free posteriorly; vomerine teeth 2-2, situated + on small triangular elevations between large, ovoid inner + nares; openings to vocal sac large, one situated along inner + posterior edge of each mandibular ramus. + + Color (in alcohol) dark purplish brown on dorsal surfaces of + head, body, and shanks; thighs brown above and yellowish tan + posteriorly; white stripe extending from below eye above + forearm to mid-flank. Ventral surfaces creamy white; + ventrolateral glands orange-tan flecked with dark brown; + edge of lower lip with dark brown spots; narrow white line + on upper lip; palms white and soles brown. + + Color (in life) uniform dark bright green above with creamy + white bar below eye; lateral stripe silvery white; ventral + surfaces deep yellow; posterior surfaces of thighs yellow + brown; iris reddish bronze. + + _Variation._--Sixteen adult males are available; these have + snout-vent lengths of 26.3 to 28.5 mm. (average, 27.6 mm.). + The tympanum/eye ratio is 48.2 to 58.6 per cent (average, + 53.2 per cent). The number of vomerine teeth varies from + four to six. The extent of the ventrolateral glands is + variable. In five specimens the glands nearly meet + midventrally; in two others the glands include the axillary + region; in none do the glands extend into the groin. In + other structural details there is no noticeable variation. + + The greatest variation in color pattern is found in the + lateral stripe. The pale spot or bar below the eye is + present in all specimens; in one individual there is no + lateral stripe; in three the stripe extends posteriorly only + to above the forearm, in two to the mid-flank, and in the + others to the groin. + + Although all of the males were bright uniform green above + when collected at night as they were calling, some changed + color later. In these individuals the dorsum became a + somewhat paler green with faint irregular yellowish tan + blotches. + + The one available female (UMMZ 121399) has a snout-vent + length of 30.3 mm. and a tympanum/eye ratio of 52.8 per + cent, and is colored like the males. The tubercles by the + anal opening are placed irregularly and do not consist of + two pairs below the opening. There are no ventrolateral + glands, glandular area on the chin, or enlarged prepollex. + + _Comparisons._--_Ptychohyla chamulae_ resembles _P. + schmidtorum_ in color pattern and body proportions, but the + ground color of _schmidtorum_ is chocolate brown and not + green as in _chamulae_. Also, in _schmidtorum_ the webbing + and posterior surfaces of the thighs are pale cream-color in + preserved specimens as contrasted with tan in _chamulae_. In + living _schmidtorum_ the iris is bright red, not reddish + bronze as in _chamulae_. The ventrolateral glands in + _schmidtorum_ more closely approximate one another + midventrally than in _chamulae_. It is conceivable that + these populations are subspecifically related; _schmidtorum_ + occurs in the same kind of habitat as does _chamulae_, but + is known only from the Pacific slopes of southeastern + Chiapas and southwestern Guatemala, whereas _chamulae_ is + known only from the Atlantic slopes of the Mesa Central in + north-central Chiapas. Both of these species differ from + _Ptychohyla ignicolor_ in having a relatively larger + tympanum, more webbing on the foot, different arrangement of + anal tubercles, and different coloration. + + _Description of Tadpole._--Six tadpoles having fully + developed mouth parts have body lengths of 5.5 to 11.9 mm. + and total lengths of 17.3 to 44.0 mm. The following + description is based on a tadpole (KU 58199) having small + hind limbs, a body length of 10.5 mm., and a total length of + 39.0 mm. Body ovoid, only slightly flattened dorsally and + ventrally (Fig. 1); body only slightly deeper than wide; + eyes directed dorsolaterally and slightly protuberant; + nostrils small. Tail long and slender; greatest depth of + tail-musculature two-thirds greatest depth of tail-fin; + tail-musculature extending nearly to tip of tail-fin. + + Mouth directed anteroventrally; thin fleshy lips greatly + expanded and forming large suckerlike disc; width of mouth + greater than width of snout and nearly as wide as body. + Outer edge of lips having small papillae; inner surface of + mouth smooth; scattered large papillae, seemingly in rows, + around teeth and beak (Fig. 2). Tooth rows 3/3; the upper + rows subequal in length; upper rows one and three + interrupted medially; lower rows one and two about equal in + length to upper rows; third lower row short. Upper beak + heavy and horn-covered. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Tadpole of _Ptychohyla chamulae_ +(KU 58199). × 2.5.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. Mouthparts of tadpole of _Ptychohyla chamulae_ +(KU 58199). × 16.] + + Color (in alcohol) dark brown over entire body and + tail-musculature; a white area near base of tail, and a dark + streak on anterior one-fourth of tail; tail-fin transparent + having brown blotches. + + _Remarks_.--Five metamorphosing tadpoles and juveniles (KU + 58074, 58234-8) were found at night on vegetation by + streams. Of two completely metamorphosed young each has a + snout-vent length of 15.7 mm. Another having a snout-vent + length of 16.2 mm. has a tail stub 2 mm. long and a + completely metamorphosed mouth. Two others have snout-vent + lengths of 13.6 and 14.1 mm. and tail lengths of 11.5 and + 8.1 mm. respectively; in these the mouth parts are + incompletely metamorphosed. The single female available + (UMMZ 121399) contains approximately 60 ovarian eggs, the + largest of which are about 2.5 mm. in diameter. + + _Referred Specimens.--Chiapas_: 6.2 km. S of Rayón + Mescalapa, KU 58063-74, 58199 (1 tadpole), 58234-8; 5.6 km. + S of Rayón Mescalapa, KU 58062, 58200 (5 tadpoles); 11.4 mi. + N of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, UMMZ 121395-9. The + specimens listed last were collected along a stream between + Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán and Rayón Mescalapa, which, + according to Floyd L. Downs, is probably the same stream + listed above as 5.6 km. S of Rayón Mescalapa. + +Acknowledgments + +I take this opportunity to thank Dale L. Hoyt, Thomas E. Moore, and +John Wellman, who ably assisted in collecting and studying these frogs +in the field. I am indebted to Floyd L. Downs for permission to include +specimens collected by him and John Winklemann. My studies on hylid +frogs are supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant G 9827). + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +DUELLMAN, W. E. + + 1960. Synonymy, variation, and distribution of _Ptychohyla + leonhard-schultzei_ Ahl. Studies of American Hylid + Frogs. IV. Herpetologica, 16:191-197, September 23. + +STUART, L. C. + + 1954. Descriptions of some new amphibians and reptiles from + Guatemala. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 67:159-178, + August 5. + +TAYLOR, E. H. + + 1944. A new genus and species of Mexican hylid frogs. Univ. + Kansas Sci. Bull., 30 (pt. 1):41-45, June 12. + +_Transmitted January 23, 1961._ + + +28-6442 + + + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes + +Italicized text is shown within _underscores_. + +Italicized bold text is shown within ~_tildes and underscores_~. + +Page 352: Rejoined last paragraph, originally split by Plate 25. + +Page 355: Changed typo "Comaprisons" to "Comparisons." + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, +Genus Ptychohyla, by William E. 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Duellman. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + + p.title { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 3em; } + + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 2.5em; + padding-left: 2.5em; text-indent: -2.5em;} + + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, Genus +Ptychohyla, by William E. Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, Genus Ptychohyla + Studies of American Hylid Frogs, V + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: February 21, 2010 [EBook #31334] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TWO SPECIES OF FROGS, GENUS PTYCHOHYLA *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + +<p class="title"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span><br /><br /> + +Volume 13, No. 8, Pl. 25, figs. 1-2, pp. 349-357<br /> +April 27, 1961</p> +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> + + +<h1>Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs,<br /> +Genus Ptychohyla<br /> +Studies of American Hylid Frogs, V<br /><br /></h1> + +<p class="title">BY<br /><br /> +<big>WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN</big><br /><br /><br /> + + +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br /> +1961<br /></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + + +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br /> +Robert W. Wilson<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Volume 13, No. 8, Pl. 25, figs. 1-2, pp. 349-357<br /> +Published April 27, 1961<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<small>PRINTED IN<br /> +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1961<br /> +<br /> +28-6442<br /> +</small></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span></p> +<h2> +Descriptions of Two New Species of Frogs,<br /> +Genus Ptychohyla<br /> +Studies of American Hylid Frogs, V</h2> + + +<p class="center"><small>BY</small><br /><br /> + +WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN<br /><br /></p> + + +<p>Field studies on hylid frogs in southern México and northern Central +America have resulted in the collection of numerous specimens +of <i>Ptychohyla</i>, a genus of hylid frogs heretofore poorly represented +in museum collections. Experience with the living frogs in their +natural habitats has been helpful in defining the species and in +formulating ideas concerning their relationships.</p> + +<p>Taylor (1944) proposed the generic name <i>Ptychohyla</i> for a new +species of frog, <i>Ptychohyla adipoventris</i> [= <i>Ptychohyla leonhard-schultzei</i> +(Ahl)—<i>fide</i> Duellman, 1960] from Agua del Obispo, Guerrero. +Taylor defined the genus as having large ventrolateral glands +and horny nuptial spines in males. Stuart (1954:169) discussed +the generic characters and pointed out that both the ventrolateral +glands and horny nuptial spines were seasonal in their development, +being found only in breeding males. Stuart then went on to +describe <i>Ptychohyla schmidtorum</i>, a species characterized by the +absence of horny nuptial spines in breeding males. My investigations +of these frogs have revealed the presence of two groups of +species. In both groups breeding males have large ventrolateral +glands, but the two groups are easily separated by four characters. +The first group contains, among others, <i>Ptychohyla leonhard-schultzei</i>, +<i>euthysanota</i>, <i>spinipollex</i>, and another species in the Mesa +Central of Chiapas to which I tentatively apply the name <i>Ptychohyla +macrotympanum</i> (Tanner), 1957. This group of species is characterized +by horny nuptial spines in breeding males, presence of a +tarsal fold, a call consisting of a single long note, and tadpoles having +lips not greatly expanded. The second group, as recognized +here, is characterized by the absence of horny nuptial spines in +breeding males, lack of a tarsal fold, a call consisting of a series of +short notes, and tadpoles having greatly expanded lips. In this +group belong <i>Ptychohyla schmidtorum</i> and the two species +described below.</p> + +<p>Only the descriptions of the new species are given in this paper; +detailed comparisons, descriptions of osteological features, analyses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> +of calls, and discussions of relationships are reserved for a forthcoming +review of the entire genus.</p> + +<p>In the spring of 1959, collections of amphibians and reptiles were +made in the cloud forests on the northern slopes of the Sierra Madre +Oriental in northern Oaxaca. Among the hylids found, two specimens +of a heretofore unnamed species of <i>Ptychohyla</i> have brilliant +red flash-colors on the groin and thighs; in allusion to these fiery +colors I propose that this species be named:</p> + +<h3><i>Ptychohyla ignicolor</i> <span style="font-weight: normal">new species</span></h3> + +<p class="center">(Plate 25, <a href="#plate25_fig1">Fig. 1</a>)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Holotype.</i>—University of Michigan Museum of Zoology No. 119603, from +a stream 6 kilometers south of Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca, México (1865 meters); +obtained on March 31, 1959, by Thomas E. Moore. Original Number WED +14159.</p> + +<p><i>Paratype.</i>—UMMZ 119602 from Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca (1500 meters); +obtained on March 30, 1959, by William E. Duellman.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—A species of the <i>schmidtorum</i>-group of <i>Ptychohyla</i> differing +from other known members of the group in having the diameter of the tympanum +less than one-half the diameter of the eye, no white spot below the +eye, no lateral light stripe, bright green dorsum in life and red flash-colors on +groin and thighs.</p> + +<p><i>Description of Holotype.</i>—Adult male having a snout-vent length of 30.0 +mm.; tibia length, 14.6 mm.; tibia length/snout-vent length, 48.7 per cent; foot +length (measured from proximal edge of inner metatarsal tubercle to tip of +longest toe), 12.3 mm.; head length, 9.2 mm.; head length/snout-vent length, +32.3 per cent; head width, 9.3 mm.; head width/snout-vent length, 31.0 per cent; +diameter of eye, 3.2 mm.; diameter of tympanum, 1.3 mm.; tympanum/eye, +40.6 per cent. Snout in lateral profile square, in dorsal profile obtusely rounded; +canthus pronounced; loreal region slightly concave; lips moderately flaring; top +of head flat; nostrils protuberant; internarial distance, 2.8 mm.; interorbital +distance, 3.3 mm., much broader than width of eyelid, 2.8 mm. A heavy +dermal fold from posterior corner of eye above tympanum to insertion of forelimb, +covering upper edge of tympanum; tympanum elliptical, its greatest +diameter equal to its distance from eye. Forearm robust with a distinct fold +on wrist; pollex moderately enlarged without nuptial spines; second and fourth +fingers equal in length; subarticular tubercles round; none is bifid; disc of third +finger slightly larger than tympanum; no web between first and second fingers; +vestige of web between other fingers. Heels overlap when hind limbs +adpressed; tibiotarsal articulation extends to anterior corner of eye; no tarsal +fold; inner metatarsal tubercle large, flat, and elliptical; outer metatarsal tubercle +near inner one and triangular; subarticular tubercles round; length of digits from +shortest to longest 1-2-5-3-4; toes about one-half webbed; discs smaller on toes +than on fingers. Anal opening directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs; +no anal flap; pair of large tubercles below anal opening; small tubercles ventral +and lateral to these. Skin of dorsum and ventral surfaces of limbs smooth, +that of throat and belly granular. Ventrolateral glands noticeably thickened, +extending from axilla nearly to groin and only narrowly separated medially on +chest. Skin of anterior part of chin thickened and glandular. Tongue cordiform, +shallowly notched behind and only slightly free posteriorly; vomerine +teeth 0-3, situated on rounded elevations between somewhat larger, round +inner nares; openings to vocal sac large, one situated along posterior margin +of each mandibular ramus.</p></div> + +<p class="center"><b><big>PLATE 25</big></b></p> + +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="plate25_fig1" id="plate25_fig1"></a><img src="images/image001.jpg" width="600" height="415" alt="Fig. 1. Paratype of Ptychohyla ignicolor +(UMMZ 119602). × 3." title="Fig. 1. Paratype of Ptychohyla ignicolor +(UMMZ 119602). × 3." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Paratype of Ptychohyla ignicolor<br /> +(UMMZ 119602). × 3.</span> +</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + + +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="plate25_fig2" id="plate25_fig2"></a><img src="images/image002.jpg" width="600" height="423" alt="Fig. 2. Holotype of Ptychohyla chamulae +(KU 58063). × 3." title="Fig. 2. Holotype of Ptychohyla chamulae +(KU 58063). × 3." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Holotype of Ptychohyla chamulae<br /> +(KU 58063). × 3.</span> +</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span></p> +<div class="blockquot"><p>Color (in alcohol) dull brown above with irregular dark brown blotches; +dorsal surfaces of limbs brown with narrow darker brown transverse bars; +posterior surfaces of thighs cream-color with brown spots and mottling; groin +and dorsal surfaces of first and second toes white; belly cream-colored; glandular +areas orange-brown; chest and chin having black spots. Ventral surfaces +of hind limbs and first toes cream-colored; undersides of other toes and soles +of feet brown.</p> + +<p>Color (in life) uniform bright green above; venter pale creamy yellow; +anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, ventral surfaces of shanks, anterior +surfaces of tarsi and upper proximal surfaces of first three toes red; iris pale +golden color.</p> + +<p>The paratype is an adult male, having a snout-vent length of 26.3 mm., and +agrees with the holotype in proportions. The ventrolateral glands are less +extensive and the chin less spotted than in the holotype.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons</i>: Both <i>Ptychohyla schmidtorum</i> and the species described below +differ from <i>P. ignicolor</i> in lacking red flash-colors and in having a white spot +below the eye. <i>Ptychohyla ignicolor</i> also differs in having a small tympanum. +As stated above, these species can be distinguished from the rest of the genus +by the absence of a tarsal fold and absence of horny nuptial spines in breeding +males.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks</i>: The holotype was found on a moss-covered log over a stream in +dense cloud forest by day. The paratype was calling at night from a low herb +at the edge of a small stream in the cloud forest. Nearby a <i>Ptychohyla leonhard-schultzei</i> +was calling.</p></div> +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> + +<p>Along two cascading mountain streams in cloud forest on the +northern slopes of the Mesa Central in central Chiapas numerous +specimens of a distinctive species of <i>Ptychohyla</i> were found in association +with two species of <i>Hyla</i> and two of <i>Plectrohyla</i>. The first +specimen of this new species of <i>Ptychohyla</i> was discovered by Dale +L. Hoyt, who found the frog on a rock at midday. At night on +August 5, 1960, numerous individuals were found calling from +leaves of plants growing on the slopes of the ravine by the streams. +None was more than two meters above the ground. Tadpoles were +found in the fast-flowing stream, where they were holding onto +rocks with their mouths. Little is known of the herpetofauna of +these mountains that are the home of the Chamula Indians. Since +the little frog described here comes from the land of the Chamulas, +I propose that it be named:</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span></p> +<h3><i>Ptychohyla chamulae</i> <span style="font-weight: normal">new species</span></h3> + +<p class="center">(Plate 25, <a href="#plate25_fig2">Fig. 2</a>)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Holotype.</i>—University of Kansas Museum of Natural History No. 58063, +from a stream above (6.2 kilometers by road south) Rayón Mescalapa, Chiapas, +México (1690 meters); one of a series collected on August 5, 1960, by William +E. Duellman, Dale L. Hoyt, and John Wellman. Original No. WED 17327.</p> + +<p><i>Paratypes.</i>—KU Nos. 58064-58073 collected with the holotype.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—A species of the <i>schmidtorum</i>-group of <i>Ptychohyla</i> differing from +other known members of the group in having the following combination of +characters: diameter of tympanum not noticeably less than half that of eye; +white spot below eye; white lateral stripe on body anteriorly; dorsum bright +green in life; thighs yellowish brown.</p> + +<p><i>Description of Holotype.</i>—Adult male having snout-vent length of 27.3 mm.; +tibia length, 12.8 mm.; tibia length/snout-vent length, 48.7 per cent; foot length +(measured from proximal edge of inner metatarsal tubercle to tip of longest +toe), 10.8 mm.; head length, 9.2 mm.; head length/snout-vent length, 33.7 +per cent; head width, 9.0 mm.; head width/snout-vent length, 30.9 per cent; +diameter of eye, 2.8 mm.; diameter of tympanum, 1.4 mm.; tympanum/eye, 50.0 +per cent. Snout in lateral profile nearly square, slightly rounded above; in dorsal +profile bluntly squared; canthus pronounced; loreal region concave; lips +thick, rounded, and flaring; nostrils protuberant; internarial distance, 2.3 mm.; +top of head flat; interorbital distance, 3.3 mm.; much broader than width of +eyelid, 2.4 mm. A thin dermal fold from posterior corner of eye above tympanum +to insertion of forelimb, covering upper edge of tympanum; tympanum +nearly round, its diameter equal to its distance from eye. Forearm slender +lacking distinct fold on wrist; a row of low, rounded tubercles on ventrolateral +surface of forearm; pollex moderately enlarged without nuptial spines; second +and fourth fingers equal in length; subarticular tubercles round, none bifid; +discs small, that of third finger noticeably smaller than tympanum; no web +between first and second fingers; vestige of web between other fingers. Heels +overlap when hind limbs adpressed; tibiotarsal articulation reaches to middle +of eye; no tarsal fold; inner metatarsal tubercle large, flat, and elliptical; outer +metatarsal tubercle slightly more distal than inner, small, and elliptical; subarticular +tubercles round; length of digits from shortest to longest 1-2-5-3-4; +third and fifth toes webbed to base of disc; fourth toe webbed to base of +penultimate phalanx; discs smaller on toes than on fingers. Anal opening +directed posteriorly at upper level of thighs; no anal flap; pair of large tubercles +below anal opening and a slightly smaller pair farther below. Skin of dorsum +and ventral surfaces of forelimbs and shanks smooth; that of throat, belly, and +ventral surfaces of thighs granular. Ventrolateral glands well developed, not +reaching axilla or groin and broadly separated midventrally. Skin of anterior +part of chin glandular. Tongue cordiform, shallowly notched behind and only +slightly free posteriorly; vomerine teeth 2-2, situated on small triangular elevations +between large, ovoid inner nares; openings to vocal sac large, one +situated along inner posterior edge of each mandibular ramus.</p> + +<p>Color (in alcohol) dark purplish brown on dorsal surfaces of head, body, +and shanks; thighs brown above and yellowish tan posteriorly; white stripe extending +from below eye above forearm to mid-flank. Ventral surfaces creamy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> +white; ventrolateral glands orange-tan flecked with dark brown; edge of lower +lip with dark brown spots; narrow white line on upper lip; palms white and +soles brown.</p> + +<p>Color (in life) uniform dark bright green above with creamy white bar +below eye; lateral stripe silvery white; ventral surfaces deep yellow; posterior +surfaces of thighs yellow brown; iris reddish bronze.</p> + +<p><i>Variation.</i>—Sixteen adult males are available; these have snout-vent lengths +of 26.3 to 28.5 mm. (average, 27.6 mm.). The tympanum/eye ratio is 48.2 to +58.6 per cent (average, 53.2 per cent). The number of vomerine teeth varies +from four to six. The extent of the ventrolateral glands is variable. In five +specimens the glands nearly meet midventrally; in two others the glands include +the axillary region; in none do the glands extend into the groin. In other +structural details there is no noticeable variation.</p> + +<p>The greatest variation in color pattern is found in the lateral stripe. The +pale spot or bar below the eye is present in all specimens; in one individual +there is no lateral stripe; in three the stripe extends posteriorly only to above +the forearm, in two to the mid-flank, and in the others to the groin.</p> + +<p>Although all of the males were bright uniform green above when collected +at night as they were calling, some changed color later. In these individuals the +dorsum became a somewhat paler green with faint irregular yellowish tan +blotches.</p> + +<p>The one available female (UMMZ 121399) has a snout-vent length of 30.3 +mm. and a tympanum/eye ratio of 52.8 per cent, and is colored like the males. +The tubercles by the anal opening are placed irregularly and do not consist +of two pairs below the opening. There are no ventrolateral glands, glandular +area on the chin, or enlarged prepollex.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—<i>Ptychohyla chamulae</i> resembles <i>P. schmidtorum</i> in color pattern +and body proportions, but the ground color of <i>schmidtorum</i> is chocolate +brown and not green as in <i>chamulae</i>. Also, in <i>schmidtorum</i> the webbing and +posterior surfaces of the thighs are pale cream-color in preserved specimens +as contrasted with tan in <i>chamulae</i>. In living <i>schmidtorum</i> the iris is bright +red, not reddish bronze as in <i>chamulae</i>. The ventrolateral glands in <i>schmidtorum</i> +more closely approximate one another midventrally than in <i>chamulae</i>. +It is conceivable that these populations are subspecifically related; <i>schmidtorum</i> +occurs in the same kind of habitat as does <i>chamulae</i>, but is known only from +the Pacific slopes of southeastern Chiapas and southwestern Guatemala, whereas +<i>chamulae</i> is known only from the Atlantic slopes of the Mesa Central in north-central +Chiapas. Both of these species differ from <i>Ptychohyla ignicolor</i> in having +a relatively larger tympanum, more webbing on the foot, different arrangement +of anal tubercles, and different coloration.</p> + +<p><i>Description of Tadpole.</i>—Six tadpoles having fully developed mouth parts +have body lengths of 5.5 to 11.9 mm. and total lengths of 17.3 to 44.0 mm. The +following description is based on a tadpole (KU 58199) having small hind +limbs, a body length of 10.5 mm., and a total length of 39.0 mm. Body ovoid, +only slightly flattened dorsally and ventrally (<a href="#fig1">Fig. 1</a>); body only slightly deeper +than wide; eyes directed dorsolaterally and slightly protuberant; nostrils small. +Tail long and slender; greatest depth of tail-musculature two-thirds greatest +depth of tail-fin; tail-musculature extending nearly to tip of tail-fin.</p> + +<p>Mouth directed anteroventrally; thin fleshy lips greatly expanded and forming<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> +large suckerlike disc; width of mouth greater than width of snout and +nearly as wide as body. Outer edge of lips having small papillae; inner surface +of mouth smooth; scattered large papillae, seemingly in rows, around teeth +and beak <a href="#fig2">(Fig. 2</a>). Tooth rows 3/3; the upper rows subequal in length; upper +rows one and three interrupted medially; lower rows one and two about equal +in length to upper rows; third lower row short. Upper beak heavy and horn-covered.</p></div> + +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="fig1" id="fig1"></a> +<img src="images/image003.jpg" width="600" height="230" alt="Fig. 1. Tadpole of Ptychohyla chamulae (KU 58199). × 2.5." title="Fig. 1. Tadpole of Ptychohyla chamulae (KU 58199). × 2.5." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Tadpole of Ptychohyla chamulae (KU 58199). × 2.5.</span> +</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<a name="fig2" id="fig2"></a> +<img src="images/image004.png" width="600" height="289" alt="Fig. 2. Mouthparts of tadpole of Ptychohyla chamulae +(KU 58199). × 16." title="Fig. 2. Mouthparts of tadpole of Ptychohyla chamulae +(KU 58199). × 16." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Mouthparts of tadpole of Ptychohyla chamulae +(KU 58199). × 16.</span> +</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Color (in alcohol) dark brown over entire body and tail-musculature; a +white area near base of tail, and a dark streak on anterior one-fourth of tail; +tail-fin transparent having brown blotches.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks</i>.—Five metamorphosing tadpoles and juveniles (KU 58074, +58234-8) were found at night on vegetation by streams. Of two completely +metamorphosed young each has a snout-vent length of 15.7 mm. Another +having a snout-vent length of 16.2 mm. has a tail stub 2 mm. long and a completely +metamorphosed mouth. Two others have snout-vent lengths of 13.6 +and 14.1 mm. and tail lengths of 11.5 and 8.1 mm. respectively; in these the +mouth parts are incompletely metamorphosed. The single female available +(UMMZ 121399) contains approximately 60 ovarian eggs, the largest of which +are about 2.5 mm. in diameter.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Referred Specimens.—Chiapas</i>: 6.2 km. S of Rayón Mescalapa, KU 58063-74, +58199 (1 tadpole), 58234-8; 5.6 km. S of Rayón Mescalapa, KU 58062, 58200 +(5 tadpoles); 11.4 mi. N of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, UMMZ 121395-9. The +specimens listed last were collected along a stream between Pueblo Nuevo +Solistahuacán and Rayón Mescalapa, which, according to Floyd L. Downs, is +probably the same stream listed above as 5.6 km. S of Rayón Mescalapa.</p></div> + +<h3>Acknowledgments</h3> + +<p>I take this opportunity to thank Dale L. Hoyt, Thomas E. Moore, and John +Wellman, who ably assisted in collecting and studying these frogs in the field. +I am indebted to Floyd L. Downs for permission to include specimens collected +by him and John Winklemann. My studies on hylid frogs are supported by the +National Science Foundation (Grant G 9827).</p> + + +<h3>LITERATURE CITED</h3> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Duellman, W. E.</span><br /> + +<span class="i4">1960. Synonymy, variation, and distribution of <i>Ptychohyla leonhard-schultzei</i> +Ahl. Studies of American Hylid Frogs. IV. Herpetologica, +16:191-197, September 23.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Stuart, L. C.</span><br /> + +<span class="i4">1954. Descriptions of some new amphibians and reptiles from Guatemala. +Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 67:159-178, August 5.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Taylor, E. H.</span><br /> + +<span class="i4">1944. A new genus and species of Mexican hylid frogs. Univ. Kansas Sci. +Bull., 30 (pt. 1):41-45, June 12.</span></p> + +<p><i>Transmitted January 23, 1961.</i></p> + + +<p class="center"><small>28-6442</small></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3> + + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_352">352</a>: Rejoined last paragraph, originally split by Plate 25.</p> + +<p>Page <a href="#Page_355">355</a>: Changed typo "Comaprisons" to "Comparisons."</p> + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, +Genus Ptychohyla, by William E. 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Duellman + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, Genus Ptychohyla + Studies of American Hylid Frogs, V + +Author: William E. Duellman + +Release Date: February 21, 2010 [EBook #31334] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TWO SPECIES OF FROGS, GENUS PTYCHOHYLA *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 13, No. 8, Pl. 25, figs. 1-2, pp. 349-357 April 27, 1961 + + +Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, Genus Ptychohyla Studies of +American Hylid Frogs, V + +BY WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE 1961 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, +Robert W. Wilson + + +Volume 13, No. 8, Pl. 25, figs. 1-2, pp. 349-357 +Published April 27, 1961 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + +PRINTED IN +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1961 + +28-6442 + + + + +Descriptions of Two New Species of Frogs, +Genus Ptychohyla +Studies of American Hylid Frogs, V + +BY + +WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN + + +Field studies on hylid frogs in southern Mexico and northern Central +America have resulted in the collection of numerous specimens of +_Ptychohyla_, a genus of hylid frogs heretofore poorly represented in +museum collections. Experience with the living frogs in their natural +habitats has been helpful in defining the species and in formulating +ideas concerning their relationships. + +Taylor (1944) proposed the generic name _Ptychohyla_ for a new species +of frog, _Ptychohyla adipoventris_ [= _Ptychohyla leonhard-schultzei_ +(Ahl)--_fide_ Duellman, 1960] from Agua del Obispo, Guerrero. Taylor +defined the genus as having large ventrolateral glands and horny +nuptial spines in males. Stuart (1954:169) discussed the generic +characters and pointed out that both the ventrolateral glands and horny +nuptial spines were seasonal in their development, being found only in +breeding males. Stuart then went on to describe _Ptychohyla +schmidtorum_, a species characterized by the absence of horny nuptial +spines in breeding males. My investigations of these frogs have +revealed the presence of two groups of species. In both groups breeding +males have large ventrolateral glands, but the two groups are easily +separated by four characters. The first group contains, among others, +_Ptychohyla leonhard-schultzei_, _euthysanota_, _spinipollex_, and +another species in the Mesa Central of Chiapas to which I tentatively +apply the name _Ptychohyla macrotympanum_ (Tanner), 1957. This group of +species is characterized by horny nuptial spines in breeding males, +presence of a tarsal fold, a call consisting of a single long note, and +tadpoles having lips not greatly expanded. The second group, as +recognized here, is characterized by the absence of horny nuptial +spines in breeding males, lack of a tarsal fold, a call consisting of a +series of short notes, and tadpoles having greatly expanded lips. In +this group belong _Ptychohyla schmidtorum_ and the two species +described below. + +Only the descriptions of the new species are given in this paper; +detailed comparisons, descriptions of osteological features, analyses +of calls, and discussions of relationships are reserved for a +forthcoming review of the entire genus. + +In the spring of 1959, collections of amphibians and reptiles were made +in the cloud forests on the northern slopes of the Sierra Madre +Oriental in northern Oaxaca. Among the hylids found, two specimens of a +heretofore unnamed species of _Ptychohyla_ have brilliant red +flash-colors on the groin and thighs; in allusion to these fiery colors +I propose that this species be named: + +~_Ptychohyla ignicolor_~ new species + +(Plate 25, Fig. 1) + + _Holotype._--University of Michigan Museum of Zoology No. + 119603, from a stream 6 kilometers south of Vista Hermosa, + Oaxaca, Mexico (1865 meters); obtained on March 31, 1959, by + Thomas E. Moore. Original Number WED 14159. + + _Paratype._--UMMZ 119602 from Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca (1500 + meters); obtained on March 30, 1959, by William E. Duellman. + + _Diagnosis._--A species of the _schmidtorum_-group of + _Ptychohyla_ differing from other known members of the group + in having the diameter of the tympanum less than one-half + the diameter of the eye, no white spot below the eye, no + lateral light stripe, bright green dorsum in life and red + flash-colors on groin and thighs. + + _Description of Holotype._--Adult male having a snout-vent + length of 30.0 mm.; tibia length, 14.6 mm.; tibia + length/snout-vent length, 48.7 per cent; foot length + (measured from proximal edge of inner metatarsal tubercle to + tip of longest toe), 12.3 mm.; head length, 9.2 mm.; head + length/snout-vent length, 32.3 per cent; head width, 9.3 + mm.; head width/snout-vent length, 31.0 per cent; diameter + of eye, 3.2 mm.; diameter of tympanum, 1.3 mm.; + tympanum/eye, 40.6 per cent. Snout in lateral profile + square, in dorsal profile obtusely rounded; canthus + pronounced; loreal region slightly concave; lips moderately + flaring; top of head flat; nostrils protuberant; internarial + distance, 2.8 mm.; interorbital distance, 3.3 mm., much + broader than width of eyelid, 2.8 mm. A heavy dermal fold + from posterior corner of eye above tympanum to insertion of + forelimb, covering upper edge of tympanum; tympanum + elliptical, its greatest diameter equal to its distance from + eye. Forearm robust with a distinct fold on wrist; pollex + moderately enlarged without nuptial spines; second and + fourth fingers equal in length; subarticular tubercles + round; none is bifid; disc of third finger slightly larger + than tympanum; no web between first and second fingers; + vestige of web between other fingers. Heels overlap when + hind limbs adpressed; tibiotarsal articulation extends to + anterior corner of eye; no tarsal fold; inner metatarsal + tubercle large, flat, and elliptical; outer metatarsal + tubercle near inner one and triangular; subarticular + tubercles round; length of digits from shortest to longest + 1-2-5-3-4; toes about one-half webbed; discs smaller on toes + than on fingers. Anal opening directed posteriorly at upper + level of thighs; no anal flap; pair of large tubercles below + anal opening; small tubercles ventral and lateral to these. + Skin of dorsum and ventral surfaces of limbs smooth, that of + throat and belly granular. Ventrolateral glands noticeably + thickened, extending from axilla nearly to groin and only + narrowly separated medially on chest. Skin of anterior part + of chin thickened and glandular. Tongue cordiform, shallowly + notched behind and only slightly free posteriorly; vomerine + teeth 0-3, situated on rounded elevations between somewhat + larger, round inner nares; openings to vocal sac large, one + situated along posterior margin of each mandibular ramus. + +PLATE 25 + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Paratype of _Ptychohyla ignicolor_ +(UMMZ 119602). x 3.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. Holotype of _Ptychohyla chamulae_ +(KU 58063). x 3.] + + Color (in alcohol) dull brown above with irregular dark + brown blotches; dorsal surfaces of limbs brown with narrow + darker brown transverse bars; posterior surfaces of thighs + cream-color with brown spots and mottling; groin and dorsal + surfaces of first and second toes white; belly + cream-colored; glandular areas orange-brown; chest and chin + having black spots. Ventral surfaces of hind limbs and first + toes cream-colored; undersides of other toes and soles of + feet brown. + + Color (in life) uniform bright green above; venter pale + creamy yellow; anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs, + ventral surfaces of shanks, anterior surfaces of tarsi and + upper proximal surfaces of first three toes red; iris pale + golden color. + + The paratype is an adult male, having a snout-vent length of + 26.3 mm., and agrees with the holotype in proportions. The + ventrolateral glands are less extensive and the chin less + spotted than in the holotype. + + _Comparisons_: Both _Ptychohyla schmidtorum_ and the species + described below differ from _P. ignicolor_ in lacking red + flash-colors and in having a white spot below the eye. + _Ptychohyla ignicolor_ also differs in having a small + tympanum. As stated above, these species can be + distinguished from the rest of the genus by the absence of a + tarsal fold and absence of horny nuptial spines in breeding + males. + + _Remarks_: The holotype was found on a moss-covered log over + a stream in dense cloud forest by day. The paratype was + calling at night from a low herb at the edge of a small + stream in the cloud forest. Nearby a _Ptychohyla + leonhard-schultzei_ was calling. + +Along two cascading mountain streams in cloud forest on the northern +slopes of the Mesa Central in central Chiapas numerous specimens of a +distinctive species of _Ptychohyla_ were found in association with two +species of _Hyla_ and two of _Plectrohyla_. The first specimen of this +new species of _Ptychohyla_ was discovered by Dale L. Hoyt, who found +the frog on a rock at midday. At night on August 5, 1960, numerous +individuals were found calling from leaves of plants growing on the +slopes of the ravine by the streams. None was more than two meters +above the ground. Tadpoles were found in the fast-flowing stream, where +they were holding onto rocks with their mouths. Little is known of the +herpetofauna of these mountains that are the home of the Chamula +Indians. Since the little frog described here comes from the land of +the Chamulas, I propose that it be named: + +~_Ptychohyla chamulae_~ new species + +(Plate 25, Fig. 2) + + _Holotype._--University of Kansas Museum of Natural History + No. 58063, from a stream above (6.2 kilometers by road + south) Rayon Mescalapa, Chiapas, Mexico (1690 meters); one + of a series collected on August 5, 1960, by William E. + Duellman, Dale L. Hoyt, and John Wellman. Original No. WED + 17327. + + _Paratypes._--KU Nos. 58064-58073 collected with the holotype. + + _Diagnosis._--A species of the _schmidtorum_-group of + _Ptychohyla_ differing from other known members of the group + in having the following combination of characters: diameter + of tympanum not noticeably less than half that of eye; white + spot below eye; white lateral stripe on body anteriorly; + dorsum bright green in life; thighs yellowish brown. + + _Description of Holotype._--Adult male having snout-vent + length of 27.3 mm.; tibia length, 12.8 mm.; tibia + length/snout-vent length, 48.7 per cent; foot length + (measured from proximal edge of inner metatarsal tubercle to + tip of longest toe), 10.8 mm.; head length, 9.2 mm.; head + length/snout-vent length, 33.7 per cent; head width, 9.0 + mm.; head width/snout-vent length, 30.9 per cent; diameter + of eye, 2.8 mm.; diameter of tympanum, 1.4 mm.; + tympanum/eye, 50.0 per cent. Snout in lateral profile nearly + square, slightly rounded above; in dorsal profile bluntly + squared; canthus pronounced; loreal region concave; lips + thick, rounded, and flaring; nostrils protuberant; + internarial distance, 2.3 mm.; top of head flat; + interorbital distance, 3.3 mm.; much broader than width of + eyelid, 2.4 mm. A thin dermal fold from posterior corner of + eye above tympanum to insertion of forelimb, covering upper + edge of tympanum; tympanum nearly round, its diameter equal + to its distance from eye. Forearm slender lacking distinct + fold on wrist; a row of low, rounded tubercles on + ventrolateral surface of forearm; pollex moderately enlarged + without nuptial spines; second and fourth fingers equal in + length; subarticular tubercles round, none bifid; discs + small, that of third finger noticeably smaller than + tympanum; no web between first and second fingers; vestige + of web between other fingers. Heels overlap when hind limbs + adpressed; tibiotarsal articulation reaches to middle of + eye; no tarsal fold; inner metatarsal tubercle large, flat, + and elliptical; outer metatarsal tubercle slightly more + distal than inner, small, and elliptical; subarticular + tubercles round; length of digits from shortest to longest + 1-2-5-3-4; third and fifth toes webbed to base of disc; + fourth toe webbed to base of penultimate phalanx; discs + smaller on toes than on fingers. Anal opening directed + posteriorly at upper level of thighs; no anal flap; pair of + large tubercles below anal opening and a slightly smaller + pair farther below. Skin of dorsum and ventral surfaces of + forelimbs and shanks smooth; that of throat, belly, and + ventral surfaces of thighs granular. Ventrolateral glands + well developed, not reaching axilla or groin and broadly + separated midventrally. Skin of anterior part of chin + glandular. Tongue cordiform, shallowly notched behind and + only slightly free posteriorly; vomerine teeth 2-2, situated + on small triangular elevations between large, ovoid inner + nares; openings to vocal sac large, one situated along inner + posterior edge of each mandibular ramus. + + Color (in alcohol) dark purplish brown on dorsal surfaces of + head, body, and shanks; thighs brown above and yellowish tan + posteriorly; white stripe extending from below eye above + forearm to mid-flank. Ventral surfaces creamy white; + ventrolateral glands orange-tan flecked with dark brown; + edge of lower lip with dark brown spots; narrow white line + on upper lip; palms white and soles brown. + + Color (in life) uniform dark bright green above with creamy + white bar below eye; lateral stripe silvery white; ventral + surfaces deep yellow; posterior surfaces of thighs yellow + brown; iris reddish bronze. + + _Variation._--Sixteen adult males are available; these have + snout-vent lengths of 26.3 to 28.5 mm. (average, 27.6 mm.). + The tympanum/eye ratio is 48.2 to 58.6 per cent (average, + 53.2 per cent). The number of vomerine teeth varies from + four to six. The extent of the ventrolateral glands is + variable. In five specimens the glands nearly meet + midventrally; in two others the glands include the axillary + region; in none do the glands extend into the groin. In + other structural details there is no noticeable variation. + + The greatest variation in color pattern is found in the + lateral stripe. The pale spot or bar below the eye is + present in all specimens; in one individual there is no + lateral stripe; in three the stripe extends posteriorly only + to above the forearm, in two to the mid-flank, and in the + others to the groin. + + Although all of the males were bright uniform green above + when collected at night as they were calling, some changed + color later. In these individuals the dorsum became a + somewhat paler green with faint irregular yellowish tan + blotches. + + The one available female (UMMZ 121399) has a snout-vent + length of 30.3 mm. and a tympanum/eye ratio of 52.8 per + cent, and is colored like the males. The tubercles by the + anal opening are placed irregularly and do not consist of + two pairs below the opening. There are no ventrolateral + glands, glandular area on the chin, or enlarged prepollex. + + _Comparisons._--_Ptychohyla chamulae_ resembles _P. + schmidtorum_ in color pattern and body proportions, but the + ground color of _schmidtorum_ is chocolate brown and not + green as in _chamulae_. Also, in _schmidtorum_ the webbing + and posterior surfaces of the thighs are pale cream-color in + preserved specimens as contrasted with tan in _chamulae_. In + living _schmidtorum_ the iris is bright red, not reddish + bronze as in _chamulae_. The ventrolateral glands in + _schmidtorum_ more closely approximate one another + midventrally than in _chamulae_. It is conceivable that + these populations are subspecifically related; _schmidtorum_ + occurs in the same kind of habitat as does _chamulae_, but + is known only from the Pacific slopes of southeastern + Chiapas and southwestern Guatemala, whereas _chamulae_ is + known only from the Atlantic slopes of the Mesa Central in + north-central Chiapas. Both of these species differ from + _Ptychohyla ignicolor_ in having a relatively larger + tympanum, more webbing on the foot, different arrangement of + anal tubercles, and different coloration. + + _Description of Tadpole._--Six tadpoles having fully + developed mouth parts have body lengths of 5.5 to 11.9 mm. + and total lengths of 17.3 to 44.0 mm. The following + description is based on a tadpole (KU 58199) having small + hind limbs, a body length of 10.5 mm., and a total length of + 39.0 mm. Body ovoid, only slightly flattened dorsally and + ventrally (Fig. 1); body only slightly deeper than wide; + eyes directed dorsolaterally and slightly protuberant; + nostrils small. Tail long and slender; greatest depth of + tail-musculature two-thirds greatest depth of tail-fin; + tail-musculature extending nearly to tip of tail-fin. + + Mouth directed anteroventrally; thin fleshy lips greatly + expanded and forming large suckerlike disc; width of mouth + greater than width of snout and nearly as wide as body. + Outer edge of lips having small papillae; inner surface of + mouth smooth; scattered large papillae, seemingly in rows, + around teeth and beak (Fig. 2). Tooth rows 3/3; the upper + rows subequal in length; upper rows one and three + interrupted medially; lower rows one and two about equal in + length to upper rows; third lower row short. Upper beak + heavy and horn-covered. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Tadpole of _Ptychohyla chamulae_ +(KU 58199). x 2.5.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. Mouthparts of tadpole of _Ptychohyla chamulae_ +(KU 58199). x 16.] + + Color (in alcohol) dark brown over entire body and + tail-musculature; a white area near base of tail, and a dark + streak on anterior one-fourth of tail; tail-fin transparent + having brown blotches. + + _Remarks_.--Five metamorphosing tadpoles and juveniles (KU + 58074, 58234-8) were found at night on vegetation by + streams. Of two completely metamorphosed young each has a + snout-vent length of 15.7 mm. Another having a snout-vent + length of 16.2 mm. has a tail stub 2 mm. long and a + completely metamorphosed mouth. Two others have snout-vent + lengths of 13.6 and 14.1 mm. and tail lengths of 11.5 and + 8.1 mm. respectively; in these the mouth parts are + incompletely metamorphosed. The single female available + (UMMZ 121399) contains approximately 60 ovarian eggs, the + largest of which are about 2.5 mm. in diameter. + + _Referred Specimens.--Chiapas_: 6.2 km. S of Rayon + Mescalapa, KU 58063-74, 58199 (1 tadpole), 58234-8; 5.6 km. + S of Rayon Mescalapa, KU 58062, 58200 (5 tadpoles); 11.4 mi. + N of Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacan, UMMZ 121395-9. The + specimens listed last were collected along a stream between + Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacan and Rayon Mescalapa, which, + according to Floyd L. Downs, is probably the same stream + listed above as 5.6 km. S of Rayon Mescalapa. + +Acknowledgments + +I take this opportunity to thank Dale L. Hoyt, Thomas E. Moore, and +John Wellman, who ably assisted in collecting and studying these frogs +in the field. I am indebted to Floyd L. Downs for permission to include +specimens collected by him and John Winklemann. My studies on hylid +frogs are supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant G 9827). + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +DUELLMAN, W. E. + + 1960. Synonymy, variation, and distribution of _Ptychohyla + leonhard-schultzei_ Ahl. Studies of American Hylid + Frogs. IV. Herpetologica, 16:191-197, September 23. + +STUART, L. C. + + 1954. Descriptions of some new amphibians and reptiles from + Guatemala. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 67:159-178, + August 5. + +TAYLOR, E. H. + + 1944. A new genus and species of Mexican hylid frogs. Univ. + Kansas Sci. Bull., 30 (pt. 1):41-45, June 12. + +_Transmitted January 23, 1961._ + + +28-6442 + + + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes + +Italicized text is shown within _underscores_. + +Italicized bold text is shown within ~_tildes and underscores_~. + +Page 352: Rejoined last paragraph, originally split by Plate 25. + +Page 355: Changed typo "Comaprisons" to "Comparisons." + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Descriptions of Two Species of Frogs, +Genus Ptychohyla, by William E. 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