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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/31267-8.txt b/31267-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d80e57 --- /dev/null +++ b/31267-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1504 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, Eutamias +quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus, by John A. White + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus + +Author: John A. White + +Release Date: February 12, 2010 [EBook #31267] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TAXONOMY--CHIPMUNKS EUTAMIAS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, + Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus + + BY + + JOHN A. WHITE + + + University of Kansas Publications + Museum of Natural History + + Volume 5, No. 33, pp. 563-582, 6 figures in text + December 1, 1953 + + + University of Kansas + LAWRENCE + 1953 + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, + and Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 5, No. 33, pp. 563-582, 6 figures in text + + December 1, 1953 + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1953 + + 24-8966 + + + + + Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, + Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus + + By + + JOHN A. WHITE + + +The differences in anatomy and color between many species of chipmunks +are subtle, and refined techniques are required to discover them. +When "measuring" chipmunks taxonomically, it is necessary to use a +"chipmunk scale" and not, for example, a "pocket-gopher scale." In +explanation, some species of pocket gophers closely allied to each +other, and even some subspecies of the same species, differ markedly +in color and in size and shape of parts of the skeleton; comparable +differences are not so pronounced among many species of chipmunks. + + + HISTORICAL SUMMARY + +Merriam (1905) was the first to show clearly that _Eutamias +quadrivittatus_ is a distinct species, and pointed out that _E. +amoenus operarius_ (= _E. minimus operarius_) is a small species +which resembles, and is found in some areas together with, _E. +quadrivittatus_. + +Howell (1929) placed under _E. quadrivittatus_ the following +subspecies: _E. q. quadrivittatus_, _E. q. hopiensis_, _E. q. +inyoensis_, _E. q. frater_, _E. q. sequoiensis_, and _E. q. +speciosus_. + +Hardy (1945) placed _E. adsitus_ under _E. quadrivittatus_ as _E. q. +adsitus_, and Kelson (1951) placed _E. umbrinus_ under _E. +quadrivittatus_ as _E. q. umbrinus_. + +Johnson (1943) re-established _E. speciosus_ as a separate species, +and in California left only _E. q. inyoensis_ in _E. quadrivittatus_. + +Thus, since 1943 the recognized subspecies of _E. quadrivittatus_ have +been: _E. q. quadrivittatus_, _E. q. hopiensis_, _E. q. inyoensis_, +_E. q. nevadensis_, _E. q. umbrinus_, and _E. q. adsitus_. + + + METHODS, MATERIALS, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS + + Capitalized color terms, which are used in descriptions and + comparisons, are of Ridgway, "Color Standards and Color + Nomenclature," Washington, D. C., 1912. + + In the synonymy of each subspecies there appears only the + first usage of a name, second the first usage of the name + combination now employed unless a new combination is proposed + by me, and third pure synonyms. The last is recognizable as + such because the type locality is appended to each. + + Unless otherwise specified, all specimens are in the Museum + of Natural History, University of Kansas. The various + collections of institutions and of private persons are + indicated by the following symbols: + + AM--American Museum of Natural History. + BS--United States Biological Surveys Collection. + CM--Colorado Museum of Natural History. + DC--Collection of Donald R. Dickey (now the collection of the + University of California at Los Angeles). + FC--Collection of James S. Findley. + KU--Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. + MM--Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. + NM--United States National Museum. + UU--Museum of Zoology, University of Utah. + WC--Collection of Edward R. Warren, Colorado College. + + Of the external measurements, only the total length and + the length of the tail are recorded in table 1. Some field + collectors measured the ear from the notch and others from + the crown; most collectors measured the length of the hind + foot to the nearest millimeter rather than in tenths of a + millimeter, as would have been desired. Consequently, I + decided against using the lengths of the ear and hind foot in + the study here reported on. + + The measurements of the skull were made as shown in figure 1. + + [Illustration: FIG. 1. Dorsal view of skull and a lateral and + a medial view of the right lower jaw to show points between + which measurements of the skull were taken. × 1-3/4. Based on + _Eutamias ruficaudus ruficaudus_, from 6 mi. S St. Mary, 6500 + ft., Glacier Co., Montana. A to A'--greatest length of skull; + B to B'--length of nasals; C to C'--zygomatic breadth; D to + D'--least interorbital constriction; E to E'--cranial + breadth; F to F'--inner mandibular length; G to + G'--condylo-alveolar length of mandible.] + + A total number of 434 specimens are listed as examined in + this study, and additionally, numerous other specimens were + superficially examined in the United States Biological + Surveys Collection. Bacula of each of the named kinds of + chipmunks in this paper, were examined. + + Whenever two or more samples are stated to be significantly + different, the meaning is that the difference is + statistically significant. + + The geographic distribution of each subspecies and the + localities of specimens or series of specimens are plotted on + the map (fig. 2). + + When comparisons were made to ascertain specific and + subspecific differences, only adults, or animals in which the + enamel was worn through on the permanent P4 and p4 were used. + Within this age range, only specimens in comparable pelage + were used to ascertain differences in color. + + Miss Viola S. Schantz of the United States Fish and Wildlife + Service, Mr. Alfred Bailey of the Colorado Museum of Natural + History, Dr. W. H. Burt of the Museum of Zoology of the + University of Michigan, Dr. Stephen D. Durrant of the Museum + of Zoology of the University of Utah, Dr. Robert M. Stabler, + curator of the Warren Collection of Colorado College, and Mr. + James S. Findley, generously loaned specimens for my use. + Doctors E. Raymond Hall, Rollin H. Baker, Robert W. Wilson, + Keith R. Kelson, E. Lendell Cockrum, and other friends and + associates have given valued suggestions and assistance. My + wife, Alice M. White, made the illustrations and helped me + record and analyze the data. + + Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas + University Endowment Association, the National Science + Foundation, and the United States Navy, Office of Naval + Research, through contract No. NR161 791. + + + ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES + + =Eutamias quadrivittatus= (Say) + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium; general tone of upper parts tawny; cranial +breadth averaging between 16.0 and 16.8 mm.; baculum distinguishable +from that of any other species by the combination of width of base +less than 1/4 of length of shaft, shaft having a maximum diameter of +more than 1/4 mm., and height of keel 1/4 of length of tip. + + + =Eutamias quadrivittatus quadrivittatus= (Say) + + _Sciurus quadrivittatus_ Say, in Jones, Long's + Expedition to Rocky Mountains, 2:45, 1823. + + _Eutamias quadrivittatus_, Miller and Rehn, Proc. + Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 30:43, December 27, 1901. + + _Tamias quadrivittatus gracilis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. + Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:99, June 1890, Type from + San Pedro, Santa Fe Co., New Mexico. + + _Eutamias quadrivittatus animosus_ Warren, Proc. + Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:105, June 25, 1909. Type + from Irwin Ranch, Las Animas County, Colorado. + + _Type._--None designated; from along Arkansas River, about 26 + mi. below Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado; obtained on + July 18, 1820. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; dorsal dark stripes blackish; + sides Cinnamon to Clay Color; crown Light Drab; baculum + large. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Cinnamon, shaded on + crown to Light Drab; ocular stripe Fuscous Black, with + Cinnamon along margins; other facial stripes Fuscous mixed + with Cinnamon; ears Fuscous Black, Ochraceous-Tawny on + anterior margin, grayish white on posterior margin and on + postauricular patch; dark dorsal stripes black with + Ochraceous-Tawny along margins; outer pair of dark stripes + often mainly Tawny; light dorsal stripes grayish white, outer + pair usually creamy white; sides Ochraceous-Tawny, shaded in + the region of the shoulder with Cinnamon; rump and thighs + Cinnamon-Buff mixed with Smoke Gray; antipalmar surfaces of + forefeet Cinnamon-Buff; antiplantar surfaces of hind feet + Pinkish Buff; dorsal surface of tail Fuscous Black, overlaid + with Pinkish Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Tawny, + Fuscous Black along margin, Pinkish Buff along outermost + edge; underparts creamy white. _Skull_: Large; braincase well + inflated; zygomatic arches strong and slightly appressed to + skull. _Baculum_: Large; long and slender. + + _Comparisons._--From _E. q. hopiensis_, the only other + subspecies in this species, _E. q. quadrivittatus_ differs + in: Dorsal dark stripes blackish; crown grayer; rump and + thighs grayer; general tone of upper parts darker. + +_Remarks._--Specimens from the Chuska Mountains, Zuni Mountains, and +Blanco, New Mexico, are intergrades between _E. q. quadrivittatus_ and +_E. q. hopiensis_, but are referable to _E. q. quadrivittatus_. + +In north-central Colorado _E. umbrinus_ occurs in the spruce and pine +forests at higher altitudes, while to the south and east of this area +_E. q. quadrivittatus_ occurs in growths of piņon in lower, semiarid +areas. In the northern half of New Mexico and in south-central +Colorado, _E. q. quadrivittatus_ occurs not only in semiarid habitats +but also in the moist habitats of the forests of higher altitudes. +Ecologically, _E. umbrinus_ thus replaces _E. q. quadrivittatus_ in +north-central Colorado. This ecological replacement is comparable to +the ecological replacement of _Thomomys bottae_ by _T. talpoides_ in +Utah as shown by Durrant (1952:156). + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 130. + + =Colorado=: _Larimer Co._: Arkins, 1 BS. _Jefferson Co._: W + spur Lookout Mountain, near Golden, 1 WC. _Gunnison Co._: + Sapinero, 3 BS. _Saguache Co._: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W Saguache + 10,000 ft., 1; 21 mi. W and 3 mi. N Saguache, 1. _Fremont + Co._: 18 mi. S and 7 mi. W Colorado Springs, 1; Arkansas + River, "about" 26 mi. below Canon City, 15 BS. _San Juan + Co._: Silverton, 1 BS. _Mineral Co._: 3 mi. E Creede, 1. + _Alamosa Co._: Sangre de Cristo Range, 24 mi. E Hooper, 2 CM. + _La Plata Co._: 2 mi. NE Bondad 6,100 ft., 1; Bondad, 15 mi. + S Durango 6,050 ft., 1. _Archuleta Co._: Chromo, 1 CM. _Las + Animas Co._: Trinidad, 6 BS. _Baca Co._: unspecified, 1. + + =New Mexico=: _San Juan Co._: Blanco, 1 BS; Chuska Mountains, + 8 BS. _Rio Arriba Co._: 8 mi. N El Rito, 1; 4 mi. N El Rito, + 5; Rim Rock, El Rito, 2; 2 mi. E El Rito, 7,000 ft., 1; 2 mi. + SE El Rito, 1; 6 mi. E and 1/2 mi. S Truchas, 8,500 ft., 1; 2 + mi. S and 4 mi. W Coyote, 8,100 ft., 1; unspecified, 2. _Taos + Co._: 3 mi. N Taos Pueblo, 5 BS; 23 mi. S and 6 mi. E Taos, + 8,750 ft., 2. _Union Co._: Emery Peak, 1 BS; Folsom, 3 BS; + Sierra Grande, 8 BS; unspecified, 2. _McKinley Co._: Bear + Ridge, Zuni Mountains, 9 BS. _Sandoval Co._: Bear Canyon, W + foothills, Sandia Mountains, 3 BS; W foothills, near S end, + Sandia Mountains, 7 BS. _Santa Fe Co._: San Pedro, 7 BS. _San + Miguel Co._: Canadian River, 4 mi. NW Tucumcari, 1 BS. + _Valencia Co._: Mount Taylor, San Mateo Mountains, 10 BS. + + =Oklahoma=: _Cimarron Co._: Kenton, 1 BS. + + + =Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis= Merriam + + _Eutamias hopiensis_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 18:165, June 29, 1905. + + _Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis_, Howell, Jour. + Mamm. 3:184, August 4, 1922. + + _Type._--Female, adult, skull and skin, No. 67768 U. S. Nat. + Mus.; from Keams Canyon, Painted Desert, Arizona; obtained on + July 27, 1894, by A. K. Fisher. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; dorsal dark stripes tawny; crown + Drab-Gray; baculum of same proportions as in _E. q. + quadrivittatus_ but smaller. + + [Illustration: FIG. 2. Localities of specimens examined and + probable geographic ranges of the subspecies of _Eutamias + quadrivittatus_ and _Eutamias umbrinus_. The symbols for + locality records are as follows: circles, precise localities; + triangles, localities known only to county. + + Guide to subspecies: + 1. _E. q. quadrivittatus_ + 2. _E. q. hopiensis_ + 3. _E. u. umbrinus_ + 4. _E. u. adsitus_ + 5. _E. u. sedulus_ + 6. _E. u. inyoensis_ + 7. _E. u. nevadensis_ + 8. _E. u. fremonti_ + 9. _E. u. montanus_] + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Drab-Gray, with Snuff + Brown around margin of crown; facial stripes Sayal Brown with + small blackish patches around eye; ears Ochraceous Tawny + anteriorly and Pinkish Buff posteriorly; dorsal stripes + Tawny, median one sometimes blackish; median pair of dorsal + light stripes grayish white, outer pair creamy white; sides + Ochraceous Tawny; rump and thighs Cinnamon Buff washed with + Pale Smoke Gray; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet + Pinkish Cinnamon; dorsal surface of tail Fuscous Black; + ventral surface of tail Ochraceous Tawny, Fuscous Black along + margin, Cinnamon Buff along outermost edge; underparts creamy + white. _Skull_: As in _E. q. quadrivittatus_. _Baculum_: Same + proportions as in _E. q. quadrivittatus_ but smaller. + + _Comparisons._--See under the account of _E. q. + quadrivittatus_. + +_Remarks._--Topotypes of this subspecies are intergrades between it +and _E. q. quadrivittatus_. + +In a large part of the geographic range of _E. q. hopiensis_ there are +numerous, massive outcrops of Mesozoic sandstones, which tend to form +cliffs, that are brightly colored with many shades of red. The color +which is characteristic of _E. q. hopiensis_ seems to be helpful in +adapting this subspecies to this habitat of red sandstone, for these +chipmunks are generally found in the rubble and among the piņon at the +base of the cliffs. At many places in Utah above these cliffs of red +sandstone there are forests predominantly composed of yellow pine. +Kelson (1951:42-43) states that "these two habitats are in immediate +juxtaposition, the transition from one to the other often occurring in +only a few feet ..." and again, "No one to my knowledge, has found any +evidence in specimens from Utah of interbreeding of _E. q. hopiensis_ +with either _E. q. adsitus_ [= _E. umbrinus adsitus_] or _E. q. +umbrinus_ [= _E. u. umbrinus_]." Benson (1935:449) states, "On Navajo +Mountain these chipmunks [_E. q. hopiensis_] were most in evidence on +rock outcrops surrounded by brush at the lower edge of the yellow pine +zone. One was seen at about 9,500 feet in a south-facing rock outcrop +near the spruce-fir forest, but no chipmunk of any kind was seen in +the forest itself." This suggests that where only _E. q. hopiensis_ +occurs on a mountain this subspecies goes higher than on a mountain +where _E. u. adsitus_ also occurs. This same relationship between +_E. q. quadrivittatus_ and the subspecies of _E. umbrinus_ that occurs +in north-central Colorado was pointed out in the account of _E. q. +quadrivittatus_. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 68. + + =Utah=: _Uintah Co._: E side of confluence of Green and + White rivers, 1 mi. SE Ouray, 4,700 ft., 3 UU. _Grand Co._: + Colorado River above Moab, 1 UU; side canyon of Colorado + River above Moab, 1 UU; Moab, up Colorado River, 1 UU; Moab, + 4,500 ft., 4 UU; Moab Bridge over Colorado River, 3,995 ft., + Moab, 1 UU; Colorado River, 5 mi. E Moab Bridge, 4,000 ft., 1 + UU. _Wayne Co._: Fruita, 1 UU. + + =Colorado=: _Moffat Co._: 11 mi. W and 11 mi. N Rangely, + 6,000 ft., 3. _Rio Blanco Co._: White River, 5 BS. _Eagle + Co._: McCoy, 2 BS. _Mesa Co._: 1-1/2 mi. S Loma, 4,600 ft., + 1. _Gunnison Co._: 1 mi. E Somerset, 6,100 ft., 1. _Montrose + Co._: 1 mi. E Naturita, 5,900 ft., 1. _Dolores Co._: 1 mi. N + Cahone, 6,900 ft., 1. _Montezuma Co._: 1 mi. S Cortez, 5,000 + ft., 1; Mesa Verde, 25 mi. SW Mancos, 7,000 ft., 2 BS. + + =Arizona=: _Navajo Co._: Keams Canyon, 80 mi. N Holbrook, 15 + BS. _Apache Co._: Summit, 8,000 ft., Luka Chukai Mountains, + 15 mi. E Luka Chukai Navajo School, 8 BS; Wheatfield Creek, W + slope Tunicha Mountains, 7,000 ft., 3 BS. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus= (J. A. Allen) + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium; pelage dark; sides dark; narrow cranial +breadth; baculum distinguishable from that of any other species (E. +palmeri excepted) by the combination of width of base more than 1/3 of +length of shaft, distal 1/2 of shaft laterally compressed, and keel +1/4 of length of tip. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus umbrinus= (J. A. Allen) + + _Tamias umbrinus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist. 3:96, June, 1890. + + _Eutamias umbrinus_, Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston + Soc. Nat. Hist. 30:45, December 27, 1901. + + _Type._--Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 186463 U. S. Nat. + Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Blacks Fork, about 9,500 ft., + Uinta Mountains, Utah; obtained on September 19, 1888, by + Vernon Bailey; original No. 228. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; general tone of upper parts dark + and shadowy; skull relatively small. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Pale Smoke Gray; facial + stripes Fuscous Black to Snuff Brown; ear Fuscous Black; + posterior margin of ear and postauricular patch grayish + white; median dorsal dark stripe black with Sayal Brown along + margins; lateral pair of dorsal dark stripes Sayal Brown or + Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost pair of + dorsal dark stripes nearly absent; sides Sayal Brown mixed + with Cinnamon; rump and thighs Sayal Brown mixed with + Smoke Gray; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet + Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous Tawny or + Sayal Brown, with Fuscous Black around margin and Pinkish + Buff around outermost edge; underparts creamy white with + dark gray underfur. _Skull_: Large, with moderately inflated + braincase and well developed zygomata. _Baculum_: One of the + largest in the species. + + _Comparisons._--From _Eutamias umbrinus adsitus_, the + subspecies to the south on the Wasatch Range, _E. u. + umbrinus_ differs in: Sides lighter; rump browner; hairs + around outermost edge of tail tawnier (in freshly molted + tails); shorter inner mandibular length. + + From _E. u. inyoensis_, the subspecies to the west in central + and northeastern Nevada and in northwestern Utah, _E. u. + umbrinus_ differs in: General tone of upper parts lighter; + sides lighter; total length more; interorbital region + broader. + + For comparisons with _E. u. sedulus_, _E. u. fremonti_, and + _E. u. montanus_, see the accounts of those subspecies. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 55. + + =Wyoming=: _Uinta Co._: 9 mi. S Robertson, 8,000 ft., 15; + 10 mi. S and 1 mi. W Robertson, 8,700 ft., 5; 11-1/2 mi. S + and 2 mi. E Robertson, 9,200 ft., 1; 2 mi. E and 12 mi. S + Robertson, Ashley Nat. For., 1; 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E + Robertson, 9,200 ft., 1. + + =Utah=: _Rich Co._: Monte Cristo, 18 mi. W Woodruff, 8,000 + ft., 2 UU. _Summit Co._: 13-1/2 mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson + [Wyoming], 4; 1 mi. N Bridger Lake R. S., 9,400 ft., 4. + _Wasatch Co._: Snake Creek Canyon, 3 mi. NW Midway, 6,000 + ft., 1 UU. _Uintah Co._: Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. + N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 20. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus adsitus= J. A. Allen + + _Eutamias adsitus_ J. A. Allen, Brooklyn Institute + Mus. Sci. Bull. 1:118, March 31, 1905. + + _Type._--Unsexed adult, skull and skin, No. 28728 Amer. Mus. + Nat. Hist.; from Briggs Meadow, 10,000 ft., Beaver Mountains, + Utah; obtained on August 20, 1904, by George P. Engelhardt. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; sides dark; general tone of upper + parts dark; dorsal light and dark stripes strongly + contrasting. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Cinnamon mixed with + grayish white; stripe on margin of crown Verona-Brown or + Bister; ocular stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal Brown; + submalar stripe Sayal Brown; ear Fuscous, Sayal Brown along + anterior margin and Smoke Gray along posterior margin + and on postauricular patch; median dorsal stripe black; + lateral dorsal dark stripes Fuscous Black mixed with + Russet; outermost dorsal dark stripes slightly darker or + indistinguishable from sides in color; dorsal light stripes + grayish white with Mikado-Brown along margins; outermost pair + of dorsal light stripes nearly pure white; sides Russet mixed + with Cinnamon or Ochraceous-Tawny; rump and thighs Smoke Gray + mixed with Cinnamon-Buff, with a larger or smaller number of + Fuscous Black hairs; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of + feet Cinnamon-Buff; dorsal surface of tail black; ventral + surface of tail Sayal Brown to Tawny; underparts white with + dark underfur. _Skull_ and _Baculum_: As in _E. u. umbrinus_. + + _Comparisons._--From _E. u. inyoensis_, the subspecies to the + west, _E. u. adsitus_ differs in: General tone of upper parts + darker; sides darker; interorbital region wider; skull + significantly deeper. + + For comparison with _E. u. umbrinus_, _E. u. sedulus_, and + _E. u. montanus_, see the accounts of those subspecies. + +_Remarks._--Specimens from West Rim, Zion National Park, 6,500 ft., +Washington County, Utah, seem to be intergrades between _E. u. +adsitus_ and _E. u. inyoensis_, and are referable to _E. u. adsitus_. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 34. + + =Utah=: _Beaver Co._: Britts Meadow, Beaver Range Mountains, + 8,500 ft., 13 BS. Wayne Co.: Donkey Lake, Boulder Mountain, + 10,000 ft., 4 UU. _Garfield Co._: Wildcat R. S., Boulder + Mountain, 8,700 ft., 5 UU. + + =Arizona=: _Coconino Co._: De Motte Park, Kaibab Plateau, 3 BS; + Bright Angel, Kaibab Plateau, 9 BS. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus sedulus= new subspecies + + _Type._--Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 158181 U. + S. Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Mount Ellen, Henry + Mountains, Garfield County, Utah; obtained on October 13, + 1908 by W. H. Osgood; original No. 3667. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; general tone of upper parts dark + reddish-brown; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Orange; + sides Mars Yellow. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Crown Drab-Gray mixed with + Fuscous; upper facial stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sudan + Brown; ocular stripe Sudan Brown mixed with black; submalar + stripe Sudan Brown slightly mixed with black; anterior margin + of ear Sudan Brown slightly mixed with black; hairs inside + pinna, posteriorly, Warm Buff; posterior margin of ear and + postauricular patch creamy white; median dorsal dark stripe + black with Antique Brown along margins; lateral dorsal dark + stripes black mixed with Antique Brown; outermost dorsal dark + stripes Xanthine Orange slightly mixed with black; median + dorsal light stripes Pale Smoke Gray; outermost dorsal light + stripes white slightly mixed with gray; rump and thighs Smoke + Gray; sides Mars Yellow; dorsal surface of tail black mixed + with Warm Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Orange, + with black around margin, and Warm Buff around outermost + edge; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet + Ochraceous-Buff; underparts creamy white with dark underfur. + _Skull_: Large; braincase moderately inflated; zygomata + strong. _Baculum_: As in _E. u. umbrinus_. + + _Comparisons._--From _E. u. umbrinus_, the subspecies from + the Uinta and northern Wasatch Mountains of Utah, _E. u. + sedulus_ differs in: General tone of upper parts lighter; + sides lighter. + + From _E. u. adsitus_, the subspecies from the southern + Wasatch Range in Utah and Kaibab Plateau in Arizona, _E. u. + sedulus_ differs in: Sides lighter; general tone of upper + parts markedly lighter. + + From _E. u. inyoensis_, the subspecies from central and + northeastern Nevada, and western and northwestern Utah, _E. + u. sedulus_ differs in: Sides lighter (less grayish); general + tone of upper parts tawnier. + + For comparison with _E. u. montanus_, see the account of that + subspecies. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 7 BS, all from the type + locality. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus inyoensis= Merriam + + _Eutamias speciosus inyoensis_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 11:202, 208, July 1, 1897. + + _Type._--Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 29387/41462 U. S. + Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Black Canyon, 8,200 ft., + White Mountains, Inyo County, California; obtained on July + 7, 1891, by E. W. Nelson; original No. 1069. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; sides light; general tone of + upper parts light; baculum one of largest in species. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Smoke Gray mixed with + Pink-Cinnamon; upper two pairs of facial stripes Fuscous + Black or black; submalar stripe Sayal Brown; ear Fuscous or + Chaetura-Drab, posterior margin and postauricular patch + buffy white; median dorsal dark stripe black with Sayal + Brown along margins; lateral dorsal dark stripes black + mixed with Sayal Brown or Mikado Brown; outermost dorsal + dark stripes Sayal Brown or Mikado Brown mixed with black; + sides Ochraceous-Tawny or Tawny; thighs Cinnamon-Buff mixed + with Smoke Gray; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet + Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail Cinnamon-Buff or + Ochraceous-Tawny with Fuscous Black around margin and + Pinkish Buff around outermost edge; underparts creamy white. + _Skull_: Large; zygomata strong; braincase moderately + inflated. _Baculum_: One of largest in species. + + _Comparisons._--For comparisons with _E. u. umbrinus_, _E. + u. adsitus_, _E. u. sedulus_, and _E. u. nevadensis_, see + the accounts of those subspecies. + +_Remarks._--The baculum in _E. u. inyoensis_ is like that in _E. +palmeri_. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 46. + + =Nevada=: _Elko Co._: Head Ackler Creek, N end Ruby Mountains, + 1; Steels Creek, N end Ruby Mountains, 1; Summit Secret + Pass, 6,200 ft., Ruby Mountains, 2; Three Lakes, Ruby + Mountains, 11; Long Creek, S fork, Ruby Mountains, 4; + Harrison Pass R. S., Green Mountain Canyon, 1; W side Ruby + Lake, 6 mi. N Elko Co. line, 3; W side Ruby Lake, 3 mi. N + Elko Co. line, 8. _White Pine Co._: Willow Creek, 2 mi. S + White Pine Co. line, Ruby Mountains, 6; W side Ruby Lake, 3 + mi. S White Pine Co. line, 5; Overland Pass, E slope Ruby + Mountains, 8 mi. S White Pine Co. line, 2. + + =Utah=: _Boxelder Co._: Head of George Creek and Clear Creek, + 5 mi. S Stanrod, Raft River Mountains, 8,500 ft., 2 UU. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus nevadensis= Burt + + _Eutamias quadrivittatus nevadensis_ Burt, Jour. + Mamm. 12:299, August 24, 1931. + + _Type._--Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 15884 Donald R. + Dickey Collection; from Hidden Forest, Sheep Mountains, 8,500 + ft., Clark County, Nevada; obtained on July 13, 1929, by W. + H. Burt; original No. 2337. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; general tone of upper parts + grayish; baculum one of the largest of species. + + _Description._--"General tone of upperparts grayish; median + dorsal stripe, extending from crown between ears to rump, + black faintly bordered with 'verona brown'; lateral dark + dorsal stripes similar to median stripe, but with anterior + one-third deeply suffused with 'verona brown'; central light + dorsal stripes grayish, slightly lighter than head and rump; + lateral stripes white; head and rump 'pale smoke gray'; + postauricular patch grayish white, a narrow margin extending + up posterior border of ear; anterior portion of ear 'fuscous + black' mixed with 'verona brown' at base and bordered by + light gray; ocular stripe black grading into 'verona brown' + in front of ear; submalar stripe nearly obsolete, 'sayal + brown'; sides of body grayish washed with 'verona brown'; + feet grayish very faintly washed with 'pinkish buff'; dorsal + surface of tail black overlaid with 'tilleul buff'; ventral + surface of tail 'cinnamon buff' narrowly bordered by black + then by 'tilleul buff'; ventral surface of body white." (Burt + 1931:299.) Skull similar to that of _E. u. inyoensis_ but + differing as indicated below. + + _Comparisons._--From _E. u. inyoensis_, the subspecies to the + north, _E. u. nevadensis_ differs in: Paler and grayer + throughout; tawny areas restricted; gray areas clearer and + less suffused; dark facial markings narrower and less + distinct; ventral surface of tail distinctly paler; feet + lighter, clearer gray; nasals extend farther posteriorly with + respect to premaxillae (Burt _loc. cit._). + + From _E. u. adsitus_, the subspecies to the northeast, _E. u. + nevadensis_ differs in: Narrower dorsal stripes and facial + markings; paler coloration of head, rump, sides, feet, and + ventral surface of tail (Burt _op. cit._: 299-300). + +_Remarks._--The differences between _E. umbrinus nevadensis_ and _E. +palmeri_, as shown by Burt (_op. cit._) and Hall (1946), are such that +one might expect _E. palmeri_ to be a subspecies of _E. umbrinus_. +However, having only the structure of the baculum as evidence +additional to that summarized by Hall (_op. cit._), I follow him in +according _E. palmeri_ specific status. + + _Specimens examined._--None. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus fremonti= new subspecies + + _Type._--Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 41790 + Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; from 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8,025 + ft., Sublette County, Wyoming; obtained on July 8, 1951, by + Rollin H. Baker; original No. 1596. + + _Diagnosis._--Size large; sides Capucine Yellow; antiplantar + surface of hind feet Raw Sienna; postauricular patch grayish + white; baculum as in _E. u. umbrinus_. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Crown Cinnamon-Buff mixed + with gray; upper facial stripe Sepia; ocular stripe + Chaetura-Drab; submalar stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal + Brown; ear black; anterior margin of ear Mars-Yellow, + posterior margin grayish white; hairs inside posterior + portion of pinna Dresden-Brown; postauricular patch Pale + Smoke Gray; median dorsal dark stripe black; lateral dorsal + dark stripe black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost dorsal + dark stripe obsolete, Buckhorn-Brown mixed with black; median + pair of dorsal light stripes grayish mixed with + Buckhorn-Brown; outer pair of dorsal light stripes creamy + white; sides Buckhorn-Brown; rump Pale Smoke Gray mixed with + Saccardo's Umber; dorsal surface of tail black mixed with + Buckhorn-Brown; ventral surface of tail Sayal Brown; + outermost edge of tail Light Buff; antipalmar surface of + forefeet Warm Buff; antiplantar surface of hind foot + Ochraceous-Tawny; underparts creamy white with dark underfur. + _Skull_: Large, with strong zygomata; braincase well + inflated. _Baculum_: As in _E. u. umbrinus_. + + _Comparisons._--From _E. u. umbrinus_, the subspecies from + the Uinta and northern Wasatch Mountains in Utah, _E. u. + fremonti_ differs in: Sides darker; antiplantar surfaces of + feet darker; postauricular patch grayer; crown more grayish; + skull slightly larger. + + From _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, the species and subspecies + from western Montana, _E. u. fremonti_ differs in: General + tone of upper parts, sides, underside of tail, and feet, all + darker in coloration; baculum shorter and proportionally + twice as wide at base. + + For comparison with _E. u. montanus_, see the account of that + subspecies. + +_Remarks._--The geographic ranges of _E. umbrinus fremonti_ and +_E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_ are allopatric and no specimens have ever +been taken in the intermediate area to indicate whether or not +these two species anywhere occur together. The bacula in the two +species differ to the same degree as those of _E. quadrivittatus_ and +_E. umbrinus_. The differences between _E. u. fremonti_ and _E. r. +ruficaudus_ are such that in my opinion, _E. ruficaudus_ is a distinct +species. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 58. + + =Montana=: _Park Co._: Beartooth Mountains, 2 BS. + + =Idaho=: _Bonneville Co._: Big Hole Mountains, 9,000 ft., + near Irwin, 1 BS. + + =Wyoming=: _Yellowstone Park_, 2. Park Co.: 16-1/4 mi. N and + 17 mi. W Cody, 5,625 ft., 2. _Teton Co._: 1 mi. E and 1/4 mi. + N Togwotee Pass, 9,800 ft., 2; Amphitheatre Lake, Teton Park, + 1 MM; Flat Creek, 4 MM; head of Cache Creek, 4 MM; Jackson, + Upper Arizona Creek, 2 MM; Flat Creek-Granite Creek divide, 6 + MM; Flat Creek Pass, 1 MM; Flat Creek-Gravel Creek divide, 2 + MM. _Lincoln Co._: La Barge Creek, 9,000 ft., 2 BS. _Fremont + Co._: Togwotee Pass, 12; 12 mi. N and 3 mi. W Shoshoni, 4,650 + ft., 1; Mosquito Park R. S., 9,500 ft., 17-1/2 mi. W and + 2-1/2 mi. N Lander, 1; 17 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. W Lander, 8,450 + ft., 3. _Sublette Co._: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8,025 ft., 2; W + side Barbara Lake, 10,300 ft., 8 mi. S and 3 mi. W Fremont + Peak, 4; 19 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 7,700 ft., 5. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus montanus= new subspecies + + _Type._--Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 20105 + Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; from 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S + Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder County, Colorado; obtained on August + 1, 1947, by E. L. Cockrum; original No. 721. + + _Diagnosis._--Size large; sides Clay Color; antipalmar and + antiplantar surfaces of feet Cinnamon-Buff; baculum as in E. + u. umbrinus. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Crown Raw Sienna mixed with + gray; upper facial stripe and ocular stripe black mixed with + Sepia; submalar stripe Snuff Brown mixed with black; ear + black or Sepia, anterior margin Ochraceous-Tawny, posterior + margin and postauricular patch grayish white; hairs inside + posterior part of pinna Cinnamon-Buff; median dorsal dark + stripe black with Sayal Brown along margins; lateral dark + stripes black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost dorsal dark + stripes obsolete, Sayal Brown mixed with black; median pair + of dorsal light stripes Pale Smoke Gray mixed with Clay + Color; outer pair of dorsal light stripes creamy white; sides + Clay Color; rump and thighs Neutral Gray; dorsal surface of + tail black mixed with Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail + Ochraceous-Tawny; hairs around margin of tail Cinnamon-Buff + or Ochraceous-Tawny; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of + feet Cinnamon-Buff; underparts creamy white with dark + underfur. _Skull_: Large; zygomata strong; braincase well + inflated. _Baculum_: As in _E. u. umbrinus_. + + _Comparisons._--From _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, the + subspecies and species to the south, _E. u. montanus_ differs + in: General tone of upper parts darker; braincase + significantly narrower; baculum shorter and markedly wider at + base. + + From _E. u. umbrinus_, the subspecies from the Uinta and + northern Wasatch Mountains, _E. u. montanus_ differs in: + General tone of upper parts brighter (less tawny); sides more + tawny; skull slightly larger. + + From _E. u. sedulus_, the subspecies from the Henry Mountains + of Utah, _E. u. montanus_ differs in: Sides darker; general + tone of upper parts darker. + + From _E. u. fremonti_, the subspecies from the mountains of + western and northwestern Wyoming, _E. u. montanus_ differs + in: General tone of upper parts lighter; hairs around + outermost edge of tail tawnier. + +_Remarks._--Howell (1929:83) stated that the specimens of _E. +quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_ (= _E. umbrinus montanus_) from Estes +Park, Long's Peak, and Gold Hill, all in Colorado, "average somewhat +darker on the back and sides than typical _quadrivittatus_; the light +dorsal stripes are also somewhat duller and the dark stripes less +blackish, thus showing an approach to the characters of _umbrinus_." +Now there are more specimens of _E. u. montanus_ from the mountains of +north-central Colorado than were available to Howell. He was not aware +of the striking difference between the bacula of _E. quadrivittatus_ +and _E. umbrinus_, and the constancy of this difference between all +the subspecies of one species and those of the other. + +Although the geographic range of _E. u. umbrinus_ is closer to the +ranges of _E. u. fremonti_ and _E. u. montanus_ than to the geographic +range of _E. u. adsitus_, _E. u. umbrinus_ seems to be more closely +related to _E. u. adsitus_ than to _E. u. fremonti_ or _E. u. +montanus_. This observation may be explained by the presence of +continuous habitat for _E. umbrinus_ between the ranges of _E. u. +umbrinus_ and _E. u. adsitus_, whereas _E. u. fremonti_ and _E. u. +montanus_ are each separated from _E. u. umbrinus_ by areas unsuitable +for occupancy by _E. umbrinus_. It must be noted, however, that no +actual intergrades between _E. u. umbrinus_ and _E. u. adsitus_ are +known. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 36. + + =Wyoming=: _Albany Co._: 3 mi. ESE Brown's Peak, 10,000 ft., + 2; 3-1/2 mi. S Wood's Landing, 1. + + =Utah=: _Uintah Co._: PR Springs, 7,950 ft., 43 mi. S Ouray, + Uintah-Grand county line, 1 UU. + + =Colorado=: _Jackson Co._: Mount Zirkel, 10,000 ft., on + trail, 2 WC; Buffalo Pass, 10,380 ft., 1 WC; Buffalo Pass + road, 10,130 ft., 1 WC. _Larimer Co._: 2 mi. E Log Cabin, + 7,450 ft., 1 WC; Estes Park, 7,600 ft., 1; 1-1/2 mi. SW Estes + Park, 1; 2-1/2 mi. SW Estes Park, 2; 3-1/2 mi. SW Estes Park, + 1; 12 mi. SW Estes Park, 1. _Rio Blanco Co._: 1 mi. NW Pagoda + Peak, 10,400 ft., 1. _Boulder Co._: Long's Peak, 7 BS; 1 mi. + NE Ward, 10,000 ft., 1; 3 mi. S Ward, 9,000 ft., 5; 1/2 mi. E + and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., 1; 1 mi. S Gold Hill, 8,200 ft., + 1. _Clear Creek Co._: Davidson Mine, 3 mi. SW Idaho Springs, + 1; Georgetown, 1 CM. _Jefferson Co._: Silver Plume, 1 CM. + _Park Co._: Tarryall Creek Camp, 8,700 ft., 1 WC. _Gunnison + Co._: S side Crested Butte Mountain, 9,500 ft., 1 WC; mouth + of Virginia Basin, Gothic, 1 FC. + + + DISCUSSION + +The chipmunks that heretofore have been assigned to the species +_Eutamias quadrivittatus_ are here assigned to two species, _E. +quadrivittatus_ and _E. umbrinus,_ for the following reasons: + +1. The baculum of _E. quadrivittatus_ differs from that of _E. +umbrinus_ in having a narrow base (see figs. 3, 4). This difference +permits any specimen which has an associated baculum to be readily +identified to species. + +2. The cranial breadth in the subspecies of _E. quadrivittatus_ is +significantly larger than in the subspecies of _E. umbrinus_. + +3. Specimens of _E. umbrinus_ are darker than any specimen of _E. +quadrivittatus_. + +4. Where the geographic ranges of _E. quadrivittatus_ and _E. +umbrinus_ come close to one another (probably they meet at some +places), _E. umbrinus_ occupies a higher position in terms of +life-zones. Wherever either of these two species, but not the other, +occurs on a mountain the species occupies both the higher and lower +life-zones. + + [Illustration: FIGS. 3 and 4. Baculum of _Eutamias + quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, No. 35648/47919 BS; from + Canon City, Fremont Co., Colorado. Figure 3, lateral view of + right side; figure 4, dorsal view. + + FIG. 5. Baculum of _Eutamias umbrinus umbrinus_, No. 38062; + from Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., + Uintah Co., Utah. Lateral view of right side. + + FIG. 6. Baculum of _Eutamias umbrinus montanus_, No. 20105; + from 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder Co., + Colorado. Dorsal view.] + +The differences between _E. quadrivittatus_ and _E. umbrinus_ are as +great as, or greater than, between many species of chipmunks, such as +between _E. minimus_ and _E. amoenus_, and between _E. quadrivittatus_ +and _E. cinereicollis_. + +Although I know of no ecological differences between _E. umbrinus_ +and _E. ruficaudus_, the morphological differences, as for example, +differences in the structure of the baculum, and differences in color +pattern, lead me to maintain _E. ruficaudus_ and _E. umbrinus_ as +separate species. + +The present distribution of these two species is attributable to the +uplift of the Rocky Mountains in the Pleistocene. That the uplift of +the Rocky Mountains and the erosion which produced the present-day +relief took place in Pleistocene times is supported by the evidence +found by several geologists such as Hunt and Sokoloff (1950:109-123). + +The present geographic distribution of _E. umbrinus_ and _E. +quadrivittatus_ conceivably came about as follows: _E. umbrinus_-like +chipmunks were present, before the uplift of the major chains of +mountains, on isolated, low mountain ranges that were not covered with +glaciers (such as the laccolithic mountains that occur in Utah) in +Pleistocene time, while _E. quadrivittatus_-like chipmunks were +present in the central parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and southern +Wyoming. With the advent of uplift, the habitats in the central +parts of these states were changed from a plains-like habitat to +a habitat that resembled the forest habitats that exist today. +_E. umbrinus_-like chipmunks then invaded this newly formed habitat +and displaced any _E. quadrivittatus_-like chipmunks that were less +well adapted to live there. The Colorado River probably served +as a barrier that kept the _E. umbrinus_-like chipmunks and _E. +quadrivittatus_-like chipmunks separated up to this time. Invasion of +the new forest-niche by _E. umbrinus_-like chipmunks may have taken +place through the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah, after the +glaciers disappeared from these mountains, since the Colorado River +probably prevented any eastward migration farther south. + + + TABLE 1 + + Average and Extreme Measurements in Millimeters of Adult + _Eutamias quadrivittatus_ and _E. umbrinus_ + + KEY + A: Greatest length of skull + B: Zygomatic breadth + C: Cranial breadth + D: Length of nasals + E: Total length + F: Length of tail + G: Length of lower tooth-row + H: Condylo-alveolar length of mandible + +====================================================================== + | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H +-------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. q. quadrivittatus_, Canon City, Fremont Co., + | Colorado. + | +Mean (7) | 35.7 | 19.3 | 16.2 | 11.0 | 222 | 99.4 | 5.40 | 18.98 +Min [Male] | 35.7 | 19.1 | 15.9 | 10.6 | 216 | 93.0 | 5.32 | 18.65 +Max | 35.8 | 19.8 | 16.5 | 11.6 | 230 | 104.0 | 5.49 | 19.41 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (3) | 35.9 | 19.9 | 16.5 | 10.9 | 231 | 99.0 | 5.42 | 19.10 +Min [Female] | 35.6 | 19.9 | 16.5 | 10.7 | 200 | 98.0 | 5.39 | 18.85 +Max | 36.2 | 19.9 | 16.6 | 11.2 | 232 | 100.0 | 5.49 | 19.28 + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. q. hopiensis_, Moab, Grand Co., Utah. + | +Mean (11) | 34.4 | 19.4 | 16.3 | 10.0 | 212 | 90.7 | 5.19 | 18.36 +Min [Male] | 33.5 | 19.2 | 15.9 | 9.3 | 208 | 85.0 | 4.92 | 17.80 +Max | 35.4 | 20.0 | 16.8 | 10.5 | 220 | 96.0 | 5.38 | 18.96 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (5) | 34.9 | 19.6 | 16.4 | 10.5 | 219 | 94.4 | 5.16 | 18.58 +Min [Female] | 34.2 | 19.3 | 15.9 | 10.1 | 210 | 85.0 | 5.13 | 18.00 +Max | 35.7 | 20.1 | 16.6 | 10.7 | 228 | 104.0 | 5.20 | 19.19 + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. umbrinus_, Mts. S Robertson, Uintah Co., + | Wyoming. + | +Mean (11) | 34.7 | 18.9 | 15.7 | 10.9 | 218 | 96.2 | 5.13 | 18.04 +Min [Male] | 34.3 | 18.3 | 15.6 | 10.3 | 215 | 81.0 | 4.79 | 17.57 +Max | 35.2 | 19.4 | 16.0 | 11.7 | 228 | 112.0 | 5.42 | 18.59 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (4) | 35.1 | 19.2 | 15.9 | 11.0 | 224 | 96.4 | 5.17 | 18.46 +Min [Female] | 34.9 | 18.6 | 15.7 | 10.3 | 204 | 90.0 | 5.11 | 18.31 +Max | 35.4 | 20.0 | 16.2 | 11.8 | 234 | 100.0 | 5.22 | 18.98 + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. adsitus_, Britts Meadow, Beaver Co., Utah. + | +Mean (6) | 34.8 | 18.9 | 15.5 | 10.8 | 214 | 89.6 | 5.16 | 18.07 +Min [Male] | 34.3 | 18.5 | 15.3 | 10.4 | 203 | 73.0 | 4.64 | 17.69 +Max | 35.4 | 19.6 | 16.1 | 11.3 | 225 | 95.0 | 5.34 | 18.70 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (6) | 35.1 | 19.5 | 16.0 | 11.0 | 228 | 96.5 | 5.11 | 18.75 +Min [Female] | 33.9 | 18.9 | 15.9 | 10.6 | 215 | 95.0 | 5.00 | 18.51 +Max | 36.2 | 20.0 | 16.3 | 11.8 | 233 | 98.0 | 5.33 | 19.40 + | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. sedulus_, Mt. Ellen, Henry Mts., Garfield Co., + | Utah. + | +Mean (5) | 34.7 | 18.7 | 15.6 | 10.7 | 218 | 93.0 | 5.21 | 18.74 +Min [Male] | 33.5 | 18.4 | 15.4 | 10.1 | 213 | 89.0 | 5.09 | 18.48 +Max | 35.5 | 19.1 | 15.9 | 11.2 | 224 | 97.0 | 5.28 | 19.38 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (2) | 34.9 | 19.4 | 16.1 | 11.1 | 227 | 98.0 | 5.24 | 18.74 +Min [Female] | 34.9 | 19.3 | 16.1 | 11.0 | 224 | 96.0 | 5.07 | 19.24 +Max | 34.9 | 19.5 | 16.1 | 11.3 | 231 | 100.0 | 5.42 | 19.80 + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. inyoensis_, Ruby Mts., Elko and White Pine + | Cos., Nev. + | +Mean (12) | 34.4 | 19.0 | 15.7 | 10.5 | 208 | 89.5 | 5.15 | 18.12 +Min [Male] | 33.5 | 18.6 | 15.2 | 10.0 | 196 | 85.0 | 5.01 | 17.32 +Max | 35.4 | 19.6 | 16.1 | 11.5 | 220 | 100.0 | 5.37 | 18.81 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (5) | 34.9 | 19.4 | 15.7 | 10.5 | 215 | 92.8 | 5.19 | 18.63 +Min [Female] | 34.4 | 19.1 | 15.4 | 10.4 | 204 | 86.0 | 5.04 | 18.50 +Max | 35.2 | 19.7 | 16.0 | 10.7 | 226 | 102.0 | 5.33 | 18.80 + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. nevadensis_, Measurements of the type + | (Burt 1931:300). + | + [Male] | 34.8 | 19.3 | 16.2 | 11.0 | 205 | 89.0 | ... | ... + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. fremonti_, Togwotee Pass, Fremont Co., Wyoming. + | +Mean (8) | 35.6 | 19.3 | 15.9 | 11.4 | 223 | 99.0 | 5.34 | 19.17 +Min [Male] | 35.2 | 18.9 | 15.8 | 11.1 | 216 | 95.0 | 5.22 | 18.72 +Max | 36.5 | 19.7 | 16.1 | 11.8 | 243 | 111.0 | 5.57 | 19.78 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (6) | 35.3 | 19.6 | 15.9 | 11.3 | 229 | 101.0 | 5.40 | 19.02 +Min [Female] | 34.5 | 19.3 | 15.7 | 10.9 | 223 | 92.0 | 5.35 | 18.37 +Max | 36.0 | 20.0 | 16.5 | 12.0 | 239 | 110.0 | 5.44 | 19.51 + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. montanus_, Boulder Co., Colorado. + | +Mean (5) | 35.2 | 18.8 | 15.5 | 10.8 | 226 | 96.0 | 5.20 | 18.29 +Min [Male] | 34.7 | 18.4 | 15.2 | 10.1 | 215 | 93.0 | 5.03 | 17.80 +Max | 36.8 | 19.4 | 16.2 | 11.5 | 232 | 115.0 | 5.53 | 19.36 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (6) | 35.7 | 19.1 | 15.6 | 10.9 | 226 | 98.0 | 5.28 | 18.67 +Min [Female] | 35.1 | 18.8 | 15.1 | 10.3 | 215 | 89.0 | 5.06 | 18.09 +Max | 36.5 | 19.5 | 16.0 | 11.6 | 231 | 105.0 | 5.58 | 19.35 + | | | | | | | | +-------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + + + LITERATURE CITED + + BENSON, S. B. + 1935. A biological reconnaissance of Navajo Mountain, Utah. Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 40:439-455, December 31. + + BURT, W. H. + 1931. Three new subspecies of chipmunks of the genus Eutamias + from Nevada. Jour. Mamm., 12:298-301, August 24. + + DURRANT, S. D. + 1952. Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution. Univ. Kansas + Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:1-549, 91 figs., 30 tables, August + 10. + + HALL, E. R. + 1946. Mammals of Nevada. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, + California, pp. xi + 710, 11 pls., 485 figs., July 1. + + HARDY, R. + 1945. The taxonomic status of some chipmunks of the genus + Eutamias in southwestern Utah. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 58:85-87, June 30. + + HOWELL, A. H. + 1929. Revision of the American chipmunks (genera _Tamias_ and + _Eutamias_). U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Biol. Surv., N. Amer. + Fauna, 52:1-157, 10 pls., 9 figs., November 30. + + HUNT, C. B., and SOKOLOFF, V. P. + 1950. Pre-Wisconsin soil in the Rocky Mountain region, a progress + report. U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper, 221-G:109-123. + + JOHNSON, D. H. + 1943. Systematic review of the chipmunks (genus Eutamias) of + California. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48:63-148, 6 + pls., December 24. + + KELSON, K. R. + 1951. Speciation in rodents of the Colorado River drainage. Univ. + Utah Biol. Ser., 11(3): vii + 125, 10 figs., February 15. + + MERRIAM, C. H. + 1905. Two new chipmunks from Colorado and Arizona. Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 18:163-166, June 29. + + _Transmitted June 26, 1953._ + + + 24-8966 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, Eutamias +quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus, by John A. 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White + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus + +Author: John A. White + +Release Date: February 12, 2010 [EBook #31267] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TAXONOMY--CHIPMUNKS EUTAMIAS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h1>Taxonomy of the Chipmunks,<br /> +Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus</h1> + +<h4>BY</h4> + +<h3>JOHN A. WHITE<br /><br /></h3> + + + +<h3>University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History<br /><br /> + +<small>Volume 5, No. 33, pp. 563-582, 6 figures in text</small><br /> + +<small>December 1, 1953</small></h3> + + +<h4>University of Kansas<br /> +LAWRENCE<br /> +1953</h4> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h4><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /><br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,<br /> +and Robert W. Wilson<br /> +<br /> +Volume 5, No. 33, pp. 563-582, 6 figures in text<br /> +<br /> +December 1, 1953<br /><br /></h4> + +<h3><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /><br /></h3> + +<h5><small>PRINTED BY<br /> +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1953</small><br /> +<br /> +24-8966</h5> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_565" id="Page_565">[Pg 565]</a></span></p> +<h2>Taxonomy of the Chipmunks,<br /> +Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus</h2> + +<h4>By</h4> +<h4>JOHN A. WHITE</h4> + + +<p>The differences in anatomy and color between many species of chipmunks +are subtle, and refined techniques are required to discover them. When +"measuring" chipmunks taxonomically, it is necessary to use a +"chipmunk scale" and not, for example, a "pocket-gopher scale." In +explanation, some species of pocket gophers closely allied to each +other, and even some subspecies of the same species, differ markedly +in color and in size and shape of parts of the skeleton; comparable +differences are not so pronounced among many species of chipmunks.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Historical Summary</span></h3> + +<p>Merriam (1905) was the first to show clearly that <i>Eutamias +quadrivittatus</i> is a distinct species, and pointed out that <i>E. amoenus +operarius</i> (= <i>E. minimus operarius</i>) is a small species which resembles, +and is found in some areas together with, <i>E. quadrivittatus</i>.</p> + +<p>Howell (1929) placed under <i>E. quadrivittatus</i> the following subspecies: +<i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i>, <i>E. q. hopiensis</i>, <i>E. q. inyoensis</i>, <i>E. q. +frater</i>, <i>E. q. sequoiensis</i>, and <i>E. q. speciosus</i>.</p> + +<p>Hardy (1945) placed <i>E. adsitus</i> under <i>E. quadrivittatus</i> as <i>E. q. +adsitus</i>, and Kelson (1951) placed <i>E. umbrinus</i> under <i>E. quadrivittatus</i> +as <i>E. q. umbrinus</i>.</p> + +<p>Johnson (1943) re-established <i>E. speciosus</i> as a separate species, +and in California left only <i>E. q. inyoensis</i> in <i>E. quadrivittatus</i>.</p> + +<p>Thus, since 1943 the recognized subspecies of <i>E. quadrivittatus</i> +have been: <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i>, <i>E. q. hopiensis</i>, <i>E. q. inyoensis</i>, +<i>E. q. nevadensis</i>, <i>E. q. umbrinus</i>, and <i>E. q. adsitus</i>.</p> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Methods, Materials, and Acknowledgments</span></h3> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p>Capitalized color terms, which are used in descriptions and +comparisons, are of Ridgway, "Color Standards and Color Nomenclature," +Washington, D. C., 1912.</p> + +<p>In the synonymy of each subspecies there appears only the first usage of a +name, second the first usage of the name combination now employed unless a +new combination is proposed by me, and third pure synonyms. The last is +recognizable as such because the type locality is appended to each.</p> + +<p>Unless otherwise specified, all specimens are in the Museum of Natural +History, University of Kansas. The various collections of institutions +and of private persons are indicated by the following symbols:</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_566" id="Page_566">[Pg 566]</a></span></p> + +<div class="pblockquot"> +<div class="blockquot"><p> +AM—American Museum of Natural History.<br /> +BS—United States Biological Surveys Collection.<br /> +CM—Colorado Museum of Natural History.<br /> +DC—Collection of Donald R. Dickey (now the collection of the University of California at Los Angeles).<br /> +FC—Collection of James S. Findley.<br /> +KU—Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas.<br /> +MM—Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan.<br /> +NM—United States National Museum.<br /> +UU—Museum of Zoology, University of Utah.<br /> +WC—Collection of Edward R. Warren, Colorado College.</p></div> + +<p>Of the external measurements, only the total length and the length of +the tail are recorded in table 1. Some field collectors measured the +ear from the notch and others from the crown; most collectors measured +the length of the hind foot to the nearest millimeter rather than in +tenths of a millimeter, as would have been desired. Consequently, I +decided against using the lengths of the ear and hind foot in the +study here reported on.</p> + +<p>The measurements of the skull were made as shown in figure 1.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100%;"> +<img src="images/fig1.jpg" width="100%" alt="FIG. 1" title="FIG. 1" /> +<p><b><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> Dorsal view of skull and a lateral and a medial +view of the right lower jaw to show points between which measurements +of the skull were taken. × 1¾. Based on <i>Eutamias ruficaudus +ruficaudus</i>, from 6 mi. S St. Mary, 6500 ft., Glacier Co., Montana. A +to A'—greatest length of skull; B to B'—length of nasals; C to +C'—zygomatic breadth; D to D'—least interorbital constriction; E to +E'—cranial breadth; F to F'—inner mandibular length; G to +G'—condylo-alveolar length of mandible.</b></p> +</div> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p>A total number of 434 specimens are listed as examined in this study, and +additionally, numerous other specimens were superficially examined in the +United States Biological Surveys Collection. Bacula of each of the named +kinds of chipmunks in this paper, were examined.</p></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_567" id="Page_567">[Pg 567]</a></span></p> +<div class="pblockquot"><p>Whenever two or more samples are stated to be significantly different, the +meaning is that the difference is statistically significant.</p> + +<p>The geographic distribution of each subspecies and the localities of +specimens or series of specimens are plotted on the map (fig. 2).</p> + +<p>When comparisons were made to ascertain specific and subspecific differences, +only adults, or animals in which the enamel was worn through on the +permanent P4 and p4 were used. Within this age range, only specimens in +comparable pelage were used to ascertain differences in color.</p> + +<p>Miss Viola S. Schantz of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, +Mr. Alfred Bailey of the Colorado Museum of Natural History, Dr. W. H. +Burt of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, Dr. +Stephen D. Durrant of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Utah, +Dr. Robert M. Stabler, curator of the Warren Collection of Colorado +College, and Mr. James S. Findley, generously loaned specimens for my +use. Doctors E. Raymond Hall, Rollin H. Baker, Robert W. Wilson, Keith +R. Kelson, E. Lendell Cockrum, and other friends and associates have +given valued suggestions and assistance. My wife, Alice M. White, made +the illustrations and helped me record and analyze the data.</p> + +<p>Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas University +Endowment Association, the National Science Foundation, and the United +States Navy, Office of Naval Research, through contract No. NR161 791.</p></div> + + +<h3><span class="smcap">Accounts of Species and Subspecies</span></h3> + +<h3><b>Eutamias quadrivittatus</b> (Say)</h3> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; general tone of upper parts tawny; +cranial breadth averaging between 16.0 and 16.8 mm.; baculum +distinguishable from that of any other species by the combination +of width of base less than ¼ of length of shaft, shaft having a maximum +diameter of more than ¼ mm., and height of keel ¼ of length +of tip.</p> + +<p style='text-align:center;'><b>Eutamias quadrivittatus quadrivittatus</b> (Say)</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"> +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sciurus quadrivittatus</i> Say, in Jones, Long's Expedition to Rocky Mountains, +2:45, 1823.</p> + +<p><i>Eutamias quadrivittatus</i>, Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., +30:43, December 27, 1901.</p> + +<p><i>Tamias quadrivittatus gracilis</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. +Hist., 3:99, June 1890, Type from San Pedro, Santa Fe Co., New Mexico.</p> + +<p><i>Eutamias quadrivittatus animosus</i> Warren, Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 22:105, June 25, 1909. Type from Irwin Ranch, Las Animas +County, Colorado.</p></div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—None designated; from along Arkansas River, about 26 mi. below +Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado; obtained on July 18, 1820.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; dorsal dark stripes blackish; sides Cinnamon to +Clay Color; crown Light Drab; baculum large.</p> + +<p><i>Description.</i>—<i>Color pattern</i>: Head Cinnamon, shaded on crown to +Light Drab; ocular stripe Fuscous Black, with Cinnamon along margins; +other facial stripes Fuscous mixed with Cinnamon; ears Fuscous Black, +Ochraceous-Tawny on anterior margin, grayish white on posterior margin +and on postauricular +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_568" id="Page_568">[Pg 568]</a></span> +patch; dark dorsal stripes black with +Ochraceous-Tawny along margins; outer pair of dark stripes often +mainly Tawny; light dorsal stripes grayish white, outer pair usually +creamy white; sides Ochraceous-Tawny, shaded in the region of the +shoulder with Cinnamon; rump and thighs Cinnamon-Buff mixed with Smoke +Gray; antipalmar surfaces of forefeet Cinnamon-Buff; antiplantar +surfaces of hind feet Pinkish Buff; dorsal surface of tail Fuscous +Black, overlaid with Pinkish Buff; ventral surface of tail +Ochraceous-Tawny, Fuscous Black along margin, Pinkish Buff along +outermost edge; underparts creamy white. <i>Skull</i>: Large; braincase +well inflated; zygomatic arches strong and slightly appressed to +skull. <i>Baculum</i>: Large; long and slender.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—From <i>E. q. hopiensis</i>, the only other subspecies in +this species, <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i> differs in: Dorsal dark stripes +blackish; crown grayer; rump and thighs grayer; general tone of upper +parts darker.</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—Specimens from the Chuska Mountains, Zuni Mountains, and +Blanco, New Mexico, are intergrades between <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i> and +<i>E. q. hopiensis</i>, but are referable to <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i>.</p> + +<p>In north-central Colorado <i>E. umbrinus</i> occurs in the spruce and pine +forests at higher altitudes, while to the south and east of this area +<i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i> occurs in growths of piñon in lower, semiarid +areas. In the northern half of New Mexico and in south-central +Colorado, <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i> occurs not only in semiarid habitats +but also in the moist habitats of the forests of higher altitudes. +Ecologically, <i>E. umbrinus</i> thus replaces <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i> in +north-central Colorado. This ecological replacement is comparable to +the ecological replacement of <i>Thomomys bottae</i> by <i>T. talpoides</i> in +Utah as shown by Durrant (1952:156).</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 130.</p> + +<p><b>Colorado</b>: <i>Larimer Co.</i>: Arkins, 1 BS. <i>Jefferson Co.</i>: W spur Lookout +Mountain, near Golden, 1 WC. <i>Gunnison Co.</i>: Sapinero, 3 BS. <i>Saguache +Co.</i>: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W Saguache 10,000 ft., 1; 21 mi. W and 3 mi. +N Saguache, 1. <i>Fremont Co.</i>: 18 mi. S and 7 mi. W Colorado Springs, +1; Arkansas River, "about" 26 mi. below Canon City, 15 BS. <i>San Juan +Co.</i>: Silverton, 1 BS. <i>Mineral Co.</i>: 3 mi. E Creede, 1. <i>Alamosa +Co.</i>: Sangre de Cristo Range, 24 mi. E Hooper, 2 CM. <i>La Plata Co.</i>: 2 +mi. NE Bondad 6,100 ft., 1; Bondad, 15 mi. S Durango 6,050 ft., 1. +<i>Archuleta Co.</i>: Chromo, 1 CM. <i>Las Animas Co.</i>: Trinidad, 6 BS. <i>Baca +Co.</i>: unspecified, 1.</p> + +<p><b>New Mexico</b>: <i>San Juan Co.</i>: Blanco, 1 BS; Chuska Mountains, 8 BS. <i>Rio +Arriba Co.</i>: 8 mi. N El Rito, 1; 4 mi. N El Rito, 5; Rim Rock, El +Rito, 2; 2 mi. E El Rito, 7,000 ft., 1; 2 mi. SE El Rito, 1; 6 mi. E +and ½ mi. S Truchas, 8,500 ft., 1; 2 mi. S and 4 mi. W Coyote, 8,100 +ft., 1; unspecified, 2. <i>Taos Co.</i>: 3 mi. N Taos Pueblo, 5 BS; 23 mi. +S and 6 mi. E Taos, 8,750 ft., 2. <i>Union Co.</i>: Emery Peak, 1 BS; +Folsom, 3 BS; Sierra Grande, 8 BS; unspecified, 2. <i>McKinley Co.</i>: +Bear Ridge, Zuni Mountains, 9 BS. <i>Sandoval Co.</i>: Bear Canyon, W +foothills, Sandia Mountains, 3 BS; W foothills, near S end, Sandia +Mountains, 7 BS. <i>Santa Fe Co.</i>: San Pedro, 7 BS. <i>San Miguel Co.</i>: +Canadian River, 4 mi. NW Tucumcari, 1 BS. <i>Valencia Co.</i>: Mount +Taylor, San Mateo Mountains, 10 BS.</p> + +<p><b>Oklahoma</b>: <i>Cimarron Co.</i>: Kenton, 1 BS.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_569" id="Page_569">[Pg 569]</a></span></p> + +<p style='text-align:center;'><b>Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis</b> Merriam</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"> +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eutamias hopiensis</i> Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 18:165, June 29, +1905.</p> + +<p><i>Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis</i>, Howell, Jour. Mamm. 3:184, August 4, +1922.</p></div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Female, adult, skull and skin, No. 67768 U. S. Nat. Mus.; from +Keams Canyon, Painted Desert, Arizona; obtained on July 27, 1894, by A. K. +Fisher.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; dorsal dark stripes tawny; crown Drab-Gray; +baculum of same proportions as in <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i> but smaller.</p></div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100%;"> +<img src="images/fig2.jpg" width="100%" alt="FIG. 1" title="FIG. 1" /> +<p><b><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span> Localities of specimens examined and probable +geographic ranges of the subspecies of <i>Eutamias quadrivittatus</i> and +<i>Eutamias umbrinus</i>. The symbols for locality records are as follows: +circles, precise localities; triangles, localities known only to +county.<br /><br /> +Guide to subspecies:<br /> +1. <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i><br /> +2. <i>E. q. hopiensis</i><br /> +3. <i>E. u. umbrinus</i><br /> +4. <i>E. u. adsitus</i><br /> +5. <i>E. u. sedulus</i><br /> +6. <i>E. u. inyoensis</i><br /> +7. <i>E. u. nevadensis</i><br /> +8. <i>E. u. fremonti</i><br /> +9. <i>E. u. montanus</i> +</b></p> +</div> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p><i>Description.</i>—<i>Color pattern</i>: Head Drab-Gray, with Snuff Brown +around margin of crown; facial stripes Sayal Brown with small blackish patches +around eye; ears Ochraceous Tawny anteriorly and Pinkish Buff posteriorly; dorsal +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_570" id="Page_570">[Pg 570]</a></span> +stripes Tawny, median one sometimes blackish; median pair of dorsal +light stripes grayish white, outer pair creamy white; sides Ochraceous +Tawny; rump and thighs Cinnamon Buff washed with Pale Smoke Gray; +antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet Pinkish Cinnamon; dorsal +surface of tail Fuscous Black; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous +Tawny, Fuscous Black along margin, Cinnamon Buff along outermost edge; +underparts creamy white. <i>Skull</i>: As in <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i>. +<i>Baculum</i>: Same proportions as in <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i> but smaller.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—See under the account of <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i>.</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—Topotypes of this subspecies are intergrades between +it and <i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i>.</p> + +<p>In a large part of the geographic range of <i>E. q. hopiensis</i> there are +numerous, massive outcrops of Mesozoic sandstones, which tend to form +cliffs, that are brightly colored with many shades of red. The color +which is characteristic of <i>E. q. hopiensis</i> seems to be helpful in +adapting this subspecies to this habitat of red sandstone, for these +chipmunks are generally found in the rubble and among the piñon at the +base of the cliffs. At many places in Utah above these cliffs of red +sandstone there are forests predominantly composed of yellow pine. +Kelson (1951:42-43) states that "these two habitats are in immediate +juxtaposition, the transition from one to the other often occurring in +only a few feet ..." and again, "No one to my knowledge, has found any +evidence in specimens from Utah of interbreeding of <i>E. q. hopiensis</i> +with either <i>E. q. adsitus</i> [= <i>E. umbrinus adsitus</i>] or <i>E. q. +umbrinus</i> [= <i>E. u. umbrinus</i>]." Benson (1935:449) states, "On Navajo +Mountain these chipmunks [<i>E. q. hopiensis</i>] were most in evidence on +rock outcrops surrounded by brush at the lower edge of the yellow pine +zone. One was seen at about 9,500 feet in a south-facing rock outcrop +near the spruce-fir forest, but no chipmunk of any kind was seen in +the forest itself." This suggests that where only <i>E. q. hopiensis</i> +occurs on a mountain this subspecies goes higher than on a mountain +where <i>E. u. adsitus</i> also occurs. This same relationship between <i>E. +q. quadrivittatus</i> and the subspecies of <i>E. umbrinus</i> that occurs in +north-central Colorado was pointed out in the account of <i>E. q. +quadrivittatus</i>.</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 68.</p> + +<p><b>Utah</b>: <i>Uintah Co.</i>: E side of confluence of Green and White rivers, 1 mi. +SE Ouray, 4,700 ft., 3 UU. <i>Grand Co.</i>: Colorado River above Moab, 1 UU; +side canyon of Colorado River above Moab, 1 UU; Moab, up Colorado River, +1 UU; Moab, 4,500 ft., 4 UU; Moab Bridge over Colorado River, 3,995 ft., +Moab, 1 UU; Colorado River, 5 mi. E Moab Bridge, 4,000 ft., 1 UU. <i>Wayne +Co.</i>: Fruita, 1 UU.</p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_571" id="Page_571">[Pg 571]</a></span> +<b>Colorado</b>: <i>Moffat Co.</i>: 11 mi. W and 11 mi. N Rangely, 6,000 ft., 3. +<i>Rio Blanco Co.</i>: White River, 5 BS. <i>Eagle Co.</i>: McCoy, 2 BS. <i>Mesa +Co.</i>: 1½ mi. S Loma, 4,600 ft., 1. <i>Gunnison Co.</i>: 1 mi. E +Somerset, 6,100 ft., 1. <i>Montrose Co.</i>: 1 mi. E Naturita, 5,900 ft., +1. <i>Dolores Co.</i>: 1 mi. N Cahone, 6,900 ft., 1. <i>Montezuma Co.</i>: 1 mi. +S Cortez, 5,000 ft., 1; Mesa Verde, 25 mi. SW Mancos, 7,000 ft., 2 BS.</p> + +<p><b>Arizona</b>: <i>Navajo Co.</i>: Keams Canyon, 80 mi. N Holbrook, 15 BS. <i>Apache +Co.</i>: Summit, 8,000 ft., Luka Chukai Mountains, 15 mi. E Luka Chukai +Navajo School, 8 BS; Wheatfield Creek, W slope Tunicha Mountains, +7,000 ft., 3 BS.</p></div> + + +<h3><b>Eutamias umbrinus</b> (J. A. Allen)</h3> + + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; pelage dark; sides dark; narrow +cranial breadth; baculum distinguishable from that of any other +species (E. palmeri excepted) by the combination of width of base more +than ⅓ of length of shaft, distal ½ of shaft laterally +compressed, and keel ¼ of length of tip.</p> + +<p style='text-align:center;'><b>Eutamias umbrinus umbrinus</b> (J. A. Allen)</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"> +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tamias umbrinus</i> J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 3:96, June, 1890.</p> + +<p><i>Eutamias umbrinus</i>, Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 30:45, +December 27, 1901.</p></div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 186463 U. S. Nat. Mus., +Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Blacks Fork, about 9,500 ft., Uinta Mountains, +Utah; obtained on September 19, 1888, by Vernon Bailey; original No. +228.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; general tone of upper parts dark and shadowy; +skull relatively small.</p> + +<p><i>Description.</i>—<i>Color pattern</i>: Head Pale Smoke Gray; facial stripes +Fuscous Black to Snuff Brown; ear Fuscous Black; posterior margin of +ear and postauricular patch grayish white; median dorsal dark stripe +black with Sayal Brown along margins; lateral pair of dorsal dark +stripes Sayal Brown or Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost +pair of dorsal dark stripes nearly absent; sides Sayal Brown mixed +with Cinnamon; rump and thighs Sayal Brown mixed with Smoke Gray; +antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet Cinnamon-Buff; ventral +surface of tail Ochraceous Tawny or Sayal Brown, with Fuscous Black +around margin and Pinkish Buff around outermost edge; underparts +creamy white with dark gray underfur. <i>Skull</i>: Large, with moderately +inflated braincase and well developed zygomata. <i>Baculum</i>: One of the +largest in the species.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—From <i>Eutamias umbrinus adsitus</i>, the subspecies to +the south on the Wasatch Range, <i>E. u. umbrinus</i> differs in: Sides +lighter; rump browner; hairs around outermost edge of tail tawnier (in +freshly molted tails); shorter inner mandibular length.</p> + +<p>From <i>E. u. inyoensis</i>, the subspecies to the west in central and +northeastern Nevada and in northwestern Utah, <i>E. u. umbrinus</i> differs +in: General tone of upper parts lighter; sides lighter; total length +more; interorbital region broader.</p> + +<p>For comparisons with <i>E. u. sedulus</i>, <i>E. u. fremonti</i>, and <i>E. u. +montanus</i>, see the accounts of those subspecies.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 55.</p></div> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_572" id="Page_572">[Pg 572]</a></span></p> +<div class="pblockquot"><p><b>Wyoming</b>: <i>Uinta Co.</i>: 9 mi. S Robertson, 8,000 ft., 15; 10 mi. S and 1 +mi. W Robertson, 8,700 ft., 5; 11½ mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson, +9,200 ft., 1; 2 mi. E and 12 mi. S Robertson, Ashley Nat. For., 1; 13 +mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson, 9,200 ft., 1.</p> + +<p><b>Utah</b>: <i>Rich Co.</i>: Monte Cristo, 18 mi. W Woodruff, 8,000 ft., 2 UU. +<i>Summit Co.</i>: 13½ mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson [Wyoming], 4; 1 mi. N +Bridger Lake R. S., 9,400 ft., 4. <i>Wasatch Co.</i>: Snake Creek Canyon, 3 +mi. NW Midway, 6,000 ft., 1 UU. <i>Uintah Co.</i>: Paradise Park, 21 mi. W +and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 20.</p></div> + + +<p style='text-align:center;'><b>Eutamias umbrinus adsitus</b> J. A. Allen</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"> +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eutamias adsitus</i> J. A. Allen, Brooklyn Institute Mus. Sci. Bull. +1:118, March 31, 1905.</p></div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Unsexed adult, skull and skin, No. 28728 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; +from Briggs Meadow, 10,000 ft., Beaver Mountains, Utah; obtained on August +20, 1904, by George P. Engelhardt.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; sides dark; general tone of upper parts +dark; dorsal light and dark stripes strongly contrasting.</p> + +<p><i>Description.</i>—<i>Color pattern</i>: Head Cinnamon mixed with +grayish white; stripe on margin of crown Verona-Brown or Bister; +ocular stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal Brown; submalar stripe +Sayal Brown; ear Fuscous, Sayal Brown along anterior margin and Smoke +Gray along posterior margin and on postauricular patch; median dorsal +stripe black; lateral dorsal dark stripes Fuscous Black mixed with +Russet; outermost dorsal dark stripes slightly darker or +indistinguishable from sides in color; dorsal light stripes grayish +white with Mikado-Brown along margins; outermost pair of dorsal light +stripes nearly pure white; sides Russet mixed with Cinnamon or +Ochraceous-Tawny; rump and thighs Smoke Gray mixed with Cinnamon-Buff, +with a larger or smaller number of Fuscous Black hairs; antipalmar and +antiplantar surfaces of feet Cinnamon-Buff; dorsal surface of tail +black; ventral surface of tail Sayal Brown to Tawny; underparts white +with dark underfur. <i>Skull</i> and <i>Baculum</i>: As in <i>E. u. umbrinus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—From <i>E. u. inyoensis</i>, the subspecies to the west, +<i>E. u. adsitus</i> differs in: General tone of upper parts darker; sides +darker; interorbital region wider; skull significantly deeper.</p> + +<p>For comparison with <i>E. u. umbrinus</i>, <i>E. u. sedulus</i>, and <i>E. u. +montanus</i>, see the accounts of those subspecies.</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—Specimens from West Rim, Zion National Park, 6,500 +ft., Washington County, Utah, seem to be intergrades between <i>E. u. +adsitus</i> and <i>E. u. inyoensis</i>, and are referable to <i>E. u. adsitus</i>.</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 34.</p> + +<p><b>Utah</b>: <i>Beaver Co.</i>: Britts Meadow, Beaver Range Mountains, 8,500 ft., 13 +BS. Wayne Co.: Donkey Lake, Boulder Mountain, 10,000 ft., 4 UU. <i>Garfield +Co.</i>: Wildcat R. S., Boulder Mountain, 8,700 ft., 5 UU.</p> + +<p><b>Arizona</b>: <i>Coconino Co.</i>: De Motte Park, Kaibab Plateau, 3 BS; Bright Angel, +Kaibab Plateau, 9 BS.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_573" id="Page_573">[Pg 573]</a></span></p> + +<p style='text-align:center;'><b>Eutamias umbrinus sedulus</b> new subspecies</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p><i>Type.</i>—Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 158181 U. S. Nat. +Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Mount Ellen, Henry Mountains, Garfield +County, Utah; obtained on October 13, 1908 by W. H. Osgood; original +No. 3667.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; general tone of upper parts dark +reddish-brown; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Orange; sides Mars +Yellow.</p> + +<p><i>Description.</i>—<i>Color pattern</i>: Crown Drab-Gray mixed with Fuscous; +upper facial stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sudan Brown; ocular +stripe Sudan Brown mixed with black; submalar stripe Sudan Brown +slightly mixed with black; anterior margin of ear Sudan Brown slightly +mixed with black; hairs inside pinna, posteriorly, Warm Buff; +posterior margin of ear and postauricular patch creamy white; median +dorsal dark stripe black with Antique Brown along margins; lateral +dorsal dark stripes black mixed with Antique Brown; outermost dorsal +dark stripes Xanthine Orange slightly mixed with black; median dorsal +light stripes Pale Smoke Gray; outermost dorsal light stripes white +slightly mixed with gray; rump and thighs Smoke Gray; sides Mars +Yellow; dorsal surface of tail black mixed with Warm Buff; ventral +surface of tail Ochraceous-Orange, with black around margin, and Warm +Buff around outermost edge; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of +feet Ochraceous-Buff; underparts creamy white with dark underfur. +<i>Skull</i>: Large; braincase moderately inflated; zygomata strong. +<i>Baculum</i>: As in <i>E. u. umbrinus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—From <i>E. u. umbrinus</i>, the subspecies from the Uinta +and northern Wasatch Mountains of Utah, <i>E. u. sedulus</i> differs in: +General tone of upper parts lighter; sides lighter.</p> + +<p>From <i>E. u. adsitus</i>, the subspecies from the southern Wasatch Range +in Utah and Kaibab Plateau in Arizona, <i>E. u. sedulus</i> differs in: +Sides lighter; general tone of upper parts markedly lighter.</p> + +<p>From <i>E. u. inyoensis</i>, the subspecies from central and northeastern +Nevada, and western and northwestern Utah, <i>E. u. sedulus</i> differs in: +Sides lighter (less grayish); general tone of upper parts tawnier.</p> + +<p>For comparison with <i>E. u. montanus</i>, see the account of that +subspecies.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 7 BS, all from the type locality.</p></div> + + +<p style='text-align:center;'><b>Eutamias umbrinus inyoensis</b> Merriam</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"> +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eutamias speciosus inyoensis</i> Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11:202, +208, July 1, 1897.</p></div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 29387/41462 U. S. Nat. Mus. Biol. +Surv. Coll.; from Black Canyon, 8,200 ft., White Mountains, Inyo County, +California; obtained on July 7, 1891, by E. W. Nelson; original No. 1069.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; sides light; general tone of upper parts light; +baculum one of largest in species.</p> + +<p><i>Description.</i>—<i>Color pattern</i>: Head Smoke Gray mixed with +Pink-Cinnamon; upper two pairs of facial stripes Fuscous Black or black; submalar +stripe Sayal Brown; ear Fuscous or Chaetura-Drab, posterior margin and postauricular +patch buffy white; median dorsal dark stripe black with Sayal Brown along +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_574" id="Page_574">[Pg 574]</a></span> +margins; lateral dorsal dark stripes black mixed with Sayal Brown or +Mikado Brown; outermost dorsal dark stripes Sayal Brown or Mikado +Brown mixed with black; sides Ochraceous-Tawny or Tawny; thighs +Cinnamon-Buff mixed with Smoke Gray; antipalmar and antiplantar +surfaces of feet Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail Cinnamon-Buff +or Ochraceous-Tawny with Fuscous Black around margin and Pinkish Buff +around outermost edge; underparts creamy white. <i>Skull</i>: Large; +zygomata strong; braincase moderately inflated. <i>Baculum</i>: One of +largest in species.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparisons with <i>E. u. umbrinus</i>, <i>E. u. adsitus</i>, <i>E. u. +sedulus</i>, and <i>E. u. nevadensis</i>, see the accounts of those subspecies.</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The baculum in <i>E. u. inyoensis</i> is like that in <i>E. palmeri</i>.</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 46.</p> + +<p><b>Nevada</b>: <i>Elko Co.</i>: Head Ackler Creek, N end Ruby Mountains, 1; Steels +Creek, N end Ruby Mountains, 1; Summit Secret Pass, 6,200 ft., Ruby +Mountains, 2; Three Lakes, Ruby Mountains, 11; Long Creek, S fork, +Ruby Mountains, 4; Harrison Pass R. S., Green Mountain Canyon, 1; W +side Ruby Lake, 6 mi. N Elko Co. line, 3; W side Ruby Lake, 3 mi. N +Elko Co. line, 8. <i>White Pine Co.</i>: Willow Creek, 2 mi. S White Pine +Co. line, Ruby Mountains, 6; W side Ruby Lake, 3 mi. S White Pine Co. +line, 5; Overland Pass, E slope Ruby Mountains, 8 mi. S White Pine Co. +line, 2.</p> + +<p><b>Utah</b>: <i>Boxelder Co.</i>: Head of George Creek and Clear Creek, 5 mi. S +Stanrod, Raft River Mountains, 8,500 ft., 2 UU.</p></div> + + +<p style='text-align:center;'><b>Eutamias umbrinus nevadensis</b> Burt</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"> +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eutamias quadrivittatus nevadensis</i> Burt, Jour. Mamm. 12:299, August 24, +1931.</p></div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 15884 Donald R. Dickey +Collection; from Hidden Forest, Sheep Mountains, 8,500 ft., Clark +County, Nevada; obtained on July 13, 1929, by W. H. Burt; original No. +2337.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; general tone of upper parts grayish; +baculum one of the largest of species.</p> + +<p><i>Description.</i>—"General tone of upperparts grayish; median dorsal +stripe, extending from crown between ears to rump, black faintly +bordered with 'verona brown'; lateral dark dorsal stripes similar to +median stripe, but with anterior one-third deeply suffused with +'verona brown'; central light dorsal stripes grayish, slightly lighter +than head and rump; lateral stripes white; head and rump 'pale smoke +gray'; postauricular patch grayish white, a narrow margin extending up +posterior border of ear; anterior portion of ear 'fuscous black' mixed +with 'verona brown' at base and bordered by light gray; ocular stripe +black grading into 'verona brown' in front of ear; submalar stripe +nearly obsolete, 'sayal brown'; sides of body grayish washed with +'verona brown'; feet grayish very faintly washed with 'pinkish buff'; +dorsal surface of tail black overlaid with 'tilleul buff'; ventral +surface of tail 'cinnamon buff' narrowly bordered by black then by +'tilleul buff'; ventral surface of body white." (Burt 1931:299.) Skull +similar to that of <i>E. u. inyoensis</i> but differing as indicated below.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—From <i>E. u. inyoensis</i>, the subspecies to the north, +<i>E. u. nevadensis</i> differs in: Paler and grayer throughout; tawny areas +restricted; gray areas clearer and less suffused; dark facial markings narrower and less +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_575" id="Page_575">[Pg 575]</a></span> +distinct; ventral surface of tail distinctly paler; feet lighter, clearer gray; nasals extend farther +posteriorly with respect to premaxillae (Burt <i>loc. cit.</i>).</p> + +<p>From <i>E. u. adsitus</i>, the subspecies to the northeast, <i>E. u. +nevadensis</i> differs in: Narrower dorsal stripes and facial markings; +paler coloration of head, rump, sides, feet, and ventral surface of +tail (Burt <i>op. cit.</i>: 299-300).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The differences between <i>E. umbrinus nevadensis</i> and +<i>E. palmeri</i>, as shown by Burt (<i>op. cit.</i>) and Hall (1946), are such +that one might expect <i>E. palmeri</i> to be a subspecies of <i>E. umbrinus</i>. +However, having only the structure of the baculum as evidence +additional to that summarized by Hall (<i>op. cit.</i>), I follow him in +according <i>E. palmeri</i> specific status.</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—None.</p></div> + + +<p style='text-align:center;'><b>Eutamias umbrinus fremonti</b> new subspecies</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p><i>Type.</i>—Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 41790 Univ. Kansas Mus. +Nat. Hist.; from 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8,025 ft., Sublette County, Wyoming; +obtained on July 8, 1951, by Rollin H. Baker; original No. 1596.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size large; sides Capucine Yellow; antiplantar surface of hind +feet Raw Sienna; postauricular patch grayish white; baculum as in <i>E. u. +umbrinus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Description.</i>—<i>Color pattern</i>: Crown Cinnamon-Buff mixed with gray; +upper facial stripe Sepia; ocular stripe Chaetura-Drab; submalar +stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal Brown; ear black; anterior +margin of ear Mars-Yellow, posterior margin grayish white; hairs +inside posterior portion of pinna Dresden-Brown; postauricular patch +Pale Smoke Gray; median dorsal dark stripe black; lateral dorsal dark +stripe black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost dorsal dark stripe +obsolete, Buckhorn-Brown mixed with black; median pair of dorsal light +stripes grayish mixed with Buckhorn-Brown; outer pair of dorsal light +stripes creamy white; sides Buckhorn-Brown; rump Pale Smoke Gray mixed +with Saccardo's Umber; dorsal surface of tail black mixed with +Buckhorn-Brown; ventral surface of tail Sayal Brown; outermost edge of +tail Light Buff; antipalmar surface of forefeet Warm Buff; antiplantar +surface of hind foot Ochraceous-Tawny; underparts creamy white with +dark underfur. <i>Skull</i>: Large, with strong zygomata; braincase well +inflated. <i>Baculum</i>: As in <i>E. u. umbrinus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—From <i>E. u. umbrinus</i>, the subspecies from the Uinta +and northern Wasatch Mountains in Utah, <i>E. u. fremonti</i> differs in: +Sides darker; antiplantar surfaces of feet darker; postauricular patch +grayer; crown more grayish; skull slightly larger.</p> + +<p>From <i>E. ruficaudus ruficaudus</i>, the species and subspecies from +western Montana, <i>E. u. fremonti</i> differs in: General tone of upper +parts, sides, underside of tail, and feet, all darker in coloration; +baculum shorter and proportionally twice as wide at base.</p> + +<p>For comparison with <i>E. u. montanus</i>, see the account of that +subspecies.</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The geographic ranges of <i>E. umbrinus fremonti</i> and +<i>E. ruficaudus ruficaudus</i> are allopatric and no specimens have ever +been taken in the intermediate area to indicate whether or not +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_576" id="Page_576">[Pg 576]</a></span> +these two species anywhere occur together. The bacula in the two +species differ to the same degree as those of <i>E. quadrivittatus</i> and +<i>E. umbrinus</i>. The differences between <i>E. u. fremonti</i> and <i>E. r. +ruficaudus</i> are such that in my opinion, <i>E. ruficaudus</i> is a distinct +species.</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 58.</p> + +<p><b>Montana</b>: <i>Park Co.</i>: Beartooth Mountains, 2 BS.</p> + +<p><b>Idaho</b>: <i>Bonneville Co.</i>: Big Hole Mountains, 9,000 ft., near Irwin, 1 BS.</p> + +<p><b>Wyoming</b>: <i>Yellowstone Park</i>, 2. Park Co.: 16¼ mi. N and 17 mi. W +Cody, 5,625 ft., 2. <i>Teton Co.</i>: 1 mi. E and ¼ mi. N Togwotee Pass, +9,800 ft., 2; Amphitheatre Lake, Teton Park, 1 MM; Flat Creek, 4 MM; +head of Cache Creek, 4 MM; Jackson, Upper Arizona Creek, 2 MM; Flat +Creek-Granite Creek divide, 6 MM; Flat Creek Pass, 1 MM; Flat +Creek-Gravel Creek divide, 2 MM. <i>Lincoln Co.</i>: La Barge Creek, 9,000 +ft., 2 BS. <i>Fremont Co.</i>: Togwotee Pass, 12; 12 mi. N and 3 mi. W +Shoshoni, 4,650 ft., 1; Mosquito Park R. S., 9,500 ft., 17½ mi. W +and 2½ mi. N Lander, 1; 17 mi. S and 6½ mi. W Lander, 8,450 ft., +3. <i>Sublette Co.</i>: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8,025 ft., 2; W side Barbara +Lake, 10,300 ft., 8 mi. S and 3 mi. W Fremont Peak, 4; 19 mi. W and 2 +mi. S Big Piney, 7,700 ft., 5.</p></div> + + +<p style='text-align:center;'><b>Eutamias umbrinus montanus</b> new subspecies</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p><i>Type.</i>—Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 20105 Univ. Kansas +Mus. Nat. Hist.; from ½ mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder +County, Colorado; obtained on August 1, 1947, by E. L. Cockrum; +original No. 721.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size large; sides Clay Color; antipalmar and antiplantar +surfaces of feet Cinnamon-Buff; baculum as in E. u. umbrinus.</p> + +<p><i>Description.</i>—<i>Color pattern</i>: Crown Raw Sienna mixed with gray; +upper facial stripe and ocular stripe black mixed with Sepia; submalar +stripe Snuff Brown mixed with black; ear black or Sepia, anterior +margin Ochraceous-Tawny, posterior margin and postauricular patch +grayish white; hairs inside posterior part of pinna Cinnamon-Buff; +median dorsal dark stripe black with Sayal Brown along margins; +lateral dark stripes black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost dorsal +dark stripes obsolete, Sayal Brown mixed with black; median pair of +dorsal light stripes Pale Smoke Gray mixed with Clay Color; outer pair +of dorsal light stripes creamy white; sides Clay Color; rump and +thighs Neutral Gray; dorsal surface of tail black mixed with +Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Tawny; hairs around +margin of tail Cinnamon-Buff or Ochraceous-Tawny; antipalmar and +antiplantar surfaces of feet Cinnamon-Buff; underparts creamy white +with dark underfur. <i>Skull</i>: Large; zygomata strong; braincase well +inflated. <i>Baculum</i>: As in <i>E. u. umbrinus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—From <i>E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus</i>, the +subspecies and species to the south, <i>E. u. montanus</i> differs in: +General tone of upper parts darker; braincase significantly narrower; +baculum shorter and markedly wider at base.</p> + +<p>From <i>E. u. umbrinus</i>, the subspecies from the Uinta and northern +Wasatch Mountains, <i>E. u. montanus</i> differs in: General tone of upper +parts brighter (less tawny); sides more tawny; skull slightly larger.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_577" id="Page_577">[Pg 577]</a></span></p> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p>From <i>E. u. sedulus</i>, the subspecies from the Henry Mountains of Utah, +<i>E. u. montanus</i> differs in: Sides darker; general tone of upper parts +darker.</p> + +<p>From <i>E. u. fremonti</i>, the subspecies from the mountains of western +and northwestern Wyoming, <i>E. u. montanus</i> differs in: General tone of +upper parts lighter; hairs around outermost edge of tail tawnier.</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—Howell (1929:83) stated that the specimens of <i>E. +quadrivittatus quadrivittatus</i> (= <i>E. umbrinus montanus</i>) from Estes +Park, Long's Peak, and Gold Hill, all in Colorado, "average somewhat +darker on the back and sides than typical <i>quadrivittatus</i>; the light +dorsal stripes are also somewhat duller and the dark stripes less +blackish, thus showing an approach to the characters of <i>umbrinus</i>." +Now there are more specimens of <i>E. u. montanus</i> from the mountains of +north-central Colorado than were available to Howell. He was not aware +of the striking difference between the bacula of <i>E. quadrivittatus</i> +and <i>E. umbrinus</i>, and the constancy of this difference between all +the subspecies of one species and those of the other.</p> + +<p>Although the geographic range of <i>E. u. umbrinus</i> is closer to the +ranges of <i>E. u. fremonti</i> and <i>E. u. montanus</i> than to the geographic +range of <i>E. u. adsitus</i>, <i>E. u. umbrinus</i> seems to be more closely +related to <i>E. u. adsitus</i> than to <i>E. u. fremonti</i> or <i>E. u. +montanus</i>. This observation may be explained by the presence of +continuous habitat for <i>E. umbrinus</i> between the ranges of <i>E. u. +umbrinus</i> and <i>E. u. adsitus</i>, whereas <i>E. u. fremonti</i> and <i>E. u. +montanus</i> are each separated from <i>E. u. umbrinus</i> by areas unsuitable +for occupancy by <i>E. umbrinus</i>. It must be noted, however, that no +actual intergrades between <i>E. u. umbrinus</i> and <i>E. u. adsitus</i> are +known.</p> + +<div class="pblockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 36.</p> + +<p><b>Wyoming</b>: <i>Albany Co.</i>: 3 mi. ESE Brown's Peak, 10,000 ft., 2; 3½ mi. S +Wood's Landing, 1.</p> + +<p><b>Utah</b>: <i>Uintah Co.</i>: PR Springs, 7,950 ft., 43 mi. S Ouray, Uintah-Grand +county line, 1 UU.</p> + +<p><b>Colorado</b>: <i>Jackson Co.</i>: Mount Zirkel, 10,000 ft., on trail, 2 WC; +Buffalo Pass, 10,380 ft., 1 WC; Buffalo Pass road, 10,130 ft., 1 WC. +<i>Larimer Co.</i>: 2 mi. E Log Cabin, 7,450 ft., 1 WC; Estes Park, 7,600 +ft., 1; 1½ mi. SW Estes Park, 1; 2½ mi. SW Estes Park, 2; 3½ +mi. SW Estes Park, 1; 12 mi. SW Estes Park, 1. <i>Rio Blanco Co.</i>: 1 mi. +NW Pagoda Peak, 10,400 ft., 1. <i>Boulder Co.</i>: Long's Peak, 7 BS; 1 mi. +NE Ward, 10,000 ft., 1; 3 mi. S Ward, 9,000 ft., 5; ½ mi. E and 3 +mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., 1; 1 mi. S Gold Hill, 8,200 ft., 1. <i>Clear +Creek Co.</i>: Davidson Mine, 3 mi. SW Idaho Springs, 1; Georgetown, 1 +CM. <i>Jefferson Co.</i>: Silver Plume, 1 CM. <i>Park Co.</i>: Tarryall Creek +Camp, 8,700 ft., 1 WC. <i>Gunnison Co.</i>: S side Crested Butte Mountain, +9,500 ft., 1 WC; mouth of Virginia Basin, Gothic, 1 FC.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_578" id="Page_578">[Pg 578]</a></span></p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Discussion</span></h3> + +<p>The chipmunks that heretofore have been assigned to the species +<i>Eutamias quadrivittatus</i> are here assigned to two species, <i>E. +quadrivittatus</i> and <i>E. umbrinus,</i> for the following reasons:</p> + +<p>1. The baculum of <i>E. quadrivittatus</i> differs from that of <i>E. +umbrinus</i> in having a narrow base (see figs. 3, 4). This difference +permits any specimen which has an associated baculum to be readily +identified to species.</p> + +<p>2. The cranial breadth in the subspecies of <i>E. quadrivittatus</i> is +significantly larger than in the subspecies of <i>E. umbrinus</i>.</p> + +<p>3. Specimens of <i>E. umbrinus</i> are darker than any specimen of <i>E. +quadrivittatus</i>.</p> + +<p>4. Where the geographic ranges of <i>E. quadrivittatus</i> and <i>E. +umbrinus</i> come close to one another (probably they meet at some +places), <i>E. umbrinus</i> occupies a higher position in terms of +life-zones. Wherever either of these two species, but not the other, +occurs on a mountain the species occupies both the higher and lower +life-zones.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100%;"> +<img src="images/fig3.jpg" width="100%" alt="FIGS. 3, 4, 5, 6" title="FIGS. 3, 4, 5, 6" /> +<p><b><span class="smcap">Figs.</span> 3 and 4. Baculum of <i>Eutamias quadrivittatus +quadrivittatus</i>, No. 35648/47919 BS; from Canon City, Fremont Co., +Colorado. Figure 3, lateral view of right side; figure 4, dorsal view.<br /><br /> + +<span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span> Baculum of <i>Eutamias umbrinus umbrinus</i>, No. 38062; from +Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., Uintah Co., +Utah. Lateral view of right side.<br /><br /> + +<span class="smcap">Fig. 6.</span> Baculum of <i>Eutamias umbrinus montanus</i>, No. 20105; from ½ +mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder Co., Colorado. Dorsal view.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_579" id="Page_579">[Pg 579]</a></span> +The differences between <i>E. quadrivittatus</i> and <i>E. umbrinus</i> are as +great as, or greater than, between many species of chipmunks, such as +between <i>E. minimus</i> and <i>E. amoenus</i>, and between <i>E. quadrivittatus</i> +and <i>E. cinereicollis</i>.</p> + +<p>Although I know of no ecological differences between <i>E. umbrinus</i> and +<i>E. ruficaudus</i>, the morphological differences, as for example, +differences in the structure of the baculum, and differences in color +pattern, lead me to maintain <i>E. ruficaudus</i> and <i>E. umbrinus</i> as +separate species.</p> + +<p>The present distribution of these two species is attributable to the +uplift of the Rocky Mountains in the Pleistocene. That the uplift of +the Rocky Mountains and the erosion which produced the present-day +relief took place in Pleistocene times is supported by the evidence +found by several geologists such as Hunt and Sokoloff (1950:109-123).</p> + +<p>The present geographic distribution of <i>E. umbrinus</i> and <i>E. +quadrivittatus</i> conceivably came about as follows: <i>E. umbrinus</i>-like +chipmunks were present, before the uplift of the major chains of +mountains, on isolated, low mountain ranges that were not covered with +glaciers (such as the laccolithic mountains that occur in Utah) in +Pleistocene time, while <i>E. quadrivittatus</i>-like chipmunks were +present in the central parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and southern +Wyoming. With the advent of uplift, the habitats in the central parts +of these states were changed from a plains-like habitat to a habitat +that resembled the forest habitats that exist today. <i>E. +umbrinus</i>-like chipmunks then invaded this newly formed habitat and +displaced any <i>E. quadrivittatus</i>-like chipmunks that were less +well adapted to live there. The Colorado River probably served as a +barrier that kept the <i>E. umbrinus</i>-like chipmunks and <i>E. +quadrivittatus</i>-like chipmunks separated up to this time. Invasion of +the new forest-niche by <i>E. umbrinus</i>-like chipmunks may have taken +place through the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah, after the +glaciers disappeared from these mountains, since the Colorado River +probably prevented any eastward migration farther south.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_580" id="Page_580">[Pg 580]</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Table 1</span></h4> + +<h4>Average and Extreme Measurements in Millimeters of Adult<br /> +<i>Eutamias quadrivittatus</i> and <i>E. umbrinus</i></h4> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="Table of Contents"> +<colgroup><col width="36%" /><col width="8%" /><col width="8%" /> +<col width="8%" /><col width="8%" /><col width="8%" /> +<col width="8%" /><col width="8%" /><col width="8%" /></colgroup> +<tr align="center"> + <td> </td> + <td>Greatest length of skull</td> + <td>Zygomatic breadth</td> + <td>Cranial breadth</td> + <td>Length of nasals</td> + <td>Total length</td> + <td>Length of tail</td> + <td>Length of lower tooth-row</td> + <td>Condylo-alveolar length of mandible</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="8" align="center"><br /><i>E. q. quadrivittatus</i>, Canon City, Fremont Co., Colorado.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Mean (7)<br />Min ♂<br />Max<br /><br />Mean (3)<br />Min ♀<br />Max</td> + <td align="center">35.7<br />35.7<br />35.8<br /><br />35.9<br />35.6<br />36.2</td> + <td align="center">19.3<br />19.1<br />19.8<br /><br />19.9<br />19.9<br />19.9</td> + <td align="center">16.2<br />15.9<br />16.5<br /><br />16.5<br />16.5<br />16.6</td> + <td align="center">11.0<br />10.6<br />11.6<br /><br />10.9<br />10.7<br />11.2</td> + <td align="center">222<br />216<br />230<br /><br />231<br />200<br />232</td> + <td align="center">99.4<br />93.0<br />104.0<br /><br />99.0<br />98.0<br />100.0</td> + <td align="center">5.40<br />5.32<br />5.49<br /><br />5.42<br />5.39<br />5.49</td> + <td align="center">18.98<br />18.65<br />19.41<br /><br />19.10<br />18.85<br />19.28</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="8" align="center"><br /><i>E. q. hopiensis</i>, Moab, Grand Co., Utah.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Mean (11)<br />Min ♂<br />Max<br /><br />Mean (5)<br />Min ♀<br />Max</td> + <td align="center">34.4<br />33.5<br />35.4<br /><br />34.9<br />34.2<br />35.7</td> + <td align="center">19.4<br />19.2<br />20.0<br /><br />19.6<br />19.3<br />20.1</td> + <td align="center">16.3<br />15.9<br />16.8<br /><br />16.4<br />15.9<br />16.6</td> + <td align="center">10.0<br />9.3<br />10.5<br /><br />10.5<br />10.1<br />10.7</td> + <td align="center">212<br />208<br />220<br /><br />219<br />210<br />228</td> + <td align="center">90.7<br />85.0<br />96.0<br /><br />94.4<br />85.0<br />104.0</td> + <td align="center">5.19<br />4.92<br />5.38<br /><br />5.16<br />5.13<br />5.20</td> + <td align="center">18.36<br />17.80<br />18.96<br /><br />18.58<br />18.00<br />19.19</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="8" align="center"><br /><i>E. u. umbrinus</i>, Mts. S Robertson, Uintah Co., Wyoming.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Mean (11)<br />Min ♂<br />Max<br /><br />Mean (4)<br />Min ♀<br />Max</td> + <td align="center">34.7<br />34.3<br />35.2<br /><br />35.1<br />34.9<br />35.4</td> + <td align="center">18.9<br />18.3<br />19.4<br /><br />19.2<br />18.6<br />20.0</td> + <td align="center">15.7<br />15.6<br />16.0<br /><br />15.9<br />15.7<br />16.2</td> + <td align="center">10.9<br />10.3<br />11.7<br /><br />11.0<br />10.3<br />11.8</td> + <td align="center">218<br />215<br />228<br /><br />224<br />204<br />234</td> + <td align="center">96.2<br />81.0<br />112.0<br /><br />96.4<br />90.0<br />100.0</td> + <td align="center">5.13<br />4.79<br />5.42<br /><br />5.17<br />5.11<br />5.22</td> + <td align="center">18.04<br />17.57<br />18.59<br /><br />18.46<br />18.31<br />18.98</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="8" align="center"><br /><i>E. u. adsitus</i>, Britts Meadow, Beaver Co., Utah.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Mean (6)<br />Min ♂<br />Max<br /><br />Mean (6)<br />Min ♀<br />Max</td> + <td align="center">34.8<br />34.3<br />35.4<br /><br />35.1<br />33.9<br />36.2</td> + <td align="center">18.9<br />18.5<br />19.6<br /><br />19.5<br />18.9<br />20.0</td> + <td align="center">15.5<br />15.3<br />16.1<br /><br />16.0<br />15.9<br />16.3</td> + <td align="center">10.8<br />10.4<br />11.3<br /><br />11.0<br />10.6<br />11.8</td> + <td align="center">214<br />203<br />225<br /><br />228<br />215<br />233</td> + <td align="center">89.6<br />73.0<br />95.0<br /><br />96.5<br />95.0<br />98.0</td> + <td align="center">5.16<br />4.64<br />5.34<br /><br />5.11<br />5.00<br />5.33</td> + <td align="center">18.07<br />17.69<br />18.70<br /><br />18.75<br />18.51<br />19.40</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_581" id="Page_581">[Pg 581]</a></span></td> + <td colspan="8" align="center"><br /><i>E. u. sedulus</i>, Mt. Ellen, Henry Mts., Garfield Co., Utah.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Mean (5)<br />Min ♂<br />Max<br /><br />Mean (2)<br />Min ♀<br />Max</td> + <td align="center">34.7<br />33.5<br />35.5<br /><br />34.9<br />34.9<br />34.9</td> + <td align="center">18.7<br />18.4<br />19.1<br /><br />19.4<br />19.3<br />19.5</td> + <td align="center">15.6<br />15.4<br />15.9<br /><br />16.1<br />16.1<br />16.1</td> + <td align="center">10.7<br />10.1<br />11.2<br /><br />11.1<br />11.0<br />11.3</td> + <td align="center">218<br />213<br />224<br /><br />227<br />224<br />231</td> + <td align="center">93.0<br />89.0<br />97.0<br /><br />98.0<br />96.0<br />100.0</td> + <td align="center">5.21<br />5.09<br />5.28<br /><br />5.24<br />5.07<br />5.42</td> + <td align="center">18.74<br />18.48<br />19.38<br /><br />18.74<br />19.24<br />19.80</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="8" align="center"><br /><i>E. u. inyoensis</i>, Ruby Mts., Elko and White Pine Cos., Nev.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Mean (12)<br />Min ♂<br />Max<br /><br />Mean (5)<br />Min ♀<br />Max</td> + <td align="center">34.4<br />33.5<br />35.4<br /><br />34.9<br />34.4<br />35.2</td> + <td align="center">19.0<br />18.6<br />19.6<br /><br />19.4<br />19.1<br />19.7</td> + <td align="center">15.7<br />15.2<br />16.1<br /><br />15.7<br />15.4<br />16.0</td> + <td align="center">10.5<br />10.0<br />11.5<br /><br />10.5<br />10.4<br />10.7</td> + <td align="center">208<br />196<br />220<br /><br />215<br />204<br />226</td> + <td align="center">89.5<br />85.0<br />100.0<br /><br />92.8<br />86.0<br />102.0</td> + <td align="center">5.15<br />5.01<br />5.37<br /><br />5.19<br />5.04<br />5.33</td> + <td align="center">18.12<br />17.32<br />18.81<br /><br />18.63<br />18.50<br />18.80</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="8" align="center"><br /><i>E. u. nevadensis</i>, Measurements of the type (Burt 1931:300).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>♂</td> + <td align="center">34.8</td> + <td align="center">19.3</td> + <td align="center">16.2</td> + <td align="center">11.0</td> + <td align="center">205</td> + <td align="center">89.0</td> + <td align="center">...</td> + <td align="center">...</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="8" align="center"><br /><i>E. u. fremonti</i>, Togwotee Pass, Fremont Co., Wyoming.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Mean (8)<br />Min ♂<br />Max<br /><br />Mean (6)<br />Min ♀<br />Max</td> + <td align="center">35.6<br />35.2<br />36.5<br /><br />35.3<br />34.5<br />36.0</td> + <td align="center">19.3<br />18.9<br />19.7<br /><br />19.6<br />19.3<br />20.0</td> + <td align="center">15.9<br />15.8<br />16.1<br /><br />15.9<br />15.7<br />16.5</td> + <td align="center">11.4<br />11.1<br />11.8<br /><br />11.3<br />10.9<br />12.0</td> + <td align="center">223<br />216<br />243<br /><br />229<br />223<br />239</td> + <td align="center">99.0<br />95.0<br />111.0<br /><br />101.0<br />92.0<br />110.0</td> + <td align="center">5.34<br />5.22<br />5.57<br /><br />5.40<br />5.35<br />5.44</td> + <td align="center">19.17<br />18.72<br />19.78<br /><br />19.02<br />18.37<br />19.51</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="8" align="center"><br /><i>E. u. montanus</i>, Boulder Co., Colorado.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Mean (5)<br />Min ♂<br />Max<br /><br />Mean (6)<br />Min ♀<br />Max</td> + <td align="center">35.2<br />34.7<br />36.8<br /><br />35.7<br />35.1<br />36.5</td> + <td align="center">18.8<br />18.4<br />19.4<br /><br />19.1<br />18.8<br />19.5</td> + <td align="center">15.5<br />15.2<br />16.2<br /><br />15.6<br />15.1<br />16.0</td> + <td align="center">10.8<br />10.1<br />11.5<br /><br />10.9<br />10.3<br />11.6</td> + <td align="center">226<br />215<br />232<br /><br />226<br />215<br />231</td> + <td align="center">96.0<br />93.0<br />115.0<br /><br />98.0<br />89.0<br />105.0</td> + <td align="center">5.20<br />5.03<br />5.53<br /><br />5.28<br />5.06<br />5.58</td> + <td align="center">18.29<br />17.80<br />19.36<br /><br />18.67<br />18.09<br />19.35</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_582" id="Page_582">[Pg 582]</a></span></p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Literature Cited</span></h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Benson, S. B.</span></p> +<div class="litblockquot"><p>1935. A biological reconnaissance of Navajo Mountain, Utah. Univ. +California Publ. Zool., 40:439-455, December 31.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Burt, W. H.</span></p> +<div class="litblockquot"><p>1931. Three new subspecies of chipmunks of the genus Eutamias from +Nevada. Jour. Mamm., 12:298-301, August 24.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Durrant, S. D.</span></p> +<div class="litblockquot"><p>1952. Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution. Univ. Kansas +Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:1-549, 91 figs., 30 tables, August 10.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hall, E. R.</span></p> +<div class="litblockquot"><p>1946. Mammals of Nevada. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, +California, pp. xi + 710, 11 pls., 485 figs., July 1.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hardy, R.</span></p> +<div class="litblockquot"><p>1945. The taxonomic status of some chipmunks of the genus Eutamias +in southwestern Utah. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 58:85-87, June 30.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Howell, A. H.</span></p> +<div class="litblockquot"><p>1929. Revision of the American chipmunks (genera <i>Tamias</i> and <i>Eutamias</i>). +U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Biol. Surv., N. Amer. Fauna, 52:1-157, 10 pls., 9 figs., November 30.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hunt, C. B.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Sokoloff, V. P.</span></p> +<div class="litblockquot"><p>1950. Pre-Wisconsin soil in the Rocky Mountain region, a progress +report. U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper, 221-G:109-123.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Johnson, D. H.</span></p> +<div class="litblockquot"><p>1943. Systematic review of the chipmunks (genus Eutamias) of California. +Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48:63-148, 6 pls., December 24.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Kelson, K. R.</span></p> +<div class="litblockquot"><p>1951. Speciation in rodents of the Colorado River drainage. Univ. Utah +Biol. Ser., 11(3): vii + 125, 10 figs., February 15.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Merriam, C. H.</span></p> +<div class="litblockquot"><p>1905. Two new chipmunks from Colorado and Arizona. Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 18:163-166, June 29.</p></div> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Transmitted June 26, 1953.</i></span></p> + +<h5>24-8966</h5> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, Eutamias +quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus, by John A. 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White + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus + +Author: John A. White + +Release Date: February 12, 2010 [EBook #31267] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TAXONOMY--CHIPMUNKS EUTAMIAS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, + Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus + + BY + + JOHN A. WHITE + + + University of Kansas Publications + Museum of Natural History + + Volume 5, No. 33, pp. 563-582, 6 figures in text + December 1, 1953 + + + University of Kansas + LAWRENCE + 1953 + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, + and Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 5, No. 33, pp. 563-582, 6 figures in text + + December 1, 1953 + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1953 + + 24-8966 + + + + + Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, + Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus + + By + + JOHN A. WHITE + + +The differences in anatomy and color between many species of chipmunks +are subtle, and refined techniques are required to discover them. +When "measuring" chipmunks taxonomically, it is necessary to use a +"chipmunk scale" and not, for example, a "pocket-gopher scale." In +explanation, some species of pocket gophers closely allied to each +other, and even some subspecies of the same species, differ markedly +in color and in size and shape of parts of the skeleton; comparable +differences are not so pronounced among many species of chipmunks. + + + HISTORICAL SUMMARY + +Merriam (1905) was the first to show clearly that _Eutamias +quadrivittatus_ is a distinct species, and pointed out that _E. +amoenus operarius_ (= _E. minimus operarius_) is a small species +which resembles, and is found in some areas together with, _E. +quadrivittatus_. + +Howell (1929) placed under _E. quadrivittatus_ the following +subspecies: _E. q. quadrivittatus_, _E. q. hopiensis_, _E. q. +inyoensis_, _E. q. frater_, _E. q. sequoiensis_, and _E. q. +speciosus_. + +Hardy (1945) placed _E. adsitus_ under _E. quadrivittatus_ as _E. q. +adsitus_, and Kelson (1951) placed _E. umbrinus_ under _E. +quadrivittatus_ as _E. q. umbrinus_. + +Johnson (1943) re-established _E. speciosus_ as a separate species, +and in California left only _E. q. inyoensis_ in _E. quadrivittatus_. + +Thus, since 1943 the recognized subspecies of _E. quadrivittatus_ have +been: _E. q. quadrivittatus_, _E. q. hopiensis_, _E. q. inyoensis_, +_E. q. nevadensis_, _E. q. umbrinus_, and _E. q. adsitus_. + + + METHODS, MATERIALS, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS + + Capitalized color terms, which are used in descriptions and + comparisons, are of Ridgway, "Color Standards and Color + Nomenclature," Washington, D. C., 1912. + + In the synonymy of each subspecies there appears only the + first usage of a name, second the first usage of the name + combination now employed unless a new combination is proposed + by me, and third pure synonyms. The last is recognizable as + such because the type locality is appended to each. + + Unless otherwise specified, all specimens are in the Museum + of Natural History, University of Kansas. The various + collections of institutions and of private persons are + indicated by the following symbols: + + AM--American Museum of Natural History. + BS--United States Biological Surveys Collection. + CM--Colorado Museum of Natural History. + DC--Collection of Donald R. Dickey (now the collection of the + University of California at Los Angeles). + FC--Collection of James S. Findley. + KU--Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. + MM--Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. + NM--United States National Museum. + UU--Museum of Zoology, University of Utah. + WC--Collection of Edward R. Warren, Colorado College. + + Of the external measurements, only the total length and + the length of the tail are recorded in table 1. Some field + collectors measured the ear from the notch and others from + the crown; most collectors measured the length of the hind + foot to the nearest millimeter rather than in tenths of a + millimeter, as would have been desired. Consequently, I + decided against using the lengths of the ear and hind foot in + the study here reported on. + + The measurements of the skull were made as shown in figure 1. + + [Illustration: FIG. 1. Dorsal view of skull and a lateral and + a medial view of the right lower jaw to show points between + which measurements of the skull were taken. x 1-3/4. Based on + _Eutamias ruficaudus ruficaudus_, from 6 mi. S St. Mary, 6500 + ft., Glacier Co., Montana. A to A'--greatest length of skull; + B to B'--length of nasals; C to C'--zygomatic breadth; D to + D'--least interorbital constriction; E to E'--cranial + breadth; F to F'--inner mandibular length; G to + G'--condylo-alveolar length of mandible.] + + A total number of 434 specimens are listed as examined in + this study, and additionally, numerous other specimens were + superficially examined in the United States Biological + Surveys Collection. Bacula of each of the named kinds of + chipmunks in this paper, were examined. + + Whenever two or more samples are stated to be significantly + different, the meaning is that the difference is + statistically significant. + + The geographic distribution of each subspecies and the + localities of specimens or series of specimens are plotted on + the map (fig. 2). + + When comparisons were made to ascertain specific and + subspecific differences, only adults, or animals in which the + enamel was worn through on the permanent P4 and p4 were used. + Within this age range, only specimens in comparable pelage + were used to ascertain differences in color. + + Miss Viola S. Schantz of the United States Fish and Wildlife + Service, Mr. Alfred Bailey of the Colorado Museum of Natural + History, Dr. W. H. Burt of the Museum of Zoology of the + University of Michigan, Dr. Stephen D. Durrant of the Museum + of Zoology of the University of Utah, Dr. Robert M. Stabler, + curator of the Warren Collection of Colorado College, and Mr. + James S. Findley, generously loaned specimens for my use. + Doctors E. Raymond Hall, Rollin H. Baker, Robert W. Wilson, + Keith R. Kelson, E. Lendell Cockrum, and other friends and + associates have given valued suggestions and assistance. My + wife, Alice M. White, made the illustrations and helped me + record and analyze the data. + + Assistance with field work is acknowledged from the Kansas + University Endowment Association, the National Science + Foundation, and the United States Navy, Office of Naval + Research, through contract No. NR161 791. + + + ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES + + =Eutamias quadrivittatus= (Say) + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium; general tone of upper parts tawny; cranial +breadth averaging between 16.0 and 16.8 mm.; baculum distinguishable +from that of any other species by the combination of width of base +less than 1/4 of length of shaft, shaft having a maximum diameter of +more than 1/4 mm., and height of keel 1/4 of length of tip. + + + =Eutamias quadrivittatus quadrivittatus= (Say) + + _Sciurus quadrivittatus_ Say, in Jones, Long's + Expedition to Rocky Mountains, 2:45, 1823. + + _Eutamias quadrivittatus_, Miller and Rehn, Proc. + Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 30:43, December 27, 1901. + + _Tamias quadrivittatus gracilis_ J. A. Allen, Bull. + Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:99, June 1890, Type from + San Pedro, Santa Fe Co., New Mexico. + + _Eutamias quadrivittatus animosus_ Warren, Proc. + Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:105, June 25, 1909. Type + from Irwin Ranch, Las Animas County, Colorado. + + _Type._--None designated; from along Arkansas River, about 26 + mi. below Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado; obtained on + July 18, 1820. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; dorsal dark stripes blackish; + sides Cinnamon to Clay Color; crown Light Drab; baculum + large. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Cinnamon, shaded on + crown to Light Drab; ocular stripe Fuscous Black, with + Cinnamon along margins; other facial stripes Fuscous mixed + with Cinnamon; ears Fuscous Black, Ochraceous-Tawny on + anterior margin, grayish white on posterior margin and on + postauricular patch; dark dorsal stripes black with + Ochraceous-Tawny along margins; outer pair of dark stripes + often mainly Tawny; light dorsal stripes grayish white, outer + pair usually creamy white; sides Ochraceous-Tawny, shaded in + the region of the shoulder with Cinnamon; rump and thighs + Cinnamon-Buff mixed with Smoke Gray; antipalmar surfaces of + forefeet Cinnamon-Buff; antiplantar surfaces of hind feet + Pinkish Buff; dorsal surface of tail Fuscous Black, overlaid + with Pinkish Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Tawny, + Fuscous Black along margin, Pinkish Buff along outermost + edge; underparts creamy white. _Skull_: Large; braincase well + inflated; zygomatic arches strong and slightly appressed to + skull. _Baculum_: Large; long and slender. + + _Comparisons._--From _E. q. hopiensis_, the only other + subspecies in this species, _E. q. quadrivittatus_ differs + in: Dorsal dark stripes blackish; crown grayer; rump and + thighs grayer; general tone of upper parts darker. + +_Remarks._--Specimens from the Chuska Mountains, Zuni Mountains, and +Blanco, New Mexico, are intergrades between _E. q. quadrivittatus_ and +_E. q. hopiensis_, but are referable to _E. q. quadrivittatus_. + +In north-central Colorado _E. umbrinus_ occurs in the spruce and pine +forests at higher altitudes, while to the south and east of this area +_E. q. quadrivittatus_ occurs in growths of pinon in lower, semiarid +areas. In the northern half of New Mexico and in south-central +Colorado, _E. q. quadrivittatus_ occurs not only in semiarid habitats +but also in the moist habitats of the forests of higher altitudes. +Ecologically, _E. umbrinus_ thus replaces _E. q. quadrivittatus_ in +north-central Colorado. This ecological replacement is comparable to +the ecological replacement of _Thomomys bottae_ by _T. talpoides_ in +Utah as shown by Durrant (1952:156). + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 130. + + =Colorado=: _Larimer Co._: Arkins, 1 BS. _Jefferson Co._: W + spur Lookout Mountain, near Golden, 1 WC. _Gunnison Co._: + Sapinero, 3 BS. _Saguache Co._: 5 mi. N and 22 mi. W Saguache + 10,000 ft., 1; 21 mi. W and 3 mi. N Saguache, 1. _Fremont + Co._: 18 mi. S and 7 mi. W Colorado Springs, 1; Arkansas + River, "about" 26 mi. below Canon City, 15 BS. _San Juan + Co._: Silverton, 1 BS. _Mineral Co._: 3 mi. E Creede, 1. + _Alamosa Co._: Sangre de Cristo Range, 24 mi. E Hooper, 2 CM. + _La Plata Co._: 2 mi. NE Bondad 6,100 ft., 1; Bondad, 15 mi. + S Durango 6,050 ft., 1. _Archuleta Co._: Chromo, 1 CM. _Las + Animas Co._: Trinidad, 6 BS. _Baca Co._: unspecified, 1. + + =New Mexico=: _San Juan Co._: Blanco, 1 BS; Chuska Mountains, + 8 BS. _Rio Arriba Co._: 8 mi. N El Rito, 1; 4 mi. N El Rito, + 5; Rim Rock, El Rito, 2; 2 mi. E El Rito, 7,000 ft., 1; 2 mi. + SE El Rito, 1; 6 mi. E and 1/2 mi. S Truchas, 8,500 ft., 1; 2 + mi. S and 4 mi. W Coyote, 8,100 ft., 1; unspecified, 2. _Taos + Co._: 3 mi. N Taos Pueblo, 5 BS; 23 mi. S and 6 mi. E Taos, + 8,750 ft., 2. _Union Co._: Emery Peak, 1 BS; Folsom, 3 BS; + Sierra Grande, 8 BS; unspecified, 2. _McKinley Co._: Bear + Ridge, Zuni Mountains, 9 BS. _Sandoval Co._: Bear Canyon, W + foothills, Sandia Mountains, 3 BS; W foothills, near S end, + Sandia Mountains, 7 BS. _Santa Fe Co._: San Pedro, 7 BS. _San + Miguel Co._: Canadian River, 4 mi. NW Tucumcari, 1 BS. + _Valencia Co._: Mount Taylor, San Mateo Mountains, 10 BS. + + =Oklahoma=: _Cimarron Co._: Kenton, 1 BS. + + + =Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis= Merriam + + _Eutamias hopiensis_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 18:165, June 29, 1905. + + _Eutamias quadrivittatus hopiensis_, Howell, Jour. + Mamm. 3:184, August 4, 1922. + + _Type._--Female, adult, skull and skin, No. 67768 U. S. Nat. + Mus.; from Keams Canyon, Painted Desert, Arizona; obtained on + July 27, 1894, by A. K. Fisher. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; dorsal dark stripes tawny; crown + Drab-Gray; baculum of same proportions as in _E. q. + quadrivittatus_ but smaller. + + [Illustration: FIG. 2. Localities of specimens examined and + probable geographic ranges of the subspecies of _Eutamias + quadrivittatus_ and _Eutamias umbrinus_. The symbols for + locality records are as follows: circles, precise localities; + triangles, localities known only to county. + + Guide to subspecies: + 1. _E. q. quadrivittatus_ + 2. _E. q. hopiensis_ + 3. _E. u. umbrinus_ + 4. _E. u. adsitus_ + 5. _E. u. sedulus_ + 6. _E. u. inyoensis_ + 7. _E. u. nevadensis_ + 8. _E. u. fremonti_ + 9. _E. u. montanus_] + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Drab-Gray, with Snuff + Brown around margin of crown; facial stripes Sayal Brown with + small blackish patches around eye; ears Ochraceous Tawny + anteriorly and Pinkish Buff posteriorly; dorsal stripes + Tawny, median one sometimes blackish; median pair of dorsal + light stripes grayish white, outer pair creamy white; sides + Ochraceous Tawny; rump and thighs Cinnamon Buff washed with + Pale Smoke Gray; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet + Pinkish Cinnamon; dorsal surface of tail Fuscous Black; + ventral surface of tail Ochraceous Tawny, Fuscous Black along + margin, Cinnamon Buff along outermost edge; underparts creamy + white. _Skull_: As in _E. q. quadrivittatus_. _Baculum_: Same + proportions as in _E. q. quadrivittatus_ but smaller. + + _Comparisons._--See under the account of _E. q. + quadrivittatus_. + +_Remarks._--Topotypes of this subspecies are intergrades between it +and _E. q. quadrivittatus_. + +In a large part of the geographic range of _E. q. hopiensis_ there are +numerous, massive outcrops of Mesozoic sandstones, which tend to form +cliffs, that are brightly colored with many shades of red. The color +which is characteristic of _E. q. hopiensis_ seems to be helpful in +adapting this subspecies to this habitat of red sandstone, for these +chipmunks are generally found in the rubble and among the pinon at the +base of the cliffs. At many places in Utah above these cliffs of red +sandstone there are forests predominantly composed of yellow pine. +Kelson (1951:42-43) states that "these two habitats are in immediate +juxtaposition, the transition from one to the other often occurring in +only a few feet ..." and again, "No one to my knowledge, has found any +evidence in specimens from Utah of interbreeding of _E. q. hopiensis_ +with either _E. q. adsitus_ [= _E. umbrinus adsitus_] or _E. q. +umbrinus_ [= _E. u. umbrinus_]." Benson (1935:449) states, "On Navajo +Mountain these chipmunks [_E. q. hopiensis_] were most in evidence on +rock outcrops surrounded by brush at the lower edge of the yellow pine +zone. One was seen at about 9,500 feet in a south-facing rock outcrop +near the spruce-fir forest, but no chipmunk of any kind was seen in +the forest itself." This suggests that where only _E. q. hopiensis_ +occurs on a mountain this subspecies goes higher than on a mountain +where _E. u. adsitus_ also occurs. This same relationship between +_E. q. quadrivittatus_ and the subspecies of _E. umbrinus_ that occurs +in north-central Colorado was pointed out in the account of _E. q. +quadrivittatus_. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 68. + + =Utah=: _Uintah Co._: E side of confluence of Green and + White rivers, 1 mi. SE Ouray, 4,700 ft., 3 UU. _Grand Co._: + Colorado River above Moab, 1 UU; side canyon of Colorado + River above Moab, 1 UU; Moab, up Colorado River, 1 UU; Moab, + 4,500 ft., 4 UU; Moab Bridge over Colorado River, 3,995 ft., + Moab, 1 UU; Colorado River, 5 mi. E Moab Bridge, 4,000 ft., 1 + UU. _Wayne Co._: Fruita, 1 UU. + + =Colorado=: _Moffat Co._: 11 mi. W and 11 mi. N Rangely, + 6,000 ft., 3. _Rio Blanco Co._: White River, 5 BS. _Eagle + Co._: McCoy, 2 BS. _Mesa Co._: 1-1/2 mi. S Loma, 4,600 ft., + 1. _Gunnison Co._: 1 mi. E Somerset, 6,100 ft., 1. _Montrose + Co._: 1 mi. E Naturita, 5,900 ft., 1. _Dolores Co._: 1 mi. N + Cahone, 6,900 ft., 1. _Montezuma Co._: 1 mi. S Cortez, 5,000 + ft., 1; Mesa Verde, 25 mi. SW Mancos, 7,000 ft., 2 BS. + + =Arizona=: _Navajo Co._: Keams Canyon, 80 mi. N Holbrook, 15 + BS. _Apache Co._: Summit, 8,000 ft., Luka Chukai Mountains, + 15 mi. E Luka Chukai Navajo School, 8 BS; Wheatfield Creek, W + slope Tunicha Mountains, 7,000 ft., 3 BS. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus= (J. A. Allen) + +_Diagnosis._--Size medium; pelage dark; sides dark; narrow cranial +breadth; baculum distinguishable from that of any other species (E. +palmeri excepted) by the combination of width of base more than 1/3 of +length of shaft, distal 1/2 of shaft laterally compressed, and keel +1/4 of length of tip. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus umbrinus= (J. A. Allen) + + _Tamias umbrinus_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist. 3:96, June, 1890. + + _Eutamias umbrinus_, Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston + Soc. Nat. Hist. 30:45, December 27, 1901. + + _Type._--Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 186463 U. S. Nat. + Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Blacks Fork, about 9,500 ft., + Uinta Mountains, Utah; obtained on September 19, 1888, by + Vernon Bailey; original No. 228. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; general tone of upper parts dark + and shadowy; skull relatively small. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Pale Smoke Gray; facial + stripes Fuscous Black to Snuff Brown; ear Fuscous Black; + posterior margin of ear and postauricular patch grayish + white; median dorsal dark stripe black with Sayal Brown along + margins; lateral pair of dorsal dark stripes Sayal Brown or + Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost pair of + dorsal dark stripes nearly absent; sides Sayal Brown mixed + with Cinnamon; rump and thighs Sayal Brown mixed with + Smoke Gray; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet + Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous Tawny or + Sayal Brown, with Fuscous Black around margin and Pinkish + Buff around outermost edge; underparts creamy white with + dark gray underfur. _Skull_: Large, with moderately inflated + braincase and well developed zygomata. _Baculum_: One of the + largest in the species. + + _Comparisons._--From _Eutamias umbrinus adsitus_, the + subspecies to the south on the Wasatch Range, _E. u. + umbrinus_ differs in: Sides lighter; rump browner; hairs + around outermost edge of tail tawnier (in freshly molted + tails); shorter inner mandibular length. + + From _E. u. inyoensis_, the subspecies to the west in central + and northeastern Nevada and in northwestern Utah, _E. u. + umbrinus_ differs in: General tone of upper parts lighter; + sides lighter; total length more; interorbital region + broader. + + For comparisons with _E. u. sedulus_, _E. u. fremonti_, and + _E. u. montanus_, see the accounts of those subspecies. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 55. + + =Wyoming=: _Uinta Co._: 9 mi. S Robertson, 8,000 ft., 15; + 10 mi. S and 1 mi. W Robertson, 8,700 ft., 5; 11-1/2 mi. S + and 2 mi. E Robertson, 9,200 ft., 1; 2 mi. E and 12 mi. S + Robertson, Ashley Nat. For., 1; 13 mi. S and 2 mi. E + Robertson, 9,200 ft., 1. + + =Utah=: _Rich Co._: Monte Cristo, 18 mi. W Woodruff, 8,000 + ft., 2 UU. _Summit Co._: 13-1/2 mi. S and 2 mi. E Robertson + [Wyoming], 4; 1 mi. N Bridger Lake R. S., 9,400 ft., 4. + _Wasatch Co._: Snake Creek Canyon, 3 mi. NW Midway, 6,000 + ft., 1 UU. _Uintah Co._: Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. + N Vernal, 10,050 ft., 20. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus adsitus= J. A. Allen + + _Eutamias adsitus_ J. A. Allen, Brooklyn Institute + Mus. Sci. Bull. 1:118, March 31, 1905. + + _Type._--Unsexed adult, skull and skin, No. 28728 Amer. Mus. + Nat. Hist.; from Briggs Meadow, 10,000 ft., Beaver Mountains, + Utah; obtained on August 20, 1904, by George P. Engelhardt. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; sides dark; general tone of upper + parts dark; dorsal light and dark stripes strongly + contrasting. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Cinnamon mixed with + grayish white; stripe on margin of crown Verona-Brown or + Bister; ocular stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal Brown; + submalar stripe Sayal Brown; ear Fuscous, Sayal Brown along + anterior margin and Smoke Gray along posterior margin + and on postauricular patch; median dorsal stripe black; + lateral dorsal dark stripes Fuscous Black mixed with + Russet; outermost dorsal dark stripes slightly darker or + indistinguishable from sides in color; dorsal light stripes + grayish white with Mikado-Brown along margins; outermost pair + of dorsal light stripes nearly pure white; sides Russet mixed + with Cinnamon or Ochraceous-Tawny; rump and thighs Smoke Gray + mixed with Cinnamon-Buff, with a larger or smaller number of + Fuscous Black hairs; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of + feet Cinnamon-Buff; dorsal surface of tail black; ventral + surface of tail Sayal Brown to Tawny; underparts white with + dark underfur. _Skull_ and _Baculum_: As in _E. u. umbrinus_. + + _Comparisons._--From _E. u. inyoensis_, the subspecies to the + west, _E. u. adsitus_ differs in: General tone of upper parts + darker; sides darker; interorbital region wider; skull + significantly deeper. + + For comparison with _E. u. umbrinus_, _E. u. sedulus_, and + _E. u. montanus_, see the accounts of those subspecies. + +_Remarks._--Specimens from West Rim, Zion National Park, 6,500 ft., +Washington County, Utah, seem to be intergrades between _E. u. +adsitus_ and _E. u. inyoensis_, and are referable to _E. u. adsitus_. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 34. + + =Utah=: _Beaver Co._: Britts Meadow, Beaver Range Mountains, + 8,500 ft., 13 BS. Wayne Co.: Donkey Lake, Boulder Mountain, + 10,000 ft., 4 UU. _Garfield Co._: Wildcat R. S., Boulder + Mountain, 8,700 ft., 5 UU. + + =Arizona=: _Coconino Co._: De Motte Park, Kaibab Plateau, 3 BS; + Bright Angel, Kaibab Plateau, 9 BS. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus sedulus= new subspecies + + _Type._--Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 158181 U. + S. Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Mount Ellen, Henry + Mountains, Garfield County, Utah; obtained on October 13, + 1908 by W. H. Osgood; original No. 3667. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; general tone of upper parts dark + reddish-brown; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Orange; + sides Mars Yellow. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Crown Drab-Gray mixed with + Fuscous; upper facial stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sudan + Brown; ocular stripe Sudan Brown mixed with black; submalar + stripe Sudan Brown slightly mixed with black; anterior margin + of ear Sudan Brown slightly mixed with black; hairs inside + pinna, posteriorly, Warm Buff; posterior margin of ear and + postauricular patch creamy white; median dorsal dark stripe + black with Antique Brown along margins; lateral dorsal dark + stripes black mixed with Antique Brown; outermost dorsal dark + stripes Xanthine Orange slightly mixed with black; median + dorsal light stripes Pale Smoke Gray; outermost dorsal light + stripes white slightly mixed with gray; rump and thighs Smoke + Gray; sides Mars Yellow; dorsal surface of tail black mixed + with Warm Buff; ventral surface of tail Ochraceous-Orange, + with black around margin, and Warm Buff around outermost + edge; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet + Ochraceous-Buff; underparts creamy white with dark underfur. + _Skull_: Large; braincase moderately inflated; zygomata + strong. _Baculum_: As in _E. u. umbrinus_. + + _Comparisons._--From _E. u. umbrinus_, the subspecies from + the Uinta and northern Wasatch Mountains of Utah, _E. u. + sedulus_ differs in: General tone of upper parts lighter; + sides lighter. + + From _E. u. adsitus_, the subspecies from the southern + Wasatch Range in Utah and Kaibab Plateau in Arizona, _E. u. + sedulus_ differs in: Sides lighter; general tone of upper + parts markedly lighter. + + From _E. u. inyoensis_, the subspecies from central and + northeastern Nevada, and western and northwestern Utah, _E. + u. sedulus_ differs in: Sides lighter (less grayish); general + tone of upper parts tawnier. + + For comparison with _E. u. montanus_, see the account of that + subspecies. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 7 BS, all from the type + locality. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus inyoensis= Merriam + + _Eutamias speciosus inyoensis_ Merriam, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 11:202, 208, July 1, 1897. + + _Type._--Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 29387/41462 U. S. + Nat. Mus. Biol. Surv. Coll.; from Black Canyon, 8,200 ft., + White Mountains, Inyo County, California; obtained on July + 7, 1891, by E. W. Nelson; original No. 1069. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; sides light; general tone of + upper parts light; baculum one of largest in species. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Head Smoke Gray mixed with + Pink-Cinnamon; upper two pairs of facial stripes Fuscous + Black or black; submalar stripe Sayal Brown; ear Fuscous or + Chaetura-Drab, posterior margin and postauricular patch + buffy white; median dorsal dark stripe black with Sayal + Brown along margins; lateral dorsal dark stripes black + mixed with Sayal Brown or Mikado Brown; outermost dorsal + dark stripes Sayal Brown or Mikado Brown mixed with black; + sides Ochraceous-Tawny or Tawny; thighs Cinnamon-Buff mixed + with Smoke Gray; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of feet + Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail Cinnamon-Buff or + Ochraceous-Tawny with Fuscous Black around margin and + Pinkish Buff around outermost edge; underparts creamy white. + _Skull_: Large; zygomata strong; braincase moderately + inflated. _Baculum_: One of largest in species. + + _Comparisons._--For comparisons with _E. u. umbrinus_, _E. + u. adsitus_, _E. u. sedulus_, and _E. u. nevadensis_, see + the accounts of those subspecies. + +_Remarks._--The baculum in _E. u. inyoensis_ is like that in _E. +palmeri_. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 46. + + =Nevada=: _Elko Co._: Head Ackler Creek, N end Ruby Mountains, + 1; Steels Creek, N end Ruby Mountains, 1; Summit Secret + Pass, 6,200 ft., Ruby Mountains, 2; Three Lakes, Ruby + Mountains, 11; Long Creek, S fork, Ruby Mountains, 4; + Harrison Pass R. S., Green Mountain Canyon, 1; W side Ruby + Lake, 6 mi. N Elko Co. line, 3; W side Ruby Lake, 3 mi. N + Elko Co. line, 8. _White Pine Co._: Willow Creek, 2 mi. S + White Pine Co. line, Ruby Mountains, 6; W side Ruby Lake, 3 + mi. S White Pine Co. line, 5; Overland Pass, E slope Ruby + Mountains, 8 mi. S White Pine Co. line, 2. + + =Utah=: _Boxelder Co._: Head of George Creek and Clear Creek, + 5 mi. S Stanrod, Raft River Mountains, 8,500 ft., 2 UU. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus nevadensis= Burt + + _Eutamias quadrivittatus nevadensis_ Burt, Jour. + Mamm. 12:299, August 24, 1931. + + _Type._--Male, adult, skull and skin, No. 15884 Donald R. + Dickey Collection; from Hidden Forest, Sheep Mountains, 8,500 + ft., Clark County, Nevada; obtained on July 13, 1929, by W. + H. Burt; original No. 2337. + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium; general tone of upper parts + grayish; baculum one of the largest of species. + + _Description._--"General tone of upperparts grayish; median + dorsal stripe, extending from crown between ears to rump, + black faintly bordered with 'verona brown'; lateral dark + dorsal stripes similar to median stripe, but with anterior + one-third deeply suffused with 'verona brown'; central light + dorsal stripes grayish, slightly lighter than head and rump; + lateral stripes white; head and rump 'pale smoke gray'; + postauricular patch grayish white, a narrow margin extending + up posterior border of ear; anterior portion of ear 'fuscous + black' mixed with 'verona brown' at base and bordered by + light gray; ocular stripe black grading into 'verona brown' + in front of ear; submalar stripe nearly obsolete, 'sayal + brown'; sides of body grayish washed with 'verona brown'; + feet grayish very faintly washed with 'pinkish buff'; dorsal + surface of tail black overlaid with 'tilleul buff'; ventral + surface of tail 'cinnamon buff' narrowly bordered by black + then by 'tilleul buff'; ventral surface of body white." (Burt + 1931:299.) Skull similar to that of _E. u. inyoensis_ but + differing as indicated below. + + _Comparisons._--From _E. u. inyoensis_, the subspecies to the + north, _E. u. nevadensis_ differs in: Paler and grayer + throughout; tawny areas restricted; gray areas clearer and + less suffused; dark facial markings narrower and less + distinct; ventral surface of tail distinctly paler; feet + lighter, clearer gray; nasals extend farther posteriorly with + respect to premaxillae (Burt _loc. cit._). + + From _E. u. adsitus_, the subspecies to the northeast, _E. u. + nevadensis_ differs in: Narrower dorsal stripes and facial + markings; paler coloration of head, rump, sides, feet, and + ventral surface of tail (Burt _op. cit._: 299-300). + +_Remarks._--The differences between _E. umbrinus nevadensis_ and _E. +palmeri_, as shown by Burt (_op. cit._) and Hall (1946), are such that +one might expect _E. palmeri_ to be a subspecies of _E. umbrinus_. +However, having only the structure of the baculum as evidence +additional to that summarized by Hall (_op. cit._), I follow him in +according _E. palmeri_ specific status. + + _Specimens examined._--None. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus fremonti= new subspecies + + _Type._--Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 41790 + Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; from 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8,025 + ft., Sublette County, Wyoming; obtained on July 8, 1951, by + Rollin H. Baker; original No. 1596. + + _Diagnosis._--Size large; sides Capucine Yellow; antiplantar + surface of hind feet Raw Sienna; postauricular patch grayish + white; baculum as in _E. u. umbrinus_. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Crown Cinnamon-Buff mixed + with gray; upper facial stripe Sepia; ocular stripe + Chaetura-Drab; submalar stripe Fuscous Black mixed with Sayal + Brown; ear black; anterior margin of ear Mars-Yellow, + posterior margin grayish white; hairs inside posterior + portion of pinna Dresden-Brown; postauricular patch Pale + Smoke Gray; median dorsal dark stripe black; lateral dorsal + dark stripe black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost dorsal + dark stripe obsolete, Buckhorn-Brown mixed with black; median + pair of dorsal light stripes grayish mixed with + Buckhorn-Brown; outer pair of dorsal light stripes creamy + white; sides Buckhorn-Brown; rump Pale Smoke Gray mixed with + Saccardo's Umber; dorsal surface of tail black mixed with + Buckhorn-Brown; ventral surface of tail Sayal Brown; + outermost edge of tail Light Buff; antipalmar surface of + forefeet Warm Buff; antiplantar surface of hind foot + Ochraceous-Tawny; underparts creamy white with dark underfur. + _Skull_: Large, with strong zygomata; braincase well + inflated. _Baculum_: As in _E. u. umbrinus_. + + _Comparisons._--From _E. u. umbrinus_, the subspecies from + the Uinta and northern Wasatch Mountains in Utah, _E. u. + fremonti_ differs in: Sides darker; antiplantar surfaces of + feet darker; postauricular patch grayer; crown more grayish; + skull slightly larger. + + From _E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_, the species and subspecies + from western Montana, _E. u. fremonti_ differs in: General + tone of upper parts, sides, underside of tail, and feet, all + darker in coloration; baculum shorter and proportionally + twice as wide at base. + + For comparison with _E. u. montanus_, see the account of that + subspecies. + +_Remarks._--The geographic ranges of _E. umbrinus fremonti_ and +_E. ruficaudus ruficaudus_ are allopatric and no specimens have ever +been taken in the intermediate area to indicate whether or not +these two species anywhere occur together. The bacula in the two +species differ to the same degree as those of _E. quadrivittatus_ and +_E. umbrinus_. The differences between _E. u. fremonti_ and _E. r. +ruficaudus_ are such that in my opinion, _E. ruficaudus_ is a distinct +species. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 58. + + =Montana=: _Park Co._: Beartooth Mountains, 2 BS. + + =Idaho=: _Bonneville Co._: Big Hole Mountains, 9,000 ft., + near Irwin, 1 BS. + + =Wyoming=: _Yellowstone Park_, 2. Park Co.: 16-1/4 mi. N and + 17 mi. W Cody, 5,625 ft., 2. _Teton Co._: 1 mi. E and 1/4 mi. + N Togwotee Pass, 9,800 ft., 2; Amphitheatre Lake, Teton Park, + 1 MM; Flat Creek, 4 MM; head of Cache Creek, 4 MM; Jackson, + Upper Arizona Creek, 2 MM; Flat Creek-Granite Creek divide, 6 + MM; Flat Creek Pass, 1 MM; Flat Creek-Gravel Creek divide, 2 + MM. _Lincoln Co._: La Barge Creek, 9,000 ft., 2 BS. _Fremont + Co._: Togwotee Pass, 12; 12 mi. N and 3 mi. W Shoshoni, 4,650 + ft., 1; Mosquito Park R. S., 9,500 ft., 17-1/2 mi. W and + 2-1/2 mi. N Lander, 1; 17 mi. S and 6-1/2 mi. W Lander, 8,450 + ft., 3. _Sublette Co._: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8,025 ft., 2; W + side Barbara Lake, 10,300 ft., 8 mi. S and 3 mi. W Fremont + Peak, 4; 19 mi. W and 2 mi. S Big Piney, 7,700 ft., 5. + + + =Eutamias umbrinus montanus= new subspecies + + _Type._--Male, adult, skull, skin, and baculum, No. 20105 + Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist.; from 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S + Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder County, Colorado; obtained on August + 1, 1947, by E. L. Cockrum; original No. 721. + + _Diagnosis._--Size large; sides Clay Color; antipalmar and + antiplantar surfaces of feet Cinnamon-Buff; baculum as in E. + u. umbrinus. + + _Description._--_Color pattern_: Crown Raw Sienna mixed with + gray; upper facial stripe and ocular stripe black mixed with + Sepia; submalar stripe Snuff Brown mixed with black; ear + black or Sepia, anterior margin Ochraceous-Tawny, posterior + margin and postauricular patch grayish white; hairs inside + posterior part of pinna Cinnamon-Buff; median dorsal dark + stripe black with Sayal Brown along margins; lateral dark + stripes black mixed with Sayal Brown; outermost dorsal dark + stripes obsolete, Sayal Brown mixed with black; median pair + of dorsal light stripes Pale Smoke Gray mixed with Clay + Color; outer pair of dorsal light stripes creamy white; sides + Clay Color; rump and thighs Neutral Gray; dorsal surface of + tail black mixed with Cinnamon-Buff; ventral surface of tail + Ochraceous-Tawny; hairs around margin of tail Cinnamon-Buff + or Ochraceous-Tawny; antipalmar and antiplantar surfaces of + feet Cinnamon-Buff; underparts creamy white with dark + underfur. _Skull_: Large; zygomata strong; braincase well + inflated. _Baculum_: As in _E. u. umbrinus_. + + _Comparisons._--From _E. quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, the + subspecies and species to the south, _E. u. montanus_ differs + in: General tone of upper parts darker; braincase + significantly narrower; baculum shorter and markedly wider at + base. + + From _E. u. umbrinus_, the subspecies from the Uinta and + northern Wasatch Mountains, _E. u. montanus_ differs in: + General tone of upper parts brighter (less tawny); sides more + tawny; skull slightly larger. + + From _E. u. sedulus_, the subspecies from the Henry Mountains + of Utah, _E. u. montanus_ differs in: Sides darker; general + tone of upper parts darker. + + From _E. u. fremonti_, the subspecies from the mountains of + western and northwestern Wyoming, _E. u. montanus_ differs + in: General tone of upper parts lighter; hairs around + outermost edge of tail tawnier. + +_Remarks._--Howell (1929:83) stated that the specimens of _E. +quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_ (= _E. umbrinus montanus_) from Estes +Park, Long's Peak, and Gold Hill, all in Colorado, "average somewhat +darker on the back and sides than typical _quadrivittatus_; the light +dorsal stripes are also somewhat duller and the dark stripes less +blackish, thus showing an approach to the characters of _umbrinus_." +Now there are more specimens of _E. u. montanus_ from the mountains of +north-central Colorado than were available to Howell. He was not aware +of the striking difference between the bacula of _E. quadrivittatus_ +and _E. umbrinus_, and the constancy of this difference between all +the subspecies of one species and those of the other. + +Although the geographic range of _E. u. umbrinus_ is closer to the +ranges of _E. u. fremonti_ and _E. u. montanus_ than to the geographic +range of _E. u. adsitus_, _E. u. umbrinus_ seems to be more closely +related to _E. u. adsitus_ than to _E. u. fremonti_ or _E. u. +montanus_. This observation may be explained by the presence of +continuous habitat for _E. umbrinus_ between the ranges of _E. u. +umbrinus_ and _E. u. adsitus_, whereas _E. u. fremonti_ and _E. u. +montanus_ are each separated from _E. u. umbrinus_ by areas unsuitable +for occupancy by _E. umbrinus_. It must be noted, however, that no +actual intergrades between _E. u. umbrinus_ and _E. u. adsitus_ are +known. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 36. + + =Wyoming=: _Albany Co._: 3 mi. ESE Brown's Peak, 10,000 ft., + 2; 3-1/2 mi. S Wood's Landing, 1. + + =Utah=: _Uintah Co._: PR Springs, 7,950 ft., 43 mi. S Ouray, + Uintah-Grand county line, 1 UU. + + =Colorado=: _Jackson Co._: Mount Zirkel, 10,000 ft., on + trail, 2 WC; Buffalo Pass, 10,380 ft., 1 WC; Buffalo Pass + road, 10,130 ft., 1 WC. _Larimer Co._: 2 mi. E Log Cabin, + 7,450 ft., 1 WC; Estes Park, 7,600 ft., 1; 1-1/2 mi. SW Estes + Park, 1; 2-1/2 mi. SW Estes Park, 2; 3-1/2 mi. SW Estes Park, + 1; 12 mi. SW Estes Park, 1. _Rio Blanco Co._: 1 mi. NW Pagoda + Peak, 10,400 ft., 1. _Boulder Co._: Long's Peak, 7 BS; 1 mi. + NE Ward, 10,000 ft., 1; 3 mi. S Ward, 9,000 ft., 5; 1/2 mi. E + and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., 1; 1 mi. S Gold Hill, 8,200 ft., + 1. _Clear Creek Co._: Davidson Mine, 3 mi. SW Idaho Springs, + 1; Georgetown, 1 CM. _Jefferson Co._: Silver Plume, 1 CM. + _Park Co._: Tarryall Creek Camp, 8,700 ft., 1 WC. _Gunnison + Co._: S side Crested Butte Mountain, 9,500 ft., 1 WC; mouth + of Virginia Basin, Gothic, 1 FC. + + + DISCUSSION + +The chipmunks that heretofore have been assigned to the species +_Eutamias quadrivittatus_ are here assigned to two species, _E. +quadrivittatus_ and _E. umbrinus,_ for the following reasons: + +1. The baculum of _E. quadrivittatus_ differs from that of _E. +umbrinus_ in having a narrow base (see figs. 3, 4). This difference +permits any specimen which has an associated baculum to be readily +identified to species. + +2. The cranial breadth in the subspecies of _E. quadrivittatus_ is +significantly larger than in the subspecies of _E. umbrinus_. + +3. Specimens of _E. umbrinus_ are darker than any specimen of _E. +quadrivittatus_. + +4. Where the geographic ranges of _E. quadrivittatus_ and _E. +umbrinus_ come close to one another (probably they meet at some +places), _E. umbrinus_ occupies a higher position in terms of +life-zones. Wherever either of these two species, but not the other, +occurs on a mountain the species occupies both the higher and lower +life-zones. + + [Illustration: FIGS. 3 and 4. Baculum of _Eutamias + quadrivittatus quadrivittatus_, No. 35648/47919 BS; from + Canon City, Fremont Co., Colorado. Figure 3, lateral view of + right side; figure 4, dorsal view. + + FIG. 5. Baculum of _Eutamias umbrinus umbrinus_, No. 38062; + from Paradise Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, 10,050 ft., + Uintah Co., Utah. Lateral view of right side. + + FIG. 6. Baculum of _Eutamias umbrinus montanus_, No. 20105; + from 1/2 mi. E and 3 mi. S Ward, 9,400 ft., Boulder Co., + Colorado. Dorsal view.] + +The differences between _E. quadrivittatus_ and _E. umbrinus_ are as +great as, or greater than, between many species of chipmunks, such as +between _E. minimus_ and _E. amoenus_, and between _E. quadrivittatus_ +and _E. cinereicollis_. + +Although I know of no ecological differences between _E. umbrinus_ +and _E. ruficaudus_, the morphological differences, as for example, +differences in the structure of the baculum, and differences in color +pattern, lead me to maintain _E. ruficaudus_ and _E. umbrinus_ as +separate species. + +The present distribution of these two species is attributable to the +uplift of the Rocky Mountains in the Pleistocene. That the uplift of +the Rocky Mountains and the erosion which produced the present-day +relief took place in Pleistocene times is supported by the evidence +found by several geologists such as Hunt and Sokoloff (1950:109-123). + +The present geographic distribution of _E. umbrinus_ and _E. +quadrivittatus_ conceivably came about as follows: _E. umbrinus_-like +chipmunks were present, before the uplift of the major chains of +mountains, on isolated, low mountain ranges that were not covered with +glaciers (such as the laccolithic mountains that occur in Utah) in +Pleistocene time, while _E. quadrivittatus_-like chipmunks were +present in the central parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and southern +Wyoming. With the advent of uplift, the habitats in the central +parts of these states were changed from a plains-like habitat to +a habitat that resembled the forest habitats that exist today. +_E. umbrinus_-like chipmunks then invaded this newly formed habitat +and displaced any _E. quadrivittatus_-like chipmunks that were less +well adapted to live there. The Colorado River probably served +as a barrier that kept the _E. umbrinus_-like chipmunks and _E. +quadrivittatus_-like chipmunks separated up to this time. Invasion of +the new forest-niche by _E. umbrinus_-like chipmunks may have taken +place through the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah, after the +glaciers disappeared from these mountains, since the Colorado River +probably prevented any eastward migration farther south. + + + TABLE 1 + + Average and Extreme Measurements in Millimeters of Adult + _Eutamias quadrivittatus_ and _E. umbrinus_ + + KEY + A: Greatest length of skull + B: Zygomatic breadth + C: Cranial breadth + D: Length of nasals + E: Total length + F: Length of tail + G: Length of lower tooth-row + H: Condylo-alveolar length of mandible + +====================================================================== + | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H +-------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. q. quadrivittatus_, Canon City, Fremont Co., + | Colorado. + | +Mean (7) | 35.7 | 19.3 | 16.2 | 11.0 | 222 | 99.4 | 5.40 | 18.98 +Min [Male] | 35.7 | 19.1 | 15.9 | 10.6 | 216 | 93.0 | 5.32 | 18.65 +Max | 35.8 | 19.8 | 16.5 | 11.6 | 230 | 104.0 | 5.49 | 19.41 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (3) | 35.9 | 19.9 | 16.5 | 10.9 | 231 | 99.0 | 5.42 | 19.10 +Min [Female] | 35.6 | 19.9 | 16.5 | 10.7 | 200 | 98.0 | 5.39 | 18.85 +Max | 36.2 | 19.9 | 16.6 | 11.2 | 232 | 100.0 | 5.49 | 19.28 + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. q. hopiensis_, Moab, Grand Co., Utah. + | +Mean (11) | 34.4 | 19.4 | 16.3 | 10.0 | 212 | 90.7 | 5.19 | 18.36 +Min [Male] | 33.5 | 19.2 | 15.9 | 9.3 | 208 | 85.0 | 4.92 | 17.80 +Max | 35.4 | 20.0 | 16.8 | 10.5 | 220 | 96.0 | 5.38 | 18.96 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (5) | 34.9 | 19.6 | 16.4 | 10.5 | 219 | 94.4 | 5.16 | 18.58 +Min [Female] | 34.2 | 19.3 | 15.9 | 10.1 | 210 | 85.0 | 5.13 | 18.00 +Max | 35.7 | 20.1 | 16.6 | 10.7 | 228 | 104.0 | 5.20 | 19.19 + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. umbrinus_, Mts. S Robertson, Uintah Co., + | Wyoming. + | +Mean (11) | 34.7 | 18.9 | 15.7 | 10.9 | 218 | 96.2 | 5.13 | 18.04 +Min [Male] | 34.3 | 18.3 | 15.6 | 10.3 | 215 | 81.0 | 4.79 | 17.57 +Max | 35.2 | 19.4 | 16.0 | 11.7 | 228 | 112.0 | 5.42 | 18.59 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (4) | 35.1 | 19.2 | 15.9 | 11.0 | 224 | 96.4 | 5.17 | 18.46 +Min [Female] | 34.9 | 18.6 | 15.7 | 10.3 | 204 | 90.0 | 5.11 | 18.31 +Max | 35.4 | 20.0 | 16.2 | 11.8 | 234 | 100.0 | 5.22 | 18.98 + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. adsitus_, Britts Meadow, Beaver Co., Utah. + | +Mean (6) | 34.8 | 18.9 | 15.5 | 10.8 | 214 | 89.6 | 5.16 | 18.07 +Min [Male] | 34.3 | 18.5 | 15.3 | 10.4 | 203 | 73.0 | 4.64 | 17.69 +Max | 35.4 | 19.6 | 16.1 | 11.3 | 225 | 95.0 | 5.34 | 18.70 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (6) | 35.1 | 19.5 | 16.0 | 11.0 | 228 | 96.5 | 5.11 | 18.75 +Min [Female] | 33.9 | 18.9 | 15.9 | 10.6 | 215 | 95.0 | 5.00 | 18.51 +Max | 36.2 | 20.0 | 16.3 | 11.8 | 233 | 98.0 | 5.33 | 19.40 + | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. sedulus_, Mt. Ellen, Henry Mts., Garfield Co., + | Utah. + | +Mean (5) | 34.7 | 18.7 | 15.6 | 10.7 | 218 | 93.0 | 5.21 | 18.74 +Min [Male] | 33.5 | 18.4 | 15.4 | 10.1 | 213 | 89.0 | 5.09 | 18.48 +Max | 35.5 | 19.1 | 15.9 | 11.2 | 224 | 97.0 | 5.28 | 19.38 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (2) | 34.9 | 19.4 | 16.1 | 11.1 | 227 | 98.0 | 5.24 | 18.74 +Min [Female] | 34.9 | 19.3 | 16.1 | 11.0 | 224 | 96.0 | 5.07 | 19.24 +Max | 34.9 | 19.5 | 16.1 | 11.3 | 231 | 100.0 | 5.42 | 19.80 + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. inyoensis_, Ruby Mts., Elko and White Pine + | Cos., Nev. + | +Mean (12) | 34.4 | 19.0 | 15.7 | 10.5 | 208 | 89.5 | 5.15 | 18.12 +Min [Male] | 33.5 | 18.6 | 15.2 | 10.0 | 196 | 85.0 | 5.01 | 17.32 +Max | 35.4 | 19.6 | 16.1 | 11.5 | 220 | 100.0 | 5.37 | 18.81 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (5) | 34.9 | 19.4 | 15.7 | 10.5 | 215 | 92.8 | 5.19 | 18.63 +Min [Female] | 34.4 | 19.1 | 15.4 | 10.4 | 204 | 86.0 | 5.04 | 18.50 +Max | 35.2 | 19.7 | 16.0 | 10.7 | 226 | 102.0 | 5.33 | 18.80 + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. nevadensis_, Measurements of the type + | (Burt 1931:300). + | + [Male] | 34.8 | 19.3 | 16.2 | 11.0 | 205 | 89.0 | ... | ... + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. fremonti_, Togwotee Pass, Fremont Co., Wyoming. + | +Mean (8) | 35.6 | 19.3 | 15.9 | 11.4 | 223 | 99.0 | 5.34 | 19.17 +Min [Male] | 35.2 | 18.9 | 15.8 | 11.1 | 216 | 95.0 | 5.22 | 18.72 +Max | 36.5 | 19.7 | 16.1 | 11.8 | 243 | 111.0 | 5.57 | 19.78 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (6) | 35.3 | 19.6 | 15.9 | 11.3 | 229 | 101.0 | 5.40 | 19.02 +Min [Female] | 34.5 | 19.3 | 15.7 | 10.9 | 223 | 92.0 | 5.35 | 18.37 +Max | 36.0 | 20.0 | 16.5 | 12.0 | 239 | 110.0 | 5.44 | 19.51 + | | | | | | | | + +------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + | + | _E. u. montanus_, Boulder Co., Colorado. + | +Mean (5) | 35.2 | 18.8 | 15.5 | 10.8 | 226 | 96.0 | 5.20 | 18.29 +Min [Male] | 34.7 | 18.4 | 15.2 | 10.1 | 215 | 93.0 | 5.03 | 17.80 +Max | 36.8 | 19.4 | 16.2 | 11.5 | 232 | 115.0 | 5.53 | 19.36 + | | | | | | | | +Mean (6) | 35.7 | 19.1 | 15.6 | 10.9 | 226 | 98.0 | 5.28 | 18.67 +Min [Female] | 35.1 | 18.8 | 15.1 | 10.3 | 215 | 89.0 | 5.06 | 18.09 +Max | 36.5 | 19.5 | 16.0 | 11.6 | 231 | 105.0 | 5.58 | 19.35 + | | | | | | | | +-------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-------+------+------- + + + LITERATURE CITED + + BENSON, S. B. + 1935. A biological reconnaissance of Navajo Mountain, Utah. Univ. + California Publ. Zool., 40:439-455, December 31. + + BURT, W. H. + 1931. Three new subspecies of chipmunks of the genus Eutamias + from Nevada. Jour. Mamm., 12:298-301, August 24. + + DURRANT, S. D. + 1952. Mammals of Utah, taxonomy and distribution. Univ. Kansas + Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:1-549, 91 figs., 30 tables, August + 10. + + HALL, E. R. + 1946. Mammals of Nevada. Univ. California Press, Berkeley, + California, pp. xi + 710, 11 pls., 485 figs., July 1. + + HARDY, R. + 1945. The taxonomic status of some chipmunks of the genus + Eutamias in southwestern Utah. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, + 58:85-87, June 30. + + HOWELL, A. H. + 1929. Revision of the American chipmunks (genera _Tamias_ and + _Eutamias_). U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Biol. Surv., N. Amer. + Fauna, 52:1-157, 10 pls., 9 figs., November 30. + + HUNT, C. B., and SOKOLOFF, V. P. + 1950. Pre-Wisconsin soil in the Rocky Mountain region, a progress + report. U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper, 221-G:109-123. + + JOHNSON, D. H. + 1943. Systematic review of the chipmunks (genus Eutamias) of + California. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 48:63-148, 6 + pls., December 24. + + KELSON, K. R. + 1951. Speciation in rodents of the Colorado River drainage. Univ. + Utah Biol. Ser., 11(3): vii + 125, 10 figs., February 15. + + MERRIAM, C. H. + 1905. Two new chipmunks from Colorado and Arizona. Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 18:163-166, June 29. + + _Transmitted June 26, 1953._ + + + 24-8966 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Taxonomy of the Chipmunks, Eutamias +quadrivittatus and Eutamias umbrinus, by John A. 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