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diff --git a/31098-h/31098-h.htm b/31098-h/31098-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..febdb40 --- /dev/null +++ b/31098-h/31098-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,18042 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The North American Slime-Moulds, by Thomas H. (Thomas Huston) MacBride</title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; + clear: both; +} + +h2 {margin-top: 4em;} + +p { text-indent: 0; + margin-top: .6em; + text-align: left; + margin-bottom: .6em; +} + +hr { + width: 65%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table {margin: 1em 0;} + +td {vertical-align: top; + padding: 2px 10px; + padding-left: 1.5em; + text-indent: -1.5em;} + + +.pagenum { + color: black; + text-align: right; + width: 4em; + position: absolute; + right: 0.5em; + padding: 0 0 0 0 ; + margin: auto 0 auto 0; + white-space:nowrap; + font-size: .7em; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + font-style: normal; + letter-spacing: normal; + text-indent: 0;} + +.blockquot {font-size:.9em;} + +.species {margin-top:2em; + text-indent:0;} + +.list p {margin-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em;} + +.center, .center p {text-align: center; + margin-top:2em; + text-indent:0;} + +.center table { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; } + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.caption {font-weight: normal; font-size:smaller;} + +.sig {text-align: right;} + +.seealso {margin-left:4em;} + +ul {list-style-type:none;} +li {margin-top:0; + margin-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em;} + + ins { + text-decoration:none; + border-bottom: thin dotted black; + } + +/* Images */ + + img { + border: none; padding: 0; + } + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ +.poem { + margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align: left; +} + +.poem br {display: none;} + +.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + +.poem span.i0 { + display: block; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i2 { + display: block; + margin-left: 2em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i4 { + display: block; + margin-left: 4em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + + hr.full { width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + pre {font-size: 85%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The North American Slime-Moulds, by Thomas H. +(Thomas Huston) MacBride</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: The North American Slime-Moulds</p> +<p> A Descriptive List of All Species of Myxomycetes Hitherto Reported from the Continent of North America, with Notes on Some Extra-Limital Species</p> +<p>Author: Thomas H. (Thomas Huston) MacBride</p> +<p>Release Date: January 27, 2010 [eBook #31098]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3>E-text prepared by Peter Vachuska, Chuck Greif, Leonard Johnson,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"> + +<h1> +THE NORTH AMERICAN<br /> +SLIME-MOULDS<br /> +</h1> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p style='font-size:.8em;'> +THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br /> +<span style='font-size:.8em;'>NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS<br /> +ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO</span><br /> +<br /> +MACMILLAN & CO., <span class="smcap">Limited</span><br /> +<span style='font-size:.8em;'>LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA<br /> +MELBOURNE</span><br /> +<br /> +THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span><br /> +<span style='font-size:.8em;'>TORONTO</span><br /> +</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px; margin-top:3em;"> +<a name="front" id="front"> </a> +<a href="images/front.jpg"> +<img src="images/front-s.jpg" width="300" height="183" + alt="Physarum notabile." + title="Physarum notabile." /> +</a> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Physarum notabile</span><br /> +(Enlarged one half)<br /> + +In the field; sporangia in varied magnification, due to inequality in background.</span> +</div> + +<div class="center"> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<h1> +THE NORTH AMERICAN<br /> +SLIME-MOULDS</h1> +<br /> +<br /> +<p style="font-size:.8em"><i>A DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF</i></p> +<br /> +<br /> +<p>ALL SPECIES OF MYXOMYCETES<br /> +HITHERTO REPORTED FROM THE CONTINENT OF<br /> +NORTH AMERICA</p> +<br /> +<p style="font-size:.8em">WITH NOTES ON SOME EXTRA-LIMITAL SPECIES</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<p><span style="font-size:.8em">BY</span><br /> +THOMAS H. MACBRIDE<br /> +<span style="font-size:.8em">STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA</span></p> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<p style="font-size:.9em">NEW AND REVISED EDITION</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<p><b>New York</b><br /> +THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br /> +<span style="font-size:.8em">LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span><br /> +1922</span></p> +<br /> +<br /> +<p style="font-size:.6em"><i>All rights reserved</i></p> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1899,<br /> +<span class="smcap">By</span> THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.</p> +<p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1922,<br /> +<span class="smcap">By</span> THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<p style="font-size:.8em"><b>The Clio Press</b><br /> +Iowa City, Iowa, U. S. A.</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p> +<span style="font-size:.8em">· IN · MEMORIAM ·</span><br /> +· SAMUELIS · CALVINI ·<br /> +<span style="font-size:.8em">· SCIENTIAE · NATURALIS · IN · UNIVERSITATE · IOWENSI ·<br /> +· NUPER · PROFESSORIS ·<br /> +· PRAECEPTORIS · COMITIS · AMICI ·<br /> +· HUNC · LIBRUM ·<br /> +· GRATO · ANIMO · DEDICAT ·<br /> +· DISCIPULUS ·</span><br /> +</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +</div> + +<div class="poem" style="width:25em;"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"Ihr naht euch wieder schwankende Gestalten,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Die früh sich einst dem trüben Blick gezeigt."<br /></span> +<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Goethe.</span><br /><br /><br /></p> +</div></div> + +<p>"Diese Kinder der Natur, welche aus einer ungeformten +Gallert, und einem unsichtbaren Saamen entstehen, sind im +stande, in dem sie sich nach und nach entwickeln und ihre +scheinbar nachlässige Bildung genau beobachten (lassen), +eben so sehr als die schönste Pflanze, einem empfindenden +Herzen die tiefe Achtung und das paradiesische Vernügen +zu verschaffen, welches einzig die Betrachtung der Heere +der Natur und ihre gleichbleibende Erhaltung durch eine +ewige Kraft hervorbringen kann."</p> + +<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">A. J. G. C. Batsch</span> 1783.</p> + + + + +<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table width="80%" border="0" summary="Table of Contents."> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PREFACE_TO_THE_FIRST_EDITION1">Preface</a></span></td><td align="right">ix</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PREFACE_TO_THE_SECOND_EDITION">Preface to Second Edition</a></span></td><td align="right">xiii</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">Bibliography</a></span></td><td align="right">xv</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INTRODUCTORY">Introductory</a></span></td><td align="right">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THE_NORTH_AMERICAN">The Myxomycetes</a></span></td><td align="right">17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ADDENDA">Addenda</a></span></td><td align="right">282</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INDEX">Index of Genera</a></span></td><td align="right">289</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#index_sp">Index of Species</a></span></td><td align="right">290</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PLATES">Plates, with Explanations</a></span></td><td align="right">301</td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<h2><a name="CORRIGENDA" id="CORRIGENDA"></a>CORRIGENDA</h2> + + +<p>The indulgent student will please notice the following +for the new edition <i>North American Slime Moulds</i>—</p> + +<div class="list"> +<p>On <a href="#Page_63">p. 63</a>, No. 17, read <i>Physarum megalosporum</i> Macbr. Last line should +read 1917 Physarum <i>melanospermum</i> Sturgis, <i>Mycologia</i>, Vol. IX, +p. 323.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_67">p. 67</a>, last line but one, at the end, read, p. 323.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_67">p. 67</a>, insert just before No. 23, Vicinity of Philadelphia,—<i>Bilgram</i>.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_327">p. 327</a>, <a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII</a>, lacks numbers. These may readily be supplied by +consulting descriptive text.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_344">p. 344</a>, in explanation figure 2, last word read hour.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_346">p. 346</a>, for name of species read <i>Fuligo rufa</i> Pers., p. 28.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p> + +<h2><a name="PREFACE_TO_THE_FIRST_EDITION1" id="PREFACE_TO_THE_FIRST_EDITION1"></a>PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h2> + + +<p>The present work has grown out of a monograph entitled +<i>Myxomycetes of Eastern Iowa</i>, published by the present author about +eight years ago. The original work was intended chiefly for the use +of the author's own pupils; but interest in the subject proved much +wider than had been supposed, and a rather large edition of that +little work was speedily exhausted. At that time literature on the +subject in question—literature accessible to English readers—was +scant indeed. Cooke's translation of Rostafinski, in so far as concerned +the species of Great Britain, was practically all there was to +be consulted in English.</p> + +<p>In 1892 appeared in London Massee's <i>Monograph of the +Myxogastres</i>, and two years later in the same world's centre the +trustees of the British Museum brought out Lister's <i>Mycetozoa</i>. +Although these two English works both claim revision of the entire +group under discussion, the latter paying special attention to American +forms, nevertheless there still seems place for a less pretentious +volume which for American students shall present succinct descriptions +of North American species only. The material basis of the +present work consists of collections now in the herbarium of the +State University of Iowa. In accumulating the material the author +has had the generous assistance of botanists in all parts of the country, +from Alaska to Panama, and the geographical distribution is in +most cases authenticated by specimens from the localities named. +The descriptions, in case of species represented in Europe, are based +upon those of European authors; for forms first described in this +country, the original descriptions have been consulted. A bibliography +follows this preface.</p> + +<p>In reference to the omnipresent vexed question of nomenclature, a +word is perhaps necessary. De Candolle's rule, "The first authentic +specific name published under the genus in which the species now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> +stands," may be true philosophy, but it is certainly an open question +how that rule shall be applied. If an author recognized and defined +a given species in times past, and, in accordance with views then +held, assigned the species to a particular genus, common honesty, it +would seem, would require that his work be recognized. To assume +that any later writer who may choose to set to familiar genera limits +unknown before shall thereby be empowered to write all species so +displaced his own, as if, forsooth, now for the first time in the history +of science published or described, is not only absolutely and inexcusably +misleading, but actually increases by just so much the +amount of <i>débris</i> with which the taxonomy of the subject is already +cumbered.</p> + +<p>In face of a work so painstaking and voluminous as that of +Rostafinski, and in view of the almost universal confusion that preceded +him, it would seem idle to change for reasons purely technical +the nomenclature which the Polish author has established. Especially +is this true in the case of organisms so very perishable and fragile as +those now in question where comparative revision is apt to result in +uncertainty. We had preferred to leave the Rostafinskian, <i>i. e.</i> the +heretofore current nomenclature, untouched; but since other writers +have preferred to do otherwise, we are compelled to recognize the +resultant confusion.</p> + +<p>Slime-moulds have long attracted the attention of the student of +nature. For nearly two hundred years they find place more or less +definite in botanical literature. Micheli, 1729, figures a number of +them, some so accurately that the identity of the species is hardly to +be questioned. Other early writers are Buxbaum and Dillenius. +But the great names before Rostafinski are Schrader, Persoon, and +Fries. Schrader's judgment was especially clear. In his <i>Nova +Genera</i>, 1797, he recognizes plainly the difference between slime-moulds +and everything else that passed by the name of fungus, and +proposed that they should be set off in a family by themselves,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> but +he suggested no definite name. Nees (C. G.) also made the same +observation in 1817, and proposed the name <i>Ærogastres</i>; but he +cites as type of his ærogastres, <i>Eurotium</i>, and includes so many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> +fungi, that it seems unsafe now to approve his nomenclature. +Schrader also has left an excellent account of the cribrarias, the basis +of all that has since been attempted in that genus.</p> + +<p>Persoon, in his <i>Synopsis</i>, 1801, attempts a review of all the fungi +known up to that time. His notes and synonymy are invaluable, +enabling us to understand the references of many of the earlier +authors where these had otherwise been indefinite if not unintelligible. +He makes a great many changes in nomenclature, and excuses +himself on the ground that he follows, in this particular, illustrious +examples! Unfortunately, so do we all!</p> + +<p>Fries, in his <i>Systema Mycologicum</i>, 1829, summed up in most +wonderful way the work of all his predecessors and the mycologic +science of his time. In reading Fries the modern student hardly +knows which most to admire, the author's far-reaching, patient research, +the singular acumen of his taxonomic instinct, the graceful +exactness of the Latin in which his conclusions are expressed, or the +delicate courtesy with which he touches the work even the most +primitive, of those his predecessors or contemporaries. Nevertheless +in our particular group even the determinations of Fries are not conclusive. +He himself often confesses as much. The microscopic technique +of that day did not yield the data needful for minute comparison +among these most delicate forms.</p> + +<p>It remained for DeBary and Rostafinski to introduce a new factor +into the description of species, and by spore-measurement and the +delineation of microscopic detail to supply an element of definiteness +which has no parallel in the work of any earlier student of this +group. Under these conditions the revision undertaken by Rostafinski +was of a most heroic sort. His work was almost a new +beginning; and while in nomenclature he was inclined to follow the +Paris Code, yet the inadequacy of the earlier descriptions often made +such a course impracticable. The synonymy of Rostafinski is largely +that of Fries, and upon this the Polish author attempts to apply the +law of priority. In the historical note, <i>wzmianka historyczna</i>, accompanying +the description of each specific form, he generally states +the reason for the nomenclature he adopts, whether selected from the +mass of supposed synonymy or introduced by himself <i>de novo</i>. Unfortunately,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> +Rostafinski is sometimes purely arbitrary in his selections. +He sometimes changes a specific or even generic name, +otherwise correctly applied, simply because in primary etymological +significance the name seems to him inappropriate. In such cases it is +proper to restore the earlier name. Nevertheless Rostafinski is still +our most trustworthy guide.</p> + +<p>Of course, where later investigations have served to obliterate the +once-thought patent distinctions between supposed genera or species, +it is proper to unite such forms under the older determinable titles +and this we have attempted. But wherever in the present work a +name has been changed, the name of the earlier author will be found +in parenthesis, followed immediately by that of him who made the +change, and in general, recent practice, especially as expressed in the +rules of the various codes, has determined the puzzling questions of +nomenclature.</p> + +<p>In justification of the use of <i>Myxomycetes</i> as a general title it +may be said that in this case prevalent usage is not inconsistent with +a rational application of the rules of priority. The Friesian designation +<i>Myxogastres</i> was applied by its author in 1829 to the endosporous +slime-moulds as a section of gasteromycetous fungi. Four +years later Link, perceiving more clearly the absolute distinctness of +the group, substituted the name <i>Myxomycetes</i>. In the same year +Wallroth adopted the same designation, but strangely confused the +limitations of the group he named. Wallroth seems to have thought +<i>Myxomycetes</i> a synonym for <i>Gasteromycetes</i> Fries. In 1858 DeBary +applied the title <i>Mycetozoa</i> to a group which included the then +lately discovered <i>Acrasieae</i> with the true slime-moulds, both endosporous +and exosporous. For all except the <i>Acrasieae</i> DeBary retained +the old appellation, Myxomycetes. Rostafinski adopted +DeBary's general name, but changed its application. As it has been +shown, since DeBary's time, that the <i>Acrasieae</i><a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> have no true plasmodium, +and are therefore not properly, or at least not necessarily, +associated with the slime-moulds, there appears no necessity for the +term <i>Mycetozoa</i>, and the question lies between <i>Myxogastres</i> and +<i>Myxomycetes</i>. Of these two names the former, as we have seen, has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> +undoubted priority, but only as applied to the endosporous species. +The same thing was true of Link's designation until DeBary redefined +it, but having been taken up by DeBary, redefined and +correctly applied, Myxomycetes (Link) DeBary must remain the +undisputed title for all true slime-moulds, endosporous and exosporous +alike.</p> + +<p>In arranging the larger divisions of the group the scheme of +Rostafinski has been somewhat modified in order to give expression +to what the present author deems a more natural sequence of species. +The highest expression of myxomycetan fructification is doubtless the +isolated sporangium with its capillitium. This is reached by successive +differentiations from the simple plasmodium. The æthalium may +be esteemed in some instances a case of degeneration, in others of +arrested development. In any event in the present arrangement, +æthalioid forms are first disposed of, leaving the sporangiate species +to follow from plasmodiocarpous as directly as may be.</p> + +<p>The artificial keys herewith presented proceed on the same plan +and are to be taken, as such keys always are, not as definitive in any +case, but simply as an aid to help the student more speedily to reach +a probably satisfactory description.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>The North American Slime Moulds</i>, 1899.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Schrader, <i>Nova Plantarum Genera</i>, 1797, pp. vi-vii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Cf. Edgar W. Olive, <i>Monograph of the Acrasieae</i>; Boston, 1902.</p></div> +</div> + + + +<h2><a name="PREFACE_TO_THE_SECOND_EDITION" id="PREFACE_TO_THE_SECOND_EDITION"></a>PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION</h2> + + +<p>The first edition of this little book having been exhausted long +ago, the writer in this second issue takes opportunity to correct +sundry errata, typographical and other, and at the same time to +incorporate such new information in reference to individual species +and to the subject entire as the researches of more recent years may +afford.</p> + +<p>To Miss Gulielma Lister, of London, the writer expresses his +sense of deep obligation for much assistance in settling difficult matters +of nomenclature and identification; it will be found as a result +that in most instances the same thing in the two volumes, English +and American, appears under the same name. There are still differences;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> +these result in most cases from different points of view, +different estimates or emphasis of characteristics in these ever elusive +objects.</p> + +<p>To Professor Torrend, formerly of Lisbon, the writer is indebted +for a set of European types, and to Professor Bethel, pathologist of +Denver, for rich material from the fertile mountains of Colorado +and California. To Professor Morton Peck, of Oregon, we are indebted +for many notes of the color of plasmodia and for collections +of Pacific coast forms. Mr. Bilgram, of Philadelphia, read the manuscript +of the genus <i>Physarum</i> and has contributed many rare species. +To Dr. Sturgis, of Massachusetts, we are indebted for material from +both east and west.</p> + +<p>The present volume is intended especially for American readers +and is accordingly particularly devoted to a discussion of species so +far reported on the western continent; nevertheless it has seemed +wise to include a brief description of some other forms as well, and +reference to many extra-limital species now generally recognized will +be found here and there in connection with the more extended treatment +of related American forms.</p> + +<p><i>February twenty-eight, 1921.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>At the last moment, nearly all plates and drawings of the first edition +disappeared! necessitating a quick renewal of drawings and plates. This +may in part explain lack of uniformity, and various minor irregularities sure +to grieve the intelligent student.</p> +</div> + + + + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> + + +<p>The following are the principal works consulted in the prosecution +of the investigations here recorded:—</p> + +<div class="list"> +<p>1763. Adanson, M. Familles des Plantes.</p> + +<p>1805. Albertini—see under Schweinitz.</p> + +<p>1841. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London, various volumes: +1841, Ser. I., vol. vi.; 1850, Ser. II., vol. v.</p> + +<p>1887. Annals of Botany, vols. i-xxxi.</p> + +<p>1783. Batsch, A. J. G. C. Elenchus Fungorum; with Continuatio I. 1786; +Continuatio II. 1789.</p> + +<p>1775. Battara, A. Fungorum Agri Arimensis Historia.</p> + +<p>1860. Berkeley, M. J. Outlines of Fungology.</p> + +<p>1789. Bolton, J. History of Funguses about Halifax.</p> + +<p>1851. Bonorden, H. F. Mycologie.</p> + +<p>1875. Botanical Gazette, The. Various volumes to 1921.</p> + +<p>1843. Botanische Zeitung. Various volumes to 1898.</p> + +<p>1892. Bulletin Laboratories Nat. Hist. Iowa, vol. ii.</p> + +<p>1873. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club. Various volumes to 1898.</p> + +<p>1791. Bulliard, P. Histoire des Champignons de la France.</p> + +<p>1721. Buxbaum, J. C. Enumeratio Plantarum.</p> + +<p>1863. Cienkowski, L. Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Myxomyceten.</p> + +<p>1893. Celakowsky, L. Die Myxomyceten Bœhmens.</p> + +<p>1871. Cooke, M. C. Handbook of British Fungi.</p> + +<p>1877. Cooke, M. C. Myxomycetes of Great Britain.</p> + +<p>1877. Cooke, M. C. Myxomycetes of the United States.</p> + +<p>1837. Corda, A. I. C. Icones Fungorum.</p> + +<p>1854. Currey, F., in Quart. Journal Microscopical Science.</p> + +<p>1848. Curtis, M. A. Contributions to the Mycology of North America; +Am. Journal of Science and Arts.</p> + +<p>1859. De Bary, A. H. Die Mycetozoen.</p> + +<p>1866. De Bary, A. H. Morphologie der Pilze, Mycetozoen und Bacterien.</p> + +<p>1802. De Candolle, A. P. Flore Française.</p> + +<p>1719. Dillenius, J. J. Catalogus Plantarum circa Cissam nascentium.</p> + +<p>1813. Ditmar, L. P. F., Sturm, Deutschlands Flora, 3te Abtheil; Die Pilze +Deutschlands.</p> + +<p>1878. Ellis, J. B. North American Fungi. <i>Exsiccati. et seq.</i></p> + +<p>1818. Ehrenberg, C. G. Sylvæ Mycologicæ Berolinenses.</p> + +<p>1761. Flora, Danica, vol. i.; also vols. iii. iv. v.</p> + +<p>1817. Fries, Elias M. Symbolæ Gasteromycetum.</p> + +<p>1818. Fries, Elias M. Observationes Mycologicæ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span></p> + +<p>1829. Fries, Elias M. Systema Mycologicum.</p> + +<p>1873. Fuckel, I. Symbolæ Mycologicæ.</p> + +<p>1791. Gmelin, C. C. Systema Naturæ, Tom. II., Pars. ii.</p> + +<p>1823. Greville, R. K. Scottish Cryptogamic Flora.</p> + +<p>1872. Grevillea, various volumes to 1897.</p> + +<p>1751. Hill, Sir John. A History of Plants.</p> + +<p>1795. Hoffman, G. C. Deutschlands Flora.</p> + +<p>1773. Jacquin, N. I. Miscellanea Austriaca.</p> + +<p>1885. Journal of Mycology and <i>seq.</i></p> + +<p>1878. Karsten, Mycologia Fennica.</p> + +<p>1809. Link, H. F. Nova Plantarum Genera.</p> + +<p>1753. Linné, C. Systema Naturæ—to 1767.</p> + +<p>1894. Lister, Arthur. The Mycetozoa; 1911, Second Edition, revised by +Gulielma Lister.</p> + +<p>1892. Massee, George. Monograph of the Myxogastres.</p> + +<p>1729. Micheli, P. A. Nova Plantarum Genera.</p> + +<p>1892. Morgan, A. P. Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley—to 1895.</p> + +<p>1816. Nees, Ch. G. D. Das System der Pilze und Schwamme.</p> + +<p>1837. Nees, T. F. L. et A. Henry. Das System der Pilze.</p> + +<p>1869. Peck, Charles H. Reports N. Y. State Museum Nat. History—to +1898.</p> + +<p>1795. Persoon, C. H. Observationes Mycologicæ, Pars prima.</p> + +<p>1799. Persoon, C. H. Observationes Mycologicæ, Pars secunda.</p> + +<p>1797. Persoon, C. H. Tentamen Dispositionis Methodicæ Fungorum.</p> + +<p>1801. Persoon, C. H. Synopsis Methodica Fungorum.</p> + +<p>1844. Rabenhorst, L. Deutschland's Kryptogamenflora.</p> + +<p>1884. Raciborski, M. Myxomycetes Agri Krakov. Genera, Species et +Varietates novæ.</p> + +<p>1888. Raunkiær, C. Myxomycetes Daniæ.</p> + +<p>1769. Retzius, A. J. In Handlungen, Kon. Svensk. Vet. Acad.</p> + +<p>1890. Rex, George A. In Proceedings Philad. Acad. of Nat. Sciences—to +1893.</p> + +<p>1873. Rostafinski, J. Versuch eines Systems der Mycetozoen.</p> + +<p>1875. Rostafinski, J. Sluzowce Monografia.</p> + +<p>1778. Roth, A. W. Tentamen Floræ Germanicæ.</p> + +<p>1888. Saccardo, P. A. Sylloge Fungorum, vol. vii., <i>et seq.</i></p> + +<p>1841. Sauter, A. Flora, vol. xxiv., p. 316.</p> + +<p>1762. Schaeffer, J. C. Fungi qui in Bav. et Pal. nascuntur—to 1774.</p> + +<p>1797. Schrader, H. A. Nova Genera Plantarum.</p> + +<p>1890. Schroeter, J. Myxomycetes, in Engler u. Prantl Pflanzenfamilien.</p> + +<p>1885. Schroeter, J. Kryptogamenflora von Schlesien, die Pilze.</p> + +<p>1801. Schumacher, C. F. Enumeratio Plant. Sæll. crescentium.</p> + +<p>1805. Albertini, I. and Schweinitz, L. D. de. Conspectus Fungorum.</p> + +<p>1822. Schweinitz, L. D. de. Synopsis Fungorum Car. Sup.</p> + +<p>1834. Schweinitz, L. D. de. Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali.</p> + +<p>1797. Sowerby, J. English Fungi—to 1809; 3 vols.</p> + +<p>1760. Scopoli, J. A. Flora Carniolica—to 1772.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span></p> + +<p>1797. Trentepohl, K. Observations Botanicae,—to Roth, Catalecta +Botanica, Fasc. i.</p> + +<p>1833. Wallroth, C. F. Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae.</p> + +<p>1787. Willdenow, K. L. Florae Berolinensis Prodromus.</p> + +<p>1886. Wingate, Harold, Jour. Mycol. ii., 125.</p> + +<p>1889. Wingate Harold, In Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</p> + +<p>1890. Wingate, Harold—in Revue Mycologique.</p> + +<p>1873. Woronin u. Famintzin, Ueber Zwei neuen Formen von Schleimpilzen.</p> + +<p>1885. Zopf, W. Die Pilzthiere oder Schleimpilze.</p> +</div> + +<p>To these may be added the many contributions on the general +subject, as these are found in all sorts of current botanical literature; +cited everywhere in this volume as occasion offered.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span></p> + + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTORY" id="INTRODUCTORY"></a>INTRODUCTORY</h2> + + +<p>The Myxomycetes, or slime-moulds, include certain very delicate +and extremely beautiful fungus-like organisms common in all the +moist and wooded regions of the earth. Deriving sustenance, as they +for the most part do, in connection with the decomposition of organic +matter, they are usually to be found upon or near decaying logs, +sticks, leaves, and other masses of vegetable detritus, wherever the +quantity of such material is sufficient to insure continuous moisture. +In fruit, however, as will appear hereafter, slime-moulds may occur +on objects of any and every sort. Their minuteness retires them from +ordinary ken; but such is the extreme beauty of their microscopic +structure, such the exceeding interest of their life-history, that for +many years enthusiastic students have found the group one of peculiar +fascination, in some respects, at least, the most interesting and remarkable +that falls beneath our lens.</p> + +<p>The slime-mould presents in the course of its life-history two very +distinct phases: the <i>vegetative</i>, or growing, assimilating phase, and +the <i>reproductive</i>. The former is in many cases inconspicuous and +therefore unobserved; the latter generally receives more or less attention +at the hands of the collector of fungi. The vegetative phase +differs from the corresponding phase of all other plants in that it +exhibits extreme simplicity of structure, if structure that may be +called which consists of a simple mass of protoplasm destitute of cell-walls, +protean in form and amœboid in its movements. This phase +of the slime-mould is described as plasmodial and it is proper to +designate the vegetative phase in any species, as the <i>plasmodium</i> of +the species. It was formerly taught that the plasmodium is unicellular, +but more recent investigation has shown that the plasmodial +protoplasm is not only multinuclear but karyokinetic; its cells divide +and redivide, as do the <i>reproductive</i> cells of plants and animals generally. +Nevertheless, in its plasmodial phase, the slime-mould is +hardly to be distinguished from any other protoplasmic mass, may be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> +compared to a giant amœba, and justifies in so far the views of those +systematists who would remove the slime-moulds from the domain of +the botanist altogether, and call them animals. The plasmodium is +often quite large. It may frequently be found covering with manifold +ramifications and net-like sheets the surface of some convenient +substratum for the space of several square feet.</p> + +<p>The substance of the plasmodium has about the consistency of the +white of an egg; is slippery to the touch, tasteless, and odorless. +Plasmodia vary in color in different species and at different times in +the same species. The prevailing color is yellow, but may be brown, +orange, red, ruby-red, violet, in fact any tint, even green. Young +plasmodia in certain species are colorless (as in <i>Diderma floriforme</i>), +while many have a peculiar écru-white or creamy tint difficult to +define. Not only does the color change, sometimes more than once +in the course of the life history of the same species, but it may be the +same for several forms, which in fruit are singularly diverse indeed, +so that the mere color of the plasmodium brings small assistance to +the systematist. In fact, the color depends no doubt upon the presence +in the plasmodium of various matters, more or less foreign, unassimilated, +possibly some of them excretory, differing from day to +day.</p> + +<p>In its plasmodial state, as has been said, the slime-mould affects +damp or moist situations, and during warm weather in such places +spreads over all moist surfaces, creeps through the interstices of the +rotting bark, spreads between the cells, between the growth-layers of +the wood, runs in corded vein-like nets between the wood and bark, +and finds in all these cases nutrition in the products of organic decomposition. +Such a plasmodium may be divided, and so long as +suitable surroundings are maintained, each part will manifest all the +properties of the whole. Parts of the same plasmodium will even +coalesce again. If a piece of plasmodium-bearing wood be brought +indoors, be protected from desiccation by aid of a moist dark chamber, +not too warm (70° F.), the organism seems to suffer little if +any injury, but will continue for days or weeks to manifest all the +phenomena of living matter. Thus, under such circumstances, the +plasmodium will constantly change shape and position, can be induced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +to spread over a plate of moist glass, and so be transferred to +the stage of a microscope, there to exhibit in the richest and most +interesting and abundant fashion the streaming protoplasmic currents. +As just indicated, the plasmodia follow moisture, creep from +one moist substance to another, especially follow nutritive substrata. +They seem also to secure in some way exclusive possession. I have +never seen them interfered with by hyphæ or enemies of any sort, +nor do they seem to interfere with one another. Plasmodia of two +common species, <i>Hemitrichia clavata</i> and <i>H. vesparium</i> are often +side by side on the same substratum, but do not mix, and their perfected +fruits presently stand erect side by side, each with its own +characteristics, entirely unaffected by the presence of the other. On +the other hand, it is probable that some of the forms which, judged +by their different fructifications, and by this alone, are to us distinct, +may be more closely related than we suspect, and puzzling phases +which show the distinctive marks supposed to characterize different +species are no doubt sometimes to be explained on the theory of +plasmodial crossing; they are hybrids.</p> + +<p>Under certain conditions, low temperature, lack of moisture, the +plasmodium may pass into a resting phase, when it masses itself in +heaps and may become quite dry in lumps of considerable size, and so +await the return of favorable conditions when former activity is +quickly resumed. Sometimes the larger plasmodia pass into the resting +phase by undergoing a very peculiar change of structure. In +ordinary circumstances the abundant free nuclei demonstrable in the +plasmodium afford the only evidence of cellular organization. In +passing now into the condition of rest, the whole protoplasmic mass +separates simultaneously into numerous definite polyhedral or parenchymatous +cells, each with a well-developed <i>cellulose wall</i>.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> When +the conditions essential to activity are restored, the walls disappear, +the cellulose is resorbed, and the plasmodium resumes its usual habit +and structure.</p> + +<p>The plasmodial phase of the slime-mould, like the hyphal phase of +the fungus, may continue a long time; for months, possibly for years. +The reason for making the latter statement will presently appear.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +But however long or short the plasmodial phase continue, the time of +fruit, the reproductive phase, at length arrives. When this time +comes, induced partly by a certain maturity in the organism itself, +partly no doubt by the trend of external conditions, the plasmodium +no longer as before evades the light, but pushes to the surface, and +appears usually in some elevated or exposed position, the upper side +of the log, the top of the stump, the upper surface of its habitat, +whatever that may be; or even leaves its nutrient base entirely and +finds lodging on some neighboring object. In such emergency the +stems and leaves of flowering plants are often made to serve, and +even fruits and flowers afford convenient resting places. The object +now to be attained is not the formation of fruit alone, but likewise +its speedy desiccation and the prompt dispersal of the perfected +spores. Nothing can be more interesting than to watch the slime-mould +as its plasmodium accomplishes this its last migration. If +hitherto its habitat has been the soft interior of a rotten log, it now +begins to ooze out in all directions, to well up through the crevices of +the bark as if pushed by some energy acting in the rear, to stream +down upon the ground, to flow in a hundred tiny streams over all +the region round about, to climb all stems, ascend all branches, to +the height of many inches, all to pass suddenly as if by magic charm +into one widespread, dusty field of flying spores. Or, to be more +exact, whatever the position ultimately assumed, the plasmodium soon +becomes quiescent, takes on definite and ultimate shape, which varies +greatly, almost for each species. Thus it may simply form a flat, +cake-like mass, <i>aethalium</i>, internally divided into an indefinite number +of ill-defined spore cases, sporangia; or the plasmodium may take +the form of a simple net, <i>plasmodiocarp</i>, whose cords stand out like +swollen veins, whose meshes vary both in form and size; or more +commonly the whole protoplasmic mass breaks up into little spheroidal +heaps which may be sessile directly on the substratum, or may be +lifted on tiny stems, stipitate, which may rest in turn upon a common +sheet-like film, or more or less continuous net, spreading beneath +them all, the <i>hypothallus</i>. In any case, each differentiated portion of +the plasmodium, portion poorly or well defined, elongate, net-like, +spheroidal, elliptical, or of whatever shape, becomes at length a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +sporangium, spore-case, receptacle for the development and temporary +preservation of the spores.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p>The slime-moulds were formerly classed with the gasteromycetous +fungi, puff-balls, and in description of their fruiting phase the terms +applicable to the description of a puff-ball are still employed, although +it will be understood that the structures described are not in +the two cases homologous; analogous only. The sporangium of the +slime-mould exhibits usually a distinct <i>peridium</i>, or outer limiting +wall, which is at first continuous, enclosing the spores and their attendant +machinery, but at length ruptures, irregularly as a rule, and +so suffers the contents to escape. The peridium may be double, +varies in texture, color, persistence, and so forth, as will be more +fully set forth in the several specific descriptions. The peridium +blends with the hypothallus below when such structure is recognizable, +either directly, when the sporangium is sessile, or by the +intervention of a <i>stipe</i>. The stipe may be hollow, may contain coloring +matter of some sort, or may even contain peculiar spore-like cells +or spores; is often furrowed, and in some cases shows a disposition to +unite or blend with the stalks of neighboring sporangia. In many +cases the stipe is continued upward, more or less definitely into the +cavity of the sporangium, and there forms the <i>columella</i>, sometimes +simple and rounded, like the analogous structure in the <i>Mucores</i>, +sometimes as in <i>Comatricha</i>, branching again and again in wonderful +richness and complexity.</p> + +<p>Each sporangium is at maturity filled with numerous unicellular +spores. These are usually spherical, sometimes flattened at various +points by mutual contact; they are of various colors, more commonly +yellow or violet brown, are sometimes smooth (?), but generally +roughened either by the presence of minute warts, or spines, or by +the occurence of more or less strongly elevated bands dividing reticulately +the entire surface. The spores are in all cases small 3–20 µ, +and reveal their surface characters only under the most excellent +lenses.</p> + +<p>Associated with the spores in the sporangium occurs the <i>capillitium</i>. +This consists of most delicate thread-or hair-like elements, offering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +great variety both in form and structure. The threads composing the +capillitium are not to be regarded, even when free, as cells, nor even +of cellular origin; probably, as would appear from the researches of +Strasburger and Harper, all forms of capillitial threads arise in connection +with vacuoles in the protoplasmic mass. "Whether the +thread is hollow or solid, simple or branched, free or connected with +the peridium or a columella,—these are entirely secondary conditions, +depending on the extent and form of the vacuoles."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> They +may occur singly or be combined into a net, they may be terete or +flat, attached to the peridial wall or free, simple or adorned with +bands or spires and knobs in every variety, uniform or profusely +knotted and thickened at intervals, and burdened with calcic particles. +In many cases, the capillitium contributes materially to the +dispersal of the spores; in others, it doubtless contributes mechanically +to the support of the peridial wall, and renders so far persistent +the delicate sporangium. For more exact description the +reader is again referred to the specific delineations which follow.</p> + +<p>The transition from phase to phase requires, as intimated, no +great length of time. <i>Tilmadoche polycephala</i> completed the transition +from vegetative to fruiting phase in less than twelve hours.</p> + +<p>The germination of the spores ensues closely upon their dispersal +or maturity and is unique in many respects.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> The wall of the spore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +is ruptured and the protoplasmic content escapes as a zoöspore indistinguishable +so far from an amœba, or from the zoöspore of our +chytridiaceous fungi. This amœboid zoöspore is without cell-wall, +changes its outline, and moves slowly by creeping or flowing from +point to point. At this stage many of the spores assume each a +flagellate cilium, and so acquire power of more rapid locomotion. +The zoöspores, whether ciliate or not, thus enjoy independent existence +and are capable of continuing such existence for some time, +assimilating, growing, and even reproducing themselves by simple +fission, over and over again. This takes place, of course, only in the +presence of suitable nutrient media.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless the spores of many species germinate quickly simply +in water, and a drop suspended in the form of the ordinary drop-culture +on a cover-glass affords ample opportunity. In the course +of time, usually not more than two or three days, the swarm spores +cease their activity, lose their cilia, and come to rest, exhibiting at +most nothing more than the slow amœboid movement already referred +to. In the course of two or three days more, in favorable cases, the +little spores begin to assemble and flow together; at first into small +aggregations, then larger, until at length all have blended in one +creeping protoplasmic mass to form thus once again the plasmodium, +or plasmodial phase with which the round began. Small plasmodia +may generally be thus obtained artificially from drop-cultures. Such, +however, in the experience of the writer, are with difficulty kept alive. +Hay infusions, infusions of rotten wood, etc., may sometimes for a +time give excellent results.</p> + +<p>The spores of <i>Didymium crustaceum</i> were sown upon a heap of +leaves in autumn. An abundant display of the same species followed +in the next June; but, of course, the intervening phases were not +observed. The most satisfactory studies are obtained by plasmodia +carefully brought in directly from the field. A plasmodium that appeared<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +suddenly and passed to fruit on agar in a petri dish offers a +valuable suggestion for further research.</p> + +<p>With such a life-history as that thus briefly sketched, it is small +wonder that the taxonomic place of the slime-moulds is a matter of +uncertainty, not to say perplexity. So long as men studied the +ripened fruit, the sporangia and the spores, with the marvellous +capillitium, there seemed little difficulty; the myxomycetes were +fungi, related to the puff-balls, and in fact to be classed in the same +natural order. The synonymy of some of the more noticeable species +affords a very interesting epitome of the history of scientific thought in +this particular field of investigation. Thus the first described slime-mould +identifiable by its description is Lycogala epidendrum +(Buxbaum) Fries, the most puff-ball looking of the whole series. +Ray, in 1690, called this <i>Fungus coccineus</i>. In 1718, Ruppinus described +the same thing as <i>Lycoperdon sanguineum</i>; Dillenius at about +the same time, as <i>Bovista miniata</i>; and it was not until 1729, that +Micheli so far appreciated the structure of the little puff-ball as to +give it a definite, independent, generic place and title, <i>Lycogala +globosum</i> ..., etc.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<p>But Micheli's light was too strong for his generation. As Fries, +one hundred years later quaintly says, ... "immortalis Micheli +tam claram lucem accendit ut succesores proximi eam ne ferre quidem +potuerint." Notwithstanding Micheli's clear distinctions, he was +entirely disregarded, and our little Lycogala was dubbed <i>Lycoperdon</i> +and <i>Mucor</i> down to the end of the century; and so it was not till +1790 that Persoon comes around to the standpoint of Micheli and +writes <i>Lycogala miniata</i>. Fries himself, reviewing the labors of his +predecessors all, grouped the slime-moulds as a sub-order of the gasteromycetes +and gave expression to his view of their nature and position +when he named the sub-order <i>Myxogastres</i>. In 1833, Link, +having more prominently in mind the minuteness of most of the +species collocated by Fries, and perceiving perhaps more clearly even +than the great mycologist the entire independence of the group, suggested +as a substitute for the sub-order <i>Myxogastres</i>, the order +<i>Myxomycetes, slime-moulds</i>. Link's decision passed unchallenged for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +nearly thirty years. The slime-moulds were set apart by themselves; +they were fungi without question and, of course, plants.</p> + +<p>If the hypha is the morphological test of a fungus, then it is plain +that the slime-moulds are not fungi. No myxomycete has hyphæ, +nor indeed anything at all of the kind. Nevertheless, there are certain +parasitic fungi, <i>Chytridiaceae</i> for example, whose relationships +plainly entitle them to a place among the hyphate forms that have +no hyphæ whatever in the entire round of their life-history. These +are, however, exceptional cases and really do not bear very closely on +the question at issue.</p> + +<p>Physiologically, the fungi are incapable of independent existence, +being destitute of chlorophyl. In this respect the slime-moulds are +like the fungi; they are nearly all saprophytes and absolutely destitute +of chlorophyl. Unfortunately this physiological character is identically +that one which the fungi share with the whole animal world, +so that the startling inquiry instantly rises, are the slime-moulds +plants at all? Are they not animals? Do not their amœboid spores +and plasmodia ally them at once to the amœba and his congeners, to +all the monad, rhizopodal world? This is the position suggested by +DeBary in 1858, and adopted since by many distinguished authorities, +among whom may be mentioned Saville Kent, of England, and +Dr. William Zopf, of Germany, in <i>Die Pilzthiere</i>, 1885. Rostafinski +was a pupil of DeBary's. However, his volume on the slime-moulds +was written after leaving the laboratory; and no doubt with +the suggestion of his master still before his mind, he adopts the title +Mycetozoa, as indicating a closer relationship with the animal world, +but our leading authority really has little to say in regard to the +matter.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Dr. Schroeter, a recent writer on the subject, after showing the +probable connection between the phycochromaceous Algae and the +simplest colorless forms, namely, the <i>Schizomycetes</i>, goes on to remark: +"At the same point where the Schizomycetous series take +rise, there begin certain other lines of development among the most +diminutive protoplasmic masses.... Through the amoebæ one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +of these lines gives rise on the one hand to rhizopods and sponges in +the animal kingdom, on the other to the <i>Myxomycetes</i> among the +fungi." This ranges the Myxomycetes, in origin at least, near the +<i>Schizomycetes</i>.</p> + +<p>The brilliant studies of Dr. Thaxter, resulting in the discovery and +recognition of a new group, a new order of the schizomycetes, strikingly +confirm the judgment of Schroeter.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> Here we have forms +that strangely unite characteristics of both the groups in question. +If on the one hand the <i>Myxobacteria</i> are certainly schizomycetes, +on the other they just as certainly offer in their developmental history +"phenomena closely resembling those presented by plasmodia or +pseudo-plasmodia...." Now the schizophytes certainly pass by +gradations easy to the filamentous algæ, and so to relationship with +the plants, and the discovery of the <i>Myxobacteriacae</i>, brings the +myxomycetes very near the vegetable kingdom if not within it.</p> + +<p>All authorities agree that the myxomycetes have no connection in +the direction of upward development, "keinen Anschluss nach oben," +if then their only relationship with other organisms is to be found at +the bottom (centre) of the series only, it is purely a matter of indifference +whether we say plant or animal, for at the only point +where there is connection there is no distinction.</p> + +<p>But why call them either animals or plants? Was Nature then so +poor that forsooth only two lines of differentiation were at the beginning +open for her effort? May we not rather believe that life's tree +may have risen at first in hundreds of tentative trunks of which two +have become in the progress of the ages so far dominant as to entirely +obscure less progressive types? The Myxomycetes are independent; +all that we may attempt is to assert their near kinship with one or +other of life's great branches.</p> + +<p>The cellulose of the slime-mould looks toward the world of plants. +The aerial fructification and stipitate habit of the higher forms tends +in the same direction. The disposition to attach themselves to some +fixed base is a curious characteristic of plants, more pronounced as we +ascend the scale; but by no means lacking in many of the simplest, +diatoms, filamentous algae, etc., and it is quite as reasonable to call a +vorticella, or a stentor, by virtue of his stipitate form and habit, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +plant as to call a slime-mould an animal because in one stage of its +history it resembles an amœba. The total life of an organism in any +case must be taken into account.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> At the outset plants and animals +are alike; there is no doubt about it; they differ in the course of their +life-histories. The plasmodium is the vegetative phase of the slime-mould. +It needs no cell-walls of cellulose, no more than do the +dividing cells of a lily-endosperm; both are nourished by organic food +and resort to walls only as conditions change. The possession of walls +is an indication of some maturity. In the slime-mould the assumption +of walls is indeed delayed. Walls at length appear and when they +do come they are like those of the lily; they are cellulose. The +myxomycetes may be regarded as a section of the organic world in +which the forces of heredity are at a maximum whatever those forces +may be. Slime-moulds have in smallest degree responded to the stimulus +of <ins title="Original had enviroment.">environment.</ins> They have, it is true, escaped the sea, the fresh +waters in part, and become adapted to habitation on dry land, but +nothing more. It is instructive to reflect that even in her most highly +differentiated forms the channel which Nature elects for the transmissal +of all that heredity may bestow, is naught else than a minute +mass of naked protoplasm. Nature reverts, we say, to her most ancient +and simple phases, and heredity is still consonant with apparent +simplicity; apparent we say, for as becomes increasingly evident, nothing +that lives is simple!</p> + +<p>The fact is the Myxomycetes constitute an exceedingly well-defined +group, and the question of relationship in any direction need not much +perplex the student. Least of all is the question to be settled by anybody's +dictum, which is apt to be positive inversely in proportion to +the speaker's acquaintance with the subject. No one test can be +applied as a universal touchstone to separate plants from animals.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +Such is simply <i>petitio principii</i>. Nor is there any advantage at present +apparent in attempts to associate slime-moulds with other presumably +related groups. Saville Kent's effort to join them with the sponges +was not happy, and Dr. Zopf's association of the slime-moulds and +monads appears forced, at best; for when it comes to the consideration +of the former, their systematic and even morphological treatment, he +is compelled to deal with them by themselves under headings such as +"Eumycetozoen," "Höhere Pilzthiere," etc. One rather commends +the discreetness of DeBary, whose painstaking investigations first +called attention to the uncertain position of the group. After reviewing +the results of all his labors DeBary does not quite relegate the +slime-moulds to the zoölogist for further consideration, but simply +says:<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> "From naked amœba, with which the Mycetozoa (=Myxomycetes) +are connected in ascending line, the zoölogists with reason +derive the copiously and highly developed section of the shell-forming +Rhizopoda.... And since there are sufficient grounds for placing +the rhizopods outside the vegetable and in the animal kingdom, and +this is undoubtedly the true position for the amœbæ, which are their +earlier and simpler forms, the Mycetozoa, which <i>may</i> be directly derived +from the same stem, are at least brought very near to the domain +of zoölogy."</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding all the controversy in regard to the matter, the +study of the slime-moulds still rests chiefly with the botanists. A +simple phylogenetic scheme for thallophytes is offered in the Strasburger +text as follows:—</p> + +<p class="center">THALLOPHYTA</p> + + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="phylogenetic scheme for thallophytes"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">1. SCHIZOPHYTA</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> Bacteria</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"> Cyanophyceæ</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">2. FLAGELLATA</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>a</i> {Myxomycetes</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"> {Peridineæ</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"> {Conjugatæ</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"> {Heterocontæ</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>b</i> {Chlorophyceæ</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"> {Characeæ</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">3. RHODOPHYCEÆ</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">4. FUNGI</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + +<p>About 500 species of slime-moulds have been described. Saccardo +enumerates 443, inclusive of those denominated doubtful or less perfectly +known. These 443 species are distributed among 47 genera, +of which 15 are represented by but a single species each,—monotypic. +In the United States there have been recognized about 300 +species. Of those here described, some are almost world-wide in +their distribution, others are limited to comparatively narrow boundaries. +The greater number occur in the temperate regions of the +earth, although many are reported from the tropics, and some even +from the arctic zone. Schroeter found <i>Physarum cinereum</i> at North +Cape. Our Iowa forms are much more numerous in the eastern, +that is, the wooded regions of the state. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> has +however been taken on the untouched prairie, and on the western +deserts, as also <i>Physarum contextum</i> on the decaying stem of <i>Calamagrostis</i>, +far from forest.</p> + +<p>As to the economic importance of our myxomycetes, there is no +long chapter to write. Fries says: "Usu in vita communi parum +admodum sese commendant, sed in œconomia naturæ certe non spernendi. +Multa insectorum genera ex eorum sporidiis unica capiunt +nutrimenta." However this may be, there is one species which has +come to light since Fries's day which is the source of no inconsiderable +mischief to the agriculturist. <i>Plasmodiophora brassicae</i> occasions the +disease known as "club-root" in cabbage, and has been often made +the subject of discussion in our agricultural and botanical journals.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> +Aside from the injurious tendencies, possible or real, of the forms +mentioned, I know not that all other slime-moulds of all the world, +taken all together, affect in any slightest measure the hap or fortune +of man or nation. And yet, if in the economic relations of things, +man's intellectual life is to be considered, then surely come the uncertain +myxos, with their fascinating problems proffered still in +forms of unapproachable delicacy and beauty, not without inspiration.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Collection and Care of Slime-Mould Material</span></p> + +<p>On this subject a word may here be appropriate. As just now intimated, +specimens may be taken at the appropriate season in almost +any or every locality. Beginning with the latter part of May or first +of June, in the Northern states, plasmodia are to be found everywhere +on piles of organic refuse: in the woods, especially about fallen and +rotting logs, undisturbed piles of leaves, beds of moss, stumps, by the +seeping edge of melting snow on mountain sides, by sedgy drain or +swamp, nor less in the open field where piles of straw or herbaceous +matter of any sort sinks in undisturbed decay. Within fifty years +tree-planting in all the prairie states has greatly extended the range +of many more definitely woodland species, so that species of <i>Stemonitis</i>, +for instance, are common in the groves on farms far into Nebraska +and Dakota. In any locality the plasmodia pass rapidly to +fruit, but not infrequently a plasmodium in June will be succeeded +in the same place by others of the same species, on and on, until the +cold of approaching winter checks all vital phenomena. The process +of fruiting should be watched as far as possible, and for herbarium +material, allowed to pass to perfection in the field.</p> + +<p>Specimens collected should be placed immediately in boxes in such +a way as to suffer no injury in transport; beautiful material is often +ruined by lack of care on the part of the collector. Once at the +herbarium, specimens may be mounted by gluing the supporting material +to the bottom of a small box. Boxes of uniform size and depth +may be secured for the purpose. Some collectors prefer to fasten the +specimen to a piece of stiff paper, of a size to be pressed into the box +snugly, but which may be removed at pleasure. Every pains must in +any case be taken to exclude insects. Against such depredators occasional +baking of the boxes on the steam radiator in winter is found to +be an efficient remedy.</p> + +<p>For simple microscopic examination it will be found convenient to +first wet the material with alcohol on the slide, then with a weak +solution of potassic hydrate, to cause the spores and other structures to +assume proper plumpness. A little glycerine may be added or run +under the cover if it is desired to preserve the material for further or +prolonged study. For permanent mounting nothing in most cases is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +better than glycerine jelly. As a preparation, the material should lie +for some time in Häntsch's fluid,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> opportunity being given for evaporation +of the alcohol and water. When the material shows the +proper clearness and fulness, it may be mounted in jelly in the usual +way. Kaiser's formula gives beautiful results. After mounting, the +preparation should be sealed with some good cement, as Hollis's +glue.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"> + +<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> DeBary, <i>Morphology and Biology of the Fungi,</i> p. 428.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> See, however, <i>Ceratiomyxa</i>, p. 18, following.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Harper in <i>Botanical Gazette</i>, Vol. XXX., p. 219.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The following germination periods are furnished by Dr. Constantineanu +(<i>Inaugural Dissertation ueber die Entwickelungsbedingungen der Myxomyceten</i>; +Halle, 1907). +</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table width="80%" border="0" summary="Germination periods."> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Reticularia lycoperdon</i></td><td align="right"> 30 to 60 min.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Fuligo ovata</i></td><td align="right"> 30 to 90 min.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Stemonitis splendens</i></td><td align="right"> 5 to 6 hrs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Perichaena depressa</i></td><td align="right"> 5 to 8 hrs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Amaurochaete atra</i></td><td align="right"> 6 to 10 hrs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Arcyria incarnata</i></td><td align="right"> 8 to 10 hrs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Lycogala epidendrum</i></td><td align="right"> to 60 hrs.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum didermoides</i></td><td align="right"> 1 to 10 da.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Dictydium cancellatum</i></td><td align="right"> 1 to 20 da.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p> +These records are for sowings in drop cultures, in distilled water, kept at +temperature of 65°–70° F. (18°–20° C.). +</p> + +<p> +Our own experiments have been made both with distilled water and tap-water +with the advantage in favor of the latter. <i>Dictydium cancellatum</i> +germinates in tap-water at temperature 70°–80° F. in 12–15 hours fresh from +the field. <i>Fuligo ovata</i> spores were all swarming in about one hour at the +same temperature. Jahn (<i>Myxomycetenstudien; Ber. der Deutschen Bot. +Ges.</i> Bd. XXIII., p. 495) finds that the germination in some cases as <i>Stemonitis</i> +species, is hastened by wetting, then drying, then wetting again. +</p> + +<p>Pinoy thinks microbes aid in germination (<i>Bull. Soc. Myc. de France</i> T. +XVIII.).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The plasmodium in this case chances to be red, scarlet, etc.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> "Die Myxomyceten sind ebenso den Pilzen wie den echten Thieren verwandt."—Rostafinski; +closing sentence of the <i>Versuch</i>, thesis for his doctorate +at the University of Strasburg, 1873.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <i>Botanical Gazette</i>, XVII., pp. 389, etc.; 1892.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Researches of Olive, <i>Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts and Let.</i>, XV., Pt. 2, p. +771, and of Jahn, <i>Ber. d. Deutsch Bot. Ges.</i> XXVI., p. 342, and XXIX., p. 231, +demonstrate synapsis, and accordingly some form of alternation among the +slime-moulds. From the protracted and painstaking investigation of the German +author it appears that in <i>Didymium</i> at least, and probably <i>Badhamia</i> +synapsis immediately precedes spore-formation as in <i>Ceratiomyxa</i>; that the +amœboid issue of the spores are haploid; the nuclei of the plasmodium, +diploid; that the ordinary vegetative plasmodium is accordingly sporophytic. +That is, the sporophytic phase is dominant, as in higher plants.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Cf., 1884, <i>Ver. Morph. u. Biol. der Pilz. Mycet. u. Bact.</i>, p. 478. Italics, +in quotations, ours.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"> +<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> See <i>Journal of Mycology</i>, Washington, D. C., Vol. VII., No. 2; also +<i>Bulletin No. 66, Agric. Station of Vermont</i>. See also Bull. <i>33 Arizona Agric. +Ex. Station</i>: An Inquiry into the Cause and Nature of Crown-Gall. J. W. +Tuomey. Also <i>Bull. Torrey Bot. Club</i>, Vol. 21, p. 26, where it appears that +club-root may attack crucifers generally. +</p><p> +Professor B. M. Duggar in <i>Fungous Diseases of Plants</i>, pp. 97–102, gives +to club-root an illustrated chapter.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> +</p> + +<p>Häntsch's Fluid:—</p> + +<table width="80%" border="0" summary="Hantsch fluid recipe."> +<tr><td align="left">Alcohol 90%</td><td align="left">three parts</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Water</td><td align="left">two parts</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Glycerine</td><td align="left">one part</td></tr> +</table> + +</div> +</div> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="THE_NORTH_AMERICAN" id="THE_NORTH_AMERICAN"></a>THE NORTH AMERICAN<br /> +SLIME-MOULDS</h2> + + +<p class="center">THE MYXOMYCETES (<i>Link</i>) <i>DeBary</i></p> + +<p>Chlorophyl-less organisms whose vegetative phase consists of a +naked mass of multinuclear protoplasm, the <i>plasmodium</i>; reproduced +by spores which are either free or more commonly enclosed in +sporangia, and which on germinating produce ciliated or amœboid +zoöspores, whose coalescence gives rise to the plasmodium.</p> + +<p>The Myxomycetes are,—</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Myxomycetes definition."> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>A.</i> <i>Parasites</i>, in the cells of living plants</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Phytomyxinæ</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>B.</i> <i>Saprophytes</i>, developed in connection with decaying vegetable matter:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> With free spores</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Exosporeæ</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> With spores in receptacles or sporangia</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Myxogastres</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center">Sub-Class PHYTOMYXINÆ <i>Schroeter</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1889. <i>Phytomyxinae Schroeter, Engl. u. Prantl.</i>, I., i., pp. 1 and 5.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>The parasitic Myxomycetes affecting plants include but few (four +or five) species, distributed among four genera. All are parasites in +the cells of particular hosts; their vegetative phase is plasmodial and +their spores are formed by the simultaneous breaking up of the plasmodium +into an indefinite number of independent cells. But a single +genus need here concern us,—</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Plasmodiophora</b> <i>Woronin</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1879. <i>Plasmodiophora</i> Woronin, <i>Pringsh. Jahrb.</i>, XI., p. 548.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Parasitic in the parenchymatous cells of the roots of living plants, +causing noticeable enlargement of the affected organ, producing at +length galls, knots, and various deformities and distortions. Spores +spherical, smooth, colorless, 16 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">I. <span class="smcap">Plasmodiophora brassicæ</span> <i>Woronin</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1879. <i>Plasmodiophora brassicae</i> Woronin, <i>op. cit.</i></li> +</ul> + + +<p>This species, typical of forms so far reported in this country, infests +the roots of cabbages,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> and produces a very serious disease of +that vegetable. In England the malady has long been known under +the names "clubbing," "fingers and toes," etc. The roots affected +swell greatly, and at length resemble sometimes the flexed fingers of +the human hand; hence the English name. As the disease progresses, +the roots speedily rot away, to the serious injury of the leaf-bearing +portion of the plant. In badly affected fields, sometimes one-half of +the crop is utterly destroyed. Careful search continued through several +years has not availed to bring this species to my personal acquaintance.</p> + +<p>For a full account of the parasitism of this species and its distribution +in the United States see <i>Jour. Myc.</i>, VII., p. 79; also <i>Bull.</i> +66, Agric. Sta. of Vermont.</p> + + +<p class="center">Sub-Class EXOSPOREÆ <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873.<i> Exosporeae</i> Rostafinski, <i>Versuch</i>, p. 2.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Spores developed, superficially, outside the fructification, which +consists of sporophores, membranous, or slender and branching; spores +white, stalked. A single genus,—</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Ceratiomyxa</b> <i>Schroeter</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1889. <i>Ceratiomyxa</i> Schroeter, <i>Engl. u. Prantl</i>, I., i., p. 16. For further synonymy, see under first species.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Sporangia none; spores superficial, borne on erect papillæ or pillars, +or even on the inside of minute depressions or pits; each spore surmounting +a delicate pedicel or stalk. The spores on germinating +give rise to amœboid zoöspores, which undergo repeated divisions, +later become ciliate, and at length again amœboid to blend into genuine +plasmodia. At maturity the plasmodium gives rise to numerous +minute divisions, each of which may lengthen in a direction perpendicular +to the surface and bear a spore at the tip.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> +<p>The homologies between the structures just described and the fructification +of the ordinary slime-mould are somewhat obscure, if +indeed any really exist. Are these minute reproductive bodies spores?—their +behavior on germination is unique; are they sporangia?—the +arrested development they exhibit is none the less puzzling. +Perhaps the sporiferous pillars represent incipient stipes, the spores +the uncombined fragments of what might otherwise have coalesced at +the summit of the pillar to form a true sporangium.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<p>Several species have been recognized, all referable probably to one +or two, or at most, four forms. That universally recognized alike in +the literature of the past and in recent studies is,—</p> + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa</span> (<i>Muell.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I</a>.</span>, Figs. 7 and 7 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1729. <i>Puccinia ramosa, bifurcata</i>, etc. Micheli, p. 213, Tab. 92, Fig. 2.</li> +<li>1775. <i>Byssus fruticulosa</i> Müller, in <i>Fl. Dan.</i>, t. 718, Fig. 2.</li> +<li>1778. <i>Tremella hydnoidea</i> Jacquin, <i>Misc.</i>, Vol. I., t. 16.</li> +<li>1783. <i>Clavaria puccinia</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, p. 139, Fig. 19.</li> +<li>1791. <i>Puccinia byssoides</i> Gmelin, <i>Syst. Naturae</i>, p. 1462.</li> +<li>1791. <i>Clavaria byssoides</i> Bulliard, <i>Champ. de la France</i>, t. 415, Fig. 2.</li> +<li>1794. <i>Isaria mucida</i> Pers., Römer, <i>N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 121.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Isaria mucida</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Meth.</i>, p. 688.</li> +<li>1805. <i>Ceratium hydnoides</i> Alb. & Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 258.</li> +<li>1811. <i>Ceratiomyxa porioides</i> (A. & S.) Schroet., <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 26, <i>var.</i></li> +<li>1829. <i>Ceratium hydnoides</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 294.</li> +<li>1872. <i>Ceratium hydnoides</i> Wor. & Fam., <i>Mem. Acad. Imp.</i>, Petersburg.</li> +<li>1887. <i>Ceratium hydnoides</i> DeBary, <i>Comp. Morph. Fung.</i>, p. 432.</li> +<li>1889. <i>Ceratiomyxa mucida</i> Schroeter, <i>Engl. u. Prantl Nat. Pflanz.</i>, I., i., p. 16.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Ceratiomyxa mucida</i>, Pers., Macbr., <i>Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 114.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Ceratiomyxa mucida</i> Schroet., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 25.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodium in rotten wood, white or nearly transparent; when +fruiting, forming on the substratum mould-like patches composed of +the minute sporiferous pillars, generally in clusters of three or more +together; spores white, ovoid, or ellipsoidal, smooth, 10–12 × 6 µ.</p> + +<p>Very common, occurring in summer on shaded rotten logs, especially<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +after warm showers and in sultry weather. Easily distinguishable +from all similar moulds by the absence of mycelium or of anything +like a hypha. In Europe the plant seems to be in autumn exceedingly +common. Micheli not only described the form but figured +it, nearly two hundred years ago. Micheli's figure is good, as is that +of Mueller, <i>Fl. Dan.</i>, l. c. Mueller referred the species to a Linnean +genus <i>Byssus</i>, which seems to have included Algæ rather than anything +else, if one can determine its limits at all. The same thing is +true of <i>Tremella</i>; but this name is now otherwise applied, as are all +the other generic names down to <i>Ceratium</i>, Alb. & Schw. But this +had been by Schrank preoccupied, 1793. See the reference above for +1889. As for specific name, there seems no reason to depart from +the rule of priority, since Mueller's work is determinative.</p> + +<p><i>Ceratiomyxa arbuscula</i>, Berk. & Br., apparently a form of this, is +cited from Toronto by Miss Currie. Massee gives it recognition; +Lister as varietal. The sporophores are inclined to be simple, stipitate +and dendroid.</p> + +<p><i>C. filiforme</i> of the English authors latest named is a wonderful +thing and deserves a paragraph here, if not recognition as a distinct +species. It occurs rarely; but once it appears, attracts attention. As +in the historic species, the sporifers are white, stand more or less erect, +but are every way finer and larger. Each individual sporifer rises +like a stiff stem, as of white thread, 2–3 mm. high; at top a tuft of +fruiting branchlets, more or less distinct. All taken together, we +have a dense mat completely concealing the substratum and spreading +out sometimes over an area of surprising extent, several centimetres +square.</p> + +<p>Common everywhere in summer on decaying sticks and wood of +every description, especially in wet places. Alaska to Nicaragua, and +probably around the world.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Ceratiomyxa porioides</span> (<i>Alb. & Schw.</i>) <i>Schroeter.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1805. <i>Ceratium porioides</i> Alb. & Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 359.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Ceratium porioides</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 295.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Ceratium porioides</i> Fam. & Wor. <i>Acad. Imp.</i>, XX., 3, p. 5.</li> +<li>1889. <i>Ceratiomyxa porioides</i> Schroet., <i>Engl. u. Prantl</i>, I., i., p. 16.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></li> +<li>1894. <i>Ceratiomyxa mucida</i> Schrœt. var. <i>porioides</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 26.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Ceratiomyxa porioides</i> Alb. & Schw. (Schroet.), Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 19.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Ceratiomyxa porioides</i> Alb. & Schw., Schroet., <i>List. Mycet.</i>, p. 26, <i>var.</i></li> +</ul> + + +<p>Entire fructification confluent forming a mucilaginous mass, +porose. Pores ample, angulate, at length radiate-dentate. Spores as +in the preceding. Plasmodium yellow.</p> + +<p>Of these two species Fries remarks: "... Duæ sunt distinctissimæ, +inter has vero longa formarum intermediarum series." Famintzin +and Woronin not only concur, but consider it were more +fitting to place the present species in a distinct genus, as <i>Polyporus</i> is +set off from <i>Hydnum</i>. A species based upon the color of the vegetative +phase only, unconfirmed by any subsequent differential character +in the fruit would seem somewhat hazardous. The color of the +plasmodium is incident probably to varied nutrient environment. +Pores, however, are usually in evidence.</p> + +<p>Iowa, Tennessee, Missouri, etc.; probably common everywhere.</p> + + +<p class="center">Sub-Class MYXOGASTRES (<i>Fries</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1829. Sub-order <i>Myxogastres</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 67.</li> +<li>1833. Sub-order <i>Myxomycetes</i> Link, <i>Handb. der Gew.</i>, 3, p. 405.</li> +<li>1833. Sub-order <i>Myxomycetes</i> Wallroth, <i>Fl. Crypt.</i>, II., p. 333, in part.</li> +<li>1858. Class <i>Mycetozoa</i> DeBary, <i>Bot. Zeitung</i>, 1858, pp. 357–365, in part.</li> +<li>1889. Class <i>Myxogastres</i> Schroeter, <i>Engl. u. Prantl</i>, Nat. Pflanz., I., i., p. 16.</li> +<li>1892. Class <i>Myxogastres</i> (Fries) Massee, <i>Monograph</i>, p. 28.</li> +<li>1894. Class <i>Mycetozoa</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 21, in part.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Except as just described, the slime-moulds present abundant, +minute, unicellular spores, enclosed in sporangia more or less perfectly +defined, and attended by peculiar thread-like structures, free or +variously attached and conjoined, the so-called <i>capillitium</i>.</p> + +<p>So far as known, the spores on germination give rise to zoöspores, +at first amœboid, later ciliate, again amœboid, conjugating in pairs, +then, in some cases, at least, coalescing and dividing indefinitely to +form the plasmodial or vegetative phase.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Orders of the Myxogastres</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Orders of the Myxogastres"> +<tr><td align="left">Spore-mass black or violaceous, rarely ferruginous</td><td align="left">Series A</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Spore-mass never black; usually some shade of brown or yellow, rarely purplish or rosy, etc.</td><td align="left">Series B</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Series</span> A</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Series a"> +<tr><td align="left">1. Capillitium present, delicate, thread-like; sporangia calcareous more or less throughout</td><td align="left">I. <span class="smcap">Physarales</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2. Capillitium present, thread-like, arising usually as anastomosing branches from a well-developed columella, which in a single genus contains lime; sporangia otherwise non-calcareous</td><td align="left">II. <span class="smcap">Stemonitales</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Series</span> B</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Series b"> +<tr><td align="left">3. Capillitium none, or very imperfectly developed; spores of some shade of brown, rarely purplish</td><td align="left">III. <span class="smcap">Cribrariales</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4. Capillitium the inwardly produced irregular extremities of plates or tubules, which by their interweaving outwardly make up the aethalial wall; spores pale, ashen</td><td align="left">IV. <span class="smcap">Lycogalales</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5. Capillitium made up of more or less distinctly sculptured threads, parietal or free, simple, branched, or reticulate; spores commonly yellow</td><td align="left">V. <span class="smcap">Trichiales</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>This sequence is meant to convey the idea that the presence of lime +is indicative of differentiation less complete. That the plasmodium +should at the outset eliminate, by refusing the unnecessary lime, is +indicative of higher rank than that the lime should be carried until +the last and then be crystallized out, or excreted by simple desiccation. +The circumstance that the excreted lime may sometimes serve +a protective purpose in the fruit, does not vitiate the general principle. +In Series B the differentiation reaches a climax in the sculptured +capillitium of the trichias.</p> + + +<p class="center">ORDER I</p> + +<p class="center"><b>PHYSARALES</b></p> + +<p>Spores violaceous-black. The capillitium usually delicate and +thread-like; peridium and capillitium, one or other or both, more or +less extensively surcharged with lime. Peridium simple or double. +Fructification various.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> + +<p>This order is recognizable by several characteristics, but is especially +marked by the peculiar calcareous deposits which affect the +capillitium or peridium, now one, now the other, more often both.</p> + +<p>As here defined, the order Physarales includes two distinct families; +of the one <i>Physarum</i>, of the other <i>Didymium</i>, is type.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Families of the Order Physarales</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Fructification often calcareous throughout; capillitium intricate</td><td align="left"><i>Physaraceae</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Calcareous deposits, when present, affecting the peridium only, or sometimes the stipe, in the typical genus plainly crystalline; capillitium simple</td><td align="left"><i>Didymiaceae</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="center">A. PHYSARACEÆ</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Physaraceæ</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" width="100%" summary="Key to the Genera of the Physaraceæ"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>A.</i> Fructification æthalioid</td><td align="left">1. <i>Fuligo</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>B.</i> Fructification plasmodiocarpous or of distinct sporangia.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Peridium evidently calcareous.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Capillitium calcareous throughout</td><td align="left">2. <i>Badhamia</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Capillitium largely hyaline.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Sporangia globose, etc.; dehiscence irregular</td><td align="left">3. <i>Physarum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Sporangia vasiform or more or less tubular</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">+ Dehiscence by a lid or more or less circumscissile</td><td align="left">4. <i>Craterium</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">++ Dehiscence irregular, peridium introverted</td><td align="left">5. <i>Physarella</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Peridium apparently limeless, at least outside.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Plasmodiocarpous</td><td align="left">6. <i>Cienkowskia</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Sporangia distinct</td><td align="left">7. <i>Leocarpus</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6">C. Extra-limital.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Sporangia stipitate, saucer-shaped, following No. 3.</td><td align="left"><i>Trichamphora</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Sporangia elongate allantoid, etc., following No. 1.</td><td align="left"><i>Erionema</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="center"><b>1. Fuligo</b> (<i>Haller</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p> + + + + +<ul> +<li>1753. <i>Mucor</i> Linn., <i>Sp. Pl.</i> II., No. 1656 (?).</li> +<li>1768. <i>Fuligo</i> Haller, <i>Hist. Helv.</i>, Nos. 1233–1235, in part.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Fuligo</i> Haller, <i>Pers. Syn.</i>, p. 159.</li> +<li>1809. <i>Æthalium</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I, p. 42.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Æthalium</i> Fries, <i>Sym. Myc.</i>, III., p. 92.</li> +</ul> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia undefined, obscurely woven in and out among each +other forming usually a cushion-shaped æthalioid mass. The outer +layer sterile, often calcareous, forming a fragile crust, more or less +defined. The middle layer sporiferous with calcigerous capillitium. +The lowest layer a membranous hypothallus.</p> + +<p>The identity of this genus seems to have been recognized first by +Haller, <i>op. cit.</i>, but by Persoon more closely defined and illustrated. +Link simply translated the name into Greek, for reasons less evident +now, and in this was followed by Fries. Haller's designation is now +probably securely fixed.</p> + +<p>The sporigerous median structure of the fructifications, under +whatever specific name or names, is entirely confused. Sporangial +walls, if ever such there were, are hardly as such recoverable, seemingly +<i>indicated</i> only, in the changes to which the æthalium submits as +in the ripening the sporogenic plasm passes on to spores.</p> + +<p>In the present state of our knowledge the forms of this genus +present withal a most perplexing problem. Are they simply phases +of a single species, or are they in style and in structure sufficiently +constant in their admitted variety, to claim specific rank and separate +description?</p> + +<p>To follow the example of Greville and recognize in all the literature +of two hundred years varied descriptions of a single type,—this +were perhaps the easier and speedier disposal of the case. Fries +thought so to treat the problem but was unable to keep faith with his +own decision; for no sooner he states the genus monotypic than he +proceeds forthwith to offer four varieties, a. b. c. d., viz. those by +Persoon and others duly recognized as species.</p> + +<p>Recent students all, however, seem to find convenience in specific +division. All seem disposed to honor Dr. Peck's <i>Fuligo ochracea</i> +whether or not by the name he gave; and of other varieties some +seem impressed by the constancy of one, some of another characteristic, +thus indicating that to careful observers all over the world +there are differences that may be recognized, that have been recognized +again and again. If there are two species there are certainly +more. Out of the gatherings of many years one may set in order not +less than five variations in the fruiting of <i>Fuligo</i>, five distinct types<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +of fructification, to all appearing sufficiently constant for specific +recognition.</p> + +<p>It will be said, has been said, was said by Fries, that these variations +are insignificant, "pendent ex æris constitutione"; but as a +matter of fact the several types now in question may be found on the +same day, so that evidently something other than the atmospheric +environment must determine.</p> + +<p>Again it is said that the differences are in external form or color +only, the spores in all cases almost if not quite the same. This is +true; but specific characters are <i>surface</i> characters in fact: a species +morphologically is merely the form in which a <i>kind</i> or <i>genus</i> presents +itself. If the presentation be constant, for our convenience we say so, +in bestowing a name. Whether in our present treatment the convenience +is purely personal, students may decide.</p> + +<p>However it all may be, there are in this part of the world many +varying presentations of <i>Fuligo</i> capable of illustration and description; +the same forms, perhaps, which have attracted the notice of the +more acute mycologists in the older history of the subject. Some of +these forms we here venture to describe, with such annotation as may +show something of present knowledge.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Fuligo</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Fuligo"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>A.</i> Æthalium 1 cm. or less; spores spherical</td><td align="left">1. <i>F. muscorum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>B.</i> Æthalium larger, or plasmodiocarpous, even sporangi-form, crust white, smooth, even, spores elliptical</td><td align="left">2. <i>F. cinerea</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>C.</i> Æthalia larger, 2 cm. or more.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1. Cortex yellow, etc., not white; spores 6–8 µ</td><td align="left">3. <i>F. septica</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">2. Cortex nearly or quite wanting; spores 10–12</td><td align="left">4. <i>F. intermedia</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">3. Cortex white, a foamy crust; spores 15–25</td><td align="left">5. <i>F. megaspora</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Fuligo muscorum</span> <i>Alb. & Schw.</i></p> + + +<ul> +<li>1894. <i>Fuligo muscorum</i>, Alb. & Schw. Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 67.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Licea ochracea</i> Peck, N. Y. <i>Rep.</i>, XVIII., p. 55.</li> +<li>1879. <i>Fuligo ochracea</i> Peck, N. Y. <i>Rep.</i>, XXXI., p. 56.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Fuligo muscorum</i>, Alb. & Schw., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 67.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Fuligo muscorum</i> Alb. & Schw., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 87.</li> +</ul> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> + +<p>Plasmodium orange-yellow. Æthalium globoid, very small, 1 cm. +or less, the cortex very thin, greenish yellow; sporangial walls not +evident; capillitium well-developed, the numerous calcareous nodes +fusiform or often branching, and connected by rather short, transparent +internodes; spores coarsely warted, 10–11 µ.</p> + +<p>This form seems to differ from <i>F. septica</i> chiefly in its constant +diminutive habit of fruiting, in its delicate cortex, and in its spores, +brighter, larger, and more coarsely warted. The descriptions and +figure by Schweinitz seem referable to nothing else. First reported +by Albertini and Schweinitz from Germany; by Schweinitz from the +Carolinas; then by Dr. Peck described as a <i>Licea</i> from New York. +It seems less commonly collected in the United States.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Fuligo cinerea</span> (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Morg.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plX">Plate X</a></span>., Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, and 3 <i>b</i>, and <a href="#plXXIII">Plate XXIII.</a></p> + +<ul> +<li>1831. <i>Enteridium cinereum</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2365.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum ellipsosporum</i> Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 10.</li> +<li>1884. <i>Æthaliopsis stercoriformis</i> Zopf., <i>Pilzthiere</i>, p. 150.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Fuligo ellipsospora</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 67.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Fuligo cinerea</i> (Schw.) Morg., <i>Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.</i>, p. 105.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum ellipsosporum</i> Rost., Macbr. <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 27.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Fuligo cinerea</i> Morg., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, 2nd ed., p. 88.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodium milk-white, watery. Plasmodiocarp long and widely +effused, <ins title="possibly 'and'; unchanged.">anon</ins> winding, here and there reticulate, always applanate; +sometimes in form an æthalium, the peridial cortex membranous, +firm, thick, and white. Capillitium well-developed, furnished with +lime. Spores thin-walled, ellipsoidal, violaceous, plicate-rugose, 14–16 +x 11–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Not common. Found occasionally in shaded situations on piles of +rotting straw or in the woods, especially on detritus of the bracken. +The spores are many of them ellipsoidal; some are spherical; all are +decidedly spinulose, perhaps might appear plicate-rugulose when dry +or shrunken. Calcareous nodules very large and irregular, white.</p> + +<p>Schweinitz, <i>loc. cit.</i>, described this form as <i>Enteridium cinereum</i>. +Rostafinski referred it to the genus <i>Physarum</i>, but was obliged to +adopt also a new specific name, as that suggested by Schweinitz was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +already in use in the genus <i>Physarum</i>. Zopf, <i>Die Pilzthiere</i>, p. 149, +founds a new genus on what seems to be the same form as here considered. +This he publishes as <i>Æthaliopsis stercoriformis</i> Z. Massee +regards the specimens discovered by Zopf as belonging to the genus +<i>Fuligo</i>, and Lister regards Rostafinski's type as <i>Fuligo</i>, and includes +Zopf's material under the Rostafinskian species.</p> + +<p>This has been described as properly an American form; Lister +cites other far localities.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Fuligo septica</span> (<i>Linn.</i>) <i>Gmel</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1753. <i>Mucor septicus</i> Linn., <i>Sp. Pl.</i> II., No. 1656 (?).</li> +<li>1763. <i>Mucor ovatus</i> Schaeff., <i>Fung. Bav.</i>, p. 132, Fig. 192.</li> +<li>1791. <i>Fuligo septica</i> (Linn.) Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, p. 1466.</li> +<li>1826. <i>Fuligo varians</i> Sommf., <i>Fl. Lapl. Sup.</i>, p. 231.</li> +<li>1809. <i>Æthalium flavum</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I., p. 42.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Æthalium septicum</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 93.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Fuligo varians</i> Sommf., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 134.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Fuligo varians</i> Sommf., Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia.</i> II., p. 160.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Fuligo septica</i> (Linn.) Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 66.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Fuligo ovata</i> (Schaeff.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 23.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Fuligo septica</i> Gmel., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 86.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>This remarkable and universal species presents as stated many +forms and phases. Of these five have been selected as representative.</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Phases"> +<tr><td align="left">1. Form <i>a.</i> Plasmodium yellow; cortex yellow, or orange-brown, strongly calcareous friable; form indefinite</td><td align="left"><i>F. ovata</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2. Form <i>b.</i> Cortex less calcareous porose, yellowish brown, fructification definite, pulvinate</td><td align="left"><i>F. rufa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">3. Form <i>c.</i> Cortex smooth, persistent; fructification small, less than two inches</td><td align="left"><i>F. laevis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4. Form <i>d.</i> Plasmodium yellow; cortex none; capillitium yellow, fructification thin, sometimes wide-spread</td><td align="left"><i>F. flava</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">5. Form <i>e.</i> Plasmodium violaceous, dark; cortex almost none; whole mass reddish or violet</td><td align="left"><i>F. violacea</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p>1. Form <i>a.</i> <i>Fuligo ovata</i> (Schaeff.) Pers.</p> + +<p>Plasmodium bright yellow; æthalium pale brown, or yellowish-ochraceous, +of variable size and shape, one to many cm. in diameter, +and one to two cm. thick, enclosed by a distinct calcareous crust,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +which varies in texture, thickness, and color; capillitium well developed +but variable in color, form, and extent; spore-mass dull black, +sooty; spores spherical, purplish brown, nearly smooth, 7–9 µ.</p> + +<p>Under this name may be placed our most common form. Rising +with an abundant yellowish creamy plasmodium from masses of +decaying vegetation, lumber, sawdust, half buried logs, it creeps +about with energy unsurpassed, coming to rest only in some position +specially exposed, as the top of a log or stump, the face of +a stone or post, or even the high clods of a cultivated field! The +fructification is large, yellow, or at most pale ochraceous, the +surface when mature extremely friable like dry foam. Bulliard +figures this phase well on Plate 424, Fig. 2, and calls it <i>Reticularia</i> +(<i>Fuligo</i>) <i>hortensis</i>, from its affecting the soils of gardens. More +than thirty fructifications have appeared at one time, varying in size +from one to twenty cm. in a field of potatoes, well tilled, and less +than an acre in extent! Such is life's perennial exuberance on this +time-worn old world of ours!</p> + +<p>Schæffer's plate CXII represents probably the same thing. So also +Bolton's plate, CXXXIV. Sowerby's Fig. 2 on plate 199, and +figures 1 and 2 on Greville's plate 272 possibly also depict this form. +Persoon calls this <i>F. vaporaria</i> because it frequents hotbeds and the +like, and believes this to represent the "<i>untuosus flavus</i>" of Linnée, +although he thinks Schæffer's specimens do not. The calcareous internal +structure is white.</p> + + +<p>2. Form <i>b</i>, <i>F. rufa</i> Pers.</p> + +<p>This type of Fuligo is very different from the preceding in form, +habit, and color. In form it is much more definite, usually thick, +well-rounded and with some solidity. The interior fructification is +gray throughout, much less expanded than in <i>a</i>; in fact does not +resemble <i>a</i> at all! The cortex is porose but firm, orange at first, but +becoming tawny with age, even in the herbarium. Bulliard figures +it well, plate 380, Fig. 1, and Sowerby's Fig. 1 on plate 399 is also +good, as are also Greville's figure 3 on plate 272 showing the two +colors referred to. Not uncommon in the forest from June till +September, but far more rare than <i>a</i>: always well-marked, with no +other forms associated.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> + + +<p>3. Form <i>c</i>, <i>F. laevis</i> Pers.</p> + +<p class="center"><ins title="Not in original"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plX">Plate X</a>.</span>, Fig. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</ins></p> + +<p>This is a still more specialized type of the group. The fructification +is usually small, smooth, about an inch in diameter and sometimes +nearly as thick; the cortex rusty brown, enduring, persisting +often when all the sporiferous grayish mass has been distributed +through chinks, or from below. The figure 2 on plate X. shows this +form. This also is a forest species, is autumnal rather, but may be +taken sometimes as early as July. The cortex is not at all porose or +spongy, in color reddish or brown, fragile indeed, but not to the +touch, in the herbarium enduring for years.</p> + +<p>4. Form <i>d</i>, <i>F. flava</i> Pers.</p> + +<p>This is hardly <i>F. flava</i> of Persoon; rather of Morgan who uses +Persoon's specific designation. Persoon cites Bolton's fig. CXXXIV, +which is yellow indeed but is the ordinary presentation of <i>F. septica</i>. +The form here considered is remarkable for its delicacy; extremely +thin, perhaps one layer only of overlying elongate flexuous sporangia(?), +covered by the merest shadow of a cortex in the form of +yellow dust, soon lost: the capillitial structure yellow throughout; +occurring upon fallen logs in moist dark woods; not common.</p> + +<p>5. Form <i>e</i>, <i>F. violacea</i> Pers.</p> + +<p>Plasmodium (Morgan <i>teste</i>) dark red, or wine-colored; the +æthalium thin, two or three inches wide, covered by a cortex at first +dull red and very soft, at length almost wholly vanishing, so that the +entire mass takes on a purple-violet tint, upper surface varied with +white; capillitium rather open, the more or less inflated, large, irregular +nodes joined by long, slender, delicate, transparent filaments; +spores dark violet, minutely roughened, spherical, about 7.5 µ.</p> + +<p>Ohio, Tennessee. Probably everywhere, but not distinguished +from 1.</p> + +<p>Professor Morgan, who gave the genus under consideration much +attention, regarded <i>F. violacea</i> as a form particularly well-defined. +What the value of plasmodic color as a specific character in general, +and how far such character is in the present case definitive, because +constant, are points yet to be determined.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Fuligo intermedia</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p> + +<p>Æthalium two to three cm. in greatest diameter, .5–1 cm. thick, +covered with a thin, fragile, but not calcareous, greyish or brownish +cortex; the spore-mass grey or violaceous-grey, firm, not at all sooty, +the sporangia intricate, their walls more or less calcareous; capillitium +not conspicuous; spores globose, pale purple, slightly roughened, +10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>This form has been repeatedly sent me from Denver, Colorado, by +Professor Bethel. I have refrained from publishing it, still anxious +to believe that all fuligos on the face of the earth were of one species. +In the species next following it must be admitted that the spore-variations +are too wide to remain comfortably under shelter of a +single specific name. The present species is not <i>F. septica</i>, neither is +it <i>F. megaspora</i>; it is <i>F. intermedia</i>.</p> + +<p>Colorado; Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Fuligo megaspora</span> <i>Sturg.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1913. <i>Fuligo megaspora</i> Sturg., <i>Col. Coll. Pub.</i>, p. 443.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Æthalium pulvinate one to three inches in diameter, covered with +a thick spongy incrustation of lime, white or yellowish toward the +base: sporangia convolute, the walls membranous, brittle, charged +throughout with round white granules of lime, 1.5–2 µ in diameter: +columella none: capillitium of delicate, colorless, anastomosing +tubules, bearing toward the center large, white, branching calcareous +nodules; spores spherical, or somewhat oval, dark purple-brown, +rough-tuberculate, 15–20 µ.</p> + +<p>This species differs as pointed out by Professor Sturgis, chiefly in +the character of the spores, their unusual size and roughness.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p>Colorado; Africa!—<i>Robert Fries.</i></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>EXTRA-LIMITAL</b></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Erionema</b> <i>Penzig</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1898. <i>Erionema</i> Penzig, <i>Die Myx. d. Fl. v. Beutenzorg</i>, p. 36.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia plasmodiocarpous but distinct, cylindrical; capillitium +intricate, elastic; nodules few.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Erionema aureum</span> <i>Penzig</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1898. <i>Erionema aureum</i> Penz. <i>l. c.</i></li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia elongate, clustered, pendulous, yellow or grayish yellow, +generally stipitate on long flaccid stalks, or sessile and interlacing: +stipes yellow, blending with the hypothallus; capillitium intricate, +expanding at maturity after the manner of <i>Arcyria</i> to several times +the sporangial length, the nodules small, yellow; spores nearly smooth, +violaceous-brown, 5–6 µ.</p> + +<p>This unique form is near the fuligos which it resembles, especially +when sessile, in its intricate sporangia. The spores also are those of +the common <i>Fuligo septica</i>. The habit is however entirely different. +Mr. Fetch describes clusters in Ceylon, hanging free, four to six cm. +in length!</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>2. Badhamia</b> (<i>Berkeley</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1852. <i>Badhamia</i> Berkeley, <i>Trans. Linn. Soc.</i>, XXI., p. 153.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Badhamia</i> Rostafinski, <i>Monograph</i>, p. 139.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia simple; peridial wall simple, thin, breaking irregularly; +capillitium formed of abundant, richly anastomosing tubules, filled +throughout their entire length with calcareous granules; the nodes +often feebly represented; stipe poorly developed or wanting entirely; +columella, except in forms sometimes assigned to the sub-genus +<i>Scyphium</i>, poorly developed or none; spores frequently adherent in +clusters.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>The whole genus calls for careful and protracted study; and the present +so-called species are like something new on the world; as full of vagaries as +though but just entered upon their phylogenetic race.</p> +</div> + +<p>This genus is closely related to <i>Physarum</i>, but differs in having the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +capillitium calcareous throughout. Forms occur and are included +here, in which the capillitium, especially in some parts, is physarum-like, +physaroid. Nevertheless, the distinctions hold good as a rule, +and are at once diagnostic.</p> + +<p>In capillitial differentiation the badhamias are definite and beautiful. +The net in a typical species, as <i>B. papaveracea</i>, is throughout +uniformly evenly tubular, the calcareous deposits delicate in the extreme, +presenting, as the spores disappear, an elegant trabecular +structure as if to support the persisting peridium if not the original +content. In other forms the capillitium is physaroid, with swollen +nodes, but heavily calcareous but not quite throughout. <i>Badhamia</i>, +<i>Physarum</i>, <i>Tilmadoche</i>, <i>Craterium</i> present a consistent group, of +which <i>Physarum</i> is the generalized expression.</p> + +<p>Berkeley's idea of the genus was expressed as follows: "Peridium +naked or furfuraceous. Spores in groups, enclosed, at first, in a hyaline +sack." Rostafinski, while accepting Berkeley's generic name, redefined +it, emphasized the calcareous capillitium, and made reference +to the spore-adherence only to assert that Berkeley's description was, +in this particular, based on mistaken observation. In some species, +the spores do, in fact, show a tendency to cling together, a characteristic +which Badham was perhaps first to notice; but that this is occasioned +by their being surrounded by a sac or common pellicle has not +been proved nor even suggested, by any subsequent investigator. +Berkeley's genus was therefore founded upon a slight mistake; but +we may conserve his rights in the premises if we write <i>Badhamia</i> +(Berk.) Rost., and so keep history straight.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Badhamia</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Badhamia"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>A.</i> Spores ovoid or ellipsoidal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Spores free</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align:top">1. <i>B. ovispora</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Spores adherent</td><td align="left">2. <i>B. versicolor</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>B.</i> Spores spherical</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Sporangia yellow</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Spores free</td><td align="left">3. <i>B. decipiens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Spores adhering</td><td align="left">4. <i>B. nitens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Sporangia grey, spores free</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Always sessile</td><td align="left">5. <i>B. panicea</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Stalked, at least some of them</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">O Stipe when present black</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+ Globose, small .5 mm.</td><td align="left">6. <i>B. affinis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">++ Larger, spores strongly spinulose</td><td align="left">7. <i>B. macrocarpa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">+++ Discoidal or annulate</td><td align="left">8. <i>B. orbiculata</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Stipes membranous yellowish</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+ Stipes long, sporangia iridescent</td><td align="left">9. <i>B. magna</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">++ Stipes short or none; iridescent</td><td align="left">10. <i>B. foliicola</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>c.</i> Sporangia grey, spores adherent</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="4">i. Stipe when present yellowish</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="2">+ Wall iridescent, spores uniformly marked</td><td align="left">11. <i>B. utricularis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="2">++ More calcareous, spores strongly marked on one side</td><td align="left">12. <i>B. capsulifera</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="2">+++ Colorado, spores anon barred</td><td align="left">13. <i>B. populina</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Stipe when present black</td><td align="left">14. <i>B. papaveracea</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>d.</i> Sporangia brown, lilacine</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Sessile</td><td align="left">15. <i>B. lilacina</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Stipitate, columellate</td><td align="left">16. <i>B. rubiginosa</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Badhamia ovispora</span> <i>Racib.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1884. <i>Badhamia ovispora</i> Racib., <i>Myx. Ag. Cracov.</i>, XII., p. 72.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia sessile depressed-globose or plasmodiocarpous, white or +ochraceous, covered by dense calcareous scales; capillitium white, the +lime-granules sometimes aggregate at the center to form a pseudo-columella; +spores not adhering, brownish-purple ellipsoidal, 8 × 10–10 +x 15 µ.</p> + +<p>Reported from Bohemia, England, Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Badhamia versicolor</span> <i>Lister</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1901. <i>Badhamia versicolor</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXIX., p. 81.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Badhamia versicolor</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa 2nd ed.</i>, p. 35.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or clustered, minute, .3–.5 mm., grey or flesh-colored, +sessile, the calcareous deposits slight; capillitium white or +apricot-colored; spores ovoid, 8 × 10–9 × 12 µ, clustered, purplish, +and warted at the broader end, elsewhere colorless and smooth.</p> + +<p>This little species, as it comes to us, is grey, very uneven in size, +.2–.5 mm. and generally irregular in form and habit, perhaps scarce<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +mature. The capillitium is white, physaroid. The spores furnish +the distinguishing character. Sometimes globose, about 9–10. They +are most of them definitely and permanently affected in shape by the +fact of cluster-association, narrower in the direction of the cluster +center. The indications are that these may become globose with +maturity.</p> + +<p>Colorado,—<i>Bethel</i>; Scotland.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Badhamia decipiens</span> (<i>Curtis</i>) <i>Berk.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1848. <i>Physarum decipiens</i> Curtis, <i>Am. Jour. Sci.</i>, VI., p. 352.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Badhamia decipiens</i> Berk., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 66.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Physarum chrysotrichum</i> Berk. & C., Grev. II., p. 66.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Badhamia chrysotricha</i> (Berk. & C.) Rost., <i>App.</i>, p. 4.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, depressed-spherical or ovate, sessile, occasionally +plasmodiocarpous, dull yellow, roughened by the rather +large numerous calcareous scales; columella none; capillitium dull +orange, strongly calcareous, only slightly widened at the nodes; +spore-mass black; spores pale violet, minutely spinulose, free, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Among badhamias this and the next species are at once distinguished +by the color. If the brief description (<i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 66) can +be regarded as defining anything, this is the same as <i>P. chrysotrichum</i> +Berk. & C. It resembles somewhat <i>P. serpula</i> Morg., but differs externally +in color and in the surface scales, which are not perceptible +in the <i>Physarum</i>. The present species also resembles <i>Cienkowskia +reticulata</i> (Schw.) Rost., but has a different capillitium. See under +that species.</p> + +<p>Chiefly eastern and American. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, +South Carolina; reported recently also from Sweden and Germany.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Badhamia nitens</span> Berk.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1852. <i>Badhamia nitens</i> Berk., <i>Trans. Linn. Soc.</i>, XXI., p. 153.</li> +<li>1863. <i>Badhamia inaurata</i> Currey, <i>Trans. Linn. Soc.</i>, XXIV., p. 156.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Badhamia nitens</i> Berk., Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 3.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious or closely crowded, globose or depressed-globose,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +.5–1 mm. in diameter, yellow or greenish yellow, rugulose, +sessile; capillitium yellow, forming an open net with occasional thickenings +at the nodes; spores clustered, delicately roughened, violaceous-brown, +10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>This much resembles the preceding species except in the clustered +spores, and more commonly aggregate habit. The spores, as usual +when clustered, are conspicuously echinulate on the outer side. This +did not escape the notice of the author of the species, <i>op. cit.</i></p> + +<p>Colorado, Oregon. Reported from West Indies, Ceylon, various +parts of Europe.</p> + + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Badhamia panicea</span> (Fries) Rost.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1829. <i>Physarum paniceum</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 141.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Badhamia panicea</i> (Fr.) Rost., Fuckel, <i>Sym. Myc. Nachtr.</i>, 2, p. 71.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious or aggregated in closely compacted clusters, +globose or hemispherical, sessile, the peridium thin, transparent, +thickly dotted with white calcareous scales; stipe none; columella +none, although a pseudo-columella sometimes appears, formed by a +more dense development of the capillitium near the centre of the +sporangium below; capillitium abundantly developed, quite uniformly +thickened, but showing an occasional delicate connecting thread, the +nodes also somewhat flattened and enlarged; spore-mass black; spores +by transmitted light, bright violaceous-brown, minutely roughened, +10–13 µ. Plasmodium is said to be white.</p> + +<p>In America this seems to be a purely western species. Specimens +are before us from western Iowa and from Colorado, South Dakota, +Nevada, and Southern California. It is very well marked, though +liable perhaps to be mistaken at first sight for sessile phases of <i>P. +notabile</i> or <i>P. cinereum</i>. The capillitium is, however, at once determinative. +Colorado; <i>Bethel</i>. Europe generally.</p> + + +<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Badhamia affinis</span> <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. Badhamia affinis Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 143.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia aggregated, cespitose and sessile, or sometimes stipitate, +depressed above, flat or umbilicate below, the wall grayish white,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +rugulose, and more or less calcareous-scaly; the stipe when present +erect or sometimes nodding, black or brownish black; hypothallus +scanty; columella none; capillitium not abundant, white, the nodes +somewhat expanded; spores globose, minutely roughened, violet-brown, +large, 16–17 µ.</p> + +<p>Chiefly on moss, the pale ashen sporangia generally very small, +mounted on the tips of the leaves, sometimes sessile, sometimes with a +distinct black stipe in which case the peridium is distinctly umbilicate. +Specimens from Kansas referred here have the stipe pale, rugose, +long, about twice the sporangium; habitat bark.</p> + +<p>Rare. New York, Ohio, Kansas; more recently reported from +Scotland and Japan.</p> + +<p>There is nothing new to be added here; nor appears any other +place to which such material as we have may be referred. New +collections no doubt will one day appear, when the identity may, let +us hope, be made secure.</p> + +<p>Meantime we have a form closely related which may be entered as</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Badhamia iowensis</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p> + +<p>Sporangia gregarious or loosely scattered, depressed globose, .4–.6 +mm. in diameter, stipitate, grey, flecked by rather prominent but +small rounded calcareous scales: the stipe short, half the diameter of +the sporangium, black or very dark brown, without hypothallus but +widening above into a shallow expanded base for the sporangia; +columella none: capillitium dull yellow, sometimes white, strongly +calcareous, physaroid, heavy; spores free, dark brown in mass, pale +violet by transmitted light, minutely verruculose, the tiny warts in +some areas more densely placed, producing evident shadowy spots, +10–11 µ.</p> + +<p>This interesting little species occurs on the lower surface of fallen +logs, blocks, etc., in colonies of considerable extent, hundreds of +sporangia in a place. The capillitium is comparable to that of <i>B. +decipiens</i> or <i>B. panicea</i>; it is physaroid to the extent that an occasional +filament may be found non-calcic, and not typically badhamioid as in +<i>B. papaveracea</i>, <i>B. macrocarpa</i>. The sporangial base persists, dark +brown, bearing traces of the clumsy capillitium, but no columella<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +real or simulated. Blackhawk Co., Iowa; <i>communicavit Dr. Jessie +Parish</i>. See <a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a>., 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<p>Reddish or roseate forms sometimes appear in colonies otherwise +as described. It differs from <i>B. affinis</i> in the size and character of +the spores, in color and character of the capillitium, habit and surface +markings.</p> + + +<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Badhamia macrocarpa</span> (<i>Ces.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1855. <i>Physarum macrocarpon</i> Cesati, <i>Flora</i>, XXXVIII., p. 271.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Badhamia macrocarpa</i> (Ces.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 143.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or closely aggregate, crowded globose or sub-globose, +generally sessile, rugulose, white; the peridium membranous, +white above, below yellowish or brown; capillitium not abundant, +thoroughly calcareous, the nodes broad, conspicuous, the connecting +tubules rigid; columella none; hypothallus scant or none; spore-mass +black, spores non-adherent, by transmitted light bright clear brown, +thickly spinulose all over, large spherical, 12–15 µ.</p> + +<p>Closely resembles externally <i>B. panicea</i>, but is easily distinguished +by larger and remarkably <i>spinulose</i> spores, in this particular unrivalled +in the entire genus. European authors describe both sessile and +stipitate forms. American specimens generally are sessile and for the +most part closely crowded, almost heaped; but—Prof. Bethel finds +this in winter everywhere on fallen rotting stems of Opuntia and on +the bases of dead Yucca leaves, still attached. Associated with the +typical phase and often <i>occurring alone on the Yucca</i> leaves is a discoidal +form which when first sent in (1908) was called var. <i>gracilis</i>. +Presented alone to one ignorant of its history and associations, it +would surely pass for a distinct species. This stalked phase is very +delicate; the stipe pale brown, or yellow. See <a href="#plII">Plate II</a>., Fig. 9. See +also Sturgis <i>Col. Coll. Pub.</i> XII., 408.</p> + + +<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Badhamia orbiculata</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV.</a></span>, Fig. 4.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Badhamia orbiculata</i> Rex. <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 372.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Badhamia macrocarpa Rost.</i>, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 34 (in part).</li> +<li>1911. <i>Badhamia orbiculata</i> Rex., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 37</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia stipitate or sessile, orbicular discoidal, irregularly +elongated or plasmodiocarpous, averaging about 1 mm. in width, generally +stipitate, and when stipitate, flattened or depressed above, plane +or slightly umbilicate below; the peridium simple, more or less translucent +from the varying number of innate granules, sometimes covered +with circular flat masses of lime, gray except the point of attachment +to the stipe which is brown; stipe short, black, rough, plicate; +capillitium dense at the centre, radiant at the periphery where it +meets the sporangial wall, white; spores violaceous black, minutely +warted, 12–15 µ.</p> + +<p>This is a beautiful species, easily known by its discoidal or almost +annulate sporangia mounted upon short dark black stipes. The +stipe in western collections is sometimes very short, but generally suffices +to raise the sporangium, a little at least, above the substratum. +Sessile and plasmodiocarpous forms do occur with the typical stipitate +phase, but may be regarded here as elsewhere as indicative of incomplete +development. Plasmodium cream-colored, or pale yellow.</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, Colorado.</p> + + +<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Badhamia magna</span> <i>Peck.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV.</a></span>, Fig. 1.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1871. <i>Dictydium magnum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. State Mus.</i>, XXIV., p. 84.</li> +<li>1879. <i>Badhamia magna</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. State Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 56.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Badhamia macrocarpa Rost.</i>, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 34, in part.</li> +<li>1892. <ins title="As in original."><i>Bahamia varia</i></ins> Mass. <i>Mon. Myxog.</i>, p. 319, in part.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Badhamia magna</i> Peck, List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 33.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Badhamia capsulifera</i> (Berk.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 68.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Badhamia magna</i> Peck, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 34.</li> +</ul> + + + +<p>Sporangia globose or ellipsoid, .7–1 mm., pale iridescent, stipitate; +peridium thin with slight calcareous deposits, rugulose, opening irregularly, +white; stipe long flaccid, straw-colored; capillitium an +elegant uniform net, its threads stiffened by slight deposits of lime, +the nodes little thickened, badhamioid; spores free, dusky with a +shade of violet, minutely spinulose, about 10 µ.</p> + +<p>This beautiful species closely resembles some forms of <i>B. utricularis</i> +from which it differs chiefly in its unclustered smooth spores.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +<i>B. foliicola</i> as recognized here is hardly more than a smaller, short-stemmed +form of this; see species next following.</p> + +<p>Not rare in the eastern United States and Canada; Iowa. Seems +to take the place of <i>B. capsulifera</i> of Europe.</p> + + +<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Badhamia foliicola</span> <i>Lister</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1897. <i>Badhamia foliicola</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXV., p. 209.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Badhamia foliicola</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 34.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>"Plasmodium orange." Sporangia smaller, about .5–.6 mm., +globose or ellipsoidal, iridescent-gray, stipitate or sessile, the peridium +thin, rugulose, sparingly calcareous, when empty white; the +stipe when present short but yellowish, of the flaccid sort; capillitium +badhamioid; spores free, delicately spinulescent, dusky-violaceous, +about 12–13 µ.</p> + +<p>This has been so far collected but once, on the shores of Lake +Okoboji. It was developed, no doubt, on the natural débris of a +bur-oak prairie border, and went to fruit on the leaves, stems, and +fruiting spikes of a species of <i>Setaria</i>. It may prove to be different +from the <i>B. foliicola</i> of Europe; future collections and study must +reveal that. Meantime it seems wise to refer it here.</p> + +<p>The color of the plasmodium is quoted from Miss Lister; a fact +of some importance only when constant and confirmed by other +criteria.</p> + +<p>Iowa; Toronto,—<i>Miss Currie.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Badhamia utricularis</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Berk.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus utricularis</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, p. 128, t. 417, Fig. 1.</li> +<li>1826. <i>Physarum utriculare</i> Chev., <i>Fl. Paris</i>, I., p. 337.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Physarum utriculare</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 139.</li> +<li>1852. <i>Badhamia utricularis</i> (Bull.) Berk., <i>Tr. Linn. Soc.</i>, XXI., p. 153.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia clustered, spherical or ovoid, large, sessile or mounted on +long, thin, strand-like stalks, blue-gray, violet-iridescent or cinereous, +smooth or more often rugulose; the stipes when present poorly differentiated, +as if thread-like filaments and strips of the plasmodium, often +branched and always reclining or even prostrate; hypothallus none;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +capillitium a large-meshed open network of rather slender tubules, the +nodes unequally developed, white with the enclosed lime; spores not +strictly adherent though not without some tendency to stick together, +delicately warted, bright violet-brown, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>This species resembles <i>B. capsulifera</i>, but is distinguished by a more +strongly rugulose less calcareous peridium and a more profuse development +of filamentous stipes, but especially by the character of the +spores. The spores of the present species while inclined, when mounted +in a liquid, to stay together, nevertheless do not coalesce in heaps as +in the related species, nor do they show any differentiation in the +episporic markings, these being uniform over the entire spore.</p> + +<p>This is one of the finest and perhaps the most beautiful species of +this fine genus. It is a forest species, generally to be found on trunks +of fallen <i>Populus</i> or <i>Tilia</i> where the fine soft gray colonies often +spread for several inches along the ridges and in crevices of the bark.</p> + +<p>Colorado (<i>Bethel</i>); Mississippi valley and east.</p> + + +<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Badhamia capsulifera</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Berkeley</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus capsulifer</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, p. 139, t. 470, Fig. 2.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Physarum hyalinum</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Meth. Fung.</i>, p. 170.</li> +<li>1852. <i>Badhamia capsulifera</i> Berk., <i>Tr. Lin. Soc.</i>, XXI., p. 153.</li> +<li>1852. <i>Badhamia hyalina</i> Berk., <i>Tr. Lin. Soc.</i>, XXI., p. 153.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Badhamia hyalina</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 139.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Badhamia capsulifera</i> (Bull.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 141.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Badhamia hyalina</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 30.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Badhamia capsulifera</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 31.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia clustered or gregarious, sessile or sometimes stipitate, +globose or obovoid, gray or greenish white, snow-white when empty; +the peridium thin, translucent; the stipe, when present, as in <i>B. +utricularis</i>, although generally shorter and better developed, yellow +or straw colored; capillitium a very loose, open network of white, +lime-filled tubules, not much expanded at the nodes; columella none; +spore-mass purplish-brown; spores adhering in clusters of five or six +to twenty or more, globose, but affected somewhat by mutual pressure, +rough throughout, the exposed surface in the cluster, more distinctly +warted, 10–12 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> + +<p>This is <i>Badhamia hyalina</i> (Pers.) Berk., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 139; but +Rostafinski himself admits that the two species, here united, as he defined +them, are very much alike, having "the same spores and capillitium", +differing in the form of the sporangium, an inconstant feature. +Bulliard's name has precedence; his descriptions of this and +the preceding species are remarkable.</p> + +<p>The peculiarly adherent spores distinguish the species from <i>B. +utricularis</i>; and the sporangia sessile or with short but strand-like +stipes, distinguish it from <i>B. papaveracea</i>.</p> + +<p>The description above is for the typical European form. Lister +expresses doubt whether this occurs in the United States. The form +from Iowa which is the basis for the inclusion of the species in N. A. +S. is, we believe, nothing else than <i>B. capsulifera</i> (Bull.) Berk. The +form approaches <i>B. populina</i> as this is presented in Colorado. The +Iowa specimens are white, aggregate, superimposed, etc., but have the +capillitium and spores exactly as described for the type. Accordingly +<i>B. populina</i> as this occurs in Colorado has been for years referred to +the Berkeley species. The thicker more strongly calcareous peridia +constitute, as would appear, the principal difference in the forms from +Colorado. See next species.</p> + + +<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Badhamia populina</span> <i>List.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1904. <i>Badhamia populina</i> List. <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XLII., p. 129.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Badhamia populina</i> List. <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 32.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodium white; sporangia sessile, crowded, heaped, large, 1.5 +mm., rarely stipitate, globose or ovoid, white; stipe when present +brown; capillitial strands broad, calcareous; spores clustered, 16–20 +in a cluster, purple-brown, roughened and sometimes marked by obscure +ridges and bands, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Generally distinguishable by its unusually large calcareous, white +sporangia. The peridia are strongly calcareous, shell-like in texture. +In some <ins title="Singular in original.">cases</ins> the color is tinted with rose.</p> + +<p>This species is very near <i>B. capsulifera</i> as recognized in the United +States. When white the Colorado material corresponds almost exactly +with the forms collected in Iowa, and regarded as representing the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +species just named. The Colorado gatherings are more strongly calcareous +and the spores sometimes present the variations named. +"The Colorado phase of the American form."</p> + +<p>Colorado,—<i>Bethel</i>. Europe?</p> + + +<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Badhamia papaveracea</span> <i>Berk. & Rav.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX</a></span>., Figs. 6, 6<i>a</i>, and 6<i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Badhamia papaveracea</i> Berk. & Rav., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 66.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Badhamia hyalina</i> var. <i>papaveracea</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 30.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Badhamia papaveracea</i> Berk. & Rav., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 69.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Badhamia papaveracea</i> Berk. & Rav., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 32.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, large, stipitate, iridescent-gray; the +peridium thin, translucent, and containing but little calcareous deposits, +smooth or slightly rugulose; stipe very short, but generally +distinct, black or very dark brown; hypothallus none; capillitium +a network of large meshes with expanded nodes, prominent, white, +persistent after the spores have been blown away; spore-mass deep +brown; spores adherent as in <i>B. capsulifera</i>, marked in much the +same way, and about the same size, 10–12.5 µ</p> + +<p>Distinguished by its short, dark, stipe and adherent spores.</p> + +<p>Not common. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, +South Carolina, Wisconsin, Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Badhamia lilacina</span> (<i>Fries</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1829. <i>Physarum lilacinum</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 141.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Badhamia lilacina</i> (Fries) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 145.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Craterium lilacinum</i> Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 271.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Badhamia lilacina</i> (Fr.) Rost., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 34.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Badhamia lilacina</i> (Fr.) Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, 2nd ed., p. 38.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia globose, sub-globose, or obconical, sessile, gregarious or +more or less clustered, supported by a thin, continuous, transparent +hypothallus; the peridium smooth pale, lilac-brown without, white +within; stipe none, although some sporangia have a narrowed base; +columella none, the pseudo-columella formed by a more densely aggregated +capillitium near the base; capillitium dense, white, strongly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +nodulose; spore-mass black; spores dark, violaceous-brown by transmitted +light, distinctly warted, or reticulate, the reticulations resembling +somewhat those of some of the trichias, as <i>T. affinis</i>, 10–15 µ.</p> + +<p>Easily recognizable, generally at sight, by its peculiar color. White +forms, however, occur; often lilac-tinted and white from the same +plasmodium. A perfectly white colony seems to be rare. Both colors +are shown in specimens distributed. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2494.</p> + +<p>Common eastward, Ontario, New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, +etc. Not reported west of the Mississippi River.</p> + +<p>Whatever the color, the spores are in every case positively diagnostic. +The episporic markings are unlike those of any other species +in the present order. Dr. Rex describes some New York forms as +provided with a short but distinct stipe. Such forms resemble externally +<i>Scyphium rubiginosum</i> (Chev.) Rost. The hypothallus is also +unique. V. next species.</p> + + +<p class="species">16. <span class="smcap">Badhamia rubiginosa</span> (<i>Chev.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plX">Plate X</a>.</span>, Figs. 1, 1<i>a</i>, 1<i>b</i>, 1<i>c</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1826. <i>Physarum rubiginosum</i> Chev., <i>Fl. Par.</i>, p. 338.</li> +<li>1872. <i>Craterium obovatum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXVI., p. 75.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Scyphium rubiginosum</i> (Chev.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 148.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Badhamia rubiginosa</i> (Chev.) Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 5.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Craterium rubiginosum</i> Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 270.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, obovoid, grayish brown, stipitate, the peridium +simple, membranous, above thin, pale, more or less calcareous +below, more persistent blending with the stipe; stipe erect, reddish +brown or purplish, expanded below into a small hypothallus, above, +prolonged within the sporangia more than half its height as a +definite columella; capillitium very dense, snow white, long persistent +with the lower two-thirds of the sporangial wall; spore-mass dark +brown; spores by transmitted light, dark violet or purple-brown, +minutely roughened or spinulose, not adherent, 12–14 µ.</p> + +<p>This is probably the most common badhamia in the country and +in the world. It is found every year, in the woods, on masses of +decaying leaves, especially those of various species of oak. The plasmodium +is yellow. The fructifications are very distinct, not likely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +to be mistaken for those of any other species; the stipes constitute a +very prominent feature in every gathering I have seen. Sometimes +these are more or less coalescent, especially toward the base, where +they are apt to be also wrinkled or longitudinally striate; in other +specimens the stipes are well differentiated, long, terete, with little or +no hypothallus.</p> + +<p><i>Badhamia curtisii</i> (Berk.) Rost. is according to Lister (Mon., +p. 35) a sessile phase of this species. The only specimens known are +in the herbarium of Berkeley, now at Kew. The species is based upon +a gathering from S. Carolina. Berkeley thought it a didymium, called +it <i>D. curtisii</i>.</p> + +<p>Reported from western Europe; the typical form abundant in +the forested regions of eastern N. America, especially in the Mississippi +valley.</p> + + +<p class="species">17. <span class="smcap">Badhamia subaquila</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1899. <i>Badhamia subaquila</i> Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 64.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia closely gregarious or crowded, globose or sub-globose, +sessile, brown, the peridium a thin but persistent brown membrane, +rupturing above irregularly and remaining as a cup after spore +dispersal; hypothallus none; capillitium strongly developed, thoroughly +calcareous, the meshes large, the nodular thickenings broad, white; +spores globose, in mass black, by transmitted light brown, very rough-warted, +large, 15–18 µ.</p> + +<p>The variety is founded on material sent from Maine by the late +Mr. F. L. Harvey. Professor Harvey, upon the authority of Mr. +Morgan of Ohio, quotes the species, <i>Bull. Tor. Bot. Club</i>, 24, 67, as +<i>B. verna</i> (Somm.) Rost. But the specimens certainly do not conform +to description of <i>B. verna</i>. Here the wall corresponds with what +is seen in <i>B. rubiginosa</i>; but the spores are much larger, and the +capillitial structure very different.</p> + +<p>Miss Lister regards this a form of No. 16. So far, the original +gathering represents the species; but the woods of Maine are certain +one day to send added information.</p> + +<p>Rare. On mossy logs, Maine.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>3. Physarum</b> (<i>Persoon</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1794.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> <i>Physarum</i> Pers., <i>Rom. Neu. Mag. f. d. Bot.</i>, I., p. 88, in part.</li> +<li>1795. <i>Physarum</i> Pers., <i>Ust. Ann. Bot.</i>, XV., p. 5, in part.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Physarum</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 168, in part.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Physarum</i> (Pers.) Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, II., p. 127, in part.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 93.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, æthalioid or distinct; the peridium +usually simple, sometimes double, irregularly dehiscent, more or less +definitely calcareous; capillitium a uniform irregular net, dilated +and calcareous at the nodes, adherent on all sides to the peridial wall.</p> + +<p>This large and cosmopolitan genus is readily recognized by the +characters quoted. It may be added that the capillitial threads are +always exceedingly delicate, probably tubular, but never filled with +lime throughout; the peridium may be almost nude or encrusted +with lime, which, where present, is always amorphous, never crystalline; +the sporangia when distinct may be either sessile or stipitate, +and the stipe in the latter case is often hollow and charged with +lime. In capillitium intermediate between <i>Leocarpus</i> and <i>Badhamia</i>, +since in the first the capillitium is unequally calcareous, diverse, while +in <i>Badhamia</i> the capillitium is intricate and calcareous throughout.</p> + +<p>As first set up by its founder, the genus included diverse forms, +only one or two of which would be included in the genus as now +limited.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> Persoon, however, was left to develop the matter to suit +himself, and in successive works gave, under this generic name, more +and more prominence to forms now so referred. Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, +III., pp. 127 <i>et seq.</i>, still better establishes the genus, though still including +forms that, judging from the description, seem to belong +elsewhere. Twenty years later Fries revising somewhat his earlier +work thought to improve the chances of future students by reducing +the number of physarums. This he would do by setting out certain +evidently inter-related forms to make a new genus, <i>Tilmadoche</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p><p>He named two or three species only, leaving his <ins title="As in original.">sucessors</ins> to add +others as occasion offered.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> + +<p>Rostafinski approved the good intention of Fries, but in the <i>Monograph</i>, +he entirely re-cast the genus as constituted by Fries; actually +called the species 'first cited' a typical physarum! Would not have it +in the new genus at all, first or last; but instead took the second +species of Fries as the type and added several forms, some from the +Friesian list, to make up a respectable group.</p> + +<p>Until quite recently writers on the subject have generally approved +the course adopted by the Polish author. The arrangement showed +features of convenience, even if artificial to a degree. Perhaps we +gain advantage in all directions if we treat the original genus +<i>Physarum</i> as a whole, but in the key take advantage of Fries' suggestion. +We may write—</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Physarum</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Physarum"> +<tr><td align="left">1. Capillitium irregularly reticulate throughout; calcic nodes various</td><td align="left"><i>Physarum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2. Capillitium more regular, especially below, furcate; nodes fusoid</td><td align="left"><i>Tilmadoche</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="center">SECTION I. PHYSARUM</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="PHYSARUM"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="9">I. Fructification not stipitate, more or less plasmodiocarpous.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="8">1. Peridium simple.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>a.</i> Calcareous deposits yellow</td><td align="left">1. <i>P. serpula</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>b.</i> Calcareous deposits reddish or orange</td><td align="left">2. <i>P. lateritium</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>c.</i> Calcareous deposits white, peridium rugulose</td><td align="left">3. <i>P. vernum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="8">2. Peridium double.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>a.</i> Fructification flatly compressed</td><td align="left">4. <i>P. sinuosum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>b.</i> Fructification less compressed, rounded.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">i. Outer peridium white</td><td align="left">5. <i>P. bitectum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">ii. Outer peridium brown or brown-tinged</td><td align="left">6. <i>P. bogoriense</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">iii. Outer peridium yellow; capillitium yellow</td><td align="left">7. <i>P. alpinum</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="9">II. Fructification of sporangia more or less distinct.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="8">A. Sporangia sessile, globose, ovoid, reniform, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="7">1. Peridium double.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Sporangia white, peridium testaceous.</td><td align="left">8. <i>P. diderma</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>b.</i> Sporangia tinged with yellow.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">i. Sporangia as if interwoven, compressed</td><td align="left">9. <i>P. contextum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">ii. Sporangia more nearly free, distinct.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">o Spores pale, inner peridium brittle</td><td align="left">10. <i>P. conglomeratum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">oo Spores spinulose, dark violet</td><td align="left">11. <i>P. mortoni</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>c.</i> Sporangia brown, dehiscence revolute</td><td align="left">12. <i>P. brunneolum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="7">2. Peridium simple, calcareous, flaky.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>a.</i> Sporangia grey, plasmodiocarpous; spores dusky, 10–12 forms of 3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Sporangia grey, more or less dense; spores violet, 6–7</td><td align="left">13. <i>P. cinereum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>c.</i> Calcareous deposits yellow or greenish, spores 7–9</td><td align="left">14. <i>P. virescens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>d.</i> Sporangia rusty or reddish brown, more or less dense</td><td align="left">15. <i>P. rubiginosum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>e.</i> Sporangia minute, lignicolous, the fructification much extended upon a hypothallus, lime deposit tawny</td><td align="left">16. <i>P. instratum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>f.</i> Sporangia white, depressed, annulate, sometimes with short stipes</td><td align="left">17. <i>P. megalosporum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6">3. Peridium simple, not flaky, small .2–.3 mm., heaped</td><td align="left">18. <i>P. confertum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="8">B. Sporangia, at least some of them, stipitate.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>a.</i> Sporangia columellate.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6">i. Columella small, usually conical.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6">O Sporangium yellow.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">o Columella white</td><td align="left">19. <i>P. melleum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">oo Columella yellow</td><td align="left">20. <i>P. citrinum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6">OO Sporangium not yellow.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">o Capillitial mass persistent.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">+ Sporangia globose, pallid or white</td><td align="left">21. <i>P. globuliferum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">++ Sporangia blue or lilac, rose, etc.</td><td align="left">22. <i>P. lilacinum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">+++ Sporangia drab or brownish</td><td align="left">23. <i>P. murinum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">++++ Sporangia wine-red</td><td align="left">24. <ins title="P. pulcherrinum in original."><i>P. pulcherrimum</i></ins></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">oo Capillitial-mass less persistent; orange</td><td align="left">25. <i>P. pulcherripes</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">ii. Columella long, 4–5 the sporangium non-calcareous.</td><td align="left">26. <i>P. penetrale</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">iii. Columella large globose</td><td align="left">27. <i>P. luteo-album</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>b.</i> Sporangia without columella.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6">i. Sporangia nucleate, calcareous at center.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">O Stipe yellow</td><td align="left">28. <i>P. nucleatum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">OO Stipe white</td><td align="left">29. <i>P. wingatense</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6">ii. Sporangia non-nucleate.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">O Sporangia purple</td><td align="left">30. <i>P. newtoni</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">OO Sporangia blue, spotted with red</td><td align="left">31. <i>P. psittacinum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">OOO Grey or white, iridescent betimes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">o Sporangia white, discoidal; stipe yellow</td><td align="left">32. <i>P. discoidale</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">oo Sporangia lightly calcareous, iridescent, sub-globose, diam. about = to the stout, brown, slightly wrinkled stipe</td><td align="left">33. <i>P. leucophaeum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">ooo Sporangia globose or sub-globose.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">x. Small, .5 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">+ Stipe erect, clear brown</td><td align="left">34. <i>P. nodulosum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">++ Stipe weak, yellow, stuffed</td><td align="left">35. <i>P. maculatum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">xx. Larger, lime-capped; stipe strand-like</td><td align="left">36. <i>P. didermoides</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">xxx. Stipe snow-white, fragile</td><td align="left">37. <i>P. leucopus</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">xxxx. Stipe generally distinctly fluted</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">+ Sporangia laterally compressed, fan-shaped</td><td align="left">38. <i>P. compressum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">++ Sporangia typically globose, umbilicate below, connate, etc., strongly calcareous</td><td align="left">39. <i>P. notabile</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">+++ Sporangia reniform, concave below <i>P. affine</i>, see under 38</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">++++ Sporangia larger, to 1 mm., nearly limeless, iridescent</td><td align="left">40. <i>P. tropicale</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">oooo Sporangia obovate, compound, clustered, the stipe fuscous, fluted, short.</td><td align="left">41. <i>P. nicaraguense</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">OOOO Sporangia yellow, rarely iridescent or brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">o Capillitial nodes white.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">x. Stipe also white</td><td align="left">42. <i>P. sulphureum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">xx. Stipe flesh-colored, spores smaller</td><td align="left">43. <i>P. carneum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">xxx. Stipe red or reddish brown</td><td align="left">44. <i>P. citrinellum</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">xxxx. Stipe yellowish, flaccid, sporangia leocarpine</td><td align="left">45. <i>P. albescens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">xxxxx. Stipe very short or none, sporangia cylindric, brown</td><td align="left">46. <i>P. variabile</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">oo Capillitium nodes yellow or orange-yellow.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">x. Badhamioid, larger,—to .8 mm.</td><td align="left">47. <i>P. auriscalpium</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">xx. Physaroid, base persistent</td><td align="left">48. <i>P. oblatum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">ooo Capillitium nodes pure yellow.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">x. Capillitial threads yellow</td><td align="left">49. <i>P. galbeum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">xx. Capillitial threads hyaline</td><td align="left">50. <i>P. tenerum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">xxx. Peridium iridescent.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">+ Capillitium persistent</td><td align="left">51. <i>P. flavicomum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">++ Capillitium less persistent, larger</td><td align="left">52. <i>P. bethelii</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center">SECTION II. TILMADOCHE</p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="TILMADOCHE"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3">I. Æthalioid, gyrose or irregular</td><td align="left">53. <i>P. gyrosum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">II. Fructification stipitate.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">1. Sporangia irregular, often convolute, involved</td><td align="left">54. <i>P. polycephalum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Sporangia simple, nutant, discoidal.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Thin-walled, grey or white.</td><td align="left">55. <i>P. nutans</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Vari-colored, yellow, greenish, orange, etc.</td><td align="left">56. <i>P. viride</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Physarum serpula</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX</a>.</span>, Figs. 6, 6<i>a</i>, and 6<i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1831. <i>Physarum reticulatum</i> Alb. & Schw., Schweinitz, <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2295.</li> +<li>1885. <i>Physarum gyrosum</i> (Rost.) Wingate, Ellis, <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 1396.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Physarum gyrosum</i> Rost., Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 307.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Cienkowskia reticulata</i> Rost, Macbr., <i>Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., 2, p. 150.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Badhamia decipiens</i> Berk., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 33, in part.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Physarum serpula</i> Morg., <i>Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.</i>, p. 101.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum serpula</i> Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 29.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum serpula</i> Morg., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 81.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodiocarp repent, reticulate, forming anon lines, circles, dots, +etc., venulose pale yellow, ochraceous, at length whitish, the peridium +thin, membranaceous, simple, fragile, but withal persistent, below<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +united with a hypothallus which is more or less widely produced; +capillitium rather scant, but abundantly charged with polygonal nodules +of lime, yellow; spore-mass black; the spores, by transmitted +light, violaceous, warted, globose, 10–13 µ. Plasmodium, at maturity, +greenish-yellow.</p> + +<p>A very distinct species not likely to be confused with anything +else, although in description, so far as concerns external characters, +suggesting <i>Cienkowskia reticulata</i>. The two forms are not at all +alike when placed side by side. For details as to the difference, see +the description of the species last mentioned.</p> + +<p>Apparently not rare in eastern United States, Pennsylvania, Virginia, +Ohio, Iowa.</p> + +<p>In 1805, Albertini and Schweinitz, <i>Conspectus Fungorum</i>, p. 251, +t. 7, Fig. 2, described as <i>Physarum reticulatum</i>, a European form +which became the basis of Rostafinski's genus <i>Cienkowskia</i>; see under +that genus. Later, 1829, Schweinitz discovered in America a physarum-looking +specimen which he took to be the same thing, and +accordingly placed in his herbarium under this name, and entered +<i>N. A. F.</i> 2295. Rostafinski further renamed another Schweinitzian +species <i>Fuligo muscorum</i> calling it, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 111, <i>Physarum +gyrosum</i>. Wingate and Rex apply in Ellis, <i>N. A. F.</i>, this latter +name to No. 2295 of Schweinitz. Such a reference is a mistake, judging +from Rostafinski's descriptions and from the description and +figure of Albertini and Schweinitz (<i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 86, t. 7, I), +and by the testimony of Lister. For further concerning Rostafinski's +species, see under <i>Physarum gyrosum</i>, p. 111, <i>Mon.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Physarum lateritium</span> (<i>Berk. & Rav.</i>) Rost.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Didymium lateritium</i> Berk. & Rav., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 65.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum ditmari lateritium</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, <i>App.</i>, p. 9.</li> +<li>1879. <i>Physarum inequale</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 40.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Physarum chrysotrichum</i> Berk. & C., Massee, p. 300.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum inequale</i> Peck, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 60.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Physarum lateritium</i> (Berk. & Rav.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 95.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum lateritium</i> (Berk. & Rav.) Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 33.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum lateritium</i> Morg., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 82.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> + +<p>Plasmodium scarlet. Sporangia gregarious, sessile, globose or sub-globose, +or sometimes plasmodiocarpous, yellowish or orange, everywhere, +when fresh, spotted with minute scarlet granules; the +peridium thin, more or less rugulose; columella none; capillitium +delicate, generally yellow, with nodules conspicuous, yellow or reddish; +spores violet-brown in mass, by transmitted light pale violet, +minutely roughened, 7–9 µ.</p> + +<p>A well-marked species easily recognized by the characters cited. +The extent of lime deposit at the capillitial nodes varies; sometimes +very little. This accounts for Berkeley's generic reference. On +the other hand, Lister makes the rounded lime knots "each knot with +a red centre surrounded by yellow, round, lime-granules" diagnostic. +This pied condition does not come out in any of our specimens. +The capillitium in broken specimens soon fades, tends to white, etc.</p> + +<p>New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Colorado, and south. Ceylon, +Java, Brazil.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Physarum vernum</span> <i>Somm.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1829. <i>Physarum vernum</i> Somm., Fries, <i>Syst. Mycol.</i>, III., p. 146.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> (Batsch), Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 102, in part.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Badhamia verna</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 145.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Badhamia panicea</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 34.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> (Batsch) Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 34 (in part).</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum vernum</i> Somm., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 75.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>"Plasmodium white." Sporangia sessile, generally plasmodiocarpous +white, nearly smooth; peridium more or less testaceous not scaly, +but breaking irregularly; capillitium densely calcareous, the nodules +angular, branching, sometimes united to form a pseudo-columella; +spores dusky violaceous, rough, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Sommerfeldt's description quoted by Fries, <i>l. c.</i>, evidently concerned +a less calcareous phase. Fries by his annotation relieves somewhat +the reader's uncertainty.</p> + +<p>Rostafinski calls this a badhamia but describes a physarum, and the +form has, as is believed, been consistently confused with <i>P. cinereum</i> +by every student of the group from the days of DeBary until now. +In the second edition of the <i>Mycetozoa</i>, Lister clears the situation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +by transferring the species to <i>Physarum</i>, and calling attention to +spore-dimensions. The fact is, the species in external appearance so +much resembles <i>P. cinereum</i>, that the unaided eye cannot distinguish +one from the other. Curiously enough, Rostafinski describes the +form he had before him as "one of the rarest." Doubtless had he +gone back to his specimens of <i>P. cinereum</i> he had found plenty, for +in Europe it seems abundant everywhere. In this country it is <i>P. +cinereum</i> as now defined, that is rarer, although not uncommon. +From all connection with <i>Badhamia</i>, as representing <i>B. panicea</i> it +should, as would appear, be withdrawn once for all.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Physarum sinuosum</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Weinm.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII.</a></span>, Figs. 6 and 6<i>a</i>, and <span class="smcap">Plate</span> <a href="#plXIX">XIX</a>, Fig. 15.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Reticularia sinuosa</i> Bulliard, <i>Champ.</i>, p. 94; t. 446, Fig. 3.</li> +<li>1796. <i>Physarum bivalve</i> Persoon, <i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 6; t. III., Fig. 2.</li> +<li>1828. <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> Wein., Fries <i>teste, l. c.</i></li> +<li>1828. <i>Angioridium sinuosum</i> Grev., <i>Scot. Crypt. Fl.</i>, 310.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 145.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> (Bull.) Rost., <i>Monograph</i>, p. 112.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> Rost., Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 305.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum bivalve</i> Pers., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 57.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Angioridium sinuosum</i> (Grev.), Morg., <i>Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.</i>, p. 75.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> (Bull.) Wein., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 28.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> Wein., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 76.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia distinct or plasmodiocarpous, the plasmodiocarp creeping +in long vein-like reticulations or curves, laterally compressed; sometimes +distinct and crowded, always sessile. Peridium double; the +outer thick, calcareous, fragile, snow-white; the inner delicate, the +dehiscence by more or less regular longitudinal fissure. Capillitium +strongly developed with abundant white, calcareous granules. Spores +smooth, dull violet, 8–9 µ. Plasmodium pale gray, or nearly white.</p> + +<p>Easily recognized at sight by its peculiar form, bilabiate and sinuous. +Apart from microscopic structure, perfectly described by Fries, +<i>Syst. Myc.</i>, p. 145. Bulliard called it <i>Reticularia sinuosa</i>. Habitat +various, but not infrequently the upper surface of the leaves of living +plants, a few inches from the ground. The two sorts of fructification +often occur side by side, or merge into one another from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> +same plasmodium. Where the substratum affords room the plasmodiocarpous +style prevails; in narrower limits single sporangia stand. +The calcareous deposit on the peridium is usually very rich and under +a lens appears made up of countless snowy or creamy flakes. Forms +occur, however, in which these outer calcic deposits are almost entirely +wanting; the peridium becomes transparent, the capillitium +visible from without. Judging from material before us, this appears +to be the common presentation in western Europe. See also No. 5 +following.</p> + +<p>Widely distributed. New England to the Carolinas, and Louisiana +west to South Dakota and Nebraska, Iowa and Washington.</p> + + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Physarum bitectum</span> <i>List.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX.</a></span>, Fig. 16.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1891. <i>Physarum diderma</i> Rost., List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXIX., p. 260.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum diderma</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 57.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum bitectum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 78.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, sessile or plasmodiocarpous, +smooth white or pallid, terete or somewhat compressed; peridium double, +the outer wall calcareous, free and deciduous above, recurved and +persistent below; the inner, smooth, pale purplish, more persistent; +dehiscence more or less irregular beginning at the top; capillitium of +large white nodules connected by short hyaline threads; spores generally +spinulose, violaceous brown, 9–10 µ.</p> + +<p>As suggested by the author of this species it is properly a variety +of <i>P. sinuosum</i>; certainly is, as it presents itself in this part of the +world. Of the species last named we have compressed forms opening +by narrow fissure along their knife-edged summit, with scarce place +for capillitium at all between the approaching walls; again we have +colonies of sporangia quite terete, calcareous without, opening in +fragmental fashion at the top, displaying sometimes the thin membranous +inner wall but at length fissured and gaping as in the more usual +phase figured by authors, where the plasmodiocarp is simply compressed +but not extravagantly thin. Both types occur in the western +mountains, forms with and without calcium, fissured by wider or +narrower cleft, <i>from the same plasmodium</i>; forms bilabiate and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +forms opening at first to display an inner peridium; forms globose +with narrow base, but apex cleft, and forms ellipsoidal, yet compressed, +opening like the gaping of some tiniest bivalve; did not Persoon say +<i>P. bivalve</i>! all are bivalvular at the last! Nay; but what are these? +Here are some of the shorter forms become suddenly obovate, and +are actually mounted on <i>stipes</i>! Surely variation in the same plasmodium +can no farther go!<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p> + +<p>Not rare. Colorado to the Pacific Coast. Evidently a western-American +variation of Bulliard's European type. The latter occurs +abundantly in Iowa on the shores of Lake Okoboji; otherwise not +common.</p> + + +<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Physarum bogoriense</span> <i>Racib.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1898. <i>Physarum bogoriense</i> Raciborski, Hedw., XXXVII., p. 52.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia sessile, elongate, creeping but not reticulate, semicircular +in transverse section, sometimes globose or depressed globose; peridium +double, the outer thick coriaceous, yellow or brown, dehiscing stellately +into persistent more or less triangular reflected lobes, remote from +the thin, colorless inner wall; columella none; capillitium feebly developed, +the nodes white, large, isodiametric; spores bright violet, +smooth, 7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is not uncommon in the mountains of Colorado where +it has been taken at various stations by Bethel. It is reported from +Pennsylvania and South Carolina. Raciborski describes it from Java.</p> + +<p>In habit it is very much like some forms of <i>P. sinuosum</i> but differs +in the depressed, rather than compressed sporangia, and in the brown +color of the outer peridium.</p> + + +<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Physarum alpinum</span> <i>G. List.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1910. <i>Physarum alpinum</i> G. Lister, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XLVII, p. 73.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia globose and sessile or plasmodiocarpous, dull yellow, +smooth or scaly; peridium double, the outer wall densely calcareous, +separating irregularly from the membranous inner wall; capillitium<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +densely calcareous, the nodes large, more or less branched, yellow; +spores purple brown, closely and minutely warted, 9–14 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is based by its author upon a gathering made in California +by Dr. Harkness and named by Phillips who received it in +England, <i>badhamia inaurata</i>. He seems not to have described it. +Since its first appearance, the form has been found repeatedly in the +Juras. Specimens are before me from Mt. Rainier believed to be +the same. The plasmodiocarpous habit and yellow capillitium separate +this from related <i>P. contextum</i> and <i>P. mortoni</i>.</p> + +<p>Europe, California, Washington.</p> + + +<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Physarum diderma</span> <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 9.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum diderma</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 110.</li> +<li>1898. <i>Physarum didermoides</i> var. <i>lividum</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXVI., p. 162.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum diderma</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 30.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum testaceum</i> Sturgis, List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 79.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia snow-white, clustered, sessile or narrowly adnate, +globose or polygonal by mutual compression; peridium double, the +outer dense, fragile, thick, calcareous, the inner delicate, remote, +translucent, capillitium well developed, the calcareous nodules white, +rounded or angular, sometimes uniting to form a pseudo-columella; +spore-mass black; spores purplish, distinctly rough, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>A beautiful and distinct species. As others in the group with which +it is here associated, it is a physarum with the outward seeming of a +diderma. It occurs in Europe, therefore it is safe to assume that +Rostafinski saw it. So well marked it is that any good description +will define it, and Rostafinski describes it perfectly, adequately.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p> + +<p>Mr. Lister having used for another species the name we here apply—see +under <i>P. bitectum</i>—referred this present form to <i>P. didermoides</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +Rost., <i>l. c.</i> Professor Sturgis, convinced that such reference +was at least doubtful, gave to our American gatherings the distinctive +name above, citing specimens from Massachusetts, from Colorado, and +from California. Curiously enough he also includes specimens of <i>R. +didermoides</i> var. <i>lividum</i> List., sent from England!</p> + +<p>Rare! Certainly rare in Europe and so far seldom seen in the +United States, though widely distributed. Specimens are before us +from Ohio, Michigan, Iowa, Oregon. No doubt the mountains of +the north Pacific coast, a region to-day almost unsearched, will yet +afford the species in abundance.</p> + +<p>As stated Mr. Lister first applied the name <i>P. diderma</i> to a plasmodiocarpous +form occurring in England and near <i>P. sinuosum</i>. +More lately, <i>Mon., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 78, he adopts a new specific name, <i>P. +bitectum</i> for the English specimens, and enters <i>P. diderma</i> as a probable +synonym for <i>P. lividum</i> R. Evidently our present form as described +above has not come to Mr. Lister's view. He says the +original type is not to be consulted.</p> + +<p>There is really no more merit in this later comparison than in that +discarded. The species <i>P. diderma</i> is not <i>P. lividum</i>, but stands as +originally delimited, and will, doubtless, some day yet again appear in +its own behalf upon the witness-stand of time; when, as before, a +Frenchman in DeBary's old-time haunts may rise to give it welcome, +brought back by some keen-eyed Polish student eager now in the arts +of peace, from Warsaw's shady groves.</p> + + +<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Physarum contextum</span> <i>Persoon.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX.</a></span>, Figs. 3 and 3<i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1796. <i>Diderma contextum</i> Persoon, <i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 89.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Physarum contextum</i> Persoon, <i>Syn. Meth.</i>, p. 168.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></li> +<li>1829. <i>Diderma contextum</i> Persoon, Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 111.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Diderma ochroleucum</i> Berk. & C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 52.</li> +<li>1879. <i>Diderma flavidum</i> Pk., <i>N. Y. Rep. State Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 55.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia distinct, sessile, densely crowded, sub-rotund reniform +more often elongate, interwoven; peridium double; the outer rather +thick, calcareous, yellow, or yellowish white, the inner thin, yellowish; +capillitium white, containing numerous large, irregular calcareous +granules; columella none; spores deep violet, 11–13 µ, covered +with minute spinules.</p> + +<p>This singular species occurs not rarely upon the bark of fallen +twigs, upon bits of straw or grass-stems lying undisturbed upon the +ground. In such a position the slime-mould covers, as with a sheath, +the entire substratum. The outer peridium, especially its upper +part, is entirely evanescent, our Fig. 3 shows the sporangia with +upper outer peridium wanting. Not rare in summer and autumn.</p> + +<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Illinois, +Iowa, Colorado, Oregon, Nicaragua.</p> + + +<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Physarum conglomeratum</span> (<i>Fr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1803. <i>Spumaria granulata</i> Schum., <i>Enum. Pl. Saell.</i>, II., p. 196, No. 1419.</li> +<li>1803. <i>Spumaria minuta</i> Schum., <i>l. c.</i></li> +<li>1829. <i>Diderma granulatum</i> Schum., Fries, <i>S. M.</i>, III., p. 110.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Diderma minutum</i> Schum., Fries, <i>l. c.</i>, p. 111.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Diderma conglomeratum</i> Fries, <i>l. c.</i>, p. 111.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum conglomeratum</i> (Fr.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 108.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Physarum rostafinskii</i> Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 301.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum conglomeratum</i> Rost., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 58.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum conglomeratum</i> (Fr.) Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 31.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum conglomeratum</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 80.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia depressed, globose, or irregular, sessile, more or less +aggregated, ochraceous-yellow, peridium double, the outer, thick, +cartilaginous, at length irregularly ruptured, and reflexed, disclosing +the more delicate, ashen-gray, inner membrane which encloses capillitium +and spores; capillitium abundant, showing large, white irregular +calcareous thickenings which are often consolidated in some sporangia +tend to aggregate at the centre; spore-mass brown, spores violaceous, +slightly roughened, 8–10 µ.</p> + +<p>This beautiful species shows a peridium as distinctly double as in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +any diderma. The outer peridium is reflexed exactly as in some +species of that genus; is yellow without, white within, and withal +long persistent. The capillitium of course distinguishes the species +instantly as a physarum. By the size of the spores it is distinguished +from the species preceding. This being a decisive specific character +the synonymy prior to Rostafinski is somewhat uncertain. The specific +name adopted by the Polish author is therefore approved, although +perhaps not the earliest.</p> + +<p>Rare. The only specimens thus far are from Tennessee and Louisiana.</p> + + +<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Physarum mortoni</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a></span>., Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, clustered but distinct, sessile small, about +.75 mm., bright yellow, peridium double. The outer rough, breaking +up into comparatively few rather large deciduous scales, the inner +peridium white, calcareous, both persisting below to form a distinct +cup; capillitium lax, the nodes white, large, angular; columella none; +hypothallus none; spores distinctly rough, dark brown with the usual +purple shadow, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>A very distinct little species related, no doubt, to <i>P. contextum</i>, +but different in habit. It is never crowded, shows no plasmodiocarpous +tendencies, while the outer peridium is generally deciduous +except at the base and falls in flakes.</p> + +<p>Collected several times in the Three Sisters Mountains of Oregon +by <i>Professor Morton E. Peck.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Physarum brunneolum</span> (<i>Phillips</i>) <i>Mass.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a></span>., Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1877. <i>Diderma brunneolum</i> Phillips, <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 114.</li> +<li>1888. <i>Diderma brunneolum</i> Phill., Saccardo, <i>Syll. Fung.</i>, No. 1292.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Physarum brunneolum</i> Phill., Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 280, Figs. 221–222.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Craterium pedunculatum</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 71.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum brunneolum</i> Mass., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 63, Pl. 69, Fig. <i>a</i>.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, but not crowded, sessile, globose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +or sub-depressed; peridium double, thick, smooth or polished, +yellow brown, stellately dehiscent, the segments reflexed, white within; +columella none; capillitium dense, with nodes numerous, large +irregular, internodes thin and short; spores globose, lilac, minutely +warted, 6–7 µ.</p> + +<p>This form was first described in <i>Grevillea</i>, V., p. 114, as <i>Diderma +brunneolum</i> Phillips. Later, students of the specimens preserved by +Mr. Phillips, concur that we have to do not with a diderma, but with +a craterium, Lister, or physarum, Massee. There seems no reason +why we should not respect the decision of Massee, whose description +is here quoted in form somewhat abridged. The peridium +is about as double as in the many physarums, not more so; the inner +membrane so delicate as only occasionally to be revealed except to +scrutiny most searching. But the appearance as a whole is as of +some brown diderma; only the calcareous capillitium abides to prevent +mistaken reference.</p> + +<p>When opened by irregular dehiscence from above, the persisting +cup-like base of the sporangium recalls <i>Leocarpus fragilis</i>; but then +again the capillitium is different.</p> + +<p>California, Portugal; Colorado,—<i>Sturgis.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Physarum cinereum</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX</a></span>., Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1786. <i>Lycoperdon cinereum</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, p. 249, Fig. 169.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Physarum griseum</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I, p. 27.</li> +<li>1805. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> Persoon, <i>Synopsis</i>, p. 170.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Didymium cinereum</i> Batsch, Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 126.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Physarum plumbeum</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 142.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> Batsch, Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 102, in part.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Physarum plumbeum</i> Fr., Morgan, <i>Myx. Mi. Val.</i>, p. 98.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum plumbeum</i> Fr., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 35.</li> +<li>1909. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> (Batsch) Pers., Torrend, <i>Flore des Myx.</i>, p. 183.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodium watery white, or transparent, wide streaming on +decaying sod, etc. Sporangia sessile, closely gregarious, or even +heaped, sub-globose, elongate or plasmodiocarpous, more or less calcareous, +gray; peridium simple, thin, more or less densely coated with +lime; capillitium strongly developed, the nodes more or less richly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +calcareous, the lime-knots rounded, angular; spore-mass brown, spores +clear violaceous-brown, 6–7 µ, distinctly warted.</p> + +<p>This delicate, inconspicuous species is well defined by the characters +given. It occurs not rarely on richly manured ground, in +meadows, lawns, or even on the open prairie. The plasmodium may +form rings several inches in diameter, scattered here and there over +a surface several square feet in extent, in fruit ascending the blades +of grass, completely covering these with the crowded sporangia. The +color of the fruit is well described in the specific name; gray or +ashen gray. The spores are very distinctly papillate; in some specimens, +however, almost smooth; in few instances, rough.</p> + +<p>Common. New England west to the Black Hills and Pacific +coast. Cosmopolitan.</p> + +<p>The present species well illustrates the difficulty confronting the +author of to-day who, discussing a group of microscopic organisms, +would fain use the nomenclature of his predecessors, honored, but +equipped with insufficient lenses. Here is a species reported common +in Europe, observed by every mycologist there, from Micheli down, +and yet awaiting adequate description until Rostafinski in his great +book, gives the results of microscopic analysis. We are now really +dealing with <i>P. cinereum</i> Rost; <i>P. cinereum</i> Batsch is a compliment +to certain rather clever water-color drawings.</p> + +<p>Rostafinski gives a long list of synonyms, none, it is believed, represent +American forms; and without taking careful thought, surely +no one would rudely disturb such honorable interment; but, in his +description the range of spore-measurement, 7–13.3 µ, gives us pause, +and raises the suspicion that possibly, in one case or another, the +sepulture were perhaps premature. The range is too great! Perhaps, +in the series offered in confirmation, small-spored forms represent +one species, large-spored, something else?</p> + +<p>European students may decide this at their leisure. But Rostafinski +having, not without much labor, practically completed his +review of the physaroid forms had almost finished the last genus +<i>Badhamia</i>, when his mind perhaps returned, no doubt with some +lingering misgivings, to the thirteenth species in his physarum list. +There were there, he recalled, some large-spored specimens which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +had rather badhamioid capillitium. The sessile physarums of Fries +were also before him, those especially, "floccis albis." Of these one +shall be <i>B. panicea</i>, one <i>B. lilacina</i> and one <i>B. verna</i>, described as +having rather delicate colorless capillitial tubes combined in a loose +net, the calcareous deposits about the enlarged intersections scanty, +the spores 12.5 µ.</p> + +<p>The description of the fructification as a whole is a condensed +statement of that which describes <i>P. vernum</i>, and all taken together +indicates some physarum. See now No. 3 preceding, p. 51.</p> + +<p><i>P. plumbeum</i> Fr. belongs here. It has similar spores, the only difference +is a less calcareous peridium and more scattered habit of +fructification with more nearly regular, depressed-globose sporangia.</p> + +<p><i>P. cinereum</i> Pers. as cited by Link, <i>op. cit.</i>, is apparently a badhamia, +may be <i>P. vernum</i>, while P. <i>griseum</i> is probably the present +species.</p> + + +<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Physarum virescens</span> <i>Ditmar</i>.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII.</a></span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>, 7 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1817. <i>Physarum virescens</i> Ditmar, Sturm, <i>Deutsch. Fl. Pilze</i>, I., p. 123, Pl. 61.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum ditmari</i> Rost., <i>Mon., App.</i>, p. 8.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Physarum ditmari</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. 1a.</i>, II., p. 155.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum virescens</i> Ditmar, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 65.</li> +<li>1909. <i>Physarum virescens</i> Ditmar, Torrend, <i>Flo. d Myx.</i>, No. 207.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum virescens</i> Ditmar, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 83.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia sessile, crowded or heaped in small bunches, a dozen or +more sporangia in one pile, spherical, ovoid or elongate, yellow or +greenish yellow; peridium thin, fragile; capillitium delicate, with +rather small, irregular, yellowish, calcareous nodes; columella none; +spores bright violet, minutely roughened, 7–9 µ.</p> + +<p>This species occurs more commonly on moss-tufts, with which it is +frequently con-colorless, or escaped on dead leaves, etc. The peridium +is flecked with calcareous scales or grains stained yellow or green, and +to these the whole fruit owes its peculiar color. The color and +aggregate, heaped sporangia are distinctive macroscopic characters.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Monograph</i>, p. 113, Rostafinski adopted properly Ditmar's +name for this species. Upon later consideration, in the <i>Appendix</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +p. 8, he changed the name, writing <i>P. ditmari</i>, on the ground that +<i>virescens</i> was descriptive of a character to which the species in question +occasionally refuses to conform. Most authors since Rostafinski have +simply accepted his suggestion, so that the species is often entered +<i>P. ditmari</i> Rost. <i>P. virescens</i> is certainly to be preferred. <i>N. A. F.</i>, +2692.</p> + +<p>Canada, New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, +Black Hills, South Dakota.</p> + + +<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Physarum rubiginosum</span> <i>Fries</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1817. <i>Physarum rubiginosum</i> Fries, <i>Symb. Gast.</i>, p. 21.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodium scarlet. Sporangia globose or cylindric, sessile or sometimes +narrowed to a stem-like base as if short-stipitate, olivaceous +brown with sometimes a flush of red; the peridium simple, thin rugulose +or plain, the calcareous scales few, or apparently included; +columella none; capillitium dense, the nodules rather large, angular, +rusty brown; spores dull violaceous, gently roughened, about 10 µ.</p> + +<p>A beautiful well-marked species, but evidently rare in North America. +Our only typical specimens are from the gatherings by Mr. +Wingate, part of which is by Lister referred to this species, <i>Mycetozoa, +2nd ed.</i>, p. 82.</p> + +<p><i>P. rubiginosum</i> Fr. in the <i>N. A. S.</i>, 1899, is based on certain west +coast specimens now known as <i>Badhamia decipiens</i> Berk.</p> + +<p>In Colorado there occurs a plasmodiocarpous form of the species. +It has the characteristic spore and capillitium but in form and habit +differs very decidedly. The fructification is a delicate netted plasmodiocarp, +the tubule about .5 mm., bright red; the peridium simple, +cartilaginous, dehiscent from above, and flecked with just here and +there a red calcareous scale.</p> + +<p>Collected at Palmer Lake; <i>Professor Bethel.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">16. <span class="smcap">Physarum instratum</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum thejoteum</i> Macbride, <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 36, not Fries, as cited.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum virescens</i> Ditmar, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 83.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia very small, closely crowded on a delicate, more or less<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +visible <ins title="hyphothallus in original.">hypothallus</ins>, often connate, but not superimposed, sub-spherical, +dull orange, brownish or tawny; peridium thin, violaceous, covered +with very minute yellow calcareous scales; columella none; capillitium +lax, sometimes almost wanting; the nodules small, yellowish or +brownish, occasionally confluent; spore-mass violaceous, spores by +transmitted light, violet-tinted, smooth or nearly so, 6–7 µ.</p> + +<p>Not uncommon in the Mississippi valley, where it sometimes is +passed by the collector as an immature form of some other species. +The appearance is very characteristic, unlike <i>P. virescens</i> in both habit, +size, and color. Colonies are quite often three inches in length. The +most common habitat seems to be rotten oak, especially fragments of +charred logs, etc.</p> + +<p>Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska.</p> + +<p>This species presents a decidedly well-marked form, so much so that +it may be easily recognized at sight, without a lens. It therefore requires +special discussion, and although in the spore-characters and +some minor but not determinative details it agrees with <i>P. virescens</i> +Ditm. to which it is by European authors sometimes referred, it +seems nevertheless deserving of specific recognition, since in its entire +habit and expression it is not only completely different but is constant +in its specific peculiarities, much more so than is the suggested related +form.</p> + +<p>In the first edition of this work, the form was referred to <i>Physarum +thejoteum</i> of Fries. This was the judgment of our American colleague, +Professor A. P. Morgan whose work in this group is widely +recognized. Fries admits, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 142, that while he +deems <i>P. thejoteum</i> very distinct, he yet has not seen <i>P. virescens</i> +Ditm.! Since our form apparently does not occur in Europe, specimens +which the distinguished author had before him were doubtless +representatives of the now commonly recognized species of Ditmar.</p> + +<p>For these reasons it seems appropriate to give the American type a +suitably descriptive title.</p> + + +<p class="species">17. <span class="smcap">Physarum megalosporum</span> <i><ins title="Original had 'Sturg.'. See Corrigenda.">MacBr.</ins></i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Figs. 7 and 7 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1917. <i>Physarum <ins title="Original had 'megalosporum.'. See Corrigenda.">melanospermum</ins></i> Sturgis, <i>Mycologia</i>, Vol. IX., <ins title="Original had 'p. 3.' See Corrigenda.">p. 323.</ins></li> +</ul> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, sessile, or short stipitate depressed, annulate, +or at least umbilicate above, white or anon roseate, about .75 mm; +stipe, when present, short, thick, black or dark brown! hypothallus +none; columella none; capillitium strongly calcareous, an abundance +of irregular white nodules burden the delicate net; spores dark sooty +brown with a shade of purple by transmitted light, verruculose, +12–13 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is recognizable at once by its regular, uniform, depressed, +annulate or pitted sporangia, scattered evenly over the habitat +of rotten leaves or wood. It suggests a didymium in its form and +habit, but is near a badhamia. Colorado; <i>Bethel</i>, 1908.</p> + + +<p class="species">18. <span class="smcap">Physarum confertum</span> <i>Macbr. nom. nov.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum atrum</i> Schw., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 36.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum atrum</i> Schw., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 74.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Sporangia small about .2–.3 mm. in diameter, gregarious, confluent, +clustered or heaped, dull violaceous brown; peridium thin, more or +less transparent, generally limeless but sometimes lightly sprinkled +with minute white flecks: capillitium scanty, the calcareous nodes +small, rounded, elongate, white! columella none; spores violet-brown, +distinctly warted, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Having been assured on information believed trustworthy that the +Schweinitzian herbarium confirmed the identity of the species before +us, in the first edition of this work the form was listed as <i>P. atrum</i> +Schw. Meantime in the herbarium referred to, at Philadelphia the +original type of <i>P. atrum</i> still exists. My valued correspondent, +Mr. Hugo Bilgram, has recently given it careful study. It is a limeless +<i>P. didermoides</i> (Pers.) R.! Small wonder we have had trouble! +Exit <i>Physarum atrum</i> Schw.</p> + +<p>The species is not uncommon, especially eastward; has been generally +ignored for reasons cited.</p> + +<p>Distinguished from everything else by the color and small size +of the heaped sporangia. It resembles some phase of <i>P. virescens</i> +where the sporangia are small and somewhat heaped or rather aggregated,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +and scantily supplied with lime; but in such case the lime is +yellow and the spores are small.</p> + +<p>This species has also been constantly referred to our confused <i>P. +cinereum</i>, <i>P. plumbeum</i>, etc., but Schweinitz, who certainly had seen +<i>P. cinereum</i> in Europe, since he cites it, under several forms, in the +<i>Conspectus</i>, found the species in America and proceeded in Pennsylvania +in December to find something else, very different as he thought, +and in fact. He called this new discovery <i>P. atrum</i>, "beautifully +<i>reticulate</i>", he says "like <i>P. cinereum</i> but larger."</p> + +<p>Most American students in an effort to keep faith with their pioneer +mycologist, have taken cue from the specific name, looking for something +<i>black</i>, heedless that in Pennsylvania almost any delicate thing +has 'dark looks' in the middle of the winter! Berlese in Saccardo +<i>Syll.</i> VII., p. 350, regarding <i>P. atrum</i> as a synonym, writes for the +black American specimens, <i>P. reticulatum</i>, emphasizing another +Schweinitzian descriptive adjective. But <i>P. atrum</i> Schw. has had +place in literature to this hour.</p> + + +<p class="species">19. <span class="smcap">Physarum melleum</span> (<i>Berk. & Br.</i>) <i>Mass.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <ins title="As in original."><i>Dydymium melleum</i></ins> Berk. & Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, XIV., p. 83.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Didymium chrysopeplum</i> Berk. & C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 53.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Physarum schumacheri</i> Spr. var. <i>melleum</i> Rost., <i>Mon., App.</i>, p. 7.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Physarum melleum</i> Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 278.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Cytidium melleum</i> (Berk. & Br.), Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 83.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum melleum</i> (Berk. & Br.), Mass., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 47.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum melleum</i> Mass., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 46.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, stipitate, globose, flattened below, clear yellow +or honey colored; stipe short, about equaling the sporangium, pure +white, somewhat wrinkled; columella small but distinct, white; hypothallus +none, capillitium abundant, open, snow-white, with rather +large angularly stellate nodes; spore-mass brown, almost black; spores +by transmitted light, pale violet or lilac-tinted, almost smooth, +7.5–10 µ.</p> + +<p>Easily distinguished by its white stipe, columella and capillitium in +contrast with yellow peridial walls. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 1395. Massee refers +this number erroneously to <i>P. schumacheri Rost.</i> The description<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +and specimen do not correspond. By that name the species has +however, been hitherto known in the United States.</p> + +<p>Eastern United States, common; rare west of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>Reported from Brazil, Japan and the tropic islands round the +world. Portugal.</p> + + +<p class="species">20. <span class="smcap">Physarum citrinum</span> <i>Schumacher</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1803. <i>Physarum citrinum</i> Schum., <i>Enum. Pl. Saell.</i>, II., p. 201.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum citrinum</i> Schum., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 51.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, globose, somewhat flattened below, +pale yellow, citrine, stipitate; the peridium thin, covered almost completely +with small calcareous scales; stipe stout, erect, fragile, tapering +upwards, furrowed, opaque, arising from a small hypothallus which is +anon continuous from one sporangium to the next; columella small, +conical, yellow; capillitium a rather dense, delicate network, the +calcareous nodules yellow, numerous, roundish, and generally small; +spore-mass black; spores under the lens violaceous, almost smooth, +about 8 µ.</p> + +<p>This species seems to be rare in the United States. It resembles +somewhat <i>P. melleum</i>, from which it is distinguished by its yellow +stipe. <i>P. galbeum</i> is a smaller form, and lacks the columella. Rostafinski +strangely confused the synonymy here, including even <i>P. +rufipes</i> Alb. & Schw.</p> + +<p>New England, Ohio, Colorado.</p> + + +<p class="species">21. <span class="smcap">Physarum globuliferum</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus globuliferus</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, Pl. 484, Fig. 3.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Physarum globuliferum</i> Pers., <i>Syn.</i>, p. 175, T. III., Figs. 10, 11, 12.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Diderma globuliferum</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 100.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Physarum petersii farlowii</i> Rost., <i>Mon., App.</i>, p. 6.</li> +<li>1879. <i>Physarum albicans</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXX., p. 50.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Physarum columbinum</i> Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., 384.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum globuliferum</i> (Bull.) Pers., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 45.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum globuliferum</i> Pers., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 48.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, globose, or slightly depressed above, +pale blue-gray or pure white; stipe sometimes equal to the sporangium, +generally longer, slender, slightly wrinkled, white, or yellow, pallid,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +when longer tapering upward; columella white, conical, sometimes +obsolete; hypothallus none; capillitium dense, but delicate, persistent, +a close network of hyaline threads, with white or yellowish nodes +sparingly thickened and calcareous, many without lime; spore-mass +brown; spores by transmitted light, violet, minutely warted, 7.5–9 µ. +Plasmodium greenish-yellow.</p> + +<p>This species, very common eastward, rare west of the Mississippi, +is at once very beautiful and very variable. Its several phases have +been again and again observed and described too often by distinct +specific or varietal names. A form from New York, with long, +white stems and almost pure white sporangia, is <i>P. albicans</i> Peck. +Forms occur like <i>P. albicans</i>, but flushed with <i>rose</i> throughout. From +New England, specimens sent Rostafinski were by him deemed +a variety of <i>P. petersii</i> Berk. & C., and called <i>P. petersii</i> var. <i>farlowii</i> +Rost. By this name the species has been generally distributed in +this country. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 1120. Most gatherings of this species +have small, somewhat ochraceous, sporangia, and pale yellow, or +somewhat rusty, stipes. These latter, with somewhat heavier stem, +represent <i>Physarum simile</i> Rost. A form collected sparingly in +Iowa has short, white stipes and blue gray sporangia one-third larger +than observed in the eastern types. This was recorded, <i>l. c.</i>, as <i>P. +columbinum</i> Macbr.; name already in use. The spores in the Iowa +specimens are also a little larger, 8–10 µ. Pale cyanic and roseate +forms also sometimes occur in late fruitings; see next species.</p> + +<p>In all phases the persistent tenacity of the capillitium is a striking +characteristic well noticed by Fries (<i>l. c.</i>, p. 101): "Peridia a gleba +omnimo libera, dein tota diffracta, evanescentia, ... capillitio +compacto forma servata persistente." The peridium, except a small +part below, all falls away, leaving the capillitium apparently intact, +crowded with spores.</p> + +<p>From England to Iowa; Canada, south to Louisiana and Mexico; +apparently, in one form or another, cosmopolitan.</p> + + +<p class="species">22. <span class="smcap">Physarum lilacinum</span> <i>Sturgis & Bilgram.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1917. <i>Physarum lilacinum</i> Sturg. & Bilg., <i>Mycologia</i>, Vol. IX., <ins title="Original had p. 3. See Corrigenda.">p. 323.</ins></li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, stalked, globose, erect, pale-lilac to pale<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +Indian-red in color, 0.5 mm. in diameter; sporangium-wall membranous, +beset with rounded masses of lilac or reddish lime. Stipe erect, +broad-based, tapering upwards, calcareous, furrowed, paler than the +sporangium or concolorous, 0.7–0.9 mm. long, about 0.1 mm. thick, +columella conical or columnar, capillitium delicate, rigid, persistent; +lime-knots small, rounded, composed of large, pale lilac, or reddish, +spherical granules. Spores pale-brown, almost smooth, 8–9 µ.</p> + +<p><ins title="Added line. See Corrigenda.">Vicinity of Philadelphia,—<i>Bilgram</i>.</ins></p> + +<p class="species">23. <span class="smcap">Physarum murinum</span> <i>Lister</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum murinum</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 41.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum ravenelii</i> (Berk. & C.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 48.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum murinum</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 50.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, globose or perfectly spherical, ashy-brown, +rugulose, stipitate; stipe elongate, pale brown, erect, generally tapering +upward, calcareous, brittle; hypothallus none; columella short, hemispherical +or bluntly conical; capillitium dense, much as in <i>P. globuliferum</i>, +the calcareous nodules, umber, brownish or orange-yellow, +small; spore-mass brown; spores by transmitted light, bright lilac, +almost smooth, 7–9 µ.</p> + +<p>A very distinct species, easily known by its peculiar drab-colored +peridium and dull brown stalks. The author of the species allows for +the capillitial nodes none other tint but brown. Under direct illumination +many gatherings, especially where the sporangia are well +blown out, show nodules of a bright orange tint.</p> + +<p>Not rare in the eastern United States, to Missouri and Iowa. Reported +also from western Europe.</p> + +<p>Mr. Lister finds <i>Didymium ravenelii</i> Berk. & C., on which <i>P. +ravenelii</i> (Berk. & C.) Macbr. is founded, referable to <i>P. pulcherripes</i> +Pk.</p> + + +<p class="species">24. <span class="smcap">Physarum pulcherrimum</span> <i>Berk. & Rav.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Physarum pulcherrimum</i> Berk. & Rav., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 65.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum pulcherrimum</i> (Berk. & Rav.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 105.</li> +<li>1879. <i>Physarum atrorubrum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 40.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum pulcherrimum</i> Berk. & Rav., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 49.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum pulcherrimum</i> Berk. & Rav., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 50.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p> + +<p>Plasmodium dark red. Sporangia scattered or gregarious, globose, +even, or somewhat wrinkled, dark red, stipitate; stipe cylindric, even, +sub-concolorous or blackish; columella small or none; capillitium +free from spores, whitish, with a slight pinkish tinge; spores dark +brown in mass, dark red when separated, globose, smooth, 7.5–8.5 µ.</p> + +<p>The capillitium is very delicate, and when cleared of spores the +knot-like thickenings are seen to be very small and of a dark red +color, to which is probably due the pinkish tinge which marks the +whole. A part only of the thickenings are filled with lime granules. +The dark red granules of the sporangium walls are abundant and +appear to form a continuous crust.</p> + +<p>This is <i>P. atrorubrum</i> Peck, and his description, <i>l. c.</i>, has been +closely followed. The very brief description in <i>Grevillea</i>, however, +antedates the New York publication and, all inadequate as it is, no +doubt applies to the same thing.</p> + +<p>Not rare. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri, Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="species">25. <span class="smcap">Physarum pulcherripes</span> <i>Peck.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1805. <i>Physarum aurantiacum</i> var. <i>rufipes</i> Alb. & Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 94.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Diderma rufipes</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 101.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Physarum pulcherripes</i> Peck., <i>Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist.</i>, I., p. 64.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Didymium erythrinum</i> Berk., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 52.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Didymium ravenelii</i> Berk. & C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 53.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Physarum petersii</i> Berk. & C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 66.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum schumacheri</i> Spr. var. <i>rufipes</i> Alb. & Schw., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 99.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum pulcherripes</i> (Peck), Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 41.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Cytidium rufipes</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.</i>, p. 81.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum rufipes</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 50.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum pulcherripes</i> Peck., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 49.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, dark-colored, sprinkled with orange flakes of +lime, globose, the wall thin, deciduous, stipitate; stipe slender, erect, +deep red, sometimes black below, pale or orange above, and supported +on a well-developed hypothallus; columella scant or none; capillitium +dense, the meshes and nodes unusually small and delicate, the +latter reddish or yellow; spore-mass black; spores by transmitted light, +violet-tinted, 8–10 µ., almost smooth.</p> + +<p>The striking contrast of color between sporangia and stipes renders +this species at sight, quite distinct from any related form. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +peridia in the specimens before us are black or iridescent-black sprinkled +more or less profusely with orange lime granules which sometimes +cover all but the base. The stipe, springing from a small hypothallus, +is dark red below for about one-fourth its height, then vermillion, +above expanding slightly beneath the peridium; the columella scant +or none. The capillitium is an elegant delicate net, with numerous +small, uniformly regular, calcareous nodes, orange; by transmitted +light, yellow. The spores, brown in mass, are, by transmitted light, +pale violet, slightly papillose, 8–10, mostly about 8 µ. The plasmodium +is probably yellow.</p> + +<p>This species is no doubt related to <i>P. psittacinum</i>. It is, however, +much smaller, has a calcareous stipe, and a much less variegated +peridium, and generally a small columella.</p> + +<p>It is also akin to <i>P. globuliferum</i> and to <i>P. murinum</i>, <i>P. petersii</i> +Berk. & C. is reported the same thing.</p> + + +<p class="species">26. <span class="smcap">Physarum penetrale</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV.</a></span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1891. <i>Physarum penetrale</i> Rex., <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 389.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum penetrale</i> Rex., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 55.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum penetrale</i> Rex., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 36.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, erect, stipitate, generally ellipsoidal, pyriform, +rarely globose; peridium membranaceous semi-transparent, studded +sparsely with rounded, pale yellow or yellow-gray lime-granules, +rupturing to the base into two or four segments; stipe variable, +slender, subulate, rugulose, flattened laterally toward the base, translucent, +dull red or golden red in color; columella four-fifths the +height of the sporangium, concolorous with the stipe, acuminate; +capillitium dense, persistent, the nodes frequently calcareous, rounded, +yellow; spore-mass brown, spores nearly smooth, brownish, 6–7 µ.</p> + +<p>Readily recognizable by the elongate sporangia and the lengthened +columella unique among physarums. The capillitial nodes are at +first pale yellow, but tend to whiten on exposure. The spores when +highly magnified show delicate spinulescence.</p> + +<p>Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Europe, Java.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">27. <span class="smcap">Physarum luteo-album</span> <i>Lister</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1904. <i>Physarum luteo-album</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XLII., p. 130.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum luteo-album</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 48.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, large, about 1 mm. in diameter, +yellow shading into white, orange or olivaceous, smooth or rugulose, +stipitate; stipe stout, smooth, .5–1 mm. high, yellow or orange above, +white below, cylindric, lime-stuffed; columella large, sub-globose or +clavate, yellow; capillitium either of very slender pale yellow, threads, +branching at acute angles and anastomosing or of broad, yellow simple +or forked strands, persistent after spore-dispersal; nodules few, small, +linear or fusiform; spores purple-brown, spinulose, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>This species, originally described from England and northern +Europe has more recently been identified in material sent by Professor +Sturgis from Colorado. In description the form is well marked; +evinces apparently great variation alike in form, color, and structure.</p> + +<p>The material we have, however, is poor, badly weathered.</p> + +<p>The general plan of structure corresponds very well with Fries' +idea of his genus Tilmadoche, although the present species would +seem, by very grossness, strangely out of place with the tilmadoches. +But the singular, didermoid, evenly branching, threads of the capillitium, +bearing their slender spindle-shaped burdens of lime are very +suggestive; it is a diderma gone wandering into the camp of the +physarums if one may judge from Miss Lister's graphic plate.</p> + +<p>The specific name selected for this peculiar form has once before +done service, but apparently for something quite dissimilar. Schumacher, +<i>Enum. Pl. Saell.</i> II., p. 199, has <i>P. luteo-album</i>. Fries thinks +he had a perichæna on hand; at any rate, not a physarum, and makes +Schumacher's combination a synonym for <i>Perichaena quercina</i> Fr., +which Rostafinski in turn makes synonymous with <i>P. corticalis</i> +(Batsch) R. If "once a synonym always a synonym" be esteemed +good taxonomic law, this species must one day have another name. +The present author, unwilling to change his colleague's preference +in this case, nevertheless begs to suggest that such a binomial as <i>P. +listeri</i> would probably at once make future history of the species less +eventful, and honor the memory of England's latest and most distinguished +student of the group he loved.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">28. <span class="smcap">Physarum nucleatum</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1891. <i>Physarum nucleatum</i> Rex., <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 389.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, spherical, œ mm., white, stipitate; peridial +wall membranaceous, rupturing irregularly, thickly studded with +rounded white lime-granules; stipe about 1 mm., subulate, yellowish-white, +rugose; columella none, capillitium dense, snow-white, with +minute, white, round or rounded nodes, in the centre a conspicuous +mass of lime forming a shining ball, not part of the stipe although +sometimes produced toward it; spore-mass black; spores brown-violet, +delicately spinulose, 6–7 µ.</p> + +<p>This species most nearly resembles in appearance and habit of +growth <i>P. globuliferum</i> Pers., but may be distinguished from it by +the absence of a columella, by the central ball of lime, and the very +small rounded lime-granules in the meshes of the capillitium. Exceptionally +the lime granules of the sporangium wall are sparse or +absent entirely, in which case the wall has a silvery or coppery +metallic lustre.</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania, Nicaragua.</p> + + +<p class="species">29. <span class="smcap">Physarum wingatense</span> <i>nom. nov.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Figs. 3, and 9.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1876. <i>Tilmadoche columbina</i> (Berk. & C.) Rost., <i>Mon., App.</i>, p. 13 (?).</li> +<li>1889. <i>Tilmadoche compacta</i> Wing., <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.</i>, p. 48.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum compactum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 45.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Physarum compactum</i> (Wing.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 91.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Tilmadoche compacta</i> Wing., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 61.</li> +<li>1916. <i>Physarum columbinum</i> (Rost.) Sturg., <i>Mycologia</i>, Vol. VIII., p. 4.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, or somewhat crowded, erect or cernuous, +stipitate, gray or brownish gray, globose; peridium thin, metallic +brown or bronze in color, splitting at maturity in floriform manner +into six to twelve segments; stipe white or yellowish white, often +shading to black or fuscous below, rather long, tapering upward; +hypothallus none; columella none; capillitium extremely delicate, +white or colorless, radiating from a central lime-mass or nucleus, +and with ordinary nodules small and few, fusiform; spore-mass<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +brown; spores by transmitted light, violet-brown, delicately warted, +7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is well marked by several characteristics; the brilliant +wall of the peridium, white-flecked and laciniate, the delicate <i>Didymium</i>-like +capillitium running from centre to peridium, and especially +the peculiar aggregation of lime at the center of the sporangium, +like nothing else except a similar structure found in <i>Physarum +nucleatum</i> Rex. The variations affect the stipe and the distribution +of the capillitial lime. Some eastern specimens show stipes melanopodous, +black below; specimens from Ohio and Nicaragua show +stipes milk-white throughout. As to the capillitium, in some of the +Nicaragua collections the lime is more uniformly distributed through +the capillitium, and accordingly the nucleus is not conspicuous, its +place being taken by two or three nodes plainly larger than the +others. The peculiar brown metallic lustre of the peridial wall, and +the strongly developed calcareous patches with which the peridium is +covered are constant features.</p> + +<p>That this is the <i>Didymium columbinum</i> Berk., or <i>T. columbina</i> +(Berk.) Rost., is very doubtful; the specific name given by Wingate +becomes inapplicable when the series is transferred to <i>Physarum</i>, +since in that genus the combination is already a synonym. See <i>P. +compactum</i> Ehrenberg, <i>Syl. Myc. Berl.</i>, p. 21 (1818), cited repeatedly +in the synonymy; Fries, <i>op. cit.</i>, Vol. III., p. 101. So also <i>P. +columbinum, l. c.</i>, pp. 133, 135, etc., to say nothing of the fate of +Persoon's first record, <i>Obs. Mycol. pars prim.</i>, p. 5, 1796. This is +Wingate's species, let it bear his name.</p> + + +<p class="species">30. <span class="smcap">Physarum newtoni</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV</a>.</span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>, 5 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Physarum newtoni</i> Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 390.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum newtoni</i> Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 37.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum newtoni</i> Macbr., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 54.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia simple, gregarious, short-stipitate or sessile, globulose or +flattened, when not globose, depressed and deeply umbilicate above, +purple, smooth, thin-walled, stipe when present very short and concolorous; +columella none; hypothallus none; capillitium abundant,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +delicate, with more or less well-developed nodules, which are also +concolorous; spores by transmitted light, dark brown, thick-walled, +rough, nucleated, about 10 µ.</p> + +<p>A very handsome little species collected by Professor G. W. Newton +in Colorado, at an altitude of several thousand feet. Easily +recognized by its almost sessile, rose purple, generally umbilicate +sporangium.</p> + + +<p class="species">31. <span class="smcap">Physarum psittacinum</span> <i>Ditm.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1817. <i>Physarum psittacinum</i> Ditm., Sturm, <i>Deutsch. Fl. Pilze</i>, p. 125.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Physarum psittacinum</i> Ditm., Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 134.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Physarum psittacinum</i> Ditm., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 104.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum psittacinum</i> Ditm., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 55.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, globose or depressed-globose, +or reniform, iridescent-blue, mottled with various tints, red, orange, +yellow, white, stipitate; stipe equal, or tapering slightly upward, +rugose, orange or orange red, without lime, rising from a small concolorous +hypothallus; columella none; capillitium dense, crowded +with calcareous, brilliant orange nodules which are angular in outline +and tend to aggregate at the centre of the sporangium; spore-mass +brown; spores by transmitted light, pale brown, slightly but plainly +warted, about 10 µ. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2492.</p> + +<p>Differs from <i>P. pulcherripes</i> Pk. in external coloration, the peridium +a rich blue, mottled but not with lime; in the capillitium, dense, +calcareous, with large angular or branching nodes; in the stipe without +lime; in the spores, a little larger than in <i>P. pulcherripes</i>, and +by transmitted light much more distinctly brown in color. The +sporangia are also broader in the present species, reaching 1 mm.</p> + +<p>Rare. Maine, New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania. Reported +common in Europe, Ceylon, Japan, etc.</p> + + +<p class="species">32. <span class="smcap">Physarum discoidale</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a>.</span>, Figs. 3 and 3 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, discoidal, depressed or umbilicate +above, sometimes almost annulate, snow-white, small, .5–.7 mm., +stipitate; stipe about twice the sporangium, pale yellow, strand-like,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +but erect, even; hypothallus none; columella none; capillitium +strongly calcareous, almost as in <i>Badhamia</i>, aggregate at the center, +and forming a pseudo-columella at the base of the peridium; peridial +wall firm, covered with innate patches of lime, somewhat yellow at +the base; spores minutely spinulose, violaceous, 7–9 µ.</p> + +<p>This little species reaches us from California. It appears in late +winter in undisturbed grass tufts and the sporangia are scattered over +the lower leaves. It displays a remarkable amount of lime. The +nodules, however, are not large; they are rounded and connected +here and there by the ordinary retal tubules characteristic of a physarum.</p> + + +<p class="species">33. <span class="smcap">Physarum leucophæum</span> <i>Fr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1818. <i>Physarum leucophaeum</i> Fr., <i>Symb. Gast.</i>, p. 24.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum leucophaeum</i> Fr., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 113, Figs. 77, 78.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum leucophaeum</i> Fr., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 21.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum nutans</i> Pers., sub-species <i>leucophaeum</i> (Fr.) Lister, <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 67.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, stipitate; the peridium globose +or sub-depressed, plano-convex, but never umbilicate below, erect, +bluish-ashen; the stipe short, rugose, sub-sulcate, fuscous, brown, or +sometimes almost white, even or slightly attenuate upward from a +thickened base or sometimes from an indistinct hypothallus; capillitium +dense, intricate; the nodules white, with comparatively little +lime, thin, expanded, angular or branching; columella none; spore-mass +black, spores violaceous, minutely roughened, about 8–10 µ.</p> + +<p>This extremely delicate and beautiful form is certainly not to be +referred to <i>Tilmadoche alba</i> (Bull.) Fr. Fries, who seems to have +known of <i>P. compressum</i> A. & S. and refers <i>it</i> to <i>P. nutans</i> Pers., +<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 130, annotates the present species: "Species especially remarkable +in the stipe, in the internal structure, and in its whole habit, +nor is there any other with which it may be compared. Peridium +thin, not uniform, presently breaking up into laciniate scales; at +first yellow, then bluish-ashen; when empty, white. The form inconstant, +globose, depressed, but never umbilicate at the base." If +we may judge by what Fries says on the subject, he certainly distinguished +clearly between this species and <i>T. alba</i> (Bull.), to say<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +nothing of the stouter, larger, in every way coarser forms called by +Rostafinski <i>P. nefroideum</i>, <i>P. compressum</i>, <i>P. lividum</i>, etc.</p> + +<p>The shadowy little species has had an eventful history, dipping in +and out of our story in most uncertain fashion. Beginning with +Fries, as noted, it received confirmation at the hands of DeBary, +and by Rostafinski was given priority over a long list of synonyms, +and figured. The earlier English authors follow Rostafinski, but +for Lister in the <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 51, the species becomes a synonym of +<i>T. alba</i> as <i>P. nutans</i>, the description appropriately enlarged to receive +it. Meantime American students generally confused it with the +tilmadoches on the one hand and <i>P. nefroideum</i> R. (supposed) on the +other. In 1897, Robt. Fries in <i>Sver. Myxom. Flora</i>, brings the +species again to view as co-partner with <i>P. nutans</i> and in the <i>Mycetozoa, +2nd ed.</i>, p. 67, it appears as sub-species to the same.</p> + +<p>The resemblance to <i>P. album</i> or <i>P. nutans</i>, is chiefly as intimated, +a matter of definition; real differences are found in the irregular capillitium, +fitting a globose sporange, in the character of the stipe and +the consequent pose. See under <i>P. nutans</i> and <i>P. notabile</i>.</p> + + +<p class="species">34. <span class="smcap">Physarum nodulosum</span> <i>Cke. & Balf.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1881. <i>Physarum nodulosum</i> Cke. & Balf., <i>Rav. N. A. F.</i>, Exsic., 479.</li> +<li>1889. <i>Badhamia nodulosa</i> Massee, <i>Jour. Myc.</i>, Vol. V., p. 186.</li> +<li>1891. <i>Physarum calidris</i> Lister, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, Vol. XXIX., p. 258.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Craterium nodulosum</i> (Cke. & Balf.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 87.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum nodulosum</i> Cke. & Balf., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 51.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum pusillum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 64.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious; minute, globose, bluish-white, the sporangial +wall thin and more or less encrusted with lime, breaking up irregularly, +stipitate; stipe slender, longer than the sporangium, attenuate +upward or even, bright brown, rugose, expanded above into a +shallow cup-like base for the sporangium; columella none; capillitium +with lime-knots more or less abundant, white, often uniting, badhamioid; +spore-mass black; spores by transmitted light, pale lilac-brown, +almost smooth, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa; Canada.</p> + +<p>One of the smallest species of the genus, by its proportionally long +stipe and small round sporangium reminding one somewhat of <i>P.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +globuliferum</i>; much smaller, however, and in every way different. +The generic characters are mixed, and the species has been accordingly +variously referred. The lower part of the peridium is sometimes +persistent after the dehiscence, and so far reminds of <i>Craterium</i>. But +this character is not constant, and even at best the persisting part is +very small, not greater than in <i>P. melleum</i>, for example. On the +other hand, the capillitium in some sporangia is strongly calcareous, +reminds of <i>Badhamia</i>, but in most sporangia the <i>Physarum</i> characters +are sufficiently clear.</p> + +<p>In the Kew Herbarium, it is said, are two American specimens +under one label, "<i>Didymium pusillum</i>." One specimen is a didymium +indeed, but, as it appears, <i>D. proximum</i> Berk., already described. +The other is a physarum. It is proposed in <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, to +use the combination thus set free, as if applied by the original author +to the second specimen, <i>not</i> didymium, and to make the new combination +date from 1873 and so take precedence of the binomial applied in +1881 by Cooke and Balfour here retained by the law of priority.</p> + + +<p class="species">35. <span class="smcap">Physarum maculatum</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV</a>.</span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 383.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum maculatum</i> Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 47.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum tenerum</i> Rex., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 52, in part.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, very small, .3–.4 mm., dull gray, +thin-walled, dotted with minute, white calcareous granules, stipitate; +stipe long, about 2 mm., stout, attenuated upward, striate longitudinally +or wrinkled, filled with irregular yellow masses of lime and +accordingly bright yellow in color; columella none; capillitium forming +a dense net, with comparatively small yellow nodular thickenings; +spores globose, purplish, each minutely papillose and displaying +several scattered spots occasioned by local development of the papillae; +diameter of the spores 9–10 µ.</p> + +<p>This species was set up for the reception of certain material collected +by Professor Shimek, in 1892, in Nicaragua. It remains so far +unique. The small globose sporangium mounted upon a long upwardly +tapering stipe, .5 mm. thick below, but narrowed at the extreme<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +base where it is lightly attached, a stem which is simply a sack +stuffed with yellow lime-granules;—this and the yellow capillitium +are distinguishing features. The capillitium and spores suggest <i>Tilmadoche +viride</i>, but the entire habit precludes such reference. Perhaps +nearest to <i>P. melleum</i>.</p> + +<p>Castillo, Nicaragua.</p> + +<p>Miss Lister thinks this the same as <i>P. tenerum</i> Rex. But the whole +habit and external appearance are different; the stipe notably long, +clumsy, surcharged with lime; a very singular form.</p> + + +<p class="species">36. <span class="smcap">Physarum didermoides</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>, 1 <i>c</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1801. <i>Spumaria (?) didermoides</i> Acharius, Pers., <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. xxix.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Diderma oblongum</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 103.</li> +<li>1831. <i>Spumaria licheniformis</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, p. 261, No. 2364.</li> +<li>1832. <i>Physarum atrum</i> Schw., <i>Syn. Fung., Am. Bor.</i>, p. 258.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum lividum</i>, Schw., Rostafinski, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 96.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum didermoides</i> (Ach.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 97.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodium pale, watery-white or gray; sporangia crowded, ovoid +or cylindric, stipitate or sessile, blue-gray, often capped with white; +stipe variable in length and structure, where well developed pure +white, often flattened, expanded and diaphanous, connate with others +through the irregular reticulate or sheet-like <ins title="hyphothallus in original.">hypothallus</ins>; columella +none; capillitium ample, the lime knots angular or rounded, white +connected by hyaline threads; spores in mass black, by transmitted +light dark violet, decidedly spinulose, 12–15 µ.</p> + +<p>A very variable species in many particulars. The sporangia in the +same cluster are stipitate and sessile, ovoid and spherical. Our description +does not quite agree with that of Rostafinski. As may be +seen from the plate, it is the <i>outer</i> peridium that is with us white, +burdened with lime, the inner is simpler and comparatively thin. +The whiteness of the outer peridium is however, easily displaced. +The colony may not show it at all, in which case the peridia remaining +give to the fructification entire a pale lead color, very characteristic. +The disposition of the lime in the capillitium is also notably +variable. Specimens occur which in so far realize Rostafinski's <i>Crateriachea</i>; +that is, the lime is massed as a snow-white pseudo-columella<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +in the centre of each sporangium. In such cases the lime of the outer +peridium is scant or limited in amount, never forming the calcareous +cap shown in Fig. 1. The size of the spores is also variable. Rostafinski +gives 12.5–14.2 µ; not infrequently a single spore reaches 16 µ, +a very unusual range of variation.</p> + +<p>The species is not common in the upper Mississippi valley, but +can be obtained in quantity where once it appears, as the plasmodia +are profuse.</p> + +<p>Ohio, Carolinas, Tennessee, Iowa, South Dakota, Kansas. Especially +to be looked for on the bark of fallen stems of <i>Populus</i> and +<i>Negundo</i>.</p> + +<p>Brazil, India, Japan.</p> + +<p><i>Physarum lividum</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 95, is but a less calcareous form +of this, as is evident even by the author's description. Professor +Morgan thought <i>P. lividum</i> a phase of <i>P. griseum</i> Lk. Link, however, +reckons <i>P. griseum</i> the same as <i>P. cinereum</i>. Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I., +p. 27.</p> + + +<p class="species"><ins title="Missing in original.">37.</ins> <span class="smcap">Physarum leucopus</span> <i>Link.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX.</a></span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>, 7 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1809. <i>Physarum leucopus</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I, p. 27.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, globose snow-white, with a didymium +like covering of calcareous particles; stipe white, not long, conical +or tapering rapidly upward, slightly sulcate, brittle, from an evanescent +hypothallus; columella none or small; capillitium, consisting of +rather long hyaline threads, connecting the usual calcareous nodes, +which are large, angular, snow-white; spore-mass black; spores by +transmitted light, violet-brown, distinctly warted, about 10 µ.</p> + +<p>The snow-white, nearly smooth stem, the small sporangium (œ +mm.) covered with loose calcareous granules, distinguish this rare +species. It looks like a small <i>Didymium squamulosum</i>. Fries called +it <i>D. leucopus</i>, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 121.</p> + +<p>Rare. Iowa, Ohio, Maine; Portugal.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">38. <span class="smcap">Physarum compressum</span> <i>Alb. & Schw.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 14, and <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX.</a></span>, Fig. 12 and Fig. 4.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1805. <i>Physarum compressum</i> Alb. & Schw., <i>Fung. Lus.</i>, p. 97.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum nefroideum</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 93, in part.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum affine</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 94.</li> +<li>1909. <i>Physarum compressum</i> Alb. & Schw., Torrend, <i>Fl. des Myx.</i>, p. 197.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum compressum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 70.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia more or less scattered, <i>compressed</i>-globose, or compressed-reniform, +i. e. often umbilicate, stipitate, sessile, or elongate as if +plasmodiocarpous, calcareous, white or ashen; peridium thin, covered +with squamules, opening irregularly, usually by apical cleft; stipe, +when present, short, stout, more or less sulcate, dark brown or ashen; +capillitium a rather loose net, the nodules white, variable in size and +shape; spores purplish-brown, delicately roughened, about 10–12.5 µ.</p> + +<p><i>P. affine</i> R. was in this connection set up for European types compressed +indeed, but more strongly <i>reniform</i>. The author says in his +further description that the form <i>affine</i> is less definitely umbilicate, +has white stems, etc.; allantoid, one would now say. Such forms +now begin to appear in America; and if for these a specific name is +needed, it is provided, <ins title="P. affie in original."><i>P. affine</i></ins> Rost., <a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>., Fig. 4.</p> + +<p>This seems to be a cosmopolitan species, now that we have found +it. However, in North America it is rare. It is reported from Pennsylvania, +from Colorado; Harkness found it in California, and the +writer has often collected it in Oregon, on Mt. Rainier, Washington, +and in California. Europe.</p> + + +<p class="species">39. <span class="smcap">Physarum notabile</span> <i>nom. nov.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV</a>.</span>, Fig. 2; and <a href="#front">Frontispiece.</a></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Didymium connatum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXVI., p. 74.</li> +<li>1879. <i>Physarum polymorphum</i> (Mont.) Rost., Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 55.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Physarum leucophaeum</i> Fr., Ellis, <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2396, <i>second exhibit</i>.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Physarum leucophaeum</i> Fries, Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 156.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum compressum</i> Alb. & Schw., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 53, in part.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Physarum connexum</i> Link., Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 92, in part.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Physarum confluens</i> Pers., Morg., <i>l. c.</i>, p. 94.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum nefroideum</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 41, in part.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum connatum</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 71.</li></ul> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, sessile, stipitate, or even plasmodiocarpous; +when stipitate, depressed, varying at times to irregular reniform in the +same colony; globose, the peridium strongly calcareous, cinereous-white; +stipe variable, generally tapering upward, always distinctly +deeply plicate-furrowed throughout, in color dark, opaque, sometimes +touched with white or gray; capillitium abundant, the white lime-knots, +varying in size and shape, connected by rather long hyaline +threads, with here and there an empty node; spore-mass black, by +transmitted light, dark, sooty brown, minutely papillose, 10–11.5 µ.</p> + +<p>This remarkable species, while not at all difficult of recognition +to one familiar with its phases, is withal very difficult to define. +Normally stipitate, it often shows from the same plasmodium all sorts +of forms, the shape of the fructification dependent apparently upon +external conditions prevalent at the time. The amount of calcium +also varies, especially in the capillitium, where there is usually much, +with a tendency to the formation of something like a pseudo-columella; +the outer net in such cases nearly destitute. The calcium in +the stipe also varies; the black or brown stipes are, of course, free +from it; the gray or white, calcareous.</p> + +<p>In this large and difficult genus, since spore-color is receiving increased +consideration,—see No. 31 preceding,—it is proper to note +that in the present case two types appear, one with spore-color under +the lens, as described, the other with spores violaceous with no trace of +black; unshadowed.</p> + +<p>The preceding description is based on material assembled during +forty years. The form is easily discoverable by any collector throughout +the entire valley of the Mississippi and eastward to Nova Scotia. +For its naming, students in America have vainly waited the decision +of those having access to mycologic types in Europe. It seems now +certain that the species is extremely rare in the old world if there +occurrent; never seen by any of the earlier taxonomists including Fries +and Rostafinski; perhaps adventitious in these later years, although +thus far no specimen from Europe has reached this table.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> <i>P. nefroideum</i> +of Strasburg herbarium turns out, after all, <i>teste</i> Lister, to +be <i>P. compressum</i> Alb. & Schw., which accordingly shall now enjoy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +state and station of its own; our concern in European nomenclature, +in the present instance, almost disappears, and we return to our +synonymy from this side of the sea.</p> + +<p>Mr. Lister would recur to Dr. Peck's <i>Didymium connatum</i>, which +indeed represents the present species. In such disposition, how gladly +would all concur, were the thing possible! But <i>Physarum connatum</i> +is already a synonym twice over.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> Unless we are done with the rules +entirely, <i>P. connatum</i> cannot stand. <i>P. polymorphum</i> and <i>P. leucophaeum</i> +are names already in use, of course; and so under the circumstances, +much as it is to be regretted, there would seem nothing +left to do but to cancel all past synonymy and impose a new name +whose permanence may at least be hoped for, if not expected.</p> + + +<p class="species">40. <span class="smcap">Physarum tropicale</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum tropicale</i> Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 45.</li> +</ul> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, turbinate, short stipitate, blue-gray, +about 1 mm. in diameter; peridium above iridescent, green, blue, etc., +dotted with minute flecks of white, below limeless, purple or bronze +shading to the brown of the stipe; stipe short, stout, slightly rugose, +cylindric, non-calcareous, brown; columella none; hypothallus none; +capillitium abundant, the nodes generally calcareous, small, uniform, +angular, white, uniformly distributed; spore-mass, black; spores dark +violet-brown, distinctly and closely warted, 12–15 µ.</p> + +<p>A large handsome species recognizable by the peculiar turbinate +sporangium, with its iridescent peridial wall in which green strongly +predominates above, bronze below. The distinction between the +upper and lower peridium would suggest <i>Craterium</i>, but the internal +structure is not at all <i>Craterium</i>-like. The capillitium is typically of +<i>Physarum</i>. The color suggests <i>P. leucophaeum violascens</i> Rost. +From this species it is at once distinguished by its much longer sporangia, +larger and rougher spores.</p> + +<p>Mexico; <i>C. L. Smith</i>: Sure to be again collected once that unhappy +country shall again open its forests to research.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p> + +<p class="species">41. <span class="smcap">Physarum nicaraguense</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV.</a></span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>, 7 <i>b</i>; <a href="#plXVII">XVII.</a>, 11 and 11 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Physarum nicaraguense</i> Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 383.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum compressum</i> Alb. & Schw., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 53, in part.</li> +<li>1910. <i>Physarum nicaraguense</i> Macbr., Petch, <i>Mycetozoa Ceylon</i>, p. 334.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum reniforme</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 72, in part.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia multilobate or compound-contorted, below obconic, +gray, ribbed with calcareous thickenings; stem short, fuscous, longitudinally +wrinkled; hypothallus distinct, black; columella none, although +the lime massed at the centre of each sporangium simulates +one; capillitium white, densely calcareous, with heavy angular nodules +connected with comparatively short threads; spores violet, globose, +spinulose, about 12 µ in diameter.</p> + +<p>Ometepe, Nicaragua. <i>Professor B. Shimek</i>.</p> + +<p>This species resembles in some particulars No. 39, especially in the +amount of lime present in both capillitium and peridium, in the +fluted, sooty stipe, and the rough spores. Mr. Lister once regarded +it as the same. Nevertheless, it differs from <i>P. notabile</i> in many +definite particulars. In the first place, the sporangia are different +in form and habit. They are obconic, nearly always compound, convolute, +or botryoid, in this respect somewhat resembling <i>P. polycephalum</i>. +Besides, the sporangia are uniformly much smaller, and +show constantly the strongly calcified centre, much transcending anything +seen in <i>P. notabile</i>. The stipe also is peculiar, quite short, an +upward extension or sweep of the common hypothallus which is +usually very distinct or prominent; and, while the stipe is longitudinally +wrinkled, it is much less so than in the related species, and in +a different way. The spores are about the same in size, but differ in +color, in this respect agreeing rather with <i>P. leucophaeum</i>.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed., l. c.</i>, the present species is entered as a +synonym of two described by Massee: <i>Tilmadoche reniformis</i> Mass., +Mon., p. 336, and <i>Didymium echinosporum</i> Mass., <i>Mon.</i> 239. But +Massee's description of his tilmadoche is, naturally enough, at variance +in every important point with the facts in the species before us. +Massee says: "... sporangia deeply umbilicate <i>below</i>, sausage-shaped +and curved; the stem elongated slender erect, pale brown;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +capillitial nodes scattered, fusiform, colorless or yellow; spores 16–17 +µ." It is evident that whatever Massee may have had in hand as he +wrote it was <i>not P. nicaraguense</i>, which has spores 10–12 <ins title="Not in original.">µ</ins> and reverses +the remaining description.</p> + +<p>But <i>Didymium echinosporum</i> also defines <i>T. reniformis</i> since +Lister, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 54, says they are based on two gatherings of one species. +Of this second species Massee says: "A superficial resemblance +to <i>T. nutans</i>, but distinct in the capillitium which contains <i>no trace +of lime</i>; spores 12–14 µ!" Again it is evident that whatever Massee +had in hand when he wrote, it was not <i>P. nicaraguense</i> which "has +capillitium almost Badhamia-like," i. e., burdened with lime!</p> + +<p>Worse than all; Mr. Massee's <i>alleged</i> types are in evidence; one +labelled <i>P. reniforme</i><a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> includes forms of <i>P. didermoides</i> and of <i>P. +nicaraguense</i>; the other labelled by Berkeley <i>P. nutans</i> is <i>P. nicaraguense</i>. +So Mr. T. Petch, <i>Mycet. Ceyl.</i>, who enters our species as +from Ceylon, and the names cited from Berkeley, Massee, and others, +as synonyms. He remarks, "Probably Thwaites' 135 and 55 +were mixed during examination"! Doubtless! and some other things +too! What Massee did have beneath his lens, no one now may say +but apparently not in either case cited, the physarum of Central +America.</p> + + +<p class="species">42. <span class="smcap">Physarum sulphureum</span> <i>Alb. & Schw.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1805. <i>Physarum sulphureum</i> Alb. & Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 93, Tab. VI, f. 1.</li> +<li>1818. <i>Physarum flavum</i> Fries, <i>Symb. Gast.</i>, p. 22.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum sulphureum</i> Alb. & Schw., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 101.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, rugulose-squamulose, .6–.8 mm., +sulphur-yellow, stipitate; peridium membranous, covered with calcareous +scales; stipe stout, white, charged with lime, furrowed; columella +none; capillitium strongly calcareous, the nodules large, white; +spores violaceous, rough, 9–11 µ.</p> + +<p>Northern Europe. (Lusatia) Lausitz, Alb. & Schw.; dim old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +Wendish region on the south borders of Brandenburg. Reported +also from Sweden.</p> + +<p>The description and figure given by Schweinitz, 1805, <i>l. c.</i>, +leave no doubt as to what he had in hand. Twenty or thirty years +later, having spent the interval in this country,—bishop, indeed, of +the Moravian churches, but a student of fungi all the while,—he +reports the same thing from this country; <i>Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci.</i>, +1834. Cooke also lists it in <i>Myxomycetes of the U. S.</i> It surely +will be found again. Mr. Lister thinks <i>P. variable</i> Rex may be the +same thing.</p> + + +<p class="species">43. <span class="smcap">Physarum carneum</span> <i>G. Lister and Sturgis</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1910. <i>Physarum carneum</i> G. Lister and Sturgis, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, Vol. XLVIII, p. 63.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, sub-globose, .5 mm. in diameter, +ochraceous-yellow above, flesh-colored below; peridium membranous, +pale yellow, lime-granules evenly distributed; stipe short, translucent, +pinkish flesh-colored; capillitium dense, nodules white; spores purplish-brown, +spinulose, 8 µ.</p> + +<p>Differs from <i>P. citrinellum</i> in the membranous peridium, flesh-colored +stalks and smaller spores.</p> + +<p>Colorado; <i>Dr. W. C. Sturgis.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">44. <span class="smcap">Physarum citrinellum</span> <i>Peck.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1831. <i>Physarum caespitosum</i> Schw., Syn. <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2301 (?).</li> +<li>1869. <i>Diderma citrinum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXII., p. 89.</li> +<li>1870. <i>Physarum citrinellum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 55.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Craterium citrinellum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 74.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum caespitosum</i> Schw., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 37.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum citrinellum</i> Peck, List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 62.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, or scattered globose, short-stipitate, pale +yellow or ochraceous, smooth or slightly roughened by the presence +of minute lime-particles; peridium more or less distinctly double, the +outer calcareous, fragile, the inner very delicate, with here and there +a calcareous thickening, ruptured irregularly; stipe very short, half +the sporangium, fuliginous, furrowed, expanded below into an imperfectly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +defined hypothallus; capillitium abundant, the nodes stellate-angular, +large, the internodes delicate, short; spore-mass black, spores +violaceous-brown by transmitted light, strongly spinulose, 10–12.5 µ.</p> + +<p>A very distinct and handsome species. Easily recognizable at sight +by its large, globose, almost sessile and yet distinctly stalked sporangia. +The color to the naked eye is pale ochraceous or buff. Only +under a moderate magnification do the citrine tints come out.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Twenty-second N. Y. Report</i>, Dr. Peck incorrectly referred +this species to <i>Physarum citrinum</i> Schum. On the appearance +of Rostafinski's <i>Monograph</i>, Dr. Peck in his revised list, <i>l. c.</i>, writes +<i>P. citrinellum</i> Peck, with description on p. 57, following. Under +the last name the species has been generally recognized in the United +States and distributed. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2490.</p> + +<p>In the former edition, this species was referred to <i>P. caespitosum</i> +Schw., of which the original description is as follows: "<i>P. caespitosum</i> +L. v. S., pulcherrimum. In foliis et stipitibus Rhododendri, Bethlehem. +Physarum substipitatum aut saltem basi attenuata, caespitosim +crescens et sparsim. Caespitulis 3 linearibus; peridiis stipatis, turbinatis, +ovatis, basi contracta membranula exterori luteosquamulosa aut +punctato-squarrulosa. Sporidiis nigro-brunneis, floccis citrinis inspersis." +<i>Synopsis N. A. Fungi</i>, 2301.</p> + +<p>The type from the Schweinitz herbarium is no longer in evidence. +Without it, the reference cannot be sustained.</p> + +<p>Not uncommon in the eastern United States; reported also from +Japan.</p> + + +<p class="species">45. <span class="smcap">Physarum albescens</span> <i>Ellis.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1889. <i>Physarum albescens</i> Ellis <i>in litt</i>: not described.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> Cke., Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. N. H. Iowa</i>, No. 2, p. 155, in part.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum virescens</i> var. <i>nitens</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 59, in part.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum virescens</i> var. <i>nitens</i> List., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 34, in part.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Leocarpus fulvus</i> Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 82.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum fulvum</i> Lister, <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 60.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum virescens, nitens</i> List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 84, in part.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, ovoid or globose, pale yellowish or +fulvous, opening irregularly above, stipitate; the peridium double, the +outer layer more or less calcareous, the inner delicate, almost indistinguishable, +persistent below as a shallow cup; the stipe long, +weak, striate, fulvous or yellow; hypothallus distinct, venulose, or +more or less continuous; capillitium pallid or white, dense, with here +and there below large continuous yellow calcareous nodules; columella +none; spore-mass black; spores by transmitted light, dark brown, +rough, 13–15 µ. Varies to forms with single (inner) peridium and +simple physaroid capillitium. <i>Vid.</i> descriptions cited for <i>P. auriscalpium</i>, +<i>P. nitens</i>, etc.</p> + +<p>This interesting form is from our western mountains, and suggests +at first a diderma; but the capillitium is entirely unlike that of a +diderma in color and structure, and plainly belongs here. Plasmodium +yellow, on fallen leaves and twigs. Our material is from Prof. +Bethel, Denver; and Lake Tahoe, Nevada; later from Dr. Weir, +Montana. No doubt common at high altitudes near the snow-line in +mountainous regions, probably around the world.</p> + +<p>As indicated above, this was originally entered as of the genus +<i>Leocarpus</i>; the taxonomic history of the form may interest readers +who note with surprise the presentation in synonymy here developed.</p> + +<p>About thirty-five or forty years ago Dr. Harkness of California +sent to Mr. Ellis of New Jersey a slime-mould which the sender referred +to <i>Diderma albescens</i> Phillips, (<i>Grev.</i> V., p. 114, 1877). +Ellis sent a small bit to the Iowa herbarium without other comment, +save that he thought it a physarum. Sometime later Mr. Ellis received +from Father Langlois, a correspondent in Louisiana, specimens +he esteemed the same thing. He expressed the opinion that if this +were what Phillips had found in California, it should perhaps be +called a physarum. The Louisiana material by his courtesy came +also to this table. The material was scanty, in poor condition, and +all waited further light. To these specimens the writer paid less +attention. They were in the hands of his correspondents and the +courtesy of the case required their further consideration by Dr. Rex.</p> + +<p>In 1889 Mr. Holway found in Iowa, a physarum of which he sent +part to Ellis and the remainder to the writer who, then engaged on +the <i>Myxomycetes of East. Iowa</i>, referred his part of this Iowa gathering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> +to the <i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> Cke. as found in New York. +Under this caption a specimen was later sent to Mr. Lister, who has, +as we see, consistently regarded the thing as a variety of <i>P. virescens</i> +Ditmar, <i>P. nitens</i> List.</p> + +<p>Meantime in 1898 Colorado material from Professor Bethel +reached the University. This did not recall any of the materials sent +from Ellis. <i>Diderma albescens</i> had meanwhile come again from +California, and been recognized as <i>Diderma niveum</i> Rost.</p> + +<p>Accordingly, in <i>N. A. S.</i> the latest arrival from Colorado was +described as a new species, and with some temerity perhaps, offered +as a second species of the hitherto monotypic <i>Leocarpus</i>, all on account +of the peculiar capillitium. Sometime after publication our +most valued correspondent Mr. Bilgram called attention to the resemblance +between the Colorado and Louisiana material already +referred to. The University specimens as stated were small, broken, +and in every way poor, but enough remained to indicate the evident +justice of our correspondent's suspicion. Further investigation of the +Holway material in Philadelphia showed that <i>it too was entitled to +consideration</i>! Inasmuch as the Holway sending was all from one +plasmodium, all difficulties vanished at once. The Iowa gathering +showed two phases: one at the University represents <i>P. nitens</i>, physaroid, +single-walled; while the Philadelphia part of the gathering +corresponds, poorly it is true, but in fact, as <i>now</i> appears, to the +form coming in perfection from Colorado; leocarpine in structure, +published as <i>Leocarpus fulvus</i>; <i>P. fulvum</i> Lister. Since the combination +<i>P. fulvum</i> is already in use, synonym of <i>P. rubiginosum</i>, it +seems better to write the name suggested by Ellis; <i>Physarum albescens</i> +never having been published, because <i>Diderma albescens</i>, as +noted took care of itself.</p> + +<p>Since Rostafinski we separate all these physaroid forms chiefly by +capillitial characters: capillitial structure separates genera. <i>Physarum +diderma</i> is a physarum despite its double wall. And so here <i>Leocarpus</i> +was set out by its differentiating capillitium. In good specimens +of the present species a large part of the capillitial net is entirely +free from lime, so that when the peridium first opens at the +summit, sometimes no trace of lime appears; the calcareous deposits +are below, and tend to occupy not the nodal intersections as in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +<i>Physarum</i>, but in large masses involve portions of the net itself, nodes +and all, as in <i>Leocarpus</i>. Miss Lister's beautiful figures, <i>op. cit.</i>, +Figs. 66 and 82, show this very well.</p> + +<p>In The <i>Journal of Botany</i>, 52, p. 100, the distinguished author +and artist records the discovery of this species in the mountains of +Switzerland. She says: "This specimen shows a striking resemblance +to <i>Leocarpus fragilis</i> Rost., both in the shape of the sporangia and in +the capillitium and spores; but although the color of the sporangia +varies in both these species, the walls of <i>P. (L.) fulvum</i> are membranous +and rugose with included deposits of lime granules and show +nothing of the polished cartilaginous layers characteristic of <i>L. +fragilis</i>."</p> + +<p>The species is a boundary type at best, and shows again how artificial +all our taxonomy is apt to prove, when the number of presentations +of some particular type becomes larger.</p> + +<p>For these reasons, the present author writes <i>Physarum</i>, and believes +the question of identity in a perplexing case fortunately settled.</p> + + +<p class="species">46. <span class="smcap">Physarum variabile</span> Rex.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Physarum variabile</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 371.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum variabile</i> Rex, List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 47.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, stipitate, sub-stipitate or sessile, about 1 mm. +high; regularly or irregularly globose, ellipsoidal, obovate or cylindric-clavate +in shape; sporangium wall sometimes apparently thick, of +a dingy yellow or brownish-ochre color, slightly rugulose on the surface, +crustaceous, brittle, rupturing irregularly, sometimes thin, translucent, +covered externally with flat circular calcic-masses falling away +in patches; stipes nearly equal, occasionally much expanded at the +base, rough, longitudinally rugose, variable in size, sometimes one-third +of a millimetre high, sometimes a mere plasmodic thickening of +the base of the sporangium; color of stipes varying from a yellowish-white +to a dull brownish-gray; capillitium a small-meshed network of +delicate colorless tubules with large, many-angled, rounded masses of +white, or rarely yellowish-white lime-granules at the nodes; no true +columella, but often a central irregular mass of white lime-granules; +spores dark violet-brown, verruculose, 9–10 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> + +<p>Pennsylvania. <i>Dr. Rex.</i></p> + +<p>Lister, <i>op. cit.</i>, describes a variety, <i>sessile</i>, presenting plasmodiocarpous +fructification, from Ceylon, also from Antigua, but there are +some doubts as to the identity of these with American sessile and +plasmodiocarpous forms. Vid. <i>Jour. Bot.</i> XXXVI., p. 113.</p> + + +<p class="species">47. <span class="smcap">Physarum auriscalpium</span> <i>Cooke</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1877. <i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> Cooke, <i>Myx. U. S.</i>, Am. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XI., p. 384.</li> +<li>1877. <i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> Cke., <i>Myx. Gr. Brit.</i>, Pl. 24, f. 253–4.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Physarum sulphureum</i> (Alb. & Schw.), Sturgis, <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XVIII., p. 197.</li> +<li>1898. <i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> Cke., List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXVI., p. 115.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> Cke., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, Syn. excl.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, stipitate or occasionally sub-sessile spherical, +.8–1 mm. high; peridium granulated, bright golden yellow; stipe, +when present, one-half to two-thirds the height of the sporangium, +blackish-brown; hypothallus, minute, thin, brown; columella absent; +capillitium rather dense, composed of large angular nodes, completely +filled with bright yellow granules of lime, and connected by very +short, delicate, colorless internodes destitute of lime; spores globose +minutely verruculose, or asperate, 10.7–11.8 µ in diameter, brownish-violet +by transmitted light, black in the mass.</p> + +<p>This is the original description, 1893, of <i>P. sulphureum</i> (Alb. & +Schw.) Sturgis; the author last named having compared certain +stalked New England forms with what he could find of <i>P. sulphureum</i> +in the herbarium of Schweinitz at Philadelphia, and having, as +he thought, established identity.</p> + +<p>Meantime Mr. Lister had been inclined to refer <i>P. auriscalpium</i> +Cke. to <i>P. rubiginosum</i> Fr., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 61.</p> + +<p>In 1898 Professor Sturgis and Mr. Lister agreed that the New +England specimens, owing to color and character of stipe and some +other differences could not be the Schweinitzian species, but did indeed +conform much better with those in London labelled <i>P. auriscalpium</i> +Cke.</p> + +<p>Accordingly <i>P. sulphureum</i> is something else, very different, (v.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +A. & S., Cons. <i>Fung. Tab.</i>, VI., f. 1), and by aid of recent<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> discoveries +in Sweden goes its own way again. Meanwhile <i>P. sulphureum</i> +Sturgis stands, a new type for <i>P. auriscalpium</i> Cke., the description +modified to suit; the lamented pioneer-author receives honor due, +and his handsome species, with its "golden graving," may now march, +let us hope, under appropriate banner far down the fair highway to +future fame!</p> + + +<p class="species">48. <span class="smcap">Physarum oblatum</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III.</a></span>, Fig. 6; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1879. <i>Physarum ornatum</i> Peck, Rep. <i>N. Y. Museum</i>, XXXI., p. 40 (?).</li> +<li>1893. <i>Physarum oblatum</i> Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 384.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Craterium maydis</i> Morg., <i>Myx. Miam. Vall.</i>, p. 87.</li> +<li>1909. <i>Physarum maydis</i> Torr., <i>Flor. des Myxo.</i>, p. 193.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum maydis</i> Torr. List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 59.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, small, bright yellow, globose or depressed-globose, +rough; stipe reddish-brown or fuliginous, even, +short, slender; hypothallus scant, black, or none; columella none; +threads of the capillitium yellow, delicate, connecting the rather +dense and abundant yellow lime-granules; spore-mass brownish-black, +spores violaceous, minutely but distinctly spinulose, 9–11 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is easily recognizable by its brilliant yellow color, +somewhat rugose, sometimes scaly peridium, its richly calcareous +capillitium, also bright yellow where not weathered or faded, its +dark brown, translucent, non-calcareous stem. In dehiscence, the +base of the peridium in cup-form, sometimes persists. This circumstance, +with the fact that decaying maize-stalks and leaves are a +favorite habitat, led Professor Morgan to its description as <i>Craterium +maydis</i>. But it is doubtless a physarum, occurring on habitats +of all sorts, from Ohio to Iowa, Colorado and Washington. Ceylon(?).</p> + +<p><i>Physarum ornatum</i> Peck is doubtfully cited here, although Professor +Morgan thought it the same as <i>P. oblatum</i>. As a matter of fact +the original brief description, <i>op. cit.</i>, does not suggest either <i>P. oblatum</i> +or <i>P. maydis</i>; rather a form of <i>Tilmadoche viridis</i>. Professor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +Sturgis, <i>Notes on Some Type Specimens of Myxo., in the N. Y. Museum, +Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci.</i>, Vol. X., Pt. 2, p. 470, says +that of the type almost nothing remains, that the name <i>P. ornatum</i> +Pk. "should be discarded."</p> + + +<p class="species">49. <span class="smcap">Physarum galbeum</span> <i>Wing.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1890. <i>Physarum galbeum</i> Wing., Ell., <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2491 (no description).</li> +<li>1892. <i>Physarum petersii</i> Berk. & C., Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 296, in part.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum berkeleyi</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 48, in part.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum galbeum</i> Wing., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 53.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum galbeum</i> Wing., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 59.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, globose, stipitate, often nodding, golden yellow, +the peridium exceedingly thin, breaking up into patches on +which the yellow lime granules are conspicuous; stipe non-calcareous, +pale brown or amber-colored, longitudinally wrinkled, about one and +one-half times the diameter of the peridium; columella none; hypothallus +none; capillitium dense, extremely delicate, the nodes only +here and there calcareous, the lime knots when present small, angular, +yellow; spore-mass pale brown; spores almost smooth, lilac- or +violet-tinted, 7.5–10 µ.</p> + +<p>Distinguished among the small delicate species with which it will +be naturally associated, by the yellow, richly calcareous wall of the +globose sporangium and the almost limeless capillitium. The stipe is +hollow and contains irregular masses of refuse granular matter, but +no lime so far as we have been able to discover. <i>P. flavicomum</i>, to +which the species is related most closely, differs in having the wall +non-calcareous, iridescent, as well as in the color throughout; the +character of the capillitium, in which lime is abundant; the absence +of refuse-matter in the stem.</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania, Iowa, Minnesota.</p> + + +<p class="species">50. <span class="smcap">Physarum tenerum</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1890. <i>Physarum tenerum</i> Rex., <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 192.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum polymorphum</i> Rost. var. <i>obrusseum</i>, Lister, <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 48.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum obrusseum</i> (Berk. & C.) Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 52.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum tenerum</i> Rex., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 52.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p> + +<p>The peridium thin, membranaceous, thickly studded with circular, +flattened, yellow granules of lime; stipe long, slender, subulate, +opaque, pale brown, striate and black below, pale yellow above; columella +none; capillitium yellow or white, delicate, forming a loosely +but regularly meshed network with numerous small round or rounded +granules at the intersections; spores dark brown, delicately warted, +7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>This delicate physarum, very fragile and evanescent, seems to be +distinct, by reason of its characteristic rounded lime granules, from +any similar, stipitate species. It varies a little according to locality. +Ohio specimens are a little larger and have thicker and more calcareous +stipes than is usual in those from Philadelphia. The walls of +the sporangia when fully matured generally break into several petal-like +segments which finally become reflexed. The description given +by Berkeley is entirely insufficient.</p> + +<p>In an earlier edition this species was entered as <i>P. obrusseum</i> following +the Polish text. Miss Lister who has the type of <i>Didymium +obrusseum</i> at hand considers it as representing a phase of <i>Physarum +polycephalum</i> Schw. <i>D. tenerrimum</i> Berk. & Curt. is judged the +same. <i>P. tenerum</i> Rex is, in any event, certain, and the combination +is adopted.</p> + +<p>Rare:—Pennsylvania, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Iowa, Portugal, +Japan.</p> + + +<p class="species">51. <span class="smcap">Physarum flavicomum</span> <i>Berk.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1845. <i>Physarum flavicomum</i> Berk., <i>Hook. Jour. Bot.</i>, IV., p. 66.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Physarum cupripes</i>, Berk. & Rav., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 65.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum berkeleyi</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 105.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum berkeleyi</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 57.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum flavicomum</i> Berk., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 53.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum flavicomum</i> Berk., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 58.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, small, spherical, at first fuliginous throughout, +stipitate; the peridium thin, destitute of lime, iridescent, breaking +up and deciduous in patches, except at the base; stipe twice the +diameter of the peridium, brown, fluted, not hollow, tapering upward +from a small but distinct, radiant hypothallus; columella none;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +capillitium dense, persistent, the nodes frequently calcareous, elongate +and vertical, especially below, yellow; spore-mass brown; spores +by transmitted light, bright violaceous-brown, slightly papillose, 9–10 +µ.</p> + +<p>This species is instantly distinguishable from all cognate forms by +its peculiar sooty color. Not less is the species structurally marked +by its capillitium. The latter below is exactly as in the species of +<i>Tilmadoche</i>. Indeed, the present species unites characters supposed +to distinguish <i>Physarum</i> from <i>Tilmadoche</i>, and would so far justify +those authors who bring all the species of both genera together under +one generic name. In any case the species is by its capillitium entirely +distinct from <i>P. galbeum</i>, as well as by the structure of the stipe +and the peridial surface. The plasmodium, at first watery, emerges +from decayed elm logs and soon takes on a peculiar greenish tint preserved +somewhat in the mature fruit.</p> + +<p>Rostafinski, <i>Monograph</i>, pp. 105, 106, rejects Berkeley's specific +name, <i>flavicomum</i>, because it refers to the somewhat indefinite, characteristic +color. As this is no valid reason for change, we have restored +Berkeley's specific name, which by general consent has priority. +<i>N. A. F.</i>, 3299.</p> + +<p>Not common. New Jersey, Ohio, South Carolina, Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="species">52. <span class="smcap">Physarum bethelii</span> (<i>Macbr.</i>) <i>Lister</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1899. <i>Tilmadoche bethelii</i>, Macbr., <i>Exempl. ad Herbaria.</i></li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum gyrosum</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 75.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, globose, umbilicate below, .5–1 mm. in diameter, +iridescent blue, or sometimes tinged by the presence of delicate +pale yellow calcareous scales, stipitate; stipe rather short, black or +dark brown, equal; capillitium dense, radiating from the black, +slightly intrusive summit of the stipe, and from the base of the +peridium ascending; the nodules not numerous, elongate, branching +betimes, pale yellow; spores minutely roughened, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>This beautiful delicately tinted little species is clearly tilmadochoid +in the Friesian sense. The capillitium persists after the fall of the +upper filmy peridium, adherent below to the persisting peridial base. +Collected thus far twice only; by Professor Bethel and by Professor +Sturgis, Colorado.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">SECTION 2</p> + +<p class="center"><i><b>Tilmadoche</b> Fries</i></p> + + +<p class="species">53. <span class="smcap">Physarum gyrosum</span> (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>Jahn.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum gyrosum</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 111.</li> +<li>1902. <i>Physarum gyrosum</i> Rost., Jahn, <i>Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges.</i>, XX., p. 272, t. XIII.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum gyrosum</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 75.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gyrose, variable in form, or plasmodiocarpous and irregular, +venulose, sessile upon a common, strongly developed +hypothallus, sometimes isolated and irregularly globose, dehiscing irregularly +or by longitudinal fissure, yellowish or greyish white; columella +none; capillitium delicate, the nodules elongate, variable in +size; spores pale violaceous, minutely spinulose, 7–10 µ.</p> + +<p>This is a European species recently resuscitated by Dr. Jahn. It +perhaps might more correctly be recorded as <i>P. gyrosum</i> Jahn, since +Rostafinski certainly attempted in his description to cover two apparently +distinct things. He seems to have had before him <i>Fuligo +muscorum</i> Schw. and "<i>P. gyrosum</i>," but he thought them the same, +and his description touches now one, now the other. Since <i>F. muscorum</i> +Schw. has all along held its own and received due recognition, +it is interesting to note the recovery of this gyrose form.</p> + +<p>Judging by description and figures, it resembles a very large, sessile +phase of <i>P. polycephalum</i>. See further under that species.</p> + +<p>Europe, Japan, Eastern United States (?).</p> + + +<p class="species">54. <span class="smcap">Physarum polycephalum</span> <i>Schw.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII.</a></span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1822. <i>Physarum polycephalum</i> Schw., <i>Syn. Fung. Car.</i>, No. 382.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Didymium polycephalum</i> (Schw.) Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 122.</li> +<li>1837. <i>Didymium polymorphum</i> Mont., <i>Ann. Sci. Nat.</i>, Ser. 2, 8, p. 361.</li> +<li>1837. <i>Didymium gyrocephalum</i> Mont., <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 362.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Physarum polymorphum</i> (Mont.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 107.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Tilmadoche gyrocephala</i> (Mont.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 131.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Tilmadoche polycephala</i> (Schw.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 57.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum polycephalum</i> Schw., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 58.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia spherical or irregular, impressed, gyrose-confluent, helvelloid, +umbilicate below; peridium thin, ashy, covered with evanescent +yellow squamules, fragile; stipe from an expanded membranaceous +base, long-subulate, yellow; spores smooth, violet, 9–11 µ.</p> + +<p>A most singular species and well defined is this, occurring in +masses of decaying leaves or on rotten logs. The plasmodium at first +colorless; as it emerges for fructification, white, then yellow, spreading +far over all adjacent objects, not sparing the leaves and flowers of +living plants; at evening slime, spreading, streaming, changing; by +morning fruit, a thousand stalked sporangia with their strangely +convoluted sculpture. The evening winds again bear off the sooty +spores, and naught remains but twisted yellow stems crowned with a +pencil of tufted silken hairs. August.</p> + +<p>Although Rostafinski's description of this species is accurate and +marks exactly a <i>Tilmadoche</i> and is very different from his description +of <i>Physarum polymorphum</i>, nevertheless it is probable that both descriptions +have reference to the same thing. All specimens on which +both species were based were American; <i>P. polymorphum</i>, North +American. But the only North American form to which reference +can be made is that by Schweinitz called <i>P. polycephalum</i> and, fortunately, +sufficiently described. Furthermore, Rostafinski, under <i>T. +gyrocephala</i>, himself affirms the probable identity of Montagne's +<i>Didymium gyrocephalum</i> with the Schweinitzian species, and uses +Montagne's specific name provisionally. For these reasons it seems +proper to write the species as above.</p> + +<p>Widely distributed and common, from Maine and Canada to +Nebraska, and Washington and south to Nicaragua.</p> + +<p>This species is so common that its plasmodium and fructification +may be easily observed. Professor Morton E. Peck, who has been +for years a close observer of the vegetative phases of our Iowa species, +says of <i>P. polycephalum</i>: "In one instance I observed a plasmodium +for twelve successive days on the surface of a decaying stump. During +this period it crept all around the stump and from top to bottom +several times. At one time the color was bright yellow; at another, +greenish yellow; and once, shortly before fruiting, it became clear +bright green. A heavy rain fell upon the plasmodium but it appeared<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +to sustain little injury and ultimately developed normal +sporangia."</p> + + +<p class="species">55. <span class="smcap">Physarum nutans</span> <i>Pers.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus albus</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, p. 137, t. 407, III., and t. 470, I, A-L.</li> +<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis alba</i> (Bull.), Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, p. 1469 (?).</li> +<li>1795. <i>Physarum nutans</i> Pers., <i>Ust. Ann. Bot.</i>, XV., p. 6.</li> +<li>1803. <i>Trichia cernua Schum., Enum. Pl, Saell.</i>, II., p. 241.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Physarum cernuum</i> (Schum.) in part, Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., pp. 130, 147.</li> +<li>1848. <i>Tilmadoche cernua</i> (Schum.) Fr., <i>Summ. Veg. Sc.</i>, p. 454.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Tilmadoche nutans</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 10.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Tilmadoche alba</i> (Bull.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 58.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum nutans</i> Pers., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 67, in part.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, depressed-spherical, stipitate, umbilicate, +gray or white, thin-walled, nodding; stipe long, tapering upward, +brown or black below, ashen white above, lightly striate, graceful; +capillitium abundant, threads delicate, intricately combined in loose +persistent network with occasional minute, rounded, or elongate calcareous +nodules; spores minutely roughened, globose, about 10 µ.</p> + +<p>The nodding, lenticular, umbilicate sporangium, barely attached to +the apiculate stipe, is sufficient to distinguish this elegant little species, +recognized and quite aptly characterized by mycologists for more +than one hundred years. As <i>Sphaerocarpus albus</i> Bulliard first prescribed +the limits by which the species is at present bounded. The +description by Fries (<i>Syst. Myc.,</i>, III., 128) is especially graphic; +"Peridium very thin, in form quite constantly lenticular, umbilicate +at base, at first smooth then uneven, generally laciniate-dehiscent, the +segments persistent at least at base."</p> + +<p>The stipe is usually white above, fuscous below, at the apex almost +evanescent; hence the cernuous sporangia. The same character is +less strikingly manifest in the species next following.</p> + +<p>The plasmodium is bright yellow, sometimes greenish. Brought in +from the field and maturing under a bell-jar, the color changes to a +watery white just before the sporangia rise in fruit. <i>P. album</i> +Fuckel, <i>Rhen. Fl.</i>, No. 1469, 1865, is believed to be <i>P. cinereum</i> +(Batsch) Pers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p> + +<p>Persoon changed Bulliard's specific name in this case to furnish +one himself, more descriptive as he thought and distinctive. His success +in this attempt must be esteemed but partial since all the related +forms, immediately listed, <i>nod</i> as well. Bulliard's name as applied +by Persoon is therefore to be preferred. But the transfer from <i>Tilmadoche</i> +to <i>Physarum</i> loses for us one step in the ladder of priority. +<i>P. album</i> (Bull.) may not enter here, since Fries has given us one +species under that title. So Persoon comes next on the list, all the +world now nodding approbation, let us hope!</p> + +<p>Under the name <i>Physarum gracilentum</i>, Fries cites an extremely +delicate form of this species. The sporangia are of the most minute, +about .2–.3 mm. in diameter, globose, slightly umbilicate below, the +stipe usually white at top, but sometimes black throughout. This +graceful form occurs rarely in undisturbed woods.</p> + +<p>Widely distributed in the eastern United States, apparently rare +in the west. Reported from various parts of the world; Europe, +Japan, Australia, etc.</p> + + +<p class="species">56. <span class="smcap">Physarum viride</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><ins title="Not in original."><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII</a>.</span>, Fig. 8, 8 <i>a</i>, 8 <i>b</i>.</ins></p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus viridis</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, t. 407, Fig. I.</li> +<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus luteus</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, t. 407, Fig. II.</li> +<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus aurantius</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, t. 484, Fig. II.</li> +<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis viridis</i> (Bull.) Gmel., <i>Sys. Nat.</i>, p. 1469.</li> +<li>1794. <i>Physarum aureum</i> Pers., Römer, <i>Neu. Mag. f. die Bot.</i>, I., p. 88.</li> +<li>1795. <i>Physarum viride</i> Pers., Usteri, <i>Ann. Bot.</i>, XV., p. 6.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Physarum aurantium</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Meth.</i>, p. 173.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Physarum nutans</i> var. Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., pp. 128–129.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Tilmadoche mutabilis</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 129.</li> +<li>1880. <i>Tilmadoche viridis</i> (Bull.) Sacc., <i>Michelia</i>, II., p. 263.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum viride</i> Pers., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 50.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Tilmadoche viridis</i> (Bull.) Sacc., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 59.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum viride</i> Pers., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, 2nd ed.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia globose, flattened or lenticular, beneath plane or concave, +variously colored, yellow, greenish yellow, rusty orange, stipitate, +nodding; the peridium splitting irregularly or reticulately; +stipe variable in length and color, through various shades of red and +yellow, subulate; capillitium strongly developed, concolorous with +sporangium, the tubes with colorless or yellow calcareous thickenings; +spores smooth, fuscous or violet-black, 8 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p> + +<p>A very handsome and rather common little species; like the preceding, +but generally greenish-yellow in color, and occasionally brilliantly +orange without a suggestion of green. Indeed, the color is so +variable that some authors have been disposed to discard the species +entirely, inasmuch as the chief specific character is color. The plasmodium +is pale yellow, in rotten logs, stumps, etc. In the paler +yellow or greenish forms the stipe is more commonly black.</p> + +<p>This is <i>Physarum luteum</i> (Bull.) Fries, and likewise also includes +the three varieties, <i>viride</i>, <i>aureum</i>, <i>coccineum</i>, listed by the same +author under <i>P. nutans</i>, while he at the same time remarks that they +might with equal propriety be elsewhere referred. Rostafinski considers +that all the colored forms agree in capillitium sufficiently to be +associated under one name and are in the same way unlike <i>T. +nutans</i>.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> Rostafinski thinks to avoid confusion by suggesting a more +fitting specific name, <i>T. mutabilis</i>, but there seems no good reason for +not adopting the earliest identifiable specific appellation, which in this +case appears to be <i>viride</i>. The yellow phase is common in Iowa, +resembles in size, color, stipe, <i>P. galbeum</i> Wingate, but is instantly +distinguishable by the capillitium. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 1213.</p> + +<p>Widely distributed specimens are before us;—from New England, +New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Nebraska, Iowa, California, +Oregon, Canada, Nicaragua, Samoa, Alaska, India, etc.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>EXTRA-LIMITAL</b><a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum mutabile</span> (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>List.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Crateriachea mutabilis</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 125.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Crateriachea mutabilis</i> Rost., Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 344.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 55, in part.</li> +<li>1895. <i>Physarum crateriachea</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXIII., p. 323.</li> +<li>1910. <i>Physarum crateriachea</i> List., Petch, <i>Mycetozoa Ceylon</i>, p. 336.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum mutabile</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 53.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia cylindrical ovoid or sub-globose white, plasmodiocarpous, +sessile or stipitate, stipes when present yellow, with or without lime, +often connected by a hypothallus; peridium thin, squamulose; capillitium<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> +persistent, intricate, the nodules white, more or less confluent +at the center to form a real or a pseudo-columella; spores brownish-purple, +spinulose, 7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>Reported from Europe, Africa, Ceylon.</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum roseum</span> <i>Berk. & Br.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Physarum roseum</i> Berk. & Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, XIV., p. 84.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodium rose-red; sporangia gregarious, stipitate, globose, rose-red; +the stipe erect, brown, rugulose, translucent; capillitium lax, +delicate, lilac, the nodules few, large, purple-red, branching; spores +reddish-lilac or brown, minutely spinulose, 7–10 µ.</p> + +<p>Reported from Ceylon, Java, Borneo, Japan.</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum dictyospermum</span> <i>List.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1905. <i>Physarum dictyospermum</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, Vol. XLIII., p. 112.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>"It is distinguished from the other known species of <i>Physarum</i> by +the strongly reticulated spores. Its nearest ally is perhaps <i>P. psittacinum</i> +which it resembles in having orange-red lime-knots and in the +sporangium-wall being studded with orange crystalline disks." +<i>Lister.</i></p> + +<p>Reported collected once only; New Zealand.</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum straminipes</span> <i>List.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1898. <i>Physarum straminipes</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, Vol. XXXVI., p. 163.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodium white; sporangia greyish-white, obovoid or wedge-shaped, +.7 mm. in diameter, clustered or scattered, stipitate or sessile, +when stipitate stalks long, weak; peridium membranous, pale purple; +capillitium a persistent rigid net, the nodules white, rounded, sometimes +aggregate as a pseudo-columella; spores purple-brown, 10–11 µ, +warted, the papillae in definite patches.</p> + +<p>Related to <i>P. compressum</i>.</p> + +<p>Reported from England; Germany.</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum crateriforme</span> <i>Petch.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li><i>Physarum crateriforme</i> Petch, <i>Ann. Perad.</i>, IV., p. 304.</li> +<li><i>Physarum crateriforme</i> Petch, List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 69, Pl. 76.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, clavate or crateriform, sessile or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> +stipitate, white; stalk when present opaque conical, black below, +white above, in crateriform sporangia entering and developed as a +columella; capillitium various, strongly calcareous, the nodules either +grouped in a pseudo-columella, or in globose sporangia, rod-like, +ascending; spores closely spinulose, 11–15 µ.</p> + +<p>Reported from Ceylon, Japan, West Indies; Lisbon.</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum gulielmæ</span> <i>Penzig.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1898. <i>Physarum gulielmae</i> Penzig., <i>Myx. Beut.</i>, p. 34.</li> +<li>1909. <i>Physarum gulielmae</i> Penzig., Torrend, <i>Fl. des Myx.</i>, p. 208.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarum gulielmae</i> Penzig., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 76.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodium yellow; sporangia sub-globose, sessile, brownish-orange +or chestnut brown, rugulose, clustered or heaped, often with a yellow +membranous hypothallus; peridium membranous with clustered deposits +of yellowish-brown lime granules; capillitium abundant, the +nodes angular, branching, white; spores purplish brown, spinulose, +10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Reported from Java, Sweden, Switzerland.</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum echinosporum</span> <i>List.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1899. <i>Physarum echinosporum</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXVII., p. 147.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>This species is distinguished from the preceding chiefly in episporic +characters. "Spores purple, 8 µ, marked by strong ridges and spines," +8 µ.</p> + +<p>Reported from Antigua.</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum æneum</span> (<i>List.</i>) <i>R. E. Fries.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1898. <i>Physarum murinum</i> var. <i>aeneum</i> Lister, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXVI., p. 117.</li> +<li>1903. <i>Physarum aeneum</i> Lister, R. E. Fries, <i>Arkiv. Bot.</i>, I., p. 62.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia sessile, sub-globose or plasmodiocarpous, pinkish-brown +or bronze, glossy; peridium double, the outer somewhat cartilaginous, +brittle, falling back from the shining, membranous inner wall; capillitium +dense, the nodules not large, brown, sometimes aggregated to +form a pseudo-columella; spores pale brownish-violet, nearly smooth, +6–8 µ.</p> + +<p>Reported from West Indies, Bolivia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Related Genus</b></p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Trichamphora</span> <i>Junghuhn</i>, p. 12.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1838. <i>Trichamphora</i>, Junghuhn, <i>Fl. Crypt. Javanica</i>.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia discoidal, above concave, saucer-shaped, stipitate; the +capillitium variable, anon physaroid, badhamioid, or even as in +<i>Didymium</i>.</p> + +<p>This genus is set up for the accommodation thus far of the single +species following. It differs from <i>Physarella</i> in the apparently constant +discoidal shape, absence of trabecules, etc.</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Trichamphora pezizoidea</span> <i>Jungh.</i>, <i>op. cit.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1838. <i>Trichamphora pezizoidea</i> Jungh., <i>op. cit.</i></li> +<li>1854. <i>Didymium zeylanicum</i> Berk. & Br., <i>Hook. Jour. Bot.</i>, VI., p. 230.</li> +<li>1869. <i>Physarum macrocarpum</i> Fuckel, <i>Symb. Myc.</i>, p. 343.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma pezizoidea</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 424, tab. VIII., Fig. 122.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Badhamia fuckeliana</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, <i>App.</i>, p. 2.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Trichamphora pezizoidea</i> Jungh., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 89.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Trichamphora pezizoidea</i> Jungh., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 90.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia discoidal or saucer-shaped, gregarious, stipitate, erect or +nodding, grayish-white, the peridium thin, breaking irregularly and +persistent; stipe subulate, striate, reddish brown, transparent; capillitium +variable as above stated; spores pale violet-brown, spinulose or +nearly smooth, about 9 µ.</p> + +<p>In <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, the spores are described as "dark or pale +purplish brown, spinose, spinulose or nearly smooth, 9–17 µ in diameter." +This would seem too great a variation even in this protean +species. The only specimens in our herbarium are from the Congo +valley. The spores are pale and nearly smooth, as in <i>Tilmadoche +alba</i>, and 9 µ. Spores 17 µ suggest immaturity; penultimate cell-division.</p> + +<p>The synonymy above cited shows how this species has impressed +careful students. Doubtless in every case the reference is correct, +judging from the specimen each author had before him, although it is +hard to see how <i>Chondrioderma</i> might have been suggested.</p> + +<p>The species is evidently tropical, though reported from Europe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>4. Craterium</b> <i>Trentepohl</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Craterium</i> Trentepohl, Roth, <i>Catal.</i>, I., p. 224.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia more or less distinctly cyathiform, stipitate, the peridium +generally plainly of two layers or even of three, opening at the top +by circumscission more or less definite, or by a distinct lid, the upper +part calcareous often to a marked degree, the lower, cartilaginous, +long persistent as a vasiform cup containing the capillitium and +spores, the calcareous nodes aggregating more or less to form a +pseudo-columella.</p> + +<p>This genus is distinguished from <i>Physarum</i> and <i>Badhamia</i> chiefly +by the form of the sporangia and the method of dehiscence. The +capillitium is in some specimens particularly, of the <i>Physarum</i> type; +in others, like that of <i>Badhamia</i>. There are accordingly species that +receive at the hands of different authors diverse generic reference as +one feature or another in the structure is emphasized in the different +cases. It is granted that it is hard to draw the line sometimes between +forms in which the dehiscence is irregularly circumscissile and +those in which the wall breaks without any regularity whatever, since, +in all, the breaking up of the peridium usually begins at the top. +Species here included will, however, offer little ambiguity.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Craterium</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Craterium"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">A. Dehiscence circumscissile or by the breaking up of the upper wall of the sporangium.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>a.</i> Sporangia violet or purple</td><td align="left">1. <i>C. paraguayense</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>b.</i> Sporangia yellow</td><td align="left">2. <i>C. aureum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>c.</i> Sporangia white-capped.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1. Sporangia obovoid or globoid</td><td align="left">3. <i>C. leucocephalum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">2. Sporangia cylindric, elongate</td><td align="left">4. <i>C. cylindricum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">B. Dehiscence by a distinct lid.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>a.</i> Capillitium pale brown</td><td align="left">5. <i>C. concinnum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>b.</i> Capillitium white</td><td align="left">6. <i>C. minutum</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Craterium paraguayense</span> (<i>Speg.</i>) <i>List.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1883. <i>Didymium paraguayense</i> Speg., <i>Fung. Guar. Pug.</i>, 1, p. 141.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Craterium rubescens</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci.</i>, p. 370.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Craterium rubescens</i> Rex, List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 71.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Craterium rubescens</i> Rex, Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 75.</li> +<li>1904. <i>Iocraterium paraguayense</i> (Speg.) Jahn, <i>Hedwigia</i>, XLII., p. 302.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Craterium paraguayense</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 95.</li></ul> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, cylindrical or elongate cyathiform, stipitate, +dark violet-red, the apex slightly roughened by pale calcareous granules, +the peridium longitudinally wrinkled below; dehiscence, irregularly +circumscissile; stipe darker, one-half the height of the sporangium, +longitudinally wrinkled; capillitium dense, abundantly calcareous; +spores violet-brown, minutely roughened, 7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>In form resembling the following species, but instantly distinguished +by the color, which is red throughout, tinged with purple or +violet. The capillitium is badhamioid, as noted by Dr. Rex. Very +distinct from <i>P. newtoni</i> in color, form, habit, epispore, etc.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Craterium aureum</span> (<i>Schum.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1803. <i>Trichia aurea</i> Schum., <i>Enum. Pl. Saell.</i>, II., p. 207.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Craterium mutabile</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 154.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Craterium aureum</i> (Schum.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 125.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose or obovoid, stipitate, yellow, erect, +the peridial wall thin, especially at the summit, where at maturity it +breaks up somewhat reticulately, leaving the persistent lower portion +with an uneven margin above which projects the pale yellow capillitium; +stipe short, orange, or brownish-red, arising from a small +hypothallus; capillitium dense, yellow, the nodules not large, irregular, +tending to form a pseudo-columella in the centre of the cup; +spores minutely warted, violaceous-brown, 8–10 µ.</p> + +<p>Fries regards this, which he names <i>C. mutabile</i>, the most distinctly +marked species of the genus; chiefly, as it appears, on account +of the bright yellow color. This, however, varies. Some specimens +before us are gray, showing only a trace of yellow below. In some +European specimens a reddish tinge prevails. The form of the +sporangium also varies. In typical specimens, unopened, the shape is +almost pyriform; opened, we have a cylindric, oftenest lemon-yellow +vase, mounted on a short striate stalk. But again, from the same +plasmodium, we may have globose sporangia, opening so as to leave +only a shallow, salver-shaped base. In this case the stipe is also +longer. The plasmodium is said to be "clear lemon yellow."—<i>Massee.</i></p> + +<p>There seems little doubt that Schumacher had in mind the present<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> +species in his <i>Trichia aurea</i>. Rostafinski shows that Fries's synonym, +<i>C. mutabile</i>, is founded on a mistake. The earlier specific name is +therefore on Rostafinski's authority adopted.</p> + +<p>Not common. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, +Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Craterium leucocephalum</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Ditmar</i>.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII</a>.</span>, Fig. 5.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis leucocephala</i> Gmelin, <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., p. 1467.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Arcyria</i> (?) <i>leucocephala</i> Persoon, <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 183.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Craterium</i> (?) <i>leucocephalum</i>, Persoon, <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 184.</li> +<li>1813. <i>Craterium leucocephalum</i> (Pers.) Ditmar, Sturm, <i>Deutsch. Flora, Pilze</i>, p. 21, Pl. 11.</li> +<li>1889. <i>Physarum scyphoides</i> Cke. & Balf., <i>Jour. Myc.</i>, V., p. 186.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Craterium convivale</i> (Batsch) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 86.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, short-cylindric or ovate, pure white above, +brown or reddish-brown below, stipitate, dehiscence irregularly circumscissile, +the persistent portion of the peridium beaker-shaped; stipe +short, stout, expanded above into the base of the peridium with +which it is concolorous; hypothallus scant; capillitium white or sometimes, +toward the centre, brownish, the calcareous nodules large, conspicuous, +and persistent; spore-mass black, spores violaceous-brown, +minutely spinulose, 8–9 µ.</p> + +<p>Distinguished by its white cap from all except the next, from +which the markedly different form serves as the diagnostic feature. +In some gatherings, curious patches of yellow mark the otherwise +snow white cap and sides; these are mere stains, or sometimes definite, +crystalline, flake-like bodies, standing out in plain relief on the sporangial +wall, or lurking in the larger nodules which are massed along +the axis of the cup to form the pseudo-columella here strongly developed. +Mr. Lister calls attention to these yellow flakes, and regards +them as diagnostic. European specimens show the capillitium yellow, +sometimes throughout!</p> + +<p>The nomenclature question is here somewhat difficult. Fries heads +his list of synonyms with <i>Peziza convivalis</i> Batsch. Batsch simply +described Micheli's figure! Now there is nothing in Micheli's figure +(Pl. 86, Fig. 14) to enable one to say with certainty which craterium +Micheli had in mind, if craterium at all. Nor does Batsch help the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +matter when he offers the description following: "Stipitata; acute +conica, patens; stipite subdistincto, lineari, brevi, valido. <i>Albicans. +In foliis hederae putridis.</i>" (<i>Elenchus Fungorum</i>, Batsch, 1783, p. +121.) There is nothing definitive here but the one word "albicans" +quoted from Micheli. But this term is applicable the rather to <i>C. +minutum</i>, the cups of which whiten with weathering. It may be, +as insisted by Fries (<i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 149), that Micheli drew +crateriums; but if so, we cannot determine which species.</p> + +<p>The specific name here adopted was applied by Persoon probably +to this form; but Persoon likewise failed to distinguish the present +species from <i>C. minutum</i> (see <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, pp. 183, 184), and Fries, +<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 153. Ditmar, <i>l. c.</i>, leaves no doubt as to what he figures +and describes, and accordingly the name he first correctly uses is here +adopted.</p> + +<p>Not common. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, +Iowa, Colorado, Washington, California; reported from +Europe.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Craterium cylindricum</span> <i>Massee</i>.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>.</span>, Fig. 2.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Craterium minimum</i> Berk. & C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 67.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Craterium cylindricum</i> Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 268.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Craterium leucocephalum</i> Ditm., List., <i>Myc.</i>, p. 72, in part.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Craterium minimum</i> Berk. & C., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 77.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Craterium leucocephalum</i> var. <i>cylindricum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 97.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia closely gregarious, very small, .5 µ or less, slender, cylindric, +almost entirely white, stipitate, the peridium delicate, transparent +although calcareous nearly to the base, opening by a dehiscence +regularly circumscissile; stipe short, about one-third the +total height, clear orange-brown, somewhat furrowed, rising from an +indistinct hypothallus; capillitium very lax, physaroid, the calcareous +nodules large, rounded, pure white, aggregated at the centre of +the cup; spore-mass black, spores minutely roughened, violaceous-brown, +8–9 µ.</p> + +<p>This is the common form in the United States. Massee describes +it as <i>C. cylindricum</i> Mass., and it seems not to occur in Europe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> +Lister has put it in with <i>C. leucocephalum</i>, from which its more +delicate structure and elegant cylindrical shape certainly distinguish +it. The dehiscence is even more regular than in the preceding species +and approaches that of <i>C. minutum</i> Leers., with bleached forms +of which it must not be confused. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 1400.</p> + +<p><i>C. minimum</i> Berk. & C. has here priority. Massee regards this +name as indicating a distinct species. We have been unable to determine +what the authors really had before them, and adopt accordingly +the first available combination.</p> + +<p>New England to Iowa and south; reported also from the orient.</p> + + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Craterium concinnum</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Craterium concinnum</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phila. Acad.</i>, p. 370.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, usually minute, broadly funnel-shaped, stipitate. +The peridium simple, variously colored by innate lime granules, +opening by a regular cap or operculum, brownish white, darkest +in the centre, always more or less convex; stipe equalling the cup in +height, dark brown, longitudinally ridged; the capillitium a close-meshed +network, with small rounded or slightly angular masses of +ochre-brown lime-granules, larger toward the centre; spores pale +brown, minutely warted, 9–10 µ.</p> + +<p>This species differs from the following, to which it seems most +nearly allied, in form, color, as in the capillitium, and color of the +spores. In habitat, however, it seems no less distinct, being found +always (?) on the spines of decaying chestnut-burs lying on the +ground, and in company with that other peculiar species <i>Lachnobolus +globosus</i>.</p> + +<p>The range is probably that of the chestnut, <i>Castanea dentata</i> Borkhausen, +east of the Mississippi River.</p> + + +<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Craterium minutum</span> (<i>Leers</i>) <i>Fr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV</a>.</span>, Fig. 5.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1775. <i>Peziza minuta</i> Leers, <i>Fl. Herborn</i>, p. 277.</li> +<li>1797. <i>Craterium pedunculatum</i> Trent., Roth., <i>Catal. Bot.</i>, I., p. 224.</li> +<li>1813. <i>Craterium vulgare</i> Ditmar, Sturm, <i>Deutsch. Fl. Pilze</i>, p. 17.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Craterium pedunculatum</i> Trent., Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 150.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Craterium minutum</i> Leers, Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 151.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></li> +<li>1893. <i>Craterium pedunculatum</i> Trent., Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II, p. 385.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Craterium pedunculatum</i> Trent., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 70.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Craterium minutum</i> (Leers) Fr., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 78.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Craterium minutum</i> Fr., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 94.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, cyathiform or turbinate, grayish +brown, stipitate, the peridial wall rather thick, double, opening by a +distinct lid which lies usually below the slightly thickened and everted +margin of the cup; stipe paler, translucent, about equalling in height +the peridial cup, longitudinally wrinkled, with hypothallus scant or +none; capillitium physaroid, the calcareous nodules large, white, and +generally aggregated at the centre of the cup; spore-mass black, spores +by transmitted light violaceous, minutely warted, 8–10 µ.</p> + +<p>This is the most highly differentiated of the whole series. The +cup is shapely and well defined, while the lid is not only distinct, but +is a thin, delicate membrane of slightly different structure when compared +with the peridial wall. It is in all the specimens before us +much depressed below the mouth of the sporangium, and the whole +structure in our specimens corresponds with Fries' description of <ins title="C. pendunculatum in original."><i>C. +pedunculatum</i></ins> Trent., while specimens received from Europe correspond +to Fries' account of <i>C. minutum</i> Leers. Nevertheless we are +assured that the two forms are in Europe developed from the same +plasmodium, and therefore adopt the earlier specific name as above. +<i>N. A. F.</i>, 2500. This is probably <i>Fungoides convivalis</i> of Batsch +and Micheli.</p> + +<p>In this species yellow sporangia are sometimes seen. Miss Currie +reports from Toronto such variation and in Europe the case seems +not unusual.</p> + +<p>In fact, there is a yellow tinge about the sporangia of every species +listed here, except the first. With the same exception, the plasmodium +in every case is yellow.</p> + +<p>Common throughout the eastern United States, west to Iowa, +Colorado, and south to Louisiana; cosmopolitan.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>5. Physarella</b> <i>Peck.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1882. <i>Physarella</i> Peck, <i>Bull. Torr. Bot. Club</i>, IX., p. 61.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangium pervious to the base, the interior walls forming a persistent +spurious columella; capillitium composed of filaments with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +here and there minute knot-like thickenings, straight tubes containing +lime-granules extending from the exterior to the interior walls of the +sporangium, persistently attached to the former.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> + +<p>Such is Dr. Peck's original description of this most peculiar genus. +The form of the sporangium in the only species is very variable, but +in typical cases is vasiform, the peridial wall at the apex introverted. +The capillitium is like that of <i>Tilmadoche</i>, except for the presence of +the "straight tubes" emphasized in the original description. These +are very remarkable and at once diagnostic. They take origin in the +sporangial wall and pass across to the "columella"; but at the dehiscence +of the sporangium, in typical cases, they remain attached at +the points of origin, projecting as stout spine-like processes.</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarella oblonga</span> (<i>Berk. & C.</i>) <i>Morg.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII</a>.</span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i>, 4 <i>c</i>; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>.</span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>, and 6.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Trichamphora oblonga</i> Berk. & C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 66.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Tilmadoche oblonga</i> (Berk. & C.) Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 13.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Tilmadoche hians</i> Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p 14.</li> +<li>1882. <i>Physarella mirabilis</i> Peck, <i>Bull. Torr. Bot. Club</i>, IX., p. 61.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Physarella oblonga</i> (Berk. & C.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 79.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Physarella mirabilis</i> Peck, List., <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 68.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Physarella oblonga</i> (Berk. & C.) Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 71.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Physarella oblonga</i> Morg., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 91.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, typically cup-shaped or sub-infundibuliform, +stipitate, erect or cernuous, but varying through +low salver-shaped cups, to irregular applanate and sessile masses, the +peridium thin but firm, tawny, roughened by numerous yellowish +calcareous scales, at length ruptured above and often reflexed in the +form of petal-like segments from which project upwards the spiniform +trabecules of the capillitium; stipe when present long, terete, red, +arising from a scant hypothallus and extended within the sporangium +to meet the tubular "columella"; capillitium of delicate violaceous +threads seldom branched or united, radiating from the columella with +few calcareous nodular expansions, but supported by stout yellow calcareous +trabecules, running parallel to the capillitial threads, long +adherent to the sporangial wall; spores smooth, globose violet-brown, +7–8 µ.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>Not uncommon in wet places. New York, Ohio, Iowa, South +Dakota, Louisiana, Nicaragua; reported also from Ceylon, Java, etc.</p> + +<p>Not the least remarkable feature of this remarkable species is the +variation in the form of the fruit or sporangia. We have specimens +from Louisiana (Rev. Langlois) which show no trace of columella, +the whole structure involute and plicate, short stipitate, recalling the +extremest complexity of such a species as <i>P. polycephalum</i>. <i>Vid.</i> Pl. +XVI., Fig. 6. Moreover, in these specimens the calcareous deposits +are white and not yellow, giving the entire fructification a grayish +aspect. Yet there is no doubt we have here simply an exaggerated abnormality +of the species; the spores are identical in size, color, and +surface. Plasmodium bright yellow. Dr. Peck gave to his forms the +name <i>Physarella mirabilis</i>; but specimens sent by Michener of Pennsylvania, +and by Berkeley and Curtis described as <i>Trichamphora +oblonga</i> (<i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 66), are the same thing. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 1212.</p> + +<p><i>Physarella lusitanica</i> Torrend is a globose form depressed above or +betimes discoidal, occurring on Eucalyptus trees in Portugal. <i>P. oblonga</i> +is so variable in form that it sometimes suggests a different +genus. Forms of it have been mistaken for <i>Fuligo gyrosa</i> R., etc. +Professor Torrend would include here <i>Physarum javanicum</i> (Rac.), +i. e. <i>Tilmadoche javanica</i> as Raciborski saw it! We may not too +often reflect that genera are purely artificial things set up for our +convenience; but surely <i>Physarella</i> as a natural genus is distinct +enough to all.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b><ins title="Added.">6.</ins> Cienkowskia</b> <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Cienkowskia</i> Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 9.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous, irregularly dehiscent, the wall a +thin cartilaginous membrane destitute of lime, except the capillitial +attachments within; capillitium scanty but rigid, and characterized +everywhere by peculiar hook-like branchlets, free and sharp-pointed, +the spores as in <i>Physarum</i>, etc.</p> + +<p>The genus contains, so far, but a single species:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>—</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Cienkowskia reticulata</span> (<i>Alb. & Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1805. <i>Physarum reticulatum</i> Alb. & Schw., <i>Cons. Fung.</i>, p. 90.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Diderma reticulatum</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 112.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Cienkowskia reticulata</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 9.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodiocarp an elongated, irregularly limited, close-meshed net, +closely applied to the substratum, the wall thin, transversely rugulose, +and roughened, dull orange-yellow, splashed here and there with +scarlet, anon entirely red, within marked by transverse calcareous +ridges, supporting in part the calcareous system of the capillitium; +capillitium of delicate, rigid, reticulating yellow tubules or threads +with numerous free, uncinate or sickle-shaped branchlets, and large, +irregular, calcareous plates, more or less transverse to the axis of the +sporangium, attached to the peridial walls, as if to form septa, ordinary +calcareous nodules few; spore-mass jet-black, spores, by transmitted +light, violaceous, minutely roughened, 9–10 µ.</p> + +<p>A very rare species, as it appears, easily recognized by the Coddington +even, much more by the microscopic characters quoted; probably +often overlooked by the collector, as to the naked eye it presents the +appearance of some imperfectly developed, dried-up plasmodium. +Very unlike <i>Physarum serpula</i> Morgan, not infrequently offered by +collectors as <i>Cienkowskia</i>. It is <i>Diderma reticulatum</i> of Fries, who, +strangely enough, thought it might be a plasmodial phase of <i>Diderma</i> +(i. e. <i>Leocarpus</i>) <i>fragile</i> (<i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 102).</p> + +<p>Eastern United States, Europe, Java, Ceylon, California. See +under <i>L. fragilis</i>, next following.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>7. Leocarpus</b> (<i>Link</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1809. <i>Leocarpus</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I., p. 25.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia sessile, or short stipitate; peridial wall double, the outer +thick, destitute of lime, polished, shining within and without, the +inner very delicate, enclosing the capillitium and spores; capillitium +of two, more or less, distinct systems, the one a delicate network of +hyaline, limeless threads, the other calcareous throughout, or nearly +so, the meshes large and the threads or tubules broad; columella +none, although a pseudo-columella may sometimes be detected.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p> + +<p>This genus was by Link established on characters purely external. +Rostafinski supplemented Link's definition by calling attention to the +peculiar character of the capillitium and to microscopic characters in +general. The outer peridium is thick and strong, unlike the ordinary +structure in <i>Physarum</i>. Some physarums, however, have a very similar +outer wall; <i>P. brunneolum</i>, for instance; compare the peridium +of <i>P. citrinellum</i>. In dehiscence and structure there is also +some resemblance to some species of <i>Diderma</i>, and by Persoon and +Fries the common species was so referred, but the capillitium is again +definitive.</p> + +<p>A critical study of all these things really begins with Rostafinski's +microscope. Under his definition of the present genus <i>P. squamulosum</i> +Wingate and <i>P. albescens</i> Ell. might well be entered here. Such +course at present would but increase confusion, and until by future +research the ontogeny of all these, and so their relationship, shall be +more exactly known, the genus may be left with its historic species,—montotypic.</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Leocarpus fragilis</span> (<i>Dickson</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII</a>.</span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1785. <i>Lycoperdon fragile</i> Dickson, <i>Fasc. Pl. Crypt. Brit.</i>, I., p. 25.</li> +<li>1795. <i>Diderma vernicosum</i> Persoon, <i>Ust. Ann. Bot.</i>, XV., p. 34.</li> +<li>1809. <i>Leocarpus vernicosum</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I., p. 25.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Leocarpus fragilis</i> (Dicks.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 132.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious or clustered, sessile or stipitate, obovoid, +rusty or spadiceous-yellow, shining; peridium opening at maturity in +somewhat stellate fashion; stipe filiform, white or yellow, weak and +short; spores dull black, spinulose, 12–14 µ.</p> + +<p>A common species, distributed through all the world, Iowa to +Tasmania. Recognizable at sight by the form and color of the +sporangia. In shape and posture these resemble the eggs of certain +insects, and, occurring upon dead leaves, generally where these have +drifted against a rotten log, they might perchance be mistaken for +such structures. With no other slime-moulds are they likely to be +confused. The outer peridium opens irregularly, or more rarely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> +stellately. At centre of the capillitium is a calcareous core. The +plasmodium is yellowish white, spread in rich and beautiful reticulations. +<i>N. A. F.</i>, 1123.</p> + +<p>A plasmodiform gathering of this species which will be mistaken +for an entirely different thing, is yellow, sessile, and has <i>adherent</i> +spores; looks like a badhamia, but is after all a leocarpus and probably +belongs here. The spores are irregularly clustered and the +badhamioid section of the capillitium seems now dominant.</p> + +<p>California.</p> + + +<p class="center">B. DIDYMIACEÆ</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Didymiaceæ</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Didymiaceæ"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">1. Fructification æthalioid</td><td align="left">1. <i>Mucilago</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Fructification plasmodiocarpous, or forming more often distinct sporangia.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Calcareous deposits crystalline, stellate</td><td align="left">2. <i>Didymium</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Calcareous deposits amorphous, peridium double</td><td align="left">3. <i>Diderma</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>c.</i> Calcareous deposits in form of scattered scales</td><td align="left">4. <i>Lepidoderma</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>d.</i> Peridium double, the outer gelatinous</td><td align="left">5. <i>Colloderma</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="center"><b>1. Mucilago</b> (<i>Mich.</i>) <i>Adans.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1729. <i>Mucilago</i> Micheli, <i>Nov. Pl. Gen.</i>, in part.</li> +<li>1763. <i>Mucilago</i> (Mich.) Adanson, <i>Fam. des Pl.</i>, II., p. 7.</li> +<li>1791. <i>Spumaria</i> Pers. in Gmelin, <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., p. 1466.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Fructification æthalioid, consisting generally of large cushion-shaped +masses covered without by a white foam-like crust; within, +composed of numerous tubular sporangia, developed from a common +hypothallus, irregularly branched, contorted and more or less confluent; +the peridial wall thin, delicate, frosted with stellate lime-crystals, +which mark in section the boundaries of the several sporangia; +capillitium of delicate threads, generally only slightly branched, +terminating in the sporangial wall, marked with occasional swellings +or thickenings.</p> + +<p>By the descriptions offered by most authors, and especially by Rostafinski's +figures (<i>Mon.</i>, Pl. ix.), a pronounced columella is called for +in the structure of <i>Spumaria</i>. The individual sporangia rise from a +common hypothallus, and occasionally portions of this run up and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +give to a sporangium the appearance of being stipitate. Sometimes +also this upper extension of the hypothalline protoplasm passes beyond +or behind the base of the sporangium or between two or more, +and is more or less embraced by these in their confluent flexures. +This, it seems, suggested Rostafinski's elaborate diagram, Fig. 158; +at least, none other form of columella is shown by American materials +at hand.</p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Mucilago spongiosa</span> (<i>Leyss.</i>) <i>Morgan.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><ins title="Not in original."><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII</a>.</span>, Fig. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.</ins></p> + +<ul> +<li>1783. <i>Mucor spongiosus</i> Leysser, <i>Fl. Hal.</i>, p. 305.</li> +<li>1791. <i>Reticularia alba</i> Bull., <i>C. Fl. France</i>, p. 92.</li> +<li>1791. <i>Spumaria mucilago</i> Pers., Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., 1466.</li> +<li>1805. <i>Spumaria alba</i> (Bull.) DC., <i>Fl. Fr.</i>, II., p. 261.</li> +<li>1897. <i>Mucilago spongiosa</i> (Leyss.) Morg., <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XXIV., p. 56.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Æthalium white or cream-colored, of variable size and shape, half-an-inch +to three inches in length and half as thick, the component +sporangia resting upon a common hypothallus and protected by a +more or less deciduous calcareous porous cortex; peridial walls thin, +and where exposed iridescent, generally whitened by a thin coating of +lime crystals; capillitium scanty, of simple, mostly dark-colored, +slightly anastomosing threads; columella indefinite or none; hypothallus +white, spongy; spore-mass black, spores violaceous, exceedingly +rough, large, 12–15 µ.</p> + +<p>Very common in all the eastern United States and the Mississippi +valley, south to Texas. The plasmodium is dull white, of the consistence +of cream, and is often met with in quantity on beds of decaying +leaves in the woods. In fruiting the plasmodium ascends preferably +living stems of small bushes, herbaceous plants, or grasses, and +forms the æthalium around the stem some distance above the ground. +The cortex varies in amount, is also deciduous, so that weathered or +imperfectly developed forms probably represent the var. <i>S. cornuta</i> +Schum.</p> + +<p>Two varieties of this species are recognized; the one from Bolivia, +var. <i>dictyospora</i> described by Mr. R. E. Fries (<i>Arkiv. for Botanik</i> +Bd. 1, p. 66) differs from the type chiefly in its finer capillitial +threads its darker spores with longer spines and fine reticulate sculpture; +the other from Colorado, var. <i>solida</i> described by Professor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +Sturgis differs, as the name implies, principally in its greater compactness +and slightly smaller calcareous crystals; a desert phase.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>2. Didymium</b> (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Fr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Didymium</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Plant.</i>, p. 20, in part.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Didymium</i> (Schrad.) Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 113.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Didymium</i> (Schrad.) DeBy., Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 13.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia distinct, stipitate, sessile or even plasmodiocarpous, never +æthalioid; the peridium thin, irregular in dehiscence, covered with a +more or less dense coating of calcareous crystals; columella more frequently +present; capillitium of delicate threads, simple or sparingly +branched, extending from the columella to the peridial wall.</p> + +<p>The genus <i>Didymium</i>, as set up by Schrader <i>l. c.</i>, included a number +of species now assigned to <i>Diderma</i>, <i>Lepidoderma</i> or <i>Lamproderma</i>. +Fries set out the didermas; DeBary and Rostafinski completed +the revision by setting out the remaining alien forms.</p> + +<p>The genus is among Myxomycetes instantly recognized by the +peculiar form of its calcareous deposits, stellate crystals coating, or +merely frosting, usually distinct sporangia.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Didymium</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Didymium"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="7">1. Lime-crystals merely whitening the peridial wall.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6">A. Fructification plasmodiocarpous.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> White.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">O Capillitium with adherent vesicles</td><td align="left">1. <i>D. complanatum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Capillitium simple</td><td align="left">2. <i>D. anellus</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">OOO Capillitium much combined; spores 10–13 µ</td><td align="left">3. <i>D. wilczekii</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">OOOO Capillitium crystal-bearing</td><td align="left">18<i>a</i>. <i>D. anomalum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Yellow or tawny</td><td align="left">4. <i>D. fulvum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="8">B. Fructification normally of distinct sporangia.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Sporangia sessile or nearly so; outer calcareous wall conspicuously developed</td><td align="left">5. <i>D. crustaceum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Sporangia plainly stipitate.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">i. Peridium much depressed; umbilicate below.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Stipe white</td><td align="left">6. <i>D. squamulosum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Stipe black.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">+ Larger, about 7.5–1 mm.</td><td align="left">7. <i>D. melanospermum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">++ Small, about .5 mm.</td><td align="left">8. <i>D. minus</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">+++ Sporangia discoid</td><td align="left">9. <i>D. clavus</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Peridium small, globose.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Stipe dark brown or black; columella dark, obsolete or none.</td><td align="left">10. <i>D. nigripes</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Stipe generally paler, of various tints of brown, orange, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">+Columella pale or white, nearly smooth</td><td align="left">11. <i>D. xanthopus</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">++ Columella, yellow, discoid, rough</td><td align="left">12. <i>D. eximium</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">iii. Peridium turbinate, columella hemispheric</td><td align="left">13. <i>D. trochus</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">iv. Peridium annulate</td><td align="left">14. <i>D. annulatum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="7">2. Calcareous crystals forming a distinct crust.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">A. Fructification wholly plasmodiocarpous</td><td align="left">15. <i>D. dubium</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6">B. Sporangia ill-defined, sessile, plasmodiocarpous.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Spores generally nearly smooth</td><td align="left">16. <i>D. difforme</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Spores very rough, obscurely banded</td><td align="left">17. <i>D. quitense</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="7">EXTRA-LIMITAL</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Sporangia discoid, spores reticulate</td><td align="left"><ins title="19 in original.">18</ins>. <i>D. intermedium</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Stipe, columella, peridium, orange-brown</td><td align="left"><ins title="20 in original.">19</ins>. <i>D. leoninum</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Didymium complanatum</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>.</span>, Fig. 8.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1786. <i>Lycoperdon complanatum</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, I., p. 251.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Didymium serpula</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 126, Rost., <i>App.</i>, p. 21.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Didymium complanatum</i> (Batsch), Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 151.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Didymium complanatum</i> (Batsch) R., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 85.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Didymium complanatum</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 127.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous, creeping, flattened, vein-like, annulate +or reticulate, the dark-colored peridium covered with white, +but not numerous crystals; hypothallus none; columella none; capillitium +much branched, violaceous threads combined to form a rather +dense net which bears numerous, peculiar, rounded vesicles, yellowish +in color, 30–50 µ in diameter; spores minutely warted, 7–9 µ, violaceous-brown.</p> + +<p>The defining characteristics here are the curious supplementary +vesicles. These are evidently plasmodic, embraced, shot-through, by +all the neighboring capillitial threads, withal warted like a spore. +They remind of the curious, belated, spore-like but giant cells found +in stipes, as in arcyriaceous forms. With all the wealth of his prolix,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +poetic, metaphoric tongue, the Polish author gives them abundant consideration. +In the <i>Mon.</i>, Tab. IX., Figs. 166 and 180, he clearly +shows the structure, although in the explanation of the plate he has +strangely mixed this species with <i>D. crustaceum</i> Fr. Under <i>D. +serpula</i> Fries may refer to the present species, although there is nothing +in his description to determine the fact. The same thing may be +said of the description and figures of Batsch. Rostafinski, in the +<i>Monograph</i>, seems to have been satisfied as to the identity of Batsch's +materials: in the <i>Appendix</i>, he writes <i>D. serpula</i>, but gives no reason.</p> + +<p>Rare. New York. England, France, Germany.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Didymium anellus</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 7.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1894. <i>Didymium anellus</i> Morgan, <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 64.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Didymium anellus</i> Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 85.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Didymium anellus</i> Morg., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 134.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodiocarp in small rings or links, then confluent and elongated, +irregularly connected together, bent and flexuous, resting on a thin +venulose hypothallus, or sometimes globose, the peridium dark colored, +with a thin layer of stellate crystals, irregularly ruptured; +capillitium of slender, dark-colored threads, which extend from base +to wall, more or less branched, and combined into a loose net; columella +a thin layer of brown scales; spores globose, very minutely +warted, violaceous, 8–9 µ.</p> + +<p>This minute species resembles a poorly developed, or sessile, phase +of <i>D. melanospermum</i>. Some of the sporangia (?) are spherical; +such show a very short dark stalk. The columella is scant, and the +spores are smaller than those of <i>D. melanospermum</i>.</p> + +<p>Ohio. Reported more recently from Europe and Ceylon.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Didymium wilczekii</span> <i>Meylan</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1908. <i>Didymium wilczekii</i> Meyl., <i>Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat.</i>, XLIV., p. 290.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Didymium wilczekii</i> Meyl., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 134.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodiocarpous, dehiscing irregularly, columella scant; capillitium +abundant, the threads brown, anastomosing, forming an elastic +net; spores purple-brown, minutely spinulose, 10–12 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p> + +<p>Resembling plasmodiocarpous forms of <i>D. squamulosum</i>, a montane +var.; small and delicate, our specimen about 16 × 6 mm. Evidently +not common; collected but once by Professor Bethel at an +altitude of 11,000 feet, Rocky Mountains of Colorado.</p> + +<p>Reported in Switzerland and Sweden.</p> + +<p>In certain Swiss gatherings made in 1913 Miss Lister finds capillitial +threads with <i>spiral</i> tæniæ as in <i>Trichia</i>! (<i>Jour. of Bot.</i>, Apr. +1914.) The threads in our specimen are roughened, somewhat as in +<i>D. squamulosum</i>, though less strongly; the spores are nearly smooth, +fuliginous at first, paler and violaceous when saturate.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Didymium fulvum</span> <i>Sturgis.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1917. <i>Didymium fulvum</i> Sturgis, <i>Mycologia</i>, IX., p. 37.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, sessile, elongate or forming curved plasmodiocarps, +sometimes confluent, rarely sub-globose, concave beneath, +pale-raw-umber in color, 0.5–0.8 mm. in diameter, occasionally seated +on a concolorous, membranous, lime-encrusted hypothallus which may +form pseudo-stalks; sporangium wall membranous, stained with yellow +blotches, thickly sprinkled with clusters of large acicular crystals +of pale-yellowish lime; columella very much flattened or obsolete; +capillitium an abundant network of delicate, almost straight or flexuose, +pale-purple or nearly hyaline threads, frequently with dark, +calyciform thickenings as in <i>Mucilago</i>, and occasionally showing +fusiform, crystalline blisters; spores dark-purplish-brown, coarsely +tuberculate, the tubercles usually arranged in curved lines, paler and +smoother on one side, 12.5 to 14.5 µ. Colorado.</p> + + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Didymium crustaceum</span> <i>Fr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1829. <i>Didymium crustaceum</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 124.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia closely aggregated, globose, or by compression deformed, +sessile, snow-white, by virtue of the remarkably developed covering +of calcareous crystals by which each sporangium is surrounded as if +to form a crust, the peridium membranous, colorless, usually shrunken +above and depressed; columella pale, small, or obsolete; hypothallus +scant or vanishing; capillitium of rather stout violaceous threads +seldom branched except at the tips, where they are pale and often<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> +bifid, or more than once dichotomously divided; spores strongly +warted, globose, violet-brown, 10–13 µ.</p> + +<p>This species has in some ways all the outward seeming of a +diderma, but cannot be referred to that genus because of the crystalline +character of its crust. This is a very marked structure; loosely +built up of very large crystals, it is necessarily extremely frail, nevertheless +persists, arching over at a considerable distance above the +peridium proper. Sometimes, however, caducous, evanescent.</p> + +<p>The sporangia are said to be sometimes stipitate. This feature +does not appear in any of the material before us. Lister in <i>Mycetozoa</i> +Pl. XL., <i>c.</i> draws the capillitium much more delicate than it +appears in our specimens. The hypothallus is sometimes noticeable +under some of the sporangia where closely crowded, but is not a +constant feature.</p> + +<p>Rostafinski (by typographical error?) confused in the <i>Monograph</i>, +pp. 164, 165, this species with Persoon's <i>Physarum confluens</i>. In +the <i>Appendix</i> he substitutes the Friesian nomenclature. Persoon's +description of his species is insufficient, and throws no light on the +problem whatever.</p> + +<p>Rare. Iowa; Black Hills, South Dakota. Reported common in +Europe. Canada; Vancouver Island to the St. Lawrence.</p> + + +<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Didymium squamulosum</span> (<i>Alb. & Schw.</i>) <i>Fries.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1805. <i>Diderma squamulosum</i> Alb. & Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 88.</li> +<li>1816. <i>Didymium effusum</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, II., p. 42.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Didymium squamulosum</i> (Alb. & Schw.), Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 118.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Didymium effusum</i> (Link) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 163.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Didymium effusum</i> (Link) List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 99.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia, in typical forms, gregarious, globose or depressed-globose, +gray or snow-white, stipitate; the peridium a thin iridescent +membrane covered more or less richly with minute crystals of lime; +the stipe when present, snow-white, fluted or channelled, stout, even; +columella white, conspicuous; hypothallus usually small or obsolete; +capillitium of delicate branching threads, usually colorless or pallid, +sometimes with conspicuous calyciform thickenings; spores violaceous, +minutely warted or spinulose, 8–10 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> + +<p>This, one of the most beautiful species in the whole series, is remarkable +for the variations which it presents in the fruiting phase. +These range all the way from the simplest and plainest kind of a +plasmodiocarp with only the most delicate frosting of calcareous +crystals up through more or less confluent sessile sporangia to well-defined +elegantly stipitate, globose fruits, where the lime is sometimes +so abundant as to form deciduous flaky scales. The hypothallus, +sometimes entirely wanting, is anon well developed, even continuous, +venulose, from stipe to stipe. The capillitium varies much in abundance +as in color; when scanty, it is colorless and in every way more +delicate, when abundant, darker in color and sometimes with stronger +thickenings.</p> + +<p><i>D. fuckelianum Rost.</i>, as shown in <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2090, and in some +private collections, seems to be a rather stout phase of the present +species; the stipe is more abundantly and deeply plicate, is sometimes +tinged with brown, and the capillitium is darker colored and coarser +than in what is here regarded as the type of the species; but withal +the specimens certainly fail to meet the requirements of Rostafinski's +elaborate description and figure, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 161 and Fig. 154.</p> + +<p><i>D. effusum</i> Link, probably stands for a sessile form of this species, +but Link's brief description (1816) is antedated by the much better +one of Albertini and Schweinitz, <i>l. c.</i></p> + +<p>Generally distributed throughout the wooded regions of North +America, from New England to Nicaragua, and from Canada to +California. Not uncommon about stable-manure heaps, in flower +beds, and on richly manured lands. July, August.</p> + +<p>Nicaragua specimens not only show a continuous vein-like hypothallus, +but have the peridia often confluent, the columellæ in such +cases confluent, the stipes distinct. Furthermore, the largest spores +reach the limit of 12.5 µ, and perhaps the larger number range from +10–12.5 µ, and all are very rough. This corresponds with <i>D. macrospermum</i> +Rost., which is distinguished, says the author (<i>Mon.</i>, p. +162, <i>opis</i>), "chiefly by the large and strongly spinulose spores." +However, the same sporangium in our Central American specimens +yield spores 9.5–12.5 µ, a remarkable range. So that <i>D. macrospermum</i> +on this side the ocean, at least, cannot be distinguished from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> +<i>D. squamulosum</i>, as far as spores are concerned. A similar remark +may be made relative to the form of the columella which Rostafinski, +in his figures especially, would make diagnostic. The columella in +the sporangia with largest and roughest spores is that of a perfectly +normal <i>D. squamulosum</i>.</p> + + +<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Didymium melanospermum</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1794. <i>Physarum melanospermum</i> Pers., <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, p. 89.</li> +<li>1797. <i>Didymium farinaceum</i> Schrader, <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 26, t. 5, Fig. 6.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, hemispheric, depressed, umbilicate below, +stipitate or sessile; the peridium firm, dull brown in color, frosted +with minute crystals of lime, breaking irregularly; stipe, when present, +short, stout, dull black, opaque, arising from a broad base or +hypothallus; columella large, prominent; dark-colored, rough above, +concave below; capillitium of more or less sinuous, usually dark-colored +threads, sparingly branched, and often with calyciform thickenings; +spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light pale, purplish-gray, +spinulose or rough, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>A well-marked and common species, distinguished by its depressed +sporangium and dark-colored, opaque stipe. The latter is usually +very short, almost completely concealed in the concavity of the umbilicate +sporangium. The columella is dark-colored, forming the floor +of the peridial cavity.</p> + +<p>Persoon first named this species as here. Later on, <i>Uster's Ann.</i>, +XV., 6, he substituted <i>villosum</i> as a more appropriate specific name. +Schrader rejects both names given by Persoon as unsuitable, and +suggests <i>farinaceum</i>. Schrad., <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 27.</p> + +<p>New England, Ohio, Missouri, Alabama, Iowa, Nebraska; +Europe; probably cosmopolitan.</p> + + +<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Didymium minus</span> <i>Lister.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plX">Plate X.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1892. <i>Didymium farinaceum</i> Schr., var. <i>minus</i>, List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 97.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Didymium minus</i> List., Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 61.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Didymium minus</i> List., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 89.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, depressed-globose, umbilicate below, whitish +or gray, small, about œ mm., stipitate; stipe erect, rather slender, +black, faintly striate, about equal to the sporangium in the horizontal +diameter; columella distinct, dark brown, globose or depressed-globose, +attaining in some cases the centre, rough; capillitium delicate, +almost colorless, radiating, sparsely branched; spores in mass dark +brown, by transmitted light violet-tinted, minutely roughened, +8–10 µ.</p> + +<p>Probably more common than the preceding, and generally mistaken +for it. Distinguished by its smaller size, longer and more +slender stem, and general trim, well-differentiated appearance. Certainly +very near the preceding, of which Mr. Lister regards it as +merely a variety. Professor Morgan thought it in this country the +more common form.</p> + +<p>New York, Ohio, Iowa; reported from Europe, Africa, South +America.</p> + + +<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Didymium clavus</span> (<i>Alb. & Schw.</i>) <i>Rabenhorst.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1805. <i>Physarum clavus</i> Alb. & Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 96.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Didymium melanopus</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 114.</li> +<li>1844. <i>Didymium clavus</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Rabh., <i>Ger. Cr. Fl.</i>, No. 2282.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Didymium clavus</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 153.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Didymium clavus</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Rabenh., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 90.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Didymium clavus</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 128.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, pale gray, discoid or pileate, depressed, stipitate; +the peridium dark-colored, frosted with calcareous crystals +above, naked below; stipe short, slender, tapering upward, furrowed, +arising from a hypothallus more or less distinct, black; columella +obsolete; capillitium of delicate threads, pale or colorless, little +branched; spores violaceous, pale, nearly smooth, 6–8 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is well differentiated, easy of recognition by reason of +its peculiar discoid sporangium, calcareous above, naked and black +beneath. <i>D. neglectum</i> Massee, reported from Philadelphia, is said +to be a slender form of the present species. The figures of <i>D. clavus</i> +by Albertini and Schweinitz are excellent, as also the description.</p> + +<p>Not common. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Didymium nigripes</span> (<i>Link</i>) <i>Fries.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1809. <i>Physarum nigripes</i> Link, <i>Obs. Diss.</i>, I., p. 27.</li> +<li>1818. <i>Physarum microcarpon</i> Fr., <i>Sym. Gast.</i>, p. 23.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Didymium nigripes</i> (Link) Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 119.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Didymium microcarpon</i> (Fr.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 157.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Didymium microcarpon</i> Fr., Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 61.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose or hemispheric, umbilicate beneath, +small, white, stipitate; the peridium smoky, covered with minute calcareous +crystals; stipe slender, erect, black, opaque; hypothallus scutate, +black; columella distinct, globose, black or dark brown; +capillitium of delicate threads, pale brown or colorless, with occasional +brown thickenings or nodes, sparingly branched; spores pale, +violaceous by transmitted light, minutely warted, 6–8 µ.</p> + +<p>This is <i>D. microcarpon</i> Rost. Fries, <i>l. c.</i>, acknowledges the priority +of Link's appellation, and discards <i>microcarpon</i>. Rostafinski +adopted <i>microcarpon</i> simply because he thought it more appropriate. +Fries describes the columella "none or black." It is doubtful whether +we have the typical Friesian form on this continent. The fructification +is in our specimens small, about .4 mm., and the spores, as +noted by Morgan, small; otherwise the species is hardly more than a +variety of the next. Under the name <i>D. nigripes</i> Lister groups our +Nos. 10, 11, 12. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 1393, represents Dr. Rex's conception of +the present species.</p> + +<p>Not common. New York, Ohio, Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Didymium xanthopus</span> (<i>Ditmar</i>) <i>Fr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Fig. 10.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1817. <i>Cionium xanthopus</i> Ditmar, Sturm, <i>Deutsch. Fl.</i>, III., p. 37, t. 43.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Didymium xanthopus</i> (Dit.) Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 120.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Didymium proximum</i> Berk. & C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 52.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Didymium microcarpon</i> (Fr.) Rost., Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 146, in part.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Didymium nigripes</i> Fr., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 98, in part.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, white, globose, slightly umbilicate, stipitate; +the peridium thin, and nearly or quite colorless, frosted with crystals +of lime; the stipe yellowish or yellowish brown, corneous, erect, subulate,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +slender; hypothallus none; columella pale or white, turbinate, +globose or depressed-globose; capillitium of dull brown, or colorless +threads more or less branched, always white at the tips; spores violaceous, +nearly smooth, 7.5–8.5 µ.</p> + +<p>This seems to be the most common form in the United States. It +is distinguished from the preceding by the longer, more delicate, generally +orange-yellow, stem with pale or white columella. The spores +also average a shade larger. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 412 and 2089, are illustrations +of <i>D. xanthopus</i>. The columella in blown-out specimens is +very striking, well confirming the diagnosis of Fries, "<i>valde prominens, +globosa, stipitata, alba</i>." Berkeley makes the color of the +capillitium diagnostic of <i>D. proximum</i>, but this feature is insufficient.</p> + +<p>Eastern United States; common.</p> + + +<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Didymium eximium</span> <i>Peck.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Figs. 11, 11 <i>a</i>, 11 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1879. <i>Didymium eximium</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 41.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, dull grayish-yellow or gray, depressed-globose, +umbilicate, minute, stipitate; the peridium comparatively thick, tenacious, +especially persistent below, tawny or yellow; the stipe pale +brown or orange, erect, even or slightly enlarged at base; hypothallus +scant or none; columella prominent, more or less discoidal, rough, or +spinulose, especially on the upper surface, yellow; capillitium not +abundant, pale fuliginous, often branching and anastomosing so as to +form a loose net; spores nearly smooth, dark violaceous by transmitted +light, 8.5–9.5 µ.</p> + +<p>The species differs from <i>D. xanthopus</i> in several particulars,—in +the much firmer, more persistent, and less calcareous peridium, in the +more complex capillitium, in the darker and larger spores, and especially +in the peculiar and prominent columella, which is not only +rough, but even "sometimes spinulose even to the extent of long +spicules penetrating to one-third the height of the sporangia." <i>N. A. +F.</i>, 2493.</p> + +<p>As stated under No. 8, these last two species are called varieties +only of <i>D. nigripes</i>. They are so retained in <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> +Since, however, they are the usual presentation of the species in the +United States, it seems wise to let them stand for the present, as here. +They are quite distinguishable; <i>D. eximium</i> especially well marked.</p> + +<p>Apparently rare, it yet ranges from New York to eastern Iowa, in +colonies rather large. Okoboji Lake;—fine!</p> + + +<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Didymium trochus</span> <i>List.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1898. <i>Didymium trochus</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXVI., p. 164.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, hemispherical or turbinate, white, sessile +or very short-stalked, cream-colored or white; peridium double, +the outer shell-like, the inner membranaceous, more or less adherent +to the outer, both caducous together, leaving the thickened base surrounding +an expanded columella; stipe, when present, very short, +stout; capillitium colorless, nearly simple; spores brownish-purple, +strongly warted, 9–10 µ.</p> + +<p>On decaying leaves, rotten cactus, yucca, etc., Monrovia, California; +<i>Bethel</i>.</p> + +<p>Reported from England on beds of leaves or straw; in Portugal +Dr. Torrend finds it on or <i>in</i> dead leaves of <i>Agave americana</i>! Evidently +an American species, and belonging to arid regions; its occurrence +in England surprising!</p> + + +<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Didymium annulatum</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<p>Sporangia small, scattered, annulate, not only without columella +but perforate when the stipe is broken, umbilicate above and below, +grey, coated with crystalline frustules, opening irregularly about the +periphery; stipe white, or pallid, fluted, tapering upward from a distinct +hypothallus; capillitium scanty consisting of delicate, sparsely +branching threads, the branchlets anastomosing more or less at length, +attached to the peridial wall, radiating from the rim of the slightly +depressed top of stipe, without special thickenings save at the insertion +of the ramules a triangular enlargement is usual and of dark or +pallid shade; spores smooth; however they show three or four spots<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +on the hemisphere and other minute but variable markings; 9–10 µ. +Seattle, Washington.</p> + +<p>Differs from <i>D. nigripes</i> in color of the stipes, capillitium, spore-diameter, +etc.</p> + + +<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Didymium dubium</span> <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Didymium dubium</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 152.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Didymium listeri</i> Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 244.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Didymium dubium</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 95.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Didymium dubium</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 126.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Fructification wholly plasmodiocarpous, snow-white, small, 2–6 +mm., flat and thin; the outer wall double, membranous within, calcareous-crystalline +without; columella none; capillitium simple of +rather thick, vertical, brown threads, sparingly united laterally, and +only occasionally furcate at the ends, especially above; spores minutely +spinulescent, violaceous pale, 12–15 µ.</p> + +<p>Massee thought English specimens out of harmony with the original +description and gave them a new name. To refuse this, Lister +enlarges the range of spore-measurements and disregards some of +Rostafinski's specifications as to capillitium. Our specimens are as +described.</p> + +<p>Bohemia. England. Shores of Lake Okoboji, Iowa.</p> + +<p>This is indeed a doubtful form. It differs from <i>D. difforme</i> +chiefly in that the outer calcareous shell is not smooth, but is covered +with abundant loose crystals, frosted. The spores are paler but about +the same size. The frosting may be incident to local climatic conditions +at the time and place of desiccation.</p> + + +<p class="species">16. <span class="smcap">Didymium difforme</span> <i>Duby.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Diderma difforme</i> Pers. <i>Tentamen Disp. Meth.</i>, p. 19.</li> +<li>1830. <i>Didymium difforme</i> Duby., <i>Bot. Gall.</i>, ii., p. 858.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma difforme</i> Pers., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 177.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Didymium difforme</i> Duby., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 94.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Diderma personii</i> Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 96.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Didymium difforme</i> Duby., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 124.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodiocarpous, the smooth, white outer peridium separable from +the thin, colorless or purplish inner layer; capillitium of rather<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +coarse, flat, dichotomously branching threads, broader below; spores +minutely warted, or almost smooth, dark brown, 12–14 µ.</p> + +<p>The white crust-like outer wall has more than once carried this +species into <i>Diderma</i>. It is still doubtful whether we are here dealing +with <i>Chondrioderma calcareum</i> Rost. Miss Lister cites a variety, +<i>S. difforme comatum</i>, with more abundant capillitium which may +represent Rostafinski's species.</p> + +<p>Evidently rare in the United States; reported more common in +Europe and eastward. In our specimens the crust-like outer peridium +shows crystals on the broken edge only; the body of the object, as its +outer surface seems to be amorphous.</p> + + +<p class="species">17. <span class="smcap">Didymium quitense</span> (<i>Pat.</i>) <i>Torr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1895. <i>Chondrioderma quitense</i> Pat., <i>Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr.</i>, XI., p. 212.</li> +<li>1909. <i>Didymium quitense</i> (Pat.) Torr., <i>Flor. Myxom.</i>, p. 150.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Didymium quitense</i> Torr., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 126.</li> +<li>1913. <i>Didymium quitense</i> (Pat.) Torr., Sturg., <i>Myx.</i>, Col. II., p. 446.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia more or less plasmodiocarpous, scattered, depressed, +white; the outer peridium distinct, crust-like, remote from the thin +membranous inner wall; columella undefined; capillitium brown, +much branched, forming a network especially outwardly; spores very +dark violaceous-brown, rough with a tendency to obscure reticulation; +12–14 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is different from <i>D. difforme</i> chiefly in the rougher +and somewhat banded epispore. It is reported from Ecuador by +Father Torrend, and from Colorado mountains by Dr. Sturgis to +whose kindness I am indebted for the specimens here described. Evidently +a high mountain species.</p> + +<p>Colorado.</p> + + +<p>18<i>a</i>. <span class="smcap">Didymium anomalum</span> <i>Sturg.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX.</a></span>, Figs. 13 and 13 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1913. <i>Didymium anomalum</i> Sturg. <i>Myxomycetes of Col.</i>, II., p. 444</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia in the form of very thin effused grey plasmodiocarps, +2–10 cm. long, 1 mm. or less in thickness. Wall single or membranous, +hyaline or yellowish, with rather scanty deposits of small, stellately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> +crystalline or amorphous lime. Columella none. Capillitium +consisting entirely of straight membranous, tubular, columns, extending +from the base to the upper wall of the plasmodiocarp, 7–22 µ +thick and usually containing small crystalline masses of lime. Spores +bright violet-brown, minutely and irregularly spinulose, 10–11.5 µ +diam.</p> + +<p>Hab. on the inner bark of Populus. Colorado Springs, Colo., July +1911.</p> + +<p>Our specimens by the courtesy of Dr. Sturgis.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>EXTRA-LIMITAL</b></p> + + +<p class="species">18. <span class="smcap">Didymium intermedium</span> <i>Schroeter.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1896. <i>Didymium intermedium</i> Schroet., <i>Hedwigia</i>, Vol. XXXV., p. 209.</li> +<li>1902. <i>Didymium excelsum</i> Jahn, <i>Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges.</i>, XX., p. 275.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia clustered or gregarious, discoidal and umbilicate below, +or lobed or convolute, greyish white, stipitate; stipe pale yellow, +tapering upwards, stuffed with lime crystals, expanding into the yellowish, +discoidal, recurving columella; capillitium colorless, more or +less branching; spores dark purple-brown, irregularly reticulate, +9–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Differs from <i>D. squamulosum</i> in the reticulate epispore. Brazil.</p> + + +<p class="species">19. <span class="smcap">Didymium leoninum</span> <i>Berk. & Br.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Didymium leoninum</i> Berk. & Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, XIV., p. 83.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Lepidoderma tigrinum</i> Rost., <i>App. to Mon.</i>, p. 23.</li> +<li>1909. <i>Lepidodermopsis leoninus</i> v. Höhnel, <i>Sitz. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math. Nat. Ks.</i>, CXVIII., 439.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, covered more or less completely +with white or yellowish deposits of crystalline lime, stipitate; stipes +short, orange or brown, containing lime, enlarged to form the globose +orange columella and often connected at base by a venulose hypothallus; +capillitium of slender threads, anastomosing, colorless at the tips; +spores violet-grey, minutely warted, 7–9 µ.</p> + +<p>Like <i>Lepidoderma tigrinum</i>, but has different calcic crystals.</p> + +<p>Java and Ceylon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>3. Diderma</b> <i>Persoon</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1794. <i>Diderma Persoon</i>, <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 89.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Chondrioderma</i> Rost. <i>Versuch</i>, p. 13, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 167.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Chondrioderma</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 75.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Diderma Persoon</i>, Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 92.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia plasmodiocarpous or distinct, sessile or stipitate; the +peridium as a rule double, the outer wall generally calcareous with +the lime granules globular, non-crystalline, the inner wall very delicate +and often, in the mature fructification, remote from the outer; +columella generally prominent.</p> + +<p>The genus <i>Diderma</i> is usually easy of recognition, by reason of its +double wall, the outer, crustaceous, usually calcareous, and its limits +remain substantially as originally set by Persoon. His definition is as +follows:—</p> + +<p>"Peridium ut plurimum duplex; exterius fragile; interius pellucens, +subdistans. Columella magna, subrotunda. Fila parca latentia."—<i>Syn. +Meth. Fung.</i>, p. 168.</p> + +<p>Rostafinski changed the name of the genus to <i>Chondrioderma</i> +(<i>chondri</i>, cartilage), seemingly at De Bary's suggestion, and seems to +have regarded Persoon's definition as applicable to those species only +in which the wall is not only plainly double, but in which the two +walls are as plainly remote from each other. More especially he +esteemed a new generic name necessary, since he regarded several included +species, as <i>D. spumarioides</i>, <i>D. michelii</i>, etc., monodermic.</p> + +<p>Since it is doubtful whether any diderma is really monodermic, and +since Persoon's definition in any case seems sufficiently elastic, we +have seen no reason to discard the older name. Persoon's <i>Diderma</i> +when established, <i>l. c.</i>, included <i>D. floriforme</i>. He made some confusion +in his later work by admitting some physarums. This induced +Schrader to throw all the didermas into his new genus, <i>Didymium</i>.</p> + +<p>According to the nature of the sporangial wall, the species fall +rather naturally into two sections:—</p> + + + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key for genus Diderma."> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>A.</i> Outer sporangial wall distinctly calcareous, fragile; species generally sessile</td><td align="left"><i>Diderma</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>B.</i> Outer sporangial wall cartilaginous, the inner less distinct, or concrete with the outer; species oftener stipitate</td><td align="left"><i>Leangium</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="5"><i>A.</i> Sub-Genus DIDERMA</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">1. Fructification wholly plasmodiocarpous</td><td align="left">1. <i>D. effusum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="5">2. Fructification of distinct sporangia.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Sporangia on a common hypothallus.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Outer wall fragile, not widely remote from the inner</td><td align="left">2. <i>D. spumarioides</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Inner wall lacking</td><td align="left">3. <i>D. simplex</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">OOO Outer wall crustaceous, porcelain-like.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">i. Spores 8–10</td><td align="left">4. <i>D. globosum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">ii. Spores 12–15</td><td align="left">5. <i>D. crustaceum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">OOOO Outer wall firm, not crustaceous</td><td align="left">6. <i>D. lyallii</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Sporangia isolated, or, at least, not on a common hypothallus, sessile.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Outer wall porcellanous, roseate</td><td align="left">7. <i>D. testaceum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Outer wall white</td><td align="left"><ins title="7. in original.">8.</ins> <i>D. niveum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">OOO Outer wall ashen</td><td align="left">9. <i>D. cinereum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>c.</i> Sporangia stipitate</td><td align="left">10. <i>D. hemisphericum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="5"><i>B.</i> Sub-Genus LEANGIUM</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="5">1. Sporangia generally sessile.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Inner peridium distinct.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Membranous colorless, columella scant</td><td align="left">11. <i>D. sauteri</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Colorless, columella prominent, red</td><td align="left">12. <i>D. cor-rubrum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">OOO Outer ochraceous, inner yellow</td><td align="left">13. <i>D. ochraceum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Peridial layers inseparable.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Peridium multifid; columella small or none</td><td align="left">16. <i>D. trevelyani</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Peridium breaking into but few irregular lobes; columella prominent.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">i. Peridium umber brown</td><td align="left">14. <i>D. roanense</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">ii. Peridium ashen</td><td align="left">15. <i>D. radiatum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">iii. Peridium chocolate without, inside white</td><td align="left">17. <i>D. asteroides</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="5">2. Sporangia stipitate.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>a.</i> Peridium pallid, smooth</td><td align="left">18. <i>D. floriforme</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>b.</i> Peridium white, rugulose</td><td align="left">19. <i>D. rugosum</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Diderma effusum</span> (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Morgan.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1831. <i>Physarum effusum</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, p. 257.</li> +<li>1896. <i>Diderma effusum</i> (Schw.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 71.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Diderma effusum</i> (Schw.) Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 94.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Diderma reticulatum</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 95.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Diderma effusum</i> Morg., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 102.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous, reticulate, creeping, applanate and +generally widely effused, white; the peridium thin, cinereous, covered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> +by a delicate, white, calcareous crust; the columella simply the base +of the plasmodiocarp, thin alutaceous; the capillitium pale, consisting +of short threads somewhat branched toward their distal extremities; +spores smooth, pale violaceous, 8–10 µ.</p> + +<p>This is <i>Physarum effusum</i> Schw., <i>vid. N. A. F.</i>, No. 2297. It is +reported by Morgan from Ohio, and we have one specimen from +eastern Nebraska, so that it is probably of general distribution in the +eastern United States.</p> + +<p>This species was in the previous edition distinguished from the +Rostafinskian <i>P. reticulatum</i> with spores a little smaller, 6–8 µ, and +with a much stronger tendency to the formation of definite sporangia, +elongate indeed and branching but often globose or depressed globose. +This we may know as,</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Var. reticulatum</span> Rost.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma reticulatum</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 170.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Diderma reticulatum</i> (Rost.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 71.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, generally rounded, not much depressed, flat, +sometimes, especially toward the margin of a colony, elongate, venulose +or somewhat plasmodiocarpous, dull white, the inner peridium +ashen or bluish, remote from the calcareous crust, which is extremely +fragile, easily shelling off; columella indistinguishable from the base +of the sporangium, thin, alutaceous; capillitium of short, generally +colorless, delicate, sparingly branching or anastomosing threads perpendicular +to the columella; spores black in mass, by transmitted +light violet-tinted, smooth, 6–8 µ.</p> + +<p>Perhaps our most common form. Found in fall on dead twigs, +leaves, etc. Recognized by its rather large, white, depressed or flattened +sporangia tending to form reticulations, and hence suggesting +the name. The lines of fruiting tend to follow the venation of the +supporting leaf; where the sporangium is round, the columella is a +distinct rounded or cake-like body; where the fruit is venulose, the +columella is less distinct.</p> + +<p>By these rounded forms we pass easily, as by a gate, to <i>D. hemisphericum</i>, +which, when wholly sessile, differs still in greater diameter +of the sporangia and in having somewhat larger spores. Usually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> +in such case the compared colony will show somewhere a very short +and stout but very real stipe supporting the discoid fruit.</p> + +<p>Rostafinski divided the genus <i>Chondrioderma</i>, i. e. <i>Diderma</i>, into +three sections:—</p> + +<p><i>Monoderma</i> to include those species in which the calcareous crust is +less distinct or connate with the true peridium.</p> + +<p><i>Diderma</i>, in which the two structures were plainly separate.</p> + +<p><i>Leangium</i>, used as in the present work. In his first section Rostafinski +placed <i>C. reticulatum</i> and <i>C. michelii</i>; in the second, <i>C. difforme</i> +and <i>C. calcareum</i>.</p> + +<p>Lister has examined Rostafinski's type of <i>C. reticulatum</i> and declares +that it has the usual didermic characters. Hence there is no +doubt that our small-spored American specimens are covered by Rostafinski's +description, No. 72. On the other hand, Lister makes <i>C. +difforme</i> (Pers.) Rost. a <i>Didymium</i>, by its crystalline coat. That +species therefore is removed from consideration in this connection. +<i>C. calcareum</i> remains as applicable to American forms having the +spores 10–12 µ, but according to the author of the species the capillitium +is abundant and definitive. Unhappily the type of <i>C. calcareum</i> +is lost (Lister, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 95), so that there is no other means +of verification than the description and Rostafinski's figure. Under +these circumstances we consider the name <i>calcareum</i> inapplicable to +any American forms we have so far seen. See next species. As to the +American species which have been distributed as <i>C. calcareum</i> (Lk.) +Rost., they are, so far as seen, referable to <i>D. reticulatum</i> (Rost.), +Morg. Here also belongs No. 1217, Ellis, <i>N. A. F.</i></p> + +<p>New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska. Probably to be +found throughout the eastern United States.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Diderma spumarioides</span> <i>Fries</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1829. <i>Diderma spumarioides</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 104.</li> +<li>1833. <i>Physarum stromateum</i> Link., <i>Handb.</i>, III., p. 409.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Chondrioderma stromateum</i> (Lk.) Rost., <i>App.</i>, p. 18.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia sessile, crowded, spherical, or by mutual pressure irregular, +white; the peridium plainly double, but the layers adhering, +the outer more strongly calcareous, but very frail, almost farinaceous;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> +hypothallus more or less plainly in evidence, white or pale alutaceous; +columella distinct, though often small, globose, yellowish; capillitium +variable in quantity, sometimes abundant, brown, somewhat branching +and anastomosing outwardly, the tips paler; spores minutely +roughened, dark violaceous, about 10 µ.</p> + +<p>This species has the outward seeming of a didymium, but is plainly +different as that genus is here defined, since the calcareous crust, although +inclined to be pulverulent, is made up of minute granules, not +crystals, of lime. The hypothallus is sometimes hardly discoverable, +anon well developed, out-spread, rugulose, far beyond the limits of +the fructification. In his <i>Monograph</i>, p. 175, Rostafinski includes +here <i>Physarum stromateum</i> Link. In the Appendix he is inclined to +raise Link's form to the dignity of a distinct species, basing the +diagnosis upon the superposition of the sporangia in certain cases, a +feature entirely unknown to Link's description and of extremely uncertain +value, since by their crowding the sporangia are liable always +to be pushed above each other. We therefore regard <i>C. stromateum</i> +(Link) Rost. as a synonym of the present species, as the description, +Link, Handb., III., 409, indicates, so far as it goes.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Diderma simplex</span> (<i>Schroet.</i>) <i>Lister.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1885. <i>Chondrioderma simplex</i> Schroet., <i>Krypt. Fl. Schles.</i>, III., 1, p. 123.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Diderma simplex</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 107.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>"Plasmodium bright yellowish brown." Sporangia gregarious, sessile, +globose or depressed globose, .3–.5 mm., or anon plasmodiocarpous, +brown or brick-red when fresh, becoming paler, ochraceous, etc.; +hypothallus everywhere in evidence; columella ill-defined; capillitium +scanty, the threads delicate, pale, branching as they join the peridial +wall; spores dull violaceous, slightly roughened, 8–10 µ.</p> + +<p>A rather crude, primitive representative of this beautiful genus. +The inner peridium seems to be lacking,—a comfort to Rostafinski! +Rare. Our best specimens are from New Jersey, by courtesy of Dr. +C. L. Shear. These went to fruit on leaves and branches of <i>Vaccinium</i>. +It seems to affect the heather of Europe, moorland, etc. I +have also specimens from the herbarium of the lamented Dr. Rex. +These are more plasmodiocarpous, but open beautifully by a median<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +fissure as in <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> Bull. In no American gathering +that I have examined does the capillitium show calcareous thickenings +as described by the British text.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Diderma globosum</span> <i>Persoon.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1794. <i>Diderma globosum</i> Pers., <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 89.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma globosum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 180.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia more or less closely gregarious, sessile, globose or by +mutual pressure prismatic or polyhedral, white, the outer wall smooth, +polished, crustaceous, fragile, far remote from the inner, which is +thin, smooth, or rugulose, iridescent blue; hypothallus usually pronounced +and spreading beyond the sporangia, sometimes scanty +or lacking, columella variable, sometimes very small, inconspicuous, +sometimes large, globose, ellipsoidal, even pedicellate; capillitium +abundant, brown or purplish brown, branching and occasionally +anastomosing to form a loosely constructed superficial net; spores +globose, delicately spinulose, 8 µ.</p> + +<p>This species seems rare in this country. We have specimens from +Iowa. It is distinguished by small spores and generally snow-white +color. Lister has thrown doubt upon Rostafinski's definition of this +form—<i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 78. Almost everything distributed in the +United States under this name belongs in the next species. Reported +also from Ohio,—<i>Morgan.</i> Washington. But:—it should be +found in Europe, where first described!</p> + +<p>There are two ways to meet the difficulty. In the first place it +seems probable that a small-spored form really hides somewhere in +Europe. The difference between the <i>Monograph</i> measurement and +the size admitted for <i>D. crustaceum</i> Pk., evidently considered by Mr. +Lister as type and so used in his illustration, Pl. 85, is too great to be +esteemed merely an error. That added .3 (Rost.) indicates caution, +the average of several measurements. Our <i>D. globosum</i> may represent +what the <i>Monograph</i> describes.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> In the second place we may as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> +American students mistake larger and more globular forms of something +else, of <i>D. spumarioides</i> Fr., whose spores are but little larger; +or of <i>D. effusum</i> (Schw.) Morg., where the flattened plasmodiocarps +anon splatter out to globose drops of polished whiteness, and +whose spores are 8 µ. But even here the chances of error are small. +In the species last named the columella or sporangial base is alutaceous, +not white; in Fries' species, while the columella if present may +be white, the peridial walls are different, difficult to distinguish.</p> + +<p>For these reasons, <i>D. globosum</i> Pers. may stand, waiting further +light from Europe.</p> + + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Diderma crustaceum</span> <i>Peck.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, Fig. 7</p> + +<ul> +<li>1871. <i>Diderma crustaceum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXVI., p. 74.</li> +<li>1889. <i>Chondrioderma crustaceum</i> (Peck) Berl., <i>Sacc.</i>, VII., p. 373.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodium at first watery, colorless, becoming at length milky +white; sporangia closely crowded or superimposed, in a cushion-like +colony, creamy white, globose, imbedded in the substance of the +hypothallus, the outer peridium smooth, delicate, crustaceous, fragile, +remote from the blue iridescent inner membrane; hypothallus prominent; +columella variable, generally present, globose; capillitium dark-colored, +the threads branching and combining to form a loose net; +spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light dark violaceous, delicately +roughened, 12–15 µ.</p> + +<p>Common. Readily to be distinguished from the preceding by the +larger spores and more crowded habit. New England west to +Nebraska.</p> + +<p>The didermas are generally delicately beautiful. The outer wall +in the present species is like finest unglazed china, softly smooth, and +yet not polished, often absolutely white, with porcellanous fracture. +An inter-parietal space separates the outer from the inner wall, so +that the former may be broken, bit by bit, without in the least disturbing +the underlying structure. The inner wall is ashen or gauzy +iridescent green, sending back all colors in reflected light. The +spores are violet, deeply so when fresh, the capillitium strong and +likewise tinted; the columella passing down and blending with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> +common snow-white hypothalline base. The distinct habits of the +two species are represented in Figs. 5 and 7. In the one the distinct +sporangia are associated but not crowded; in the other all are massed +together in quite æthalioid fashion, forming circumambient, chalky +masses of considerable size, 2 or 3 cm., overcrowded, superimposed, +where the sporangia are regular in shape and size by reason of mutual +pressure. The plasmodium develops in forests and orchards, among +decaying leaves, but is inclined to rise as maturity draws near, to +ascend some twig erect, or the stem of a living plant to the height of +several inches where the sporangia at length appear "heaped and +pent", an encircling sheath, conspicuous after the fashion of a spumaria +for which it is indeed sometimes mistaken.</p> + + +<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Diderma lyallii</span> (<i>Massee</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Figs. 5 and 5 <i>a</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1892. <i>Chondrioderma lyallii</i> Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 201.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Chondrioderma lyallii</i> Mass., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 81.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Diderma lyallii</i> Mass., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 99.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Diderma lyallii</i> List., sub-species, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 105.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia obovate, more or less closely crowded, white, stipitate, +about 1 mm. in diameter, the outer peridium firm, stout, encrusted, +especially above, with granular masses of lime, the inner well developed, +more or less cartilaginous, opaque, yellow or buff-colored; +hypothallus well developed, venulose, white, passing up unchanged +to form the short, stout stipe and lower outer peridium; columella +prominent, half the height of the sporangium, brown; capillitium of +short, brown threads, rigid, much branched, forming a net, widened +irregularly and especially at the net-nodes; spore-mass black, spores +by transmitted light bright brown, rough, 15–17 µ.</p> + +<p>A very distinct species; large, fine, showy sporangia in more or less +crowded clusters spring from a snow-white, common hypothallus. +First reported from western Canada. Our first specimens were collected +by the late Mr. Charles Irish, on the eastern slopes of the +Sierras, in Nevada; now coming in abundantly from all the western +mountains to the Pacific.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Diderma testaceum</span> (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, 4, 4 <i>a</i>, and 4 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Didymium testaceum</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Plant.</i>, p. 25.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Diderma testaceum</i> Persoon, <i>Syn.</i>, p. 167.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Chondrioderma testaceum</i> (Schrad.) Rost., <i>Vers.</i>, p. 13.</li> +<li>1874. <i>Diderma mariae-wilsoni</i> Clinton, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXVI., p. 74.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Diderma testaceum</i> (Schrad.) Pers., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 99.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Diderma testaceum</i> Pers., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 106.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, sessile, depressed-spherical or sometimes elongate, +small, 1 mm. or less, rose-white, smooth, the outer peridium +crustaceous, rather thick and persistent, polished, slightly raised above +the inner, which is dull ashen and more or less wrinkled; hypothallus +none; columella prominent, hemispherical in the typical rounded +forms, slightly rough, reddish or reddish alutaceous; capillitium +usually abundant, of slender, delicate pale or colorless threads, little +branched, and smooth; spores violaceous-brown, minutely roughened, +8–9 µ.</p> + +<p>A very beautiful species occurring at the same time as the preceding +and in similar situations. All our specimens from the west +are on dead leaves of oak; some eastern gatherings are on moss. +Easily recognized when fresh by its delicate pink or roseate color; +weathered specimens are white, and might be confused with forms of +<i>D. reticulatum</i>, but the sporangia in the present species are less flattened +and only rarely in special situations run off to linear or plasmodiocarpous +shapes characteristic of <i>D. reticulatum</i>.</p> + +<p>Not common, although widely distributed from east to west. New +England, New York, New Jersey, South Carolina, Ohio, Illinois, +Iowa, Nebraska, California (<i>Harkness</i>), Washington, Oregon.</p> + + +<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Diderma niveum</span> (<i>Rostafinski</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 11 and 11 <i>a</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma niveum</i> Rost, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 170.</li> +<li>1877. <i>Diderma albescens</i> Phillips, <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 114.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, or more often crowded, sessile, depressed-spherical, +sometimes ellipsoidal or elongate, white, the outer +peridium crustaceous, chalky, smooth and fragile, the inner distinct, +delicate, ochraceous; hypothallus scant or none; columella well developed, +globose or hemispherical, orange-tinted or ochraceous; capillitium<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> +abundant, made of threads of two sorts, some purplish or +dusky, with pale extremities, uneven, others more delicate and colorless, +and with wart-like thickenings, all sparingly branched; spores +violet-brown, minutely roughened, 9–10 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is not common. From Colorado we have fine specimens +typical in every way. Specimens from Washington are flat so +far as at present at hand; probably represent <i>D. deplanatum</i> (R.) +List., which the last named author regards as varietal of the present +species, entering it and <i>D. lyallii</i> as sub-species 2 and 1 respectively. +<i>D. deplanatum</i> may perhaps be best so disposed of; but <i>D. lyallii</i> is +distinguished at sight, as well as by microscopic characters, spores +nearly twice as great, rougher and different in color.</p> + + +<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Diderma cinereum</span> <i>Morg.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1894. <i>Diderma cinereum</i> Morg., <i>Myx. Mi. Val.</i>, p. 70.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, more or less crowded or even confluent, sub-globose, +only slightly depressed, ashen white; the peridium not obviously +double, very smooth and thin, rupturing irregularly; hypothallus +an indistinct membrane or wholly wanting; columella large, +globose or hemispheric, white, the surface granulose; capillitium of +very slender colored threads, the extremities pellucid, more or less +branched; spores violaceous, minutely warted, 9–11 µ.</p> + +<p>Growing on old wood, leaves, etc. The sporangium .3–.5 mm., +thin and smooth or rugulose. This elegant little species I know only +from specimens received from Mr. Morgan. It seems to be closely +related to <i>D. spumarioides</i>, from which it is distinguished by its color, +darker, and its smoother, or less spinulose spores. The author compares +the color and external appearance to that of <i>P. cinereum</i>,—<i>Jour. +Cin. Soc.</i>, XVI., p. 154.</p> + +<p>Ohio, Pennsylvania.</p> + + +<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Diderma hemisphericum</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Horne.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Reticularia hemispherica</i> Bull., <i>Cham. de Fr.</i>, I., p. 93.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Didymium hemisphericum</i> (Bull.) Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 115.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Diderma hemisphericum</i> (Bull.) Horne., <i>Fl. Dan.</i>, XI., p. 18.</li> +<li>1832. <i>Didymium michelii</i> Lib., <i>Pl. Ard.</i>, No. 180.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Chondrioderma michelii</i> (Lib.) Rost., Fuckel, <i>Sym. Myc.</i>, p. 74.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, orbicular, discoid, depressed above and often +umbilicate below, stipitate or sometimes sessile, the outer peridium +white, fragile, crustaceous, soon breaking about the margins, closely +applied to the inner, which is delicate, cinereous, and ruptures irregularly; +stipe about equal to the diameter of the sporangium, 1 mm., +rather stout, calcareous but colored, brownish or alutaceous, more or +less wrinkled longitudinally, the wrinkles when present forming veins +on the lower surface of the sporangium; hypothallus small; columella +not distinct from the thickened brownish or reddish base of the +sporangium; capillitium of delicate threads, mostly simple and colorless, +often scanty; spores pale violaceous, nearly smooth, 8–9 µ.</p> + +<p>A very well marked species, easily recognized, at least when stipitate, +by its remarkable discoid or lenticular sporangia. After the +spore-dispersal, the stipes are long-persistent, surmounted by a peculiar +disk representing the consolidated columella, lower sporangial +wall, and expanded stem-top. Sessile specimens are like similar forms +of <i>D. reticulatum</i>, but in all the gatherings before us the stipitate +type is at hand to reveal the identity of the species.</p> + +<p>Rostafinski's figures, 131, 146, 149, and 150, adapted from Corda, +exaggerate the hypothallus, but otherwise leave nothing to be desired.</p> + +<p>As to synonymy, Bulliard has plainly the priority. His figure, +t. 446, Fig. 1, can refer to nothing else, especially reënforced as it is +by Sowerby, <i>Eng. Fung.</i>, t. 12.</p> + +<p>Rather rare on fallen stems of herbaceous plants, but widely distributed, +New England to Oregon and Washington.</p> + + +<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Diderma sauteri</span> (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma sauteri</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 181.</li> +<li>1891. <i>Chondrioderma aculeatum</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 390.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, sessile, lenticular or hemispherical, +flattened above and sometimes concave or umbilicate below, dusky or +yellowish white, the outer peridium papyraceous, thin, occasionally +wrinkled, rupturing irregularly, remote from the inner, which is thin, +delicate, semi-transparent, grayish, rarely iridescent; hypothallus +none; columella irregular, sometimes small and hardly evident, rugose, +with spine-like processes, the persisting bases of the capillitial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +threads, reddish brown; capillitium scanty, white, or colorless, simple +or sparingly branched; spores dark violaceous, spinulose, 12–13 µ.</p> + +<p>This is <i>Chondrioderma aculeatum</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.</i>, +1891, p. 390. After careful comparison of specimens and various +descriptions, especially that of Rostafinski with the type specimens of +Dr. Rex, I am constrained to concur with Lister in adopting Rostafinski's +name. The sporangia in the type specimens (Rex) are on +moss, borne at the extreme tips of acuminate or aculeate leaves, so +that at first sight they appear stipitate.</p> + +<p>Apparently rare. Maine, New York.</p> + + +<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Diderma cor-rubrum</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 2</p> + +<p>Sporangia gregarious clustered, small .5–.7 mm., sessile corrugate-plicate, +especially above, snow-white, the outer peridium cartilaginous +polished without and within, the inner delicate, evanescent; columella +well developed, globose or clavate, anchored by several stout transverse +trabeculæ to the peridial wall, papillate, deep-red as is the +peridium especially below; capillitium very delicate, sparingly +branching, colorless; spores verruculose, fuliginous tinged with red, +about 12 µ.</p> + +<p>This curious but elegant little species is represented by a single +colony collected by Professor Morton Peck in Iowa. It resembles +<i>D. sauteri</i> but is distinguished by the plicate white wall, the stout +columella with its lateral extensions, as by the more delicate spores. +On rotten wood.</p> + + +<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Diderma ochraceum</span> <i>Hoffm.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1795. <i>Diderma ochraceum</i> Hoffm., <i>Deutsch. Fl. Tab.</i> 9, 2, b.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Diderma ochraceum</i> Hoffm., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 109.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious or clustered, .7–1 mm., sessile, globose or +sometimes plasmodiocarpous, ochraceous yellow; outer wall cartilaginous +with yellow deposits of lime, the inner also yellow, adherent +or free; columella not distinct; capillitium simple or branching, +purple-brown, hyaline at base; spores spinulose, purplish-grey, 9–11 µ.</p> + +<p>Mr. Lister reports this species from Massachusetts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Diderma roanense</span> (<i>Rex</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Chondrioderma roanense</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 368.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, discoidal, thin, flattened or slightly convex +above, plane or plano-concave below, umber-brown, stipitate, the outer +peridium smooth, brittle, rupturing irregularly, the basal fragments +somewhat persistent, concrete with the inner peridium, which +is pure white, except near the columella, and punctate; stipe short, +variable, longitudinally ridged, jet-black; hypothallus none; columella +flat, discoidal, pale ochraceous; capillitium sparse, white or colorless, +composed of simple, rarely forked, sinuous threads occasionally joined +by lateral branches; spores dark violaceous, distinctly warted, 12–14 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is readily distinguished by its color. The sporangia, +found on rotten wood, are large, 1 mm., brown, and have thick, persistent +walls. Dr. Rex considered that the species differs from other +related forms not only in color, but in the well-marked discoidal +columella and the jet-black irregular stipe. It is perhaps most nearly +related to the following species.</p> + +<p>Tennessee.</p> + + +<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Diderma radiatum</span> (<i>Linn.</i>) <i>Morg.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 8</p> + +<ul> +<li>1753. <i>Lycoperdon radiatum</i> Linn. (?) <i>Sp. Pl.</i>, 1654.</li> +<li>1797. <i>Didymium stellare</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 21.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Diderma stellare</i> (Schrad.) Persoon, <i>Syn.</i>, p. 164.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma radiatum</i> (Linn.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 182.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Diderma radiatum</i> (Linn.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 66.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Diderma stellare</i> Schrad., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p 104.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Diderma radiatum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 112.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, depressed-globose, sometimes also flattened below, +stipitate, smooth or slightly corrugate, ashen or brownish, about +1 mm. in diameter, the peridium dehiscing irregularly or somewhat +radiately from above downwards, the segments reflexed, the inner +layer not distinguishable, or inseparable; stipe short, stout, brownish, +sometimes almost lacking; hypothallus not conspicuous, but sometimes +sufficient to connect the bases of adjacent stipes; columella +large, hemispherical or globose, pallid or yellowish; capillitium abundant, +of slender generally simple, colored threads, paler at the furcate +tips; spores dark violaceous, minutely roughened, 8–11 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> + +<p>Rare on rotten logs in the forests; September. Easily recognized +by the short-stiped, ashen sporangia which before dehiscence indicate +by delicate tracings the lines which subsequent cleavage is to follow. +In texture the peridium resembles that of <i>D. floriforme</i>.</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Virginia, Colorado, Washington, +Oregon; Europe generally.</p> + +<p>The Linnæan description on which to base the specific name +<i>D. radiatum</i> is wholly inadequate. It appears also by the testimony +of Linné <i>fils</i>, that <i>L. radiatum</i> Linné is a lichen! and the name is so +applied by Persoon. But in the Linnæan herbarium preserved at +London, <i>teste</i> Lister, the original type of <i>Lycoperdon radiatum</i> L. +may yet be seen! to the confusion of <i>fils</i>, Persoon, and other followers +of Schrader all, and our stellar species becomes radiate now, let us +hope for long!</p> + + +<p class="species">16. <span class="smcap">Diderma trevelyani</span> (<i>Grev.</i>) <i>Fr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1825. <i>Leangium trevelyani</i> Grev., <i>Scot., Cr. Fl.</i>, Tab. 132.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Diderma trevelyani</i> (Grev.) Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 105.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma trevelyani</i> (Grev.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 182.</li> +<li>1877. <i>Diderma geasteroides</i> Phill., <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 113.</li> +<li>1877. <i>Diderma laciniatum</i> Phill., <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 113.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, globose or nearly so, smooth or verruculose, +reddish-brown or rufescent, sessile or short-stipitate, the outer peridium +firm, splitting more or less regularly into unequal, revolute, +petal-like lobes which are white within, the inner not distinguishable +as such; stipe, when present, equal, furrowed, concolorous; columella +small or none; capillitium abundant, the threads rather rigid, purple +or purplish brown, branching and anastomosing, more or less beaded; +spores dark, violaceous brown, spinulose, 10–13 µ.</p> + +<p>In 1876, Harkness and Moore collected in the Sierra Nevada +Mountains of California, forms of <i>Diderma</i> which are described by +Phillips, <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 113, as <i>D. geasteroides</i> and <i>D. laciniatum</i>. +English authorities who have examined the material agree that the +forms described constitute but a single species, and Lister makes them +identical with <i>D. trevelyani</i> (Grev.) Fr. Rostafinski's figures, 161, +162, are a curious reproduction, evidently, of Fried. Nees von Esenbeck's, +Plate IX., Fig. 4. Massee describes a columella; Lister says<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> +there is none. What may occasion such divergence of statement none +may say; such forms as come in so far from our western mountains +have no columella.</p> + + +<p class="species">17. <span class="smcap">Diderma asteroides</span> <i>List.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1902. <i>Diderma asteroides</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XL, p. 209.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Diderma asteroides</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 113.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia globose or ovoid-globose, the apex more or less acuminate, +sessile, sometimes narrowed at the base to a short, thick stalk, brown +or chocolate tinted, marked at the apex by radiant lines, and at length +dehiscent by many reflexing lobes revealing the snow-white adherent +inner peridium on the exposed or upper side; columella also white, +globose or depressed-globose; capillitium generally colorless, somewhat +branched, especially above; spores dark violaceous, verruculose, +10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Oregon, the Three Sisters Mountains; Colorado; California.</p> + +<p>A very beautiful species, recognizable at sight; when unopened, by +the peculiar chocolate brown, the sporangia smaller than in <i>D. radiatum</i>. +When opened, the snow-white flower-like figure, flat against +the substratum, is definitive. Very near number 16 preceding; the +dehiscence more regular.</p> + + +<p class="species">18. <span class="smcap">Diderma floriforme</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus floriformis</i> Bulliard, <i>Champ.</i>, p. 142, t. 371.</li> +<li>1794. <i>Diderma floriforme</i> (Bull.) Persoon, <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, p. 89.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia crowded, generally in dense colonies, globose, smooth, +ochraceous-white, stipitate, the peridium thick, cartilaginous, splitting +from above into several petal-like lobes, which become speedily reflexed +exposing the swarthy spore-mass, the inner peridium not +discoverable, inseparable; stipe concolorous, about equal to the sporangium; +hypothallus, generally well developed, but thin, membranaceous, +common to all the sporangia; columella prominent, globose or +cylindric, often constricted below, and prolonged upward almost to +the top of the spore-case; capillitium of slender, delicate, sparingly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> +branched threads; spores dark violaceous-brown, studded with scattered +warts, 10–11 µ.</p> + +<p>Not uncommon, especially on rotten oak logs. Easily recognized +by the peculiar form of the fruit, spherical before dehiscence, floriform +after. Unlike most species, this form often fruits in dark +places, in the interior of a log, even in the ground.</p> + +<p>New England, Ontario to Iowa and Nebraska, and south.</p> + + +<p class="species">19. <span class="smcap">Diderma rugosum</span> (<i>Rex</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 10.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Chondrioderma rugosum</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 369.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, white or ashen, rugulose over the +whole surface, the ridges marking the lines of subsequent rupture or +dehiscence, the peridium thin papyraceous, stipitate; stipe well developed +about equal to the sporangium, subulate, almost black; hypothallus +none; columella distinct, generally white, sometimes small, +globose, sometimes penetrating the sporangium, to one-half the +height; capillitium white or colorless, the filaments freely forked and +combined by lateral branches into a loose network attached to the +columella and basal wall below and the upper sporangial wall above; +spores violaceous-brown, warted, 8–10 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is well designated <i>rugosum</i>, and is recognizable at +sight by its wrinkled, areolate surface. Related to <i>D. radiatum</i> in +the prefigured dehiscence, but otherwise very distinct. Liable to be +overlooked as a prematurely dried physarum. Rare. Plasmodium +gray.</p> + +<p>North Carolina, Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>4. Lepidoderma</b> <i>DeBary</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1858. <i>Lepidoderma</i> DeBy., MS. Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 13.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia stalked or sessile; peridium cartilaginous, adorned without +with large calcareous scales, superficial or shut in lenticular cavities; +capillitium non-calcareous.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>Key to Species of Lepidoderma</b></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to Species of Lepidoderma"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Sporangia stipitate, stipe brown</td><td align="left">1. <i>L. tigrinum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Sporangia sessile, plasmodiocarpous, spores 10–12 µ</td><td align="left">2. <i>L. carestianum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, spores 8–10 µ</td><td align="left">3. <i>L. chailletii</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Lepidoderma tigrinum</span> (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV.</a></span>, Fig. 7.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Didymium tigrinum</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Plantarum</i>, p. 22.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Lepidoderma tigrinum</i> (Schrad.) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 13.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, rather large, hemispherical-depressed, stipitate, +umbilicate beneath, the peridium shining, olivaceous or purplish, +tough, covered more or less abundantly with angular scales; the stipe +stout, furrowed, dark brown, but containing calcareous deposits +withal, tapering upward, and continued within the peridium as a +pronounced more or less calcareous columella; hypothallus more or +less prominent, yellowish or brownish; capillitium dark, purplish-brown, +of sparingly branching threads radiating from the columella; +spores dull purplish-brown, minutely roughened, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>A singular species, rare, but easily recognized by its peculiar, +placoid scales, large and firmly embedded in the peridial wall. The +internal structure is essentially that of <i>Diderma</i> or <i>Didymium</i>. The +species occurs in hilly or mountainous regions, on moss-covered logs. +The plasmodium pale yellow, some part of it not infrequently remains +as a venulose hypothallus connecting such sporangia as are near +together.</p> + +<p>New England to Washington and Oregon; Vancouver Island.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Lepidoderma carestianum</span> (<i>Rabenh.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1862. <i>Reticularia carestiana</i> Rabenh., <i>MS. Fung. Eur. exsic.</i>, No. 436.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Lepidoderma carestianum</i> (Rabenh.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 188.</li> +<li>1891. <i>Amaurochaete minor</i> Sacc. & Ell., <i>Mich.</i>, II., p. 566.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> + +<p>Fructification in the form of flat, pulvinate plasmodiocarps, or, +anon, sporangiate, the sporangia sessile, sub-globose, ellipsoidal, elongate, +irregular, confluent, yellowish-grey, the peridium covered more +or less completely with dull white, crystals or crystal-like scales; +columella, where visible, yellowish-brown, calcareous; capillitium, +coarse, rigid, more or less branched and united, or colorless, delicate, +forming a definite net; spores distinctly warted, purple 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>This is a most remarkable species. The sporangiate forms little +resemble those distinctly plasmodiocarpal. In the former the calcic +scales and crystals are distinct and quite as in <i>L. tigrinum</i>; in the +latter they are cuboid, irregular. The wall of the peridium in the +plasmodiocarps at hand is black, and the covering accordingly shows +white; in the sporangial forms the wall is brown, and the scales have +a yellow tinge as if tinged with iron. In the sporangial presentation +the capillitium is intricate delicate; in the plasmodiocarp, rigid, dark-colored, +etc. This looks like a didymium and in so far justifies the +opinion of earlier students. Fries, of course, includes all these things +with the didymiums, and <i>D. squamulosum</i> probably often sheltered +them under extended wing.</p> + +<p><i>Didymium granuliferum</i> Phill., <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 114, from California +is by European authors referred here. The capillitium carries +calcareous crystalline deposits in special vesicles and the spores show +remarkable variation in unusual size—15–30 µ.[1]</p> + +<p>Should probably be entered <i>Lepidoderma granuliferum</i> (Phill.) +Fr., spores 15–18 µ.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> + +<p>Utah,—Harkness.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Lepidoderma chailletii</span> <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<p>Sporangia distinct, coalescent or plasmodiocarpous, large, when isolated +1–1.5 mm., dull drab in color, very sparsely sprinkled with +white tetrahedral or irregular scales; the peridium thin, more or less +translucent, rugulose, dull brown, persistent; columella none; capillitium +abundant, under the lens purple-brown, sparingly branched,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> +even, stout, rigid, no calcareous deposits nor vesicles; spores 8–10 µ, +minutely warted, fuliginous.</p> + +<p>Yosemite Cañon, California, <i>Prof. B. Shimek.</i></p> + +<p>This is, no doubt, similar to <i>L. carestianum</i> but differs in the size +and habit of the sporangia, and in the fact that the capillitium is +uniform throughout, whatever the style of fructification, and in the +size, color, and surface characters of the spore.</p> + +<p>Evidently not <i>Didymium granuliferum</i> Phill. Both will, no +doubt, be again collected, and we shall then have much needed light.</p> + +<p>Nor is this quite Rostafinski's species as cited. The spores are +much smaller; Rostafinski says 10–12 or more, and calls for a distinctly +netted capillitium, the surface strongly marked by abundant +calcareous crystals. Ours may be a different thing.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>5. Colloderma</b> <i>G. Lister</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1910. <i>Colloderma, Jour. of Botany</i>, XLVIII., p. 312.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Peridium double; the outer gelatinous, the inner membranaceous; +capillitium intricate, limeless.</p> + + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Colloderma oculatum</span> (<i>Lipp.</i>) <i>G. Lister.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1894. <i>Didymium oculatum</i> Lipp., <i>Verh. Zo-Bot. Ges. Wien</i>, XLIV., p. 74.</li> +<li>1910. <i>Colloderma oculatum</i> (Lipp.) G. List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XLVIII., p. 312.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, or sub-globose, sessile or short-stipitate, +olivaceous or purplish-brown, smooth and shining, the outer +peridium gelatinous, thickened by moisture, hyaline; stipe dark +brown; columella none; capillitium as in <i>Didymium</i> purplish-brown, +colorless at the tips; spores spinulose, fuscous, about 12 µ.</p> + +<p>New Hampshire, Europe.</p> + +<p>Our specimens from the late Dr. W. G. Farlow who collected it +in New Hampshire. Swollen by immersion in water the sporangia +take on an eye-like appearance, oculate, etc.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>EXTRA-LIMITAL</b></p> + +<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarina</span> <i>von Höhnel.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1909. <i>Physarina</i> von Höhnel, <i>Akad. Wiss. Wien; Math-nat. KL.</i>, CXVIII., p. 431.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangium wall rough with blunt spine-like processes, otherwise +as <i>Diderma</i>.</p> + +<p>One species, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 432, <i>P. echinocephala</i> v. Höhn.</p> + +<p>Java. Might as well be called <i>Diderma echinocephalum</i>, one +would think. Structure is that of <i>Leangium</i>. The striking character +is a surface modification of the outer peridium, according to the +description.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Order</span> II</p> + +<p class="center"><b>STEMONITALES</b></p> + +<p>Capillitium present, thread-like, arising in typical cases from a well-developed +columella; spores in mass, black or violet-brown, more +rarely ferruginous.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Families of Stemonitales</b></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Families of Stemonitales"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Fructification æthalioid, capillitium poorly defined; columella rudimentary or none</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Amaurochætaceæ</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Fructification of distinct sporangia, capillitium well defined; the columella generally prominent, long and abundantly branched throughout</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Stemonitaceæ</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Sporangia distinct; capillitium developed chiefly or only, from the summit of the columella</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lamprodermaceæ</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><i>A.</i> AMAUROCHÆTACEÆ</p> + +<p>Fructification æthalioid, an inch or two in diameter, in form varying +with the habitat and place; capillitium dendroid, consisting of +rather stout branches which rise irregularly more or less vertically +from the hypothallus, branch repeatedly, often anastomose to form a +network, especially toward the periphery; spores black.</p> + +<p>A single genus—</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>1. Amaurochæte</b> <i>Rostafinski</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Amaurochaete</i> Rost., <i>Versuch.</i>, p. 8.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>The genus <i>Amaurochaete</i> as defined by Rostafinski and the genus +<i>Reticularia</i> as represented by <i>R. lycoperdon</i> Bull. stand, the expression, +perhaps, of not dissimilar histories. Whether in regressive or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +progressive series, each to-day presents a case of arrested development. +Each in æthalioid fructification, reveals a mass of involved individual +(?) sporangia, so imperfectly developed that their outlines +can be inferred rather than anywhere, with absolute definiteness, +certainly ascertained. Perhaps, because similar sporangia in the group +to which either belongs, do come under other circumstances, to more +perfect individual form and function—perhaps for this reason we +may look upon these æthalia as exhibiting a suspended performance; +the sporangia have failed to go forward to what was evidently a +possible, though apparently not an essential destiny in form and figure. +For the care and dispersal of the spores, achievement must surely be +somewhat impaired. Whatever the measure of such inefficiency, +among the <i>Stemonitales Amaurochaete</i> shows the acme, as <i>Reticularia</i> +among the brown-spored forms.</p> + +<p>In <i>Amaurochaete</i> the individuality of anything like separate sporangia +is less clear. The view afforded, however, by a good vertical +section of a well-developed colony or cushion is interestingly <ins title="aborescent in original.">arborescent</ins>. +Ragged, dendroid stems arise, dissipated above into a network +most intricate, a "pleached arbor" if you please. The resemblance of +the overhead net to that presented by a stemonitis or comatricha is +very striking.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Amaurochæte</b></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Amaurochæte"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Capillitium rigid, irregular spores rough</td><td align="left">1. <i>A. fuliginosa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Capillitium soft, woolly, cincinnate, spores as in <i>A</i></td><td align="left">2. <i>A. tubulina</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Amaurochæte fuliginosa</span> (<i>Sowerby</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V.</a></span>, Figs. 8, 8 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1803. <i>Lycoperdon fuliginosum</i> Sow., <i>Eng. Fung.</i>, t. 257.</li> +<li>1805. <i>Lycogala atrum</i>, Alb. & Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 83.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Amaurochaete atra</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 211.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Fructification aethalioid, varying in form and size, if on the upper +side of the substratum, pulvinate, if below pendent and almost stipitate, +covered with a delicate cortex, at first shining, soon dull, black, +fragile, and early dissipated; hypothallus long-persisting, supporting +the capillitium, which is extremely variable, irregular, and for its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> +perfection dependent upon the form assumed by the æthalium, and +the conditions of weather, etc., under which it matures, sometimes, +especially when prostrate, in a very much depressed æthalium, spreading +into long fibrous threads, again under better conditions rising in +columella-like forms, supporting a peripheral net; spores dark brown +or black, irregularly globose, spinulose, 12.5–15 µ.</p> + +<p>Common in Europe, and probably not uncommon in this country +wherever pine forests occur. Specimens before us are from New +England and New York, Ohio, Carolina, Colorado. Canada.</p> + +<p>Sowerby, in his comment on plate 257, <i>Eng. Fungi</i>, says: "It appears +to consist of branching threads affixed to the deal and holding +a dense mass of sooty powder. Over the whole is a thin, deciduous +pellicle." This description seems to be applicable to nothing else. +The figure amounts to little. Fries recognizes the English description, +as does Rostafinski, but both authors adopt the later name given by +Albertini and Schweinitz, simply because of the excellent detailed +description found in the <i>Conspectus</i>.</p> + + +<p class="species"><ins title="Added.">2.</ins> <span class="smcap">Amaurochæte tubulina</span> (<i>Alb. & Schw.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX.</a></span>, 6 and 6 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1805. <i>Stemonitis tubulina</i> (Alb. & Schw.), <i>Cons. Fung.</i>, p. 102.</li> +<li>1825. <i>Lachnobolus cribrosus</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Orb. Veg.</i>, p. 14.</li> +<li>1912. <i>Amaurochaete cribrosa</i> (Fr.) Macbr., <i>Com. in litt.</i> to Herbaria, Harvard, etc.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></li> +<li>1917. <i>Amaurochaete cribrosa</i> (Fr.) Sturg., G. Lister, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, LVIII, p. 109.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodium at first transparent then white then rosy, ashen or +grey finally deepening to jet-black; the æthalium even, thin, variable +in extent from one to ten centimeters, covered by a distinct but thin +transparent cortex, papillate, extended laterally but a short distance +beyond the fructification, fragile, soon disappearing; hypothallus long-persistent, +thin, silvery, supporting the capillitium as if by stipes, +short slender columns, irregular plates, expansions, etc.; the capillitium +an intricate network, very abundant, elastic, on fall of the +peridium appearing like tiny tufts of wool, the meshes large, but +formed as in <i>Stemonitis</i>, persistent, dull black; spores, under the lens, +dull olivaceous black, minutely roughened, 12–14 µ.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> +<p>This species differs from the preceding, already well known, especially +in the capillitial characters. In the older species the capillitial +branches fray out, and are only sparingly united into a net extremely +lax. In the present form the net is the thing, common to all sporangia. +The total effect is to lend to the blown-out æthalium a +woolly appearance, entirely unlike that of its congener under the same +conditions. But until fructification is quite mature, the presence +of the collaborating sporangia below is indicated, suggested, by the +papillose upper surface.</p> + +<p>The amaurochetes are remarkable in that they appear upon coniferous +wood, logs or lumber, to all appearance undecayed. The species +just described developed abundantly in August on the recently +decorticated logs of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>, on the south-western slopes of +Mt. Rainier, Washington. In logging operations in the locality referred +to, the trees are felled often at considerable distance from the +mill. They are not infrequently large, 75–120 cm. in diameter. +The logs are dragged along the ground, the transportation facilitated +by removal of the bark from the new fallen trunk. In a few weeks' +time, affected by alternate rain and sun, the whole surface becomes +marked with hundreds of minute, almost invisible cracks, and it is in +the larger of these that the plasmodium of the present species has its +habitat. Hardly any mycologic phenomenon is more surprising than +to see plasmodia rising to fructification, scores at a time, upon a surface, +new and white, showing otherwise no evidence of any decomposition. +Doubtless the persisting cambium, the unused starches, +sugars, the wood of the season yet unlignified, afford easily accessible +nutrition.</p> + +<p>When this form was first examined in the laboratory its distinctness +was immediately seen. It was without doubt Fries' cribrose +reticularia; nobody questions that. Under this name, citing Fries' +description, specimens were sent out to herbaria as Harvard. Further +study of the records, however, soon convinces one familiar with the +ontogeny of the case that we are here face to face with the species, +described by Alb. & Schw. in their fine <i>Conspectus</i>. Their account +of the form, evidently often taken and now described with great care, +is entirely clear when read in presence of the facts. It is here submitted,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +as less easy of access but essential, if the reader would appreciate +the present disposal of the species.</p> + + +<p class="center">"S. Tubulina <span class="smcap">NOBIS</span></p> + +<p>"<i>S. magna pulvinata subhemisphaerica, stylidiis gregariis circinantibus, +capillitiis elongatis cylindraceis in massam pulveraceam fuscam +connatis, apicibus obtusis, prominulis, lucidis nigris.</i></p> + +<p>"The size indeed, the circumscribed form, the capillitiums conjoined +into a single body—indue this (form) with an appearance +peculiar to a degree; however, should anyone prefer to call it a very +remarkable variety of the preceding (<i>S. fasciculata</i>), we shall not +strenuously refuse. At first glance it looks like a tubulina. After +the fashion of its kind, the beginning is soft and milky. The diameter +generally an inch and a half to two inches, the height four to six +lines; the form perfectly round, or more rarely somewhat oblong. +The hypothallus, stout, pellucid silvery, betimes iridescent, when +turned to the light, easily separable from the substratum, bears the +columellae, dusky, thin, hair-like, aggregate and yet entirely free, and +everywhere circinately convergent, depressed by the superimposed +burden, hence decumbent: ... the capillitium loosely interwoven, +coalesces to a common mass whose smooth and shining surface +shows above, regularly disposed minute papillae, the apices of +individual sporangia.</p> + +<p>"Far from infrequent, on decorticate pine, of <i>Lycogala atrum</i> a +constant companion"!</p> + +<p>It goes of course without saying, that for the authors quoted, +<i>Lycogala atrum</i> is <i>Amaurochaete atra</i> Rost. <i>A. fuliginosa</i> (Sow.) of +more recent students, described and perfectly figured in the volume +cited.</p> + +<p>It is surprising that they did not enter the present species also as a +lycogala. But the stemonitis relationship this time impressed them +rather than the æthalial; besides they were misled by the <i>S. fasciculata</i> +of Gmelin and Persoon, a composite which the genius of Fries +hardly availed to disentangle twenty-five years later.</p> + +<p>The last named author, as we see, wrote first <i>Lachnobolus</i>, then +<i>Reticularia</i>. He calls the interwoven capillitium—<i>lachne</i>, wool, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> +"<i>pilam tactu eximie elasticam</i>," etc. He read the description in the +<i>Conspectus</i>, but carried away the stemonitis suggestion dominant +there, as we have seen, put <i>S. tubulina</i> A. & S. as an undeveloped +phase of <i>S. fusca</i>, which, of course, it is not. It needed not the +authority of Rostafinski, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 197, to assure us this. The earlier +authors describe the species in course of development to complete +maturity, and clinch the story by declaring the form a constant companion +of the commonly recognized amaurochete, so fixing the relationship +for us by habitat also.</p> + +<p>These men made a mistake, of course, in placing their species among +the stemonites at all. They did much better however than Fries who +called it a reticularia. It was also a mistake to cite <i>S. fasciculata</i>,—the +small fasciculate tufts of <i>S. fusca</i> and <i>S. axifera</i> offering by the +aggregate habit only faint resemblance,—a possible refuge for those +who would prefer another disposition of their species distinct (<i>aliena</i>) +though it is.</p> + +<p>Since Fries' day the species has been overlooked although the genus +has received more than once attention. Zukal <i>Hedwigia</i>, XXXV., p. +335, describes <i>A. speciosa</i> as a new species. This Saccardo writes +down, Syll. Fung., VII., p. 399, <i>S. tubulina</i> A. & S., admitting, however, +at the same time, that as fine an authority as Raciborsky refuses +to call Zukal's species either a stemonite or an amaurochete, thinks it +deserving generic appellation of its own.</p> + +<p>However, <i>A. speciosa</i> Zuk. need not here concern us. Neither in +his description nor figures does Zukal at all approach the form we +study. His species is not an amaurochete; the size of the spores suggest +that, to say nothing of the capillitial structure.</p> + +<p>In the same volume VII., the distinguished author introduces another +amaurochete, <i>A. minor</i> Sacc. & Ellis, <i>Mich.</i> II., p. 566. This +is American; sent from Utah by our famous pioneer collector +Harkness. A specimen is before us: it is a lepidoderma! in shining, +scaly armor dressed; vid. under <i>L. carestianum</i>.</p> + +<p>Since the distribution of Washington material, as mentioned, our +species reappears at various points in western Europe, points in England, +etc., and will no doubt now share, hereafter as a century ago, +the habitat so long conceded to the long familiar older type.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>B.</i> STEMONITACEÆ</p> + +<p>Capillitium abundant, springing usually as dissipating branches +from all parts of the columella; the sporangia generally definite and +distinct, though sometimes closely placed and generally rising from a +common hypothallus.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Stemonitaceæ</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Stemonitaceæ"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Fructification æthalioid; capillitium charged with vesicles</td><td align="left">1. <i>Brefeldia</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>B.</i> Sporangia distinct, or nearly so.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>a.</i> Stipe and columella jet-black.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1. Capillitium so united as to form a surface net</td><td align="left">2. <i>Stemonitis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">2. Capillitial branch-tips free</td><td align="left">3. <i>Comatricha</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>b.</i> Stipe and columella whitish; calcareous</td><td align="left">4. <i>Diachaea</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><b>1. Brefeldia</b> <i>Rostafinski</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Brefeldia</i> Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 8.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia occupying in the æthalium several layers, those of the +median, and especially of the lowest layers, furnished with columellæ +which blend beneath; capillitium threads in the lowest layers arising +from the columella, in the upper extending radiately between the +individual sporangia, and united at the sporangial limits by means of +rather large inflated sacs.</p> + +<p>The genus <i>Brefeldia</i> is, like some others, difficult to dispose of in +any scheme of classification where linear sequence must be followed. +Rostafinski placed it in an order by itself. Its relationships are on +the one hand with <i>Amaurochaete</i> and <i>Reticularia</i>, and on the other +with the <i>Stemonitales</i>, though easily distinguished from either. It is +intermediate to <i>Amaurochaete</i> and <i>Stemonitis</i>, and withal, as it appears +to us, a little nearer the latter, as the limits of the individual +sporangia are in <i>Brefeldia</i> pretty well defined.</p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Brefeldia maxima</span> (<i>Fr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V.</a></span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>, 7 <i>b</i>, and <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXXI">Plates XXI.</a></span>, <a href="#plXXII">XXII.</a></p> + +<ul> +<li>1825. <i>Reticularia maxima</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Orb. Veg.</i>, I., p. 147.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Brefeldia maxima</i> (Fr.) Rost., <i>Versuch.</i>, p. 8.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Æthalium large, four to twenty cm, papillate above, violet-black at +first, then purple or purple-brown, developed upon a widespread,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> +silver-shining hypothallus; sporangia in favorable cases distinct, indicated +above by the papillæ; columellæ obscure, black; capillitium +abundant, the threads uniting by multifid ends to surround as with a +net the peculiar vesicles; spore-mass dark violet-black, the individual +spores paler by transmitted light, distinctly papillose, 12–15 µ.</p> + +<p>A very remarkable species and one of the largest, rivalled by <i>Fuligo</i> +only. To be compared with <i>Reticularia</i>, which it resembles somewhat +externally, and with some of the larger specimens of <i>Enteridium</i>. +The plasmodium at first white with a bluish tinge is developed abundantly +in rotten wood, preferably a large oak stump, and changes color +as maturity comes on, much in the fashion of <i>Stemonitis splendens</i>, +leaving a widespread hypothallic film to extend far around the perfected +fruit-mass. In well-matured æthalia, "<i>Jove favente</i>," the sporangia +stand out perfectly distinct, particularly above and around the +margins. Closely and compactly crowded, they become prismatic by +mutual pressure, and attain sometimes the height of half an inch or +more. In the centre of the fructification, next the hypothallus, the +sporangia are very imperfectly differentiated. Many are here horizontally +placed, and perhaps supplied with an imperfectly formed +peridium,—if so are to be interpreted the lowest parts of the capillitial +structure, the long, branching, ribbon-like strands which lie +along the hypothallus. Some of these branch repeatedly with flat +anastomosing branchlets, ultimately fray out into lengthened threads, +and perish after all the superstructure has been blown away. From +every part of the structure so described, but more especially from the +margins, are given off in profusion the strange cystiferous threads, so +characteristic of this genus. These are exceeding delicate filaments, +attached at one end, it may be, to a principal branch, at the other free +or united to a second which again joins a third, and so looping and +branching, dividing, they form a more or less extended network, a +capillitium in which are entangled the myriad spores. Each filament +bears at its middle point (or is it the meeting point of two?) a peculiar +plexus which embraces several large cysts or vesicles whose function +or further homology does not readily appear.</p> + +<p>From the base of the fructification rise also ascending branches +which are black, terete, and not infrequently branched as if to form<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +the capillitium of a stemonitis. These ascending branches are in +many cases, probably in all, real, though as yet imperfectly developed, +columellæ. They rise, at least in many cases, directly from the hypothallus, +each is central to an individual sporangium, rises to about +two-thirds its height, but never attains the summit. The sporangia +are so crowded that many are choked off below, never reach the top +of the æthalium. In such cases the columella may cease at the sporangium-top. +The columella bears cystiferous threads sparingly, if at +all; nevertheless these abound in the peripheral portions of the sporangium +all the way up, and are especially noticeable beyond the +level of the top of the columella. Many are so arranged that the +plexus with its vesicles occupies a place in the plane separating adjacent +sporangia, suggesting the possibility that we have here to do +with an imperfectly developed surface-net and peridium. In this +view the cysts would represent the meeting-point of two opposite +radial capillitial threads rather than the middle of one. This accords +with Rostafinski's observations and drawings. The cysts, then, belong +morphologically to the peridium or sporangium wall. It is a +stemonitis whose sporangia have never been perfectly differentiated, +a case of arrested development. See further under <i>Stemonitis +confluens</i>.</p> + +<p>Rostafinski really offers the first definitive description. Fries probably +distinguished it, but his description would not indicate the fact +except for the added note wherein appears the reason for discarding +an apparently older name, viz., that given by Link. But neither +Link nor Sowerby distinguished by description or figure <i>Brefeldia</i> +from <i>Amaurochaete</i>.</p> + +<p>Throughout the northern forest; Maine to Vancouver Island: not +common.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>2. Stemonitis</b> (<i>Gleditsch</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1753. <i>Stemonitis</i> Gleditsch, in part, <i>Meth. Fung.</i>, p. 140.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Stemonitis</i> (Gleditsch) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 7.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia distinct, though often closely aggregate, cylindric, stipitate; +columella prominent; capillitium well developed by repeated +lateral and apical branching of the columella, at length assuming at +the surface the form of a distinct net which supports an evanescent +peridium.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p> + +<p>The genus is marked by its surface-net supported at the tips of the +dichotomously branched divisions of the columella. Over the net is +spread, theoretically at least, the peridial film supported by very short +points projecting from the net,—the peridial processes; the peridium, +however, is seldom seen; in some cases, certainly, is never developed. +Rostafinski first defined the genus as employed by recent writers. +Gleditsch simply renamed Micheli's <i>Clathroidastrum</i>; all writers +subsequent included species of other genera.</p> + +<p>The taxonomy of this genus is of the most difficult. Macroscopic, +defining characters are few, and even these sometimes uncertain. +Microscopic distinctions also tend to be illusive, variable in such +fashion that often at the critical point the most exact description +fails. All that may be done at present is to recognize two or three +definite types and then cautiously differentiate among these with the +light we have, until more general study of the group brings to service +a wider range of observation with more comprehensive record on +which judgment may better be sustained.</p> + +<p>We have before us many and beautiful forms of this genus yet unstudied. +Some of these doubtless have already found place in our +growing taxonomic literature; some apparently undescribed; all to +wait wider leisure or perhaps a younger hand.</p> + +<p>The entire life-history of every form is none too much if we would +set out with any hope of accuracy the genetic relationships for which +taxonomy stands. Recently European students are making the color +of the plasmodium a basis for species-discrimination, which is good so +far. But plasmodic characters are at present unserviceable generally, +for two reasons; they vary in the same species; and unfortunately, +when most needed, they are unknown and inaccessible. The student +is generally confronted by forms mature, the plasmodic stage already +past.</p> + + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Stemonitis</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Stemonitis"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>A.</i> Sporangia connately united.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Spores verruculose</td><td align="left">1. <i>S. confluens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Spores reticulate</td><td align="left">2. <i>S. trechispora</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>B.</i> Sporangia at maturity distinct.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>a.</i> Spore-mass grayish black.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">1. Larger, 8–12 mm. spores distinctly reticulate or warted, but sometimes nearly smooth</td><td align="left">3. <i>S. fusca</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">2. Spores reticulate and spinulose.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Spores adherent, clustered</td><td align="left">4. <i>S. uvifera</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Sporangia very tall, 15–20 mm., rigid</td><td align="left">5. <i>S. dictyospora</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">iii. Sporangia short, jet- or violet-black</td><td align="left">6. <i>S. nigrescens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>b.</i> Spore-mass rich brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">1. Columella central.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Sporangia shorter, 5–6 mm., spores banded</td><td align="left">7. <i>S. virginiensis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Sporangia 8–10 mm.; spores verruculose</td><td align="left">8. <i>S. webberi</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">iii. Sporangia tall, 15–20 mm. or more</td><td align="left">9. <i>S. splendens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">2. Columella eccentric, sporangium in cross-section, angular</td><td align="left">10. <i>S. fenestrata</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>c.</i> Spore-mass ferruginous; sporangia in tufts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">1. Spores smooth or nearly so.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Sporangia pale, small, 3–5 mm., crowded, stipe unpolished</td><td align="left">11. <i>S. smithii</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Sporangia ferruginous; columella regular</td><td align="left">12. <i>S. axifera</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">iii. Sporangia ferruginous; columella proliferate just below the apex</td><td align="left">13. <i>S. flavogenita</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">iv. Sporangia, spore-mass, dusky-purplish or brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">O On dead wood.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">o Scattered, apex blunt</td><td align="left">14. <i>S. pallida</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">oo Clustered, acuminate</td><td align="left">15. <i>S. carolinensis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO On living leaves, preferably, spore-mass brown</td><td align="left">16. <i>S. herbatica</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis confluens</span> <i>Cooke & Ellis.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXI">Plate XI</a>.</span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 5.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1876. <i>Stemonitis confluens</i> Cke. & Ell., <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 51.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Stemonitis splendens var. confluens</i> Lister, <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 112.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis confluens</i> Cke. & Ell., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 114.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis confluens</i> Cke. & Ellis, List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 147.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>"Sporangia fasciculate, confluent on a persistent hypothallus, dark +fuscous; peridia very fugacious; stipes united at the base, erect, furcate; +spores large, brown, globose. On oak bark.</p> + +<p>"The stems are branched in a furcate manner and confluent at the +base, forming a compact tuft. The capillitium is membranaceous at +the angles; spores very large compared with allied species, being 12 µ. +The specimens were too fully matured for more satisfactory description."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p> + +<p>Such is the original description of this unique and interesting species. +The sporangia occur in close-set tufts or clusters, are distinct, +separate at their tips and bases only; perhaps not always at base. The +capillitium rises by branching from the columella, rather more prolific +than usual, and combines to form a distinct superficial net of large +even meshes. From the outer arcs of the bounding net spring rather +long acute processes which should support the peridium. This, however, +is altogether rudimentary. In most places there is no sign of +peridium at all, but here and there between contiguous sporangia +opposite processes unite and at their point of union a tiny circular +disk of the peridial membrane appears. At intervals, therefore, over +the entire sporangium are seen these small brown disks, each about +equalling in diameter the size of the average mesh. At other points +the sporangia do not seem at all coalescent, but where the opposing +processes do meet the union is perfect and the little disk seen edgewise +looks like some delicate counter strung upon a wire.</p> + +<p>The interest attaching to this in view of what has been said about +<i>Amaurochaete</i> and <i>Brefeldia</i> is obvious.</p> + +<p>Under the lens the spores and capillitium are concolorous, dark +fuscous, the spores distinctly verruculose, about 12.5 µ.</p> + +<p>The original gathering here described was from New Jersey; +twenty years later Mr. Ellis was so fortunate as to find again fine +specimens all on oak bark. The sporangia are quite small, only 3 mm. +high, when blown out concolorous with the habitat.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis trechispora</span> (<i>Berk.</i>) <i>Torr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a>.</span>, Figs. 11, 11 <i>a</i>, 11 <i>b</i>, 11 <i>c</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1909. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> (Roth) Rost. var. <i>trechispora</i> (Berk.), <i>Fl. Myxom.</i>, Torrend, p. 141.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis fusca var. trechispora</i> Torr., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 144.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Fructification in form of aggregations of more or less coalescent, +small, dark-brown or dull black, sessile sporangia; hypothallus continuous, +well-developed; columella black, gently tapering to a point +beneath the apex, the capillitial branches, irregular, few, but passing +into an open rather evenly-meshed net, the mesh several times the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +spore-diameter, free-ending branch-tips not lacking; the spores by +transmitted light distinctly brown, the epispore a beautiful reticulation, +a dozen or more cells to the hemisphere, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>This is entered sometimes as a variety of <i>S. fusca</i> to which species +relationship would seem remote. The differences lie in form, color +and structure. The spores alone are distinctive; there are none such, +so far, none just like them, elsewhere in the genus. Torrend and +Lister both enter the form as varietal; why not set it out, and save +questions? The habitat approaches that of <i>Amaurochaete</i>, but the +sporangia are distinct.</p> + +<p>For our specimens we are indebted to the kindness of Dr. Roland +Thaxter. The specimens were taken in a half-dry marsh, near +Cambridge.</p> + +<p>Material from Toronto sent by Professor Faull is also provisionally +here referred. The form has netted spores, but they are not +quite the same. The structure besides is more that of an amaurochaete; +it has the peculiar basal webs and band-like stipes at base, +stipes that never rise from horizontal to perpendicular and characterize +<i>Reticularia</i> and especially <i>Brefeldia</i> as well as the usual amaurochaete. +See <a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a>., Figs. 9, 9<i>a</i>, 9<i>b</i>.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis fusca</span> (<i>Roth</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVI">Plate VI.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1787. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> Roth, <i>Röm. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 26.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> (Roth) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 193.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> Rost., Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 72.</li> +<li>1895. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> Roth, List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 110.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> (Roth) Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 115.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis maxima</i> Schw., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 116.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia tufted, generally in small clusters 6–8 mm., the individual +sporangia slender, cylindric, blue-black or fuscous, becoming +pallid as the spores are lost, stipitate; stipe short, about one-fourth +the total height, black, shining; hypothallus scanty, but common to +all the sporangia; columella prominent, attaining almost the apex of +the sporangium, freely branching to support the capillitial net; capillitium +of slender dusky threads, which freely anastomose to form a +dense interior network, and outwardly at length combine to form a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> +close-meshed net; spores pale, dusky violet, usually beautifully spinulose-reticulate, +but sometimes warted or spinulose only, or nearly +smooth, 7–7.5 µ.</p> + +<p>As here set out the description is intended to include <i>S. maxima</i> +Schw. of the former edition. Rostafinski, Mon. <i>l. c.</i>, describes <i>S. +fusca</i> Roth. as having "spores smooth." Since most American gatherings +have reticulated spores, and since Schweinitz described a black +American species, his specific name seemed appropriate for all except +smooth-spored forms.</p> + +<p>In the meantime two things have happened; Mr. Lister has examined +the specimens remaining in the Strasburg herbarium and finds +them with reticulate spores. The statement quoted from the <i>Monograph</i> +evidently does not apply to <i>all</i> of Rostafinski's material; but +under the circumstances the name <i>fusca</i> may easily take the field, +especially since another discovery makes for the same conclusion. +The evidence is good that <i>S. maxima</i> Schw. was indeed the largest, +i. e. perhaps, the <i>tallest</i> stemonitis he ever saw! probably, as his +scanty herbarium-remnant shows, <i>S. fenestrata</i> Rex!</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis uvifera</span> <i>n. s.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX.</a></span>, Figs. 8, 8 <i>a</i>, 8 <i>b</i>, 8 <i>c</i>.</p> + +<p>Sporangia tufted, generally in medium-sized clusters much as in +<i>S. fusca</i>. The individual sporangium 7–9 mm. high, dark, slender, +brown, becoming dull black or pallid as the spores are lost, stipitate, +the stipe about one-fourth to one-third the total height, black polished +shining; hypothallus distinct, common to all sporangia, purple-brown, +shining; columella distinct, attaining almost the summit of +the sporangium but inclined to waver a little at last, in other words, +flexuose toward the top, freely branching, the branches rather stout, +anastomosing to support the capillitial net; the meshes larger, several +times the spore-diameter, the spores sooty-brown, distinctly warted or +spinulescent, about 7–8 µ, clustered in groups of four or more.</p> + +<p>Mt. Rainier, Washington,—1914.</p> + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis dictyospora</span> <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Stemonitis dictyospora</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 195; <i>Myc. Fen.</i>, pp. 114, 122.</li> +<li>1879. <i>Stemonitis dictyospora</i> Rost., Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 83(?).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></li> +<li>1888. <i>Stemonitis dictyospora</i> Rost., <i>Sacc. Syl. Fung.</i>, Vol. VII., p. 397.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Stemonitis castillensis</i> Macbr., <i>Nat. Hist. Bull.</i>, Vol. 11, p. 381. <span class="smcap">Plate X.</span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>, 5 <i>b</i>.</li> +</ul> + + + +<p>Sporangia crowded in colonies of unusual size, 4–8 cm., tall, rigid +18–25 mm., slender, erect, stipitate, black throughout; the columella +prominent, reaching nearly to the apex, abundantly branched, the +branches forming an intricate dark brown capillitium; the net large-meshed +several times the spore-diameter; the spores reticulate, spinulose, +clear violet, 7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>We here recover as is believed one of Rostafinski's best-described +species. Our material is from Nicaragua, by kindness of Professor +Shimek. Its relationship is with <i>S. fusca</i> where Rostafinski placed it. +The phrase describing spore-color is his.</p> + + +<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis nigrescens</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1891. <i>Stemonitis nigrescens</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 392.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> Roth, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 143.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, upon a common hypothallus, erect, small, +cylindric, stipitate; stipe black, extremely short, about half a millimetre; +columella reaching the apex; capillitium violet-black, darker +near the surface, forming a complete superficial net at the lower part +of the sporangium only, elsewhere irregular or vanishing; spore-mass +nearly black; single spores violet-black under the lens, the epispore +spinulose and reticulate, about 8 µ.</p> + +<p>The author of this species remarks: "This species is noteworthy for +its comparatively short stipes, its very spinulose spores, and its black +or nearly black color, the slight violet tint being only apparent on +close inspection, especially in fresh moist specimens."</p> + +<p>It is a small but very beautiful form, at first sight to be mistaken +for a short <i>S. fusca</i>, though much more intensely black. The capillitium +is concolorous, the inner network of rather few open meshes, +the outer of large hexagonal openings, the arcuate threads of which +are remarkable for the size, and especially the number, of the peridial +processes, as many as five or six sometimes appearing along one side of +a single mesh. The stipe is very short, and the columella runs as a +straight, gradually diminishing axis to the very apex of the sporangium. +Total height 3–5 mm.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p> + +<p>The English <i>Monograph</i> includes this with <i>S. fusca</i>; but it seems +quite distinct in size, habit, color, etc., and has been found in the +mountainous regions of Virginia and North Carolina, as well as +about Philadelphia.</p> + + +<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis virginiensis</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1891. <i>Stemonitis virginiensis</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 391.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis virginiensis</i> Rex, Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 130.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Comatricha typhoides</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 158.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia erect, gregarious, from a common hypothallus, generally +clustered, cylindric or elongate-ovate, stipitate; stipe black, shining; +columella reaching the apex, where it blends with the capillitium; +capillitium delicate, the meshes of the net small, scarcely greater than +the diameter of the spores; spore-mass umber brown; epispores reticulated, +with ten or twelve meshes to the hemisphere, 5–7 µ.</p> + +<p>This is a beautiful, and, as it seems to us, a very distinct, species. +The markings on the epispore are sufficient to identify it. These are +conspicuously banded somewhat as the spores of <i>Trichia favoginea</i>, +for example. In habit, size of the sporangia, and capillitial +branching, this species recalls <i>Comatricha typhoides</i> (Bull.) Rost. +All the sporangia examined are, however, plainly stemonitis in type, +possessing the characteristic superficial net.</p> + +<p>Until further light this may stand as offered in the first edition. +Miss Lister prefers to enter it, banded spores and all, with the +comatrichas, on account of color, size and occasional default (?) of +surface net.</p> + +<p>Virginia, <i>Dr. Rex.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis webberi</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXI">Plate XI.</a></span>, Figs. 6, 7, 8.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1891. <i>Stemonitis webberi</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 390.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia clustered, usually in small tufts 1 cm. wide, rusty brown +in color, 8–10 mm., including the stipe, which is jet black, shining, +and much expanded at the base; hypothallus continuous, well-developed, +a thin, transparent pellicle; columella black, tapering upward, +giving off at intervals the capillitial branches, and becoming dissipated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> +just below the obtuse apex; inner capillitial network very open, the +branches far apart, anastomosing but a few times before breaking into +the surface net to form large, irregular meshes, 50–125 µ; spores +minutely roughened, fuscous, 8–9 µ.</p> + +<p>These three forms, 8, 9, 10, are sometimes entered as varieties of a +single species. Dr. Rex himself was inclined to take that view. +There is no doubt of close similarity; it is a question of clearness in +our dealing with the subject.</p> + +<p>All three forms occur abundantly in the Mississippi Valley, but +are generally,—always, as it seems to the writer,—distinguishable +by the hand-lens. If we take No. 9 as type, 10 has an eccentric columella; +8 is shorter, about 1 cm., of a different tint, Dr. Rex even says +"spores ferruginous in mass". To the west and southwest, the +capillitium becomes coarser, more decidedly brown. In short, however +similar in presentation the phases may sometimes appear, it would +seem that each at its best is distinct enough for immediate recognition.</p> + +<p>West of the Mississippi River chiefly: Iowa, South Dakota, Nebraska, +Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, etc.</p> + + +<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis splendens</span> <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVI">Plate VI.</a></span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>c</i>, 7, 7 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 195.</li> +<li>1880. <i>Stemonitis morgani</i> Peck, <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, V., p. 33.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist.</i>, Vol. II, p. 381.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 112, in part.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis morgani</i> Peck, Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 118.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 145.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia clustered irregularly, sometimes forming patches 6–10 +centimetres or more in extent, rich purple-brown in mass, cylindric, +long, 15–18 mm., stipitate; stipe black, polished, shining, rising from +a common hypothallus, which extends as a thin silvery film beneath +the entire colony, but does not usually transcend its limits; columella +black, percurrent, sparingly branched; capillitium of fuscous threads, +within forming a network very open, the branches scarcely anastomosing +until they reach the surface where they form the usual net of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> +small meshes, pretty uniform in size, and presenting very few small, +inconspicuous peridial processes; spores brown, very minutely warted, +about 8 µ.</p> + +<p>This elegant species occurs not rarely on rotten wood, usually in +protected situations, although sometimes on the exposed surfaces of +its habitat. The sporangia attain with us unusual height, sometimes +2 cm.; plasmodia, 6–8 cm., in diameter. The clear brown tufts appear +in the autumn, marvels of graceful elegance and beauty; at sight +easily recognizable by the large size and rich color. In Iowa it is +almost universally present on fallen stems of <i>Acer saccharinum</i> Linn., +and it appears to be widely distributed, by far the most beautiful of +all this beautiful series.</p> + +<p>New England to Iowa, South Dakota, Washington, and British +Columbia. Professor Shimek brings a <i>dusky</i> phase from Nicaragua!—the +type?</p> + +<p>The plasmodium is white on maple stems, more creamy on stems of +linden, on which wood it is more rarely found: occasionally on ash-stumps; +even on the fallen bark of trees preferred.</p> + +<p>In 1875 in his famous <i>Monograph</i>, Rostafinski set out three species +with "dusky violet spores". These are his Nos. 94, 95 and 96.</p> + +<p>The first one of these he calls <i>S. fusca</i>, "spore-mass, etc., violet-black, +individual spore clear violet, smooth, 7–9 u."</p> + +<p>The second species he writes down <i>S. dictyospora</i>, "hypothallus, +stalk, columella, capillitium and spore-mass, violet-black, spore netted +and fringed, clear-violet, 7–9 µ."</p> + +<p>The third species is <i>S. splendens</i>, "hypothallus stalk, columella and +spore-mass violet-black, spore smooth, clear-violet, 7–8 µ."</p> + +<p>It will be observed that in color down to color of the spore by +transmitted light, the three species are exactly the same; constitute a +suite, so to say. It has since turned out, as noted under our No. 3, +that the spores of <i>S. fusca</i> are netted. Error in description here is +not surprising; the reticulations are sometimes faint. In <i>S. dictyospora</i> +they are admittedly strong, and the inference was that the +'<i>gladkie</i>' spores of the third species might be netted also. This is no +criticism: lenses were fifty years since not nearly so good for such +discoveries as the oil-immersion is now.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p> + +<p>However; Rostafinski made his specific diagnosis turn largely upon +the mesh-width in the superficial net. This comes out in the '<i>opis</i>' +following the description, and upon <i>this</i> the European decision in +Rostafinski's favor as against <i>S. morgani</i> largely turns. Tropical +gatherings are probably always darker, and evidently from such, from +the north coast of South America, the original description was drawn. +Specimens before us from the same latitude are dusky indeed; no +clear brown at all, but purplish withal.</p> + +<p>For the sake of harmony we may therefore now substitute the +earlier name "with reservations"! but our description remains as before, +presenting the really splendid, shining things that adorn our +northern fields. Dr. Rostafinski called the large open meshes of the +net '<i>oka</i>', eyes; <i>lumina</i> let us say! quite uniform they are in 9 and 10, +much less so in 8.</p> + + +<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis fenestrata</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1890. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i> R. <i>f. fenestrata</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 36.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia aggregated, in tufts 2 cm. or more in diameter, rich +purple brown, on a common hypothallus, more or less erect, stipitate, +tall, about 2 cm., slender, triangular in section; stipe black, about +one-third the total height, passing into a slender columella which is +lateral in position, not central, but little branched, continued almost +to the apex; the capillitium consisting almost entirely of the peripheral +net, which presents meshes of unusual uniformity of size and shape; +spores in mass brown, colorless by transmitted light, nearly smooth, +6–7.5 µ.</p> + +<p>The remarkable shape of the sporangium and the peculiar regularity +of the surface net, the lateral columella, all combine here to +warrant the erection of a distinct species. Dr. Rex referred this to +<i>S. bäuerlinii</i> Mass. At that time he had not the author's description, +and had seen only a very poor fragment received with notes in a +letter. Mr. Massee's description makes it immediately evident that +whatever other affiliations <i>S. bäuerlinii</i> may have, by description it +has at least none with <i>S. fenestrata</i> nor with our northern form of +<i>S. splendens</i>. Massee's species is described as having the "mass of +spores black", the capillitium with "branches springing from the columella;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> +the main branches more and more numerous, thicker and irregular +towards the apex of the sporangium, and often form irregular +flattened expansions":—etc. This suggests some form of <i>S. dictyospora</i> +Rost.: see under our No. 5. Possibly for such reasons Lister +referred it to <i>S. splendens</i> Rost., which as we have just seen, was undoubtedly +regarded by the author as a form of the <i>fuscous</i> group.</p> + +<p>The long, slender, simple columella is not only lateral, but occupies +indeed the sharp vertical angle of the triangular, prismatic sporangium. +Furthermore, the sporangium is at maturity strangely twisted, +so that the columella in its ascent accomplishes one or more spiral +turns. In forms collected by Dr. Rex, which seemed to him most +nearly to agree with Massee's species, the inner capillitium is somewhat +abundant, but the character of the columella just the same.</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kansas, Colorado, Iowa; India!</p> + + +<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis smithii</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Stemonitis smithii</i> Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia.</i>, II., p. 381.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Stemonitis microspora</i> List., Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 54.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis ferruginea</i> var. <i>smithii</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 150.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia in small clusters, close-packed and erect, not spreading, +bright ferruginous prior to spore dispersal, cylindric, stipitate, of +varying height; stipe jet-black, shining, about one-third the total +height; hypothallus generally well developed; columella black, gradually +tapering, at length dissolving in capillitial threads and net some +distance below the diminished plumose apex; capillitium of fuscous +threads, the inner network of abundant, sparingly united branches +uniformly thickened, the surface net very delicate, composed of small, +regular, polygonal meshes, the peridial processes few; spore-mass +bright ferruginous, spores by transmitted light pale, almost colorless, +smooth, 4–5 µ.</p> + +<p>The species as thus constituted includes forms varying in size from +2.5–3 mm. only. The common form heretofore known everywhere +in America as <i>S. ferruginea</i> is from 10–15 mm. high. The <i>type</i> to +which the specific name <i>S. smithii</i> was originally applied is 2.5 mm. +high and rejoices in smooth, almost colorless spores, 4–5 µ.</p> + +<p>The plasmodium in the case of the species now considered is as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +concerns the <i>type</i>, of course, unknown. In one or two gatherings +referred here the color of the plasmodium was noted greenish-yellow. +This has the look of <i>S. flavogenita</i>; but small spores and delicate +make-up take it the other way. Miss Lister makes it varietal to No. +12, next following.</p> + + +<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis axifera</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVI">Plate VI.</a></span>, 5, 5 <i>a</i>, and 5 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Trichia axifera ferruginea</i> Bull., <i>Champ. de la Fr.</i>, p. 118, tab. 477.</li> +<li>1818. <i>Stemonitis ferruginea</i> Ehr., <i>Syl. Myc. Berol.</i>, p. 20; et auct. Europ. ex parte; Americ., non.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Stemonitis ferruginea</i> Ehr., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 115, in part.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis axifera</i> (Bull.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 120, in part.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis ferruginea</i> Ehr., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i></li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia terete, acuminate, fasciculate small in dense clusters, +distinctly ferruginous in color, stipitate, from 10–15 mm. in height; +the stipe black one-third to one-half the total height, not shining or +polished; columella evenly branching, dissipated before reaching the +acuminate apex; capillitium-branches clear brown anastomosing and +dividing more or less to bear the superficial fine-meshed net; spores +pallid, faintly ferruginous, smooth or nearly so, 5–6 µ.</p> + +<p>This would seem to be the common <i>ferruginous</i> species of the +world. Doubtless Micheli had the thing before him when he drew +Tab. 94, <i>clathroidastrum</i>, Hoffman and Jacquin seem to have recognized +the form. To be sure, under the present plasmodic limitations +we cannot be quite certain about these references. Not until 1791 +does anyone write down a particular species as marked by a white +plasmodium, and distinguish it from other similar fructifications having +similar origin. Bulliard, <i>l. c.</i>, does this, discriminating between +<i>T. axifera ferruginea</i> and <i>C. typhoides</i>; see under the last-named +species. Youthful Ehrenberg, in his doctor's thesis, nearly thirty +years later, draws a similar parallel but ignores the great French +author, writing <i>S. ferruginea</i> Ehr. as though the thing had never +been seen before! By this name it has been called until very lately; +Fries accepting it, but noting that the plasmodium, for him at least, +was <i>yellow</i>!</p> + +<p>In 1904 Dr. E. Jahn, following Fries' suggestion, established the +fact that Ehrenberg's white-plasmodic species had small spores, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> +Fries had in mind a form with larger spores, having indeed yellow +plasmodium; but see number 13 below.</p> + +<p>It is for the present assumed that the plasmodium of our American +<i>S. axifera</i> is white. So far, there are few or no observations which +establish the fact. The color, the small smooth spores, the fine-meshed +capillitial net and the general dimensions determine the +reference.</p> + + +<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis flavogenita</span> <i>Jahn.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX.</a></span>, Figs. 10, 10 <i>a</i>, 10 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1829. <i>Stemonitis ferruginea</i> Ehr., Fries, <i>Myc.</i> III., p. 158, Syn. excl.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis axifera</i> (Bull.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 120, in part.</li> +<li>1904. <i>Stemonitis flavogenita</i> Jahn, <i>Abh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb.</i>, XLV, p. 265.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis flavogenita</i> Jahn, List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 149.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia cylindric, obtuse, closely fasciculate, "cinnamon brown," +stipitate, 5–7 µ; stipe short, black, columella ceasing abruptly below +the apex; capillitium a loose net-work with many broad expansions; +the peridial net very delicate, the meshes small but uneven, 6–15 µ, +with many projecting points; spores pale ferruginous, verruculose, +7–9 µ.</p> + +<p>This is <i>S. ferruginea</i> Ehr. of Fries with its plasmodium yellow. +Fries says "flavicat," <i>becomes</i> yellow, if one may follow the analogy +of corresponding Latin verbs of color, so that the record of color-changes +in the present species is yet to be recorded.</p> + +<p>Until further experience may advise to the contrary, we may assume +that all stemonites cinnamon-brown in color, with widened +columella-tip, and pale yellowish spores 7–9 µ in diameter, have at +some time in their history a yellow plasmodium, and accordingly +represent in America the new-found species.</p> + +<p>The larger spores, and, the strange proliferate development of the +columella-tip, to which Miss Lister has happily called attention, +constitute the essential diagnostic features here.</p> + +<p>Our only specimens so far are from Oregon.</p> + + +<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis pallida</span> <i>Wingate.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII.</a></span>, Fig. 3</p> + +<ul> +<li>1897. <i>Stemonitis pallida</i> Wing., <i>N. A. F.</i>, Ell. and Ev., No. 3498.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis pallida</i> Wing., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 123.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis pallida</i> Wing., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 149.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, or somewhat clustered, erect, cylindric obtuse, +short, blackish brown, rubescent, becoming pallid, stipitate; +stipe short, black, polished, rising from a thin, brown, or iridescent +hypothallus; columella percurrent, ceasing abruptly at the apex; +capillitium filling the interior with abundant branches which form +at the surface a close-meshed net, little developed above, making the +apex very blunt; spores in mass, dark brown, by transmitted light +dusky, nearly smooth, 7.5 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is well recognized at sight, among the fuscous forms, +by its scattered, erect habit. In color it is not unlike <i>S. fusca</i>, but has +an added reddish tinge. In form it is peculiar by virtue of the blunt +rounded apex which seems to be a constant character. The spores +under moderate lens are perfectly smooth, under the 1–12 they present +very delicate low scattered papillæ.</p> + +<p>Rare; eastern part of United States.</p> + + +<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis carolinensis</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII.</a></span>, Fig. 5.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1894. <i>Stemonitis tenerrima</i> Berk. & C., Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 53.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis carolinensis</i> Macbr., <i>nom. nov.</i>, <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 152.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis pallida</i> Wing., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 149.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia tufted in scattered clusters, small, slender, cylindric but +tapering from the apex, at first ferruginous then ashen or purplish, +stipitate; the stipe short, black and shining, one-fourth the total +height or less, even; hypothallus well developed, black or very dark +brown; columella black, gradually diminishing, at length dissipated +some distance below the clavate or acuminate apex of the sporangium; +capillitium dense, the inner of many, scarcely expanded, pallid, freely +anastomosing branches, the outer a net of very small meshes, often +less than the spores, 3–15 µ, peridial processes imperceptible; spore-mass +pale ferruginous, spores by transmitted light pale violaceous +brown, smooth, 6–7 µ.</p> + +<p>Very closely related to the preceding, but recognizable by its proportionately +much more slender, taller, acuminate sporangia, paler, +and denser capillitium and the remarkably close-meshed net.</p> + +<p>Not uncommon south: Kentucky, Alabama.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">16. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis herbatica</span> Pk.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Figs. 14, 14 <i>a</i>, 14 <i>b</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1874. <i>Stemonitis herbatica</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXVI., p. 75.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis axifera</i> (Bull.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 120, in part.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis herbatica</i> Pk., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 148.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia clustered, in scattered tufts, cylindric, obtuse, pallid ferruginous, +stipitate or sometimes nearly sessile; stipe fuscous or jet-black, +only slightly expanded below, much shorter than the columella; +hypothallus scanty or none; columella lessening upward, sometimes +attaining the apex of the sporangium, sometimes dissolved in capillitial +threads some distance below; capillitium of rich brown threads forming +the usual inner network of medium density, with many wide expanded +nodes, the surface net made up of delicate, almost colorless +threads surrounding small polygonal meshes; spore-mass ferruginous, +spores by transmitted light very pale, brownish, minutely warted, +7–9 µ.</p> + +<p>The plasmodium of this species is variously cited from white to +yellow. Probably each report is true, dependent on the relative time +of the observation.</p> + +<p>The low tufts of brown sporangia with short black stipes, borne +often as Dr. Peck found them, assembled on living leaves, distinguish +this little species. In the former edition this form was tentatively +enrolled under <i>S. axifera</i> (Bull.); but see further under that species.</p> + +<p>Probably widely distributed, but confused with short forms of +other species; sometimes also on rotten wood or other substratum; so +reported.</p> + +<p>New York to Iowa; Washington and Oregon. Reported also +from Europe.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>3. Comatricha</b> (<i>Preuss</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1851. <i>Comatricha Preuss</i>, <i>Linnaea</i>, XXIV., p. 140.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Comatricha</i> Rostafinski, <i>Versuch</i>, p. 7.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia cylindric or globose, stipitate; stipe prolonged upward +to form a more or less extended and tapering columella bearing +branches on every side, which by repeated divisions and reunions form +the capillitium; ultimate branch-tips free, not supporting a surface<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> +net parallel to the peridial wall; peridium evanescent, perhaps sometimes +not developed at all.</p> + +<p>The genus <i>Comatricha</i> was set off from <i>Stemonitis</i> by the joint +effort of Preuss (1851) and Rostafinski (1873–5). Preuss included +in his genus, <i>Comatricha</i>, alien forms, and besides failed to give an +accurate definition; included, however, in his list some species which +have since been known by his generic name.</p> + +<p>The distinction between the two genera is almost an artificial one, +and species are sometimes arbitrarily assigned to one genus or the +other. The diagnosis in any case turns upon the presence or absence +of a surface net, formed, in <i>Stemonitis</i>, by the anastomosing of the +ultimate divisions of the capillitial branches. In <i>Comatricha</i> the +anastomosing is general, from the columella out, and is not specialized +at the surface.</p> + +<p>Recent attempts to reunite the genera here compared seem to result +in no apparent advantage. The genera come very near together, but +their separation along the line suggested by Rostafinski remains convenient.</p> + + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Comatricha</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Comatricha"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>A.</i> Sporangia closely clustered.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Obovate or short cylindric.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">1. Spores verruculose</td><td align="left">1. <i>C. caespitosa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Spores reticulate</td><td align="left">2. <i>C. cylindrica</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Elongate, reddish-brown, tufts extended</td><td align="left">3. <i>C. flaccida</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>B.</i> Sporangia scattered more or less widely.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Capillitium lax, open.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Sporangia long, 10–12 mm.</td><td align="left">4. <i>C. longa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Sporangia shorter, capillitium irregular</td><td align="left">5. <i>C. irregularis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Capillitium dense.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Sporangia large, to 10 mm., spore-mass black</td><td align="left">7. <i>C. suksdorfii</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Sporangia smaller—6 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Spore-mass brown, spherical, conoidal, etc., generally with more or less lengthened stipe</td><td align="left">8. <i>C. nigra</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Spore-mass violaceous or purplish</td><td align="left">9. <i>C. aequalis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">iii. Sporangia ovate or cylindric, minute, to 3.5 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Cylindric, spore with few, scattered warts</td><td align="left">10. <i>C. typhoides</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Smaller, capillitium irregular, loose</td><td align="left">6. <i>C. laxa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">OOO Total height to 2 mm. or much less.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">+ Columella digitately divided</td><td align="left">11. <i>C. elegans</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">++ Columella lamprodermoid, and on leaves</td><td align="left">12. <i>C. rubens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">+++ Columella stemonitoid</td><td align="left">13. <i>C. pulchella</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">++++ Columella furcate at tip</td><td align="left">14. <i>C. ellisii</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">+++++ Columella almost percurrent.</td><td align="left">15. <i>C. subcaespitosa</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Comatricha cæspitosa</span> <i>Sturgis.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXI">Plate XI.</a></span>, Figs. 12, 13, 14.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Comatricha caespitosa</i> Sturg., <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XVIII., p. 186.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Diachaea thomasii</i> Rex, var., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 92.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Comatricha caespitosa</i> Sturg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 124.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Diachaea caespitosa</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 121.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia densely crowded or cespitose, sub-sessile or short stipitate, +clavate, 1–1.5 mm. high, the peridium gray, iridescent with blue +tints, comparatively permanent but finally disappearing; columella +attaining two-thirds to three-fourths the height of the sporangium, +giving rise throughout its length to the dense blackish capillitium; +hypothallus delicate, inconspicuous; capillitium, the main branches +thick at the point of origin, frequently anastomosing, and becoming +gradually thinner toward the surface of the sporangium, the tips +pointed, free, forming the network; spores blackish-violet in mass, by +transmitted light pale brownish-violet, rough, 9.5–13 µ.</p> + +<p>A very distinct and curious species. The sporangia are densely +crowded, though by the nature of habitat somewhat tufted. The +shape of the individual sporangium is quite uniformly clavate or obovate, +decidedly truncate above. The spores are uniformly verruculose +and plainly unequal.</p> + +<p>This species, as indicated, was by its author described as a comatricha. +To transfer it to another genus seems idle, especially when +long established generic boundaries must be seriously disturbed expressly +to admit the new arrival.</p> + +<p>New England, North Carolina, on moss and lichens.—<i>Dr. +Sturgis.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Comatricha cylindrica</span> (<i>Bilgram</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1905. <i>Diachaea cylindrica</i> Bilgram, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i>, 524.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Diachaea cylindrica</i> Bilgram, List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 121.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia cylindrical with obtuse apex, sessile, gregarious, iridescent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> +steel-gray or bronze, 1 to 1.7 mm. high, .5 to .65 mm. thick; +hypothallus whitish, rugose; sporangium-wall membranous, hyaline, +not adhering to the capillitium; columella arising from the hypothallus +and extending nearly to the apex, brown, very light and semi-translucent +near the base, irregular, flexuous, limeless throughout; +capillitium brown, radiating from the columella to the periphery, repeatedly +branching and anastomosing; spores warted, the warts connected +by ridges forming a more or less perfect, coarse reticulation, +violaceous, pale, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>This is a very interesting species closely related to the preceding +from which it differs chiefly in the reticulation and generally more +uniform character of the spores. The author hesitated about the +generic reference, finally referring it to <i>Diachaea</i> despite the lack of +calcium, because it was sessile and had a peridium rather more persistent +than is usual in comatrichas. But the presence of lime in stipe +and columella is an essential element in the diagnosis of <i>Diachaea</i>, +while length of stem is everywhere variable in stipitate forms of every +genus, and the persistence of the peridium is also an uncertain factor; +hangs on long in <i>C. typhoides</i>, <i>e. g.</i></p> + +<p>On dead twigs, etc.—Philadelphia,—<i>Mr. Bilgram</i>; New Hampshire.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Comatricha flaccida</span> <i>List.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1894. <i>Comatricha flaccida</i> List., Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 51.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i>, var. <i>flaccida</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 112.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Comatricha flaccida</i> (List.) Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 133.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i>, var. <i>flaccida</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 146.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia semi-erect, close crowded in tufts two inches in diameter, +ferruginous, from a dark brown hypothallus, sessile or short +stipitate; columella weak, crooked, percurrent, generally enlarged irregularly +at the apex; capillitium of few, slender, brown branches +which anastomose sparsely and irregularly as in <i>C. irregularis</i>, and +present when freed from spores the same chenille-like appearance; +spore-mass ferruginous brown; spores by transmitted light bright +reddish brown, minutely warted, 8–10 µ.</p> + +<p>"Growing on old wood and bark of Oak, Willow, etc. The component<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> +sporangia 5–10 mm. in length. The early appearance is +much like that of a species of <i>Stemonitis</i>, but the mature stage is a +great mass of spores with scanty capillitium, as in <i>Reticularia</i>; the +columellas, however, are genuine and not adjacent portions of wall +grown together."—<i>Professor Morgan.</i></p> + +<p>Professor Morgan's herbarium material is at hand for study. It +meets his description, needless to say, very generally. In what remains +of the type the membranous connections are obscure; in fact the +relation of such peridial (?) fragments to the capillitium in any way, +is no longer evident. But in any event the colony does not impress +one as something prematurely or improperly developed, a stemonitis +gone begging;—nothing of that kind; it is clearly a comatricha, easily +identifiable with no trace of a surface net but, with long free tips +in plenty.</p> + +<p>Misled no doubt, by the peridial fragments referred to, Mr. Lister +in <i>Mycetozoa, l. c.</i>, associated this with <i>S. confluens</i> Cke. & Ell., but +entered it as a variety of <i>S. splendens</i> Rost., just the same. In the +second edition of the <i>Monograph</i>, Ellis' species is set out, but Morgan's +retains the old position.</p> + +<p>In light of present knowledge, the relationship suggested would be +difficult of proof. If <i>C. flaccida</i> Morgan be related to the <i>splendens</i> +group at all, it must be with the form known as <i>S. webberi</i> Rex., +but it differs from this in almost every particular. It has no net, with +meshes uniform or diverse; it is clear brown in color, with a tinge +of red, beneath the lens; the spores are smaller, distinctly warted and +with the reddish tinge of the capillitium; and in short, it seems to +be a comatricha and not a stemonitis.</p> + +<p>Specimens from western Washington differ in some particulars +but are apparently the same thing.</p> + +<p>Ohio, Kentucky, Washington, California; not common.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Comatricha longa</span> <i>Peck.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVI">Plate VI.</a></span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1890. <i>Comatricha longa</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XLIII., p. 24.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia crowded in depressed masses or tufts, black, long, cylindric, +even, stipitate; stipe black, shining, generally very short; hypothallus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> +well developed, black; columella black, slender, weak, generally +dissipated some distance below the apex; capillitium of slender +brown or dusky threads anastomosing to form an open network next +the columella, but extended outwardly in form of long free slender +branchlets, now and then dichotomously forked; spore-mass blue-black, +spores by transmitted light dark brown, globose, spinulose, +some of them faintly reticulate, about 9 µ.</p> + +<p>A very remarkable species. Rare in the west, more common, as it +appears, in the eastern states. The sporangia occur in tufts about +1 or 2 cm. wide, springing generally from crevices in the bark of +decaying logs, especially willow and elm, in swampy places. The +sporangia are remarkable for their great length. Generally about +20–25 mm., specimens occasionally reach 50 mm.! The capillitial +branches are so remote that the spores are scarcely retained by the +capillitium at all. Well described and figured by the author of the +species, <i>Forty-third Rep. N. Y. State Museum</i>, p. 24, Pl. 3.</p> + +<p>New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Comatricha irregularis</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1891. <i>Comatricha irregularis</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 393.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia crowded in flocculent tufts, very dark brown or black, +semi-erect or drooping, 4–5 mm. in height, irregularly cylindric, +variable, stipitate; stipe black, distinct, often one-half the total height; +hypothallus well developed, brown, shining; columella central, slender, +flexuous, reaching the apex, where it blends, by branching, with +the capillitium; capillitium loose, open, composed of arcuate threads +which radiate from the columella, and are joined together, forming a +central, irregular reticulation of large meshes, brown, paler toward +the surface, where the free ends are sometimes colorless; spore-mass +black, spores by transmitted light brown, minutely warted, 7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>Related, no doubt, to <i>C. longa</i>, but differing in habit, stature, as in +texture and structure of the capillitium. In <i>C. longa</i> the inner net is +extremely simple,—a row or two of meshes at most, and the radiating +branches are long and straight; in the species before us the +inner network is well developed, and the radiating branches proportionately +shorter and abundantly branching, with pale or white free +tips.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> + +<p>Generally, though not always, found growing in the crevices of the +bark on fallen logs of various deciduous trees. September. Not +common.</p> + +<p>This is thought to be <i>C. crypta</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2351; but the +description under that number does not make clear what form +Schweinitz had before him, the present species or <i>C. longa</i>, and the +herbarium specimen of Schweinitz is "utterly lost"; the later specific +name is accordingly adopted.</p> + +<p>New England west to the Cascade Mountains; south to Kansas +and Texas.</p> + + +<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Comatricha laxa</span> <i>Rostafinski.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V.</a></span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Comatricha laxa</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 201.</li> +<li>1877. <i>Lamproderma ellisiana</i> Cooke, <i>Myx. U. S.</i>, p. 397.</li> +<li>1891. <i>Comatricha ellisiana</i> (Cooke) Ell. & Ev., <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2696.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, sub-globose or short cylindric, and +obtuse, dusky stipitate; stipe short, black, tapering rapidly upward +from an expanded base; hypothallus scant or none; columella erect, +rigid, sometimes reaching nearly to the apex of the sporangium, sometimes +dichotomously branched a little below the summit, before +blending into the common capillitium; capillitium lax, of slender, +horizontal branches, anastomosing at infrequent intervals and ending +in short, free tips; spores pallid, nearly smooth, 7–9.5 µ.</p> + +<p>A very minute, delicate little species, about 1œ mm. high; the +stipe half the total height. In general appearance the shorter forms +of the species resemble slightly <i>C. nigra</i>, but are distinguished by a +much shorter stipe and much more open capillitium. The sporangia +of <i>C. nigra</i> mounted on long capillary stipes always droops more or +less; the sporangia of the present species stand rigidly erect. The +sporangia vary in form and in the branching of the columella. In +the more globose phases, the columella almost always shows a peculiar +dichotomy near the apex; in the cylindric types, this peculiar division +fails.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> In fact, the shape is determined chiefly by the mode of branching +as affects the columella. Rostafinski's figure, on Tab. XIII, does<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> +not present the type usually seen in this country, nor even in Europe +if we may judge from later illustrations.</p> + +<p>The species with us has received various names, but so far as can +be determined, all apply to the same thing, and comparison of specimens +from Mr. Ellis with those from Europe show the correctness of +the nomenclature here adopted.</p> + +<p>Rare, but widely distributed; across the continent.</p> + + +<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis suksdorfii</span> <i>Ell. & Everh.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXI">Plate XI.</a></span>, Figs. 9, 10, 11.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1882. <i>Stemonitis suksdorfii</i> Ell. & Everh., <i>Bull. Washb. Coll.</i>, Vol. I., p. 5.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Stemonitis suksdorfii</i> Ell. & Everh., Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 76.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered in small tufts or gregarious, cylindric, obtuse +at both ends, sometimes widened above, black, 2–6 mm., stipitate; +stipe jet-black, shining, even, about one-half the total height; hypothallus +not continuous, dark brown; columella black, rather slender, +terminating in two or more large branches just below the apex; capillitium +exceedingly dense, dark fuscous or black, the flexuous threads +anastomosing in a close network, with abundant free pallid extremities; +spores in mass, blue-black, by transmitted light fuscous or dark +violaceous-brown, minutely warted, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Easily recognizable at sight by its sooty color. Entirely unlike any +of the preceding. The type of the capillitium is that of <i>C. pulchella</i>,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">but it is very much more dense and entirely different in color. The</span><br /> +sporangia are often widened above, and fairly truncate; the total +height about 6 mm. Found on the bark of fallen twigs of <i>Abies, +Larix</i>, etc. Distributed by Ell. & Everh. under this name as an +<i>exsiccata</i>. The evanescent peridium is colorless; when free, white or +silvery.</p> + + +<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Comatricha nigra</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Schroeter.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXI">Plate XI.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 2, 3.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis nigra</i> Pers., Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, p. 1467.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Stemonitis ovata</i>, var. <i>nigra</i> Pers., <i>Syn.</i>, p. 189.</li> +<li>1863. <i>Stemonitis friesiana</i> DeBy., <i>Rab. Eur. Fung.</i>, No. 568.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Comatricha friesiana</i> (DeBy.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 200.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></li> +<li>1889. <i>Comatricha nigra</i> (Pers.) Schroeter, <i>Pilz. Krypt. Fl. v. Schles.</i>, I., p. 118.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Comatricha obtusata</i> Fr., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 117.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Comatricha nigra</i> (Pers.) Schroeter, Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 128.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, ferruginous or dark brown, globose or ovoid, +stipitate; stipe long, hair-like, tapering upward, black; hypothallus +none; columella rapidly diminished toward the top, at length dissipated; +capillitium of slender flexuous threads, radiating horizontally, +repeatedly branching and anastomosing to form an intricate dense +network, from the surface of which project a few short hook-like +peridial processes; spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light dark +violaceous, smooth or nearly so, 7–10 µ.</p> + +<p>This species, when typical, is easily recognized by its almost globose +sporangia mounted on long slender stocks. These are 2 or 3 mm. +high and generally persist, as Persoon noticed, a long time after the +sporangium has fallen. The sporangia are at first black; after spore +disposal pale ferruginous. In shape they vary from ovate to spherical. +Sometimes they are umbilicate below, so that a vertical section would +be obcordate. Care must be taken to distinguish the present species +from blown-out forms of <i>Lamproderma</i>.</p> + +<p>This most common species seems to be also the center of widest +differentiation. In a valuable paper on the Myxomycetes of Dr. +C. H. Peck's Herbarium Dr. Sturgis points out the varying relationships +of a group of surrounding forms. According to account <i>C. +nigra</i> verges on one side to <i>C. laxa</i>, on the other to <i>aequalis</i> which +the Listers enter as varietal here. However, in the former the more +rigid, direct and simple branching from the columella is usually determinative; +in the latter the color, form, and generally more delicate +structure, and a tendency to grow in tufts will serve to distinguish.</p> + +<p>In this discussion we have assumed as typical the globose sporangium, +with the variations in the direction of ovate, obovate, ellipsoidal, +etc., the capillitium flexuous and more richly anastomosing +near the columella. On the drier slopes in the mountains of Colorado +specimens are especially abundant, in proper season covering +apparently the lower surface of every barkless twig or fallen stem or +<i>tree entire</i>! In such a field one might imagine every possible variation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> +open to observation. Probably such is the case; but as a matter +of fact a single small plasmodium at lower levels will sometimes show +greater range of variation than were noted on the mountain-side. +The cylindric forms were for some reason few, and when noted were +short, though often surmounting stems of double the usual length.</p> + +<p>Rostafinski calls this <i>C. friesiana</i>, a name suggested by De Bary. +By this name the species was commonly known for many years. More +recently some writers prefer <i>C. obtusata</i> Preuss; but <i>C. obtusata</i> +Preuss, as figured by that author (Sturm's <i>Deutsch. Fl.</i>, Pl. 70), is +surely more likely <i>Enerthenema papillata</i>, and the author says in his +description "capillitio vertice soli innato." Persoon certainly recognized +the species, and his description, though brief, is yet applicable +to no other European species. There seems no reason why the name +he gave should not be permanently adopted. Rostafinski's figure, +Tab. XIII., shows an ellipsoidal sporangium, not cylindric.</p> + +<p>On the lower levels of the Mississippi valley, the species is not +common. Possibly overlooked by reason of its minuteness.</p> + +<p>Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Colorado, North Carolina, +Missouri.</p> + + +<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Comatricha æqualis</span> <i>Peck.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVI">Plate VI.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>, 3 <i>c</i>, 3 <i>d</i>; and <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Figs. 13, 13 <i>a</i>, 13 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1890. <i>Comatricha equalis</i> Peck., <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 42.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, seldom erect, usually inclined, curved or +nodding, dark brown, becoming violet, cylindric, acuminate-obtuse, +stipitate; stipe about half the total height, 2–2œ mm., black, polished, +even; hypothallus well developed, brown, continuous; columella +black, tapering gradually, and attaining almost the summit of +the sporangium; capillitium dense, of flexuous tawny threads which, +by repeated branching, form an intricate network, the free extremities +numerous, short, and pale; spores dark violaceous, distinctly warted, +7.5–8 µ.</p> + +<p>A very graceful, elegant species, related to <i>C. pulchella</i> and <i>C. +persoonii</i>, but distinct by its much greater size and smaller spores. +The specimens before show us the perfection of beauty in this genus;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> +the polished stipe, the symmetrical capillitium, the soft purple-brown +tints, are remarkable, and enable one to recognize the form at sight.</p> + +<p>Specimens from Oregon are unusually fine; larger than usual, +reach 7 mm. total height, and when blown out present the tints of +violet in unusual clearness; var. <i>C. pacifica</i>. <a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII</a>., Figs. 13, +13<i>a</i>, and 13<i>b</i>.</p> + +<p>New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois; Oregon, <i>Professor Peck.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Comatricha typhoides</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVI">Plate VI.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1772. <i>Mucor stemonitis</i> Scopoli, <i>Fl. Carn.</i>, II., pp. 493–494 (?).</li> +<li>1774. <i>Mucor stemonitis</i> Schaeffer, <i>Icones. Tab.</i>, CCXCVII (?).</li> +<li>1780. <i>Stemonitis typhina</i> Wiggers, <i>Prim. Fl. Hols.</i>, p. 116 (?).</li> +<li>1791. <i>Trichia typhoides</i> Bulliard, <i>Champ. de la France</i>, p. 119, t. 477, II.</li> +<li>1796. <i>Stemonitis typhina</i> Persoon, <i>Myc. Obs.</i>, I., p. 57, in part.</li> +<li>1805. <i>Stemonitis typhoides</i> (Bull.) D. C., <i>Fl. Fr.</i>, p. 257.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Stemonitis typhoides</i> (Bull.) Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 158.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Comatricha typhoides</i> (Bull.) Rost., <i>Vers.</i>, p. 7.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Comatricha typhina</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 197.</li> +<li>1895. <i>Comatricha stemonitis</i> (Scop.) Sheldon, <i>Minn. Bot. Stud.</i>, p. 473.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Comatricha stemonitis</i> (Scop.) Sheld., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 130.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Comatricha typhoides</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 157.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, cylindric, erect, sometimes arcuate, +obtuse, 2–3 mm. high, at first silvery, then brown, as the peridium +vanishes, stipitate; stipe black, about one-half the total height or less; +hypothallus distinct, more or less continuous, reddish-brown; columella +tapering upward, black, attaining more or less completely the +apex of the sporangium; capillitium, arising as rather stout branches +of the capillitium, soon taking the form of slender, flexuous, brownish +threads, which by repeated anastomosing form at length a close network, +almost as in <i>Stemonitis</i>, the free, ultimate branches very delicate +and short; spore-mass dark brown; spores by transmitted light, +pale, almost smooth, except for the presence of a few scattered but +very prominent umbo-like warts, of which four or five may be seen +at one time, 5–7.5 µ.</p> + +<p>This is our most common North American species. It occurs +everywhere on decaying wood, sometimes in remarkable quantity, +thousands of sporangia at a time. The plasmodium, watery white in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> +color, infests preferably very rotten logs of <i>Quercus</i>, on which in +June the sporangia rise as white or pallid columns. The peridium is +exceedingly delicate, less seldom seen here than in some other species, +but likely to be overlooked entirely. The spores when fresh have a +distinct violet or bluish tinge; in old specimens they are almost colorless. +In any case they are well marked by the large papillæ already +referred to.</p> + +<p><i>C. typhina</i>, var. <i>heterospora</i> Rex, differs from the type in several +particulars: the sporangia manifest a closer habit; the capillitium is +made up of more slender threads and forms a yet denser network; +the spores between the large papillæ are marked by a more or less +perfectly formed reticulation.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p> + +<p>As to nomenclature, this is our old friend <i>C. typhina</i> (Pers.) Rost. +It should be, more properly, called <i>C. typhina</i> Rost., for it is not +Persoon's species exactly. But Scopoli, <i>l. c.</i>, by citing Hall, Gleditsch, +and Micheli, so describes our form as to leave small doubt that he +had before him our common species. Schaeffer's figures also come to +the rescue, which, though by no means satisfactory, yet can probably +refer to no other species. However, Bulliard gives the first good +account and figure, and in concord with the decision of our English +colleagues, the name afforded by the famous <i>Champignons</i> is here +adopted.</p> + +<p>Widely distributed. Maine to California, and from British America +to Nicaragua.</p> + + +<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Comatricha elegans</span> (<i>Racib.</i>) <i>List.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Fig. 12.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1884. <i>Rostafinskia elegans</i> Racib., <i>Rozpr. Akad. Krak.</i>, XII., 77.</li> +<li>1888. <i>Raciborskia elegans</i> Berl., <i>Sacc. Syl.</i>, VII., p. 400.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Raciborskia elegans</i> Berl., List., <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 133.</li> +<li>1909. <i>Comatricha elegans</i> List., <i>Br. Mus. Guide to Mycet.</i>, p. 31.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia loosely gregarious, globose, purplish-brown, small, 1–1.5 +mm. in total height, stipitate; stipe black, subulate, to 1 mm,; columella<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> +at first divided into a few main branches, from which by repeated +subdivision the delicate, anastomosing, flexuose capillitial +threads take origin; spores pale brownish-violaceous, spinulescent, +8–10 µ.</p> + +<p>South Carolina. Colorado:—<i>Dr. Sturgis.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Comatricha rubens</span> <i>Lister.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1894. <i>Comatricha rubens</i> List., <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 123.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, globoid or ellipsoidal, 1–1.5 mm., pink-brown, +stipitate; peridium persistent below; stipe .5–1 mm., black, +shining; columella to more than half the sporangium, giving off on +all sides the brownish-violaceous, flexuose threads of the capillitium, +somewhat thickened and broadly attached to the persisting peridial +cup; spores lilac-brown, spinulescent, 7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>Another border species, looking to the lamprodermas. Philadelphia, +by courtesy <i>Mr. Bilgram</i>.</p> + + +<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Comatricha pulchella</span> (<i>Bab.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII.</a></span>, Fig. 4, and <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Figs. 16 and 16 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1837. <i>Stemonitis pulchella</i> Bab., <i>Trans. Lin. Soc.</i>, p. 32.</li> +<li>1841. <i>Comatricha pulchella</i> Bab., Berk., <i>Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.</i>, I. vi., p. 431, Pl. XII., 11. <i>a.</i> <i>b.</i></li> +<li>1848. <i>Stemonitis tenerrima</i> Curtis, <i>Am. Jour.</i>, VI., p. 352.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Stemonitis tenerrima</i> Berk. & C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 69.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Comatricha pulchella</i> (Bab.) Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 27.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Comatricha persoonii</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 201.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Comatricha persoonii</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 122.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Comatricha pulchella</i> (Bab.) Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 129.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Comatricha persoonii</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 132, <i>excl. syn.</i></li> +<li>1911. <i>Comatricha pulchella</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 156.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Comatricha pulchella</i> var. <i>gracilis</i> Wing., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 156.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia very minute, 1 mm. high, scattered, ovate or ovate-cylindric +acuminate, pale brown or ferruginous, stipitate; stipe short, +black, nearly even; hypothallus none, or merely a circular base to +the tiny stem; columella straight, gradually tapering, reaching almost +if not quite to the apex of the sporangium; capillitium dense, a network +of flexuous brown threads, rather broad within, ending in slender<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> +tips without; spore-mass brown, spores by transmitted light pale +"lilac brown," or pale ferruginous, minutely but uniformly warted, +6–8 µ.</p> + +<p>Probably widely distributed but rarely collected. Pennsylvania, +Iowa; <i>Okoboji</i>. Toronto,—<i>Miss Currie.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Comatricha ellisii</span> <i>Morg.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Figs. 15 and 15 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1894. <i>Comatricha ellisii</i> Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 49.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Comatricha laxa</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 127.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Comatricha nigra</i> Schroet., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 152.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia short, erect, oval or ovoid to oblong. Stipe and columella +erect, brown and smooth, rising from a thin pallid hypothallus, +tapering upward and vanishing into the capillitium toward the apex +of the sporangium, the stipe usually longer than the columella. +Capillitium of slender pale brown threads; these branch several times +with lateral anastomosing branchlets, forming a rather open network +of small meshes, ending with very short free extremities. Spores +globose, even, pale ochraceous, 6–7 mic. in diameter.</p> + +<p>Growing on old pine wood. Sporangium .3–.6 mm. in height by +.3–.5 mm. in width, the stipe usually a little longer than the sporangium.</p> + +<p>On the strength of the clear descriptions and beautiful drawings of +Celakowsky, <i>Myxomyceten Böhmens</i>, p. 52; Taf. 2, Figs. 7 and 8, +this elegant little species as described by my colleague Professor +Morgan was, in the former edition, referred to <i>C. laxa</i> Rost. It was +then reported from New Jersey only. Since then we have specimens +from Ohio and from southern Missouri, all true to form, almost +identical. It seems wise accordingly, while recognizing the relationship +of the form to both <i>C. laxa</i>, and to <i>C. nigra</i> as well, to give it +here an individual place again. It is very small; but once studied +may thereafter be easily recognized by a hand-lens. The form is definite, +clean-cut, and the spores are pronouncedly smaller than in +either of the two related species.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Comatricha subcaespitosa</span> <i>Peck.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Figs. 17, 17 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1890. <i>Comatricha subcaespitosa</i> Peck, <i>N. Y. Mus. Rep.</i> 43, p. 25.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or sometimes in loose clusters, cylindric, obtuse, +about 1.5–2 mm., dark brown, stipitate; stipe short, one-fifth total +height; hypothallus minute; capillitium regular, the branching quite +uniform parallel, flexuous, brown with a tinge of violet, not dense; +columella well-defined, almost percurrent; spores brown in mass, +under lens dusky, nearly smooth, 9–10 µ.</p> + +<p>The larger spores, regular, erect form, and clustered habit separate +this form from others with which it will be naturally associated. See +page 283 under <i>Addenda</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>4. Diachæa</b> <i>Fries</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1825. <i>Diachaea</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Orb. Veg.</i>, I., p. 143.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia distinct, globose or cylindric, the peridium thin, iridescent, +stipitate; the stipe and columella surcharged with lime, white +or yellowish, rigid, thick, tapering upward; capillitium of delicate +threads free from lime, radiating from various points on the columella, +branching and anastomosing as in <i>Comatricha</i> to form a more +or less intricate network, the ultimate branchlets supporting the +peridial wall.</p> + +<p>Rostafinski placed this genus near the <i>Didymieae</i> on account of the +calcareous columella and the non-calcareous capillitium. On the +other hand the structure of the capillitium and the iridescent simple +peridium ally <i>Diachaea</i> to <i>Lamproderma</i> and the <i>Stemoniteae</i>; the +only distinction being the calcareous stem. It is simply an intermediate +genus to be placed here more conveniently than anywhere +else in what is of necessity a linear arrangement.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Diachæa</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Diachæa"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>A.</i> Stipe and columella white.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>a.</i> Sporangium cylindric</td><td align="left">1. <i>D. leucopodia</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Sporangium globose.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">i. Evidently stalked</td><td align="left">2. <i>D. splendens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Stalk very short, 5 mm., conic.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">O Spores warted</td><td align="left">3. <i>D. bulbillosa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">OO Spores faintly netted</td><td align="left">4. <i>D. subsessilis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>B.</i> Stipe yellowish or orange</td><td align="left">5. <i>D. thomasii</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Diachaea leucopodia</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Trichia leucopodia</i> Bull., <i>Champ. de la France</i>, Pl. 502, Fig. 2.</li> +<li>1825. <i>Diachaea elegans</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Orb. Veg.</i>, I., p. 143.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Diachaea leucopoda</i> (Bull.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 190.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia rather closely gregarious, metallic blue or purple iridescent, +cylindric or ellipsoidal, obtuse, sub-umbilicate below, stipitate; +stipe short, much less than one-half the total height, snow-white, +tapering upward; hypothallus white, venulose, occurring from stipe to +stipe to form an open network over the substratum; columella thick, +cylindric, tapering, blunt, terminating below the apex, white; capillitium +springing from every part of the columella, of slender threads, +brown, flexuous, branching and anastomosing to form an intricate +net; spores in mass nearly black, by transmitted light dull violaceous, +minutely roughened, 7–9 µ.</p> + +<p>A very beautiful species; not uncommon in the eastern states; rare +west of the Mississippi. Easily recognized, amid related forms, by +its snow-white stem, a feature which did not escape the notice of +Bulliard and suggested the accepted specific name. Fries adopted the +specific name proposed by Trentepohl and wrote <i>D. elegans</i>, simply +because to him the peridium was "admodum elegans."</p> + +<p>The peridium is exceedingly thin and early deciduous; the stipe +long persistent. The plasmodium, dull white, was observed by Fries +at the beginning of the century; "morphoseos clavem inter myxogastres +hoc genus primum mihi subministravit."</p> + +<p>This species, as the diachæas generally, affects fallen sticks and +leaves in orchards and forests and even spreads boldly over the foliage +and stems of living plants.</p> + +<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, +South Carolina, Ohio, Iowa, California, Canada.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Diachaea splendens</span> <i>Peck.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>, 1 <i>c</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1877. <i>Diachaea splendens</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXX., p. 50.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, metallic blue with brilliant iridescence, +globose, stipitate; stipe white, short, tapering upward; hypothallus +white, venulose, a network supporting the snowy stipes; columella +white, cylindric, passing the centre, obtuse; capillitium lax, of slender, +anastomosing, brown, translucent threads; spores in mass black, by +transmitted light dark-violaceous, very coarsely warted, 7–10 µ.</p> + +<p>This is perhaps the most showy species of the list. The globose +brilliantly iridescent sporangia are lifted above the substratum on +snow-white columnar stalks; these are again joined one to another by +the pure white vein-like cords of the reticulate hypothallus. The +plasmodium may spread very widely over all sorts of objects that +come in the way, dry forest leaves and sticks, or the fruit and foliage +of living plants. Closely resembling the preceding, but differing in +the globose sporangia, it may be instantly recognized under the lenses +by its coarsely papillate spores.</p> + +<p>Not common. New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Iowa, +Nebraska.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Diachaea subsessilis</span> <i>Pk.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1879. <i>Diachaea subsessilis</i> Pk., <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. History</i>, XXXI., p. 41.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Diachaea subsessilis</i> Pk., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 92.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious or closely crowded, small, about .5 mm., dull +iridescent-blue, greenish-gray, etc., globose or depressed-globose, short-stalked +or nearly sessile; stipe generally very short, reduced sometimes +to a mere persistent cone, white; columella obsolescent or reduced to +white conical intrusion of the stipe; capillitium radiating from the +stipe, brown, consisting of branching, anastomosing threads, paler at +the tips; hypothallus very scanty or none; spores minutely warted, +the papillæ arranged in an irregular, loose net-work, violet-brown, +paler under the lens, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is easily recognizable by its diminutive size and generally +defective structure; i. e. it has the appearance of a degenerate or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> +depauperate representative of some finer form. Besides the type, yet +to be seen in Albany, Dr. Sturgis reports the species from Connecticut +and from the Isle of Wight! A small gathering is before me from +Colorado. Every sporangium is borne upon a calcareous pedicel, very +short indeed, but real. The <i>var. globosa</i> referred to in the English +text under <i>D. leucopodia</i> has not appeared so far as reported, on this +side the sea, but even such variety could scarcely in the hands of a +collector take the place of the form now under consideration.</p> + +<p>Specimens of <i>D. subsessilis</i> from Europe correspond remarkably +with those described by Drs. Peck and Sturgis. Mr. Lister would +have our species a synonym for <i>Lamproderma fuckelianum cracovense</i> +(Rost.) Cel.</p> + +<p>Rare; from Connecticut to Colorado.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Diachæa bulbillosa</span> (<i>Berk. & Br.</i>) <i>List.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Didymium bulbillosum</i> Berk. & Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, XIV., p. 84.</li> +<li>1898. <i>Diachaea bulbillosa</i> Lister, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXVI., p. 165.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Diachaea bulbillosa</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 119.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, small, iridescent purple, stipitate; +stipe conical, white, sometimes brown, half-a-mm., half the total +height; columella clavate, white or brown; capillitium of purple-brown +threads united to form a lax net; spores violet-grey, marked +with scattered warts "6–8 in a row across the hemisphere", 7–9 µ.</p> + +<p>Java, <i>Berkeley & Broome, op. c.</i> Toronto, Canada; cited here by +courtesy of Miss Currie who gives the spores 7.8 µ.</p> + + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Diachaea thomasii</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V.</a></span>, Fig. 6, 6 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1892. <i>Diachaea thomasii</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 329.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, more or less crowded, purple and bronze, +iridescent, globose sessile or short stipitate; stipe, when present, very +short, thick, tapering rapidly upward, orange; hypothallus orange, +prominent venulose, continuous; columella ochre yellow, rough, cylindric, +tapering upward to one-half the height of the sporangium, obtuse; +capillitium lax, of slender brown rigid threads, radiating from +the columella in every direction, anastomosing to form a loose, large-meshed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> +network; spore-mass brown; spores by transmitted light violaceous, +minutely, unevenly warted, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>The peculiar orange color of the calcareous deposits in stipe and +columella easily distinguish this species. The capillitium is also distinctive, +rigid, simple, and comparatively scant, lamprodermoid. +Rex calls attention to the fact that under low magnification the +spores appear spotted; but the spots are occasioned simply by the +closer aggregation, at particular points, of the ordinary papillæ.</p> + +<p>A southern species. All the specimens so far reported are from the +mountains of North Carolina.</p> + +<p>The specimens referred to under this name by Lister, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 92, +as coming from "Kittery, U. S. A." (Kittery, Maine?), are, no +doubt, according to Mr. Lister's figures, <i>Comatricha caespitosa</i> +Sturgis. See under that species.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>C.</i> LAMPRODERMACEÆ</p> + +<p>Sporangia distinct, generally gregarious, more or less spherical; +capillitium developed chiefly or solely from the summit of the +columella.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Lamprodermaceæ</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>A.</i> Columella percurrent; capillitium from a disk at the apex</td><td align="left">1. <span class="smcap">Enerthenema</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>B.</i> Columella scarce reaching the centre of the sporangium.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Capillitium not forming a net</td><td align="left">2. <span class="smcap">Clastoderma</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Capillitium forming an intricate net</td><td align="left">3. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>c.</i> Minute, capillitium rudimentary</td><td align="left">4. <span class="smcap">Echinostelium</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center"><b>1. Enerthenema</b> <i>Bowman</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1828. <i>Enerthenema</i> Bowman, <i>Trans. Linn. Soc.</i>, XVI., p. 152.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia stipitate, the stipe extended as a columella, which entirely +traverses the sporangium and forms at the apex an expanded +disk; from this depends the capillitium.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Enerthenema</b></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Enerthenema"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Spores free</td><td align="left">1. <i>E. papillatum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Spores in clusters</td><td align="left">2. <i>E. berkeleyanum</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Enerthenema papillatum</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V.</a></span>, Fig. 3.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1801. <i>Stemonitis papillata</i> Pers., <i>Syn.</i>, p. 188.</li> +<li>1828. <i>Enerthenema elegans</i> Bowm., <i>Trans. Linn. Soc.</i>, XVI., p. 152.</li> +<li>1862. <i>Comatricha obtusata</i> Preuss, Sturm, <i>Deutschl. Flora</i>, Pl. LXX.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Enerthenema papillatum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 28.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or crowded, stipitate, spheroidal, naked, black +fuscous, above, shining, adorned with a minute, black papilla; stipe +black, opaque, conical or attenuate upward, about equal to the peridium; +columella at the apex expanded into a shining disk; capillitium +springing from the lower side of the disk or from its edge, made up +of scarcely forked threads which are free below; spores violaceous or +fuscous black, minutely warted, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Rare. Wisconsin, Ohio, South Carolina, Illinois, Pennsylvania, +Iowa, Colorado.</p> + +<p>This is one of the few species so well marked that Persoon's description, +<i>l. c.</i>, is definitive: "Stylidio toto penetrante. Capillitium +exacte globosum, sub-compactum, in eius apice stylidium papillæ in +modum prominet." For this reason Bowman's specific name <i>elegans</i> +is discarded.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Enerthenema berkeleyanum</span> <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1876. <i>Enerthenema berkeleyanum</i> Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 29.</li> +<li>1913. <i>Enerthenema syncarpon</i> Sturgis, <i>Myxo. Col.</i>, II., p. 448.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>This species corresponds to the preceding in all respects except in +the fact that the spores are clustered in groups of four to twelve and +are a little larger, 11–13 µ, strongly spinulose on the exposed surface.</p> + +<p>Dr. Sturgis reports this from Colorado, <i>l. c.</i>, but discards Rostafinski's +specific name on the ground that the type has disappeared; +only the spores of some fungus hyphæ remain in the place and these +may have been mistaken by Berkeley. This seems hardly possible +since such supposition would not account for the generic reference +either by Berkeley (and Broome) or by Rostafinski. The description +in the <i>Monograph</i> is minute as that of one who had the form under +his lenses. Rostafinski <i>saw</i> Berkeley's specimens.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p> + +<p>For a similar case, see under <i>Prototrichia metallica, Mycetozoa +2nd ed.</i>, p. 261.</p> + +<p>South Carolina, type; Colorado.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>2. Clastoderma</b> <i>Blytt</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1880. <i>Clastoderma</i> Blytt, <i>Bot. Zeit.</i>, XXXVIII., p. 343.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangium globose, distinct, stipitate; the columella short or obsolete; +the capillitium of few sparsely branched threads, which bear at +their tops the persistent fragments of the peridium, but are not otherwise +united.</p> + +<p>Distinguished from <i>Lamproderma</i> by the peculiar manner in which +the peridium is ruptured, and by the simplicity of the scanty capillitium. +So far there appears to be but a single species.</p> + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Clastoderma debaryanum</span> <i>Blytt.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII</a>.</span>, Fig. 6, and <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>.</span>, Fig. 13.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1880. <i>Clastoderma debaryanum</i> Blytt, <i>Bot. Zeit.</i>, XXXVIII., p. 343.</li> +<li>1886. <i>Orthotrichia microcephala</i> Wing., <i>Jour. Myc.</i>, II., p. 126.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, very minute, 1-12 to Œ mm. in +diameter, the peridium fugacious, except the minute patches that adhere +to the capillitial branchlets, and the slight annulus at the base of +the columella; stipe long, unequal, dark below, above paler; columella +almost none, giving early rise to the comparatively few slender +threads which by their repeated forking make up the capillitium; +spores globose, even, violaceous, 8–9 µ.</p> + +<p>Reported in the United States so far from Maine, Pennsylvania, +Ohio, and Illinois.</p> + +<p>The sporangia are very small, but beautiful, delicate little structures, +found on the bark of living red oak in this country; in Norway +it seems to have been seen first on a dead polyporus. Its minuteness +doubtless causes it to be generally overlooked, <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2498.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>3. Lamproderma</b> <i>Rostafinski</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Lamproderma</i> Rostafinski, <i>Versuch</i>, p. 7.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia stipitate, globose, or ellipsoid; columella cylindric or +inflated or clavate at the apex, scarcely attaining half the height of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> +the peridium; peridium shining with metallic tints, deciduous, except +where, at the base of the columella, it forms a ring around the stipe; +capillitium rising in tufts or by simple branches from the columella, +the threads regularly forked, generally united into a net.</p> + +<p>The lamprodermas are distinguished from the comatrichas, to +which they are most nearly allied, by the arrangement of the capillitium, +its development from the apex only of the columella, the +continuation of the stipe within the peridium. In other words, the +peridium leaves the stipe some distance below the point where the +lowest capillitial branches take origin. In mature specimens the +peridium has often entirely disappeared, its only trace, a collar, more +or less distinct, around the stipe, marking the beginning of the columella. +Nevertheless the peridium is far more persistent than in any +comatricha, and shows in yet greater brilliancy the wondrous metallic +tints and iridescence of <i>Comatricha</i> and <i>Diachaea</i>. Older authors, +so far as can be seen, distributed the species between <i>Physarum</i> and +<i>Stemonitis</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Lamproderma</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Lamproderma"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>A.</i> Peridium metallic blue.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>a.</i> Stipe short, stout.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1. Capillitium tips colorless</td><td align="left">5. <i>L. violaceum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>b.</i> Stipe long, slender.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1. Capillitium of dark, tapering, oft-united threads</td><td align="left">3. <i>L. columbinum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">2. Capillitial threads rigid, dark brown, seldom united</td><td align="left">4. <i>L. scintillans</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>B.</i> Peridium not blue, silvery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>a.</i> Stipe long, slender.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1. Capillitium very intricate, forming a compact net</td><td align="left">6. <i>L. arcyrionema</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">2. Capillitium of rigid dark brown threads</td><td align="left">1. <i>L. physaroides</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>b.</i> Stipe short, heads large, 1 mm. or more</td><td align="left">2. <i>L. robustum</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma physaroides</span> (<i>Alb. & Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1805. <i>Physarum physaroides</i> Alb. & Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p, 103.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Lamproderma physaroides</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 202.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, wide-spreading, globose, the peridium persistent +with a silver metallic, sometimes brassy, lustre; stipe long, +brown or black, tapering upward; hypothallus well developed, brown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> +or purple, usually not continuous; columella swollen, obtuse, short at +best, hardly attaining the centre of the sporangium; capillitium very +rigid, of simple or sparingly branched, dark-brown threads radiating +from the clavate apex of the columella and only here and there +anastomosing toward the surface, the ultimate divisions distinctly +rough; spores lilac brown, rough, 10–12.5 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is well described and illustrated in Rostafinski's <i>Monograph</i>. +It is well marked by its clavate columella and peculiarly +simple, dark rigid capillitium, the branches of which rise in great +numbers immediately from the columella, and maintain their primitive +thickness during the greater part of their length. The transverse +vincula are often at right angles to the principal branches, and the +meshes, where formed, are often long and rectangular. Externally, +it resembles <i>L. arcyrionema</i>, but is by its spores and capillitium instantly +distinguished. Rostafinski gives the spores 12.5–14.2 µ. +Large spores are less common in the specimens before us. Lister +figures a sessile variety.</p> + +<p>In our first edition this species was entered from lists published for +New England, New York, and Ohio. The intervening years, however, +have brought no confirmation. Specimens from Maine and +Ohio, with large spores, represent <i>L. columbinum</i>, and those cited +for New York are forms of <i>L. violaceum</i>. It is accordingly doubtful +that <i>L. physaroides</i> (A. & S.) Rost. occurs in North America. That +it is to be found in Europe there seems no doubt. The figure and +description by Schweinitz, <i>l. c.</i>, may indeed be inconclusive, but +Rostafinski's citation and abundant description leave no doubt as to +his opinion; while numerous localities named would indicate adequate +material. What Rostafinski described will no doubt obtain wider +recognition some day.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma robustum</span> <i>Ell. & Evh.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1892. <i>Lamproderma robustum</i> Ell. & Evh., Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 99.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Lamproderma violaceum</i> var. <i>sauteri</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 129.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Lamproderma sauteri</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 140.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, dull black, the peridium when present +silvery, shining, or simply smooth, transparent and without iridescence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> +stipitate; stipe short, black, tapering rapidly upward, annulate +with the persisting base of the peridium; columella short, thick, truncate, +and widened at the top; hypothallus well developed, brown or +purple; capillitium dense, made up of dark brown branches, numerous +and rather slender, repeatedly branched and anastomosing toward the +surface to form a slight delicate network with abundant free ends; +spores dark purple brown, rough, 14–16 µ.</p> + +<p>This species in outward appearance resembles <i>L. physaroides</i>, from +which it is easily distinguished by the much greater diameter of the +globose sporangium, 1 mm. or more. The persistent base of the +peridium is also characteristic, very prominent sometimes, and visible +to the naked eye. The capillitium is also unlike that of <i>L. physaroides</i>; +resembles more nearly that of <i>L. violaceum</i>. From the latter +species <i>L. robustum</i> is distinguished by the color of the peridium, and +by the larger, darker spores and generally different capillitium. In +our former edition this is called <i>L. sauteri</i> Rost. That much-quoted +author distinguished <i>L. violaceum</i> and <i>L. sauteri</i>; the English authors +make the last named a variety only of the former. This our American +species is <i>not</i>.</p> + +<p>It is, as presented in our western mountains, clear-cut, well defined, +not a variety of anything. The original name is therefore restored.</p> + +<p><i>Lamproderma arcyrioides</i> (Somm.) Morgan is probably a form of +<i>L. columbinum</i>. The original <i>L. arcyrioides</i> has not yet been certainly +identified in North America; see following species.</p> + +<p>Colorado, Oregon, Washington, California.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma columbinum</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1796. <i>Physarum columbinum</i> Pers., <i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 5.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Lamproderma columbinum</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 203.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious; rich violet or purple with metallic +iridescence, globose, stipitate; the stipe long, three-fourths the total +height, slender, subulate, black; hypothallus scant, purplish or brown; +columella small, one-third the height or less, tapering or acute, black; +the capillitium brown throughout, not dense, arising from nearly all +parts of the columella, freely branching and anastomosing to an open, +large-meshed network; spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light +dark brown, rough, 10–12 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p> + +<p>Rostafinski distinguished this beautiful species by the color of the +peridium and the conic columella. According to Mr. Lister, Rostafinski +was not specially careful in labelling his material, different +forms having been included under this specific name. Nevertheless, +the description is well drawn, and excludes <i>L. physaroides</i> completely. +At all events our American specimens correspond so well with the +description of <i>L. columbinum</i> (Pers.) Rost. that there seems no +doubt that we have here what the Polish author figured and described, +whether or not he was always consistent in applying his +labels. The color distinguishes at sight the present species from <i>L. +physaroides</i>, and the capillitium and large rough brown spores distinguish +it from <i>L. violaceum</i>. The capillitium of the minute <i>L. +scintillans</i> is much denser and more rigid, and the spores smaller. +The stipe when dry is ciliate.</p> + +<p>This is the common species of our western mountains, especially on +the Pacific slope. In the Cascades every dark ravine is certain to +show it in later summer and autumn, far extended colonies covering +the moist surfaces of every mouldering log; the myriad globoid +sporangia giving back when brought to the sunlight the most extravagant +blues and greens with all the splendor of metallic sheen, their +brilliant beauty never fails to quicken the attention of even the most +insensate tourist.</p> + +<p>Abundant in the western forests, in the east extremely rare; Maine, +Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Washington, Oregon; Vancouver, +Canada.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma scintillans</span> (<i>Berk. & Br.</i>) <i>Morg.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1877. <i>Stemonitis scintillans</i> Berk. & Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, XV., p. 2.</li> +<li>1877. <i>Lamproderma arcyrioides</i>, var. <i>iridea</i> Cke., <i>Myx. G. B.</i>, p. 50.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Lamproderma irideum</i> (Cke.) Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 95.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Lamproderma scintillans</i> (Berk. & Br.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 47.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, globose or depressed-globose, rich +metallic blue or purple, iridescent, stipitate; the stipe long, slender, +even, inclined and nodding or sometimes erect; hypothallus small, +circular; columella cylindric, small, not reaching the centre, black;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> +capillitium dense, of rigid, straight, sparingly branched or anastomosing, +brown threads, which are sometimes white or colorless just +as they leave the columella; spores globose, rough, violaceous brown, +8 µ.</p> + +<p>This is <i>L. irideum</i> of Cooke and of Massee's <i>Monograph</i>. Its +capillitium is remarkable, and constitutes an easy diagnostic mark. +The threads appear at first sight entirely simple, but are really several +times furcate, and not infrequently anastomose. The spores are +covered with sparsely sown large papillæ, easily seen under moderate +magnification.</p> + +<p>This is one of our earliest species. To be sought in May on beds +of decaying oak leaves in the woods, especially in wet places, near +streams, etc.</p> + +<p>Rare. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma violaceum</span> (<i>Fries</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1829. <i>Stemonitis violacea</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 162.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Lamproderma violaceum</i> (Fries) <i>Rost., Mon.</i>, p. 204.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia closely gregarious or scattered, depressed-globose, more +or less umbilicate below, metallic blue or purple, sessile or short stipitate; +stipe stout, dark brown or black, even; hypothallus, when the +sporangia are crowded, a thin, continuous, purplish membrane; when +the sporangia are scattered, the hypothallus discoidal; columella +cylindric or tapering slightly upward, the apex obtuse, black, attaining +the centre of the sporangium; capillitium lax and flaccid, made +up of flexuous threads branching and anastomosing to form a network, +open in the interior, more dense without, the threads at first +pale brown as they leave the columella, becoming paler outward to +the colorless tips; spores minutely warted, violaceous gray, 9–11 µ.</p> + +<p>This is our most common species; found on decaying sticks and logs +late in the fall. Its pale capillitium will usually distinguish it, especially +where the sporangia are empty; then the pallid free extremities +of the capillitial branches give to the little spheres under the lens a +white or hoary appearance not seen in any other species.</p> + +<p>The plasmodium is at first almost transparent, then amber tinted, +sending up tiny semi-transparent spheres on shining brownish stalks.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> +As the changes approach maturity, the sporangia become jet-black, +and only at last when the spores are ready for dispersal does the +peridium assume its rich metallic purple tints. Colonies a meter in +length, two or three decimeters in width, are sometimes seen!</p> + +<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, +Iowa, South Dakota; Toronto. Common.</p> + + +<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma arcyrionema</span> <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V</a>.</span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Lamproderma arcyrionema</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 208.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, globose, silvery gray or bronze, +iridescent, erect, stipitate; stipe black, long, two-thirds to three-fourths +the total height, slender, rigid; columella slender, cylindric, +attaining about one-third the height of the sporangium when it +breaks into the primary branches of the capillitium; capillitium exceedingly +intricate, made up of slender, flexuous brown threads which +frequently branch and anastomose to form an elegant round-meshed +network resembling that of <i>Arcyria</i>, free ultimate branchlets not +numerous; spores in mass jet-black, by transmitted light violaceous, +smooth, or only faintly warted, 6–8 µ.</p> + +<p>In outward appearance this species resembles <i>L. physaroides</i>, but is +easily recognizable by its very peculiar capillitium. This, in its primary +branching, resembles a comatricha. In typical forms, the columella +branches at the apex only, generally into two strong divisions +which then break up irregularly and anastomose in every direction. +This seems to have been the form present to Rostafinski when he +wrote "columella truncate." In Central American and some North +American specimens, the branching is very different; the twigs leave +the columella at various points almost down to the annulus, and the +entire effect is dendroid. The columella is lost almost at once. A +small form of this species was formerly distributed in the United +States as <i>Comatricha friesiana</i> DeBy. This circumstance led the +present author to describe Central American forms as <i>C. shimekiana</i>. +Judging from a remark by Massee (<i>Mon.</i>, p. 97), a similar confusion +seems to have prevailed in Europe. As a matter of fact, the resemblance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> +between <i>C. friesiana</i>, i. e. <i>C. nigra</i>, and the present species is +sufficiently remote.</p> + +<p><i>Lamproderma minutum</i> Rostafinski seems to be a small form of +this species. Rostafinski bases his diagnosis upon the branching of the +columella, which is, as we have seen, inconstant, and upon the colorless +capillitium. This feature in specimens examined is also inconstant.</p> + +<p>Occurring in large colonies on barkless decaying logs of various +species; the plasmodium almost colorless.</p> + +<p>New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Mexico, +Nicaragua; Vancouver's Island; Ontario, Toronto,—<i>Miss Currie.</i></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>4. Echinostelium</b> <i>DeBary</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Echinostelium</i> DeBary, Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 7.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia distinct, globose, minute, the structure limited to a few +imperfect rib-like, loosely joined branches developed from the short +columella or stem-top, sustaining the spores.</p> + +<p>A single species:—</p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Echinostelium minutum</span> <i>DeBy</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Echinostelium minutum</i> DeBy., Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 7.</li> +</ul> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX.</a></span>, Figs. 11 and 11 <i>a</i></p> + +<p>Sporangia distinct, scattered, globose, very minute, 40–50 µ, stipitate; +the stipe, hair-like subulate, granular but hyaline; columella +minute or none; capillitium consisting of a few arcuate spinose +threads loosely united supporting the uncovered spores, spores globose, +colorless, smooth, 7–8 µ.—<i>Rostafinski.</i></p> + +<p>This very singular and diminutive form, the least of all slime-moulds, +is probably widely distributed but the accident of discovery +is rare. DeBary found it once only, at Frankfurt am Main.</p> + +<p>Miss Lister reports its occurrence in England and Austria. In the +United States it has been seen but once on certain laboratory material +from Massachusetts, studied by Dr. Thaxter.</p> + +<p>Our drawing is after Rostafinski, IV., 68; Miss Lister follows No. +54, and so finds a bit of peridium below the two spores shown in the +figure, one on each side of a microscopic <i>columella</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p> + +<p>This is almost the only taxonomic suggestion;—a mere suggestion; +this microscopic bit of anxious life is but a shadow,—a shade, +a shadow of a lamproderma!</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Order III</span></p> + +<p class="center">CRIBRARIALES</p> + +<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous or æthalioid, or consisting of distinct +sporangia; peridia membranaceous at maturity, more or less +evanescent, opening irregularly or by means of a delicate network, +which involves at least the upper part of the sporangium; capillitium +usually none; spores of some shade of brown, umbrine, rarely +purplish.</p> + +<p>This order is distinguished—except in a single case—by the +entire absence of true capillitium, the pallid or brown spores, the +gradual evolution of distinct sporangia in which provision for spore-dispersal +is made by peridial modification especially at the sporangium-top.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Families of the Cribrariales</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Families of the Cribrariales"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Fructification plasmodiocarpous scattered as if made up of the segments of the plasmodial net</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Liceacæ</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Fructification of distinct and separate sporangia, long stipitate, opening by a delicate operculum at the top</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Orcadellaceæ</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Fructification æthalioid, the sporangia generally more or less tubular, often prismatic by mutual pressure; opening by rupture of the apex, the lateral walls entire</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"> Tubiferaceæ</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>D.</i> Fructification æthalioid, the sporangia ill defined, their walls more or less perforate, frayed, or dissipated, forming a pseudo-capillitium,</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Reticulariaceæ</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>E.</i> Fructification of distinct and separate sporangia, the walls more or less reticulately perforate especially above</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cribrariaceæ</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="center"><i>A.</i> LICEACEÆ</p> + +<p>A single genus,—</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>1. Licea</b> (<i>Schrader</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Licea</i> Schrader, <i>Nov. Gen. Plant.</i>, p. 16, in part.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Licea</i> (Schrader) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 218.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, looped, irregular, or distinct, sessile,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> +and regularly rounded or elliptical; the peridium simple, rather firm, +ruptured irregularly or by simple fissure; hypothallus none.</p> + +<p>This genus is distinguished from other similar plasmodiocarpous +forms by the extreme simplicity of its structure. There is absolutely +no capillitium nor anything like it, simply a mass of spores surrounded +by thin membranous walls. The spores range from pale olive, colorless +under the lens, through various shades of brown to dusky almost +black in <i>L. pusilla</i>. Schrader included the <i>Tubifera</i> species.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Licea</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Licea"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Plainly plasmodiocarpous</td><td align="left">1. <i>L. variabilis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>B.</i> Opening by regular segments.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">1. Segments two only</td><td align="left"><ins title="3. in original.">2.</ins> <i>L. biforis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Segments several.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">i. Spores brown</td><td align="left"><ins title="4. in original.">3.</ins> <i>L. minima</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">ii. Spores dusky olive</td><td align="left"><ins title="5. in original.">4.</ins> <i>L. pusilla</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Licea variabilis</span> <i>Schrader.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>.</span>, Figs. 7 and 8.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Licea variabilis</i> Schrader, <i>Nov. Gen.</i>, p. 18, Pl. VI., Figs. 5 and 6.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Licea variabilis</i> Schr., Pers., <i>Syn. Meth.</i>, p. 197.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Licea flexuosa</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Meth.</i>, p. 197.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Licea flexuosa</i> Pers., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 189.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous, elongate, hamate, annulate or irregularly +repent, very dark brown, rough, the peridium of two layers, +the outer closely adhering, dark brown, thick, opaque, the inner delicate, +membranous, very thin, transparent, iridescent, rugulose, rupturing +irregularly; hypothallus none; spores in mass pale yellow with +a greenish tinge, by transmitted light nearly colorless, large, globose, +minutely spinulose, 12.5 µ.</p> + +<p>This is the largest species of the genus as represented in this country, +the plasmodiocarps of various lengths and from .5–.7 µ wide. +Somewhat resembling some species of <i>Ophiotheca</i>, but of much darker +color. The outer peridium is deciduous, and the inner slowly ruptures, +by irregular fissures discharging the spores. The plasmodium, +according to Schrader, is white. Rare. Probably overlooked.</p> + +<p>Any good reason for changing the name given to this form so well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> +illustrated and described by Schrader does not appear. Persoon +quotes his predecessor's species and adds <i>L. flexuosa</i> on his own account; +strangely enough, since Schrader expressly describes <i>L. variabilis</i>, +"in uno eodemque enim loco peridium hemisphericum, ovatum, +oblongum <i>flexuosum</i> vel aliter formatum diversi est diametri."</p> + +<p>New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.</p> + +<p><i>Licea flexuosa</i> Pers. is by Schweinitz reported from Pennsylvania. +It is described as having brown spores, 10–15 µ, spinulose.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Licea biforis</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>.</span>, Fig. 10.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Licea biforis</i> Morgan, <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 5.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia regular, compressed, sessile on a narrow base, gregarious; +the wall firm, thin, smooth, yellow brown in color and nearly +opaque, with minute, scattered granules on the inner surface, at +maturity opening into two equal parts, which remain persistent by +the base; spores yellow-brown in mass, globose or oval, even, 9–12 u.</p> + +<p>Minute but perfectly regular, almost uniform, corneous-looking +sporangia are thickly strewn over the inner surface of decaying bark. +Each, at first elongate, pointed at each end, opens at length by fissure +along the upper side setting free the minute yellowish spores. Unlike +anything else; reminding one, at first sight, of some species of +<i>Glonium</i>.</p> + +<p>Inside bark of <i>Liriodendron</i>. Ohio, Canada.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Licea minima</span> <i>Fries</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1829. <i>Licea minima</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 199.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, umber-brown, spherical or hemispherical, +sessile; the peridium opaque, brown, opening along prefigured lines, +forming segments with dotted margins, ultimately widely reflexed; +spores in mass dark brown, by transmitted light paler with olive tints, +minutely roughened, 10–11 µ.</p> + +<p>The very minute sporangia, 3 mm., of this species cause it to be +overlooked generally by collectors. Nevertheless, it may be found on +decaying soft woods, in August, probably around the world. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> +number of sporangia produced by one plasmodium is in Iowa also +small. The larger specimens might be mistaken for species of <i>Perichaena</i>, +but are easily distinguished by the regular and lobate dehiscence. +The plasmodium is yellow.</p> + +<p>Dr. George Rex, in almost the last paper from his hand, gives an +interesting account of this diminutive species. Among various gatherings +studied he found a black variety, a melanistic phase, so +to say, and was able to follow the evolution of the sporangia from the +yellow plasmodium. The sutures by which the peridium opens, first +show signs of differentiation by change of color from yellow through +garnet to black. Later the entire wall undergoes similar color changes, +beginning next the completed sutural delimitations. Of the open +peridia, the reflexed segments remind one of certain didermas, as +<i>D. radiatum</i>. See <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, Vol. XIX., p. 399.</p> + +<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Licea pusilla</span> <i>Schrader.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Licea pusilla</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 19, tab. VI., f. 4.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Physarum licea</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 143.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Protoderma pusilla</i> (Schrader) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p 90.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, depressed-globose, sessile on a flattened +base, dark brown, shining, .5–1 mm.; peridium thin, dark +colored, translucent, dehiscent above by regular segments; spore-mass +almost black, spores by transmitted light olivaceous brown, smooth, or +nearly so, 15–17 µ.</p> + +<p>Fries, <i>l. c.</i>, makes this a physarum, and argues the case at length, +evidently with such efficiency that he greatly impressed Rostafinski, +who did not make it a physarum indeed, but actually gave it generic +place and station of its own; a physarum may do without calcium in +the capillitium perhaps, but not be entirely non-calcareous; so he +writes <i>Protoderma</i> (first cover) and places the species number 1 on +the long list of endosporous forms. Even in his '<i>Dodatek</i>', or supplement, +as we should say, he refers to the thing again, but only to +correct the inflexional ending of the specific name; he writes <i>Protoderma +pusillum</i> (Schrader) Rost!</p> + +<p>Schweinitz reports the species for America and Morgan cites<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> +Schweinitz and reports it for Ohio, but we find it in no American +collections.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>B.</i> ORCADELLACEÆ;</p> + +<p>Sporangia distinct, minute, long stipitate, opening above by a distinct +lid.</p> + +<p>A single genus,—</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Orcadella</b> <i>Wingate</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1889. <i>Orcadella</i> Wingate, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 280.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia furnished with rigid, unpolished stipes, blending above +with the substance of the thick unpolished walls; the operculum thin, +delicate, membranaceous.</p> + +<p>A single species,—</p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Orcadella operculata</span> <i>Wingate.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Fig. 11.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1889. <i>Orcadella operculata</i> Wingate, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 280.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, ellipsoidal, ovoid, obconical or +nearly globose, dull brown or blackish, the wall simple, thick, coarse, +at the top replaced by a delicate, thin, yellowish, iridescent, lustrous +or vernicose membrane which forms a circular, smooth, or wrinkled +lid, soon deciduous; stipe of varying height, rough from deposit of +plasmodic refuse; spores, in mass yellowish, globose, smooth, 8–11 µ.</p> + +<p>This curious little species, well described by its discoverer, appears +to be very rare. At least it is seldom collected; overlooked by reason +of its minuteness. It is a stipitate licea, or a lid-covered cribraria; +perhaps nearer the former. It affects the bark of species of <i>Quercus</i>, +and seems to be associated there with <i>Clastoderma debaryanum. +N. A. F.</i>, 2497.</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania, Maine.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>C.</i> TUBIFERACEÆ</p> + +<p>Fructification æthalioid or of distinct sporangia; sporangia well defined, +tubular, often prismatic by mutual pressure, seated on a common, +well-marked hypothallus, at length dehiscent by the irregular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> +rupture of the peridium, in typical cases at the apex, its walls remaining +then otherwise entire; capillitial threads in No. 3, only.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Tubiferaceæ</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Tubiferaceæ"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Spores olivaceous; sporangia in one or several series,</td><td align="left">1. <span class="smcap">Lindbladia</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Spores umber; sporangia in a single series</td><td align="left">2. <span class="smcap">Tubifera</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Sporangia stipitate; capillitium of tubular threads</td><td align="left">3. <span class="smcap">Alwisia</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><b>1. Lindbladia</b> <i>Fries</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1849. <i>Lindbladia</i> Fries, <i>Sum. Veg. Scand.</i>, p. 449.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Fructification æthalioid; the sporangia short, tubular, sometimes +superimposed, sometimes forming a simple stratum, in the latter case +generally sessile, but sometimes short-stipitate, the peridium at first +entire, at length opening irregularly either at the sides or apex, beset +with granules; spores olivaceous.</p> + +<p>This genus was established by Fries in 1849 to accommodate a +single species of wide distribution and somewhat varying habit, which +is neither a tubifera nor yet a cribraria and offers points of resemblance +to each. It is distinct in that the sporangia, while often in +single series, are yet often superimposed. It resembles <i>Tubifera</i> in +its simple sporangia, opening without the aid of a net; it is like +<i>Cribraria</i> in the smooth ochraceous-olivaceous spores and granuliferous +peridium.</p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Lindbladia effusa</span> (<i>Ehr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 2.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1818. <i>Licea effusa</i> Ehr., <i>Sylv. Myc. Ber.</i>, p. 26.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Lindbladia effusa</i> (Ehr.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 223.</li> +<li>1879. <i>Perichaena caespitosa</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 57.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia minute, either closely combined and superimposed, so as +to form a pulvinate æthalium, or crowded together in a single layer, +sessile, or short-stipitate; the peridia thin, membranous, marked by +scattered plasmodic granules, often lustrous, sometimes dull lead-colored +or blackish, especially above; stipe, when present, very short +but distinct, brown, rugulose; hypothallus well developed, membranous, +or more or less spongiose in structure; spore-mass ochraceous, +under the lens, nearly smooth, almost colorless, 6–7.5 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p> + +<p>This very variable species has been well studied by Dr. Rex. See +<i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XVII., p. 201. In its simpler phases it presents but a +single layer of sporangia generally closely crowded together, sometimes +free and even short stipitate! In the more complex phase the +sporangia are heaped together in a pulvinate mass in which the +peridia appear as boundaries of minute cells. In this case the outermost +sporangia are often consolidated to form a cortex more or less +dense and shining. In any case the hypothallus is a prominent feature; +generally laminated and of two or three layers, it is in the more +hemispheric æthalia very much more complex, sponge-like. When +thin this structure is remarkable for its wide extent, 40–50 cm.! The +simpler forms approach very near to <i>Cribraria</i> through <i>C. argillacea</i>. +The most complex remind us of <i>Enteridium</i>.</p> + +<p>This is <i>Perichaena caespitosa</i> Peck. In this country it has, however, +been generally distributed as <i>L. effusa</i> Ehr. This author throws +some doubt on the species he describes by suggesting that the plasmodium +may be <i>red</i>. The description, however, and figures are otherwise +good and are established by the usage of Rostafinski. The +plasmodium has much the same color as the mature fruit.</p> + +<p>Widely distributed. New England to the Black Hills and Colorado, +south to Arkansas. California, about Monterey.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>2. Tubifera</b> <i>Gmelin</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Tubifera</i> Gmelin, <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., p. 1472.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia tubular, by mutual pressure more or less prismatic, connate, +pale ferruginous-brown, iridescent, the walls thin, slightly granular, +long-persistent; dehiscence apical; hypothallus thick, spongiose, +white or whitish; spore-mass ferruginous.</p> + +<p>This genus is easily recognized by the tubular sporangia, destitute +of capillitial threads, seated upon a strongly developed hypothallus. +The synonymy of the case is somewhat difficult. It is possible that +Mueller's <i>Tubulifera ceratum, Fl. Dan.</i>, Ellevte Haefte, 1775, p. 8, +may belong here, but neither the text nor the figures make it certain. +Neither he nor Œder, who gives us <i>T. cremor</i> in the same work, had +any accurate idea of the objects described. Gmelin's description of +<i>Tubifera</i>, II., 2, 1472, is, however, ample, and his citations of Bulliard's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> +plates leave no doubt as to the forms he included. Gmelin +writes: "Thecæ (membranæ expansæ superimpositæ) inter se connatæ +seminibus nudiusculis repletæ."</p> + +<p>Why, in face of so good a description, Persoon changed the name +to that since current, <i>Tubulina</i>, is not clear.</p> + +<p>Fries thinks Mueller had an immature <i>Arcyria</i> before him, <i>Syst. +Myc.</i>, III., p. 196. <i>Tubulifera arachnoidea</i> Jacq., 1778, is also an +uncertain quantity, insufficiently described.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Tubifera</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Tubifera"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Hypothallus well developed, but not conspicuous.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Pseudo-columellæ none</td><td align="left">1. <i>T. ferruginosa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Pseudo-columellæ present at least in many of the tubules</td><td align="left">2. <i>T. casparyi</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>B.</i> Hypothallus prominent, columnar</td><td align="left">3. <i>T. stipitata</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Tubifera ferruginosa</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I.</a></span>, Fig. 4; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, Fig. 8; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Fig. 14.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1786. <i>Stemonitis ferruginosa</i> Batsch, <i>Elench.</i>, p. 261, Fig. 175.</li> +<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus cylindricus</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, p. 140, t. 470, III.</li> +<li>1791. <i>Tubifera ferruginosa</i> Gmelin, <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, 1472 (<i>ex parte</i>).</li> +<li>1805. <i>Tubulina cylindrica</i> (Bull.) DC., <i>Fl. Fr.</i>, 671.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Tubulina cylindrica</i> (Bull.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 220.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Tubulina fragiformis</i> (Pers.) Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 153.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia crowded, cylindric or prismatic, elongate, connate, more +or less distinct above, pale umber-brown, generally simple though +occasionally branched above, the peridia thin, sometimes fragile, but +generally persistent, transparent, iridescent; hypothallus strongly developed, +spongiose, white, often projecting beyond the æthalioid mass +of sporangia; spore-mass umber-brown or ferruginous; spores by transmitted +light almost colorless, plainly reticulate over three-fourths of +the surface, 6–7 µ.</p> + +<p>Not rare on old logs, mosses, etc., from Maine to Alaska. Apparently +more common north than south. Easily known by its long, +tubular sporangia packed with rusty spores and destitute of any trace +of columella or capillitium, the hypothallus explanate, rather thick, +but not columnar. A single plasmodium may give rise to one or several +colonies, at first watery or white, then red, of somewhat varying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> +shades, then finally umber-brown. These colors were noticed by all +the older authors, but very inaccurately; thus a white plasmodium is +the basis for <i>Tubifera cylindrica</i> (Bull.) Gmel., a roseate plasmodium +for <i>Tubifera fragiformis</i> (Bull.) Gmel., and the mature fructification +for <i>Tubifera ferruginosa</i> (Batsch) Gmel. Rostafinski adopted a specific +name given by Bulliard, but Batsch has clear priority.</p> + +<p>The peridia are sometimes accuminate, and widely separate above. +This is Persoon's <i>T. fragiformis</i>. In most cases, however, the peridia +are connate throughout, and sometimes present above a membranous +common covering. This is <i>T. fallax</i> of Persoon; <i>Licea cylindrica</i> +(Bull.) Fries. In forms with thicker peridia, the walls often show +the granular markings characteristic of the entire <i>Anemeae</i>.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Tubifera stipitata</span> (<i>Berk. & Rav.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1858. <i>Licea stipitata</i> Berk. & Rav., <i>Am. Acad.</i>, IV., p. 125.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></li> +<li>1868. <i>Licea stipitata</i> Berk. & Rav., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, X., p. 350.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Tubulina stipitata</i> (Berk. & Rav.) Rost., p. 223.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia crowded in a globose or more or less hemispheric, expanded +head, borne upon a spongy, stem-like, sulcate hypothallus +3–4 mm. high, their apices rounded, their walls very thin, evanescent; +spores in mass umber-brown, small, about 5 µ, the epispore reticulate +as in the preceding species.</p> + +<p>This differs from number 1 chiefly in the cushion-like receptacle on +which the crowded sporangia are borne, and in the smaller spores. +The species originates in a plasmodium at first colorless, then white, +followed by salmon or buff tints, which pass gradually into the dark +brown of maturity. This peculiar succession of colors is perhaps +more diagnostic than the difference in habit. The spores are, however, +constantly smaller in all the specimens we have examined, and +the stipitate habit very marked.</p> + +<p>New England, New York, south to South Carolina, and west to +South Dakota; our finest specimens are from Missouri.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Tubifera casparyi</span> (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>.</span>, Fig. 9.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1876. <i>Siphoptychium casparyi</i> Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 32.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia closely crowded, tubular, cylindric or prismatic by mutual +pressure, connate, the apices rounded, convex, covered by a continuous +membrane, umber-brown; the peridia firm, persistent, +minutely granular, iridescent; hypothallus well developed, thin, +brown, explanate; pseudo-columellæ erect, rigid, traversing many of +the sporangia, and in some instances bound back to the peridial walls +by slender, membranous bands or threads, a pseudo-capillitium; +spore-mass dark brown or umber, spores by transmitted light pale, +globose, reticulate, 7.5–9 µ.</p> + +<p>This is <i>Siphoptychium casparyi</i> Rost. In <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XV., p. 319, +Dr. Rex shows that the relationships of the species are with <i>Tubifera</i>; +that the so-called columella is probably an abortive sporangium, the +so-called capillitial threads having no homology with the capillitial +threads of the true columelliferous forms. It is a good species of +<i>Tubifera</i>, nothing more. The tubules are shorter than in either of +the preceding species; the spores are darker, larger, and more thoroughly +reticulate.</p> + +<p>The plasmodium is given by Dr. Rex, <i>l. c.</i>, as white, then "dull +gray tinged with sienna color," then various tones of sienna-brown, to +the dark umber of the mature æthalium.</p> + +<p>New York, Adirondack Mountains; Allamakee Co., Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>3. Alwisia</b> <i>Berk. & Br.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>.</span>, Figs. 5 and 5 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Alwisia</i> Berk. & Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, Vol. XIV., p. 86.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia ellipsoidal, clustered, stipitate; dehiscence by the falling +away of the upper part of the peridium disclosing a persisting pencil +of capillitial threads. A single species:—</p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Alwisia bombarda</span> <i>Berk. & Br.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Alwisia bombarda</i> Berk. & Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, XIV., p. 86.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gathered in clusters of four to eight, surmounting coalescent, +or sometimes divergent stalks, rusty-brown, or pallid, the +peridium evanescent above; the coalescing stalks forming, especially +below, a clustered column, 2 mm. in height, equalling the sporangia, +dull reddish-brown in color; capillitium of rigid, tubular, generally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> +simple threads, attaching above by delicate tips, below by a broader +sometimes branching base, sometimes conjoined near the peridial wall, +now and then at irregular intervals inflated slightly or anon bulbose, +roughened by projecting spinules, one-third the diameter, brownish or +yellow; spores reddish-brown, faintly marked by reticulating bands +over large part of the surface, 5–5.5 µ.</p> + +<p>This peculiar species looks at first very little like a myxomycete. +The stiff projecting hairs of the capillitium are hyphal in appearance +and under the lens recall the phycomycetes; but the spores and withal +the general structure seem to claim recognition here. Rostafinski was +inclined to make a trichia of it, because of the hair-like capillitium, +and markings on the threads, Massee found indistinct spiral markings +even, enough to suit at least the prototrichias. Mr. Lister would put +it near the tubifers. Father Torrend thinks of the dianemas, margaritas, +etc., because of simple capillitium attached above and below! +Spore-characters are probably the index most reliable, and the partial +reticulation suggests association with <i>Tubifera</i> and for the present +it may find station there, as in the English monograph.</p> + +<p>Rare. Collected three times: twice in Ceylon, once in Jamaica. +By the courtesy of Dr. Farlow, late lamented, we record the western +specimens.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>D.</i> RETICULARIACEÆ</p> + +<p>Fructification æthalioid; the sporangia sometimes poorly defined, +intricately associated, borne on a common hypothallus and covered +above by a common cortex; the lateral walls variously perforate and +incomplete, form a pseudo-capillitium; spores umber or ochraceous.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Reticulariaceæ</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Reticulariaceæ"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Spores umber.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Sporangia wholly indeterminate, their walls much consolidated below, fraying out above into long, slender threads,</td><td align="left">1. Reticularia</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Sporangia bounded, more or less distinctly, by broad perforate plates throughout</td><td align="left">2. Enteridium</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>B.</i> Spores ochraceous</td><td align="left">3. Dictydiæthalium</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p class="center"><b>1. Reticularia</b> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Reticularia</i> Bulliard, <i>Champ. de la France</i>, p. 95, in part.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Reticularia</i> (Bulliard) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 6.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p> + +<p>Plasmodium at first white, then pink, 'ashes of roses,' etc. Sporangia +wholly indeterminate or undefined, their walls represented (?) by +a spongy mass of so-called capillitium, consisting of membranous +plates, branching, anastomosing, vanishing without order or symmetry, +generally giving rise at the sides, and especially above, to long +slender flexuous threads; outer cortex silvery white; hypothallus distinct, +white; spore-mass and threads umber or rusty brown.</p> + +<p>A single species,—</p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Reticularia lycoperdon</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plX">Plate X.</a></span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Fig. 3.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Reticularia lycoperdon</i> Bull., <i>Champ. de la France</i>, p. 95.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Æthalium pulvinate, 2–8 cm. broad, at first silvery white, later +less lustrous, the cortex irregularly and slowly deciduous; hypothallus +at first conspicuous as a white margin extending round the entire +aethalium, evanescent without, but persisting as a firm membrane +beneath the spore-mass, pseudo-capillitium abundant, tending to form +erect central masses which persist long after the greater part of the +fruit has been scattered by the winds; spore-mass umber, spores by +transmitted light pale, reticulate over about two-thirds of the surface, +the remainder slightly warted, 8–9 µ.</p> + +<p>Not common. Often confused with the following, the spores +of the two forms being very much alike; the internal structure, entirely +different, and once compared, the two are thereafter easily distinguished +at sight by external characters. The sporangial make-up +is indifferent, confused. It represents a phase in development whence +might issue columellæ with capillitium-branches or distinct tubular +sporangia with persisting walls; or are such structures here but reminiscent +only? Compare <i>Amaurochaete atra</i>, where similar conditions +prevail. There differentiation goes on to the formation of a +structure of which <i>Stemonitis</i> is type; here the sporangium-wall becomes +dominant; suffers modification for spore-disposal, an idea reaching +fair expression in <i>Cribraria</i> and <i>Dictydium</i>.</p> + +<p>The plasmodium is white, noted Bulliard. Fries cites with approval +the words of Schweinitz,—"color corticis ab initio argenteus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> +sericeo nitore insignis; sed deinde sordescit e griseo in subfuscum vergens." +Sometimes the surface does indeed shine as silver!</p> + +<p>The fructification appears to be isolated in each case; the entire +plasmodium consumed in a single plasmodiocarp.</p> + +<p>Widely distributed. Maine to California, and south.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>2. Enteridium</b> <i>Ehrenberg</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1818. <i>Enteridium</i> Ehrenberg, Link and Spreng., <i>Jahrb., Bd.</i> II., p. 55.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Fructification æthalioid; the confluent sporangia inextricably interwoven, +the walls perforate by large openings, the resultant network +of broad plates and bands widening at the points of intersection.</p> + +<p>The genus <i>Enteridium</i> is distinguished from <i>Reticularia</i> chiefly +by the more perfectly developed sporangial walls. These are everywhere +membranous and do not show the abundant filiform dissipation +so characteristic of <i>Reticularia</i>. The resultant structure in <i>Reticularia</i> +is a mass of more or less lengthened and anastomosing threads; +in <i>Enteridium</i>, an exceedingly delicate but sufficiently persistent +sponge. The "net-like, three-winged skeleton" referred to by Rostafinski +results from the union at one point of three adjoining sporangia. +Compare the section of the adjoining cells of a honeycomb.</p> + +<p>Of this genus there are but two or three species, all so far occurring +in our territory.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Enteridium</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Enteridium"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Fructification umber brown</td><td align="left">1. <i>E. splendens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Fructification olivaceous</td><td align="left">2. <i>E. olivaceum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Fructification minute, 1–2 mm.</td><td align="left">3. <i>E. minutum</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Enteridium splendens</span> <i>Morg.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 5.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1876. <i>Reticularia</i> (?) <i>rozeanum</i> Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 33.</li> +<li>1889. <i>Enteridium rozeanum</i> (Rost.) Wing., <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 156.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Enteridium rozeanum</i> Wingate, Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 117.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Reticularia splendens</i> Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 11.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Enteridium splendens</i> Morg., Morg. <i>in litt.</i></li> +</ul> + + +<p>Æthalium pulvinate, even, or somewhat irregular, unevenly swollen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> +or inflated, lobate or compound, covered by an exceedingly thin, generally +smooth, shining, but never white, pellicle or cortex, brown, +from 1–6 cm. in diameter; hypothallus white, often wide extending; +capillitium none; the sporangial walls thin and brown +forming a network as above described; spore-mass umber, spores by +transmitted light pale, about two-thirds of the surface reticulate, the +rest nearly smooth, 7–9 µ.</p> + +<p>Very common, especially west, on decaying logs and stumps of +every description. Easily distinguished by its brown color and smooth, +shining, though uneven surface. The plasmodium as it emerges to +form fruit is pale pink or flesh color, slowly deepening to brown as maturity +advances. The first emergence is a watery white.</p> + +<p>New England, Canada, to Minnesota and Nebraska, South Dakota.</p> + +<p>In 1876 Rostafinski provisionally referred to the genus <i>Reticularia</i> +certain specimens received from M. Roze of Paris. Thirteen years +later in correspondence with M. Roze, Mr. Wingate satisfied himself +that the specimens discovered by Roze were the same as our common +enteridium. He therefore, <i>l. c.</i>, applied to our American forms the +name they have widely borne, <i>E. rozeanum</i>. Mr. Lister, <i>Jour. of +Botany</i>, Sept. '91, applied the Rostafinskian name to <ins title="ertain in original.">certain</ins> English +specimens. Thereafter to be known as <i>Reticularia lobata</i> Rost. and so +fixed the status of that species. From all the literature before us +it appears that Mr. Lister was right. <i>R. lobata</i> List. (now <i>Liceopsis +lobata</i> List.) Torr., occurs in various parts of Europe, while our +American species of <i>Enteridium</i> is yet to be discovered on that side of +the sea!</p> + +<p>Were the latter native to the old world at all, it had surely been seen +long ago. It is large and fine, and could not have escaped the famous +collectors of the last two hundred years. Although it has been sent +by students from this side of the ocean to Europe for more than +thirty years, it has not even adventitiously appeared.</p> + +<p>It therefore appears that our American species is known to Europe +through Mr. Wingate's reference only.</p> + +<p>Twenty years ago in correspondence with Mr. Wingate it was +learned that the material received by him from M. Roze was but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> +a small fragment, crushed flat, and even this was at that time +no longer in evidence. This specimen was itself <i>not part of the +gathering submitted to Rostafinski</i>; but only the fragment of something +<i>appearing in 1890 in the same locality</i>!</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">. . . . "something not the same,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But only like its forecast in men's dreams."<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>When we further reflect that the spores of species of several of +the forms now in review, <i>Tubifera</i>, <i>Reticularia</i>, <i>Enteridium</i>, are not +without difficulty distinguished, it is easy to see that Mr. Wingate's +specific reference has narrow foundations to say the least. It seems +now likely that Father Torrend's <i>Liceopsis</i>, <i>Reticulara lobata</i> R., +M. Roze's aftermath, and all, are but the depauperate forms of some +tubifera!</p> + +<p><i>E. rozeanum Wing.</i>, is therefore the synonym for an ill-defined +something in Western Europe and need not further here concern us +as far material reference goes.</p> + +<p>In any case, what induced Mr. Wingate to pull Rostafinski's uncertain +description of a problematic form across the sea, to attach it +to our clearly defined and well known American species, changing +the Polish description the while to make it fit, is hard to understand; +especially in view of the fact, by Wingate admitted, that Rex had +in his letters to Morgan already named the American type +<i>Enteridium umbrinum</i>. The two students differed as to generic reference, +and later on Morgan published <i>Reticularia splendens</i> Morg.; +rather than <i>R. umbrina</i> (Rex) Morg. because he was using <i>R. umbrina</i> +Fr. for what is generally known as <i>R. lycoperdon</i> (<i>Bull.</i>)</p> + +<p>It would then appear that when Wingate sought to impose the +Rostafinskian specific name upon our American form by changing +(fixing!) Rostafinski's generic reference, and by re-writing the +specific description from the pages of the <i>Monograph</i> in order to +claim identity, he was entirely without justification, especially since +he knew the species appropriately named by his colleague, Dr. Rex, +and had the name as used in the Rex and Morgan correspondence.</p> + +<p>In brief; Mr. Wingate proceeded to re-describe Rostafinski's rozean +specimen and referred a long-known American form (very different) +to the European specimen as type. Wingate's description is right;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> +he had the American material before him; but his cited type is worthless, +an entirely different thing.</p> + +<p>Does the reader care to see what the European <i>type</i> of our common +form, Wingate <i>teste</i>, really looks like, let him consult the <i>Jour. of +Botany</i>, Vol. XXIX., p. 263, 1891.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Enteridium olivaceum</span> <i>Ehr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1818. <i>Enteridium olivaceum</i> Ehr.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Æthalium depressed flat, oval or elongate, .3 cm. in extent, .6 mm. +thick when fresh, glossy, smooth, greenish-olivaceous-brown; within a +spongy net-work representing sporangial walls which are thin, pale +olivaceous, perforate by circular openings, meshes surrounded by +wide plates; spores in clusters, six or more together, ovoid, distinctly +warted at the wider end, pale olivaceous, 9–11 µ.</p> + +<p>This, the type of the genus, is a very distinct species of this by +its structure readily distinguished form. Fries thought the species +might represent a less perfectly-developed reticularia, and therefore +wrote <i>Reticularia olivacea</i> noting, however, the clustered spores +and the lack of hypothallus.</p> + +<p>Common, as would appear, in Europe and in S. America; rare +with us. Reported from N. Hampshire and we have one specimen +from Colorado.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Enteridium minutum</span> <i>Sturg.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1917. <i>Enteridium minutum</i> Sturg., <i>Mycologia</i>, IX, p. 328.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Æthalia rounded or elongate, pulvinate, pale umber in color, +seated on a broad membranous base, 1.5–2 mm. in diameter; wall +wrinkled and usually marked with small scattered pits, pale-yellow, +membranous; walls of component sporangia, membranous, minutely +roughened, perforated with round openings, the margins of which +show many free threads; or reduced to irregular, anastomosing +strands arising from the base of the æthalium, with membranous +or net-like expansions at the angles and with many delicate, free, +pointed ends. Spores pale-yellow, usually united in twos or threes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> +and ovoid or flattened on one side; when free, globose, very minutely +spinulose, 9.5–10.5.</p> + +<p>Colorado: <i>Dr. Sturgis.</i></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>3. Dictydiæthalium</b> <i>Rostafinski</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Dictydiaethalium</i> Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 5.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Clathroptychium</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 224.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Æthalium depressed, flat; the sporangia erect, regular, prismatic +by mutual pressure, the peridia convex above, wanting at the sides +and within the æthalium represented by vertical threads marking +the angles and passing from base to summit.</p> + +<p>This genus is readily recognized by the internal structure of the +æthalium. The lateral wall-openings, which, as we have seen, characterize +the sporangia of the preceding genus, here become extreme, +occupying to such extent the lateral wall-space of each sporangium +that only threads remain to mark the vertical angles.</p> + +<p>In 1873 Rostafinski applied the generic name here adopted, because +he thought he discovered close relationships with <i>Dictydium</i>. +In 1875, believing his first impressions erroneous, and desirous that +the nomenclature might not at once mislead the student and perpetuate +the memory of his own mistake, the same author proposed the +name by which the genus has generally ever since been known—<i>Clathroptychium</i>. +However sensible the latter conclusion reached +by our Polish author, it is plainly contrary to all rules of priority.</p> + +<p>Our region shows but a single widely distributed species,—</p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Dictydiaethalium plumbeum</span> (<i>Schum.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1803. <i>Fuligo plumbea</i> Schum., <i>Enum. Saell.</i>, No. 1410.</li> +<li>1833. <i>Licea rugulosa</i> Wall., <i>Cr. Fl. Ger.</i>, IV., p. 345.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Dictydiaethalium plumbeum</i> (Schum.) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 5.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Clathroptychium rugulosum</i> (Wallr.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 225.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Dictydiaethalium plumbeum</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 157.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Æthalium thin, very flat, olivaceous or ochraceous, smooth, under +the lens punctate, in section showing the columnar or prismatic sporangia, +which are normally six-sided, having at the edges six simple<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> +threads, the remains of peridium, extending from base to apex, where +the peridium remains intact, arcuate; hypothallus prominent, radiating +far around the æthalium, silvery white; spores in mass, ochraceous, +or dull brownish yellow, by transmitted light almost colorless, +rough 9–10 µ.</p> + +<p>Not rare, on decaying logs, especially of <i>Tilla americana</i>, where +in the same place successive fructifications follow each other sometimes +for weeks together in the latter part of summer and early +fall. The æthalium is generally elliptical or elongate, 2–3 cm. in +extent, sometimes irregular or branched, varying in color according +to degree of maturity, weathering, etc. Plasmodium at first watery, +then pink, or flesh-colored.</p> + +<p>Eastern United States; common. Toronto;—<i>Miss Currie.</i></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>E.</i> CRIBRARIACEÆ</p> + +<p>Sporangia distinct, more or less closely gregarious, stipitate, the +peridium opening, especially above, by a well-defined network formed +from thickenings in the original sporangial wall.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Cribrariaceæ</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Cribrariaceæ"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Peridial thickenings in form of an apical net with definite thickenings at the intersections of the component threads</td><td align="left">1. <span class="smcap">Cribraria</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Peridial thickenings in form of parallel meridional ribs connected by delicate transverse threads</td><td align="left">2. <span class="smcap">Dictydium</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><b>Cribraria</b> (<i>Pers</i>) <i>Schrader.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1794. <i>Cribraria</i> Persoon, Römer, <i>N. Bot. Mag.</i>, I., p. 91, in part.</li> +<li>1797. <i>Cribraria</i> Schrader, <i>Nov. Gen. Plant.</i>, p. 1, in part.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Cribraria</i> Rostafinski, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 229.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia distinct, gregarious or closely crowded, globose or obovoid, +stipitate; the stipe of very varying length; the peridium simple, +marked within by distinct and peculiar, granular, thickenings, which +below take the form of radiating ribs, supporting the persisting cup, +<i>calyculus</i>, and above, by extremely delicate anastomosing branches, +unite to weave a more or less regular net with open polygonal meshes; +spores various, more often yellowish or ochraceous, sometimes brown, +reddish, or purple.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p> + +<p>The genus <i>Cribraria</i>, as limited by Persoon, included all forms +in which the peridium is thin, evanescent half-way down, or entirely, +and in which capillitium, as Persoon regarded the case, is formed of +a network of reticulate threads surrounding the spores. Schrader +redefined the genus; opposed Persoon's view as to the capillitial +nature of the net, and separated the genus <i>Dictydium</i>, but by imperfect +limitations,—in fact, chiefly because of the more completely +evanescent peridium. Fries follows Schrader. Rostafinski first clearly +separated the two genera, and his classification is here adopted. +Nevertheless, after reviewing the subject entire one is more and +more inclined to appreciate the commendation of Fries; "Auctor +Schrader, qui insuper plurimas species detexit, et hoc et sequens +genus ita proposuit ut sequentes vix aliquid addere valuerint."</p> + +<p>As to the habitat of the cribrarias, the remark of Schrader is still +pertinent—"in vetustissimis plenariæ destructionis proximis arborum +truncis"—for all the species. Rotten, coniferous wood seems to be +preferred, but the decayed logs of trees of other orders are by no +means refused. Rotten oak forms a very common habitat.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Cribraria</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Cribraria"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>A.</i> Sporangia with spores ochraceous or brownish.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Sporangia larger, .5 mm. or more.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">1. Net poorly developed, sometimes merely indicated</td><td align="left">1. <i>C. argillacea</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Net conspicuous, nodes expanded, not swollen.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">i. Calyculus reticulately thickened, ill-defined above</td><td align="left">2. <i>C. macrocarpa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">ii. Calyculus with radiant lines or ribs; net small-meshed; free ends none</td><td align="left">6. <i>C. aurantiaca</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">iii. Net wide-meshed, calyx rufous</td><td align="left">4. <i>C. rufa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">iv. Calyx replaced by ribs</td><td align="left">5. <i>C. splendens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">3. Net conspicuous, nodules swollen.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">i. Net-threads simple; free ends many</td><td align="left">7. <i>C. dictydioides</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">ii. Net-threads often parallel in twos or threes</td><td align="left">8. <i>C. intricata</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Sporangia small, less than .5 mm.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">1. Nodes not expanded</td><td align="left">3. <i>C. minutissima</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Nodes well shown.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">i. Calyculus distinctly marked by radiant lines, nodes round</td><td align="left">10. <i>C. tenella</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">ii. Calyculus minute or none; nodes prominent</td><td align="left">11. <i>C. microcarpa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>B.</i> Sporangia more or less marked with purple or violet tints.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Purple or violet throughout.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">1. Net poorly developed</td><td align="left">12. <i>C. violacea</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Net well developed.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">i. Meshes regular and the nodes distinct</td><td align="left">14. <i>C. elegans</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">ii. Meshes and nodules irregular</td><td align="left">13. <i>C. purpurea</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Purple tints confined chiefly to plasmodic granules on the <ins title="calcyulus in original.">calyculus</ins> and stipe.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">Net with nodes well expanded.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">i. Stipe short, not more than double the sporangium; net and calyculus both well developed</td><td align="left">9. <i>C. piriformis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">ii. Stipe many times the sporangium, weak</td><td align="left">15. <i>C. languescens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">iii. Stipe slender, sporangium copper-colored</td><td align="left">16. <i>C. cuprea</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Cribraria argillacea</span> <i>Pers.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>.</span>, Figs. 12, 13; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 1.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis argillacea</i> (Pers.) Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., 1469.</li> +<li>1796. <i>Cribraria argillacea</i> Pers., <i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 90.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia dull ochraceous-olivaceous, globose, nearly 1 mm. in +diameter, sessile or short stipitate, closely gregarious or crowded, +the peridial walls at maturity smooth, shining, except above, long +persistent, obscurely reticulate, with irregular thickenings which at +the apex at length present the appearance of an irregular, coarsely +meshed net without nodal thickenings; stipe very short, stout, erect, +reddish brown, spore-mass ochraceous, spores by transmitted light +pale, spinulose, 5–6 µ.</p> + +<p>This species stands just on the border-line between the tubiferas +and the genus now before us. While on the one hand it possesses +many characters such as the habit, form of sporangium, which are distinctly +tubuline, on the other it shows in the upper peridial wall definite +reticulations which suggest <i>Cribraria</i>. In freshly formed sporangia +the reticulations are barely visible in the crown; later on they are +more manifest, until, as spore-dispersal proceeds; the cribraria characters +come out with sufficient distinctness, and in empty sporangia +the reticulations may be seen to affect the entire peridial wall. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> +nodes are not expanded. The spores are pale by transmitted light, +spinulose, about 6 µ. Plasmodium lead-colored. Found sometimes +in large patches on rotten logs of various species. Not uncommon. +Cf. <i>Lindbladia effusa</i>.</p> + +<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Ohio, +Illinois, Iowa, Washington; Canada.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Cribraria macrocarpa</span> <i>Schrader.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 2.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Cribraria macrocarpa</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Plant.</i>, p. 8.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia more or less closely gregarious, yellowish brown, pear-shaped +or obovate, large, .8–1 mm. in diameter, stipitate; stipe brown +furrowed, erect or often nodding, about equal to the sporangium +or longer; calyculus distinct, marked by numerous dark brown radiating +ribs, iridescent, perforate above, deeply dentate, and merging +gradually into the elegant network, of which the dark nodes are +more distinctly expanded about half way up, less so at the apex and +below, the filaments exceedingly delicate, simple, with occasional +free ends projecting into the small meshes; spore-mass yellowish, +spores by transmitted light almost colorless, minutely roughened, +5–6 µ.</p> + +<p>Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the present species, +aside from its large size, is the peculiarly perforated cup or calyculus. +Schrader's artist failed him here completely. The structure +is exceedingly delicate, the peridium between the ribs and reticulations +reduced to the last degree of tenuity, with the iridescence +of the soap-bubble, here and there lapsed entirely. Withal the structure +seems firm enough and persists until all the spores are dissipated +by the wind.</p> + +<p>Easily distinguished from the preceding, its only rival in size, by +the obovate or turbinate, netted sporangium, its much longer stem, +and flat, perfectly formed nodes.</p> + +<p>Rare. New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Oregon; +Toronto, Canada.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Cribraria minutissima</span> <i>Schweinitz.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1832. <i>Cribraria minutissima</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2362.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, orange or nut-brown, very minute, .1–.3 mm. +or less, globose or ellipsoidal, stipitate, erect or nodding; hypothallus +none; stipe short, 1–3 times the sporangium, filiform, tapering upward, +brown; the calyculus variable, sometimes well marked and +separated from the net when fully mature, by a shallow constriction, +more commonly small or entirely wanting, especially in the spherical +sporangia; net simple, large meshed, without nodal expansions, +the threads flattened; spore-mass yellow, spores by transmitted light, +pale, nearly smooth, 5–6 µ.</p> + +<p>A most beautiful tiny species. Generally in all the specimens before +us, a perfect, spherical net, firm enough to retain its place and structure +after all the spores have been scattered. When mature the +spore-mass seems to roll about as a ball, freely within the net, the +spores being thus gradually dispersed. The calyculus when present is +without veins. <i>C. minima</i> Berk. & C., and <i>C. microscopica</i> Berk. & +C. are doubtless the same thing. <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 67, 1823. See also +<i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XIX., 397.</p> + +<p>Rare. Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Missouri, Iowa; Black Hills, +South Dakota.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Cribraria rufa</span> (<i>Roth</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>.</span>, Fig. 8.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1788. <i>Stemonitis rufa</i> Roth, <i>Fl. Germ.</i>, I., p. 548.</li> +<li>1794. <i>Cribraria rufescens</i> Pers., Rœmer, <i>N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 91.</li> +<li>1797. <i>Cribraria fulva</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 5.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, sub-globose or turbinate, dark or reddish orange, +.5–.7 mm. in diameter, erect, stipitate; stipe about equalling the +height of the sporangium or longer, dark brown or black; calyculus +one-third to one-half the sporangium, the margin toothed, the wall +ribbed and continuous with the open wide-meshed net; the network +deep yellow or orange, the threads flattened; the nodes not thickened, +little differentiated; spores concolorous, by transmitted light, pale +yellow, verruculose, 5–7 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p> + +<p>Similar to the preceding, but generally much larger and not so +much inclined to brown. The size, however, is extremely variable +in sporangia from the same plasmodium (reported white), some no +larger than those of the species reckoned most minute.</p> + +<p>Oregon. <i>Professor Morton Peck.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Cribraria splendens</span> (<i>Schrader</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>.</span>, Fig. 10.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Dictydium splendens</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen.</i>, p. 14.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Cribraria splendens</i> (Schrad.) Pers., <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 191.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, dusky yellow when filled with spores, +dull or dusky brown when these are discharged, stipitate; stipe long, +3–4 times the sporangium, subulate, erect-nodding, brown; hypothallus +none; network brown, with large meshes, imperfectly defined +nodes and flattened threads; calyculus none, its place supplied by nine +or ten distinct, firm ribs which radiate from the stipe and support +the net, branching to blend with its reticulations; spore-mass yellow, +spores by transmitted light, colorless, smooth or nearly so, 6–7.5 µ.</p> + +<p>Of this species two specimens only are before us, one from Muscatine +County, Iowa, and one from Washington (state). The species +seems thus to have wide range, but to be exceedingly rare. It differs +from all other American forms, so far described, in the peculiar +development of the calyculus. Rostafinski emphasizes the persistence +of the peridial wall and the peculiar gleaming of the metallic tints, +displayed by all the structures. These particulars we have not been +able to verify. Such characters may be incident to age or conditions +of development. At all events, in forms which in all other respects +seem to agree exactly with Rostafinski's descriptions, the colors are +dull and without any noticeable iridescence. The spores in our specimens +are also a little larger than quoted. Rostafinski gives 5–6 µ; +Massee, 5–7 µ.</p> + + +<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Cribraria aurantiaca</span> <i>Schrader.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 3, and <a href="#plXIX">XIX.</a>, Fig. 7.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Cribraria aurantiaca</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 5.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, spherical, dusky or yellowish stipitate, nodding;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> +the calyculus variable, generally prominent, more or less distinctly +marked by fine, delicate radiating venules, the margin denticulate, +the teeth numerous and slender, supporting the well-defined globose +net; network made up of very tenuous threads, forming rather small +irregular brownish nodules and showing only here and there a free +extremity; stipe generally short, two or three times the diameter of +the sporangium, sometimes longer, tapering upward, brown, slender, +arcuate above; spore-mass yellow or ochraceous, spores by transmitted +light, colorless, 5–6 µ, almost smooth.</p> + +<p>This widely distributed and very variable species is generally +recognized by the large sporangia, .5–.9 mm., comparatively short +stipe, simple net, and more or less orange color. The color is an uncertain +thing even in the sporangia, which rise from one plasmodium. +Schrader, however, made this feature so far diagnostic that he placed +the more pronouncedly yellow forms in the species <i>C. aurantiaca</i> and +set off as <i>C. vulgaris</i> forms in which more dusky tints prevail. The +dark-colored forms have also usually longer stipes, but so much is +dependent upon the climatic conditions prevalent at the time of fruiting, +that this feature also is indeterminate. Rostafinski's figures, +21 and 26, Tab. II., show the characteristic nodules and the typical +net structure. It is to be observed that Fig. 21 represents higher magnification; +otherwise the two figures are very much alike.</p> + +<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland and South, +Ohio, Washington, California; Canada, Toronto.</p> + + +<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Cribraria dictydioides</span> <i>Cke. & Balf.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I.</a></span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>, 5 <i>b</i>, and <a href="#plXIX">XIX.</a>, 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1881. <i>Cribraria dictydioides</i> Cke. & Balf., <i>Rav. Fung. Am.</i>, 475.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, of medium size, globose, cernuous, stipitate; +the stipe long, slender, tapering upwards, dull brown in color; hypothallus +none; the calyculus variable, sometimes well developed, as in +<i>C. aurantiaca</i>, sometimes rudimentary or represented only by irregular, +node-like ribs; the network delicate, the meshes small, few-sided; +the nodules large, prominent, brown, irregular, with several radiating, +free, projecting threads, beside the single continuous filaments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> +which pass from node to node; spore-mass pale, ochraceous; spores +nearly smooth, colorless, 5–7 µ.</p> + +<p>This seems to be the most common <i>Cribraria</i> in the Mississippi +valley. It is generally distinguished by the scant calyculus and the +beautiful richness of its clear delicate net. The stellate nodules +especially above, emit filamental rays in all directions, but are, notwithstanding, +united by single, unpaired threads only. The calyculus +is often entirely absent, and this has been supposed the typical +condition; but, on the contrary, there often may present itself a +cup as distinct as in <i>C. aurantiaca</i>. See, for this variation, <i>Bot. Gaz.</i> +XIX., p. 398. The rather large sporangia, .6–.7 mm., the nodes +joined by single threads, the remaining radiant threads, many or few, +but very short—these seem to be the most distinctly diagnostic characters, +and these are sufficiently constant to separate this species easily +from <i>C. intricata</i> on the one hand and <i>C. tenella</i> on the other. Mr. +Lister considers this merely a form of the next species.</p> + +<p>Abundant on rotten logs of every sort, especially oak; common on +the lower side of rotting pine planks in wooden walks along the +streets everywhere. N. A. F., 2095, seems to belong here.</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska.</p> + + +<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Cribraria intricata</span> (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Cribraria intricata</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 7.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, large, .7–1 mm. in diameter, nut-brown +or olivaceous, erect, stipitate; stipe long, slender, purplish +brown, flexuous; calyculus variable, sometimes occupying one-third of +the sphere, when it is delicately costate, concolorous with the stipe, +and passes over to the net by a distinctly toothed or serrulate margin, +sometimes represented by irregular ribs or costæ only; net well +differentiated, the threads delicate, transparent, yellow, connecting +large black nodules, running from one to the other in pairs or sometimes +three together, free ends not numerous, the meshes few-sided, +often triangular; spores in mass, dull olivaceous, under the lens +pallid, nearly smooth, 6–7 µ.</p> + +<p>A very rare species, if indeed it occur in this country. At least<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> +the form figured by Rostafinski, Tab. II., Fig. 27, and Massee, Pl. +1, Fig. 11, has not come to our notice. The parallelism of the net +threads is a touch added by Rostafinski; Schrader does not mention +it. Lister makes this species include the preceding. The form +described in <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia.</i> II., p. 119, is <i>C. dictydioides</i>.</p> + +<p>Reported from New York, New England and Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>In the English <i>Monograph</i> we are repeatedly assured that this +species is common in the United States. The statement is made +possible only by the inclusion of the form originally described from +America and truly abundant east of the Rocky Mountains, <i>C. dictydioides</i> +Cke. & Balf.; <i>C. intricata</i>, by all accounts, just as preeminently +the species of Europe. It is true that Schrader did not +emphasize the parallel connecting threads by which later authorities +distinguish the form; he had little occasion so to do, even did his +figures intend accuracy in each detail, which they did not, and Rostafinski's, +though his drawing is a diagram, certainly knew what he was +doing. Cooke, in his list for Great Britain, quotes the Polish text +without dissent, and Massee follows and illustrates; so that there can +be no doubt as to what the European species is.</p> + +<p>In any cribraria the presence or relative obsolesence, of the calyculus +is of little taxonomic import since that structure is variable +in every species. In the latest edition of Mr. Lister's work, the +American form is entered as a variety in "hot-houses"; apparently +adventitious; it is indeed related to the European form but is a geographic +species.</p> + + +<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Cribraria piriformis</span> <i>Schrader.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 9; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>.</span>, Fig. 9.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Cribraria piriformis</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 4.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, small, .3–.5 mm., turbinate or globose, erect, +purplish brown, stipitate; stipe comparatively short, tapering upward, +longitudinally furrowed, purple or brown; calyculus very well defined, +about one-third the sporangium, not ribbed, flattened or even +umbilicate below, the margin plainly denticulate, dusky brown; the +net simple, the meshes large, triangular, with few free ends; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> +nodules small, globose or undifferentiated, slightly convex or flat; +spore mass dull, yellowish brown; spores by transmitted light pale +ochraceous or salmon-tinted, nearly smooth, 5–6 µ.</p> + +<p>Schrader defined this beautiful form chiefly by its shape. This, +though variable, is yet generally so far pyriform as to show distinct +contraction toward the stipe. The well-defined calyculus is narrowed +below and eroded or denticulate above. The cyanic tints due to +the presence on the calyculus of radiating lines of purplish granules +about one-half the size of the spores, the net open, uniform, the stipe +rather stout, short, and distinctly furrowed, rising often from a small +hypothallus—these are marks of this species. The net suggests <i>C. +tenella</i>, but the latter species is much smaller, has a different stem, +much longer and unfurrowed. The cup here is more nearly that of +some form of <i>C. intricata</i>, but is better defined, passing into the net +very abruptly by the simple intervention of projecting teeth.</p> + +<p>Apparently rare. Our specimens are from New York, through +the courtesy of Dr. Rex, Virginia, North Carolina, Iowa, Oregon, +Colorado, and represent, as usual a modification of the European +type, <i>C. notabilis</i> Rex. Miss Lister, <i>Mon., 2nd ed.</i>, writes var. +<i>notabilis</i>.</p> + +<p>Colorado forms are remarkable for dense brown coloration.</p> + + +<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Cribraria tenella</span> <i>Schrader.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 5.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Cribraria tenella</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 6.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, small, .3–.5 mm. in diameter or smaller, +olivaceous or ochraceous, long-stipitate, nodding; stipe slender, dark +brown or blackish, very long, reaching 6 mm., weak and flexuous; +calyculus variable, sometimes well defined, brown, costate, sometimes +represented by the costæ only connected by a thin, transparent membrane; +net well differentiated, the meshes small, irregular, the nodes +small, black, more or less globular, prominent, connected by transparent +threads with occasional or a few free ends; spores in mass, +olivaceous-ochraceous, under the lens pallid, globose, smooth, 5–7 µ.</p> + +<p>Very common eastward and south, on the weathered surface of +rotten wood. Generally easily recognized by its very long stipe,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> +small, globose sporangium dotted with numerous small roundish +nodules projecting plainly above the general surface. The obconic +calyculus is always represented in the outline if not in definite structure.</p> + +<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Tennessee, Illinois, +Missouri, Iowa, Canada; Toronto,—<i>Miss Currie.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Cribraria microcarpa</span> (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Persoon.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 4.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Dictydium microcarpum</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 13.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> Schrad., Pers., <i>Syn.</i>, p. 190.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> (Schrad.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 235.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> Schrad., Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 63.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> Schrad., Morg., <i>Myx. Mi. Vall.</i>, p. 15.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> Schrad., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 168.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> Pers., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 183 (?).</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia loosely gregarious, very small, .2–.3 mm. in diameter, +yellow ochraceous, stipitate, nodding; stipe comparatively stout, dark +brown or blackish, tapering upward, often twisted at the apex as in +<i>D. cancellatum</i>; calyculus none, represented by simple ribs which +give off at intervals free or floating branchlets before blending into +the common net; net well developed, the meshes large, the nodes +small, irregular, though often rounded and prominent, black, connected +by delicate transparent threads, with free ends few or none; +spore-mass yellow, fading to ochraceous; spores pale, smooth, globose, +6–7 µ.</p> + +<p>This species resembles at first sight the preceding, and has been +often mistaken for it. As a matter of fact, the distinctions are generally +very sharp. In the first place, the sporangia, when carefully +measured, are seen to be not more than half as great in diameter; +the meshes of the net, on the other hand, are much wider, the whole +structure more compact. The nodules are like those of <i>tenella</i>, +but are much fewer. The stipe is shorter, the cup wanting, and the +costæ are few and simple. The color suggests <i>C. aurantiaca</i>. The +habitat and distribution as <i>C. tenella</i>.</p> + +<p>To anyone who will read the account of the species as given by +the English <i>Mon., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 183, it is immediately apparent that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> +the author has in mind a different form from that seen and described +in our territory and previously noted by the authors of Europe. +These from Schrader down, agree in portraying a brunescent form +with yellow spores; Mr. Lister enters it with the cyanic series and +so describes and figures it throughout. Schrader figures a nut-brown +species; Rostafinski uses that descriptive term in connection with the +general appearance when fresh, but gives the spore-mass yellow; +only in the stipe does he find another tint, nut-brown-purple. The +figure, 145 in the <i>Monograph</i> now before us portrays, except in color, +our <i>C. tenella</i> exactly. Dr. Rex, <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XIX., 398, compares +the present species with <i>C. minutissima</i>, and <i>C. tenella</i> with <i>C. +dictydioides</i>; which is correct for the American presentation of the +species named. <i>C. dictydioides</i> is certainly our presentation of <i>C. +intricata</i>, a geographic species at the least; but if <i>C. microcarpa</i> is +purple we have of it no representation; our forms under that name +are closely related to <i>C. tenella</i>, a yellow-spored species, and might +perhaps be there referred; have, however, somewhat larger spores.</p> + + +<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Cribraria violacea</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 8.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1891. <i>Cribraria violacea</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 393.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, very small, .2 mm. in diameter, +violet tinted, erect, stipitate short, about one-half the total height, +concolorous, slender, tapering upward; calyculus crateriform, persistent, +or marked with minute plasmodic granules; the net rudimentary +or poorly developed, the meshes large, irregular, the nodules +also large triangular, violaceous; spores pale violet in mass, by transmitted +light reddish, 7–8 µ, minutely warted.</p> + +<p>A very minute but well-marked species discovered by Dr. Rex +in Wissahickon Park, near Philadelphia, otherwise very rare. Lister, +however, reports it from England. In minuteness to be compared +with <i>C. minutissima</i>, from which its color instantly distinguishes +it. Dr. Rex reports the plasmodium as "violet black." All our +specimens are on very rotten wood, basswood, <i>Tilia americana</i>.</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Cribraria purpurea</span> <i>Schrad.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1797. <i>Cribraria purpurea</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 8.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, large, 1 mm. in diameter, dark purple, erect, +stipitate, depressed-globose; stipe concolorous, furrowed, about twice +the diameter of the sporangium in length, with a distinct hypothallus; +calyculus persistent, less than half the sporangium, obscurely ribbed, +marked by concentric plications, the margin toothed; the net poorly +differentiated, the meshes irregular in form and size, as are also the +flat, unthickened nodes, the threads pale, free ends short and not +numerous; spore-mass purple; spores by transmitted light, pale or +colorless, 5–6 µ, smooth.</p> + +<p>Rare. Found on rotten coniferous wood in deep forests. Easily +recognized by its large size and uniform purple color. To the next +species it offers a general resemblance, but has larger sporangia and +an entirely different net. The plasmodium just before the formation +of the fruit is scarlet.</p> + +<p>Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Oregon, Colorado.</p> + + +<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Cribraria elegans</span> <i>Berk. & C.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1873. <i>Cribraria elegans</i> Berk. & Curt., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 67.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, erect or nodding, small, .4–.5 mm., bright +purple, stipitate; stipe long, slender, tapering upward, almost black, +arising from a scanty hypothallus; calyculus about half the sporangium, +finely ribbed, covered especially above with small purple granules, +the margin toothed or perforate; net well developed, the meshes +small, polygonal, the threads delicate, colorless, with many free ends, +the nodules dark-colored, numerous and somewhat prominent; spore-mass +pale purple; spores by transmitted light pale violaceous, smooth, +6–6.5 µ.</p> + +<p>To be compared with the preceding. The small-meshed net with +well-defined, dark-colored nodules is distinctive, aside from the fact +of the much smaller sporangia. The stipe is also different, more +slender, smooth, and dark-colored. The habitat of the two species +appears to be the same. The present species is much more common, +ranges farther west, and is to be looked for on the Pacific coast.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p> + +<p>New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Missouri, Iowa; Black +Hills, South Dakota.</p> + + +<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Cribraria languescens</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1891. <i>Cribraria languescens</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 394.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, very minute, .25–.35 mm., spherical, long-stipitate, +drooping; stipe 2.5–3 mm., slender, flexuous, subulate, rugulose; +calyculus about one-third the sporangium, reddish brown, shining, +minutely striate with granular lines, the margin more or less +regularly serrate; net reddish brown, the meshes triangular and the +threads simple, the nodes large, polygonal, flat, but well differentiated; +the spores when fresh dull red in mass, paling with age; by +transmitted light colorless, 6 µ, smooth.</p> + +<p>A very singular species, easily recognizable by its long, slender +stipes, terminating in exceedingly small spherical sporangia. The +colors are obscure, but the striations on the calyculus are violet-tinted, +and the reds perhaps predominate elsewhere. "In its scattered +and solitary growth, its tall, slender stipes, and relaxed habit it resembles +<i>C. microcarpa</i>, in its network it approaches <i>C. tenella</i>, and its +spores have the color of the paler form of <i>C. purpurea</i>." So Dr. Rex, +<i>l. c.</i> Western forms of the first-named species have much shorter +stipes; the network in the specimens before us is unlike that of <i>C. +tenella</i>, but resembles that of <i>C. purpurea</i>.</p> + +<p>Rare, on very rotten wood, in the forest. New York, Ohio, South +Carolina, Ontario.</p> + + +<p class="species">16. <span class="smcap">Cribraria cuprea</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 7.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Cribraria cuprea</i> Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc</i>., p. 16.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangium very small, .33 mm., oval or somewhat obvoid, copper-colored, +stipitate, nodding; stipe concolorous or darker below, subulate, +curved at the apex, 2–4 times the sporangium; calyculus about +one-half the sporangium, finely ribbed and granulose within, the +margin nearly even; the net rather rudimentary, the meshes large, +triangular or quadrilateral, the nodules also large, flat, concolorous, +the threads slender, transparent, with free ends few; spores in mass +copper-colored, by transmitted light colorless, smooth, 6–7 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></p> + +<p>Recognizable by its small size and peculiar color, that of bright +copper, although this fades somewhat with age, and the metallic tints +are then lacking. Related to the preceding and in specimens having +globular sporangia closely resembling it; but the ground color in <i>C. +languescens</i> is always darker, and the stipe proportionally much +longer. In habit the sporangia are widely scattered, much more +than is common in the species of this genus. Miss Lister, <i>2nd ed.</i> +regards this as a var. of No. 15.</p> + +<p>Comparatively rare. Before us is one very small colony of sporangia +from Iowa, one from Ohio, and a large number from Missouri. +If one may judge from the material at hand, the favorite habitat is +very rotten basswood, <i>Tilia americana</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>2. Dictydium</b> (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p>Sporangia distinct, gregarious, globose or depressed-globose, stipitate, +cernuous; the peridium very delicate, evanescent, thickened on +the inside by numerous meridional costæ which are joined at frequent +intervals by fine transverse threads more or less parallel to +each other, forming a persistent network of rectangular meshes.</p> + +<p>The ribs or costæ of the spore-case radiate from the top of the stipe +and unite again at the top of the sporangium in a feeble, irregular +net. Schrader, <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 11, 1797, applied the name <i>Dictydium</i> +to all <i>Cribraria</i>-like species in which the calyculus was wanting. +Fries follows this, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 164. Rostafinski, <i>Versuch</i>, +p. 5, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 229, first correctly limits the genus and separates +it from <i>Cribraria</i>. 1873–75.</p> + +<p>A single species is widely distributed throughout the world,—</p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Dictydium cancellatum</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I</a>.</span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i> and <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>.</span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>, 1 <i>c</i>, 2, 3.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1789. <i>Mucor cancellatus</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, II., p. 131.</li> +<li>1797. <i>Dictydium umbilicatum</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 11.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Cribraria cernua</i> Pers., <i>Syn.</i>, p. 189.</li> +<li>1816. <i>Dictydium cernuum</i> Nees, <i>Syst. d. Pilz.</i>, p. 117.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Dictydium cernuum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 229.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Dictydium longipes</i> Morg., <i>Cin. Soc. Jour.</i>, p. 17, in part.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, depressed globose, nodding, the apex at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> +length umbilicate, stipitate, in color brown, or brownish purple; +the stipe varying much in length from two to ten times the diameter +of the sporangium, attaining 5–6 mm., generally erect, more or less +twisted and pallid at the apex, below dark brown, with hypothallus +small or none; calyculus often wanting, when present a mere film +connecting the ribs of the net; the net made up chiefly of meridional +ribs connected at intervals by transverse parallel threads, above an +open <i>Cribraria</i>-like network closing the apex and more or less rudimentary; +the spores varying in color through all shades of brown and +purple when seen in mass, by transmitted light reddish, 5–7 µ, smooth +or nearly so.</p> + +<p>This species in the United States is one of the most variable in +the whole group. The extremes of such variation might easily constitute +types for several distinct species were it not that in all directions +the varieties shade into each other so completely as to defy +definition. We have before us specimens purple throughout and short-stemmed; +purple with stem long, pale and twisted at apex; brown, +with the same variations; short-stemmed, with the apex of the stem +pallid, and long-stemmed, with and without the same peculiarity. +Morgan (<i>Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour.</i>, 1893) would set off the purple, +long-stemmed forms as <i>D. longipes</i>, "stipe three to five times the +sporangium," but here are forms in which the stem is ten times the +diameter of the sporangium, which yet possess in all other particulars +the characters of the short-stemmed forms. European forms also vary. +Massee figures one type; Lister, one or two others; Rostafinski's +figure indicates a taller form; Fries says, "Stipes elongatus, peridio +quinquies et ultra longior." It seems reasonable to suppose that +the variation is largely due to atmospheric conditions at the time of +fruiting. The purple forms may be cases of arrested development, +since the plasmodium appears to be in all cases purple, or at least +they seem to represent those plasmodia which have failed of normal +ripening. We may recognize two or three general types, distinguished +primarily by color:—</p> + +<p>a. <i>D. cancellatum cancellatum.</i>—Sporangia clear brown or with +only a purplish tinge, the stipe tapering upward, and in extreme +cases perfectly white at the twisted apex. The stipe in length +ranges from three to ten times the diameter of the sporangium. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> +reticulations of the net are generally small and the ribs numerous. +This is the most highly differentiated, finished type of the species.</p> + +<p>b. <i>D. cancellatum purpureum.</i>—Sporangium dark, the purple +tints predominating, the stipe tapering upward, more or less twisted +at the paler, sometimes almost colorless, apex. The stipe ranges a +little shorter than in the preceding variety, three to seven times the +sporangium. The reticulations of the net are often coarse, the ribs +being fewer; the whole structure weak and showing signs of imperfect +development.</p> + +<p>The figures, 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>, 1 <i>c, l. c.</i>, illustrate the ideal accomplishment +in form (a). The color is a clear definite brown with no suggestion +of purple anywhere. The stipes are three or four times the +diameter of the sporangium, brown below, white above, and twisted +to allow the sporangium to hang inverted. This is complete in every +part; a definite bell-shaped calyx, widening into the cancellate receptacle, +the margin constricted, and closed at last by the apical net, +<i>cribrum</i>, sign of the order.</p> + +<p>In form (b), the structure is similar but by no means so symmetrical +and complete. The calyx often fails, or is present by obscure +indications only. The cancellation is coarser, the number of +ribs fewer, the whole sporangium more or less globose; ferruginous +or purple, the prevailing tint. Figs. on Pl. 1. are from the ferruginous +type.</p> + +<p>Figure 3 represents a beautiful thing; cup-less, ellipsoidal, delicate, +of average size and in every way well-proportioned, clear rosy brown +in color.</p> + +<p>This may stand for a third variety; (c) <i>D. cancellatum prolatum</i>.</p> + +<p>Common everywhere. The fruit appears in June on decaying +logs and stumps of various species of deciduous trees, conifers, etc., +the finest, and greatest variety, are from southern Missouri.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Order IV</span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>LYCOGALALES</b></p> + +<p>Fructification æthalioid; peridium membranaceous, tough, simple, +without vesiculose with protoplasmic masses, within gelatinous; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> +capillitium of cortical origin, consisting of irregular lobate or branching +tubules, varying much in width, and marked by numerous corrugations, +irregular warts or bands; spores minute, ashen or pallid.</p> + +<p>This order includes but a single genus,—</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Lycogala</b> <i>Micheli.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1729. <i>Lycogala</i> Micheli, <i>Nov. Plant. Gen.</i>, pp. 216, 217.</li> +<li>1753. <i>Lycoperdon</i> Linn. <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, in part.</li> +<li>1794. <i>Lycogala</i> Persoon, Römer, <i>N. Bot. Mag.</i>, p. 87.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Micheli's description and figures, <i>Nov. Plant. Gen.</i>, pp. 216, 217, +Tab. 95, leave no doubt but that this illustrious man had species +of <i>Lycogala</i> before him when he described the genus. His figure +1. no doubt portrays the second species in our present list. More +recent writers, from Persoon down, have used Micheli's designation, +but differed in regard to the limits to which the name should +be applied. It is here used substantially as in 1729. Fries and, +after him, Rostafinski make a mistake in quoting Retzius as writing +<i>Lycogala</i> (1769). Retzius wrote <i>Lycoperdon sessile; Kongl. Vetenskaps +Acad. Handling, för Ar.</i> 1769, p. 254.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Lycogala</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Lycogala"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Æthalia irregularly globose.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Cortex minutely roughened or warted; about 12 mm. in diameter</td><td align="left">1. <i>L. epidendrum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Cortex smooth, size large</td><td align="left">2. <i>L. flavo‑fuscum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>c.</i> Cortex rough; diameter 6 mm. or less</td><td align="left">3. <i>L. exiguum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>B.</i> Æthalia conical</td><td align="left">4. <i>L. conicum</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Lycogala epidendrum</span> (<i>Buxb.</i>) <i>Fries.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1721. <i>Lycoperdon epidendron</i>, etc., Buxb., <i>En. Pl. Hal.</i>, p. 203.</li> +<li>1753. <i>Lycoperdon epidendrum</i> Linn., <i>Sp. Pl.</i>, p. 1184.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Lycogala epidendrum</i> (Buxb.) Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i> III., p. 80.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Æthalia solitary or clustered, depressed spherical, or, when crowded, +irregular, olivaceous or blackish, minutely warted, 3–10 mm. in +diameter, dehiscing irregularly, but more often near the apex; peridium +thin, but tough and persistent, made up of numerous agglutinated +tubules enclosing in their mashes peculiar cell-like vesicles; capillitium +parietal, consisting of long, branching, and anastomosing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> +flattened tubules extended inwardly among the spores, everywhere +marked by transverse wrinkles, ridges, and warts, the free ends of the +ultimate branchlets rounded, concolorous with the spores; spore-mass, +when fresh, rosy, or ashen with a rosaceous or purplish tinge, +becoming with age sordid or ochraceous, spores by transmitted light +colorless, minutely roughened or reticulate, 5–6 µ.</p> + +<p>This is not only a cosmopolitan species, but is no doubt, the most +common slime-mould in the world. Found everywhere on decaying +wood of all sorts, more particularly on that of deciduous trees. It +has likewise been long the subject of observation. It is doubtless the +"<i>Fungus coccineus</i>" of Ray, 1690, and the type of Micheli's genus as +here, 1729. The different colors assumed, from the rich scarlet of +the emerging plasmodium to the glistening bronze of the newly +formed æthalium, have suggested various descriptive names,—as <i>L. +miniata</i> Pers., <i>L. chalybeum</i> of Batsch, and <i>L. plumbea</i> Schum. The +peridium is by authors described as double. This is for description +only. In structure the outer and inner peridium completely blend. +The outer is predominately vesiculose, the inner more gelatinous. +For discussion of the microscopic structure see under the next species.</p> + +<p>Common. New England, west to Nebraska, South Dakota, Colorado, +Washington, Oregon, California; Alberta to Nicaragua.</p> + +<p><i>Lycogala terrestre</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., 83, appears to be a variety +of the present species. In spores and capillitial thread the forms are +indistinguishable; the difference is a matter of size, and to some +extent, of the color of the wall. The specimens are a little larger, +depressed and angular. The peridium is paler, smoother, though +sometimes almost black, thin, ruptured irregularly. But the form +and color of the peridium in the sporocarps of the older species vary +much in response to external conditions; on a substratum affording +scant nutrition the forms of fructification are minute; and in all +cases, if maturity be hastened, the peridium responds in darker colors. +Under more favorable conditions the wall is smoother and brighter.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Lycogala flavo-fuscum</span> (<i>Ehr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1818. <i>Diphtherium flavo-fuscum</i> Ehr., <i>Syl. Myc. Berol.</i>, p. 27.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Reticularia flavo-fusca</i> (Ehr.) Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 88.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Lycogala flavo-fuscum</i> (Ehr.) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 3.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p> + +<p>Æthalia solitary or sometimes two or three together, large 2–4 cm. +in diameter, spherical or spheroidal, purplish-gray or brown, smooth, +shining; the peridium thick, simple but in microscopic section showing +two or three successive layers; capillitium of abundantly branching, +irregular, transparent tubules, marked by numberless warts and +transverse rings or wrinkles, spores in mass yellowish gray, by transmitted +light, colorless, smooth or only faintly reticulate or roughened, +5–6 µ.</p> + +<p>This, one of the largest and most striking of the slime-moulds, +is by students generally mistaken for a puff-ball. It occurs on stumps +and rotten logs of various sorts in the Mississippi valley, more often +affecting stumps of <i>Acer saccharinum</i> L. The fructification, when +solitary, about the size of a walnut, though sometimes larger; when +clustered, the individuals are smaller. The form depends largely +upon the place in which the fruit is formed. The plasmodic mass is +so large that its form is determined by gravity. Thus on the lower +surface of a log raised a little distance from the earth the æthalium +is often pyriform. This fact did not escape Micheli. See <i>Nov. Plant. +Gen.</i>, Tab. 95. The plasmodium is pale pink, soon becomes buff +when exposed in fruiting, finally pallid or somewhat livid, and is outwardly +changed into the stout, tough peridium. This consists of an +intricate network of irregular gelatinous tubules enclosing within +the meshes protoplasmic masses of pretty uniform size, 60–100 µ. +Outwardly the protoplasmic vesicles predominate; inwardly the gelatinous +tubules, which are, in some instances at least, continued toward +the centre of fructification to form the capillitium. The +protoplasmic masses referred to respond to ordinary stains, are often +broken into numberless small cells corresponding in size and appearance +to ordinary spores.</p> + +<p>Not common. New England, Ohio, Iowa. Perhaps more abundant +in the Mississippi valley; Canada.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Lycogala exiguum</span> <i>Morg.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Lycogala exiguum</i> Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 8.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Æthalia small, 2–5 mm. in diameter, gregarious, globose, dark +brown or black, sessile, minutely scaly, irregularly dehiscent; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> +peridium thin, the vesicles comparatively few, in irregular patches +which are more or less confluent; capillitium as in preceding species, +the tubules slender and branching; spore-mass pale, ochraceous, spores +by transmitted light colorless, almost smooth, 5–6 µ.</p> + +<p>Found in the same situations as No. 1, and at the same season. +Recognizable by its <i>gregarious</i> habit, not crowded nor superimposed, +small size, and dusky color. The little spheres occur a dozen or +more in a place, dark lead-colored, shading to black, opening rather +regularly at the top. It looks like a depauperate <i>L. epidendrum</i>, +but seems to be constantly collected.</p> + +<p>Our specimens are from Ohio, Iowa, Missouri, Canada.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Lycogala conicum</span> <i>Pers.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1801. <i>Lycogala conica</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 159.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Dermodium conicum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 284.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Æthalia scattered, sometimes two or three together, small 2–4 mm. +high, conical, sessile, pallid, grayish brown, marked by obscure black +reticulations, opening regularly at the somewhat acuminate tip; peridium +thin in structure, as in <i>L. epidendrum</i>, but more delicate; capillitium +made up of abundant, slender, uniform threads almost smooth, +simple, the free ends obtuse, taking origin in the cortex much as in +the preceding species; spores in mass ochraceous, by transmitted +light colorless, minutely warted or faintly reticulate, about 5 µ.</p> + +<p>A very distinct and rare little species. Well described by Persoon, +who also appears to have observed the plasmodium "<i>primo rubra</i>." +The color of the mature form varies with age; at first somewhat +purplish. Dr. Rex collected it in Pennsylvania; Mr. Morgan has it +from Ohio; our specimens are from southeastern Missouri.</p> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Order V</span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>TRICHIALES</b></p> + +<p>Fructification sporangial, rarely plasmodiocarpous, the sporangia +stalked or sessile, gregarious or closely crowded, limeless throughout; +the capillitium of definite threads, free or attached to the sporangial +wall, isolated or combined into a net; spores generally some +shade of yellow, never purple or black.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p> + +<p>The distinguishing feature in this order is found in the peculiar +sculpture of the capillitial threads. This is suggested by the tubules +of <i>Lycogala</i>, though probably the resemblance is superficial only. +The individual threads, as in <i>Trichia</i>, are called elaters, from their +probable efficiency in spore-dispersal.</p> + +<p>As here limited, the order is coextensive with the <i>Calonemeae</i> +of Rostafinski, except that that includes in addition the genera <i>Prototrichia</i> +and <i>Dianema</i>. The course of differentiation may be assumed +to start with <i>Dianema</i>, through the <i>Perichaenaceae</i> to the <i>Arcyriaceae</i> +and again from the same starting-point through <i>Prototrichia</i> to the +<ins title="Trichiacae in original."><i>Trichiaceae</i></ins>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Families of the Trichiales</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Families of the Trichiales"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Capillitial threads transverse to the sporangial cavity, attached usually at each end, plain or only slightly roughened</td><td align="left"><i>Dianemaceae</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Capillitium plain, papillose, or spinulose, often scanty, not netted, the threads sometimes attached by one end to the sporangium wall</td><td align="left"><i>Perichaenaceae</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Capillitium a distinct net, usually attached below to the sporangial wall; sculpture various, not continuous spiral bands</td><td align="left"><i>Arcyriaceae</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>D.</i> Capillitial threads transverse, fascicled, attached at both ends, but sculptured by well defined spiral bands</td><td align="left"><i>Prototrichiaceae</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>E.</i> Capillitial threads typically free, sometimes more or less branched, forming a loose net attached below, characterized by definite spiral bands, or sometimes by scattered rings</td><td align="left"><i>Trichiaceae</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><i>A.</i> DIANEMACEÆ</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Dianemaceæ</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Dianemaceæ"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Capillitial threads attached at one end, or free</td><td align="left">1. <span class="smcap">Margarita</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Capillitial threads attached at each end</td><td align="left">2. <span class="smcap">Dianema</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="center"><b>1. Margarita</b> <i>List.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1894. <i>Margarita</i> Lister, <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 203.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia sessile, the capillitium simple, hair-like, coiled.</p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Margarita metallica</span> (<i>Berk. & Br.</i>) <i>List.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, <ins title="Added.">Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>.</ins></p> + +<ul> +<li>1838. <i>Physarum metallicum</i> Berk. & Br., <i>Mag. Zool. & Bot.</i>, I., p. 49.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or clustered, globose, or somewhat plasmodiocarpous, +.5–1 mm., sessile, coppery iridescent, the peridium thin, opening<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> +above irregularly; capillitium of long flexuous, coiling, simple or +little dividing threads, nearly smooth, with infrequent attachments to +the peridial wall; spores in mass yellowish, transparent under the +lens, delicately verruculose, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>One of the handsomer species of the present group. So far a +Pacific coast form. California, Oregon, Washington; reported from +Chile.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Dianema</b> <i>Rex</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1891. <i>Dianema harveyi</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 397.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia simple or plasmodiocarpous; capillitium composed of +threads without characteristic thickenings running entirely across the +sporangium attached both to the base and to the opposite wall, not +joined to form a network.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to Species of Dianema</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to Species of Dianema"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Sporangia distinct, iridescent</td><td align="left">1. <i>D. harveyi</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Fructification more or less plasmodiocarpous, dull brown</td><td align="left">2. <i>D. corticatum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Sporangia, some of them stipitate</td><td align="left">3. <i>D. andersoni</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Dianema harveyi</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>.</span>, Figs. 5 and 5 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1891. <i>Dianema harveyi</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 397.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, generally rounded or cushion-shaped, depressed, +sessile, iridescent bronze, 1 mm. in diameter; peridium thin, +translucent, opening irregularly; capillitium of simple threads, not +netted, but often forked two or three times, taut, running from base +to top; spores yellow, by transmitted light pale yellowish, minutely +roughened, 8–10 µ.</p> + +<p>This interesting species was collected in Orono, Maine, in 1889, +by Professor F. L. Harvey, and so far as can be learned has not +been taken since. Mr. Lister records two species from England which +he refers to this genus. As to its systematic place, Dr. Rex says, <i>l. c.</i> +"It stands as a single representative of a new and separate family +adjoining the <ins title="As in original."><i>Perichaenacae</i></ins> in the order <i>Calonemeae</i> of Rostafinski."</p> + +<p>Rare. Maine.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Dianema corticatum</span> <i>List.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>.</span>, Figs. 5 <i>a</i>, 5 <i>c</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1894. <i>Dianema corticatum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 205.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>"Plasmodium pink"; sporangia sometimes flat-hemispheric, more +often ill-defined, united in irregular, depressed, netted plasmodiocarps, +generally dull brown; peridium opaque, didermatous, capillitium +of simple or rarely branching filaments, variously beaded or +marked with spiral bands, lightly attached at either end, occasionally +twisted together; spore-mass dull brown, the spores in clusters of +four or more, colorless by transmitted light, more or less verruculose, +ellipsoidal, about 8–10 µ.</p> + +<p>Our specimens are from the mountains of Alberta.</p> + +<p>A curious, flat plasmodiocarp, an inch or more in length. It suggests +<i>Hemitrichia serpula</i> prematurely dry.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Dianema andersoni</span>, <i>Morg.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li><i>Dianema andersoni</i>, <i>Morg.</i> MS., <i>non. pub.</i></li> +</ul> + +<p>Sporangium globose, sessile or sub-stipitate, seated on a thin brownish +hypothallus; the wall a thin smooth pinkish membrane, when dry +rugulose and iridescent, the inner surface somewhat thickened below +and brownish at the base. Capillitium arising out of the thickened +base, the threads hyaline or pinkish, ascending, flexuous, simple, or +branched a time or two, the extremities attached on all sides to the +wall of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, pale, +pinkish, 10–11 µ, in diameter, free.</p> + +<p>Growing on old wood and bark of <i>Alnus</i>; British Columbia, +<i>W. B. Anderson</i>.</p> + +<p>Sporangium spherical, 6–8 mm. in diameter, sessile or on a very +short stipe. This species differs from D. harveyi Rex in the <i>uniform +pinkish</i> color of the wall and of the spores; the dividing threads +are furnished remotely with minute roundish tubercles as in <i>Didymium</i>; +the spores are somewhat larger than in <i>D. harveyi</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>B.</i> PERICHÆNACEÆ</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Perichænaceæ</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Perichænaceæ"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Sporangia more or less plasmodiocarpous in type, terete; dehiscence irregular</td><td align="left">1. <span class="smcap">Ophiotheca</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Sporangia more or less polygonal in outline, or round, depressed; dehiscence circumscissile</td><td align="left">2. <span class="smcap">Perichæna</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="center"><b>1. Ophiotheca</b> <i>Currey</i>.</p> + + +<ul> +<li>1869. <i>Ophiotheca pallida</i> Berk. & C., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, X., p. 350.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Fructification generally plasmodiocarpous, terete, bent or flexuous, +often annular or cornuate, rarely globose, opening irregularly, peridium +thin, not polished, covered more or less strongly with a distinct +layer of scales or granules; capillitium of slender, loosely branching +filaments, the surface rough to strongly spinulose; spores yellow.</p> + +<p>As a generic name <i>Ophiotheca</i> plainly has priority. <i>Cornuvia</i> as +understood by Rostafinski has no representative so far in our region.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Ophiotheca</b></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Ophiotheca"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>A.</i> Plasmodiocarp usually upon herbaceous stems, slender</td><td align="left">1. <i>O. vermicularis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>B.</i> Plasmodiocarp on rotting bark, logs, etc,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Pale brownish or yellowish</td><td align="left">2. <i>O. chrysosperma</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Chestnut brown or blackish</td><td align="left">3. <i>O. wrightii</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Ophiotheca vermicularis</span> (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1834. <i>Physarum vermicularis</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2296.</li> +<li>1869. <i>Ophiotheca pallida</i> Berk. & C., <i>Jour. Lin. Soc.</i>, X., p. 350.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Ophiotheca umbrina</i> Berk. & C. Grev., II., p. 88.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Perichaena pallida</i> (Schw.) Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 34.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodiocarp very slender, terete, elongate, flexuous or reticulate, +annular, etc., of dull gray or neutral tint; the peridium thin, +translucent, but with a delicate granular outer coating; capillitium +of slender threads, frequently branched, warted and usually +minutely spinulose; spore-mass ochraceous yellow; spores by transmitted +light pale yellow, minutely roughened, 10 µ.</p> + +<p>Perhaps common, but seldom collected, probably overlooked on account +of protective coloration; the color is about that of the habitat, the +weathered surface of dead herbaceous stems and roots. On dead corn +stalks not infrequent. Differs from other species of the genus in having +smoother capillitium, for which reason Rostafinski calls the +present species <i>Perichaena vermicularis</i>. <i>O. pallida</i> Berk. & C. seems +to us to be the same thing, <i>N. A. F.</i>, 726.</p> + +<p>New England, New Jersey, South Carolina, Ontario, Ohio, Iowa.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Ophiotheca <ins title="chrysoperma in original.">chrysosperma</ins></span> <i>Currey</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1854. <i>Ophiotheca chrysosperma</i> Currey, <i>Quart. Mic. Jour.</i>, II., p. 240.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Cornuvia circumscissa</i> (Wallr.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 290.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Perichaena chrysosperma</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, in part, p. 248.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodiocarp elongate, bent and curved in various ways, spherical, +more rarely annular or even reticulate, yellowish or ochraceous +brown, opening irregularly; peridium thin, with yellowish outer +layer; capillitium rather abundant, of threads slender, sparingly +branched and minutely but distinctly spinulose; spore-mass yellow, +spores by transmitted light pale, almost smooth, about 8 µ.</p> + +<p>Occurs on the inner bark of deciduous trees, especially of oak. +Not common.</p> + +<p>This is possibly <i>Cornuvia circumscissa</i> (<i>Wallr.</i>) of Rostafinski's +monograph; but it is doubtful to what Wallroth referred. Rostafinski's +other citations are equally uncertain. Currey's figures and +description alone merit recognition.</p> + +<p>Ohio, Iowa, Tennessee; Canada.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Ophiotheca wrightii</span> <i>Berk.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II</a>.</span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>, 7 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1868. <i>Ophiotheca wrightii</i> Berk. & C., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, X., p. 349.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Cornuvia wrightii</i> (Berk. & C.) Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 36.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Cornuvia wrightii</i> (Berk. & C.) Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia.</i>, II., p. 122.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Perichaena chrysosperma</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 248.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Plasmodiocarp bent or short-flexuous, often arcuate or completely +annular, dark chestnut brown or black, opening irregularly; peridium +thin, brittle, translucent, covered without by a rather dense layer of +brownish or black brown scales; capillitium of long, sparingly branched +threads furnished with projecting spinules remarkable for their +length, about twice the diameter of the thread; spores yellow, +minutely but distinctly warted, about 12 µ.</p> + +<p>This is the common species everywhere on the inner side of the +bark of fallen trees, <i>Ulmus</i>, etc. It is readily distinguished at sight +by the peculiar annular, looped, and U-shaped plasmodiocarps, with +their dark umbrine or blackened surface. From the preceding it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> +is especially distinguished by the spinulose capillitium and larger +spores.</p> + +<p>Not rare. New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>2. Perichæna</b> <i>Fries</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1817. <i>Perichaena</i> Fries, <i>Symb. Gast.</i>, p. 11.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia flattened, sometimes small and roundish, more often +larger, polygonal by mutual interference, or irregular, the peridium +thickened outwardly by a dense reddish or brownish layer of scales; +dehiscing by circumscission or by a lid; capillitium often scant, of +slender, warted, yellowish threads, attached betimes to the upper wall; +spores yellow, oval or spherical.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Perichæna</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Perichæna"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Sporangia plainly flattened.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Very flat, sporangia 1mm. or more in width</td><td align="left">1. <i>P. depressa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Depressed; sporangia smaller</td><td align="left">2. <i>P. quadrata</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>B.</i> Sporangia more or less spherical</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Chestnut brown</td><td align="left">3. <i>P. corticalis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Gray or canescent</td><td align="left">4. <i>P. marginata</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Perichaena depressa</span> <i>Libert.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 10.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1837. <i>Perichaena depressa</i> Lib., <i>Fl. Crypt. Ard.</i>, IV., No., 378.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia sessile, applanate, crowded, polygonal by mutual contact, +fuscous or chestnut brown, shining, opening by a definite lid; +spore-mass and capillitium yellow, the capillitium well developed, +of slender yellow threads of various widths, almost smooth; spores +minutely warted, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Easily recognized by the peculiar, polygonal, depressed-flattened +sporangia and consequent shallow spore-cases in which lie the yellow +spores and scanty capillitium. Rostafinski refers here <i>P. vaporaria</i> +Schw., No. 2311, but the meagre description seems rather to apply +to the next species. The original material is no longer accessible.</p> + +<p>In the crevices and on the inside of bark of fallen logs of various +sorts, walnut, maple, etc.</p> + +<p>Not commonly collected. Specimens are before us from New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> +England, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Florida, Mexico, Nicaragua. +Probably over the whole wooded region of the continent.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Perichaena quadrata</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Perichaena irregularis</i> Berk. & C., Morgan, <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 20.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia very small, less than œ mm., crowded, polygonal or +quadrangular, depressed, but not flattened, smooth, bright rufous +or brown; the peridium rather thick, yellow within, the dehiscence +circumscissile; capillitium scanty, of slender, sparingly branched filaments, +the surface minutely roughened, warted or spinulose; spore-mass +yellow; by transmitted light pale yellow, 9–11 µ.</p> + +<p>Differs from the preceding by the much smaller size of the sporangia, +different color and habit. The sporangia, while depressed, +still maintain considerable rotundity; they are occasionally quite +spherical, and then of very uneven size, hardly in contact. In some +cases the plasmodium before maturing seems to assume the form of a +plasmodiocarp, which, by transverse fission at intervals, forms the +curious four-sided conceptacles. At other times the plasmodium assumes +the shape of a flat cushion or plate, which then subdivides +into minute polygonal segments. This form has been known some +years to collectors, and, if named at all, has been called <i>P. irregularis</i>. +Lister, <i>l. c.</i>, assures us that Berkeley's type "is typical <i>P. depressa</i>."</p> + +<p>Not common. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Perichaena corticalis</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II</a>.</span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1783. <i>Lycoperdon corticale</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, p. 155.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Perichaena corticalis</i> (Batsch) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 293.</li> +<li>1817. <i>Perichaena populina</i> Fries, <i>Symb. Gast.</i>, p. 12.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia sessile, gregarious, flattened, hemispherical; peridia simple, +opening by a lid; dehiscence circumscissile, the upper part chestnut +brown, the lower almost black; capillitium feebly developed, +smooth, attached to the lid and usually coming away with it, bringing +the brilliantly yellow spore-mass, and leaving a delicate, shining +cupule adherent to the substratum; spores yellow, nearly smooth, +10–12 µ. On and under the bark of dead elms of various species.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p> + +<p>A very handsome little species occuring rarely with us, or perhaps +overlooked by virtue of its protective coloration. Found sometimes +on the inner side of the bark where the latter has separated, but +not yet wholly parted company with the wood. In such situations +the tiny sporangia are so nearly quite the color of the moist substratum +as to escape all but the closest scrutiny. The dehiscence +is very remarkable, characteristic, beautiful. Black, brown, chestnut, +and gold are harmoniously blended, in the opening coffers. Prior +to maturity the future line of fission is plainly indicated by the difference +in color.</p> + +<p>This is clearly the species found by Batsch "ligni demortui putridi +in interiore corticis pagina." Bulliard has also described and +figured the species, <i>Sphaerocarpus sessilis</i> t. 417, Fig. V.</p> + +<p>The capillitium is nearly smooth; the spores are only slightly +roughened by minute warts.</p> + +<p>Apparently not common. Iowa, Missouri; Black Hills, South +Dakota; Canada;—<i>Miss Currie.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Perichaena marginata</span> <i>Schweinitz.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1831. <i>Perichaena marginata</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2319, p. 258.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia depressed, globose, polygonal as they become approximate +or crowded, hoary canescent, sessile; peridium rather thick, persistent, +circumscissile in dehiscence, covered without by minute whitish calcareous +(?) scales, within punctate by the imprint of the spores; +hypothallus distinct, white; capillitium scant or none! Spores in +mass dull yellow, by transmitted light pale, nearly smooth, 14–15 µ.</p> + +<p>Lister, following Rostafinski, includes this form with the preceding. +The differences between the two forms are, it seems to us, +sufficient to make convenient their separation as by Schweinitz. Apart +from the peculiar incrustation in the present species, the larger +spores, and especially the peculiar white hypothallus, are distinctive. +The method of dehiscence is also different. In <i>P. corticalis</i> the +line of cleavage before spore dispersal is indicated by a definite band +surrounding the sporangium. Nothing similar appears in the gray +specimens of the present form, although the dehiscence is quite as +certainly circumscissile. The habitat in American specimens is the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> +<i>outer</i> surface of the bark, which causes the species generally, by +protective coloration, to be overlooked.</p> + +<p>Not common. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>C.</i> ARCYRIACEÆ</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Arcyriaceæ</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Arcyriaceæ"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Peridium becoming fragmentary, but persisting; capillitium non-elastic</td><td align="left">1. <span class="smcap">Lachnobolus</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Peridium evanescent above, persistent below; capillitium elastic</td><td align="left">2. <span class="smcap">Arcyria</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Capillitium elastic, bearing hamate branches</td><td align="left">3. <span class="smcap">Heterotrichia</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><b>1. Lachnobolus</b> <i>Fries</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1829. <i>Lachnobolus</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 177.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia distinct, sessile or nearly so, globose or cylindric, often +distorted, scattered or densely crowded, the peridium extremely thin, +ruptured irregularly, and persistent in fragments; capillitium attached +at numerous points to the sporangial wall, forming a dense net, +the threads warted or spinulose, non-elastic.</p> + +<p>Species of this genus are easily distinguished from those of the +next by the peculiar fragile peridium and the inelastic capillitium.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Lachnobolus</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Lachnobolus"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Sporangia pale yellow, on fallen flowers and fruit-burs of Castanea</td><td align="left">1. <i>L. globosus</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Sporangia rosy or copper-colored, at length ochraceous</td><td align="left">2. <i>L. occidentalis</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Lachnobolus globosus</span> (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1822. <i>Arcyria globosa</i> Schw., <i>Syn. Fung. Carol.</i>, No. 400.</li> +<li>1875. Lachnobolus globosus (Schw.) <i>Rost., Mon.</i>, p. 283.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Arcyria albida</i> Pers. (in part) Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 186.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia on the spines of fallen chestnut burs, scattered, pale yellow +or whitish, small, globose, the peridium early evanescent above, +more persistent below, stipitate; stipe small, tapering upward, from +a small hypothallus; capillitium a dense but not expanding network +attached chiefly to the lower portion of the sporangial wall, minutely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> +waited or roughened, with few expansions or inflations; spores in +mass pale yellow, under the lens colorless, almost smooth, 7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>This singular little species is remarkable chiefly in the habitat it +affects,—fallen chestnut burs. On these almost universal, but on +nothing else, except on the fallen catkins of the same species. Regarded +by Mr. Lister as <i>A. cinerea</i>, from which it differs constantly in +form, in capillitium more open and with larger threads, 4–5 µ in +diameter as well as in its unique habitat, and yellowish color.</p> + +<p>Distribution coterminous with that of <i>Castanea dentata</i> Borkhausen,—eastern +half of the United States.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Lachnobolus occidentalis</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>; 4 and 4 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1885. <i>Lachnobolus incarnatus</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 126.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or crowded upon a hypothallus more or less +distinct, globose or ellipsoidal, short-stipitate, varying somewhat in +color, at first rosy or flesh-colored, later brownish or ochraceous; +the peridium exceedingly thin, pellucid, mealy, evanescent above, persisting +as a shallow cup below; capillitium inelastic, rather closely netted +of threads variable in thickness, marked by frequent thickenings +or expansions, everywhere warted, attached to the peridial walls, +spores in mass flesh-colored, under the lens colorless, smooth, globose, +7.5–9 µ.</p> + +<p>This delicate and elegant little species appears to be not uncommon, +but is probably generally passed over as an <i>Arcyria</i>, which it superficially +resembles. When newly formed, the sporangia have a peculiar +rosy or flesh-colored metallic tint, which is all their own. Within +a short time this color passes, and most of the material comes from the +field brownish or ochraceous in color. Typical sporangia are spherical +on distinct short stipes; when crowded, the shape is of course +less definite. The capillitium never expands as in <i>Arcyria</i>, but, exposed +by the vanishing upper wall, remains a spherical mass resting +upon the shallow cup-like base of the peridium.</p> + +<p>This species has been in the United States generally distributed as +<i>L. incarnatus</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Schroet. A careful study of all descriptions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> +of European forms and comparison of many specimens leads +us to believe that we have here to do with a type presenting constant +peculiarities. We have in America nothing to correspond with the +figures of Schweinitz, Berkeley, or Lister. In the American gatherings +the sporangia are uniformly regular, globose, very generally +short-stipitate, more or less closely gregarious, never superimposed, +or heaped as shown in Berkeley's figure, for instance, <i>Ann. and Mag. +Nat. Hist.</i>, IV., xvii., Pl. ix., Fig. 2. The plasmodium of our species +is white; as it approaches maturity a rosy metallic tinge supervenes, +quickly changing to dull yellow or alutaceous. The graphic description +given by Fries of <i>Perichaena incarnata</i>, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 193, +presents scarcely a character attributable to the form before us. <i>L. +congesta</i> Berk. & Br., evidently the form figured and described by +Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 194, Pl. lxx., B., resembles our species in color +and capillitium, but is entirely different in habit.</p> + +<p>Not uncommon. Maine, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>2. Arcyria</b> (<i>Hill</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1751. <i>Arcyria</i> Sir John Hill, <i>Gen. Nat. Hist.</i>, II., p. 47.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Arcyria</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 182.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia ovoid or cylindric or even globose, stipitate; the peridium +thin, evanescent to near the base, the lower part persisting as a calyculus; +the stipe variable, packed with free cell-like vesicles, resembling +spores, but larger; capillitium attached below, to the interior of +the stipe or to the calyculus, in form an elastic network, the tubules +adorned with warts, spinules, half-rings, etc., but without spiral +bands or free extremities.</p> + +<p>Micheli, of course, discovered the arcyrias, put them in two genera +and several species, which we may only dimly recognize. Persoon +first saw distinctly the outlines of the genus as now understood and +adopted the name given by Hill in his curiously prolix description +of certain species, probably partly of the genus <i>Arcyria</i>, partly <i>Stemonitis</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Arcyria</b></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Arcyria"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>A.</i> Mature capillitium loosely adhering to the calyculus.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Mature capillitium far-expanded, drooping.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Dusky.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">O Long, 12 mm. or more</td><td align="left">1. <i>A. magna</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">OO Shorter, about 6 mm.</td><td align="left">2. <i>A. oerstedtii</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">ii. Yellow</td><td align="left">3. <i>A. nutans</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Mature capillitium short, not drooping, though sometimes procumbent.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">i. Capillitium greenish yellow</td><td align="left">4. <i>A. versicolor</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Capillitium reddish, flesh-colored, at length sordid, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">O Capillitium marked by transverse half-rings, cogs, etc.</td><td align="left">5. <i>A. incarnata</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">OO Capillitium marked by sharp-edged transverse plates and by numerous nodes</td><td align="left">6. <i>A. nodulosa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">OOO Capillitium marked by close reticulations</td><td align="left">7. <i>A. ferruginea</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>B.</i> Capillitium persistently attached to the calyculus.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>a.</i> Sporangia reddish brown, etc.</td><td align="left">8. <i>A. denudata</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Sporangia gray or ashen</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">i. Simple</td><td align="left">9. <i>A. cinerea</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">ii. Clustered</td><td align="left">10. <i>A. digitata</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>c.</i> Sporangia yellow</td><td align="left">11. <i>A. pomiformis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>d.</i> Sporangia rose-colored, .5–1.5 mm.</td><td align="left">12. <i>A. insignis</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Arcyria magna</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Arcyria magna</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 364.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia densely aggregated, forming clusters of greater or less +extent, sometimes reaching several centimetres in either direction, +tawny gray or ashen, cylindric, tapering a little above, when expanded +reaching a length of half a centimetre or more, stipitate; peridium +evanescent except the small shallow cup-like base, the calyculus; stipe +long (1 mm.), weak, pale brown or reddish, tubular, the channel +filled with plasmodic masses; capillitium gray or drab-colored, very +slightly attached to the bottom of the calyculus, far expanded, forming +a loose-meshed net, the threads regular, cylindric, coarsely sculptured +with rings, half-rings, cogs, spines, etc.; spores in mass dull +gray, drab, under the lens colorless, papillate, with few papillæ, +7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>This magnificent form resembles in habit and general appearance, +save color, <i>A. nutans</i>. The capillitium is, however, very different +both in the sculpture and in the more delicate markings of the threads. +Dr. Rex, <i>l. c.</i>, has pointed out the lack of reticulation on the capillitium +and calyculus. The color is also diagnostic. A roseate variety<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> +seems to occur with the present form. This is <i>A. magna rosea</i> +Rex, and appears to agree with the type in all respects save color. +The relationship here must be determined by future inquiry. The +capillitial threads are remarkable for their graceful slenderness, regularity, +and symmetry.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Arcyria oerstedtii</span> <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Arcyria oerstedtii</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 278, Fig. 196.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia cylindric, arcuate, 1.5 mm. high when unexpanded, +closely clustered, dull crimson, stipitate; peridium evanescent except +here and there a persistent patch, the calyculus shallow, plicate, papillose +within; stipe short, weak, concolorous; hypothallus distinct, membranous, +concolorous; capillitium a loose, far-expanding, elastic net, +the meshes uneven, often small, the threads characterized by much +irregularity and many bulbose thickenings, especially at the nodes, +strongly spinulose throughout; spore-mass crimson or reddish brown, +dull; spores by transmitted light colorless, nearly smooth, sub-globose, +9–10 µ.</p> + +<p>This well-marked species is certainly rare within our limits. We +have specimens from New England and from Pennsylvania. The +Iowa material referred to this species, <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia.</i>, +II., p. 125, is <i>A. magna</i> Rex. Rostafinski's figure is excellent in the +present case, and gives the idea of what we regard the typical marking +of the capillitium in <i>A. oerstedtii</i>. Externally the species resembles +somewhat <i>A. nodulosa</i>, and the network of the capillitium is also suggestive +of that form; the spiny capillitium is unique.</p> + +<p>Rare. Adirondacks, New York—<i>Dr. Rex.</i></p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Arcyria nutans</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Grev.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II.</a></span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Trichia nutans</i> Bulliard, <i>Champ.</i>, p. 122, t. 502, III.</li> +<li>1794. <i>Arcyria flava</i> Pers., <i>Römer N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 90.</li> +<li>1824. <i>Arcyria nutans</i> Grev., <i>Fl. Edin.</i>, p. 455.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia crowded, cylindric, about 2 mm. high when unexpanded, +pale yellow or buff, short-stipitate or sessile by an acute base; peridium<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> +wholly evanescent, except at the base, where persists the shallow, +colorless, often inwardly spinulose, plicatulate calyculus; stipe very +short or wanting; hypothallus thin but usually in evidence; capillitium +expanding to great length, forming an extremely flexile, plumose, +pendulose open network of pale ochraceous tint, the threads 3–4 µ +in thickness, adorned with spinules, sharp edged transverse plates +sometimes rings, the surface especially marked by an indistinct reticulation; +spore-mass buff or ochraceous, spores by transmitted light colorless, +smooth or nearly so, 7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>This elegant species is not rare in undisturbed woods, especially +on fallen willows. The expanded capillitia are very soft and plume-like, +waving and nodding, very lightly attached below to the centre +of the peridial cup. The capillitium threads are rough, with irregular +spines and sharp-edged transverse plates, occasionally extending to +form rings. Resembles the first species somewhat in habit, size, and +the spinescent capillitium, but the resemblance is superficial only. +The color is at once diagnostic, and the capillitium is after all entirely +different. Not uncommon; Canada to Mexico; Maine to California; +probably cosmopolitan.</p> + +<p>Bulliard's figure determines the synonymy. Persoon called the +form <i>A. flava</i>, because Bulliard had missed the genus.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Arcyria versicolor</span> <i>Phillips.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1877. <i>Arcyria versicolor</i> Phillips, <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 115.</li> +<li>1877. <i>Arcyria vitellina</i> Phillips, <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 115.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious or more or less crowded, pyriform or clavate, +dingy, olivaceous yellow, becoming reddish, stipitate; peridium membranous, +largely persistent below, where it gives rise to the deep, +goblet-shaped calyculus; stipe strand-like, weak, sometimes wanting, +concolorous with the peridium; hypothallus prominent or venulose; +capillitium only slowly expanded, bright golden yellow or orange, +the threads rather broad, about 4 µ in diameter, regular, even, elegantly +branching, adorned with abundant short spines or warts, very +small and evenly distributed, the whole net anchored in the bottom +of the vasiform calyculus; spore-mass yellow, by transmitted light pale +or nearly colorless, smooth, about 10 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p> + +<p>This beautiful species is easily known by its comparatively large +size, peculiar, obovate shape, its brilliant color, and unusually persistent +membranous calyculus. It is peculiar to the western part of +North America, South Dakota west to the Pacific Ocean.</p> + +<p>South Dakota, Colorado, California, Washington.</p> + +<p>In the thin-covered mountains of Colorado, or hidden by the still +drier thickets and woods of Southern California, the fruit of this +species is small, somewhat as the clavate hemitrichia, pure, deep +yellow, golden or vitelline as Phillips says; but at loftier altitudes +in the ever cool forests on the high mountain flanks, beginning away +up where the glacier first starts to crack and slide between the +'cleavers', and forests of stunted white-stemmed pine or wooly-fruited +fir throw down their twigs and foliage undisturbed through centuries,—on +down to where the plowing ice forgets its thrust, and melts +to gentle floods amid spruce and hemlock-groves,—all the way the +beautiful versicolor spreads and fruits, in August and September in +all the richness of color which its name implies, which Phillips saw, +tints of red, and yellow, and olive, and green, not brilliant, but in all +the softer shades the artists love, weaving, in far-spread strands of +tufted cylinders and cones upturned, fair as flowers, dusky garlands, +by sunlight long forgot! Did not the old-time botanists liken these +things once and again, to flowers!</p> + + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Arcyria incarnata</span> <i>Persoon.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1786. <i>Clathrus adnatus</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, 141. (?)</li> +<li>1791. <i>Arcyria incarnata</i> Pers., Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., 1467.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia closely crowded, cylindric, 1–1.5 mm. high, rosy or +flesh-colored, stipitate or almost sessile; stipe generally short, sometimes +barely a conical point beneath the calyculus; hypothallus none; +peridium wholly evanescent, except the shallow, saucer-like, inwardly +roughened calyculus; capillitium loose, broad, pale reddish, attached +to the cup at the centre only by strands which enter the hollow stem, +the threads adorned with transverse plates, cogs, ridges, etc., arranged +in an open spiral; spore-mass rosy, spores by transmitted light +colorless, nearly smooth, 7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>This common species is well marked both by its color and by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> +delicate attachment of the capillitium to the calyculus. This is so +frail that the slightest breath ofttimes suffices to effect a separation, +and the empty calyculi are not infrequently the only evidence of the +fructification. This peculiarity did not escape the attention of Persoon, +and is well shown in his figure (<i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 58, pl. V. +Figs. 4 and 5) referred to by Gmelin, <i>l. c.</i> Batsch simply named and +described Micheli's figure (Tab. XCIV., Fig. 2), and accordingly +his claim to priority is no better than Micheli's figure, which may +possibly concern the present species, but is in no sense determinative. +It is impossible to say what Retzius meant by his <i>Clathrus ramosus</i>, +cited by Fries as a synonym here.</p> + +<p>Common, especially in the Mississippi valley and south; more +rare in the west; Black Hills, South Dakota; Toronto to New Mexico.</p> + + +<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Arcyria nodulosa</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III</a>.</span>, Fig. 8.</p> + +<p>Sporangia small, about 1 mm. high when unexpanded, crowded +in clusters of varying size, dull red or brownish, stipitate; the peridium +evanescent except the cup; stipe very short, concolorous, plicate +as the cup, or both smooth and unmarked; capillitium centrally +attached, slowly expanded, open-meshed, dense, the threads even, 5–6 µ +wide, expanded in globose, spinulose, or papillate-reticulate nodules, +especially at points of intersection, marked everywhere by close-set, +transverse, sharp-edged ridges, which encircle the thread and show +no trace of spiral arrangement; spore-mass brown or red brown; +spores by transmitted light pale yellow or colorless, minutely but distinctly +roughened, globose, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>This variety is not distantly related to the preceding, as shown +by the centrally attached capillitial mass, but differs in several definite +particulars; the sporangia are much smaller of an entirely different color +with longer stipes, larger, rougher spores; the capillitium is also +peculiar, the threads unusually wide and densely corrugated transversely, +expanding at frequent intervals into globose nodules which +are sometimes double the width of the thread. In color suggests <i>A. +affinis</i> Rost., but corresponds to no other particular.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Arcyria ferruginea</span> <i>Sauter.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1841. <i>Arcyria ferruginea</i> Saut., <i>Flora</i>, XXIV., p. 316.</li> +<li>1881. <i>Arcyria macrospora</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXIV., p. 43.</li> +<li>1883. <i>Arcyria aurantiaca</i> Raunier, <i>Myx. Dan.</i>, p. (44).</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia ovoid or short cylindric, crowded or gregarious, dull +red or brownish, stipitate; stipe about equal to the sporangium, dark +brown or black; hypothallus well developed, membranous, yellowish +brown continuous; calyculus large, wide and shallow, smooth; capillitium +centrally attached, when fresh, brick-red in color, fading on +exposure, the threads of uneven size, those above 6–7 µ, below 3 µ, +abundantly branching, marked by conspicuous reticulations formed +by the intersection of numerous vertical plates or ridges; spore-mass +reddish, spores by transmitted light pale ochraceous, distinctly +warted, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is distinguishable at sight by the peculiar color and +form of the sporangia. Mr. Durand in <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XIX., pp 89, +90, gives a careful study of the form. The same author declares the +dehiscence circumscissile. We cannot distinguish <i>A. aurantiaca</i> Raun. +from the present form.</p> + +<p>Rare. Maine, New York; Monterey, California.</p> + + +<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Arcyria denudata</span> (<i>Linn.</i>) <i>Sheldon.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II.</a></span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1753. <i>Clathrus denudatus</i> Linn., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, 1179.</li> +<li>1794. <i>Arcyria punicea</i> Pers., <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 90.</li> +<li>1895. <i>Arcyria denudata</i> (Linn.) Sheld., <i>Minn. Bot. Studies</i>, No. 9, p. 470.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia crowded or gregarious, ovoid or short cylindrical, tapering +upward, red-brown, stipitate; peridium evanescent except the +plicate calyculus; stipe about equal to the expanded capillitium, concolorous, +plicate or striate, ascending from a small hypothallus; capillitium +attached to the whole inner surface of the calyculus and +connate with it; hence not deciduous, bright red or carmine when +fresh, turning brown or paler with age, the threads even, about 3 µ<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">adorned with a series of rather distant cogs or half rings, which</span><br /> +form around the thread a lengthened spiral; spore-mass red or reddish +brown, spores by transmitted light colorless, nearly smooth, 6–8 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is easily distinguished from all other of similar tints +by the attachment of the capillitium. In this respect it corresponds +with the following species. In the adornment of the threads it is +like <i>A. incarnata</i>. It is by far the commonest species of the genus, +and probably enjoys a world-wide distribution. To be found at +all seasons on the lower side of fallen sticks, <i>Populus</i>, <i>Tilia</i>, etc.</p> + +<p>Micheli, Pl. XCIV., shows that he had the present species. The +description given by Linné is worthless, but helped out by Micheli, and +several other authors of the eighteenth century, who take the trouble +to describe the species, but still give the Linnean binomial as a synonym; +we may give Linné here the credit. As a matter of fact, +Batsch under <i>Embolus crocatus</i> first presents an unmistakable description +and figure.</p> + +<p>Maine to the Black Hills and Colorado, and north and west; +Alaska to Nicaragua.</p> + + +<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Arcyria cinerea</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Trichia cinerea</i> Bull., <i>Champ. de France</i>, p. 120, Tab. 477, Fig. iii.</li> +<li>1801. <i>Arcyria cinerea</i> (Bull.) Pers., <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 184.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, ovoid or cylindrical, generally +tapering upward, about 2–3 mm. high, ashen gray, sometimes with +a yellowish tinge, stipitate; calyculus very small, thin; stipe about +half the total height, rising from a small hypothallus, thin, gray +or blackish, densely crowded with spore-like cells; capillitium dense, +freely branching, ashen, or yellowish, little wider below, minutely +spinulose; spore-mass concolorous, spores by transmitted light colorless, +smooth, 6–7 µ.</p> + +<p>A very common little species, easily recognized by its color and +habit. The capillitium is more dense than in any other species and +expands less. The stipe is about equal to the expanded capillitium, +unusually long. The plasmodium occurs in rotten wood, especially +species of <i>Tilia</i>, is gray and, judging from the number of sporangia +found in one place, scanty.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p> + +<p>Bulliard, <i>l. c.</i>, gives the first account of the species by which it +can with any certainty be identified. By some authors <i>Clathrus +recutitus</i> Linn. is cited as a synonym. We fail to distinguish <i>A. +cookei</i> Mass. from the old type.</p> + +<p>Widely distributed; Maine to Alaska, and south to Mexico and +Nicaragua.</p> + + +<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Arcyria digitata</span> (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1831. <i>Stemonitis digitata</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, p. 260, No. 2350.</li> +<li>1868. <i>Arcyria bicolor</i> Berk. & C., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, X., p. 349.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Arcyria digitata</i> (Schw.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 274.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia compound, that is gathered in tufts, number 3–12 or +more on a single stipe, the clusters themselves scattered; individual +sporangia elongate cylindric, about 3–4 mm. long, ashen gray or nearly +white, stipitate; stipe as long or longer than the sporangium, stout, +sometimes showing traces of consolidation of several, sometimes none, +dark brown or black; capillitium looser and more expanded than +in the last, the threads more strongly spinulose; spore-mass concolorous, +spores under the lens colorless, smooth, globose, 7.5–8 µ</p> + +<p>Closely related to the preceding, but different in habit and on the +whole larger and more robust throughout. The stipes in some cases +are completely merged in one; in others traces of coalescence remain. +The number of united sporangia varies. There are some clusters +before us containing 16 and 18 in a single fascicle!</p> + +<p>Not very common. On rotten wood of deciduous trees, especially +south.</p> + +<p>New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio; Black Hills, South Dakota, +and south to Nicaragua.</p> + +<p><i>Arcyria bicolor</i> Berk. & C. seems to refer to the fact that the sporangia +have sometimes an ochraceous tint. Berkeley's specimens are +from Cuba. Our latest specimens are from Nicaragua; the form +seems not to be reported from the old world.</p> + + +<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Arcyria pomiformis</span> (<i>Leers</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1775. <i>Mucor pomiformis</i> Leers, <i>Flor. Herb.</i>, p. 218.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Arcyria pomiformis</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 271.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, globose, bright yellow, very minute,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> +.5 mm. high, .3 mm. in diameter, stipitate; stipe short, one-third +the total height, pale brown or yellow; hypothallus none; capillitium +loose, freely expanding, not deciduous, honey-yellow, the threads +generally wide, 4–5 µ, toward the periphery more narrow, 2.5 µ +warted, marked with blunt spinules, which not infrequently pass +into distinct transverse, narrow plates or half-rings, free ends clavate +and numerous; spore-mass yellow, spores by transmitted light +smooth, granular, globose, 7–9 µ.</p> + +<p>This species as represented by the material before us seems constant +in size, color, and microscopic characters, in all which it differs +from all species here listed. It resembles somewhat <i>Lachnobolus +globosus</i> Schw., but differs in habit, habitat, color, the capillitium, +its attachment and in the mode of dehiscence. In the present species +the wall is evanescent almost <i>in toto</i>; in <i>L. globosus</i> is it remarkably +persistent, and the capillitium is adherent.</p> + +<p>Probably rare. Its smallness removes it from sight of all but +the most exact collectors. Maine, New York, South Carolina, Alabama, +Missouri, Iowa; Black Hills, South Dakota; Ontario;—<i>Miss +Currie.</i></p> + +<p>While usually remotely gregarious a collection from southern California +shows that on occasion the entire plasmodium may pass to fruit +with narrowest limits, forming a stipitate, compact, globose mass of +crowded, superimposed sporangia as in <i>Oligonema nitens</i>. Set Plate +XX., Fig. 12.</p> + + +<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Arcyria insignis</span> <i>Kalkbr. & Cke.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1882. <i>Arcyria insignis</i> Kalkbr. & Cke., <i>Grev.</i>, X., p. 143.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Arcyria insignis</i> Kalkbr. & Cke., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 240.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious or clustered, pale or bright rose-colored, +.5–1.5 mm. in height, stipitate, ovate or cylindric; stipe short, .2–.4 +mm. red, with spore-like cells; capillitium a close net-work of delicate +threads with a few bulbous free ends, with faint transverse bands or +short spinules, or nearly smooth, colorless beneath the lens; spores +colorless, nearly smooth, 6–8 µ.</p> + +<p>Reported from Mass. by Miss Lister. Should follow No. 8: +apparently a very delicate form of the common species, <i>A. denudata</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>3. Heterotrichia</b> <i>Mass.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1892. <i>Heterotrichia</i> Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 139.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia distinct, stipitate; the peridium simple evanescent above +as in <i>Arcyria</i>; capillitium centrally attached, freely branched, the +threads within very slender, without broad, anastomosing to form a +dense peripheral network, and everywhere extended to form short, +free, often hamate tips. A single species,—</p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Heterotrichia gabriellae</span> (<i>Rav.</i>) <i>Mass.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1850. <i>Arcyria gabriellae</i> Rav. <i>in litt. ad Cooke</i>.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Heterotrichia gabriellae</i> Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 140.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Arcyria ferruginea</i> Saut., var. <i>heterotrichia</i> List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 234.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia crowded or gregarious, oblong cylindric, ovoid, at first +red, becoming yellowish brown, stipitate; the peridium evanscent +except the calyculus, which is small and thin, polished; stipe shorter +than the expanded capillitium, pale reddish brown; capillitium centrally +attached, showing threads of two sorts, those within freely +branching, slender, 1–1.5 µ, marked with half-rings or ridges, those +on the periphery very different, yellow, broad, 5–6 µ, forming rather +dense reticulations, with abundant free tips, acute and often curved, +the whole surface here minutely and densely warted; spore-mass reddish +yellow, spores by transmitted light colorless, globose, 7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>The peculiar double capillitium seems to separate this form from +the true arcyrias. Some difference in the diameter of the capillitial +threads in different regions is not infrequent in the several species +of <i>Arcyria</i>, but that difference is here emphasized and rendered yet +more striking by the peculiar free tips. The present forms bear +only the most superficial resemblance to <i>A. ferruginea</i> Saut., with +which species it is in some quarters sought to unite it.</p> + +<p>Very rare. Collected, as noted, nearly fifty years ago in South +Carolina by Ravenel, it was more recently (1896) again collected in +Maine by the late Professor Harvey.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>D.</i> PROTOTRICHIACÆ</p> + +<p>A single genus,—</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Prototrichia</b> <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p> +1876. <i>Prototrichia</i> Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 38.<br /> +</p> + +<p>A single species,—</p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Prototrichia metallica</span> (<i>Berk.</i>) <i>Mass.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Figs. 12, 12 <i>a</i>, 12 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1860. <i>Trichia metallica</i> Berk. Hook., <i>Fl. Tasm.</i>, 2, p. 168.</li> +<li>1866. <i>Trichia flagellifera</i> Berk. & Br., <i>Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.</i>, 3, XVII., p. 56.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Prototrichia flagellifera</i> (Berk.) Rost. <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 38.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Prototrichia flagellifera</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycet. 2nd ed.</i>, p. 206.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Prototrichia flagellifera</i> (Berk. & Br.) Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 199.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Prototrichia metallica</i> Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 127.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Prototrichia metallica</i> Mass., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 260.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia sessile, scattered or sometimes crowded, brown, sometimes +with a rosy tinge, about 1 mm. in diameter; peridium a thin, +transparent, iridescent membrane, bearing in its inner surface the +distal attachments of the capillitial threads; capillitium of numerous +brown, spirally banded threads, which take origin in the base of the +sporangium, become subdivided as they ascend, and are at length +attached by their tips to the sporangium wall; spore-mass brown, +spores by transmitted light pale, minutely roughened.</p> + +<p>This curious form, with its spirally sculptured capillitial threads +attached at both ends, stands intermediate between <i>Dianema</i> and +<i>Hemitrichia</i> and <i>Trichia</i>. Berkeley called it a trichia, ignoring the +attachment of the threads. Cooke notes this as sufficient to exclude +the form from the genus. But it remained for Rostafinski to make the +transfer by setting up for its reception the genus now adopted. He +preferred the later (1866) specific name as more descriptive. Miss +Lister reverts to the earlier name with the remark; "Little now remains +of the type <i>Prototrichia metallica</i> Berk. from Tasmania; but +the specimen is referred to <i>Prototrichia flagellifera</i> by Rostafinski who +saw it in good condition."</p> + +<p>Not uncommon in the abietine forests of the West. Alberta, Oregon, +Washington, California, Nevada, Montana, Idaho, Colorado.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>E.</i> TRICHIACEÆ</p> + +<p>Capillitium marked by spiral bands, sometimes scattered rings, +etc., the threads entirely free, or at least loosely branched, and +with free tips more or less numerous.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Trichiaceæ</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Trichiaceæ"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Capillitium threads long, generally united to form a loose net, centrally attached.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Sculpture spiral</td><td align="left">1.Key to the Genera of the Trichiaceæ<i>Hemitrichia</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Sculpture reticulate</td><td align="left">2. <i>Calonema</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>B.</i> Capillitial threads shorter, entirely free, though sometimes branched.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Threads, elaters, marked by spiral bands</td><td align="left">3. <i>Trichia</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Sculpture irregular or wanting</td><td align="left">4. <i>Oligonema</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="center"><b>1. Hemitrichia</b> <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1829. <i>Hemiarcyria</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 183 in part.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Hemitrichia</i> Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 14.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Capillitium a tangled net of more or less branching and anastomosing +fibres centrally attached; the sculpture regular, of conspicuous +spirally winding bands or ridges; habit and color various.</p> + +<p>The species here associated are intermediate between <i>Arcyria</i> and +<i>Trichia</i>, resembling the former in the capillitial net and the latter in +thread-sculpture. Fries applied the name <i>Hemiarcyrieae</i> to a group +of trichias so-called, citing <i>H. rubiformis</i> as the first. In his <i>Versuch</i> +Rostafinski wrote <i>Hemitrichia</i> and afterward <i>Hemiarcyria</i> in the +<i>Monograph</i>. Massee combines the genera <i>Arcyria</i> and <i>Hemiarcyria</i> +under the former name.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Hemitrichia</b></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Hemitrichia"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>A.</i> Plasmodiocarpous</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Plasmodiocarp net-like, yellow</td><td align="left">1. <i>H. serpula</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Imperfectly plasmodiocarpous, brown</td><td align="left">2. <i>H. karstenii</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>B.</i> Sporangia all distinct.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>a.</i> Sessile; very short stalked</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">i. Peridium hyaline, iridescent</td><td align="left">3. <i>H. ovata</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Peridium opaque</td><td align="left">10. <i>H. montana</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>b.</i> Stipitate, generally distinctly so; sometimes nearly sessile.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">i. Yellow or ochraceous.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">O Stalk hollow.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">+ Small, œ mm., iridescent</td><td align="left">6. <i>H. leiocarpa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">++ Larger, 1 mm., smooth but not iridescent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">1. Free ends more or less abundant</td><td align="left">8. <i>H. clavata</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">2. Free ends none</td><td align="left">9. <i>H. stipitata</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Stalk solid</td><td align="left">7. <i>H. intorta</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5">ii. Not yellow.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">O Ruby red</td><td align="left">4. <i>H. vesparium</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Copper-colored</td><td align="left">5. <i>H. stipata</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia serpula</span> (<i>Scop.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1772. <i>Mucor serpula</i> Scop., <i>Fl. Carn</i>, II., p. 493.</li> +<li>1794. <i>Trichia serpula</i> (Scop.) Pers., <i>Röm. N. Bot. Mag.</i>, I., p. 90</li> +<li>1875. <i>Hemiarcyria serpula</i> (Scop.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 266.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous, often covering several square centimetres, +terete, branching freely and usually everywhere reticulate, +rusty, tawny, or bright yellow; the peridium thin, transparent, with +irregular dehiscence; hypothallus none; capillitium variable, a tangle +of long yellow threads, sparingly branched, free everywhere, except below, +spinulose, the free tips spinose, acuminate, spiral ridges three or +four, with traces of longitudinal striæ; spore-mass golden yellow, +spores beneath the lens pale yellow, globose, delicately reticulate, +about 10 µ.</p> + +<p>Very common, recognized by its bright yellow color and conspicuous +reticulate habit. The plasmodium is yellow, at least upon emergence, +and passes almost without change to fruit. Found on rotten +logs of every description, on the <i>lower</i> surface. In the Mississippi +valley, the lower surface of planks used in the construction of sidewalks +appears to be a favorite habitat.</p> + +<p>Common west to the Rocky Mountains, south to Mexico and Nicaragua.</p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia karstenii</span> (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>List.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1876. <i>Hemiarcyria karstenii</i> Rost., <i>Mon., App.</i>, p. 41.</li> +<li>1891. <i>Hemiarcyria obscura</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 395.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Hemitrichia karstenii</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 178.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous, with a tendency to form distinct +sessile, globose sporangia, color brownish red; capillitium a sparingly +branched network, with free ends few, the thread marked by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> +seven or eight faint spirals, the interspaces narrow, dull red in color, +and 2.5 µ in diameter; spores yellow, delicately warted, 10–10.5 µ.</p> + +<p>This is doubtless a very rare species. In the description we have +followed Dr. Rex, <i>l. c.</i>, as being more to the point for American +forms. It is not improbable that the American material may after all +be distinct, as discrepancies, if one may judge by descriptions, are not +few. Lister, who had a slide from Dr. Rex, considers the European +and American forms the same.</p> + +<p>In outward appearing, plasmodiocarpous phases of this species very +closely resemble forms of <i>Licea</i> or <i>Ophiotheca</i>, and are in consequence +often wrongly labeled.</p> + +<p>Toronto; Montana—<i>Anderson</i>. To be looked for north and west.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia ovata</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1796. <i>Trichia ovata</i> Pers., <i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 61, and II., p. 35.</li> +<li>1863. <i>Trichia abietina</i> Wigand, <i>Pringsh. Jahr.</i>, III., p. 33, Tab. ii., Fig. 11.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Hemiarcyria wigandii</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 167.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia crowded or sometimes closely gregarious, sub-globose +or turbinate, shining yellow, sessile, the peridium thin, iridescent; capillitium +a tangle of sparingly branched yellow or ochraceous-yellow +threads, rather slender, 3–5 µ, marked by one or two prominent spiral +bands forming a loose somewhat irregular spiral, the free ends not +infrequent, inflated and rounded; spore-mass yellow or yellow-ochraceous, +spores by transmitted light pale yellow, distinctly and sharply +spinulose, but not netted, 10–11 µ.</p> + +<p>A rare and beautiful species, distinguished well by the small size, +about .5 mm., by the thin iridescent peridium, as by the microscopic +characters of the capillitial threads.</p> + +<p>There is no doubt that this is Persoon's <i>Trichia ovata</i>. His description +is accurate in all that pertains to external features, and +Rostafinski, <i>App.</i>, p. 41, explicitly says that he <i>saw</i> in Persoon's +herbarium specimens of the species bearing the name cited. Just +why Rostafinski did not here adopt the older name is not clear, nor +is there excuse for abandoning Wigand's name were Persoon's invalid. +According to Lister, <i>Trichia nana</i> Mass., from Maine, is the same +thing. Persoon, <i>l. c.</i>, gives a synonymy which, in the nature of case, is +unverifiable, the specific characters being microscopic.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p> + +<p>Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 187, confirms Persoon and takes pains to +say that the color separates it from <i>T. chrysosperma</i> with which it +is sometimes compared.</p> + +<p>Rare. Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Toronto.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia vesparium</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III</a>.</span>, Figs. 2 and 2 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1786. <i>Lycoperdon vesparium</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, pp. 255, 256, Fig. 172.</li> +<li>1794. <i>Trichia rubiformis</i> Pers., <i>Röm. N. Bot. Mag.</i>, I., p. 88.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Hemiarcyria rubiformis</i> (Pers.) <i>Rost., Mon.</i>, p. 262.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia clustered or crowded, rarely single, clavate or subcylindric +stipitate or sessile, dark wine-red or red-black in color, the peridium +in perfect specimens glossy or shining metallic, opaque; stipes +solid, usually blent together, concolorous; capillitium of intertwisted +slender threads, sparingly branched, marked by three or four spiral +ridges, abundantly spinulose, the free tips also acuminate, terminating +in a spine, the whole mass dull red. Spore-mass brownish-red, +spores by transmitted light reddish-orange, very distinctly warted, sub-globose, +10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>A most common species, on rotten wood everywhere, especially +in forests. Recognized generally at sight by its color and fasciculate +habit. The peridium shows a tendency, often, to <ins title="circumscissle in original.">circumscissile</ins> dehiscence, +and persists long after the contents have been dissipated, in +this condition suggesting the name applied by Batsch, <i>vesparium</i>, wasp-nest. +The capillitium is remarkably spinescent, the branching of the +threads, rare. Rostafinski describes the spores as smooth; they seem +to be <ins title="uniformily in original.">uniformly</ins> distinctly warted. The plasmodium is deep red, and +a plasmodiocarpous fructification occasionally appears.</p> + +<p>Throughout the whole range, New England to Washington and +Oregon, south to Nicaragua; Toronto.</p> + + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia stipata</span> (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I</a>.</span>, Figs. 8, 8 <i>a</i>, 8 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1834. <i>Leangium stipatum</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, p. 258, No. 2304.</li> +<li>1876. <i>Hemiarcyria stipata</i> (Schw.) <i>Rost., Mon. App.</i>, pp. 41, 42.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Arcyria stipata</i> (Schw.) Lister, <i>Mon. Mycetozoa</i>, p. 189.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia distinct, crowded, cylindric or irregular, overlying one +another, rich copper-colored, metallic, shining, becoming brown, stipitate; +peridium thin, the upper portion early evanescent, the base persistent +as a cup, as in <i>Arcyria</i>; capillitium concolorous, the thread +abundantly branched to form a loose net, with many free and bulbous +ends, pale under the lens, marked by three or four somewhat +obscure spiral bands and a few wart-like or plate-like thickenings; +stipe very short; spore-mass reddish, spores by transmitted light pale, +nearly or quite smooth, 6–8 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is known at sight by its peculiarly beautiful tint when +fresh, as by the crowded prolix habit of the singular overlying sporangia. +The netted capillitium and the evanescent peridium suggests +<ins title="Arycria in original."><i>Arcyria</i></ins>, but there are abundant free tips, and the threads are unmistakably +spirally wound, especially in the large, handsome sporangia +characteristic of the Mississippi valley. It is a boundary form unquestionably. +The stipe is generally very short, about one-tenth the +total height; sometimes, when the peridium is more globose, the stipe +is proportionally longer. Specimens from Iowa show fructifications +several centimetres long and wide.</p> + +<p>Not rare. New England to the Black Hills and south.</p> + + +<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia leiocarpa</span> (<i>Cke.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1877. <i>Hemiarcyria leiocarpa</i> Cke., <i>Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y.</i>, XI., p. 405.</li> +<li>1891. <i>Hemiarcyria varneyi</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 396.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia simple, obovate or pyriform, rarely almost globose, pallid, +with a stem of the same color, as long as the diameter of the sporangium; +spore-mass and capillitium concolorous, or with slight ochraceous +tint; capillitium forming a loose net, the tubes branching in a +reticulate manner; spirals three, thin, prominent, along the convex +sides of the tubes mixed with a few obtuse spines; spores globose, +with a thin membrane, 12–14 µ.</p> + +<p>Such is the original description of this distinctly American species. +<i>H. varneyi</i> Rex should differ in having spirals seven or eight, and spore +only 6.25 µ. Mr. Lister, who has compared types of both species, +declares them the same! The present writer has been unable to secure +authentic specimens.</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia intorta</span> <i>List.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1891. <i>Hemiarcyria intorta</i> Lister, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, p. 268.</li> +<li>1891. <i>Hemiarcyria longifila</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 396.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Hemitrichia</i> intorta List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 176.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose-turbinate or pyriform, golden-yellow, +stipitate; peridium thin, translucent, shining, opening at the summit +irregularly, leaving a funnel-shaped receptacle below; stipe dark red +brown, solid, rugulose; capillitium of threads sparingly branched, but +looped and doubled upon themselves and constantly intertwisted, orange-yellow, +3–4 µ in diameter, with spirals four, sparingly spinulose, +even and regular, the longitudinal striæ conspicuous; spores in +mass concolorous, under the lens yellow, delicately warted, globose, +9–10 µ.</p> + +<p>Concerning this species, Dr. Rex says: "Externally this species +resembles <i>H. clavata</i> Pers., and has probably often been mistaken +for it. The capillitium, however, in its structural details and habit +of growth, is widely different. The partial untwisting of the loops +of the capillitium by drying, after the rupture of the sporangium, +causes it to be projected and elongated sometimes two or three times +the length of the sporangium." Outwardly the open sporangium, by +the projecting free tips, reminds one of a trichia. The capillitium is +like that of <i>H. vesparium</i>, but less rough, and, of course, different +in color.</p> + +<p>Rare. Fairmount Park, Philadelphia; Ohio, Iowa.</p> + + +<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia clavata</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III</a>.</span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1794. <i>Trichia clavata</i> Pers., <i>Röm. N. Bot. Mag.</i>, I., p. 90.</li> +<li>1873. <i>Hemitrichia clavata</i> Pers., Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 14.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Hemiarcyria clavata</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 264.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Hemiarcyria ablata</i> Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 30.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Hemiarcyria funalis</i> Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 32.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia clavate or turbinate, gregarious, scattered or crowded, +yellow, olivaceous or brownish, stipitate; the peridium generally thin, +evanescent above, breaking away so as to leave a more or less definite +cup beneath; stipe about one-half the total height, reddish, reddish-brown, +or blackish, hollow about half-way down; capillitium various,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> +yellow or ochraceous, made up of slender threads more or less freely +branched and netted, bearing four or five regular, even, spiral plates +which project sharply and are generally smooth, the free extremities +numerous or almost none, swollen, or simply obtuse; spore-mass concolorous, +spores by transmitted light pale yellow, globose, minutely +but distinctly warted, 8–9 µ.</p> + +<p>This cosmopolitan species is generally one of the first brought in +by the collector, its color and comparatively large size, 2–3 mm. high, +making it conspicuous. Nevertheless, we are not able to recognize +it in the descriptions of the older authors. Rostafinski quotes +Schmiedel, <i>Icones</i>, 1776, as affording the earliest account of the +species, but neither his description nor figure is definitive. Even Bulliard +fails us here, and is differently interpreted by different authors. +Persoon's description is none too good, but is reënforced by Fries and +Rostafinski. The capillitium is variable both in the degree of smoothness +presented, and the number of free ends, and the amount of +branching. The spores in all specimens we have examined are remarkably +constant in size and surface. In typical <ins title="spcimens in original.">specimens</ins> free ends +are easily discoverable, the branching forms a definite net, and the +perfectly formed capillitial thread is smooth. In some American +forms—developed under less favorable circumstances?—the net is +less determined, the free ends are many, and the spirals minutely +rough. Here may be placed <i>H. funalis</i> Morgan, <i>l. c.</i></p> + +<p>Widely distributed. New England to Colorado, south to Mexico.</p> + + +<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia stipitata</span> (<i>Mass.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1889. <i>Hemiarcyria stipitata</i> Mass., <i>Jour. Mic. Soc.</i>, p. 354.</li> +<li>1893. <i>Hemiarcyria plumosa</i>, Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 29.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia scattered, seldom crowded, obovoid or turbinate, olivaceous +yellow, stipitate; the peridium smooth without, granulose within, +evanescent above, persisting as a funnel-shaped cup below; the stipe +long, reddish or blackish, rising from a small hypothallus; capillitium +of threads 5–6 µ thick, very much branched, forming a dense net, +free ends none, or not evident; the sculpture as in <i>H. clavata</i>, smooth +and regular; spore-mass yellow; spores by transmitted light yellow, +minutely warted, 7–8 µ.</p> + +<p>This form corresponds in nearly every respect with <i>H. clavata</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> +except in the structure of the capillitium. The color is rather ochraceous, +dirty yellow, and the stipe is proportionally longer and darker, +but the form of the net is positive and gives to the species a decidedly +striking and unique appearance, so that it may be recognized +by the naked eye. It looks like an arcyria and for this reason Professor +Morgan said <i>H. plumosa</i>. Lister regards it as the same as our +number 8.</p> + +<p>Common. Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and west; south to Mexico.</p> + + +<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia montana</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p> + +<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious more or less closely, globose, +whitish, sessile or very short stipitate; the peridium opaque, dull +white, persistent below; capillitium deep yellow, the threads abundantly +branched, forming a compact network, 7 µ wide, bearing spirals +five or six, uneven and irregular, or anon interrupted, conspicuously +spinulose or warted, free tips not lacking, generally inflated; spore-mass +yellow, spores by transmitted light pale, nearly colorless, distinctly +warted, 10 µ.</p> + +<p>Recognizable by its peculiar pallid, sessile sporangia, as by the internal +structure. Perhaps related to <i>Hemiarcyria bucknalli</i> Mass. +Our specimens are from Mr. Morgan, of Ohio, with the statement +that they were collected in the San Bernardino Mountains, California, +by Mr. S. B. Parrish; collected later from Monterey south.</p> + +<p>Common throughout south-western states to lower California.</p> + +<p class="center"><b>2. Calonema</b> <i>Morgan.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Calonema</i> Morgan, <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 33.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia sub-globose, crowded or superimposed, irregular sessile; +hypothallus none; capillitium of slender tubules, arising from the +sporangium base, branched, marked with branching veins in an irregular +reticulation, and terminating in free extremities. Spores +yellow.</p> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Calonema aureum</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>, 2 <i>c</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Calonema aureum</i> Morgan, <i>l. c.</i></li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia crowded or heaped in scattered clusters; peridium thin, +golden yellow, adorned with intricate radiating veinlets capillitium +of threads more or less branched, attached below, free above, the surface +to the very tips venulose, interrupted with rings or fragmentary +spirals, the apices bulbous and obtusely conical; spore-mass yellow, +spores by transmitted light bright yellow, covered by a network of +interlocking plates, as in <i>T. favoginea</i>, globose, 14–16 µ.</p> + +<p>A curious form, related to <i>Hemitrichia</i>, much as <i>Oligonema</i> is to +<i>Trichia</i>. Related to both the genera first named, but distinct, in +the peculiar sculpture, from <i>Hemitrichia</i>, and from <i>Oligonema</i> in +that the threads are not entirely free. Professor Morgan's original +determination, founded on Ohio materials is confirmed by material +sent us by Professor Underwood from Alabama.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>3. Trichia</b> (<i>Haller</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1768. <i>Trichia</i> Haller, <i>Hist. Stirp. Helv.</i>, III., p. 114, in part.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Trichia</i> (Haller) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 243.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia distinct, sessile or stipitate; capillitium of distinct elastic +threads, free acuminate at each end, yellow or more rarely reddish +or brown; spores generally yellow.</p> + +<p>The trichias are easily recognized among their kind by their +beautiful spirally wound, elastic capillitial threads, the <i>elaters</i>; these +are entirely free, about 3–4 mm. in length, simple or only rarely +branched, and generally acute at each extremity. The spiral bands, +sometimes called <i>taeniae</i>, are generally very uniform in thickness, +distance from each other, and pitch, and in many species are further +reënforced by minute longitudinal plications running from one spiral +to the next. Furthermore, the spirals may be smooth or spinulose +the elater uniform throughout or enlarged betimes by nodes and +swellings. Taken altogether, the trichias with the species of the +genus next following exhibit the highest degree of differentiation attained +by the Myxomycetes.</p> + +<p>Most of the earlier authors, including Haller, used the generic name +<i>Trichia</i> to cover a variety of forms. It is here used with the limits +sketched by De Bary in 1859 and 1864 (<i>Die Myxomyceten</i>), and +followed more exactly ten years later by his pupil, Rostafinski.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Trichia</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Trichia"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>A.</i> Sporangia, in typical cases at least, wholly sessile.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Gregarious; hypothallus none.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">i. Peridium brown or reddish brown.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">O Elaters smooth.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Spirals even, regular</td><td align="left">1. <i>T. inconspicua</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">+ Spirals irregular</td><td align="left">2. <i>T. contorta</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">++ Elaters rough, spinescent</td><td align="left">3. <i>T. iowensis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Peridium olivaceous or yellow.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Elaters smooth</td><td align="left">4. <i>T. varia</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Hypothallus distinct; sporangia crowded; spores reticulate, banded, or netted.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Spore-bands pitted</td><td align="left">6. <i>T. persimilis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Spore-bands, narrow, plain</td><td align="left">7. <i>T. favoginea</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">iii. Spores covered by a delicate net</td><td align="left">5. <i>T. scabra</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>B.</i> Sporangia stipitate.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Hypothallus distinct</td><td align="left">8. <i>T. verrucosa</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Hypothallus none; peridium checkered with pale reticulations.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Brownish red or black</td><td align="left">10. <i>T. botrytis</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Olivaceous.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Elaters smooth</td><td align="left">11. <i>T. subfusca</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Elaters rough</td><td align="left">12. <i>T. erecta</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>c.</i> Peridium plain, shining</td><td align="left">13. <i>T. decipiens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>d.</i> Peridium plain, dull black</td><td align="left">14. <i>T. lateritia</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Trichia inconspicua</span> <i>Rostafinski.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III</a>.</span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>, 5 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Trichia inconspicua</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 259.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious or crowded, small, spherical, ellipsoidal or +arcuate, brown or reddish brown, sessile; hypothallus none; capillitium +dull, dark, ochraceous, the elaters long, slender, even, about 3 µ +wide, the spirals three or four rather closely wound, the apices +attenuate, acute, sometimes turned to one side; spore-mass concolorous, +spores pale ochraceous, minutely but distinctly warted, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>One of the smallest of the <i>Trichiae</i>, not uncommon in the Mississippi +valley on decaying fallen stems of <i>Populus</i>—sp. Distinguished +at sight from all except No. 3 following, by its small size and brown +color. Under the lens the long, delicate, finely sculptured capillitial +threads, with fine tapering threads are distinctive.</p> + +<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, +Nebraska; Black Hills, South Dakota; Toronto.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Trichia contorta</span> (<i>Ditmar</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII</a>.</span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1811. <i>Lycogala contortum</i> Ditmar, Sturm, <i>Deutsch. Fl.</i>, III., Tab. 5.</li> +<li>1872. <i>Trichia reniformis</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXVI., p. 74.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Trichia contorta</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 259.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, or crowded, small, ellipsoid or reniform, arcuate, +dark red brown, sessile; hypothallus none; capillitial mass ochraceous +or dull yellow, the elaters few, irregular, the spirals uneven, +irregular, often projecting and thin, though generally flat or obscure, +the apices more or less swollen, ending in a curved tip; spore-mass concolorous, +spores beneath the lens bright yellow, papillose, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>This species resembles the preceding in color, but is of less aggregate +habit, and the sporangia are more plasmodiocarpous, reniform, +arcuate, etc. The capillitium is also distinctive, the sculpture irregular, +uneven with general lack of symmetry. Our description is made +up from specimens of <i>T. reniformis</i> Peck, which appears to be the +American form of Rostafinski's species.</p> + +<p>Rare. New York, Montana?</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Trichia <ins title="iowenis in original.">iowensis</ins></span> <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III</a>.</span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plX">Plate X</a>.</span>, Fig. 5.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1892. <i>Trichia iowensis</i> Macbr., I<i>a., Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist.</i>, II., p. 133.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia sessile, gregarious, spherical or reniform, with no hypothallus, +purple brown; spores and spore-mass yellow; elaters with three +or four spiral bands unevenly distributed, and with occasional inflations, +sparingly branched, spinulose, especially where inflated, spinules +long, 3–6 µ, recurved, often bifid or trifid, especially at or near the +acuminate tip; spores delicately warted, 9–11 µ.</p> + +<p>This species occurs not rarely and is found on the bark of <i>Populus</i>, +so far, exclusively. The sporangia are inconspicuous until opening +by fissure they display the yellow spores and capillitial threads. The +species is immediately recognized by its elaters, whose numerous and +lengthened spinules are unlike those of any cognate form, reminding +one of the capillitium of <i>Ophiotheca</i>. Related to the two preceding, +but distinct by its spinulose capillitium.</p> + +<p>Iowa, Missouri; Black Hills, South Dakota.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Trichia andersoni</i> Rex carefully described by Morgan, <i>Myx. Mi. +Val.</i>, p. 38, belongs with this first group, four small species, the inconspicuous. +To the present writer in each the structure seems distinct. +In the herbarium a small bit of Anderson's material has rested +long; but it must not be lost to sight. The species is sure to be +taken again in the cool mountains, somewhere abundant; as these +stretch from Alberta to far Alaska. The capillitium is very even +the taeniae closely wound, the elater-ends often furcate.</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Trichia varia</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIV">Plate IV.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis varia</i> Pers., Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., 1470.</li> +<li>1794. <i>Trichia varia</i> Pers., <i>Röm. Neu. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 90.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Trichia varia</i> (Pers.) Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 188.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Trichia varia</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 251.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious or sometimes closely crowded, globose, obovoid, +or irregularly globoid, yellowish or ochraceous, shining, sessile, +or with a short black stipe; hypothallus none; capillitium of rather +long, simple, or more rarely branched elaters, 4–5 µ, wide, marked +by irregular spirals generally only two, prominent and narrow and +in places remote, the apices acute, about twice the elater diameter; +spore-mass yellow, spores by transmitted light dull yellow, 12–14 µ, +delicately verruculose, guttulate.</p> + +<p>A very common species, very variable in form, stipitate forms +occuring anon beside those which are irregular and sessile. According +to Rostafinski the stipitate phase constitutes the <i>T. nigripes</i> of Persoon +and other authors. The capillitium is, however, characteristic +throughout. The two spiral bands wind loosely and irregularly and +present an elater unlike anything else in the group except the same +structure in <i>T. contorta</i>, but here the elater is narrow and the sculpture +obscure. Since the specific distinctions are purely microscopic, +the synonymy beyond Rostafinski is mainly conjectural. It is possible +that Fries properly applied the name.</p> + +<p>Common. Maine to Oregon and California, and south to Arkansas +and Alabama.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Trichia scabra</span> <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIV">Plate IV.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Trichia scabra</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 258.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia closely crowded upon a well-developed hypothallus, regular, +globose or turbinate-globose, orange or golden brown, smooth, +shining; capillitial mass clear, golden yellow, or sometimes rusty +orange, the elaters simple, long, 4–5 µ in width, the spirals three or +four, closely wound, spinulose, even and regular, the apices short, +acuminate; spore-mass concolorous, under the lens spores yellow, covered +by a delicate fine-meshed network, or simply spinulose under low +power, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Generally a well-marked species, easily recognized by its regular but +roughened capillitial threads. Under a 1–12 objective the spores are +also diagnostic. To the unaided eye it resembles the next species in +both color and habit. Fructifications two inches or more in length +and half as wide are not infrequent on the lower side of fallen stems +in forests of deciduous trees. The plasmodium is white.</p> + +<p>Not uncommon. Maine to Washington, Oregon, Alaska, and +south to Missouri and Arkansas.</p> + + +<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Trichia persimilis</span> <i>Karst.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIV">Plate IV.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>, 1 <i>c</i>; 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>, 6 <i>c</i>, 6 <i>d</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1868. <i>Trichia persimilis</i> Karst., <i>Not. Saellsk. Fenn. Förh.</i> IX., p. 353.</li> +<li>1869. <i>Trichia affinis</i> De Bary, <i>Fuckel, Sym. Myc.</i>, p. 336.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Trichia jackii</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 258.</li> +<li>1877. <i>Trichia abrupta</i> Cke., <i>Myxom. U. S.</i> p. 404.</li> +<li>1878. <i>Trichia proximella</i> Karst., <i>Myc. Fenn.</i>, IV., p. 139.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia globose or obovoid or irregularly spherical, shining, golden +yellow to tawny, anon iridescent with metallic lustre, sessile; +hypothallus thin, but usually very distinct; capillitial mass ochraceous +or tawny yellow, the elaters long, even, about 4 µ wide, the +spirals four, more or less spinulose, generally joined by longitudinal +ridges, the apices short, tapering regularly, anon bifurcate; spore-mass +concolorous, spores by transmitted light bright yellow, marked by an +irregular or fragmentary banded reticulation, the bands broad, flat, +and pitted, 10–12 µ. Plasmodium said to be white.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p> + +<p>This species, common throughout the northern world, is distinguished +from its congener, the following, not only by the episporic character, +but generally by its different peridium and more sombre colors. +It never shows at maturity the brilliant golden yellow fluff that hangs +in masses about the open and empty vases of <i>T. favoginea</i>, a fact not +unnoted by Batsch, and rendering his figure and description so far determinable.</p> + +<p>The episporic network shows all degrees of perfection or imperfection, +and the elater also varies somewhat both in the apices and distinctness +of longitudinal striæ. The several synonyms listed seem to +have taken origin in a recognition of some of the more pronounced +variations. In any event the American form <i>T. abrupta</i> Cke., +with bifid apices, belongs here, and European specimens seem to show +the identity of forms described by Karsten and De Bary.</p> + +<p>Not rare. New England, Canada, New York, Pennsylvania, +Ohio, Alabama, Missouri, and west.</p> + + +<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Trichia favoginea</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIV">Plate IV.</a></span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>, 5 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1786. <i>Lycoperdon favogineum</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, p. 257, Fig 173, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</li> +<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus chrysospermus</i> Bull., <i>Cham. de Fr.</i>, Tab. 417, Fig. 4.</li> +<li>1794. <i>Trichia favoginea</i> (Batsch) Pers., <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 90.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Trichia chrysosperma</i> (Bull.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 255.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia closely crowded, cylindric or prismatic by mutual pressure, +obovoid, sessile, olivaceous yellow, smooth and shining; the peridium +thin, opening above somewhat stellately, persistent; capillitium +golden yellow, escaping entirely from the peridia, and forming woolly +masses above them, the threads long, even, beautifully sculptured, +bearing spirals about four, usually smooth and connected by light +longitudinal ridges, the apices short tapering, about equal to the +width of the elater, 6–7 µ; spores concolorous, by transmitted light +paler, but still bright yellow, the episporic net conspicuous, the bands +narrow and high, not pitted nor fragmentary, in form irregularly +globose, 12–14 µ. Plasmodium yellow.</p> + +<p>A common and beautiful species recognizable at sight, after the +peridia break, by the aggregate capillitium constantly in evidence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> +above the abandoned vasiform peridia. The figures of Bulliard are +unsatisfactory, although the description he gives and the name he suggests, +still current, may lead us to concede that he had our species +before him. The spores are larger than in <i>T. persimilis</i>, and the +episporic net different, the "border" wider. The plasmodium in the +latitude of Iowa not uncommon in woods in June, after emerging +passes into fruit in the laboratory in about forty-eight hours, and the +rupture of the peridia follows presently. The hypothallus is quite +distinct, extra-marginal, and in substance like to the peridial wall.</p> + +<p>Not rare. Throughout the northern forests, Maine to Washington +and Oregon, south to Alabama, Louisiana, Mexico.</p> + + +<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Trichia verrucosa</span> <i>Berk.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1860. <i>Trichia verrucosa, Fl. Tasm.</i>, II., p. 269.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia pyriform, or obovoid, shining, ochraceous from the color +of the contents, stipitate, more or less botryoid or connate; stipe twice +the height of the spore-case, reddish brown, simple or consolidated +with others, weak, inclined, or procumbent; hypothallus distinct; +spore-mass ochraceous yellow, the elaters simple, with smooth tapering +points, with spirals three or four, the spores beautifully and strongly +reticulate, after the manner of the spores in the species preceding, +with the meshes generally complete and always large, quite variable +in size 12–16 µ.</p> + +<p>Rostafinski quotes the species (<i>teste</i> Lister) from Chile. Specimens +in the herbarium of the State University of Iowa are from Jalapa, +Mexico, collected by Mr. C. L. Smith. The species may be therefore +expected in the southern United States. Berkeley described it from +Tasmania. <i>T. superba</i> Mass, from description would seen to be the +same thing.</p> + + +<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Trichia pulchella</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Trichia pulchella</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 366.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia solitary or in groups of four or five, bright vitelline yellow, +sessile; the peridium thin, transparent, opening irregularly above; +hypothallus none; capillitium bright yellow, not emergent, the threads<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> +narrow, 3–4 µ, wound with spirals three or four, more or less irregular, +smooth, longitudinal ridges wanting, the apices rather long, acuminate, +about twice the diameter of the elater, or anon clavate or even +globose, bulbose at the tip and furnished with several stout spines; +spore-mass concolorous; under the lens spores colorless, marked by +a very feebly developed reticulation of <i>T. persimilis</i> type, but the +bands narrow and, as shown by the narrow "border," low, meshes +few and often imperfect, globose or sub-globose, about 12 µ.</p> + +<p>The episporic characters of this species ally it to <i>T. persimilis</i> most +nearly. The reticulations are possibly not more divergent from the +typical form of that species than are the same features in some other +forms there included. But in the present case, added to the episporic +sculpture, we must reckon the peculiar capillitial thread, unlike +that seen in either of the chrysospermatous forms, and the gregarious +habit without hypothallus. These peculiarities seemed to Dr. Rex +distinctive, and as they appear constant they may be left to separate +the species.</p> + + +<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Trichia botrytis</span> <i>Persoon.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII</a>.</span>, Figs. 8, 8 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis botrytis</i> Pers., Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., 1468.</li> +<li>1794. <i>Trichia botrytis</i> Pers., <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 89.</li> +<li>1803. <i>Sphaerocarpus fragilis</i> Sowerby, <i>Eng. Fung.</i>, I., p. 279.</li> +<li>1829. <i>Trichia pyriformis</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 184.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Trichia fragilis</i> (Sow.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 246.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, sometimes combined in clusters, +pyriform or turbinate, stipitate, red-purple or, ochraceous-brown +the peridium breaking up irregularly, the dehiscence sometimes prefigured +by pale reticulations on the surface; stipe solid, single, or +united in clusters of five or more together, dark-colored, red or purple-brown, +opaque; capillitium orange, ochraceous yellow, or even reddish +brown, the threads simple or rarely branched, long-fusiform, +about 4 µ thick at the centre, tapering gradually to the long accuminate, +apiculate tips, spirals three or four, even, smooth, rather closely +wound and traceable almost to the apex; spores concolorous in mass, +under the lens pale, globose, more or less closely minutely warted +but not reticulate, 10–12 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p> + +<p>A species remarkable for its variations in color. More commonly +the unopened sporangia are opaque brown, by reason of a dense outer +wall, and more frequently simple, or if compound, show but two or +three united. The reddish variety, vinous or scarlet-black in color, is +remarkably fasciate. Some clusters show twenty or more stipitate, globose +sporangia, conjoined by their distinct but coherent stems. In +such fruitings the sporangia are small, .5 mm. In the brown sporangia +the dehiscence, as stated, is often definitely prefigured; in the +multiple, red, obscurely, if at all. As presented in collections from +the eastern United States, the two forms might well be disjoined. +Persoon, however, discussed both together and so they remain.</p> + +<p>Saccardo includes <i>Craterium floriforme</i> Schw. here.</p> + +<p>By the descriptions of the earlier authors it is impossible to distinguish +this from <i>H. vesparium</i> on the one hand, and <i>T. decipiens</i> +on the other. <i>T. botrytis</i> Pers., <i>l. c.</i>, gives us first secure foothold. +Fries discards Persoon's appellation as unsuitable and improperly +applied, and takes up what he deems an older specific designation, +<i>T. pyriformis</i> Leers. But Rostafinski is certain Leers had <i>A. punicea</i> +in mind, and that other early names are equally ill-applied. Rostafinski +rejects Persoon's names simply as not pertinent in every case. +Massee examined the specimens of Léveillé, and finds them belonging +here; but see our No. 14, <i>seq.</i></p> + +<p>Not common, but with wide range. Maine, Massachusetts, New +York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Colorado; Toronto.</p> + + +<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Trichia subfusca</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1890. <i>Trichia subfusca</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 192.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, dull tawny brown, shading to +dark brown below, about œ mm. in diameter, globose, stipitate; stipe +short, about equal to the sporangium, stout, brown or brownish +black, rugulose, solid; capillitial mass bright straw color; the elaters +long cylindrical, 3–4 µ wide, adorned with spirals four, which wind +unevenly, are perfectly smooth, and terminate in abrupt tips about +twice the diameter of the elater; spores yellow, under the lens yellow, +minutely and closely warted, globose, 12 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span></p> + +<p>The spores of this species resemble closely those of the preceding, +but the sporangium is at sight different in appearance and proportions +and the capillitium not the same at all. The elaters are never +fusiform, the apices always abrupt in their acumination, and the +sculpture irregular and uneven. In form the elater resembles that +of <i>T. scabra</i>. The description is drawn from specimens, <i>N. A. F.</i>, +2495, with which, however, specimens received from Dr. Rex and +later collected exactly correspond.</p> + +<p>The elaters of uniform diameter, the apices abruptly narrowed to +a blunt point, turned to one side, will serve to distinguish this species +from the whole <i>T. botrytis</i> group, some forms of which it outwardly +resembles.</p> + +<p>We have beautiful specimens from the shores of Puget Sound.</p> + +<p>New York.</p> + + +<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Trichia erecta</span> <i>Rex.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1890. <i>Trichia erecta</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 193.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, often in clusters of two or three together, but +generally single, nut-brown, checkered with broad, conspicuous yellow +dehiscence bands, globose, œ mm. wide, stipitate, stipe double +the sporangium, dark brown, solid; capillitial mass bright yellow, the +elaters cylindric, 3–4 µ wide, terminating in apices short and smooth, +adorned with spirals, four, coarsely spinulose, winding unevenly or +even branching and so united to one another! spore-mass yellow, +spores by transmitted light pale, globose, minutely warted, 12 µ.</p> + +<p>Distinguished at sight by the peculiarly mottled peridium. <i>T. +botrytis</i> in its ochraceous forms sometimes shows tendency to the +same thing, but the checkered surface is here conspicuous. The elaters +resemble those of the preceding form, but are remarkably rough.</p> + +<p>Rare. Adirondacks, New York.</p> + + +<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Trichia decipiens</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIV">Plate IV</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1793. <i>Lycoperdon pusillum</i> Hedwig, <i>Abh.</i>, I., p. 35, Tab. iii., Fig. 2.</li> +<li>1795. <i>Arcyria decipiens</i> Pers., <i>Ust. Ann. Bot.</i>, XV., p. 35.</li> +<li>1796. <i>Trichia fallax</i> Pers., <i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 59, etc.</li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span></p> + +<p>Sporangia gregarious, sometimes closely so, sometimes scattered, +turbinate, shining olive or olivaceous brown, stipitate; stipe generally +elongate, concolorous above, dark brown below, hollow, <i>i. e.</i> +filled with spore-like cells; capillitial mass yellowish or olivaceous +yellow, the elaters perfectly smooth, long fusiform, tapering gradually +to the long, slender taeniate apices, simple or often branched, adorned +with spirals three, which wind evenly but somewhat distantly; +spore-mass olivaceous or ochraceous, spores under the lens, pale, +minutely delicately reticulate, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>One of our largest and most common species, in form and size +resembling <i>H. clavata</i>, but immediately distinguished by its color. +The capillitium is like that of <i>T. botrytis</i>, but differs in the more +open sculpture and the longer and smoother unwound tips. The +episporic net is a constant character in all the specimens examined. +This feature reminds of <i>T. scabra</i>.</p> + +<p>This is, of course, our familiar <i>T. fallax</i> of all authors from Persoon +down. The earliest unmistakable reference to this species is +Hedwig, <i>l. c.</i> But Batsch, in 1789, had used the same combination +to describe a real puff-ball, so that Hedwig's name was already a +synonym. The specific name here adopted is next in point of priority, +although Persoon discarded it the year following, substituting <i>fallax</i>, +because he had mistaken the genus.</p> + +<p>Not rare. New England, Toronto; west to the Black Hills and +Washington, Oregon, California, south to the Carolinas and Kansas; +Jalapa, Mexico.</p> + + +<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Trichia lateritia</span> <i>Lév.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1846. <i>Trichia lateritia</i> Lév., <i>Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot.</i>, 3 V., p. 167.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Trichia lateritia</i> Lév., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 250.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Trichia fragilis</i> (Sow.) Rost., Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 176.</li> +<li>1894. <i>Trichia botrytis</i> Pers. var. <i>lateritia</i> (Lév.) List., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 171.</li> +<li>1899. <i>Trichia botrytis</i> Pers., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 216.</li> +<li>1911. <i>Trichia botrytis</i> Pers. var. <i>lateritia</i> (Lév.) List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 217.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia more or less closely gregarious, (<i>a</i>) simple globose-turbinate, +dull black when dry, when moist generally with a vinous tinge, +1 mm. in diameter, stipitate. The stipe concolorous, rigid, erect, simple<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> +even, 2–6 mm., or (<i>b</i>) multiple, several sporangia united by their +pale brown or reddish-brown, striate, weak, closely adherent or united +stems; hypothallus small or none; capillitial-mass bright brick-red +cut-off from the stem-cavity, such as may be, and enclosed by a +thick, firm opaque peridium, which opens above in fragmental or petaloid +lobes, leaving a craterium-like cup below, to persist in flower-like +fashion long after the contents have blown away; elaters fusiform, +extremely long, to 50 µ; about 5 µ in width at the widest +(middle) point, long acuminate, adorned with usually four clean-cut +even, regular, taeniae, uniformly spaced and carried forward on +the progressive acumination, almost to the smooth, straight spine-like +point; spores in mass brick-red, by transmitted light, orange-brown +almost smooth, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>This showy and remarkable species is set out from <i>T. botrytis</i> Pers. +with which it has been more or less closely associated, for several +reasons. In the first place, it is easily recognized in the field, by its +size, color, and structure. Often simple throughout a colony entire, +nevertheless where the vegetative development has been stronger, simple +and multiple fructifications may stand side by side, but the odd +fasciation is generally limited to few sporangia, perhaps three or four, +or at most, half a dozen. These fasciate forms generally shorter, or +less erect. The elaters, so far as our observation goes, are the longest +in the genus notable for their beautiful symmetry. The spores are +larger than in the red forms of <i>T. botrytis</i> as usually presented, +smoother and of different color.</p> + +<p>We have also a geographic limitation. Taken to Paris first from +southern Chile, it promises to be a Pacific coast species, found as it +now has been in North America from San Diego, to Vancouver. In +a deep forest near Monterey, California, a half-buried log showed +one colony a meter in length and from six to twelve centimetres in +width, hundreds of sporangia, each by gentlest explosion opening to +display its tuft of bright-tinted wool, a patch of color visible from +far.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>4. Oligonema.</b></p> + +<ul> +<li>1875. <i>Oligonema</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 291.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia distinct, small, generally crowded together and superimposed; +hypothallus none; capillitium scanty, the sculpture rudimentary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> +and imperfect, scattered rings or mere roughenings, sometimes imperfect +or faint spirals; spores yellow.</p> + +<p>The oligonemas are simply degenerate <i>Trichiae</i>, and show the +vagaries usually to be noted in a passing type. They are difficult to +define, and the species are indeed variable. Those here listed seem to +offer constant features throughout our range.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Key to Species of Oligonema</b></p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Key to Species of Oligonema"> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>A.</i> Spores reticulate.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>a.</i> Sporangia in broad effused patches</td><td align="left">2. <i>O. brevifilum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>b.</i> Sporangia in small heaped clusters.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">i. Elaters roughened, no distinct rings or spirals</td><td align="left">1. <i>O. flavidum</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">ii. Elaters with scattered rings; sometimes faint spirals</td><td align="left">3. <i>O. nitens</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>B.</i> Spores warted</td><td align="left">4. <i>O. fulvum</i></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + +<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Oligonema flavidum</span> (<i>Peck</i>) <i>Mass.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1874. <i>Perichaena flavida</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, p. 76.</li> +<li>1892. <i>Oligonema flavidum</i> (Peck) Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 171.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia crowded and superimposed, sessile in small masses or +clusters 1 cm. or less, bright yellow, shining, the peridium thin but +opaque, yellow; capillitium of long, slender tubules usually simple, +anon branched, even, or with an occasional inflation, the sculpture +confined to warts or small, distinct spinules, roughening more or less +conspicuously the entire surface, the apices generally obtuse, anon +apiculate; spore-mass yellow, spores under the lens pale yellow, irregularly +globose, beautifully reticulate, the meshes large and few, as +in <i>Trichia favoginea</i>, 12–14 µ.</p> + +<p>This species is marked by its capillitium, which is abundant for the +present genus. The threads are longer than in any other species, and +not infrequently branched, smooth, or more commonly, very distinctly +minutely spinulose throughout, no trace of rings or relief sculpture of +any sort, the spirals, that are to be expected, very imperfect, if discernible +at all. In habit the species resembles <i>O. nitens</i>, but the colonies +are much larger, and the sporangia higher and larger, attaining +1 mm.</p> + +<p>New England to Iowa and Nebraska; south to Alabama and +Louisiana. Toronto; <i>Miss Currie.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Oligonema brevifilum</span> <i>Peck.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a>.</span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1878. <i>Oligonema brevifila</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y, Mus.</i>, p. 42.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia small, cylindric, dull ochraceous-yellow, sessile closely +crowded, sometimes superimposed, forming large, effused patches several +centimetres in extent; capillitium exceedingly scant, consisting +of nothing more than a few minute threads, very short, only three or +four times the diameter of the spore, smooth, or without any definable +sculpture, ochraceous; spore-mass dark ochraceous, under the +lens the spores are brighter, marked with reticulations much as in +other species of the genus, 10–12 µ.</p> + +<p>Probably a variety of our No. 1, but constantly collected.</p> + +<p>Separate, however, from the following also in color and habit. To +the naked eye the fructification suggests <i>Trichia persimilis</i>; the color +much the same, and the sporangia similarly congested. The peculiarly +rudimentary condition of the capillitium is apparently also constant. +Iowa specimens accord perfectly with those from New York.</p> + +<p>Rare. New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Iowa, +Missouri, Oregon, Washington, California; Vancouver Island.</p> + + +<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Oligonema nitens</span> (<i>Lib.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II</a>.</span>, Figs. 8, 8 <i>a</i>, 8 <i>b</i>.</p> + +<ul> +<li>1834. <i>Trichia nitens</i> Lib. <i>Pl. Cr. Ard.</i>, III., No. 227.</li> +<li>1875. <i>Oligonema nitens</i> (Lib.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 291.</li> +<li>1883. <i>Trichia pusilla</i> Schroet., <i>Kr. Fl. Schl.</i>, III., p. 114.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia gathered in small, heaped clusters, irregularly spherical, +bright straw-color, or yellow, sessile, superimposed, the peridium thin, +smooth, shining; capillitium of short elaters, simple or branched, +smooth, adorned with an occasional projecting ring, often with faint +spiral sculpture spreading especially toward the apices, which are +blunt or anon acute, the point sometimes flexed or bent to one side, +never very long; spore-mass bright yellow, spores globose, beautifully +reticulate, 12–14 µ.</p> + +<p>Readily recognized at sight by its heaped, shining, or glistening +sporangia. The capillitial threads are further definitive, and serve +to distinguish it from everything else.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p> + +<p>The range is wide, probably coextensive with the forests of the +country. Specimens are before us from New England, Canada, +Montana, and all intervening regions, and south to the Gulf of Mexico; +California, Nevada,—<i>Prof. Bethel.</i> Yosemite, shores of Mirror +Lake!</p> + + +<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Oligonema fulvum</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p> + +<ul> +<li>1893. <i>Oligonema fulvum</i> Morgan, <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 42.</li> +</ul> + + +<p>Sporangia large, sub-globose, sessile, or crowded, more or less regular; +the peridium tawny yellow, or olivaceous, very thin and fragile, +iridescent; mass of capillitium and spores tawny-yellow, elaters +simple or sometimes branched, very short, sometimes with thicker +swollen portions, the surface marked with low smooth spirals, in +places faint and obsolete, the extremities rounded and obtuse, usually +with a minute apiculus; spores globose, minutely warted, 10–13 µ.</p> + +<p>This species may be recognized by its tawny, irregular, more or +less crowded sporangia. Under the lens the warted, not reticulate, +spores are diagnostic. The elaters are quite constantly marked by +imperfect spirals.</p> + +<p>Our specimens are from the author of the species, and so far there +are none reported from outside Ohio.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> For other crucifers, see <i>Bull. Torr. Bot. Club</i>, xxi, pp. 76–8.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> See in reference to this whole matter, <i>Myxomycetenstudien</i> by E. Jahn, +No. 7, <i>Ceratiomyxa</i>, 1908. See also Olive, <i>Trans. Wis. Acad. of Sci. Arts +and Letters</i>, Vol. xv, pl. II, p. 771.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> See Jahn, <i>Myxomyceten Studien</i> No. 8, Berlin 1911.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> In discussing these species the reader may be referred to Professor +Harper's study of cytology, <i>Bot. Gazette</i>, vol. XXX., p. 217. It is probable +that in all these æthalioid forms the effect of disturbance, transfer to laboratory, +is likely to be quite pronounced. Giant spores are often seen, doubtless +due to arrested cleavage in the procedure described by Dr. Harper: a giant +spore is penultimate or antepenultimate in series; should, on this theory, occasionally, +at least, show more than one nucleus.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Prior to Persoon the physarums were variously referred: <i>Lycoperdon</i>, +<i>Sphaerocarpus</i>, <i>Trichia</i>, etc. It seems unnecessary to quote the synonymy +further here.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Persoon's first-named species is <i>P. aureum</i>; see <i>Römer Neu. Mag. f. d. +Bot.</i>, I., p. 88. 1794.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Fries (<i>Sum. Veg. Scand.</i>, p. 454) described the new genus in the following +words: Tilmadoche. Fr. Physari spec. S. M. Peridium simplex, tenerrimum +(<i>Angioridii</i>) irregulariter rumpens. Capillitium intertexto-compactum, +a peridio solutum liberum, sporisque inspersis fuscis. Columella o. +</p> + + +<ul> +<li>1. T. leucophæa. Fr.</li> + +<li>2. T. soluta. (Schum.)</li> + +<li>3. T. cernua. (Schum.)</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> See also <i>Inaug. Diss.</i>, H. Rönn, <i>Schr. d. Naturw. Ver. f. Schl. Holst.</i>, XV., +Hpt. I., p. 55, 1911.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Inasmuch as there has been decided difference of opinion in reference to +this particular species,—all judges readers of the same original description,—it +has seemed wise to submit an English translation from the celebrated +<i>Monograph loc. cit.</i> +</p><p> +"24. Physarum diderma <i>Rfski.</i> +</p><p> +"Sporangia sessile, globose, adnate by a narrow base, white. Peridium +double; the outer thick, strongly calcareous, very distinctly set off from the +thin inner one by an air-filled space; the calcareous nodules many, angular, +loosely developed within to form a pseudo-columella; spores dark violet, +spinescent, 9.2–10 in diameter. +</p><p> +"<i>Opis.</i> This physarum looks extremely like a diderma. +</p><p> +"The sporangia stand either aggregated or bunched together in heaps of +five to twelve, adnate to the hypothallus by a narrow base, etc." +</p><p> +Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 304, translated this description, but misunderstood what +is said of the columella and is inclined to think the author did not know a +diderma when he saw one; which is pretentious, to say the least!</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> See also, after all our trouble, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, LVII., p. 106.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> See Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, Vol. III., pp. 130, 137, Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 127, and <i>Rep. +N. Y. State Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 55.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> It would seem that M. Massee would have written <i>T. reniformis</i>, were +this authentic.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> For further synonymy, see under <i>P. auriscalpium</i>, No. 49.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Robt. E. Fries, <i>Ofvers. K. Vetens. Akad. Forh.</i>, 1899, No. 3, p. 225.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> The Polish author wrote Tilmadoche instead of Physarum in each case +cited.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Forms cited are chiefly those likely to be found in our neighboring tropics, +West Indies, etc.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> These little structures have a fairly architectural appearance and may be +called trabecules,—trabeculæ, little beams.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Dr. Cooke, who used the microscope, applied the <i>Monograph</i> description +to British forms occurring on leaves; proceeded further and found the same +situation in New York. Mr. Massee gives the species wide range with spores +8–10 µ; average 9 µ; only a fraction too large; evidently none 12–15 µ.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> If a sporangium of <i>L. tigrinum</i> be mounted in water and treated to weak +solution of hydro-chloric acid we may easily discover that the crystals, which +so wonderfully adorn the outer wall in this and other species, consist, in part +at least, of calcium carbonate. We may also discover that in the case before +us the crystal or scale lies indeed enclosed in a filmy sac of organic origin, and +that could we have seen the outer peridium as it came to form, we might probably +have found it made up largely of an ectosarcous foam in whose cavities +the excreted calcium found place for tabulate crystallization. In other species +listed, conditions are different, and the crystals assume a different shape. The +phrase "bicarbonate of lime" quoted in this connection in the former edition +of this work from Mr. Massee's <i>Monograph</i>, etc., is not clear.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Doubtless immature; <i>v. Mitteil. Naturwiss. Gesell. Wintert.</i>, VI., p. 64, +Lister quoted by Schinz.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Vid. <i>Mycologia</i>, N. Y., Vol. IX., p. 328.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> See <i>Addenda, d</i>, p. 282 following.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> In the <i>Mycetozoa</i>, 2nd ed., p. 158, is cited <i>Stemonitis virginiensis</i> Rex as a +synonym of this variety. By reference to p. 163 of the present volume the +Virginian stemonitis is left as Rex assigned it, and if the present variety be +synonymous, it should be quoted there. The treatment of the species <i>C. nigra</i> +in the second edition does not establish such fact, nor with three varieties +make for any increasing clearness.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> It had seemed less necessary to retain the classic orthography in this instance +since De Bary and Rostafinski both use <i>Diachea</i>. But modern scholarship +is nothing if not meticulous; it is the fashion in Latin still to keep the +digraph, even to the vexation of all men. In the same way when Bulliard +wrote <i>leucopodia</i>, 'white stockings', he doubtless meant to be exact.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> For this citation we are indebted to <i>Mr. Hugo Bilgram</i>.</p></div> +</div> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="ADDENDA" id="ADDENDA"></a>ADDENDA</h2> + + +<p>a. This volume is as we see, a descriptive list of the various +forms of the Myxomycetes in so far as these have come to the personal +notice of the writer.</p> + +<p>Each form is designated, as is usual in discussing objects of the +sort, by a particular binomial name, followed, in abbreviated form, +by the name of the student or author who in describing the form in +question used the combination. Thus <i>Stemonitis splendens</i> was first +described by Rostafinski, and the name he thus used is applicable to +the form he described, wherever found, and to <i>nothing else</i>.</p> + +<p>The proper naming of any specimen would thus appear to be a +very simple matter. Such, however, is often not the case, particularly +where we are concerned with species long familiar to science. +Such often have received, at different times, and at the hands of the +same author, or certainly of different authors, different names, given +for various reasons; so that one who would refer to, or discuss, a +single specimen to-day finds himself often in great uncertainty, confronted +by a multitude of binomial combinations all thought to refer +to the same particular thing.</p> + +<p>By general consent, of course, we strive to ascertain the oldest +name on the list; the first that is really and clearly applicable, and +we write all other names down as synonyms. In this volume a list +of synonyms often accompanies the description; precedes it, showing, +year by year, the history of the case; an abstract in fact of the title, +as at last approved. The preparation of such an abstract is very +troublesome, but is believed to be worth the trouble; must be made, +indeed, if we are ever in our discussions to be sure that when we +speak or write in America, we are dealing with the same thing intended +by the man who speaks or writes in England, or elsewhere.</p> + +<p>The space occupied in synonymy, is therefore by no means wasted. +By and by, if we succeed in establishing a nomenclature on which +competent judges can agree, a thing not at all improbable, almost<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> +now attained, the lists may gradually disappear as having historical +value only.</p> + +<p>b. Taxonomy, in any field, is of necessity concerned with history. +For his own sake, no student can ignore the thought and work of his +predecessors. No man ever sees nature in completeness, nor even the +small part of the world to which he devotes attention. He needs +every possible assistance, especially the observations of intelligent men. +The present author rejoices to acknowledge the assistance found in +volumes written in Europe during the last two hundred years. Such +men as Persoon, Bulliard, Schumacher, Schrader, Fries, are deservedly +famous; they laid the foundations of mycologic taxonomy. +No student can afford to miss <i>Elias Fries</i>; his genius, spirit and +scholarship entitle him to the recognition and sympathy of every lover +of the intellectual life.</p> + +<p>c. The considerations just mentioned may, indeed do, sometimes +act as a handicap to the American student, for the simple reason that +he comes later to the field of time. He must naturally defer to the +decision of men in Europe who are supposedly familiar with original +types. An American specimen is presumably the same as one occurring +elsewhere in similar latitude and environment. It becomes evident +after while that only in certain instances is this undoubtedly the +fact. The flora of the American continent has been sufficiently disjoined +in space and time from Europe to permit extensive differentiation +even in these minor forms, so that we have indeed in the groups +we study many species, some genera, definitely autochthonous, more +it is believed than are now suspected. An attempt to bring a specimen +under the terms of a species described in Western Europe is not +seldom an error. It becomes evident, as we go forward, that in +eastern North America there are forms not only not described in +European literature, but really not, part of European flora, not even +adventitiously.</p> + +<p>d. Many of the more minute species with which this volume has +to do are very elusive, very difficult; for one reason,—perhaps in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> +itself sufficient,—because of their minuteness, and consequent apparent +paucity. They may be common, but none the less seldom seen. The +comatrichas afford an illustration. There are several very small +species. <i>C. pulchella</i>, <i>C. laxa</i>, <i>C. ellisii</i> may be mentioned. <i>C. pulchella</i> +has been studied nearly a hundred years and has a synonymy +accordingly. In 1875 Rostafinski in the material, and among the +descriptions, thought he recognized two distinct forms, and went on to +give them names; the first in honor of Persoon, <i>C. persoonii</i>, should +show an ovate or ovate-cylindric outline with acuminate tip; the second +should be truncate and represent a type first described by Berkeley +under a name given by Babington, <i>C. pulchella</i>. Berkeley's drawing +shows a sporangium with tip acuminate! Lilac or violaceous tints +attracted attention in the spores of <i>C. persoonii</i> only; in <i>C. pulchella</i> +all is ferruginous. Curtis is especially commended for noticing the +fact in describing <i>S. tenerrima</i>, here included as we see.</p> + +<p><i>Comatricha gracilis</i> Wing. is slender, cylindric and has small spores +hardly reaching 6 µ; should perhaps be now set out as a separate +species; it is evidently purely an American phase.</p> + +<p>Our figures, <a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>., 16 and 16 <i>a</i>, 18 and 18 <i>a</i>, show <i>C. pulchella</i> +and <i>C. gracilis</i>, respectively, extremes. <a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII</a>., 4, shows +an ovate form not very unusual. This and <i>C. gracilis</i> occur on living +leaves.</p> + +<p><i>C. ellisii</i> is another of this minor series, very constant in its delicate +beauty, but approaches <i>C. nigra</i> rather than the others here discussed.</p> + +<p><i>C. laxa</i>, as the name implies, shows an open construction, suggested, +perhaps, by Rostafinski's photographic print, but better brought out +by Celakowsky, <i>Myx. Böhm.</i>, Tab. 2, Figs. 7 and 8.</p> + +<p>e. It has been shown<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> that the process of cell-division in the spore-plasm +of the myxomycete is not dissimilar to that obtaining under the +same conditions in higher plants. On this supposition we have explanation +of spore-division in <i>Ceratiomyxa</i> and can understand the +adherence of spores now and again notable. Once the latter phenomenon +was thought peculiar to the genus <i>Badhamia</i>; but the unsculptured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> +epispore of the spores of reticularias, tubiferas, etc., suggest +the same thing and more recently we find it in <i>Dianema</i> and in +the <i>Stemoniteæ</i>; even <i>Stemonitis</i> arrives with clustered spores in +groups of four, and we are in sight of a generalization wide.</p> + +<p>It is interesting to note that something of this sort was observed by +at least one student long ago. Schumacher, <i>Enum. Pl. Sell.</i> 2, p. +215, describes <i>Arcyria atra</i> with the characters of an enerthenema, and +says "the capillitial threads are some of them diffuse and bear +spermatic globules"! Did he anticipate <i>E. berkleyanum</i>? See the +text under that species at <a href="#Page_190">p. 190</a>, <i>supra</i>.</p> + +<p>f. In a paper read December, 1920, before the <i>Mycological</i> Division +of Section G., <i>A. A. A. S.</i>, the present writer discussed briefly +the physical principles involved in some of the more striking peculiarities +of the slime-moulds.</p> + +<p>It is argued in that paper that the shaping of stipitate sporangia +which is so surprising as relating to the ordinary behaviour of fluid +masses, as usually observed, is, in part at least, referable to certain +well known properties of fluids generally. For this discussion those +interested are referred to the article itself in the November number +of <i>Mycologia</i> (N. Y.).</p> + +<p>Sufficient to say here that it is a fact, in many cases, that in stipitate +fructification, so far as observed, the stipe is first to take form, +and, as viewed by the writer, in many cases, as it rises, becomes more +and more a most delicate but definite ectosarcate capillary tubule, by +which ascends the spore-plasm of the point concerned, to such level +as may meet the immediate conditions of pressure, of whatsoever +source.</p> + +<p>It will be interesting in this view to note the resultant shapes as +presented in the sporangia of various genera. One may examine for +illustrations Figs. 1, 3, 4, 7, <a href="#plXX">Pl. XX.</a>, with the thought in mind that +the stipe in each case may have served as a capillary tubule to carry +up the spore-plasm to the position in which the spores at length are +found. In some species of <i>Hemitrichia</i>, for instance, there are spores +or spore-like cells found at maturity in the hollow stipe. In other +cases the stipe contains refuse matter.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p> + +<p>The capillary theory may not, probably does not, play part in +every case. It would seem that a stemonitis, for example, must owe +the rise of the spore-plasm to the play of different machinery. <i>Brefeldia</i>, +<a href="#Page_154">p. 154</a> above, may offer suggestion.</p> + +<p>g. On page two of the introductory section of this volume mention +is made of the variety of colors shown in the vegetative phases of +the organisms we study. This fact is patent to all observers; but the +identity of the plasmodium making the display must be ascertained +by painstaking or prolonged and repeated observations. This for the +reason that, as I am convinced, only in comparatively few cases is the +color unchanged during the life-history of a given fructification. It +may sometimes change from hour to hour as development proceeds. +The color designated in the descriptive pages of this work is presumably, +unless as otherwise set out, that immediately preceding that +of the maturing fruit.</p> + +<p>As suggestive, and as, it is hoped, contributory to better knowledge +of this phase of our subject a list of species is here subjoined as presented +by my colleague, Professor Morton E. Peck of Oregon, who +has given unusual attention to this particular investigation.</p> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" summary="Plasmodium colors for given species."> +<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Species</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Plasmodium Colors</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum sinuosum</i></td><td align="left">light grey, nearly white, ivory white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum serpula</i></td><td align="left">greenish-yellow; yellow</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum virescens</i></td><td align="left">pale greenish-yellow; yellow</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum cinereum</i></td><td align="left">watery grey, becoming white; pallid</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum didermoides</i></td><td align="left">watery grey, becoming white; blue-white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum notabile</i></td><td align="left">pure white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum globuliferum</i></td><td align="left">greenish-yellow; yellow</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum leucopus</i></td><td align="left">light grey</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum pulcherrimum</i></td><td align="left">dark red</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum flavicomum</i></td><td align="left">greenish or brownish yellow</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum viride</i></td><td align="left">clear yellow</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum wingatense</i></td><td align="left">at first grey, then pure white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Badhamia orbiculata</i></td><td align="left">pale yellow, passing to white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarella oblonga</i></td><td align="left">brilliant yellow</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Mucilago spongiosa</i></td><td align="left">watery grey, then white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Didymium crustaceum</i></td><td align="left">white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Didymium squamulosum</i></td><td align="left">pale grey, watery white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Diderma floriforme</i></td><td align="left">grey tinged with yellow</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Stemonitis fusca</i></td><td align="left">white passing through blue to black<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Stemonitis smithii</i></td><td align="left">green to yellow to reddish purple</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Comatricha longa</i></td><td align="left">white, cream-yellow, reddish purple to dusky</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Comatricha irregularis</i></td><td align="left">white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Comatricha nigra</i></td><td align="left">white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Comatricha typhoides</i></td><td align="left">bluish white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Diachaea splendens</i></td><td align="left">pure white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Enerthenema papillatum</i></td><td align="left">colorless or greenish</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Reticularia lycoperdon</i></td><td align="left">white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Dictydiaethalium plumbeum</i></td><td align="left">colorless, pink, salmon, rose, orange, chocolate brown</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Lindbladia effusa</i></td><td align="left">brown, lead-colored</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Tubifera ferruginosa</i></td><td align="left">watery white, scarlet, brown, almost black</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Cribraria dictydioides</i></td><td align="left">clear dark green</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Cribraria tenella</i></td><td align="left">watery, dark plumbeous, bronze</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Cribraria cuprea</i></td><td align="left">red</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Arcyria nutans</i></td><td align="left">white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Arcyria denudata</i></td><td align="left">watery white, then flesh-color</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Arcyria cinerea</i></td><td align="left">grey, then white</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Trichia varia</i></td><td align="left">colorless, then white</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>h. In a few instances references to illustration do not find place +in connection with the descriptive matter. One phase of <i>Physarum +albescens</i> is figured on <a href="#plIII">Pl. III</a>.; <i>Mucilago</i> will be found portrayed on +<a href="#plVII">Pl. VII</a>.; <i>Physarum viride</i> on <a href="#plVIII">Pl. VIII</a>.</p> + +<p>j. The group before us has research possibilities not a few. The +question of their nutrition and its limits in respect of variety, is +yet to be solved. From present indications all that can be said is to +the effect that a pabulum similar in variety, no doubt meets the +needs of many species. Whether in artificial culture a single base +as gelatin or agar would suffice for all or several is yet to be discovered.</p> + +<p>Whether a species brought from spore to maturity on artificial +diet would conform in any reasonable way to our dim concept of its +identity is also, it would seem, a problem. The variation in the +field would seem to make it doubtful.</p> + +<p>From the table immediately preceding it is plain that there is +place for doubt. Color it is surmised is of itself everywhere incidental; +the structure, which maintains identity or the reverse, lies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> +deeper, although color may be none the less, in some way a resultant, +and therefore in so far a reliable taxonomic guide.</p> + +<p>The treatment of our subject so far by no means exhausts the +possibilities of even the simpler phases of microscopic study. We +have endeavored to appreciate the work of those who hand us the +literature of the group, and to recognize what such keen-eyed men +have seen; but in our western and southern forests there are probably +double as many species, as species go, as we have listed.</p> + +<p>The entire group is, as it would seem, in highest measure worthy of +investigation and comprehension, and should it at any time prove +that to such accomplishment the present volume may have been +in any smallest way contributory, the author's satisfaction will be +complete indeed.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Farr. <i>Cell-division in Pol. Mother-cells, Cobæa scandens, Bull. Tor. Bot. +Cl.</i>, Vol. 47, pp. 325–38.</p></div> +</div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2> + + +<p class="center">NATURAL ORDERS, <span class="smcap">etc</span>.</p> + +<ul> +<li><span class="smcap">Cribrariales</span>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Exosporeæ</span>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Lycogalales</span>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Physarales</span>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Phytomyxinæ</span>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Stemonitales</span>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li><span class="smcap">Trichiales</span>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> +</ul> + + + +<p class="center">GENERA</p> + +<dl style="margin-left:2.5em;"> + <dt><span class="smcap">Alwisia</span>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dt> + <dd><i>Alwis</i>; personal.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Amaurochæte</span>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="amauros">αμαυρος</ins>, dusky, and <ins title="chaitê">χαιτη</ins>, hair. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Arcyria</span>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="arkyon">αρκυον</ins> a net. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Badhamia</span>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></dt> + <dd><i>C. D. Badham</i>; personal.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Brefeldia</span>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt> + <dd><i>O. Brefeld</i>; personal.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Calonnema</span>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="kalos">καλος</ins>, beautiful, and <ins title="nêma">νημα</ins>, a thread. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Ceratiomyxa</span>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="keration">κερατιον</ins>, a small horn, and <ins title="myxa">μυξα</ins>, mucus. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Cienkowskia</span>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt> + <dd><i>Leon Cienkowski</i>; personal</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Clastoderma</span>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="klastos; klaotos in original.">κλαστος</ins>, broken, and <ins title="derma">δερμα</ins>, dermis, skin or covering. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Colloderma</span>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="kolla">κολλα</ins>, glue, and <ins title="derma">δερμα</ins>, dermis, covering.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Comatricha</span>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="komê">κομη</ins>, and <ins title="thrix">θριξ</ins>, both words meaning hair. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Craterium</span>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="kratêr">κρατηρ</ins>, a vessel. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Cribraria</span>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dt> + <dd><i>cribrum</i>, a sieve. Lat.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Diachaea</span>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="diacheiu">διαχειυ</ins>, to pour out; the application not patent. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Dianema</span>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="dia">δια</ins>, through or across, and <ins title="nêma">νημα</ins>, thread. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Dictydium</span>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="diktyon">δικτυον</ins>, a net. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Dictydiæthalium</span>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></dt> + <dd>Dictydium and æthalium; the latter from <ins title="aithalos">αιθαλοσ</ins>, sooty. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Diderma</span>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="dis">δις</ins>, twice or twofold, and <ins title="derma">δερμα</ins>, as above. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Didymium</span>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="didymos">διδυμος</ins>, double. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Echinostelium</span>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="echinos; echiuos in original.">εχινος</ins>, a sea-urchin, and <ins title="stêlion">στηλιον</ins>, (?), a handle or stem. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Enerthenema</span>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="enerthe">ενερθε</ins>, below, and <ins title="nêma">νεμα</ins>, a thread.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Enteridium</span>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="enteron">εντερον</ins> the intestine. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Fuligo</span>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt> + <dd>fuligo, soot. Lat.</dd> + <dt><i><b>Hemiarcyria</b></i>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="hêmi">ἡεμι</ins>, half, and Arcyria.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Hemitrichia</span>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="hêmi">ἡεμι</ins>, half, and Trichia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span></dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Heterotrichia</span>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="heteros">ἑτερος</ins>, other, and Trichia.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Lachnobolus</span>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="lachnos; lanchos in original.">λαχνος</ins>, woolly, and <ins title="bôlos">βωλος</ins>, a lump. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Lamproderma</span>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="lampros">λαμπρος</ins>, shining, and <ins title="derma">δερμα</ins>, as above. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Leocarpus</span>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="leios">λειος</ins>, smooth, and <ins title="karpos">καρπος</ins>, fruit. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Lepidoderma</span>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="lepis">λερις</ins>, a scale, and <ins title="derma; depma in original.">δερμα</ins>, a covering. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Licea</span>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></dt> + <dd>said to be Latin; <i>licium</i>, a thrum, a girdle.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Lindbladia</span>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></dt> + <dd><i>A. Lindblad</i>; personal.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Lycogala</span>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="lykos">λυκος</ins>, a wolf, and <ins title="gala">γαλα</ins>, <ins title="a, milk in original.">milk</ins>. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Margarita</span>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="margaritês">μαργαριτης</ins>, a pearl. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Mucilago</span>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt> + <dd><i>mucilago</i>, musty juice. Lat.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Oligonema</span>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="oligos">ολιγος</ins>, few, and <ins title="nêma">νημα</ins>, a thread. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Ophiotheca</span>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="ophis">οφις</ins>, a serpent, and <ins title="thêkê">θηκη</ins>, a case. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Orcadella</span>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="orka">ορκα</ins>, a cask (?). Diminutive.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Perichæna</span>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="peri">περι</ins>, around, and <ins title="chainein">χαινειν</ins>, to crack open. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Physarum</span>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="physa">φυσα</ins>, a bladder, something inflated.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Physarella</span>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt> + <dd>Diminutive of <i>Physarum</i>.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Plasmodiophora</span>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="plasma">ρλασμα</ins>, something formed, and <ins title="phoros">φορος</ins>, that bears. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Prototrichia</span>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="prôtos">πρωτος</ins>, first, and <i>Trichia</i>.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Reticularia</span>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></dt> + <dd><i>reticulum</i>, a small net. Lat.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Stemonitis</span>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></dt> + <dd>Like a stamen.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Tilmadoche</span>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="tilma">τιλμα</ins>, lint, and <ins title="dochê">δοχη</ins>, containing. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Trichia</span>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></dt> + <dd><ins title="ophix; tricha may be better?">οφιξ</ins>, hair. Gr.</dd> + <dt><span class="smcap">Tubifera</span>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></dt> + <dd><i>tubus</i>, a tube, and <i>fero</i>, I bear. Lat.</dd> +</dl> + +<p class="center"><a name="index_sp" id="index_sp"></a>GENERA AND SPECIES</p> + +<ul> + <li><b><i>Æthaliopsis,</i></b>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>stercoriformis</i> Zopf., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Æthalium</i></b>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>flavum</i> Link., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + <li><i>septicum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Alwisia</span>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>. + <ul> + <li>bombarda <i>Berk. & Br.</i>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Amaurochæte</span>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>atra</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149.</a></li> + <li><i>cribrosa</i> (Fr.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + <li>fuliginosa (<i>Sow.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> + <li>tubulina (<i>Alb. & Schw.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + <li><i>minor</i> Sacc. & Ell., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Angioridium</i></b>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>sinuosum</i> Grev., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Arcyria</span>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>albida</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> + <li><i>bicolor</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> + <li>cinerea (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> + <li>conglobosa <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> + <li><i>decipiens</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> + <li>denudata (<i>L.</i>) <i>Sheld.</i>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li> + <li>digitata (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> + <li>ferruginea <i>Sauter.</i>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li> + <li><i>flava</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> + <li><i>gabriellae</i> Rav., <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li> + <li><i>globosa</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> + <li>incarnata <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> + <li>insignis <i>Kalchbr. & Cke.</i>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> + <li><i>leucocephala</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + <li>magna <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></li> + <li>nodulosa <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li> + <li>nutans (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Grev.</i>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> + <li>œrstedtii <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> + <li>pomiformis (<i>Leers</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> + <li><i>punicea</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li> + <li><i>stipata</i>, List., <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li> + <li>versicolor <i>Phill.</i>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li> + <li><i>vitellina</i> Phill., <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><span class="smcap">Badhamia</span>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>. + <ul> + <li>affinis <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + <li>capsulifera (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Berk.</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + <li>chrysotricha <i>Berk. & C.</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + <li>decipiens (<i>Curt.</i>) <i>Berk.</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + <li><i>decipiens</i> Berk., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, 63.</li> + <li>foliicola <i>G. List.</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> + <li>gracilis <i>var. Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + <li><i>hyalina</i> (Pers.) Berk., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + <li>iowensis <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + <li>inaurata <i>Currey</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + <li>lilacina (<i>Fr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + <li>macrocarpa (<i>Ces.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + <li><i>macrocarpa</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + <li>magna <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + <li>nitens <i>Berk.</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + <li><i>nodulosa</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + <li>orbiculata <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + <li>ovispora <i>Racib.</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + <li>panicea (<i>Fr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + <li>papaveracea <i>Berk. & R.</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + <li><i>penetralis</i> Cke. & Ell., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li>populina <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> + <li>rubiginosa (<i>Chev.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> + <li>subaquila <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + <li>utricularis (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Berk.</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> + <li><i>varia</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + <li><i>verna</i> Fries, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + <li>versicolor <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Brefeldia</span>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>. + <ul> + <li>maxima (<i>Fr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Byssus.</i></b> + <ul> + <li><i>fruticulosa</i> Fl. Dan., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><span class="smcap">Calonema</span>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>. + <ul> + <li>aureum <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Ceratiomyxa</span>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>. + <ul> + <li>arbuscula <i>Berk. & Br.</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + <li>filiforma <i>Berk. & Br.</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + <li>fruticulosa (<i>Muell.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + <li><i>mucida</i> Schroet., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + <li>porioides (<i>Alb. & Schw.</i>) <i>Schroet.</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Ceratium</i></b>, + <ul> + <li><i>hydnoides</i> Alb. & Schw., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + <li><i>porioides</i> Alb. & Schw., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Chondrioderma</i></b>, see Diderma. + <ul> + <li><i>aculeatum</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + <li><i>calcareum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + <li><i>crustaceum</i> (Peck) Berl., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> + <li><i>globosum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li><i>michelii</i> (Lib.) Rost., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + <li><i>niveum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + <li><i>radiatum</i> (L.) Rost., <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> + <li><i>reticulatum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> + <li><i>roanense</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> + <li><i>rugosum</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + <li><i>sauteri</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + <li><i>stromateum</i> (Link.) Rost., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + <li><i>testaceum</i> (Schrad.) Rost., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + <li><i>trevelyani</i> (Grev.) Rost., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Cienkowskia</span>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>. + <ul> + <li>reticulata (<i>Alb. & Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Cionium</i></b>, + <ul> + <li><i>xanthopus</i> Ditm., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Clastoderma</span>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>. + <ul> + <li>debaryanum <i>Blytt.</i>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Clathroptychium</i></b>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>rugulosum</i> (Wallr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Clathrus.</i></b> + <ul> + <li><i>adnatus</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li> + <li><i>denudatus</i> L., <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li> + <li><i>ramosus</i> Retz., <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Clavaria</i></b>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>byssoides</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + <li><i>puccinia</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Colloderma</span>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>. + <ul> + <li>oculatum (<i>Lipp.</i>) <i>G. List.</i>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Comatricha</span>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>. + <ul> + <li>aequalis <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + <li>caespitosa <i>Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + <li><i>crypta</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> + <li>cylindrica (<i>Bilgr.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + <li>elegans (<i>Racib.</i>) <i>G. List.</i>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + <li><i>ellisiana</i> (Cke.) Ell. & Ev., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>ellisii <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + <li>flaccida (<i>List.</i>) <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + <li><i>friesiana</i> (DBy.) Rost., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> + <li><i>gracilis</i> Wing, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + <li>irregularis <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + <li>laxa <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + <li>longa <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li> + <li>nigra (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Schroet.</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + <li><i>obtusata</i> (Preuss.) List., <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + <li><i>persoonii</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + <li>pulchella (<i>Bab.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + <li>rubens <i>List</i>., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + <li><i>shimekiana</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + <li><i>stemonitis</i> (Scop.) Shel., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + <li>subcaespitosa <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + <li>suksdorfii <i>Ell. & Ev.</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + <li><i>typhina</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + <li>typhoides (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Cornuvia</i></b>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>circumscissa</i> (Wallr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> + <li><i>wrightii</i> (Berk. & C.) Rost., <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Crateriachaea.</i></b> + <ul> + <li><i>crateriachaea mutabilis</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Craterium</span>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>. + <ul> + <li>aureum (<i>Schum.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + <li><i>citrinellum</i> List., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + <li>concinnum <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> + <li><i>confusum</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + <li><i>convivale</i> (Batsch) Morg., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + <li><i>cylindricum</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + <li>leucocephalum (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Ditm.</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + <li><i>lilacinum</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + <li><i>maydis</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + <li>minimum <i>Berk. & C.</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + <li>minutum (<i>Leers</i>) <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + <li><i>mutabile</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + <li><i>nodulosum</i> (C. & B.) Morg., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + <li><i>obovatum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + <li><i>paraguayense</i> (Speg.) List, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + <li><i>pedunculatum</i> Trent., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + <li><i>rubescens</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + <li><i>rubiginosum</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + <li><i>vulgare</i> Ditm., <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Cribraria</span>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>. + <ul> + <li>argillacea Pers., <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> + <li>aurantiaca <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> + <li><i>cernua</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> + <li>cuprea <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> + <li>dictydioides <i>Cke. & Balf.</i>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> + <li>elegans <i>Berk. & C.</i>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> + <li>intricata (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> + <li>languescens <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> + <li>macrocarpa <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> + <li>microcarpa (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> + <li><i>microscopica</i> <i>Berk. & C.</i>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> + <li><i>minima</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> + <li>minutissima <i>Schw.</i>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> + <li>piriformis <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> + <li>purpurea <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li> + <li>rufa (<i>Roth</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li> + <li>splendens (Schrad.) Pers., <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> + <li>tenella <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> + <li>violacea <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> + <li><i>vulgaris</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Cytidium.</i></b> + <ul> + <li><i>melleum</i> (Berk. & Br.) Morg., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + <li><i>ravenelii</i> (Berk. & C.) Morg., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + <li><i>rufipes</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Morg., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><b><i>Dermodium</i></b>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>conicum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><ins title="Diachafa in original."><span class="smcap">Diachaea</span></ins>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>. + <ul> + <li>bulbillosa (<i>Berk. & Br.</i>) <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + <li><i>caespitosa</i> List., <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + <li><i>cylindrica</i> (Bilgr.) List., <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + <li><i>elegans</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> + <li>leucopodia (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li> + <li>splendens <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + <li>subsessilis <i>Pk.</i>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> + <li>thomasii <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Dianema</span>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>. + <ul> + <li>andersoni <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> + <li>corticatum <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> + <li>harveyi <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Dictydiaethalium</span>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>. + <ul> + <li>plumbeum (<i>Schum.</i>) <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Dictydium</span>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>. + <ul> + <li>cancellatum (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> + <li>cancellatum cancellatum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span></li> + <li>cancellatum purpureum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + <li>cancellatum prolatum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> + <li><i>cernuum</i> Nees, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> + <li><i>longipes</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> + <li><i>microcarpon</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> + <li><i>splendens</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> + <li><i>umbilicatum</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Diderma</span>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>albescens</i> Phill., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + <li>asteroides <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + <li><i>brunneolum</i> Phill., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + <li>cinereum <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + <li><i>citrinum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> + <li><i>conglomeratum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + <li><i>contextum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + <li>cor-rubrum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> + <li>crustaceum <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li> + <li><i>difforme</i> (Pers.) Morg., <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + <li>effusum (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + <li>floriforme (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + <li><i>geasteroides</i> Phill., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + <li>globosum <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + <li><i>globuliferum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li> + <li><i>granulatum</i> (Schw.) Fr., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + <li>hemisphericum (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Horne.</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + <li><i>laciniatum</i> Phill., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + <li>lyallii <i>Mass.</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + <li><i>mariae-wilsoni</i> Clinton, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + <li><i>minutum</i> (Schum.) Fr., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + <li>niveum (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + <li><i>oblongum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + <li>ochraceum <i>Hoffm.</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> + <li><i>ochroleucum</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + <li><i>persoonii</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + <li>radiatum (<i>L.</i>) <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> + <li><i>reticulatum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + <li>reticulatum (Rost.) Morg., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> + <li>roanense (<i>Rex</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> + <li><i>rufipes</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Fr., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + <li>rugosum (<i>Rex</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + <li>sauteri (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + <li>simplex List., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + <li>spumarioides <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + <li><i>squamulosum</i> Alb. & Schw., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> + <li><i>stellare</i> (Schrad.) Pers., <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> + <li>testaceum (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + <li>trevelyani (<i>Grev.</i>) Fr., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + <li><i>vernicosum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Didymium</span>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>. + <ul> + <li>anellus <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + <li>annulatum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + <li>anomalum <i>Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> + <li><i>chrysopeplum</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + <li><i>cinereum</i> (Batsch) Fr., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + <li>clavus (<i>Alb. & Schw.</i>) <i>Rabh.</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> + <li>complanatum (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> + <li><i>connatum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> + <li>crustaceum <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> + <li>difforme <i>Duby</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + <li>dubium <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + <li><i>effusum</i> Link., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> + <li><i>erythrinum</i> Berk., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + <li><i>excelsum</i> Jahn, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> + <li>eximium <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> + <li><i>farinaceum</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> + <li>fulvum <i>Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li> + <li><i>glaucum</i> Phill., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> + <li><i>gyrocephalum</i> Mont., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + <li><i>hemisphericum</i> (Bull.) Fr., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + <li>intermedium <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> + <li><i>lateritium</i> Berk. & Rav., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + <li>leoninum <i>Berk. & Br.</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> + <li><i>melanopus</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> + <li>melanospermum (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> + <li><i>melleum</i> Berk. & Br., <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + <li><i>michelii</i> Lib., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + <li><i>microcarpon</i> (Fr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + <li>minus <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> + <li><i>nigripes</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + <li>nigripes (<i>Link</i>) <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + <li><i>obrusseum</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + <li><i>oculatum</i> Lipp., <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + <li><i>paraguayense</i> Speg., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + <li><i>polycephalum</i> (Schw.) Fr., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + <li><i>polymorphum</i> Mont., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + <li><i>proximum</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + <li>quitense (<i>Pat.</i>) <i>Torr.</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> + <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> <i>ravenelii</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + <li><i>serpula</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> + <li>squamulosum (Alb. & Schw.) Fr., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> + <li><i>stellare</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> + <li><i>tenerrimum</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + <li><i>testaceum</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li> + <li><i>tigrinum</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + <li>trochus <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + <li>wilczekii <i>Meylan</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + <li>xanthopus (<i>Ditm.</i>) <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + <li><i>zeylanicum</i> Berk. & Br., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Diphtherium.</i></b> + <ul> + <li><i>flavofuscum</i> Ehr., <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><span class="smcap">Echinostelium</span>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>. + <ul> + <li>minutum DeBary, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Enerthenema</span>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>. + <ul> + <li>berkeleyanum <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + <li><i>elegans</i> Bowm., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + <li>papillatum (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + <li><i>syncarpon</i> Sturg., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Enteridium</span>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>cinereum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + <li>minutum <i>Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> + <li>olivaceum <i>Ehr.</i>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> + <li><i>rozeanum</i> (Rost.) Wing., <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> + <li>splendens <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Erionema</span>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>. + <ul> + <li>aureum <i>Penz.</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><span class="smcap">Fuligo</span>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>. + <ul> + <li>cinerea (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + <li><i>ellipsospora</i> List., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + <li>flava <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + <li>intermedia <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + <li>laevis <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + <li>megaspora <i>Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + <li>muscorum <i>Alb. & Schw.</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + <li><i>ochracea</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + <li>ovata (<i>Schaeff.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + <li><i>plumbea</i> Schum., <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> + <li>rufa <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> + <li>septica (<i>L.</i>) <i>Gmel.</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + <li><i>varians</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + <li><i>varians</i> Sommf., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> + <li>violacea <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><b><i>Hemiarcyria</i></b>, see next, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li> + <li><span class="smcap">Hemitrichia</span>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>ablata</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> + <li>clavata (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> + <li><i>funalis</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> + <li>intorta <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> + <li>karstenii <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> + <li>leiocarpa <i>Cooke</i>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> + <li><i>longifila</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> + <li>montana Morg., <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li> + <li><i>obscura</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> + <li>ovata (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> + <li><i>plumosa</i> (Morg.), <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> + <li><i>rubiformis</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li> + <li>serpula (<i>Scop.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> + <li>stipata (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li> + <li>stipitata <i>Mass.</i>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li> + <li><i>varneyi</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> + <li>vesparium (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li> + <li><i>wigandii</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Heterotrichia</span>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>. + <ul> + <li>gabriellae (<i>Rav.</i>) <i>Mass.</i>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><b><i>Isaria.</i></b> + <ul> + <li><i>mucida</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><span class="smcap">Lachnobolus</span>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>congesta</i> Berk. & Br., <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> + <li><i>cribrosus</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + <li>globosus (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li> + <li><i>incarnatus</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Schroet., <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> + <li>occidentalis <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Lamproderma</span>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>arcyrioides</i> (Sommf.) Morg., <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + <li><i>arcyrioides iridea</i> Cke., <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + <li>arcyrionema <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> + <li>columbinum (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + <li><i>ellisiana</i> Cke., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li> + <li><i>irideum</i> (Cke.) Mass., <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + <li><i>minutum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + <li>physaroides (<i>Alb. & Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + <li>robustum <i>Ell. & Ev.</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> + <li><i>sauteri</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> + <li>scintillans (Berk. & Br.) List., <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + <li>violaceum (<i>Fr.</i>) Rost., <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Leangium.</i></b> + <ul> + <li><i>stipatum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li> + <li><i>trevelyani</i> Grev., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Leocarpus</span>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>. + <ul> + <li>fragilis (<i>Dicks.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> + <li><i>fragilis</i> Link., <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + <li><i>fulvus</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + <li><i>vernicosum</i> Link., <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Lepidoderma</span>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>. + <ul> + <li>carestianum Rost., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + <li>chailletii Rost, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> + <li><i>stellatum</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + <li>tigrinum (<i>Schrad.</i>) Rost., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Licea</span>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>. + <ul> + <li>biforis <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> + <li><i>effusa</i> Ehr., <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> + <li>minima <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> + <li><i>ochracea</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + <li>pusilla <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> + <li><i>rugulosa</i> Wallr., <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li> + <li><i>stipitata</i> Berk. & R., <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> + <li>variabilis <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Lindbladia</span>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>. + <ul> + <li>effusa (<i>Ehr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> + <li><i>tubulina</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Lycogala</span>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>atrum</i> Alb. & Schw., <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> + <li>conicum <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li> + <li><i>contortum</i> Ditm., <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li> + <li>epidendrum (<i>Buxb.</i>) <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li> + <li>exiguum <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li> + <li>flavofuscum (<i>Ehr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> + <li><i>miniata</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> + <li><i>terrestre</i> Fries, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Lycoperdon</i></b>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>cinereum</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + <li><i>complanatum</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> + <li><i>corticale</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> + <li><i>epidendron</i> (Buxb.) L., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li> + <li><i>favogineum</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> + <li><i>fragile</i> Dicks., <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + <li><i>fuliginosum</i> Sow., <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> + <li><i>pusillum</i> Hedw., <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> + <li><i>radiatum</i> L., <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> + <li><i>vesparium</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><span class="smcap">Margarita</span> + <ul> + <li>metallica (<i>Berk. & Br.</i>) <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Mucilago</span>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>. + <ul> + <li>spongiosa (<i>Leyss.</i>) <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Mucor</i></b>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>cancellatus</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> + <li><i>ovatus</i> Schaeff., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + <li><i>pomiformis</i> Leers, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> + <li><i>septicus</i> L., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + <li><i>serpula</i> Scop., <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> + <li><i>spongiosus</i> Leyss., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + <li><i>stemonitis</i> Scop., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><span class="smcap">Oligonema</span>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>. + <ul> + <li>brevifilum <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> + <li>flavidum (<i>Peck</i>) <i>Mass.</i>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li> + <li>fulvum <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> + <li>nitens (<i>Lib.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Ophiotheca</span>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>. + <ul> + <li>chrysosperma <i>Currey</i>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> + <li><i>pallida</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> + <li><i>umbrina</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> + <li>vermicularis (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> + <li>wrightii <i>Berk. & C.</i>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Orcadella</span>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>. + <ul> + <li>operculata <i>Wing.</i>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Orthotrichia</i></b>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>microcephala</i> Wing., <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><span class="smcap">Perichaena</span>, + <ul> + <li><i>caespitosa</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> + <li>corticalis (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> + <li>depressa <i>Lib.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> + <li><i>flavida</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li> + <li><i>incarnata</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Fr., <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> + <li><i>irregularis</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> + <li>marginata <i>Schw.</i>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li> + <li><i>pallida</i> (Schw.) Rost., <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> + <li><i>populina</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> + <li>quadrata <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> + <li><i>vaporaria</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Physarella</span>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>mirabilis</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + <li>oblonga (<i>Berk. & C.</i>) <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Physarum</span>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. + <ul> + <li>aeneum (<i>List.</i>) <i>R. G. Fries</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + <li>affine <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span></li> + <li>albescens <i>Ell.</i>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + <li><i>albicans</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + <li><i>album</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> + <li>alpinum <i>G. List.</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> + <li><i>atrorubrum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + <li><i>atrum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> + <li><i>aurantium</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + <li><i>aureum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + <li>auriscalpium <i>Cke.</i>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + <li><i>berkeleyi</i> (Rost.) List., <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> + <li>bethelii (<i>Macbr.</i>) <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + <li>bitectum <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> + <li><i>bivalve</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + <li>bogoriense <i>Racib.</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> + <li>brunneolum <i>Phill.</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + <li><i>caespitosum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + <li><i>calidris</i> List., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> + <li>carneum <i>List. & Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + <li><i>cernuum</i> (Schum.) Fr., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + <li><i>chrysopeplum</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + <li><i>chrysotrichum</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + <li>cinereum (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + <li><i>cinereum</i> Ell. & Ev., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li> + <li>citrinellum <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + <li>citrinum <i>Schum.</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + <li><i>clavus</i> Alb. & Schw., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> + <li><i>columbinum</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + <li><i>columbinum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + <li><i>compactum</i> List., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + <li>compressum <i>Alb. & Schw.</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + <li>confertum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> + <li><i>confluens</i> (Pers.) Morg., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + <li>conglomeratum (<i>Fr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + <li><i>connatum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + <li><i>connexum</i> (Link.) Morg., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + <li>contextum <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + <li>crateriforme <i>Petch.</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + <li><i>cupripes</i> Berk. & R., <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> + <li><i>decipiens</i> Curt., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + <li>dictyospermum <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + <li>diderma <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + <li>didermoides (<i>Ach.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> + <li>discoidale <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + <li><i>ditmari</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + <li>echinosporum <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + <li><i>effusum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + <li><i>ellipsosporum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + <li><i>erythrinum</i> Berk., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + <li><i>farlowii</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + <li><i>flavidum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + <li>flavicomum <i>Berk.</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> + <li><i>flavum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + <li><i>fulvum</i> <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + <li><i>galbeum</i> <i>Wing.</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + <li><i>glaucum</i> (Phill.) Mass., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> + <li>globuliferum (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + <li><i>griseum</i> Link., <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + <li>gulielmae <i>Penzig</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li> + <li>gyrosum <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + <li><i>hyalinum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + <li><i>inaequale</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + <li>instratum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + <li>lateritium (<i>Berk. & Br.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + <li>leucophaeum <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + <li><i>leucophaeum</i> (Fr.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + <li>leucopus <i>Link.</i>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> + <li>lilacinum <i>Sturg. & Bilg.</i>, not Fr., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + <li><i>lividum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> + <li><i>luteum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + <li>luteo-album <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + <li><i>macrocarpon</i> Cesati, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>; Fuckel, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + <li>maculatum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> + <li><i>maydis</i> Torr., <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + <li>megalosporum <i>Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + <li><i>melanospermum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> + <li>melleum (<i>Berk. & Br.</i>) <i>Mass.</i>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + <li><i>microcarpon</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + <li>mortoni <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + <li>murinum <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + <li>mutabile (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> + <li><i>nefroideum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + <li>newtoni <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> + <li>nicaraguense <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + <li><i>nigripes</i> Link., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + <li>nodulosum <i>Cke. & Balf.</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> + <li>notabile <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + <li>nucleatum <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + <li>nutans <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></li> + <li>oblatum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + <li><i>oblongum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> + <li><i>obrusseum</i> (Berk. & C.) Rost., <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + <li><i>ochroleucum</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + <li><i>ornatum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + <li><i>paniceum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + <li>penetrale <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + <li><i>petersii</i> Berk. & C, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + <li><i>phillipsii</i> Balf., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> + <li><i>physaroides</i> Alb. & Schw., <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> + <li>plumbeum <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + <li>polycephalum <i>Schw.</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + <li><i>polymorphum</i> (Mont.) Rost., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + <li><i>polymorphum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + <li><i>psittacinum</i> Ditm., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> + <li>pulcherrimum <i>Berk. & Rav.</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + <li><ins title="pulchripes in original.">pulcherripes</ins> <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + <li><i>pusillum</i> List., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> + <li><i>ravenelii</i> (Berk. & C.) Mass., <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + <li><i>reniforme</i> List., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> + <li><i>reticulatum</i> Alb. & Schw., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + <li>roseum <i>Berk. & Br.</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + <li><i>rostafinskii</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + <li><i>rubiginosum</i> Chev., <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + <li><i>rufipes</i> Alb. & Schw., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + <li><i>schumacheri</i> Spreng., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> + <li><i>scyphoides</i> Cke. & Balf., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + <li>serpula <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li> + <li>sinuosum (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Weinm.</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + <li>straminipes List., <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li> + <li>striatum <i>Fries</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> + <li><i>stromateum</i> Link, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + <li><i>sulphureum</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Sturg., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + <li><i>tenerum</i> Rex., <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> + <li>tenerum <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + <li><i>testaceum</i> Sturg., <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + <li><i>thejoteum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + <li>tropicale <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> + <li><i>utriculare</i> (Bull.) Chev., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> + <li>variabile <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> + <li>vernum <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + <li><i>vermicularis</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li> + <li>viride <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + <li><i>virescens</i> Ditm., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + <li>wingatense <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Plasmodiophora</span>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>. + <ul> + <li>brassicae <i>Wor.</i>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Protoderma.</i></b> + <ul> + <li><i>pusilla</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Prototrichia</span>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>flagellifera</i> (Berk. & Br.) Rost., <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> + <li>metallica (<i>Berk.</i>) <i>Mass.</i>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Puccinia</i></b>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>byssoides</i> Gmel., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + <li><i>ramosa</i>, etc., Mich., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><b><i>Raciborskia.</i></b> + <ul> + <li><i>elegans</i> Berl., <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Reticularia</span>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>alba</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + <li><i>atra</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + <li><i>cribrosa</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + <li><i>flavofusca</i> (Ehr.) Fr., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li> + <li><i>hemispherica</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + <li>lycoperdon <i>Bull.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li> + <li><i>maxima</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + <li><i>rozeana</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> + <li><i>sinuosa</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li> + <li><i>splendens</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Rostafinskia</i></b>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>elegans</i> Racib., <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><b><i>Scyphium.</i></b> + <ul> + <li><i>rubiginosum</i> (Chev.) Rost., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Siphotychium</i></b>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>casparyi</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Sphaerocarpus.</i></b> + <ul> + <li><i>albus</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + <li><i>aurantius</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + <li><i>capsulifer</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + <li><i>chrysospermus</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> + <li><i>cylindricus</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> + <li><i>floriformis</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + <li><i>fragilis</i> Sowb., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li> + <li><i>globuliferus</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + <li><i>luteus</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + <li><i>utricularis</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> + <li><i>viridis</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Spumaria</i></b>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>alba</i> (Bull.) DC., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + <li><i>didermoides</i> (Ach.) Pers., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> + <li><i>granulata</i> Schum., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></li> + <li><i>licheniformis</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> + <li><i>minuta</i> Schum., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + <li><i>mucilago</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Stemonitis</span>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>alba</i> (Bull.) Gmel., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + <li><i>argillacea</i> (Pers.) Gmel., <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li> + <li>axifera (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> + <li><i>bäuerlinii</i> Mass. (?), <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + <li><i>botrytis</i> (Pers.) Gmel., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li> + <li>carolinensis <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + <li><i>castillensis</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> + <li>confluens <i>Cke. & Ell.</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li>dictyspora <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + <li><i>digitata</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> + <li>fenestrata <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + <li><i>ferruginea</i> Ehr., <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + <li><i>ferruginosa</i> Batsch., <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> + <li>flavogenita <i>Jahn</i>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + <li><i>friesiana</i> DBy., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + <li>fusca (<i>Roth.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> + <li>herbatica <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> + <li><i>leucocephala</i> (Pers.) Gmel., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + <li><i>maxima</i> Schw. (?), <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + <li><i>microspora</i> List., <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + <li><i>morgani</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + <li><i>nigra</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + <li>nigrescens <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> + <li><i>ovata nigra</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + <li>pallida <i>Wing.</i>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li> + <li><i>papillata</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> + <li>pulchella <i>Bab.</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + <li><i>scintillans</i> Berk. & Br., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> + <li>smithii <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li> + <li>splendens <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + <li><i>splendens</i> var. <i>confluens</i> List., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + <li><i>suksdorfii</i> Ell. & Ev., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> + <li><i>tenerrima</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + <li><i>tenerrima</i> Curt., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + <li>trechispora (<i>Berk.</i>) <i>Torr.</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li> + <li><i>tubulina</i> Alb. & Schw., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> + <li><i>typhina</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + <li><i>typhina</i> Wig., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + <li><i>typhoides</i> (Bull.) DC., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + <li>uvifera <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + <li>varia (Pers.) Gmel., <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li> + <li><i>violacea</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> + <li>virginiensis <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + <li><i>viridis</i> (Bull.) Gmel., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + <li>webberi <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<ul> + <li><span class="smcap">Tilmadoche</span>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>alba</i> (Bull.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + <li><i>bethelii</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + <li><i>cernua</i> (Schum.) Fr., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + <li><i>columbina</i> (Berk. & C.) Rost., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + <li><i>compacta</i> Wing., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li> + <li><i>gyrocephala</i> (Mont.) Rost., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + <li><i>hians</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + <li><i>mutabilis</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + <li><i>nutans</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> + <li><i>oblonga</i> (Berk. & C.) Rost., <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + <li><i>polycephala</i> (Schw.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + <li><i>viridis</i> (Bull.) Sacc., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Tremella</i></b>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>hydnoides</i> Jacq., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Trichamphora</i></b>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>oblonga</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + <li>pezizoidea <i>Jungh.</i>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Trichia</span>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>abietina</i> Wig., <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> + <li><i>abrupta</i> Cke., <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> + <li><i>affinis</i> DBy., <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> + <li>andersoni <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> + <li><i>aurea</i> Schum., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + <li><i>axifera</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> + <li>botrytis <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> + <li><i>cernua</i> Schum., <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> + <li><i>chrysosperma</i> (Bull.) Rost., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> + <li><i>cinerea</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li> + <li><i>circumscissa</i> Wallr., <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li> + <li><i>clavata</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li> + <li>contorta (<i>Ditm.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li> + <li>decipiens (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> + <li>erecta <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> + <li><i>fallax</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> + <li>favoginea (<i>Batsch</i>) Pers., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> + <li><i>flagellifera</i> Berk. & Br., <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li> + <li><i>fragilis</i> (Sowb.) Rost., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> + <li>inconspicua <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> + <li>iowensis <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li> + <li><i>jackii</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> + <li>lateritia <i>Lév.</i>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> + <li><i>leucopodia</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></li> + <li><i>nana</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> + <li><i>nigripes</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li> + <li><i>nitens</i> Lib., <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> + <li><i>nutans</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li> + <li><i>ovata</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> + <li>persimilis <i>Karst.</i>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> + <li><i>proximella</i> Karst., <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> + <li>pulchella <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> + <li><i>pusilla</i> Schroet., <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> + <li><i>pyriformis</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li> + <li><i>reniformis</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li> + <li><i>rubiformis</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li> + <li>scabra <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> + <li><i>serpula</i> (Scop.) Pers., <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li> + <li>subfusca <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li> + <li><i>typhoides</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> + <li>varia (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li> + <li>verrucosa <i>Berk.</i>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><span class="smcap">Tubifera</span>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>. + <ul> + <li>casparyi (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> + <li>ferruginosa (Batsch) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> + <li>stipitata (<i>B. & R.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> + </ul></li> + <li><b><i>Tubulina</i></b>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>. + <ul> + <li><i>cylindrica</i> (Bull.) DC., <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> + <li><i>fragiformis</i> (Pers.) List., <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li> + <li><i>stipitata</i> (Berk. & Rav.) Rost., <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> + </ul></li> +</ul> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span></p> + +<p> </p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="PLATES" id="PLATES"></a>PLATES<br /><br /> + +<span style="font-size:.5em;">TO ILLUSTRATE</span><br /><br /> + +NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Plates I., II., IV., VI., VII., VIII., IX., X., were originally +by <span class="smcap">Miss Mary P. Macbride</span>; Plates V., XI., XII., were +by <span class="smcap">Mrs. Hattie J. Douglass</span>; Plates XIII., XIV., XV., XVI., +XVII., were by the late <span class="smcap">Mrs. Bertha E. Linder Pumphrey</span>; +Plate III. was the joint work of <span class="smcap">Mrs. Pumphrey</span> and <span class="smcap">Miss +Macbride</span>. All these, except IV., have been re-drawn for new +plates; XVI., with additions, by <span class="smcap">Miss Margaret Hayes</span>; the +remainder by <span class="smcap">Mr. W. J. Calvin</span>, C. E. Plate XVIII. is by <span class="smcap">Miss +Hayes</span>; Plate XIX. by Miss <span class="smcap">A. M. Held</span>; Plate XX. by <span class="smcap">Miss +Jane Coventry</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE I</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Enteridium splendens</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_211">p. 211.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Æthalium, natural size.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Spore of the same species, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Capillitium of the same species, × 420.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dictydiæthalium plumbeum</i> (Fr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_215">p. 215.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Æthalium, natural size.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. Sporangia and spores, × 50 (after Schroeter).</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. Persistent apices of the peridia.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Lindbladia effusa</i> (Ehr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_204">p. 204.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. A group of sporangia, × 30.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Tubifera ferruginosa</i> (Batsch) Macbr., <a href="#Page_206">p. 206.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 5.</p> + +<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plVII">Plate VII</a>., Fig. 8; and <a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>., Fig. 14.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria dictydioides</i> Cke. & Balf., <a href="#Page_222">p. 222.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Three sporangia, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A single sporangium, to show reticulate thickening, × 60.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. A spore, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dictydium cancellatum</i> (Batsch) Macbr., <a href="#Page_230">p. 230.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. Sporangium, × 30.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A part of the peridial wall, seen from within, × 84.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa</i> (Muell.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_19">p. 19.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. Three sporiferous pillars, × about 40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. Tip of a single pillar, × 84.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Hemitrichia stipata</i> (Schw.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_262">p. 262.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 8. Sporangia, × 6.</p> + +<p>Fig. 8 <i>a</i>. The capillitium of the same species, × 750.</p> + +<p>Fig. 8 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1000.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plI"> +<a href="images/pl01.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl01-s.jpg" width="300" height="470" alt="PLATE I" title="PLATE I" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE I</span> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE II</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Perichaena corticalis</i> (Batsch) Rost., <a href="#Page_243">p. 243.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. A single spore, as if in section, × 900.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. The capillitial thread, × 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Lachnobolus occidentalis</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_246">p. 246.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. The sporangia, × 8.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A portion of the capillitium, × 750.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. Spores, × 750.</p> + +<p class="seealso">See also 4 and 4 a below.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Arcyria cinerea</i> (Bull.) Pers., <a href="#Page_254">p. 254.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. The expanded fructifications, × 5.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. Tip of a single capillitium mass, × 40.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Lachnobolus occidentalis</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_246">p. 246.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. A cluster of sporangia, × 3; cylindric type.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 750; to show characteristic +surface of the threads.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Arcyria denudata</i> (Linn.) Pers., <a href="#Page_253">p. 253.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia, two expanded, one still closed, × 20.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A part of the capillitium of the same species, +× 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Arcyria nutans</i> (Bull.) Grev., <a href="#Page_249">p. 249.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. Expanded capillitium, etc., × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 750.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A piece of the capillitium thread, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Ophiotheca wrightii</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_241">p. 241.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. A single sporangium, × 8.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. A node of the capillitial thread, × 750.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>b</i>. A spore, × 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Oligonema nitens</i> (Lib.) Rost., <a href="#Page_280">p. 280.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 8. A single elater, × 750.</p> + +<p>Figs. 8 <i>a</i> and 8 <i>b</i>. Spores, × 1000.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Badhamia macrocarpa</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_37"><ins title="p. 7. in original.">p. 37.</ins></a></p> + +<p class="center">Var. <i>gracilis</i>.</p> + +<p>Fig. 9. Two sporangia, × 600.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plII"> +<a href="images/pl02.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl02-s.jpg" width="300" height="473" alt="PLATE II" title="PLATE II" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE II</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE III</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Hemitrichia clavata</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_264">p. 264.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Three sporangia, one closed, × 8.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Hemitrichia vesparium</i> (Batsch) Macbr., <a href="#Page_262">p. 262.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Tip of the elater of capillitial thread, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Trichia iowensis</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_269">p. 269.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. A cluster of sporangia, × 5.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. Tip of a branching elater, × 750.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 750.</p> + +<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plX">Plate X</a>., Fig. 5.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Hemitrichia serpula</i> Scop., <a href="#Page_260">p. 260.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. A plasmodiocarp, × 3.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. An elater-tip, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Trichia inconspicua</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_268">p. 268.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. A cluster of sporangia, × 12.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. Tip of an elater, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum oblatum</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_91">p. 91.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. A single sporangium, × 20; stipe shown of unusual length.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p> + +<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV</a>., Fig. 3.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> (Cke.) Lister, <a href="#Page_90">p. 90.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. A single sporangium, × 20; a New York specimen.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Arcyria nodulosa</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_252">p. 252.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 8. Capillitial thread, × 1200.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plIII"> +<a href="images/pl03.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl03-s.jpg" width="300" height="483" alt="PLATE III" title="PLATE III" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE III</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Trichia persimilis</i> Karst., <a href="#Page_271">p. 271.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Var. intermedia, × about 6.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Spore of same species, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. A second spore to show varying episporic network.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>c</i>. Tip of elater, shows vertical connecting bands.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Trichia decipiens</i> (Pers.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_276">p. 276.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Sporangia, × about 8.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A spore of the same species, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i> and 2 <i>c</i>. Elaters of the same species, × about 225.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Trichia varia</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_270">p. 270.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. Sporangia, × about 8.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A spore of the same species, × 1000.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>b</i>. An elater of the same species, × 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Trichia scabra</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_271">p. 271.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. Sporangia, × about 8.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A single spore of the same species, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. An elater-tip of the same, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Trichia favoginea</i> (Batsch) Pers., <a href="#Page_272">p. 272.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia, × about 8.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A single spore of the same, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. A single elater-tip of the same, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Trichia persimilis</i> Karst., var <i>abrupta</i> Cke., <a href="#Page_271">p. 271.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. An elater-tip, × 1400. It will be noticed that the spirals are +connected by vertical bars.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A single spore of the same variety, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A single spore, from the same sporangium as 6 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>c</i>. Trichia persimilis, a single spore, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>d</i>. Tip of an elater from the same, × 1400.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plIV"> +<a href="images/pl04.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl04-s.jpg" width="300" height="494" alt="PLATE IV" title="PLATE IV" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE IV</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE V</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Lamproderma arcyrionema</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_197">p. 197.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. A single sporangium seen as if in section, × 40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Lamproderma scintillans</i> (Berk. & Br.) List., <a href="#Page_195">p. 195.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. A single sporangium seen as in section, × 40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Enerthenema papillatum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_190">p. 190.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. An expanded, blown-out sporangium, × 25.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Lamproderma robustum</i> Ell. & Ev., p.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4. A sporangium seen as in section, × 20.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha laxa</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_177">p. 177.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. A sporangium seen as if in section, × 40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 2000.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diachaea thomasii</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_188">p. 188.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. Three sporangia magnified about 15 times.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A single spore of the same species, × 800.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Brefeldia maxima</i> (Fries) Rost., <a href="#Page_154">p. 154.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, showing columellæ; × 5.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. Capillitial threads of the same species, × 300.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>b</i>. Spore of the same species, × 1500.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Amaurochæte fuliginosa</i> (Sowb.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_149">p. 149.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 8. A bit of so-called capillitium, × 300.</p> + +<p>Fig. 8 <i>a</i>. A single spore magnified about 1000 times.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plV"> +<a href="images/pl05.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl05-s.jpg" width="300" height="495" alt="PLATE V" title="PLATE V" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE V</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha typhoides</i> (Bull.) Rost., <a href="#Page_181">p. 181.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, × 5.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1600.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Tip of the columella with its branches, × 50.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha longa</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_175">p. 175.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. A single empty sporangium, × 6.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A part of the same taken near the apex, × 60.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. A spore, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha aequalis</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_180">p. 180.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. A single sporangium, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. The columella and capillitium, × 60.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1600.</p> + +<p>Figs. 3 <i>c</i> and 3 <i>d</i>. Sporangia to which the peridium still adheres, although in +3 <i>c</i> in shreds.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis fusca</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_160">p. 160.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 3.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A part of the columella and capillitium, × 60.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis axifera</i> (Bull.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_168">p. 168.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. A group of sporangia, × 3.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. A part of the capillitium with columella, × 60.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis splendens</i>, <a href="#Page_164">p. 164.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, × 3.</p> + +<p>Figs. 6 <i>a</i> and 6 <i>c</i>. Single spores, the latter × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A part of the columella and branches, × 60.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7. A shorter variety of the same species with coarser meshes in capillitium, +× 3.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. A part of the columella and net, × 60.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plVI"> +<a href="images/pl06.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl06-s.jpg" width="300" height="473" alt="PLATE VI" title="PLATE VI" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE VI</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diachaea splendens</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_187">p. 187.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Sporangia and hypothallus, × 25.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 50.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Spores, × 900.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>c</i>. Portion of the capillitium, × 150.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Didymium nigripes</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_123">p. 123.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Sporangia, × 30.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A spore, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. Calcareous crystals from the peridial wall, × 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Didymium melanospermum</i> (Pers.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_121">p. 121.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. Sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × about 1000.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diderma testaceum</i> (Schrad.) Pers., <a href="#Page_137">p. 137.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. Sporangia; the first exhibiting the two peridial walls and the +spore-mass, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. Spore, × 750.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. Capillitial threads, × 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diderma globosum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_134">p. 134.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia; the first with the outer peridium broken away, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mucilago spongiosa</i> (Leyss.) Morg., <a href="#Page_114">p. 114.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. An æthalium, borne on a grass-stem, natural size.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A spore, × 750.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. Capillitium, with surface calcareous crystals, × 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diderma crustaceum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_135">p. 135.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. A mass of clustered sporangia, to show habit of aggregation, natural +size.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Tubifera ferruginosa</i> (Batsch) Macbr., <a href="#Page_206">p. 206.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 8. A single spore, × 1400.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plVII"> +<a href="images/pl07.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl07-s.jpg" width="300" height="477" alt="PLATE VII" title="PLATE VII" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE VII</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diderma floriforme</i> (Bull.) Pers., <a href="#Page_143">p. 143.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Sporangia of various ages, × 5.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Spore of the same species, × 1000.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. A capillitial thread, × 1000.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum polycephalum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_95">p. 95.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. The sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. Spores, × 750.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. Capillitium, × 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Leocarpus fragilis</i> (Dicks.) Rost., <a href="#Page_112">p. 112.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. Sporangia, × 6.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A group of sporangia, natural size, to show habit.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1800.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarella oblonga</i> (Berk. & C.) Morg., <a href="#Page_109">p. 109.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. A single sporangium, × 8.</p> + +<p>Figs. 4 <i>a</i> and 4 <i>b</i>. Capillitium and spore respectively, × 900.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Craterium leucocephalum</i> (Pers.) Ditmar, <a href="#Page_105">p. 105.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia, the first closed, × 10.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum sinuosum</i> (Bull.) Weinm., <a href="#Page_52">p. 52.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. Plasmodiocarp, natural size; 6 <i>a</i>, × 4; see also <a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>., Fig. 15.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum virescens</i> Ditmar, <a href="#Page_61">p. 61.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. Groups of sporangia, × 3 and × 8.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. Spores, × 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum viride</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_98">p. 98.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 8. A single sporangium, × 25; 8 <i>a</i>, reverse.</p> + +<p>Fig. 8 <i>b</i>. The same after spore-dispersal.</p> + +<p>Fig. 8 <i>c</i>. Capillitium, × 750.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plVIII"> +<a href="images/pl08.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl08-s.jpg" width="300" height="483" alt="PLATE VIII" title="PLATE VIII" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE VIII</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum didermoides</i> (Ach.) Rost., <a href="#Page_78">p. 78.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Sporangia, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. A single sporangium open; shows calcareous capillitium, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Spores, × 900.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum notabile</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_80">p. 80.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. A cluster of sporangia, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A single sporangium open, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. Spores, × 900.</p> + +<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXV">Plate XV</a>., Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, and the frontispiece.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum contextum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_56">p. 56.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. A group of sporangia, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. Spores of the same, × 600.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum cinereum</i> (Batsch) Pers., <a href="#Page_59">p. 59.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 4.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A single sporangium, × 20.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. Capillitium of the same, × 240.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>c</i>. Spores, × 450.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum albescens</i> Ellis, <a href="#Page_86">p. 86.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia, × 5.</p> + +<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>., Figs. 4 and 4 <i>a</i>.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. Spore of the same species, × 450.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. Capillitium of the same, × 240.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum serpula</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_49">p. 49.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. Plasmodiocarps, about natural size.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A bit of the plasmodiocarp, showing structure, × 6.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A spore of the same species, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum leucopus</i> Link., <a href="#Page_79">p. 79.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. A single sporangium, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. A spore of the same species, × 900.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>b</i>. A fragment of the capillitium.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plIX"> +<a href="images/pl09.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl09-s.jpg" width="300" height="480" alt="PLATE IX" title="PLATE IX" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE IX</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE X</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Badhamia rubiginosa</i> (Chev.) Rost., <a href="#Page_43">p. 43.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, × 5.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Two sporangia, same species, × 18, to show persisting capillitium.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Capillitium fragment, × 240.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>c</i>. Spore of the same species, × 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Fuligo septica</i> (L.) Gmel.; form <i>laevis</i>, <a href="#Page_29">p. 29.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. An æthalium, natural size.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A section of the same, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. A spore of the same, × 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Fuligo cinerea</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_26">p. 26.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. A small æthalium borne upon a blade of grass, natural size.</p> + +<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXXIII">Plate XXIII</a>.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. Capillitial fragment from the same specimen, × 450.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>b</i>. Spores of the same, × about 750.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Didymium minus</i> List., <a href="#Page_121">p. 121.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. A single sporangium, × 25.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. The capillitium and fragment of the peridium of the same species, +× 380.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. A spore of the same species, × 1000.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Trichia iowensis</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_269">p. 269.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Tip of an elater, × 1400.</p> + +<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plIII">Plate III</a>, 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Badhamia papaveracea</i> Berk. & Rav., <a href="#Page_42">p. 42.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. Sporangia, a cluster, × 8.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A cluster of spores, × 400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A single spore of the same, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Reticularia lycoperdon</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_210">p. 210.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. A fragment of the capillitium, × 240.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. A single spore of the same species, × 1400.</p> + +<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>., Fig. 3.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plX"> +<a href="images/pl10.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl10-s.jpg" width="300" height="473" alt="PLATE X" title="PLATE X" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE X</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha nigra</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_178">p. 178.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2. A single sporangium as in section, × 60.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3. A single spore, × 1600.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis confluens</i> Ell. & Cke., <a href="#Page_158">p. 158.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A thread of capillitium with adhering disk, × 30.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5. A spore of the same, × 2000.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis webberi</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_163">p. 163.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, × 4.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7. A single sporangium as in section, × 40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 8. A single spore, same species, × 1250.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha suksdorfii</i> Ell. & Ev., <a href="#Page_178">p. 178.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 9. A group of sporangia, × 4.</p> + +<p>Fig. 10. A bit of the capillitium, × 60.</p> + +<p>Fig. 11. A single spore, × 1600.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha cæspitosa</i> Sturg., <a href="#Page_172">p. 172.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 12. A cluster of sporangia, × 4.</p> + +<p>Fig. 13. The capillitium highly magnified.</p> + +<p>Fig. 14. A single spore, × 1600.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXI"> +<a href="images/pl11.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl11-s.jpg" width="300" height="474" alt="PLATE XI" title="PLATE XI" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE XI</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Lindbladia effusa</i> (Ehr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_204">p. 204.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Fructification, natural size.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Portion of same in section, × 3.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Reticularia lycoperdon</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_210">p. 210.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. Residual capillitial structure, the spores blown away; about natural +size.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Enteridium splendens</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_211">p. 211.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. Fructification, a large one, natural size.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Same in section, × 3.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Arcyria ferruginea</i> Sauter, <a href="#Page_253">p. 253.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. Three sporangia, magnified about 10 times.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A single spore, magnified.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. Capillitial thread.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Licea variabilis</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_200">p. 200.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. Sporangia, magnified about 6 times.</p> + +<p>Fig. 8. Spore, magnified to show surface characters.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Tubifera casparyi</i> (Rost.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_207">p. 207.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 9. A group of sporangia; shows the pseudo-columellæ; × about 5.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Licea biforis</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_201">p. 201.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 10. Sporangia dehiscent, magnified about 10 times.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Orcadella operculata</i> Wing., <a href="#Page_203">p. 203.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 11. Sporangia, magnified about 30 times.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria argillacea</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_218">p. 218.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 12. Sporangia, magnified about 10 times.</p> + +<p>Fig. 13. A single sporangium, × about 40.</p> + +<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>., Fig. 1.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Tubifera ferruginosa</i> (Batsch) Macbr., <a href="#Page_206">p. 206.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 14. Sporangia magnified to show apiculate tops. Cf.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha ellisii</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_184">p. 184.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 15. Sporangium, × 40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 15 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha pulchella</i> (Bab.) Rost, <a href="#Page_183">p. 183</a>; vid. <a href="#Page_284">p. 284.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 16. Sporangium, × 20.</p> + +<p>Fig. 16 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha subcaespitosa</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_185"><ins title="p. 282. in original.">p. 185.</ins></a></p> + +<p>Fig. 17. Sporangium, × 20.</p> + +<p>Fig. 17 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha gracilis</i> Wingate, <a href="#Page_183">p. 183.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 18. Sporangium, × 20.</p> + +<p>Fig. 18 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXII"> +<a href="images/pl12.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl12-s.jpg" width="300" height="484" alt="PLATE XII" title="PLATE XII" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE XII</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Heterotrichia gabriellæ</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_257">p. 257.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, one expanded, the others empty, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Capillitium of the species, × 600.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Calonema aureum</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_266">p. 266.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. A cluster of sporangia, magnified about 15 times.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. The tip of an elater of the same species, × 1000.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>c</i>. A bit of the sporangium wall, × 600.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis pallida</i> Wing., <a href="#Page_169">p. 169.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. Sporangia, magnified about 5 times.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha pulchella</i> (Bab.) Rost., form <i>C. persoonii</i> R., <a href="#Page_183">p. 183.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. Sporangia, magnified about 15 times.</p> + +<p>See Addenda, d, <a href="#Page_283">p. 283.</a></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis carolinensis</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_170">p. 170.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia, magnified about 5 times.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Clastoderma debaryanum</i> Blytt., <a href="#Page_191">p. 191.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. Sporangium, magnified about 60 times.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Trichia contorta</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_269">p. 269.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. Tip of an elater, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. Spore of the same species, × 1400.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Trichia botrytis</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_274">p. 274.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 8. Tip of the elater, × 1400.</p> + +<p>Fig. 8 <i>a</i>. Spore of the same species, × 1400.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXIII"> +<a href="images/pl13.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl13-s.jpg" width="300" height="475" alt="PLATE XIII" title="PLATE XIII" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE XIII</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Badhamia magna</i> Peck., <a href="#Page_38">p. 38.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. A cluster, of sporangia, × 10.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cienkowskia reticulata</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., <a href="#Page_111">p. 111.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Plasmodiocarp, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A bit of the capillitium of the same, × 800.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum oblatum</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_91">p. 91.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. Sporangia, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A piece of capillitium, × 800.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1000. The roughness much exaggerated.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Badhamia orbiculata</i> Rex., <a href="#Page_37"><ins title="p. 66. in original.">p. 37.</ins></a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum newtoni</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_73">p. 73.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. A group of sporangia, × 16.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. A bit of the capillitium, × 800.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum maculatum</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_77">p. 77.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. A cluster of sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A piece of the capillitial net, × 800.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 800.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Lepidoderma tigrinum</i> (Schrad.) Rost., <a href="#Page_145">p. 145.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, × 20.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXIV"> +<a href="images/pl14.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl14-s.jpg" width="300" height="474" alt="PLATE XIV" title="PLATE XIV" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE XIV</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum confertum</i> Macbr. <i>n. n.</i>, <a href="#Page_64">p. 64.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Sporangia on a bit of leaf, × 4.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 800.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum notabile</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_80">p. 80.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. A group of sporangia, stipitate form, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum flavicomum</i> Berk., <a href="#Page_93">p. 93.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. A cluster of sporangia, one closed, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum tropicale</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_82">p. 82.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. Sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 800.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Craterium minutum</i> (Leers) Fr., <a href="#Page_107">p. 107.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia, the stalks unusually long, × 15.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum penetrale</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_70">p. 70.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. A group of sporangia; the calcareous crust has fallen in all.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A single sporangia, enlarged to show columella, × 20.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum nicaraguense</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_83">p. 83.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, strongly calcareous, × 800.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p> + +<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXVII">Pl. XVII</a>., Figs 11 and 11 <i>a</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXV"> +<a href="images/pl15.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl15-s.jpg" width="300" height="485" alt="PLATE XV" title="PLATE XV" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE XV</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarella oblonga</i> (Berk. & C.) Morgan, <a href="#Page_109">p. 109.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Fully opened sporangium, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Tubular sporangia closed, × 5.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Transverse section of sporangium; shows trabecular calcareous +nodules of the capillitium, × 15.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Craterium cylindricum</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_106">p. 106.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum wingatense</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_72">p. 72.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. Group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum albescens</i> Ellis, <a href="#Page_86">p. 86.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. Group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. Capillitium of the same species, × 200.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dianema harveyi</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_238">p. 238.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. Clustered spores, D. corticatum, × 500.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. Capillitial threads and spores, D. harveyi, × 200.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>c</i>. Twisted, spirally striate single threads, × 500; <i>D. corticatum</i>, List.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarella oblonga</i> Berk. & C., <a href="#Page_109">p. 109.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. Terrestial, plasmodiocarpous phase, × 10.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum megalosporum</i> Sturg., <a href="#Page_63">p. 63.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. Group of sporangia, × 8.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. Capillitium and spores, × 150.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Didymium complanatum</i> (Batsch) Rost., <a href="#Page_116">p. 116.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 8. Capillitial structure, × 200.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum wingatense</i>, <a href="#Page_72">p. 72.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 9. Sporangium, × 20, enlarged to show dehiscence.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Didymium xanthopus</i> (Ditm.) Fr., <a href="#Page_123">p. 123.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 10. Sporangium—diagram to show columella, × 20.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Didymium eximium</i> Pk., <a href="#Page_124">p. 124.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 11. Group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 11 <i>a</i>. Section of sporangium, × 30; diagram.</p> + +<p>Fig. 11 <i>b</i>. Spore, × 750.</p> + +<p class="center">Comatricha elegans (Racib.) List., <a href="#Page_182">p. 182.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 12. A single sporangium, × 20.</p> + +<p class="center">Clastoderma debaryanum, <a href="#Page_191">p. 191.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 13. Sporangium, seen in section, × 20.</p> + +<p class="center">Stemonitis herbatica Pk., <a href="#Page_171">p. 171.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 14. Group of sporangia, × 2.</p> + +<p>Fig. 14 a. The same enlarged to show general outline.</p> + +<p>Fig. 14 b. The same; capillitial section, × 20.</p> + +<p>Fig. 14 c. A single spore, × 1000.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXVI"> +<a href="images/pl16.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl16-s.jpg" width="300" height="480" alt="PLATE XVI" title="PLATE XVI" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE XVI</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria argillacea</i> (Pers.) Schrad., <a href="#Page_218">p. 218.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Sporangium, highly magnified.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria macrocarpa</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_219">p. 219.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Sporangium, highly magnified.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria aurantiaca</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_221">p. 221.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. Sporangium containing spores, × 30.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_226">p. 226.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. Sporangium containing spores, × 30.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria tenella</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_225">p. 225.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Sporangium containing spores, × 40.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria minutissima</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_220">p. 220.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. A single sporangium calyculate, × 50.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A smaller sporangium without calyx, with spore-mass.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria cuprea</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_229">p. 229.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. A single sporangium, × 50.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria violacea</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_227">p. 227.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 8. A single sporangium, × 40.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria piriformis</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_224">p. 224.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 9. A single sporangium, × 30.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Perichaena depressa</i> (Libert) Rost., <a href="#Page_242">p. 242.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 10. A cluster of sporangia, one open, × 8.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum nicaraguense</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_83">p. 83.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 11. Single sporangium, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 11 <i>a</i>. A cluster of sporangia and hypothallus, × 5.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXVII"> +<a href="images/pl17.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl17-s.jpg" width="300" height="489" alt="PLATE XVII" title="PLATE XVII" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE XVII</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Margarita metallica</i> (Berk. & Br.) List., <a href="#Page_237">p. 237.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Capillitium and spores, × 300.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diderma cor-rubrum</i> n. s., <a href="#Page_140">p. 140.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. A group of sporangia, × 15.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diderma asteroides</i> List., <a href="#Page_143">p. 143.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. Sporangia-spread, × 6.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. Same sporangia still unopened, × 4.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha laxa</i> Rost., Cf. <a href="#plV">Pl. V</a>., 5 & 5 <i>a</i>, <a href="#Page_184">p. 184.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. Sporangia, × 10.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diderma lyallii</i> (Mass.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_136">p. 136.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. Capillitium and spores, × 200.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Lepidoderma chailletii</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_146">p. 146.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. Capillitium and spores, × 150.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 800.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Didymium anellus</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_117">p. 117.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diderma radiatum</i> Linn., <a href="#Page_141">p. 141.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 8. A group of sporangia, × 8.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum diderma</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_55">p. 55.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 9. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diderma rugosum</i> (Rex) Macbr., <a href="#Page_144">p. 144.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 10. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Diderma niveum</i> (Rost.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_137">p. 137.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 11. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 11 <i>a</i>. Spore and Capillitium, × 600.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Prototrichia metallica</i> (Berk.) Mass., <a href="#Page_258">p. 258.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 12. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 12 <i>a</i>. Same; capillitium and spores, × 300.</p> + +<p>Fig. 12 <i>b</i>. Tip of a capillitium thread to show spiral markings and end-fraying, × 800.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Comatricha aequalis</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_180">p. 180.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 13. A group of sporangia, × 5.</p> + +<p>Fig. 13 <i>a</i>. Sporangium tip, capillitium, × 200.</p> + +<p>Fig. 13 <i>b</i>. Spore, × 800.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum compressum</i> Alb. & Schw., <a href="#Page_80">p. 80.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 14. A group of sporangia to show compressed form, × 10.</p> + +<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>., Fig. 12.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXVIII"> +<a href="images/pl18.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl18-s.jpg" width="300" height="485" alt="PLATE XVIII" title="PLATE XVIII" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE XVIII</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Dictydium cancellatum</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_230">p. 230.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. The finest phase, as the form appears in the Mississippi valley, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Sporangium of the same seen from below, × 35.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Sporangium—same—seen from above, × 35.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>c</i>. Cribraria-like net from the top, × 200.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Vertical section of what is believed the typical European form, × 20.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3. An ellipsoidal piriform phase—var. <i>prolatum</i>, × 15.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum compressum</i> Alb. & Schw. form <i>P. affine</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_80">p. 80.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 12.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 600.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. Capillitium, same species, × 300.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Alwisia bombarda</i> Berk. & Br., <a href="#Page_209">p. 209.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Open sporangia, × 6.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. Sporangium of same enlarged to show capillitium, × 20.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria dictydiodes</i> Cke. & Balf., <a href="#Page_222">p. 222.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, × 6.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. Single sporangium of same—lateral view, × 25.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. Same; base view, × 30.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria aurantiaca</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_221">p. 221.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. Single sporangium, × 30.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria rufa</i> (Roth) Rost., <a href="#Page_220">p. 220.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 8. Sporangium, × 30.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria piriformis</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_224">p. 224.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 9. Sporangium, × 30.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Cribraria splendens</i> (Schrad.) Pers., <a href="#Page_221">p. 221.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 10. Sporangium, × 30.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Echinostelium minutum</i> DeBy., <a href="#Page_198">p. 198.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 11. Several sporangia, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 11 <i>a</i>. Vertical section, after Rost., × 500.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum compressum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_80">p. 80.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 12. Sporangium, × 20, to show dehiscence.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Didymium anomalum</i> Sturg., <a href="#Page_127">p. 127.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 13. Plasmodiocarps, about natural size.</p> + +<p>Fig. 13 <i>a</i>. Diagrammatic vertical section, etc., to show the calciferous pillars +distinguishing the species, × 200.</p> + +<p>Fig. 14. Calcic crystal—enlarged.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum sinuosum</i> (Bull.) Weinm., <a href="#Page_52">p. 52.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 15. Plasmodiocarps passing to sporangia, × 5.</p> + +<p class="seealso">Cf. <a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII</a>., 6 and 6 <i>a</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum bitectum</i> List., <a href="#Page_53">p. 53.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 16. Plasmodiocarps as in 15, showing <ins title="transional in original.">transitional</ins> phases, × 10.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXIX"> +<a href="images/pl19.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl19-s.jpg" width="300" height="496" alt="PLATE XIX" title="PLATE XIX" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE XIX</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Badhamia iowensis</i> n. s., <a href="#Page_36">p. 36</a>.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Sporangia several presentations, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 200.</p> + +<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Single spore, × 500.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum mortoni</i> n. s., <a href="#Page_58">p. 58.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 2. A group of sporangia, × 20.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 200.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum discoidale</i> n. s., <a href="#Page_74">p. 74.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 3. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 800.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Didymium annulatum</i> n. s., <a href="#Page_125">p. 125.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 4. Group of sporangia, × 15.</p> + +<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. Capillitium and spores, × 200.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Oligonema brevifilum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_280">p. 280.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 5. Capillitium, × 800.</p> + +<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. The same.</p> + +<p>Fig. 12 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 800.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Amaurochaete tubulina</i> (Alb. & Schw.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_150">p. 150.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 6. Capillitium and spores, × 200.</p> + +<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. Spore, × 1200.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Physarum brunneolum</i> (Phill.) Mass., <a href="#Page_58">p. 58.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 7. Group of sporangia.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. The same, mature, dehiscence beginning, × 10.</p> + +<p>Fig. 7 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 800.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis uvifera</i> n. s., <a href="#Page_161">p. 161.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 8. Colony, natural size.</p> + +<p>Fig. 8 <i>a</i>. Capillitium and spore-clusters, × 30.</p> + +<p>Fig. 8 <i>b</i>. Single spore-cluster, × 600.</p> + +<p>Fig. 8 <i>c</i>. Spore, × 1000.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis trechispora</i> Berk., <a href="#Page_160">p. 160.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 9. Fructification—natural size.</p> + +<p>Fig. 9 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, branch and threads, × 20—the spores enlarged.</p> + +<p>Fig. 9 <i>b</i>. Netted spore, × 1000. Masking as an amaurochete; <i>A. trechispora</i> +perhaps; compare 11, etc., below.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis flavogenita</i> Jahn, <a href="#Page_169">p. 169.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 10. A group of sporangia, × 3.</p> + +<p>Fig. 10 <i>a</i>. Capillitium showing columella-tip, × 50.</p> + +<p>Fig. 10 <i>b</i>. Spore, × 1200.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis trechispora</i> (Berk.) Torr., <a href="#Page_159">p. 159.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 11. A group of sporangia, × 3.</p> + +<p>Fig. 11 <i>a</i>. Diagram of a single sporangium, a less rudimentary specimen, × 40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 11 <i>b</i>. Capillitium enlarged to show branching columella, × 40.</p> + +<p>Fig. 11 <i>c</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Arcyria pomiformis</i> (Leers) Rost., <a href="#Page_255">p. 255.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 12. A globose colony of sporangia, × 10; var. <i>conglobosa</i>.</p> + +<p>Fig. 12 <i>b</i>. See under 5, above.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXX"> +<a href="images/pl20.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl20-s.jpg" width="300" height="406" alt="PLATE XX" title="PLATE XX" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE XX</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI</p> + +<p class="center">Brefeldia maxima (Fr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_154">p. 154.</a></p> + +<p>A typical, beautiful æthalium, about natural size.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXXI"> +<a href="images/pl21.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl21-s.jpg" width="300" height="489" alt="PLATE XXI" title="PLATE XXI" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE XXI</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Brefeldia maxima</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_154">p. 154.</a></p> + +<p>Fig. 1. Plasmodium active; climbing the stump.</p> + +<p>Fig. 2. Same plasmodium urgent; moving at the rate of 2 cm. per <ins title="Original had minute. See Corrigenda.">hour.</ins></p> + +<p>From photo-prints by Mr. W. A. Seaman and Mr. John T. Reeder, Mich. +The figures are about one-sixth the natural size of the object. See plate +preceding for the mature phase of this species, natural size.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXXII"> +<a href="images/pl22.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl22-s.jpg" width="300" height="437" alt="PLATE XXII" title="PLATE XXII" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE XXII</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII</p> + + +<p class="center"><ins title="Original had Fuligo cinerea (Schw.) Morg., p. 26. See Corrigenda."><i>Fuligo rufa</i> Pers.</ins> <a href="#Page_28">p. 28.</a></p> + +<p>1. The plasmodium; urgent!</p> + +<p>2. The perfected fruit; quiescent.</p> + +<p>The figures present their objects about natural size. See also <a href="#plX">Plate X</a>., +Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>, for further illustration.</p> + +<p>From photo-prints by John T. Reeder, Mich.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXXIII"> +<a href="images/pl23.jpg"> +<img src="images/pl23-s.jpg" width="300" height="429" alt="PLATE XXIII" title="PLATE XXIII" /> +</a> +<span class="caption">PLATE XXIII</span> +</div> + +<div style="border:1px dashed black; font-size:smaller; margin:2em; padding:1em;"> +<h2>Transcriber's Note</h2> + +<p>Many apparent spelling errors are in fact published synonyms and +remain as printed.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#CORRIGENDA">'Corrigenda'</a> or errata changes are entered.</p> + +<dl> +<dt><a href="#Page_11">Page 11.</a></dt> + +<dd>'of enviroment.'<br /> + +changed 'enviroment' to 'environment.'</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_26">Page 26</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'anon winding,'<br /> + +may be 'and winding,'; unchanged.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_29">Page 29</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'PLATE X, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.'<br /> + +added.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_38">Page 38</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'1892. <i>Bahamia varia</i>' as in original; no change.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_41">Page 41</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'In some case'<br /> + +changed 'case' to 'cases'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_46">Page 46</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'leaving his sucessors' as in original;<br /> + +unusual spelling; no change.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_47">Page 47</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'24. <i>P. pulcherrinum</i>'<br /> + +changed 'pulcherrinum' to 'pulcherrimum', to match +the referenced paragraph.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_63">Page 63</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'visible hyphothallus'<br /> + +changed 'hyphothallus' to 'hypothallus'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_65">Page 65</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'1873. Dydymium' as in original; no change.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_78">Page 78</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'sheet-like hyphothallus'<br /> + +changed 'hyphothallus' to 'hypothallus'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_79">Page 79</a>.</dt> + +<dd>37. Physarum leucopus <i>Link</i>.<br /> + +'37.' missing in original; added.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_80">Page 80</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'P. affie Rost., Plate XIX., Fig. 4.'<br /> + +changed 'affie' to 'affine'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_84">Page 84</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'which has spores 10-12' changed to 'which has spores 10-12 µ'.<br /> + +added 'µ'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_98">Page 98</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'PLATE VIII, Figs. 8, 8 <i>a</i>, 8 <i>b</i>.'<br /> + +added.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_108">Page 108</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'pendunculatum Trent.,'<br /> + +changed 'pendunculatum' to 'pedunculatum'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_110">Page 110</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'<b>Cienkowskia</b> <i>Rost.</i>' changed to '<b>6. Cienkowskia</b> <i>Rost.</i>' + +'6.' added.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_114">Page 114</a>.</dt> + +<dd>'PLATE VII, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.'<br /> + +added.</dd> + + +<dt><a href="#Page_116">Page 116</a>.</dt> + +<dd> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="table of changes"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Sporangia discoid, spores reticulate</td><td align="left">19. <i>D. intermedium</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Stipe, columella, peridium, orange-brown</td><td align="left">20. <i>D. leoninum</i></td></tr> +</table> + +changed to<br /> + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="table of changes"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Sporangia discoid, spores reticulate</td><td align="left">18. <i>D. intermedium</i></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Stipe, columella, peridium, orange-brown</td><td align="left">19. <i>D. leoninum</i></td></tr> +</table> + +to match referenced text.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_130">Page 130</a>.</dt> +<dd>'7. <i>D. niveum</i>'<br /> + +changed '7.' to '8.'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_149">Page 149</a>.</dt> +<dd>'cushion is interestingly aborescent'<br /> + +changed 'aborescent' to 'arborescent'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_150">Page 150</a>.</dt> +<dd>AMAUROCHÆTE TUBULINA (<i>Alb. & Schw.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i> + +'2.' added.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_200">Page 200</a>.</dt> +<dd>'3. <i>L. biforis</i>'.<br /> +'4. <i>L. minima</i>'.<br /> +'5. <i>L. pusilla</i>'<br /> + +changed 3, 4, 5 to 2, 3, 4 respectively to match referenced text.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_212">Page 212</a>.</dt> +<dd>'name to ertain English'<br /> + +changed 'ertain' to 'certain'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_218">Page 218</a>.</dt> +<dd>'granules on the calcyulus'<br /> + +changed 'calcyulus' to 'calyculus'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_237">Page 237</a>.</dt> +<dd>'<i>Prototrichia</i> to the <i>Trichiacae</i>.'<br /> + +changed 'Trichiacae' to '<i>Trichiaceae</i>'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_237">Page 237</a>.</dt> +<dd>Plate XVII., Figs.----<br /> + +changed 'Figs.----' to 'Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_238">Page 238</a>.</dt> +<dd>'adjoining the <i>Perichaenacae</i>' as in original. This is probably +'Perichaenaceae', as elsewhere in this book, however, it is in a +quotation so is unchanged.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_241">Page 241</a>.</dt> +<dd>2. 'Ophiotheca chrysoperma <i>Currey</i>.'<br /> + +changed 'chrysoperma' to 'chrysosperma'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_262">Page 262</a>.</dt> +<dd>'often, to circumscissle'<br /> + +changed 'circumscissle' to 'circumscissile'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_262">Page 262</a>.</dt> +<dd>'to be uniformily distinctly warted'<br /> + +changed 'uniformily' to 'uniformly'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_263">Page 263</a>.</dt> +<dd>'evanescent peridium suggests <i>Arycria</i>'<br /> + +changed '<i>Arycria</i>' to '<i>Arcyria</i>'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_265">Page 265</a>.</dt> +<dd>'In typical spcimens'<br /> + +changed 'spcimens' to 'specimens'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_269">Page 269</a>.</dt> +<dd>3. Trichia iowenis <i>Macbr.</i><br /> + +Changed 'iowenis' to 'iowensis'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_289">Page 289</a>.</dt> +<dd>'[Greek: klaotos]' changed to '[Greek: klastos].</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_289">Page 289</a>.</dt> +<dd>'[Greek: echiuos]' changed to '[Greek: echinos]'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_290">Page 290</a>.</dt> +<dd>'[Greek: lanchos]' changed to '[Greek: lachnos]'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_290">Page 290</a>.</dt> +<dd>LEPIDODERMA, 144<br /> +[Greek: lepis], a scale, and [Greek: 'depma'], a covering. Gr.<br /> + +changed 'depma' to 'derma'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_290">Page 290</a>.</dt> +<dd>'[Greek: gala], a, milk. Gr.' changed to '[Greek: gala], milk. Gr.'.<br /> + +Removed 'a,'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_290">Page 290</a>.</dt> +<dd>'[Greek: ophix]' unchanged.<br /> + +Maybe '[Greek: tricha]' would be more appropriate.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_292">Page 292</a>.</dt> +<dd>'Diachafa 185' changed to 'Diachaea 185' to match the referenced page.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_297">Page 297</a>.</dt> +<dd>'pulchripes <i>Peck</i>, 69.' changed to 'pulcherripes <i>Peck</i>, 69.'<br /> +to match the referenced page.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_304">Page 304</a>.</dt> +<dd><i>Badhamia macrocarpa</i> Rost., p. 7.<br /> + +'changed p. 7.' to 'p. 37.'</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_324">Page 324</a>.</dt> +<dd><i>Comatricha subcaespitosa</i> Peck, p. 282.<br /> + +changed 'p. 282' to 'p. 185'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_324">Page 324</a>.</dt> +<dd><i>Comatricha gracilis</i> Wingate, p. 184.<br /> + +changed 'p. 184.' to 'p. 183'.</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_328">Page 328</a>.</dt> +<dd><i>Badhamia orbiculata</i> Rex., p. 66.<br /> + +changed 'p. 66.' to 'p. 37.'</dd> + +<dt><a href="#Page_338">Page 338</a>.</dt> +<dd>'showing transional phases'<br /> + +changed 'transional to 'transitional'.</dd> + +<dt>Various pages</dt> +<dd>Inconsistent hyphenation:<br /> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Inconsistent Hyphenation"> +<tr><td align="left">flavo-fusca</td><td align="left">flavofusca</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">flavo-fuscum</td><td align="left">flavofuscum</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">net-work</td><td align="left">network</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">wide-spread</td><td align="left">widespread</td></tr> +</table></dd> +</dl> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 31098-h.txt or 31098-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/1/0/9/31098">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/0/9/31098</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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