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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, Eutamias
+quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus, by John A. White
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus
+
+Author: John A. White
+
+Release Date: February 12, 2010 [EBook #31267]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TAXONOMY--CHIPMUNKS EUTAMIAS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
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+
+
+                      Taxonomy of the Chipmunks,
+            Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus
+
+                                  BY
+
+                            JOHN A. WHITE
+
+
+                  University of Kansas Publications
+                      Museum of Natural History
+
+           Volume 5, No. 33, pp. 563-582, 6 figures in text
+                           December 1, 1953
+
+
+                         University of Kansas
+                               LAWRENCE
+                                 1953
+
+
+
+
+     UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+        Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,
+                         and Robert W. Wilson
+
+           Volume 5, No. 33, pp. 563-582, 6 figures in text
+
+                           December 1, 1953
+
+
+                         UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+                           Lawrence, Kansas
+
+
+                              PRINTED BY
+                   FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
+                            TOPEKA, KANSAS
+                                 1953
+
+                               24-8966
+
+
+
+
+                      Taxonomy of the Chipmunks,
+            Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus
+
+                                  By
+
+                            JOHN A. WHITE
+
+
+The differences in anatomy and color between many species of chipmunks
+are subtle, and refined techniques are required to discover them.
+When "measuring" chipmunks taxonomically, it is necessary to use a
+"chipmunk scale" and not, for example, a "pocket-gopher scale." In
+explanation, some species of pocket gophers closely allied to each
+other, and even some subspecies of the same species, differ markedly
+in color and in size and shape of parts of the skeleton; comparable
+differences are not so pronounced among many species of chipmunks.
+
+
+                          HISTORICAL SUMMARY
+
+Merriam (1905) was the first to show clearly that _Eutamias
+quadrivittatus_ is a distinct species, and pointed out that _E.
+amoenus operarius_ (= _E. minimus operarius_) is a small species
+which resembles, and is found in some areas together with, _E.
+quadrivittatus_.
+
+Howell (1929) placed under _E. quadrivittatus_ the following
+subspecies: _E. q. quadrivittatus_, _E. q. hopiensis_, _E. q.
+inyoensis_, _E. q. frater_, _E. q. sequoiensis_, and _E. q.
+speciosus_.
+
+Hardy (1945) placed _E. adsitus_ under _E. quadrivittatus_ as _E. q.
+adsitus_, and Kelson (1951) placed _E. umbrinus_ under _E.
+quadrivittatus_ as _E. q. umbrinus_.
+
+Johnson (1943) re-established _E. speciosus_ as a separate species,
+and in California left only _E. q. inyoensis_ in _E. quadrivittatus_.
+
+Thus, since 1943 the recognized subspecies of _E. quadrivittatus_ have
+been: _E. q. quadrivittatus_, _E. q. hopiensis_, _E. q. inyoensis_,
+_E. q. nevadensis_, _E. q. umbrinus_, and _E. q. adsitus_.
+
+
+               METHODS, MATERIALS, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+    Capitalized color terms, which are used in descriptions and
+    comparisons, are of Ridgway, "Color Standards and Color
+    Nomenclature," Washington, D. C., 1912.
+
+    In the synonymy of each subspecies there appears only the
+    first usage of a name, second the first usage of the name
+    combination now employed unless a new combination is proposed
+    by me, and third pure synonyms. The last is recognizable as
+    such because the type locality is appended to each.
+
+    Unless otherwise specified, all specimens are in the Museum
+    of Natural History, University of Kansas. The various
+    collections of institutions and of private persons are
+    indicated by the following symbols:
+
+    AM--American Museum of Natural History.
+    BS--United States Biological Surveys Collection.
+    CM--Colorado Museum of Natural History.
+    DC--Collection of Donald R. Dickey (now the collection of the
+            University of California at Los Angeles).
+    FC--Collection of James S. Findley.
+    KU--Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas.
+    MM--Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan.
+    NM--United States National Museum.
+    UU--Museum of Zoology, University of Utah.
+    WC--Collection of Edward R. Warren, Colorado College.
+
+    Of the external measurements, only the total length and
+    the length of the tail are recorded in table 1. Some field
+    collectors measured the ear from the notch and others from
+    the crown; most collectors measured the length of the hind
+    foot to the nearest millimeter rather than in tenths of a
+    millimeter, as would have been desired. Consequently, I
+    decided against using the lengths of the ear and hind foot in
+    the study here reported on.
+
+    The measurements of the skull were made as shown in figure 1.
+
+    [Illustration: FIG. 1. Dorsal view of skull and a lateral and
+    a medial view of the right lower jaw to show points between
+    which measurements of the skull were taken. x 1-3/4. Based on
+    _Eutamias ruficaudus ruficaudus_, from 6 mi. S St. Mary, 6500
+    ft., Glacier Co., Montana. A to A'--greatest length of skull;
+    B to B'--length of nasals; C to C'--zygomatic breadth; D to
+    D'--least interorbital constriction; E to E'--cranial
+    breadth; F to F'--inner mandibular length; G to
+    G'--condylo-alveolar length of mandible.]
+
+    A total number of 434 specimens are listed as examined in
+    this study, and additionally, numerous other specimens were
+    superficially examined in the United States Biological
+    Surveys Collection. Bacula of each of the named kinds of
+    chipmunks in this paper, were examined.
+
+    Whenever two or more samples are stated to be significantly
+    different, the meaning is that the difference is
+    statistically significant.
+
+    The geographic distribution of each subspecies and the
+    localities of specimens or series of specimens are plotted on
+    the map (fig. 2).
+
+    When comparisons were made to ascertain specific and
+    subspecific differences, only adults, or animals in which the
+    enamel was worn through on the permanent P4 and p4 were used.
+    Within this age range, only specimens in comparable pelage
+    were used to ascertain differences in color.
+
+    Miss Viola S. Schantz of the United States Fish and Wildlife
+    Service, Mr. Alfred Bailey of the Colorado Museum of Natural
+    History, Dr. W. H. Burt of the Museum of Zoology of the
+    University of Michigan, Dr. Stephen D. Durrant of the Museum
+    of Zoology of the University of Utah, Dr. Robert M. Stabler,
+    curator of the Warren Collection of Colorado College, and Mr.
+    James S. Findley, generously loaned specimens for my use.
+    Doctors E. Raymond Hall, Rollin H. Baker, Robert W. Wilson,
+    Keith R. Kelson, E. Lendell Cockrum, and other friends and
+    associates have given valued suggestions and assistance. My
+    wife, Alice M. White, made the illustrations and helped me
+    record and analyze the data.
+
+    Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas
+    University Endowment Association, the National Science
+    Foundation, and the United States Navy, Office of Naval
+    Research, through contract No. NR161 791.
+
+
+                  ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES
+
+                    =Eutamias quadrivittatus= (Say)
+
+_Diagnosis._--Size medium; general tone of upper parts tawny; cranial
+breadth averaging between 16.0 and 16.8 mm.; baculum distinguishable
+from that of any other species by the combination of width of base
+less than 1/4 of length of shaft, shaft having a maximum diameter of
+more than 1/4 mm., and height of keel 1/4 of length of tip.
+
+
+        =Eutamias quadrivittatus quadrivittatus= (Say)
+
+        _Sciurus quadrivittatus_ Say, in Jones, Long's
+        Expedition to Rocky Mountains, 2:45, 1823.
+
+        _Eutamias quadrivittatus_, Miller and Rehn, Proc.
+        Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 30:43, December 27, 1901.
+
+        _Tamias quadrivittatus gracilis_ J. A. Allen, Bull.
+        Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:99, June 1890, Type from
+        San Pedro, Santa Fe Co., New Mexico.
+
+        _Eutamias quadrivittatus animosus_ Warren, Proc.
+        Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:105, June 25, 1909. Type
+        from Irwin Ranch, Las Animas County, Colorado.
+
+    _Type._--None designated; from along Arkansas River, about 26
+    mi. below Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado; obtained on
+    July 18, 1820.
+
+    _Diagnosis._--Size medium; dorsal dark stripes blackish;
+    sides Cinnamon to Clay Color; crown Light Drab; baculum
+    large.
+
+    _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Cinnamon, shaded on
+    crown to Light Drab; ocular stripe Fuscous Black, with
+    Cinnamon along margins; other facial stripes Fuscous mixed
+    with Cinnamon; ears Fuscous Black, Ochraceous-Tawny on
+    anterior margin, grayish white on posterior margin and on
+    postauricular patch; dark dorsal stripes black with
+    Ochraceous-Tawny along margins; outer pair of dark stripes
+    often mainly Tawny; light dorsal stripes grayish white, outer
+    pair usually creamy white; sides Ochraceous-Tawny, shaded in
+    the region of the shoulder with Cinnamon; rump and thighs
+    Cinnamon-Buff mixed with Smoke Gray; antipalmar surfaces of
+    forefeet Cinnamon-Buff; antiplantar surfaces of hind feet
+    Pinkish Buff; dorsal surface of tail Fuscous Black, overlaid
+    with Pinkish Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Tawny,
+    Fuscous Black along margin, Pinkish Buff along outermost
+    edge; underparts creamy white. _Skull_: Large; braincase well
+    inflated; zygomatic arches strong and slightly appressed to
+    skull. _Baculum_: Large; long and slender.
+
+    _Comparisons._--From _E. q. hopiensis_, the only other
+    subspecies in this species, _E. q. quadrivittatus_ differs
+    in: Dorsal dark stripes blackish; crown grayer; rump and
+    thighs grayer; general tone of upper parts darker.
+
+_Remarks._--Specimens from the Chuska Mountains, Zuni Mountains, and
+Blanco, New Mexico, are intergrades between _E. q. quadrivittatus_ and
+_E. q. hopiensis_, but are referable to _E. q. quadrivittatus_.
+
+In north-central Colorado _E. umbrinus_ occurs in the spruce and pine
+forests at higher altitudes, while to the south and east of this area
+_E. q. quadrivittatus_ occurs in growths of pinon in lower, semiarid
+areas. In the northern half of New Mexico and in south-central
+Colorado, _E. q. quadrivittatus_ occurs not only in semiarid habitats
+but also in the moist habitats of the forests of higher altitudes.
+Ecologically, _E. umbrinus_ thus replaces _E. q. quadrivittatus_ in
+north-central Colorado. This ecological replacement is comparable to
+the ecological replacement of _Thomomys bottae_ by _T. talpoides_ in
+Utah as shown by Durrant (1952:156).
+
+    _Specimens examined._--Total number, 130.
+
+    =Colorado=: _Larimer Co._: Arkins, 1 BS. _Jefferson Co._: W
+    spur Lookout Mountain, near Golden, 1 WC. _Gunnison Co._:
+    Sapinero, 3 BS. _Saguache Co._: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W Saguache
+    10,000 ft., 1; 21 mi. W and 3 mi. N Saguache, 1. _Fremont
+    Co._: 18 mi. S and 7 mi. W Colorado Springs, 1; Arkansas
+    River, "about" 26 mi. below Canon City, 15 BS. _San Juan
+    Co._: Silverton, 1 BS. _Mineral Co._: 3 mi. E Creede, 1.
+    _Alamosa Co._: Sangre de Cristo Range, 24 mi. E Hooper, 2 CM.
+    _La Plata Co._: 2 mi. NE Bondad 6,100 ft., 1; Bondad, 15 mi.
+    S Durango 6,050 ft., 1. _Archuleta Co._: Chromo, 1 CM. _Las
+    Animas Co._: Trinidad, 6 BS. _Baca Co._: unspecified, 1.
+
+    =New Mexico=: _San Juan Co._: Blanco, 1 BS; Chuska Mountains,
+    8 BS. _Rio Arriba Co._: 8 mi. N El Rito, 1; 4 mi. N El Rito,
+    5; Rim Rock, El Rito, 2; 2 mi. E El Rito, 7,000 ft., 1; 2 mi.
+    SE El Rito, 1; 6 mi. E and 1/2 mi. S Truchas, 8,500 ft., 1; 2
+    mi. S and 4 mi. W Coyote, 8,100 ft., 1; unspecified, 2. _Taos
+    Co._: 3 mi. N Taos Pueblo, 5 BS; 23 mi. S and 6 mi. E Taos,
+    8,750 ft., 2. _Union Co._: Emery Peak, 1 BS; Folsom, 3 BS;
+    Sierra Grande, 8 BS; unspecified, 2. _McKinley Co._: Bear
+    Ridge, Zuni Mountains, 9 BS. _Sandoval Co._: Bear Canyon, W
+    foothills, Sandia Mountains, 3 BS; W foothills, near S end,
+    Sandia Mountains, 7 BS. _Santa Fe Co._: San Pedro, 7 BS. _San
+    Miguel Co._: Canadian River, 4 mi. NW Tucumcari, 1 BS.
+    _Valencia Co._: Mount Taylor, San Mateo Mountains, 10 BS.
+
+    =Oklahoma=: _Cimarron Co._: Kenton, 1 BS.
+
+
+        =Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis= Merriam
+
+        _Eutamias hopiensis_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc.
+        Washington, 18:165, June 29, 1905.
+
+        _Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis_, Howell, Jour.
+        Mamm. 3:184, August 4, 1922.
+
+    _Type._--Female, adult, skull and skin, No. 67768 U. S. Nat.
+    Mus.; from Keams Canyon, Painted Desert, Arizona; obtained on
+    July 27, 1894, by A. K. Fisher.
+
+    _Diagnosis._--Size medium; dorsal dark stripes tawny; crown
+    Drab-Gray; baculum of same proportions as in _E. q.
+    quadrivittatus_ but smaller.
+
+    [Illustration: FIG. 2. Localities of specimens examined and
+    probable geographic ranges of the subspecies of _Eutamias
+    quadrivittatus_ and _Eutamias umbrinus_. The symbols for
+    locality records are as follows: circles, precise localities;
+    triangles, localities known only to county.
+
+    Guide to subspecies:
+      1. _E. q. quadrivittatus_
+      2. _E. q. hopiensis_
+      3. _E. u. umbrinus_
+      4. _E. u. adsitus_
+      5. _E. u. sedulus_
+      6. _E. u. inyoensis_
+      7. _E. u. nevadensis_
+      8. _E. u. fremonti_
+      9. _E. u. montanus_]
+
+    _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Drab-Gray, with Snuff
+    Brown around margin of crown; facial stripes Sayal Brown with
+    small blackish patches around eye; ears Ochraceous Tawny
+    anteriorly and Pinkish Buff posteriorly; dorsal stripes
+    Tawny, median one sometimes blackish; median pair of dorsal
+    light stripes grayish white, outer pair creamy white; sides
+    Ochraceous Tawny; rump and thighs Cinnamon Buff washed with
+    Pale Smoke Gray; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet
+    Pinkish Cinnamon; dorsal surface of tail Fuscous Black;
+    ventral surface of tail Ochraceous Tawny, Fuscous Black along
+    margin, Cinnamon Buff along outermost edge; underparts creamy
+    white. _Skull_: As in _E. q. quadrivittatus_. _Baculum_: Same
+    proportions as in _E. q. quadrivittatus_ but smaller.
+
+    _Comparisons._--See under the account of _E. q.
+    quadrivittatus_.
+
+_Remarks._--Topotypes of this subspecies are intergrades between it
+and _E. q. quadrivittatus_.
+
+In a large part of the geographic range of _E. q. hopiensis_ there are
+numerous, massive outcrops of Mesozoic sandstones, which tend to form
+cliffs, that are brightly colored with many shades of red. The color
+which is characteristic of _E. q. hopiensis_ seems to be helpful in
+adapting this subspecies to this habitat of red sandstone, for these
+chipmunks are generally found in the rubble and among the pinon at the
+base of the cliffs. At many places in Utah above these cliffs of red
+sandstone there are forests predominantly composed of yellow pine.
+Kelson (1951:42-43) states that "these two habitats are in immediate
+juxtaposition, the transition from one to the other often occurring in
+only a few feet ..." and again, "No one to my knowledge, has found any
+evidence in specimens from Utah of interbreeding of _E. q. hopiensis_
+with either _E. q. adsitus_ [= _E. umbrinus adsitus_] or _E. q.
+umbrinus_ [= _E. u. umbrinus_]." Benson (1935:449) states, "On Navajo
+Mountain these chipmunks [_E. q. hopiensis_] were most in evidence on
+rock outcrops surrounded by brush at the lower edge of the yellow pine
+zone. One was seen at about 9,500 feet in a south-facing rock outcrop
+near the spruce-fir forest, but no chipmunk of any kind was seen in
+the forest itself." This suggests that where only _E. q. hopiensis_
+occurs on a mountain this subspecies goes higher than on a mountain
+where _E. u. adsitus_ also occurs. This same relationship between
+_E. q. quadrivittatus_ and the subspecies of _E. umbrinus_ that occurs
+in north-central Colorado was pointed out in the account of _E. q.
+quadrivittatus_.
+
+    _Specimens examined._--Total number, 68.
+
+    =Utah=: _Uintah Co._: E side of confluence of Green and
+    White rivers, 1 mi. SE Ouray, 4,700 ft., 3 UU. _Grand Co._:
+    Colorado River above Moab, 1 UU; side canyon of Colorado
+    River above Moab, 1 UU; Moab, up Colorado River, 1 UU; Moab,
+    4,500 ft., 4 UU; Moab Bridge over Colorado River, 3,995 ft.,
+    Moab, 1 UU; Colorado River, 5 mi. E Moab Bridge, 4,000 ft., 1
+    UU. _Wayne Co._: Fruita, 1 UU.
+
+    =Colorado=: _Moffat Co._: 11 mi. W and 11 mi. N Rangely,
+    6,000 ft., 3. _Rio Blanco Co._: White River, 5 BS. _Eagle
+    Co._: McCoy, 2 BS. _Mesa Co._: 1-1/2 mi. S Loma, 4,600 ft.,
+    1. _Gunnison Co._: 1 mi. E Somerset, 6,100 ft., 1. _Montrose
+    Co._: 1 mi. E Naturita, 5,900 ft., 1. _Dolores Co._: 1 mi. N
+    Cahone, 6,900 ft., 1. _Montezuma Co._: 1 mi. S Cortez, 5,000
+    ft., 1; Mesa Verde, 25 mi. SW Mancos, 7,000 ft., 2 BS.
+
+    =Arizona=: _Navajo Co._: Keams Canyon, 80 mi. N Holbrook, 15
+    BS. _Apache Co._: Summit, 8,000 ft., Luka Chukai Mountains,
+    15 mi. E Luka Chukai Navajo School, 8 BS; Wheatfield Creek, W
+    slope Tunicha Mountains, 7,000 ft., 3 BS.
+
+
+                  =Eutamias umbrinus= (J. A. Allen)
+
+_Diagnosis._--Size medium; pelage dark; sides dark; narrow cranial
+breadth; baculum distinguishable from that of any other species (E.
+palmeri excepted) by the combination of width of base more than 1/3 of
+length of shaft, distal 1/2 of shaft laterally compressed, and keel
+1/4 of length of tip.
+
+
+        =Eutamias umbrinus umbrinus= (J. A. Allen)
+
+        _Tamias umbrinus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
+        Hist. 3:96, June, 1890.
+
+        _Eutamias umbrinus_, Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston
+        Soc. Nat. Hist. 30:45, December 27, 1901.
+
+    _Type._--Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 186463 U. S. Nat.
+    Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Blacks Fork, about 9,500 ft.,
+    Uinta Mountains, Utah; obtained on September 19, 1888, by
+    Vernon Bailey; original No. 228.
+
+    _Diagnosis._--Size medium; general tone of upper parts dark
+    and shadowy; skull relatively small.
+
+    _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Pale Smoke Gray; facial
+    stripes Fuscous Black to Snuff Brown; ear Fuscous Black;
+    posterior margin of ear and postauricular patch grayish
+    white; median dorsal dark stripe black with Sayal Brown along
+    margins; lateral pair of dorsal dark stripes Sayal Brown or
+    Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost pair of
+    dorsal dark stripes nearly absent; sides Sayal Brown mixed
+    with Cinnamon; rump and thighs Sayal Brown mixed with
+    Smoke Gray; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet
+    Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous Tawny or
+    Sayal Brown, with Fuscous Black around margin and Pinkish
+    Buff around outermost edge; underparts creamy white with
+    dark gray underfur. _Skull_: Large, with moderately inflated
+    braincase and well developed zygomata. _Baculum_: One of the
+    largest in the species.
+
+    _Comparisons._--From _Eutamias umbrinus adsitus_, the
+    subspecies to the south on the Wasatch Range, _E. u.
+    umbrinus_ differs in: Sides lighter; rump browner; hairs
+    around outermost edge of tail tawnier (in freshly molted
+    tails); shorter inner mandibular length.
+
+    From _E. u. inyoensis_, the subspecies to the west in central
+    and northeastern Nevada and in northwestern Utah, _E. u.
+    umbrinus_ differs in: General tone of upper parts lighter;
+    sides lighter; total length more; interorbital region
+    broader.
+
+    For comparisons with _E. u. sedulus_, _E. u. fremonti_, and
+    _E. u. montanus_, see the accounts of those subspecies.
+
+    _Specimens examined._--Total number, 55.
+
+    =Wyoming=: _Uinta Co._: 9 mi. S Robertson, 8,000 ft., 15;
+    10 mi. S and 1 mi. W Robertson, 8,700 ft., 5; 11-1/2 mi. S
+    and 2 mi. E Robertson, 9,200 ft., 1; 2 mi. E and 12 mi. S
+    Robertson, Ashley Nat. For., 1; 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E
+    Robertson, 9,200 ft., 1.
+
+    =Utah=: _Rich Co._: Monte Cristo, 18 mi. W Woodruff, 8,000
+    ft., 2 UU. _Summit Co._: 13-1/2 mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson
+    [Wyoming], 4; 1 mi. N Bridger Lake R. S., 9,400 ft., 4.
+    _Wasatch Co._: Snake Creek Canyon, 3 mi. NW Midway, 6,000
+    ft., 1 UU. _Uintah Co._: Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi.
+    N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 20.
+
+
+        =Eutamias umbrinus adsitus= J. A. Allen
+
+        _Eutamias adsitus_ J. A. Allen, Brooklyn Institute
+        Mus. Sci. Bull. 1:118, March 31, 1905.
+
+    _Type._--Unsexed adult, skull and skin, No. 28728 Amer. Mus.
+    Nat. Hist.; from Briggs Meadow, 10,000 ft., Beaver Mountains,
+    Utah; obtained on August 20, 1904, by George P. Engelhardt.
+
+    _Diagnosis._--Size medium; sides dark; general tone of upper
+    parts dark; dorsal light and dark stripes strongly
+    contrasting.
+
+    _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Cinnamon mixed with
+    grayish white; stripe on margin of crown Verona-Brown or
+    Bister; ocular stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal Brown;
+    submalar stripe Sayal Brown; ear Fuscous, Sayal Brown along
+    anterior margin and Smoke Gray along posterior margin
+    and on postauricular patch; median dorsal stripe black;
+    lateral dorsal dark stripes Fuscous Black mixed with
+    Russet; outermost dorsal dark stripes slightly darker or
+    indistinguishable from sides in color; dorsal light stripes
+    grayish white with Mikado-Brown along margins; outermost pair
+    of dorsal light stripes nearly pure white; sides Russet mixed
+    with Cinnamon or Ochraceous-Tawny; rump and thighs Smoke Gray
+    mixed with Cinnamon-Buff, with a larger or smaller number of
+    Fuscous Black hairs; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of
+    feet Cinnamon-Buff; dorsal surface of tail black; ventral
+    surface of tail Sayal Brown to Tawny; underparts white with
+    dark underfur. _Skull_ and _Baculum_: As in _E. u. umbrinus_.
+
+    _Comparisons._--From _E. u. inyoensis_, the subspecies to the
+    west, _E. u. adsitus_ differs in: General tone of upper parts
+    darker; sides darker; interorbital region wider; skull
+    significantly deeper.
+
+    For comparison with _E. u. umbrinus_, _E. u. sedulus_, and
+    _E. u. montanus_, see the accounts of those subspecies.
+
+_Remarks._--Specimens from West Rim, Zion National Park, 6,500 ft.,
+Washington County, Utah, seem to be intergrades between _E. u.
+adsitus_ and _E. u. inyoensis_, and are referable to _E. u. adsitus_.
+
+    _Specimens examined._--Total number, 34.
+
+    =Utah=: _Beaver Co._: Britts Meadow, Beaver Range Mountains,
+    8,500 ft., 13 BS. Wayne Co.: Donkey Lake, Boulder Mountain,
+    10,000 ft., 4 UU. _Garfield Co._: Wildcat R. S., Boulder
+    Mountain, 8,700 ft., 5 UU.
+
+    =Arizona=: _Coconino Co._: De Motte Park, Kaibab Plateau, 3 BS;
+    Bright Angel, Kaibab Plateau, 9 BS.
+
+
+        =Eutamias umbrinus sedulus= new subspecies
+
+    _Type._--Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 158181 U.
+    S. Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Mount Ellen, Henry
+    Mountains, Garfield County, Utah; obtained on October 13,
+    1908 by W. H. Osgood; original No. 3667.
+
+    _Diagnosis._--Size medium; general tone of upper parts dark
+    reddish-brown; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Orange;
+    sides Mars Yellow.
+
+    _Description._--_Color pattern_: Crown Drab-Gray mixed with
+    Fuscous; upper facial stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sudan
+    Brown; ocular stripe Sudan Brown mixed with black; submalar
+    stripe Sudan Brown slightly mixed with black; anterior margin
+    of ear Sudan Brown slightly mixed with black; hairs inside
+    pinna, posteriorly, Warm Buff; posterior margin of ear and
+    postauricular patch creamy white; median dorsal dark stripe
+    black with Antique Brown along margins; lateral dorsal dark
+    stripes black mixed with Antique Brown; outermost dorsal dark
+    stripes Xanthine Orange slightly mixed with black; median
+    dorsal light stripes Pale Smoke Gray; outermost dorsal light
+    stripes white slightly mixed with gray; rump and thighs Smoke
+    Gray; sides Mars Yellow; dorsal surface of tail black mixed
+    with Warm Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Orange,
+    with black around margin, and Warm Buff around outermost
+    edge; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet
+    Ochraceous-Buff; underparts creamy white with dark underfur.
+    _Skull_: Large; braincase moderately inflated; zygomata
+    strong. _Baculum_: As in _E. u. umbrinus_.
+
+    _Comparisons._--From _E. u. umbrinus_, the subspecies from
+    the Uinta and northern Wasatch Mountains of Utah, _E. u.
+    sedulus_ differs in: General tone of upper parts lighter;
+    sides lighter.
+
+    From _E. u. adsitus_, the subspecies from the southern
+    Wasatch Range in Utah and Kaibab Plateau in Arizona, _E. u.
+    sedulus_ differs in: Sides lighter; general tone of upper
+    parts markedly lighter.
+
+    From _E. u. inyoensis_, the subspecies from central and
+    northeastern Nevada, and western and northwestern Utah, _E.
+    u. sedulus_ differs in: Sides lighter (less grayish); general
+    tone of upper parts tawnier.
+
+    For comparison with _E. u. montanus_, see the account of that
+    subspecies.
+
+    _Specimens examined._--Total number, 7 BS, all from the type
+    locality.
+
+
+        =Eutamias umbrinus inyoensis= Merriam
+
+        _Eutamias speciosus inyoensis_ Merriam, Proc. Biol.
+        Soc. Washington, 11:202, 208, July 1, 1897.
+
+    _Type._--Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 29387/41462 U. S.
+    Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Black Canyon, 8,200 ft.,
+    White Mountains, Inyo County, California; obtained on July
+    7, 1891, by E. W. Nelson; original No. 1069.
+
+    _Diagnosis._--Size medium; sides light; general tone of
+    upper parts light; baculum one of largest in species.
+
+    _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Smoke Gray mixed with
+    Pink-Cinnamon; upper two pairs of facial stripes Fuscous
+    Black or black; submalar stripe Sayal Brown; ear Fuscous or
+    Chaetura-Drab, posterior margin and postauricular patch
+    buffy white; median dorsal dark stripe black with Sayal
+    Brown along margins; lateral dorsal dark stripes black
+    mixed with Sayal Brown or Mikado Brown; outermost dorsal
+    dark stripes Sayal Brown or Mikado Brown mixed with black;
+    sides Ochraceous-Tawny or Tawny; thighs Cinnamon-Buff mixed
+    with Smoke Gray; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet
+    Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail Cinnamon-Buff or
+    Ochraceous-Tawny with Fuscous Black around margin and
+    Pinkish Buff around outermost edge; underparts creamy white.
+    _Skull_: Large; zygomata strong; braincase moderately
+    inflated. _Baculum_: One of largest in species.
+
+    _Comparisons._--For comparisons with _E. u. umbrinus_, _E.
+    u. adsitus_, _E. u. sedulus_, and _E. u. nevadensis_, see
+    the accounts of those subspecies.
+
+_Remarks._--The baculum in _E. u. inyoensis_ is like that in _E.
+palmeri_.
+
+    _Specimens examined._--Total number, 46.
+
+    =Nevada=: _Elko Co._: Head Ackler Creek, N end Ruby Mountains,
+    1; Steels Creek, N end Ruby Mountains, 1; Summit Secret
+    Pass, 6,200 ft., Ruby Mountains, 2; Three Lakes, Ruby
+    Mountains, 11; Long Creek, S fork, Ruby Mountains, 4;
+    Harrison Pass R. S., Green Mountain Canyon, 1; W side Ruby
+    Lake, 6 mi. N Elko Co. line, 3; W side Ruby Lake, 3 mi. N
+    Elko Co. line, 8. _White Pine Co._: Willow Creek, 2 mi. S
+    White Pine Co. line, Ruby Mountains, 6; W side Ruby Lake, 3
+    mi. S White Pine Co. line, 5; Overland Pass, E slope Ruby
+    Mountains, 8 mi. S White Pine Co. line, 2.
+
+    =Utah=: _Boxelder Co._: Head of George Creek and Clear Creek,
+    5 mi. S Stanrod, Raft River Mountains, 8,500 ft., 2 UU.
+
+
+        =Eutamias umbrinus nevadensis= Burt
+
+        _Eutamias quadrivittatus nevadensis_ Burt, Jour.
+        Mamm. 12:299, August 24, 1931.
+
+    _Type._--Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 15884 Donald R.
+    Dickey Collection; from Hidden Forest, Sheep Mountains, 8,500
+    ft., Clark County, Nevada; obtained on July 13, 1929, by W.
+    H. Burt; original No. 2337.
+
+    _Diagnosis._--Size medium; general tone of upper parts
+    grayish; baculum one of the largest of species.
+
+    _Description._--"General tone of upperparts grayish; median
+    dorsal stripe, extending from crown between ears to rump,
+    black faintly bordered with 'verona brown'; lateral dark
+    dorsal stripes similar to median stripe, but with anterior
+    one-third deeply suffused with 'verona brown'; central light
+    dorsal stripes grayish, slightly lighter than head and rump;
+    lateral stripes white; head and rump 'pale smoke gray';
+    postauricular patch grayish white, a narrow margin extending
+    up posterior border of ear; anterior portion of ear 'fuscous
+    black' mixed with 'verona brown' at base and bordered by
+    light gray; ocular stripe black grading into 'verona brown'
+    in front of ear; submalar stripe nearly obsolete, 'sayal
+    brown'; sides of body grayish washed with 'verona brown';
+    feet grayish very faintly washed with 'pinkish buff'; dorsal
+    surface of tail black overlaid with 'tilleul buff'; ventral
+    surface of tail 'cinnamon buff' narrowly bordered by black
+    then by 'tilleul buff'; ventral surface of body white." (Burt
+    1931:299.) Skull similar to that of _E. u. inyoensis_ but
+    differing as indicated below.
+
+    _Comparisons._--From _E. u. inyoensis_, the subspecies to the
+    north, _E. u. nevadensis_ differs in: Paler and grayer
+    throughout; tawny areas restricted; gray areas clearer and
+    less suffused; dark facial markings narrower and less
+    distinct; ventral surface of tail distinctly paler; feet
+    lighter, clearer gray; nasals extend farther posteriorly with
+    respect to premaxillae (Burt _loc. cit._).
+
+    From _E. u. adsitus_, the subspecies to the northeast, _E. u.
+    nevadensis_ differs in: Narrower dorsal stripes and facial
+    markings; paler coloration of head, rump, sides, feet, and
+    ventral surface of tail (Burt _op. cit._: 299-300).
+
+_Remarks._--The differences between _E. umbrinus nevadensis_ and _E.
+palmeri_, as shown by Burt (_op. cit._) and Hall (1946), are such that
+one might expect _E. palmeri_ to be a subspecies of _E. umbrinus_.
+However, having only the structure of the baculum as evidence
+additional to that summarized by Hall (_op. cit._), I follow him in
+according _E. palmeri_ specific status.
+
+    _Specimens examined._--None.
+
+
+        =Eutamias umbrinus fremonti= new subspecies
+
+    _Type._--Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 41790
+    Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; from 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8,025
+    ft., Sublette County, Wyoming; obtained on July 8, 1951, by
+    Rollin H. Baker; original No. 1596.
+
+    _Diagnosis._--Size large; sides Capucine Yellow; antiplantar
+    surface of hind feet Raw Sienna; postauricular patch grayish
+    white; baculum as in _E. u. umbrinus_.
+
+    _Description._--_Color pattern_: Crown Cinnamon-Buff mixed
+    with gray; upper facial stripe Sepia; ocular stripe
+    Chaetura-Drab; submalar stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal
+    Brown; ear black; anterior margin of ear Mars-Yellow,
+    posterior margin grayish white; hairs inside posterior
+    portion of pinna Dresden-Brown; postauricular patch Pale
+    Smoke Gray; median dorsal dark stripe black; lateral dorsal
+    dark stripe black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost dorsal
+    dark stripe obsolete, Buckhorn-Brown mixed with black; median
+    pair of dorsal light stripes grayish mixed with
+    Buckhorn-Brown; outer pair of dorsal light stripes creamy
+    white; sides Buckhorn-Brown; rump Pale Smoke Gray mixed with
+    Saccardo's Umber; dorsal surface of tail black mixed with
+    Buckhorn-Brown; ventral surface of tail Sayal Brown;
+    outermost edge of tail Light Buff; antipalmar surface of
+    forefeet Warm Buff; antiplantar surface of hind foot
+    Ochraceous-Tawny; underparts creamy white with dark underfur.
+    _Skull_: Large, with strong zygomata; braincase well
+    inflated. _Baculum_: As in _E. u. umbrinus_.
+
+    _Comparisons._--From _E. u. umbrinus_, the subspecies from
+    the Uinta and northern Wasatch Mountains in Utah, _E. u.
+    fremonti_ differs in: Sides darker; antiplantar surfaces of
+    feet darker; postauricular patch grayer; crown more grayish;
+    skull slightly larger.
+
+    From _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, the species and subspecies
+    from western Montana, _E. u. fremonti_ differs in: General
+    tone of upper parts, sides, underside of tail, and feet, all
+    darker in coloration; baculum shorter and proportionally
+    twice as wide at base.
+
+    For comparison with _E. u. montanus_, see the account of that
+    subspecies.
+
+_Remarks._--The geographic ranges of _E. umbrinus fremonti_ and
+_E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_ are allopatric and no specimens have ever
+been taken in the intermediate area to indicate whether or not
+these two species anywhere occur together. The bacula in the two
+species differ to the same degree as those of _E. quadrivittatus_ and
+_E. umbrinus_. The differences between _E. u. fremonti_ and _E. r.
+ruficaudus_ are such that in my opinion, _E. ruficaudus_ is a distinct
+species.
+
+    _Specimens examined._--Total number, 58.
+
+    =Montana=: _Park Co._: Beartooth Mountains, 2 BS.
+
+    =Idaho=: _Bonneville Co._: Big Hole Mountains, 9,000 ft.,
+    near Irwin, 1 BS.
+
+    =Wyoming=: _Yellowstone Park_, 2. Park Co.: 16-1/4 mi. N and
+    17 mi. W Cody, 5,625 ft., 2. _Teton Co._: 1 mi. E and 1/4 mi.
+    N Togwotee Pass, 9,800 ft., 2; Amphitheatre Lake, Teton Park,
+    1 MM; Flat Creek, 4 MM; head of Cache Creek, 4 MM; Jackson,
+    Upper Arizona Creek, 2 MM; Flat Creek-Granite Creek divide, 6
+    MM; Flat Creek Pass, 1 MM; Flat Creek-Gravel Creek divide, 2
+    MM. _Lincoln Co._: La Barge Creek, 9,000 ft., 2 BS. _Fremont
+    Co._: Togwotee Pass, 12; 12 mi. N and 3 mi. W Shoshoni, 4,650
+    ft., 1; Mosquito Park R. S., 9,500 ft., 17-1/2 mi. W and
+    2-1/2 mi. N Lander, 1; 17 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. W Lander, 8,450
+    ft., 3. _Sublette Co._: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8,025 ft., 2; W
+    side Barbara Lake, 10,300 ft., 8 mi. S and 3 mi. W Fremont
+    Peak, 4; 19 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 7,700 ft., 5.
+
+
+        =Eutamias umbrinus montanus= new subspecies
+
+    _Type._--Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 20105
+    Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; from 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S
+    Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder County, Colorado; obtained on August
+    1, 1947, by E. L. Cockrum; original No. 721.
+
+    _Diagnosis._--Size large; sides Clay Color; antipalmar and
+    antiplantar surfaces of feet Cinnamon-Buff; baculum as in E.
+    u. umbrinus.
+
+    _Description._--_Color pattern_: Crown Raw Sienna mixed with
+    gray; upper facial stripe and ocular stripe black mixed with
+    Sepia; submalar stripe Snuff Brown mixed with black; ear
+    black or Sepia, anterior margin Ochraceous-Tawny, posterior
+    margin and postauricular patch grayish white; hairs inside
+    posterior part of pinna Cinnamon-Buff; median dorsal dark
+    stripe black with Sayal Brown along margins; lateral dark
+    stripes black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost dorsal dark
+    stripes obsolete, Sayal Brown mixed with black; median pair
+    of dorsal light stripes Pale Smoke Gray mixed with Clay
+    Color; outer pair of dorsal light stripes creamy white; sides
+    Clay Color; rump and thighs Neutral Gray; dorsal surface of
+    tail black mixed with Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail
+    Ochraceous-Tawny; hairs around margin of tail Cinnamon-Buff
+    or Ochraceous-Tawny; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of
+    feet Cinnamon-Buff; underparts creamy white with dark
+    underfur. _Skull_: Large; zygomata strong; braincase well
+    inflated. _Baculum_: As in _E. u. umbrinus_.
+
+    _Comparisons._--From _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, the
+    subspecies and species to the south, _E. u. montanus_ differs
+    in: General tone of upper parts darker; braincase
+    significantly narrower; baculum shorter and markedly wider at
+    base.
+
+    From _E. u. umbrinus_, the subspecies from the Uinta and
+    northern Wasatch Mountains, _E. u. montanus_ differs in:
+    General tone of upper parts brighter (less tawny); sides more
+    tawny; skull slightly larger.
+
+    From _E. u. sedulus_, the subspecies from the Henry Mountains
+    of Utah, _E. u. montanus_ differs in: Sides darker; general
+    tone of upper parts darker.
+
+    From _E. u. fremonti_, the subspecies from the mountains of
+    western and northwestern Wyoming, _E. u. montanus_ differs
+    in: General tone of upper parts lighter; hairs around
+    outermost edge of tail tawnier.
+
+_Remarks._--Howell (1929:83) stated that the specimens of _E.
+quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_ (= _E. umbrinus montanus_) from Estes
+Park, Long's Peak, and Gold Hill, all in Colorado, "average somewhat
+darker on the back and sides than typical _quadrivittatus_; the light
+dorsal stripes are also somewhat duller and the dark stripes less
+blackish, thus showing an approach to the characters of _umbrinus_."
+Now there are more specimens of _E. u. montanus_ from the mountains of
+north-central Colorado than were available to Howell. He was not aware
+of the striking difference between the bacula of _E. quadrivittatus_
+and _E. umbrinus_, and the constancy of this difference between all
+the subspecies of one species and those of the other.
+
+Although the geographic range of _E. u. umbrinus_ is closer to the
+ranges of _E. u. fremonti_ and _E. u. montanus_ than to the geographic
+range of _E. u. adsitus_, _E. u. umbrinus_ seems to be more closely
+related to _E. u. adsitus_ than to _E. u. fremonti_ or _E. u.
+montanus_. This observation may be explained by the presence of
+continuous habitat for _E. umbrinus_ between the ranges of _E. u.
+umbrinus_ and _E. u. adsitus_, whereas _E. u. fremonti_ and _E. u.
+montanus_ are each separated from _E. u. umbrinus_ by areas unsuitable
+for occupancy by _E. umbrinus_. It must be noted, however, that no
+actual intergrades between _E. u. umbrinus_ and _E. u. adsitus_ are
+known.
+
+    _Specimens examined._--Total number, 36.
+
+    =Wyoming=: _Albany Co._: 3 mi. ESE Brown's Peak, 10,000 ft.,
+    2; 3-1/2 mi. S Wood's Landing, 1.
+
+    =Utah=: _Uintah Co._: PR Springs, 7,950 ft., 43 mi. S Ouray,
+    Uintah-Grand county line, 1 UU.
+
+    =Colorado=: _Jackson Co._: Mount Zirkel, 10,000 ft., on
+    trail, 2 WC; Buffalo Pass, 10,380 ft., 1 WC; Buffalo Pass
+    road, 10,130 ft., 1 WC. _Larimer Co._: 2 mi. E Log Cabin,
+    7,450 ft., 1 WC; Estes Park, 7,600 ft., 1; 1-1/2 mi. SW Estes
+    Park, 1; 2-1/2 mi. SW Estes Park, 2; 3-1/2 mi. SW Estes Park,
+    1; 12 mi. SW Estes Park, 1. _Rio Blanco Co._: 1 mi. NW Pagoda
+    Peak, 10,400 ft., 1. _Boulder Co._: Long's Peak, 7 BS; 1 mi.
+    NE Ward, 10,000 ft., 1; 3 mi. S Ward, 9,000 ft., 5; 1/2 mi. E
+    and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., 1; 1 mi. S Gold Hill, 8,200 ft.,
+    1. _Clear Creek Co._: Davidson Mine, 3 mi. SW Idaho Springs,
+    1; Georgetown, 1 CM. _Jefferson Co._: Silver Plume, 1 CM.
+    _Park Co._: Tarryall Creek Camp, 8,700 ft., 1 WC. _Gunnison
+    Co._: S side Crested Butte Mountain, 9,500 ft., 1 WC; mouth
+    of Virginia Basin, Gothic, 1 FC.
+
+
+                              DISCUSSION
+
+The chipmunks that heretofore have been assigned to the species
+_Eutamias quadrivittatus_ are here assigned to two species, _E.
+quadrivittatus_ and _E. umbrinus,_ for the following reasons:
+
+1. The baculum of _E. quadrivittatus_ differs from that of _E.
+umbrinus_ in having a narrow base (see figs. 3, 4). This difference
+permits any specimen which has an associated baculum to be readily
+identified to species.
+
+2. The cranial breadth in the subspecies of _E. quadrivittatus_ is
+significantly larger than in the subspecies of _E. umbrinus_.
+
+3. Specimens of _E. umbrinus_ are darker than any specimen of _E.
+quadrivittatus_.
+
+4. Where the geographic ranges of _E. quadrivittatus_ and _E.
+umbrinus_ come close to one another (probably they meet at some
+places), _E. umbrinus_ occupies a higher position in terms of
+life-zones. Wherever either of these two species, but not the other,
+occurs on a mountain the species occupies both the higher and lower
+life-zones.
+
+    [Illustration: FIGS. 3 and 4. Baculum of _Eutamias
+    quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, No. 35648/47919 BS; from
+    Canon City, Fremont Co., Colorado. Figure 3, lateral view of
+    right side; figure 4, dorsal view.
+
+    FIG. 5. Baculum of _Eutamias umbrinus umbrinus_, No. 38062;
+    from Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft.,
+    Uintah Co., Utah. Lateral view of right side.
+
+    FIG. 6. Baculum of _Eutamias umbrinus montanus_, No. 20105;
+    from 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder Co.,
+    Colorado. Dorsal view.]
+
+The differences between _E. quadrivittatus_ and _E. umbrinus_ are as
+great as, or greater than, between many species of chipmunks, such as
+between _E. minimus_ and _E. amoenus_, and between _E. quadrivittatus_
+and _E. cinereicollis_.
+
+Although I know of no ecological differences between _E. umbrinus_
+and _E. ruficaudus_, the morphological differences, as for example,
+differences in the structure of the baculum, and differences in color
+pattern, lead me to maintain _E. ruficaudus_ and _E. umbrinus_ as
+separate species.
+
+The present distribution of these two species is attributable to the
+uplift of the Rocky Mountains in the Pleistocene. That the uplift of
+the Rocky Mountains and the erosion which produced the present-day
+relief took place in Pleistocene times is supported by the evidence
+found by several geologists such as Hunt and Sokoloff (1950:109-123).
+
+The present geographic distribution of _E. umbrinus_ and _E.
+quadrivittatus_ conceivably came about as follows: _E. umbrinus_-like
+chipmunks were present, before the uplift of the major chains of
+mountains, on isolated, low mountain ranges that were not covered with
+glaciers (such as the laccolithic mountains that occur in Utah) in
+Pleistocene time, while _E. quadrivittatus_-like chipmunks were
+present in the central parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and southern
+Wyoming. With the advent of uplift, the habitats in the central
+parts of these states were changed from a plains-like habitat to
+a habitat that resembled the forest habitats that exist today.
+_E. umbrinus_-like chipmunks then invaded this newly formed habitat
+and displaced any _E. quadrivittatus_-like chipmunks that were less
+well adapted to live there. The Colorado River probably served
+as a barrier that kept the _E. umbrinus_-like chipmunks and _E.
+quadrivittatus_-like chipmunks separated up to this time. Invasion of
+the new forest-niche by _E. umbrinus_-like chipmunks may have taken
+place through the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah, after the
+glaciers disappeared from these mountains, since the Colorado River
+probably prevented any eastward migration farther south.
+
+
+                               TABLE 1
+
+       Average and Extreme Measurements in Millimeters of Adult
+             _Eutamias quadrivittatus_ and _E. umbrinus_
+
+  KEY
+  A: Greatest length of skull
+  B: Zygomatic breadth
+  C: Cranial breadth
+  D: Length of nasals
+  E: Total length
+  F: Length of tail
+  G: Length of lower tooth-row
+  H: Condylo-alveolar length of mandible
+
+======================================================================
+             |  A   |  B   |  C   |  D   |  E  |   F   |  G   |  H
+-------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+-------
+             |
+             | _E. q. quadrivittatus_, Canon City, Fremont Co.,
+             | Colorado.
+             |
+Mean     (7) | 35.7 | 19.3 | 16.2 | 11.0 | 222 |  99.4 | 5.40 | 18.98
+Min   [Male] | 35.7 | 19.1 | 15.9 | 10.6 | 216 |  93.0 | 5.32 | 18.65
+Max          | 35.8 | 19.8 | 16.5 | 11.6 | 230 | 104.0 | 5.49 | 19.41
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+Mean     (3) | 35.9 | 19.9 | 16.5 | 10.9 | 231 |  99.0 | 5.42 | 19.10
+Min [Female] | 35.6 | 19.9 | 16.5 | 10.7 | 200 |  98.0 | 5.39 | 18.85
+Max          | 36.2 | 19.9 | 16.6 | 11.2 | 232 | 100.0 | 5.49 | 19.28
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+             +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+-------
+             |
+             | _E. q. hopiensis_, Moab, Grand Co., Utah.
+             |
+Mean    (11) | 34.4 | 19.4 | 16.3 | 10.0 | 212 |  90.7 | 5.19 | 18.36
+Min   [Male] | 33.5 | 19.2 | 15.9 |  9.3 | 208 |  85.0 | 4.92 | 17.80
+Max          | 35.4 | 20.0 | 16.8 | 10.5 | 220 |  96.0 | 5.38 | 18.96
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+Mean     (5) | 34.9 | 19.6 | 16.4 | 10.5 | 219 |  94.4 | 5.16 | 18.58
+Min [Female] | 34.2 | 19.3 | 15.9 | 10.1 | 210 |  85.0 | 5.13 | 18.00
+Max          | 35.7 | 20.1 | 16.6 | 10.7 | 228 | 104.0 | 5.20 | 19.19
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+             +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+-------
+             |
+             | _E. u. umbrinus_, Mts. S Robertson, Uintah Co.,
+             | Wyoming.
+             |
+Mean    (11) | 34.7 | 18.9 | 15.7 | 10.9 | 218 |  96.2 | 5.13 | 18.04
+Min   [Male] | 34.3 | 18.3 | 15.6 | 10.3 | 215 |  81.0 | 4.79 | 17.57
+Max          | 35.2 | 19.4 | 16.0 | 11.7 | 228 | 112.0 | 5.42 | 18.59
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+Mean     (4) | 35.1 | 19.2 | 15.9 | 11.0 | 224 |  96.4 | 5.17 | 18.46
+Min [Female] | 34.9 | 18.6 | 15.7 | 10.3 | 204 |  90.0 | 5.11 | 18.31
+Max          | 35.4 | 20.0 | 16.2 | 11.8 | 234 | 100.0 | 5.22 | 18.98
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+             +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+-------
+             |
+             | _E. u. adsitus_, Britts Meadow, Beaver Co., Utah.
+             |
+Mean     (6) | 34.8 | 18.9 | 15.5 | 10.8 | 214 |  89.6 | 5.16 | 18.07
+Min   [Male] | 34.3 | 18.5 | 15.3 | 10.4 | 203 |  73.0 | 4.64 | 17.69
+Max          | 35.4 | 19.6 | 16.1 | 11.3 | 225 |  95.0 | 5.34 | 18.70
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+Mean     (6) | 35.1 | 19.5 | 16.0 | 11.0 | 228 |  96.5 | 5.11 | 18.75
+Min [Female] | 33.9 | 18.9 | 15.9 | 10.6 | 215 |  95.0 | 5.00 | 18.51
+Max          | 36.2 | 20.0 | 16.3 | 11.8 | 233 |  98.0 | 5.33 | 19.40
+             |
+             +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+-------
+             |
+             | _E. u. sedulus_,  Mt. Ellen, Henry Mts., Garfield Co.,
+             | Utah.
+             |
+Mean     (5) | 34.7 | 18.7 | 15.6 | 10.7 | 218 |  93.0 | 5.21 | 18.74
+Min   [Male] | 33.5 | 18.4 | 15.4 | 10.1 | 213 |  89.0 | 5.09 | 18.48
+Max          | 35.5 | 19.1 | 15.9 | 11.2 | 224 |  97.0 | 5.28 | 19.38
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+Mean     (2) | 34.9 | 19.4 | 16.1 | 11.1 | 227 |  98.0 | 5.24 | 18.74
+Min [Female] | 34.9 | 19.3 | 16.1 | 11.0 | 224 |  96.0 | 5.07 | 19.24
+Max          | 34.9 | 19.5 | 16.1 | 11.3 | 231 | 100.0 | 5.42 | 19.80
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+             +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+-------
+             |
+             | _E. u. inyoensis_, Ruby Mts., Elko and White Pine
+             | Cos., Nev.
+             |
+Mean    (12) | 34.4 | 19.0 | 15.7 | 10.5 | 208 |  89.5 | 5.15 | 18.12
+Min   [Male] | 33.5 | 18.6 | 15.2 | 10.0 | 196 |  85.0 | 5.01 | 17.32
+Max          | 35.4 | 19.6 | 16.1 | 11.5 | 220 | 100.0 | 5.37 | 18.81
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+Mean     (5) | 34.9 | 19.4 | 15.7 | 10.5 | 215 |  92.8 | 5.19 | 18.63
+Min [Female] | 34.4 | 19.1 | 15.4 | 10.4 | 204 |  86.0 | 5.04 | 18.50
+Max          | 35.2 | 19.7 | 16.0 | 10.7 | 226 | 102.0 | 5.33 | 18.80
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+             +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+-------
+             |
+             | _E. u. nevadensis_, Measurements of the type
+             | (Burt 1931:300).
+             |
+      [Male] | 34.8 | 19.3 | 16.2 | 11.0 | 205 |  89.0 | ...  | ...
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+             +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+-------
+             |
+             | _E. u. fremonti_, Togwotee Pass, Fremont Co., Wyoming.
+             |
+Mean     (8) | 35.6 | 19.3 | 15.9 | 11.4 | 223 |  99.0 | 5.34 | 19.17
+Min   [Male] | 35.2 | 18.9 | 15.8 | 11.1 | 216 |  95.0 | 5.22 | 18.72
+Max          | 36.5 | 19.7 | 16.1 | 11.8 | 243 | 111.0 | 5.57 | 19.78
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+Mean     (6) | 35.3 | 19.6 | 15.9 | 11.3 | 229 | 101.0 | 5.40 | 19.02
+Min [Female] | 34.5 | 19.3 | 15.7 | 10.9 | 223 |  92.0 | 5.35 | 18.37
+Max          | 36.0 | 20.0 | 16.5 | 12.0 | 239 | 110.0 | 5.44 | 19.51
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+             +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+-------
+             |
+             | _E. u. montanus_, Boulder Co., Colorado.
+             |
+Mean     (5) | 35.2 | 18.8 | 15.5 | 10.8 | 226 |  96.0 | 5.20 | 18.29
+Min   [Male] | 34.7 | 18.4 | 15.2 | 10.1 | 215 |  93.0 | 5.03 | 17.80
+Max          | 36.8 | 19.4 | 16.2 | 11.5 | 232 | 115.0 | 5.53 | 19.36
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+Mean     (6) | 35.7 | 19.1 | 15.6 | 10.9 | 226 |  98.0 | 5.28 | 18.67
+Min [Female] | 35.1 | 18.8 | 15.1 | 10.3 | 215 |  89.0 | 5.06 | 18.09
+Max          | 36.5 | 19.5 | 16.0 | 11.6 | 231 | 105.0 | 5.58 | 19.35
+             |      |      |      |      |     |       |      |
+-------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+-------
+
+
+                           LITERATURE CITED
+
+  BENSON, S. B.
+    1935.  A biological reconnaissance of Navajo Mountain, Utah. Univ.
+           California Publ. Zool., 40:439-455, December 31.
+
+  BURT, W. H.
+    1931.  Three new subspecies of chipmunks of the genus Eutamias
+           from Nevada. Jour. Mamm., 12:298-301, August 24.
+
+  DURRANT, S. D.
+    1952.  Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution. Univ. Kansas
+           Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:1-549, 91 figs., 30 tables, August
+           10.
+
+  HALL, E. R.
+    1946.  Mammals of Nevada. Univ. California Press, Berkeley,
+           California, pp. xi + 710, 11 pls., 485 figs., July 1.
+
+  HARDY, R.
+    1945.  The taxonomic status of some chipmunks of the genus
+           Eutamias in southwestern Utah. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
+           58:85-87, June 30.
+
+  HOWELL, A. H.
+    1929.  Revision of the American chipmunks (genera _Tamias_ and
+           _Eutamias_). U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Biol. Surv., N. Amer.
+           Fauna, 52:1-157, 10 pls., 9 figs., November 30.
+
+  HUNT, C. B., and SOKOLOFF, V. P.
+    1950.  Pre-Wisconsin soil in the Rocky Mountain region, a progress
+           report. U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper, 221-G:109-123.
+
+  JOHNSON, D. H.
+    1943.  Systematic review of the chipmunks (genus Eutamias) of
+           California. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48:63-148, 6
+           pls., December 24.
+
+  KELSON, K. R.
+    1951.  Speciation in rodents of the Colorado River drainage. Univ.
+           Utah Biol. Ser., 11(3): vii + 125, 10 figs., February 15.
+
+  MERRIAM, C. H.
+    1905.  Two new chipmunks from Colorado and Arizona. Proc. Biol.
+           Soc. Washington, 18:163-166, June 29.
+
+    _Transmitted June 26, 1953._
+
+
+                               24-8966
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, Eutamias
+quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus, by John A. White
+
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