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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The North American Slime-Moulds, by Thomas H.
+(Thomas Huston) MacBride
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The North American Slime-Moulds
+       A Descriptive List of All Species of Myxomycetes Hitherto Reported from the Continent of North America, with Notes on Some Extra-Limital Species
+
+
+Author: Thomas H. (Thomas Huston) MacBride
+
+
+
+Release Date: January 27, 2010  [eBook #31098]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Peter Vachuska, Chuck Greif, Leonard Johnson, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
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+      See 31098-h.htm or 31098-h.zip:
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+
+
+Tanscriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by equal signs was in bold face in
+      the original (=bold=).
+
+
+
+
+
+THE NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS
+
+The Macmillan Company
+New York · Boston · Chicago · Dallas
+Atlanta · San Francisco
+
+Macmillan & Co., Limited
+London · Bombay · Calcutta
+Melbourne
+
+The Macmillan Co. of Canada, Ltd.
+Toronto
+
+
+[Illustration: PHYSARUM NOTABILE (Enlarged one half)
+
+In the field; sporangia in varied magnification, due to inequality in
+background.]
+
+
+THE NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS
+
+A Descriptive List of
+All Species of Myxomycetes
+Hitherto Reported from the Continent of
+North America
+
+With Notes on Some Extra-Limital Species
+
+by
+
+THOMAS H. MACBRIDE
+State University of Iowa
+
+New and Revised Edition
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York
+The Macmillan Company
+London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
+1922
+
+All rights reserved
+
+Copyright, 1899,
+By The Macmillan Company.
+
+Copyright, 1922,
+By The Macmillan Company.
+
+The Clio Press
+Iowa City, Iowa, U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+  · IN · MEMORIAM ·
+  · SAMUELIS · CALVINI ·
+  · SCIENTIAE · NATURALIS · IN · UNIVERSITATE · IOWENSI ·
+  · NUPER · PROFESSORIS ·
+  · PRAECEPTORIS · COMITIS · AMICI ·
+  · HUNC · LIBRUM ·
+  · GRATO · ANIMO · DEDICAT ·
+  · DISCIPULUS ·
+
+
+    "Ihr naht euch wieder schwankende Gestalten,
+    Die früh sich einst dem trüben Blick gezeigt."
+
+    GOETHE.
+
+
+"Diese Kinder der Natur, welche aus einer ungeformten Gallert, und einem
+unsichtbaren Saamen entstehen, sind im stande, in dem sie sich nach und
+nach entwickeln und ihre scheinbar nachlässige Bildung genau beobachten
+(lassen), eben so sehr als die schönste Pflanze, einem empfindenden
+Herzen die tiefe Achtung und das paradiesische Vernügen zu verschaffen,
+welches einzig die Betrachtung der Heere der Natur und ihre
+gleichbleibende Erhaltung durch eine ewige Kraft hervorbringen kann."
+
+A. J. G. C. BATSCH 1783.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                          PAGE
+
+  PREFACE                                                   ix
+
+  PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION                               xiii
+
+  BIBLIOGRAPHY                                              xv
+
+  INTRODUCTORY                                               1
+
+  THE MYXOMYCETES                                           17
+
+  ADDENDA                                                  282
+
+  INDEX OF GENERA                                          289
+
+  INDEX OF SPECIES                                         290
+
+  PLATES, WITH EXPLANATIONS                                301
+
+
+
+
+CORRIGENDA
+
+
+The indulgent student will please notice the following for the new
+edition _North American Slime Moulds_--
+
+On p. 63, No. 17, read _Physarum megalosporum_ Macbr. Last line should
+  read 1917 Physarum _melanospermum_ Sturgis, _Mycologia_, Vol. IX, p.
+  323.
+
+On p. 67, last line but one, at the end, read, p. 323.
+
+On p. 67, insert just before No. 23, Vicinity of
+  Philadelphia,--_Bilgram_.
+
+On p. 327, Plate XIII, lacks numbers. These may readily be supplied by
+  consulting descriptive text.
+
+On p. 344, in explanation figure 2, last word read hour.
+
+On p. 346, for name of species read _Fuligo rufa_ Pers., p. 28.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION[1]
+
+
+The present work has grown out of a monograph entitled _Myxomycetes of
+Eastern Iowa_, published by the present author about eight years ago.
+The original work was intended chiefly for the use of the author's own
+pupils; but interest in the subject proved much wider than had been
+supposed, and a rather large edition of that little work was
+speedily exhausted. At that time literature on the subject in
+question--literature accessible to English readers--was scant indeed.
+Cooke's translation of Rostafinski, in so far as concerned the species
+of Great Britain, was practically all there was to be consulted in
+English.
+
+In 1892 appeared in London Massee's _Monograph of the Myxogastres_, and
+two years later in the same world's centre the trustees of the British
+Museum brought out Lister's _Mycetozoa_. Although these two English
+works both claim revision of the entire group under discussion, the
+latter paying special attention to American forms, nevertheless there
+still seems place for a less pretentious volume which for American
+students shall present succinct descriptions of North American species
+only. The material basis of the present work consists of collections now
+in the herbarium of the State University of Iowa. In accumulating the
+material the author has had the generous assistance of botanists in all
+parts of the country, from Alaska to Panama, and the geographical
+distribution is in most cases authenticated by specimens from the
+localities named. The descriptions, in case of species represented in
+Europe, are based upon those of European authors; for forms first
+described in this country, the original descriptions have been
+consulted. A bibliography follows this preface.
+
+In reference to the omnipresent vexed question of nomenclature, a word
+is perhaps necessary. De Candolle's rule, "The first authentic specific
+name published under the genus in which the species now stands," may be
+true philosophy, but it is certainly an open question how that rule
+shall be applied. If an author recognized and defined a given species in
+times past, and, in accordance with views then held, assigned the
+species to a particular genus, common honesty, it would seem, would
+require that his work be recognized. To assume that any later writer who
+may choose to set to familiar genera limits unknown before shall thereby
+be empowered to write all species so displaced his own, as if, forsooth,
+now for the first time in the history of science published or described,
+is not only absolutely and inexcusably misleading, but actually
+increases by just so much the amount of _débris_ with which the taxonomy
+of the subject is already cumbered.
+
+In face of a work so painstaking and voluminous as that of Rostafinski,
+and in view of the almost universal confusion that preceded him, it
+would seem idle to change for reasons purely technical the nomenclature
+which the Polish author has established. Especially is this true in the
+case of organisms so very perishable and fragile as those now in
+question where comparative revision is apt to result in uncertainty. We
+had preferred to leave the Rostafinskian, _i. e._ the heretofore current
+nomenclature, untouched; but since other writers have preferred to do
+otherwise, we are compelled to recognize the resultant confusion.
+
+Slime-moulds have long attracted the attention of the student of nature.
+For nearly two hundred years they find place more or less definite in
+botanical literature. Micheli, 1729, figures a number of them, some so
+accurately that the identity of the species is hardly to be questioned.
+Other early writers are Buxbaum and Dillenius. But the great names
+before Rostafinski are Schrader, Persoon, and Fries. Schrader's judgment
+was especially clear. In his _Nova Genera_, 1797, he recognizes plainly
+the difference between slime-moulds and everything else that passed by
+the name of fungus, and proposed that they should be set off in a family
+by themselves,[2] but he suggested no definite name. Nees (C. G.) also
+made the same observation in 1817, and proposed the name _Ærogastres_;
+but he cites as type of his ærogastres, _Eurotium_, and includes so
+many fungi, that it seems unsafe now to approve his nomenclature.
+Schrader also has left an excellent account of the cribrarias, the basis
+of all that has since been attempted in that genus.
+
+Persoon, in his _Synopsis_, 1801, attempts a review of all the fungi
+known up to that time. His notes and synonymy are invaluable, enabling
+us to understand the references of many of the earlier authors where
+these had otherwise been indefinite if not unintelligible. He makes a
+great many changes in nomenclature, and excuses himself on the ground
+that he follows, in this particular, illustrious examples!
+Unfortunately, so do we all!
+
+Fries, in his _Systema Mycologicum_, 1829, summed up in most wonderful
+way the work of all his predecessors and the mycologic science of his
+time. In reading Fries the modern student hardly knows which most to
+admire, the author's far-reaching, patient research, the singular acumen
+of his taxonomic instinct, the graceful exactness of the Latin in which
+his conclusions are expressed, or the delicate courtesy with which he
+touches the work even the most primitive, of those his predecessors or
+contemporaries. Nevertheless in our particular group even the
+determinations of Fries are not conclusive. He himself often confesses
+as much. The microscopic technique of that day did not yield the data
+needful for minute comparison among these most delicate forms.
+
+It remained for DeBary and Rostafinski to introduce a new factor into
+the description of species, and by spore-measurement and the delineation
+of microscopic detail to supply an element of definiteness which has no
+parallel in the work of any earlier student of this group. Under these
+conditions the revision undertaken by Rostafinski was of a most heroic
+sort. His work was almost a new beginning; and while in nomenclature he
+was inclined to follow the Paris Code, yet the inadequacy of the earlier
+descriptions often made such a course impracticable. The synonymy of
+Rostafinski is largely that of Fries, and upon this the Polish author
+attempts to apply the law of priority. In the historical note, _wzmianka
+historyczna_, accompanying the description of each specific form, he
+generally states the reason for the nomenclature he adopts, whether
+selected from the mass of supposed synonymy or introduced by himself _de
+novo_. Unfortunately, Rostafinski is sometimes purely arbitrary in his
+selections. He sometimes changes a specific or even generic name,
+otherwise correctly applied, simply because in primary etymological
+significance the name seems to him inappropriate. In such cases it is
+proper to restore the earlier name. Nevertheless Rostafinski is still
+our most trustworthy guide.
+
+Of course, where later investigations have served to obliterate the
+once-thought patent distinctions between supposed genera or species, it
+is proper to unite such forms under the older determinable titles and
+this we have attempted. But wherever in the present work a name has been
+changed, the name of the earlier author will be found in parenthesis,
+followed immediately by that of him who made the change, and in general,
+recent practice, especially as expressed in the rules of the various
+codes, has determined the puzzling questions of nomenclature.
+
+In justification of the use of _Myxomycetes_ as a general title it may
+be said that in this case prevalent usage is not inconsistent with a
+rational application of the rules of priority. The Friesian designation
+_Myxogastres_ was applied by its author in 1829 to the endosporous
+slime-moulds as a section of gasteromycetous fungi. Four years later
+Link, perceiving more clearly the absolute distinctness of the group,
+substituted the name _Myxomycetes_. In the same year Wallroth adopted
+the same designation, but strangely confused the limitations of the
+group he named. Wallroth seems to have thought _Myxomycetes_ a synonym
+for _Gasteromycetes_ Fries. In 1858 DeBary applied the title _Mycetozoa_
+to a group which included the then lately discovered _Acrasieae_ with
+the true slime-moulds, both endosporous and exosporous. For all except
+the _Acrasieae_ DeBary retained the old appellation, Myxomycetes.
+Rostafinski adopted DeBary's general name, but changed its application.
+As it has been shown, since DeBary's time, that the _Acrasieae_[3] have
+no true plasmodium, and are therefore not properly, or at least not
+necessarily, associated with the slime-moulds, there appears no
+necessity for the term _Mycetozoa_, and the question lies between
+_Myxogastres_ and _Myxomycetes_. Of these two names the former, as we
+have seen, has undoubted priority, but only as applied to the
+endosporous species. The same thing was true of Link's designation until
+DeBary redefined it, but having been taken up by DeBary, redefined and
+correctly applied, Myxomycetes (Link) DeBary must remain the undisputed
+title for all true slime-moulds, endosporous and exosporous alike.
+
+In arranging the larger divisions of the group the scheme of Rostafinski
+has been somewhat modified in order to give expression to what the
+present author deems a more natural sequence of species. The highest
+expression of myxomycetan fructification is doubtless the isolated
+sporangium with its capillitium. This is reached by successive
+differentiations from the simple plasmodium. The æthalium may be
+esteemed in some instances a case of degeneration, in others of arrested
+development. In any event in the present arrangement, æthalioid forms
+are first disposed of, leaving the sporangiate species to follow from
+plasmodiocarpous as directly as may be.
+
+The artificial keys herewith presented proceed on the same plan and are
+to be taken, as such keys always are, not as definitive in any case, but
+simply as an aid to help the student more speedily to reach a probably
+satisfactory description.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _The North American Slime Moulds_, 1899.
+
+[2] Schrader, _Nova Plantarum Genera_, 1797, pp. vi-vii.
+
+[3] Cf. Edgar W. Olive, _Monograph of the Acrasieae_; Boston, 1902.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
+
+
+The first edition of this little book having been exhausted long ago,
+the writer in this second issue takes opportunity to correct sundry
+errata, typographical and other, and at the same time to incorporate
+such new information in reference to individual species and to the
+subject entire as the researches of more recent years may afford.
+
+To Miss Gulielma Lister, of London, the writer expresses his sense of
+deep obligation for much assistance in settling difficult matters of
+nomenclature and identification; it will be found as a result that in
+most instances the same thing in the two volumes, English and American,
+appears under the same name. There are still differences; these result
+in most cases from different points of view, different estimates or
+emphasis of characteristics in these ever elusive objects.
+
+To Professor Torrend, formerly of Lisbon, the writer is indebted for a
+set of European types, and to Professor Bethel, pathologist of Denver,
+for rich material from the fertile mountains of Colorado and California.
+To Professor Morton Peck, of Oregon, we are indebted for many notes of
+the color of plasmodia and for collections of Pacific coast forms. Mr.
+Bilgram, of Philadelphia, read the manuscript of the genus _Physarum_
+and has contributed many rare species. To Dr. Sturgis, of Massachusetts,
+we are indebted for material from both east and west.
+
+The present volume is intended especially for American readers and is
+accordingly particularly devoted to a discussion of species so far
+reported on the western continent; nevertheless it has seemed wise to
+include a brief description of some other forms as well, and reference
+to many extra-limital species now generally recognized will be found
+here and there in connection with the more extended treatment of related
+American forms.
+
+_February twenty-eight, 1921._
+
+    At the last moment, nearly all plates and drawings of the first
+    edition disappeared! necessitating a quick renewal of drawings
+    and plates. This may in part explain lack of uniformity, and
+    various minor irregularities sure to grieve the intelligent
+    student.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+The following are the principal works consulted in the prosecution of
+the investigations here recorded:--
+
+1763. Adanson, M. Familles des Plantes.
+
+1805. Albertini--see under Schweinitz.
+
+1841. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London, various volumes:
+        1841, Ser. I., vol. vi.; 1850, Ser. II., vol. v.
+
+1887. Annals of Botany, vols. i-xxxi.
+
+1783. Batsch, A. J. G. C. Elenchus Fungorum; with Continuatio I. 1786;
+        Continuatio II. 1789.
+
+1775. Battara, A. Fungorum Agri Arimensis Historia.
+
+1860. Berkeley, M. J. Outlines of Fungology.
+
+1789. Bolton, J. History of Funguses about Halifax.
+
+1851. Bonorden, H. F. Mycologie.
+
+1875. Botanical Gazette, The. Various volumes to 1921.
+
+1843. Botanische Zeitung. Various volumes to 1898.
+
+1892. Bulletin Laboratories Nat. Hist. Iowa, vol. ii.
+
+1873. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club. Various volumes to 1898.
+
+1791. Bulliard, P. Histoire des Champignons de la France.
+
+1721. Buxbaum, J. C. Enumeratio Plantarum.
+
+1863. Cienkowski, L. Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Myxomyceten.
+
+1893. Celakowsky, L. Die Myxomyceten Boehmens.
+
+1871. Cooke, M. C. Handbook of British Fungi.
+
+1877. Cooke, M. C. Myxomycetes of Great Britain.
+
+1877. Cooke, M. C. Myxomycetes of the United States.
+
+1837. Corda, A. I. C. Icones Fungorum.
+
+1854. Currey, F., in Quart. Journal Microscopical Science.
+
+1848. Curtis, M. A. Contributions to the Mycology of North America; Am.
+        Journal of Science and Arts.
+
+1859. De Bary, A. H. Die Mycetozoen.
+
+1866. De Bary, A. H. Morphologie der Pilze, Mycetozoen und Bacterien.
+
+1802. De Candolle, A. P. Flore Française.
+
+1719. Dillenius, J. J. Catalogus Plantarum circa Cissam nascentium.
+
+1813. Ditmar, L. P. F., Sturm, Deutschlands Flora, 3te Abtheil; Die
+        Pilze Deutschlands.
+
+1878. Ellis, J. B. North American Fungi. _Exsiccati. et seq._
+
+1818. Ehrenberg, C. G. Sylvæ Mycologicæ Berolinenses.
+
+1761. Flora, Danica, vol. i.; also vols. iii. iv. v.
+
+1817. Fries, Elias M. Symbolæ Gasteromycetum.
+
+1818. Fries, Elias M. Observationes Mycologicæ.
+
+1829. Fries, Elias M. Systema Mycologicum.
+
+1873. Fuckel, I. Symbolæ Mycologicæ.
+
+1791. Gmelin, C. C. Systema Naturæ, Tom. II., Pars. ii.
+
+1823. Greville, R. K. Scottish Cryptogamic Flora.
+
+1872. Grevillea, various volumes to 1897.
+
+1751. Hill, Sir John. A History of Plants.
+
+1795. Hoffman, G. C. Deutschlands Flora.
+
+1773. Jacquin, N. I. Miscellanea Austriaca.
+
+1885. Journal of Mycology and _seq._
+
+1878. Karsten, Mycologia Fennica.
+
+1809. Link, H. F. Nova Plantarum Genera.
+
+1753. Linné, C. Systema Naturæ--to 1767.
+
+1894. Lister, Arthur. The Mycetozoa; 1911, Second Edition, revised by
+        Gulielma Lister.
+
+1892. Massee, George. Monograph of the Myxogastres.
+
+1729. Micheli, P. A. Nova Plantarum Genera.
+
+1892. Morgan, A. P. Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley--to 1895.
+
+1816. Nees, Ch. G. D. Das System der Pilze und Schwamme.
+
+1837. Nees, T. F. L. et A. Henry. Das System der Pilze.
+
+1869. Peck, Charles H. Reports N. Y. State Museum Nat. History--to 1898.
+
+1795. Persoon, C. H. Observationes Mycologicæ, Pars prima.
+
+1799. Persoon, C. H. Observationes Mycologicæ, Pars secunda.
+
+1797. Persoon, C. H. Tentamen Dispositionis Methodicæ Fungorum.
+
+1801. Persoon, C. H. Synopsis Methodica Fungorum.
+
+1844. Rabenhorst, L. Deutschland's Kryptogamenflora.
+
+1884. Raciborski, M. Myxomycetes Agri Krakov. Genera, Species et
+        Varietates novæ.
+
+1888. Raunkiær, C. Myxomycetes Daniæ.
+
+1769. Retzius, A. J. In Handlungen, Kon. Svensk. Vet. Acad.
+
+1890. Rex, George A. In Proceedings Philad. Acad. of Nat. Sciences--to
+        1893.
+
+1873. Rostafinski, J. Versuch eines Systems der Mycetozoen.
+
+1875. Rostafinski, J. Sluzowce Monografia.
+
+1778. Roth, A. W. Tentamen Floræ Germanicæ.
+
+1888. Saccardo, P. A. Sylloge Fungorum, vol. vii., _et seq._
+
+1841. Sauter, A. Flora, vol. xxiv., p. 316.
+
+1762. Schaeffer, J. C. Fungi qui in Bav. et Pal. nascuntur--to 1774.
+
+1797. Schrader, H. A. Nova Genera Plantarum.
+
+1890. Schroeter, J. Myxomycetes, in Engler u. Prantl Pflanzenfamilien.
+
+1885. Schroeter, J. Kryptogamenflora von Schlesien, die Pilze.
+
+1801. Schumacher, C. F. Enumeratio Plant. Sæll. crescentium.
+
+1805. Albertini, I. and Schweinitz, L. D. de. Conspectus Fungorum.
+
+1822. Schweinitz, L. D. de. Synopsis Fungorum Car. Sup.
+
+1834. Schweinitz, L. D. de. Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali.
+
+1797. Sowerby, J. English Fungi--to 1809; 3 vols.
+
+1760. Scopoli, J. A. Flora Carniolica--to 1772.
+
+1797. Trentepohl, K. Observations Botanicae,--to Roth, Catalecta
+        Botanica, Fasc. i.
+
+1833. Wallroth, C. F. Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae.
+
+1787. Willdenow, K. L. Florae Berolinensis Prodromus.
+
+1886. Wingate, Harold, Jour. Mycol. ii., 125.
+
+1889. Wingate Harold, In Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
+
+1890. Wingate, Harold--in Revue Mycologique.
+
+1873. Woronin u. Famintzin, Ueber Zwei neuen Formen von Schleimpilzen.
+
+1885. Zopf, W. Die Pilzthiere oder Schleimpilze.
+
+To these may be added the many contributions on the general subject, as
+these are found in all sorts of current botanical literature; cited
+everywhere in this volume as occasion offered.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY
+
+
+The Myxomycetes, or slime-moulds, include certain very delicate and
+extremely beautiful fungus-like organisms common in all the moist and
+wooded regions of the earth. Deriving sustenance, as they for the most
+part do, in connection with the decomposition of organic matter, they
+are usually to be found upon or near decaying logs, sticks, leaves, and
+other masses of vegetable detritus, wherever the quantity of such
+material is sufficient to insure continuous moisture. In fruit, however,
+as will appear hereafter, slime-moulds may occur on objects of any and
+every sort. Their minuteness retires them from ordinary ken; but such is
+the extreme beauty of their microscopic structure, such the exceeding
+interest of their life-history, that for many years enthusiastic
+students have found the group one of peculiar fascination, in some
+respects, at least, the most interesting and remarkable that falls
+beneath our lens.
+
+The slime-mould presents in the course of its life-history two very
+distinct phases: the _vegetative_, or growing, assimilating phase, and
+the _reproductive_. The former is in many cases inconspicuous and
+therefore unobserved; the latter generally receives more or less
+attention at the hands of the collector of fungi. The vegetative phase
+differs from the corresponding phase of all other plants in that it
+exhibits extreme simplicity of structure, if structure that may be
+called which consists of a simple mass of protoplasm destitute of
+cell-walls, protean in form and amoeboid in its movements. This phase
+of the slime-mould is described as plasmodial and it is proper to
+designate the vegetative phase in any species, as the _plasmodium_ of
+the species. It was formerly taught that the plasmodium is unicellular,
+but more recent investigation has shown that the plasmodial protoplasm
+is not only multinuclear but karyokinetic; its cells divide and
+redivide, as do the _reproductive_ cells of plants and animals
+generally. Nevertheless, in its plasmodial phase, the slime-mould is
+hardly to be distinguished from any other protoplasmic mass, may be
+compared to a giant amoeba, and justifies in so far the views of those
+systematists who would remove the slime-moulds from the domain of the
+botanist altogether, and call them animals. The plasmodium is often
+quite large. It may frequently be found covering with manifold
+ramifications and net-like sheets the surface of some convenient
+substratum for the space of several square feet.
+
+The substance of the plasmodium has about the consistency of the white
+of an egg; is slippery to the touch, tasteless, and odorless. Plasmodia
+vary in color in different species and at different times in the same
+species. The prevailing color is yellow, but may be brown, orange, red,
+ruby-red, violet, in fact any tint, even green. Young plasmodia in
+certain species are colorless (as in _Diderma floriforme_), while many
+have a peculiar écru-white or creamy tint difficult to define. Not only
+does the color change, sometimes more than once in the course of the
+life history of the same species, but it may be the same for several
+forms, which in fruit are singularly diverse indeed, so that the mere
+color of the plasmodium brings small assistance to the systematist. In
+fact, the color depends no doubt upon the presence in the plasmodium of
+various matters, more or less foreign, unassimilated, possibly some of
+them excretory, differing from day to day.
+
+In its plasmodial state, as has been said, the slime-mould affects damp
+or moist situations, and during warm weather in such places spreads over
+all moist surfaces, creeps through the interstices of the rotting bark,
+spreads between the cells, between the growth-layers of the wood, runs
+in corded vein-like nets between the wood and bark, and finds in all
+these cases nutrition in the products of organic decomposition. Such a
+plasmodium may be divided, and so long as suitable surroundings are
+maintained, each part will manifest all the properties of the whole.
+Parts of the same plasmodium will even coalesce again. If a piece of
+plasmodium-bearing wood be brought indoors, be protected from
+desiccation by aid of a moist dark chamber, not too warm (70° F.), the
+organism seems to suffer little if any injury, but will continue for
+days or weeks to manifest all the phenomena of living matter. Thus,
+under such circumstances, the plasmodium will constantly change shape
+and position, can be induced to spread over a plate of moist glass, and
+so be transferred to the stage of a microscope, there to exhibit in the
+richest and most interesting and abundant fashion the streaming
+protoplasmic currents. As just indicated, the plasmodia follow moisture,
+creep from one moist substance to another, especially follow nutritive
+substrata. They seem also to secure in some way exclusive possession. I
+have never seen them interfered with by hyphæ or enemies of any sort,
+nor do they seem to interfere with one another. Plasmodia of two common
+species, _Hemitrichia clavata_ and _H. vesparium_ are often side by side
+on the same substratum, but do not mix, and their perfected fruits
+presently stand erect side by side, each with its own characteristics,
+entirely unaffected by the presence of the other. On the other hand, it
+is probable that some of the forms which, judged by their different
+fructifications, and by this alone, are to us distinct, may be more
+closely related than we suspect, and puzzling phases which show the
+distinctive marks supposed to characterize different species are no
+doubt sometimes to be explained on the theory of plasmodial crossing;
+they are hybrids.
+
+Under certain conditions, low temperature, lack of moisture, the
+plasmodium may pass into a resting phase, when it masses itself in heaps
+and may become quite dry in lumps of considerable size, and so await the
+return of favorable conditions when former activity is quickly resumed.
+Sometimes the larger plasmodia pass into the resting phase by undergoing
+a very peculiar change of structure. In ordinary circumstances the
+abundant free nuclei demonstrable in the plasmodium afford the only
+evidence of cellular organization. In passing now into the condition of
+rest, the whole protoplasmic mass separates simultaneously into numerous
+definite polyhedral or parenchymatous cells, each with a well-developed
+_cellulose wall_.[4] When the conditions essential to activity are
+restored, the walls disappear, the cellulose is resorbed, and the
+plasmodium resumes its usual habit and structure.
+
+The plasmodial phase of the slime-mould, like the hyphal phase of the
+fungus, may continue a long time; for months, possibly for years. The
+reason for making the latter statement will presently appear. But
+however long or short the plasmodial phase continue, the time of fruit,
+the reproductive phase, at length arrives. When this time comes, induced
+partly by a certain maturity in the organism itself, partly no doubt by
+the trend of external conditions, the plasmodium no longer as before
+evades the light, but pushes to the surface, and appears usually in some
+elevated or exposed position, the upper side of the log, the top of the
+stump, the upper surface of its habitat, whatever that may be; or even
+leaves its nutrient base entirely and finds lodging on some neighboring
+object. In such emergency the stems and leaves of flowering plants are
+often made to serve, and even fruits and flowers afford convenient
+resting places. The object now to be attained is not the formation of
+fruit alone, but likewise its speedy desiccation and the prompt
+dispersal of the perfected spores. Nothing can be more interesting than
+to watch the slime-mould as its plasmodium accomplishes this its last
+migration. If hitherto its habitat has been the soft interior of a
+rotten log, it now begins to ooze out in all directions, to well up
+through the crevices of the bark as if pushed by some energy acting in
+the rear, to stream down upon the ground, to flow in a hundred tiny
+streams over all the region round about, to climb all stems, ascend all
+branches, to the height of many inches, all to pass suddenly as if by
+magic charm into one widespread, dusty field of flying spores. Or, to be
+more exact, whatever the position ultimately assumed, the plasmodium
+soon becomes quiescent, takes on definite and ultimate shape, which
+varies greatly, almost for each species. Thus it may simply form a flat,
+cake-like mass, _aethalium_, internally divided into an indefinite
+number of ill-defined spore cases, sporangia; or the plasmodium may take
+the form of a simple net, _plasmodiocarp_, whose cords stand out like
+swollen veins, whose meshes vary both in form and size; or more commonly
+the whole protoplasmic mass breaks up into little spheroidal heaps which
+may be sessile directly on the substratum, or may be lifted on tiny
+stems, stipitate, which may rest in turn upon a common sheet-like film,
+or more or less continuous net, spreading beneath them all, the
+_hypothallus_. In any case, each differentiated portion of the
+plasmodium, portion poorly or well defined, elongate, net-like,
+spheroidal, elliptical, or of whatever shape, becomes at length a
+sporangium, spore-case, receptacle for the development and temporary
+preservation of the spores.[5]
+
+The slime-moulds were formerly classed with the gasteromycetous fungi,
+puff-balls, and in description of their fruiting phase the terms
+applicable to the description of a puff-ball are still employed,
+although it will be understood that the structures described are not in
+the two cases homologous; analogous only. The sporangium of the
+slime-mould exhibits usually a distinct _peridium_, or outer limiting
+wall, which is at first continuous, enclosing the spores and their
+attendant machinery, but at length ruptures, irregularly as a rule, and
+so suffers the contents to escape. The peridium may be double, varies in
+texture, color, persistence, and so forth, as will be more fully set
+forth in the several specific descriptions. The peridium blends with the
+hypothallus below when such structure is recognizable, either directly,
+when the sporangium is sessile, or by the intervention of a _stipe_. The
+stipe may be hollow, may contain coloring matter of some sort, or may
+even contain peculiar spore-like cells or spores; is often furrowed, and
+in some cases shows a disposition to unite or blend with the stalks of
+neighboring sporangia. In many cases the stipe is continued upward, more
+or less definitely into the cavity of the sporangium, and there forms
+the _columella_, sometimes simple and rounded, like the analogous
+structure in the _Mucores_, sometimes as in _Comatricha_, branching
+again and again in wonderful richness and complexity.
+
+Each sporangium is at maturity filled with numerous unicellular spores.
+These are usually spherical, sometimes flattened at various points by
+mutual contact; they are of various colors, more commonly yellow or
+violet brown, are sometimes smooth (?), but generally roughened either
+by the presence of minute warts, or spines, or by the occurence of more
+or less strongly elevated bands dividing reticulately the entire
+surface. The spores are in all cases small 3-20 µ, and reveal their
+surface characters only under the most excellent lenses.
+
+Associated with the spores in the sporangium occurs the _capillitium_.
+This consists of most delicate thread-or hair-like elements, offering
+great variety both in form and structure. The threads composing the
+capillitium are not to be regarded, even when free, as cells, nor even
+of cellular origin; probably, as would appear from the researches of
+Strasburger and Harper, all forms of capillitial threads arise in
+connection with vacuoles in the protoplasmic mass. "Whether the thread
+is hollow or solid, simple or branched, free or connected with the
+peridium or a columella,--these are entirely secondary conditions,
+depending on the extent and form of the vacuoles."[6] They may occur
+singly or be combined into a net, they may be terete or flat, attached
+to the peridial wall or free, simple or adorned with bands or spires and
+knobs in every variety, uniform or profusely knotted and thickened at
+intervals, and burdened with calcic particles. In many cases, the
+capillitium contributes materially to the dispersal of the spores; in
+others, it doubtless contributes mechanically to the support of the
+peridial wall, and renders so far persistent the delicate sporangium.
+For more exact description the reader is again referred to the specific
+delineations which follow.
+
+The transition from phase to phase requires, as intimated, no great
+length of time. _Tilmadoche polycephala_ completed the transition from
+vegetative to fruiting phase in less than twelve hours.
+
+The germination of the spores ensues closely upon their dispersal or
+maturity and is unique in many respects.[7] The wall of the spore is
+ruptured and the protoplasmic content escapes as a zoöspore
+indistinguishable so far from an amoeba, or from the zoöspore of our
+chytridiaceous fungi. This amoeboid zoöspore is without cell-wall,
+changes its outline, and moves slowly by creeping or flowing from point
+to point. At this stage many of the spores assume each a flagellate
+cilium, and so acquire power of more rapid locomotion. The zoöspores,
+whether ciliate or not, thus enjoy independent existence and are capable
+of continuing such existence for some time, assimilating, growing, and
+even reproducing themselves by simple fission, over and over again. This
+takes place, of course, only in the presence of suitable nutrient media.
+
+Nevertheless the spores of many species germinate quickly simply in
+water, and a drop suspended in the form of the ordinary drop-culture on
+a cover-glass affords ample opportunity. In the course of time, usually
+not more than two or three days, the swarm spores cease their activity,
+lose their cilia, and come to rest, exhibiting at most nothing more than
+the slow amoeboid movement already referred to. In the course of two
+or three days more, in favorable cases, the little spores begin to
+assemble and flow together; at first into small aggregations, then
+larger, until at length all have blended in one creeping protoplasmic
+mass to form thus once again the plasmodium, or plasmodial phase with
+which the round began. Small plasmodia may generally be thus obtained
+artificially from drop-cultures. Such, however, in the experience of the
+writer, are with difficulty kept alive. Hay infusions, infusions of
+rotten wood, etc., may sometimes for a time give excellent results.
+
+The spores of _Didymium crustaceum_ were sown upon a heap of leaves in
+autumn. An abundant display of the same species followed in the next
+June; but, of course, the intervening phases were not observed. The most
+satisfactory studies are obtained by plasmodia carefully brought in
+directly from the field. A plasmodium that appeared suddenly and passed
+to fruit on agar in a petri dish offers a valuable suggestion for
+further research.
+
+With such a life-history as that thus briefly sketched, it is small
+wonder that the taxonomic place of the slime-moulds is a matter of
+uncertainty, not to say perplexity. So long as men studied the ripened
+fruit, the sporangia and the spores, with the marvellous capillitium,
+there seemed little difficulty; the myxomycetes were fungi, related to
+the puff-balls, and in fact to be classed in the same natural order. The
+synonymy of some of the more noticeable species affords a very
+interesting epitome of the history of scientific thought in this
+particular field of investigation. Thus the first described slime-mould
+identifiable by its description is Lycogala epidendrum (Buxbaum) Fries,
+the most puff-ball looking of the whole series. Ray, in 1690, called
+this _Fungus coccineus_. In 1718, Ruppinus described the same thing as
+_Lycoperdon sanguineum_; Dillenius at about the same time, as _Bovista
+miniata_; and it was not until 1729, that Micheli so far appreciated the
+structure of the little puff-ball as to give it a definite, independent,
+generic place and title, _Lycogala globosum_ ..., etc.[8]
+
+But Micheli's light was too strong for his generation. As Fries, one
+hundred years later quaintly says, ... "immortalis Micheli tam claram
+lucem accendit ut succesores proximi eam ne ferre quidem potuerint."
+Notwithstanding Micheli's clear distinctions, he was entirely
+disregarded, and our little Lycogala was dubbed _Lycoperdon_ and _Mucor_
+down to the end of the century; and so it was not till 1790 that Persoon
+comes around to the standpoint of Micheli and writes _Lycogala miniata_.
+Fries himself, reviewing the labors of his predecessors all, grouped the
+slime-moulds as a sub-order of the gasteromycetes and gave expression to
+his view of their nature and position when he named the sub-order
+_Myxogastres_. In 1833, Link, having more prominently in mind the
+minuteness of most of the species collocated by Fries, and perceiving
+perhaps more clearly even than the great mycologist the entire
+independence of the group, suggested as a substitute for the sub-order
+_Myxogastres_, the order _Myxomycetes, slime-moulds_. Link's decision
+passed unchallenged for nearly thirty years. The slime-moulds were set
+apart by themselves; they were fungi without question and, of course,
+plants.
+
+If the hypha is the morphological test of a fungus, then it is plain
+that the slime-moulds are not fungi. No myxomycete has hyphæ, nor indeed
+anything at all of the kind. Nevertheless, there are certain parasitic
+fungi, _Chytridiaceae_ for example, whose relationships plainly entitle
+them to a place among the hyphate forms that have no hyphæ whatever in
+the entire round of their life-history. These are, however, exceptional
+cases and really do not bear very closely on the question at issue.
+
+Physiologically, the fungi are incapable of independent existence, being
+destitute of chlorophyl. In this respect the slime-moulds are like the
+fungi; they are nearly all saprophytes and absolutely destitute of
+chlorophyl. Unfortunately this physiological character is identically
+that one which the fungi share with the whole animal world, so that the
+startling inquiry instantly rises, are the slime-moulds plants at all?
+Are they not animals? Do not their amoeboid spores and plasmodia ally
+them at once to the amoeba and his congeners, to all the monad,
+rhizopodal world? This is the position suggested by DeBary in 1858, and
+adopted since by many distinguished authorities, among whom may be
+mentioned Saville Kent, of England, and Dr. William Zopf, of Germany, in
+_Die Pilzthiere_, 1885. Rostafinski was a pupil of DeBary's. However,
+his volume on the slime-moulds was written after leaving the laboratory;
+and no doubt with the suggestion of his master still before his mind, he
+adopts the title Mycetozoa, as indicating a closer relationship with the
+animal world, but our leading authority really has little to say in
+regard to the matter.[9]
+
+Dr. Schroeter, a recent writer on the subject, after showing the
+probable connection between the phycochromaceous Algae and the simplest
+colorless forms, namely, the _Schizomycetes_, goes on to remark: "At the
+same point where the Schizomycetous series take rise, there begin
+certain other lines of development among the most diminutive
+protoplasmic masses.... Through the amoebæ one of these lines gives
+rise on the one hand to rhizopods and sponges in the animal kingdom, on
+the other to the _Myxomycetes_ among the fungi." This ranges the
+Myxomycetes, in origin at least, near the _Schizomycetes_.
+
+The brilliant studies of Dr. Thaxter, resulting in the discovery and
+recognition of a new group, a new order of the schizomycetes, strikingly
+confirm the judgment of Schroeter.[10] Here we have forms that strangely
+unite characteristics of both the groups in question. If on the one hand
+the _Myxobacteria_ are certainly schizomycetes, on the other they just
+as certainly offer in their developmental history "phenomena closely
+resembling those presented by plasmodia or pseudo-plasmodia...." Now the
+schizophytes certainly pass by gradations easy to the filamentous algæ,
+and so to relationship with the plants, and the discovery of the
+_Myxobacteriacae_, brings the myxomycetes very near the vegetable
+kingdom if not within it.
+
+All authorities agree that the myxomycetes have no connection in the
+direction of upward development, "keinen Anschluss nach oben," if then
+their only relationship with other organisms is to be found at the
+bottom (centre) of the series only, it is purely a matter of
+indifference whether we say plant or animal, for at the only point where
+there is connection there is no distinction.
+
+But why call them either animals or plants? Was Nature then so poor that
+forsooth only two lines of differentiation were at the beginning open
+for her effort? May we not rather believe that life's tree may have
+risen at first in hundreds of tentative trunks of which two have become
+in the progress of the ages so far dominant as to entirely obscure less
+progressive types? The Myxomycetes are independent; all that we may
+attempt is to assert their near kinship with one or other of life's
+great branches.
+
+The cellulose of the slime-mould looks toward the world of plants. The
+aerial fructification and stipitate habit of the higher forms tends in
+the same direction. The disposition to attach themselves to some fixed
+base is a curious characteristic of plants, more pronounced as we ascend
+the scale; but by no means lacking in many of the simplest, diatoms,
+filamentous algae, etc., and it is quite as reasonable to call a
+vorticella, or a stentor, by virtue of his stipitate form and habit, a
+plant as to call a slime-mould an animal because in one stage of its
+history it resembles an amoeba. The total life of an organism in any
+case must be taken into account.[11] At the outset plants and animals
+are alike; there is no doubt about it; they differ in the course of
+their life-histories. The plasmodium is the vegetative phase of the
+slime-mould. It needs no cell-walls of cellulose, no more than do the
+dividing cells of a lily-endosperm; both are nourished by organic food
+and resort to walls only as conditions change. The possession of walls
+is an indication of some maturity. In the slime-mould the assumption of
+walls is indeed delayed. Walls at length appear and when they do come
+they are like those of the lily; they are cellulose. The myxomycetes may
+be regarded as a section of the organic world in which the forces of
+heredity are at a maximum whatever those forces may be. Slime-moulds
+have in smallest degree responded to the stimulus of environment. They
+have, it is true, escaped the sea, the fresh waters in part, and become
+adapted to habitation on dry land, but nothing more. It is instructive
+to reflect that even in her most highly differentiated forms the channel
+which Nature elects for the transmissal of all that heredity may bestow,
+is naught else than a minute mass of naked protoplasm. Nature reverts,
+we say, to her most ancient and simple phases, and heredity is still
+consonant with apparent simplicity; apparent we say, for as becomes
+increasingly evident, nothing that lives is simple!
+
+The fact is the Myxomycetes constitute an exceedingly well-defined
+group, and the question of relationship in any direction need not much
+perplex the student. Least of all is the question to be settled by
+anybody's dictum, which is apt to be positive inversely in proportion to
+the speaker's acquaintance with the subject. No one test can be applied
+as a universal touchstone to separate plants from animals. Such is
+simply _petitio principii_. Nor is there any advantage at present
+apparent in attempts to associate slime-moulds with other presumably
+related groups. Saville Kent's effort to join them with the sponges was
+not happy, and Dr. Zopf's association of the slime-moulds and monads
+appears forced, at best; for when it comes to the consideration of the
+former, their systematic and even morphological treatment, he is
+compelled to deal with them by themselves under headings such as
+"Eumycetozoen," "Höhere Pilzthiere," etc. One rather commends the
+discreetness of DeBary, whose painstaking investigations first called
+attention to the uncertain position of the group. After reviewing the
+results of all his labors DeBary does not quite relegate the
+slime-moulds to the zoölogist for further consideration, but simply
+says:[12] "From naked amoeba, with which the Mycetozoa (=Myxomycetes)
+are connected in ascending line, the zoölogists with reason derive the
+copiously and highly developed section of the shell-forming
+Rhizopoda.... And since there are sufficient grounds for placing the
+rhizopods outside the vegetable and in the animal kingdom, and this is
+undoubtedly the true position for the amoebæ, which are their earlier
+and simpler forms, the Mycetozoa, which _may_ be directly derived from
+the same stem, are at least brought very near to the domain of zoölogy."
+
+Notwithstanding all the controversy in regard to the matter, the study
+of the slime-moulds still rests chiefly with the botanists. A simple
+phylogenetic scheme for thallophytes is offered in the Strasburger text
+as follows:--
+
+THALLOPHYTA
+
+  1. SCHIZOPHYTA
+               BACTERIA
+               CYANOPHYCEÆ
+
+  2. FLAGELLATA
+             { MYXOMYCETES
+             { PERIDINEÆ
+         _a_ { CONJUGATÆ
+             { HETEROCONTÆ
+
+             { CHLOROPHYCEÆ
+         _b_ { CHARACEÆ
+
+  3. RHODOPHYCEÆ
+
+  4. FUNGI
+
+About 500 species of slime-moulds have been described. Saccardo
+enumerates 443, inclusive of those denominated doubtful or less
+perfectly known. These 443 species are distributed among 47 genera, of
+which 15 are represented by but a single species each,--monotypic. In
+the United States there have been recognized about 300 species. Of those
+here described, some are almost world-wide in their distribution, others
+are limited to comparatively narrow boundaries. The greater number occur
+in the temperate regions of the earth, although many are reported from
+the tropics, and some even from the arctic zone. Schroeter found
+_Physarum cinereum_ at North Cape. Our Iowa forms are much more numerous
+in the eastern, that is, the wooded regions of the state. _Physarum
+cinereum_ has however been taken on the untouched prairie, and on the
+western deserts, as also _Physarum contextum_ on the decaying stem of
+_Calamagrostis_, far from forest.
+
+As to the economic importance of our myxomycetes, there is no long
+chapter to write. Fries says: "Usu in vita communi parum admodum sese
+commendant, sed in oeconomia naturæ certe non spernendi. Multa
+insectorum genera ex eorum sporidiis unica capiunt nutrimenta." However
+this may be, there is one species which has come to light since Fries's
+day which is the source of no inconsiderable mischief to the
+agriculturist. _Plasmodiophora brassicae_ occasions the disease known as
+"club-root" in cabbage, and has been often made the subject of
+discussion in our agricultural and botanical journals.[13] Aside from
+the injurious tendencies, possible or real, of the forms mentioned, I
+know not that all other slime-moulds of all the world, taken all
+together, affect in any slightest measure the hap or fortune of man or
+nation. And yet, if in the economic relations of things, man's
+intellectual life is to be considered, then surely come the uncertain
+myxos, with their fascinating problems proffered still in forms of
+unapproachable delicacy and beauty, not without inspiration.
+
+
+COLLECTION AND CARE OF SLIME-MOULD MATERIAL
+
+On this subject a word may here be appropriate. As just now intimated,
+specimens may be taken at the appropriate season in almost any or every
+locality. Beginning with the latter part of May or first of June, in the
+Northern states, plasmodia are to be found everywhere on piles of
+organic refuse: in the woods, especially about fallen and rotting logs,
+undisturbed piles of leaves, beds of moss, stumps, by the seeping edge
+of melting snow on mountain sides, by sedgy drain or swamp, nor less in
+the open field where piles of straw or herbaceous matter of any sort
+sinks in undisturbed decay. Within fifty years tree-planting in all the
+prairie states has greatly extended the range of many more definitely
+woodland species, so that species of _Stemonitis_, for instance, are
+common in the groves on farms far into Nebraska and Dakota. In any
+locality the plasmodia pass rapidly to fruit, but not infrequently a
+plasmodium in June will be succeeded in the same place by others of the
+same species, on and on, until the cold of approaching winter checks all
+vital phenomena. The process of fruiting should be watched as far as
+possible, and for herbarium material, allowed to pass to perfection in
+the field.
+
+Specimens collected should be placed immediately in boxes in such a way
+as to suffer no injury in transport; beautiful material is often ruined
+by lack of care on the part of the collector. Once at the herbarium,
+specimens may be mounted by gluing the supporting material to the bottom
+of a small box. Boxes of uniform size and depth may be secured for the
+purpose. Some collectors prefer to fasten the specimen to a piece of
+stiff paper, of a size to be pressed into the box snugly, but which may
+be removed at pleasure. Every pains must in any case be taken to exclude
+insects. Against such depredators occasional baking of the boxes on the
+steam radiator in winter is found to be an efficient remedy.
+
+For simple microscopic examination it will be found convenient to first
+wet the material with alcohol on the slide, then with a weak solution of
+potassic hydrate, to cause the spores and other structures to assume
+proper plumpness. A little glycerine may be added or run under the cover
+if it is desired to preserve the material for further or prolonged
+study. For permanent mounting nothing in most cases is better than
+glycerine jelly. As a preparation, the material should lie for some time
+in Häntsch's fluid,[14] opportunity being given for evaporation of the
+alcohol and water. When the material shows the proper clearness and
+fulness, it may be mounted in jelly in the usual way. Kaiser's formula
+gives beautiful results. After mounting, the preparation should be
+sealed with some good cement, as Hollis's glue.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] DeBary, _Morphology and Biology of the Fungi,_ p. 428.
+
+[5] See, however, _Ceratiomyxa_, p. 18, following.
+
+[6] Harper in _Botanical Gazette_, Vol. XXX., p. 219.
+
+[7] The following germination periods are furnished by
+Dr. Constantineanu (_Inaugural Dissertation ueber die
+Entwickelungsbedingungen der Myxomyceten_; Halle, 1907).
+
+  _Reticularia lycoperdon_                           30 to 60 min.
+  _Fuligo ovata_                                     30 to 90 min.
+  _Stemonitis splendens_                              5 to  6 hrs.
+  _Perichaena depressa_                               5 to  8 hrs.
+  _Amaurochaete atra_                                 6 to 10 hrs.
+  _Arcyria incarnata_                                 8 to 10 hrs.
+  _Lycogala epidendrum_                                 to 60 hrs.
+  _Physarum didermoides_                              1 to 10 da.
+  _Dictydium cancellatum_                             1 to 20 da.
+
+These records are for sowings in drop cultures, in distilled water, kept
+at temperature of 65°-70° F. (18°-20° C.).
+
+Our own experiments have been made both with distilled water and
+tap-water with the advantage in favor of the latter. _Dictydium
+cancellatum_ germinates in tap-water at temperature 70°-80° F. in 12-15
+hours fresh from the field. _Fuligo ovata_ spores were all swarming in
+about one hour at the same temperature. Jahn (_Myxomycetenstudien; Ber.
+der Deutschen Bot. Ges._ Bd. XXIII., p. 495) finds that the germination
+in some cases as _Stemonitis_ species, is hastened by wetting, then
+drying, then wetting again.
+
+Pinoy thinks microbes aid in germination (_Bull. Soc. Myc. de France_ T.
+XVIII.).
+
+[8] The plasmodium in this case chances to be red, scarlet, etc.
+
+[9] "Die Myxomyceten sind ebenso den Pilzen wie den echten Thieren
+verwandt."--Rostafinski; closing sentence of the _Versuch_, thesis for
+his doctorate at the University of Strasburg, 1873.
+
+[10] _Botanical Gazette_, XVII., pp. 389, etc.; 1892.
+
+[11] Researches of Olive, _Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts and Let._, XV.,
+Pt. 2, p. 771, and of Jahn, _Ber. d. Deutsch Bot. Ges._ XXVI., p. 342,
+and XXIX., p. 231, demonstrate synapsis, and accordingly some form of
+alternation among the slime-moulds. From the protracted and painstaking
+investigation of the German author it appears that in _Didymium_ at
+least, and probably _Badhamia_ synapsis immediately precedes
+spore-formation as in _Ceratiomyxa_; that the amoeboid issue of the
+spores are haploid; the nuclei of the plasmodium, diploid; that the
+ordinary vegetative plasmodium is accordingly sporophytic. That is, the
+sporophytic phase is dominant, as in higher plants.
+
+[12] Cf., 1884, _Ver. Morph. u. Biol. der Pilz. Mycet. u. Bact._, p.
+478. Italics, in quotations, ours.
+
+[13] See _Journal of Mycology_, Washington, D. C., Vol. VII., No. 2;
+also _Bulletin No. 66, Agric. Station of Vermont_. See also Bull. _33
+Arizona Agric. Ex. Station_: An Inquiry into the Cause and Nature of
+Crown-Gall. J. W. Tuomey. Also _Bull. Torrey Bot. Club_, Vol. 21, p. 26,
+where it appears that club-root may attack crucifers generally.
+
+Professor B. M. Duggar in _Fungous Diseases of Plants_, pp. 97-102,
+gives to club-root an illustrated chapter.
+
+[14]
+
+  Häntsch's Fluid:--
+    Alcohol 90%                  three parts
+    Water                        two parts
+    Glycerine                    one part
+
+
+
+
+THE NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS
+
+
+THE MYXOMYCETES (_Link_) _DeBary_
+
+Chlorophyl-less organisms whose vegetative phase consists of a naked
+mass of multinuclear protoplasm, the _plasmodium_; reproduced by spores
+which are either free or more commonly enclosed in sporangia, and which
+on germinating produce ciliated or amoeboid zoöspores, whose
+coalescence gives rise to the plasmodium.
+
+
+The Myxomycetes are,--
+
+  _A._ _Parasites_, in the cells of living plants            PHYTOMYXINÆ
+
+  _B._ _Saprophytes_, developed in connection with decaying
+          vegetable matter:
+
+      _a._ With free spores                                    EXOSPOREÆ
+
+      _b._ With spores in receptacles or sporangia           MYXOGASTRES
+
+
+Sub-Class PHYTOMYXINÆ _Schroeter_
+
+  1889. _Phytomyxinae Schroeter, Engl. u. Prantl._, I., i., pp. 1 and 5.
+
+The parasitic Myxomycetes affecting plants include but few (four or
+five) species, distributed among four genera. All are parasites in the
+cells of particular hosts; their vegetative phase is plasmodial and
+their spores are formed by the simultaneous breaking up of the
+plasmodium into an indefinite number of independent cells. But a single
+genus need here concern us,--
+
+
+=Plasmodiophora= _Woronin_
+
+  1879. _Plasmodiophora_ Woronin, _Pringsh. Jahrb._, XI., p. 548.
+
+Parasitic in the parenchymatous cells of the roots of living plants,
+causing noticeable enlargement of the affected organ, producing at
+length galls, knots, and various deformities and distortions. Spores
+spherical, smooth, colorless, 16 µ.
+
+
+I. PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICÆ _Woronin_.
+
+  1879. _Plasmodiophora brassicae_ Woronin, _op. cit._
+
+This species, typical of forms so far reported in this country, infests
+the roots of cabbages,[15] and produces a very serious disease of that
+vegetable. In England the malady has long been known under the names
+"clubbing," "fingers and toes," etc. The roots affected swell greatly,
+and at length resemble sometimes the flexed fingers of the human hand;
+hence the English name. As the disease progresses, the roots speedily
+rot away, to the serious injury of the leaf-bearing portion of the
+plant. In badly affected fields, sometimes one-half of the crop is
+utterly destroyed. Careful search continued through several years has
+not availed to bring this species to my personal acquaintance.
+
+For a full account of the parasitism of this species and its
+distribution in the United States see _Jour. Myc._, VII., p. 79; also
+_Bull._ 66, Agric. Sta. of Vermont.
+
+
+Sub-Class EXOSPOREÆ _Rost._
+
+  1873._ Exosporeae_ Rostafinski, _Versuch_, p. 2.
+
+Spores developed, superficially, outside the fructification, which
+consists of sporophores, membranous, or slender and branching; spores
+white, stalked. A single genus,--
+
+
+=Ceratiomyxa= _Schroeter_
+
+  1889. _Ceratiomyxa_ Schroeter, _Engl. u. Prantl_, I., i., p. 16. For
+           further synonymy, see under first species.
+
+Sporangia none; spores superficial, borne on erect papillæ or pillars,
+or even on the inside of minute depressions or pits; each spore
+surmounting a delicate pedicel or stalk. The spores on germinating give
+rise to amoeboid zoöspores, which undergo repeated divisions, later
+become ciliate, and at length again amoeboid to blend into genuine
+plasmodia. At maturity the plasmodium gives rise to numerous minute
+divisions, each of which may lengthen in a direction perpendicular to
+the surface and bear a spore at the tip.
+
+The homologies between the structures just described and the
+fructification of the ordinary slime-mould are somewhat obscure, if
+indeed any really exist. Are these minute reproductive bodies
+spores?--their behavior on germination is unique; are they
+sporangia?--the arrested development they exhibit is none the less
+puzzling. Perhaps the sporiferous pillars represent incipient stipes,
+the spores the uncombined fragments of what might otherwise have
+coalesced at the summit of the pillar to form a true sporangium.[16]
+
+Several species have been recognized, all referable probably to one or
+two, or at most, four forms. That universally recognized alike in the
+literature of the past and in recent studies is,--
+
+
+1. CERATIOMYXA FRUTICULOSA (_Muell._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 7 and 7 _a_.
+
+  1729. _Puccinia ramosa, bifurcata_, etc. Micheli, p. 213, Tab. 92,
+           Fig. 2.
+  1775. _Byssus fruticulosa_ Müller, in _Fl. Dan._, t. 718, Fig. 2.
+  1778. _Tremella hydnoidea_ Jacquin, _Misc._, Vol. I., t. 16.
+  1783. _Clavaria puccinia_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, p. 139, Fig. 19.
+  1791. _Puccinia byssoides_ Gmelin, _Syst. Naturae_, p. 1462.
+  1791. _Clavaria byssoides_ Bulliard, _Champ. de la France_, t. 415,
+           Fig. 2.
+  1794. _Isaria mucida_ Pers., Römer, _N. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 121.
+  1801. _Isaria mucida_ Pers., _Syn. Meth._, p. 688.
+  1805. _Ceratium hydnoides_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p. 258.
+  1811. _Ceratiomyxa porioides_ (A. & S.) Schroet., _Mycet._, p. 26,
+          _var._
+  1829. _Ceratium hydnoides_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 294.
+  1872. _Ceratium hydnoides_ Wor. & Fam., _Mem. Acad. Imp._, Petersburg.
+  1887. _Ceratium hydnoides_ DeBary, _Comp. Morph. Fung._, p. 432.
+  1889. _Ceratiomyxa mucida_ Schroeter, _Engl. u. Prantl Nat. Pflanz._,
+           I., i., p. 16.
+  1893. _Ceratiomyxa mucida_, Pers., Macbr., _Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa_,
+           II., p. 114.
+  1894. _Ceratiomyxa mucida_ Schroet., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 25.
+
+Plasmodium in rotten wood, white or nearly transparent; when fruiting,
+forming on the substratum mould-like patches composed of the minute
+sporiferous pillars, generally in clusters of three or more together;
+spores white, ovoid, or ellipsoidal, smooth, 10-12×6 µ.
+
+Very common, occurring in summer on shaded rotten logs, especially
+after warm showers and in sultry weather. Easily distinguishable from
+all similar moulds by the absence of mycelium or of anything like a
+hypha. In Europe the plant seems to be in autumn exceedingly common.
+Micheli not only described the form but figured it, nearly two hundred
+years ago. Micheli's figure is good, as is that of Mueller, _Fl. Dan._,
+l. c. Mueller referred the species to a Linnean genus _Byssus_, which
+seems to have included Algæ rather than anything else, if one can
+determine its limits at all. The same thing is true of _Tremella_; but
+this name is now otherwise applied, as are all the other generic names
+down to _Ceratium_, Alb. & Schw. But this had been by Schrank
+preoccupied, 1793. See the reference above for 1889. As for specific
+name, there seems no reason to depart from the rule of priority, since
+Mueller's work is determinative.
+
+_Ceratiomyxa arbuscula_, Berk. & Br., apparently a form of this, is
+cited from Toronto by Miss Currie. Massee gives it recognition; Lister
+as varietal. The sporophores are inclined to be simple, stipitate and
+dendroid.
+
+_C. filiforme_ of the English authors latest named is a wonderful thing
+and deserves a paragraph here, if not recognition as a distinct species.
+It occurs rarely; but once it appears, attracts attention. As in the
+historic species, the sporifers are white, stand more or less erect, but
+are every way finer and larger. Each individual sporifer rises like a
+stiff stem, as of white thread, 2-3 mm. high; at top a tuft of fruiting
+branchlets, more or less distinct. All taken together, we have a dense
+mat completely concealing the substratum and spreading out sometimes
+over an area of surprising extent, several centimetres square.
+
+Common everywhere in summer on decaying sticks and wood of every
+description, especially in wet places. Alaska to Nicaragua, and probably
+around the world.
+
+
+2. CERATIOMYXA PORIOIDES (_Alb. & Schw._) _Schroeter._
+
+  1805. _Ceratium porioides_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p. 359.
+  1829. _Ceratium porioides_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 295.
+  1873. _Ceratium porioides_ Fam. & Wor. _Acad. Imp._, XX., 3, p. 5.
+  1889. _Ceratiomyxa porioides_ Schroet., _Engl. u. Prantl_, I., i.,
+           p. 16.
+  1894. _Ceratiomyxa mucida_ Schroet. var. _porioides_ Lister,
+          _Mycetozoa_, p. 26.
+  1899. _Ceratiomyxa porioides_ Alb. & Schw. (Schroet.), Macbr., _N.
+           A. S._, p. 19.
+  1911. _Ceratiomyxa porioides_ Alb. & Schw., Schroet., _List.
+           Mycet._, p. 26, _var._
+
+Entire fructification confluent forming a mucilaginous mass, porose.
+Pores ample, angulate, at length radiate-dentate. Spores as in the
+preceding. Plasmodium yellow.
+
+Of these two species Fries remarks: "... Duæ sunt distinctissimæ, inter
+has vero longa formarum intermediarum series." Famintzin and Woronin not
+only concur, but consider it were more fitting to place the present
+species in a distinct genus, as _Polyporus_ is set off from _Hydnum_. A
+species based upon the color of the vegetative phase only, unconfirmed
+by any subsequent differential character in the fruit would seem
+somewhat hazardous. The color of the plasmodium is incident probably to
+varied nutrient environment. Pores, however, are usually in evidence.
+
+Iowa, Tennessee, Missouri, etc.; probably common everywhere.
+
+
+Sub-Class MYXOGASTRES (_Fries_) _Macbr._
+
+  1829. Sub-order _Myxogastres_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 67.
+  1833. Sub-order _Myxomycetes_ Link, _Handb. der Gew._, 3, p. 405.
+  1833. Sub-order _Myxomycetes_ Wallroth, _Fl. Crypt._, II., p. 333, in
+          part.
+  1858. Class _Mycetozoa_ DeBary, _Bot. Zeitung_, 1858, pp. 357-365, in
+          part.
+  1889. Class _Myxogastres_ Schroeter, _Engl. u. Prantl_, Nat. Pflanz.,
+          I., i., p. 16.
+  1892. Class _Myxogastres_ (Fries) Massee, _Monograph_, p. 28.
+  1894. Class _Mycetozoa_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 21, in part.
+
+Except as just described, the slime-moulds present abundant, minute,
+unicellular spores, enclosed in sporangia more or less perfectly
+defined, and attended by peculiar thread-like structures, free or
+variously attached and conjoined, the so-called _capillitium_.
+
+So far as known, the spores on germination give rise to zoöspores, at
+first amoeboid, later ciliate, again amoeboid, conjugating in pairs,
+then, in some cases, at least, coalescing and dividing indefinitely to
+form the plasmodial or vegetative phase.[17]
+
+
+=Key to the Orders of the Myxogastres=
+
+  Spore-mass black or violaceous, rarely ferruginous            Series A
+
+  Spore-mass never black; usually some shade of brown or
+  yellow, rarely purplish or rosy, etc.                         Series B
+
+SERIES A
+
+  1. Capillitium present, delicate, thread-like;
+       sporangia calcareous more or less throughout        I. PHYSARALES
+
+  2. Capillitium present, thread-like, arising
+       usually as anastomosing branches from a
+       well-developed columella, which in a single
+       genus contains lime; sporangia otherwise
+       non-calcareous                                   II. STEMONITALES
+
+    SERIES B
+
+  3. Capillitium none, or very imperfectly developed; spores of some
+       shade of brown, rarely purplish                 III. CRIBRARIALES
+
+  4. Capillitium the inwardly produced irregular extremities of plates
+       or tubules, which by their interweaving outwardly make up the
+       aethalial wall; spores pale, ashen                IV. LYCOGALALES
+
+  5. Capillitium made up of more or less distinctly sculptured threads,
+       parietal or free, simple, branched, or reticulate; spores
+       commonly yellow                                     V. TRICHIALES
+
+This sequence is meant to convey the idea that the presence of lime is
+indicative of differentiation less complete. That the plasmodium should
+at the outset eliminate, by refusing the unnecessary lime, is indicative
+of higher rank than that the lime should be carried until the last and
+then be crystallized out, or excreted by simple desiccation. The
+circumstance that the excreted lime may sometimes serve a protective
+purpose in the fruit, does not vitiate the general principle. In Series
+B the differentiation reaches a climax in the sculptured capillitium of
+the trichias.
+
+ORDER I
+
+=PHYSARALES=
+
+Spores violaceous-black. The capillitium usually delicate and
+thread-like; peridium and capillitium, one or other or both, more or
+less extensively surcharged with lime. Peridium simple or double.
+Fructification various.
+
+This order is recognizable by several characteristics, but is especially
+marked by the peculiar calcareous deposits which affect the capillitium
+or peridium, now one, now the other, more often both.
+
+As here defined, the order Physarales includes two distinct families; of
+the one _Physarum_, of the other _Didymium_, is type.
+
+
+=Key to the Families of the Order Physarales=
+
+  _A._ Fructification often calcareous throughout;
+         capillitium intricate                             _Physaraceae_
+
+  _B._ Calcareous deposits, when present, affecting the
+         peridium only, or sometimes the stipe, in the
+         typical genus plainly crystalline; capillitium
+         simple
+                                                           _Didymiaceae_
+
+
+A. PHYSARACEÆ
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Physaraceæ=
+
+  _A._ Fructification æthalioid                              1. _Fuligo_
+
+  _B._ Fructification plasmodiocarpous or of distinct
+         sporangia.
+
+     _a._ Peridium evidently calcareous.
+
+          i. Capillitium calcareous throughout             2. _Badhamia_
+
+         ii. Capillitium largely hyaline.
+
+              O Sporangia globose, etc.;
+                  dehiscence irregular                     3. _Physarum_
+
+             OO Sporangia vasiform or more or less
+                  tubular
+
+                 + Dehiscence by a lid or more
+                     or less circumscissile               4. _Craterium_
+
+                ++ Dehiscence irregular,
+                     peridium introverted                5. _Physarella_
+
+     _b._ Peridium apparently limeless, at least outside.
+
+          i. Plasmodiocarpous                           6. _Cienkowskia_
+
+         ii. Sporangia distinct                           7. _Leocarpus_
+
+  C. Extra-limital.
+
+     _a._ Sporangia stipitate, saucer-shaped, following
+            No. 3.                                        _Trichamphora_
+
+     _b._ Sporangia elongate allantoid, etc., following
+            No. 1.                                            _Erionema_
+
+
+=1. Fuligo= (_Haller_) _Pers._
+
+  1753. _Mucor_ Linn., _Sp. Pl._ II., No. 1656 (?).
+  1768. _Fuligo_ Haller, _Hist. Helv._, Nos. 1233-1235, in part.
+  1801. _Fuligo_ Haller, _Pers. Syn._, p. 159.
+  1809. _Æthalium_ Link, _Diss._, I, p. 42.
+  1829. _Æthalium_ Fries, _Sym. Myc._, III., p. 92.
+
+Sporangia undefined, obscurely woven in and out among each other forming
+usually a cushion-shaped æthalioid mass. The outer layer sterile, often
+calcareous, forming a fragile crust, more or less defined. The middle
+layer sporiferous with calcigerous capillitium. The lowest layer a
+membranous hypothallus.
+
+The identity of this genus seems to have been recognized first by
+Haller, _op. cit._, but by Persoon more closely defined and illustrated.
+Link simply translated the name into Greek, for reasons less evident
+now, and in this was followed by Fries. Haller's designation is now
+probably securely fixed.
+
+The sporigerous median structure of the fructifications, under whatever
+specific name or names, is entirely confused. Sporangial walls, if ever
+such there were, are hardly as such recoverable, seemingly _indicated_
+only, in the changes to which the æthalium submits as in the ripening
+the sporogenic plasm passes on to spores.
+
+In the present state of our knowledge the forms of this genus present
+withal a most perplexing problem. Are they simply phases of a single
+species, or are they in style and in structure sufficiently constant in
+their admitted variety, to claim specific rank and separate description?
+
+To follow the example of Greville and recognize in all the literature of
+two hundred years varied descriptions of a single type,--this were
+perhaps the easier and speedier disposal of the case. Fries thought so
+to treat the problem but was unable to keep faith with his own decision;
+for no sooner he states the genus monotypic than he proceeds forthwith
+to offer four varieties, a. b. c. d., viz. those by Persoon and others
+duly recognized as species.
+
+Recent students all, however, seem to find convenience in specific
+division. All seem disposed to honor Dr. Peck's _Fuligo ochracea_
+whether or not by the name he gave; and of other varieties some seem
+impressed by the constancy of one, some of another characteristic, thus
+indicating that to careful observers all over the world there are
+differences that may be recognized, that have been recognized again and
+again. If there are two species there are certainly more. Out of the
+gatherings of many years one may set in order not less than five
+variations in the fruiting of _Fuligo_, five distinct types of
+fructification, to all appearing sufficiently constant for specific
+recognition.
+
+It will be said, has been said, was said by Fries, that these variations
+are insignificant, "pendent ex æris constitutione"; but as a matter of
+fact the several types now in question may be found on the same day, so
+that evidently something other than the atmospheric environment must
+determine.
+
+Again it is said that the differences are in external form or color
+only, the spores in all cases almost if not quite the same. This is
+true; but specific characters are _surface_ characters in fact: a
+species morphologically is merely the form in which a _kind_ or _genus_
+presents itself. If the presentation be constant, for our convenience we
+say so, in bestowing a name. Whether in our present treatment the
+convenience is purely personal, students may decide.
+
+However it all may be, there are in this part of the world many varying
+presentations of _Fuligo_ capable of illustration and description; the
+same forms, perhaps, which have attracted the notice of the more acute
+mycologists in the older history of the subject. Some of these forms we
+here venture to describe, with such annotation as may show something of
+present knowledge.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Fuligo=
+
+  _A._ Æthalium 1 cm. or less; spores spherical         1. _F. muscorum_
+
+  _B._ Æthalium larger, or plasmodiocarpous, even
+         sporangi-form, crust white, smooth, even,
+         spores elliptical                               2. _F. cinerea_
+
+  _C._ Æthalia larger, 2 cm. or more.
+
+       1. Cortex yellow, etc., not white; spores 6-8 µ   3. _F. septica_
+
+       2. Cortex nearly or quite wanting; spores
+            10-12                                     4. _F. intermedia_
+
+       3. Cortex white, a foamy crust; spores 15-25    5. _F. megaspora_
+
+
+1. FULIGO MUSCORUM _Alb. & Schw._
+
+  1894. _Fuligo muscorum_, Alb. & Schw. Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 67.
+  1875. _Licea ochracea_ Peck, N. Y. _Rep._, XVIII., p. 55.
+  1879. _Fuligo ochracea_ Peck, N. Y. _Rep._, XXXI., p. 56.
+  1894. _Fuligo muscorum_, Alb. & Schw., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 67.
+  1911. _Fuligo muscorum_ Alb. & Schw., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 87.
+
+Plasmodium orange-yellow. Æthalium globoid, very small, 1 cm. or less,
+the cortex very thin, greenish yellow; sporangial walls not evident;
+capillitium well-developed, the numerous calcareous nodes fusiform or
+often branching, and connected by rather short, transparent internodes;
+spores coarsely warted, 10-11 µ.
+
+This form seems to differ from _F. septica_ chiefly in its constant
+diminutive habit of fruiting, in its delicate cortex, and in its spores,
+brighter, larger, and more coarsely warted. The descriptions and figure
+by Schweinitz seem referable to nothing else. First reported by
+Albertini and Schweinitz from Germany; by Schweinitz from the Carolinas;
+then by Dr. Peck described as a _Licea_ from New York. It seems less
+commonly collected in the United States.
+
+
+2. FULIGO CINEREA (_Schw._) _Morg._
+
+PLATE X., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, and 3 _b_, and Plate XXIII.
+
+  1831. _Enteridium cinereum_ Schw., _N. A. F._, No. 2365.
+  1875. _Physarum ellipsosporum_ Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 10.
+  1884. _Æthaliopsis stercoriformis_ Zopf., _Pilzthiere_, p. 150.
+  1894. _Fuligo ellipsospora_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 67.
+  1896. _Fuligo cinerea_ (Schw.) Morg., _Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist._, p. 105.
+  1899. _Physarum ellipsosporum_ Rost., Macbr. _N. A. S._, p. 27.
+  1911. _Fuligo cinerea_ Morg., List., _Mycetozoa_, 2nd ed., p. 88.
+
+Plasmodium milk-white, watery. Plasmodiocarp long and widely effused,
+anon winding, here and there reticulate, always applanate; sometimes in
+form an æthalium, the peridial cortex membranous, firm, thick, and
+white. Capillitium well-developed, furnished with lime. Spores
+thin-walled, ellipsoidal, violaceous, plicate-rugose, 14-16 x 11-12 µ.
+
+Not common. Found occasionally in shaded situations on piles of rotting
+straw or in the woods, especially on detritus of the bracken. The spores
+are many of them ellipsoidal; some are spherical; all are decidedly
+spinulose, perhaps might appear plicate-rugulose when dry or shrunken.
+Calcareous nodules very large and irregular, white.
+
+Schweinitz, _loc. cit._, described this form as _Enteridium cinereum_.
+Rostafinski referred it to the genus _Physarum_, but was obliged to
+adopt also a new specific name, as that suggested by Schweinitz was
+already in use in the genus _Physarum_. Zopf, _Die Pilzthiere_, p. 149,
+founds a new genus on what seems to be the same form as here considered.
+This he publishes as _Æthaliopsis stercoriformis_ Z. Massee regards the
+specimens discovered by Zopf as belonging to the genus _Fuligo_, and
+Lister regards Rostafinski's type as _Fuligo_, and includes Zopf's
+material under the Rostafinskian species.
+
+This has been described as properly an American form; Lister cites other
+far localities.
+
+
+3. FULIGO SEPTICA (_Linn._) _Gmel_.
+
+  1753. _Mucor septicus_ Linn., _Sp. Pl._ II., No. 1656 (?).
+  1763. _Mucor ovatus_ Schaeff., _Fung. Bav._, p. 132, Fig. 192.
+  1791. _Fuligo septica_ (Linn.) Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, p. 1466.
+  1826. _Fuligo varians_ Sommf., _Fl. Lapl. Sup._, p. 231.
+  1809. _Æthalium flavum_ Link, _Diss._, I., p. 42.
+  1829. _Æthalium septicum_ Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 93.
+  1875. _Fuligo varians_ Sommf., Rost., _Mon._, p. 134.
+  1892. _Fuligo varians_ Sommf., Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia._
+           II., p. 160.
+  1894. _Fuligo septica_ (Linn.) Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 66.
+  1899. _Fuligo ovata_ (Schaeff.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 23.
+  1911. _Fuligo septica_ Gmel., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 86.
+
+This remarkable and universal species presents as stated many forms and
+phases. Of these five have been selected as representative.
+
+  1. Form _a._ Plasmodium yellow; cortex yellow, or
+       orange-brown, strongly calcareous friable; form
+       indefinite                                             _F. ovata_
+
+  2. Form _b._ Cortex less calcareous porose, yellowish brown,
+       fructification definite, pulvinate                      _F. rufa_
+
+  3. Form _c._ Cortex smooth, persistent; fructification
+       small, less than two inches                           _F. laevis_
+
+  4. Form _d._ Plasmodium yellow; cortex none; capillitium
+       yellow, fructification thin, sometimes wide-spread     _F. flava_
+
+  5. Form _e._ Plasmodium violaceous, dark; cortex almost
+       none; whole mass reddish or violet                  _F. violacea_
+
+
+1. Form _a._ _Fuligo ovata_ (Schaeff.) Pers.
+
+Plasmodium bright yellow; æthalium pale brown, or yellowish-ochraceous,
+of variable size and shape, one to many cm. in diameter, and one to two
+cm. thick, enclosed by a distinct calcareous crust, which varies in
+texture, thickness, and color; capillitium well developed but variable
+in color, form, and extent; spore-mass dull black, sooty; spores
+spherical, purplish brown, nearly smooth, 7-9 µ.
+
+Under this name may be placed our most common form. Rising with an
+abundant yellowish creamy plasmodium from masses of decaying vegetation,
+lumber, sawdust, half buried logs, it creeps about with energy
+unsurpassed, coming to rest only in some position specially exposed, as
+the top of a log or stump, the face of a stone or post, or even the high
+clods of a cultivated field! The fructification is large, yellow, or at
+most pale ochraceous, the surface when mature extremely friable like dry
+foam. Bulliard figures this phase well on Plate 424, Fig. 2, and calls
+it _Reticularia_ (_Fuligo_) _hortensis_, from its affecting the soils of
+gardens. More than thirty fructifications have appeared at one time,
+varying in size from one to twenty cm. in a field of potatoes, well
+tilled, and less than an acre in extent! Such is life's perennial
+exuberance on this time-worn old world of ours!
+
+Schæffer's plate CXII represents probably the same thing. So also
+Bolton's plate, CXXXIV. Sowerby's Fig. 2 on plate 199, and figures 1 and
+2 on Greville's plate 272 possibly also depict this form. Persoon calls
+this _F. vaporaria_ because it frequents hotbeds and the like, and
+believes this to represent the "_untuosus flavus_" of Linnée, although
+he thinks Schæffer's specimens do not. The calcareous internal structure
+is white.
+
+
+2. Form _b_, _F. rufa_ Pers.
+
+This type of Fuligo is very different from the preceding in form, habit,
+and color. In form it is much more definite, usually thick, well-rounded
+and with some solidity. The interior fructification is gray throughout,
+much less expanded than in _a_; in fact does not resemble _a_ at all!
+The cortex is porose but firm, orange at first, but becoming tawny with
+age, even in the herbarium. Bulliard figures it well, plate 380, Fig. 1,
+and Sowerby's Fig. 1 on plate 399 is also good, as are also Greville's
+figure 3 on plate 272 showing the two colors referred to. Not uncommon
+in the forest from June till September, but far more rare than _a_:
+always well-marked, with no other forms associated.
+
+
+3. Form _c_, _F. laevis_ Pers.
+
+This is a still more specialized type of the group. The fructification
+is usually small, smooth, about an inch in diameter and sometimes nearly
+as thick; the cortex rusty brown, enduring, persisting often when all
+the sporiferous grayish mass has been distributed through chinks, or
+from below. The figure 2 on plate X. shows this form. This also is a
+forest species, is autumnal rather, but may be taken sometimes as early
+as July. The cortex is not at all porose or spongy, in color reddish or
+brown, fragile indeed, but not to the touch, in the herbarium enduring
+for years.
+
+4. Form _d_, _F. flava_ Pers.
+
+PLATE X, Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+This is hardly _F. flava_ of Persoon; rather of Morgan who uses
+Persoon's specific designation. Persoon cites Bolton's fig. CXXXIV,
+which is yellow indeed but is the ordinary presentation of _F. septica_.
+The form here considered is remarkable for its delicacy; extremely thin,
+perhaps one layer only of overlying elongate flexuous sporangia(?),
+covered by the merest shadow of a cortex in the form of yellow dust,
+soon lost: the capillitial structure yellow throughout; occurring upon
+fallen logs in moist dark woods; not common.
+
+5. Form _e_, _F. violacea_ Pers.
+
+Plasmodium (Morgan _teste_) dark red, or wine-colored; the æthalium
+thin, two or three inches wide, covered by a cortex at first dull red
+and very soft, at length almost wholly vanishing, so that the entire
+mass takes on a purple-violet tint, upper surface varied with white;
+capillitium rather open, the more or less inflated, large, irregular
+nodes joined by long, slender, delicate, transparent filaments; spores
+dark violet, minutely roughened, spherical, about 7.5 µ.
+
+Ohio, Tennessee. Probably everywhere, but not distinguished from 1.
+
+Professor Morgan, who gave the genus under consideration much attention,
+regarded _F. violacea_ as a form particularly well-defined. What the
+value of plasmodic color as a specific character in general, and how far
+such character is in the present case definitive, because constant, are
+points yet to be determined.
+
+
+4. FULIGO INTERMEDIA _Macbr. n. s._
+
+Æthalium two to three cm. in greatest diameter, .5-1 cm. thick, covered
+with a thin, fragile, but not calcareous, greyish or brownish cortex;
+the spore-mass grey or violaceous-grey, firm, not at all sooty, the
+sporangia intricate, their walls more or less calcareous; capillitium
+not conspicuous; spores globose, pale purple, slightly roughened, 10-12
+µ.
+
+This form has been repeatedly sent me from Denver, Colorado, by
+Professor Bethel. I have refrained from publishing it, still anxious to
+believe that all fuligos on the face of the earth were of one species.
+In the species next following it must be admitted that the
+spore-variations are too wide to remain comfortably under shelter of a
+single specific name. The present species is not _F. septica_, neither
+is it _F. megaspora_; it is _F. intermedia_.
+
+Colorado; Iowa.
+
+
+5. FULIGO MEGASPORA _Sturg._
+
+  1913. _Fuligo megaspora_ Sturg., _Col. Coll. Pub._, p. 443.
+
+Æthalium pulvinate one to three inches in diameter, covered with a thick
+spongy incrustation of lime, white or yellowish toward the base:
+sporangia convolute, the walls membranous, brittle, charged throughout
+with round white granules of lime, 1.5-2 µ in diameter: columella none:
+capillitium of delicate, colorless, anastomosing tubules, bearing toward
+the center large, white, branching calcareous nodules; spores spherical,
+or somewhat oval, dark purple-brown, rough-tuberculate, 15-20 µ.
+
+This species differs as pointed out by Professor Sturgis, chiefly in the
+character of the spores, their unusual size and roughness.[18]
+
+Colorado; Africa!--_Robert Fries._
+
+
+=EXTRA-LIMITAL=
+
+
+=Erionema= _Penzig_
+
+  1898. _Erionema_ Penzig, _Die Myx. d. Fl. v. Beutenzorg_, p. 36.
+
+Sporangia plasmodiocarpous but distinct, cylindrical; capillitium
+intricate, elastic; nodules few.
+
+
+1. ERIONEMA AUREUM _Penzig_
+
+  1898. _Erionema aureum_ Penz. _l. c._
+
+Sporangia elongate, clustered, pendulous, yellow or grayish yellow,
+generally stipitate on long flaccid stalks, or sessile and interlacing:
+stipes yellow, blending with the hypothallus; capillitium intricate,
+expanding at maturity after the manner of _Arcyria_ to several times the
+sporangial length, the nodules small, yellow; spores nearly smooth,
+violaceous-brown, 5-6 µ.
+
+This unique form is near the fuligos which it resembles, especially when
+sessile, in its intricate sporangia. The spores also are those of the
+common _Fuligo septica_. The habit is however entirely different. Mr.
+Fetch describes clusters in Ceylon, hanging free, four to six cm. in
+length!
+
+
+=2. Badhamia= (_Berkeley_) _Rost._
+
+  1852. _Badhamia_ Berkeley, _Trans. Linn. Soc._, XXI., p. 153.
+  1875. _Badhamia_ Rostafinski, _Monograph_, p. 139.
+
+Sporangia simple; peridial wall simple, thin, breaking irregularly;
+capillitium formed of abundant, richly anastomosing tubules, filled
+throughout their entire length with calcareous granules; the nodes often
+feebly represented; stipe poorly developed or wanting entirely;
+columella, except in forms sometimes assigned to the sub-genus
+_Scyphium_, poorly developed or none; spores frequently adherent in
+clusters.
+
+    The whole genus calls for careful and protracted study; and the
+    present so-called species are like something new on the world;
+    as full of vagaries as though but just entered upon their
+    phylogenetic race.
+
+This genus is closely related to _Physarum_, but differs in having the
+capillitium calcareous throughout. Forms occur and are included here, in
+which the capillitium, especially in some parts, is physarum-like,
+physaroid. Nevertheless, the distinctions hold good as a rule, and are
+at once diagnostic.
+
+In capillitial differentiation the badhamias are definite and beautiful.
+The net in a typical species, as _B. papaveracea_, is throughout
+uniformly evenly tubular, the calcareous deposits delicate in the
+extreme, presenting, as the spores disappear, an elegant trabecular
+structure as if to support the persisting peridium if not the original
+content. In other forms the capillitium is physaroid, with swollen
+nodes, but heavily calcareous but not quite throughout. _Badhamia_,
+_Physarum_, _Tilmadoche_, _Craterium_ present a consistent group, of
+which _Physarum_ is the generalized expression.
+
+Berkeley's idea of the genus was expressed as follows: "Peridium naked
+or furfuraceous. Spores in groups, enclosed, at first, in a hyaline
+sack." Rostafinski, while accepting Berkeley's generic name, redefined
+it, emphasized the calcareous capillitium, and made reference to the
+spore-adherence only to assert that Berkeley's description was, in this
+particular, based on mistaken observation. In some species, the spores
+do, in fact, show a tendency to cling together, a characteristic which
+Badham was perhaps first to notice; but that this is occasioned by their
+being surrounded by a sac or common pellicle has not been proved nor
+even suggested, by any subsequent investigator. Berkeley's genus was
+therefore founded upon a slight mistake; but we may conserve his rights
+in the premises if we write _Badhamia_ (Berk.) Rost., and so keep
+history straight.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Badhamia=
+
+  _A._ Spores ovoid or ellipsoidal
+
+     _a._ Spores free                                   1. _B. ovispora_
+
+     _b._ Spores adherent                             2. _B. versicolor_
+
+  _B._ Spores spherical
+
+     _a._ Sporangia yellow
+
+          i. Spores free                               3. _B. decipiens_
+
+         ii. Spores adhering                              4. _B. nitens_
+
+     _b._ Sporangia grey, spores free
+
+          i. Always sessile                              5. _B. panicea_
+
+         ii. Stalked, at least some of them
+
+              O Stipe when present black
+
+                 + Globose, small .5 mm.                 6. _B. affinis_
+
+                ++ Larger, spores strongly spinulose  7. _B. macrocarpa_
+
+               +++ Discoidal or annulate              8. _B. orbiculata_
+
+             OO Stipes membranous yellowish
+
+                 + Stipes long, sporangia iridescent       9. _B. magna_
+
+                ++ Stipes short or none; iridescent   10. _B. foliicola_
+
+     _c._ Sporangia grey, spores adherent
+
+          i. Stipe when present yellowish
+
+              + Wall iridescent, spores uniformly
+                  marked                           11. _B. utricularis_
+
+             ++ More calcareous, spores strongly
+                  marked on one side                12. _B. capsulifera_
+
+            +++ Colorado, spores anon barred          13. _B. populina_
+
+         ii. Stipe when present black              14. _B. papaveracea_
+
+     _d._ Sporangia brown, lilacine
+
+          i. Sessile                                  15. _B. lilacina_
+
+         ii. Stipitate, columellate                 16. _B. rubiginosa_
+
+
+1. BADHAMIA OVISPORA _Racib._
+
+  1884. _Badhamia ovispora_ Racib., _Myx. Ag. Cracov._, XII., p. 72.
+
+Sporangia sessile depressed-globose or plasmodiocarpous, white or
+ochraceous, covered by dense calcareous scales; capillitium white, the
+lime-granules sometimes aggregate at the center to form a
+pseudo-columella; spores not adhering, brownish-purple ellipsoidal, 8 ×
+10-10 x 15 µ.
+
+Reported from Bohemia, England, Pennsylvania.
+
+
+2. BADHAMIA VERSICOLOR _Lister_.
+
+  1901. _Badhamia versicolor_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XXXIX., p. 81.
+  1911. _Badhamia versicolor_ List., _Mycetozoa 2nd ed._, p. 35.
+
+Sporangia scattered or clustered, minute, .3-.5 mm., grey or
+flesh-colored, sessile, the calcareous deposits slight; capillitium
+white or apricot-colored; spores ovoid, 8 × 10-9 × 12 µ, clustered,
+purplish, and warted at the broader end, elsewhere colorless and smooth.
+
+This little species, as it comes to us, is grey, very uneven in size,
+.2-.5 mm. and generally irregular in form and habit, perhaps scarce
+mature. The capillitium is white, physaroid. The spores furnish the
+distinguishing character. Sometimes globose, about 9-10. They are most
+of them definitely and permanently affected in shape by the fact of
+cluster-association, narrower in the direction of the cluster center.
+The indications are that these may become globose with maturity.
+
+Colorado,--_Bethel_; Scotland.
+
+
+3. BADHAMIA DECIPIENS (_Curtis_) _Berk._
+
+  1848. _Physarum decipiens_ Curtis, _Am. Jour. Sci._, VI., p. 352.
+  1873. _Badhamia decipiens_ Berk., _Grev._, II., p. 66.
+  1873. _Physarum chrysotrichum_ Berk. & C., Grev. II., p. 66.
+  1876. _Badhamia chrysotricha_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., _App._, p. 4.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, depressed-spherical or ovate, sessile,
+occasionally plasmodiocarpous, dull yellow, roughened by the rather
+large numerous calcareous scales; columella none; capillitium dull
+orange, strongly calcareous, only slightly widened at the nodes;
+spore-mass black; spores pale violet, minutely spinulose, free, 10-12 µ.
+
+Among badhamias this and the next species are at once distinguished by
+the color. If the brief description (_Grev._, II., p. 66) can be
+regarded as defining anything, this is the same as _P. chrysotrichum_
+Berk. & C. It resembles somewhat _P. serpula_ Morg., but differs
+externally in color and in the surface scales, which are not perceptible
+in the _Physarum_. The present species also resembles _Cienkowskia
+reticulata_ (Schw.) Rost., but has a different capillitium. See under
+that species.
+
+Chiefly eastern and American. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, South
+Carolina; reported recently also from Sweden and Germany.
+
+
+4. BADHAMIA NITENS Berk.
+
+  1852. _Badhamia nitens_ Berk., _Trans. Linn. Soc._, XXI., p. 153.
+  1863. _Badhamia inaurata_ Currey, _Trans. Linn. Soc._, XXIV., p. 156.
+  1873. _Badhamia nitens_ Berk., Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 3.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or closely crowded, globose or depressed-globose,
+.5-1 mm. in diameter, yellow or greenish yellow, rugulose, sessile;
+capillitium yellow, forming an open net with occasional thickenings at
+the nodes; spores clustered, delicately roughened, violaceous-brown,
+10-12 µ.
+
+This much resembles the preceding species except in the clustered
+spores, and more commonly aggregate habit. The spores, as usual when
+clustered, are conspicuously echinulate on the outer side. This did not
+escape the notice of the author of the species, _op. cit._
+
+Colorado, Oregon. Reported from West Indies, Ceylon, various parts of
+Europe.
+
+
+5. BADHAMIA PANICEA (Fries) Rost.
+
+  1829. _Physarum paniceum_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 141.
+  1873. _Badhamia panicea_ (Fr.) Rost., Fuckel, _Sym. Myc. Nachtr._,
+           2, p. 71.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or aggregated in closely compacted clusters,
+globose or hemispherical, sessile, the peridium thin, transparent,
+thickly dotted with white calcareous scales; stipe none; columella none,
+although a pseudo-columella sometimes appears, formed by a more dense
+development of the capillitium near the centre of the sporangium below;
+capillitium abundantly developed, quite uniformly thickened, but showing
+an occasional delicate connecting thread, the nodes also somewhat
+flattened and enlarged; spore-mass black; spores by transmitted light,
+bright violaceous-brown, minutely roughened, 10-13 µ. Plasmodium is said
+to be white.
+
+In America this seems to be a purely western species. Specimens are
+before us from western Iowa and from Colorado, South Dakota, Nevada, and
+Southern California. It is very well marked, though liable perhaps to be
+mistaken at first sight for sessile phases of _P. notabile_ or _P.
+cinereum_. The capillitium is, however, at once determinative. Colorado;
+_Bethel_. Europe generally.
+
+
+6. BADHAMIA AFFINIS _Rost._
+
+  1875. BADHAMIA AFFINIS Rost., _Mon._, p. 143.
+
+Sporangia aggregated, cespitose and sessile, or sometimes stipitate,
+depressed above, flat or umbilicate below, the wall grayish white,
+rugulose, and more or less calcareous-scaly; the stipe when present
+erect or sometimes nodding, black or brownish black; hypothallus scanty;
+columella none; capillitium not abundant, white, the nodes somewhat
+expanded; spores globose, minutely roughened, violet-brown, large, 16-17
+µ.
+
+Chiefly on moss, the pale ashen sporangia generally very small, mounted
+on the tips of the leaves, sometimes sessile, sometimes with a distinct
+black stipe in which case the peridium is distinctly umbilicate.
+Specimens from Kansas referred here have the stipe pale, rugose, long,
+about twice the sporangium; habitat bark.
+
+Rare. New York, Ohio, Kansas; more recently reported from Scotland and
+Japan.
+
+There is nothing new to be added here; nor appears any other place to
+which such material as we have may be referred. New collections no doubt
+will one day appear, when the identity may, let us hope, be made secure.
+
+Meantime we have a form closely related which may be entered as
+
+
+BADHAMIA IOWENSIS _Macbr. n. s._
+
+Sporangia gregarious or loosely scattered, depressed globose, .4-.6 mm.
+in diameter, stipitate, grey, flecked by rather prominent but small
+rounded calcareous scales: the stipe short, half the diameter of the
+sporangium, black or very dark brown, without hypothallus but widening
+above into a shallow expanded base for the sporangia; columella none:
+capillitium dull yellow, sometimes white, strongly calcareous,
+physaroid, heavy; spores free, dark brown in mass, pale violet by
+transmitted light, minutely verruculose, the tiny warts in some areas
+more densely placed, producing evident shadowy spots, 10-11 µ.
+
+This interesting little species occurs on the lower surface of fallen
+logs, blocks, etc., in colonies of considerable extent, hundreds of
+sporangia in a place. The capillitium is comparable to that of _B.
+decipiens_ or _B. panicea_; it is physaroid to the extent that an
+occasional filament may be found non-calcic, and not typically
+badhamioid as in _B. papaveracea_, _B. macrocarpa_. The sporangial base
+persists, dark brown, bearing traces of the clumsy capillitium, but no
+columella real or simulated. Blackhawk Co., Iowa; _communicavit Dr.
+Jessie Parish_. See Plate XX., 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_.
+
+Reddish or roseate forms sometimes appear in colonies otherwise as
+described. It differs from _B. affinis_ in the size and character of the
+spores, in color and character of the capillitium, habit and surface
+markings.
+
+
+7. BADHAMIA MACROCARPA (_Ces._) _Rost._
+
+  1855. _Physarum macrocarpon_ Cesati, _Flora_, XXXVIII., p. 271.
+  1875. _Badhamia macrocarpa_ (Ces.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 143.
+
+Sporangia scattered or closely aggregate, crowded globose or
+sub-globose, generally sessile, rugulose, white; the peridium
+membranous, white above, below yellowish or brown; capillitium not
+abundant, thoroughly calcareous, the nodes broad, conspicuous, the
+connecting tubules rigid; columella none; hypothallus scant or none;
+spore-mass black, spores non-adherent, by transmitted light bright clear
+brown, thickly spinulose all over, large spherical, 12-15 µ.
+
+Closely resembles externally _B. panicea_, but is easily distinguished
+by larger and remarkably _spinulose_ spores, in this particular
+unrivalled in the entire genus. European authors describe both sessile
+and stipitate forms. American specimens generally are sessile and for
+the most part closely crowded, almost heaped; but--Prof. Bethel finds
+this in winter everywhere on fallen rotting stems of Opuntia and on the
+bases of dead Yucca leaves, still attached. Associated with the typical
+phase and often _occurring alone on the Yucca_ leaves is a discoidal
+form which when first sent in (1908) was called var. _gracilis_.
+Presented alone to one ignorant of its history and associations, it
+would surely pass for a distinct species. This stalked phase is very
+delicate; the stipe pale brown, or yellow. See Plate II., Fig. 9. See
+also Sturgis _Col. Coll. Pub._ XII., 408.
+
+
+8. BADHAMIA ORBICULATA _Rex._
+
+PLATE XIV., Fig. 4.
+
+  1893. _Badhamia orbiculata_ Rex. _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 372.
+  1894. _Badhamia macrocarpa Rost._, Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 34
+           (in part).
+  1911. _Badhamia orbiculata_ Rex., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 37
+
+Sporangia stipitate or sessile, orbicular discoidal, irregularly
+elongated or plasmodiocarpous, averaging about 1 mm. in width, generally
+stipitate, and when stipitate, flattened or depressed above, plane or
+slightly umbilicate below; the peridium simple, more or less translucent
+from the varying number of innate granules, sometimes covered with
+circular flat masses of lime, gray except the point of attachment to the
+stipe which is brown; stipe short, black, rough, plicate; capillitium
+dense at the centre, radiant at the periphery where it meets the
+sporangial wall, white; spores violaceous black, minutely warted, 12-15
+µ.
+
+This is a beautiful species, easily known by its discoidal or almost
+annulate sporangia mounted upon short dark black stipes. The stipe in
+western collections is sometimes very short, but generally suffices to
+raise the sporangium, a little at least, above the substratum. Sessile
+and plasmodiocarpous forms do occur with the typical stipitate phase,
+but may be regarded here as elsewhere as indicative of incomplete
+development. Plasmodium cream-colored, or pale yellow.
+
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, Colorado.
+
+
+9. BADHAMIA MAGNA _Peck._
+
+PLATE XIV., Fig. 1.
+
+  1871. _Dictydium magnum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. State Mus._, XXIV., p. 84.
+  1879. _Badhamia magna_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. State Mus._, XXXI., p. 56.
+  1894. _Badhamia macrocarpa Rost._, Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 34,
+           in part.
+  1892. _Bahamia varia_ Mass. _Mon. Myxog._, p. 319, in part.
+  1894. _Badhamia magna_ Peck, List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 33.
+  1899. _Badhamia capsulifera_ (Berk.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 68.
+  1911. _Badhamia magna_ Peck, Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 34.
+
+Sporangia globose or ellipsoid, .7-1 mm., pale iridescent, stipitate;
+peridium thin with slight calcareous deposits, rugulose, opening
+irregularly, white; stipe long flaccid, straw-colored; capillitium an
+elegant uniform net, its threads stiffened by slight deposits of lime,
+the nodes little thickened, badhamioid; spores free, dusky with a shade
+of violet, minutely spinulose, about 10 µ.
+
+This beautiful species closely resembles some forms of _B. utricularis_
+from which it differs chiefly in its unclustered smooth spores. _B.
+foliicola_ as recognized here is hardly more than a smaller,
+short-stemmed form of this; see species next following.
+
+Not rare in the eastern United States and Canada; Iowa. Seems to take
+the place of _B. capsulifera_ of Europe.
+
+
+10. BADHAMIA FOLIICOLA _Lister_.
+
+  1897. _Badhamia foliicola_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XXXV., p. 209.
+  1911. _Badhamia foliicola_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 34.
+
+"Plasmodium orange." Sporangia smaller, about .5-.6 mm., globose or
+ellipsoidal, iridescent-gray, stipitate or sessile, the peridium thin,
+rugulose, sparingly calcareous, when empty white; the stipe when present
+short but yellowish, of the flaccid sort; capillitium badhamioid; spores
+free, delicately spinulescent, dusky-violaceous, about 12-13 µ.
+
+This has been so far collected but once, on the shores of Lake Okoboji.
+It was developed, no doubt, on the natural débris of a bur-oak prairie
+border, and went to fruit on the leaves, stems, and fruiting spikes of a
+species of _Setaria_. It may prove to be different from the _B.
+foliicola_ of Europe; future collections and study must reveal that.
+Meantime it seems wise to refer it here.
+
+The color of the plasmodium is quoted from Miss Lister; a fact of some
+importance only when constant and confirmed by other criteria.
+
+Iowa; Toronto,--_Miss Currie._
+
+
+11. BADHAMIA UTRICULARIS (_Bull._) _Berk._
+
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus utricularis_ Bull., _Champ._, p. 128, t. 417,
+           Fig. 1.
+  1826. _Physarum utriculare_ Chev., _Fl. Paris_, I., p. 337.
+  1829. _Physarum utriculare_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 139.
+  1852. _Badhamia utricularis_ (Bull.) Berk., _Tr. Linn. Soc._, XXI.,
+           p. 153.
+
+Sporangia clustered, spherical or ovoid, large, sessile or mounted on
+long, thin, strand-like stalks, blue-gray, violet-iridescent or
+cinereous, smooth or more often rugulose; the stipes when present poorly
+differentiated, as if thread-like filaments and strips of the
+plasmodium, often branched and always reclining or even prostrate;
+hypothallus none; capillitium a large-meshed open network of rather
+slender tubules, the nodes unequally developed, white with the enclosed
+lime; spores not strictly adherent though not without some tendency to
+stick together, delicately warted, bright violet-brown, 10-12 µ.
+
+This species resembles _B. capsulifera_, but is distinguished by a more
+strongly rugulose less calcareous peridium and a more profuse
+development of filamentous stipes, but especially by the character of
+the spores. The spores of the present species while inclined, when
+mounted in a liquid, to stay together, nevertheless do not coalesce in
+heaps as in the related species, nor do they show any differentiation in
+the episporic markings, these being uniform over the entire spore.
+
+This is one of the finest and perhaps the most beautiful species of this
+fine genus. It is a forest species, generally to be found on trunks of
+fallen _Populus_ or _Tilia_ where the fine soft gray colonies often
+spread for several inches along the ridges and in crevices of the bark.
+
+Colorado (_Bethel_); Mississippi valley and east.
+
+
+12. BADHAMIA CAPSULIFERA (_Bull._) _Berkeley_.
+
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus capsulifer_ Bull., _Champ._, p. 139, t. 470,
+           Fig. 2.
+  1801. _Physarum hyalinum_ Pers., _Syn. Meth. Fung._, p. 170.
+  1852. _Badhamia capsulifera_ Berk., _Tr. Lin. Soc._, XXI., p. 153.
+  1852. _Badhamia hyalina_ Berk., _Tr. Lin. Soc._, XXI., p. 153.
+  1875. _Badhamia hyalina_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 139.
+  1875. _Badhamia capsulifera_ (Bull.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 141.
+  1894. _Badhamia hyalina_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 30.
+  1911. _Badhamia capsulifera_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 31.
+
+Sporangia clustered or gregarious, sessile or sometimes stipitate,
+globose or obovoid, gray or greenish white, snow-white when empty; the
+peridium thin, translucent; the stipe, when present, as in _B.
+utricularis_, although generally shorter and better developed, yellow or
+straw colored; capillitium a very loose, open network of white,
+lime-filled tubules, not much expanded at the nodes; columella none;
+spore-mass purplish-brown; spores adhering in clusters of five or six to
+twenty or more, globose, but affected somewhat by mutual pressure, rough
+throughout, the exposed surface in the cluster, more distinctly warted,
+10-12 µ.
+
+This is _Badhamia hyalina_ (Pers.) Berk., Rost., _Mon._, p. 139; but
+Rostafinski himself admits that the two species, here united, as he
+defined them, are very much alike, having "the same spores and
+capillitium", differing in the form of the sporangium, an inconstant
+feature. Bulliard's name has precedence; his descriptions of this and
+the preceding species are remarkable.
+
+The peculiarly adherent spores distinguish the species from _B.
+utricularis_; and the sporangia sessile or with short but strand-like
+stipes, distinguish it from _B. papaveracea_.
+
+The description above is for the typical European form. Lister expresses
+doubt whether this occurs in the United States. The form from Iowa which
+is the basis for the inclusion of the species in N. A. S. is, we
+believe, nothing else than _B. capsulifera_ (Bull.) Berk. The form
+approaches _B. populina_ as this is presented in Colorado. The Iowa
+specimens are white, aggregate, superimposed, etc., but have the
+capillitium and spores exactly as described for the type. Accordingly
+_B. populina_ as this occurs in Colorado has been for years referred to
+the Berkeley species. The thicker more strongly calcareous peridia
+constitute, as would appear, the principal difference in the forms from
+Colorado. See next species.
+
+
+13. BADHAMIA POPULINA _List._
+
+  1904. _Badhamia populina_ List. _Jour. Bot._, XLII., p. 129.
+  1911. _Badhamia populina_ List. _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 32.
+
+Plasmodium white; sporangia sessile, crowded, heaped, large, 1.5 mm.,
+rarely stipitate, globose or ovoid, white; stipe when present brown;
+capillitial strands broad, calcareous; spores clustered, 16-20 in a
+cluster, purple-brown, roughened and sometimes marked by obscure ridges
+and bands, 10-12 µ.
+
+Generally distinguishable by its unusually large calcareous, white
+sporangia. The peridia are strongly calcareous, shell-like in texture.
+In some cases the color is tinted with rose.
+
+This species is very near _B. capsulifera_ as recognized in the United
+States. When white the Colorado material corresponds almost exactly with
+the forms collected in Iowa, and regarded as representing the species
+just named. The Colorado gatherings are more strongly calcareous and the
+spores sometimes present the variations named. "The Colorado phase of
+the American form."
+
+Colorado,--_Bethel_. Europe?
+
+
+14. BADHAMIA PAPAVERACEA _Berk. & Rav._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 6, 6_a_, and 6_b_.
+
+  1873. _Badhamia papaveracea_ Berk. & Rav., _Grev._, II., p. 66.
+  1894. _Badhamia hyalina_ var. _papaveracea_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_,
+           p. 30.
+  1899. _Badhamia papaveracea_ Berk. & Rav., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 69.
+  1911. _Badhamia papaveracea_ Berk. & Rav., List., _Mycetozoa,
+           2nd ed._, p. 32.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, large, stipitate, iridescent-gray; the
+peridium thin, translucent, and containing but little calcareous
+deposits, smooth or slightly rugulose; stipe very short, but generally
+distinct, black or very dark brown; hypothallus none; capillitium a
+network of large meshes with expanded nodes, prominent, white,
+persistent after the spores have been blown away; spore-mass deep brown;
+spores adherent as in _B. capsulifera_, marked in much the same way, and
+about the same size, 10-12.5 µ
+
+Distinguished by its short, dark, stipe and adherent spores.
+
+Not common. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, South Carolina,
+Wisconsin, Iowa.
+
+
+15. BADHAMIA LILACINA (_Fries_) _Rost._
+
+  1829. _Physarum lilacinum_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 141.
+  1875. _Badhamia lilacina_ (Fries) Rost., _Mon._, p. 145.
+  1892. _Craterium lilacinum_ Mass., _Mon._, p. 271.
+  1894. _Badhamia lilacina_ (Fr.) Rost., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 34.
+  1911. _Badhamia lilacina_ (Fr.) Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, 2nd ed.,
+           p. 38.
+
+Sporangia globose, sub-globose, or obconical, sessile, gregarious or
+more or less clustered, supported by a thin, continuous, transparent
+hypothallus; the peridium smooth pale, lilac-brown without, white
+within; stipe none, although some sporangia have a narrowed base;
+columella none, the pseudo-columella formed by a more densely aggregated
+capillitium near the base; capillitium dense, white, strongly nodulose;
+spore-mass black; spores dark, violaceous-brown by transmitted light,
+distinctly warted, or reticulate, the reticulations resembling somewhat
+those of some of the trichias, as _T. affinis_, 10-15 µ.
+
+Easily recognizable, generally at sight, by its peculiar color. White
+forms, however, occur; often lilac-tinted and white from the same
+plasmodium. A perfectly white colony seems to be rare. Both colors are
+shown in specimens distributed. _N. A. F._, 2494.
+
+Common eastward, Ontario, New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, etc. Not
+reported west of the Mississippi River.
+
+Whatever the color, the spores are in every case positively diagnostic.
+The episporic markings are unlike those of any other species in the
+present order. Dr. Rex describes some New York forms as provided with a
+short but distinct stipe. Such forms resemble externally _Scyphium
+rubiginosum_ (Chev.) Rost. The hypothallus is also unique. V. next
+species.
+
+
+16. BADHAMIA RUBIGINOSA (_Chev._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE X., Figs. 1, 1_a_, 1_b_, 1_c_.
+
+  1826. _Physarum rubiginosum_ Chev., _Fl. Par._, p. 338.
+  1872. _Craterium obovatum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXVI., p. 75.
+  1875. _Scyphium rubiginosum_ (Chev.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 148.
+  1876. _Badhamia rubiginosa_ (Chev.) Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 5.
+  1892. _Craterium rubiginosum_ Massee, _Mon._, p. 270.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, obovoid, grayish brown, stipitate, the peridium
+simple, membranous, above thin, pale, more or less calcareous below,
+more persistent blending with the stipe; stipe erect, reddish brown or
+purplish, expanded below into a small hypothallus, above, prolonged
+within the sporangia more than half its height as a definite columella;
+capillitium very dense, snow white, long persistent with the lower
+two-thirds of the sporangial wall; spore-mass dark brown; spores by
+transmitted light, dark violet or purple-brown, minutely roughened or
+spinulose, not adherent, 12-14 µ.
+
+This is probably the most common badhamia in the country and in the
+world. It is found every year, in the woods, on masses of decaying
+leaves, especially those of various species of oak. The plasmodium is
+yellow. The fructifications are very distinct, not likely to be
+mistaken for those of any other species; the stipes constitute a very
+prominent feature in every gathering I have seen. Sometimes these are
+more or less coalescent, especially toward the base, where they are apt
+to be also wrinkled or longitudinally striate; in other specimens the
+stipes are well differentiated, long, terete, with little or no
+hypothallus.
+
+_Badhamia curtisii_ (Berk.) Rost. is according to Lister (Mon., p. 35) a
+sessile phase of this species. The only specimens known are in the
+herbarium of Berkeley, now at Kew. The species is based upon a gathering
+from S. Carolina. Berkeley thought it a didymium, called it _D.
+curtisii_.
+
+Reported from western Europe; the typical form abundant in the forested
+regions of eastern N. America, especially in the Mississippi valley.
+
+
+17. BADHAMIA SUBAQUILA _Macbr._
+
+  1899. _Badhamia subaquila_ Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 64.
+
+Sporangia closely gregarious or crowded, globose or sub-globose,
+sessile, brown, the peridium a thin but persistent brown membrane,
+rupturing above irregularly and remaining as a cup after spore
+dispersal; hypothallus none; capillitium strongly developed, thoroughly
+calcareous, the meshes large, the nodular thickenings broad, white;
+spores globose, in mass black, by transmitted light brown, very
+rough-warted, large, 15-18 µ.
+
+The variety is founded on material sent from Maine by the late Mr. F. L.
+Harvey. Professor Harvey, upon the authority of Mr. Morgan of Ohio,
+quotes the species, _Bull. Tor. Bot. Club_, 24, 67, as _B. verna_
+(Somm.) Rost. But the specimens certainly do not conform to description
+of _B. verna_. Here the wall corresponds with what is seen in _B.
+rubiginosa_; but the spores are much larger, and the capillitial
+structure very different.
+
+Miss Lister regards this a form of No. 16. So far, the original
+gathering represents the species; but the woods of Maine are certain one
+day to send added information.
+
+Rare. On mossy logs, Maine.
+
+
+=3. Physarum= (_Persoon_) _Rost._
+
+  1794.[19] _Physarum_ Pers., _Rom. Neu. Mag. f. d. Bot._, I., p. 88,
+               in part.
+  1795. _Physarum_ Pers., _Ust. Ann. Bot._, XV., p. 5, in part.
+  1801. _Physarum_ Pers., _Syn. Fung._, p. 168, in part.
+  1829. _Physarum_ (Pers.) Fries, _Syst. Myc._, II., p. 127, in part.
+  1875. _Physarum_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 93.
+
+Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, æthalioid or distinct; the peridium usually
+simple, sometimes double, irregularly dehiscent, more or less definitely
+calcareous; capillitium a uniform irregular net, dilated and calcareous
+at the nodes, adherent on all sides to the peridial wall.
+
+This large and cosmopolitan genus is readily recognized by the
+characters quoted. It may be added that the capillitial threads are
+always exceedingly delicate, probably tubular, but never filled with
+lime throughout; the peridium may be almost nude or encrusted with lime,
+which, where present, is always amorphous, never crystalline; the
+sporangia when distinct may be either sessile or stipitate, and the
+stipe in the latter case is often hollow and charged with lime. In
+capillitium intermediate between _Leocarpus_ and _Badhamia_, since in
+the first the capillitium is unequally calcareous, diverse, while in
+_Badhamia_ the capillitium is intricate and calcareous throughout.
+
+As first set up by its founder, the genus included diverse forms, only
+one or two of which would be included in the genus as now limited.[20]
+Persoon, however, was left to develop the matter to suit himself, and in
+successive works gave, under this generic name, more and more prominence
+to forms now so referred. Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., pp. 127 _et seq._,
+still better establishes the genus, though still including forms that,
+judging from the description, seem to belong elsewhere. Twenty years
+later Fries revising somewhat his earlier work thought to improve the
+chances of future students by reducing the number of physarums. This he
+would do by setting out certain evidently inter-related forms to make a
+new genus, _Tilmadoche_.
+
+He named two or three species only, leaving his sucessors to add others
+as occasion offered.[21]
+
+Rostafinski approved the good intention of Fries, but in the
+_Monograph_, he entirely re-cast the genus as constituted by Fries;
+actually called the species 'first cited' a typical physarum! Would not
+have it in the new genus at all, first or last; but instead took the
+second species of Fries as the type and added several forms, some from
+the Friesian list, to make up a respectable group.
+
+Until quite recently writers on the subject have generally approved the
+course adopted by the Polish author. The arrangement showed features of
+convenience, even if artificial to a degree. Perhaps we gain advantage
+in all directions if we treat the original genus _Physarum_ as a whole,
+but in the key take advantage of Fries' suggestion. We may write--
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Physarum=
+
+  1. Capillitium irregularly reticulate throughout; calcic
+       nodes various                                          _Physarum_
+
+  2. Capillitium more regular, especially below, furcate;
+       nodes fusoid                                         _Tilmadoche_
+
+
+SECTION I. PHYSARUM
+
+  I. Fructification not stipitate, more or less plasmodiocarpous.
+
+     1. Peridium simple.
+
+      _a._ Calcareous deposits yellow                    1. _P. serpula_
+
+      _b._ Calcareous deposits reddish or orange      2. _P. lateritium_
+
+      _c._ Calcareous deposits white, peridium rugulose   3. _P. vernum_
+
+     2. Peridium double.
+
+      _a._ Fructification flatly compressed             4. _P. sinuosum_
+
+      _b._ Fructification less compressed, rounded.
+
+           i. Outer peridium white                      5. _P. bitectum_
+
+          ii. Outer peridium brown or brown-tinged    6. _P. bogoriense_
+
+         iii. Outer peridium yellow; capillitium yellow  7. _P. alpinum_
+
+  II. Fructification of sporangia more or less distinct.
+
+      A. Sporangia sessile, globose, ovoid, reniform, etc.
+
+         1. Peridium double.
+
+          _a._ Sporangia white, peridium testaceous.     8. _P. diderma_
+
+          _b._ Sporangia tinged with yellow.
+
+               i. Sporangia as if interwoven,
+                    compressed                         9. _P. contextum_
+
+              ii. Sporangia more nearly free, distinct.
+
+                   o Spores pale, inner peridium
+                       brittle                    10. _P. conglomeratum_
+
+                  oo Spores spinulose, dark violet      11. _P. mortoni_
+
+          _c._ Sporangia brown, dehiscence revolute  12. _P. brunneolum_
+
+         2. Peridium simple, calcareous, flaky.
+
+          _a._ Sporangia grey, plasmodiocarpous;
+                 spores dusky, 10-12 forms of 3
+
+          _b._ Sporangia grey, more or less dense;
+                 spores violet, 6-7                    13. _P. cinereum_
+
+          _c._ Calcareous deposits yellow or greenish,
+                 spores 7-9                           14. _P. virescens_
+
+          _d._ Sporangia rusty or reddish brown,
+                 more or less dense                 15. _P. rubiginosum_
+
+          _e._ Sporangia minute, lignicolous,
+                 the fructification much extended
+                 upon a hypothallus, lime deposit
+                 tawny                                16. _P. instratum_
+
+          _f._ Sporangia white, depressed, annulate,
+                 sometimes with short stipes       17. _P. megalosporum_
+
+         3. Peridium simple, not flaky,
+              small .2-.3 mm., heaped                 18. _P. confertum_
+
+      B. Sporangia, at least some of them, stipitate.
+
+       _a._ Sporangia columellate.
+
+            i. Columella small, usually conical.
+
+                O Sporangium yellow.
+
+                   o Columella white                    19. _P. melleum_
+
+                  oo Columella yellow                  20. _P. citrinum_
+
+               OO Sporangium not yellow.
+
+                   o Capillitial mass persistent.
+
+                      + Sporangia globose,
+                          pallid or white          21. _P. globuliferum_
+
+                     ++ Sporangia blue or lilac,
+                          rose, etc.                  22. _P. lilacinum_
+
+                    +++ Sporangia drab or brownish      23. _P. murinum_
+
+                   ++++ Sporangia wine-red         24. _P. pulcherrimum_
+
+                  oo Capillitial-mass less
+                       persistent; orange          25. _P. pulcherripes_
+
+           ii. Columella long, 4-5 the sporangium
+                 non-calcareous.                      26. _P. penetrale_
+
+          iii. Columella large globose              27. _P. luteo-album_
+
+       _b._ Sporangia without columella.
+
+            i. Sporangia nucleate, calcareous at center.
+
+                O Stipe yellow                        28. _P. nucleatum_
+
+               OO Stipe white                        29. _P. wingatense_
+
+           ii. Sporangia non-nucleate.
+
+                O Sporangia purple                      30. _P. newtoni_
+
+               OO Sporangia blue, spotted with red  31. _P. psittacinum_
+
+              OOO Grey or white, iridescent betimes.
+
+                   o Sporangia white, discoidal;
+                       stipe yellow                  32. _P. discoidale_
+
+                  oo Sporangia lightly calcareous,
+                       iridescent, sub-globose,
+                       diam. about = to the stout,
+                       brown, slightly wrinkled
+                       stipe                        33. _P. leucophaeum_
+
+                 ooo Sporangia globose or sub-globose.
+
+                     x. Small, .5 mm.
+
+                         + Stipe erect, clear brown   34. _P. nodulosum_
+
+                        ++ Stipe weak, yellow,
+                             stuffed                  35. _P. maculatum_
+
+                    xx. Larger, lime-capped; stipe
+                          strand-like               36. _P. didermoides_
+
+                   xxx. Stipe snow-white, fragile      37. _P. leucopus_
+
+                  xxxx. Stipe generally distinctly fluted
+
+                         + Sporangia laterally
+                             compressed, fan-shaped  38. _P. compressum_
+
+                        ++ Sporangia typically
+                             globose, umbilicate
+                             below, connate, etc.,
+                             strongly calcareous       39. _P. notabile_
+
+                       +++ Sporangia reniform,
+                             concave below _P. affine_,
+                             see under 38
+
+                      ++++ Sporangia larger, to 1 mm.,
+                             nearly limeless,
+                             iridescent               40. _P. tropicale_
+
+                oooo Sporangia obovate, compound,
+                       clustered, the stipe fuscous,
+                       fluted, short.              41. _P. nicaraguense_
+
+             OOOO Sporangia yellow, rarely iridescent or brown.
+
+                   o Capillitial nodes white.
+
+                     x. Stipe also white             42. _P. sulphureum_
+
+                    xx. Stipe flesh-colored,
+                          spores smaller                43. _P. carneum_
+
+                   xxx. Stipe red or reddish brown  44. _P. citrinellum_
+
+                  xxxx. Stipe yellowish, flaccid,
+                          sporangia leocarpine        45. _P. albescens_
+
+                 xxxxx. Stipe very short or none,
+                          sporangia cylindric, brown  46. _P. variabile_
+
+                  oo Capillitium nodes yellow or orange-yellow.
+
+                     x. Badhamioid,
+                          larger,--to .8 mm.       47. _P. auriscalpium_
+
+                    xx. Physaroid, base persistent      48. _P. oblatum_
+
+                 ooo Capillitium nodes pure yellow.
+
+                     x. Capillitial threads yellow      49. _P. galbeum_
+
+                    xx. Capillitial threads hyaline     50. _P. tenerum_
+
+                   xxx. Peridium iridescent.
+
+                         + Capillitium persistent    51. _P. flavicomum_
+
+                        ++ Capillitium less
+                             persistent, larger        52. _P. bethelii_
+
+
+  SECTION II. TILMADOCHE
+
+  I. Æthalioid, gyrose or irregular                     53. _P. gyrosum_
+
+  II. Fructification stipitate.
+
+      1. Sporangia irregular, often convolute,
+           involved                                54. _P. polycephalum_
+
+      2. Sporangia simple, nutant, discoidal.
+
+       _a._ Thin-walled, grey or white.                  55. _P. nutans_
+
+       _b._ Vari-colored, yellow, greenish,
+              orange, etc.                               56. _P. viride_
+
+
+1. PHYSARUM SERPULA _Morgan._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 6, 6_a_, and 6_b_.
+
+  1831. _Physarum reticulatum_ Alb. & Schw., Schweinitz, _N. A. F._,
+           No. 2295.
+  1885. _Physarum gyrosum_ (Rost.) Wingate, Ellis, _N. A. F._, No. 1396.
+  1892. _Physarum gyrosum_ Rost., Massee, _Mon._, p. 307.
+  1892. _Cienkowskia reticulata_ Rost, Macbr., _Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa_,
+           II., 2, p. 150.
+  1894. _Badhamia decipiens_ Berk., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 33, in part.
+  1896. _Physarum serpula_ Morg., _Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist._, p. 101.
+  1899. _Physarum serpula_ Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 29.
+  1911. _Physarum serpula_ Morg., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 81.
+
+Plasmodiocarp repent, reticulate, forming anon lines, circles, dots,
+etc., venulose pale yellow, ochraceous, at length whitish, the peridium
+thin, membranaceous, simple, fragile, but withal persistent, below
+united with a hypothallus which is more or less widely produced;
+capillitium rather scant, but abundantly charged with polygonal nodules
+of lime, yellow; spore-mass black; the spores, by transmitted light,
+violaceous, warted, globose, 10-13 µ. Plasmodium, at maturity,
+greenish-yellow.
+
+A very distinct species not likely to be confused with anything else,
+although in description, so far as concerns external characters,
+suggesting _Cienkowskia reticulata_. The two forms are not at all alike
+when placed side by side. For details as to the difference, see the
+description of the species last mentioned.
+
+Apparently not rare in eastern United States, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
+Ohio, Iowa.
+
+In 1805, Albertini and Schweinitz, _Conspectus Fungorum_, p. 251, t. 7,
+Fig. 2, described as _Physarum reticulatum_, a European form which
+became the basis of Rostafinski's genus _Cienkowskia_; see under that
+genus. Later, 1829, Schweinitz discovered in America a physarum-looking
+specimen which he took to be the same thing, and accordingly placed in
+his herbarium under this name, and entered _N. A. F._ 2295. Rostafinski
+further renamed another Schweinitzian species _Fuligo muscorum_ calling
+it, _Mon._, p. 111, _Physarum gyrosum_. Wingate and Rex apply in Ellis,
+_N. A. F._, this latter name to No. 2295 of Schweinitz. Such a reference
+is a mistake, judging from Rostafinski's descriptions and from the
+description and figure of Albertini and Schweinitz (_Consp. Fung._, p.
+86, t. 7, I), and by the testimony of Lister. For further concerning
+Rostafinski's species, see under _Physarum gyrosum_, p. 111, _Mon._
+
+
+2. PHYSARUM LATERITIUM (_Berk. & Rav._) Rost.
+
+  1873. _Didymium lateritium_ Berk. & Rav., _Grev._, II., p. 65.
+  1875. _Physarum ditmari lateritium_ Rost., _Mon._, _App._, p. 9.
+  1879. _Physarum inequale_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXI., p. 40.
+  1892. _Physarum chrysotrichum_ Berk. & C., Massee, p. 300.
+  1894. _Physarum inequale_ Peck, Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 60.
+  1896. _Physarum lateritium_ (Berk. & Rav.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._,
+           p. 95.
+  1899. _Physarum lateritium_ (Berk. & Rav.) Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 33.
+  1911. _Physarum lateritium_ Morg., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 82.
+
+Plasmodium scarlet. Sporangia gregarious, sessile, globose or
+sub-globose, or sometimes plasmodiocarpous, yellowish or orange,
+everywhere, when fresh, spotted with minute scarlet granules; the
+peridium thin, more or less rugulose; columella none; capillitium
+delicate, generally yellow, with nodules conspicuous, yellow or reddish;
+spores violet-brown in mass, by transmitted light pale violet, minutely
+roughened, 7-9 µ.
+
+A well-marked species easily recognized by the characters cited. The
+extent of lime deposit at the capillitial nodes varies; sometimes very
+little. This accounts for Berkeley's generic reference. On the other
+hand, Lister makes the rounded lime knots "each knot with a red centre
+surrounded by yellow, round, lime-granules" diagnostic. This pied
+condition does not come out in any of our specimens. The capillitium in
+broken specimens soon fades, tends to white, etc.
+
+New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Colorado, and south. Ceylon, Java, Brazil.
+
+
+3. PHYSARUM VERNUM _Somm._
+
+  1829. _Physarum vernum_ Somm., Fries, _Syst. Mycol._, III., p. 146.
+  1875. _Physarum cinereum_ (Batsch), Rost., _Mon._, p. 102, in part.
+  1875. _Badhamia verna_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 145.
+  1894. _Badhamia panicea_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 34.
+  1899. _Physarum cinereum_ (Batsch) Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 34
+          (in part).
+  1911. _Physarum vernum_ Somm., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 75.
+
+"Plasmodium white." Sporangia sessile, generally plasmodiocarpous white,
+nearly smooth; peridium more or less testaceous not scaly, but breaking
+irregularly; capillitium densely calcareous, the nodules angular,
+branching, sometimes united to form a pseudo-columella; spores dusky
+violaceous, rough, 10-12 µ.
+
+Sommerfeldt's description quoted by Fries, _l. c._, evidently concerned
+a less calcareous phase. Fries by his annotation relieves somewhat the
+reader's uncertainty.
+
+Rostafinski calls this a badhamia but describes a physarum, and the form
+has, as is believed, been consistently confused with _P. cinereum_ by
+every student of the group from the days of DeBary until now. In the
+second edition of the _Mycetozoa_, Lister clears the situation by
+transferring the species to _Physarum_, and calling attention to
+spore-dimensions. The fact is, the species in external appearance so
+much resembles _P. cinereum_, that the unaided eye cannot distinguish
+one from the other. Curiously enough, Rostafinski describes the form he
+had before him as "one of the rarest." Doubtless had he gone back to his
+specimens of _P. cinereum_ he had found plenty, for in Europe it seems
+abundant everywhere. In this country it is _P. cinereum_ as now defined,
+that is rarer, although not uncommon. From all connection with
+_Badhamia_, as representing _B. panicea_ it should, as would appear, be
+withdrawn once for all.
+
+
+4. PHYSARUM SINUOSUM (_Bull._) _Weinm._
+
+PLATE VIII., Figs. 6 and 6_a_, and PLATE XIX, Fig. 15.
+
+  1791. _Reticularia sinuosa_ Bulliard, _Champ._, p. 94; t. 446, Fig. 3.
+  1796. _Physarum bivalve_ Persoon, _Obs. Myc._, I., p. 6; t. III.,
+           Fig. 2.
+  1828. _Physarum sinuosum_ Wein., Fries _teste, l. c._
+  1828. _Angioridium sinuosum_ Grev., _Scot. Crypt. Fl._, 310.
+  1829. _Physarum sinuosum_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 145.
+  1875. _Physarum sinuosum_ (Bull.) Rost., _Monograph_, p. 112.
+  1892. _Physarum sinuosum_ Rost., Massee, _Mon._, p. 305.
+  1894. _Physarum bivalve_ Pers., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 57.
+  1896. _Angioridium sinuosum_ (Grev.), Morg., _Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist._,
+           p. 75.
+  1899. _Physarum sinuosum_ (Bull.) Wein., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 28.
+  1911. _Physarum sinuosum_ Wein., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 76.
+
+Sporangia distinct or plasmodiocarpous, the plasmodiocarp creeping in
+long vein-like reticulations or curves, laterally compressed; sometimes
+distinct and crowded, always sessile. Peridium double; the outer thick,
+calcareous, fragile, snow-white; the inner delicate, the dehiscence by
+more or less regular longitudinal fissure. Capillitium strongly
+developed with abundant white, calcareous granules. Spores smooth, dull
+violet, 8-9 µ. Plasmodium pale gray, or nearly white.
+
+Easily recognized at sight by its peculiar form, bilabiate and sinuous.
+Apart from microscopic structure, perfectly described by Fries, _Syst.
+Myc._, p. 145. Bulliard called it _Reticularia sinuosa_. Habitat
+various, but not infrequently the upper surface of the leaves of living
+plants, a few inches from the ground. The two sorts of fructification
+often occur side by side, or merge into one another from the same
+plasmodium. Where the substratum affords room the plasmodiocarpous style
+prevails; in narrower limits single sporangia stand. The calcareous
+deposit on the peridium is usually very rich and under a lens appears
+made up of countless snowy or creamy flakes. Forms occur, however, in
+which these outer calcic deposits are almost entirely wanting; the
+peridium becomes transparent, the capillitium visible from without.
+Judging from material before us, this appears to be the common
+presentation in western Europe. See also No. 5 following.
+
+Widely distributed. New England to the Carolinas, and Louisiana west to
+South Dakota and Nebraska, Iowa and Washington.
+
+
+5. PHYSARUM BITECTUM _List._
+
+PLATE XIX., Fig. 16.
+
+  1891. _Physarum diderma_ Rost., List., _Jour. Bot._, XXIX., p. 260.
+  1894. _Physarum diderma_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 57.
+  1911. _Physarum bitectum_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 78.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, sessile or plasmodiocarpous, smooth
+white or pallid, terete or somewhat compressed; peridium double, the
+outer wall calcareous, free and deciduous above, recurved and persistent
+below; the inner, smooth, pale purplish, more persistent; dehiscence
+more or less irregular beginning at the top; capillitium of large white
+nodules connected by short hyaline threads; spores generally spinulose,
+violaceous brown, 9-10 µ.
+
+As suggested by the author of this species it is properly a variety of
+_P. sinuosum_; certainly is, as it presents itself in this part of the
+world. Of the species last named we have compressed forms opening by
+narrow fissure along their knife-edged summit, with scarce place for
+capillitium at all between the approaching walls; again we have colonies
+of sporangia quite terete, calcareous without, opening in fragmental
+fashion at the top, displaying sometimes the thin membranous inner wall
+but at length fissured and gaping as in the more usual phase figured by
+authors, where the plasmodiocarp is simply compressed but not
+extravagantly thin. Both types occur in the western mountains, forms
+with and without calcium, fissured by wider or narrower cleft, _from the
+same plasmodium_; forms bilabiate and forms opening at first to display
+an inner peridium; forms globose with narrow base, but apex cleft, and
+forms ellipsoidal, yet compressed, opening like the gaping of some
+tiniest bivalve; did not Persoon say _P. bivalve_! all are bivalvular at
+the last! Nay; but what are these? Here are some of the shorter forms
+become suddenly obovate, and are actually mounted on _stipes_! Surely
+variation in the same plasmodium can no farther go![22]
+
+Not rare. Colorado to the Pacific Coast. Evidently a western-American
+variation of Bulliard's European type. The latter occurs abundantly in
+Iowa on the shores of Lake Okoboji; otherwise not common.
+
+
+6. PHYSARUM BOGORIENSE _Racib._
+
+  1898. _Physarum bogoriense_ Raciborski, Hedw., XXXVII., p. 52.
+
+Sporangia sessile, elongate, creeping but not reticulate, semicircular
+in transverse section, sometimes globose or depressed globose; peridium
+double, the outer thick coriaceous, yellow or brown, dehiscing
+stellately into persistent more or less triangular reflected lobes,
+remote from the thin, colorless inner wall; columella none; capillitium
+feebly developed, the nodes white, large, isodiametric; spores bright
+violet, smooth, 7-8 µ.
+
+This species is not uncommon in the mountains of Colorado where it has
+been taken at various stations by Bethel. It is reported from
+Pennsylvania and South Carolina. Raciborski describes it from Java.
+
+In habit it is very much like some forms of _P. sinuosum_ but differs in
+the depressed, rather than compressed sporangia, and in the brown color
+of the outer peridium.
+
+
+7. PHYSARUM ALPINUM _G. List._
+
+  1910. _Physarum alpinum_ G. Lister, _Jour. Bot._, XLVII, p. 73.
+
+Sporangia globose and sessile or plasmodiocarpous, dull yellow, smooth
+or scaly; peridium double, the outer wall densely calcareous, separating
+irregularly from the membranous inner wall; capillitium densely
+calcareous, the nodes large, more or less branched, yellow; spores
+purple brown, closely and minutely warted, 9-14 µ.
+
+This species is based by its author upon a gathering made in California
+by Dr. Harkness and named by Phillips who received it in England,
+_badhamia inaurata_. He seems not to have described it. Since its first
+appearance, the form has been found repeatedly in the Juras. Specimens
+are before me from Mt. Rainier believed to be the same. The
+plasmodiocarpous habit and yellow capillitium separate this from related
+_P. contextum_ and _P. mortoni_.
+
+Europe, California, Washington.
+
+
+8. PHYSARUM DIDERMA _Rost._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 9.
+
+  1875. _Physarum diderma_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 110.
+  1898. _Physarum didermoides_ var. _lividum_ List., _Jour. Bot._,
+           XXXVI., p. 162.
+  1899. _Physarum diderma_ Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 30.
+  1911. _Physarum testaceum_ Sturgis, List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 79.
+
+Sporangia snow-white, clustered, sessile or narrowly adnate, globose or
+polygonal by mutual compression; peridium double, the outer dense,
+fragile, thick, calcareous, the inner delicate, remote, translucent,
+capillitium well developed, the calcareous nodules white, rounded or
+angular, sometimes uniting to form a pseudo-columella; spore-mass black;
+spores purplish, distinctly rough, 10-12 µ.
+
+A beautiful and distinct species. As others in the group with which it
+is here associated, it is a physarum with the outward seeming of a
+diderma. It occurs in Europe, therefore it is safe to assume that
+Rostafinski saw it. So well marked it is that any good description will
+define it, and Rostafinski describes it perfectly, adequately.[23]
+
+Mr. Lister having used for another species the name we here apply--see
+under _P. bitectum_--referred this present form to _P. didermoides_
+Rost., _l. c._ Professor Sturgis, convinced that such reference was at
+least doubtful, gave to our American gatherings the distinctive name
+above, citing specimens from Massachusetts, from Colorado, and from
+California. Curiously enough he also includes specimens of _R.
+didermoides_ var. _lividum_ List., sent from England!
+
+Rare! Certainly rare in Europe and so far seldom seen in the United
+States, though widely distributed. Specimens are before us from Ohio,
+Michigan, Iowa, Oregon. No doubt the mountains of the north Pacific
+coast, a region to-day almost unsearched, will yet afford the species in
+abundance.
+
+As stated Mr. Lister first applied the name _P. diderma_ to a
+plasmodiocarpous form occurring in England and near _P. sinuosum_. More
+lately, _Mon., 2nd ed._, p. 78, he adopts a new specific name, _P.
+bitectum_ for the English specimens, and enters _P. diderma_ as a
+probable synonym for _P. lividum_ R. Evidently our present form as
+described above has not come to Mr. Lister's view. He says the original
+type is not to be consulted.
+
+There is really no more merit in this later comparison than in that
+discarded. The species _P. diderma_ is not _P. lividum_, but stands as
+originally delimited, and will, doubtless, some day yet again appear in
+its own behalf upon the witness-stand of time; when, as before, a
+Frenchman in DeBary's old-time haunts may rise to give it welcome,
+brought back by some keen-eyed Polish student eager now in the arts of
+peace, from Warsaw's shady groves.
+
+
+9. PHYSARUM CONTEXTUM _Persoon._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 3 and 3_a_.
+
+  1796. _Diderma contextum_ Persoon, _Obs. Myc._, I., p. 89.
+  1801. _Physarum contextum_ Persoon, _Syn. Meth._, p. 168.
+  1829. _Diderma contextum_ Persoon, Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 111.
+  1873. _Diderma ochroleucum_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 52.
+  1879. _Diderma flavidum_ Pk., _N. Y. Rep. State Mus._, XXXI., p. 55.
+
+Sporangia distinct, sessile, densely crowded, sub-rotund reniform more
+often elongate, interwoven; peridium double; the outer rather thick,
+calcareous, yellow, or yellowish white, the inner thin, yellowish;
+capillitium white, containing numerous large, irregular calcareous
+granules; columella none; spores deep violet, 11-13 µ, covered with
+minute spinules.
+
+This singular species occurs not rarely upon the bark of fallen twigs,
+upon bits of straw or grass-stems lying undisturbed upon the ground. In
+such a position the slime-mould covers, as with a sheath, the entire
+substratum. The outer peridium, especially its upper part, is entirely
+evanescent, our Fig. 3 shows the sporangia with upper outer peridium
+wanting. Not rare in summer and autumn.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa,
+Colorado, Oregon, Nicaragua.
+
+
+10. PHYSARUM CONGLOMERATUM (_Fr._) _Rost._
+
+  1803. _Spumaria granulata_ Schum., _Enum. Pl. Saell._, II., p. 196,
+           No. 1419.
+  1803. _Spumaria minuta_ Schum., _l. c._
+  1829. _Diderma granulatum_ Schum., Fries, _S. M._, III., p. 110.
+  1829. _Diderma minutum_ Schum., Fries, _l. c._, p. 111.
+  1829. _Diderma conglomeratum_ Fries, _l. c._, p. 111.
+  1875. _Physarum conglomeratum_ (Fr.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 108.
+  1892. _Physarum rostafinskii_ Massee, _Mon._, p. 301.
+  1894. _Physarum conglomeratum_ Rost., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 58.
+  1899. _Physarum conglomeratum_ (Fr.) Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 31.
+  1911. _Physarum conglomeratum_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 80.
+
+Sporangia depressed, globose, or irregular, sessile, more or less
+aggregated, ochraceous-yellow, peridium double, the outer, thick,
+cartilaginous, at length irregularly ruptured, and reflexed, disclosing
+the more delicate, ashen-gray, inner membrane which encloses capillitium
+and spores; capillitium abundant, showing large, white irregular
+calcareous thickenings which are often consolidated in some sporangia
+tend to aggregate at the centre; spore-mass brown, spores violaceous,
+slightly roughened, 8-10 µ.
+
+This beautiful species shows a peridium as distinctly double as in any
+diderma. The outer peridium is reflexed exactly as in some species of
+that genus; is yellow without, white within, and withal long persistent.
+The capillitium of course distinguishes the species instantly as a
+physarum. By the size of the spores it is distinguished from the species
+preceding. This being a decisive specific character the synonymy prior
+to Rostafinski is somewhat uncertain. The specific name adopted by the
+Polish author is therefore approved, although perhaps not the earliest.
+
+Rare. The only specimens thus far are from Tennessee and Louisiana.
+
+
+11. PHYSARUM MORTONI _Macbr. n. s._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 2, 2 _a_.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, clustered but distinct, sessile small, about .75
+mm., bright yellow, peridium double. The outer rough, breaking up into
+comparatively few rather large deciduous scales, the inner peridium
+white, calcareous, both persisting below to form a distinct cup;
+capillitium lax, the nodes white, large, angular; columella none;
+hypothallus none; spores distinctly rough, dark brown with the usual
+purple shadow, 10-12 µ.
+
+A very distinct little species related, no doubt, to _P. contextum_,
+but different in habit. It is never crowded, shows no plasmodiocarpous
+tendencies, while the outer peridium is generally deciduous except at
+the base and falls in flakes.
+
+Collected several times in the Three Sisters Mountains of Oregon by
+_Professor Morton E. Peck._
+
+
+12. PHYSARUM BRUNNEOLUM (_Phillips_) _Mass._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 7, 7 _a_.
+
+  1877. _Diderma brunneolum_ Phillips, _Grev._, V., p. 114.
+  1888. _Diderma brunneolum_ Phill., Saccardo, _Syll. Fung._, No. 1292.
+  1892. _Physarum brunneolum_ Phill., Massee, _Mon._, p. 280,
+           Figs. 221-222.
+  1894. _Craterium pedunculatum_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 71.
+  1911. _Physarum brunneolum_ Mass., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 63, Pl. 69, Fig. _a_.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, but not crowded, sessile, globose or
+sub-depressed; peridium double, thick, smooth or polished, yellow brown,
+stellately dehiscent, the segments reflexed, white within; columella
+none; capillitium dense, with nodes numerous, large irregular,
+internodes thin and short; spores globose, lilac, minutely warted, 6-7
+µ.
+
+This form was first described in _Grevillea_, V., p. 114, as _Diderma
+brunneolum_ Phillips. Later, students of the specimens preserved by Mr.
+Phillips, concur that we have to do not with a diderma, but with a
+craterium, Lister, or physarum, Massee. There seems no reason why we
+should not respect the decision of Massee, whose description is here
+quoted in form somewhat abridged. The peridium is about as double as in
+the many physarums, not more so; the inner membrane so delicate as only
+occasionally to be revealed except to scrutiny most searching. But the
+appearance as a whole is as of some brown diderma; only the calcareous
+capillitium abides to prevent mistaken reference.
+
+When opened by irregular dehiscence from above, the persisting cup-like
+base of the sporangium recalls _Leocarpus fragilis_; but then again the
+capillitium is different.
+
+California, Portugal; Colorado,--_Sturgis._
+
+
+13. PHYSARUM CINEREUM (_Batsch_) _Pers._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_.
+
+  1786. _Lycoperdon cinereum_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, p. 249, Fig. 169.
+  1801. _Physarum griseum_ Link, _Diss._, I, p. 27.
+  1805. _Physarum cinereum_ Persoon, _Synopsis_, p. 170.
+  1829. _Didymium cinereum_ Batsch, Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 126.
+  1829. _Physarum plumbeum_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 142.
+  1875. _Physarum cinereum_ Batsch, Rost., _Mon._, p. 102, in part.
+  1896. _Physarum plumbeum_ Fr., Morgan, _Myx. Mi. Val._, p. 98.
+  1899. _Physarum plumbeum_ Fr., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 35.
+  1909. _Physarum cinereum_ (Batsch) Pers., Torrend, _Flore des Myx._,
+           p. 183.
+
+Plasmodium watery white, or transparent, wide streaming on decaying sod,
+etc. Sporangia sessile, closely gregarious, or even heaped, sub-globose,
+elongate or plasmodiocarpous, more or less calcareous, gray; peridium
+simple, thin, more or less densely coated with lime; capillitium
+strongly developed, the nodes more or less richly calcareous, the
+lime-knots rounded, angular; spore-mass brown, spores clear
+violaceous-brown, 6-7µ, distinctly warted.
+
+This delicate, inconspicuous species is well defined by the characters
+given. It occurs not rarely on richly manured ground, in meadows, lawns,
+or even on the open prairie. The plasmodium may form rings several
+inches in diameter, scattered here and there over a surface several
+square feet in extent, in fruit ascending the blades of grass,
+completely covering these with the crowded sporangia. The color of the
+fruit is well described in the specific name; gray or ashen gray. The
+spores are very distinctly papillate; in some specimens, however, almost
+smooth; in few instances, rough.
+
+Common. New England west to the Black Hills and Pacific coast.
+Cosmopolitan.
+
+The present species well illustrates the difficulty confronting the
+author of to-day who, discussing a group of microscopic organisms, would
+fain use the nomenclature of his predecessors, honored, but equipped
+with insufficient lenses. Here is a species reported common in Europe,
+observed by every mycologist there, from Micheli down, and yet awaiting
+adequate description until Rostafinski in his great book, gives the
+results of microscopic analysis. We are now really dealing with _P.
+cinereum_ Rost; _P. cinereum_ Batsch is a compliment to certain rather
+clever water-color drawings.
+
+Rostafinski gives a long list of synonyms, none, it is believed,
+represent American forms; and without taking careful thought, surely no
+one would rudely disturb such honorable interment; but, in his
+description the range of spore-measurement, 7-13.3 µ, gives us pause,
+and raises the suspicion that possibly, in one case or another, the
+sepulture were perhaps premature. The range is too great! Perhaps, in
+the series offered in confirmation, small-spored forms represent one
+species, large-spored, something else?
+
+European students may decide this at their leisure. But Rostafinski
+having, not without much labor, practically completed his review of the
+physaroid forms had almost finished the last genus _Badhamia_, when his
+mind perhaps returned, no doubt with some lingering misgivings, to the
+thirteenth species in his physarum list. There were there, he recalled,
+some large-spored specimens which had rather badhamioid capillitium.
+The sessile physarums of Fries were also before him, those especially,
+"floccis albis." Of these one shall be _B. panicea_, one _B. lilacina_
+and one _B. verna_, described as having rather delicate colorless
+capillitial tubes combined in a loose net, the calcareous deposits about
+the enlarged intersections scanty, the spores 12.5 µ.
+
+The description of the fructification as a whole is a condensed
+statement of that which describes _P. vernum_, and all taken together
+indicates some physarum. See now No. 3 preceding, p. 51.
+
+_P. plumbeum_ Fr. belongs here. It has similar spores, the only
+difference is a less calcareous peridium and more scattered habit of
+fructification with more nearly regular, depressed-globose sporangia.
+
+_P. cinereum_ Pers. as cited by Link, _op. cit._, is apparently a
+badhamia, may be _P. vernum_, while P. _griseum_ is probably the present
+species.
+
+
+14. PHYSARUM VIRESCENS _Ditmar_.
+
+PLATE VIII., Figs. 7, 7 _a_, 7 _b_.
+
+  1817. _Physarum virescens_ Ditmar, Sturm, _Deutsch. Fl. Pilze_, I.,
+           p. 123, Pl. 61.
+  1875. _Physarum ditmari_ Rost., _Mon., App._, p. 8.
+  1892. _Physarum ditmari_ Rost., Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. 1a._,
+           II., p. 155.
+  1894. _Physarum virescens_ Ditmar, Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 65.
+  1909. _Physarum virescens_ Ditmar, Torrend, _Flo. d Myx._, No. 207.
+  1911. _Physarum virescens_ Ditmar, Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 83.
+
+Sporangia sessile, crowded or heaped in small bunches, a dozen or more
+sporangia in one pile, spherical, ovoid or elongate, yellow or greenish
+yellow; peridium thin, fragile; capillitium delicate, with rather small,
+irregular, yellowish, calcareous nodes; columella none; spores bright
+violet, minutely roughened, 7-9 µ.
+
+This species occurs more commonly on moss-tufts, with which it is
+frequently con-colorless, or escaped on dead leaves, etc. The peridium
+is flecked with calcareous scales or grains stained yellow or green, and
+to these the whole fruit owes its peculiar color. The color and
+aggregate, heaped sporangia are distinctive macroscopic characters.
+
+In the _Monograph_, p. 113, Rostafinski adopted properly Ditmar's name
+for this species. Upon later consideration, in the _Appendix_, p. 8, he
+changed the name, writing _P. ditmari_, on the ground that _virescens_
+was descriptive of a character to which the species in question
+occasionally refuses to conform. Most authors since Rostafinski have
+simply accepted his suggestion, so that the species is often entered _P.
+ditmari_ Rost. _P. virescens_ is certainly to be preferred. _N. A. F._,
+2692.
+
+Canada, New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Black Hills,
+South Dakota.
+
+
+15. PHYSARUM RUBIGINOSUM _Fries_.
+
+  1817. _Physarum rubiginosum_ Fries, _Symb. Gast._, p. 21.
+
+Plasmodium scarlet. Sporangia globose or cylindric, sessile or sometimes
+narrowed to a stem-like base as if short-stipitate, olivaceous brown
+with sometimes a flush of red; the peridium simple, thin rugulose or
+plain, the calcareous scales few, or apparently included; columella
+none; capillitium dense, the nodules rather large, angular, rusty brown;
+spores dull violaceous, gently roughened, about 10 µ.
+
+A beautiful well-marked species, but evidently rare in North America.
+Our only typical specimens are from the gatherings by Mr. Wingate, part
+of which is by Lister referred to this species, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p.
+82.
+
+_P. rubiginosum_ Fr. in the _N. A. S._, 1899, is based on certain west
+coast specimens now known as _Badhamia decipiens_ Berk.
+
+In Colorado there occurs a plasmodiocarpous form of the species. It has
+the characteristic spore and capillitium but in form and habit differs
+very decidedly. The fructification is a delicate netted plasmodiocarp,
+the tubule about .5 mm., bright red; the peridium simple, cartilaginous,
+dehiscent from above, and flecked with just here and there a red
+calcareous scale.
+
+Collected at Palmer Lake; _Professor Bethel._
+
+
+16. PHYSARUM INSTRATUM _Macbr. n. s._
+
+  1899. _Physarum thejoteum_ Macbride, _N. A. S._, p. 36, not Fries,
+           as cited.
+  1911. _Physarum virescens_ Ditmar, Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 83.
+
+Sporangia very small, closely crowded on a delicate, more or less
+visible hypothallus, often connate, but not superimposed, sub-spherical,
+dull orange, brownish or tawny; peridium thin, violaceous, covered with
+very minute yellow calcareous scales; columella none; capillitium lax,
+sometimes almost wanting; the nodules small, yellowish or brownish,
+occasionally confluent; spore-mass violaceous, spores by transmitted
+light, violet-tinted, smooth or nearly so, 6-7 µ.
+
+Not uncommon in the Mississippi valley, where it sometimes is passed by
+the collector as an immature form of some other species. The appearance
+is very characteristic, unlike _P. virescens_ in both habit, size, and
+color. Colonies are quite often three inches in length. The most common
+habitat seems to be rotten oak, especially fragments of charred logs,
+etc.
+
+Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska.
+
+This species presents a decidedly well-marked form, so much so that it
+may be easily recognized at sight, without a lens. It therefore requires
+special discussion, and although in the spore-characters and some minor
+but not determinative details it agrees with _P. virescens_ Ditm. to
+which it is by European authors sometimes referred, it seems
+nevertheless deserving of specific recognition, since in its entire
+habit and expression it is not only completely different but is constant
+in its specific peculiarities, much more so than is the suggested
+related form.
+
+In the first edition of this work, the form was referred to _Physarum
+thejoteum_ of Fries. This was the judgment of our American colleague,
+Professor A. P. Morgan whose work in this group is widely recognized.
+Fries admits, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 142, that while he deems _P.
+thejoteum_ very distinct, he yet has not seen _P. virescens_ Ditm.!
+Since our form apparently does not occur in Europe, specimens which the
+distinguished author had before him were doubtless representatives of
+the now commonly recognized species of Ditmar.
+
+For these reasons it seems appropriate to give the American type a
+suitably descriptive title.
+
+
+17. PHYSARUM MEGALOSPORUM _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 7 and 7 _a_.
+
+  1917. _Physarum melanospermum_ Sturgis, _Mycologia_, Vol. IX, p. 323.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sessile, or short stipitate depressed, annulate,
+or at least umbilicate above, white or anon roseate, about .75 mm;
+stipe, when present, short, thick, black or dark brown! hypothallus
+none; columella none; capillitium strongly calcareous, an abundance of
+irregular white nodules burden the delicate net; spores dark sooty brown
+with a shade of purple by transmitted light, verruculose, 12-13 µ.
+
+This species is recognizable at once by its regular, uniform, depressed,
+annulate or pitted sporangia, scattered evenly over the habitat of
+rotten leaves or wood. It suggests a didymium in its form and habit, but
+is near a badhamia. Colorado; _Bethel_, 1908.
+
+
+18. PHYSARUM CONFERTUM _Macbr. nom. nov._
+
+PLATE XV., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_.
+
+  1899. _Physarum atrum_ Schw., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 36.
+  1911. _Physarum atrum_ Schw., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 74.
+
+Sporangia small about .2-.3 mm. in diameter, gregarious, confluent,
+clustered or heaped, dull violaceous brown; peridium thin, more or less
+transparent, generally limeless but sometimes lightly sprinkled with
+minute white flecks: capillitium scanty, the calcareous nodes small,
+rounded, elongate, white! columella none; spores violet-brown,
+distinctly warted, 10-12 µ.
+
+Having been assured on information believed trustworthy that the
+Schweinitzian herbarium confirmed the identity of the species before us,
+in the first edition of this work the form was listed as _P. atrum_
+Schw. Meantime in the herbarium referred to, at Philadelphia the
+original type of _P. atrum_ still exists. My valued correspondent, Mr.
+Hugo Bilgram, has recently given it careful study. It is a limeless _P.
+didermoides_ (Pers.) R.! Small wonder we have had trouble! Exit
+_Physarum atrum_ Schw.
+
+The species is not uncommon, especially eastward; has been generally
+ignored for reasons cited.
+
+Distinguished from everything else by the color and small size of the
+heaped sporangia. It resembles some phase of _P. virescens_ where the
+sporangia are small and somewhat heaped or rather aggregated, and
+scantily supplied with lime; but in such case the lime is yellow and the
+spores are small.
+
+This species has also been constantly referred to our confused _P.
+cinereum_, _P. plumbeum_, etc., but Schweinitz, who certainly had seen
+_P. cinereum_ in Europe, since he cites it, under several forms, in the
+_Conspectus_, found the species in America and proceeded in Pennsylvania
+in December to find something else, very different as he thought, and in
+fact. He called this new discovery _P. atrum_, "beautifully
+_reticulate_", he says "like _P. cinereum_ but larger."
+
+Most American students in an effort to keep faith with their pioneer
+mycologist, have taken cue from the specific name, looking for something
+_black_, heedless that in Pennsylvania almost any delicate thing has
+'dark looks' in the middle of the winter! Berlese in Saccardo _Syll._
+VII., p. 350, regarding _P. atrum_ as a synonym, writes for the black
+American specimens, _P. reticulatum_, emphasizing another Schweinitzian
+descriptive adjective. But _P. atrum_ Schw. has had place in literature
+to this hour.
+
+
+19. PHYSARUM MELLEUM (_Berk. & Br._) _Mass._
+
+  1873. _Dydymium melleum_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, XIV., p. 83.
+  1873. _Didymium chrysopeplum_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 53.
+  1876. _Physarum schumacheri_ Spr. var. _melleum_ Rost., _Mon., App._,
+           p. 7.
+  1892. _Physarum melleum_ Massee, _Mon._, p. 278.
+  1896. _Cytidium melleum_ (Berk. & Br.), Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._,
+           p. 83.
+  1899. _Physarum melleum_ (Berk. & Br.), Mass., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 47.
+  1911. _Physarum melleum_ Mass., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 46.
+
+Sporangia scattered, stipitate, globose, flattened below, clear yellow
+or honey colored; stipe short, about equaling the sporangium, pure
+white, somewhat wrinkled; columella small but distinct, white;
+hypothallus none, capillitium abundant, open, snow-white, with rather
+large angularly stellate nodes; spore-mass brown, almost black; spores
+by transmitted light, pale violet or lilac-tinted, almost smooth, 7.5-10
+µ.
+
+Easily distinguished by its white stipe, columella and capillitium in
+contrast with yellow peridial walls. _N. A. F._, 1395. Massee refers
+this number erroneously to _P. schumacheri Rost._ The description and
+specimen do not correspond. By that name the species has however, been
+hitherto known in the United States.
+
+Eastern United States, common; rare west of the Mississippi.
+
+Reported from Brazil, Japan and the tropic islands round the world.
+Portugal.
+
+
+20. PHYSARUM CITRINUM _Schumacher_.
+
+  1803. _Physarum citrinum_ Schum., _Enum. Pl. Saell._, II., p. 201.
+  1911. _Physarum citrinum_ Schum., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 51.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, globose, somewhat flattened below, pale
+yellow, citrine, stipitate; the peridium thin, covered almost completely
+with small calcareous scales; stipe stout, erect, fragile, tapering
+upwards, furrowed, opaque, arising from a small hypothallus which is
+anon continuous from one sporangium to the next; columella small,
+conical, yellow; capillitium a rather dense, delicate network, the
+calcareous nodules yellow, numerous, roundish, and generally small;
+spore-mass black; spores under the lens violaceous, almost smooth, about
+8 µ.
+
+This species seems to be rare in the United States. It resembles
+somewhat _P. melleum_, from which it is distinguished by its yellow
+stipe. _P. galbeum_ is a smaller form, and lacks the columella.
+Rostafinski strangely confused the synonymy here, including even _P.
+rufipes_ Alb. & Schw.
+
+New England, Ohio, Colorado.
+
+
+21. PHYSARUM GLOBULIFERUM (_Bull._) _Pers._
+
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus globuliferus_ Bull., _Champ._, Pl. 484, Fig. 3.
+  1801. _Physarum globuliferum_ Pers., _Syn._, p. 175, T. III.,
+           Figs. 10, 11, 12.
+  1829. _Diderma globuliferum_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 100.
+  1876. _Physarum petersii farlowii_ Rost., _Mon., App._, p. 6.
+  1879. _Physarum albicans_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXX., p. 50.
+  1893. _Physarum columbinum_ Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa_,
+           II., 384.
+  1899. _Physarum globuliferum_ (Bull.) Pers., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 45.
+  1911. _Physarum globuliferum_ Pers., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 48.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, globose, or slightly depressed above,
+pale blue-gray or pure white; stipe sometimes equal to the sporangium,
+generally longer, slender, slightly wrinkled, white, or yellow, pallid,
+when longer tapering upward; columella white, conical, sometimes
+obsolete; hypothallus none; capillitium dense, but delicate, persistent,
+a close network of hyaline threads, with white or yellowish nodes
+sparingly thickened and calcareous, many without lime; spore-mass brown;
+spores by transmitted light, violet, minutely warted, 7.5-9 µ.
+Plasmodium greenish-yellow.
+
+This species, very common eastward, rare west of the Mississippi, is at
+once very beautiful and very variable. Its several phases have been
+again and again observed and described too often by distinct specific or
+varietal names. A form from New York, with long, white stems and almost
+pure white sporangia, is _P. albicans_ Peck. Forms occur like _P.
+albicans_, but flushed with _rose_ throughout. From New England,
+specimens sent Rostafinski were by him deemed a variety of _P. petersii_
+Berk. & C., and called _P. petersii_ var. _farlowii_ Rost. By this name
+the species has been generally distributed in this country. _N. A. F._,
+1120. Most gatherings of this species have small, somewhat ochraceous,
+sporangia, and pale yellow, or somewhat rusty, stipes. These latter,
+with somewhat heavier stem, represent _Physarum simile_ Rost. A form
+collected sparingly in Iowa has short, white stipes and blue gray
+sporangia one-third larger than observed in the eastern types. This was
+recorded, _l. c._, as _P. columbinum_ Macbr.; name already in use. The
+spores in the Iowa specimens are also a little larger, 8-10 µ. Pale
+cyanic and roseate forms also sometimes occur in late fruitings; see
+next species.
+
+In all phases the persistent tenacity of the capillitium is a striking
+characteristic well noticed by Fries (_l. c._, p. 101): "Peridia a gleba
+omnimo libera, dein tota diffracta, evanescentia, ... capillitio
+compacto forma servata persistente." The peridium, except a small part
+below, all falls away, leaving the capillitium apparently intact,
+crowded with spores.
+
+From England to Iowa; Canada, south to Louisiana and Mexico; apparently,
+in one form or another, cosmopolitan.
+
+
+22. PHYSARUM LILACINUM _Sturgis & Bilgram._
+
+  1917. _Physarum lilacinum_ Sturg. & Bilg., _Mycologia_, Vol. IX.,
+           p. 323.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, stalked, globose, erect, pale-lilac to pale
+Indian-red in color, 0.5 mm. in diameter; sporangium-wall membranous,
+beset with rounded masses of lilac or reddish lime. Stipe erect,
+broad-based, tapering upwards, calcareous, furrowed, paler than the
+sporangium or concolorous, 0.7-0.9 mm. long, about 0.1 mm. thick,
+columella conical or columnar, capillitium delicate, rigid, persistent;
+lime-knots small, rounded, composed of large, pale lilac, or reddish,
+spherical granules. Spores pale-brown, almost smooth, 8-9 µ.
+
+Vicinity of Philadelphia,--Bilgram.
+
+23. PHYSARUM MURINUM _Lister_.
+
+  1894. _Physarum murinum_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 41.
+  1899. _Physarum ravenelii_ (Berk. & C.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 48.
+  1911. _Physarum murinum_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 50.
+
+Sporangia scattered, globose or perfectly spherical, ashy-brown,
+rugulose, stipitate; stipe elongate, pale brown, erect, generally
+tapering upward, calcareous, brittle; hypothallus none; columella short,
+hemispherical or bluntly conical; capillitium dense, much as in _P.
+globuliferum_, the calcareous nodules, umber, brownish or orange-yellow,
+small; spore-mass brown; spores by transmitted light, bright lilac,
+almost smooth, 7-9 µ.
+
+A very distinct species, easily known by its peculiar drab-colored
+peridium and dull brown stalks. The author of the species allows for the
+capillitial nodes none other tint but brown. Under direct illumination
+many gatherings, especially where the sporangia are well blown out, show
+nodules of a bright orange tint.
+
+Not rare in the eastern United States, to Missouri and Iowa. Reported
+also from western Europe.
+
+Mr. Lister finds _Didymium ravenelii_ Berk. & C., on which _P.
+ravenelii_ (Berk. & C.) Macbr. is founded, referable to _P.
+pulcherripes_ Pk.
+
+
+24. PHYSARUM PULCHERRIMUM _Berk. & Rav._
+
+  1873. _Physarum pulcherrimum_ Berk. & Rav., _Grev._, II., p. 65.
+  1875. _Physarum pulcherrimum_ (Berk. & Rav.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 105.
+  1879. _Physarum atrorubrum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXI., p. 40.
+  1899. _Physarum pulcherrimum_ Berk. & Rav., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 49.
+  1911. _Physarum pulcherrimum_ Berk. & Rav., Lister, _Mycetozoa,
+           2nd ed._, p. 50.
+
+Plasmodium dark red. Sporangia scattered or gregarious, globose, even,
+or somewhat wrinkled, dark red, stipitate; stipe cylindric, even,
+sub-concolorous or blackish; columella small or none; capillitium free
+from spores, whitish, with a slight pinkish tinge; spores dark brown in
+mass, dark red when separated, globose, smooth, 7.5-8.5 µ.
+
+The capillitium is very delicate, and when cleared of spores the
+knot-like thickenings are seen to be very small and of a dark red color,
+to which is probably due the pinkish tinge which marks the whole. A part
+only of the thickenings are filled with lime granules. The dark red
+granules of the sporangium walls are abundant and appear to form a
+continuous crust.
+
+This is _P. atrorubrum_ Peck, and his description, _l. c._, has been
+closely followed. The very brief description in _Grevillea_, however,
+antedates the New York publication and, all inadequate as it is, no
+doubt applies to the same thing.
+
+Not rare. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri, Iowa.
+
+
+25. PHYSARUM PULCHERRIPES _Peck._
+
+  1805. _Physarum aurantiacum_ var. _rufipes_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp.
+           Fung._, p. 94.
+  1829. _Diderma rufipes_ (Alb. & Schw.) Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III.,
+           p. 101.
+  1873. _Physarum pulcherripes_ Peck., _Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist._,
+           I., p. 64.
+  1873. _Didymium erythrinum_ Berk., _Grev._, II., p. 52.
+  1873. _Didymium ravenelii_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 53.
+  1873. _Physarum petersii_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 66.
+  1875. _Physarum schumacheri_ Spr. var. _rufipes_ Alb. & Schw., Rost.,
+          _Mon._, p. 99.
+  1894. _Physarum pulcherripes_ (Peck), Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 41.
+  1896. _Cytidium rufipes_ (Alb. & Schw.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat.
+           Hist._, p. 81.
+  1899. _Physarum rufipes_ (Alb. & Schw.) Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 50.
+  1911. _Physarum pulcherripes_ Peck., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 49.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, dark-colored, sprinkled with orange flakes of
+lime, globose, the wall thin, deciduous, stipitate; stipe slender,
+erect, deep red, sometimes black below, pale or orange above, and
+supported on a well-developed hypothallus; columella scant or none;
+capillitium dense, the meshes and nodes unusually small and delicate,
+the latter reddish or yellow; spore-mass black; spores by transmitted
+light, violet-tinted, 8-10 µ., almost smooth.
+
+The striking contrast of color between sporangia and stipes renders this
+species at sight, quite distinct from any related form. The peridia in
+the specimens before us are black or iridescent-black sprinkled more or
+less profusely with orange lime granules which sometimes cover all but
+the base. The stipe, springing from a small hypothallus, is dark red
+below for about one-fourth its height, then vermillion, above expanding
+slightly beneath the peridium; the columella scant or none. The
+capillitium is an elegant delicate net, with numerous small, uniformly
+regular, calcareous nodes, orange; by transmitted light, yellow. The
+spores, brown in mass, are, by transmitted light, pale violet, slightly
+papillose, 8-10, mostly about 8 µ. The plasmodium is probably yellow.
+
+This species is no doubt related to _P. psittacinum_. It is, however,
+much smaller, has a calcareous stipe, and a much less variegated
+peridium, and generally a small columella.
+
+It is also akin to _P. globuliferum_ and to _P. murinum_, _P. petersii_
+Berk. & C. is reported the same thing.
+
+
+26. PHYSARUM PENETRALE _Rex._
+
+PLATE XV., Figs. 6, 6 _a_.
+
+  1891. _Physarum penetrale_ Rex., _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 389.
+  1899. _Physarum penetrale_ Rex., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 55.
+  1911. _Physarum penetrale_ Rex., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 36.
+
+Sporangia scattered, erect, stipitate, generally ellipsoidal, pyriform,
+rarely globose; peridium membranaceous semi-transparent, studded
+sparsely with rounded, pale yellow or yellow-gray lime-granules,
+rupturing to the base into two or four segments; stipe variable,
+slender, subulate, rugulose, flattened laterally toward the base,
+translucent, dull red or golden red in color; columella four-fifths the
+height of the sporangium, concolorous with the stipe, acuminate;
+capillitium dense, persistent, the nodes frequently calcareous, rounded,
+yellow; spore-mass brown, spores nearly smooth, brownish, 6-7 µ.
+
+Readily recognizable by the elongate sporangia and the lengthened
+columella unique among physarums. The capillitial nodes are at first
+pale yellow, but tend to whiten on exposure. The spores when highly
+magnified show delicate spinulescence.
+
+Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Europe, Java.
+
+
+27. PHYSARUM LUTEO-ALBUM _Lister_
+
+  1904. _Physarum luteo-album_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XLII., p. 130.
+  1911. _Physarum luteo-album_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 48.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, large, about 1 mm. in diameter,
+yellow shading into white, orange or olivaceous, smooth or rugulose,
+stipitate; stipe stout, smooth, .5-1 mm. high, yellow or orange above,
+white below, cylindric, lime-stuffed; columella large, sub-globose or
+clavate, yellow; capillitium either of very slender pale yellow,
+threads, branching at acute angles and anastomosing or of broad, yellow
+simple or forked strands, persistent after spore-dispersal; nodules few,
+small, linear or fusiform; spores purple-brown, spinulose, 10-12 µ.
+
+This species, originally described from England and northern Europe has
+more recently been identified in material sent by Professor Sturgis from
+Colorado. In description the form is well marked; evinces apparently
+great variation alike in form, color, and structure.
+
+The material we have, however, is poor, badly weathered.
+
+The general plan of structure corresponds very well with Fries' idea of
+his genus Tilmadoche, although the present species would seem, by very
+grossness, strangely out of place with the tilmadoches. But the
+singular, didermoid, evenly branching, threads of the capillitium,
+bearing their slender spindle-shaped burdens of lime are very
+suggestive; it is a diderma gone wandering into the camp of the
+physarums if one may judge from Miss Lister's graphic plate.
+
+The specific name selected for this peculiar form has once before done
+service, but apparently for something quite dissimilar. Schumacher,
+_Enum. Pl. Saell._ II., p. 199, has _P. luteo-album_. Fries thinks he
+had a perichæna on hand; at any rate, not a physarum, and makes
+Schumacher's combination a synonym for _Perichaena quercina_ Fr., which
+Rostafinski in turn makes synonymous with _P. corticalis_ (Batsch) R. If
+"once a synonym always a synonym" be esteemed good taxonomic law, this
+species must one day have another name. The present author, unwilling to
+change his colleague's preference in this case, nevertheless begs to
+suggest that such a binomial as _P. listeri_ would probably at once make
+future history of the species less eventful, and honor the memory of
+England's latest and most distinguished student of the group he loved.
+
+
+28. PHYSARUM NUCLEATUM _Rex._
+
+  1891. _Physarum nucleatum_ Rex., _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 389.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, spherical, œ mm., white, stipitate; peridial
+wall membranaceous, rupturing irregularly, thickly studded with rounded
+white lime-granules; stipe about 1 mm., subulate, yellowish-white,
+rugose; columella none, capillitium dense, snow-white, with minute,
+white, round or rounded nodes, in the centre a conspicuous mass of lime
+forming a shining ball, not part of the stipe although sometimes
+produced toward it; spore-mass black; spores brown-violet, delicately
+spinulose, 6-7 µ.
+
+This species most nearly resembles in appearance and habit of growth _P.
+globuliferum_ Pers., but may be distinguished from it by the absence of
+a columella, by the central ball of lime, and the very small rounded
+lime-granules in the meshes of the capillitium. Exceptionally the lime
+granules of the sporangium wall are sparse or absent entirely, in which
+case the wall has a silvery or coppery metallic lustre.
+
+Pennsylvania, Nicaragua.
+
+
+29. PHYSARUM WINGATENSE _nom. nov._
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 3, and 9.
+
+  1876. _Tilmadoche columbina_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., _Mon., App._,
+           p. 13 (?).
+  1889. _Tilmadoche compacta_ Wing., _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci._, p. 48.
+  1894. _Physarum compactum_ List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 45.
+  1896. _Physarum compactum_ (Wing.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 91.
+  1899. _Tilmadoche compacta_ Wing., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 61.
+  1916. _Physarum columbinum_ (Rost.) Sturg., _Mycologia_, Vol. VIII.,
+           p. 4.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, or somewhat crowded, erect or cernuous, stipitate,
+gray or brownish gray, globose; peridium thin, metallic brown or bronze
+in color, splitting at maturity in floriform manner into six to twelve
+segments; stipe white or yellowish white, often shading to black or
+fuscous below, rather long, tapering upward; hypothallus none; columella
+none; capillitium extremely delicate, white or colorless, radiating from
+a central lime-mass or nucleus, and with ordinary nodules small and few,
+fusiform; spore-mass brown; spores by transmitted light, violet-brown,
+delicately warted, 7-8 µ.
+
+This species is well marked by several characteristics; the brilliant
+wall of the peridium, white-flecked and laciniate, the delicate
+_Didymium_-like capillitium running from centre to peridium, and
+especially the peculiar aggregation of lime at the center of the
+sporangium, like nothing else except a similar structure found in
+_Physarum nucleatum_ Rex. The variations affect the stipe and the
+distribution of the capillitial lime. Some eastern specimens show stipes
+melanopodous, black below; specimens from Ohio and Nicaragua show stipes
+milk-white throughout. As to the capillitium, in some of the Nicaragua
+collections the lime is more uniformly distributed through the
+capillitium, and accordingly the nucleus is not conspicuous, its place
+being taken by two or three nodes plainly larger than the others. The
+peculiar brown metallic lustre of the peridial wall, and the strongly
+developed calcareous patches with which the peridium is covered are
+constant features.
+
+That this is the _Didymium columbinum_ Berk., or _T. columbina_ (Berk.)
+Rost., is very doubtful; the specific name given by Wingate becomes
+inapplicable when the series is transferred to _Physarum_, since in that
+genus the combination is already a synonym. See _P. compactum_
+Ehrenberg, _Syl. Myc. Berl._, p. 21 (1818), cited repeatedly in the
+synonymy; Fries, _op. cit._, Vol. III., p. 101. So also _P. columbinum,
+l. c._, pp. 133, 135, etc., to say nothing of the fate of Persoon's
+first record, _Obs. Mycol. pars prim._, p. 5, 1796. This is Wingate's
+species, let it bear his name.
+
+
+30. PHYSARUM NEWTONI _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XIV., Figs. 5, 5 _a_, 5 _b_.
+
+  1893. _Physarum newtoni_ Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa_, II.,
+           p. 390.
+  1899. _Physarum newtoni_ Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 37.
+  1911. _Physarum newtoni_ Macbr., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 54.
+
+Sporangia simple, gregarious, short-stipitate or sessile, globulose or
+flattened, when not globose, depressed and deeply umbilicate above,
+purple, smooth, thin-walled, stipe when present very short and
+concolorous; columella none; hypothallus none; capillitium abundant,
+delicate, with more or less well-developed nodules, which are also
+concolorous; spores by transmitted light, dark brown, thick-walled,
+rough, nucleated, about 10 µ.
+
+A very handsome little species collected by Professor G. W. Newton in
+Colorado, at an altitude of several thousand feet. Easily recognized by
+its almost sessile, rose purple, generally umbilicate sporangium.
+
+
+31. PHYSARUM PSITTACINUM _Ditm._
+
+  1817. _Physarum psittacinum_ Ditm., Sturm, _Deutsch. Fl. Pilze_,
+           p. 125.
+  1829. _Physarum psittacinum_ Ditm., Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 134.
+  1873. _Physarum psittacinum_ Ditm., Rost., _Mon._, p. 104.
+  1911. _Physarum psittacinum_ Ditm., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 55.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, globose or depressed-globose, or
+reniform, iridescent-blue, mottled with various tints, red, orange,
+yellow, white, stipitate; stipe equal, or tapering slightly upward,
+rugose, orange or orange red, without lime, rising from a small
+concolorous hypothallus; columella none; capillitium dense, crowded with
+calcareous, brilliant orange nodules which are angular in outline and
+tend to aggregate at the centre of the sporangium; spore-mass brown;
+spores by transmitted light, pale brown, slightly but plainly warted,
+about 10 µ. _N. A. F._, 2492.
+
+Differs from _P. pulcherripes_ Pk. in external coloration, the peridium
+a rich blue, mottled but not with lime; in the capillitium, dense,
+calcareous, with large angular or branching nodes; in the stipe without
+lime; in the spores, a little larger than in _P. pulcherripes_, and by
+transmitted light much more distinctly brown in color. The sporangia are
+also broader in the present species, reaching 1 mm.
+
+Rare. Maine, New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania. Reported common in
+Europe, Ceylon, Japan, etc.
+
+
+32. PHYSARUM DISCOIDALE _Macbr. n. s._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 3 and 3 _a_.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, discoidal, depressed or umbilicate
+above, sometimes almost annulate, snow-white, small, .5-.7 mm.,
+stipitate; stipe about twice the sporangium, pale yellow, strand-like,
+but erect, even; hypothallus none; columella none; capillitium strongly
+calcareous, almost as in _Badhamia_, aggregate at the center, and
+forming a pseudo-columella at the base of the peridium; peridial wall
+firm, covered with innate patches of lime, somewhat yellow at the base;
+spores minutely spinulose, violaceous, 7-9 µ.
+
+This little species reaches us from California. It appears in late
+winter in undisturbed grass tufts and the sporangia are scattered over
+the lower leaves. It displays a remarkable amount of lime. The nodules,
+however, are not large; they are rounded and connected here and there by
+the ordinary retal tubules characteristic of a physarum.
+
+
+33. PHYSARUM LEUCOPHÆUM _Fr._
+
+  1818. _Physarum leucophaeum_ Fr., _Symb. Gast._, p. 24.
+  1875. _Physarum leucophaeum_ Fr., Rost., _Mon._, p. 113, Figs. 77, 78.
+  1899. _Physarum leucophaeum_ Fr., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 21.
+  1911. _Physarum nutans_ Pers., sub-species _leucophaeum_ (Fr.) Lister,
+          _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 67.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, stipitate; the peridium globose or
+sub-depressed, plano-convex, but never umbilicate below, erect,
+bluish-ashen; the stipe short, rugose, sub-sulcate, fuscous, brown, or
+sometimes almost white, even or slightly attenuate upward from a
+thickened base or sometimes from an indistinct hypothallus; capillitium
+dense, intricate; the nodules white, with comparatively little lime,
+thin, expanded, angular or branching; columella none; spore-mass black,
+spores violaceous, minutely roughened, about 8-10 µ.
+
+This extremely delicate and beautiful form is certainly not to be
+referred to _Tilmadoche alba_ (Bull.) Fr. Fries, who seems to have known
+of _P. compressum_ A. & S. and refers _it_ to _P. nutans_ Pers., _op.
+cit._, p. 130, annotates the present species: "Species especially
+remarkable in the stipe, in the internal structure, and in its whole
+habit, nor is there any other with which it may be compared. Peridium
+thin, not uniform, presently breaking up into laciniate scales; at first
+yellow, then bluish-ashen; when empty, white. The form inconstant,
+globose, depressed, but never umbilicate at the base." If we may judge
+by what Fries says on the subject, he certainly distinguished clearly
+between this species and _T. alba_ (Bull.), to say nothing of the
+stouter, larger, in every way coarser forms called by Rostafinski _P.
+nefroideum_, _P. compressum_, _P. lividum_, etc.
+
+The shadowy little species has had an eventful history, dipping in and
+out of our story in most uncertain fashion. Beginning with Fries, as
+noted, it received confirmation at the hands of DeBary, and by
+Rostafinski was given priority over a long list of synonyms, and
+figured. The earlier English authors follow Rostafinski, but for Lister
+in the _Mycetozoa_, p. 51, the species becomes a synonym of _T. alba_ as
+_P. nutans_, the description appropriately enlarged to receive it.
+Meantime American students generally confused it with the tilmadoches on
+the one hand and _P. nefroideum_ R. (supposed) on the other. In 1897,
+Robt. Fries in _Sver. Myxom. Flora_, brings the species again to view as
+co-partner with _P. nutans_ and in the _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 67, it
+appears as sub-species to the same.
+
+The resemblance to _P. album_ or _P. nutans_, is chiefly as intimated, a
+matter of definition; real differences are found in the irregular
+capillitium, fitting a globose sporange, in the character of the stipe
+and the consequent pose. See under _P. nutans_ and _P. notabile_.
+
+
+34. PHYSARUM NODULOSUM _Cke. & Balf._
+
+  1881. _Physarum nodulosum_ Cke. & Balf., _Rav. N. A. F._, Exsic., 479.
+  1889. _Badhamia nodulosa_ Massee, _Jour. Myc._, Vol. V., p. 186.
+  1891. _Physarum calidris_ Lister, _Jour. Bot._, Vol. XXIX., p. 258.
+  1896. _Craterium nodulosum_ (Cke. & Balf.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._,
+           p. 87.
+  1899. _Physarum nodulosum_ Cke. & Balf., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 51.
+  1911. _Physarum pusillum_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 64.
+
+Sporangia gregarious; minute, globose, bluish-white, the sporangial wall
+thin and more or less encrusted with lime, breaking up irregularly,
+stipitate; stipe slender, longer than the sporangium, attenuate upward
+or even, bright brown, rugose, expanded above into a shallow cup-like
+base for the sporangium; columella none; capillitium with lime-knots
+more or less abundant, white, often uniting, badhamioid; spore-mass
+black; spores by transmitted light, pale lilac-brown, almost smooth,
+10-12 µ.
+
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa; Canada.
+
+One of the smallest species of the genus, by its proportionally long
+stipe and small round sporangium reminding one somewhat of _P.
+globuliferum_; much smaller, however, and in every way different. The
+generic characters are mixed, and the species has been accordingly
+variously referred. The lower part of the peridium is sometimes
+persistent after the dehiscence, and so far reminds of _Craterium_. But
+this character is not constant, and even at best the persisting part is
+very small, not greater than in _P. melleum_, for example. On the other
+hand, the capillitium in some sporangia is strongly calcareous, reminds
+of _Badhamia_, but in most sporangia the _Physarum_ characters are
+sufficiently clear.
+
+In the Kew Herbarium, it is said, are two American specimens under one
+label, "_Didymium pusillum_." One specimen is a didymium indeed, but, as
+it appears, _D. proximum_ Berk., already described. The other is a
+physarum. It is proposed in _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, to use the combination
+thus set free, as if applied by the original author to the second
+specimen, _not_ didymium, and to make the new combination date from 1873
+and so take precedence of the binomial applied in 1881 by Cooke and
+Balfour here retained by the law of priority.
+
+
+35. PHYSARUM MACULATUM _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XIV., Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.
+
+  1893. _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa_, II., p. 383.
+  1899. _Physarum maculatum_ Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 47.
+  1911. _Physarum tenerum_ Rex., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 52, in part.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, very small, .3-.4 mm., dull gray,
+thin-walled, dotted with minute, white calcareous granules, stipitate;
+stipe long, about 2 mm., stout, attenuated upward, striate
+longitudinally or wrinkled, filled with irregular yellow masses of lime
+and accordingly bright yellow in color; columella none; capillitium
+forming a dense net, with comparatively small yellow nodular
+thickenings; spores globose, purplish, each minutely papillose and
+displaying several scattered spots occasioned by local development of
+the papillae; diameter of the spores 9-10 µ.
+
+This species was set up for the reception of certain material collected
+by Professor Shimek, in 1892, in Nicaragua. It remains so far unique.
+The small globose sporangium mounted upon a long upwardly tapering
+stipe, .5 mm. thick below, but narrowed at the extreme base where it is
+lightly attached, a stem which is simply a sack stuffed with yellow
+lime-granules;--this and the yellow capillitium are distinguishing
+features. The capillitium and spores suggest _Tilmadoche viride_, but
+the entire habit precludes such reference. Perhaps nearest to _P.
+melleum_.
+
+Castillo, Nicaragua.
+
+Miss Lister thinks this the same as _P. tenerum_ Rex. But the whole
+habit and external appearance are different; the stipe notably long,
+clumsy, surcharged with lime; a very singular form.
+
+
+36. PHYSARUM DIDERMOIDES (_Pers._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_, 1 _c_.
+
+  1801. _Spumaria (?) didermoides_ Acharius, Pers., _Syn. Fung._,
+           p. xxix.
+  1829. _Diderma oblongum_ Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 103.
+  1831. _Spumaria licheniformis_ Schw., _N. A. F._, p. 261, No. 2364.
+  1832. _Physarum atrum_ Schw., _Syn. Fung., Am. Bor._, p. 258.
+  1875. _Physarum lividum_, Schw., Rostafinski, _Mon._, p. 96.
+  1875. _Physarum didermoides_ (Ach.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 97.
+
+Plasmodium pale, watery-white or gray; sporangia crowded, ovoid or
+cylindric, stipitate or sessile, blue-gray, often capped with white;
+stipe variable in length and structure, where well developed pure white,
+often flattened, expanded and diaphanous, connate with others through
+the irregular reticulate or sheet-like hypothallus; columella none;
+capillitium ample, the lime knots angular or rounded, white connected by
+hyaline threads; spores in mass black, by transmitted light dark violet,
+decidedly spinulose, 12-15 µ.
+
+A very variable species in many particulars. The sporangia in the same
+cluster are stipitate and sessile, ovoid and spherical. Our description
+does not quite agree with that of Rostafinski. As may be seen from the
+plate, it is the _outer_ peridium that is with us white, burdened with
+lime, the inner is simpler and comparatively thin. The whiteness of the
+outer peridium is however, easily displaced. The colony may not show it
+at all, in which case the peridia remaining give to the fructification
+entire a pale lead color, very characteristic. The disposition of the
+lime in the capillitium is also notably variable. Specimens occur which
+in so far realize Rostafinski's _Crateriachea_; that is, the lime is
+massed as a snow-white pseudo-columella in the centre of each
+sporangium. In such cases the lime of the outer peridium is scant or
+limited in amount, never forming the calcareous cap shown in Fig. 1. The
+size of the spores is also variable. Rostafinski gives 12.5-14.2 µ; not
+infrequently a single spore reaches 16 µ, a very unusual range of
+variation.
+
+The species is not common in the upper Mississippi valley, but can be
+obtained in quantity where once it appears, as the plasmodia are
+profuse.
+
+Ohio, Carolinas, Tennessee, Iowa, South Dakota, Kansas. Especially to be
+looked for on the bark of fallen stems of _Populus_ and _Negundo_.
+
+Brazil, India, Japan.
+
+_Physarum lividum_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 95, is but a less calcareous form
+of this, as is evident even by the author's description. Professor
+Morgan thought _P. lividum_ a phase of _P. griseum_ Lk. Link, however,
+reckons _P. griseum_ the same as _P. cinereum_. Link, _Diss._, I., p.
+27.
+
+
+37. PHYSARUM LEUCOPUS _Link._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 7, 7 _a_, 7 _b_.
+
+  1809. _Physarum leucopus_ Link, _Diss._, I, p. 27.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, globose snow-white, with a didymium
+like covering of calcareous particles; stipe white, not long, conical or
+tapering rapidly upward, slightly sulcate, brittle, from an evanescent
+hypothallus; columella none or small; capillitium, consisting of rather
+long hyaline threads, connecting the usual calcareous nodes, which are
+large, angular, snow-white; spore-mass black; spores by transmitted
+light, violet-brown, distinctly warted, about 10 µ.
+
+The snow-white, nearly smooth stem, the small sporangium (œ mm.)
+covered with loose calcareous granules, distinguish this rare species.
+It looks like a small _Didymium squamulosum_. Fries called it _D.
+leucopus_, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 121.
+
+Rare. Iowa, Ohio, Maine; Portugal.
+
+
+38. PHYSARUM COMPRESSUM _Alb. & Schw._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 14, and PLATE XIX., Fig. 12 and Fig. 4.
+
+  1805. _Physarum compressum_ Alb. & Schw., _Fung. Lus._, p. 97.
+  1875. _Physarum nefroideum_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 93, in part.
+  1875. _Physarum affine_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 94.
+  1909. _Physarum compressum_ Alb. & Schw., Torrend, _Fl. des Myx._,
+           p. 197.
+  1911. _Physarum compressum_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 70.
+
+Sporangia more or less scattered, _compressed_-globose, or
+compressed-reniform, i. e. often umbilicate, stipitate, sessile, or
+elongate as if plasmodiocarpous, calcareous, white or ashen; peridium
+thin, covered with squamules, opening irregularly, usually by apical
+cleft; stipe, when present, short, stout, more or less sulcate, dark
+brown or ashen; capillitium a rather loose net, the nodules white,
+variable in size and shape; spores purplish-brown, delicately roughened,
+about 10-12.5 µ.
+
+_P. affine_ R. was in this connection set up for European types
+compressed indeed, but more strongly _reniform_. The author says in his
+further description that the form _affine_ is less definitely
+umbilicate, has white stems, etc.; allantoid, one would now say. Such
+forms now begin to appear in America; and if for these a specific name
+is needed, it is provided, _P. affine_ Rost., Plate XIX., Fig. 4.
+
+This seems to be a cosmopolitan species, now that we have found it.
+However, in North America it is rare. It is reported from Pennsylvania,
+from Colorado; Harkness found it in California, and the writer has often
+collected it in Oregon, on Mt. Rainier, Washington, and in California.
+Europe.
+
+
+39. PHYSARUM NOTABILE _nom. nov._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_; PLATE XV., Fig. 2; and Frontispiece.
+
+  1873. _Didymium connatum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXVI., p. 74.
+  1879. _Physarum polymorphum_ (Mont.) Rost., Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._,
+           XXXI., p. 55.
+  1893. _Physarum leucophaeum_ Fr., Ellis, _N. A. F._, No. 2396,
+          _second exhibit_.
+  1893. _Physarum leucophaeum_ Fries, Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist.
+           Iowa_, II., p. 156.
+  1894. _Physarum compressum_ Alb. & Schw., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 53,
+           in part.
+  1896. _Physarum connexum_ Link., Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 92,
+           in part.
+  1896. _Physarum confluens_ Pers., Morg., _l. c._, p. 94.
+  1899. _Physarum nefroideum_ Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 41, in part.
+  1911. _Physarum connatum_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 71.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sessile, stipitate, or even plasmodiocarpous; when
+stipitate, depressed, varying at times to irregular reniform in the same
+colony; globose, the peridium strongly calcareous, cinereous-white;
+stipe variable, generally tapering upward, always distinctly deeply
+plicate-furrowed throughout, in color dark, opaque, sometimes touched
+with white or gray; capillitium abundant, the white lime-knots, varying
+in size and shape, connected by rather long hyaline threads, with here
+and there an empty node; spore-mass black, by transmitted light, dark,
+sooty brown, minutely papillose, 10-11.5 µ.
+
+This remarkable species, while not at all difficult of recognition to
+one familiar with its phases, is withal very difficult to define.
+Normally stipitate, it often shows from the same plasmodium all sorts of
+forms, the shape of the fructification dependent apparently upon
+external conditions prevalent at the time. The amount of calcium also
+varies, especially in the capillitium, where there is usually much, with
+a tendency to the formation of something like a pseudo-columella; the
+outer net in such cases nearly destitute. The calcium in the stipe also
+varies; the black or brown stipes are, of course, free from it; the gray
+or white, calcareous.
+
+In this large and difficult genus, since spore-color is receiving
+increased consideration,--see No. 31 preceding,--it is proper to note
+that in the present case two types appear, one with spore-color under
+the lens, as described, the other with spores violaceous with no trace
+of black; unshadowed.
+
+The preceding description is based on material assembled during forty
+years. The form is easily discoverable by any collector throughout the
+entire valley of the Mississippi and eastward to Nova Scotia. For its
+naming, students in America have vainly waited the decision of those
+having access to mycologic types in Europe. It seems now certain that
+the species is extremely rare in the old world if there occurrent; never
+seen by any of the earlier taxonomists including Fries and Rostafinski;
+perhaps adventitious in these later years, although thus far no specimen
+from Europe has reached this table.[24] _P. nefroideum_ of Strasburg
+herbarium turns out, after all, _teste_ Lister, to be _P. compressum_
+Alb. & Schw., which accordingly shall now enjoy state and station of
+its own; our concern in European nomenclature, in the present instance,
+almost disappears, and we return to our synonymy from this side of the
+sea.
+
+Mr. Lister would recur to Dr. Peck's _Didymium connatum_, which indeed
+represents the present species. In such disposition, how gladly would
+all concur, were the thing possible! But _Physarum connatum_ is already
+a synonym twice over.[25] Unless we are done with the rules entirely,
+_P. connatum_ cannot stand. _P. polymorphum_ and _P. leucophaeum_ are
+names already in use, of course; and so under the circumstances, much as
+it is to be regretted, there would seem nothing left to do but to cancel
+all past synonymy and impose a new name whose permanence may at least be
+hoped for, if not expected.
+
+
+40. PHYSARUM TROPICALE _Macbr._
+
+  1899. _Physarum tropicale_ Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 45.
+
+PLATE XV., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, turbinate, short stipitate, blue-gray,
+about 1 mm. in diameter; peridium above iridescent, green, blue, etc.,
+dotted with minute flecks of white, below limeless, purple or bronze
+shading to the brown of the stipe; stipe short, stout, slightly rugose,
+cylindric, non-calcareous, brown; columella none; hypothallus none;
+capillitium abundant, the nodes generally calcareous, small, uniform,
+angular, white, uniformly distributed; spore-mass, black; spores dark
+violet-brown, distinctly and closely warted, 12-15 µ.
+
+A large handsome species recognizable by the peculiar turbinate
+sporangium, with its iridescent peridial wall in which green strongly
+predominates above, bronze below. The distinction between the upper and
+lower peridium would suggest _Craterium_, but the internal structure is
+not at all _Craterium_-like. The capillitium is typically of _Physarum_.
+The color suggests _P. leucophaeum violascens_ Rost. From this species
+it is at once distinguished by its much longer sporangia, larger and
+rougher spores.
+
+Mexico; _C. L. Smith_: Sure to be again collected once that unhappy
+country shall again open its forests to research.
+
+
+41. PHYSARUM NICARAGUENSE _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XV., Figs. 7, 7 _a_, 7 _b_; XVII., 11 and 11 _a_.
+
+  1893. _Physarum nicaraguense_ Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa_,
+           II., p. 383.
+  1894. _Physarum compressum_ Alb. & Schw., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 53,
+           in part.
+  1910. _Physarum nicaraguense_ Macbr., Petch, _Mycetozoa Ceylon_,
+           p. 334.
+  1911. _Physarum reniforme_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 72,
+           in part.
+
+Sporangia multilobate or compound-contorted, below obconic, gray, ribbed
+with calcareous thickenings; stem short, fuscous, longitudinally
+wrinkled; hypothallus distinct, black; columella none, although the lime
+massed at the centre of each sporangium simulates one; capillitium
+white, densely calcareous, with heavy angular nodules connected with
+comparatively short threads; spores violet, globose, spinulose, about 12
+µ in diameter.
+
+Ometepe, Nicaragua. _Professor B. Shimek_.
+
+This species resembles in some particulars No. 39, especially in the
+amount of lime present in both capillitium and peridium, in the fluted,
+sooty stipe, and the rough spores. Mr. Lister once regarded it as the
+same. Nevertheless, it differs from _P. notabile_ in many definite
+particulars. In the first place, the sporangia are different in form and
+habit. They are obconic, nearly always compound, convolute, or botryoid,
+in this respect somewhat resembling _P. polycephalum_. Besides, the
+sporangia are uniformly much smaller, and show constantly the strongly
+calcified centre, much transcending anything seen in _P. notabile_. The
+stipe also is peculiar, quite short, an upward extension or sweep of the
+common hypothallus which is usually very distinct or prominent; and,
+while the stipe is longitudinally wrinkled, it is much less so than in
+the related species, and in a different way. The spores are about the
+same in size, but differ in color, in this respect agreeing rather with
+_P. leucophaeum_.
+
+In the _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed., l. c._, the present species is entered as a
+synonym of two described by Massee: _Tilmadoche reniformis_ Mass., Mon.,
+p. 336, and _Didymium echinosporum_ Mass., _Mon._ 239. But Massee's
+description of his tilmadoche is, naturally enough, at variance in every
+important point with the facts in the species before us. Massee says:
+"... sporangia deeply umbilicate _below_, sausage-shaped and curved; the
+stem elongated slender erect, pale brown; capillitial nodes scattered,
+fusiform, colorless or yellow; spores 16-17 µ." It is evident that
+whatever Massee may have had in hand as he wrote it was _not P.
+nicaraguense_, which has spores 10-12 µ and reverses the remaining
+description.
+
+But _Didymium echinosporum_ also defines _T. reniformis_ since Lister,
+_Mon._, p. 54, says they are based on two gatherings of one species. Of
+this second species Massee says: "A superficial resemblance to _T.
+nutans_, but distinct in the capillitium which contains _no trace of
+lime_; spores 12-14 µ!" Again it is evident that whatever Massee had in
+hand when he wrote, it was not _P. nicaraguense_ which "has capillitium
+almost Badhamia-like," i. e., burdened with lime!
+
+Worse than all; Mr. Massee's _alleged_ types are in evidence; one
+labelled _P. reniforme_[26] includes forms of _P. didermoides_ and of
+_P. nicaraguense_; the other labelled by Berkeley _P. nutans_ is _P.
+nicaraguense_. So Mr. T. Petch, _Mycet. Ceyl._, who enters our species
+as from Ceylon, and the names cited from Berkeley, Massee, and others,
+as synonyms. He remarks, "Probably Thwaites' 135 and 55 were mixed
+during examination"! Doubtless! and some other things too! What Massee
+did have beneath his lens, no one now may say but apparently not in
+either case cited, the physarum of Central America.
+
+
+42. PHYSARUM SULPHUREUM _Alb. & Schw._
+
+  1805. _Physarum sulphureum_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p. 93,
+           Tab. VI, f. 1.
+  1818. _Physarum flavum_ Fries, _Symb. Gast._, p. 22.
+  1875. _Physarum sulphureum_ Alb. & Schw., Rost., _Mon._, p. 101.[27]
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, rugulose-squamulose, .6-.8 mm.,
+sulphur-yellow, stipitate; peridium membranous, covered with calcareous
+scales; stipe stout, white, charged with lime, furrowed; columella none;
+capillitium strongly calcareous, the nodules large, white; spores
+violaceous, rough, 9-11 µ.
+
+Northern Europe. (Lusatia) Lausitz, Alb. & Schw.; dim old Wendish
+region on the south borders of Brandenburg. Reported also from Sweden.
+
+The description and figure given by Schweinitz, 1805, _l. c._, leave no
+doubt as to what he had in hand. Twenty or thirty years later, having
+spent the interval in this country,--bishop, indeed, of the Moravian
+churches, but a student of fungi all the while,--he reports the same
+thing from this country; _Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci._, 1834. Cooke also
+lists it in _Myxomycetes of the U. S._ It surely will be found again.
+Mr. Lister thinks _P. variable_ Rex may be the same thing.
+
+
+43. PHYSARUM CARNEUM _G. Lister and Sturgis_.
+
+  1910. _Physarum carneum_ G. Lister and Sturgis, _Jour. Bot._,
+           Vol. XLVIII, p. 63.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, sub-globose, .5 mm. in diameter,
+ochraceous-yellow above, flesh-colored below; peridium membranous, pale
+yellow, lime-granules evenly distributed; stipe short, translucent,
+pinkish flesh-colored; capillitium dense, nodules white; spores
+purplish-brown, spinulose, 8 µ.
+
+Differs from _P. citrinellum_ in the membranous peridium, flesh-colored
+stalks and smaller spores.
+
+Colorado; _Dr. W. C. Sturgis._
+
+
+44. PHYSARUM CITRINELLUM _Peck._
+
+  1831. _Physarum caespitosum_ Schw., Syn. _N. A. F._, No. 2301 (?).
+  1869. _Diderma citrinum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXII., p. 89.
+  1870. _Physarum citrinellum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXI., p. 55.
+  1894. _Craterium citrinellum_ List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 74.
+  1899. _Physarum caespitosum_ Schw., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 37.
+  1911. _Physarum citrinellum_ Peck, List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 62.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, or scattered globose, short-stipitate, pale yellow
+or ochraceous, smooth or slightly roughened by the presence of minute
+lime-particles; peridium more or less distinctly double, the outer
+calcareous, fragile, the inner very delicate, with here and there a
+calcareous thickening, ruptured irregularly; stipe very short, half the
+sporangium, fuliginous, furrowed, expanded below into an imperfectly
+defined hypothallus; capillitium abundant, the nodes stellate-angular,
+large, the internodes delicate, short; spore-mass black, spores
+violaceous-brown by transmitted light, strongly spinulose, 10-12.5 µ.
+
+A very distinct and handsome species. Easily recognizable at sight by
+its large, globose, almost sessile and yet distinctly stalked sporangia.
+The color to the naked eye is pale ochraceous or buff. Only under a
+moderate magnification do the citrine tints come out.
+
+In the _Twenty-second N. Y. Report_, Dr. Peck incorrectly referred this
+species to _Physarum citrinum_ Schum. On the appearance of Rostafinski's
+_Monograph_, Dr. Peck in his revised list, _l. c._, writes _P.
+citrinellum_ Peck, with description on p. 57, following. Under the last
+name the species has been generally recognized in the United States and
+distributed. _N. A. F._, 2490.
+
+In the former edition, this species was referred to _P. caespitosum_
+Schw., of which the original description is as follows: "_P.
+caespitosum_ L. v. S., pulcherrimum. In foliis et stipitibus
+Rhododendri, Bethlehem. Physarum substipitatum aut saltem basi
+attenuata, caespitosim crescens et sparsim. Caespitulis 3 linearibus;
+peridiis stipatis, turbinatis, ovatis, basi contracta membranula
+exterori luteosquamulosa aut punctato-squarrulosa. Sporidiis
+nigro-brunneis, floccis citrinis inspersis." _Synopsis N. A. Fungi_,
+2301.
+
+The type from the Schweinitz herbarium is no longer in evidence. Without
+it, the reference cannot be sustained.
+
+Not uncommon in the eastern United States; reported also from Japan.
+
+
+45. PHYSARUM ALBESCENS _Ellis._
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 4, 4 _a_.
+
+  1889. _Physarum albescens_ Ellis _in litt_: not described.
+  1893. _Physarum auriscalpium_ Cke., Macbr., _Bull. Lab. N. H. Iowa_,
+           No. 2, p. 155, in part.
+  1894. _Physarum virescens_ var. _nitens_ List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 59,
+           in part.
+  1899. _Physarum virescens_ var. _nitens_ List., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 34, in part.
+  1899. _Leocarpus fulvus_ Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 82.
+  1911. _Physarum fulvum_ Lister, _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 60.
+  1911. _Physarum virescens, nitens_ List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 84,
+           in part.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, ovoid or globose, pale yellowish or
+fulvous, opening irregularly above, stipitate; the peridium double, the
+outer layer more or less calcareous, the inner delicate, almost
+indistinguishable, persistent below as a shallow cup; the stipe long,
+weak, striate, fulvous or yellow; hypothallus distinct, venulose, or
+more or less continuous; capillitium pallid or white, dense, with here
+and there below large continuous yellow calcareous nodules; columella
+none; spore-mass black; spores by transmitted light, dark brown, rough,
+13-15 µ. Varies to forms with single (inner) peridium and simple
+physaroid capillitium. _Vid._ descriptions cited for _P. auriscalpium_,
+_P. nitens_, etc.
+
+This interesting form is from our western mountains, and suggests at
+first a diderma; but the capillitium is entirely unlike that of a
+diderma in color and structure, and plainly belongs here. Plasmodium
+yellow, on fallen leaves and twigs. Our material is from Prof. Bethel,
+Denver; and Lake Tahoe, Nevada; later from Dr. Weir, Montana. No doubt
+common at high altitudes near the snow-line in mountainous regions,
+probably around the world.
+
+As indicated above, this was originally entered as of the genus
+_Leocarpus_; the taxonomic history of the form may interest readers who
+note with surprise the presentation in synonymy here developed.
+
+About thirty-five or forty years ago Dr. Harkness of California sent to
+Mr. Ellis of New Jersey a slime-mould which the sender referred to
+_Diderma albescens_ Phillips, (_Grev._ V., p. 114, 1877). Ellis sent a
+small bit to the Iowa herbarium without other comment, save that he
+thought it a physarum. Sometime later Mr. Ellis received from Father
+Langlois, a correspondent in Louisiana, specimens he esteemed the same
+thing. He expressed the opinion that if this were what Phillips had
+found in California, it should perhaps be called a physarum. The
+Louisiana material by his courtesy came also to this table. The material
+was scanty, in poor condition, and all waited further light. To these
+specimens the writer paid less attention. They were in the hands of his
+correspondents and the courtesy of the case required their further
+consideration by Dr. Rex.
+
+In 1889 Mr. Holway found in Iowa, a physarum of which he sent part to
+Ellis and the remainder to the writer who, then engaged on the
+_Myxomycetes of East. Iowa_, referred his part of this Iowa gathering
+to the _Physarum auriscalpium_ Cke. as found in New York. Under this
+caption a specimen was later sent to Mr. Lister, who has, as we see,
+consistently regarded the thing as a variety of _P. virescens_ Ditmar,
+_P. nitens_ List.
+
+Meantime in 1898 Colorado material from Professor Bethel reached the
+University. This did not recall any of the materials sent from Ellis.
+_Diderma albescens_ had meanwhile come again from California, and been
+recognized as _Diderma niveum_ Rost.
+
+Accordingly, in _N. A. S._ the latest arrival from Colorado was
+described as a new species, and with some temerity perhaps, offered as a
+second species of the hitherto monotypic _Leocarpus_, all on account of
+the peculiar capillitium. Sometime after publication our most valued
+correspondent Mr. Bilgram called attention to the resemblance between
+the Colorado and Louisiana material already referred to. The University
+specimens as stated were small, broken, and in every way poor, but
+enough remained to indicate the evident justice of our correspondent's
+suspicion. Further investigation of the Holway material in Philadelphia
+showed that _it too was entitled to consideration_! Inasmuch as the
+Holway sending was all from one plasmodium, all difficulties vanished at
+once. The Iowa gathering showed two phases: one at the University
+represents _P. nitens_, physaroid, single-walled; while the Philadelphia
+part of the gathering corresponds, poorly it is true, but in fact, as
+_now_ appears, to the form coming in perfection from Colorado;
+leocarpine in structure, published as _Leocarpus fulvus_; _P. fulvum_
+Lister. Since the combination _P. fulvum_ is already in use, synonym of
+_P. rubiginosum_, it seems better to write the name suggested by Ellis;
+_Physarum albescens_ never having been published, because _Diderma
+albescens_, as noted took care of itself.
+
+Since Rostafinski we separate all these physaroid forms chiefly by
+capillitial characters: capillitial structure separates genera.
+_Physarum diderma_ is a physarum despite its double wall. And so here
+_Leocarpus_ was set out by its differentiating capillitium. In good
+specimens of the present species a large part of the capillitial net is
+entirely free from lime, so that when the peridium first opens at the
+summit, sometimes no trace of lime appears; the calcareous deposits are
+below, and tend to occupy not the nodal intersections as in _Physarum_,
+but in large masses involve portions of the net itself, nodes and all,
+as in _Leocarpus_. Miss Lister's beautiful figures, _op. cit._, Figs. 66
+and 82, show this very well.
+
+In The _Journal of Botany_, 52, p. 100, the distinguished author and
+artist records the discovery of this species in the mountains of
+Switzerland. She says: "This specimen shows a striking resemblance to
+_Leocarpus fragilis_ Rost., both in the shape of the sporangia and in
+the capillitium and spores; but although the color of the sporangia
+varies in both these species, the walls of _P. (L.) fulvum_ are
+membranous and rugose with included deposits of lime granules and show
+nothing of the polished cartilaginous layers characteristic of _L.
+fragilis_."
+
+The species is a boundary type at best, and shows again how artificial
+all our taxonomy is apt to prove, when the number of presentations of
+some particular type becomes larger.
+
+For these reasons, the present author writes _Physarum_, and believes
+the question of identity in a perplexing case fortunately settled.
+
+
+46. PHYSARUM VARIABILE Rex.
+
+  1893. _Physarum variabile_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 371.
+  1911. _Physarum variabile_ Rex, List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 47.
+
+Sporangia scattered, stipitate, sub-stipitate or sessile, about 1 mm.
+high; regularly or irregularly globose, ellipsoidal, obovate or
+cylindric-clavate in shape; sporangium wall sometimes apparently thick,
+of a dingy yellow or brownish-ochre color, slightly rugulose on the
+surface, crustaceous, brittle, rupturing irregularly, sometimes thin,
+translucent, covered externally with flat circular calcic-masses falling
+away in patches; stipes nearly equal, occasionally much expanded at the
+base, rough, longitudinally rugose, variable in size, sometimes
+one-third of a millimetre high, sometimes a mere plasmodic thickening of
+the base of the sporangium; color of stipes varying from a
+yellowish-white to a dull brownish-gray; capillitium a small-meshed
+network of delicate colorless tubules with large, many-angled, rounded
+masses of white, or rarely yellowish-white lime-granules at the nodes;
+no true columella, but often a central irregular mass of white
+lime-granules; spores dark violet-brown, verruculose, 9-10 µ.
+
+Pennsylvania. _Dr. Rex._
+
+Lister, _op. cit._, describes a variety, _sessile_, presenting
+plasmodiocarpous fructification, from Ceylon, also from Antigua, but
+there are some doubts as to the identity of these with American sessile
+and plasmodiocarpous forms. Vid. _Jour. Bot._ XXXVI., p. 113.
+
+
+47. PHYSARUM AURISCALPIUM _Cooke_.
+
+  1877. _Physarum auriscalpium_ Cooke, _Myx. U. S._, Am. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
+           N. Y., XI., p. 384.
+  1877. _Physarum auriscalpium_ Cke., _Myx. Gr. Brit._, Pl. 24,
+           f. 253-4.
+  1893. _Physarum sulphureum_ (Alb. & Schw.), Sturgis, _Bot. Gaz._,
+           XVIII., p. 197.
+  1898. _Physarum auriscalpium_ Cke., List., _Jour. Bot._, XXXVI.,
+           p. 115.
+  1911. _Physarum auriscalpium_ Cke., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           Syn. excl.
+
+Sporangia scattered, stipitate or occasionally sub-sessile spherical,
+.8-1 mm. high; peridium granulated, bright golden yellow; stipe, when
+present, one-half to two-thirds the height of the sporangium,
+blackish-brown; hypothallus, minute, thin, brown; columella absent;
+capillitium rather dense, composed of large angular nodes, completely
+filled with bright yellow granules of lime, and connected by very short,
+delicate, colorless internodes destitute of lime; spores globose
+minutely verruculose, or asperate, 10.7-11.8 µ in diameter,
+brownish-violet by transmitted light, black in the mass.
+
+This is the original description, 1893, of _P. sulphureum_ (Alb. &
+Schw.) Sturgis; the author last named having compared certain stalked
+New England forms with what he could find of _P. sulphureum_ in the
+herbarium of Schweinitz at Philadelphia, and having, as he thought,
+established identity.
+
+Meantime Mr. Lister had been inclined to refer _P. auriscalpium_ Cke. to
+_P. rubiginosum_ Fr., _Mycetozoa_, p. 61.
+
+In 1898 Professor Sturgis and Mr. Lister agreed that the New England
+specimens, owing to color and character of stipe and some other
+differences could not be the Schweinitzian species, but did indeed
+conform much better with those in London labelled _P. auriscalpium_ Cke.
+
+Accordingly _P. sulphureum_ is something else, very different, (v. A. &
+S., Cons. _Fung. Tab._, VI., f. 1), and by aid of recent[28] discoveries
+in Sweden goes its own way again. Meanwhile _P. sulphureum_ Sturgis
+stands, a new type for _P. auriscalpium_ Cke., the description modified
+to suit; the lamented pioneer-author receives honor due, and his
+handsome species, with its "golden graving," may now march, let us hope,
+under appropriate banner far down the fair highway to future fame!
+
+
+48. PHYSARUM OBLATUM _Macbr._
+
+PLATE III., Fig. 6; PLATE XIV., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_.
+
+  1879. _Physarum ornatum_ Peck, Rep. _N. Y. Museum_, XXXI., p. 40 (?).
+  1893. _Physarum oblatum_ Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa_, II.,
+           p. 384.
+  1896. _Craterium maydis_ Morg., _Myx. Miam. Vall._, p. 87.
+  1909. _Physarum maydis_ Torr., _Flor. des Myxo._, p. 193.
+  1911. _Physarum maydis_ Torr. List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 59.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, small, bright yellow, globose or
+depressed-globose, rough; stipe reddish-brown or fuliginous, even,
+short, slender; hypothallus scant, black, or none; columella none;
+threads of the capillitium yellow, delicate, connecting the rather dense
+and abundant yellow lime-granules; spore-mass brownish-black, spores
+violaceous, minutely but distinctly spinulose, 9-11 µ.
+
+This species is easily recognizable by its brilliant yellow color,
+somewhat rugose, sometimes scaly peridium, its richly calcareous
+capillitium, also bright yellow where not weathered or faded, its dark
+brown, translucent, non-calcareous stem. In dehiscence, the base of the
+peridium in cup-form, sometimes persists. This circumstance, with the
+fact that decaying maize-stalks and leaves are a favorite habitat, led
+Professor Morgan to its description as _Craterium maydis_. But it is
+doubtless a physarum, occurring on habitats of all sorts, from Ohio to
+Iowa, Colorado and Washington. Ceylon(?).
+
+_Physarum ornatum_ Peck is doubtfully cited here, although Professor
+Morgan thought it the same as _P. oblatum_. As a matter of fact the
+original brief description, _op. cit._, does not suggest either _P.
+oblatum_ or _P. maydis_; rather a form of _Tilmadoche viridis_.
+Professor Sturgis, _Notes on Some Type Specimens of Myxo., in the N. Y.
+Museum, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci._, Vol. X., Pt. 2, p. 470, says
+that of the type almost nothing remains, that the name _P. ornatum_ Pk.
+"should be discarded."
+
+
+49. PHYSARUM GALBEUM _Wing._
+
+  1890. _Physarum galbeum_ Wing., Ell., _N. A. F._, 2491
+          (no description).
+  1892. _Physarum petersii_ Berk. & C., Mass., _Mon._, p. 296, in part.
+  1894. _Physarum berkeleyi_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 48, in part.
+  1899. _Physarum galbeum_ Wing., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 53.
+  1911. _Physarum galbeum_ Wing., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 59.
+
+Sporangia scattered, globose, stipitate, often nodding, golden yellow,
+the peridium exceedingly thin, breaking up into patches on which the
+yellow lime granules are conspicuous; stipe non-calcareous, pale brown
+or amber-colored, longitudinally wrinkled, about one and one-half times
+the diameter of the peridium; columella none; hypothallus none;
+capillitium dense, extremely delicate, the nodes only here and there
+calcareous, the lime knots when present small, angular, yellow;
+spore-mass pale brown; spores almost smooth, lilac- or violet-tinted,
+7.5-10 µ.
+
+Distinguished among the small delicate species with which it will be
+naturally associated, by the yellow, richly calcareous wall of the
+globose sporangium and the almost limeless capillitium. The stipe is
+hollow and contains irregular masses of refuse granular matter, but no
+lime so far as we have been able to discover. _P. flavicomum_, to which
+the species is related most closely, differs in having the wall
+non-calcareous, iridescent, as well as in the color throughout; the
+character of the capillitium, in which lime is abundant; the absence of
+refuse-matter in the stem.
+
+Pennsylvania, Iowa, Minnesota.
+
+
+50. PHYSARUM TENERUM _Rex._
+
+  1890. _Physarum tenerum_ Rex., _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 192.
+  1894. _Physarum polymorphum_ Rost. var. _obrusseum_, Lister,
+          _Mycet._, p. 48.
+  1899. _Physarum obrusseum_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 52.
+  1911. _Physarum tenerum_ Rex., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 52.
+
+The peridium thin, membranaceous, thickly studded with circular,
+flattened, yellow granules of lime; stipe long, slender, subulate,
+opaque, pale brown, striate and black below, pale yellow above;
+columella none; capillitium yellow or white, delicate, forming a loosely
+but regularly meshed network with numerous small round or rounded
+granules at the intersections; spores dark brown, delicately warted, 7-8
+µ.
+
+This delicate physarum, very fragile and evanescent, seems to be
+distinct, by reason of its characteristic rounded lime granules, from
+any similar, stipitate species. It varies a little according to
+locality. Ohio specimens are a little larger and have thicker and more
+calcareous stipes than is usual in those from Philadelphia. The walls of
+the sporangia when fully matured generally break into several petal-like
+segments which finally become reflexed. The description given by
+Berkeley is entirely insufficient.
+
+In an earlier edition this species was entered as _P. obrusseum_
+following the Polish text. Miss Lister who has the type of _Didymium
+obrusseum_ at hand considers it as representing a phase of _Physarum
+polycephalum_ Schw. _D. tenerrimum_ Berk. & Curt. is judged the same.
+_P. tenerum_ Rex is, in any event, certain, and the combination is
+adopted.
+
+Rare:--Pennsylvania, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Iowa, Portugal, Japan.
+
+
+51. PHYSARUM FLAVICOMUM _Berk._
+
+PLATE XV., Figs. 3, 3 _a_.
+
+  1845. _Physarum flavicomum_ Berk., _Hook. Jour. Bot._, IV., p. 66.
+  1873. _Physarum cupripes_, Berk. & Rav., _Grev._, II., p. 65.
+  1875. _Physarum berkeleyi_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 105.
+  1894. _Physarum berkeleyi_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 57.
+  1899. _Physarum flavicomum_ Berk., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 53.
+  1911. _Physarum flavicomum_ Berk., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 58.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, small, spherical, at first fuliginous throughout,
+stipitate; the peridium thin, destitute of lime, iridescent, breaking up
+and deciduous in patches, except at the base; stipe twice the diameter
+of the peridium, brown, fluted, not hollow, tapering upward from a small
+but distinct, radiant hypothallus; columella none; capillitium dense,
+persistent, the nodes frequently calcareous, elongate and vertical,
+especially below, yellow; spore-mass brown; spores by transmitted light,
+bright violaceous-brown, slightly papillose, 9-10 µ.
+
+This species is instantly distinguishable from all cognate forms by its
+peculiar sooty color. Not less is the species structurally marked by its
+capillitium. The latter below is exactly as in the species of
+_Tilmadoche_. Indeed, the present species unites characters supposed to
+distinguish _Physarum_ from _Tilmadoche_, and would so far justify those
+authors who bring all the species of both genera together under one
+generic name. In any case the species is by its capillitium entirely
+distinct from _P. galbeum_, as well as by the structure of the stipe and
+the peridial surface. The plasmodium, at first watery, emerges from
+decayed elm logs and soon takes on a peculiar greenish tint preserved
+somewhat in the mature fruit.
+
+Rostafinski, _Monograph_, pp. 105, 106, rejects Berkeley's specific
+name, _flavicomum_, because it refers to the somewhat indefinite,
+characteristic color. As this is no valid reason for change, we have
+restored Berkeley's specific name, which by general consent has
+priority. _N. A. F._, 3299.
+
+Not common. New Jersey, Ohio, South Carolina, Iowa.
+
+
+52. PHYSARUM BETHELII (_Macbr._) _Lister_.
+
+  1899. _Tilmadoche bethelii_, Macbr., _Exempl. ad Herbaria._
+  1911. _Physarum gyrosum_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 75.
+
+Sporangia scattered, globose, umbilicate below, .5-1 mm. in diameter,
+iridescent blue, or sometimes tinged by the presence of delicate pale
+yellow calcareous scales, stipitate; stipe rather short, black or dark
+brown, equal; capillitium dense, radiating from the black, slightly
+intrusive summit of the stipe, and from the base of the peridium
+ascending; the nodules not numerous, elongate, branching betimes, pale
+yellow; spores minutely roughened, 10-12 µ.
+
+This beautiful delicately tinted little species is clearly tilmadochoid
+in the Friesian sense. The capillitium persists after the fall of the
+upper filmy peridium, adherent below to the persisting peridial base.
+Collected thus far twice only; by Professor Bethel and by Professor
+Sturgis, Colorado.
+
+
+SECTION 2
+
+_=Tilmadoche= Fries_
+
+
+53. PHYSARUM GYROSUM (_Rost._) _Jahn._
+
+  1875. _Physarum gyrosum_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 111.
+  1902. _Physarum gyrosum_ Rost., Jahn, _Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges._, XX.,
+           p. 272, t. XIII.
+  1911. _Physarum gyrosum_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 75.
+
+Sporangia gyrose, variable in form, or plasmodiocarpous and irregular,
+venulose, sessile upon a common, strongly developed hypothallus,
+sometimes isolated and irregularly globose, dehiscing irregularly or by
+longitudinal fissure, yellowish or greyish white; columella none;
+capillitium delicate, the nodules elongate, variable in size; spores
+pale violaceous, minutely spinulose, 7-10 µ.
+
+This is a European species recently resuscitated by Dr. Jahn. It perhaps
+might more correctly be recorded as _P. gyrosum_ Jahn, since Rostafinski
+certainly attempted in his description to cover two apparently distinct
+things. He seems to have had before him _Fuligo muscorum_ Schw. and "_P.
+gyrosum_," but he thought them the same, and his description touches now
+one, now the other. Since _F. muscorum_ Schw. has all along held its own
+and received due recognition, it is interesting to note the recovery of
+this gyrose form.
+
+Judging by description and figures, it resembles a very large, sessile
+phase of _P. polycephalum_. See further under that species.
+
+Europe, Japan, Eastern United States (?).
+
+
+54. PHYSARUM POLYCEPHALUM _Schw._
+
+PLATE VIII., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+  1822. _Physarum polycephalum_ Schw., _Syn. Fung. Car._, No. 382.
+  1829. _Didymium polycephalum_ (Schw.) Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III.,
+           p. 122.
+  1837. _Didymium polymorphum_ Mont., _Ann. Sci. Nat._, Ser. 2, 8,
+           p. 361.
+  1837. _Didymium gyrocephalum_ Mont., _op. cit._, p. 362.
+  1875. _Physarum polymorphum_ (Mont.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 107.
+  1875. _Tilmadoche gyrocephala_ (Mont.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 131.
+  1899. _Tilmadoche polycephala_ (Schw.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 57.
+  1911. _Physarum polycephalum_ Schw., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 58.
+
+Sporangia spherical or irregular, impressed, gyrose-confluent,
+helvelloid, umbilicate below; peridium thin, ashy, covered with
+evanescent yellow squamules, fragile; stipe from an expanded
+membranaceous base, long-subulate, yellow; spores smooth, violet, 9-11
+µ.
+
+A most singular species and well defined is this, occurring in masses of
+decaying leaves or on rotten logs. The plasmodium at first colorless; as
+it emerges for fructification, white, then yellow, spreading far over
+all adjacent objects, not sparing the leaves and flowers of living
+plants; at evening slime, spreading, streaming, changing; by morning
+fruit, a thousand stalked sporangia with their strangely convoluted
+sculpture. The evening winds again bear off the sooty spores, and naught
+remains but twisted yellow stems crowned with a pencil of tufted silken
+hairs. August.
+
+Although Rostafinski's description of this species is accurate and marks
+exactly a _Tilmadoche_ and is very different from his description of
+_Physarum polymorphum_, nevertheless it is probable that both
+descriptions have reference to the same thing. All specimens on which
+both species were based were American; _P. polymorphum_, North American.
+But the only North American form to which reference can be made is that
+by Schweinitz called _P. polycephalum_ and, fortunately, sufficiently
+described. Furthermore, Rostafinski, under _T. gyrocephala_, himself
+affirms the probable identity of Montagne's _Didymium gyrocephalum_ with
+the Schweinitzian species, and uses Montagne's specific name
+provisionally. For these reasons it seems proper to write the species as
+above.
+
+Widely distributed and common, from Maine and Canada to Nebraska, and
+Washington and south to Nicaragua.
+
+This species is so common that its plasmodium and fructification may be
+easily observed. Professor Morton E. Peck, who has been for years a
+close observer of the vegetative phases of our Iowa species, says of _P.
+polycephalum_: "In one instance I observed a plasmodium for twelve
+successive days on the surface of a decaying stump. During this period
+it crept all around the stump and from top to bottom several times. At
+one time the color was bright yellow; at another, greenish yellow; and
+once, shortly before fruiting, it became clear bright green. A heavy
+rain fell upon the plasmodium but it appeared to sustain little injury
+and ultimately developed normal sporangia."
+
+
+55. PHYSARUM NUTANS _Pers._
+
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus albus_ Bull., _Champ._, p. 137, t. 407, III.,
+           and t. 470, I, A-L.
+  1791. _Stemonitis alba_ (Bull.), Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, p. 1469 (?).
+  1795. _Physarum nutans_ Pers., _Ust. Ann. Bot._, XV., p. 6.
+  1803. _Trichia cernua Schum., Enum. Pl, Saell._, II., p. 241.
+  1829. _Physarum cernuum_ (Schum.) in part, Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III.,
+           pp. 130, 147.
+  1848. _Tilmadoche cernua_ (Schum.) Fr., _Summ. Veg. Sc._, p. 454.
+  1873. _Tilmadoche nutans_ (Pers.) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 10.
+  1899. _Tilmadoche alba_ (Bull.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 58.
+  1911. _Physarum nutans_ Pers., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 67,
+           in part.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, depressed-spherical, stipitate, umbilicate, gray
+or white, thin-walled, nodding; stipe long, tapering upward, brown or
+black below, ashen white above, lightly striate, graceful; capillitium
+abundant, threads delicate, intricately combined in loose persistent
+network with occasional minute, rounded, or elongate calcareous nodules;
+spores minutely roughened, globose, about 10 µ.
+
+The nodding, lenticular, umbilicate sporangium, barely attached to the
+apiculate stipe, is sufficient to distinguish this elegant little
+species, recognized and quite aptly characterized by mycologists for
+more than one hundred years. As _Sphaerocarpus albus_ Bulliard first
+prescribed the limits by which the species is at present bounded. The
+description by Fries (_Syst. Myc.,_, III., 128) is especially graphic;
+"Peridium very thin, in form quite constantly lenticular, umbilicate at
+base, at first smooth then uneven, generally laciniate-dehiscent, the
+segments persistent at least at base."
+
+The stipe is usually white above, fuscous below, at the apex almost
+evanescent; hence the cernuous sporangia. The same character is less
+strikingly manifest in the species next following.
+
+The plasmodium is bright yellow, sometimes greenish. Brought in from the
+field and maturing under a bell-jar, the color changes to a watery white
+just before the sporangia rise in fruit. _P. album_ Fuckel, _Rhen. Fl._,
+No. 1469, 1865, is believed to be _P. cinereum_ (Batsch) Pers.
+
+Persoon changed Bulliard's specific name in this case to furnish one
+himself, more descriptive as he thought and distinctive. His success in
+this attempt must be esteemed but partial since all the related forms,
+immediately listed, _nod_ as well. Bulliard's name as applied by Persoon
+is therefore to be preferred. But the transfer from _Tilmadoche_ to
+_Physarum_ loses for us one step in the ladder of priority. _P. album_
+(Bull.) may not enter here, since Fries has given us one species under
+that title. So Persoon comes next on the list, all the world now nodding
+approbation, let us hope!
+
+Under the name _Physarum gracilentum_, Fries cites an extremely delicate
+form of this species. The sporangia are of the most minute, about .2-.3
+mm. in diameter, globose, slightly umbilicate below, the stipe usually
+white at top, but sometimes black throughout. This graceful form occurs
+rarely in undisturbed woods.
+
+Widely distributed in the eastern United States, apparently rare in the
+west. Reported from various parts of the world; Europe, Japan,
+Australia, etc.
+
+
+56. PHYSARUM VIRIDE (_Bull._) _Pers._
+
+PLATE VIII, Figs. 8, 8 _a_, 8 _b_.
+
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus viridis_ Bull., _Champ._, t. 407, Fig. I.
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus luteus_ Bull., _Champ._, t. 407, Fig. II.
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus aurantius_ Bull., _Champ._, t. 484, Fig. II.
+  1791. _Stemonitis viridis_ (Bull.) Gmel., _Sys. Nat._, p. 1469.
+  1794. _Physarum aureum_ Pers., Römer, _Neu. Mag. f. die Bot._, I.,
+           p. 88.
+  1795. _Physarum viride_ Pers., Usteri, _Ann. Bot._, XV., p. 6.
+  1801. _Physarum aurantium_ Pers., _Syn. Meth._, p. 173.
+  1829. _Physarum nutans_ var. Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., pp. 128-129.
+  1875. _Tilmadoche mutabilis_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 129.
+  1880. _Tilmadoche viridis_ (Bull.) Sacc., _Michelia_, II., p. 263.
+  1894. _Physarum viride_ Pers., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 50.
+  1899. _Tilmadoche viridis_ (Bull.) Sacc., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 59.
+  1911. _Physarum viride_ Pers., List., _Mycetozoa_, 2nd ed.
+
+Sporangia globose, flattened or lenticular, beneath plane or concave,
+variously colored, yellow, greenish yellow, rusty orange, stipitate,
+nodding; the peridium splitting irregularly or reticulately; stipe
+variable in length and color, through various shades of red and yellow,
+subulate; capillitium strongly developed, concolorous with sporangium,
+the tubes with colorless or yellow calcareous thickenings; spores
+smooth, fuscous or violet-black, 8 µ.
+
+A very handsome and rather common little species; like the preceding,
+but generally greenish-yellow in color, and occasionally brilliantly
+orange without a suggestion of green. Indeed, the color is so variable
+that some authors have been disposed to discard the species entirely,
+inasmuch as the chief specific character is color. The plasmodium is
+pale yellow, in rotten logs, stumps, etc. In the paler yellow or
+greenish forms the stipe is more commonly black.
+
+This is _Physarum luteum_ (Bull.) Fries, and likewise also includes the
+three varieties, _viride_, _aureum_, _coccineum_, listed by the same
+author under _P. nutans_, while he at the same time remarks that they
+might with equal propriety be elsewhere referred. Rostafinski considers
+that all the colored forms agree in capillitium sufficiently to be
+associated under one name and are in the same way unlike _T.
+nutans_.[29] Rostafinski thinks to avoid confusion by suggesting a more
+fitting specific name, _T. mutabilis_, but there seems no good reason
+for not adopting the earliest identifiable specific appellation, which
+in this case appears to be _viride_. The yellow phase is common in Iowa,
+resembles in size, color, stipe, _P. galbeum_ Wingate, but is instantly
+distinguishable by the capillitium. _N. A. F._, 1213.
+
+Widely distributed specimens are before us;--from New England, New York,
+Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Nebraska, Iowa, California, Oregon,
+Canada, Nicaragua, Samoa, Alaska, India, etc.
+
+
+=EXTRA-LIMITAL=[30]
+
+
+PHYSARUM MUTABILE (_Rost._) _List._
+
+  1875. _Crateriachea mutabilis_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 125.
+  1892. _Crateriachea mutabilis_ Rost., Mass., _Mon._, p. 344.
+  1894. _Physarum cinereum_ List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 55, in part.
+  1895. _Physarum crateriachea_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XXXIII., p. 323.
+  1910. _Physarum crateriachea_ List., Petch, _Mycetozoa Ceylon_,
+           p. 336.
+  1911. _Physarum mutabile_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 53.
+
+Sporangia cylindrical ovoid or sub-globose white, plasmodiocarpous,
+sessile or stipitate, stipes when present yellow, with or without lime,
+often connected by a hypothallus; peridium thin, squamulose;
+capillitium persistent, intricate, the nodules white, more or less
+confluent at the center to form a real or a pseudo-columella; spores
+brownish-purple, spinulose, 7-8 µ.
+
+Reported from Europe, Africa, Ceylon.
+
+
+PHYSARUM ROSEUM _Berk. & Br._
+
+  1873. _Physarum roseum_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, XIV., p. 84.
+
+Plasmodium rose-red; sporangia gregarious, stipitate, globose, rose-red;
+the stipe erect, brown, rugulose, translucent; capillitium lax,
+delicate, lilac, the nodules few, large, purple-red, branching; spores
+reddish-lilac or brown, minutely spinulose, 7-10 µ.
+
+Reported from Ceylon, Java, Borneo, Japan.
+
+
+PHYSARUM DICTYOSPERMUM _List._
+
+  1905. _Physarum dictyospermum_ List., _Jour. Bot._, Vol. XLIII.,
+           p. 112.
+
+"It is distinguished from the other known species of _Physarum_ by the
+strongly reticulated spores. Its nearest ally is perhaps _P.
+psittacinum_ which it resembles in having orange-red lime-knots and in
+the sporangium-wall being studded with orange crystalline disks."
+_Lister._
+
+Reported collected once only; New Zealand.
+
+
+PHYSARUM STRAMINIPES _List._
+
+  1898. _Physarum straminipes_ List., _Jour. Bot._, Vol. XXXVI., p. 163.
+
+Plasmodium white; sporangia greyish-white, obovoid or wedge-shaped, .7
+mm. in diameter, clustered or scattered, stipitate or sessile, when
+stipitate stalks long, weak; peridium membranous, pale purple;
+capillitium a persistent rigid net, the nodules white, rounded,
+sometimes aggregate as a pseudo-columella; spores purple-brown, 10-11 µ,
+warted, the papillae in definite patches.
+
+Related to _P. compressum_.
+
+Reported from England; Germany.
+
+
+PHYSARUM CRATERIFORME _Petch._
+
+  _Physarum crateriforme_ Petch, _Ann. Perad._, IV., p. 304.
+  _Physarum crateriforme_ Petch, List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 69,
+     Pl. 76.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, clavate or crateriform, sessile or
+stipitate, white; stalk when present opaque conical, black below, white
+above, in crateriform sporangia entering and developed as a columella;
+capillitium various, strongly calcareous, the nodules either grouped in
+a pseudo-columella, or in globose sporangia, rod-like, ascending; spores
+closely spinulose, 11-15 µ.
+
+Reported from Ceylon, Japan, West Indies; Lisbon.
+
+
+PHYSARUM GULIELMÆ _Penzig._
+
+  1898. _Physarum gulielmae_ Penzig., _Myx. Beut._, p. 34.
+  1909. _Physarum gulielmae_ Penzig., Torrend, _Fl. des Myx._, p. 208.
+  1911. _Physarum gulielmae_ Penzig., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 76.
+
+Plasmodium yellow; sporangia sub-globose, sessile, brownish-orange or
+chestnut brown, rugulose, clustered or heaped, often with a yellow
+membranous hypothallus; peridium membranous with clustered deposits of
+yellowish-brown lime granules; capillitium abundant, the nodes angular,
+branching, white; spores purplish brown, spinulose, 10-12 µ.
+
+Reported from Java, Sweden, Switzerland.
+
+
+PHYSARUM ECHINOSPORUM _List._
+
+  1899. _Physarum echinosporum_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XXXVII., p. 147.
+
+This species is distinguished from the preceding chiefly in episporic
+characters. "Spores purple, 8 µ, marked by strong ridges and spines," 8
+µ.
+
+Reported from Antigua.
+
+
+PHYSARUM ÆNEUM (_List._) _R. E. Fries._
+
+  1898. _Physarum murinum_ var. _aeneum_ Lister, _Jour. Bot._, XXXVI.,
+           p. 117.
+  1903. _Physarum aeneum_ Lister, R. E. Fries, _Arkiv. Bot._, I., p. 62.
+
+Sporangia sessile, sub-globose or plasmodiocarpous, pinkish-brown or
+bronze, glossy; peridium double, the outer somewhat cartilaginous,
+brittle, falling back from the shining, membranous inner wall;
+capillitium dense, the nodules not large, brown, sometimes aggregated to
+form a pseudo-columella; spores pale brownish-violet, nearly smooth, 6-8
+µ.
+
+Reported from West Indies, Bolivia.
+
+
+=Related Genus=
+
+
+TRICHAMPHORA _Junghuhn_, p. 12.
+
+  1838. _Trichamphora_, Junghuhn, _Fl. Crypt. Javanica_.
+
+Sporangia discoidal, above concave, saucer-shaped, stipitate; the
+capillitium variable, anon physaroid, badhamioid, or even as in
+_Didymium_.
+
+This genus is set up for the accommodation thus far of the single
+species following. It differs from _Physarella_ in the apparently
+constant discoidal shape, absence of trabecules, etc.
+
+
+TRICHAMPHORA PEZIZOIDEA _Jungh._, _op. cit._
+
+  1838. _Trichamphora pezizoidea_ Jungh., _op. cit._
+  1854. _Didymium zeylanicum_ Berk. & Br., _Hook. Jour. Bot._, VI.,
+           p. 230.
+  1869. _Physarum macrocarpum_ Fuckel, _Symb. Myc._, p. 343.
+  1875. _Chondrioderma pezizoidea_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 424, tab. VIII.,
+           Fig. 122.
+  1876. _Badhamia fuckeliana_ Rost., _Mon._, _App._, p. 2.
+  1894. _Trichamphora pezizoidea_ Jungh., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 89.
+  1911. _Trichamphora pezizoidea_ Jungh., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 90.
+
+Sporangia discoidal or saucer-shaped, gregarious, stipitate, erect or
+nodding, grayish-white, the peridium thin, breaking irregularly and
+persistent; stipe subulate, striate, reddish brown, transparent;
+capillitium variable as above stated; spores pale violet-brown,
+spinulose or nearly smooth, about 9 µ.
+
+In _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, the spores are described as "dark or pale
+purplish brown, spinose, spinulose or nearly smooth, 9-17 µ in
+diameter." This would seem too great a variation even in this protean
+species. The only specimens in our herbarium are from the Congo valley.
+The spores are pale and nearly smooth, as in _Tilmadoche alba_, and 9 µ.
+Spores 17 µ suggest immaturity; penultimate cell-division.
+
+The synonymy above cited shows how this species has impressed careful
+students. Doubtless in every case the reference is correct, judging from
+the specimen each author had before him, although it is hard to see how
+_Chondrioderma_ might have been suggested.
+
+The species is evidently tropical, though reported from Europe.
+
+
+=4. Craterium= _Trentepohl_
+
+  1797. _Craterium_ Trentepohl, Roth, _Catal._, I., p. 224.
+
+Sporangia more or less distinctly cyathiform, stipitate, the peridium
+generally plainly of two layers or even of three, opening at the top by
+circumscission more or less definite, or by a distinct lid, the upper
+part calcareous often to a marked degree, the lower, cartilaginous, long
+persistent as a vasiform cup containing the capillitium and spores, the
+calcareous nodes aggregating more or less to form a pseudo-columella.
+
+This genus is distinguished from _Physarum_ and _Badhamia_ chiefly by
+the form of the sporangia and the method of dehiscence. The capillitium
+is in some specimens particularly, of the _Physarum_ type; in others,
+like that of _Badhamia_. There are accordingly species that receive at
+the hands of different authors diverse generic reference as one feature
+or another in the structure is emphasized in the different cases. It is
+granted that it is hard to draw the line sometimes between forms in
+which the dehiscence is irregularly circumscissile and those in which
+the wall breaks without any regularity whatever, since, in all, the
+breaking up of the peridium usually begins at the top. Species here
+included will, however, offer little ambiguity.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Craterium=
+
+  A. Dehiscence circumscissile or by the breaking up of the upper wall
+       of the sporangium.
+
+     _a._ Sporangia violet or purple                1. _C. paraguayense_
+
+     _b._ Sporangia yellow                                2. _C. aureum_
+
+     _c._ Sporangia white-capped.
+
+        1. Sporangia obovoid or globoid            3. _C. leucocephalum_
+
+        2. Sporangia cylindric, elongate             4. _C. cylindricum_
+
+  B. Dehiscence by a distinct lid.
+
+     _a._ Capillitium pale brown                       5. _C. concinnum_
+
+     _b._ Capillitium white                              6. _C. minutum_
+
+
+1. CRATERIUM PARAGUAYENSE (_Speg._) _List._
+
+  1883. _Didymium paraguayense_ Speg., _Fung. Guar. Pug._, 1, p. 141.
+  1893. _Craterium rubescens_ Rex, _Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci._,
+           p. 370.
+  1894. _Craterium rubescens_ Rex, List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 71.
+  1899. _Craterium rubescens_ Rex, Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 75.
+  1904. _Iocraterium paraguayense_ (Speg.) Jahn, _Hedwigia_, XLII.,
+           p. 302.
+  1911. _Craterium paraguayense_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 95.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, cylindrical or elongate cyathiform, stipitate,
+dark violet-red, the apex slightly roughened by pale calcareous
+granules, the peridium longitudinally wrinkled below; dehiscence,
+irregularly circumscissile; stipe darker, one-half the height of the
+sporangium, longitudinally wrinkled; capillitium dense, abundantly
+calcareous; spores violet-brown, minutely roughened, 7-8 µ.
+
+In form resembling the following species, but instantly distinguished by
+the color, which is red throughout, tinged with purple or violet. The
+capillitium is badhamioid, as noted by Dr. Rex. Very distinct from _P.
+newtoni_ in color, form, habit, epispore, etc.
+
+
+2. CRATERIUM AUREUM (_Schum._) _Rost._
+
+  1803. _Trichia aurea_ Schum., _Enum. Pl. Saell._, II., p. 207.
+  1829. _Craterium mutabile_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 154.
+  1875. _Craterium aureum_ (Schum.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 125.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose or obovoid, stipitate, yellow, erect, the
+peridial wall thin, especially at the summit, where at maturity it
+breaks up somewhat reticulately, leaving the persistent lower portion
+with an uneven margin above which projects the pale yellow capillitium;
+stipe short, orange, or brownish-red, arising from a small hypothallus;
+capillitium dense, yellow, the nodules not large, irregular, tending to
+form a pseudo-columella in the centre of the cup; spores minutely
+warted, violaceous-brown, 8-10 µ.
+
+Fries regards this, which he names _C. mutabile_, the most distinctly
+marked species of the genus; chiefly, as it appears, on account of the
+bright yellow color. This, however, varies. Some specimens before us are
+gray, showing only a trace of yellow below. In some European specimens a
+reddish tinge prevails. The form of the sporangium also varies. In
+typical specimens, unopened, the shape is almost pyriform; opened, we
+have a cylindric, oftenest lemon-yellow vase, mounted on a short striate
+stalk. But again, from the same plasmodium, we may have globose
+sporangia, opening so as to leave only a shallow, salver-shaped base. In
+this case the stipe is also longer. The plasmodium is said to be "clear
+lemon yellow."--_Massee._
+
+There seems little doubt that Schumacher had in mind the present
+species in his _Trichia aurea_. Rostafinski shows that Fries's synonym,
+_C. mutabile_, is founded on a mistake. The earlier specific name is
+therefore on Rostafinski's authority adopted.
+
+Not common. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+3. CRATERIUM LEUCOCEPHALUM (_Pers._) _Ditmar_.
+
+PLATE VIII., Fig. 5.
+
+  1791. _Stemonitis leucocephala_ Gmelin, _Syst. Nat._, II., p. 1467.
+  1801. _Arcyria_ (?) _leucocephala_ Persoon, _Syn. Fung._, p. 183.
+  1801. _Craterium_ (?) _leucocephalum_, Persoon, _Syn. Fung._, p. 184.
+  1813. _Craterium leucocephalum_ (Pers.) Ditmar, Sturm, _Deutsch.
+           Flora, Pilze_, p. 21, Pl. 11.
+  1889. _Physarum scyphoides_ Cke. & Balf., _Jour. Myc._, V., p. 186.
+  1896. _Craterium convivale_ (Batsch) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 86.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, short-cylindric or ovate, pure white above, brown
+or reddish-brown below, stipitate, dehiscence irregularly
+circumscissile, the persistent portion of the peridium beaker-shaped;
+stipe short, stout, expanded above into the base of the peridium with
+which it is concolorous; hypothallus scant; capillitium white or
+sometimes, toward the centre, brownish, the calcareous nodules large,
+conspicuous, and persistent; spore-mass black, spores violaceous-brown,
+minutely spinulose, 8-9 µ.
+
+Distinguished by its white cap from all except the next, from which the
+markedly different form serves as the diagnostic feature. In some
+gatherings, curious patches of yellow mark the otherwise snow white cap
+and sides; these are mere stains, or sometimes definite, crystalline,
+flake-like bodies, standing out in plain relief on the sporangial wall,
+or lurking in the larger nodules which are massed along the axis of the
+cup to form the pseudo-columella here strongly developed. Mr. Lister
+calls attention to these yellow flakes, and regards them as diagnostic.
+European specimens show the capillitium yellow, sometimes throughout!
+
+The nomenclature question is here somewhat difficult. Fries heads his
+list of synonyms with _Peziza convivalis_ Batsch. Batsch simply
+described Micheli's figure! Now there is nothing in Micheli's figure
+(Pl. 86, Fig. 14) to enable one to say with certainty which craterium
+Micheli had in mind, if craterium at all. Nor does Batsch help the
+matter when he offers the description following: "Stipitata; acute
+conica, patens; stipite subdistincto, lineari, brevi, valido. _Albicans.
+In foliis hederae putridis._" (_Elenchus Fungorum_, Batsch, 1783, p.
+121.) There is nothing definitive here but the one word "albicans"
+quoted from Micheli. But this term is applicable the rather to _C.
+minutum_, the cups of which whiten with weathering. It may be, as
+insisted by Fries (_Syst. Myc._, III., p. 149), that Micheli drew
+crateriums; but if so, we cannot determine which species.
+
+The specific name here adopted was applied by Persoon probably to this
+form; but Persoon likewise failed to distinguish the present species
+from _C. minutum_ (see _Syn. Fung._, pp. 183, 184), and Fries, _op.
+cit._, p. 153. Ditmar, _l. c._, leaves no doubt as to what he figures
+and describes, and accordingly the name he first correctly uses is here
+adopted.
+
+Not common. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, Iowa,
+Colorado, Washington, California; reported from Europe.
+
+
+4. CRATERIUM CYLINDRICUM _Massee_.
+
+PLATE XVI., Fig. 2.
+
+  1873. _Craterium minimum_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 67.
+  1892. _Craterium cylindricum_ Massee, _Mon._, p. 268.
+  1894. _Craterium leucocephalum_ Ditm., List., _Myc._, p. 72, in part.
+  1899. _Craterium minimum_ Berk. & C., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 77.
+  1911. _Craterium leucocephalum_ var. _cylindricum_ List., _Mycetozoa,
+           2nd ed._, p. 97.
+
+Sporangia closely gregarious, very small, .5 µ or less, slender,
+cylindric, almost entirely white, stipitate, the peridium delicate,
+transparent although calcareous nearly to the base, opening by a
+dehiscence regularly circumscissile; stipe short, about one-third the
+total height, clear orange-brown, somewhat furrowed, rising from an
+indistinct hypothallus; capillitium very lax, physaroid, the calcareous
+nodules large, rounded, pure white, aggregated at the centre of the cup;
+spore-mass black, spores minutely roughened, violaceous-brown, 8-9 µ.
+
+This is the common form in the United States. Massee describes it as _C.
+cylindricum_ Mass., and it seems not to occur in Europe. Lister has put
+it in with _C. leucocephalum_, from which its more delicate structure
+and elegant cylindrical shape certainly distinguish it. The dehiscence
+is even more regular than in the preceding species and approaches that
+of _C. minutum_ Leers., with bleached forms of which it must not be
+confused. _N. A. F._, 1400.
+
+_C. minimum_ Berk. & C. has here priority. Massee regards this name as
+indicating a distinct species. We have been unable to determine what the
+authors really had before them, and adopt accordingly the first
+available combination.
+
+New England to Iowa and south; reported also from the orient.
+
+
+5. CRATERIUM CONCINNUM _Rex._
+
+  1893. _Craterium concinnum_ Rex, _Proc. Phila. Acad._, p. 370.
+
+Sporangia scattered, usually minute, broadly funnel-shaped, stipitate.
+The peridium simple, variously colored by innate lime granules, opening
+by a regular cap or operculum, brownish white, darkest in the centre,
+always more or less convex; stipe equalling the cup in height, dark
+brown, longitudinally ridged; the capillitium a close-meshed network,
+with small rounded or slightly angular masses of ochre-brown
+lime-granules, larger toward the centre; spores pale brown, minutely
+warted, 9-10 µ.
+
+This species differs from the following, to which it seems most nearly
+allied, in form, color, as in the capillitium, and color of the spores.
+In habitat, however, it seems no less distinct, being found always (?)
+on the spines of decaying chestnut-burs lying on the ground, and in
+company with that other peculiar species _Lachnobolus globosus_.
+
+The range is probably that of the chestnut, _Castanea dentata_
+Borkhausen, east of the Mississippi River.
+
+
+6. CRATERIUM MINUTUM (_Leers_) _Fr._
+
+PLATE XV., Fig. 5.
+
+  1775. _Peziza minuta_ Leers, _Fl. Herborn_, p. 277.
+  1797. _Craterium pedunculatum_ Trent., Roth., _Catal. Bot._, I.,
+           p. 224.
+  1813. _Craterium vulgare_ Ditmar, Sturm, _Deutsch. Fl. Pilze_, p. 17.
+  1829. _Craterium pedunculatum_ Trent., Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III.,
+           p. 150.
+  1829. _Craterium minutum_ Leers, Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 151.
+  1893. _Craterium pedunculatum_ Trent., Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist.
+           Iowa_, II, p. 385.
+  1894. _Craterium pedunculatum_ Trent., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 70.
+  1899. _Craterium minutum_ (Leers) Fr., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 78.
+  1911. _Craterium minutum_ Fr., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 94.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, cyathiform or turbinate, grayish brown,
+stipitate, the peridial wall rather thick, double, opening by a distinct
+lid which lies usually below the slightly thickened and everted margin
+of the cup; stipe paler, translucent, about equalling in height the
+peridial cup, longitudinally wrinkled, with hypothallus scant or none;
+capillitium physaroid, the calcareous nodules large, white, and
+generally aggregated at the centre of the cup; spore-mass black, spores
+by transmitted light violaceous, minutely warted, 8-10 µ.
+
+This is the most highly differentiated of the whole series. The cup is
+shapely and well defined, while the lid is not only distinct, but is a
+thin, delicate membrane of slightly different structure when compared
+with the peridial wall. It is in all the specimens before us much
+depressed below the mouth of the sporangium, and the whole structure in
+our specimens corresponds with Fries' description of _C. pedunculatum_
+Trent., while specimens received from Europe correspond to Fries'
+account of _C. minutum_ Leers. Nevertheless we are assured that the two
+forms are in Europe developed from the same plasmodium, and therefore
+adopt the earlier specific name as above. _N. A. F._, 2500. This is
+probably _Fungoides convivalis_ of Batsch and Micheli.
+
+In this species yellow sporangia are sometimes seen. Miss Currie reports
+from Toronto such variation and in Europe the case seems not unusual.
+
+In fact, there is a yellow tinge about the sporangia of every species
+listed here, except the first. With the same exception, the plasmodium
+in every case is yellow.
+
+Common throughout the eastern United States, west to Iowa, Colorado, and
+south to Louisiana; cosmopolitan.
+
+
+=5. Physarella= _Peck._
+
+  1882. _Physarella_ Peck, _Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, IX., p. 61.
+
+Sporangium pervious to the base, the interior walls forming a persistent
+spurious columella; capillitium composed of filaments with here and
+there minute knot-like thickenings, straight tubes containing
+lime-granules extending from the exterior to the interior walls of the
+sporangium, persistently attached to the former.[31]
+
+Such is Dr. Peck's original description of this most peculiar genus. The
+form of the sporangium in the only species is very variable, but in
+typical cases is vasiform, the peridial wall at the apex introverted.
+The capillitium is like that of _Tilmadoche_, except for the presence of
+the "straight tubes" emphasized in the original description. These are
+very remarkable and at once diagnostic. They take origin in the
+sporangial wall and pass across to the "columella"; but at the
+dehiscence of the sporangium, in typical cases, they remain attached at
+the points of origin, projecting as stout spine-like processes.
+
+
+PHYSARELLA OBLONGA (_Berk. & C._) _Morg._
+
+PLATE VIII., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_, 4 _c_; PLATE XVI., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1
+_b_, and 6.
+
+  1873. _Trichamphora oblonga_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 66.
+  1876. _Tilmadoche oblonga_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 13.
+  1876. _Tilmadoche hians_ Rost., _Mon. App._, p 14.
+  1882. _Physarella mirabilis_ Peck, _Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, IX.,
+           p. 61.
+  1893. _Physarella oblonga_ (Berk. & C.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._,
+           p. 79.
+  1894. _Physarella mirabilis_ Peck, List., _Mycet._, p. 68.
+  1899. _Physarella oblonga_ (Berk. & C.) Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 71.
+  1911. _Physarella oblonga_ Morg., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 91.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, typically cup-shaped or
+sub-infundibuliform, stipitate, erect or cernuous, but varying through
+low salver-shaped cups, to irregular applanate and sessile masses, the
+peridium thin but firm, tawny, roughened by numerous yellowish
+calcareous scales, at length ruptured above and often reflexed in the
+form of petal-like segments from which project upwards the spiniform
+trabecules of the capillitium; stipe when present long, terete, red,
+arising from a scant hypothallus and extended within the sporangium to
+meet the tubular "columella"; capillitium of delicate violaceous threads
+seldom branched or united, radiating from the columella with few
+calcareous nodular expansions, but supported by stout yellow calcareous
+trabecules, running parallel to the capillitial threads, long adherent
+to the sporangial wall; spores smooth, globose violet-brown, 7-8 µ.
+
+Not uncommon in wet places. New York, Ohio, Iowa, South Dakota,
+Louisiana, Nicaragua; reported also from Ceylon, Java, etc.
+
+Not the least remarkable feature of this remarkable species is the
+variation in the form of the fruit or sporangia. We have specimens from
+Louisiana (Rev. Langlois) which show no trace of columella, the whole
+structure involute and plicate, short stipitate, recalling the extremest
+complexity of such a species as _P. polycephalum_. _Vid._ Pl. XVI., Fig.
+6. Moreover, in these specimens the calcareous deposits are white and
+not yellow, giving the entire fructification a grayish aspect. Yet there
+is no doubt we have here simply an exaggerated abnormality of the
+species; the spores are identical in size, color, and surface.
+Plasmodium bright yellow. Dr. Peck gave to his forms the name
+_Physarella mirabilis_; but specimens sent by Michener of Pennsylvania,
+and by Berkeley and Curtis described as _Trichamphora oblonga_ (_Grev._,
+II., p. 66), are the same thing. _N. A. F._, 1212.
+
+_Physarella lusitanica_ Torrend is a globose form depressed above or
+betimes discoidal, occurring on Eucalyptus trees in Portugal. _P.
+oblonga_ is so variable in form that it sometimes suggests a different
+genus. Forms of it have been mistaken for _Fuligo gyrosa_ R., etc.
+Professor Torrend would include here _Physarum javanicum_ (Rac.), i. e.
+_Tilmadoche javanica_ as Raciborski saw it! We may not too often reflect
+that genera are purely artificial things set up for our convenience; but
+surely _Physarella_ as a natural genus is distinct enough to all.
+
+
+=6. Cienkowskia= _Rost._
+
+  1873. _Cienkowskia_ Rost., _Versuch_, p. 9.
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous, irregularly dehiscent, the wall a thin
+cartilaginous membrane destitute of lime, except the capillitial
+attachments within; capillitium scanty but rigid, and characterized
+everywhere by peculiar hook-like branchlets, free and sharp-pointed, the
+spores as in _Physarum_, etc.
+
+The genus contains, so far, but a single species:--
+
+
+CIENKOWSKIA RETICULATA (_Alb. & Schw._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XIV., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+  1805. _Physarum reticulatum_ Alb. & Schw., _Cons. Fung._, p. 90.
+  1829. _Diderma reticulatum_ Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 112.
+  1873. _Cienkowskia reticulata_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 9.
+
+Plasmodiocarp an elongated, irregularly limited, close-meshed net,
+closely applied to the substratum, the wall thin, transversely rugulose,
+and roughened, dull orange-yellow, splashed here and there with scarlet,
+anon entirely red, within marked by transverse calcareous ridges,
+supporting in part the calcareous system of the capillitium; capillitium
+of delicate, rigid, reticulating yellow tubules or threads with numerous
+free, uncinate or sickle-shaped branchlets, and large, irregular,
+calcareous plates, more or less transverse to the axis of the
+sporangium, attached to the peridial walls, as if to form septa,
+ordinary calcareous nodules few; spore-mass jet-black, spores, by
+transmitted light, violaceous, minutely roughened, 9-10 µ.
+
+A very rare species, as it appears, easily recognized by the Coddington
+even, much more by the microscopic characters quoted; probably often
+overlooked by the collector, as to the naked eye it presents the
+appearance of some imperfectly developed, dried-up plasmodium. Very
+unlike _Physarum serpula_ Morgan, not infrequently offered by collectors
+as _Cienkowskia_. It is _Diderma reticulatum_ of Fries, who, strangely
+enough, thought it might be a plasmodial phase of _Diderma_ (i. e.
+_Leocarpus_) _fragile_ (_Syst. Myc._, III., p. 102).
+
+Eastern United States, Europe, Java, Ceylon, California. See under _L.
+fragilis_, next following.
+
+
+=7. Leocarpus= (_Link_) _Rost._
+
+  1809. _Leocarpus_ Link, _Diss._, I., p. 25.
+
+Sporangia sessile, or short stipitate; peridial wall double, the outer
+thick, destitute of lime, polished, shining within and without, the
+inner very delicate, enclosing the capillitium and spores; capillitium
+of two, more or less, distinct systems, the one a delicate network of
+hyaline, limeless threads, the other calcareous throughout, or nearly
+so, the meshes large and the threads or tubules broad; columella none,
+although a pseudo-columella may sometimes be detected.
+
+This genus was by Link established on characters purely external.
+Rostafinski supplemented Link's definition by calling attention to the
+peculiar character of the capillitium and to microscopic characters in
+general. The outer peridium is thick and strong, unlike the ordinary
+structure in _Physarum_. Some physarums, however, have a very similar
+outer wall; _P. brunneolum_, for instance; compare the peridium of _P.
+citrinellum_. In dehiscence and structure there is also some resemblance
+to some species of _Diderma_, and by Persoon and Fries the common
+species was so referred, but the capillitium is again definitive.
+
+A critical study of all these things really begins with Rostafinski's
+microscope. Under his definition of the present genus _P. squamulosum_
+Wingate and _P. albescens_ Ell. might well be entered here. Such course
+at present would but increase confusion, and until by future research
+the ontogeny of all these, and so their relationship, shall be
+more exactly known, the genus may be left with its historic
+species,--montotypic.
+
+
+LEOCARPUS FRAGILIS (_Dickson_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE VIII., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_.
+
+  1785. _Lycoperdon fragile_ Dickson, _Fasc. Pl. Crypt. Brit._, I.,
+           p. 25.
+  1795. _Diderma vernicosum_ Persoon, _Ust. Ann. Bot._, XV., p. 34.
+  1809. _Leocarpus vernicosum_ Link, _Diss._, I., p. 25.
+  1875. _Leocarpus fragilis_ (Dicks.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 132.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or clustered, sessile or stipitate, obovoid, rusty
+or spadiceous-yellow, shining; peridium opening at maturity in somewhat
+stellate fashion; stipe filiform, white or yellow, weak and short;
+spores dull black, spinulose, 12-14 µ.
+
+A common species, distributed through all the world, Iowa to Tasmania.
+Recognizable at sight by the form and color of the sporangia. In shape
+and posture these resemble the eggs of certain insects, and, occurring
+upon dead leaves, generally where these have drifted against a rotten
+log, they might perchance be mistaken for such structures. With no other
+slime-moulds are they likely to be confused. The outer peridium opens
+irregularly, or more rarely stellately. At centre of the capillitium is
+a calcareous core. The plasmodium is yellowish white, spread in rich and
+beautiful reticulations. _N. A. F._, 1123.
+
+A plasmodiform gathering of this species which will be mistaken for an
+entirely different thing, is yellow, sessile, and has _adherent_ spores;
+looks like a badhamia, but is after all a leocarpus and probably belongs
+here. The spores are irregularly clustered and the badhamioid section of
+the capillitium seems now dominant.
+
+California.
+
+
+B. DIDYMIACEÆ
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Didymiaceæ=
+
+  1. Fructification æthalioid                              1. _Mucilago_
+
+  2. Fructification plasmodiocarpous, or forming more
+       often distinct sporangia.
+
+     _a._ Calcareous deposits crystalline, stellate        2. _Didymium_
+
+     _b._ Calcareous deposits amorphous, peridium double    3. _Diderma_
+
+     _c._ Calcareous deposits in form of scattered
+            scales                                      4. _Lepidoderma_
+
+     _d._ Peridium double, the outer gelatinous          5. _Colloderma_
+
+
+=1. Mucilago= (_Mich._) _Adans._
+
+  1729. _Mucilago_ Micheli, _Nov. Pl. Gen._, in part.
+  1763. _Mucilago_ (Mich.) Adanson, _Fam. des Pl._, II., p. 7.
+  1791. _Spumaria_ Pers. in Gmelin, _Syst. Nat._, II., p. 1466.
+
+Fructification æthalioid, consisting generally of large cushion-shaped
+masses covered without by a white foam-like crust; within, composed of
+numerous tubular sporangia, developed from a common hypothallus,
+irregularly branched, contorted and more or less confluent; the peridial
+wall thin, delicate, frosted with stellate lime-crystals, which mark in
+section the boundaries of the several sporangia; capillitium of delicate
+threads, generally only slightly branched, terminating in the sporangial
+wall, marked with occasional swellings or thickenings.
+
+By the descriptions offered by most authors, and especially by
+Rostafinski's figures (_Mon._, Pl. ix.), a pronounced columella is
+called for in the structure of _Spumaria_. The individual sporangia rise
+from a common hypothallus, and occasionally portions of this run up and
+give to a sporangium the appearance of being stipitate. Sometimes also
+this upper extension of the hypothalline protoplasm passes beyond or
+behind the base of the sporangium or between two or more, and is more or
+less embraced by these in their confluent flexures. This, it seems,
+suggested Rostafinski's elaborate diagram, Fig. 158; at least, none
+other form of columella is shown by American materials at hand.
+
+
+1. MUCILAGO SPONGIOSA (_Leyss._) _Morgan._
+
+PLATE VII, Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.
+
+  1783. _Mucor spongiosus_ Leysser, _Fl. Hal._, p. 305.
+  1791. _Reticularia alba_ Bull., _C. Fl. France_, p. 92.
+  1791. _Spumaria mucilago_ Pers., Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, II., 1466.
+  1805. _Spumaria alba_ (Bull.) DC., _Fl. Fr._, II., p. 261.
+  1897. _Mucilago spongiosa_ (Leyss.) Morg., _Bot. Gaz._, XXIV., p. 56.
+
+Æthalium white or cream-colored, of variable size and shape,
+half-an-inch to three inches in length and half as thick, the component
+sporangia resting upon a common hypothallus and protected by a more or
+less deciduous calcareous porous cortex; peridial walls thin, and where
+exposed iridescent, generally whitened by a thin coating of lime
+crystals; capillitium scanty, of simple, mostly dark-colored, slightly
+anastomosing threads; columella indefinite or none; hypothallus white,
+spongy; spore-mass black, spores violaceous, exceedingly rough, large,
+12-15 µ.
+
+Very common in all the eastern United States and the Mississippi valley,
+south to Texas. The plasmodium is dull white, of the consistence of
+cream, and is often met with in quantity on beds of decaying leaves in
+the woods. In fruiting the plasmodium ascends preferably living stems of
+small bushes, herbaceous plants, or grasses, and forms the æthalium
+around the stem some distance above the ground. The cortex varies in
+amount, is also deciduous, so that weathered or imperfectly developed
+forms probably represent the var. _S. cornuta_ Schum.
+
+Two varieties of this species are recognized; the one from Bolivia, var.
+_dictyospora_ described by Mr. R. E. Fries (_Arkiv. for Botanik_ Bd. 1,
+p. 66) differs from the type chiefly in its finer capillitial threads
+its darker spores with longer spines and fine reticulate sculpture; the
+other from Colorado, var. _solida_ described by Professor Sturgis
+differs, as the name implies, principally in its greater compactness and
+slightly smaller calcareous crystals; a desert phase.
+
+
+=2. Didymium= (_Schrad._) _Fr._
+
+  1797. _Didymium_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Plant._, p. 20, in part.
+  1829. _Didymium_ (Schrad.) Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 113.
+  1875. _Didymium_ (Schrad.) DeBy., Rost., _Versuch_, p. 13.
+
+Sporangia distinct, stipitate, sessile or even plasmodiocarpous, never
+æthalioid; the peridium thin, irregular in dehiscence, covered with a
+more or less dense coating of calcareous crystals; columella more
+frequently present; capillitium of delicate threads, simple or sparingly
+branched, extending from the columella to the peridial wall.
+
+The genus _Didymium_, as set up by Schrader _l. c._, included a number
+of species now assigned to _Diderma_, _Lepidoderma_ or _Lamproderma_.
+Fries set out the didermas; DeBary and Rostafinski completed the
+revision by setting out the remaining alien forms.
+
+The genus is among Myxomycetes instantly recognized by the peculiar form
+of its calcareous deposits, stellate crystals coating, or merely
+frosting, usually distinct sporangia.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Didymium=
+
+  1. Lime-crystals merely whitening the peridial wall.
+
+     A. Fructification plasmodiocarpous.
+
+      _a._ White.
+
+            O Capillitium with adherent vesicles     1. _D. complanatum_
+
+           OO Capillitium simple                         2. _D. anellus_
+
+          OOO Capillitium much combined; spores
+                10-13 µ                                3. _D. wilczekii_
+
+         OOOO Capillitium crystal-bearing           18_a_. _D. anomalum_
+
+      _b._ Yellow or tawny                                4. _D. fulvum_
+
+     B. Fructification normally of distinct sporangia.
+
+      _a._ Sporangia sessile or nearly so; outer
+             calcareous wall conspicuously developed  5. _D. crustaceum_
+
+      _b._ Sporangia plainly stipitate.
+
+           i. Peridium much depressed; umbilicate below.
+
+               O Stipe white                         6. _D. squamulosum_
+
+              OO Stipe black.
+
+                  + Larger, about 7.5-1 mm.        7. _D. melanospermum_
+
+                 ++ Small, about .5 mm.                    8. _D. minus_
+
+                +++ Sporangia discoid                     9. _D. clavus_
+
+          ii. Peridium small, globose.
+
+               O Stipe dark brown or black; columella
+                   dark, obsolete or none.             10. _D. nigripes_
+
+              OO Stipe generally paler, of various tints
+                   of brown, orange, etc.
+
+                  + Columella pale or white, nearly
+                      smooth                          11. _D. xanthopus_
+
+                 ++ Columella, yellow, discoid, rough   12. _D. eximium_
+
+         iii. Peridium turbinate, columella
+                hemispheric                             13. _D. trochus_
+
+          iv. Peridium annulate 14. _D. annulatum_
+
+  2. Calcareous crystals forming a distinct crust.
+
+     A. Fructification wholly plasmodiocarpous           15. _D. dubium_
+
+     B. Sporangia ill-defined, sessile, plasmodiocarpous.
+
+      _a._ Spores generally nearly smooth              16. _D. difforme_
+
+      _b._ Spores very rough, obscurely banded         17. _D. quitense_
+
+  EXTRA-LIMITAL
+
+      _a._ Sporangia discoid, spores reticulate     18. _D. intermedium_
+
+      _b._ Stipe, columella, peridium, orange-brown    19. _D. leoninum_
+
+
+1. DIDYMIUM COMPLANATUM (_Batsch_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XVI., Fig. 8.
+
+  1786. _Lycoperdon complanatum_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, I., p. 251.
+  1829. _Didymium serpula_ Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 126, Rost.,
+          _App._, p. 21.
+  1875. _Didymium complanatum_ (Batsch), Rost., _Mon._, p. 151.
+  1899. _Didymium complanatum_ (Batsch) R., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 85.
+  1911. _Didymium complanatum_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 127.
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous, creeping, flattened, vein-like,
+annulate or reticulate, the dark-colored peridium covered with white,
+but not numerous crystals; hypothallus none; columella none; capillitium
+much branched, violaceous threads combined to form a rather dense net
+which bears numerous, peculiar, rounded vesicles, yellowish in color,
+30-50 µ in diameter; spores minutely warted, 7-9 µ, violaceous-brown.
+
+The defining characteristics here are the curious supplementary
+vesicles. These are evidently plasmodic, embraced, shot-through, by all
+the neighboring capillitial threads, withal warted like a spore. They
+remind of the curious, belated, spore-like but giant cells found in
+stipes, as in arcyriaceous forms. With all the wealth of his prolix,
+poetic, metaphoric tongue, the Polish author gives them abundant
+consideration. In the _Mon._, Tab. IX., Figs. 166 and 180, he clearly
+shows the structure, although in the explanation of the plate he has
+strangely mixed this species with _D. crustaceum_ Fr. Under _D. serpula_
+Fries may refer to the present species, although there is nothing in his
+description to determine the fact. The same thing may be said of the
+description and figures of Batsch. Rostafinski, in the _Monograph_,
+seems to have been satisfied as to the identity of Batsch's materials:
+in the _Appendix_, he writes _D. serpula_, but gives no reason.
+
+Rare. New York. England, France, Germany.
+
+
+2. DIDYMIUM ANELLUS _Morgan._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 7.
+
+  1894. _Didymium anellus_ Morgan, _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 64.
+  1899. _Didymium anellus_ Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 85.
+  1911. _Didymium anellus_ Morg., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 134.
+
+Plasmodiocarp in small rings or links, then confluent and elongated,
+irregularly connected together, bent and flexuous, resting on a thin
+venulose hypothallus, or sometimes globose, the peridium dark colored,
+with a thin layer of stellate crystals, irregularly ruptured;
+capillitium of slender, dark-colored threads, which extend from base to
+wall, more or less branched, and combined into a loose net; columella a
+thin layer of brown scales; spores globose, very minutely warted,
+violaceous, 8-9 µ.
+
+This minute species resembles a poorly developed, or sessile, phase of
+_D. melanospermum_. Some of the sporangia (?) are spherical; such show a
+very short dark stalk. The columella is scant, and the spores are
+smaller than those of _D. melanospermum_.
+
+Ohio. Reported more recently from Europe and Ceylon.
+
+
+3. DIDYMIUM WILCZEKII _Meylan_.
+
+  1908. _Didymium wilczekii_ Meyl., _Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat._,
+           XLIV., p. 290.
+  1911. _Didymium wilczekii_ Meyl., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 134.
+
+Plasmodiocarpous, dehiscing irregularly, columella scant; capillitium
+abundant, the threads brown, anastomosing, forming an elastic net;
+spores purple-brown, minutely spinulose, 10-12 µ.
+
+Resembling plasmodiocarpous forms of _D. squamulosum_, a montane var.;
+small and delicate, our specimen about 16 × 6 mm. Evidently not common;
+collected but once by Professor Bethel at an altitude of 11,000 feet,
+Rocky Mountains of Colorado.
+
+Reported in Switzerland and Sweden.
+
+In certain Swiss gatherings made in 1913 Miss Lister finds capillitial
+threads with _spiral_ tæniæ as in _Trichia_! (_Jour. of Bot._, Apr.
+1914.) The threads in our specimen are roughened, somewhat as in _D.
+squamulosum_, though less strongly; the spores are nearly smooth,
+fuliginous at first, paler and violaceous when saturate.
+
+
+4. DIDYMIUM FULVUM _Sturgis._
+
+  1917. _Didymium fulvum_ Sturgis, _Mycologia_, IX., p. 37.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sessile, elongate or forming curved
+plasmodiocarps, sometimes confluent, rarely sub-globose, concave
+beneath, pale-raw-umber in color, 0.5-0.8 mm. in diameter, occasionally
+seated on a concolorous, membranous, lime-encrusted hypothallus which
+may form pseudo-stalks; sporangium wall membranous, stained with yellow
+blotches, thickly sprinkled with clusters of large acicular crystals of
+pale-yellowish lime; columella very much flattened or obsolete;
+capillitium an abundant network of delicate, almost straight or
+flexuose, pale-purple or nearly hyaline threads, frequently with dark,
+calyciform thickenings as in _Mucilago_, and occasionally showing
+fusiform, crystalline blisters; spores dark-purplish-brown, coarsely
+tuberculate, the tubercles usually arranged in curved lines, paler and
+smoother on one side, 12.5 to 14.5 µ. Colorado.
+
+
+5. DIDYMIUM CRUSTACEUM _Fr._
+
+  1829. _Didymium crustaceum_ Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 124.
+
+Sporangia closely aggregated, globose, or by compression deformed,
+sessile, snow-white, by virtue of the remarkably developed covering of
+calcareous crystals by which each sporangium is surrounded as if to form
+a crust, the peridium membranous, colorless, usually shrunken above and
+depressed; columella pale, small, or obsolete; hypothallus scant or
+vanishing; capillitium of rather stout violaceous threads seldom
+branched except at the tips, where they are pale and often bifid, or
+more than once dichotomously divided; spores strongly warted, globose,
+violet-brown, 10-13 µ.
+
+This species has in some ways all the outward seeming of a diderma, but
+cannot be referred to that genus because of the crystalline character of
+its crust. This is a very marked structure; loosely built up of very
+large crystals, it is necessarily extremely frail, nevertheless
+persists, arching over at a considerable distance above the peridium
+proper. Sometimes, however, caducous, evanescent.
+
+The sporangia are said to be sometimes stipitate. This feature does not
+appear in any of the material before us. Lister in _Mycetozoa_ Pl. XL.,
+_c._ draws the capillitium much more delicate than it appears in our
+specimens. The hypothallus is sometimes noticeable under some of the
+sporangia where closely crowded, but is not a constant feature.
+
+Rostafinski (by typographical error?) confused in the _Monograph_, pp.
+164, 165, this species with Persoon's _Physarum confluens_. In the
+_Appendix_ he substitutes the Friesian nomenclature. Persoon's
+description of his species is insufficient, and throws no light on the
+problem whatever.
+
+Rare. Iowa; Black Hills, South Dakota. Reported common in Europe.
+Canada; Vancouver Island to the St. Lawrence.
+
+
+6. DIDYMIUM SQUAMULOSUM (_Alb. & Schw._) _Fries._
+
+  1805. _Diderma squamulosum_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p. 88.
+  1816. _Didymium effusum_ Link, _Diss._, II., p. 42.
+  1829. _Didymium squamulosum_ (Alb. & Schw.), Fries, _Syst. Myc._,
+           III., p. 118.
+  1875. _Didymium effusum_ (Link) Rost., _Mon._, p. 163.
+  1894. _Didymium effusum_ (Link) List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 99.
+
+Sporangia, in typical forms, gregarious, globose or depressed-globose,
+gray or snow-white, stipitate; the peridium a thin iridescent membrane
+covered more or less richly with minute crystals of lime; the stipe when
+present, snow-white, fluted or channelled, stout, even; columella white,
+conspicuous; hypothallus usually small or obsolete; capillitium of
+delicate branching threads, usually colorless or pallid, sometimes with
+conspicuous calyciform thickenings; spores violaceous, minutely warted
+or spinulose, 8-10 µ.
+
+This, one of the most beautiful species in the whole series, is
+remarkable for the variations which it presents in the fruiting phase.
+These range all the way from the simplest and plainest kind of a
+plasmodiocarp with only the most delicate frosting of calcareous
+crystals up through more or less confluent sessile sporangia to
+well-defined elegantly stipitate, globose fruits, where the lime is
+sometimes so abundant as to form deciduous flaky scales. The
+hypothallus, sometimes entirely wanting, is anon well developed, even
+continuous, venulose, from stipe to stipe. The capillitium varies much
+in abundance as in color; when scanty, it is colorless and in every way
+more delicate, when abundant, darker in color and sometimes with
+stronger thickenings.
+
+_D. fuckelianum Rost._, as shown in _N. A. F._, 2090, and in some
+private collections, seems to be a rather stout phase of the present
+species; the stipe is more abundantly and deeply plicate, is sometimes
+tinged with brown, and the capillitium is darker colored and coarser
+than in what is here regarded as the type of the species; but withal the
+specimens certainly fail to meet the requirements of Rostafinski's
+elaborate description and figure, _Mon._, p. 161 and Fig. 154.
+
+_D. effusum_ Link, probably stands for a sessile form of this species,
+but Link's brief description (1816) is antedated by the much better one
+of Albertini and Schweinitz, _l. c._
+
+Generally distributed throughout the wooded regions of North America,
+from New England to Nicaragua, and from Canada to California. Not
+uncommon about stable-manure heaps, in flower beds, and on richly
+manured lands. July, August.
+
+Nicaragua specimens not only show a continuous vein-like hypothallus,
+but have the peridia often confluent, the columellæ in such cases
+confluent, the stipes distinct. Furthermore, the largest spores reach
+the limit of 12.5 µ, and perhaps the larger number range from 10-12.5 µ,
+and all are very rough. This corresponds with _D. macrospermum_ Rost.,
+which is distinguished, says the author (_Mon._, p. 162, _opis_),
+"chiefly by the large and strongly spinulose spores." However, the same
+sporangium in our Central American specimens yield spores 9.5-12.5 µ, a
+remarkable range. So that _D. macrospermum_ on this side the ocean, at
+least, cannot be distinguished from _D. squamulosum_, as far as spores
+are concerned. A similar remark may be made relative to the form of the
+columella which Rostafinski, in his figures especially, would make
+diagnostic. The columella in the sporangia with largest and roughest
+spores is that of a perfectly normal _D. squamulosum_.
+
+
+7. DIDYMIUM MELANOSPERMUM (_Pers._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE VII., Figs. 3, 3 _a._
+
+  1794. _Physarum melanospermum_ Pers., _Röm. N. Mag. Bot._, p. 89.
+  1797. _Didymium farinaceum_ Schrader, _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 26, t. 5,
+           Fig. 6.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, hemispheric, depressed, umbilicate below,
+stipitate or sessile; the peridium firm, dull brown in color, frosted
+with minute crystals of lime, breaking irregularly; stipe, when present,
+short, stout, dull black, opaque, arising from a broad base or
+hypothallus; columella large, prominent; dark-colored, rough above,
+concave below; capillitium of more or less sinuous, usually dark-colored
+threads, sparingly branched, and often with calyciform thickenings;
+spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light pale, purplish-gray,
+spinulose or rough, 10-12 µ.
+
+A well-marked and common species, distinguished by its depressed
+sporangium and dark-colored, opaque stipe. The latter is usually very
+short, almost completely concealed in the concavity of the umbilicate
+sporangium. The columella is dark-colored, forming the floor of the
+peridial cavity.
+
+Persoon first named this species as here. Later on, _Uster's Ann._, XV.,
+6, he substituted _villosum_ as a more appropriate specific name.
+Schrader rejects both names given by Persoon as unsuitable, and suggests
+_farinaceum_. Schrad., _op. cit._, p. 27.
+
+New England, Ohio, Missouri, Alabama, Iowa, Nebraska; Europe; probably
+cosmopolitan.
+
+
+8. DIDYMIUM MINUS _Lister._
+
+PLATE X., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_.
+
+  1892. _Didymium farinaceum_ Schr., var. _minus_, List., _Mycetozoa_,
+           p. 97.
+  1896. _Didymium minus_ List., Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 61.
+  1899. _Didymium minus_ List., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 89.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, depressed-globose, umbilicate below, whitish or
+gray, small, about œ mm., stipitate; stipe erect, rather slender,
+black, faintly striate, about equal to the sporangium in the horizontal
+diameter; columella distinct, dark brown, globose or depressed-globose,
+attaining in some cases the centre, rough; capillitium delicate, almost
+colorless, radiating, sparsely branched; spores in mass dark brown, by
+transmitted light violet-tinted, minutely roughened, 8-10 µ.
+
+Probably more common than the preceding, and generally mistaken for it.
+Distinguished by its smaller size, longer and more slender stem, and
+general trim, well-differentiated appearance. Certainly very near the
+preceding, of which Mr. Lister regards it as merely a variety. Professor
+Morgan thought it in this country the more common form.
+
+New York, Ohio, Iowa; reported from Europe, Africa, South America.
+
+
+9. DIDYMIUM CLAVUS (_Alb. & Schw._) _Rabenhorst._
+
+  1805. _Physarum clavus_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p. 96.
+  1829. _Didymium melanopus_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 114.
+  1844. _Didymium clavus_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rabh., _Ger. Cr. Fl._,
+           No. 2282.
+  1875. _Didymium clavus_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 153.
+  1899. _Didymium clavus_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rabenh., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 90.
+  1911. _Didymium clavus_ Rost., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 128.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, pale gray, discoid or pileate, depressed,
+stipitate; the peridium dark-colored, frosted with calcareous crystals
+above, naked below; stipe short, slender, tapering upward, furrowed,
+arising from a hypothallus more or less distinct, black; columella
+obsolete; capillitium of delicate threads, pale or colorless, little
+branched; spores violaceous, pale, nearly smooth, 6-8 µ.
+
+This species is well differentiated, easy of recognition by reason of
+its peculiar discoid sporangium, calcareous above, naked and black
+beneath. _D. neglectum_ Massee, reported from Philadelphia, is said to
+be a slender form of the present species. The figures of _D. clavus_ by
+Albertini and Schweinitz are excellent, as also the description.
+
+Not common. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+10. DIDYMIUM NIGRIPES (_Link_) _Fries._
+
+PLATE VII., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+  1809. _Physarum nigripes_ Link, _Obs. Diss._, I., p. 27.
+  1818. _Physarum microcarpon_ Fr., _Sym. Gast._, p. 23.
+  1829. _Didymium nigripes_ (Link) Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 119.
+  1875. _Didymium microcarpon_ (Fr.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 157.
+  1896. _Didymium microcarpon_ Fr., Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 61.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose or hemispheric, umbilicate beneath, small,
+white, stipitate; the peridium smoky, covered with minute calcareous
+crystals; stipe slender, erect, black, opaque; hypothallus scutate,
+black; columella distinct, globose, black or dark brown; capillitium of
+delicate threads, pale brown or colorless, with occasional brown
+thickenings or nodes, sparingly branched; spores pale, violaceous by
+transmitted light, minutely warted, 6-8 µ.
+
+This is _D. microcarpon_ Rost. Fries, _l. c._, acknowledges the priority
+of Link's appellation, and discards _microcarpon_. Rostafinski adopted
+_microcarpon_ simply because he thought it more appropriate. Fries
+describes the columella "none or black." It is doubtful whether we have
+the typical Friesian form on this continent. The fructification is in
+our specimens small, about .4 mm., and the spores, as noted by Morgan,
+small; otherwise the species is hardly more than a variety of the next.
+Under the name _D. nigripes_ Lister groups our Nos. 10, 11, 12. _N. A.
+F._, 1393, represents Dr. Rex's conception of the present species.
+
+Not common. New York, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+11. DIDYMIUM XANTHOPUS (_Ditmar_) _Fr._
+
+PLATE XVI., Fig. 10.
+
+  1817. _Cionium xanthopus_ Ditmar, Sturm, _Deutsch. Fl._, III., p. 37,
+           t. 43.
+  1829. _Didymium xanthopus_ (Dit.) Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 120.
+  1873. _Didymium proximum_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 52.
+  1892. _Didymium microcarpon_ (Fr.) Rost., Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat.
+           Hist. Iowa_, II., p. 146, in part.
+  1894. _Didymium nigripes_ Fr., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 98, in part.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, white, globose, slightly umbilicate, stipitate;
+the peridium thin, and nearly or quite colorless, frosted with crystals
+of lime; the stipe yellowish or yellowish brown, corneous, erect,
+subulate, slender; hypothallus none; columella pale or white,
+turbinate, globose or depressed-globose; capillitium of dull brown, or
+colorless threads more or less branched, always white at the tips;
+spores violaceous, nearly smooth, 7.5-8.5 µ.
+
+This seems to be the most common form in the United States. It is
+distinguished from the preceding by the longer, more delicate, generally
+orange-yellow, stem with pale or white columella. The spores also
+average a shade larger. _N. A. F._, 412 and 2089, are illustrations of
+_D. xanthopus_. The columella in blown-out specimens is very striking,
+well confirming the diagnosis of Fries, "_valde prominens, globosa,
+stipitata, alba_." Berkeley makes the color of the capillitium
+diagnostic of _D. proximum_, but this feature is insufficient.
+
+Eastern United States; common.
+
+
+12. DIDYMIUM EXIMIUM _Peck._
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 11, 11 _a_, 11 _b_.
+
+  1879. _Didymium eximium_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXI., p. 41.
+
+Sporangia scattered, dull grayish-yellow or gray, depressed-globose,
+umbilicate, minute, stipitate; the peridium comparatively thick,
+tenacious, especially persistent below, tawny or yellow; the stipe pale
+brown or orange, erect, even or slightly enlarged at base; hypothallus
+scant or none; columella prominent, more or less discoidal, rough, or
+spinulose, especially on the upper surface, yellow; capillitium not
+abundant, pale fuliginous, often branching and anastomosing so as to
+form a loose net; spores nearly smooth, dark violaceous by transmitted
+light, 8.5-9.5 µ.
+
+The species differs from _D. xanthopus_ in several particulars,--in the
+much firmer, more persistent, and less calcareous peridium, in the more
+complex capillitium, in the darker and larger spores, and especially in
+the peculiar and prominent columella, which is not only rough, but even
+"sometimes spinulose even to the extent of long spicules penetrating to
+one-third the height of the sporangia." _N. A. F._, 2493.
+
+As stated under No. 8, these last two species are called varieties only
+of _D. nigripes_. They are so retained in _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._ Since,
+however, they are the usual presentation of the species in the United
+States, it seems wise to let them stand for the present, as here. They
+are quite distinguishable; _D. eximium_ especially well marked.
+
+Apparently rare, it yet ranges from New York to eastern Iowa, in
+colonies rather large. Okoboji Lake;--fine!
+
+
+13. DIDYMIUM TROCHUS _List._
+
+  1898. _Didymium trochus_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XXXVI., p. 164.
+
+Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, hemispherical or turbinate, white, sessile
+or very short-stalked, cream-colored or white; peridium double, the
+outer shell-like, the inner membranaceous, more or less adherent to the
+outer, both caducous together, leaving the thickened base surrounding an
+expanded columella; stipe, when present, very short, stout; capillitium
+colorless, nearly simple; spores brownish-purple, strongly warted, 9-10
+µ.
+
+On decaying leaves, rotten cactus, yucca, etc., Monrovia, California;
+_Bethel_.
+
+Reported from England on beds of leaves or straw; in Portugal Dr.
+Torrend finds it on or _in_ dead leaves of _Agave americana_! Evidently
+an American species, and belonging to arid regions; its occurrence in
+England surprising!
+
+
+14. DIDYMIUM ANNULATUM _Macbr. n. s._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 4, 4 _a_.
+
+Sporangia small, scattered, annulate, not only without columella but
+perforate when the stipe is broken, umbilicate above and below, grey,
+coated with crystalline frustules, opening irregularly about the
+periphery; stipe white, or pallid, fluted, tapering upward from a
+distinct hypothallus; capillitium scanty consisting of delicate,
+sparsely branching threads, the branchlets anastomosing more or less at
+length, attached to the peridial wall, radiating from the rim of the
+slightly depressed top of stipe, without special thickenings save at the
+insertion of the ramules a triangular enlargement is usual and of dark
+or pallid shade; spores smooth; however they show three or four spots
+on the hemisphere and other minute but variable markings; 9-10 µ.
+Seattle, Washington.
+
+Differs from _D. nigripes_ in color of the stipes, capillitium,
+spore-diameter, etc.
+
+
+15. DIDYMIUM DUBIUM _Rost._
+
+  1875. _Didymium dubium_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 152.
+  1892. _Didymium listeri_ Mass., _Mon._, p. 244.
+  1894. _Didymium dubium_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 95.
+  1911. _Didymium dubium_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 126.
+
+Fructification wholly plasmodiocarpous, snow-white, small,
+2-6 mm., flat and thin; the outer wall double, membranous within,
+calcareous-crystalline without; columella none; capillitium simple of
+rather thick, vertical, brown threads, sparingly united laterally, and
+only occasionally furcate at the ends, especially above; spores minutely
+spinulescent, violaceous pale, 12-15 µ.
+
+Massee thought English specimens out of harmony with the original
+description and gave them a new name. To refuse this, Lister enlarges
+the range of spore-measurements and disregards some of Rostafinski's
+specifications as to capillitium. Our specimens are as described.
+
+Bohemia. England. Shores of Lake Okoboji, Iowa.
+
+This is indeed a doubtful form. It differs from _D. difforme_ chiefly in
+that the outer calcareous shell is not smooth, but is covered with
+abundant loose crystals, frosted. The spores are paler but about the
+same size. The frosting may be incident to local climatic conditions at
+the time and place of desiccation.
+
+
+16. DIDYMIUM DIFFORME _Duby._
+
+  1797. _Diderma difforme_ Pers. _Tentamen Disp. Meth._, p. 19.
+  1830. _Didymium difforme_ Duby., _Bot. Gall._, ii., p. 858.
+  1875. _Chondrioderma difforme_ Pers., Rost., _Mon._, p. 177.
+  1894. _Didymium difforme_ Duby., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 94.
+  1899. _Diderma personii_ Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 96.
+  1911. _Didymium difforme_ Duby., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 124.
+
+Plasmodiocarpous, the smooth, white outer peridium separable from the
+thin, colorless or purplish inner layer; capillitium of rather coarse,
+flat, dichotomously branching threads, broader below; spores minutely
+warted, or almost smooth, dark brown, 12-14 µ.
+
+The white crust-like outer wall has more than once carried this species
+into _Diderma_. It is still doubtful whether we are here dealing with
+_Chondrioderma calcareum_ Rost. Miss Lister cites a variety, _S.
+difforme comatum_, with more abundant capillitium which may represent
+Rostafinski's species.
+
+Evidently rare in the United States; reported more common in Europe and
+eastward. In our specimens the crust-like outer peridium shows crystals
+on the broken edge only; the body of the object, as its outer surface
+seems to be amorphous.
+
+
+17. DIDYMIUM QUITENSE (_Pat._) _Torr._
+
+  1895. _Chondrioderma quitense_ Pat., _Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr._, XI.,
+           p. 212.
+  1909. _Didymium quitense_ (Pat.) Torr., _Flor. Myxom._, p. 150.
+  1911. _Didymium quitense_ Torr., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 126.
+  1913. _Didymium quitense_ (Pat.) Torr., Sturg., _Myx._, Col. II.,
+           p. 446.
+
+Sporangia more or less plasmodiocarpous, scattered, depressed, white;
+the outer peridium distinct, crust-like, remote from the thin membranous
+inner wall; columella undefined; capillitium brown, much branched,
+forming a network especially outwardly; spores very dark
+violaceous-brown, rough with a tendency to obscure reticulation; 12-14
+µ.
+
+This species is different from _D. difforme_ chiefly in the rougher and
+somewhat banded epispore. It is reported from Ecuador by Father Torrend,
+and from Colorado mountains by Dr. Sturgis to whose kindness I am
+indebted for the specimens here described. Evidently a high mountain
+species.
+
+Colorado.
+
+
+18_a_. DIDYMIUM ANOMALUM _Sturg._
+
+PLATE XIX., Figs. 13 and 13 _a_.
+
+  1913. _Didymium anomalum_ Sturg. _Myxomycetes of Col._, II., p. 444
+
+Sporangia in the form of very thin effused grey plasmodiocarps, 2-10 cm.
+long, 1 mm. or less in thickness. Wall single or membranous, hyaline or
+yellowish, with rather scanty deposits of small, stellately crystalline
+or amorphous lime. Columella none. Capillitium consisting entirely of
+straight membranous, tubular, columns, extending from the base to the
+upper wall of the plasmodiocarp, 7-22 µ thick and usually containing
+small crystalline masses of lime. Spores bright violet-brown, minutely
+and irregularly spinulose, 10-11.5 µ diam.
+
+Hab. on the inner bark of Populus. Colorado Springs, Colo., July 1911.
+
+Our specimens by the courtesy of Dr. Sturgis.
+
+
+=EXTRA-LIMITAL=
+
+
+18. DIDYMIUM INTERMEDIUM _Schroeter._
+
+  1896. _Didymium intermedium_ Schroet., _Hedwigia_, Vol. XXXV., p. 209.
+  1902. _Didymium excelsum_ Jahn, _Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges._, XX., p. 275.
+
+Sporangia clustered or gregarious, discoidal and umbilicate below, or
+lobed or convolute, greyish white, stipitate; stipe pale yellow,
+tapering upwards, stuffed with lime crystals, expanding into the
+yellowish, discoidal, recurving columella; capillitium colorless, more
+or less branching; spores dark purple-brown, irregularly reticulate,
+9-12 µ.
+
+Differs from _D. squamulosum_ in the reticulate epispore. Brazil.
+
+
+19. DIDYMIUM LEONINUM _Berk. & Br._
+
+  1873. _Didymium leoninum_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, XIV.,
+           p. 83.
+  1876. _Lepidoderma tigrinum_ Rost., _App. to Mon._, p. 23.
+  1909. _Lepidodermopsis leoninus_ v. Höhnel, _Sitz. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
+           Math. Nat. Ks._, CXVIII., 439.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, covered more or less completely with
+white or yellowish deposits of crystalline lime, stipitate; stipes
+short, orange or brown, containing lime, enlarged to form the globose
+orange columella and often connected at base by a venulose hypothallus;
+capillitium of slender threads, anastomosing, colorless at the tips;
+spores violet-grey, minutely warted, 7-9 µ.
+
+Like _Lepidoderma tigrinum_, but has different calcic crystals.
+
+Java and Ceylon.
+
+
+=3. Diderma= _Persoon_
+
+  1794. _Diderma Persoon_, _Röm. N. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 89.
+  1873. _Chondrioderma_ Rost. _Versuch_, p. 13, _Mon._, p. 167.
+  1894. _Chondrioderma_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 75.
+  1899. _Diderma Persoon_, Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 92.
+
+Sporangia plasmodiocarpous or distinct, sessile or stipitate; the
+peridium as a rule double, the outer wall generally calcareous with the
+lime granules globular, non-crystalline, the inner wall very delicate
+and often, in the mature fructification, remote from the outer;
+columella generally prominent.
+
+The genus _Diderma_ is usually easy of recognition, by reason of its
+double wall, the outer, crustaceous, usually calcareous, and its limits
+remain substantially as originally set by Persoon. His definition is as
+follows:--
+
+"Peridium ut plurimum duplex; exterius fragile; interius pellucens,
+subdistans. Columella magna, subrotunda. Fila parca latentia."--_Syn.
+Meth. Fung._, p. 168.
+
+Rostafinski changed the name of the genus to _Chondrioderma_ (_chondri_,
+cartilage), seemingly at De Bary's suggestion, and seems to have
+regarded Persoon's definition as applicable to those species only in
+which the wall is not only plainly double, but in which the two walls
+are as plainly remote from each other. More especially he esteemed a new
+generic name necessary, since he regarded several included species, as
+_D. spumarioides_, _D. michelii_, etc., monodermic.
+
+Since it is doubtful whether any diderma is really monodermic, and since
+Persoon's definition in any case seems sufficiently elastic, we have
+seen no reason to discard the older name. Persoon's _Diderma_ when
+established, _l. c._, included _D. floriforme_. He made some confusion
+in his later work by admitting some physarums. This induced Schrader to
+throw all the didermas into his new genus, _Didymium_.
+
+According to the nature of the sporangial wall, the species fall rather
+naturally into two sections:--
+
+  _A._ Outer sporangial wall distinctly calcareous, fragile;
+         species generally sessile                             _Diderma_
+
+  _B._ Outer sporangial wall cartilaginous, the inner less
+         distinct, or concrete with the outer; species
+         oftener stipitate                                    _Leangium_
+
+
+  _A._ Sub-Genus DIDERMA
+
+  1. Fructification wholly plasmodiocarpous              1. _D. effusum_
+
+  2. Fructification of distinct sporangia.
+
+    _a._ Sporangia on a common hypothallus.
+
+         O Outer wall fragile, not widely remote from
+             the inner                              2. _D. spumarioides_
+
+        OO Inner wall lacking                            3. _D. simplex_
+
+       OOO Outer wall crustaceous, porcelain-like.
+
+           i. Spores 8-10                               4. _D. globosum_
+
+          ii. Spores 12-15                            5. _D. crustaceum_
+
+      OOOO Outer wall firm, not crustaceous              6. _D. lyallii_
+
+    _b._ Sporangia isolated, or, at least, not on a common hypothallus,
+              sessile.
+
+         O Outer wall porcellanous, roseate            7. _D. testaceum_
+
+        OO Outer wall white                               8. _D. niveum_
+
+       OOO Outer wall ashen                             9. _D. cinereum_
+
+    _c._ Sporangia stipitate                      10. _D. hemisphericum_
+
+
+  _B._ Sub-Genus LEANGIUM
+
+  1. Sporangia generally sessile.
+
+    _a._ Inner peridium distinct.
+
+         O Membranous colorless, columella scant         11. _D. sauteri_
+
+        OO Colorless, columella prominent, red        12. _D. cor-rubrum_
+
+       OOO Outer ochraceous, inner yellow              13. _D. ochraceum_
+
+    _b._ Peridial layers inseparable.
+
+         O Peridium multifid; columella small
+            or none                                  16. _D. trevelyani_
+
+        OO Peridium breaking into but few irregular lobes; columella
+              prominent.
+
+           i. Peridium umber brown                     14. _D. roanense_
+
+          ii. Peridium ashen                           15. _D. radiatum_
+
+         iii. Peridium chocolate without,
+                inside white                         17. _D. asteroides_
+
+  2. Sporangia stipitate.
+
+    _a._ Peridium pallid, smooth                     18. _D. floriforme_
+
+    _b._ Peridium white, rugulose                       19. _D. rugosum_
+
+
+1. DIDERMA EFFUSUM (_Schw._) _Morgan._
+
+  1831. _Physarum effusum_ Schw., _N. A. F._, p. 257.
+  1896. _Diderma effusum_ (Schw.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 71.
+  1899. _Diderma effusum_ (Schw.) Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 94.
+  1899. _Diderma reticulatum_ Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 95.
+  1911. _Diderma effusum_ Morg., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 102.
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous, reticulate, creeping, applanate and
+generally widely effused, white; the peridium thin, cinereous, covered
+by a delicate, white, calcareous crust; the columella simply the base of
+the plasmodiocarp, thin alutaceous; the capillitium pale, consisting of
+short threads somewhat branched toward their distal extremities; spores
+smooth, pale violaceous, 8-10 µ.
+
+This is _Physarum effusum_ Schw., _vid. N. A. F._, No. 2297. It is
+reported by Morgan from Ohio, and we have one specimen from eastern
+Nebraska, so that it is probably of general distribution in the eastern
+United States.
+
+This species was in the previous edition distinguished from the
+Rostafinskian _P. reticulatum_ with spores a little smaller, 6-8 µ, and
+with a much stronger tendency to the formation of definite sporangia,
+elongate indeed and branching but often globose or depressed globose.
+This we may know as,
+
+
+VAR. RETICULATUM Rost.
+
+  1875. _Chondrioderma reticulatum_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 170.
+  1894. _Diderma reticulatum_ (Rost.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 71.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, generally rounded, not much depressed, flat,
+sometimes, especially toward the margin of a colony, elongate, venulose
+or somewhat plasmodiocarpous, dull white, the inner peridium ashen or
+bluish, remote from the calcareous crust, which is extremely fragile,
+easily shelling off; columella indistinguishable from the base of the
+sporangium, thin, alutaceous; capillitium of short, generally colorless,
+delicate, sparingly branching or anastomosing threads perpendicular to
+the columella; spores black in mass, by transmitted light violet-tinted,
+smooth, 6-8 µ.
+
+Perhaps our most common form. Found in fall on dead twigs, leaves, etc.
+Recognized by its rather large, white, depressed or flattened sporangia
+tending to form reticulations, and hence suggesting the name. The lines
+of fruiting tend to follow the venation of the supporting leaf; where
+the sporangium is round, the columella is a distinct rounded or
+cake-like body; where the fruit is venulose, the columella is less
+distinct.
+
+By these rounded forms we pass easily, as by a gate, to _D.
+hemisphericum_, which, when wholly sessile, differs still in greater
+diameter of the sporangia and in having somewhat larger spores. Usually
+in such case the compared colony will show somewhere a very short and
+stout but very real stipe supporting the discoid fruit.
+
+Rostafinski divided the genus _Chondrioderma_, i. e. _Diderma_, into
+three sections:--
+
+_Monoderma_ to include those species in which the calcareous crust is
+less distinct or connate with the true peridium.
+
+_Diderma_, in which the two structures were plainly separate.
+
+_Leangium_, used as in the present work. In his first section
+Rostafinski placed _C. reticulatum_ and _C. michelii_; in the second,
+_C. difforme_ and _C. calcareum_.
+
+Lister has examined Rostafinski's type of _C. reticulatum_ and declares
+that it has the usual didermic characters. Hence there is no doubt that
+our small-spored American specimens are covered by Rostafinski's
+description, No. 72. On the other hand, Lister makes _C. difforme_
+(Pers.) Rost. a _Didymium_, by its crystalline coat. That species
+therefore is removed from consideration in this connection. _C.
+calcareum_ remains as applicable to American forms having the spores
+10-12 µ, but according to the author of the species the capillitium is
+abundant and definitive. Unhappily the type of _C. calcareum_ is lost
+(Lister, _Mon._, p. 95), so that there is no other means of verification
+than the description and Rostafinski's figure. Under these circumstances
+we consider the name _calcareum_ inapplicable to any American forms we
+have so far seen. See next species. As to the American species which
+have been distributed as _C. calcareum_ (Lk.) Rost., they are, so far as
+seen, referable to _D. reticulatum_ (Rost.), Morg. Here also belongs No.
+1217, Ellis, _N. A. F._
+
+New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska. Probably to be found
+throughout the eastern United States.
+
+
+2. DIDERMA SPUMARIOIDES _Fries_.
+
+  1829. _Diderma spumarioides_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 104.
+  1833. _Physarum stromateum_ Link., _Handb._, III., p. 409.
+  1876. _Chondrioderma stromateum_ (Lk.) Rost., _App._, p. 18.
+
+Sporangia sessile, crowded, spherical, or by mutual pressure irregular,
+white; the peridium plainly double, but the layers adhering, the outer
+more strongly calcareous, but very frail, almost farinaceous;
+hypothallus more or less plainly in evidence, white or pale alutaceous;
+columella distinct, though often small, globose, yellowish; capillitium
+variable in quantity, sometimes abundant, brown, somewhat branching and
+anastomosing outwardly, the tips paler; spores minutely roughened, dark
+violaceous, about 10 µ.
+
+This species has the outward seeming of a didymium, but is plainly
+different as that genus is here defined, since the calcareous crust,
+although inclined to be pulverulent, is made up of minute granules, not
+crystals, of lime. The hypothallus is sometimes hardly discoverable,
+anon well developed, out-spread, rugulose, far beyond the limits of the
+fructification. In his _Monograph_, p. 175, Rostafinski includes here
+_Physarum stromateum_ Link. In the Appendix he is inclined to raise
+Link's form to the dignity of a distinct species, basing the diagnosis
+upon the superposition of the sporangia in certain cases, a feature
+entirely unknown to Link's description and of extremely uncertain value,
+since by their crowding the sporangia are liable always to be pushed
+above each other. We therefore regard _C. stromateum_ (Link) Rost. as a
+synonym of the present species, as the description, Link, Handb., III.,
+409, indicates, so far as it goes.
+
+
+3. DIDERMA SIMPLEX (_Schroet._) _Lister._
+
+  1885. _Chondrioderma simplex_ Schroet., _Krypt. Fl. Schles._, III.,
+           1, p. 123.
+  1911. _Diderma simplex_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 107.
+
+"Plasmodium bright yellowish brown." Sporangia gregarious, sessile,
+globose or depressed globose, .3-.5 mm., or anon plasmodiocarpous, brown
+or brick-red when fresh, becoming paler, ochraceous, etc.; hypothallus
+everywhere in evidence; columella ill-defined; capillitium scanty, the
+threads delicate, pale, branching as they join the peridial wall; spores
+dull violaceous, slightly roughened, 8-10 µ.
+
+A rather crude, primitive representative of this beautiful genus. The
+inner peridium seems to be lacking,--a comfort to Rostafinski! Rare. Our
+best specimens are from New Jersey, by courtesy of Dr. C. L. Shear.
+These went to fruit on leaves and branches of _Vaccinium_. It seems to
+affect the heather of Europe, moorland, etc. I have also specimens from
+the herbarium of the lamented Dr. Rex. These are more plasmodiocarpous,
+but open beautifully by a median fissure as in _Physarum sinuosum_
+Bull. In no American gathering that I have examined does the capillitium
+show calcareous thickenings as described by the British text.
+
+
+4. DIDERMA GLOBOSUM _Persoon._
+
+PLATE VII., Figs. 5, 5 _a_.
+
+  1794. _Diderma globosum_ Pers., _Röm. N. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 89.
+  1875. _Chondrioderma globosum_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 180.
+
+Sporangia more or less closely gregarious, sessile, globose or by mutual
+pressure prismatic or polyhedral, white, the outer wall smooth,
+polished, crustaceous, fragile, far remote from the inner, which is
+thin, smooth, or rugulose, iridescent blue; hypothallus usually
+pronounced and spreading beyond the sporangia, sometimes scanty or
+lacking, columella variable, sometimes very small, inconspicuous,
+sometimes large, globose, ellipsoidal, even pedicellate; capillitium
+abundant, brown or purplish brown, branching and occasionally
+anastomosing to form a loosely constructed superficial net; spores
+globose, delicately spinulose, 8 µ.
+
+This species seems rare in this country. We have specimens from Iowa. It
+is distinguished by small spores and generally snow-white color.
+Lister has thrown doubt upon Rostafinski's definition of this
+form--_Mycetozoa_, p. 78. Almost everything distributed in the United
+States under this name belongs in the next species. Reported also from
+Ohio,--_Morgan._ Washington. But:--it should be found in Europe, where
+first described!
+
+There are two ways to meet the difficulty. In the first place it seems
+probable that a small-spored form really hides somewhere in Europe. The
+difference between the _Monograph_ measurement and the size admitted for
+_D. crustaceum_ Pk., evidently considered by Mr. Lister as type and so
+used in his illustration, Pl. 85, is too great to be esteemed merely an
+error. That added .3 (Rost.) indicates caution, the average of several
+measurements. Our _D. globosum_ may represent what the _Monograph_
+describes.[32] In the second place we may as American students mistake
+larger and more globular forms of something else, of _D. spumarioides_
+Fr., whose spores are but little larger; or of _D. effusum_ (Schw.)
+Morg., where the flattened plasmodiocarps anon splatter out to globose
+drops of polished whiteness, and whose spores are 8 µ. But even here the
+chances of error are small. In the species last named the columella or
+sporangial base is alutaceous, not white; in Fries' species, while the
+columella if present may be white, the peridial walls are different,
+difficult to distinguish.
+
+For these reasons, _D. globosum_ Pers. may stand, waiting further light
+from Europe.
+
+
+5. DIDERMA CRUSTACEUM _Peck._
+
+PLATE VII., Fig. 7
+
+  1871. _Diderma crustaceum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXVI., p. 74.
+  1889. _Chondrioderma crustaceum_ (Peck) Berl., _Sacc._, VII., p. 373.
+
+Plasmodium at first watery, colorless, becoming at length milky white;
+sporangia closely crowded or superimposed, in a cushion-like colony,
+creamy white, globose, imbedded in the substance of the hypothallus, the
+outer peridium smooth, delicate, crustaceous, fragile, remote from the
+blue iridescent inner membrane; hypothallus prominent; columella
+variable, generally present, globose; capillitium dark-colored, the
+threads branching and combining to form a loose net; spore-mass black,
+spores by transmitted light dark violaceous, delicately roughened, 12-15
+µ.
+
+Common. Readily to be distinguished from the preceding by the larger
+spores and more crowded habit. New England west to Nebraska.
+
+The didermas are generally delicately beautiful. The outer wall in the
+present species is like finest unglazed china, softly smooth, and yet
+not polished, often absolutely white, with porcellanous fracture. An
+inter-parietal space separates the outer from the inner wall, so that
+the former may be broken, bit by bit, without in the least disturbing
+the underlying structure. The inner wall is ashen or gauzy iridescent
+green, sending back all colors in reflected light. The spores are
+violet, deeply so when fresh, the capillitium strong and likewise
+tinted; the columella passing down and blending with the common
+snow-white hypothalline base. The distinct habits of the two species are
+represented in Figs. 5 and 7. In the one the distinct sporangia are
+associated but not crowded; in the other all are massed together in
+quite æthalioid fashion, forming circumambient, chalky masses of
+considerable size, 2 or 3 cm., overcrowded, superimposed, where the
+sporangia are regular in shape and size by reason of mutual pressure.
+The plasmodium develops in forests and orchards, among decaying leaves,
+but is inclined to rise as maturity draws near, to ascend some twig
+erect, or the stem of a living plant to the height of several inches
+where the sporangia at length appear "heaped and pent", an encircling
+sheath, conspicuous after the fashion of a spumaria for which it is
+indeed sometimes mistaken.
+
+
+6. DIDERMA LYALLII (_Massee_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Figs. 5 and 5 _a_
+
+  1892. _Chondrioderma lyallii_ Massee, _Mon._, p. 201.
+  1894. _Chondrioderma lyallii_ Mass., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 81.
+  1899. _Diderma lyallii_ Mass., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 99.
+  1911. _Diderma lyallii_ List., sub-species, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 105.
+
+Sporangia obovate, more or less closely crowded, white, stipitate, about
+1 mm. in diameter, the outer peridium firm, stout, encrusted, especially
+above, with granular masses of lime, the inner well developed, more or
+less cartilaginous, opaque, yellow or buff-colored; hypothallus well
+developed, venulose, white, passing up unchanged to form the short,
+stout stipe and lower outer peridium; columella prominent, half the
+height of the sporangium, brown; capillitium of short, brown threads,
+rigid, much branched, forming a net, widened irregularly and especially
+at the net-nodes; spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light bright
+brown, rough, 15-17 µ.
+
+A very distinct species; large, fine, showy sporangia in more or less
+crowded clusters spring from a snow-white, common hypothallus. First
+reported from western Canada. Our first specimens were collected by the
+late Mr. Charles Irish, on the eastern slopes of the Sierras, in Nevada;
+now coming in abundantly from all the western mountains to the Pacific.
+
+
+7. DIDERMA TESTACEUM (_Schrad._) _Pers._
+
+PLATE VII., 4, 4 _a_, and 4 _b_.
+
+  1797. _Didymium testaceum_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Plant._, p. 25.
+  1801. _Diderma testaceum_ Persoon, _Syn._, p. 167.
+  1873. _Chondrioderma testaceum_ (Schrad.) Rost., _Vers._, p. 13.
+  1874. _Diderma mariae-wilsoni_ Clinton, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXVI.,
+           p. 74.
+  1899. _Diderma testaceum_ (Schrad.) Pers., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 99.
+  1911. _Diderma testaceum_ Pers., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 106.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sessile, depressed-spherical or sometimes
+elongate, small, 1 mm. or less, rose-white, smooth, the outer peridium
+crustaceous, rather thick and persistent, polished, slightly raised
+above the inner, which is dull ashen and more or less wrinkled;
+hypothallus none; columella prominent, hemispherical in the typical
+rounded forms, slightly rough, reddish or reddish alutaceous;
+capillitium usually abundant, of slender, delicate pale or colorless
+threads, little branched, and smooth; spores violaceous-brown, minutely
+roughened, 8-9 µ.
+
+A very beautiful species occurring at the same time as the preceding and
+in similar situations. All our specimens from the west are on dead
+leaves of oak; some eastern gatherings are on moss. Easily recognized
+when fresh by its delicate pink or roseate color; weathered specimens
+are white, and might be confused with forms of _D. reticulatum_, but the
+sporangia in the present species are less flattened and only rarely in
+special situations run off to linear or plasmodiocarpous shapes
+characteristic of _D. reticulatum_.
+
+Not common, although widely distributed from east to west. New England,
+New York, New Jersey, South Carolina, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska,
+California (_Harkness_), Washington, Oregon.
+
+
+8. DIDERMA NIVEUM (_Rostafinski_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 11 and 11 _a_
+
+  1875. _Chondrioderma niveum_ Rost, _Mon._, p. 170.
+  1877. _Diderma albescens_ Phillips, _Grev._, V., p. 114.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, or more often crowded, sessile,
+depressed-spherical, sometimes ellipsoidal or elongate, white, the outer
+peridium crustaceous, chalky, smooth and fragile, the inner distinct,
+delicate, ochraceous; hypothallus scant or none; columella well
+developed, globose or hemispherical, orange-tinted or ochraceous;
+capillitium abundant, made of threads of two sorts, some purplish or
+dusky, with pale extremities, uneven, others more delicate and
+colorless, and with wart-like thickenings, all sparingly branched;
+spores violet-brown, minutely roughened, 9-10 µ.
+
+This species is not common. From Colorado we have fine specimens typical
+in every way. Specimens from Washington are flat so far as at present at
+hand; probably represent _D. deplanatum_ (R.) List., which the last
+named author regards as varietal of the present species, entering it and
+_D. lyallii_ as sub-species 2 and 1 respectively. _D. deplanatum_ may
+perhaps be best so disposed of; but _D. lyallii_ is distinguished at
+sight, as well as by microscopic characters, spores nearly twice as
+great, rougher and different in color.
+
+
+9. DIDERMA CINEREUM _Morg._
+
+  1894. _Diderma cinereum_ Morg., _Myx. Mi. Val._, p. 70.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, more or less crowded or even confluent,
+sub-globose, only slightly depressed, ashen white; the peridium not
+obviously double, very smooth and thin, rupturing irregularly;
+hypothallus an indistinct membrane or wholly wanting; columella large,
+globose or hemispheric, white, the surface granulose; capillitium of
+very slender colored threads, the extremities pellucid, more or less
+branched; spores violaceous, minutely warted, 9-11 µ.
+
+Growing on old wood, leaves, etc. The sporangium .3-.5 mm., thin and
+smooth or rugulose. This elegant little species I know only from
+specimens received from Mr. Morgan. It seems to be closely related to
+_D. spumarioides_, from which it is distinguished by its color, darker,
+and its smoother, or less spinulose spores. The author compares the
+color and external appearance to that of _P. cinereum_,--_Jour. Cin.
+Soc._, XVI., p. 154.
+
+Ohio, Pennsylvania.
+
+
+10. DIDERMA HEMISPHERICUM (_Bull._) _Horne._
+
+  1791. _Reticularia hemispherica_ Bull., _Cham. de Fr._, I., p. 93.
+  1829. _Didymium hemisphericum_ (Bull.) Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III.,
+           p. 115.
+  1829. _Diderma hemisphericum_ (Bull.) Horne., _Fl. Dan._, XI., p. 18.
+  1832. _Didymium michelii_ Lib., _Pl. Ard._, No. 180.
+  1873. _Chondrioderma michelii_ (Lib.) Rost., Fuckel, _Sym. Myc._,
+           p. 74.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, orbicular, discoid, depressed above and often
+umbilicate below, stipitate or sometimes sessile, the outer peridium
+white, fragile, crustaceous, soon breaking about the margins, closely
+applied to the inner, which is delicate, cinereous, and ruptures
+irregularly; stipe about equal to the diameter of the sporangium, 1 mm.,
+rather stout, calcareous but colored, brownish or alutaceous, more or
+less wrinkled longitudinally, the wrinkles when present forming veins on
+the lower surface of the sporangium; hypothallus small; columella not
+distinct from the thickened brownish or reddish base of the sporangium;
+capillitium of delicate threads, mostly simple and colorless, often
+scanty; spores pale violaceous, nearly smooth, 8-9 µ.
+
+A very well marked species, easily recognized, at least when stipitate,
+by its remarkable discoid or lenticular sporangia. After the
+spore-dispersal, the stipes are long-persistent, surmounted by a
+peculiar disk representing the consolidated columella, lower sporangial
+wall, and expanded stem-top. Sessile specimens are like similar forms of
+_D. reticulatum_, but in all the gatherings before us the stipitate type
+is at hand to reveal the identity of the species.
+
+Rostafinski's figures, 131, 146, 149, and 150, adapted from Corda,
+exaggerate the hypothallus, but otherwise leave nothing to be desired.
+
+As to synonymy, Bulliard has plainly the priority. His figure, t. 446,
+Fig. 1, can refer to nothing else, especially reënforced as it is by
+Sowerby, _Eng. Fung._, t. 12.
+
+Rather rare on fallen stems of herbaceous plants, but widely
+distributed, New England to Oregon and Washington.
+
+
+11. DIDERMA SAUTERI (_Rost._) _Macbr._
+
+  1875. _Chondrioderma sauteri_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 181.
+  1891. _Chondrioderma aculeatum_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 390.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, sessile, lenticular or hemispherical,
+flattened above and sometimes concave or umbilicate below, dusky or
+yellowish white, the outer peridium papyraceous, thin, occasionally
+wrinkled, rupturing irregularly, remote from the inner, which is thin,
+delicate, semi-transparent, grayish, rarely iridescent; hypothallus
+none; columella irregular, sometimes small and hardly evident, rugose,
+with spine-like processes, the persisting bases of the capillitial
+threads, reddish brown; capillitium scanty, white, or colorless, simple
+or sparingly branched; spores dark violaceous, spinulose, 12-13 µ.
+
+This is _Chondrioderma aculeatum_ Rex, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil._,
+1891, p. 390. After careful comparison of specimens and various
+descriptions, especially that of Rostafinski with the type specimens of
+Dr. Rex, I am constrained to concur with Lister in adopting
+Rostafinski's name. The sporangia in the type specimens (Rex) are on
+moss, borne at the extreme tips of acuminate or aculeate leaves, so that
+at first sight they appear stipitate.
+
+Apparently rare. Maine, New York.
+
+
+12. DIDERMA COR-RUBRUM _Macbr. n. s._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 2
+
+Sporangia gregarious clustered, small .5-.7 mm., sessile
+corrugate-plicate, especially above, snow-white, the outer peridium
+cartilaginous polished without and within, the inner delicate,
+evanescent; columella well developed, globose or clavate, anchored by
+several stout transverse trabeculæ to the peridial wall, papillate,
+deep-red as is the peridium especially below; capillitium very delicate,
+sparingly branching, colorless; spores verruculose, fuliginous tinged
+with red, about 12 µ.
+
+This curious but elegant little species is represented by a single
+colony collected by Professor Morton Peck in Iowa. It resembles _D.
+sauteri_ but is distinguished by the plicate white wall, the stout
+columella with its lateral extensions, as by the more delicate spores.
+On rotten wood.
+
+
+13. DIDERMA OCHRACEUM _Hoffm._
+
+  1795. _Diderma ochraceum_ Hoffm., _Deutsch. Fl. Tab._ 9, 2, b.
+  1911. _Diderma ochraceum_ Hoffm., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 109.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or clustered, .7-1 mm., sessile, globose or
+sometimes plasmodiocarpous, ochraceous yellow; outer wall cartilaginous
+with yellow deposits of lime, the inner also yellow, adherent or free;
+columella not distinct; capillitium simple or branching, purple-brown,
+hyaline at base; spores spinulose, purplish-grey, 9-11 µ.
+
+Mr. Lister reports this species from Massachusetts.
+
+
+14. DIDERMA ROANENSE (_Rex_) _Macbr._
+
+  1893. _Chondrioderma roanense_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 368.
+
+Sporangia scattered, discoidal, thin, flattened or slightly convex
+above, plane or plano-concave below, umber-brown, stipitate, the outer
+peridium smooth, brittle, rupturing irregularly, the basal fragments
+somewhat persistent, concrete with the inner peridium, which is pure
+white, except near the columella, and punctate; stipe short, variable,
+longitudinally ridged, jet-black; hypothallus none; columella flat,
+discoidal, pale ochraceous; capillitium sparse, white or colorless,
+composed of simple, rarely forked, sinuous threads occasionally joined
+by lateral branches; spores dark violaceous, distinctly warted, 12-14 µ.
+
+This species is readily distinguished by its color. The sporangia, found
+on rotten wood, are large, 1 mm., brown, and have thick, persistent
+walls. Dr. Rex considered that the species differs from other related
+forms not only in color, but in the well-marked discoidal columella and
+the jet-black irregular stipe. It is perhaps most nearly related to the
+following species.
+
+Tennessee.
+
+
+15. DIDERMA RADIATUM (_Linn._) _Morg._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 8
+
+  1753. _Lycoperdon radiatum_ Linn. (?) _Sp. Pl._, 1654.
+  1797. _Didymium stellare_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 21.
+  1801. _Diderma stellare_ (Schrad.) Persoon, _Syn._, p. 164.
+  1875. _Chondrioderma radiatum_ (Linn.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 182.
+  1894. _Diderma radiatum_ (Linn.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 66.
+  1899. _Diderma stellare_ Schrad., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p 104.
+  1911. _Diderma radiatum_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 112.
+
+Sporangia scattered, depressed-globose, sometimes also flattened below,
+stipitate, smooth or slightly corrugate, ashen or brownish, about 1 mm.
+in diameter, the peridium dehiscing irregularly or somewhat radiately
+from above downwards, the segments reflexed, the inner layer not
+distinguishable, or inseparable; stipe short, stout, brownish, sometimes
+almost lacking; hypothallus not conspicuous, but sometimes sufficient to
+connect the bases of adjacent stipes; columella large, hemispherical or
+globose, pallid or yellowish; capillitium abundant, of slender generally
+simple, colored threads, paler at the furcate tips; spores dark
+violaceous, minutely roughened, 8-11 µ.
+
+Rare on rotten logs in the forests; September. Easily recognized by the
+short-stiped, ashen sporangia which before dehiscence indicate by
+delicate tracings the lines which subsequent cleavage is to follow. In
+texture the peridium resembles that of _D. floriforme_.
+
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Virginia, Colorado, Washington, Oregon; Europe
+generally.
+
+The Linnæan description on which to base the specific name _D. radiatum_
+is wholly inadequate. It appears also by the testimony of Linné _fils_,
+that _L. radiatum_ Linné is a lichen! and the name is so applied by
+Persoon. But in the Linnæan herbarium preserved at London, _teste_
+Lister, the original type of _Lycoperdon radiatum_ L. may yet be seen!
+to the confusion of _fils_, Persoon, and other followers of Schrader
+all, and our stellar species becomes radiate now, let us hope for long!
+
+
+16. DIDERMA TREVELYANI (_Grev._) _Fr._
+
+  1825. _Leangium trevelyani_ Grev., _Scot., Cr. Fl._, Tab. 132.
+  1829. _Diderma trevelyani_ (Grev.) Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 105.
+  1875. _Chondrioderma trevelyani_ (Grev.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 182.
+  1877. _Diderma geasteroides_ Phill., _Grev._, V., p. 113.
+  1877. _Diderma laciniatum_ Phill., _Grev._, V., p. 113.
+
+Sporangia scattered, globose or nearly so, smooth or verruculose,
+reddish-brown or rufescent, sessile or short-stipitate, the outer
+peridium firm, splitting more or less regularly into unequal, revolute,
+petal-like lobes which are white within, the inner not distinguishable
+as such; stipe, when present, equal, furrowed, concolorous; columella
+small or none; capillitium abundant, the threads rather rigid, purple or
+purplish brown, branching and anastomosing, more or less beaded; spores
+dark, violaceous brown, spinulose, 10-13 µ.
+
+In 1876, Harkness and Moore collected in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of
+California, forms of _Diderma_ which are described by Phillips, _Grev._,
+V., p. 113, as _D. geasteroides_ and _D. laciniatum_. English
+authorities who have examined the material agree that the forms
+described constitute but a single species, and Lister makes them
+identical with _D. trevelyani_ (Grev.) Fr. Rostafinski's figures, 161,
+162, are a curious reproduction, evidently, of Fried. Nees von
+Esenbeck's, Plate IX., Fig. 4. Massee describes a columella; Lister
+says there is none. What may occasion such divergence of statement none
+may say; such forms as come in so far from our western mountains have no
+columella.
+
+
+17. DIDERMA ASTEROIDES _List._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Figs. 3, 3 _a_
+
+  1902. _Diderma asteroides_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XL, p. 209.
+  1911. _Diderma asteroides_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 113.
+
+Sporangia globose or ovoid-globose, the apex more or less acuminate,
+sessile, sometimes narrowed at the base to a short, thick stalk, brown
+or chocolate tinted, marked at the apex by radiant lines, and at length
+dehiscent by many reflexing lobes revealing the snow-white adherent
+inner peridium on the exposed or upper side; columella also white,
+globose or depressed-globose; capillitium generally colorless, somewhat
+branched, especially above; spores dark violaceous, verruculose, 10-12
+µ.
+
+Oregon, the Three Sisters Mountains; Colorado; California.
+
+A very beautiful species, recognizable at sight; when unopened, by the
+peculiar chocolate brown, the sporangia smaller than in _D. radiatum_.
+When opened, the snow-white flower-like figure, flat against the
+substratum, is definitive. Very near number 16 preceding; the dehiscence
+more regular.
+
+
+18. DIDERMA FLORIFORME (_Bull._) _Pers._
+
+PLATE VIII., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_.
+
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus floriformis_ Bulliard, _Champ._, p. 142, t. 371.
+  1794. _Diderma floriforme_ (Bull.) Persoon, _Röm. N. Mag. Bot._,
+           p. 89.
+
+Sporangia crowded, generally in dense colonies, globose, smooth,
+ochraceous-white, stipitate, the peridium thick, cartilaginous,
+splitting from above into several petal-like lobes, which become
+speedily reflexed exposing the swarthy spore-mass, the inner peridium
+not discoverable, inseparable; stipe concolorous, about equal to the
+sporangium; hypothallus, generally well developed, but thin,
+membranaceous, common to all the sporangia; columella prominent, globose
+or cylindric, often constricted below, and prolonged upward almost to
+the top of the spore-case; capillitium of slender, delicate, sparingly
+branched threads; spores dark violaceous-brown, studded with scattered
+warts, 10-11 µ.
+
+Not uncommon, especially on rotten oak logs. Easily recognized by the
+peculiar form of the fruit, spherical before dehiscence, floriform
+after. Unlike most species, this form often fruits in dark places, in
+the interior of a log, even in the ground.
+
+New England, Ontario to Iowa and Nebraska, and south.
+
+
+19. DIDERMA RUGOSUM (_Rex_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 10.
+
+  1893. _Chondrioderma rugosum_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 369.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, white or ashen, rugulose over the whole
+surface, the ridges marking the lines of subsequent rupture or
+dehiscence, the peridium thin papyraceous, stipitate; stipe well
+developed about equal to the sporangium, subulate, almost black;
+hypothallus none; columella distinct, generally white, sometimes small,
+globose, sometimes penetrating the sporangium, to one-half the height;
+capillitium white or colorless, the filaments freely forked and combined
+by lateral branches into a loose network attached to the columella and
+basal wall below and the upper sporangial wall above; spores
+violaceous-brown, warted, 8-10 µ.
+
+This species is well designated _rugosum_, and is recognizable at sight
+by its wrinkled, areolate surface. Related to _D. radiatum_ in the
+prefigured dehiscence, but otherwise very distinct. Liable to be
+overlooked as a prematurely dried physarum. Rare. Plasmodium gray.
+
+North Carolina, Iowa.
+
+
+=4. Lepidoderma= _DeBary_
+
+  1858. _Lepidoderma_ DeBy., MS. Rost., _Versuch_, p. 13.
+
+Sporangia stalked or sessile; peridium cartilaginous, adorned without
+with large calcareous scales, superficial or shut in lenticular
+cavities; capillitium non-calcareous.[33]
+
+
+=Key to Species of Lepidoderma=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia stipitate, stipe brown                 1. _L. tigrinum_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia sessile, plasmodiocarpous,
+         spores 10-12 µ                              2. _L. carestianum_
+
+  _C._ Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, spores 8-10 µ      3. _L. chailletii_
+
+
+1. LEPIDODERMA TIGRINUM (_Schrad._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XIV., Fig. 7.
+
+  1797. _Didymium tigrinum_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Plantarum_, p. 22.
+  1873. _Lepidoderma tigrinum_ (Schrad.) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 13.
+
+Sporangia scattered, rather large, hemispherical-depressed, stipitate,
+umbilicate beneath, the peridium shining, olivaceous or purplish, tough,
+covered more or less abundantly with angular scales; the stipe stout,
+furrowed, dark brown, but containing calcareous deposits withal,
+tapering upward, and continued within the peridium as a pronounced more
+or less calcareous columella; hypothallus more or less prominent,
+yellowish or brownish; capillitium dark, purplish-brown, of sparingly
+branching threads radiating from the columella; spores dull
+purplish-brown, minutely roughened, 10-12 µ.
+
+A singular species, rare, but easily recognized by its peculiar, placoid
+scales, large and firmly embedded in the peridial wall. The internal
+structure is essentially that of _Diderma_ or _Didymium_. The species
+occurs in hilly or mountainous regions, on moss-covered logs. The
+plasmodium pale yellow, some part of it not infrequently remains as a
+venulose hypothallus connecting such sporangia as are near together.
+
+New England to Washington and Oregon; Vancouver Island.
+
+
+2. LEPIDODERMA CARESTIANUM (_Rabenh._) _Rost._
+
+  1862. _Reticularia carestiana_ Rabenh., _MS. Fung. Eur. exsic._,
+           No. 436.
+  1875. _Lepidoderma carestianum_ (Rabenh.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 188.
+  1891. _Amaurochaete minor_ Sacc. & Ell., _Mich._, II., p. 566.
+
+Fructification in the form of flat, pulvinate plasmodiocarps, or, anon,
+sporangiate, the sporangia sessile, sub-globose, ellipsoidal, elongate,
+irregular, confluent, yellowish-grey, the peridium covered more or less
+completely with dull white, crystals or crystal-like scales; columella,
+where visible, yellowish-brown, calcareous; capillitium, coarse, rigid,
+more or less branched and united, or colorless, delicate, forming a
+definite net; spores distinctly warted, purple 10-12 µ.
+
+This is a most remarkable species. The sporangiate forms little resemble
+those distinctly plasmodiocarpal. In the former the calcic scales and
+crystals are distinct and quite as in _L. tigrinum_; in the latter they
+are cuboid, irregular. The wall of the peridium in the plasmodiocarps at
+hand is black, and the covering accordingly shows white; in the
+sporangial forms the wall is brown, and the scales have a yellow tinge
+as if tinged with iron. In the sporangial presentation the capillitium
+is intricate delicate; in the plasmodiocarp, rigid, dark-colored, etc.
+This looks like a didymium and in so far justifies the opinion of
+earlier students. Fries, of course, includes all these things with the
+didymiums, and _D. squamulosum_ probably often sheltered them under
+extended wing.
+
+_Didymium granuliferum_ Phill., _Grev._, V., p. 114, from California is
+by European authors referred here. The capillitium carries calcareous
+crystalline deposits in special vesicles and the spores show remarkable
+variation in unusual size--15-30 µ.[1]
+
+Should probably be entered _Lepidoderma granuliferum_ (Phill.) Fr.,
+spores 15-18 µ.[34]
+
+Utah,--Harkness.
+
+
+3. LEPIDODERMA CHAILLETII _Rost._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.
+
+Sporangia distinct, coalescent or plasmodiocarpous, large, when isolated
+1-1.5 mm., dull drab in color, very sparsely sprinkled with white
+tetrahedral or irregular scales; the peridium thin, more or less
+translucent, rugulose, dull brown, persistent; columella none;
+capillitium abundant, under the lens purple-brown, sparingly branched,
+even, stout, rigid, no calcareous deposits nor vesicles; spores 8-10 µ,
+minutely warted, fuliginous.
+
+Yosemite Cañon, California, _Prof. B. Shimek._
+
+This is, no doubt, similar to _L. carestianum_ but differs in the size
+and habit of the sporangia, and in the fact that the capillitium is
+uniform throughout, whatever the style of fructification, and in the
+size, color, and surface characters of the spore.
+
+Evidently not _Didymium granuliferum_ Phill. Both will, no doubt, be
+again collected, and we shall then have much needed light.
+
+Nor is this quite Rostafinski's species as cited. The spores are much
+smaller; Rostafinski says 10-12 or more, and calls for a distinctly
+netted capillitium, the surface strongly marked by abundant calcareous
+crystals. Ours may be a different thing.
+
+
+=5. Colloderma= _G. Lister_
+
+  1910. _Colloderma, Jour. of Botany_, XLVIII., p. 312.
+
+Peridium double; the outer gelatinous, the inner membranaceous;
+capillitium intricate, limeless.
+
+
+COLLODERMA OCULATUM (_Lipp._) _G. Lister._
+
+  1894. _Didymium oculatum_ Lipp., _Verh. Zo-Bot. Ges. Wien_, XLIV.,
+           p. 74.
+  1910. _Colloderma oculatum_ (Lipp.) G. List., _Jour. Bot._, XLVIII.,
+           p. 312.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, or sub-globose, sessile or
+short-stipitate, olivaceous or purplish-brown, smooth and shining, the
+outer peridium gelatinous, thickened by moisture, hyaline; stipe dark
+brown; columella none; capillitium as in _Didymium_ purplish-brown,
+colorless at the tips; spores spinulose, fuscous, about 12 µ.
+
+New Hampshire, Europe.
+
+Our specimens from the late Dr. W. G. Farlow who collected it in New
+Hampshire. Swollen by immersion in water the sporangia take on an
+eye-like appearance, oculate, etc.
+
+
+=EXTRA-LIMITAL=
+
+PHYSARINA _von Höhnel._
+
+  1909. _Physarina_ von Höhnel, _Akad. Wiss. Wien; Math-nat. KL._,
+           CXVIII., p. 431.
+
+Sporangium wall rough with blunt spine-like processes, otherwise as
+_Diderma_.
+
+One species, _op. cit._, p. 432, _P. echinocephala_ v. Höhn.
+
+Java. Might as well be called _Diderma echinocephalum_, one would think.
+Structure is that of _Leangium_. The striking character is a surface
+modification of the outer peridium, according to the description.
+
+
+ORDER II
+
+=STEMONITALES=
+
+Capillitium present, thread-like, arising in typical cases from a
+well-developed columella; spores in mass, black or violet-brown, more
+rarely ferruginous.
+
+
+=Key to the Families of Stemonitales=
+
+  _A._ Fructification æthalioid, capillitium poorly
+         defined; columella rudimentary or none           AMAUROCHÆTACEÆ
+
+  _B._ Fructification of distinct sporangia, capillitium
+         well defined; the columella generally prominent,
+         long and abundantly branched throughout            STEMONITACEÆ
+
+  _C._ Sporangia distinct; capillitium developed chiefly
+         or only, from the summit of the columella        LAMPRODERMACEÆ
+
+
+_A._ AMAUROCHÆTACEÆ
+
+Fructification æthalioid, an inch or two in diameter, in form varying
+with the habitat and place; capillitium dendroid, consisting of rather
+stout branches which rise irregularly more or less vertically from the
+hypothallus, branch repeatedly, often anastomose to form a network,
+especially toward the periphery; spores black.
+
+A single genus--
+
+
+=1. Amaurochæte= _Rostafinski_
+
+  1873. _Amaurochaete_ Rost., _Versuch._, p. 8.
+
+The genus _Amaurochaete_ as defined by Rostafinski and the genus
+_Reticularia_ as represented by _R. lycoperdon_ Bull. stand, the
+expression, perhaps, of not dissimilar histories. Whether in regressive
+or progressive series, each to-day presents a case of arrested
+development. Each in æthalioid fructification, reveals a mass of
+involved individual (?) sporangia, so imperfectly developed that their
+outlines can be inferred rather than anywhere, with absolute
+definiteness, certainly ascertained. Perhaps, because similar sporangia
+in the group to which either belongs, do come under other circumstances,
+to more perfect individual form and function--perhaps for this reason we
+may look upon these æthalia as exhibiting a suspended performance; the
+sporangia have failed to go forward to what was evidently a possible,
+though apparently not an essential destiny in form and figure. For the
+care and dispersal of the spores, achievement must surely be somewhat
+impaired. Whatever the measure of such inefficiency, among the
+_Stemonitales Amaurochaete_ shows the acme, as _Reticularia_ among the
+brown-spored forms.
+
+In _Amaurochaete_ the individuality of anything like separate sporangia
+is less clear. The view afforded, however, by a good vertical section of
+a well-developed colony or cushion is interestingly arborescent. Ragged,
+dendroid stems arise, dissipated above into a network most intricate, a
+"pleached arbor" if you please. The resemblance of the overhead net to
+that presented by a stemonitis or comatricha is very striking.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Amaurochæte=
+
+  _A._ Capillitium rigid, irregular spores rough      1. _A. fuliginosa_
+  _B._ Capillitium soft, woolly, cincinnate,
+         spores as in _A_                               2. _A. tubulina_
+
+1. AMAUROCHÆTE FULIGINOSA (_Sowerby_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE V., Figs. 8, 8 _a_.
+
+  1803. _Lycoperdon fuliginosum_ Sow., _Eng. Fung._, t. 257.
+  1805. _Lycogala atrum_, Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p. 83.
+  1875. _Amaurochaete atra_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 211.
+
+Fructification aethalioid, varying in form and size, if on the upper
+side of the substratum, pulvinate, if below pendent and almost
+stipitate, covered with a delicate cortex, at first shining, soon dull,
+black, fragile, and early dissipated; hypothallus long-persisting,
+supporting the capillitium, which is extremely variable, irregular, and
+for its perfection dependent upon the form assumed by the æthalium, and
+the conditions of weather, etc., under which it matures, sometimes,
+especially when prostrate, in a very much depressed æthalium, spreading
+into long fibrous threads, again under better conditions rising in
+columella-like forms, supporting a peripheral net; spores dark brown or
+black, irregularly globose, spinulose, 12.5-15 µ.
+
+Common in Europe, and probably not uncommon in this country wherever
+pine forests occur. Specimens before us are from New England and New
+York, Ohio, Carolina, Colorado. Canada.
+
+Sowerby, in his comment on plate 257, _Eng. Fungi_, says: "It appears to
+consist of branching threads affixed to the deal and holding a dense
+mass of sooty powder. Over the whole is a thin, deciduous pellicle."
+This description seems to be applicable to nothing else. The figure
+amounts to little. Fries recognizes the English description, as does
+Rostafinski, but both authors adopt the later name given by Albertini
+and Schweinitz, simply because of the excellent detailed description
+found in the _Conspectus_.
+
+
+2. AMAUROCHÆTE TUBULINA (_Alb. & Schw._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XX., 6 and 6 _a_.
+
+  1805. _Stemonitis tubulina_ (Alb. & Schw.), _Cons. Fung._, p. 102.
+  1825. _Lachnobolus cribrosus_ Fr., _Syst. Orb. Veg._, p. 14.
+  1912. _Amaurochaete cribrosa_ (Fr.) Macbr., _Com. in litt._
+           to Herbaria, Harvard, etc.[35]
+  1917. _Amaurochaete cribrosa_ (Fr.) Sturg., G. Lister, _Jour. Bot._,
+           LVIII, p. 109.
+
+Plasmodium at first transparent then white then rosy, ashen or grey
+finally deepening to jet-black; the æthalium even, thin, variable in
+extent from one to ten centimeters, covered by a distinct but thin
+transparent cortex, papillate, extended laterally but a short distance
+beyond the fructification, fragile, soon disappearing; hypothallus
+long-persistent, thin, silvery, supporting the capillitium as if by
+stipes, short slender columns, irregular plates, expansions, etc.; the
+capillitium an intricate network, very abundant, elastic, on fall of the
+peridium appearing like tiny tufts of wool, the meshes large, but formed
+as in _Stemonitis_, persistent, dull black; spores, under the lens, dull
+olivaceous black, minutely roughened, 12-14 µ.
+
+This species differs from the preceding, already well known, especially
+in the capillitial characters. In the older species the capillitial
+branches fray out, and are only sparingly united into a net extremely
+lax. In the present form the net is the thing, common to all sporangia.
+The total effect is to lend to the blown-out æthalium a woolly
+appearance, entirely unlike that of its congener under the same
+conditions. But until fructification is quite mature, the presence of
+the collaborating sporangia below is indicated, suggested, by the
+papillose upper surface.
+
+The amaurochetes are remarkable in that they appear upon coniferous
+wood, logs or lumber, to all appearance undecayed. The species just
+described developed abundantly in August on the recently decorticated
+logs of _Pinus ponderosa_, on the south-western slopes of Mt. Rainier,
+Washington. In logging operations in the locality referred to, the trees
+are felled often at considerable distance from the mill. They are not
+infrequently large, 75-120 cm. in diameter. The logs are dragged along
+the ground, the transportation facilitated by removal of the bark from
+the new fallen trunk. In a few weeks' time, affected by alternate rain
+and sun, the whole surface becomes marked with hundreds of minute,
+almost invisible cracks, and it is in the larger of these that the
+plasmodium of the present species has its habitat. Hardly any mycologic
+phenomenon is more surprising than to see plasmodia rising to
+fructification, scores at a time, upon a surface, new and white, showing
+otherwise no evidence of any decomposition. Doubtless the persisting
+cambium, the unused starches, sugars, the wood of the season yet
+unlignified, afford easily accessible nutrition.
+
+When this form was first examined in the laboratory its distinctness was
+immediately seen. It was without doubt Fries' cribrose reticularia;
+nobody questions that. Under this name, citing Fries' description,
+specimens were sent out to herbaria as Harvard. Further study of the
+records, however, soon convinces one familiar with the ontogeny of the
+case that we are here face to face with the species, described by Alb. &
+Schw. in their fine _Conspectus_. Their account of the form, evidently
+often taken and now described with great care, is entirely clear when
+read in presence of the facts. It is here submitted, as less easy of
+access but essential, if the reader would appreciate the present
+disposal of the species.
+
+
+"S. Tubulina NOBIS
+
+"_S. magna pulvinata subhemisphaerica, stylidiis gregariis
+circinantibus, capillitiis elongatis cylindraceis in massam pulveraceam
+fuscam connatis, apicibus obtusis, prominulis, lucidis nigris._
+
+"The size indeed, the circumscribed form, the capillitiums conjoined
+into a single body--indue this (form) with an appearance peculiar to a
+degree; however, should anyone prefer to call it a very remarkable
+variety of the preceding (_S. fasciculata_), we shall not strenuously
+refuse. At first glance it looks like a tubulina. After the fashion of
+its kind, the beginning is soft and milky. The diameter generally an
+inch and a half to two inches, the height four to six lines; the form
+perfectly round, or more rarely somewhat oblong. The hypothallus, stout,
+pellucid silvery, betimes iridescent, when turned to the light, easily
+separable from the substratum, bears the columellae, dusky, thin,
+hair-like, aggregate and yet entirely free, and everywhere circinately
+convergent, depressed by the superimposed burden, hence decumbent: ...
+the capillitium loosely interwoven, coalesces to a common mass whose
+smooth and shining surface shows above, regularly disposed minute
+papillae, the apices of individual sporangia.
+
+"Far from infrequent, on decorticate pine, of _Lycogala atrum_ a
+constant companion"!
+
+It goes of course without saying, that for the authors quoted, _Lycogala
+atrum_ is _Amaurochaete atra_ Rost. _A. fuliginosa_ (Sow.) of more
+recent students, described and perfectly figured in the volume cited.
+
+It is surprising that they did not enter the present species also as a
+lycogala. But the stemonitis relationship this time impressed them
+rather than the æthalial; besides they were misled by the _S.
+fasciculata_ of Gmelin and Persoon, a composite which the genius of
+Fries hardly availed to disentangle twenty-five years later.
+
+The last named author, as we see, wrote first _Lachnobolus_, then
+_Reticularia_. He calls the interwoven capillitium--_lachne_, wool, a
+"_pilam tactu eximie elasticam_," etc. He read the description in the
+_Conspectus_, but carried away the stemonitis suggestion dominant there,
+as we have seen, put _S. tubulina_ A. & S. as an undeveloped phase of
+_S. fusca_, which, of course, it is not. It needed not the authority of
+Rostafinski, _Mon._, p. 197, to assure us this. The earlier authors
+describe the species in course of development to complete maturity, and
+clinch the story by declaring the form a constant companion of the
+commonly recognized amaurochete, so fixing the relationship for us by
+habitat also.
+
+These men made a mistake, of course, in placing their species among the
+stemonites at all. They did much better however than Fries who called it
+a reticularia. It was also a mistake to cite _S. fasciculata_,--the
+small fasciculate tufts of _S. fusca_ and _S. axifera_ offering by the
+aggregate habit only faint resemblance,--a possible refuge for those who
+would prefer another disposition of their species distinct (_aliena_)
+though it is.
+
+Since Fries' day the species has been overlooked although the genus has
+received more than once attention. Zukal _Hedwigia_, XXXV., p. 335,
+describes _A. speciosa_ as a new species. This Saccardo writes down,
+Syll. Fung., VII., p. 399, _S. tubulina_ A. & S., admitting, however, at
+the same time, that as fine an authority as Raciborsky refuses to call
+Zukal's species either a stemonite or an amaurochete, thinks it
+deserving generic appellation of its own.
+
+However, _A. speciosa_ Zuk. need not here concern us. Neither in his
+description nor figures does Zukal at all approach the form we study.
+His species is not an amaurochete; the size of the spores suggest that,
+to say nothing of the capillitial structure.
+
+In the same volume VII., the distinguished author introduces another
+amaurochete, _A. minor_ Sacc. & Ellis, _Mich._ II., p. 566. This is
+American; sent from Utah by our famous pioneer collector Harkness. A
+specimen is before us: it is a lepidoderma! in shining, scaly armor
+dressed; vid. under _L. carestianum_.
+
+Since the distribution of Washington material, as mentioned, our species
+reappears at various points in western Europe, points in England, etc.,
+and will no doubt now share, hereafter as a century ago, the habitat so
+long conceded to the long familiar older type.
+
+
+_B._ STEMONITACEÆ
+
+Capillitium abundant, springing usually as dissipating branches from all
+parts of the columella; the sporangia generally definite and distinct,
+though sometimes closely placed and generally rising from a common
+hypothallus.
+
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Stemonitaceæ=
+
+  _A._ Fructification æthalioid; capillitium charged
+         with vesicles                                    1. _Brefeldia_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia distinct, or nearly so.
+
+     _a._ Stipe and columella jet-black.
+
+          1. Capillitium so united as to form a surface
+               net                                       2. _Stemonitis_
+
+          2. Capillitial branch-tips free                3. _Comatricha_
+
+     _b._ Stipe and columella whitish; calcareous          4. _Diachaea_
+
+=1. Brefeldia= _Rostafinski_
+
+  1873. _Brefeldia_ Rost., _Versuch_, p. 8.
+
+Sporangia occupying in the æthalium several layers, those of the median,
+and especially of the lowest layers, furnished with columellæ which
+blend beneath; capillitium threads in the lowest layers arising from the
+columella, in the upper extending radiately between the individual
+sporangia, and united at the sporangial limits by means of rather large
+inflated sacs.
+
+The genus _Brefeldia_ is, like some others, difficult to dispose of in
+any scheme of classification where linear sequence must be followed.
+Rostafinski placed it in an order by itself. Its relationships are on
+the one hand with _Amaurochaete_ and _Reticularia_, and on the other
+with the _Stemonitales_, though easily distinguished from either. It is
+intermediate to _Amaurochaete_ and _Stemonitis_, and withal, as it
+appears to us, a little nearer the latter, as the limits of the
+individual sporangia are in _Brefeldia_ pretty well defined.
+
+
+1. BREFELDIA MAXIMA (_Fr._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE V., Figs. 7, 7 _a_, 7 _b_, and PLATES XXI., XXII.
+
+  1825. _Reticularia maxima_ Fries, _Syst. Orb. Veg._, I., p. 147.
+  1875. _Brefeldia maxima_ (Fr.) Rost., _Versuch._, p. 8.
+
+Æthalium large, four to twenty cm, papillate above, violet-black at
+first, then purple or purple-brown, developed upon a widespread,
+silver-shining hypothallus; sporangia in favorable cases distinct,
+indicated above by the papillæ; columellæ obscure, black; capillitium
+abundant, the threads uniting by multifid ends to surround as with a net
+the peculiar vesicles; spore-mass dark violet-black, the individual
+spores paler by transmitted light, distinctly papillose, 12-15 µ.
+
+A very remarkable species and one of the largest, rivalled by _Fuligo_
+only. To be compared with _Reticularia_, which it resembles somewhat
+externally, and with some of the larger specimens of _Enteridium_. The
+plasmodium at first white with a bluish tinge is developed abundantly in
+rotten wood, preferably a large oak stump, and changes color as maturity
+comes on, much in the fashion of _Stemonitis splendens_, leaving a
+widespread hypothallic film to extend far around the perfected
+fruit-mass. In well-matured æthalia, "_Jove favente_," the sporangia
+stand out perfectly distinct, particularly above and around the margins.
+Closely and compactly crowded, they become prismatic by mutual pressure,
+and attain sometimes the height of half an inch or more. In the centre
+of the fructification, next the hypothallus, the sporangia are very
+imperfectly differentiated. Many are here horizontally placed, and
+perhaps supplied with an imperfectly formed peridium,--if so are to be
+interpreted the lowest parts of the capillitial structure, the long,
+branching, ribbon-like strands which lie along the hypothallus. Some of
+these branch repeatedly with flat anastomosing branchlets, ultimately
+fray out into lengthened threads, and perish after all the
+superstructure has been blown away. From every part of the structure so
+described, but more especially from the margins, are given off in
+profusion the strange cystiferous threads, so characteristic of this
+genus. These are exceeding delicate filaments, attached at one end, it
+may be, to a principal branch, at the other free or united to a second
+which again joins a third, and so looping and branching, dividing, they
+form a more or less extended network, a capillitium in which are
+entangled the myriad spores. Each filament bears at its middle point (or
+is it the meeting point of two?) a peculiar plexus which embraces
+several large cysts or vesicles whose function or further homology does
+not readily appear.
+
+From the base of the fructification rise also ascending branches which
+are black, terete, and not infrequently branched as if to form the
+capillitium of a stemonitis. These ascending branches are in many cases,
+probably in all, real, though as yet imperfectly developed, columellæ.
+They rise, at least in many cases, directly from the hypothallus, each
+is central to an individual sporangium, rises to about two-thirds its
+height, but never attains the summit. The sporangia are so crowded that
+many are choked off below, never reach the top of the æthalium. In such
+cases the columella may cease at the sporangium-top. The columella bears
+cystiferous threads sparingly, if at all; nevertheless these abound in
+the peripheral portions of the sporangium all the way up, and are
+especially noticeable beyond the level of the top of the columella. Many
+are so arranged that the plexus with its vesicles occupies a place in
+the plane separating adjacent sporangia, suggesting the possibility that
+we have here to do with an imperfectly developed surface-net and
+peridium. In this view the cysts would represent the meeting-point of
+two opposite radial capillitial threads rather than the middle of one.
+This accords with Rostafinski's observations and drawings. The cysts,
+then, belong morphologically to the peridium or sporangium wall. It is a
+stemonitis whose sporangia have never been perfectly differentiated, a
+case of arrested development. See further under _Stemonitis confluens_.
+
+Rostafinski really offers the first definitive description. Fries
+probably distinguished it, but his description would not indicate the
+fact except for the added note wherein appears the reason for discarding
+an apparently older name, viz., that given by Link. But neither Link nor
+Sowerby distinguished by description or figure _Brefeldia_ from
+_Amaurochaete_.
+
+Throughout the northern forest; Maine to Vancouver Island: not common.
+
+
+=2. Stemonitis= (_Gleditsch_) _Rost._
+
+  1753. _Stemonitis_ Gleditsch, in part, _Meth. Fung._, p. 140.
+  1873. _Stemonitis_ (Gleditsch) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 7.
+
+Sporangia distinct, though often closely aggregate, cylindric,
+stipitate; columella prominent; capillitium well developed by repeated
+lateral and apical branching of the columella, at length assuming at the
+surface the form of a distinct net which supports an evanescent
+peridium.
+
+The genus is marked by its surface-net supported at the tips of the
+dichotomously branched divisions of the columella. Over the net is
+spread, theoretically at least, the peridial film supported by very
+short points projecting from the net,--the peridial processes; the
+peridium, however, is seldom seen; in some cases, certainly, is never
+developed. Rostafinski first defined the genus as employed by recent
+writers. Gleditsch simply renamed Micheli's _Clathroidastrum_; all
+writers subsequent included species of other genera.
+
+The taxonomy of this genus is of the most difficult. Macroscopic,
+defining characters are few, and even these sometimes uncertain.
+Microscopic distinctions also tend to be illusive, variable in such
+fashion that often at the critical point the most exact description
+fails. All that may be done at present is to recognize two or three
+definite types and then cautiously differentiate among these with the
+light we have, until more general study of the group brings to service a
+wider range of observation with more comprehensive record on which
+judgment may better be sustained.
+
+We have before us many and beautiful forms of this genus yet unstudied.
+Some of these doubtless have already found place in our growing
+taxonomic literature; some apparently undescribed; all to wait wider
+leisure or perhaps a younger hand.
+
+The entire life-history of every form is none too much if we would set
+out with any hope of accuracy the genetic relationships for which
+taxonomy stands. Recently European students are making the color of the
+plasmodium a basis for species-discrimination, which is good so far. But
+plasmodic characters are at present unserviceable generally, for two
+reasons; they vary in the same species; and unfortunately, when most
+needed, they are unknown and inaccessible. The student is generally
+confronted by forms mature, the plasmodic stage already past.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Stemonitis=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia connately united.
+
+     _a._ Spores verruculose                           1. _S. confluens_
+
+     _b._ Spores reticulate                          2. _S. trechispora_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia at maturity distinct.
+
+     _a._ Spore-mass grayish black.
+
+          1. Larger, 8-12 mm. spores distinctly
+               reticulate or warted, but sometimes
+               nearly smooth        3. _S. fusca_
+
+          2. Spores reticulate and spinulose.
+
+             i. Spores adherent, clustered               4. _S. uvifera_
+
+            ii. Sporangia very tall, 15-20 mm.,
+                  rigid                              5. _S. dictyospora_
+
+           iii. Sporangia short, jet- or
+                  violet-black                        6. _S. nigrescens_
+
+     _b._ Spore-mass rich brown.
+
+          1. Columella central.
+
+             i. Sporangia shorter, 5-6 mm., spores
+                  banded                            7. _S. virginiensis_
+
+            ii. Sporangia 8-10 mm.; spores
+                  verruculose                            8. _S. webberi_
+
+           iii. Sporangia tall, 15-20 mm. or more      9. _S. splendens_
+
+          2. Columella eccentric, sporangium in
+               cross-section, angular                10. _S. fenestrata_
+
+     _c._ Spore-mass ferruginous; sporangia in
+            tufts.
+
+          1. Spores smooth or nearly so.
+
+             i. Sporangia pale, small, 3-5 mm.,
+                  crowded, stipe unpolished             11. _S. smithii_
+
+            ii. Sporangia ferruginous; columella
+                  regular                               12. _S. axifera_
+
+           iii. Sporangia ferruginous; columella
+                  proliferate just below the apex   13. _S. flavogenita_
+
+            iv. Sporangia, spore-mass,
+                  dusky-purplish or brown.
+
+                 O On dead wood.
+
+                    o Scattered, apex blunt             14. _S. pallida_
+
+                   oo Clustered, acuminate         15. _S. carolinensis_
+
+                OO On living leaves, preferably,
+                     spore-mass brown                 16. _S. herbatica_
+
+
+1. STEMONITIS CONFLUENS _Cooke & Ellis._
+
+PLATE XI., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 5.
+
+  1876. _Stemonitis confluens_ Cke. & Ell., _Grev._, V., p. 51.
+  1894. _Stemonitis splendens var. confluens_ Lister, _Mycet._, p. 112.
+  1899. _Stemonitis confluens_ Cke. & Ell., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 114.
+  1911. _Stemonitis confluens_ Cke. & Ellis, List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._,
+           p. 147.
+
+"Sporangia fasciculate, confluent on a persistent hypothallus, dark
+fuscous; peridia very fugacious; stipes united at the base, erect,
+furcate; spores large, brown, globose. On oak bark.
+
+"The stems are branched in a furcate manner and confluent at the base,
+forming a compact tuft. The capillitium is membranaceous at the angles;
+spores very large compared with allied species, being 12 µ. The
+specimens were too fully matured for more satisfactory description."
+
+Such is the original description of this unique and interesting species.
+The sporangia occur in close-set tufts or clusters, are distinct,
+separate at their tips and bases only; perhaps not always at base. The
+capillitium rises by branching from the columella, rather more prolific
+than usual, and combines to form a distinct superficial net of large
+even meshes. From the outer arcs of the bounding net spring rather long
+acute processes which should support the peridium. This, however, is
+altogether rudimentary. In most places there is no sign of peridium at
+all, but here and there between contiguous sporangia opposite processes
+unite and at their point of union a tiny circular disk of the peridial
+membrane appears. At intervals, therefore, over the entire sporangium
+are seen these small brown disks, each about equalling in diameter the
+size of the average mesh. At other points the sporangia do not seem at
+all coalescent, but where the opposing processes do meet the union is
+perfect and the little disk seen edgewise looks like some delicate
+counter strung upon a wire.
+
+The interest attaching to this in view of what has been said about
+_Amaurochaete_ and _Brefeldia_ is obvious.
+
+Under the lens the spores and capillitium are concolorous, dark fuscous,
+the spores distinctly verruculose, about 12.5 µ.
+
+The original gathering here described was from New Jersey; twenty years
+later Mr. Ellis was so fortunate as to find again fine specimens all on
+oak bark. The sporangia are quite small, only 3 mm. high, when blown out
+concolorous with the habitat.
+
+
+2. STEMONITIS TRECHISPORA (_Berk._) _Torr._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 11, 11 _a_, 11 _b_, 11 _c_.
+
+  1909. _Stemonitis fusca_ (Roth) Rost. var. _trechispora_ (Berk.),
+          _Fl. Myxom._, Torrend, p. 141.
+  1911. _Stemonitis fusca var. trechispora_ Torr., List., _Mycetozoa,
+           2nd ed._, p. 144.
+
+Fructification in form of aggregations of more or less coalescent,
+small, dark-brown or dull black, sessile sporangia; hypothallus
+continuous, well-developed; columella black, gently tapering to a point
+beneath the apex, the capillitial branches, irregular, few, but passing
+into an open rather evenly-meshed net, the mesh several times the
+spore-diameter, free-ending branch-tips not lacking; the spores by
+transmitted light distinctly brown, the epispore a beautiful
+reticulation, a dozen or more cells to the hemisphere, 10-12 µ.
+
+This is entered sometimes as a variety of _S. fusca_ to which species
+relationship would seem remote. The differences lie in form, color and
+structure. The spores alone are distinctive; there are none such, so
+far, none just like them, elsewhere in the genus. Torrend and Lister
+both enter the form as varietal; why not set it out, and save questions?
+The habitat approaches that of _Amaurochaete_, but the sporangia are
+distinct.
+
+For our specimens we are indebted to the kindness of Dr. Roland Thaxter.
+The specimens were taken in a half-dry marsh, near Cambridge.
+
+Material from Toronto sent by Professor Faull is also provisionally here
+referred. The form has netted spores, but they are not quite the same.
+The structure besides is more that of an amaurochaete; it has the
+peculiar basal webs and band-like stipes at base, stipes that never rise
+from horizontal to perpendicular and characterize _Reticularia_ and
+especially _Brefeldia_ as well as the usual amaurochaete. See Plate XX.,
+Figs. 9, 9_a_, 9_b_.
+
+
+3. STEMONITIS FUSCA (_Roth_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE VI., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_
+
+  1787. _Stemonitis fusca_ Roth, _Röm. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 26.
+  1875. _Stemonitis fusca_ (Roth) Rost., _Mon._, p. 193.
+  1892. _Stemonitis fusca_ Rost., Massee, _Mon._, p. 72.
+  1895. _Stemonitis fusca_ Roth, List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 110.
+  1899. _Stemonitis fusca_ (Roth) Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 115.
+  1899. _Stemonitis maxima_ Schw., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 116.
+
+Sporangia tufted, generally in small clusters 6-8 mm., the individual
+sporangia slender, cylindric, blue-black or fuscous, becoming pallid as
+the spores are lost, stipitate; stipe short, about one-fourth the total
+height, black, shining; hypothallus scanty, but common to all the
+sporangia; columella prominent, attaining almost the apex of the
+sporangium, freely branching to support the capillitial net; capillitium
+of slender dusky threads, which freely anastomose to form a dense
+interior network, and outwardly at length combine to form a
+close-meshed net; spores pale, dusky violet, usually beautifully
+spinulose-reticulate, but sometimes warted or spinulose only, or nearly
+smooth, 7-7.5 µ.
+
+As here set out the description is intended to include _S. maxima_ Schw.
+of the former edition. Rostafinski, Mon. _l. c._, describes _S. fusca_
+Roth. as having "spores smooth." Since most American gatherings have
+reticulated spores, and since Schweinitz described a black American
+species, his specific name seemed appropriate for all except
+smooth-spored forms.
+
+In the meantime two things have happened; Mr. Lister has examined the
+specimens remaining in the Strasburg herbarium and finds them with
+reticulate spores. The statement quoted from the _Monograph_ evidently
+does not apply to _all_ of Rostafinski's material; but under the
+circumstances the name _fusca_ may easily take the field, especially
+since another discovery makes for the same conclusion. The evidence is
+good that _S. maxima_ Schw. was indeed the largest, i. e. perhaps, the
+_tallest_ stemonitis he ever saw! probably, as his scanty
+herbarium-remnant shows, _S. fenestrata_ Rex!
+
+
+4. STEMONITIS UVIFERA _n. s._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 8, 8 _a_, 8 _b_, 8 _c_.
+
+Sporangia tufted, generally in medium-sized clusters much as in _S.
+fusca_. The individual sporangium 7-9 mm. high, dark, slender, brown,
+becoming dull black or pallid as the spores are lost, stipitate, the
+stipe about one-fourth to one-third the total height, black polished
+shining; hypothallus distinct, common to all sporangia, purple-brown,
+shining; columella distinct, attaining almost the summit of the
+sporangium but inclined to waver a little at last, in other words,
+flexuose toward the top, freely branching, the branches rather stout,
+anastomosing to support the capillitial net; the meshes larger, several
+times the spore-diameter, the spores sooty-brown, distinctly warted or
+spinulescent, about 7-8 µ, clustered in groups of four or more.
+
+Mt. Rainier, Washington,--1914.
+
+
+5. STEMONITIS DICTYOSPORA _Rost._
+
+  1873. _Stemonitis dictyospora_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 195; _Myc. Fen._,
+           pp. 114, 122.
+  1879. _Stemonitis dictyospora_ Rost., Mass., _Mon._, p. 83(?).
+  1888. _Stemonitis dictyospora_ Rost., _Sacc. Syl. Fung._, Vol. VII.,
+           p. 397.
+  1893. _Stemonitis castillensis_ Macbr., _Nat. Hist. Bull._, Vol. 11,
+           p. 381.
+
+PLATE X., Figs. 5, 5 _a_, 5 _b_.
+
+Sporangia crowded in colonies of unusual size, 4-8 cm., tall, rigid
+18-25 mm., slender, erect, stipitate, black throughout; the columella
+prominent, reaching nearly to the apex, abundantly branched, the
+branches forming an intricate dark brown capillitium; the net
+large-meshed several times the spore-diameter; the spores reticulate,
+spinulose, clear violet, 7-8 µ.
+
+We here recover as is believed one of Rostafinski's best-described
+species. Our material is from Nicaragua, by kindness of Professor
+Shimek. Its relationship is with _S. fusca_ where Rostafinski placed it.
+The phrase describing spore-color is his.
+
+
+6. STEMONITIS NIGRESCENS _Rex._
+
+  1891. _Stemonitis nigrescens_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 392.
+  1911. _Stemonitis fusca_ Roth, Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 143.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, upon a common hypothallus, erect, small,
+cylindric, stipitate; stipe black, extremely short, about half a
+millimetre; columella reaching the apex; capillitium violet-black,
+darker near the surface, forming a complete superficial net at the lower
+part of the sporangium only, elsewhere irregular or vanishing;
+spore-mass nearly black; single spores violet-black under the lens, the
+epispore spinulose and reticulate, about 8 µ.
+
+The author of this species remarks: "This species is noteworthy for its
+comparatively short stipes, its very spinulose spores, and its black or
+nearly black color, the slight violet tint being only apparent on close
+inspection, especially in fresh moist specimens."
+
+It is a small but very beautiful form, at first sight to be mistaken for
+a short _S. fusca_, though much more intensely black. The capillitium is
+concolorous, the inner network of rather few open meshes, the outer of
+large hexagonal openings, the arcuate threads of which are remarkable
+for the size, and especially the number, of the peridial processes, as
+many as five or six sometimes appearing along one side of a single mesh.
+The stipe is very short, and the columella runs as a straight, gradually
+diminishing axis to the very apex of the sporangium. Total height 3-5
+mm.
+
+The English _Monograph_ includes this with _S. fusca_; but it seems
+quite distinct in size, habit, color, etc., and has been found in the
+mountainous regions of Virginia and North Carolina, as well as about
+Philadelphia.
+
+
+7. STEMONITIS VIRGINIENSIS _Rex._
+
+  1891. _Stemonitis virginiensis_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 391.
+  1899. _Stemonitis virginiensis_ Rex, Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 130.
+  1911. _Comatricha typhoides_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 158.
+
+Sporangia erect, gregarious, from a common hypothallus, generally
+clustered, cylindric or elongate-ovate, stipitate; stipe black, shining;
+columella reaching the apex, where it blends with the capillitium;
+capillitium delicate, the meshes of the net small, scarcely greater than
+the diameter of the spores; spore-mass umber brown; epispores
+reticulated, with ten or twelve meshes to the hemisphere, 5-7 µ.
+
+This is a beautiful, and, as it seems to us, a very distinct, species.
+The markings on the epispore are sufficient to identify it. These are
+conspicuously banded somewhat as the spores of _Trichia favoginea_, for
+example. In habit, size of the sporangia, and capillitial branching,
+this species recalls _Comatricha typhoides_ (Bull.) Rost. All the
+sporangia examined are, however, plainly stemonitis in type, possessing
+the characteristic superficial net.
+
+Until further light this may stand as offered in the first edition. Miss
+Lister prefers to enter it, banded spores and all, with the comatrichas,
+on account of color, size and occasional default (?) of surface net.
+
+Virginia, _Dr. Rex._
+
+
+8. STEMONITIS WEBBERI _Rex._
+
+PLATE XI., Figs. 6, 7, 8.
+
+  1891. _Stemonitis webberi_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 390.
+
+Sporangia clustered, usually in small tufts 1 cm. wide, rusty brown in
+color, 8-10 mm., including the stipe, which is jet black, shining, and
+much expanded at the base; hypothallus continuous, well-developed, a
+thin, transparent pellicle; columella black, tapering upward, giving off
+at intervals the capillitial branches, and becoming dissipated just
+below the obtuse apex; inner capillitial network very open, the branches
+far apart, anastomosing but a few times before breaking into the surface
+net to form large, irregular meshes, 50-125 µ; spores minutely
+roughened, fuscous, 8-9 µ.
+
+These three forms, 8, 9, 10, are sometimes entered as varieties of a
+single species. Dr. Rex himself was inclined to take that view. There is
+no doubt of close similarity; it is a question of clearness in our
+dealing with the subject.
+
+All three forms occur abundantly in the Mississippi Valley, but are
+generally,--always, as it seems to the writer,--distinguishable by the
+hand-lens. If we take No. 9 as type, 10 has an eccentric columella; 8 is
+shorter, about 1 cm., of a different tint, Dr. Rex even says "spores
+ferruginous in mass". To the west and southwest, the capillitium becomes
+coarser, more decidedly brown. In short, however similar in presentation
+the phases may sometimes appear, it would seem that each at its best is
+distinct enough for immediate recognition.
+
+West of the Mississippi River chiefly: Iowa, South Dakota, Nebraska,
+Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, etc.
+
+
+9. STEMONITIS SPLENDENS _Rost._
+
+PLATE VI., Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _c_, 7, 7 _a_.
+
+  1875. _Stemonitis splendens_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 195.
+  1880. _Stemonitis morgani_ Peck, _Bot. Gaz._, V., p. 33.
+  1893. _Stemonitis splendens_ Rost., Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist._,
+           Vol. II, p. 381.
+  1894. _Stemonitis splendens_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 112, in
+           part.
+  1899. _Stemonitis morgani_ Peck, Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 118.
+  1911. _Stemonitis splendens_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 145.
+
+Sporangia clustered irregularly, sometimes forming patches 6-10
+centimetres or more in extent, rich purple-brown in mass, cylindric,
+long, 15-18 mm., stipitate; stipe black, polished, shining, rising from
+a common hypothallus, which extends as a thin silvery film beneath the
+entire colony, but does not usually transcend its limits; columella
+black, percurrent, sparingly branched; capillitium of fuscous threads,
+within forming a network very open, the branches scarcely anastomosing
+until they reach the surface where they form the usual net of small
+meshes, pretty uniform in size, and presenting very few small,
+inconspicuous peridial processes; spores brown, very minutely warted,
+about 8 µ.
+
+This elegant species occurs not rarely on rotten wood, usually in
+protected situations, although sometimes on the exposed surfaces of its
+habitat. The sporangia attain with us unusual height, sometimes 2 cm.;
+plasmodia, 6-8 cm., in diameter. The clear brown tufts appear in the
+autumn, marvels of graceful elegance and beauty; at sight easily
+recognizable by the large size and rich color. In Iowa it is almost
+universally present on fallen stems of _Acer saccharinum_ Linn., and it
+appears to be widely distributed, by far the most beautiful of all this
+beautiful series.
+
+New England to Iowa, South Dakota, Washington, and British Columbia.
+Professor Shimek brings a _dusky_ phase from Nicaragua!--the type?
+
+The plasmodium is white on maple stems, more creamy on stems of linden,
+on which wood it is more rarely found: occasionally on ash-stumps; even
+on the fallen bark of trees preferred.
+
+In 1875 in his famous _Monograph_, Rostafinski set out three species
+with "dusky violet spores". These are his Nos. 94, 95 and 96.
+
+The first one of these he calls _S. fusca_, "spore-mass, etc.,
+violet-black, individual spore clear violet, smooth, 7-9 u."
+
+The second species he writes down _S. dictyospora_, "hypothallus, stalk,
+columella, capillitium and spore-mass, violet-black, spore netted and
+fringed, clear-violet, 7-9 µ."
+
+The third species is _S. splendens_, "hypothallus stalk, columella and
+spore-mass violet-black, spore smooth, clear-violet, 7-8 µ."
+
+It will be observed that in color down to color of the spore by
+transmitted light, the three species are exactly the same; constitute a
+suite, so to say. It has since turned out, as noted under our No. 3,
+that the spores of _S. fusca_ are netted. Error in description here is
+not surprising; the reticulations are sometimes faint. In _S.
+dictyospora_ they are admittedly strong, and the inference was that the
+'_gladkie_' spores of the third species might be netted also. This is no
+criticism: lenses were fifty years since not nearly so good for such
+discoveries as the oil-immersion is now.
+
+However; Rostafinski made his specific diagnosis turn largely upon the
+mesh-width in the superficial net. This comes out in the '_opis_'
+following the description, and upon _this_ the European decision in
+Rostafinski's favor as against _S. morgani_ largely turns. Tropical
+gatherings are probably always darker, and evidently from such, from the
+north coast of South America, the original description was drawn.
+Specimens before us from the same latitude are dusky indeed; no clear
+brown at all, but purplish withal.
+
+For the sake of harmony we may therefore now substitute the earlier name
+"with reservations"! but our description remains as before, presenting
+the really splendid, shining things that adorn our northern fields. Dr.
+Rostafinski called the large open meshes of the net '_oka_', eyes;
+_lumina_ let us say! quite uniform they are in 9 and 10, much less so in
+8.
+
+
+10. STEMONITIS FENESTRATA _Rex._
+
+  1890. _Stemonitis splendens_ R. _f. fenestrata_ Rex, _Proc. Phil.
+           Acad._, p. 36.
+
+Sporangia aggregated, in tufts 2 cm. or more in diameter, rich purple
+brown, on a common hypothallus, more or less erect, stipitate, tall,
+about 2 cm., slender, triangular in section; stipe black, about
+one-third the total height, passing into a slender columella which is
+lateral in position, not central, but little branched, continued almost
+to the apex; the capillitium consisting almost entirely of the
+peripheral net, which presents meshes of unusual uniformity of size and
+shape; spores in mass brown, colorless by transmitted light, nearly
+smooth, 6-7.5 µ.
+
+The remarkable shape of the sporangium and the peculiar regularity of
+the surface net, the lateral columella, all combine here to warrant the
+erection of a distinct species. Dr. Rex referred this to _S. bäuerlinii_
+Mass. At that time he had not the author's description, and had seen
+only a very poor fragment received with notes in a letter. Mr. Massee's
+description makes it immediately evident that whatever other
+affiliations _S. bäuerlinii_ may have, by description it has at least
+none with _S. fenestrata_ nor with our northern form of _S. splendens_.
+Massee's species is described as having the "mass of spores black", the
+capillitium with "branches springing from the columella; the main
+branches more and more numerous, thicker and irregular towards the apex
+of the sporangium, and often form irregular flattened expansions":--etc.
+This suggests some form of _S. dictyospora_ Rost.: see under our No. 5.
+Possibly for such reasons Lister referred it to _S. splendens_ Rost.,
+which as we have just seen, was undoubtedly regarded by the author as a
+form of the _fuscous_ group.
+
+The long, slender, simple columella is not only lateral, but occupies
+indeed the sharp vertical angle of the triangular, prismatic sporangium.
+Furthermore, the sporangium is at maturity strangely twisted, so that
+the columella in its ascent accomplishes one or more spiral turns. In
+forms collected by Dr. Rex, which seemed to him most nearly to agree
+with Massee's species, the inner capillitium is somewhat abundant, but
+the character of the columella just the same.
+
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kansas, Colorado, Iowa; India!
+
+
+11. STEMONITIS SMITHII _Macbr._
+
+  1893. _Stemonitis smithii_ Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia._, II.,
+           p. 381.
+  1894. _Stemonitis microspora_ List., Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 54.
+  1911. _Stemonitis ferruginea_ var. _smithii_ Lister, _Mycetozoa,
+           2nd ed._, p. 150.
+
+Sporangia in small clusters, close-packed and erect, not spreading,
+bright ferruginous prior to spore dispersal, cylindric, stipitate, of
+varying height; stipe jet-black, shining, about one-third the total
+height; hypothallus generally well developed; columella black, gradually
+tapering, at length dissolving in capillitial threads and net some
+distance below the diminished plumose apex; capillitium of fuscous
+threads, the inner network of abundant, sparingly united branches
+uniformly thickened, the surface net very delicate, composed of small,
+regular, polygonal meshes, the peridial processes few; spore-mass bright
+ferruginous, spores by transmitted light pale, almost colorless, smooth,
+4-5 µ.
+
+The species as thus constituted includes forms varying in size from
+2.5-3 mm. only. The common form heretofore known everywhere in America
+as _S. ferruginea_ is from 10-15 mm. high. The _type_ to which the
+specific name _S. smithii_ was originally applied is 2.5 mm. high and
+rejoices in smooth, almost colorless spores, 4-5 µ.
+
+The plasmodium in the case of the species now considered is as concerns
+the _type_, of course, unknown. In one or two gatherings referred here
+the color of the plasmodium was noted greenish-yellow. This has the look
+of _S. flavogenita_; but small spores and delicate make-up take it the
+other way. Miss Lister makes it varietal to No. 12, next following.
+
+
+12. STEMONITIS AXIFERA (_Bull._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE VI., 5, 5 _a_, and 5 _b_.
+
+  1791. _Trichia axifera ferruginea_ Bull., _Champ. de la Fr._, p. 118,
+           tab. 477.
+  1818. _Stemonitis ferruginea_ Ehr., _Syl. Myc. Berol._, p. 20;
+           et auct. Europ. ex parte; Americ., non.
+  1894. _Stemonitis ferruginea_ Ehr., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 115,
+           in part.
+  1899. _Stemonitis axifera_ (Bull.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 120,
+           in part.
+  1911. _Stemonitis ferruginea_ Ehr., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._
+
+Sporangia terete, acuminate, fasciculate small in dense clusters,
+distinctly ferruginous in color, stipitate, from 10-15 mm. in height;
+the stipe black one-third to one-half the total height, not shining or
+polished; columella evenly branching, dissipated before reaching the
+acuminate apex; capillitium-branches clear brown anastomosing and
+dividing more or less to bear the superficial fine-meshed net; spores
+pallid, faintly ferruginous, smooth or nearly so, 5-6 µ.
+
+This would seem to be the common _ferruginous_ species of the world.
+Doubtless Micheli had the thing before him when he drew Tab. 94,
+_clathroidastrum_, Hoffman and Jacquin seem to have recognized the form.
+To be sure, under the present plasmodic limitations we cannot be quite
+certain about these references. Not until 1791 does anyone write down a
+particular species as marked by a white plasmodium, and distinguish it
+from other similar fructifications having similar origin. Bulliard, _l.
+c._, does this, discriminating between _T. axifera ferruginea_ and _C.
+typhoides_; see under the last-named species. Youthful Ehrenberg, in his
+doctor's thesis, nearly thirty years later, draws a similar parallel but
+ignores the great French author, writing _S. ferruginea_ Ehr. as though
+the thing had never been seen before! By this name it has been called
+until very lately; Fries accepting it, but noting that the plasmodium,
+for him at least, was _yellow_!
+
+In 1904 Dr. E. Jahn, following Fries' suggestion, established the fact
+that Ehrenberg's white-plasmodic species had small spores, that Fries
+had in mind a form with larger spores, having indeed yellow plasmodium;
+but see number 13 below.
+
+It is for the present assumed that the plasmodium of our American _S.
+axifera_ is white. So far, there are few or no observations which
+establish the fact. The color, the small smooth spores, the fine-meshed
+capillitial net and the general dimensions determine the reference.
+
+
+13. STEMONITIS FLAVOGENITA _Jahn._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 10, 10 _a_, 10 _b_.
+
+  1829. _Stemonitis ferruginea_ Ehr., Fries, _Myc._ III., p. 158,
+           Syn. excl.
+  1899. _Stemonitis axifera_ (Bull.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 120,
+           in part.
+  1904. _Stemonitis flavogenita_ Jahn, _Abh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb._,
+           XLV, p. 265.
+  1911. _Stemonitis flavogenita_ Jahn, List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 149.
+
+Sporangia cylindric, obtuse, closely fasciculate, "cinnamon brown,"
+stipitate, 5-7 µ; stipe short, black, columella ceasing abruptly below
+the apex; capillitium a loose net-work with many broad expansions; the
+peridial net very delicate, the meshes small but uneven, 6-15 µ, with
+many projecting points; spores pale ferruginous, verruculose, 7-9 µ.
+
+This is _S. ferruginea_ Ehr. of Fries with its plasmodium yellow. Fries
+says "flavicat," _becomes_ yellow, if one may follow the analogy of
+corresponding Latin verbs of color, so that the record of color-changes
+in the present species is yet to be recorded.
+
+Until further experience may advise to the contrary, we may assume that
+all stemonites cinnamon-brown in color, with widened columella-tip, and
+pale yellowish spores 7-9 µ in diameter, have at some time in their
+history a yellow plasmodium, and accordingly represent in America the
+new-found species.
+
+The larger spores, and, the strange proliferate development of the
+columella-tip, to which Miss Lister has happily called attention,
+constitute the essential diagnostic features here.
+
+Our only specimens so far are from Oregon.
+
+
+14. STEMONITIS PALLIDA _Wingate._
+
+PLATE XIII., Fig. 3
+
+  1897. _Stemonitis pallida_ Wing., _N. A. F._, Ell. and Ev., No. 3498.
+  1899. _Stemonitis pallida_ Wing., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 123.
+  1911. _Stemonitis pallida_ Wing., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 149.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, or somewhat clustered, erect, cylindric obtuse,
+short, blackish brown, rubescent, becoming pallid, stipitate; stipe
+short, black, polished, rising from a thin, brown, or iridescent
+hypothallus; columella percurrent, ceasing abruptly at the apex;
+capillitium filling the interior with abundant branches which form at
+the surface a close-meshed net, little developed above, making the apex
+very blunt; spores in mass, dark brown, by transmitted light dusky,
+nearly smooth, 7.5 µ.
+
+This species is well recognized at sight, among the fuscous forms, by
+its scattered, erect habit. In color it is not unlike _S. fusca_, but
+has an added reddish tinge. In form it is peculiar by virtue of the
+blunt rounded apex which seems to be a constant character. The spores
+under moderate lens are perfectly smooth, under the 1-12 they present
+very delicate low scattered papillæ.
+
+Rare; eastern part of United States.
+
+
+15. STEMONITIS CAROLINENSIS _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XIII., Fig. 5.
+
+  1894. _Stemonitis tenerrima_ Berk. & C., Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._,
+           p. 53.
+  1899. _Stemonitis carolinensis_ Macbr., _nom. nov._, _N. A. S._,
+           p. 152.
+  1911. _Stemonitis pallida_ Wing., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 149.
+
+Sporangia tufted in scattered clusters, small, slender, cylindric but
+tapering from the apex, at first ferruginous then ashen or purplish,
+stipitate; the stipe short, black and shining, one-fourth the total
+height or less, even; hypothallus well developed, black or very dark
+brown; columella black, gradually diminishing, at length dissipated some
+distance below the clavate or acuminate apex of the sporangium;
+capillitium dense, the inner of many, scarcely expanded, pallid, freely
+anastomosing branches, the outer a net of very small meshes, often less
+than the spores, 3-15 µ, peridial processes imperceptible; spore-mass
+pale ferruginous, spores by transmitted light pale violaceous brown,
+smooth, 6-7 µ.
+
+Very closely related to the preceding, but recognizable by its
+proportionately much more slender, taller, acuminate sporangia, paler,
+and denser capillitium and the remarkably close-meshed net.
+
+Not uncommon south: Kentucky, Alabama.
+
+
+16. STEMONITIS HERBATICA Pk.
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 14, 14 _a_, 14 _b_.
+
+  1874. _Stemonitis herbatica_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXVI., p. 75.
+  1899. _Stemonitis axifera_ (Bull.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 120,
+           in part.
+  1911. _Stemonitis herbatica_ Pk., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 148.
+
+Sporangia clustered, in scattered tufts, cylindric, obtuse, pallid
+ferruginous, stipitate or sometimes nearly sessile; stipe fuscous or
+jet-black, only slightly expanded below, much shorter than the
+columella; hypothallus scanty or none; columella lessening upward,
+sometimes attaining the apex of the sporangium, sometimes dissolved in
+capillitial threads some distance below; capillitium of rich brown
+threads forming the usual inner network of medium density, with many
+wide expanded nodes, the surface net made up of delicate, almost
+colorless threads surrounding small polygonal meshes; spore-mass
+ferruginous, spores by transmitted light very pale, brownish, minutely
+warted, 7-9 µ.
+
+The plasmodium of this species is variously cited from white to yellow.
+Probably each report is true, dependent on the relative time of the
+observation.
+
+The low tufts of brown sporangia with short black stipes, borne often as
+Dr. Peck found them, assembled on living leaves, distinguish this little
+species. In the former edition this form was tentatively enrolled under
+_S. axifera_ (Bull.); but see further under that species.
+
+Probably widely distributed, but confused with short forms of other
+species; sometimes also on rotten wood or other substratum; so reported.
+
+New York to Iowa; Washington and Oregon. Reported also from Europe.
+
+
+=3. Comatricha= (_Preuss_) _Rost._
+
+  1851. _Comatricha Preuss_, _Linnaea_, XXIV., p. 140.
+  1873. _Comatricha_ Rostafinski, _Versuch_, p. 7.
+
+Sporangia cylindric or globose, stipitate; stipe prolonged upward to
+form a more or less extended and tapering columella bearing branches on
+every side, which by repeated divisions and reunions form the
+capillitium; ultimate branch-tips free, not supporting a surface net
+parallel to the peridial wall; peridium evanescent, perhaps sometimes
+not developed at all.
+
+The genus _Comatricha_ was set off from _Stemonitis_ by the joint effort
+of Preuss (1851) and Rostafinski (1873-5). Preuss included in his genus,
+_Comatricha_, alien forms, and besides failed to give an accurate
+definition; included, however, in his list some species which have since
+been known by his generic name.
+
+The distinction between the two genera is almost an artificial one, and
+species are sometimes arbitrarily assigned to one genus or the other.
+The diagnosis in any case turns upon the presence or absence of a
+surface net, formed, in _Stemonitis_, by the anastomosing of the
+ultimate divisions of the capillitial branches. In _Comatricha_ the
+anastomosing is general, from the columella out, and is not specialized
+at the surface.
+
+Recent attempts to reunite the genera here compared seem to result in no
+apparent advantage. The genera come very near together, but their
+separation along the line suggested by Rostafinski remains convenient.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Comatricha=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia closely clustered.
+
+     _a._ Obovate or short cylindric.
+
+          1. Spores verruculose                       1. _C. caespitosa_
+
+          2. Spores reticulate                        2. _C. cylindrica_
+
+     _b._ Elongate, reddish-brown, tufts extended       3. _C. flaccida_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia scattered more or less widely.
+
+     _a._ Capillitium lax, open.
+
+          i. Sporangia long, 10-12 mm.                     4. _C. longa_
+
+         ii. Sporangia shorter, capillitium
+               irregular                             5. _C. irregularis_
+
+     _b._ Capillitium dense.
+
+          i. Sporangia large, to 10 mm., spore-mass
+               black                                  7. _C. suksdorfii_
+
+         ii. Sporangia smaller--6 mm.
+
+              O Spore-mass brown, spherical,
+                  conoidal, etc., generally with
+                  more or less lengthened stipe            8. _C. nigra_
+
+             OO Spore-mass violaceous or purplish       9. _C. aequalis_
+
+        iii. Sporangia ovate or cylindric, minute,
+               to 3.5 mm.
+
+              O Cylindric, spore with few,
+                  scattered warts                     10. _C. typhoides_
+
+             OO Smaller, capillitium irregular,
+                  loose                                     6. _C. laxa_
+
+            OOO Total height to 2 mm. or much less.
+
+                 + Columella digitately divided         11. _C. elegans_
+
+                ++ Columella lamprodermoid, and on
+                     leaves                              12. _C. rubens_
+
+               +++ Columella stemonitoid              13. _C. pulchella_
+
+              ++++ Columella furcate at tip             14. _C. ellisii_
+
+             +++++ Columella almost percurrent.   15. _C. subcaespitosa_
+
+
+1. COMATRICHA CÆSPITOSA _Sturgis._
+
+PLATE XI., Figs. 12, 13, 14.
+
+  1893. _Comatricha caespitosa_ Sturg., _Bot. Gaz._, XVIII., p. 186.
+  1894. _Diachaea thomasii_ Rex, var., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 92.
+  1899. _Comatricha caespitosa_ Sturg., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 124.
+  1911. _Diachaea caespitosa_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 121.
+
+Sporangia densely crowded or cespitose, sub-sessile or short stipitate,
+clavate, 1-1.5 mm. high, the peridium gray, iridescent with blue tints,
+comparatively permanent but finally disappearing; columella attaining
+two-thirds to three-fourths the height of the sporangium, giving rise
+throughout its length to the dense blackish capillitium; hypothallus
+delicate, inconspicuous; capillitium, the main branches thick at the
+point of origin, frequently anastomosing, and becoming gradually thinner
+toward the surface of the sporangium, the tips pointed, free, forming
+the network; spores blackish-violet in mass, by transmitted light pale
+brownish-violet, rough, 9.5-13 µ.
+
+A very distinct and curious species. The sporangia are densely crowded,
+though by the nature of habitat somewhat tufted. The shape of the
+individual sporangium is quite uniformly clavate or obovate, decidedly
+truncate above. The spores are uniformly verruculose and plainly
+unequal.
+
+This species, as indicated, was by its author described as a comatricha.
+To transfer it to another genus seems idle, especially when long
+established generic boundaries must be seriously disturbed expressly to
+admit the new arrival.
+
+New England, North Carolina, on moss and lichens.--_Dr. Sturgis._
+
+
+2. COMATRICHA CYLINDRICA (_Bilgram_) _Macbr._
+
+  1905. _Diachaea cylindrica_ Bilgram, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._,
+           524.
+  1911. _Diachaea cylindrica_ Bilgram, List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 121.
+
+Sporangia cylindrical with obtuse apex, sessile, gregarious,
+iridescent, steel-gray or bronze, 1 to 1.7 mm. high, .5 to .65 mm.
+thick; hypothallus whitish, rugose; sporangium-wall membranous, hyaline,
+not adhering to the capillitium; columella arising from the hypothallus
+and extending nearly to the apex, brown, very light and semi-translucent
+near the base, irregular, flexuous, limeless throughout; capillitium
+brown, radiating from the columella to the periphery, repeatedly
+branching and anastomosing; spores warted, the warts connected by ridges
+forming a more or less perfect, coarse reticulation, violaceous, pale,
+10-12 µ.
+
+This is a very interesting species closely related to the preceding from
+which it differs chiefly in the reticulation and generally more uniform
+character of the spores. The author hesitated about the generic
+reference, finally referring it to _Diachaea_ despite the lack of
+calcium, because it was sessile and had a peridium rather more
+persistent than is usual in comatrichas. But the presence of lime in
+stipe and columella is an essential element in the diagnosis of
+_Diachaea_, while length of stem is everywhere variable in stipitate
+forms of every genus, and the persistence of the peridium is also an
+uncertain factor; hangs on long in _C. typhoides_, _e. g._
+
+On dead twigs, etc.--Philadelphia,--_Mr. Bilgram_; New Hampshire.
+
+
+3. COMATRICHA FLACCIDA _List._
+
+  1894. _Comatricha flaccida_ List., Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 51.
+  1894. _Stemonitis splendens_, var. _flaccida_ List., _Mycetozoa_,
+           p. 112.
+  1894. _Comatricha flaccida_ (List.) Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 133.
+  1911. _Stemonitis splendens_, var. _flaccida_ List., _Mycetozoa,
+           2nd ed._, p. 146.
+
+Sporangia semi-erect, close crowded in tufts two inches in diameter,
+ferruginous, from a dark brown hypothallus, sessile or short stipitate;
+columella weak, crooked, percurrent, generally enlarged irregularly at
+the apex; capillitium of few, slender, brown branches which anastomose
+sparsely and irregularly as in _C. irregularis_, and present when freed
+from spores the same chenille-like appearance; spore-mass ferruginous
+brown; spores by transmitted light bright reddish brown, minutely
+warted, 8-10 µ.
+
+"Growing on old wood and bark of Oak, Willow, etc. The component
+sporangia 5-10 mm. in length. The early appearance is much like that of
+a species of _Stemonitis_, but the mature stage is a great mass of
+spores with scanty capillitium, as in _Reticularia_; the columellas,
+however, are genuine and not adjacent portions of wall grown
+together."--_Professor Morgan._
+
+Professor Morgan's herbarium material is at hand for study. It meets his
+description, needless to say, very generally. In what remains of the
+type the membranous connections are obscure; in fact the relation of
+such peridial (?) fragments to the capillitium in any way, is no longer
+evident. But in any event the colony does not impress one as something
+prematurely or improperly developed, a stemonitis gone begging;--nothing
+of that kind; it is clearly a comatricha, easily identifiable with no
+trace of a surface net but, with long free tips in plenty.
+
+Misled no doubt, by the peridial fragments referred to, Mr. Lister in
+_Mycetozoa, l. c._, associated this with _S. confluens_ Cke. & Ell., but
+entered it as a variety of _S. splendens_ Rost., just the same. In the
+second edition of the _Monograph_, Ellis' species is set out, but
+Morgan's retains the old position.
+
+In light of present knowledge, the relationship suggested would be
+difficult of proof. If _C. flaccida_ Morgan be related to the
+_splendens_ group at all, it must be with the form known as _S. webberi_
+Rex., but it differs from this in almost every particular. It has no
+net, with meshes uniform or diverse; it is clear brown in color, with a
+tinge of red, beneath the lens; the spores are smaller, distinctly
+warted and with the reddish tinge of the capillitium; and in short, it
+seems to be a comatricha and not a stemonitis.
+
+Specimens from western Washington differ in some particulars but are
+apparently the same thing.
+
+Ohio, Kentucky, Washington, California; not common.
+
+
+4. COMATRICHA LONGA _Peck._
+
+PLATE VI., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+  1890. _Comatricha longa_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XLIII., p. 24.
+
+Sporangia crowded in depressed masses or tufts, black, long, cylindric,
+even, stipitate; stipe black, shining, generally very short;
+hypothallus well developed, black; columella black, slender, weak,
+generally dissipated some distance below the apex; capillitium of
+slender brown or dusky threads anastomosing to form an open network next
+the columella, but extended outwardly in form of long free slender
+branchlets, now and then dichotomously forked; spore-mass blue-black,
+spores by transmitted light dark brown, globose, spinulose, some of them
+faintly reticulate, about 9 µ.
+
+A very remarkable species. Rare in the west, more common, as it appears,
+in the eastern states. The sporangia occur in tufts about 1 or 2 cm.
+wide, springing generally from crevices in the bark of decaying logs,
+especially willow and elm, in swampy places. The sporangia are
+remarkable for their great length. Generally about 20-25 mm., specimens
+occasionally reach 50 mm.! The capillitial branches are so remote that
+the spores are scarcely retained by the capillitium at all. Well
+described and figured by the author of the species, _Forty-third Rep. N.
+Y. State Museum_, p. 24, Pl. 3.
+
+New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+5. COMATRICHA IRREGULARIS _Rex._
+
+  1891. _Comatricha irregularis_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 393.
+
+Sporangia crowded in flocculent tufts, very dark brown or black,
+semi-erect or drooping, 4-5 mm. in height, irregularly cylindric,
+variable, stipitate; stipe black, distinct, often one-half the total
+height; hypothallus well developed, brown, shining; columella central,
+slender, flexuous, reaching the apex, where it blends, by branching,
+with the capillitium; capillitium loose, open, composed of arcuate
+threads which radiate from the columella, and are joined together,
+forming a central, irregular reticulation of large meshes, brown, paler
+toward the surface, where the free ends are sometimes colorless;
+spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light brown, minutely warted,
+7-8 µ.
+
+Related, no doubt, to _C. longa_, but differing in habit, stature, as in
+texture and structure of the capillitium. In _C. longa_ the inner net is
+extremely simple,--a row or two of meshes at most, and the radiating
+branches are long and straight; in the species before us the inner
+network is well developed, and the radiating branches proportionately
+shorter and abundantly branching, with pale or white free tips.
+
+Generally, though not always, found growing in the crevices of the bark
+on fallen logs of various deciduous trees. September. Not common.
+
+This is thought to be _C. crypta_ Schw., _N. A. F._, 2351; but the
+description under that number does not make clear what form Schweinitz
+had before him, the present species or _C. longa_, and the herbarium
+specimen of Schweinitz is "utterly lost"; the later specific name is
+accordingly adopted.
+
+New England west to the Cascade Mountains; south to Kansas and Texas.
+
+
+6. COMATRICHA LAXA _Rostafinski._
+
+PLATE V., Figs. 5, 5 _a_.
+
+  1875. _Comatricha laxa_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 201.
+  1877. _Lamproderma ellisiana_ Cooke, _Myx. U. S._, p. 397.
+  1891. _Comatricha ellisiana_ (Cooke) Ell. & Ev., _N. A. F._, 2696.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, sub-globose or short cylindric, and
+obtuse, dusky stipitate; stipe short, black, tapering rapidly upward
+from an expanded base; hypothallus scant or none; columella erect,
+rigid, sometimes reaching nearly to the apex of the sporangium,
+sometimes dichotomously branched a little below the summit, before
+blending into the common capillitium; capillitium lax, of slender,
+horizontal branches, anastomosing at infrequent intervals and ending in
+short, free tips; spores pallid, nearly smooth, 7-9.5 µ.
+
+A very minute, delicate little species, about 1œ mm. high; the stipe
+half the total height. In general appearance the shorter forms of the
+species resemble slightly _C. nigra_, but are distinguished by a much
+shorter stipe and much more open capillitium. The sporangia of _C.
+nigra_ mounted on long capillary stipes always droops more or less; the
+sporangia of the present species stand rigidly erect. The sporangia vary
+in form and in the branching of the columella. In the more globose
+phases, the columella almost always shows a peculiar dichotomy near the
+apex; in the cylindric types, this peculiar division fails.[36] In fact,
+the shape is determined chiefly by the mode of branching as affects the
+columella. Rostafinski's figure, on Tab. XIII, does not present the
+type usually seen in this country, nor even in Europe if we may judge
+from later illustrations.
+
+The species with us has received various names, but so far as can be
+determined, all apply to the same thing, and comparison of specimens
+from Mr. Ellis with those from Europe show the correctness of the
+nomenclature here adopted.
+
+Rare, but widely distributed; across the continent.
+
+
+7. STEMONITIS SUKSDORFII _Ell. & Everh._
+
+PLATE XI., Figs. 9, 10, 11.
+
+  1882. _Stemonitis suksdorfii_ Ell. & Everh., _Bull. Washb. Coll._,
+           Vol. I., p. 5.
+  1892. _Stemonitis suksdorfii_ Ell. & Everh., Mass., _Mon._, p. 76.
+
+Sporangia scattered in small tufts or gregarious, cylindric, obtuse at
+both ends, sometimes widened above, black, 2-6 mm., stipitate; stipe
+jet-black, shining, even, about one-half the total height; hypothallus
+not continuous, dark brown; columella black, rather slender, terminating
+in two or more large branches just below the apex; capillitium
+exceedingly dense, dark fuscous or black, the flexuous threads
+anastomosing in a close network, with abundant free pallid extremities;
+spores in mass, blue-black, by transmitted light fuscous or dark
+violaceous-brown, minutely warted, 10-12 µ.
+
+Easily recognizable at sight by its sooty color. Entirely unlike any of
+the preceding. The type of the capillitium is that of _C. pulchella_,
+but it is very much more dense and entirely different in color. The
+sporangia are often widened above, and fairly truncate; the total height
+about 6 mm. Found on the bark of fallen twigs of _Abies, Larix_, etc.
+Distributed by Ell. & Everh. under this name as an _exsiccata_. The
+evanescent peridium is colorless; when free, white or silvery.
+
+
+8. COMATRICHA NIGRA (_Pers._) _Schroeter._
+
+PLATE XI., Figs. 1, 2, 3.
+
+  1791. _Stemonitis nigra_ Pers., Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, p. 1467.
+  1801. _Stemonitis ovata_, var. _nigra_ Pers., _Syn._, p. 189.
+  1863. _Stemonitis friesiana_ DeBy., _Rab. Eur. Fung._, No. 568.
+  1875. _Comatricha friesiana_ (DeBy.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 200.
+  1889. _Comatricha nigra_ (Pers.) Schroeter, _Pilz. Krypt. Fl.
+           v. Schles._, I., p. 118.
+  1894. _Comatricha obtusata_ Fr., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 117.
+  1899. _Comatricha nigra_ (Pers.) Schroeter, Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 128.
+
+Sporangia scattered, ferruginous or dark brown, globose or ovoid,
+stipitate; stipe long, hair-like, tapering upward, black; hypothallus
+none; columella rapidly diminished toward the top, at length dissipated;
+capillitium of slender flexuous threads, radiating horizontally,
+repeatedly branching and anastomosing to form an intricate dense
+network, from the surface of which project a few short hook-like
+peridial processes; spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light dark
+violaceous, smooth or nearly so, 7-10 µ.
+
+This species, when typical, is easily recognized by its almost globose
+sporangia mounted on long slender stocks. These are 2 or 3 mm. high and
+generally persist, as Persoon noticed, a long time after the sporangium
+has fallen. The sporangia are at first black; after spore disposal pale
+ferruginous. In shape they vary from ovate to spherical. Sometimes they
+are umbilicate below, so that a vertical section would be obcordate.
+Care must be taken to distinguish the present species from blown-out
+forms of _Lamproderma_.
+
+This most common species seems to be also the center of widest
+differentiation. In a valuable paper on the Myxomycetes of Dr. C. H.
+Peck's Herbarium Dr. Sturgis points out the varying relationships of a
+group of surrounding forms. According to account _C. nigra_ verges on
+one side to _C. laxa_, on the other to _aequalis_ which the Listers
+enter as varietal here. However, in the former the more rigid, direct
+and simple branching from the columella is usually determinative; in the
+latter the color, form, and generally more delicate structure, and a
+tendency to grow in tufts will serve to distinguish.
+
+In this discussion we have assumed as typical the globose sporangium,
+with the variations in the direction of ovate, obovate, ellipsoidal,
+etc., the capillitium flexuous and more richly anastomosing near the
+columella. On the drier slopes in the mountains of Colorado specimens
+are especially abundant, in proper season covering apparently the lower
+surface of every barkless twig or fallen stem or _tree entire_! In such
+a field one might imagine every possible variation open to observation.
+Probably such is the case; but as a matter of fact a single small
+plasmodium at lower levels will sometimes show greater range of
+variation than were noted on the mountain-side. The cylindric forms were
+for some reason few, and when noted were short, though often surmounting
+stems of double the usual length.
+
+Rostafinski calls this _C. friesiana_, a name suggested by De Bary. By
+this name the species was commonly known for many years. More recently
+some writers prefer _C. obtusata_ Preuss; but _C. obtusata_ Preuss, as
+figured by that author (Sturm's _Deutsch. Fl._, Pl. 70), is surely more
+likely _Enerthenema papillata_, and the author says in his description
+"capillitio vertice soli innato." Persoon certainly recognized the
+species, and his description, though brief, is yet applicable to no
+other European species. There seems no reason why the name he gave
+should not be permanently adopted. Rostafinski's figure, Tab. XIII.,
+shows an ellipsoidal sporangium, not cylindric.
+
+On the lower levels of the Mississippi valley, the species is not
+common. Possibly overlooked by reason of its minuteness.
+
+Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Colorado, North Carolina,
+Missouri.
+
+
+9. COMATRICHA ÆQUALIS _Peck._
+
+PLATE VI., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_, 3 _c_, 3 _d_; and PLATE XVIII., Figs.
+13, 13 _a_, 13 _b_.
+
+  1890. _Comatricha equalis_ Peck., _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXI., p. 42.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, seldom erect, usually inclined, curved or nodding,
+dark brown, becoming violet, cylindric, acuminate-obtuse, stipitate;
+stipe about half the total height, 2-2œ mm., black, polished, even;
+hypothallus well developed, brown, continuous; columella black, tapering
+gradually, and attaining almost the summit of the sporangium;
+capillitium dense, of flexuous tawny threads which, by repeated
+branching, form an intricate network, the free extremities numerous,
+short, and pale; spores dark violaceous, distinctly warted, 7.5-8 µ.
+
+A very graceful, elegant species, related to _C. pulchella_ and _C.
+persoonii_, but distinct by its much greater size and smaller spores.
+The specimens before show us the perfection of beauty in this genus;
+the polished stipe, the symmetrical capillitium, the soft purple-brown
+tints, are remarkable, and enable one to recognize the form at sight.
+
+Specimens from Oregon are unusually fine; larger than usual, reach 7 mm.
+total height, and when blown out present the tints of violet in unusual
+clearness; var. _C. pacifica_. Plate XVIII., Figs. 13, 13_a_, and 13_b_.
+
+New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois; Oregon, _Professor Peck._
+
+
+10. COMATRICHA TYPHOIDES (_Bull._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE VI., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_.
+
+  1772. _Mucor stemonitis_ Scopoli, _Fl. Carn._, II., pp. 493-494 (?).
+  1774. _Mucor stemonitis_ Schaeffer, _Icones. Tab._, CCXCVII (?).
+  1780. _Stemonitis typhina_ Wiggers, _Prim. Fl. Hols._, p. 116 (?).
+  1791. _Trichia typhoides_ Bulliard, _Champ. de la France_, p. 119,
+           t. 477, II.
+  1796. _Stemonitis typhina_ Persoon, _Myc. Obs._, I., p. 57, in part.
+  1805. _Stemonitis typhoides_ (Bull.) D. C., _Fl. Fr._, p. 257.
+  1829. _Stemonitis typhoides_ (Bull.) Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 158.
+  1873. _Comatricha typhoides_ (Bull.) Rost., _Vers._, p. 7.
+  1875. _Comatricha typhina_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 197.
+  1895. _Comatricha stemonitis_ (Scop.) Sheldon, _Minn. Bot. Stud._,
+           p. 473.
+  1899. _Comatricha stemonitis_ (Scop.) Sheld., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 130.
+  1911. _Comatricha typhoides_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 157.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, cylindric, erect, sometimes arcuate,
+obtuse, 2-3 mm. high, at first silvery, then brown, as the peridium
+vanishes, stipitate; stipe black, about one-half the total height or
+less; hypothallus distinct, more or less continuous, reddish-brown;
+columella tapering upward, black, attaining more or less completely the
+apex of the sporangium; capillitium, arising as rather stout branches of
+the capillitium, soon taking the form of slender, flexuous, brownish
+threads, which by repeated anastomosing form at length a close network,
+almost as in _Stemonitis_, the free, ultimate branches very delicate and
+short; spore-mass dark brown; spores by transmitted light, pale, almost
+smooth, except for the presence of a few scattered but very prominent
+umbo-like warts, of which four or five may be seen at one time, 5-7.5 µ.
+
+This is our most common North American species. It occurs everywhere on
+decaying wood, sometimes in remarkable quantity, thousands of sporangia
+at a time. The plasmodium, watery white in color, infests preferably
+very rotten logs of _Quercus_, on which in June the sporangia rise as
+white or pallid columns. The peridium is exceedingly delicate, less
+seldom seen here than in some other species, but likely to be overlooked
+entirely. The spores when fresh have a distinct violet or bluish tinge;
+in old specimens they are almost colorless. In any case they are well
+marked by the large papillæ already referred to.
+
+_C. typhina_, var. _heterospora_ Rex, differs from the type in several
+particulars: the sporangia manifest a closer habit; the capillitium is
+made up of more slender threads and forms a yet denser network; the
+spores between the large papillæ are marked by a more or less perfectly
+formed reticulation.[37]
+
+As to nomenclature, this is our old friend _C. typhina_ (Pers.) Rost. It
+should be, more properly, called _C. typhina_ Rost., for it is not
+Persoon's species exactly. But Scopoli, _l. c._, by citing Hall,
+Gleditsch, and Micheli, so describes our form as to leave small doubt
+that he had before him our common species. Schaeffer's figures also come
+to the rescue, which, though by no means satisfactory, yet can probably
+refer to no other species. However, Bulliard gives the first good
+account and figure, and in concord with the decision of our English
+colleagues, the name afforded by the famous _Champignons_ is here
+adopted.
+
+Widely distributed. Maine to California, and from British America to
+Nicaragua.
+
+
+11. COMATRICHA ELEGANS (_Racib._) _List._
+
+PLATE XVI., Fig. 12.
+
+  1884. _Rostafinskia elegans_ Racib., _Rozpr. Akad. Krak._, XII., 77.
+  1888. _Raciborskia elegans_ Berl., _Sacc. Syl._, VII., p. 400.
+  1894. _Raciborskia elegans_ Berl., List., _Mycet._, p. 133.
+  1909. _Comatricha elegans_ List., _Br. Mus. Guide to Mycet._, p. 31.
+
+Sporangia loosely gregarious, globose, purplish-brown, small, 1-1.5 mm.
+in total height, stipitate; stipe black, subulate, to 1 mm,; columella
+at first divided into a few main branches, from which by repeated
+subdivision the delicate, anastomosing, flexuose capillitial threads
+take origin; spores pale brownish-violaceous, spinulescent, 8-10 µ.
+
+South Carolina. Colorado:--_Dr. Sturgis._
+
+
+12. COMATRICHA RUBENS _Lister._
+
+  1894. _Comatricha rubens_ List., _Mycet._, p. 123.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globoid or ellipsoidal, 1-1.5 mm., pink-brown,
+stipitate; peridium persistent below; stipe .5-1 mm., black, shining;
+columella to more than half the sporangium, giving off on all sides the
+brownish-violaceous, flexuose threads of the capillitium, somewhat
+thickened and broadly attached to the persisting peridial cup; spores
+lilac-brown, spinulescent, 7-8 µ.
+
+Another border species, looking to the lamprodermas. Philadelphia, by
+courtesy _Mr. Bilgram_.
+
+
+13. COMATRICHA PULCHELLA (_Bab._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XIII., Fig. 4, and PLATE XII., Figs. 16 and 16 _a_.
+
+  1837. _Stemonitis pulchella_ Bab., _Trans. Lin. Soc._, p. 32.
+  1841. _Comatricha pulchella_ Bab., Berk., _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._,
+           I. vi., p. 431, Pl. XII., 11. _a._ _b._
+  1848. _Stemonitis tenerrima_ Curtis, _Am. Jour._, VI., p. 352.
+  1873. _Stemonitis tenerrima_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 69.
+  1876. _Comatricha pulchella_ (Bab.) Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 27.
+  1875. _Comatricha persoonii_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 201.
+  1894. _Comatricha persoonii_ Rost., List., _Mycet._, p. 122.
+  1899. _Comatricha pulchella_ (Bab.) Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 129.
+  1899. _Comatricha persoonii_ Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 132,
+          _excl. syn._
+  1911. _Comatricha pulchella_ Rost., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 156.
+  1911. _Comatricha pulchella_ var. _gracilis_ Wing., List., _Mycet.,
+           2nd ed._, p. 156.
+
+Sporangia very minute, 1 mm. high, scattered, ovate or ovate-cylindric
+acuminate, pale brown or ferruginous, stipitate; stipe short, black,
+nearly even; hypothallus none, or merely a circular base to the tiny
+stem; columella straight, gradually tapering, reaching almost if not
+quite to the apex of the sporangium; capillitium dense, a network of
+flexuous brown threads, rather broad within, ending in slender tips
+without; spore-mass brown, spores by transmitted light pale "lilac
+brown," or pale ferruginous, minutely but uniformly warted, 6-8 µ.
+
+Probably widely distributed but rarely collected. Pennsylvania, Iowa;
+_Okoboji_. Toronto,--_Miss Currie._
+
+
+14. COMATRICHA ELLISII _Morg._
+
+PLATE XII., Figs. 15 and 15 _a_.
+
+  1894. _Comatricha ellisii_ Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 49.
+  1899. _Comatricha laxa_ Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 127.
+  1911. _Comatricha nigra_ Schroet., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 152.
+
+Sporangia short, erect, oval or ovoid to oblong. Stipe and columella
+erect, brown and smooth, rising from a thin pallid hypothallus, tapering
+upward and vanishing into the capillitium toward the apex of the
+sporangium, the stipe usually longer than the columella. Capillitium of
+slender pale brown threads; these branch several times with lateral
+anastomosing branchlets, forming a rather open network of small meshes,
+ending with very short free extremities. Spores globose, even, pale
+ochraceous, 6-7 mic. in diameter.
+
+Growing on old pine wood. Sporangium .3-.6 mm. in height by .3-.5 mm. in
+width, the stipe usually a little longer than the sporangium.
+
+On the strength of the clear descriptions and beautiful drawings of
+Celakowsky, _Myxomyceten Böhmens_, p. 52; Taf. 2, Figs. 7 and 8, this
+elegant little species as described by my colleague Professor Morgan
+was, in the former edition, referred to _C. laxa_ Rost. It was then
+reported from New Jersey only. Since then we have specimens from Ohio
+and from southern Missouri, all true to form, almost identical. It seems
+wise accordingly, while recognizing the relationship of the form to both
+_C. laxa_, and to _C. nigra_ as well, to give it here an individual
+place again. It is very small; but once studied may thereafter be easily
+recognized by a hand-lens. The form is definite, clean-cut, and the
+spores are pronouncedly smaller than in either of the two related
+species.
+
+
+15. COMATRICHA SUBCAESPITOSA _Peck._
+
+PLATE XII., Figs. 17, 17 _a_.
+
+  1890. _Comatricha subcaespitosa_ Peck, _N. Y. Mus. Rep._ 43, p. 25.
+
+Sporangia scattered or sometimes in loose clusters, cylindric, obtuse,
+about 1.5-2 mm., dark brown, stipitate; stipe short, one-fifth total
+height; hypothallus minute; capillitium regular, the branching quite
+uniform parallel, flexuous, brown with a tinge of violet, not dense;
+columella well-defined, almost percurrent; spores brown in mass, under
+lens dusky, nearly smooth, 9-10 µ.
+
+The larger spores, regular, erect form, and clustered habit separate
+this form from others with which it will be naturally associated. See
+page 283 under _Addenda_.
+
+
+=4. Diachæa= _Fries_
+
+  1825. _Diachaea_ Fries, _Syst. Orb. Veg._, I., p. 143.[38]
+
+Sporangia distinct, globose or cylindric, the peridium thin, iridescent,
+stipitate; the stipe and columella surcharged with lime, white or
+yellowish, rigid, thick, tapering upward; capillitium of delicate
+threads free from lime, radiating from various points on the columella,
+branching and anastomosing as in _Comatricha_ to form a more or less
+intricate network, the ultimate branchlets supporting the peridial wall.
+
+Rostafinski placed this genus near the _Didymieae_ on account of the
+calcareous columella and the non-calcareous capillitium. On the other
+hand the structure of the capillitium and the iridescent simple peridium
+ally _Diachaea_ to _Lamproderma_ and the _Stemoniteae_; the only
+distinction being the calcareous stem. It is simply an intermediate
+genus to be placed here more conveniently than anywhere else in what is
+of necessity a linear arrangement.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Diachæa=
+
+  _A._ Stipe and columella white.
+
+     _a._ Sporangium cylindric                        1. _D. leucopodia_
+
+     _b._ Sporangium globose.
+
+          i. Evidently stalked                         2. _D. splendens_
+
+         ii. Stalk very short, 5 mm., conic.
+
+              O Spores warted                         3. _D. bulbillosa_
+
+             OO Spores faintly netted                4. _D. subsessilis_
+
+  _B._ Stipe yellowish or orange                        5. _D. thomasii_
+
+
+1. DIACHAEA LEUCOPODIA (_Bull._) _Rost._
+
+  1791. _Trichia leucopodia_ Bull., _Champ. de la France_, Pl. 502,
+           Fig. 2.
+  1825. _Diachaea elegans_ Fries, _Syst. Orb. Veg._, I., p. 143.
+  1875. _Diachaea leucopoda_ (Bull.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 190.
+
+Sporangia rather closely gregarious, metallic blue or purple iridescent,
+cylindric or ellipsoidal, obtuse, sub-umbilicate below, stipitate; stipe
+short, much less than one-half the total height, snow-white, tapering
+upward; hypothallus white, venulose, occurring from stipe to stipe to
+form an open network over the substratum; columella thick, cylindric,
+tapering, blunt, terminating below the apex, white; capillitium
+springing from every part of the columella, of slender threads, brown,
+flexuous, branching and anastomosing to form an intricate net; spores in
+mass nearly black, by transmitted light dull violaceous, minutely
+roughened, 7-9 µ.
+
+A very beautiful species; not uncommon in the eastern states; rare west
+of the Mississippi. Easily recognized, amid related forms, by its
+snow-white stem, a feature which did not escape the notice of Bulliard
+and suggested the accepted specific name. Fries adopted the specific
+name proposed by Trentepohl and wrote _D. elegans_, simply because to
+him the peridium was "admodum elegans."
+
+The peridium is exceedingly thin and early deciduous; the stipe long
+persistent. The plasmodium, dull white, was observed by Fries at the
+beginning of the century; "morphoseos clavem inter myxogastres hoc genus
+primum mihi subministravit."
+
+This species, as the diachæas generally, affects fallen sticks and
+leaves in orchards and forests and even spreads boldly over the foliage
+and stems of living plants.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina,
+Ohio, Iowa, California, Canada.
+
+
+2. DIACHAEA SPLENDENS _Peck._
+
+PLATE VII., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_, 1 _c_.
+
+  1877. _Diachaea splendens_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXX., p. 50.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, metallic blue with brilliant iridescence, globose,
+stipitate; stipe white, short, tapering upward; hypothallus white,
+venulose, a network supporting the snowy stipes; columella white,
+cylindric, passing the centre, obtuse; capillitium lax, of slender,
+anastomosing, brown, translucent threads; spores in mass black, by
+transmitted light dark-violaceous, very coarsely warted, 7-10 µ.
+
+This is perhaps the most showy species of the list. The globose
+brilliantly iridescent sporangia are lifted above the substratum on
+snow-white columnar stalks; these are again joined one to another by the
+pure white vein-like cords of the reticulate hypothallus. The plasmodium
+may spread very widely over all sorts of objects that come in the way,
+dry forest leaves and sticks, or the fruit and foliage of living plants.
+Closely resembling the preceding, but differing in the globose
+sporangia, it may be instantly recognized under the lenses by its
+coarsely papillate spores.
+
+Not common. New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska.
+
+
+3. DIACHAEA SUBSESSILIS _Pk._
+
+  1879. _Diachaea subsessilis_ Pk., _Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. History_,
+           XXXI., p. 41.
+  1894. _Diachaea subsessilis_ Pk., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 92.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or closely crowded, small, about .5 mm., dull
+iridescent-blue, greenish-gray, etc., globose or depressed-globose,
+short-stalked or nearly sessile; stipe generally very short, reduced
+sometimes to a mere persistent cone, white; columella obsolescent or
+reduced to white conical intrusion of the stipe; capillitium radiating
+from the stipe, brown, consisting of branching, anastomosing threads,
+paler at the tips; hypothallus very scanty or none; spores minutely
+warted, the papillæ arranged in an irregular, loose net-work,
+violet-brown, paler under the lens, 10-12 µ.
+
+This species is easily recognizable by its diminutive size and generally
+defective structure; i. e. it has the appearance of a degenerate or
+depauperate representative of some finer form. Besides the type, yet to
+be seen in Albany, Dr. Sturgis reports the species from Connecticut and
+from the Isle of Wight! A small gathering is before me from Colorado.
+Every sporangium is borne upon a calcareous pedicel, very short indeed,
+but real. The _var. globosa_ referred to in the English text under _D.
+leucopodia_ has not appeared so far as reported, on this side the sea,
+but even such variety could scarcely in the hands of a collector take
+the place of the form now under consideration.
+
+Specimens of _D. subsessilis_ from Europe correspond remarkably with
+those described by Drs. Peck and Sturgis. Mr. Lister would have our
+species a synonym for _Lamproderma fuckelianum cracovense_ (Rost.) Cel.
+
+Rare; from Connecticut to Colorado.
+
+
+4. DIACHÆA BULBILLOSA (_Berk. & Br._) _List._
+
+  1873. _Didymium bulbillosum_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, XIV.,
+           p. 84.
+  1898. _Diachaea bulbillosa_ Lister, _Jour. Bot._, XXXVI., p. 165.
+  1911. _Diachaea bulbillosa_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 119.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, small, iridescent purple, stipitate;
+stipe conical, white, sometimes brown, half-a-mm., half the total
+height; columella clavate, white or brown; capillitium of purple-brown
+threads united to form a lax net; spores violet-grey, marked with
+scattered warts "6-8 in a row across the hemisphere", 7-9 µ.
+
+Java, _Berkeley & Broome, op. c._ Toronto, Canada; cited here by
+courtesy of Miss Currie who gives the spores 7.8 µ.
+
+
+5. DIACHAEA THOMASII _Rex._
+
+PLATE V., Fig. 6, 6 _a_.
+
+  1892. _Diachaea thomasii_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 329.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, more or less crowded, purple and bronze,
+iridescent, globose sessile or short stipitate; stipe, when present,
+very short, thick, tapering rapidly upward, orange; hypothallus orange,
+prominent venulose, continuous; columella ochre yellow, rough,
+cylindric, tapering upward to one-half the height of the sporangium,
+obtuse; capillitium lax, of slender brown rigid threads, radiating from
+the columella in every direction, anastomosing to form a loose,
+large-meshed network; spore-mass brown; spores by transmitted light
+violaceous, minutely, unevenly warted, 10-12 µ.
+
+The peculiar orange color of the calcareous deposits in stipe and
+columella easily distinguish this species. The capillitium is also
+distinctive, rigid, simple, and comparatively scant, lamprodermoid. Rex
+calls attention to the fact that under low magnification the spores
+appear spotted; but the spots are occasioned simply by the closer
+aggregation, at particular points, of the ordinary papillæ.
+
+A southern species. All the specimens so far reported are from the
+mountains of North Carolina.
+
+The specimens referred to under this name by Lister, _Mon._, p. 92, as
+coming from "Kittery, U. S. A." (Kittery, Maine?), are, no doubt,
+according to Mr. Lister's figures, _Comatricha caespitosa_ Sturgis. See
+under that species.
+
+
+_C._ LAMPRODERMACEÆ
+
+Sporangia distinct, generally gregarious, more or less spherical;
+capillitium developed chiefly or solely from the summit of the
+columella.
+
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Lamprodermaceæ=
+
+  _A._ Columella percurrent; capillitium from a disk
+         at the apex                                      1. ENERTHENEMA
+
+  _B._ Columella scarce reaching the centre of the
+         sporangium.
+
+     _a._ Capillitium not forming a net                   2. CLASTODERMA
+
+     _b._ Capillitium forming an intricate net            3. LAMPRODERMA
+
+     _c._ Minute, capillitium rudimentary               4. ECHINOSTELIUM
+
+=1. Enerthenema= _Bowman_
+
+  1828. _Enerthenema_ Bowman, _Trans. Linn. Soc._, XVI., p. 152.
+
+Sporangia stipitate, the stipe extended as a columella, which entirely
+traverses the sporangium and forms at the apex an expanded disk; from
+this depends the capillitium.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Enerthenema=
+
+  _A._ Spores free                                    1. _E. papillatum_
+
+  _B._ Spores in clusters                           2. _E. berkeleyanum_
+
+
+1. ENERTHENEMA PAPILLATUM (_Pers._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE V., Fig. 3.
+
+  1801. _Stemonitis papillata_ Pers., _Syn._, p. 188.
+  1828. _Enerthenema elegans_ Bowm., _Trans. Linn. Soc._, XVI., p. 152.
+  1862. _Comatricha obtusata_ Preuss, Sturm, _Deutschl. Flora_, Pl. LXX.
+  1876. _Enerthenema papillatum_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 28.
+
+Sporangia scattered or crowded, stipitate, spheroidal, naked, black
+fuscous, above, shining, adorned with a minute, black papilla; stipe
+black, opaque, conical or attenuate upward, about equal to the peridium;
+columella at the apex expanded into a shining disk; capillitium
+springing from the lower side of the disk or from its edge, made up of
+scarcely forked threads which are free below; spores violaceous or
+fuscous black, minutely warted, 10-12 µ.
+
+Rare. Wisconsin, Ohio, South Carolina, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Iowa,
+Colorado.
+
+This is one of the few species so well marked that Persoon's
+description, _l. c._, is definitive: "Stylidio toto penetrante.
+Capillitium exacte globosum, sub-compactum, in eius apice stylidium
+papillæ in modum prominet." For this reason Bowman's specific name
+_elegans_ is discarded.
+
+
+2. ENERTHENEMA BERKELEYANUM _Rost._
+
+  1876. _Enerthenema berkeleyanum_ Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 29.
+  1913. _Enerthenema syncarpon_ Sturgis, _Myxo. Col._, II., p. 448.
+
+This species corresponds to the preceding in all respects except in the
+fact that the spores are clustered in groups of four to twelve and are a
+little larger, 11-13 µ, strongly spinulose on the exposed surface.
+
+Dr. Sturgis reports this from Colorado, _l. c._, but discards
+Rostafinski's specific name on the ground that the type has disappeared;
+only the spores of some fungus hyphæ remain in the place and these may
+have been mistaken by Berkeley. This seems hardly possible since such
+supposition would not account for the generic reference either by
+Berkeley (and Broome) or by Rostafinski. The description in the
+_Monograph_ is minute as that of one who had the form under his lenses.
+Rostafinski _saw_ Berkeley's specimens.
+
+For a similar case, see under _Prototrichia metallica, Mycetozoa 2nd
+ed._, p. 261.
+
+South Carolina, type; Colorado.
+
+
+=2. Clastoderma= _Blytt_
+
+  1880. _Clastoderma_ Blytt, _Bot. Zeit._, XXXVIII., p. 343.
+
+Sporangium globose, distinct, stipitate; the columella short or
+obsolete; the capillitium of few sparsely branched threads, which bear
+at their tops the persistent fragments of the peridium, but are not
+otherwise united.
+
+Distinguished from _Lamproderma_ by the peculiar manner in which the
+peridium is ruptured, and by the simplicity of the scanty capillitium.
+So far there appears to be but a single species.
+
+
+1. CLASTODERMA DEBARYANUM _Blytt._
+
+PLATE XIII., Fig. 6, and PLATE XVI., Fig. 13.
+
+  1880. _Clastoderma debaryanum_ Blytt, _Bot. Zeit._, XXXVIII., p. 343.
+  1886. _Orthotrichia microcephala_ Wing., _Jour. Myc._, II., p. 126.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, very minute, 1-12 to Πmm. in
+diameter, the peridium fugacious, except the minute patches that adhere
+to the capillitial branchlets, and the slight annulus at the base of the
+columella; stipe long, unequal, dark below, above paler; columella
+almost none, giving early rise to the comparatively few slender threads
+which by their repeated forking make up the capillitium; spores globose,
+even, violaceous, 8-9 µ.
+
+Reported in the United States so far from Maine, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and
+Illinois.
+
+The sporangia are very small, but beautiful, delicate little structures,
+found on the bark of living red oak in this country; in Norway it seems
+to have been seen first on a dead polyporus. Its minuteness doubtless
+causes it to be generally overlooked, _N. A. F._, 2498.
+
+
+=3. Lamproderma= _Rostafinski_
+
+  1873. _Lamproderma_ Rostafinski, _Versuch_, p. 7.
+
+Sporangia stipitate, globose, or ellipsoid; columella cylindric or
+inflated or clavate at the apex, scarcely attaining half the height of
+the peridium; peridium shining with metallic tints, deciduous, except
+where, at the base of the columella, it forms a ring around the stipe;
+capillitium rising in tufts or by simple branches from the columella,
+the threads regularly forked, generally united into a net.
+
+The lamprodermas are distinguished from the comatrichas, to which they
+are most nearly allied, by the arrangement of the capillitium, its
+development from the apex only of the columella, the continuation of the
+stipe within the peridium. In other words, the peridium leaves the stipe
+some distance below the point where the lowest capillitial branches take
+origin. In mature specimens the peridium has often entirely disappeared,
+its only trace, a collar, more or less distinct, around the stipe,
+marking the beginning of the columella. Nevertheless the peridium is far
+more persistent than in any comatricha, and shows in yet greater
+brilliancy the wondrous metallic tints and iridescence of _Comatricha_
+and _Diachaea_. Older authors, so far as can be seen, distributed the
+species between _Physarum_ and _Stemonitis_.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Lamproderma=
+
+  _A._ Peridium metallic blue.
+
+    _a._ Stipe short, stout.
+
+      1. Capillitium tips colorless                    5. _L. violaceum_
+
+    _b._ Stipe long, slender.
+
+      1. Capillitium of dark, tapering, oft-united
+           threads                                    3. _L. columbinum_
+
+      2. Capillitial threads rigid, dark brown,
+           seldom united                             4. _L. scintillans_
+
+  _B._ Peridium not blue, silvery.
+
+    _a._ Stipe long, slender.
+
+      1. Capillitium very intricate, forming a
+           compact net                               6. _L. arcyrionema_
+
+      2. Capillitium of rigid dark brown threads     1. _L. physaroides_
+
+    _b._ Stipe short, heads large, 1 mm. or more        2. _L. robustum_
+
+
+1. LAMPRODERMA PHYSAROIDES (_Alb. & Schw._) _Rost._
+
+  1805. _Physarum physaroides_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p, 103.
+  1875. _Lamproderma physaroides_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 202.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, wide-spreading, globose, the peridium persistent
+with a silver metallic, sometimes brassy, lustre; stipe long, brown or
+black, tapering upward; hypothallus well developed, brown or purple,
+usually not continuous; columella swollen, obtuse, short at best, hardly
+attaining the centre of the sporangium; capillitium very rigid, of
+simple or sparingly branched, dark-brown threads radiating from the
+clavate apex of the columella and only here and there anastomosing
+toward the surface, the ultimate divisions distinctly rough; spores
+lilac brown, rough, 10-12.5 µ.
+
+This species is well described and illustrated in Rostafinski's
+_Monograph_. It is well marked by its clavate columella and peculiarly
+simple, dark rigid capillitium, the branches of which rise in great
+numbers immediately from the columella, and maintain their primitive
+thickness during the greater part of their length. The transverse
+vincula are often at right angles to the principal branches, and the
+meshes, where formed, are often long and rectangular. Externally, it
+resembles _L. arcyrionema_, but is by its spores and capillitium
+instantly distinguished. Rostafinski gives the spores 12.5-14.2 µ. Large
+spores are less common in the specimens before us. Lister figures a
+sessile variety.
+
+In our first edition this species was entered from lists published for
+New England, New York, and Ohio. The intervening years, however, have
+brought no confirmation. Specimens from Maine and Ohio, with large
+spores, represent _L. columbinum_, and those cited for New York are
+forms of _L. violaceum_. It is accordingly doubtful that _L.
+physaroides_ (A. & S.) Rost. occurs in North America. That it is to be
+found in Europe there seems no doubt. The figure and description by
+Schweinitz, _l. c._, may indeed be inconclusive, but Rostafinski's
+citation and abundant description leave no doubt as to his opinion;
+while numerous localities named would indicate adequate material. What
+Rostafinski described will no doubt obtain wider recognition some day.
+
+
+2. LAMPRODERMA ROBUSTUM _Ell. & Evh._
+
+  1892. _Lamproderma robustum_ Ell. & Evh., Mass., _Mon._, p. 99.
+  1894. _Lamproderma violaceum_ var. _sauteri_ Rost., List.,
+          _Mycetozoa_, p. 129.
+  1899. _Lamproderma sauteri_ Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 140.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, dull black, the peridium when present
+silvery, shining, or simply smooth, transparent and without
+iridescence, stipitate; stipe short, black, tapering rapidly upward,
+annulate with the persisting base of the peridium; columella short,
+thick, truncate, and widened at the top; hypothallus well developed,
+brown or purple; capillitium dense, made up of dark brown branches,
+numerous and rather slender, repeatedly branched and anastomosing toward
+the surface to form a slight delicate network with abundant free ends;
+spores dark purple brown, rough, 14-16 µ.
+
+This species in outward appearance resembles _L. physaroides_, from
+which it is easily distinguished by the much greater diameter of the
+globose sporangium, 1 mm. or more. The persistent base of the peridium
+is also characteristic, very prominent sometimes, and visible to the
+naked eye. The capillitium is also unlike that of _L. physaroides_;
+resembles more nearly that of _L. violaceum_. From the latter species
+_L. robustum_ is distinguished by the color of the peridium, and by the
+larger, darker spores and generally different capillitium. In our former
+edition this is called _L. sauteri_ Rost. That much-quoted author
+distinguished _L. violaceum_ and _L. sauteri_; the English authors make
+the last named a variety only of the former. This our American species
+is _not_.
+
+It is, as presented in our western mountains, clear-cut, well defined,
+not a variety of anything. The original name is therefore restored.
+
+_Lamproderma arcyrioides_ (Somm.) Morgan is probably a form of _L.
+columbinum_. The original _L. arcyrioides_ has not yet been certainly
+identified in North America; see following species.
+
+Colorado, Oregon, Washington, California.
+
+
+3. LAMPRODERMA COLUMBINUM (_Pers._) _Rost._
+
+  1796. _Physarum columbinum_ Pers., _Obs. Myc._, I., p. 5.
+  1875. _Lamproderma columbinum_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 203.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious; rich violet or purple with metallic
+iridescence, globose, stipitate; the stipe long, three-fourths the total
+height, slender, subulate, black; hypothallus scant, purplish or brown;
+columella small, one-third the height or less, tapering or acute, black;
+the capillitium brown throughout, not dense, arising from nearly all
+parts of the columella, freely branching and anastomosing to an open,
+large-meshed network; spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light dark
+brown, rough, 10-12 µ.
+
+Rostafinski distinguished this beautiful species by the color of the
+peridium and the conic columella. According to Mr. Lister, Rostafinski
+was not specially careful in labelling his material, different forms
+having been included under this specific name. Nevertheless, the
+description is well drawn, and excludes _L. physaroides_ completely. At
+all events our American specimens correspond so well with the
+description of _L. columbinum_ (Pers.) Rost. that there seems no doubt
+that we have here what the Polish author figured and described, whether
+or not he was always consistent in applying his labels. The color
+distinguishes at sight the present species from _L. physaroides_, and
+the capillitium and large rough brown spores distinguish it from _L.
+violaceum_. The capillitium of the minute _L. scintillans_ is much
+denser and more rigid, and the spores smaller. The stipe when dry is
+ciliate.
+
+This is the common species of our western mountains, especially on the
+Pacific slope. In the Cascades every dark ravine is certain to show it
+in later summer and autumn, far extended colonies covering the moist
+surfaces of every mouldering log; the myriad globoid sporangia giving
+back when brought to the sunlight the most extravagant blues and greens
+with all the splendor of metallic sheen, their brilliant beauty never
+fails to quicken the attention of even the most insensate tourist.
+
+Abundant in the western forests, in the east extremely rare; Maine,
+Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Washington, Oregon; Vancouver, Canada.
+
+
+4. LAMPRODERMA SCINTILLANS (_Berk. & Br._) _Morg._
+
+PLATE V., Figs. 2, 2 _a_.
+
+  1877. _Stemonitis scintillans_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, XV.,
+           p. 2.
+  1877. _Lamproderma arcyrioides_, var. _iridea_ Cke., _Myx. G. B._,
+           p. 50.
+  1892. _Lamproderma irideum_ (Cke.) Mass., _Mon._, p. 95.
+  1894. _Lamproderma scintillans_ (Berk. & Br.) Morg., _Jour. Cin.
+           Soc._, p. 47.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, globose or depressed-globose, rich
+metallic blue or purple, iridescent, stipitate; the stipe long, slender,
+even, inclined and nodding or sometimes erect; hypothallus small,
+circular; columella cylindric, small, not reaching the centre, black;
+capillitium dense, of rigid, straight, sparingly branched or
+anastomosing, brown threads, which are sometimes white or colorless just
+as they leave the columella; spores globose, rough, violaceous brown, 8
+µ.
+
+This is _L. irideum_ of Cooke and of Massee's _Monograph_. Its
+capillitium is remarkable, and constitutes an easy diagnostic mark. The
+threads appear at first sight entirely simple, but are really several
+times furcate, and not infrequently anastomose. The spores are covered
+with sparsely sown large papillæ, easily seen under moderate
+magnification.
+
+This is one of our earliest species. To be sought in May on beds of
+decaying oak leaves in the woods, especially in wet places, near
+streams, etc.
+
+Rare. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+5. LAMPRODERMA VIOLACEUM (_Fries_) _Rost._
+
+  1829. _Stemonitis violacea_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 162.
+  1875. _Lamproderma violaceum_ (Fries) _Rost., Mon._, p. 204.
+
+Sporangia closely gregarious or scattered, depressed-globose, more or
+less umbilicate below, metallic blue or purple, sessile or short
+stipitate; stipe stout, dark brown or black, even; hypothallus, when the
+sporangia are crowded, a thin, continuous, purplish membrane; when the
+sporangia are scattered, the hypothallus discoidal; columella cylindric
+or tapering slightly upward, the apex obtuse, black, attaining the
+centre of the sporangium; capillitium lax and flaccid, made up of
+flexuous threads branching and anastomosing to form a network, open in
+the interior, more dense without, the threads at first pale brown as
+they leave the columella, becoming paler outward to the colorless tips;
+spores minutely warted, violaceous gray, 9-11 µ.
+
+This is our most common species; found on decaying sticks and logs late
+in the fall. Its pale capillitium will usually distinguish it,
+especially where the sporangia are empty; then the pallid free
+extremities of the capillitial branches give to the little spheres under
+the lens a white or hoary appearance not seen in any other species.
+
+The plasmodium is at first almost transparent, then amber tinted,
+sending up tiny semi-transparent spheres on shining brownish stalks. As
+the changes approach maturity, the sporangia become jet-black, and only
+at last when the spores are ready for dispersal does the peridium assume
+its rich metallic purple tints. Colonies a meter in length, two or three
+decimeters in width, are sometimes seen!
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa,
+South Dakota; Toronto. Common.
+
+
+6. LAMPRODERMA ARCYRIONEMA _Rost._
+
+PLATE V., Figs. 1, 1 _a_.
+
+  1875. _Lamproderma arcyrionema_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 208.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, globose, silvery gray or bronze,
+iridescent, erect, stipitate; stipe black, long, two-thirds to
+three-fourths the total height, slender, rigid; columella slender,
+cylindric, attaining about one-third the height of the sporangium when
+it breaks into the primary branches of the capillitium; capillitium
+exceedingly intricate, made up of slender, flexuous brown threads which
+frequently branch and anastomose to form an elegant round-meshed network
+resembling that of _Arcyria_, free ultimate branchlets not numerous;
+spores in mass jet-black, by transmitted light violaceous, smooth, or
+only faintly warted, 6-8 µ.
+
+In outward appearance this species resembles _L. physaroides_, but is
+easily recognizable by its very peculiar capillitium. This, in its
+primary branching, resembles a comatricha. In typical forms, the
+columella branches at the apex only, generally into two strong divisions
+which then break up irregularly and anastomose in every direction. This
+seems to have been the form present to Rostafinski when he wrote
+"columella truncate." In Central American and some North American
+specimens, the branching is very different; the twigs leave the
+columella at various points almost down to the annulus, and the entire
+effect is dendroid. The columella is lost almost at once. A small form
+of this species was formerly distributed in the United States as
+_Comatricha friesiana_ DeBy. This circumstance led the present author to
+describe Central American forms as _C. shimekiana_. Judging from a
+remark by Massee (_Mon._, p. 97), a similar confusion seems to have
+prevailed in Europe. As a matter of fact, the resemblance between _C.
+friesiana_, i. e. _C. nigra_, and the present species is sufficiently
+remote.
+
+_Lamproderma minutum_ Rostafinski seems to be a small form of this
+species. Rostafinski bases his diagnosis upon the branching of the
+columella, which is, as we have seen, inconstant, and upon the colorless
+capillitium. This feature in specimens examined is also inconstant.
+
+Occurring in large colonies on barkless decaying logs of various
+species; the plasmodium almost colorless.
+
+New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Mexico, Nicaragua;
+Vancouver's Island; Ontario, Toronto,--_Miss Currie._
+
+
+=4. Echinostelium= _DeBary_
+
+  1873. _Echinostelium_ DeBary, Rost., _Versuch_, p. 7.
+
+Sporangia distinct, globose, minute, the structure limited to a few
+imperfect rib-like, loosely joined branches developed from the short
+columella or stem-top, sustaining the spores.
+
+A single species:--
+
+
+1. ECHINOSTELIUM MINUTUM _DeBy_.
+
+  1873. _Echinostelium minutum_ DeBy., Rost., _Versuch_, p. 7.
+
+PLATE XIX., Figs. 11 and 11 _a_
+
+Sporangia distinct, scattered, globose, very minute, 40-50 µ, stipitate;
+the stipe, hair-like subulate, granular but hyaline; columella minute or
+none; capillitium consisting of a few arcuate spinose threads loosely
+united supporting the uncovered spores, spores globose, colorless,
+smooth, 7-8 µ.--_Rostafinski._
+
+This very singular and diminutive form, the least of all slime-moulds,
+is probably widely distributed but the accident of discovery is rare.
+DeBary found it once only, at Frankfurt am Main.
+
+Miss Lister reports its occurrence in England and Austria. In the United
+States it has been seen but once on certain laboratory material from
+Massachusetts, studied by Dr. Thaxter.
+
+Our drawing is after Rostafinski, IV., 68; Miss Lister follows No. 54,
+and so finds a bit of peridium below the two spores shown in the figure,
+one on each side of a microscopic _columella_.
+
+This is almost the only taxonomic suggestion;--a mere suggestion; this
+microscopic bit of anxious life is but a shadow,--a shade, a shadow of a
+lamproderma!
+
+
+ORDER III
+
+CRIBRARIALES
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous or æthalioid, or consisting of distinct
+sporangia; peridia membranaceous at maturity, more or less evanescent,
+opening irregularly or by means of a delicate network, which involves at
+least the upper part of the sporangium; capillitium usually none; spores
+of some shade of brown, umbrine, rarely purplish.
+
+This order is distinguished--except in a single case--by the entire
+absence of true capillitium, the pallid or brown spores, the gradual
+evolution of distinct sporangia in which provision for spore-dispersal
+is made by peridial modification especially at the sporangium-top.
+
+
+=Key to the Families of the Cribrariales=
+
+  _A._ Fructification plasmodiocarpous scattered as
+         if made up of the segments of the
+         plasmodial net                                          LICEACÆ
+
+  _B._ Fructification of distinct and separate
+         sporangia, long stipitate, opening by a
+         delicate operculum at the top                      ORCADELLACEÆ
+
+  _C._ Fructification æthalioid, the sporangia
+         generally more or less tubular, often
+         prismatic by mutual pressure; opening by
+         rupture of the apex, the lateral walls entire       TUBIFERACEÆ
+
+  _D._ Fructification æthalioid, the sporangia ill
+         defined, their walls more or less
+         perforate, frayed, or dissipated, forming
+         a pseudo-capillitium,                            RETICULARIACEÆ
+
+  _E._ Fructification of distinct and separate
+         sporangia, the walls more or less
+         reticulately perforate especially above            CRIBRARIACEÆ
+
+
+_A._ LICEACEÆ
+
+A single genus,--
+
+
+=1. Licea= (_Schrader_) _Rost._
+
+  1797. _Licea_ Schrader, _Nov. Gen. Plant._, p. 16, in part.
+  1875. _Licea_ (Schrader) Rost., _Mon._, p. 218.
+
+Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, looped, irregular, or distinct, sessile,
+and regularly rounded or elliptical; the peridium simple, rather firm,
+ruptured irregularly or by simple fissure; hypothallus none.
+
+This genus is distinguished from other similar plasmodiocarpous forms by
+the extreme simplicity of its structure. There is absolutely no
+capillitium nor anything like it, simply a mass of spores surrounded by
+thin membranous walls. The spores range from pale olive, colorless under
+the lens, through various shades of brown to dusky almost black in _L.
+pusilla_. Schrader included the _Tubifera_ species.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Licea=
+
+  _A._ Plainly plasmodiocarpous                       1. _L. variabilis_
+
+  _B._ Opening by regular segments.
+
+       1. Segments two only                              2. _L. biforis_
+
+       2. Segments several.
+
+          i. Spores brown                                 3. _L. minima_
+
+         ii. Spores dusky olive                          4. _L. pusilla_
+
+
+1. LICEA VARIABILIS _Schrader._
+
+PLATE XII., Figs. 7 and 8.
+
+  1797. _Licea variabilis_ Schrader, _Nov. Gen._, p. 18, Pl. VI.,
+           Figs. 5 and 6.
+  1801. _Licea variabilis_ Schr., Pers., _Syn. Meth._, p. 197.
+  1801. _Licea flexuosa_ Pers., _Syn. Meth._, p. 197.
+  1911. _Licea flexuosa_ Pers., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 189.
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous, elongate, hamate, annulate or
+irregularly repent, very dark brown, rough, the peridium of two layers,
+the outer closely adhering, dark brown, thick, opaque, the inner
+delicate, membranous, very thin, transparent, iridescent, rugulose,
+rupturing irregularly; hypothallus none; spores in mass pale yellow with
+a greenish tinge, by transmitted light nearly colorless, large, globose,
+minutely spinulose, 12.5 µ.
+
+This is the largest species of the genus as represented in this country,
+the plasmodiocarps of various lengths and from .5-.7 µ wide. Somewhat
+resembling some species of _Ophiotheca_, but of much darker color. The
+outer peridium is deciduous, and the inner slowly ruptures, by irregular
+fissures discharging the spores. The plasmodium, according to Schrader,
+is white. Rare. Probably overlooked.
+
+Any good reason for changing the name given to this form so well
+illustrated and described by Schrader does not appear. Persoon quotes
+his predecessor's species and adds _L. flexuosa_ on his own account;
+strangely enough, since Schrader expressly describes _L. variabilis_,
+"in uno eodemque enim loco peridium hemisphericum, ovatum, oblongum
+_flexuosum_ vel aliter formatum diversi est diametri."
+
+New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+_Licea flexuosa_ Pers. is by Schweinitz reported from Pennsylvania. It
+is described as having brown spores, 10-15 µ, spinulose.
+
+
+2. LICEA BIFORIS _Morgan._
+
+PLATE XII., Fig. 10.
+
+  1893. _Licea biforis_ Morgan, _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 5.
+
+Sporangia regular, compressed, sessile on a narrow base, gregarious; the
+wall firm, thin, smooth, yellow brown in color and nearly opaque, with
+minute, scattered granules on the inner surface, at maturity opening
+into two equal parts, which remain persistent by the base; spores
+yellow-brown in mass, globose or oval, even, 9-12 u.
+
+Minute but perfectly regular, almost uniform, corneous-looking sporangia
+are thickly strewn over the inner surface of decaying bark. Each, at
+first elongate, pointed at each end, opens at length by fissure along
+the upper side setting free the minute yellowish spores. Unlike anything
+else; reminding one, at first sight, of some species of _Glonium_.
+
+Inside bark of _Liriodendron_. Ohio, Canada.
+
+
+3. LICEA MINIMA _Fries_.
+
+  1829. _Licea minima_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 199.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, umber-brown, spherical or hemispherical, sessile;
+the peridium opaque, brown, opening along prefigured lines, forming
+segments with dotted margins, ultimately widely reflexed; spores in mass
+dark brown, by transmitted light paler with olive tints, minutely
+roughened, 10-11 µ.
+
+The very minute sporangia, 3 mm., of this species cause it to be
+overlooked generally by collectors. Nevertheless, it may be found on
+decaying soft woods, in August, probably around the world. The number
+of sporangia produced by one plasmodium is in Iowa also small. The
+larger specimens might be mistaken for species of _Perichaena_, but are
+easily distinguished by the regular and lobate dehiscence. The
+plasmodium is yellow.
+
+Dr. George Rex, in almost the last paper from his hand, gives an
+interesting account of this diminutive species. Among various gatherings
+studied he found a black variety, a melanistic phase, so to say, and was
+able to follow the evolution of the sporangia from the yellow
+plasmodium. The sutures by which the peridium opens, first show signs of
+differentiation by change of color from yellow through garnet to black.
+Later the entire wall undergoes similar color changes, beginning next
+the completed sutural delimitations. Of the open peridia, the reflexed
+segments remind one of certain didermas, as _D. radiatum_. See _Bot.
+Gaz._, Vol. XIX., p. 399.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Iowa.
+
+
+4. LICEA PUSILLA _Schrader._
+
+  1797. _Licea pusilla_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 19, tab. VI.,
+           f. 4.
+  1829. _Physarum licea_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 143.
+  1875. _Protoderma pusilla_ (Schrader) Rost., _Mon._, p 90.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, depressed-globose, sessile on a
+flattened base, dark brown, shining, .5-1 mm.; peridium thin, dark
+colored, translucent, dehiscent above by regular segments; spore-mass
+almost black, spores by transmitted light olivaceous brown, smooth, or
+nearly so, 15-17 µ.
+
+Fries, _l. c._, makes this a physarum, and argues the case at length,
+evidently with such efficiency that he greatly impressed Rostafinski,
+who did not make it a physarum indeed, but actually gave it generic
+place and station of its own; a physarum may do without calcium in the
+capillitium perhaps, but not be entirely non-calcareous; so he writes
+_Protoderma_ (first cover) and places the species number 1 on the long
+list of endosporous forms. Even in his '_Dodatek_', or supplement, as we
+should say, he refers to the thing again, but only to correct the
+inflexional ending of the specific name; he writes _Protoderma pusillum_
+(Schrader) Rost!
+
+Schweinitz reports the species for America and Morgan cites Schweinitz
+and reports it for Ohio, but we find it in no American collections.
+
+
+_B._ ORCADELLACEÆ;
+
+Sporangia distinct, minute, long stipitate, opening above by a distinct
+lid.
+
+A single genus,--
+
+
+=Orcadella= _Wingate_
+
+  1889. _Orcadella_ Wingate, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 280.
+
+Sporangia furnished with rigid, unpolished stipes, blending above with
+the substance of the thick unpolished walls; the operculum thin,
+delicate, membranaceous.
+
+A single species,--
+
+
+1. ORCADELLA OPERCULATA _Wingate._
+
+PLATE XII., Fig. 11.
+
+  1889. _Orcadella operculata_ Wingate, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 280.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, ellipsoidal, ovoid, obconical or nearly
+globose, dull brown or blackish, the wall simple, thick, coarse, at the
+top replaced by a delicate, thin, yellowish, iridescent, lustrous or
+vernicose membrane which forms a circular, smooth, or wrinkled lid, soon
+deciduous; stipe of varying height, rough from deposit of plasmodic
+refuse; spores, in mass yellowish, globose, smooth, 8-11 µ.
+
+This curious little species, well described by its discoverer, appears
+to be very rare. At least it is seldom collected; overlooked by reason
+of its minuteness. It is a stipitate licea, or a lid-covered cribraria;
+perhaps nearer the former. It affects the bark of species of _Quercus_,
+and seems to be associated there with _Clastoderma debaryanum. N. A.
+F._, 2497.
+
+Pennsylvania, Maine.
+
+
+_C._ TUBIFERACEÆ
+
+Fructification æthalioid or of distinct sporangia; sporangia well
+defined, tubular, often prismatic by mutual pressure, seated on a
+common, well-marked hypothallus, at length dehiscent by the irregular
+rupture of the peridium, in typical cases at the apex, its walls
+remaining then otherwise entire; capillitial threads in No. 3, only.
+
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Tubiferaceæ=
+
+  _A._ Spores olivaceous; sporangia in one or several
+         series,                                           1. LINDBLADIA
+
+  _B._ Spores umber; sporangia in a single series            2. TUBIFERA
+
+  _C._ Sporangia stipitate; capillitium of tubular threads    3. ALWISIA
+
+
+=1. Lindbladia= _Fries_
+
+  1849. _Lindbladia_ Fries, _Sum. Veg. Scand._, p. 449.
+
+Fructification æthalioid; the sporangia short, tubular, sometimes
+superimposed, sometimes forming a simple stratum, in the latter case
+generally sessile, but sometimes short-stipitate, the peridium at first
+entire, at length opening irregularly either at the sides or apex, beset
+with granules; spores olivaceous.
+
+This genus was established by Fries in 1849 to accommodate a single
+species of wide distribution and somewhat varying habit, which is
+neither a tubifera nor yet a cribraria and offers points of resemblance
+to each. It is distinct in that the sporangia, while often in single
+series, are yet often superimposed. It resembles _Tubifera_ in its
+simple sporangia, opening without the aid of a net; it is like
+_Cribraria_ in the smooth ochraceous-olivaceous spores and granuliferous
+peridium.
+
+
+1. LINDBLADIA EFFUSA (_Ehr._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, PLATE XII., Figs. 1, 2.
+
+  1818. _Licea effusa_ Ehr., _Sylv. Myc. Ber._, p. 26.
+  1875. _Lindbladia effusa_ (Ehr.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 223.
+  1879. _Perichaena caespitosa_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXI., p. 57.
+
+Sporangia minute, either closely combined and superimposed, so as to
+form a pulvinate æthalium, or crowded together in a single layer,
+sessile, or short-stipitate; the peridia thin, membranous, marked by
+scattered plasmodic granules, often lustrous, sometimes dull
+lead-colored or blackish, especially above; stipe, when present, very
+short but distinct, brown, rugulose; hypothallus well developed,
+membranous, or more or less spongiose in structure; spore-mass
+ochraceous, under the lens, nearly smooth, almost colorless, 6-7.5 µ.
+
+This very variable species has been well studied by Dr. Rex. See _Bot.
+Gaz._, XVII., p. 201. In its simpler phases it presents but a single
+layer of sporangia generally closely crowded together, sometimes free
+and even short stipitate! In the more complex phase the sporangia are
+heaped together in a pulvinate mass in which the peridia appear as
+boundaries of minute cells. In this case the outermost sporangia are
+often consolidated to form a cortex more or less dense and shining. In
+any case the hypothallus is a prominent feature; generally laminated and
+of two or three layers, it is in the more hemispheric æthalia very much
+more complex, sponge-like. When thin this structure is remarkable for
+its wide extent, 40-50 cm.! The simpler forms approach very near to
+_Cribraria_ through _C. argillacea_. The most complex remind us of
+_Enteridium_.
+
+This is _Perichaena caespitosa_ Peck. In this country it has, however,
+been generally distributed as _L. effusa_ Ehr. This author throws some
+doubt on the species he describes by suggesting that the plasmodium may
+be _red_. The description, however, and figures are otherwise good and
+are established by the usage of Rostafinski. The plasmodium has much the
+same color as the mature fruit.
+
+Widely distributed. New England to the Black Hills and Colorado, south
+to Arkansas. California, about Monterey.
+
+
+=2. Tubifera= _Gmelin_
+
+  1791. _Tubifera_ Gmelin, _Syst. Nat._, II., p. 1472.
+
+Sporangia tubular, by mutual pressure more or less prismatic, connate,
+pale ferruginous-brown, iridescent, the walls thin, slightly granular,
+long-persistent; dehiscence apical; hypothallus thick, spongiose, white
+or whitish; spore-mass ferruginous.
+
+This genus is easily recognized by the tubular sporangia, destitute of
+capillitial threads, seated upon a strongly developed hypothallus. The
+synonymy of the case is somewhat difficult. It is possible that
+Mueller's _Tubulifera ceratum, Fl. Dan._, Ellevte Haefte, 1775, p. 8,
+may belong here, but neither the text nor the figures make it certain.
+Neither he nor OEder, who gives us _T. cremor_ in the same work, had
+any accurate idea of the objects described. Gmelin's description of
+_Tubifera_, II., 2, 1472, is, however, ample, and his citations of
+Bulliard's plates leave no doubt as to the forms he included. Gmelin
+writes: "Thecæ (membranæ expansæ superimpositæ) inter se connatæ
+seminibus nudiusculis repletæ."
+
+Why, in face of so good a description, Persoon changed the name to that
+since current, _Tubulina_, is not clear.
+
+Fries thinks Mueller had an immature _Arcyria_ before him, _Syst. Myc._,
+III., p. 196. _Tubulifera arachnoidea_ Jacq., 1778, is also an uncertain
+quantity, insufficiently described.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Tubifera=
+
+  _A._ Hypothallus well developed, but not conspicuous.
+
+     _a._ Pseudo-columellæ none                      1. _T. ferruginosa_
+
+     _b._ Pseudo-columellæ present at least in many
+            of the tubules                              2. _T. casparyi_
+
+  _B._ Hypothallus prominent, columnar                 3. _T. stipitata_
+
+
+1. TUBIFERA FERRUGINOSA (_Batsch_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE I., Fig. 4; PLATE VII., Fig. 8; PLATE XII., Fig. 14.
+
+  1786. _Stemonitis ferruginosa_ Batsch, _Elench._, p. 261, Fig. 175.
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus cylindricus_ Bull., _Champ._, p. 140, t. 470,
+           III.
+  1791. _Tubifera ferruginosa_ Gmelin, _Syst. Nat._, 1472 (_ex parte_).
+  1805. _Tubulina cylindrica_ (Bull.) DC., _Fl. Fr._, 671.
+  1875. _Tubulina cylindrica_ (Bull.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 220.
+  1894. _Tubulina fragiformis_ (Pers.) Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 153.
+
+Sporangia crowded, cylindric or prismatic, elongate, connate, more or
+less distinct above, pale umber-brown, generally simple though
+occasionally branched above, the peridia thin, sometimes fragile, but
+generally persistent, transparent, iridescent; hypothallus strongly
+developed, spongiose, white, often projecting beyond the æthalioid mass
+of sporangia; spore-mass umber-brown or ferruginous; spores by
+transmitted light almost colorless, plainly reticulate over
+three-fourths of the surface, 6-7 µ.
+
+Not rare on old logs, mosses, etc., from Maine to Alaska. Apparently
+more common north than south. Easily known by its long, tubular
+sporangia packed with rusty spores and destitute of any trace of
+columella or capillitium, the hypothallus explanate, rather thick, but
+not columnar. A single plasmodium may give rise to one or several
+colonies, at first watery or white, then red, of somewhat varying
+shades, then finally umber-brown. These colors were noticed by all the
+older authors, but very inaccurately; thus a white plasmodium is the
+basis for _Tubifera cylindrica_ (Bull.) Gmel., a roseate plasmodium for
+_Tubifera fragiformis_ (Bull.) Gmel., and the mature fructification for
+_Tubifera ferruginosa_ (Batsch) Gmel. Rostafinski adopted a specific
+name given by Bulliard, but Batsch has clear priority.
+
+The peridia are sometimes accuminate, and widely separate above. This is
+Persoon's _T. fragiformis_. In most cases, however, the peridia are
+connate throughout, and sometimes present above a membranous common
+covering. This is _T. fallax_ of Persoon; _Licea cylindrica_ (Bull.)
+Fries. In forms with thicker peridia, the walls often show the granular
+markings characteristic of the entire _Anemeae_.
+
+
+2. TUBIFERA STIPITATA (_Berk. & Rav._) _Macbr._
+
+  1858. _Licea stipitata_ Berk. & Rav., _Am. Acad._, IV., p. 125.[39]
+  1868. _Licea stipitata_ Berk. & Rav., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, X., p. 350.
+  1875. _Tubulina stipitata_ (Berk. & Rav.) Rost., p. 223.
+
+Sporangia crowded in a globose or more or less hemispheric, expanded
+head, borne upon a spongy, stem-like, sulcate hypothallus 3-4 mm. high,
+their apices rounded, their walls very thin, evanescent; spores in mass
+umber-brown, small, about 5 µ, the epispore reticulate as in the
+preceding species.
+
+This differs from number 1 chiefly in the cushion-like receptacle on
+which the crowded sporangia are borne, and in the smaller spores. The
+species originates in a plasmodium at first colorless, then white,
+followed by salmon or buff tints, which pass gradually into the dark
+brown of maturity. This peculiar succession of colors is perhaps more
+diagnostic than the difference in habit. The spores are, however,
+constantly smaller in all the specimens we have examined, and the
+stipitate habit very marked.
+
+New England, New York, south to South Carolina, and west to South
+Dakota; our finest specimens are from Missouri.
+
+
+3. TUBIFERA CASPARYI (_Rost._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XII., Fig. 9.
+
+  1876. _Siphoptychium casparyi_ Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 32.
+
+Sporangia closely crowded, tubular, cylindric or prismatic by mutual
+pressure, connate, the apices rounded, convex, covered by a continuous
+membrane, umber-brown; the peridia firm, persistent, minutely granular,
+iridescent; hypothallus well developed, thin, brown, explanate;
+pseudo-columellæ erect, rigid, traversing many of the sporangia, and in
+some instances bound back to the peridial walls by slender, membranous
+bands or threads, a pseudo-capillitium; spore-mass dark brown or umber,
+spores by transmitted light pale, globose, reticulate, 7.5-9 µ.
+
+This is _Siphoptychium casparyi_ Rost. In _Bot. Gaz._, XV., p. 319, Dr.
+Rex shows that the relationships of the species are with _Tubifera_;
+that the so-called columella is probably an abortive sporangium, the
+so-called capillitial threads having no homology with the capillitial
+threads of the true columelliferous forms. It is a good species of
+_Tubifera_, nothing more. The tubules are shorter than in either of the
+preceding species; the spores are darker, larger, and more thoroughly
+reticulate.
+
+The plasmodium is given by Dr. Rex, _l. c._, as white, then "dull gray
+tinged with sienna color," then various tones of sienna-brown, to the
+dark umber of the mature æthalium.
+
+New York, Adirondack Mountains; Allamakee Co., Iowa.
+
+
+=3. Alwisia= _Berk. & Br._
+
+PLATE XIX., Figs. 5 and 5 _a_.
+
+  1873. _Alwisia_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, Vol. XIV., p. 86.
+
+Sporangia ellipsoidal, clustered, stipitate; dehiscence by the falling
+away of the upper part of the peridium disclosing a persisting pencil of
+capillitial threads. A single species:--
+
+
+1. ALWISIA BOMBARDA _Berk. & Br._
+
+  1873. _Alwisia bombarda_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, XIV., p. 86.
+
+Sporangia gathered in clusters of four to eight, surmounting coalescent,
+or sometimes divergent stalks, rusty-brown, or pallid, the peridium
+evanescent above; the coalescing stalks forming, especially below, a
+clustered column, 2 mm. in height, equalling the sporangia, dull
+reddish-brown in color; capillitium of rigid, tubular, generally simple
+threads, attaching above by delicate tips, below by a broader sometimes
+branching base, sometimes conjoined near the peridial wall, now and then
+at irregular intervals inflated slightly or anon bulbose, roughened by
+projecting spinules, one-third the diameter, brownish or yellow; spores
+reddish-brown, faintly marked by reticulating bands over large part of
+the surface, 5-5.5 µ.
+
+This peculiar species looks at first very little like a myxomycete. The
+stiff projecting hairs of the capillitium are hyphal in appearance and
+under the lens recall the phycomycetes; but the spores and withal the
+general structure seem to claim recognition here. Rostafinski was
+inclined to make a trichia of it, because of the hair-like capillitium,
+and markings on the threads, Massee found indistinct spiral markings
+even, enough to suit at least the prototrichias. Mr. Lister would put it
+near the tubifers. Father Torrend thinks of the dianemas, margaritas,
+etc., because of simple capillitium attached above and below!
+Spore-characters are probably the index most reliable, and the partial
+reticulation suggests association with _Tubifera_ and for the present it
+may find station there, as in the English monograph.
+
+Rare. Collected three times: twice in Ceylon, once in Jamaica. By the
+courtesy of Dr. Farlow, late lamented, we record the western specimens.
+
+
+_D._ RETICULARIACEÆ
+
+Fructification æthalioid; the sporangia sometimes poorly defined,
+intricately associated, borne on a common hypothallus and covered above
+by a common cortex; the lateral walls variously perforate and
+incomplete, form a pseudo-capillitium; spores umber or ochraceous.
+
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Reticulariaceæ=
+
+  _A._ Spores umber.
+
+    _a._ Sporangia wholly indeterminate, their walls much
+           consolidated below, fraying out above into
+           long, slender threads,                         1. RETICULARIA
+
+    _b._ Sporangia bounded, more or less distinctly, by
+           broad perforate plates throughout               2. ENTERIDIUM
+
+  _B._ Spores ochraceous                              3. DICTYDIÆTHALIUM
+
+=1. Reticularia= (_Bull._) _Rost._
+
+  1791. _Reticularia_ Bulliard, _Champ. de la France_, p. 95, in part.
+  1873. _Reticularia_ (Bulliard) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 6.
+
+Plasmodium at first white, then pink, 'ashes of roses,' etc. Sporangia
+wholly indeterminate or undefined, their walls represented (?) by a
+spongy mass of so-called capillitium, consisting of membranous plates,
+branching, anastomosing, vanishing without order or symmetry, generally
+giving rise at the sides, and especially above, to long slender flexuous
+threads; outer cortex silvery white; hypothallus distinct, white;
+spore-mass and threads umber or rusty brown.
+
+A single species,--
+
+
+1. RETICULARIA LYCOPERDON (_Bull._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE X., Figs. 7, 7 _a_; PLATE XII., Fig. 3.
+
+  1791. _Reticularia lycoperdon_ Bull., _Champ. de la France_, p. 95.
+
+Æthalium pulvinate, 2-8 cm. broad, at first silvery white, later less
+lustrous, the cortex irregularly and slowly deciduous; hypothallus at
+first conspicuous as a white margin extending round the entire
+aethalium, evanescent without, but persisting as a firm membrane beneath
+the spore-mass, pseudo-capillitium abundant, tending to form erect
+central masses which persist long after the greater part of the fruit
+has been scattered by the winds; spore-mass umber, spores by transmitted
+light pale, reticulate over about two-thirds of the surface, the
+remainder slightly warted, 8-9 µ.
+
+Not common. Often confused with the following, the spores of the two
+forms being very much alike; the internal structure, entirely different,
+and once compared, the two are thereafter easily distinguished at sight
+by external characters. The sporangial make-up is indifferent, confused.
+It represents a phase in development whence might issue columellæ with
+capillitium-branches or distinct tubular sporangia with persisting
+walls; or are such structures here but reminiscent only? Compare
+_Amaurochaete atra_, where similar conditions prevail. There
+differentiation goes on to the formation of a structure of which
+_Stemonitis_ is type; here the sporangium-wall becomes dominant; suffers
+modification for spore-disposal, an idea reaching fair expression in
+_Cribraria_ and _Dictydium_.
+
+The plasmodium is white, noted Bulliard. Fries cites with approval the
+words of Schweinitz,--"color corticis ab initio argenteus sericeo
+nitore insignis; sed deinde sordescit e griseo in subfuscum vergens."
+Sometimes the surface does indeed shine as silver!
+
+The fructification appears to be isolated in each case; the entire
+plasmodium consumed in a single plasmodiocarp.
+
+Widely distributed. Maine to California, and south.
+
+
+=2. Enteridium= _Ehrenberg_
+
+  1818. _Enteridium_ Ehrenberg, Link and Spreng., _Jahrb., Bd._ II.,
+           p. 55.
+
+Fructification æthalioid; the confluent sporangia inextricably
+interwoven, the walls perforate by large openings, the resultant network
+of broad plates and bands widening at the points of intersection.
+
+The genus _Enteridium_ is distinguished from _Reticularia_ chiefly by
+the more perfectly developed sporangial walls. These are everywhere
+membranous and do not show the abundant filiform dissipation so
+characteristic of _Reticularia_. The resultant structure in
+_Reticularia_ is a mass of more or less lengthened and anastomosing
+threads; in _Enteridium_, an exceedingly delicate but sufficiently
+persistent sponge. The "net-like, three-winged skeleton" referred to by
+Rostafinski results from the union at one point of three adjoining
+sporangia. Compare the section of the adjoining cells of a honeycomb.
+
+Of this genus there are but two or three species, all so far occurring
+in our territory.
+
+=Key to the Species of Enteridium=
+
+  _A._ Fructification umber brown                      1. _E. splendens_
+
+  _B._ Fructification olivaceous                       2. _E. olivaceum_
+
+  _C._ Fructification minute, 1-2 mm.                    3. _E. minutum_
+
+
+1. ENTERIDIUM SPLENDENS _Morg._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_; PLATE XII., Figs. 4, 5.
+
+  1876. _Reticularia_ (?) _rozeanum_ Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 33.
+  1889. _Enteridium rozeanum_ (Rost.) Wing., _Proc. Phil. Acad._,
+           p. 156.
+  1892. _Enteridium rozeanum_ Wingate, Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist.
+           Iowa_, II., p. 117.
+  1893. _Reticularia splendens_ Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 11.
+  1899. _Enteridium splendens_ Morg., Morg. _in litt._
+
+Æthalium pulvinate, even, or somewhat irregular, unevenly swollen or
+inflated, lobate or compound, covered by an exceedingly thin, generally
+smooth, shining, but never white, pellicle or cortex, brown, from 1-6
+cm. in diameter; hypothallus white, often wide extending; capillitium
+none; the sporangial walls thin and brown forming a network as above
+described; spore-mass umber, spores by transmitted light pale, about
+two-thirds of the surface reticulate, the rest nearly smooth, 7-9 µ.
+
+Very common, especially west, on decaying logs and stumps of every
+description. Easily distinguished by its brown color and smooth,
+shining, though uneven surface. The plasmodium as it emerges to form
+fruit is pale pink or flesh color, slowly deepening to brown as maturity
+advances. The first emergence is a watery white.
+
+New England, Canada, to Minnesota and Nebraska, South Dakota.
+
+In 1876 Rostafinski provisionally referred to the genus _Reticularia_
+certain specimens received from M. Roze of Paris. Thirteen years later
+in correspondence with M. Roze, Mr. Wingate satisfied himself that the
+specimens discovered by Roze were the same as our common enteridium. He
+therefore, _l. c._, applied to our American forms the name they have
+widely borne, _E. rozeanum_. Mr. Lister, _Jour. of Botany_, Sept. '91,
+applied the Rostafinskian name to certain English specimens. Thereafter
+to be known as _Reticularia lobata_ Rost. and so fixed the status of
+that species. From all the literature before us it appears that Mr.
+Lister was right. _R. lobata_ List. (now _Liceopsis lobata_ List.)
+Torr., occurs in various parts of Europe, while our American species of
+_Enteridium_ is yet to be discovered on that side of the sea!
+
+Were the latter native to the old world at all, it had surely been seen
+long ago. It is large and fine, and could not have escaped the famous
+collectors of the last two hundred years. Although it has been sent by
+students from this side of the ocean to Europe for more than thirty
+years, it has not even adventitiously appeared.
+
+It therefore appears that our American species is known to Europe
+through Mr. Wingate's reference only.
+
+Twenty years ago in correspondence with Mr. Wingate it was learned that
+the material received by him from M. Roze was but a small fragment,
+crushed flat, and even this was at that time no longer in evidence. This
+specimen was itself _not part of the gathering submitted to
+Rostafinski_; but only the fragment of something _appearing in 1890 in
+the same locality_!
+
+    ... "something not the same,
+    But only like its forecast in men's dreams."
+
+When we further reflect that the spores of species of several of the
+forms now in review, _Tubifera_, _Reticularia_, _Enteridium_, are not
+without difficulty distinguished, it is easy to see that Mr. Wingate's
+specific reference has narrow foundations to say the least. It seems now
+likely that Father Torrend's _Liceopsis_, _Reticulara lobata_ R., M.
+Roze's aftermath, and all, are but the depauperate forms of some
+tubifera!
+
+_E. rozeanum Wing._, is therefore the synonym for an ill-defined
+something in Western Europe and need not further here concern us as far
+material reference goes.
+
+In any case, what induced Mr. Wingate to pull Rostafinski's uncertain
+description of a problematic form across the sea, to attach it to our
+clearly defined and well known American species, changing the Polish
+description the while to make it fit, is hard to understand; especially
+in view of the fact, by Wingate admitted, that Rex had in his letters to
+Morgan already named the American type _Enteridium umbrinum_. The two
+students differed as to generic reference, and later on Morgan published
+_Reticularia splendens_ Morg.; rather than _R. umbrina_ (Rex) Morg.
+because he was using _R. umbrina_ Fr. for what is generally known as _R.
+lycoperdon_ (_Bull._)
+
+It would then appear that when Wingate sought to impose the
+Rostafinskian specific name upon our American form by changing (fixing!)
+Rostafinski's generic reference, and by re-writing the specific
+description from the pages of the _Monograph_ in order to claim
+identity, he was entirely without justification, especially since he
+knew the species appropriately named by his colleague, Dr. Rex, and had
+the name as used in the Rex and Morgan correspondence.
+
+In brief; Mr. Wingate proceeded to re-describe Rostafinski's rozean
+specimen and referred a long-known American form (very different) to the
+European specimen as type. Wingate's description is right; he had the
+American material before him; but his cited type is worthless, an
+entirely different thing.
+
+Does the reader care to see what the European _type_ of our common form,
+Wingate _teste_, really looks like, let him consult the _Jour. of
+Botany_, Vol. XXIX., p. 263, 1891.
+
+
+2. ENTERIDIUM OLIVACEUM _Ehr._
+
+  1818. _Enteridium olivaceum_ Ehr.
+
+Æthalium depressed flat, oval or elongate, .3 cm. in extent, .6 mm.
+thick when fresh, glossy, smooth, greenish-olivaceous-brown; within a
+spongy net-work representing sporangial walls which are thin, pale
+olivaceous, perforate by circular openings, meshes surrounded by wide
+plates; spores in clusters, six or more together, ovoid, distinctly
+warted at the wider end, pale olivaceous, 9-11 µ.
+
+This, the type of the genus, is a very distinct species of this by its
+structure readily distinguished form. Fries thought the species might
+represent a less perfectly-developed reticularia, and therefore wrote
+_Reticularia olivacea_ noting, however, the clustered spores and the
+lack of hypothallus.
+
+Common, as would appear, in Europe and in S. America; rare with us.
+Reported from N. Hampshire and we have one specimen from Colorado.
+
+
+3. ENTERIDIUM MINUTUM _Sturg._
+
+  1917. _Enteridium minutum_ Sturg., _Mycologia_, IX, p. 328.
+
+Æthalia rounded or elongate, pulvinate, pale umber in color, seated on a
+broad membranous base, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter; wall wrinkled and usually
+marked with small scattered pits, pale-yellow, membranous; walls of
+component sporangia, membranous, minutely roughened, perforated with
+round openings, the margins of which show many free threads; or reduced
+to irregular, anastomosing strands arising from the base of the
+æthalium, with membranous or net-like expansions at the angles and with
+many delicate, free, pointed ends. Spores pale-yellow, usually united in
+twos or threes, and ovoid or flattened on one side; when free, globose,
+very minutely spinulose, 9.5-10.5.
+
+Colorado: _Dr. Sturgis._
+
+
+=3. Dictydiæthalium= _Rostafinski_
+
+  1873. _Dictydiaethalium_ Rost., _Versuch_, p. 5.
+  1875. _Clathroptychium_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 224.
+
+Æthalium depressed, flat; the sporangia erect, regular, prismatic by
+mutual pressure, the peridia convex above, wanting at the sides and
+within the æthalium represented by vertical threads marking the angles
+and passing from base to summit.
+
+This genus is readily recognized by the internal structure of the
+æthalium. The lateral wall-openings, which, as we have seen,
+characterize the sporangia of the preceding genus, here become extreme,
+occupying to such extent the lateral wall-space of each sporangium that
+only threads remain to mark the vertical angles.
+
+In 1873 Rostafinski applied the generic name here adopted, because he
+thought he discovered close relationships with _Dictydium_. In 1875,
+believing his first impressions erroneous, and desirous that the
+nomenclature might not at once mislead the student and perpetuate the
+memory of his own mistake, the same author proposed the name by which
+the genus has generally ever since been known--_Clathroptychium_.
+However sensible the latter conclusion reached by our Polish author, it
+is plainly contrary to all rules of priority.
+
+Our region shows but a single widely distributed species,--
+
+
+1. DICTYDIAETHALIUM PLUMBEUM (_Schum._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+  1803. _Fuligo plumbea_ Schum., _Enum. Saell._, No. 1410.
+  1833. _Licea rugulosa_ Wall., _Cr. Fl. Ger._, IV., p. 345.
+  1873. _Dictydiaethalium plumbeum_ (Schum.) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 5.
+  1875. _Clathroptychium rugulosum_ (Wallr.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 225.
+  1894. _Dictydiaethalium plumbeum_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 157.
+
+Æthalium thin, very flat, olivaceous or ochraceous, smooth, under the
+lens punctate, in section showing the columnar or prismatic sporangia,
+which are normally six-sided, having at the edges six simple threads,
+the remains of peridium, extending from base to apex, where the peridium
+remains intact, arcuate; hypothallus prominent, radiating far around the
+æthalium, silvery white; spores in mass, ochraceous, or dull brownish
+yellow, by transmitted light almost colorless, rough 9-10 µ.
+
+Not rare, on decaying logs, especially of _Tilla americana_, where in
+the same place successive fructifications follow each other sometimes
+for weeks together in the latter part of summer and early fall. The
+æthalium is generally elliptical or elongate, 2-3 cm. in extent,
+sometimes irregular or branched, varying in color according to degree of
+maturity, weathering, etc. Plasmodium at first watery, then pink, or
+flesh-colored.
+
+Eastern United States; common. Toronto;--_Miss Currie._
+
+
+_E._ CRIBRARIACEÆ
+
+Sporangia distinct, more or less closely gregarious, stipitate, the
+peridium opening, especially above, by a well-defined network formed
+from thickenings in the original sporangial wall.
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Cribrariaceæ=
+
+  _A._ Peridial thickenings in form of an apical net
+         with definite thickenings at the intersections
+         of the component threads                           1. CRIBRARIA
+
+  _B._ Peridial thickenings in form of parallel
+         meridional ribs connected by delicate
+         transverse threads                                 2. DICTYDIUM
+
+
+=Cribraria= (_Pers_) _Schrader._
+
+  1794. _Cribraria_ Persoon, Römer, _N. Bot. Mag._, I., p. 91, in part.
+  1797. _Cribraria_ Schrader, _Nov. Gen. Plant._, p. 1, in part.
+  1875. _Cribraria_ Rostafinski, _Mon._, p. 229.
+
+Sporangia distinct, gregarious or closely crowded, globose or obovoid,
+stipitate; the stipe of very varying length; the peridium simple, marked
+within by distinct and peculiar, granular, thickenings, which below take
+the form of radiating ribs, supporting the persisting cup, _calyculus_,
+and above, by extremely delicate anastomosing branches, unite to weave a
+more or less regular net with open polygonal meshes; spores various,
+more often yellowish or ochraceous, sometimes brown, reddish, or
+purple.
+
+The genus _Cribraria_, as limited by Persoon, included all forms in
+which the peridium is thin, evanescent half-way down, or entirely, and
+in which capillitium, as Persoon regarded the case, is formed of a
+network of reticulate threads surrounding the spores. Schrader redefined
+the genus; opposed Persoon's view as to the capillitial nature of the
+net, and separated the genus _Dictydium_, but by imperfect
+limitations,--in fact, chiefly because of the more completely evanescent
+peridium. Fries follows Schrader. Rostafinski first clearly separated
+the two genera, and his classification is here adopted. Nevertheless,
+after reviewing the subject entire one is more and more inclined to
+appreciate the commendation of Fries; "Auctor Schrader, qui insuper
+plurimas species detexit, et hoc et sequens genus ita proposuit ut
+sequentes vix aliquid addere valuerint."
+
+As to the habitat of the cribrarias, the remark of Schrader is still
+pertinent--"in vetustissimis plenariæ destructionis proximis arborum
+truncis"--for all the species. Rotten, coniferous wood seems to be
+preferred, but the decayed logs of trees of other orders are by no means
+refused. Rotten oak forms a very common habitat.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Cribraria=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia with spores ochraceous or brownish.
+
+     _a._ Sporangia larger, .5 mm. or more.
+
+          1. Net poorly developed, sometimes merely
+               indicated                              1. _C. argillacea_
+
+          2. Net conspicuous, nodes expanded, not swollen.
+
+             i. Calyculus reticulately thickened,
+                  ill-defined above                   2. _C. macrocarpa_
+
+            ii. Calyculus with radiant lines or ribs;
+                  net small-meshed; free ends none    6. _C. aurantiaca_
+
+           iii. Net wide-meshed, calyx rufous               4. _C. rufa_
+
+            iv. Calyx replaced by ribs                 5. _C. splendens_
+
+          3. Net conspicuous, nodules swollen.
+
+             i. Net-threads simple; free ends many  7. _C. dictydioides_
+
+            ii. Net-threads often parallel in twos
+                  or threes                            8. _C. intricata_
+
+     _b._ Sporangia small, less than .5 mm.
+
+          1. Nodes not expanded                      3. _C. minutissima_
+
+          2. Nodes well shown.
+
+             i. Calyculus distinctly marked by
+                  radiant lines, nodes round            10. _C. tenella_
+
+            ii. Calyculus minute or none;
+                  nodes prominent                    11. _C. microcarpa_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia more or less marked with purple or violet tints.
+
+     _a._ Purple or violet throughout.
+
+          1. Net poorly developed                      12. _C. violacea_
+
+          2. Net well developed.
+
+             i. Meshes regular and the nodes
+                  distinct                              14. _C. elegans_
+
+            ii. Meshes and nodules irregular           13. _C. purpurea_
+
+     _b._ Purple tints confined chiefly to plasmodic
+            granules on the calyculus and stipe.
+
+             Net with nodes well expanded.
+
+             i. Stipe short, not more than double the
+                  sporangium; net and calyculus both
+                  well developed                      9. _C. piriformis_
+
+            ii. Stipe many times the sporangium,
+                  weak                              15. _C. languescens_
+
+           iii. Stipe slender, sporangium
+                  copper-colored                         16. _C. cuprea_
+
+
+1. CRIBRARIA ARGILLACEA _Pers._
+
+PLATE XII., Figs. 12, 13; PLATE XVII., Fig. 1.
+
+  1791. _Stemonitis argillacea_ (Pers.) Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, II., 1469.
+  1796. _Cribraria argillacea_ Pers., _Obs. Myc._, I., p. 90.
+
+Sporangia dull ochraceous-olivaceous, globose, nearly 1 mm. in diameter,
+sessile or short stipitate, closely gregarious or crowded, the peridial
+walls at maturity smooth, shining, except above, long persistent,
+obscurely reticulate, with irregular thickenings which at the apex at
+length present the appearance of an irregular, coarsely meshed net
+without nodal thickenings; stipe very short, stout, erect, reddish
+brown, spore-mass ochraceous, spores by transmitted light pale,
+spinulose, 5-6 µ.
+
+This species stands just on the border-line between the tubiferas and
+the genus now before us. While on the one hand it possesses many
+characters such as the habit, form of sporangium, which are distinctly
+tubuline, on the other it shows in the upper peridial wall definite
+reticulations which suggest _Cribraria_. In freshly formed sporangia the
+reticulations are barely visible in the crown; later on they are more
+manifest, until, as spore-dispersal proceeds; the cribraria characters
+come out with sufficient distinctness, and in empty sporangia the
+reticulations may be seen to affect the entire peridial wall. The nodes
+are not expanded. The spores are pale by transmitted light, spinulose,
+about 6 µ. Plasmodium lead-colored. Found sometimes in large patches on
+rotten logs of various species. Not uncommon. Cf. _Lindbladia effusa_.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Ohio, Illinois,
+Iowa, Washington; Canada.
+
+
+2. CRIBRARIA MACROCARPA _Schrader._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 2.
+
+  1797. _Cribraria macrocarpa_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Plant._, p. 8.
+
+Sporangia more or less closely gregarious, yellowish brown, pear-shaped
+or obovate, large, .8-1 mm. in diameter, stipitate; stipe brown
+furrowed, erect or often nodding, about equal to the sporangium or
+longer; calyculus distinct, marked by numerous dark brown radiating
+ribs, iridescent, perforate above, deeply dentate, and merging gradually
+into the elegant network, of which the dark nodes are more distinctly
+expanded about half way up, less so at the apex and below, the filaments
+exceedingly delicate, simple, with occasional free ends projecting into
+the small meshes; spore-mass yellowish, spores by transmitted light
+almost colorless, minutely roughened, 5-6 µ.
+
+Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the present species, aside
+from its large size, is the peculiarly perforated cup or calyculus.
+Schrader's artist failed him here completely. The structure is
+exceedingly delicate, the peridium between the ribs and reticulations
+reduced to the last degree of tenuity, with the iridescence of the
+soap-bubble, here and there lapsed entirely. Withal the structure seems
+firm enough and persists until all the spores are dissipated by the
+wind.
+
+Easily distinguished from the preceding, its only rival in size, by the
+obovate or turbinate, netted sporangium, its much longer stem, and flat,
+perfectly formed nodes.
+
+Rare. New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Oregon; Toronto,
+Canada.
+
+
+3. CRIBRARIA MINUTISSIMA _Schweinitz._
+
+PLATE XVII., Figs. 6, 6 _a_.
+
+  1832. _Cribraria minutissima_ Schw., _N. A. F._, No. 2362.
+
+Sporangia scattered, orange or nut-brown, very minute, .1-.3 mm. or
+less, globose or ellipsoidal, stipitate, erect or nodding; hypothallus
+none; stipe short, 1-3 times the sporangium, filiform, tapering upward,
+brown; the calyculus variable, sometimes well marked and separated from
+the net when fully mature, by a shallow constriction, more commonly
+small or entirely wanting, especially in the spherical sporangia; net
+simple, large meshed, without nodal expansions, the threads flattened;
+spore-mass yellow, spores by transmitted light, pale, nearly smooth, 5-6
+µ.
+
+A most beautiful tiny species. Generally in all the specimens before us,
+a perfect, spherical net, firm enough to retain its place and structure
+after all the spores have been scattered. When mature the spore-mass
+seems to roll about as a ball, freely within the net, the spores being
+thus gradually dispersed. The calyculus when present is without veins.
+_C. minima_ Berk. & C., and _C. microscopica_ Berk. & C. are doubtless
+the same thing. _Grev._, II., p. 67, 1823. See also _Bot. Gaz._, XIX.,
+397.
+
+Rare. Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Missouri, Iowa; Black Hills, South
+Dakota.
+
+
+4. CRIBRARIA RUFA (_Roth_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XIX., Fig. 8.
+
+  1788. _Stemonitis rufa_ Roth, _Fl. Germ._, I., p. 548.
+  1794. _Cribraria rufescens_ Pers., Roemer, _N. Mag. Bot._, I.,
+           p. 91.
+  1797. _Cribraria fulva_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 5.
+
+Sporangia scattered, sub-globose or turbinate, dark or reddish orange,
+.5-.7 mm. in diameter, erect, stipitate; stipe about equalling the
+height of the sporangium or longer, dark brown or black; calyculus
+one-third to one-half the sporangium, the margin toothed, the wall
+ribbed and continuous with the open wide-meshed net; the network deep
+yellow or orange, the threads flattened; the nodes not thickened, little
+differentiated; spores concolorous, by transmitted light, pale yellow,
+verruculose, 5-7 µ.
+
+Similar to the preceding, but generally much larger and not so much
+inclined to brown. The size, however, is extremely variable in sporangia
+from the same plasmodium (reported white), some no larger than those of
+the species reckoned most minute.
+
+Oregon. _Professor Morton Peck._
+
+
+5. CRIBRARIA SPLENDENS (_Schrader_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XIX., Fig. 10.
+
+  1797. _Dictydium splendens_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen._, p. 14.
+  1801. _Cribraria splendens_ (Schrad.) Pers., _Syn. Fung._, p. 191.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, dusky yellow when filled with spores,
+dull or dusky brown when these are discharged, stipitate; stipe long,
+3-4 times the sporangium, subulate, erect-nodding, brown; hypothallus
+none; network brown, with large meshes, imperfectly defined nodes and
+flattened threads; calyculus none, its place supplied by nine or ten
+distinct, firm ribs which radiate from the stipe and support the net,
+branching to blend with its reticulations; spore-mass yellow, spores by
+transmitted light, colorless, smooth or nearly so, 6-7.5 µ.
+
+Of this species two specimens only are before us, one from Muscatine
+County, Iowa, and one from Washington (state). The species seems thus to
+have wide range, but to be exceedingly rare. It differs from all other
+American forms, so far described, in the peculiar development of the
+calyculus. Rostafinski emphasizes the persistence of the peridial wall
+and the peculiar gleaming of the metallic tints, displayed by all the
+structures. These particulars we have not been able to verify. Such
+characters may be incident to age or conditions of development. At all
+events, in forms which in all other respects seem to agree exactly with
+Rostafinski's descriptions, the colors are dull and without any
+noticeable iridescence. The spores in our specimens are also a little
+larger than quoted. Rostafinski gives 5-6 µ; Massee, 5-7 µ.
+
+
+6. CRIBRARIA AURANTIACA _Schrader._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 3, and XIX., Fig. 7.
+
+  1797. _Cribraria aurantiaca_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 5.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, spherical, dusky or yellowish stipitate, nodding;
+the calyculus variable, generally prominent, more or less distinctly
+marked by fine, delicate radiating venules, the margin denticulate, the
+teeth numerous and slender, supporting the well-defined globose net;
+network made up of very tenuous threads, forming rather small irregular
+brownish nodules and showing only here and there a free extremity; stipe
+generally short, two or three times the diameter of the sporangium,
+sometimes longer, tapering upward, brown, slender, arcuate above;
+spore-mass yellow or ochraceous, spores by transmitted light, colorless,
+5-6 µ, almost smooth.
+
+This widely distributed and very variable species is generally
+recognized by the large sporangia, .5-.9 mm., comparatively short stipe,
+simple net, and more or less orange color. The color is an uncertain
+thing even in the sporangia, which rise from one plasmodium. Schrader,
+however, made this feature so far diagnostic that he placed the more
+pronouncedly yellow forms in the species _C. aurantiaca_ and set off as
+_C. vulgaris_ forms in which more dusky tints prevail. The dark-colored
+forms have also usually longer stipes, but so much is dependent upon the
+climatic conditions prevalent at the time of fruiting, that this feature
+also is indeterminate. Rostafinski's figures, 21 and 26, Tab. II., show
+the characteristic nodules and the typical net structure. It is to be
+observed that Fig. 21 represents higher magnification; otherwise the two
+figures are very much alike.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland and South, Ohio,
+Washington, California; Canada, Toronto.
+
+
+7. CRIBRARIA DICTYDIOIDES _Cke. & Balf._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 5, 5 _a_, 5 _b_, and XIX., 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.
+
+  1881. _Cribraria dictydioides_ Cke. & Balf., _Rav. Fung. Am._, 475.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, of medium size, globose, cernuous, stipitate; the
+stipe long, slender, tapering upwards, dull brown in color; hypothallus
+none; the calyculus variable, sometimes well developed, as in _C.
+aurantiaca_, sometimes rudimentary or represented only by irregular,
+node-like ribs; the network delicate, the meshes small, few-sided; the
+nodules large, prominent, brown, irregular, with several radiating,
+free, projecting threads, beside the single continuous filaments which
+pass from node to node; spore-mass pale, ochraceous; spores nearly
+smooth, colorless, 5-7 µ.
+
+This seems to be the most common _Cribraria_ in the Mississippi valley.
+It is generally distinguished by the scant calyculus and the beautiful
+richness of its clear delicate net. The stellate nodules especially
+above, emit filamental rays in all directions, but are, notwithstanding,
+united by single, unpaired threads only. The calyculus is often entirely
+absent, and this has been supposed the typical condition; but, on the
+contrary, there often may present itself a cup as distinct as in _C.
+aurantiaca_. See, for this variation, _Bot. Gaz._ XIX., p. 398. The
+rather large sporangia, .6-.7 mm., the nodes joined by single threads,
+the remaining radiant threads, many or few, but very short--these seem
+to be the most distinctly diagnostic characters, and these are
+sufficiently constant to separate this species easily from _C.
+intricata_ on the one hand and _C. tenella_ on the other. Mr. Lister
+considers this merely a form of the next species.
+
+Abundant on rotten logs of every sort, especially oak; common on the
+lower side of rotting pine planks in wooden walks along the streets
+everywhere. N. A. F., 2095, seems to belong here.
+
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska.
+
+
+8. CRIBRARIA INTRICATA (_Schrad._) _Rost._
+
+  1797. _Cribraria intricata_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 7.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, large, .7-1 mm. in diameter, nut-brown or
+olivaceous, erect, stipitate; stipe long, slender, purplish brown,
+flexuous; calyculus variable, sometimes occupying one-third of the
+sphere, when it is delicately costate, concolorous with the stipe, and
+passes over to the net by a distinctly toothed or serrulate margin,
+sometimes represented by irregular ribs or costæ only; net well
+differentiated, the threads delicate, transparent, yellow, connecting
+large black nodules, running from one to the other in pairs or sometimes
+three together, free ends not numerous, the meshes few-sided, often
+triangular; spores in mass, dull olivaceous, under the lens pallid,
+nearly smooth, 6-7 µ.
+
+A very rare species, if indeed it occur in this country. At least the
+form figured by Rostafinski, Tab. II., Fig. 27, and Massee, Pl. 1, Fig.
+11, has not come to our notice. The parallelism of the net threads is a
+touch added by Rostafinski; Schrader does not mention it. Lister makes
+this species include the preceding. The form described in _Bull. Lab.
+Nat. Hist. Ia._ II., p. 119, is _C. dictydioides_.
+
+Reported from New York, New England and Pennsylvania.
+
+In the English _Monograph_ we are repeatedly assured that this species
+is common in the United States. The statement is made possible only by
+the inclusion of the form originally described from America and truly
+abundant east of the Rocky Mountains, _C. dictydioides_ Cke. & Balf.;
+_C. intricata_, by all accounts, just as preeminently the species of
+Europe. It is true that Schrader did not emphasize the parallel
+connecting threads by which later authorities distinguish the form; he
+had little occasion so to do, even did his figures intend accuracy in
+each detail, which they did not, and Rostafinski's, though his drawing
+is a diagram, certainly knew what he was doing. Cooke, in his list for
+Great Britain, quotes the Polish text without dissent, and Massee
+follows and illustrates; so that there can be no doubt as to what the
+European species is.
+
+In any cribraria the presence or relative obsolesence, of the calyculus
+is of little taxonomic import since that structure is variable in every
+species. In the latest edition of Mr. Lister's work, the American form
+is entered as a variety in "hot-houses"; apparently adventitious; it is
+indeed related to the European form but is a geographic species.
+
+
+9. CRIBRARIA PIRIFORMIS _Schrader._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 9; PLATE XIX., Fig. 9.
+
+  1797. _Cribraria piriformis_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 4.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, small, .3-.5 mm., turbinate or globose, erect,
+purplish brown, stipitate; stipe comparatively short, tapering upward,
+longitudinally furrowed, purple or brown; calyculus very well defined,
+about one-third the sporangium, not ribbed, flattened or even umbilicate
+below, the margin plainly denticulate, dusky brown; the net simple, the
+meshes large, triangular, with few free ends; the nodules small,
+globose or undifferentiated, slightly convex or flat; spore mass dull,
+yellowish brown; spores by transmitted light pale ochraceous or
+salmon-tinted, nearly smooth, 5-6 µ.
+
+Schrader defined this beautiful form chiefly by its shape. This, though
+variable, is yet generally so far pyriform as to show distinct
+contraction toward the stipe. The well-defined calyculus is narrowed
+below and eroded or denticulate above. The cyanic tints due to the
+presence on the calyculus of radiating lines of purplish granules about
+one-half the size of the spores, the net open, uniform, the stipe rather
+stout, short, and distinctly furrowed, rising often from a small
+hypothallus--these are marks of this species. The net suggests _C.
+tenella_, but the latter species is much smaller, has a different stem,
+much longer and unfurrowed. The cup here is more nearly that of some
+form of _C. intricata_, but is better defined, passing into the net very
+abruptly by the simple intervention of projecting teeth.
+
+Apparently rare. Our specimens are from New York, through the courtesy
+of Dr. Rex, Virginia, North Carolina, Iowa, Oregon, Colorado, and
+represent, as usual a modification of the European type, _C. notabilis_
+Rex. Miss Lister, _Mon., 2nd ed._, writes var. _notabilis_.
+
+Colorado forms are remarkable for dense brown coloration.
+
+
+10. CRIBRARIA TENELLA _Schrader._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 5.
+
+  1797. _Cribraria tenella_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 6.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, small, .3-.5 mm. in diameter or smaller,
+olivaceous or ochraceous, long-stipitate, nodding; stipe slender, dark
+brown or blackish, very long, reaching 6 mm., weak and flexuous;
+calyculus variable, sometimes well defined, brown, costate, sometimes
+represented by the costæ only connected by a thin, transparent membrane;
+net well differentiated, the meshes small, irregular, the nodes small,
+black, more or less globular, prominent, connected by transparent
+threads with occasional or a few free ends; spores in mass,
+olivaceous-ochraceous, under the lens pallid, globose, smooth, 5-7 µ.
+
+Very common eastward and south, on the weathered surface of rotten wood.
+Generally easily recognized by its very long stipe, small, globose
+sporangium dotted with numerous small roundish nodules projecting
+plainly above the general surface. The obconic calyculus is always
+represented in the outline if not in definite structure.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Tennessee, Illinois,
+Missouri, Iowa, Canada; Toronto,--_Miss Currie._
+
+
+11. CRIBRARIA MICROCARPA (_Schrad._) _Persoon._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 4.
+
+  1797. _Dictydium microcarpum_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 13.
+  1801. _Cribraria microcarpa_ Schrad., Pers., _Syn._, p. 190.
+  1875. _Cribraria microcarpa_ (Schrad.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 235.
+  1892. _Cribraria microcarpa_ Schrad., Massee, _Mon._, p. 63.
+  1893. _Cribraria microcarpa_ Schrad., Morg., _Myx. Mi. Vall._, p. 15.
+  1899. _Cribraria microcarpa_ Schrad., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 168.
+  1911. _Cribraria microcarpa_ Pers., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 183 (?).
+
+Sporangia loosely gregarious, very small, .2-.3 mm. in diameter, yellow
+ochraceous, stipitate, nodding; stipe comparatively stout, dark brown or
+blackish, tapering upward, often twisted at the apex as in _D.
+cancellatum_; calyculus none, represented by simple ribs which give off
+at intervals free or floating branchlets before blending into the common
+net; net well developed, the meshes large, the nodes small, irregular,
+though often rounded and prominent, black, connected by delicate
+transparent threads, with free ends few or none; spore-mass yellow,
+fading to ochraceous; spores pale, smooth, globose, 6-7 µ.
+
+This species resembles at first sight the preceding, and has been often
+mistaken for it. As a matter of fact, the distinctions are generally
+very sharp. In the first place, the sporangia, when carefully measured,
+are seen to be not more than half as great in diameter; the meshes of
+the net, on the other hand, are much wider, the whole structure more
+compact. The nodules are like those of _tenella_, but are much fewer.
+The stipe is shorter, the cup wanting, and the costæ are few and simple.
+The color suggests _C. aurantiaca_. The habitat and distribution as _C.
+tenella_.
+
+To anyone who will read the account of the species as given by the
+English _Mon., 2nd ed._, p. 183, it is immediately apparent that the
+author has in mind a different form from that seen and described in our
+territory and previously noted by the authors of Europe. These from
+Schrader down, agree in portraying a brunescent form with yellow spores;
+Mr. Lister enters it with the cyanic series and so describes and figures
+it throughout. Schrader figures a nut-brown species; Rostafinski uses
+that descriptive term in connection with the general appearance when
+fresh, but gives the spore-mass yellow; only in the stipe does he find
+another tint, nut-brown-purple. The figure, 145 in the _Monograph_ now
+before us portrays, except in color, our _C. tenella_ exactly. Dr. Rex,
+_Bot. Gaz._, XIX., 398, compares the present species with _C.
+minutissima_, and _C. tenella_ with _C. dictydioides_; which is correct
+for the American presentation of the species named. _C. dictydioides_ is
+certainly our presentation of _C. intricata_, a geographic species at
+the least; but if _C. microcarpa_ is purple we have of it no
+representation; our forms under that name are closely related to _C.
+tenella_, a yellow-spored species, and might perhaps be there referred;
+have, however, somewhat larger spores.
+
+
+12. CRIBRARIA VIOLACEA _Rex._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 8.
+
+  1891. _Cribraria violacea_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 393.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, very small, .2 mm. in diameter,
+violet tinted, erect, stipitate short, about one-half the total height,
+concolorous, slender, tapering upward; calyculus crateriform,
+persistent, or marked with minute plasmodic granules; the net
+rudimentary or poorly developed, the meshes large, irregular, the
+nodules also large triangular, violaceous; spores pale violet in mass,
+by transmitted light reddish, 7-8 µ, minutely warted.
+
+A very minute but well-marked species discovered by Dr. Rex in
+Wissahickon Park, near Philadelphia, otherwise very rare. Lister,
+however, reports it from England. In minuteness to be compared with _C.
+minutissima_, from which its color instantly distinguishes it. Dr. Rex
+reports the plasmodium as "violet black." All our specimens are on very
+rotten wood, basswood, _Tilia americana_.
+
+Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa.
+
+
+13. CRIBRARIA PURPUREA _Schrad._
+
+  1797. _Cribraria purpurea_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 8.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, large, 1 mm. in diameter, dark purple, erect,
+stipitate, depressed-globose; stipe concolorous, furrowed, about twice
+the diameter of the sporangium in length, with a distinct hypothallus;
+calyculus persistent, less than half the sporangium, obscurely ribbed,
+marked by concentric plications, the margin toothed; the net poorly
+differentiated, the meshes irregular in form and size, as are also the
+flat, unthickened nodes, the threads pale, free ends short and not
+numerous; spore-mass purple; spores by transmitted light, pale or
+colorless, 5-6 µ, smooth.
+
+Rare. Found on rotten coniferous wood in deep forests. Easily recognized
+by its large size and uniform purple color. To the next species it
+offers a general resemblance, but has larger sporangia and an entirely
+different net. The plasmodium just before the formation of the fruit is
+scarlet.
+
+Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Oregon, Colorado.
+
+
+14. CRIBRARIA ELEGANS _Berk. & C._
+
+  1873. _Cribraria elegans_ Berk. & Curt., _Grev._, II., p. 67.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, erect or nodding, small, .4-.5 mm., bright purple,
+stipitate; stipe long, slender, tapering upward, almost black, arising
+from a scanty hypothallus; calyculus about half the sporangium, finely
+ribbed, covered especially above with small purple granules, the margin
+toothed or perforate; net well developed, the meshes small, polygonal,
+the threads delicate, colorless, with many free ends, the nodules
+dark-colored, numerous and somewhat prominent; spore-mass pale purple;
+spores by transmitted light pale violaceous, smooth, 6-6.5 µ.
+
+To be compared with the preceding. The small-meshed net with
+well-defined, dark-colored nodules is distinctive, aside from the fact
+of the much smaller sporangia. The stipe is also different, more
+slender, smooth, and dark-colored. The habitat of the two species
+appears to be the same. The present species is much more common, ranges
+farther west, and is to be looked for on the Pacific coast.
+
+New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Missouri, Iowa; Black Hills,
+South Dakota.
+
+
+15. CRIBRARIA LANGUESCENS _Rex._
+
+  1891. _Cribraria languescens_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 394.
+
+Sporangia scattered, very minute, .25-.35 mm., spherical,
+long-stipitate, drooping; stipe 2.5-3 mm., slender, flexuous, subulate,
+rugulose; calyculus about one-third the sporangium, reddish brown,
+shining, minutely striate with granular lines, the margin more or less
+regularly serrate; net reddish brown, the meshes triangular and the
+threads simple, the nodes large, polygonal, flat, but well
+differentiated; the spores when fresh dull red in mass, paling with age;
+by transmitted light colorless, 6 µ, smooth.
+
+A very singular species, easily recognizable by its long, slender
+stipes, terminating in exceedingly small spherical sporangia. The colors
+are obscure, but the striations on the calyculus are violet-tinted, and
+the reds perhaps predominate elsewhere. "In its scattered and solitary
+growth, its tall, slender stipes, and relaxed habit it resembles _C.
+microcarpa_, in its network it approaches _C. tenella_, and its spores
+have the color of the paler form of _C. purpurea_." So Dr. Rex, _l. c._
+Western forms of the first-named species have much shorter stipes; the
+network in the specimens before us is unlike that of _C. tenella_, but
+resembles that of _C. purpurea_.
+
+Rare, on very rotten wood, in the forest. New York, Ohio, South
+Carolina, Ontario.
+
+
+16. CRIBRARIA CUPREA _Morgan._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 7.
+
+  1893. _Cribraria cuprea_ Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc_., p. 16.
+
+Sporangium very small, .33 mm., oval or somewhat obvoid, copper-colored,
+stipitate, nodding; stipe concolorous or darker below, subulate, curved
+at the apex, 2-4 times the sporangium; calyculus about one-half the
+sporangium, finely ribbed and granulose within, the margin nearly even;
+the net rather rudimentary, the meshes large, triangular or
+quadrilateral, the nodules also large, flat, concolorous, the threads
+slender, transparent, with free ends few; spores in mass copper-colored,
+by transmitted light colorless, smooth, 6-7 µ.
+
+Recognizable by its small size and peculiar color, that of bright
+copper, although this fades somewhat with age, and the metallic tints
+are then lacking. Related to the preceding and in specimens having
+globular sporangia closely resembling it; but the ground color in _C.
+languescens_ is always darker, and the stipe proportionally much longer.
+In habit the sporangia are widely scattered, much more than is common in
+the species of this genus. Miss Lister, _2nd ed._ regards this as a var.
+of No. 15.
+
+Comparatively rare. Before us is one very small colony of sporangia from
+Iowa, one from Ohio, and a large number from Missouri. If one may judge
+from the material at hand, the favorite habitat is very rotten basswood,
+_Tilia americana_.
+
+
+=2. Dictydium= (_Schrad._) _Rost._
+
+Sporangia distinct, gregarious, globose or depressed-globose, stipitate,
+cernuous; the peridium very delicate, evanescent, thickened on the
+inside by numerous meridional costæ which are joined at frequent
+intervals by fine transverse threads more or less parallel to each
+other, forming a persistent network of rectangular meshes.
+
+The ribs or costæ of the spore-case radiate from the top of the stipe
+and unite again at the top of the sporangium in a feeble, irregular net.
+Schrader, _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 11, 1797, applied the name _Dictydium_ to
+all _Cribraria_-like species in which the calyculus was wanting. Fries
+follows this, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 164. Rostafinski, _Versuch_, p. 5,
+_Mon._, p. 229, first correctly limits the genus and separates it from
+_Cribraria_. 1873-75.
+
+A single species is widely distributed throughout the world,--
+
+
+1. DICTYDIUM CANCELLATUM (_Batsch_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 6, 6 _a_ and PLATE XIX., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_, 1 _c_,
+2, 3.
+
+  1789. _Mucor cancellatus_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, II., p. 131.
+  1797. _Dictydium umbilicatum_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 11.
+  1801. _Cribraria cernua_ Pers., _Syn._, p. 189.
+  1816. _Dictydium cernuum_ Nees, _Syst. d. Pilz._, p. 117.
+  1875. _Dictydium cernuum_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 229.
+  1893. _Dictydium longipes_ Morg., _Cin. Soc. Jour._, p. 17, in part.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, depressed globose, nodding, the apex at length
+umbilicate, stipitate, in color brown, or brownish purple; the stipe
+varying much in length from two to ten times the diameter of the
+sporangium, attaining 5-6 mm., generally erect, more or less twisted and
+pallid at the apex, below dark brown, with hypothallus small or none;
+calyculus often wanting, when present a mere film connecting the ribs of
+the net; the net made up chiefly of meridional ribs connected at
+intervals by transverse parallel threads, above an open _Cribraria_-like
+network closing the apex and more or less rudimentary; the spores
+varying in color through all shades of brown and purple when seen in
+mass, by transmitted light reddish, 5-7 µ, smooth or nearly so.
+
+This species in the United States is one of the most variable in the
+whole group. The extremes of such variation might easily constitute
+types for several distinct species were it not that in all directions
+the varieties shade into each other so completely as to defy definition.
+We have before us specimens purple throughout and short-stemmed; purple
+with stem long, pale and twisted at apex; brown, with the same
+variations; short-stemmed, with the apex of the stem pallid, and
+long-stemmed, with and without the same peculiarity. Morgan (_Cin. Soc.
+Nat. Hist. Jour._, 1893) would set off the purple, long-stemmed forms as
+_D. longipes_, "stipe three to five times the sporangium," but here are
+forms in which the stem is ten times the diameter of the sporangium,
+which yet possess in all other particulars the characters of the
+short-stemmed forms. European forms also vary. Massee figures one type;
+Lister, one or two others; Rostafinski's figure indicates a taller form;
+Fries says, "Stipes elongatus, peridio quinquies et ultra longior." It
+seems reasonable to suppose that the variation is largely due to
+atmospheric conditions at the time of fruiting. The purple forms may be
+cases of arrested development, since the plasmodium appears to be in all
+cases purple, or at least they seem to represent those plasmodia which
+have failed of normal ripening. We may recognize two or three general
+types, distinguished primarily by color:--
+
+a. _D. cancellatum cancellatum._--Sporangia clear brown or with only a
+purplish tinge, the stipe tapering upward, and in extreme cases
+perfectly white at the twisted apex. The stipe in length ranges from
+three to ten times the diameter of the sporangium. The reticulations of
+the net are generally small and the ribs numerous. This is the most
+highly differentiated, finished type of the species.
+
+b. _D. cancellatum purpureum._--Sporangium dark, the purple tints
+predominating, the stipe tapering upward, more or less twisted at the
+paler, sometimes almost colorless, apex. The stipe ranges a little
+shorter than in the preceding variety, three to seven times the
+sporangium. The reticulations of the net are often coarse, the ribs
+being fewer; the whole structure weak and showing signs of imperfect
+development.
+
+The figures, 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_, 1 _c, l. c._, illustrate the ideal
+accomplishment in form (a). The color is a clear definite brown with no
+suggestion of purple anywhere. The stipes are three or four times the
+diameter of the sporangium, brown below, white above, and twisted to
+allow the sporangium to hang inverted. This is complete in every part; a
+definite bell-shaped calyx, widening into the cancellate receptacle, the
+margin constricted, and closed at last by the apical net, _cribrum_,
+sign of the order.
+
+In form (b), the structure is similar but by no means so symmetrical and
+complete. The calyx often fails, or is present by obscure indications
+only. The cancellation is coarser, the number of ribs fewer, the whole
+sporangium more or less globose; ferruginous or purple, the prevailing
+tint. Figs. on Pl. 1. are from the ferruginous type.
+
+Figure 3 represents a beautiful thing; cup-less, ellipsoidal, delicate,
+of average size and in every way well-proportioned, clear rosy brown in
+color.
+
+This may stand for a third variety; (c) _D. cancellatum prolatum_.
+
+Common everywhere. The fruit appears in June on decaying logs and stumps
+of various species of deciduous trees, conifers, etc., the finest, and
+greatest variety, are from southern Missouri.
+
+
+ORDER IV
+
+=LYCOGALALES=
+
+Fructification æthalioid; peridium membranaceous, tough, simple, without
+vesiculose with protoplasmic masses, within gelatinous; the capillitium
+of cortical origin, consisting of irregular lobate or branching tubules,
+varying much in width, and marked by numerous corrugations, irregular
+warts or bands; spores minute, ashen or pallid.
+
+This order includes but a single genus,--
+
+
+=Lycogala= _Micheli._
+
+  1729. _Lycogala_ Micheli, _Nov. Plant. Gen._, pp. 216, 217.
+  1753. _Lycoperdon_ Linn. _Syst. Nat._, in part.
+  1794. _Lycogala_ Persoon, Römer, _N. Bot. Mag._, p. 87.
+
+Micheli's description and figures, _Nov. Plant. Gen._, pp. 216, 217,
+Tab. 95, leave no doubt but that this illustrious man had species of
+_Lycogala_ before him when he described the genus. His figure 1. no
+doubt portrays the second species in our present list. More recent
+writers, from Persoon down, have used Micheli's designation, but
+differed in regard to the limits to which the name should be applied. It
+is here used substantially as in 1729. Fries and, after him, Rostafinski
+make a mistake in quoting Retzius as writing _Lycogala_ (1769). Retzius
+wrote _Lycoperdon sessile; Kongl. Vetenskaps Acad. Handling, för Ar._
+1769, p. 254.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Lycogala=
+
+  _A._ Æthalia irregularly globose.
+
+     _a._ Cortex minutely roughened or warted; about
+            12 mm. in diameter                        1. _L. epidendrum_
+
+     _b._ Cortex smooth, size large                 2. _L. flavo-fuscum_
+
+     _c._ Cortex rough; diameter 6 mm. or less           3. _L. exiguum_
+
+  _B._ Æthalia conical                                   4. _L. conicum_
+
+
+
+1. LYCOGALA EPIDENDRUM (_Buxb._) _Fries._
+
+  1721. _Lycoperdon epidendron_, etc., Buxb., _En. Pl. Hal._, p. 203.
+  1753. _Lycoperdon epidendrum_ Linn., _Sp. Pl._, p. 1184.
+  1829. _Lycogala epidendrum_ (Buxb.) Fries, _Syst. Myc._ III., p. 80.
+
+Æthalia solitary or clustered, depressed spherical, or, when crowded,
+irregular, olivaceous or blackish, minutely warted, 3-10 mm. in
+diameter, dehiscing irregularly, but more often near the apex; peridium
+thin, but tough and persistent, made up of numerous agglutinated tubules
+enclosing in their mashes peculiar cell-like vesicles; capillitium
+parietal, consisting of long, branching, and anastomosing flattened
+tubules extended inwardly among the spores, everywhere marked by
+transverse wrinkles, ridges, and warts, the free ends of the ultimate
+branchlets rounded, concolorous with the spores; spore-mass, when fresh,
+rosy, or ashen with a rosaceous or purplish tinge, becoming with age
+sordid or ochraceous, spores by transmitted light colorless, minutely
+roughened or reticulate, 5-6 µ.
+
+This is not only a cosmopolitan species, but is no doubt, the most
+common slime-mould in the world. Found everywhere on decaying wood of
+all sorts, more particularly on that of deciduous trees. It has likewise
+been long the subject of observation. It is doubtless the "_Fungus
+coccineus_" of Ray, 1690, and the type of Micheli's genus as here, 1729.
+The different colors assumed, from the rich scarlet of the emerging
+plasmodium to the glistening bronze of the newly formed æthalium, have
+suggested various descriptive names,--as _L. miniata_ Pers., _L.
+chalybeum_ of Batsch, and _L. plumbea_ Schum. The peridium is by authors
+described as double. This is for description only. In structure the
+outer and inner peridium completely blend. The outer is predominately
+vesiculose, the inner more gelatinous. For discussion of the microscopic
+structure see under the next species.
+
+Common. New England, west to Nebraska, South Dakota, Colorado,
+Washington, Oregon, California; Alberta to Nicaragua.
+
+_Lycogala terrestre_ Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., 83, appears to be a
+variety of the present species. In spores and capillitial thread the
+forms are indistinguishable; the difference is a matter of size, and to
+some extent, of the color of the wall. The specimens are a little
+larger, depressed and angular. The peridium is paler, smoother, though
+sometimes almost black, thin, ruptured irregularly. But the form and
+color of the peridium in the sporocarps of the older species vary much
+in response to external conditions; on a substratum affording scant
+nutrition the forms of fructification are minute; and in all cases, if
+maturity be hastened, the peridium responds in darker colors. Under more
+favorable conditions the wall is smoother and brighter.
+
+
+2. LYCOGALA FLAVO-FUSCUM (_Ehr._) _Rost._
+
+  1818. _Diphtherium flavo-fuscum_ Ehr., _Syl. Myc. Berol._, p. 27.
+  1829. _Reticularia flavo-fusca_ (Ehr.) Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III.,
+           p. 88.
+  1873. _Lycogala flavo-fuscum_ (Ehr.) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 3.
+
+Æthalia solitary or sometimes two or three together, large 2-4 cm. in
+diameter, spherical or spheroidal, purplish-gray or brown, smooth,
+shining; the peridium thick, simple but in microscopic section showing
+two or three successive layers; capillitium of abundantly branching,
+irregular, transparent tubules, marked by numberless warts and
+transverse rings or wrinkles, spores in mass yellowish gray, by
+transmitted light, colorless, smooth or only faintly reticulate or
+roughened, 5-6 µ.
+
+This, one of the largest and most striking of the slime-moulds, is by
+students generally mistaken for a puff-ball. It occurs on stumps and
+rotten logs of various sorts in the Mississippi valley, more often
+affecting stumps of _Acer saccharinum_ L. The fructification, when
+solitary, about the size of a walnut, though sometimes larger; when
+clustered, the individuals are smaller. The form depends largely upon
+the place in which the fruit is formed. The plasmodic mass is so large
+that its form is determined by gravity. Thus on the lower surface of a
+log raised a little distance from the earth the æthalium is often
+pyriform. This fact did not escape Micheli. See _Nov. Plant. Gen._, Tab.
+95. The plasmodium is pale pink, soon becomes buff when exposed in
+fruiting, finally pallid or somewhat livid, and is outwardly changed
+into the stout, tough peridium. This consists of an intricate network of
+irregular gelatinous tubules enclosing within the meshes protoplasmic
+masses of pretty uniform size, 60-100 µ. Outwardly the protoplasmic
+vesicles predominate; inwardly the gelatinous tubules, which are, in
+some instances at least, continued toward the centre of fructification
+to form the capillitium. The protoplasmic masses referred to respond to
+ordinary stains, are often broken into numberless small cells
+corresponding in size and appearance to ordinary spores.
+
+Not common. New England, Ohio, Iowa. Perhaps more abundant in the
+Mississippi valley; Canada.
+
+
+3. LYCOGALA EXIGUUM _Morg._
+
+  1893. _Lycogala exiguum_ Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 8.
+
+Æthalia small, 2-5 mm. in diameter, gregarious, globose, dark brown or
+black, sessile, minutely scaly, irregularly dehiscent; the peridium
+thin, the vesicles comparatively few, in irregular patches which are
+more or less confluent; capillitium as in preceding species, the tubules
+slender and branching; spore-mass pale, ochraceous, spores by
+transmitted light colorless, almost smooth, 5-6 µ.
+
+Found in the same situations as No. 1, and at the same season.
+Recognizable by its _gregarious_ habit, not crowded nor superimposed,
+small size, and dusky color. The little spheres occur a dozen or more in
+a place, dark lead-colored, shading to black, opening rather regularly
+at the top. It looks like a depauperate _L. epidendrum_, but seems to be
+constantly collected.
+
+Our specimens are from Ohio, Iowa, Missouri, Canada.
+
+
+4. LYCOGALA CONICUM _Pers._
+
+  1801. _Lycogala conica_ Pers., _Syn. Fung._, p. 159.
+  1875. _Dermodium conicum_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 284.
+
+Æthalia scattered, sometimes two or three together, small 2-4 mm. high,
+conical, sessile, pallid, grayish brown, marked by obscure black
+reticulations, opening regularly at the somewhat acuminate tip; peridium
+thin in structure, as in _L. epidendrum_, but more delicate; capillitium
+made up of abundant, slender, uniform threads almost smooth, simple, the
+free ends obtuse, taking origin in the cortex much as in the preceding
+species; spores in mass ochraceous, by transmitted light colorless,
+minutely warted or faintly reticulate, about 5 µ.
+
+A very distinct and rare little species. Well described by Persoon, who
+also appears to have observed the plasmodium "_primo rubra_." The color
+of the mature form varies with age; at first somewhat purplish. Dr. Rex
+collected it in Pennsylvania; Mr. Morgan has it from Ohio; our specimens
+are from southeastern Missouri.
+
+
+ORDER V
+
+=TRICHIALES=
+
+Fructification sporangial, rarely plasmodiocarpous, the sporangia
+stalked or sessile, gregarious or closely crowded, limeless throughout;
+the capillitium of definite threads, free or attached to the sporangial
+wall, isolated or combined into a net; spores generally some shade of
+yellow, never purple or black.
+
+The distinguishing feature in this order is found in the peculiar
+sculpture of the capillitial threads. This is suggested by the tubules
+of _Lycogala_, though probably the resemblance is superficial only. The
+individual threads, as in _Trichia_, are called elaters, from their
+probable efficiency in spore-dispersal.
+
+As here limited, the order is coextensive with the _Calonemeae_ of
+Rostafinski, except that that includes in addition the genera
+_Prototrichia_ and _Dianema_. The course of differentiation may be
+assumed to start with _Dianema_, through the _Perichaenaceae_ to the
+_Arcyriaceae_ and again from the same starting-point through
+_Prototrichia_ to the _Trichiaceae_.
+
+
+=Key to the Families of the Trichiales=
+
+  _A._ Capillitial threads transverse to the sporangial
+         cavity, attached usually at each end, plain or
+         only slightly roughened                           _Dianemaceae_
+
+  _B._ Capillitium plain, papillose, or spinulose, often
+         scanty, not netted, the threads sometimes
+         attached by one end to the sporangium wall     _Perichaenaceae_
+
+  _C._ Capillitium a distinct net, usually attached
+         below to the sporangial wall; sculpture
+         various, not continuous spiral bands              _Arcyriaceae_
+
+  _D._ Capillitial threads transverse, fascicled,
+         attached at both ends, but sculptured by well
+         defined spiral bands                         _Prototrichiaceae_
+
+  _E._ Capillitial threads typically free, sometimes
+         more or less branched, forming a loose net
+         attached below, characterized by definite
+         spiral bands, or sometimes by scattered rings     _Trichiaceae_
+
+
+_A._ DIANEMACEÆ
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Dianemaceæ=
+
+  _A._ Capillitial threads attached at one end, or free     1. MARGARITA
+
+  _B._ Capillitial threads attached at each end               2. DIANEMA
+
+
+=1. Margarita= _List._
+
+  1894. _Margarita_ Lister, _Mycet._, p. 203.
+
+Sporangia sessile, the capillitium simple, hair-like, coiled.
+
+
+1. MARGARITA METALLICA (_Berk. & Br._) _List._
+
+PLATE XVII., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_.
+
+  1838. _Physarum metallicum_ Berk. & Br., _Mag. Zool. & Bot._, I.,
+           p. 49.
+
+Sporangia scattered or clustered, globose, or somewhat plasmodiocarpous,
+.5-1 mm., sessile, coppery iridescent, the peridium thin, opening above
+irregularly; capillitium of long flexuous, coiling, simple or little
+dividing threads, nearly smooth, with infrequent attachments to the
+peridial wall; spores in mass yellowish, transparent under the lens,
+delicately verruculose, 10-12 µ.
+
+One of the handsomer species of the present group. So far a Pacific
+coast form. California, Oregon, Washington; reported from Chile.
+
+
+=Dianema= _Rex_
+
+  1891. _Dianema harveyi_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 397.
+
+Sporangia simple or plasmodiocarpous; capillitium composed of threads
+without characteristic thickenings running entirely across the
+sporangium attached both to the base and to the opposite wall, not
+joined to form a network.
+
+
+=Key to Species of Dianema=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia distinct, iridescent                    1. _D. harveyi_
+
+  _B._ Fructification more or less plasmodiocarpous,
+         dull brown                                   2. _D. corticatum_
+
+  _C._ Sporangia, some of them stipitate               3. _D. andersoni_
+
+
+1. DIANEMA HARVEYI _Rex._
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 5 and 5 _b_.
+
+  1891. _Dianema harveyi_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 397.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, generally rounded or cushion-shaped, depressed,
+sessile, iridescent bronze, 1 mm. in diameter; peridium thin,
+translucent, opening irregularly; capillitium of simple threads, not
+netted, but often forked two or three times, taut, running from base to
+top; spores yellow, by transmitted light pale yellowish, minutely
+roughened, 8-10 µ.
+
+This interesting species was collected in Orono, Maine, in 1889, by
+Professor F. L. Harvey, and so far as can be learned has not been taken
+since. Mr. Lister records two species from England which he refers to
+this genus. As to its systematic place, Dr. Rex says, _l. c._ "It stands
+as a single representative of a new and separate family adjoining the
+_Perichaenacae_ in the order _Calonemeae_ of Rostafinski."
+
+Rare. Maine.
+
+
+2. DIANEMA CORTICATUM _List._
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 5 _a_, 5 _c_.
+
+  1894. _Dianema corticatum_ List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 205.
+
+"Plasmodium pink"; sporangia sometimes flat-hemispheric, more often
+ill-defined, united in irregular, depressed, netted plasmodiocarps,
+generally dull brown; peridium opaque, didermatous, capillitium of
+simple or rarely branching filaments, variously beaded or marked with
+spiral bands, lightly attached at either end, occasionally twisted
+together; spore-mass dull brown, the spores in clusters of four or more,
+colorless by transmitted light, more or less verruculose, ellipsoidal,
+about 8-10 µ.
+
+Our specimens are from the mountains of Alberta.
+
+A curious, flat plasmodiocarp, an inch or more in length. It suggests
+_Hemitrichia serpula_ prematurely dry.
+
+
+3. DIANEMA ANDERSONI, _Morg._
+
+_Dianema andersoni_, _Morg._ MS., _non. pub._
+
+Sporangium globose, sessile or sub-stipitate, seated on a thin brownish
+hypothallus; the wall a thin smooth pinkish membrane, when dry rugulose
+and iridescent, the inner surface somewhat thickened below and brownish
+at the base. Capillitium arising out of the thickened base, the threads
+hyaline or pinkish, ascending, flexuous, simple, or branched a time or
+two, the extremities attached on all sides to the wall of the
+sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, pale, pinkish, 10-11
+µ, in diameter, free.
+
+Growing on old wood and bark of _Alnus_; British Columbia, _W. B.
+Anderson_.
+
+Sporangium spherical, 6-8 mm. in diameter, sessile or on a very short
+stipe. This species differs from D. harveyi Rex in the _uniform pinkish_
+color of the wall and of the spores; the dividing threads are furnished
+remotely with minute roundish tubercles as in _Didymium_; the spores are
+somewhat larger than in _D. harveyi_.
+
+
+_B._ PERICHÆNACEÆ
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Perichænaceæ=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia more or less plasmodiocarpous in type,
+         terete; dehiscence irregular                      1. OPHIOTHECA
+
+  _B._ Sporangia more or less polygonal in outline, or
+         round, depressed; dehiscence circumscissile        2. PERICHÆNA
+
+
+=1. Ophiotheca= _Currey_.
+
+  1869. _Ophiotheca pallida_ Berk. & C., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, X., p. 350.
+
+Fructification generally plasmodiocarpous, terete, bent or flexuous,
+often annular or cornuate, rarely globose, opening irregularly, peridium
+thin, not polished, covered more or less strongly with a distinct layer
+of scales or granules; capillitium of slender, loosely branching
+filaments, the surface rough to strongly spinulose; spores yellow.
+
+As a generic name _Ophiotheca_ plainly has priority. _Cornuvia_ as
+understood by Rostafinski has no representative so far in our region.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Ophiotheca=
+
+  _A._ Plasmodiocarp usually upon herbaceous stems,
+         slender                                    1. _O. vermicularis_
+
+  _B._ Plasmodiocarp on rotting bark, logs, etc,
+
+     _a._ Pale brownish or yellowish                2. _O. chrysosperma_
+
+     _b._ Chestnut brown or blackish                    3. _O. wrightii_
+
+
+1. OPHIOTHECA VERMICULARIS (_Schw._) _Macbr._
+
+  1834. _Physarum vermicularis_ Schw., _N. A. F._, No. 2296.
+  1869. _Ophiotheca pallida_ Berk. & C., _Jour. Lin. Soc._, X., p. 350.
+  1873. _Ophiotheca umbrina_ Berk. & C. Grev., II., p. 88.
+  1876. _Perichaena pallida_ (Schw.) Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 34.
+
+Plasmodiocarp very slender, terete, elongate, flexuous or reticulate,
+annular, etc., of dull gray or neutral tint; the peridium thin,
+translucent, but with a delicate granular outer coating; capillitium of
+slender threads, frequently branched, warted and usually minutely
+spinulose; spore-mass ochraceous yellow; spores by transmitted light
+pale yellow, minutely roughened, 10 µ.
+
+Perhaps common, but seldom collected, probably overlooked on account of
+protective coloration; the color is about that of the habitat, the
+weathered surface of dead herbaceous stems and roots. On dead corn
+stalks not infrequent. Differs from other species of the genus in having
+smoother capillitium, for which reason Rostafinski calls the present
+species _Perichaena vermicularis_. _O. pallida_ Berk. & C. seems to us
+to be the same thing, _N. A. F._, 726.
+
+New England, New Jersey, South Carolina, Ontario, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+2. OPHIOTHECA CHRYSOSPERMA _Currey_.
+
+  1854. _Ophiotheca chrysosperma_ Currey, _Quart. Mic. Jour._, II.,
+           p. 240.
+  1875. _Cornuvia circumscissa_ (Wallr.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 290.
+  1911. _Perichaena chrysosperma_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, in
+           part, p. 248.
+
+Plasmodiocarp elongate, bent and curved in various ways, spherical, more
+rarely annular or even reticulate, yellowish or ochraceous brown,
+opening irregularly; peridium thin, with yellowish outer layer;
+capillitium rather abundant, of threads slender, sparingly branched and
+minutely but distinctly spinulose; spore-mass yellow, spores by
+transmitted light pale, almost smooth, about 8 µ.
+
+Occurs on the inner bark of deciduous trees, especially of oak. Not
+common.
+
+This is possibly _Cornuvia circumscissa_ (_Wallr._) of Rostafinski's
+monograph; but it is doubtful to what Wallroth referred. Rostafinski's
+other citations are equally uncertain. Currey's figures and description
+alone merit recognition.
+
+Ohio, Iowa, Tennessee; Canada.
+
+
+3. OPHIOTHECA WRIGHTII _Berk._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 7, 7 _a_, 7 _b_.
+
+  1868. _Ophiotheca wrightii_ Berk. & C., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, X.,
+           p. 349.
+  1876. _Cornuvia wrightii_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 36.
+  1892. _Cornuvia wrightii_ (Berk. & C.) Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat.
+           Hist. Ia._, II., p. 122.
+  1911. _Perichaena chrysosperma_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 248.
+
+Plasmodiocarp bent or short-flexuous, often arcuate or completely
+annular, dark chestnut brown or black, opening irregularly; peridium
+thin, brittle, translucent, covered without by a rather dense layer of
+brownish or black brown scales; capillitium of long, sparingly branched
+threads furnished with projecting spinules remarkable for their length,
+about twice the diameter of the thread; spores yellow, minutely but
+distinctly warted, about 12 µ.
+
+This is the common species everywhere on the inner side of the bark of
+fallen trees, _Ulmus_, etc. It is readily distinguished at sight by the
+peculiar annular, looped, and U-shaped plasmodiocarps, with their dark
+umbrine or blackened surface. From the preceding it is especially
+distinguished by the spinulose capillitium and larger spores.
+
+Not rare. New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio.
+
+
+=2. Perichæna= _Fries_
+
+  1817. _Perichaena_ Fries, _Symb. Gast._, p. 11.
+
+Sporangia flattened, sometimes small and roundish, more often larger,
+polygonal by mutual interference, or irregular, the peridium thickened
+outwardly by a dense reddish or brownish layer of scales; dehiscing by
+circumscission or by a lid; capillitium often scant, of slender, warted,
+yellowish threads, attached betimes to the upper wall; spores yellow,
+oval or spherical.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Perichæna=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia plainly flattened.
+
+     _a._ Very flat, sporangia 1mm. or more in width    1. _P. depressa_
+
+     _b._ Depressed; sporangia smaller                  2. _P. quadrata_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia more or less spherical
+
+     _a._ Chestnut brown                              3. _P. corticalis_
+
+     _b._ Gray or canescent                            4. _P. marginata_
+
+
+1. PERICHAENA DEPRESSA _Libert._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 10.
+
+  1837. _Perichaena depressa_ Lib., _Fl. Crypt. Ard._, IV., No., 378.
+
+Sporangia sessile, applanate, crowded, polygonal by mutual contact,
+fuscous or chestnut brown, shining, opening by a definite lid;
+spore-mass and capillitium yellow, the capillitium well developed, of
+slender yellow threads of various widths, almost smooth; spores minutely
+warted, 10-12 µ.
+
+Easily recognized by the peculiar, polygonal, depressed-flattened
+sporangia and consequent shallow spore-cases in which lie the yellow
+spores and scanty capillitium. Rostafinski refers here _P. vaporaria_
+Schw., No. 2311, but the meagre description seems rather to apply to the
+next species. The original material is no longer accessible.
+
+In the crevices and on the inside of bark of fallen logs of various
+sorts, walnut, maple, etc.
+
+Not commonly collected. Specimens are before us from New England,
+Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Florida, Mexico, Nicaragua. Probably over the
+whole wooded region of the continent.
+
+
+2. PERICHAENA QUADRATA _Macbr._
+
+  1893. _Perichaena irregularis_ Berk. & C., Morgan, _Jour. Cin. Soc._,
+           p. 20.
+
+Sporangia very small, less than œ mm., crowded, polygonal or
+quadrangular, depressed, but not flattened, smooth, bright rufous or
+brown; the peridium rather thick, yellow within, the dehiscence
+circumscissile; capillitium scanty, of slender, sparingly branched
+filaments, the surface minutely roughened, warted or spinulose;
+spore-mass yellow; by transmitted light pale yellow, 9-11 µ.
+
+Differs from the preceding by the much smaller size of the sporangia,
+different color and habit. The sporangia, while depressed, still
+maintain considerable rotundity; they are occasionally quite spherical,
+and then of very uneven size, hardly in contact. In some cases the
+plasmodium before maturing seems to assume the form of a plasmodiocarp,
+which, by transverse fission at intervals, forms the curious four-sided
+conceptacles. At other times the plasmodium assumes the shape of a flat
+cushion or plate, which then subdivides into minute polygonal segments.
+This form has been known some years to collectors, and, if named at all,
+has been called _P. irregularis_. Lister, _l. c._, assures us that
+Berkeley's type "is typical _P. depressa_."
+
+Not common. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri.
+
+
+3. PERICHAENA CORTICALIS (_Batsch_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_.
+
+  1783. _Lycoperdon corticale_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, p. 155.
+  1875. _Perichaena corticalis_ (Batsch) Rost., _Mon._, p. 293.
+  1817. _Perichaena populina_ Fries, _Symb. Gast._, p. 12.
+
+Sporangia sessile, gregarious, flattened, hemispherical; peridia simple,
+opening by a lid; dehiscence circumscissile, the upper part chestnut
+brown, the lower almost black; capillitium feebly developed, smooth,
+attached to the lid and usually coming away with it, bringing the
+brilliantly yellow spore-mass, and leaving a delicate, shining cupule
+adherent to the substratum; spores yellow, nearly smooth, 10-12 µ. On
+and under the bark of dead elms of various species.
+
+A very handsome little species occuring rarely with us, or perhaps
+overlooked by virtue of its protective coloration. Found sometimes on
+the inner side of the bark where the latter has separated, but not yet
+wholly parted company with the wood. In such situations the tiny
+sporangia are so nearly quite the color of the moist substratum as to
+escape all but the closest scrutiny. The dehiscence is very remarkable,
+characteristic, beautiful. Black, brown, chestnut, and gold are
+harmoniously blended, in the opening coffers. Prior to maturity the
+future line of fission is plainly indicated by the difference in color.
+
+This is clearly the species found by Batsch "ligni demortui putridi in
+interiore corticis pagina." Bulliard has also described and figured the
+species, _Sphaerocarpus sessilis_ t. 417, Fig. V.
+
+The capillitium is nearly smooth; the spores are only slightly roughened
+by minute warts.
+
+Apparently not common. Iowa, Missouri; Black Hills, South Dakota;
+Canada;--_Miss Currie._
+
+
+4. PERICHAENA MARGINATA _Schweinitz._
+
+  1831. _Perichaena marginata_ Schw., _N. A. F._, No. 2319, p. 258.
+
+Sporangia depressed, globose, polygonal as they become approximate or
+crowded, hoary canescent, sessile; peridium rather thick, persistent,
+circumscissile in dehiscence, covered without by minute whitish
+calcareous (?) scales, within punctate by the imprint of the spores;
+hypothallus distinct, white; capillitium scant or none! Spores in mass
+dull yellow, by transmitted light pale, nearly smooth, 14-15 µ.
+
+Lister, following Rostafinski, includes this form with the preceding.
+The differences between the two forms are, it seems to us, sufficient to
+make convenient their separation as by Schweinitz. Apart from the
+peculiar incrustation in the present species, the larger spores, and
+especially the peculiar white hypothallus, are distinctive. The method
+of dehiscence is also different. In _P. corticalis_ the line of cleavage
+before spore dispersal is indicated by a definite band surrounding the
+sporangium. Nothing similar appears in the gray specimens of the present
+form, although the dehiscence is quite as certainly circumscissile. The
+habitat in American specimens is the _outer_ surface of the bark, which
+causes the species generally, by protective coloration, to be
+overlooked.
+
+Not common. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri.
+
+
+_C._ ARCYRIACEÆ
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Arcyriaceæ=
+
+  _A._ Peridium becoming fragmentary, but persisting;
+         capillitium non-elastic                          1. LACHNOBOLUS
+
+  _B._ Peridium evanescent above, persistent below;
+         capillitium elastic                                  2. ARCYRIA
+
+  _C._ Capillitium elastic, bearing hamate branches     3. HETEROTRICHIA
+
+
+=1. Lachnobolus= _Fries_.
+
+  1829. _Lachnobolus_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 177.
+
+Sporangia distinct, sessile or nearly so, globose or cylindric, often
+distorted, scattered or densely crowded, the peridium extremely thin,
+ruptured irregularly, and persistent in fragments; capillitium attached
+at numerous points to the sporangial wall, forming a dense net, the
+threads warted or spinulose, non-elastic.
+
+Species of this genus are easily distinguished from those of the next by
+the peculiar fragile peridium and the inelastic capillitium.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Lachnobolus=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia pale yellow, on fallen flowers and
+         fruit-burs of Castanea                         1. _L. globosus_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia rosy or copper-colored, at length
+         ochraceous                                 2. _L. occidentalis_
+
+
+1. LACHNOBOLUS GLOBOSUS (_Schw._) _Rost._
+
+  1822. _Arcyria globosa_ Schw., _Syn. Fung. Carol._, No. 400.
+  1875. Lachnobolus globosus (Schw.) _Rost., Mon._, p. 283.
+  1894. _Arcyria albida_ Pers. (in part) Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 186.
+
+Sporangia on the spines of fallen chestnut burs, scattered, pale yellow
+or whitish, small, globose, the peridium early evanescent above, more
+persistent below, stipitate; stipe small, tapering upward, from a small
+hypothallus; capillitium a dense but not expanding network attached
+chiefly to the lower portion of the sporangial wall, minutely waited or
+roughened, with few expansions or inflations; spores in mass pale
+yellow, under the lens colorless, almost smooth, 7-8 µ.
+
+This singular little species is remarkable chiefly in the habitat it
+affects,--fallen chestnut burs. On these almost universal, but on
+nothing else, except on the fallen catkins of the same species. Regarded
+by Mr. Lister as _A. cinerea_, from which it differs constantly in form,
+in capillitium more open and with larger threads, 4-5 µ in diameter as
+well as in its unique habitat, and yellowish color.
+
+Distribution coterminous with that of _Castanea dentata_
+Borkhausen,--eastern half of the United States.
+
+
+2. LACHNOBOLUS OCCIDENTALIS _Macbr._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_; 4 and 4 _a_.
+
+  1885. _Lachnobolus incarnatus_ (Alb. & Schw.) Macbr., _Bull. Lab.
+           Nat. Hist. Iowa_, II., p. 126.
+
+Sporangia scattered or crowded upon a hypothallus more or less distinct,
+globose or ellipsoidal, short-stipitate, varying somewhat in color, at
+first rosy or flesh-colored, later brownish or ochraceous; the peridium
+exceedingly thin, pellucid, mealy, evanescent above, persisting as a
+shallow cup below; capillitium inelastic, rather closely netted of
+threads variable in thickness, marked by frequent thickenings or
+expansions, everywhere warted, attached to the peridial walls, spores in
+mass flesh-colored, under the lens colorless, smooth, globose, 7.5-9 µ.
+
+This delicate and elegant little species appears to be not uncommon, but
+is probably generally passed over as an _Arcyria_, which it
+superficially resembles. When newly formed, the sporangia have a
+peculiar rosy or flesh-colored metallic tint, which is all their own.
+Within a short time this color passes, and most of the material comes
+from the field brownish or ochraceous in color. Typical sporangia are
+spherical on distinct short stipes; when crowded, the shape is of course
+less definite. The capillitium never expands as in _Arcyria_, but,
+exposed by the vanishing upper wall, remains a spherical mass resting
+upon the shallow cup-like base of the peridium.
+
+This species has been in the United States generally distributed as _L.
+incarnatus_ (Alb. & Schw.) Schroet. A careful study of all descriptions
+of European forms and comparison of many specimens leads us to believe
+that we have here to do with a type presenting constant peculiarities.
+We have in America nothing to correspond with the figures of Schweinitz,
+Berkeley, or Lister. In the American gatherings the sporangia are
+uniformly regular, globose, very generally short-stipitate, more or less
+closely gregarious, never superimposed, or heaped as shown in Berkeley's
+figure, for instance, _Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist._, IV., xvii., Pl. ix.,
+Fig. 2. The plasmodium of our species is white; as it approaches
+maturity a rosy metallic tinge supervenes, quickly changing to dull
+yellow or alutaceous. The graphic description given by Fries of
+_Perichaena incarnata_, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 193, presents scarcely a
+character attributable to the form before us. _L. congesta_ Berk. & Br.,
+evidently the form figured and described by Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 194,
+Pl. lxx., B., resembles our species in color and capillitium, but is
+entirely different in habit.
+
+Not uncommon. Maine, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska.
+
+
+=2. Arcyria= (_Hill_) _Pers._
+
+  1751. _Arcyria_ Sir John Hill, _Gen. Nat. Hist._, II., p. 47.
+  1801. _Arcyria_ Pers., _Syn. Fung._, p. 182.
+
+Sporangia ovoid or cylindric or even globose, stipitate; the peridium
+thin, evanescent to near the base, the lower part persisting as a
+calyculus; the stipe variable, packed with free cell-like vesicles,
+resembling spores, but larger; capillitium attached below, to the
+interior of the stipe or to the calyculus, in form an elastic network,
+the tubules adorned with warts, spinules, half-rings, etc., but without
+spiral bands or free extremities.
+
+Micheli, of course, discovered the arcyrias, put them in two genera and
+several species, which we may only dimly recognize. Persoon first saw
+distinctly the outlines of the genus as now understood and adopted the
+name given by Hill in his curiously prolix description of certain
+species, probably partly of the genus _Arcyria_, partly _Stemonitis_.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Arcyria=
+
+  _A._ Mature capillitium loosely adhering to the calyculus.
+
+     _a._ Mature capillitium far-expanded, drooping.
+
+          i. Dusky.
+
+              O Long, 12 mm. or more                       1. _A. magna_
+
+             OO Shorter, about 6 mm.                  2. _A. oerstedtii_
+
+         ii. Yellow                                       3. _A. nutans_
+
+     _b._ Mature capillitium short, not drooping, though
+            sometimes procumbent.
+
+          i. Capillitium greenish yellow              4. _A. versicolor_
+
+         ii. Capillitium reddish, flesh-colored, at
+               length sordid, etc.
+
+              O Capillitium marked by transverse
+                  half-rings, cogs, etc.               5. _A. incarnata_
+
+             OO Capillitium marked by sharp-edged
+                  transverse plates and by numerous
+                  nodes                                 6. _A. nodulosa_
+
+            OOO Capillitium marked by close
+                  reticulations                       7. _A. ferruginea_
+
+  _B._ Capillitium persistently attached to the calyculus.
+
+     _a._ Sporangia reddish brown, etc.                 8. _A. denudata_
+
+     _b._ Sporangia gray or ashen
+
+          i. Simple                                      9. _A. cinerea_
+
+         ii. Clustered                                 10. _A. digitata_
+
+     _c._ Sporangia yellow                           11. _A. pomiformis_
+
+     _d._ Sporangia rose-colored, .5-1.5 mm.           12. _A. insignis_
+
+
+1. ARCYRIA MAGNA _Rex._
+
+  1893. _Arcyria magna_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 364.
+
+Sporangia densely aggregated, forming clusters of greater or less
+extent, sometimes reaching several centimetres in either direction,
+tawny gray or ashen, cylindric, tapering a little above, when expanded
+reaching a length of half a centimetre or more, stipitate; peridium
+evanescent except the small shallow cup-like base, the calyculus; stipe
+long (1 mm.), weak, pale brown or reddish, tubular, the channel filled
+with plasmodic masses; capillitium gray or drab-colored, very slightly
+attached to the bottom of the calyculus, far expanded, forming a
+loose-meshed net, the threads regular, cylindric, coarsely sculptured
+with rings, half-rings, cogs, spines, etc.; spores in mass dull gray,
+drab, under the lens colorless, papillate, with few papillæ, 7-8 µ.
+
+This magnificent form resembles in habit and general appearance, save
+color, _A. nutans_. The capillitium is, however, very different both in
+the sculpture and in the more delicate markings of the threads. Dr. Rex,
+_l. c._, has pointed out the lack of reticulation on the capillitium and
+calyculus. The color is also diagnostic. A roseate variety seems to
+occur with the present form. This is _A. magna rosea_ Rex, and appears
+to agree with the type in all respects save color. The relationship here
+must be determined by future inquiry. The capillitial threads are
+remarkable for their graceful slenderness, regularity, and symmetry.
+
+
+2. ARCYRIA OERSTEDTII _Rost._
+
+  1875. _Arcyria oerstedtii_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 278, Fig. 196.
+
+Sporangia cylindric, arcuate, 1.5 mm. high when unexpanded, closely
+clustered, dull crimson, stipitate; peridium evanescent except here and
+there a persistent patch, the calyculus shallow, plicate, papillose
+within; stipe short, weak, concolorous; hypothallus distinct,
+membranous, concolorous; capillitium a loose, far-expanding, elastic
+net, the meshes uneven, often small, the threads characterized by much
+irregularity and many bulbose thickenings, especially at the nodes,
+strongly spinulose throughout; spore-mass crimson or reddish brown,
+dull; spores by transmitted light colorless, nearly smooth, sub-globose,
+9-10 µ.
+
+This well-marked species is certainly rare within our limits. We have
+specimens from New England and from Pennsylvania. The Iowa material
+referred to this species, _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia._, II., p. 125, is
+_A. magna_ Rex. Rostafinski's figure is excellent in the present case,
+and gives the idea of what we regard the typical marking of the
+capillitium in _A. oerstedtii_. Externally the species resembles
+somewhat _A. nodulosa_, and the network of the capillitium is also
+suggestive of that form; the spiny capillitium is unique.
+
+Rare. Adirondacks, New York--_Dr. Rex._
+
+
+3. ARCYRIA NUTANS (_Bull._) _Grev._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.
+
+  1791. _Trichia nutans_ Bulliard, _Champ._, p. 122, t. 502, III.
+  1794. _Arcyria flava_ Pers., _Römer N. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 90.
+  1824. _Arcyria nutans_ Grev., _Fl. Edin._, p. 455.
+
+Sporangia crowded, cylindric, about 2 mm. high when unexpanded, pale
+yellow or buff, short-stipitate or sessile by an acute base; peridium
+wholly evanescent, except at the base, where persists the shallow,
+colorless, often inwardly spinulose, plicatulate calyculus; stipe very
+short or wanting; hypothallus thin but usually in evidence; capillitium
+expanding to great length, forming an extremely flexile, plumose,
+pendulose open network of pale ochraceous tint, the threads 3-4 µ in
+thickness, adorned with spinules, sharp edged transverse plates
+sometimes rings, the surface especially marked by an indistinct
+reticulation; spore-mass buff or ochraceous, spores by transmitted light
+colorless, smooth or nearly so, 7-8 µ.
+
+This elegant species is not rare in undisturbed woods, especially on
+fallen willows. The expanded capillitia are very soft and plume-like,
+waving and nodding, very lightly attached below to the centre of the
+peridial cup. The capillitium threads are rough, with irregular spines
+and sharp-edged transverse plates, occasionally extending to form rings.
+Resembles the first species somewhat in habit, size, and the spinescent
+capillitium, but the resemblance is superficial only. The color is at
+once diagnostic, and the capillitium is after all entirely different.
+Not uncommon; Canada to Mexico; Maine to California; probably
+cosmopolitan.
+
+Bulliard's figure determines the synonymy. Persoon called the form _A.
+flava_, because Bulliard had missed the genus.
+
+
+4. ARCYRIA VERSICOLOR _Phillips._
+
+  1877. _Arcyria versicolor_ Phillips, _Grev._, V., p. 115.
+  1877. _Arcyria vitellina_ Phillips, _Grev._, V., p. 115.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or more or less crowded, pyriform or clavate,
+dingy, olivaceous yellow, becoming reddish, stipitate; peridium
+membranous, largely persistent below, where it gives rise to the deep,
+goblet-shaped calyculus; stipe strand-like, weak, sometimes wanting,
+concolorous with the peridium; hypothallus prominent or venulose;
+capillitium only slowly expanded, bright golden yellow or orange, the
+threads rather broad, about 4 µ in diameter, regular, even, elegantly
+branching, adorned with abundant short spines or warts, very small and
+evenly distributed, the whole net anchored in the bottom of the vasiform
+calyculus; spore-mass yellow, by transmitted light pale or nearly
+colorless, smooth, about 10 µ.
+
+This beautiful species is easily known by its comparatively large size,
+peculiar, obovate shape, its brilliant color, and unusually persistent
+membranous calyculus. It is peculiar to the western part of North
+America, South Dakota west to the Pacific Ocean.
+
+South Dakota, Colorado, California, Washington.
+
+In the thin-covered mountains of Colorado, or hidden by the still drier
+thickets and woods of Southern California, the fruit of this species is
+small, somewhat as the clavate hemitrichia, pure, deep yellow, golden or
+vitelline as Phillips says; but at loftier altitudes in the ever cool
+forests on the high mountain flanks, beginning away up where the glacier
+first starts to crack and slide between the 'cleavers', and forests of
+stunted white-stemmed pine or wooly-fruited fir throw down their twigs
+and foliage undisturbed through centuries,--on down to where the plowing
+ice forgets its thrust, and melts to gentle floods amid spruce and
+hemlock-groves,--all the way the beautiful versicolor spreads and
+fruits, in August and September in all the richness of color which its
+name implies, which Phillips saw, tints of red, and yellow, and olive,
+and green, not brilliant, but in all the softer shades the artists love,
+weaving, in far-spread strands of tufted cylinders and cones upturned,
+fair as flowers, dusky garlands, by sunlight long forgot! Did not the
+old-time botanists liken these things once and again, to flowers!
+
+
+5. ARCYRIA INCARNATA _Persoon._
+
+  1786. _Clathrus adnatus_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, 141. (?)
+  1791. _Arcyria incarnata_ Pers., Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, II., 1467.
+
+Sporangia closely crowded, cylindric, 1-1.5 mm. high, rosy or
+flesh-colored, stipitate or almost sessile; stipe generally short,
+sometimes barely a conical point beneath the calyculus; hypothallus
+none; peridium wholly evanescent, except the shallow, saucer-like,
+inwardly roughened calyculus; capillitium loose, broad, pale reddish,
+attached to the cup at the centre only by strands which enter the hollow
+stem, the threads adorned with transverse plates, cogs, ridges, etc.,
+arranged in an open spiral; spore-mass rosy, spores by transmitted light
+colorless, nearly smooth, 7-8 µ.
+
+This common species is well marked both by its color and by the
+delicate attachment of the capillitium to the calyculus. This is so
+frail that the slightest breath ofttimes suffices to effect a
+separation, and the empty calyculi are not infrequently the only
+evidence of the fructification. This peculiarity did not escape the
+attention of Persoon, and is well shown in his figure (_Obs. Myc._, I.,
+p. 58, pl. V. Figs. 4 and 5) referred to by Gmelin, _l. c._ Batsch
+simply named and described Micheli's figure (Tab. XCIV., Fig. 2), and
+accordingly his claim to priority is no better than Micheli's figure,
+which may possibly concern the present species, but is in no sense
+determinative. It is impossible to say what Retzius meant by his
+_Clathrus ramosus_, cited by Fries as a synonym here.
+
+Common, especially in the Mississippi valley and south; more rare in the
+west; Black Hills, South Dakota; Toronto to New Mexico.
+
+
+6. ARCYRIA NODULOSA _Macbr._
+
+PLATE III., Fig. 8.
+
+Sporangia small, about 1 mm. high when unexpanded, crowded in clusters
+of varying size, dull red or brownish, stipitate; the peridium
+evanescent except the cup; stipe very short, concolorous, plicate as the
+cup, or both smooth and unmarked; capillitium centrally attached, slowly
+expanded, open-meshed, dense, the threads even, 5-6 µ wide, expanded in
+globose, spinulose, or papillate-reticulate nodules, especially at
+points of intersection, marked everywhere by close-set, transverse,
+sharp-edged ridges, which encircle the thread and show no trace of
+spiral arrangement; spore-mass brown or red brown; spores by transmitted
+light pale yellow or colorless, minutely but distinctly roughened,
+globose, 10-12 µ.
+
+This variety is not distantly related to the preceding, as shown by the
+centrally attached capillitial mass, but differs in several definite
+particulars; the sporangia are much smaller of an entirely different
+color with longer stipes, larger, rougher spores; the capillitium is
+also peculiar, the threads unusually wide and densely corrugated
+transversely, expanding at frequent intervals into globose nodules which
+are sometimes double the width of the thread. In color suggests _A.
+affinis_ Rost., but corresponds to no other particular.
+
+
+7. ARCYRIA FERRUGINEA _Sauter._
+
+PLATE XII., Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.
+
+  1841. _Arcyria ferruginea_ Saut., _Flora_, XXIV., p. 316.
+  1881. _Arcyria macrospora_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXIV., p. 43.
+  1883. _Arcyria aurantiaca_ Raunier, _Myx. Dan._, p. (44).
+
+Sporangia ovoid or short cylindric, crowded or gregarious, dull red or
+brownish, stipitate; stipe about equal to the sporangium, dark brown or
+black; hypothallus well developed, membranous, yellowish brown
+continuous; calyculus large, wide and shallow, smooth; capillitium
+centrally attached, when fresh, brick-red in color, fading on exposure,
+the threads of uneven size, those above 6-7 µ, below 3 µ, abundantly
+branching, marked by conspicuous reticulations formed by the
+intersection of numerous vertical plates or ridges; spore-mass reddish,
+spores by transmitted light pale ochraceous, distinctly warted, 10-12 µ.
+
+This species is distinguishable at sight by the peculiar color and form
+of the sporangia. Mr. Durand in _Bot. Gaz._, XIX., pp 89, 90, gives a
+careful study of the form. The same author declares the dehiscence
+circumscissile. We cannot distinguish _A. aurantiaca_ Raun. from the
+present form.
+
+Rare. Maine, New York; Monterey, California.
+
+
+8. ARCYRIA DENUDATA (_Linn._) _Sheldon._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 5, 5 _a_.
+
+  1753. _Clathrus denudatus_ Linn., _Syst. Nat._, 1179.
+  1794. _Arcyria punicea_ Pers., _Röm. N. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 90.
+  1895. _Arcyria denudata_ (Linn.) Sheld., _Minn. Bot. Studies_,
+           No. 9, p. 470.
+
+Sporangia crowded or gregarious, ovoid or short cylindrical, tapering
+upward, red-brown, stipitate; peridium evanescent except the plicate
+calyculus; stipe about equal to the expanded capillitium, concolorous,
+plicate or striate, ascending from a small hypothallus; capillitium
+attached to the whole inner surface of the calyculus and connate with
+it; hence not deciduous, bright red or carmine when fresh, turning brown
+or paler with age, the threads even, about 3 µ adorned with a series of
+rather distant cogs or half rings, which form around the thread a
+lengthened spiral; spore-mass red or reddish brown, spores by
+transmitted light colorless, nearly smooth, 6-8 µ.
+
+This species is easily distinguished from all other of similar tints by
+the attachment of the capillitium. In this respect it corresponds with
+the following species. In the adornment of the threads it is like _A.
+incarnata_. It is by far the commonest species of the genus, and
+probably enjoys a world-wide distribution. To be found at all seasons on
+the lower side of fallen sticks, _Populus_, _Tilia_, etc.
+
+Micheli, Pl. XCIV., shows that he had the present species. The
+description given by Linné is worthless, but helped out by Micheli, and
+several other authors of the eighteenth century, who take the trouble to
+describe the species, but still give the Linnean binomial as a synonym;
+we may give Linné here the credit. As a matter of fact, Batsch under
+_Embolus crocatus_ first presents an unmistakable description and
+figure.
+
+Maine to the Black Hills and Colorado, and north and west; Alaska to
+Nicaragua.
+
+
+9. ARCYRIA CINEREA (_Bull._) _Pers._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 3, 3 _a_.
+
+  1791. _Trichia cinerea_ Bull., _Champ. de France_, p. 120, Tab. 477,
+           Fig. iii.
+  1801. _Arcyria cinerea_ (Bull.) Pers., _Syn. Fung._, p. 184.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, ovoid or cylindrical, generally
+tapering upward, about 2-3 mm. high, ashen gray, sometimes with a
+yellowish tinge, stipitate; calyculus very small, thin; stipe about half
+the total height, rising from a small hypothallus, thin, gray or
+blackish, densely crowded with spore-like cells; capillitium dense,
+freely branching, ashen, or yellowish, little wider below, minutely
+spinulose; spore-mass concolorous, spores by transmitted light
+colorless, smooth, 6-7 µ.
+
+A very common little species, easily recognized by its color and habit.
+The capillitium is more dense than in any other species and expands
+less. The stipe is about equal to the expanded capillitium, unusually
+long. The plasmodium occurs in rotten wood, especially species of
+_Tilia_, is gray and, judging from the number of sporangia found in one
+place, scanty.
+
+Bulliard, _l. c._, gives the first account of the species by which it
+can with any certainty be identified. By some authors _Clathrus
+recutitus_ Linn. is cited as a synonym. We fail to distinguish _A.
+cookei_ Mass. from the old type.
+
+Widely distributed; Maine to Alaska, and south to Mexico and Nicaragua.
+
+
+10. ARCYRIA DIGITATA (_Schw._) _Rost._
+
+  1831. _Stemonitis digitata_ Schw., _N. A. F._, p. 260, No. 2350.
+  1868. _Arcyria bicolor_ Berk. & C., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, X., p. 349.
+  1875. _Arcyria digitata_ (Schw.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 274.
+
+Sporangia compound, that is gathered in tufts, number 3-12 or more on a
+single stipe, the clusters themselves scattered; individual sporangia
+elongate cylindric, about 3-4 mm. long, ashen gray or nearly white,
+stipitate; stipe as long or longer than the sporangium, stout, sometimes
+showing traces of consolidation of several, sometimes none, dark brown
+or black; capillitium looser and more expanded than in the last, the
+threads more strongly spinulose; spore-mass concolorous, spores under
+the lens colorless, smooth, globose, 7.5-8 µ
+
+Closely related to the preceding, but different in habit and on the
+whole larger and more robust throughout. The stipes in some cases are
+completely merged in one; in others traces of coalescence remain. The
+number of united sporangia varies. There are some clusters before us
+containing 16 and 18 in a single fascicle!
+
+Not very common. On rotten wood of deciduous trees, especially south.
+
+New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio; Black Hills, South Dakota, and south to
+Nicaragua.
+
+_Arcyria bicolor_ Berk. & C. seems to refer to the fact that the
+sporangia have sometimes an ochraceous tint. Berkeley's specimens are
+from Cuba. Our latest specimens are from Nicaragua; the form seems not
+to be reported from the old world.
+
+
+11. ARCYRIA POMIFORMIS (_Leers_) _Rost._
+
+  1775. _Mucor pomiformis_ Leers, _Flor. Herb._, p. 218.
+  1875. _Arcyria pomiformis_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 271.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, globose, bright yellow, very minute,
+.5 mm. high, .3 mm. in diameter, stipitate; stipe short, one-third the
+total height, pale brown or yellow; hypothallus none; capillitium loose,
+freely expanding, not deciduous, honey-yellow, the threads generally
+wide, 4-5 µ, toward the periphery more narrow, 2.5 µ warted, marked with
+blunt spinules, which not infrequently pass into distinct transverse,
+narrow plates or half-rings, free ends clavate and numerous; spore-mass
+yellow, spores by transmitted light smooth, granular, globose, 7-9 µ.
+
+This species as represented by the material before us seems constant in
+size, color, and microscopic characters, in all which it differs from
+all species here listed. It resembles somewhat _Lachnobolus globosus_
+Schw., but differs in habit, habitat, color, the capillitium, its
+attachment and in the mode of dehiscence. In the present species the
+wall is evanescent almost _in toto_; in _L. globosus_ is it remarkably
+persistent, and the capillitium is adherent.
+
+Probably rare. Its smallness removes it from sight of all but the most
+exact collectors. Maine, New York, South Carolina, Alabama, Missouri,
+Iowa; Black Hills, South Dakota; Ontario;--_Miss Currie._
+
+While usually remotely gregarious a collection from southern California
+shows that on occasion the entire plasmodium may pass to fruit with
+narrowest limits, forming a stipitate, compact, globose mass of crowded,
+superimposed sporangia as in _Oligonema nitens_. Set Plate XX., Fig. 12.
+
+
+12. ARCYRIA INSIGNIS _Kalkbr. & Cke._
+
+  1882. _Arcyria insignis_ Kalkbr. & Cke., _Grev._, X., p. 143.
+  1911. _Arcyria insignis_ Kalkbr. & Cke., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._,
+           p. 240.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or clustered, pale or bright rose-colored, .5-1.5
+mm. in height, stipitate, ovate or cylindric; stipe short, .2-.4 mm.
+red, with spore-like cells; capillitium a close net-work of delicate
+threads with a few bulbous free ends, with faint transverse bands or
+short spinules, or nearly smooth, colorless beneath the lens; spores
+colorless, nearly smooth, 6-8 µ.
+
+Reported from Mass. by Miss Lister. Should follow No. 8: apparently a
+very delicate form of the common species, _A. denudata_.
+
+
+=3. Heterotrichia= _Mass._
+
+  1892. _Heterotrichia_ Mass., _Mon._, p. 139.
+
+Sporangia distinct, stipitate; the peridium simple evanescent above as
+in _Arcyria_; capillitium centrally attached, freely branched, the
+threads within very slender, without broad, anastomosing to form a dense
+peripheral network, and everywhere extended to form short, free, often
+hamate tips. A single species,--
+
+
+1. HETEROTRICHIA GABRIELLAE (_Rav._) _Mass._
+
+PLATE XIII., Figs. 1, 1 _a._
+
+  1850. _Arcyria gabriellae_ Rav. _in litt. ad Cooke_.
+  1892. _Heterotrichia gabriellae_ Mass., _Mon._, p. 140.
+  1911. _Arcyria ferruginea_ Saut., var. _heterotrichia_ List., _Mycet.,
+           2nd ed._, p. 234.
+
+Sporangia crowded or gregarious, oblong cylindric, ovoid, at first red,
+becoming yellowish brown, stipitate; the peridium evanscent except the
+calyculus, which is small and thin, polished; stipe shorter than the
+expanded capillitium, pale reddish brown; capillitium centrally
+attached, showing threads of two sorts, those within freely branching,
+slender, 1-1.5 µ, marked with half-rings or ridges, those on the
+periphery very different, yellow, broad, 5-6 µ, forming rather dense
+reticulations, with abundant free tips, acute and often curved, the
+whole surface here minutely and densely warted; spore-mass reddish
+yellow, spores by transmitted light colorless, globose, 7-8 µ.
+
+The peculiar double capillitium seems to separate this form from the
+true arcyrias. Some difference in the diameter of the capillitial
+threads in different regions is not infrequent in the several species of
+_Arcyria_, but that difference is here emphasized and rendered yet more
+striking by the peculiar free tips. The present forms bear only the most
+superficial resemblance to _A. ferruginea_ Saut., with which species it
+is in some quarters sought to unite it.
+
+Very rare. Collected, as noted, nearly fifty years ago in South Carolina
+by Ravenel, it was more recently (1896) again collected in Maine by the
+late Professor Harvey.
+
+
+_D._ PROTOTRICHIACÆ
+
+A single genus,--
+
+
+=Prototrichia= _Rost._
+
+  1876. _Prototrichia_ Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 38.
+
+A single species,--
+
+
+1. PROTOTRICHIA METALLICA (_Berk._) _Mass._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Figs. 12, 12 _a_, 12 _b_.
+
+  1860. _Trichia metallica_ Berk. Hook., _Fl. Tasm._, 2, p. 168.
+  1866. _Trichia flagellifera_ Berk. & Br., _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._, 3,
+           XVII., p. 56.
+  1876. _Prototrichia flagellifera_ (Berk.) Rost. _Mon. App._, p. 38.
+  1894. _Prototrichia flagellifera_ Rost., List., _Mycet. 2nd ed._,
+           p. 206.
+  1899. _Prototrichia flagellifera_ (Berk. & Br.) Rost., Macbr.,
+          _N. A. S._, p. 199.
+  1892. _Prototrichia metallica_ Mass., _Mon._, p. 127.
+  1911. _Prototrichia metallica_ Mass., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._,
+           p. 260.
+
+Sporangia sessile, scattered or sometimes crowded, brown, sometimes with
+a rosy tinge, about 1 mm. in diameter; peridium a thin, transparent,
+iridescent membrane, bearing in its inner surface the distal attachments
+of the capillitial threads; capillitium of numerous brown, spirally
+banded threads, which take origin in the base of the sporangium, become
+subdivided as they ascend, and are at length attached by their tips to
+the sporangium wall; spore-mass brown, spores by transmitted light pale,
+minutely roughened.
+
+This curious form, with its spirally sculptured capillitial threads
+attached at both ends, stands intermediate between _Dianema_ and
+_Hemitrichia_ and _Trichia_. Berkeley called it a trichia, ignoring the
+attachment of the threads. Cooke notes this as sufficient to exclude the
+form from the genus. But it remained for Rostafinski to make the
+transfer by setting up for its reception the genus now adopted. He
+preferred the later (1866) specific name as more descriptive. Miss
+Lister reverts to the earlier name with the remark; "Little now remains
+of the type _Prototrichia metallica_ Berk. from Tasmania; but the
+specimen is referred to _Prototrichia flagellifera_ by Rostafinski who
+saw it in good condition."
+
+Not uncommon in the abietine forests of the West. Alberta, Oregon,
+Washington, California, Nevada, Montana, Idaho, Colorado.
+
+
+_E._ TRICHIACEÆ
+
+Capillitium marked by spiral bands, sometimes scattered rings, etc., the
+threads entirely free, or at least loosely branched, and with free tips
+more or less numerous.
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Trichiaceæ=
+
+  _A._ Capillitium threads long, generally united to
+         form a loose net, centrally attached.
+
+     _a._ Sculpture spiral                            1. _Hemitrichia_
+
+     _b._ Sculpture reticulate                           2. _Calonema_
+
+  _B._ Capillitial threads shorter, entirely free,
+         though sometimes branched.
+
+     _a._ Threads, elaters, marked by spiral bands        3. _Trichia_
+
+     _b._ Sculpture irregular or wanting                4. _Oligonema_
+
+
+=1. Hemitrichia= _Rost._
+
+  1829. _Hemiarcyria_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 183 in part.
+  1873. _Hemitrichia_ Rost., _Versuch_, p. 14.
+
+Capillitium a tangled net of more or less branching and anastomosing
+fibres centrally attached; the sculpture regular, of conspicuous
+spirally winding bands or ridges; habit and color various.
+
+The species here associated are intermediate between _Arcyria_ and
+_Trichia_, resembling the former in the capillitial net and the latter
+in thread-sculpture. Fries applied the name _Hemiarcyrieae_ to a group
+of trichias so-called, citing _H. rubiformis_ as the first. In his
+_Versuch_ Rostafinski wrote _Hemitrichia_ and afterward _Hemiarcyria_ in
+the _Monograph_. Massee combines the genera _Arcyria_ and _Hemiarcyria_
+under the former name.
+
+=Key to the Species of Hemitrichia=
+
+  _A._ Plasmodiocarpous
+
+     _a._ Plasmodiocarp net-like, yellow                 1. _H. serpula_
+
+     _b._ Imperfectly plasmodiocarpous, brown          2. _H. karstenii_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia all distinct.
+
+     _a._ Sessile; very short stalked
+
+          i. Peridium hyaline, iridescent                  3. _H. ovata_
+
+         ii. Peridium opaque                            10. _H. montana_
+
+     _b._ Stipitate, generally distinctly so; sometimes
+            nearly sessile.
+
+          i. Yellow or ochraceous.
+
+              O Stalk hollow.
+
+                 + Small, œ mm., iridescent           6. _H. leiocarpa_
+
+                ++ Larger, 1 mm., smooth but not iridescent
+
+                   1. Free ends more or less abundant    8. _H. clavata_
+
+                   2. Free ends none                   9. _H. stipitata_
+
+             OO Stalk solid                              7. _H. intorta_
+
+         ii. Not yellow.
+
+              O Ruby red                               4. _H. vesparium_
+
+             OO Copper-colored                           5. _H. stipata_
+
+
+1. HEMITRICHIA SERPULA (_Scop._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE III., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_.
+
+  1772. _Mucor serpula_ Scop., _Fl. Carn_, II., p. 493.
+  1794. _Trichia serpula_ (Scop.) Pers., _Röm. N. Bot. Mag._, I., p. 90
+  1875. _Hemiarcyria serpula_ (Scop.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 266.
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous, often covering several square
+centimetres, terete, branching freely and usually everywhere reticulate,
+rusty, tawny, or bright yellow; the peridium thin, transparent, with
+irregular dehiscence; hypothallus none; capillitium variable, a tangle
+of long yellow threads, sparingly branched, free everywhere, except
+below, spinulose, the free tips spinose, acuminate, spiral ridges three
+or four, with traces of longitudinal striæ; spore-mass golden yellow,
+spores beneath the lens pale yellow, globose, delicately reticulate,
+about 10 µ.
+
+Very common, recognized by its bright yellow color and conspicuous
+reticulate habit. The plasmodium is yellow, at least upon emergence, and
+passes almost without change to fruit. Found on rotten logs of every
+description, on the _lower_ surface. In the Mississippi valley, the
+lower surface of planks used in the construction of sidewalks appears to
+be a favorite habitat.
+
+Common west to the Rocky Mountains, south to Mexico and Nicaragua.
+
+
+2. HEMITRICHIA KARSTENII (_Rost._) _List._
+
+  1876. _Hemiarcyria karstenii_ Rost., _Mon., App._, p. 41.
+  1891. _Hemiarcyria obscura_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 395.
+  1894. _Hemitrichia karstenii_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 178.
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous, with a tendency to form distinct
+sessile, globose sporangia, color brownish red; capillitium a sparingly
+branched network, with free ends few, the thread marked by seven or
+eight faint spirals, the interspaces narrow, dull red in color, and 2.5
+µ in diameter; spores yellow, delicately warted, 10-10.5 µ.
+
+This is doubtless a very rare species. In the description we have
+followed Dr. Rex, _l. c._, as being more to the point for American
+forms. It is not improbable that the American material may after all be
+distinct, as discrepancies, if one may judge by descriptions, are not
+few. Lister, who had a slide from Dr. Rex, considers the European and
+American forms the same.
+
+In outward appearing, plasmodiocarpous phases of this species very
+closely resemble forms of _Licea_ or _Ophiotheca_, and are in
+consequence often wrongly labeled.
+
+Toronto; Montana--_Anderson_. To be looked for north and west.
+
+
+3. HEMITRICHIA OVATA (_Pers._) _Macbr._
+
+  1796. _Trichia ovata_ Pers., _Obs. Myc._, I., p. 61, and II., p. 35.
+  1863. _Trichia abietina_ Wigand, _Pringsh. Jahr._, III., p. 33,
+           Tab. ii., Fig. 11.
+  1875. _Hemiarcyria wigandii_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 167.
+
+Sporangia crowded or sometimes closely gregarious, sub-globose or
+turbinate, shining yellow, sessile, the peridium thin, iridescent;
+capillitium a tangle of sparingly branched yellow or ochraceous-yellow
+threads, rather slender, 3-5 µ, marked by one or two prominent spiral
+bands forming a loose somewhat irregular spiral, the free ends
+not infrequent, inflated and rounded; spore-mass yellow or
+yellow-ochraceous, spores by transmitted light pale yellow,
+distinctly and sharply spinulose, but not netted, 10-11 µ.
+
+A rare and beautiful species, distinguished well by the small size,
+about .5 mm., by the thin iridescent peridium, as by the microscopic
+characters of the capillitial threads.
+
+There is no doubt that this is Persoon's _Trichia ovata_. His
+description is accurate in all that pertains to external features, and
+Rostafinski, _App._, p. 41, explicitly says that he _saw_ in Persoon's
+herbarium specimens of the species bearing the name cited. Just why
+Rostafinski did not here adopt the older name is not clear, nor is there
+excuse for abandoning Wigand's name were Persoon's invalid. According to
+Lister, _Trichia nana_ Mass., from Maine, is the same thing. Persoon,
+_l. c._, gives a synonymy which, in the nature of case, is unverifiable,
+the specific characters being microscopic.
+
+Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 187, confirms Persoon and takes pains to
+say that the color separates it from _T. chrysosperma_ with which it is
+sometimes compared.
+
+Rare. Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Toronto.
+
+
+4. HEMITRICHIA VESPARIUM (_Batsch_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE III., Figs. 2 and 2 _a_.
+
+  1786. _Lycoperdon vesparium_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, pp. 255, 256,
+           Fig. 172.
+  1794. _Trichia rubiformis_ Pers., _Röm. N. Bot. Mag._, I., p. 88.
+  1875. _Hemiarcyria rubiformis_ (Pers.) _Rost., Mon._, p. 262.
+
+Sporangia clustered or crowded, rarely single, clavate or subcylindric
+stipitate or sessile, dark wine-red or red-black in color, the peridium
+in perfect specimens glossy or shining metallic, opaque; stipes solid,
+usually blent together, concolorous; capillitium of intertwisted slender
+threads, sparingly branched, marked by three or four spiral ridges,
+abundantly spinulose, the free tips also acuminate, terminating in a
+spine, the whole mass dull red. Spore-mass brownish-red, spores by
+transmitted light reddish-orange, very distinctly warted, sub-globose,
+10-12 µ.
+
+A most common species, on rotten wood everywhere, especially in forests.
+Recognized generally at sight by its color and fasciculate habit. The
+peridium shows a tendency, often, to circumscissile dehiscence, and
+persists long after the contents have been dissipated, in this condition
+suggesting the name applied by Batsch, _vesparium_, wasp-nest. The
+capillitium is remarkably spinescent, the branching of the threads,
+rare. Rostafinski describes the spores as smooth; they seem to be
+uniformly distinctly warted. The plasmodium is deep red, and a
+plasmodiocarpous fructification occasionally appears.
+
+Throughout the whole range, New England to Washington and Oregon, south
+to Nicaragua; Toronto.
+
+
+5. HEMITRICHIA STIPATA (_Schw._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 8, 8 _a_, 8 _b_.
+
+  1834. _Leangium stipatum_ Schw., _N. A. F._, p. 258, No. 2304.
+  1876. _Hemiarcyria stipata_ (Schw.) _Rost., Mon. App._, pp. 41, 42.
+  1894. _Arcyria stipata_ (Schw.) Lister, _Mon. Mycetozoa_, p. 189.
+
+Sporangia distinct, crowded, cylindric or irregular, overlying one
+another, rich copper-colored, metallic, shining, becoming brown,
+stipitate; peridium thin, the upper portion early evanescent, the base
+persistent as a cup, as in _Arcyria_; capillitium concolorous, the
+thread abundantly branched to form a loose net, with many free and
+bulbous ends, pale under the lens, marked by three or four somewhat
+obscure spiral bands and a few wart-like or plate-like thickenings;
+stipe very short; spore-mass reddish, spores by transmitted light pale,
+nearly or quite smooth, 6-8 µ.
+
+This species is known at sight by its peculiarly beautiful tint when
+fresh, as by the crowded prolix habit of the singular overlying
+sporangia. The netted capillitium and the evanescent peridium suggests
+_Arcyria_, but there are abundant free tips, and the threads are
+unmistakably spirally wound, especially in the large, handsome sporangia
+characteristic of the Mississippi valley. It is a boundary form
+unquestionably. The stipe is generally very short, about one-tenth the
+total height; sometimes, when the peridium is more globose, the stipe is
+proportionally longer. Specimens from Iowa show fructifications several
+centimetres long and wide.
+
+Not rare. New England to the Black Hills and south.
+
+
+6. HEMITRICHIA LEIOCARPA (_Cke._) _Macbr._
+
+  1877. _Hemiarcyria leiocarpa_ Cke., _Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y._,
+           XI., p. 405.
+  1891. _Hemiarcyria varneyi_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 396.
+
+Sporangia simple, obovate or pyriform, rarely almost globose, pallid,
+with a stem of the same color, as long as the diameter of the
+sporangium; spore-mass and capillitium concolorous, or with slight
+ochraceous tint; capillitium forming a loose net, the tubes branching in
+a reticulate manner; spirals three, thin, prominent, along the convex
+sides of the tubes mixed with a few obtuse spines; spores globose, with
+a thin membrane, 12-14 µ.
+
+Such is the original description of this distinctly American species.
+_H. varneyi_ Rex should differ in having spirals seven or eight, and
+spore only 6.25 µ. Mr. Lister, who has compared types of both species,
+declares them the same! The present writer has been unable to secure
+authentic specimens.
+
+Pennsylvania.
+
+
+7. HEMITRICHIA INTORTA _List._
+
+  1891. _Hemiarcyria intorta_ Lister, _Jour. Bot._, p. 268.
+  1891. _Hemiarcyria longifila_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 396.
+  1894. _Hemitrichia_ intorta List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 176.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose-turbinate or pyriform, golden-yellow,
+stipitate; peridium thin, translucent, shining, opening at the summit
+irregularly, leaving a funnel-shaped receptacle below; stipe dark red
+brown, solid, rugulose; capillitium of threads sparingly branched, but
+looped and doubled upon themselves and constantly intertwisted,
+orange-yellow, 3-4 µ in diameter, with spirals four, sparingly
+spinulose, even and regular, the longitudinal striæ conspicuous; spores
+in mass concolorous, under the lens yellow, delicately warted, globose,
+9-10 µ.
+
+Concerning this species, Dr. Rex says: "Externally this species
+resembles _H. clavata_ Pers., and has probably often been mistaken for
+it. The capillitium, however, in its structural details and habit of
+growth, is widely different. The partial untwisting of the loops of the
+capillitium by drying, after the rupture of the sporangium, causes it to
+be projected and elongated sometimes two or three times the length of
+the sporangium." Outwardly the open sporangium, by the projecting free
+tips, reminds one of a trichia. The capillitium is like that of _H.
+vesparium_, but less rough, and, of course, different in color.
+
+Rare. Fairmount Park, Philadelphia; Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+8. HEMITRICHIA CLAVATA (_Pers._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE III., Figs. 1, 1 _b_.
+
+  1794. _Trichia clavata_ Pers., _Röm. N. Bot. Mag._, I., p. 90.
+  1873. _Hemitrichia clavata_ Pers., Rost., _Versuch_, p. 14.
+  1875. _Hemiarcyria clavata_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 264.
+  1893. _Hemiarcyria ablata_ Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 30.
+  1893. _Hemiarcyria funalis_ Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 32.
+
+Sporangia clavate or turbinate, gregarious, scattered or crowded,
+yellow, olivaceous or brownish, stipitate; the peridium generally thin,
+evanescent above, breaking away so as to leave a more or less definite
+cup beneath; stipe about one-half the total height, reddish,
+reddish-brown, or blackish, hollow about half-way down; capillitium
+various, yellow or ochraceous, made up of slender threads more or less
+freely branched and netted, bearing four or five regular, even, spiral
+plates which project sharply and are generally smooth, the free
+extremities numerous or almost none, swollen, or simply obtuse;
+spore-mass concolorous, spores by transmitted light pale yellow,
+globose, minutely but distinctly warted, 8-9 µ.
+
+This cosmopolitan species is generally one of the first brought in by
+the collector, its color and comparatively large size, 2-3 mm. high,
+making it conspicuous. Nevertheless, we are not able to recognize it in
+the descriptions of the older authors. Rostafinski quotes Schmiedel,
+_Icones_, 1776, as affording the earliest account of the species, but
+neither his description nor figure is definitive. Even Bulliard fails us
+here, and is differently interpreted by different authors. Persoon's
+description is none too good, but is reënforced by Fries and
+Rostafinski. The capillitium is variable both in the degree of
+smoothness presented, and the number of free ends, and the amount of
+branching. The spores in all specimens we have examined are remarkably
+constant in size and surface. In typical specimens free ends are easily
+discoverable, the branching forms a definite net, and the perfectly
+formed capillitial thread is smooth. In some American forms--developed
+under less favorable circumstances?--the net is less determined, the
+free ends are many, and the spirals minutely rough. Here may be placed
+_H. funalis_ Morgan, _l. c._
+
+Widely distributed. New England to Colorado, south to Mexico.
+
+
+9. HEMITRICHIA STIPITATA (_Mass._) _Macbr._
+
+  1889. _Hemiarcyria stipitata_ Mass., _Jour. Mic. Soc._, p. 354.
+  1893. _Hemiarcyria plumosa_, Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 29.
+
+Sporangia scattered, seldom crowded, obovoid or turbinate, olivaceous
+yellow, stipitate; the peridium smooth without, granulose within,
+evanescent above, persisting as a funnel-shaped cup below; the stipe
+long, reddish or blackish, rising from a small hypothallus; capillitium
+of threads 5-6 µ thick, very much branched, forming a dense net, free
+ends none, or not evident; the sculpture as in _H. clavata_, smooth and
+regular; spore-mass yellow; spores by transmitted light yellow, minutely
+warted, 7-8 µ.
+
+This form corresponds in nearly every respect with _H. clavata_, except
+in the structure of the capillitium. The color is rather ochraceous,
+dirty yellow, and the stipe is proportionally longer and darker, but the
+form of the net is positive and gives to the species a decidedly
+striking and unique appearance, so that it may be recognized by the
+naked eye. It looks like an arcyria and for this reason Professor Morgan
+said _H. plumosa_. Lister regards it as the same as our number 8.
+
+Common. Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and west; south to Mexico.
+
+
+10. HEMITRICHIA MONTANA _Morgan._
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious more or less closely, globose,
+whitish, sessile or very short stipitate; the peridium opaque, dull
+white, persistent below; capillitium deep yellow, the threads abundantly
+branched, forming a compact network, 7 µ wide, bearing spirals five or
+six, uneven and irregular, or anon interrupted, conspicuously spinulose
+or warted, free tips not lacking, generally inflated; spore-mass yellow,
+spores by transmitted light pale, nearly colorless, distinctly warted,
+10 µ.
+
+Recognizable by its peculiar pallid, sessile sporangia, as by the
+internal structure. Perhaps related to _Hemiarcyria bucknalli_ Mass. Our
+specimens are from Mr. Morgan, of Ohio, with the statement that they
+were collected in the San Bernardino Mountains, California, by Mr. S. B.
+Parrish; collected later from Monterey south.
+
+Common throughout south-western states to lower California.
+
+=2. Calonema= _Morgan._
+
+  1893. _Calonema_ Morgan, _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 33.
+
+Sporangia sub-globose, crowded or superimposed, irregular sessile;
+hypothallus none; capillitium of slender tubules, arising from the
+sporangium base, branched, marked with branching veins in an irregular
+reticulation, and terminating in free extremities. Spores yellow.
+
+
+1. CALONEMA AUREUM _Morgan._
+
+PLATE XIII., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_, 2 _c_.
+
+  1893. _Calonema aureum_ Morgan, _l. c._
+
+Sporangia crowded or heaped in scattered clusters; peridium thin, golden
+yellow, adorned with intricate radiating veinlets capillitium of threads
+more or less branched, attached below, free above, the surface to the
+very tips venulose, interrupted with rings or fragmentary spirals, the
+apices bulbous and obtusely conical; spore-mass yellow, spores by
+transmitted light bright yellow, covered by a network of interlocking
+plates, as in _T. favoginea_, globose, 14-16 µ.
+
+A curious form, related to _Hemitrichia_, much as _Oligonema_ is to
+_Trichia_. Related to both the genera first named, but distinct, in the
+peculiar sculpture, from _Hemitrichia_, and from _Oligonema_ in that the
+threads are not entirely free. Professor Morgan's original
+determination, founded on Ohio materials is confirmed by material sent
+us by Professor Underwood from Alabama.
+
+
+=3. Trichia= (_Haller_) _Rost._
+
+  1768. _Trichia_ Haller, _Hist. Stirp. Helv._, III., p. 114, in part.
+  1875. _Trichia_ (Haller) Rost., _Mon._, p. 243.
+
+Sporangia distinct, sessile or stipitate; capillitium of distinct
+elastic threads, free acuminate at each end, yellow or more rarely
+reddish or brown; spores generally yellow.
+
+The trichias are easily recognized among their kind by their beautiful
+spirally wound, elastic capillitial threads, the _elaters_; these are
+entirely free, about 3-4 mm. in length, simple or only rarely branched,
+and generally acute at each extremity. The spiral bands, sometimes
+called _taeniae_, are generally very uniform in thickness, distance from
+each other, and pitch, and in many species are further reënforced by
+minute longitudinal plications running from one spiral to the next.
+Furthermore, the spirals may be smooth or spinulose the elater uniform
+throughout or enlarged betimes by nodes and swellings. Taken altogether,
+the trichias with the species of the genus next following exhibit the
+highest degree of differentiation attained by the Myxomycetes.
+
+Most of the earlier authors, including Haller, used the generic name
+_Trichia_ to cover a variety of forms. It is here used with the limits
+sketched by De Bary in 1859 and 1864 (_Die Myxomyceten_), and followed
+more exactly ten years later by his pupil, Rostafinski.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Trichia=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia, in typical cases at least, wholly sessile.
+
+     _a._ Gregarious; hypothallus none.
+
+          i. Peridium brown or reddish brown.
+
+              O Elaters smooth.
+
+             OO Spirals even, regular                1. _T. inconspicua_
+
+                 + Spirals irregular                    2. _T. contorta_
+
+                ++ Elaters rough, spinescent            3. _T. iowensis_
+
+         ii. Peridium olivaceous or yellow.
+
+              O Elaters smooth                             4. _T. varia_
+
+     _b._ Hypothallus distinct; sporangia crowded;
+            spores reticulate, banded, or netted.
+
+          i. Spore-bands pitted                       6. _T. persimilis_
+
+         ii. Spore-bands, narrow, plain                7. _T. favoginea_
+
+        iii. Spores covered by a delicate net             5. _T. scabra_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia stipitate.
+
+     _a._ Hypothallus distinct                         8. _T. verrucosa_
+
+     _b._ Hypothallus none; peridium checkered with
+            pale reticulations.
+
+          i. Brownish red or black                     10. _T. botrytis_
+
+         ii. Olivaceous.
+
+              O Elaters smooth                         11. _T. subfusca_
+
+             OO Elaters rough                            12. _T. erecta_
+
+     _c._ Peridium plain, shining                     13. _T. decipiens_
+
+     _d._ Peridium plain, dull black                  14. _T. lateritia_
+
+
+1. TRICHIA INCONSPICUA _Rostafinski._
+
+PLATE III., Figs. 5, 5 _a_, 5 _b_.
+
+  1875. _Trichia inconspicua_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 259.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or crowded, small, spherical, ellipsoidal or
+arcuate, brown or reddish brown, sessile; hypothallus none; capillitium
+dull, dark, ochraceous, the elaters long, slender, even, about 3 µ wide,
+the spirals three or four rather closely wound, the apices attenuate,
+acute, sometimes turned to one side; spore-mass concolorous, spores pale
+ochraceous, minutely but distinctly warted, 10-12 µ.
+
+One of the smallest of the _Trichiae_, not uncommon in the Mississippi
+valley on decaying fallen stems of _Populus_--sp. Distinguished at sight
+from all except No. 3 following, by its small size and brown color.
+Under the lens the long, delicate, finely sculptured capillitial
+threads, with fine tapering threads are distinctive.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska;
+Black Hills, South Dakota; Toronto.
+
+
+2. TRICHIA CONTORTA (_Ditmar_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XIII., Figs. 7, 7 _a_.
+
+  1811. _Lycogala contortum_ Ditmar, Sturm, _Deutsch. Fl._, III.,
+           Tab. 5.
+  1872. _Trichia reniformis_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXVI., p. 74.
+  1875. _Trichia contorta_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 259.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, or crowded, small, ellipsoid or reniform, arcuate,
+dark red brown, sessile; hypothallus none; capillitial mass ochraceous
+or dull yellow, the elaters few, irregular, the spirals uneven,
+irregular, often projecting and thin, though generally flat or obscure,
+the apices more or less swollen, ending in a curved tip; spore-mass
+concolorous, spores beneath the lens bright yellow, papillose, 10-12 µ.
+
+This species resembles the preceding in color, but is of less aggregate
+habit, and the sporangia are more plasmodiocarpous, reniform, arcuate,
+etc. The capillitium is also distinctive, the sculpture irregular,
+uneven with general lack of symmetry. Our description is made up from
+specimens of _T. reniformis_ Peck, which appears to be the American form
+of Rostafinski's species.
+
+Rare. New York, Montana?
+
+
+3. TRICHIA IOWENSIS _Macbr._
+
+PLATE III., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_; PLATE X., Fig. 5.
+
+  1892. _Trichia iowensis_ Macbr., I_a., Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist._, II.,
+           p. 133.
+
+Sporangia sessile, gregarious, spherical or reniform, with no
+hypothallus, purple brown; spores and spore-mass yellow; elaters with
+three or four spiral bands unevenly distributed, and with occasional
+inflations, sparingly branched, spinulose, especially where inflated,
+spinules long, 3-6 µ, recurved, often bifid or trifid, especially at or
+near the acuminate tip; spores delicately warted, 9-11 µ.
+
+This species occurs not rarely and is found on the bark of _Populus_, so
+far, exclusively. The sporangia are inconspicuous until opening by
+fissure they display the yellow spores and capillitial threads. The
+species is immediately recognized by its elaters, whose numerous and
+lengthened spinules are unlike those of any cognate form, reminding one
+of the capillitium of _Ophiotheca_. Related to the two preceding, but
+distinct by its spinulose capillitium.
+
+Iowa, Missouri; Black Hills, South Dakota.
+
+_Trichia andersoni_ Rex carefully described by Morgan, _Myx. Mi. Val._,
+p. 38, belongs with this first group, four small species, the
+inconspicuous. To the present writer in each the structure seems
+distinct. In the herbarium a small bit of Anderson's material has rested
+long; but it must not be lost to sight. The species is sure to be taken
+again in the cool mountains, somewhere abundant; as these stretch from
+Alberta to far Alaska. The capillitium is very even the taeniae closely
+wound, the elater-ends often furcate.
+
+
+4. TRICHIA VARIA (_Pers._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE IV., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_.
+
+  1791. _Stemonitis varia_ Pers., Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, II., 1470.
+  1794. _Trichia varia_ Pers., _Röm. Neu. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 90.
+  1829. _Trichia varia_ (Pers.) Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 188.
+  1875. _Trichia varia_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 251.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or sometimes closely crowded, globose, obovoid, or
+irregularly globoid, yellowish or ochraceous, shining, sessile, or with
+a short black stipe; hypothallus none; capillitium of rather long,
+simple, or more rarely branched elaters, 4-5 µ, wide, marked by
+irregular spirals generally only two, prominent and narrow and in places
+remote, the apices acute, about twice the elater diameter; spore-mass
+yellow, spores by transmitted light dull yellow, 12-14 µ, delicately
+verruculose, guttulate.
+
+A very common species, very variable in form, stipitate forms occuring
+anon beside those which are irregular and sessile. According to
+Rostafinski the stipitate phase constitutes the _T. nigripes_ of Persoon
+and other authors. The capillitium is, however, characteristic
+throughout. The two spiral bands wind loosely and irregularly and
+present an elater unlike anything else in the group except the same
+structure in _T. contorta_, but here the elater is narrow and the
+sculpture obscure. Since the specific distinctions are purely
+microscopic, the synonymy beyond Rostafinski is mainly conjectural. It
+is possible that Fries properly applied the name.
+
+Common. Maine to Oregon and California, and south to Arkansas and
+Alabama.
+
+
+5. TRICHIA SCABRA _Rost._
+
+PLATE IV., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_.
+
+  1875. _Trichia scabra_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 258.
+
+Sporangia closely crowded upon a well-developed hypothallus, regular,
+globose or turbinate-globose, orange or golden brown, smooth, shining;
+capillitial mass clear, golden yellow, or sometimes rusty orange, the
+elaters simple, long, 4-5 µ in width, the spirals three or four, closely
+wound, spinulose, even and regular, the apices short, acuminate;
+spore-mass concolorous, under the lens spores yellow, covered by a
+delicate fine-meshed network, or simply spinulose under low power, 10-12
+µ.
+
+Generally a well-marked species, easily recognized by its regular but
+roughened capillitial threads. Under a 1-12 objective the spores are
+also diagnostic. To the unaided eye it resembles the next species in
+both color and habit. Fructifications two inches or more in length and
+half as wide are not infrequent on the lower side of fallen stems in
+forests of deciduous trees. The plasmodium is white.
+
+Not uncommon. Maine to Washington, Oregon, Alaska, and south to Missouri
+and Arkansas.
+
+
+6. TRICHIA PERSIMILIS _Karst._
+
+PLATE IV., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_, 1 _c_; 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_, 6 _c_, 6 _d_.
+
+  1868. _Trichia persimilis_ Karst., _Not. Saellsk. Fenn. Förh._ IX.,
+           p. 353.
+  1869. _Trichia affinis_ De Bary, _Fuckel, Sym. Myc._, p. 336.
+  1875. _Trichia jackii_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 258.
+  1877. _Trichia abrupta_ Cke., _Myxom. U. S._ p. 404.
+  1878. _Trichia proximella_ Karst., _Myc. Fenn._, IV., p. 139.
+
+Sporangia globose or obovoid or irregularly spherical, shining, golden
+yellow to tawny, anon iridescent with metallic lustre, sessile;
+hypothallus thin, but usually very distinct; capillitial mass ochraceous
+or tawny yellow, the elaters long, even, about 4 µ wide, the spirals
+four, more or less spinulose, generally joined by longitudinal ridges,
+the apices short, tapering regularly, anon bifurcate; spore-mass
+concolorous, spores by transmitted light bright yellow, marked by an
+irregular or fragmentary banded reticulation, the bands broad, flat, and
+pitted, 10-12 µ. Plasmodium said to be white.
+
+This species, common throughout the northern world, is distinguished
+from its congener, the following, not only by the episporic character,
+but generally by its different peridium and more sombre colors. It never
+shows at maturity the brilliant golden yellow fluff that hangs in masses
+about the open and empty vases of _T. favoginea_, a fact not unnoted by
+Batsch, and rendering his figure and description so far determinable.
+
+The episporic network shows all degrees of perfection or imperfection,
+and the elater also varies somewhat both in the apices and distinctness
+of longitudinal striæ. The several synonyms listed seem to have taken
+origin in a recognition of some of the more pronounced variations. In
+any event the American form _T. abrupta_ Cke., with bifid apices,
+belongs here, and European specimens seem to show the identity of forms
+described by Karsten and De Bary.
+
+Not rare. New England, Canada, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Alabama,
+Missouri, and west.
+
+
+7. TRICHIA FAVOGINEA (_Batsch_) _Pers._
+
+PLATE IV., Figs. 5, 5 _a_, 5 _b_.
+
+  1786. _Lycoperdon favogineum_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, p. 257,
+           Fig 173, _a_, _b_.
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus chrysospermus_ Bull., _Cham. de Fr._, Tab. 417,
+           Fig. 4.
+  1794. _Trichia favoginea_ (Batsch) Pers., _Röm. N. Mag. Bot._, I.,
+           p. 90.
+  1875. _Trichia chrysosperma_ (Bull.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 255.
+
+Sporangia closely crowded, cylindric or prismatic by mutual pressure,
+obovoid, sessile, olivaceous yellow, smooth and shining; the peridium
+thin, opening above somewhat stellately, persistent; capillitium golden
+yellow, escaping entirely from the peridia, and forming woolly masses
+above them, the threads long, even, beautifully sculptured, bearing
+spirals about four, usually smooth and connected by light longitudinal
+ridges, the apices short tapering, about equal to the width of the
+elater, 6-7 µ; spores concolorous, by transmitted light paler, but still
+bright yellow, the episporic net conspicuous, the bands narrow and high,
+not pitted nor fragmentary, in form irregularly globose, 12-14 µ.
+Plasmodium yellow.
+
+A common and beautiful species recognizable at sight, after the peridia
+break, by the aggregate capillitium constantly in evidence above the
+abandoned vasiform peridia. The figures of Bulliard are unsatisfactory,
+although the description he gives and the name he suggests, still
+current, may lead us to concede that he had our species before him. The
+spores are larger than in _T. persimilis_, and the episporic net
+different, the "border" wider. The plasmodium in the latitude of Iowa
+not uncommon in woods in June, after emerging passes into fruit in the
+laboratory in about forty-eight hours, and the rupture of the peridia
+follows presently. The hypothallus is quite distinct, extra-marginal,
+and in substance like to the peridial wall.
+
+Not rare. Throughout the northern forests, Maine to Washington and
+Oregon, south to Alabama, Louisiana, Mexico.
+
+
+8. TRICHIA VERRUCOSA _Berk._
+
+  1860. _Trichia verrucosa, Fl. Tasm._, II., p. 269.
+
+Sporangia pyriform, or obovoid, shining, ochraceous from the color of
+the contents, stipitate, more or less botryoid or connate; stipe twice
+the height of the spore-case, reddish brown, simple or consolidated with
+others, weak, inclined, or procumbent; hypothallus distinct; spore-mass
+ochraceous yellow, the elaters simple, with smooth tapering points, with
+spirals three or four, the spores beautifully and strongly reticulate,
+after the manner of the spores in the species preceding, with the meshes
+generally complete and always large, quite variable in size 12-16 µ.
+
+Rostafinski quotes the species (_teste_ Lister) from Chile. Specimens in
+the herbarium of the State University of Iowa are from Jalapa, Mexico,
+collected by Mr. C. L. Smith. The species may be therefore expected in
+the southern United States. Berkeley described it from Tasmania. _T.
+superba_ Mass, from description would seen to be the same thing.
+
+
+9. TRICHIA PULCHELLA _Rex._
+
+  1893. _Trichia pulchella_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 366.
+
+Sporangia solitary or in groups of four or five, bright vitelline
+yellow, sessile; the peridium thin, transparent, opening irregularly
+above; hypothallus none; capillitium bright yellow, not emergent, the
+threads narrow, 3-4 µ, wound with spirals three or four, more or less
+irregular, smooth, longitudinal ridges wanting, the apices rather long,
+acuminate, about twice the diameter of the elater, or anon clavate or
+even globose, bulbose at the tip and furnished with several stout
+spines; spore-mass concolorous; under the lens spores colorless, marked
+by a very feebly developed reticulation of _T. persimilis_ type, but the
+bands narrow and, as shown by the narrow "border," low, meshes few and
+often imperfect, globose or sub-globose, about 12 µ.
+
+The episporic characters of this species ally it to _T. persimilis_ most
+nearly. The reticulations are possibly not more divergent from the
+typical form of that species than are the same features in some other
+forms there included. But in the present case, added to the episporic
+sculpture, we must reckon the peculiar capillitial thread, unlike that
+seen in either of the chrysospermatous forms, and the gregarious habit
+without hypothallus. These peculiarities seemed to Dr. Rex distinctive,
+and as they appear constant they may be left to separate the species.
+
+
+10. TRICHIA BOTRYTIS _Persoon._
+
+PLATE XIII., Figs. 8, 8 _a_.
+
+  1791. _Stemonitis botrytis_ Pers., Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, II., 1468.
+  1794. _Trichia botrytis_ Pers., _Röm. N. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 89.
+  1803. _Sphaerocarpus fragilis_ Sowerby, _Eng. Fung._, I., p. 279.
+  1829. _Trichia pyriformis_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 184.
+  1875. _Trichia fragilis_ (Sow.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 246.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, sometimes combined in clusters,
+pyriform or turbinate, stipitate, red-purple or, ochraceous-brown the
+peridium breaking up irregularly, the dehiscence sometimes prefigured by
+pale reticulations on the surface; stipe solid, single, or united in
+clusters of five or more together, dark-colored, red or purple-brown,
+opaque; capillitium orange, ochraceous yellow, or even reddish brown,
+the threads simple or rarely branched, long-fusiform, about 4 µ thick at
+the centre, tapering gradually to the long accuminate, apiculate tips,
+spirals three or four, even, smooth, rather closely wound and traceable
+almost to the apex; spores concolorous in mass, under the lens pale,
+globose, more or less closely minutely warted but not reticulate, 10-12
+µ.
+
+A species remarkable for its variations in color. More commonly the
+unopened sporangia are opaque brown, by reason of a dense outer wall,
+and more frequently simple, or if compound, show but two or three
+united. The reddish variety, vinous or scarlet-black in color, is
+remarkably fasciate. Some clusters show twenty or more stipitate,
+globose sporangia, conjoined by their distinct but coherent stems. In
+such fruitings the sporangia are small, .5 mm. In the brown sporangia
+the dehiscence, as stated, is often definitely prefigured; in the
+multiple, red, obscurely, if at all. As presented in collections from
+the eastern United States, the two forms might well be disjoined.
+Persoon, however, discussed both together and so they remain.
+
+Saccardo includes _Craterium floriforme_ Schw. here.
+
+By the descriptions of the earlier authors it is impossible to
+distinguish this from _H. vesparium_ on the one hand, and _T. decipiens_
+on the other. _T. botrytis_ Pers., _l. c._, gives us first secure
+foothold. Fries discards Persoon's appellation as unsuitable and
+improperly applied, and takes up what he deems an older specific
+designation, _T. pyriformis_ Leers. But Rostafinski is certain Leers had
+_A. punicea_ in mind, and that other early names are equally
+ill-applied. Rostafinski rejects Persoon's names simply as not pertinent
+in every case. Massee examined the specimens of Léveillé, and finds them
+belonging here; but see our No. 14, _seq._
+
+Not common, but with wide range. Maine, Massachusetts, New York,
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, Colorado; Toronto.
+
+
+11. TRICHIA SUBFUSCA _Rex._
+
+  1890. _Trichia subfusca_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 192.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, dull tawny brown, shading to dark brown
+below, about œ mm. in diameter, globose, stipitate; stipe short, about
+equal to the sporangium, stout, brown or brownish black, rugulose,
+solid; capillitial mass bright straw color; the elaters long
+cylindrical, 3-4 µ wide, adorned with spirals four, which wind unevenly,
+are perfectly smooth, and terminate in abrupt tips about twice the
+diameter of the elater; spores yellow, under the lens yellow, minutely
+and closely warted, globose, 12 µ.
+
+The spores of this species resemble closely those of the preceding, but
+the sporangium is at sight different in appearance and proportions and
+the capillitium not the same at all. The elaters are never fusiform, the
+apices always abrupt in their acumination, and the sculpture irregular
+and uneven. In form the elater resembles that of _T. scabra_. The
+description is drawn from specimens, _N. A. F._, 2495, with which,
+however, specimens received from Dr. Rex and later collected exactly
+correspond.
+
+The elaters of uniform diameter, the apices abruptly narrowed to a blunt
+point, turned to one side, will serve to distinguish this species from
+the whole _T. botrytis_ group, some forms of which it outwardly
+resembles.
+
+We have beautiful specimens from the shores of Puget Sound.
+
+New York.
+
+
+12. TRICHIA ERECTA _Rex._
+
+  1890. _Trichia erecta_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 193.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, often in clusters of two or three together, but
+generally single, nut-brown, checkered with broad, conspicuous yellow
+dehiscence bands, globose, œ mm. wide, stipitate, stipe double the
+sporangium, dark brown, solid; capillitial mass bright yellow, the
+elaters cylindric, 3-4 µ wide, terminating in apices short and smooth,
+adorned with spirals, four, coarsely spinulose, winding unevenly or even
+branching and so united to one another! spore-mass yellow, spores by
+transmitted light pale, globose, minutely warted, 12 µ.
+
+Distinguished at sight by the peculiarly mottled peridium. _T. botrytis_
+in its ochraceous forms sometimes shows tendency to the same thing, but
+the checkered surface is here conspicuous. The elaters resemble those of
+the preceding form, but are remarkably rough.
+
+Rare. Adirondacks, New York.
+
+
+13. TRICHIA DECIPIENS (_Pers._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE IV., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+  1793. _Lycoperdon pusillum_ Hedwig, _Abh._, I., p. 35, Tab. iii.,
+           Fig. 2.
+  1795. _Arcyria decipiens_ Pers., _Ust. Ann. Bot._, XV., p. 35.
+  1796. _Trichia fallax_ Pers., _Obs. Myc._, I., p. 59, etc.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sometimes closely so, sometimes scattered,
+turbinate, shining olive or olivaceous brown, stipitate; stipe generally
+elongate, concolorous above, dark brown below, hollow, _i. e._ filled
+with spore-like cells; capillitial mass yellowish or olivaceous yellow,
+the elaters perfectly smooth, long fusiform, tapering gradually to the
+long, slender taeniate apices, simple or often branched, adorned with
+spirals three, which wind evenly but somewhat distantly; spore-mass
+olivaceous or ochraceous, spores under the lens, pale, minutely
+delicately reticulate, 10-12 µ.
+
+One of our largest and most common species, in form and size resembling
+_H. clavata_, but immediately distinguished by its color. The
+capillitium is like that of _T. botrytis_, but differs in the more open
+sculpture and the longer and smoother unwound tips. The episporic net is
+a constant character in all the specimens examined. This feature reminds
+of _T. scabra_.
+
+This is, of course, our familiar _T. fallax_ of all authors from Persoon
+down. The earliest unmistakable reference to this species is Hedwig, _l.
+c._ But Batsch, in 1789, had used the same combination to describe a
+real puff-ball, so that Hedwig's name was already a synonym. The
+specific name here adopted is next in point of priority, although
+Persoon discarded it the year following, substituting _fallax_, because
+he had mistaken the genus.
+
+Not rare. New England, Toronto; west to the Black Hills and Washington,
+Oregon, California, south to the Carolinas and Kansas; Jalapa, Mexico.
+
+
+14. TRICHIA LATERITIA _Lév._
+
+  1846. _Trichia lateritia_ Lév., _Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot._, 3 V., p. 167.
+  1875. _Trichia lateritia_ Lév., Rost., _Mon._, p. 250.
+  1892. _Trichia fragilis_ (Sow.) Rost., Mass., _Mon._, p. 176.
+  1894. _Trichia botrytis_ Pers. var. _lateritia_ (Lév.) List., _Mon._,
+           p. 171.
+  1899. _Trichia botrytis_ Pers., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 216.
+  1911. _Trichia botrytis_ Pers. var. _lateritia_ (Lév.) List.,
+          _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 217.
+
+Sporangia more or less closely gregarious, (_a_) simple
+globose-turbinate, dull black when dry, when moist generally with a
+vinous tinge, 1 mm. in diameter, stipitate. The stipe concolorous,
+rigid, erect, simple even, 2-6 mm., or (_b_) multiple, several
+sporangia united by their pale brown or reddish-brown, striate, weak,
+closely adherent or united stems; hypothallus small or none;
+capillitial-mass bright brick-red cut-off from the stem-cavity, such as
+may be, and enclosed by a thick, firm opaque peridium, which opens above
+in fragmental or petaloid lobes, leaving a craterium-like cup below, to
+persist in flower-like fashion long after the contents have blown away;
+elaters fusiform, extremely long, to 50 µ; about 5 µ in width at the
+widest (middle) point, long acuminate, adorned with usually four
+clean-cut even, regular, taeniae, uniformly spaced and carried forward
+on the progressive acumination, almost to the smooth, straight
+spine-like point; spores in mass brick-red, by transmitted light,
+orange-brown almost smooth, 10-12 µ.
+
+This showy and remarkable species is set out from _T. botrytis_ Pers.
+with which it has been more or less closely associated, for several
+reasons. In the first place, it is easily recognized in the field, by
+its size, color, and structure. Often simple throughout a colony entire,
+nevertheless where the vegetative development has been stronger, simple
+and multiple fructifications may stand side by side, but the odd
+fasciation is generally limited to few sporangia, perhaps three or four,
+or at most, half a dozen. These fasciate forms generally shorter, or
+less erect. The elaters, so far as our observation goes, are the longest
+in the genus notable for their beautiful symmetry. The spores are larger
+than in the red forms of _T. botrytis_ as usually presented, smoother
+and of different color.
+
+We have also a geographic limitation. Taken to Paris first from southern
+Chile, it promises to be a Pacific coast species, found as it now has
+been in North America from San Diego, to Vancouver. In a deep forest
+near Monterey, California, a half-buried log showed one colony a meter
+in length and from six to twelve centimetres in width, hundreds of
+sporangia, each by gentlest explosion opening to display its tuft of
+bright-tinted wool, a patch of color visible from far.
+
+
+=4. Oligonema.=
+
+  1875. _Oligonema_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 291.
+
+Sporangia distinct, small, generally crowded together and superimposed;
+hypothallus none; capillitium scanty, the sculpture rudimentary and
+imperfect, scattered rings or mere roughenings, sometimes imperfect or
+faint spirals; spores yellow.
+
+The oligonemas are simply degenerate _Trichiae_, and show the vagaries
+usually to be noted in a passing type. They are difficult to define, and
+the species are indeed variable. Those here listed seem to offer
+constant features throughout our range.
+
+
+=Key to Species of Oligonema=
+
+  _A._ Spores reticulate.
+
+     _a._ Sporangia in broad effused patches          2. _O. brevifilum_
+
+     _b._ Sporangia in small heaped clusters.
+
+          i. Elaters roughened, no distinct rings
+               or spirals                               1. _O. flavidum_
+
+         ii. Elaters with scattered rings; sometimes
+               faint spirals                              3. _O. nitens_
+
+  B. Spores warted                                        4. _O. fulvum_
+
+
+1. OLIGONEMA FLAVIDUM (_Peck_) _Mass._
+
+  1874. _Perichaena flavida_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, p. 76.
+  1892. _Oligonema flavidum_ (Peck) Mass., _Mon._, p. 171.
+
+Sporangia crowded and superimposed, sessile in small masses or clusters
+1 cm. or less, bright yellow, shining, the peridium thin but opaque,
+yellow; capillitium of long, slender tubules usually simple, anon
+branched, even, or with an occasional inflation, the sculpture confined
+to warts or small, distinct spinules, roughening more or less
+conspicuously the entire surface, the apices generally obtuse, anon
+apiculate; spore-mass yellow, spores under the lens pale yellow,
+irregularly globose, beautifully reticulate, the meshes large and few,
+as in _Trichia favoginea_, 12-14 µ.
+
+This species is marked by its capillitium, which is abundant for the
+present genus. The threads are longer than in any other species, and not
+infrequently branched, smooth, or more commonly, very distinctly
+minutely spinulose throughout, no trace of rings or relief sculpture of
+any sort, the spirals, that are to be expected, very imperfect, if
+discernible at all. In habit the species resembles _O. nitens_, but the
+colonies are much larger, and the sporangia higher and larger, attaining
+1 mm.
+
+New England to Iowa and Nebraska; south to Alabama and Louisiana.
+Toronto; _Miss Currie._
+
+
+2. OLIGONEMA BREVIFILUM _Peck._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 5, 5 _a_.
+
+  1878. _Oligonema brevifila_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y, Mus._, p. 42.
+
+Sporangia small, cylindric, dull ochraceous-yellow, sessile closely
+crowded, sometimes superimposed, forming large, effused patches several
+centimetres in extent; capillitium exceedingly scant, consisting of
+nothing more than a few minute threads, very short, only three or four
+times the diameter of the spore, smooth, or without any definable
+sculpture, ochraceous; spore-mass dark ochraceous, under the lens the
+spores are brighter, marked with reticulations much as in other species
+of the genus, 10-12 µ.
+
+Probably a variety of our No. 1, but constantly collected.
+
+Separate, however, from the following also in color and habit. To the
+naked eye the fructification suggests _Trichia persimilis_; the color
+much the same, and the sporangia similarly congested. The peculiarly
+rudimentary condition of the capillitium is apparently also constant.
+Iowa specimens accord perfectly with those from New York.
+
+Rare. New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Iowa, Missouri,
+Oregon, Washington, California; Vancouver Island.
+
+
+3. OLIGONEMA NITENS (_Lib._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 8, 8 _a_, 8 _b_.
+
+  1834. _Trichia nitens_ Lib. _Pl. Cr. Ard._, III., No. 227.
+  1875. _Oligonema nitens_ (Lib.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 291.
+  1883. _Trichia pusilla_ Schroet., _Kr. Fl. Schl._, III., p. 114.
+
+Sporangia gathered in small, heaped clusters, irregularly spherical,
+bright straw-color, or yellow, sessile, superimposed, the peridium thin,
+smooth, shining; capillitium of short elaters, simple or branched,
+smooth, adorned with an occasional projecting ring, often with faint
+spiral sculpture spreading especially toward the apices, which are blunt
+or anon acute, the point sometimes flexed or bent to one side, never
+very long; spore-mass bright yellow, spores globose, beautifully
+reticulate, 12-14 µ.
+
+Readily recognized at sight by its heaped, shining, or glistening
+sporangia. The capillitial threads are further definitive, and serve to
+distinguish it from everything else.
+
+The range is wide, probably coextensive with the forests of the country.
+Specimens are before us from New England, Canada, Montana, and all
+intervening regions, and south to the Gulf of Mexico; California,
+Nevada,--_Prof. Bethel._ Yosemite, shores of Mirror Lake!
+
+
+4. OLIGONEMA FULVUM _Morgan._
+
+  1893. _Oligonema fulvum_ Morgan, _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 42.
+
+Sporangia large, sub-globose, sessile, or crowded, more or less regular;
+the peridium tawny yellow, or olivaceous, very thin and fragile,
+iridescent; mass of capillitium and spores tawny-yellow, elaters simple
+or sometimes branched, very short, sometimes with thicker swollen
+portions, the surface marked with low smooth spirals, in places faint
+and obsolete, the extremities rounded and obtuse, usually with a minute
+apiculus; spores globose, minutely warted, 10-13 µ.
+
+This species may be recognized by its tawny, irregular, more or less
+crowded sporangia. Under the lens the warted, not reticulate, spores are
+diagnostic. The elaters are quite constantly marked by imperfect
+spirals.
+
+Our specimens are from the author of the species, and so far there are
+none reported from outside Ohio.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[15] For other crucifers, see _Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, xxi, pp. 76-8.
+
+[16] See in reference to this whole matter, _Myxomycetenstudien_ by E.
+Jahn, No. 7, _Ceratiomyxa_, 1908. See also Olive, _Trans. Wis. Acad. of
+Sci. Arts and Letters_, Vol. xv, pl. II, p. 771.
+
+[17] See Jahn, _Myxomyceten Studien_ No. 8, Berlin 1911.
+
+[18] In discussing these species the reader may be referred to Professor
+Harper's study of cytology, _Bot. Gazette_, vol. XXX., p. 217. It is
+probable that in all these æthalioid forms the effect of disturbance,
+transfer to laboratory, is likely to be quite pronounced. Giant spores
+are often seen, doubtless due to arrested cleavage in the procedure
+described by Dr. Harper: a giant spore is penultimate or antepenultimate
+in series; should, on this theory, occasionally, at least, show more
+than one nucleus.
+
+[19] Prior to Persoon the physarums were variously referred:
+_Lycoperdon_, _Sphaerocarpus_, _Trichia_, etc. It seems unnecessary to
+quote the synonymy further here.
+
+[20] Persoon's first-named species is _P. aureum_; see _Römer Neu. Mag.
+f. d. Bot._, I., p. 88. 1794.
+
+[21] Fries (_Sum. Veg. Scand._, p. 454) described the new genus in the
+following words: Tilmadoche. Fr. Physari spec. S. M. Peridium simplex,
+tenerrimum (_Angioridii_) irregulariter rumpens. Capillitium
+intertexto-compactum, a peridio solutum liberum, sporisque inspersis
+fuscis. Columella o.
+
+  1. T. leucophæa. Fr.
+
+  2. T. soluta. (Schum.)
+
+  3. T. cernua. (Schum.)
+
+[22] See also _Inaug. Diss._, H. Rönn, _Schr. d. Naturw. Ver. f. Schl.
+Holst._, XV., Hpt. I., p. 55, 1911.
+
+[23] Inasmuch as there has been decided difference of opinion in
+reference to this particular species,--all judges readers of the same
+original description,--it has seemed wise to submit an English
+translation from the celebrated _Monograph loc. cit._
+
+"24. Physarum diderma _Rfski._
+
+"Sporangia sessile, globose, adnate by a narrow base, white. Peridium
+double; the outer thick, strongly calcareous, very distinctly set off
+from the thin inner one by an air-filled space; the calcareous nodules
+many, angular, loosely developed within to form a pseudo-columella;
+spores dark violet, spinescent, 9.2-10 in diameter.
+
+"_Opis._ This physarum looks extremely like a diderma.
+
+"The sporangia stand either aggregated or bunched together in heaps of
+five to twelve, adnate to the hypothallus by a narrow base, etc."
+
+Massee, _Mon._, p. 304, translated this description, but misunderstood
+what is said of the columella and is inclined to think the author did
+not know a diderma when he saw one; which is pretentious, to say the
+least!
+
+[24] See also, after all our trouble, _Jour. Bot._, LVII., p. 106.
+
+[25] See Fries, _Syst. Myc._, Vol. III., pp. 130, 137, Rost., _Mon._, p.
+127, and _Rep. N. Y. State Mus._, XXXI., p. 55.
+
+[26] It would seem that M. Massee would have written _T. reniformis_,
+were this authentic.
+
+[27] For further synonymy, see under _P. auriscalpium_, No. 49.
+
+[28] Robt. E. Fries, _Ofvers. K. Vetens. Akad. Forh._, 1899, No. 3, p.
+225.
+
+[29] The Polish author wrote Tilmadoche instead of Physarum in each case
+cited.
+
+[30] Forms cited are chiefly those likely to be found in our neighboring
+tropics, West Indies, etc.
+
+[31] These little structures have a fairly architectural appearance and
+may be called trabecules,--trabeculæ, little beams.
+
+[32] Dr. Cooke, who used the microscope, applied the _Monograph_
+description to British forms occurring on leaves; proceeded further and
+found the same situation in New York. Mr. Massee gives the species wide
+range with spores 8-10 µ; average 9 µ; only a fraction too large;
+evidently none 12-15 µ.
+
+[33] If a sporangium of _L. tigrinum_ be mounted in water and treated to
+weak solution of hydro-chloric acid we may easily discover that the
+crystals, which so wonderfully adorn the outer wall in this and other
+species, consist, in part at least, of calcium carbonate. We may also
+discover that in the case before us the crystal or scale lies indeed
+enclosed in a filmy sac of organic origin, and that could we have seen
+the outer peridium as it came to form, we might probably have found it
+made up largely of an ectosarcous foam in whose cavities the excreted
+calcium found place for tabulate crystallization. In other species
+listed, conditions are different, and the crystals assume a different
+shape. The phrase "bicarbonate of lime" quoted in this connection in the
+former edition of this work from Mr. Massee's _Monograph_, etc., is not
+clear.
+
+[34] Doubtless immature; _v. Mitteil. Naturwiss. Gesell. Wintert._, VI.,
+p. 64, Lister quoted by Schinz.
+
+[35] Vid. _Mycologia_, N. Y., Vol. IX., p. 328.
+
+[36] See _Addenda, d_, p. 282 following.
+
+[37] In the _Mycetozoa_, 2nd ed., p. 158, is cited _Stemonitis
+virginiensis_ Rex as a synonym of this variety. By reference to p. 163
+of the present volume the Virginian stemonitis is left as Rex assigned
+it, and if the present variety be synonymous, it should be quoted there.
+The treatment of the species _C. nigra_ in the second edition does not
+establish such fact, nor with three varieties make for any increasing
+clearness.
+
+[38] It had seemed less necessary to retain the classic orthography in
+this instance since De Bary and Rostafinski both use _Diachea_. But
+modern scholarship is nothing if not meticulous; it is the fashion in
+Latin still to keep the digraph, even to the vexation of all men. In the
+same way when Bulliard wrote _leucopodia_, 'white stockings', he
+doubtless meant to be exact.
+
+[39] For this citation we are indebted to _Mr. Hugo Bilgram_.
+
+
+
+
+ADDENDA
+
+
+a. This volume is as we see, a descriptive list of the various forms of
+the Myxomycetes in so far as these have come to the personal notice of
+the writer.
+
+Each form is designated, as is usual in discussing objects of the sort,
+by a particular binomial name, followed, in abbreviated form, by the
+name of the student or author who in describing the form in question
+used the combination. Thus _Stemonitis splendens_ was first described by
+Rostafinski, and the name he thus used is applicable to the form he
+described, wherever found, and to _nothing else_.
+
+The proper naming of any specimen would thus appear to be a very simple
+matter. Such, however, is often not the case, particularly where we are
+concerned with species long familiar to science. Such often have
+received, at different times, and at the hands of the same author, or
+certainly of different authors, different names, given for various
+reasons; so that one who would refer to, or discuss, a single specimen
+to-day finds himself often in great uncertainty, confronted by a
+multitude of binomial combinations all thought to refer to the same
+particular thing.
+
+By general consent, of course, we strive to ascertain the oldest name on
+the list; the first that is really and clearly applicable, and we write
+all other names down as synonyms. In this volume a list of synonyms
+often accompanies the description; precedes it, showing, year by year,
+the history of the case; an abstract in fact of the title, as at last
+approved. The preparation of such an abstract is very troublesome, but
+is believed to be worth the trouble; must be made, indeed, if we are
+ever in our discussions to be sure that when we speak or write in
+America, we are dealing with the same thing intended by the man who
+speaks or writes in England, or elsewhere.
+
+The space occupied in synonymy, is therefore by no means wasted. By and
+by, if we succeed in establishing a nomenclature on which competent
+judges can agree, a thing not at all improbable, almost now attained,
+the lists may gradually disappear as having historical value only.
+
+b. Taxonomy, in any field, is of necessity concerned with history. For
+his own sake, no student can ignore the thought and work of his
+predecessors. No man ever sees nature in completeness, nor even the
+small part of the world to which he devotes attention. He needs every
+possible assistance, especially the observations of intelligent men. The
+present author rejoices to acknowledge the assistance found in volumes
+written in Europe during the last two hundred years. Such men as
+Persoon, Bulliard, Schumacher, Schrader, Fries, are deservedly famous;
+they laid the foundations of mycologic taxonomy. No student can afford
+to miss _Elias Fries_; his genius, spirit and scholarship entitle him to
+the recognition and sympathy of every lover of the intellectual life.
+
+c. The considerations just mentioned may, indeed do, sometimes act as a
+handicap to the American student, for the simple reason that he comes
+later to the field of time. He must naturally defer to the decision of
+men in Europe who are supposedly familiar with original types. An
+American specimen is presumably the same as one occurring elsewhere in
+similar latitude and environment. It becomes evident after while that
+only in certain instances is this undoubtedly the fact. The flora of the
+American continent has been sufficiently disjoined in space and time
+from Europe to permit extensive differentiation even in these minor
+forms, so that we have indeed in the groups we study many species, some
+genera, definitely autochthonous, more it is believed than are now
+suspected. An attempt to bring a specimen under the terms of a species
+described in Western Europe is not seldom an error. It becomes evident,
+as we go forward, that in eastern North America there are forms not only
+not described in European literature, but really not, part of European
+flora, not even adventitiously.
+
+d. Many of the more minute species with which this volume has to do are
+very elusive, very difficult; for one reason,--perhaps in itself
+sufficient,--because of their minuteness, and consequent apparent
+paucity. They may be common, but none the less seldom seen. The
+comatrichas afford an illustration. There are several very small
+species. _C. pulchella_, _C. laxa_, _C. ellisii_ may be mentioned. _C.
+pulchella_ has been studied nearly a hundred years and has a synonymy
+accordingly. In 1875 Rostafinski in the material, and among the
+descriptions, thought he recognized two distinct forms, and went on to
+give them names; the first in honor of Persoon, _C. persoonii_, should
+show an ovate or ovate-cylindric outline with acuminate tip; the second
+should be truncate and represent a type first described by Berkeley
+under a name given by Babington, _C. pulchella_. Berkeley's drawing
+shows a sporangium with tip acuminate! Lilac or violaceous tints
+attracted attention in the spores of _C. persoonii_ only; in _C.
+pulchella_ all is ferruginous. Curtis is especially commended for
+noticing the fact in describing _S. tenerrima_, here included as we see.
+
+_Comatricha gracilis_ Wing. is slender, cylindric and has small spores
+hardly reaching 6 µ; should perhaps be now set out as a separate
+species; it is evidently purely an American phase.
+
+Our figures, Plate XII., 16 and 16 _a_, 18 and 18 _a_, show _C.
+pulchella_ and _C. gracilis_, respectively, extremes. Plate XIII., 4,
+shows an ovate form not very unusual. This and _C. gracilis_ occur on
+living leaves.
+
+_C. ellisii_ is another of this minor series, very constant in its
+delicate beauty, but approaches _C. nigra_ rather than the others here
+discussed.
+
+_C. laxa_, as the name implies, shows an open construction, suggested,
+perhaps, by Rostafinski's photographic print, but better brought out by
+Celakowsky, _Myx. Böhm._, Tab. 2, Figs. 7 and 8.
+
+e. It has been shown[40] that the process of cell-division in the
+spore-plasm of the myxomycete is not dissimilar to that obtaining under
+the same conditions in higher plants. On this supposition we have
+explanation of spore-division in _Ceratiomyxa_ and can understand the
+adherence of spores now and again notable. Once the latter phenomenon
+was thought peculiar to the genus _Badhamia_; but the unsculptured
+epispore of the spores of reticularias, tubiferas, etc., suggest the
+same thing and more recently we find it in _Dianema_ and in the
+_Stemoniteæ_; even _Stemonitis_ arrives with clustered spores in groups
+of four, and we are in sight of a generalization wide.
+
+It is interesting to note that something of this sort was observed by at
+least one student long ago. Schumacher, _Enum. Pl. Sell._ 2, p. 215,
+describes _Arcyria atra_ with the characters of an enerthenema, and says
+"the capillitial threads are some of them diffuse and bear spermatic
+globules"! Did he anticipate _E. berkleyanum_? See the text under that
+species at p. 190, _supra_.
+
+f. In a paper read December, 1920, before the _Mycological_ Division of
+Section G., _A. A. A. S._, the present writer discussed briefly the
+physical principles involved in some of the more striking peculiarities
+of the slime-moulds.
+
+It is argued in that paper that the shaping of stipitate sporangia which
+is so surprising as relating to the ordinary behaviour of fluid masses,
+as usually observed, is, in part at least, referable to certain well
+known properties of fluids generally. For this discussion those
+interested are referred to the article itself in the November number of
+_Mycologia_ (N. Y.).
+
+Sufficient to say here that it is a fact, in many cases, that in
+stipitate fructification, so far as observed, the stipe is first to take
+form, and, as viewed by the writer, in many cases, as it rises, becomes
+more and more a most delicate but definite ectosarcate capillary tubule,
+by which ascends the spore-plasm of the point concerned, to such level
+as may meet the immediate conditions of pressure, of whatsoever source.
+
+It will be interesting in this view to note the resultant shapes as
+presented in the sporangia of various genera. One may examine for
+illustrations Figs. 1, 3, 4, 7, Pl. XX., with the thought in mind that
+the stipe in each case may have served as a capillary tubule to carry up
+the spore-plasm to the position in which the spores at length are found.
+In some species of _Hemitrichia_, for instance, there are spores or
+spore-like cells found at maturity in the hollow stipe. In other cases
+the stipe contains refuse matter.
+
+The capillary theory may not, probably does not, play part in every
+case. It would seem that a stemonitis, for example, must owe the rise of
+the spore-plasm to the play of different machinery. _Brefeldia_, p. 154
+above, may offer suggestion.
+
+g. On page two of the introductory section of this volume mention is
+made of the variety of colors shown in the vegetative phases of the
+organisms we study. This fact is patent to all observers; but the
+identity of the plasmodium making the display must be ascertained by
+painstaking or prolonged and repeated observations. This for the reason
+that, as I am convinced, only in comparatively few cases is the color
+unchanged during the life-history of a given fructification. It may
+sometimes change from hour to hour as development proceeds. The color
+designated in the descriptive pages of this work is presumably, unless
+as otherwise set out, that immediately preceding that of the maturing
+fruit.
+
+As suggestive, and as, it is hoped, contributory to better knowledge of
+this phase of our subject a list of species is here subjoined as
+presented by my colleague, Professor Morton E. Peck of Oregon, who has
+given unusual attention to this particular investigation.
+
+  SPECIES             PLASMODIUM COLORS
+
+  _Physarum sinuosum_           light grey, nearly white, ivory white
+
+  _Physarum serpula_            greenish-yellow; yellow
+
+  _Physarum virescens_          pale greenish-yellow; yellow
+
+  _Physarum cinereum_           watery grey, becoming white; pallid
+
+  _Physarum didermoides_        watery grey, becoming white; blue-white
+
+  _Physarum notabile_           pure white
+
+  _Physarum globuliferum_       greenish-yellow; yellow
+
+  _Physarum leucopus_           light grey
+
+  _Physarum pulcherrimum_       dark red
+
+  _Physarum flavicomum_         greenish or brownish yellow
+
+  _Physarum viride_             clear yellow
+
+  _Physarum wingatense_         at first grey, then pure white
+
+  _Badhamia orbiculata_         pale yellow, passing to white
+
+  _Physarella oblonga_          brilliant yellow
+
+  _Mucilago spongiosa_          watery grey, then white
+
+  _Didymium crustaceum_         white
+
+  _Didymium squamulosum_        pale grey, watery white
+
+  _Diderma floriforme_          grey tinged with yellow
+
+  _Stemonitis fusca_            white passing through blue to black
+
+  _Stemonitis smithii_          green to yellow to reddish purple
+
+  _Comatricha longa_            white, cream-yellow, reddish purple
+                                  to dusky
+
+  _Comatricha irregularis_      white
+
+  _Comatricha nigra_            white
+
+  _Comatricha typhoides_        bluish white
+
+  _Diachaea splendens_          pure white
+
+  _Enerthenema papillatum_      colorless or greenish
+
+  _Reticularia lycoperdon_      white
+
+  _Dictydiaethalium plumbeum_   colorless, pink, salmon, rose, orange,
+                                  chocolate brown
+
+  _Lindbladia effusa_           brown, lead-colored
+
+  _Tubifera ferruginosa_        watery white, scarlet, brown, almost
+                                  black
+
+  _Cribraria dictydioides_      clear dark green
+
+  _Cribraria tenella_           watery, dark plumbeous, bronze
+
+  _Cribraria cuprea_            red
+
+  _Arcyria nutans_              white
+
+  _Arcyria denudata_            watery white, then flesh-color
+
+  _Arcyria cinerea_             grey, then white
+
+  _Trichia varia_               colorless, then white
+
+h. In a few instances references to illustration do not find place in
+connection with the descriptive matter. One phase of _Physarum
+albescens_ is figured on Pl. III.; _Mucilago_ will be found portrayed on
+Pl. VII.; _Physarum viride_ on Pl. VIII.
+
+j. The group before us has research possibilities not a few. The
+question of their nutrition and its limits in respect of variety, is yet
+to be solved. From present indications all that can be said is to the
+effect that a pabulum similar in variety, no doubt meets the needs of
+many species. Whether in artificial culture a single base as gelatin or
+agar would suffice for all or several is yet to be discovered.
+
+Whether a species brought from spore to maturity on artificial diet
+would conform in any reasonable way to our dim concept of its identity
+is also, it would seem, a problem. The variation in the field would seem
+to make it doubtful.
+
+From the table immediately preceding it is plain that there is place for
+doubt. Color it is surmised is of itself everywhere incidental; the
+structure, which maintains identity or the reverse, lies deeper,
+although color may be none the less, in some way a resultant, and
+therefore in so far a reliable taxonomic guide.
+
+The treatment of our subject so far by no means exhausts the
+possibilities of even the simpler phases of microscopic study. We have
+endeavored to appreciate the work of those who hand us the literature of
+the group, and to recognize what such keen-eyed men have seen; but in
+our western and southern forests there are probably double as many
+species, as species go, as we have listed.
+
+The entire group is, as it would seem, in highest measure worthy of
+investigation and comprehension, and should it at any time prove that to
+such accomplishment the present volume may have been in any smallest way
+contributory, the author's satisfaction will be complete indeed.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[40] Farr. _Cell-division in Pol. Mother-cells, Cobæa scandens, Bull.
+Tor. Bot. Cl._, Vol. 47, pp. 325-38.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+NATURAL ORDERS, etc.
+
+  CRIBRARIALES, 199
+
+  EXOSPOREÆ, 18
+
+  LYCOGALALES, 232
+
+  PHYSARALES, 22
+
+  PHYTOMYXINÆ, 17
+
+  STEMONITALES, 148
+
+  TRICHIALES, 236
+
+
+GENERA
+
+  ALWISIA, 208
+    _Alwis_; personal.
+
+  AMAUROCHÆTE, 148
+    [Greek: amauros], dusky, and [Greek: chaitê], hair. Gr.
+
+  ARCYRIA, 247
+    [Greek: arkyon] a net. Gr.
+
+  BADHAMIA, 313
+    _C. D. Badham_; personal.
+
+  BREFELDIA, 154
+    _O. Brefeld_; personal.
+
+  CALONNEMA, 266
+    [Greek: kalos], beautiful, and [Greek: nêma], a thread. Gr.
+
+  CERATIOMYXA, 18
+    [Greek: keration], a small horn, and [Greek: myxa], mucus. Gr.
+
+  CIENKOWSKIA, 110
+    _Leon Cienkowski_; personal
+
+  CLASTODERMA, 191
+    [Greek: klastos], broken, and [Greek: derma], dermis, skin or
+      covering. Gr.
+
+  COLLODERMA, 147
+    [Greek: kolla], glue, and [Greek: derma], dermis, covering.
+
+  COMATRICHA, 171
+    [Greek: komê], and [Greek: thrix], both words meaning hair. Gr.
+
+  CRATERIUM, 103
+    [Greek: kratêr], a vessel. Gr.
+
+  CRIBRARIA, 216
+    _cribrum_, a sieve. Lat.
+
+  DIACHAEA, 185
+    [Greek: diacheiu], to pour out; the application not patent. Gr.
+
+  DIANEMA, 238
+    [Greek: dia], through or across, and [Greek: nêma], thread. Gr.
+
+  DICTYDIUM, 230
+    [Greek: diktyon], a net. Gr.
+
+  DICTYDIÆTHALIUM, 215
+    Dictydium and æthalium; the latter from [Greek: aithalos], sooty.
+      Gr.
+
+  DIDERMA, 129
+    [Greek: dis], twice or twofold, and [Greek: derma], as above. Gr.
+
+  DIDYMIUM, 115
+    [Greek: didymos], double. Gr.
+
+  ECHINOSTELIUM, 198
+    [Greek: echinos], a sea-urchin, and [Greek: stêlion], (?), a handle
+      or stem. Gr.
+
+  ENERTHENEMA, 189
+    [Greek: enerthe], below, and [Greek: nêma], a thread.
+
+  ENTERIDIUM, 211
+    [Greek: enteron] the intestine. Gr.
+
+  FULIGO, 23
+    fuligo, soot. Lat.
+
+  _=Hemiarcyria=_, 259
+    [Greek: hêmi], half, and Arcyria.
+
+  HEMITRICHIA, 259
+    [Greek: hêmi], half, and Trichia.
+
+  HETEROTRICHIA, 256
+    [Greek: heteros], other, and Trichia.
+
+  LACHNOBOLUS, 245
+    [Greek: lachnos], woolly, and [Greek: bôlos], a lump. Gr.
+
+  LAMPRODERMA, 191
+    [Greek: lampros], shining, and [Greek: derma], as above. Gr.
+
+  LEOCARPUS, 111
+    [Greek: leios], smooth, and [Greek: karpos], fruit. Gr.
+
+  LEPIDODERMA, 144
+    [Greek: lepis], a scale, and [Greek: derma], a covering. Gr.
+
+  LICEA, 199
+    said to be Latin; _licium_, a thrum, a girdle.
+
+  LINDBLADIA, 203
+    _A. Lindblad_; personal.
+
+  LYCOGALA, 233
+    [Greek: lykos], a wolf, and [Greek: gala], milk. Gr.
+
+  MARGARITA, 237
+    [Greek: margaritês], a pearl. Gr.
+
+  MUCILAGO, 113
+    _mucilago_, musty juice. Lat.
+
+  OLIGONEMA, 278
+    [Greek: oligos], few, and [Greek: nêma], a thread. Gr.
+
+  OPHIOTHECA, 240
+    [Greek: ophis], a serpent, and [Greek: thêkê], a case. Gr.
+
+  ORCADELLA, 203
+    [Greek: orka], a cask (?). Diminutive.
+
+  PERICHÆNA, 242
+    [Greek: peri], around, and [Greek: chainein], to crack open. Gr.
+
+  PHYSARUM, 45
+    [Greek: physa], a bladder, something inflated.
+
+  PHYSARELLA, 71
+    Diminutive of _Physarum_.
+
+  PLASMODIOPHORA, 17
+    [Greek: plasma], something formed, and [Greek: phoros], that bears.
+      Gr.
+
+  PROTOTRICHIA, 257
+    [Greek: prôtos], first, and _Trichia_.
+
+  RETICULARIA, 209
+    _reticulum_, a small net. Lat.
+
+  STEMONITIS, 156
+    Like a stamen.
+
+  TILMADOCHE, 95
+    [Greek: tilma], lint, and [Greek: dochê], containing. Gr.
+
+  TRICHIA, 267
+    [Greek: ophix], hair. Gr.
+
+  TUBIFERA, 205
+    _tubus_, a tube, and _fero_, I bear. Lat.
+
+
+GENERA AND SPECIES
+
+  =_Æthaliopsis,_=, 26.
+    _stercoriformis_ Zopf., 27.
+
+  =_Æthalium_=, 23.
+    _flavum_ Link., 27.
+    _septicum_ Fr., 27.
+
+  ALWISIA, 208.
+    bombarda _Berk. & Br._, 208.
+
+  AMAUROCHÆTE, 148.
+    _atra_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., 6, 149.
+    _cribrosa_ (Fr.) Macbr., 150.
+    fuliginosa (_Sow._) _Macbr._, 149.
+    tubulina (_Alb. & Schw._) _Macbr._, 150.
+    _minor_ Sacc. & Ell., 145.
+
+  =_Angioridium_=, 52.
+    _sinuosum_ Grev., 52.
+
+  ARCYRIA, 247.
+    _albida_ Pers., 245.
+    _bicolor_ Berk. & C., 255.
+    cinerea (_Bull._) _Pers._, 254.
+    conglobosa _Macbr._, 255.
+    _decipiens_ Pers., 276.
+    denudata (_L._) _Sheld._, 253.
+    digitata (_Schw._) _Rost._, 255.
+    ferruginea _Sauter._, 253.
+    _flava_ Pers., 249.
+    _gabriellae_ Rav., 257.
+    _globosa_ Schw., 245.
+    incarnata _Pers._, 6, 251.
+    insignis _Kalchbr. & Cke._, 256.
+    _leucocephala_ Pers., 105.
+    magna _Rex_, 248.
+    nodulosa _Macbr._, 252.
+    nutans (_Bull._) _Grev._, 249.
+    oerstedtii _Rost._, 249.
+    pomiformis (_Leers_) _Rost._, 255.
+    _punicea_ Pers., 253.
+    _stipata_, List., 262.
+    versicolor _Phill._, 250.
+    _vitellina_ Phill., 250.
+
+  BADHAMIA, 31.
+    affinis _Rost._, 35.
+    capsulifera (_Bull._) _Berk._, 38, 40.
+    chrysotricha _Berk. & C._, 34.
+    decipiens (_Curt._) _Berk._, 34.
+    _decipiens_ Berk., 49, 63.
+    foliicola _G. List._, 39.
+    gracilis _var. Macbr._, 37.
+    _hyalina_ (Pers.) Berk., 40.
+    iowensis _Macbr._, 36.
+    inaurata _Currey_, 34.
+    lilacina (_Fr._) _Rost._, 65.
+    macrocarpa (_Ces._) _Rost._, 37.
+    _macrocarpa_ Rost., 37.
+    magna _Peck_, 38.
+    nitens _Berk._, 34.
+    _nodulosa_ Mass., 51.
+    orbiculata _Rex_, 37.
+    ovispora _Racib._, 33.
+    panicea (_Fr._) _Rost._, 35, 51.
+    papaveracea _Berk. & R._, 42.
+    _penetralis_ Cke. & Ell., 177.
+    populina _List._, 41.
+    rubiginosa (_Chev._) _Rost._, 43.
+    subaquila _Macbr._, 44.
+    utricularis (_Bull._) _Berk._, 39.
+    _varia_ Mass., 38.
+    _verna_ Fries, 51.
+    versicolor _List._, 33.
+
+  BREFELDIA, 154.
+    maxima (_Fr._) _Rost._, 154.
+
+  =_Byssus._=
+    _fruticulosa_ Fl. Dan., 19.
+
+
+  CALONEMA, 266.
+    aureum _Morg._, 266.
+
+  CERATIOMYXA, 18.
+    arbuscula _Berk. & Br._, 20.
+    filiforma _Berk. & Br._, 20.
+    fruticulosa (_Muell._) _Macbr._, 19.
+    _mucida_ Schroet., 19, 21.
+    porioides (_Alb. & Schw._) _Schroet._, 19, 20, 21.
+
+  =_Ceratium_=,
+    _hydnoides_ Alb. & Schw., 19.
+    _porioides_ Alb. & Schw., 19, 20.
+
+  =_Chondrioderma_=, see Diderma.
+    _aculeatum_ Rex, 139.
+    _calcareum_ Rost., 95.
+    _crustaceum_ (Peck) Berl., 135.
+    _globosum_ (Pers.) Rost., 134.
+    _michelii_ (Lib.) Rost., 138.
+    _niveum_ Rost., 137.
+    _radiatum_ (L.) Rost., 141.
+    _reticulatum_ Rost., 131.
+    _roanense_ Rex, 141.
+    _rugosum_ Rex, 144
+    _sauteri_ Rost., 139.
+    _stromateum_ (Link.) Rost., 132.
+    _testaceum_ (Schrad.) Rost., 137.
+    _trevelyani_ (Grev.) Rost., 142.
+
+  CIENKOWSKIA, 110.
+    reticulata (_Alb. & Schw._) _Rost._, 49, 111.
+
+  =_Cionium_=,
+    _xanthopus_ Ditm., 123.
+
+  CLASTODERMA, 191.
+    debaryanum _Blytt._, 191.
+
+  =_Clathroptychium_=, 215.
+    _rugulosum_ (Wallr.) Rost., 215.
+
+  =_Clathrus._=
+    _adnatus_ Batsch, 251.
+    _denudatus_ L., 253.
+    _ramosus_ Retz., 193.
+
+  =_Clavaria_=, 19.
+    _byssoides_ Bull., 19.
+    _puccinia_ Batsch, 19.
+
+  COLLODERMA, 147.
+    oculatum (_Lipp._) _G. List._, 147.
+
+  COMATRICHA, 171.
+    aequalis _Peck_, 180.
+    caespitosa _Sturg._, 173.
+    _crypta_ Schw., 127.
+    cylindrica (_Bilgr._) _Macbr._, 173.
+    elegans (_Racib._) _G. List._, 182.
+    _ellisiana_ (Cke.) Ell. & Ev., 177.
+    ellisii _Morg._, 184.
+    flaccida (_List._) _Morg._, 174.
+    _friesiana_ (DBy.) Rost., 128.
+    _gracilis_ Wing, 183.
+    irregularis _Rex_, 176.
+    laxa _Rost._, 177, 184.
+    longa _Peck_, 175.
+    nigra (_Pers._) _Schroet._, 178, 184.
+    _obtusata_ (Preuss.) List., 179, 190.
+    _persoonii_ Rost., 183.
+    pulchella (_Bab._) _Rost._, 183.
+    rubens _List_., 183.
+    _shimekiana_ Macbr., 144.
+    _stemonitis_ (Scop.) Shel., 181.
+    subcaespitosa _Peck_, 132.
+    suksdorfii _Ell. & Ev._, 178.
+    _typhina_ (Pers.) Rost., 181.
+    typhoides (_Bull._) _Rost._, 163, 181.
+
+  =_Cornuvia_=, 240, 241.
+    _circumscissa_ (Wallr.) Rost., 241.
+    _wrightii_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., 241.
+
+  =_Crateriachaea._=
+    _crateriachaea mutabilis_ Rost., 99.
+
+  CRATERIUM, 73.
+    aureum (_Schum._) _Rost._, 104.
+    _citrinellum_ List., 37.
+    concinnum _Rex_, 107.
+    _confusum_ Mass., 79.
+    _convivale_ (Batsch) Morg., 105.
+    _cylindricum_ Mass., 106.
+    leucocephalum (_Pers._) _Ditm._, 105, 106.
+    _lilacinum_ Mass., 65.
+    _maydis_ Morg., 91.
+    minimum _Berk. & C._, 106.
+    minutum (_Leers_) _Fr._, 107, 108.
+    _mutabile_ Fr., 104.
+    _nodulosum_ (C. & B.) Morg., 51.
+    _obovatum_ Peck, 70.
+    _paraguayense_ (Speg.) List, 103.
+    _pedunculatum_ Trent., 58, 107, 108.
+    _rubescens_ Rex, 103.
+    _rubiginosum_ Mass., 70.
+    _vulgare_ Ditm., 107.
+
+  CRIBRARIA, 216.
+    argillacea Pers., 218.
+    aurantiaca _Schrad._, 221.
+    _cernua_ Pers., 230.
+    cuprea _Morg._, 229.
+    dictydioides _Cke. & Balf._, 222.
+    elegans _Berk. & C._, 228.
+    intricata (_Schrad._) _Rost._, 223.
+    languescens _Rex_, 229.
+    macrocarpa _Schrad._, 219.
+    microcarpa (_Schrad._) _Pers._, 226.
+    _microscopica_ _Berk. & C._, 220.
+    _minima_ Berk. & C., 220.
+    minutissima _Schw._, 220.
+    piriformis _Schrad._, 228.
+    purpurea _Schrad._, 228.
+    rufa (_Roth_) _Rost._, 220.
+    splendens (Schrad.) Pers., 221.
+    tenella _Schrad._, 225.
+    violacea _Rex_, 227.
+    _vulgaris_ Schrad., 222.
+
+  =_Cytidium._=
+    _melleum_ (Berk. & Br.) Morg., 65.
+    _ravenelii_ (Berk. & C.) Morg., 48.
+    _rufipes_ (Alb. & Schw.) Morg., 50.
+
+
+  =_Dermodium_=, 236.
+    _conicum_ (Pers.) Rost., 236.
+
+  DIACHAEA, 185.
+    bulbillosa (_Berk. & Br._) _List._, 188.
+    _caespitosa_ List., 173.
+    _cylindrica_ (Bilgr.) List., 173.
+    _elegans_ Fr., 186.
+    leucopodia (_Bull._) _Rost._, 186.
+    splendens _Peck_, 187.
+    subsessilis _Pk._, 187.
+    thomasii _Rex_, 173, 188.
+
+  DIANEMA, 238.
+    andersoni _Morg._, 239.
+    corticatum _List._, 238.
+    harveyi _Rex_, 238.
+
+  DICTYDIAETHALIUM, 215.
+    plumbeum (_Schum._) _List._, 215.
+
+  DICTYDIUM, 230.
+    cancellatum (_Batsch_) _Macbr._, 6, 230.
+    cancellatum cancellatum _Macbr._, 231.
+    cancellatum purpureum _Macbr._, 232, 173.
+    cancellatum prolatum _Macbr._, 232.
+    _cernuum_ Nees, 230.
+    _longipes_ Morg., 231.
+    _microcarpon_ Schrad., 226.
+    _splendens_ Schrad., 221.
+    _umbilicatum_ Schrad., 230.
+
+  DIDERMA, 129.
+    _albescens_ Phill., 137.
+    asteroides _List._, 143.
+    _brunneolum_ Phill., 58.
+    cinereum _Morg._, 138.
+    _citrinum_ Peck, 37.
+    _conglomeratum_ Fr., 57.
+    _contextum_ Pers., 31.
+    cor-rubrum _Macbr._, 140.
+    crustaceum _Peck_, 135.
+    _difforme_ (Pers.) Morg., 126.
+    effusum (_Schw._) _Morg._, 130.
+    floriforme (_Bull._) _Pers._, 143.
+    _geasteroides_ Phill., 142.
+    globosum _Pers._, 134.
+    _globuliferum_ Fr., 46.
+    _granulatum_ (Schw.) Fr., 31.
+    hemisphericum (_Bull._) _Horne._, 138.
+    _laciniatum_ Phill., 142.
+    lyallii _Mass._, 136.
+    _mariae-wilsoni_ Clinton, 137.
+    _minutum_ (Schum.) Fr., 31.
+    niveum (_Rost._) _Macbr._, 137.
+    _oblongum_ Fr., 40.
+    ochraceum _Hoffm._, 140.
+    _ochroleucum_ Berk. & C., 31.
+    _persoonii_ Macbr., 126.
+    radiatum (_L._) _Morg._, 141.
+    _reticulatum_ Fr., 111, 130.
+    reticulatum (Rost.) Morg., 131.
+    roanense (_Rex_) _Macbr._, 141.
+    _rufipes_ (Alb. & Schw.) Fr., 50.
+    rugosum (_Rex_) _Macbr._, 144.
+    sauteri (_Rost._) _Macbr._, 139.
+    simplex List., 132.
+    spumarioides _Fr._, 132.
+    _squamulosum_ Alb. & Schw., 119.
+    _stellare_ (Schrad.) Pers., 141.
+    testaceum (_Schrad._) _Pers._, 137.
+    trevelyani (_Grev._) Fr., 142.
+    _vernicosum_ Pers., 112.
+
+  DIDYMIUM, 115.
+    anellus _Morg._, 117.
+    annulatum _Macbr._, 125.
+    anomalum _Sturg._, 127.
+    _chrysopeplum_ Berk. & C., 47.
+    _cinereum_ (Batsch) Fr., 35.
+    clavus (_Alb. & Schw._) _Rabh._, 122.
+    complanatum (_Batsch_) _Rost._, 116.
+    _connatum_ Peck, 41.
+    crustaceum _Fr._, 118.
+    difforme _Duby_, 126.
+    dubium _Rost._, 126.
+    _effusum_ Link., 119.
+    _erythrinum_ Berk., 50.
+    _excelsum_ Jahn, 128.
+    eximium _Peck_, 124.
+    _farinaceum_ Schrad., 121.
+    fulvum _Sturg._, 118.
+    _glaucum_ Phill., 41.
+    _gyrocephalum_ Mont., 95.
+    _hemisphericum_ (Bull.) Fr., 138.
+    intermedium _Schrad._, 128.
+    _lateritium_ Berk. & Rav., 33.
+    leoninum _Berk. & Br._, 128.
+    _melanopus_ Fr., 122.
+    melanospermum (_Pers._) _Macbr._, 121.
+    _melleum_ Berk. & Br., 47.
+    _michelii_ Lib., 138.
+    _microcarpon_ (Fr.) Rost., 123.
+    minus _List._, 121.
+    _nigripes_ Fr., 91.
+    nigripes (_Link_) _Fr._, 123.
+    _obrusseum_ Berk. & C., 52.
+    _oculatum_ Lipp., 147.
+    _paraguayense_ Speg., 103.
+    _polycephalum_ (Schw.) Fr., 95.
+    _polymorphum_ Mont., 95.
+    _proximum_ Berk. & C., 123.
+    quitense (_Pat._) _Torr._, 127.
+    _ravenelii_ Berk. & C., 48.
+    _serpula_ Fr., 116.
+    squamulosum (Alb. & Schw.) Fr., 119.
+    _stellare_ Schrad., 141.
+    _tenerrimum_ Berk. & C., 52.
+    _testaceum_ Schrad., 137.
+    _tigrinum_ Schrad., 145.
+    trochus _List._, 125.
+    wilczekii _Meylan_, 117.
+    xanthopus (_Ditm._) _Fr._, 123.
+    _zeylanicum_ Berk. & Br., 102.
+
+  =_Diphtherium._=
+    _flavofuscum_ Ehr., 176.
+
+
+  ECHINOSTELIUM, 198.
+    minutum DeBary, 198.
+
+  ENERTHENEMA, 189.
+    berkeleyanum _Rost._, 190.
+    _elegans_ Bowm., 190.
+    papillatum (_Pers._) _Rost._, 190.
+    _syncarpon_ Sturg., 190.
+
+  ENTERIDIUM, 211.
+    _cinereum_ Schw., 26.
+    minutum _Sturg._, 214.
+    olivaceum _Ehr._, 214.
+    _rozeanum_ (Rost.) Wing., 211.
+    splendens _Morg._, 211.
+
+  ERIONEMA, 31.
+    aureum _Penz._, 31.
+
+
+  FULIGO, 23.
+    cinerea (_Schw._) _Morg._, 26.
+    _ellipsospora_ List., 26.
+    flava _Pers._, 29.
+    intermedia _Macbr._, 30.
+    laevis _Pers._, 29.
+    megaspora _Sturg._, 30.
+    muscorum _Alb. & Schw._, 25.
+    _ochracea_ Peck, 25.
+    ovata (_Schaeff._) _Macbr._, 6, 27.
+    _plumbea_ Schum., 215.
+    rufa _Pers._, 28.
+    septica (_L._) _Gmel._, 27.
+    _varians_ Rost., 27.
+    _varians_ Sommf., 23.
+    violacea _Pers._, 29.
+
+
+  =_Hemiarcyria_=, see next, 259.
+
+  HEMITRICHIA, 259.
+    _ablata_ Morg., 264.
+    clavata (_Pers._) _Rost._, 264.
+    _funalis_ Morg., 264.
+    intorta _List._, 263.
+    karstenii _Rost._, 260.
+    leiocarpa _Cooke_, 263.
+    _longifila_ Rex, 263.
+    montana Morg., 266.
+    _obscura_ Rex, 260.
+    ovata (_Pers._) _Macbr._, 261.
+    _plumosa_ (Morg.), 265.
+    _rubiformis_ (Pers.) Rost., 262.
+    serpula (_Scop._) _Rost._, 260.
+    stipata (_Schw._) _Rost._, 262.
+    stipitata _Mass._, 265.
+    _varneyi_ Rex, 263.
+    vesparium (_Batsch_) _Macbr._, 262.
+    _wigandii_ Rost., 261.
+
+  HETEROTRICHIA, 256.
+    gabriellae (_Rav._) _Mass._, 257.
+
+
+  =_Isaria._=
+    _mucida_ Pers., 19.
+
+
+  LACHNOBOLUS, 245.
+    _congesta_ Berk. & Br., 247.
+    _cribrosus_ Fr., 150.
+    globosus (_Schw._) _Rost._, 245.
+    _incarnatus_ (Alb. & Schw.) Schroet., 246.
+    occidentalis _Macbr._, 246.
+
+  LAMPRODERMA, 191.
+    _arcyrioides_ (Sommf.) Morg., 194.
+    _arcyrioides iridea_ Cke., 195.
+    arcyrionema _Rost._, 197.
+    columbinum (_Pers._) _Rost._, 194.
+    _ellisiana_ Cke., 177.
+    _irideum_ (Cke.) Mass., 195.
+    _minutum_ Rost., 144.
+    physaroides (_Alb. & Schw._) _Rost._, 192.
+    robustum _Ell. & Ev._, 193.
+    _sauteri_ Rost., 193.
+    scintillans (Berk. & Br.) List., 195.
+    violaceum (_Fr._) Rost., 196.
+
+  =_Leangium._=
+    _stipatum_ Schw., 262.
+    _trevelyani_ Grev., 142.
+
+  LEOCARPUS, 111.
+    fragilis (_Dicks._) _Rost._, 112.
+    _fragilis_ Link., 81.
+    _fulvus_ Macbr., 86.
+    _vernicosum_ Link., 112.
+
+  LEPIDODERMA, 144.
+    carestianum Rost., 145.
+    chailletii Rost, 146.
+    _stellatum_ Mass., 61.
+    tigrinum (_Schrad._) Rost., 128, 145.
+
+  LICEA, 199.
+    biforis _Morg._, 201.
+    _effusa_ Ehr., 203.
+    minima _Fr._, 201.
+    _ochracea_ Peck, 25.
+    pusilla _Schrad._, 202.
+    _rugulosa_ Wallr., 215.
+    _stipitata_ Berk. & R., 207.
+    variabilis _Schrad._, 200.
+
+  LINDBLADIA, 203.
+    effusa (_Ehr._) _Rost._, 204.
+    _tubulina_ Fr., 154.
+
+  LYCOGALA, 233.
+    _atrum_ Alb. & Schw., 149.
+    conicum _Pers._, 236.
+    _contortum_ Ditm., 269.
+    epidendrum (_Buxb._) _Fr._, 6, 233.
+    exiguum _Morg._, 236.
+    flavofuscum (_Ehr._) _Rost._, 234.
+    _miniata_ Pers., 234.
+    _terrestre_ Fries, 234.
+
+  =_Lycoperdon_=, 175.
+    _cinereum_ Batsch, 34.
+    _complanatum_ Batsch, 116.
+    _corticale_ Batsch, 243.
+    _epidendron_ (Buxb.) L., 233.
+    _favogineum_ Batsch, 272.
+    _fragile_ Dicks., 81.
+    _fuliginosum_ Sow., 149.
+    _pusillum_ Hedw., 276.
+    _radiatum_ L., 141.
+    _vesparium_ Batsch, 262.
+
+
+  MARGARITA
+    metallica (_Berk. & Br._) _List._, 237.
+
+  MUCILAGO, 113.
+    spongiosa (_Leyss._) _Morg._, 114.
+
+  =_Mucor_=, 23.
+    _cancellatus_ Batsch, 230.
+    _ovatus_ Schaeff., 27.
+    _pomiformis_ Leers, 255.
+    _septicus_ L., 27.
+    _serpula_ Scop., 260.
+    _spongiosus_ Leyss., 83.
+    _stemonitis_ Scop., 181.
+
+  OLIGONEMA, 278.
+    brevifilum _Peck_, 280.
+    flavidum (_Peck_) _Mass._, 279.
+    fulvum _Morg._, 281.
+    nitens (_Lib._) _Rost._, 280.
+
+  OPHIOTHECA, 240.
+    chrysosperma _Currey_, 241.
+    _pallida_ Berk. & C., 240.
+    _umbrina_ Berk. & C., 240.
+    vermicularis (_Schw._) _Macbr._, 240.
+    wrightii _Berk. & C._, 241.
+
+  ORCADELLA, 203.
+    operculata _Wing._, 203.
+
+  =_Orthotrichia_=, 191.
+    _microcephala_ Wing., 191.
+
+
+  PERICHAENA,
+    _caespitosa_ Peck, 204.
+    corticalis (_Batsch_) _Rost._, 243.
+    depressa _Lib._, 6, 242.
+    _flavida_ Peck, 279.
+    _incarnata_ (Alb. & Schw.) Fr., 247.
+    _irregularis_ Berk. & C., 243.
+    marginata _Schw._, 244.
+    _pallida_ (Schw.) Rost., 240.
+    _populina_ Fr., 243.
+    quadrata _Macbr._, 243.
+    _vaporaria_ Schw., 242.
+
+  PHYSARELLA, 108.
+    _mirabilis_ Peck, 109.
+    oblonga (_Berk. & C._) _Morg._, 109.
+
+  PHYSARUM, 45.
+    aeneum (_List._) _R. G. Fries_, 101.
+    affine _Rost._, 80.
+    albescens _Ell._, 86.
+    _albicans_ Peck, 66.
+    _album_ Fr., 76.
+    alpinum _G. List._, 54.
+    _atrorubrum_ Peck, 68.
+    _atrum_ Schw., 78.
+    _aurantium_ Pers., 98.
+    _aureum_ Pers., 98.
+    auriscalpium _Cke._, 86, 90.
+    _berkeleyi_ (Rost.) List., 92, 93.
+    bethelii (_Macbr._) _List._, 94.
+    bitectum _List._, 53.
+    _bivalve_ Pers., 52.
+    bogoriense _Racib._, 54.
+    brunneolum _Phill._, 58.
+    _caespitosum_ Schw., 85.
+    _calidris_ List., 76.
+    carneum _List. & Sturg._, 85.
+    _cernuum_ (Schum.) Fr., 97.
+    _chrysopeplum_ Berk. & C., 65.
+    _chrysotrichum_ Berk. & C., 34, 50.
+    cinereum (_Batsch_) _Pers._, 51, 59, 99.
+    _cinereum_ Ell. & Ev., 36.
+    citrinellum _Peck_, 85.
+    citrinum _Schum._, 66, 85.
+    _clavus_ Alb. & Schw., 122.
+    _columbinum_ Macbr., 66.
+    _columbinum_ Pers., 73.
+    _compactum_ List., 72.
+    compressum _Alb. & Schw._, 80.
+    confertum _Macbr._, 64.
+    _confluens_ (Pers.) Morg., 80.
+    conglomeratum (_Fr._) _Rost._, 57.
+    _connatum_ Peck, 80.
+    _connexum_ (Link.) Morg., 80.
+    contextum _Pers._, 56.
+    crateriforme _Petch._, 100.
+    _cupripes_ Berk. & R., 93.
+    _decipiens_ Curt., 34.
+    dictyospermum _List._, 100.
+    diderma _Rost._, 53, 55.
+    didermoides (_Ach._) _Rost._, 6, 55, 78.
+    discoidale _Macbr._, 74.
+    _ditmari_ Rost., 61.
+    echinosporum _List._, 101.
+    _effusum_ Schw., 130.
+    _ellipsosporum_ Rost., 26.
+    _erythrinum_ Berk., 69.
+    _farlowii_ Rost., 66.
+    _flavidum_ Peck, 57.
+    flavicomum _Berk._, 93.
+    _flavum_ Fr., 84.
+    _fulvum_ _List._, 86.
+    _galbeum_ _Wing._, 92.
+    _glaucum_ (Phill.) Mass., 41.
+    globuliferum (_Bull._) _Pers._, 66.
+    _griseum_ Link., 59.
+    gulielmae _Penzig_, 101.
+    gyrosum _Rost._, 49, 94, 95.
+    _hyalinum_ Pers., 40.
+    _inaequale_ Peck, 50.
+    instratum _Macbr._, 62.
+    lateritium (_Berk. & Br._) _Rost._, 50.
+    leucophaeum _Fr._, 75.
+    _leucophaeum_ (Fr.) Macbr., 80.
+    leucopus _Link._, 79.
+    lilacinum _Sturg. & Bilg._, not Fr., 67.
+    _lividum_ Rost., 78.
+    _luteum_ Pers., 59.
+    luteo-album _List._, 71.
+    _macrocarpon_ Cesati, 37; Fuckel, 102.
+    maculatum _Macbr._, 77.
+    _maydis_ Torr., 91.
+    megalosporum _Sturg._, 63.
+    _melanospermum_ Pers., 88.
+    melleum (_Berk. & Br._) _Mass._, 65.
+    _microcarpon_ Fr., 123.
+    mortoni _Macbr._, 58.
+    murinum _List._, 68.
+    mutabile (_Rost._) _List._, 99.
+    _nefroideum_ Rost., 80.
+    newtoni _Macbr._, 73.
+    nicaraguense _Macbr._, 83.
+    _nigripes_ Link., 123.
+    nodulosum _Cke. & Balf._, 76.
+    notabile _Macbr._, 80.
+    nucleatum _Rex_, 72.
+    nutans _Pers._, 75, 97.
+    oblatum _Macbr._, 91.
+    _oblongum_ Fr., 78.
+    _obrusseum_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., 92.
+    _ochroleucum_ Berk. & C., 57.
+    _ornatum_ Peck, 91.
+    _paniceum_ Fr., 35.
+    penetrale _Rex_, 70.
+    _petersii_ Berk. & C, 66, 69, 92.
+    _phillipsii_ Balf., 41.
+    _physaroides_ Alb. & Schw., 139.
+    plumbeum _Fr._, 59.
+    polycephalum _Schw._, 95.
+    _polymorphum_ (Mont.) Rost., 80, 92.
+    _polymorphum_ Rost., 52.
+    _psittacinum_ Ditm., 74.
+    pulcherrimum _Berk. & Rav._, 68.
+    pulcherripes _Peck_, 69.
+    _pusillum_ List., 76.
+    _ravenelii_ (Berk. & C.) Mass., 68.
+    _reniforme_ List., 83.
+    _reticulatum_ Alb. & Schw., 49, 111.
+    roseum _Berk. & Br._, 100.
+    _rostafinskii_ Mass., 57.
+    _rubiginosum_ Chev., 62.
+    _rufipes_ Alb. & Schw., 69.
+    _schumacheri_ Spreng., 65.
+    _scyphoides_ Cke. & Balf., 105.
+    serpula _Morg._, 49.
+    sinuosum (_Bull._) _Weinm._, 52.
+    straminipes List., 100.
+    striatum _Fries_, 59.
+    _stromateum_ Link, 132.
+    _sulphureum_ (Alb. & Schw.) Sturg., 84.
+    _tenerum_ Rex., 77.
+    tenerum _Rex_, 92.
+    _testaceum_ Sturg., 55.
+    _thejoteum_ Fr., 62.
+    tropicale _Macbr._, 82.
+    _utriculare_ (Bull.) Chev., 39.
+    variabile _Rex_, 89.
+    vernum _Rost._, 51.
+    _vermicularis_ Schw., 240.
+    viride _Pers._, 98.
+    _virescens_ Ditm., 61, 62.
+    wingatense _Macbr._, 72.
+
+  PLASMODIOPHORA, 17.
+    brassicae _Wor._, 18.
+
+  =_Protoderma._=
+    _pusilla_ Rost., 202.
+
+  PROTOTRICHIA, 257.
+    _flagellifera_ (Berk. & Br.) Rost., 258.
+    metallica (_Berk._) _Mass._, 258.
+
+  =_Puccinia_=, 18.
+    _byssoides_ Gmel., 19.
+    _ramosa_, etc., Mich., 19.
+
+  =_Raciborskia._=
+    _elegans_ Berl., 182.
+
+  RETICULARIA, 209.
+    _alba_ Bull., 114.
+    _atra_ Fr., 152.
+    _cribrosa_ Fr., 150.
+    _flavofusca_ (Ehr.) Fr., 234.
+    _hemispherica_ Bull., 138.
+    lycoperdon _Bull._, 6, 210.
+    _maxima_ Fr., 154.
+    _rozeana_ Rost., 211.
+    _sinuosa_ Bull., 52.
+    _splendens_ Morg., 211.
+
+  =_Rostafinskia_=, 182.
+    _elegans_ Racib., 182.
+
+
+  =_Scyphium._=
+    _rubiginosum_ (Chev.) Rost., 70.
+
+  =_Siphotychium_=, 207.
+    _casparyi_ Rost., 207.
+
+  =_Sphaerocarpus._=
+    _albus_ Bull., 97.
+    _aurantius_ Bull., 98.
+    _capsulifer_ Bull., 40.
+    _chrysospermus_ Bull., 272.
+    _cylindricus_ Bull., 206.
+    _floriformis_ Bull., 143.
+    _fragilis_ Sowb., 274.
+    _globuliferus_ Bull., 66.
+    _luteus_ Bull., 98.
+    _utricularis_ Bull., 67.
+    _viridis_ Bull., 98.
+
+  =_Spumaria_=, 113.
+    _alba_ (Bull.) DC., 114.
+    _didermoides_ (Ach.) Pers., 40.
+    _granulata_ Schum., 57.
+    _licheniformis_ Schw., 78.
+    _minuta_ Schum., 57.
+    _mucilago_ Pers., 114.
+
+  STEMONITIS, 156.
+    _alba_ (Bull.) Gmel., 97.
+    _argillacea_ (Pers.) Gmel., 218.
+    axifera (_Bull._) _Macbr._, 168, 169, 171.
+    _bäuerlinii_ Mass. (?), 166.
+    _botrytis_ (Pers.) Gmel., 274.
+    carolinensis _Macbr._, 170.
+    _castillensis_ Macbr., 162.
+    confluens _Cke. & Ell._, 158.
+    dictyspora _Rost._, 161.
+    _digitata_ Schw., 255.
+    fenestrata _Rex_, 166.
+    _ferruginea_ Ehr., 167, 168, 169.
+    _ferruginosa_ Batsch., 206.
+    flavogenita _Jahn_, 169.
+    _friesiana_ DBy., 178.
+    fusca (_Roth._) _Rost._, 160, 162.
+    herbatica _Peck_, 171.
+    _leucocephala_ (Pers.) Gmel., 105.
+    _maxima_ Schw. (?), 160.
+    _microspora_ List., 167.
+    _morgani_ Peck, 164.
+    _nigra_ Pers., 178, 179.
+    nigrescens _Rex_, 162.
+    _ovata nigra_ Pers., 178.
+    pallida _Wing._, 169, 170.
+    _papillata_ Pers., 190.
+    pulchella _Bab._, 183.
+    _scintillans_ Berk. & Br., 142.
+    smithii _Macbr._, 167.
+    splendens _Rost._, 164, 174.
+    _splendens_ var. _confluens_ List., 6, 158.
+    _suksdorfii_ Ell. & Ev., 178.
+    _tenerrima_ Berk. & C., 170, 183.
+    _tenerrima_ Curt., 122, 129, 183.
+    trechispora (_Berk._) _Torr._, 159.
+    _tubulina_ Alb. & Schw., 150.
+    _typhina_ Pers., 181.
+    _typhina_ Wig., 130.
+    _typhoides_ (Bull.) DC., 181.
+    uvifera _Macbr._, 161.
+    varia (Pers.) Gmel., 270.
+    _violacea_ Fr., 196.
+    virginiensis _Rex_, 163.
+    _viridis_ (Bull.) Gmel., 98.
+    webberi _Rex_, 163.
+
+
+  TILMADOCHE, 57.
+    _alba_ (Bull.) Macbr., 97.
+    _bethelii_ Macbr., 94.
+    _cernua_ (Schum.) Fr., 97.
+    _columbina_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., 72.
+    _compacta_ Wing., 72.
+    _gyrocephala_ (Mont.) Rost., 95.
+    _hians_ Rost., 109.
+    _mutabilis_ Rost., 98.
+    _nutans_ (Pers.) Rost., 97.
+    _oblonga_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., 71.
+    _polycephala_ (Schw.) Macbr., 95.
+    _viridis_ (Bull.) Sacc., 98.
+
+  =_Tremella_=, 19.
+    _hydnoides_ Jacq., 19.
+
+  =_Trichamphora_=, 102.
+    _oblonga_ Berk. & C., 109.
+    pezizoidea _Jungh._, 102.
+
+  TRICHIA, 267.
+    _abietina_ Wig., 261.
+    _abrupta_ Cke., 271.
+    _affinis_ DBy., 271.
+    andersoni _Rex_, 211.
+    _aurea_ Schum., 104.
+    _axifera_ Bull., 168.
+    botrytis _Pers._, 274, 277.
+    _cernua_ Schum., 59, 75.
+    _chrysosperma_ (Bull.) Rost., 272.
+    _cinerea_ Bull., 254.
+    _circumscissa_ Wallr., 241.
+    _clavata_ Pers., 264.
+    contorta (_Ditm._) _Rost._, 269.
+    decipiens (_Pers._) _Macbr._, 276.
+    erecta _Rex_, 276.
+    _fallax_ Pers., 276.
+    favoginea (_Batsch_) Pers., 272.
+    _flagellifera_ Berk. & Br., 258.
+    _fragilis_ (Sowb.) Rost., 274, 277.
+    inconspicua _Rost._, 263.
+    iowensis _Macbr._, 269.
+    _jackii_ Rost., 271.
+    lateritia _Lév._, 277.
+    _leucopodia_ Bull., 186.
+    _nana_ Mass., 261.
+    _nigripes_ Pers., 270.
+    _nitens_ Lib., 280.
+    _nutans_ Bull., 249.
+    _ovata_ Pers., 261.
+    persimilis _Karst._, 271.
+    _proximella_ Karst., 271.
+    pulchella _Rex_, 273.
+    _pusilla_ Schroet., 280.
+    _pyriformis_ Fr., 274.
+    _reniformis_ Peck, 269.
+    _rubiformis_ Pers., 262.
+    scabra _Rost._, 271.
+    _serpula_ (Scop.) Pers., 260.
+    subfusca _Rex_, 275.
+    _typhoides_ Bull., 181.
+    varia (_Pers._) _Rost._, 270.
+    verrucosa _Berk._, 273.
+
+  TUBIFERA, 205.
+    casparyi (_Rost._) _Macbr._, 207.
+    ferruginosa (Batsch) _Macbr._, 206.
+    stipitata (_B. & R._) _Macbr._, 207.
+
+  =_Tubulina_=, 155.
+    _cylindrica_ (Bull.) DC., 206.
+    _fragiformis_ (Pers.) List., 206.
+    _stipitata_ (Berk. & Rav.) Rost., 207.
+
+
+
+
+PLATES
+
+TO ILLUSTRATE
+
+NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS
+
+
+NOTE.--Plates I., II., IV., VI., VII., VIII., IX., X., were originally
+by MISS MARY P. MACBRIDE; Plates V., XI., XII., were by MRS. HATTIE J.
+DOUGLASS; Plates XIII., XIV., XV., XVI., XVII., were by the late MRS.
+BERTHA E. LINDER PUMPHREY; Plate III. was the joint work of MRS.
+PUMPHREY and MISS MACBRIDE. All these, except IV., have been re-drawn
+for new plates; XVI., with additions, by MISS MARGARET HAYES; the
+remainder by MR. W. J. CALVIN, C. E. Plate XVIII. is by MISS HAYES;
+Plate XIX. by Miss A. M. HELD; Plate XX. by MISS JANE COVENTRY.
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE I
+
+
+_Enteridium splendens_ Morg., p. 211.
+
+Fig. 1. Æthalium, natural size.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Spore of the same species, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Capillitium of the same species, × 420.
+
+
+_Dictydiæthalium plumbeum_ (Fr.) Rost., p. 215.
+
+Fig. 2. Æthalium, natural size.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. Sporangia and spores, × 50 (after Schroeter).
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. Persistent apices of the peridia.
+
+
+_Lindbladia effusa_ (Ehr.) Rost., p. 204.
+
+Fig. 3. A group of sporangia, × 30.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A single spore, × 1400.
+
+
+_Tubifera ferruginosa_ (Batsch) Macbr., p. 206.
+
+Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 5.
+
+See also Plate VII., Fig. 8; and Plate XII., Fig. 14.
+
+
+_Cribraria dictydioides_ Cke. & Balf., p. 222.
+
+Fig. 5. Three sporangia, × 15.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A single sporangium, to show reticulate thickening, × 60.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. A spore, × 1400.
+
+
+_Dictydium cancellatum_ (Batsch) Macbr., p. 230.
+
+Fig. 6. Sporangium, × 30.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A part of the peridial wall, seen from within, × 84.
+
+
+_Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa_ (Muell.) Macbr., p. 19.
+
+Fig. 7. Three sporiferous pillars, × about 40.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. Tip of a single pillar, × 84.
+
+
+_Hemitrichia stipata_ (Schw.) Macbr., p. 262.
+
+Fig. 8. Sporangia, × 6.
+
+Fig. 8 _a_. The capillitium of the same species, × 750.
+
+Fig. 8 _b_. A single spore, × 1000.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE II
+
+
+_Perichaena corticalis_ (Batsch) Rost., p. 243.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. A single spore, as if in section, × 900.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. The capillitial thread, × 750.
+
+
+_Lachnobolus occidentalis_ Macbr., p. 246.
+
+Fig. 2. The sporangia, × 8.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A portion of the capillitium, × 750.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. Spores, × 750.
+
+See also 4 and 4 a below.
+
+
+_Arcyria cinerea_ (Bull.) Pers., p. 254.
+
+Fig. 3. The expanded fructifications, × 5.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. Tip of a single capillitium mass, × 40.
+
+
+_Lachnobolus occidentalis_ Macbr., p. 246.
+
+Fig. 4. A cluster of sporangia, × 3; cylindric type.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. Capillitium, × 750; to show characteristic surface of the
+threads.
+
+
+_Arcyria denudata_ (Linn.) Pers., p. 253.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia, two expanded, one still closed, × 20.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A part of the capillitium of the same species, × 750.
+
+
+_Arcyria nutans_ (Bull.) Grev., p. 249.
+
+Fig. 6. Expanded capillitium, etc., × 10.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. Capillitium, × 750.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A piece of the capillitium thread, × 1400.
+
+
+_Ophiotheca wrightii_ Berk. & C., p. 241.
+
+Fig. 7. A single sporangium, × 8.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. A node of the capillitial thread, × 750.
+
+Fig. 7 _b_. A spore, × 750.
+
+
+_Oligonema nitens_ (Lib.) Rost., p. 280.
+
+Fig. 8. A single elater, × 750.
+
+Figs. 8 _a_ and 8 _b_. Spores, × 1000.
+
+
+_Badhamia macrocarpa_ Rost., p. 37.
+
+Var. _gracilis_.
+
+Fig. 9. Two sporangia, × 600.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE III
+
+
+_Hemitrichia clavata_ (Pers.) Rost., p. 264.
+
+Fig. 1. Three sporangia, one closed, × 8.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. A single spore, × 1400.
+
+
+_Hemitrichia vesparium_ (Batsch) Macbr., p. 262.
+
+Fig. 2. Tip of the elater of capillitial thread, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A single spore, × 1400.
+
+
+_Trichia iowensis_ Macbr., p. 269.
+
+Fig. 3. A cluster of sporangia, × 5.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. Tip of a branching elater, × 750.
+
+Fig. 3 _b_. A single spore, × 750.
+
+See also Plate X., Fig. 5.
+
+
+_Hemitrichia serpula_ Scop., p. 260.
+
+Fig. 4. A plasmodiocarp, × 3.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A single spore, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. An elater-tip, × 1400.
+
+
+_Trichia inconspicua_ Rost., p. 268.
+
+Fig. 5. A cluster of sporangia, × 12.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. Tip of an elater, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. A single spore, × 750.
+
+
+_Physarum oblatum_ Macbr., p. 91.
+
+Fig. 6. A single sporangium, × 20; stipe shown of unusual length.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A single spore, × 1000.
+
+See also Plate XIV., Fig. 3.
+
+
+_Physarum auriscalpium_ (Cke.) Lister, p. 90.
+
+Fig. 7. A single sporangium, × 20; a New York specimen.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. A single spore, × 1000.
+
+
+_Arcyria nodulosa_ Macbr., p. 252.
+
+Fig. 8. Capillitial thread, × 1200.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV
+
+
+_Trichia persimilis_ Karst., p. 271.
+
+Fig. 1. Var. intermedia, × about 6.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Spore of same species, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. A second spore to show varying episporic network.
+
+Fig. 1 _c_. Tip of elater, shows vertical connecting bands.
+
+
+_Trichia decipiens_ (Pers.) Macbr., p. 276.
+
+Fig. 2. Sporangia, × about 8.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A spore of the same species, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_ and 2 _c_. Elaters of the same species, × about 225.
+
+
+_Trichia varia_ (Pers.) Rost., p. 270.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangia, × about 8.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A spore of the same species, × 1000.
+
+Fig. 3 _b_. An elater of the same species, × 750.
+
+
+_Trichia scabra_ Rost., p. 271.
+
+Fig. 4. Sporangia, × about 8.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A single spore of the same species, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. An elater-tip of the same, × 1400.
+
+
+_Trichia favoginea_ (Batsch) Pers., p. 272.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia, × about 8.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A single spore of the same, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. A single elater-tip of the same, × 1400.
+
+
+_Trichia persimilis_ Karst., var _abrupta_ Cke., p. 271.
+
+Fig. 6. An elater-tip, × 1400. It will be noticed that the spirals are
+connected by vertical bars.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A single spore of the same variety, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A single spore, from the same sporangium as 6 _a_.
+
+Fig. 6 _c_. Trichia persimilis, a single spore, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 6 _d_. Tip of an elater from the same, × 1400.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE V
+
+
+_Lamproderma arcyrionema_ Rost., p. 197.
+
+Fig. 1. A single sporangium seen as if in section, × 40.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. A single spore, × 1400.
+
+
+_Lamproderma scintillans_ (Berk. & Br.) List., p. 195.
+
+Fig. 2. A single sporangium seen as in section, × 40.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A single spore, × 1400.
+
+
+_Enerthenema papillatum_ (Pers.) Rost., p. 190.
+
+Fig. 3. An expanded, blown-out sporangium, × 25.
+
+
+_Lamproderma robustum_ Ell. & Ev., p.
+
+Fig. 4. A sporangium seen as in section, × 20.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A single spore, × 1000.
+
+
+_Comatricha laxa_ Rost., p. 177.
+
+Fig. 5. A sporangium seen as if in section, × 40.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A single spore, × 2000.
+
+
+_Diachaea thomasii_ Rex, p. 188.
+
+Fig. 6. Three sporangia magnified about 15 times.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A single spore of the same species, × 800.
+
+
+_Brefeldia maxima_ (Fries) Rost., p. 154.
+
+Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, showing columellæ; × 5.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. Capillitial threads of the same species, × 300.
+
+Fig. 7 _b_. Spore of the same species, × 1500.
+
+
+_Amaurochæte fuliginosa_ (Sowb.) Macbr., p. 149.
+
+Fig. 8. A bit of so-called capillitium, × 300.
+
+Fig. 8 _a_. A single spore magnified about 1000 times.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI
+
+
+_Comatricha typhoides_ (Bull.) Rost., p. 181.
+
+Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, × 5.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. A single spore, × 1600.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Tip of the columella with its branches, × 50.
+
+
+_Comatricha longa_ Peck, p. 175.
+
+Fig. 2. A single empty sporangium, × 6.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A part of the same taken near the apex, × 60.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. A spore, × 1400.
+
+
+_Comatricha aequalis_ Peck, p. 180.
+
+Fig. 3. A single sporangium, × 10.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. The columella and capillitium, × 60.
+
+Fig. 3 _b_. A single spore, × 1600.
+
+Figs. 3 _c_ and 3 _d_. Sporangia to which the peridium still adheres,
+although in 3 _c_ in shreds.
+
+
+_Stemonitis fusca_ Rost., p. 160.
+
+Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 3.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A part of the columella and capillitium, × 60.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. A single spore, × 1400.
+
+
+_Stemonitis axifera_ (Bull.) Macbr., p. 168.
+
+Fig. 5. A group of sporangia, × 3.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A single spore, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. A part of the capillitium with columella, × 60.
+
+
+_Stemonitis splendens_, p. 164.
+
+Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, × 3.
+
+Figs. 6 _a_ and 6 _c_. Single spores, the latter × 1400.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A part of the columella and branches, × 60.
+
+Fig. 7. A shorter variety of the same species with coarser meshes in
+capillitium, × 3.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. A part of the columella and net, × 60.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII
+
+
+_Diachaea splendens_ Peck, p. 187.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangia and hypothallus, × 25.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Capillitium, × 50.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Spores, × 900.
+
+Fig. 1 _c_. Portion of the capillitium, × 150.
+
+
+_Didymium nigripes_ Fr., p. 123.
+
+Fig. 2. Sporangia, × 30.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A spore, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. Calcareous crystals from the peridial wall, × 750.
+
+
+_Didymium melanospermum_ (Pers.) Macbr., p. 121.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A single spore, × about 1000.
+
+
+_Diderma testaceum_ (Schrad.) Pers., p. 137.
+
+Fig. 4. Sporangia; the first exhibiting the two peridial walls and the
+spore-mass, × 10.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. Spore, × 750.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. Capillitial threads, × 750.
+
+
+_Diderma globosum_ Pers., p. 134.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia; the first with the outer peridium broken away, × 10.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A single spore, × 750.
+
+
+_Mucilago spongiosa_ (Leyss.) Morg., p. 114.
+
+Fig. 6. An æthalium, borne on a grass-stem, natural size.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A spore, × 750.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. Capillitium, with surface calcareous crystals, × 750.
+
+
+_Diderma crustaceum_ Peck, p. 135.
+
+Fig. 7. A mass of clustered sporangia, to show habit of aggregation,
+natural size.
+
+
+_Tubifera ferruginosa_ (Batsch) Macbr., p. 206.
+
+Fig. 8. A single spore, × 1400.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII
+
+
+_Diderma floriforme_ (Bull.) Pers., p. 143.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangia of various ages, × 5.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Spore of the same species, × 1000.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. A capillitial thread, × 1000.
+
+
+_Physarum polycephalum_ Schw., p. 95.
+
+Fig. 2. The sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. Spores, × 750.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. Capillitium, × 750.
+
+
+_Leocarpus fragilis_ (Dicks.) Rost., p. 112.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangia, × 6.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A group of sporangia, natural size, to show habit.
+
+Fig. 3 _b_. A single spore, × 1800.
+
+
+_Physarella oblonga_ (Berk. & C.) Morg., p. 109.
+
+Fig. 4. A single sporangium, × 8.
+
+Figs. 4 _a_ and 4 _b_. Capillitium and spore respectively, × 900.
+
+
+_Craterium leucocephalum_ (Pers.) Ditmar, p. 105.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia, the first closed, × 10.
+
+
+_Physarum sinuosum_ (Bull.) Weinm., p. 52.
+
+Fig. 6. Plasmodiocarp, natural size; 6 _a_, × 4; see also Plate XIX.,
+Fig. 15.
+
+
+_Physarum virescens_ Ditmar, p. 61.
+
+Fig. 7. Groups of sporangia, × 3 and × 8.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. Spores, × 750.
+
+
+_Physarum viride_ Pers., p. 98.
+
+Fig. 8. A single sporangium, × 25; 8 _a_, reverse.
+
+Fig. 8 _b_. The same after spore-dispersal.
+
+Fig. 8 _c_. Capillitium, × 750.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX
+
+
+_Physarum didermoides_ (Ach.) Rost., p. 78.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangia, × 15.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. A single sporangium open; shows calcareous capillitium, ×
+15.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Spores, × 900.
+
+
+_Physarum notabile_ Macbr., p. 80.
+
+Fig. 2. A cluster of sporangia, × 15.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A single sporangium open, × 15.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. Spores, × 900.
+
+See also Plate XV., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, and the frontispiece.
+
+
+_Physarum contextum_ Pers., p. 56.
+
+Fig. 3. A group of sporangia, × 15.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. Spores of the same, × 600.
+
+
+_Physarum cinereum_ (Batsch) Pers., p. 59.
+
+Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 4.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A single sporangium, × 20.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. Capillitium of the same, × 240.
+
+Fig. 4 _c_. Spores, × 450.
+
+
+_Physarum albescens_ Ellis, p. 86.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia, × 5.
+
+See also Plate XVI., Figs. 4 and 4 _a_.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. Spore of the same species, × 450.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. Capillitium of the same, × 240.
+
+
+_Physarum serpula_ Morg., p. 49.
+
+Fig. 6. Plasmodiocarps, about natural size.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A bit of the plasmodiocarp, showing structure, × 6.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A spore of the same species, × 1400.
+
+
+_Physarum leucopus_ Link., p. 79.
+
+Fig. 7. A single sporangium, × 15.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. A spore of the same species, × 900.
+
+Fig. 7 _b_. A fragment of the capillitium.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE X
+
+
+_Badhamia rubiginosa_ (Chev.) Rost., p. 43.
+
+Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, × 5.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Two sporangia, same species, × 18, to show persisting
+capillitium.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Capillitium fragment, × 240.
+
+Fig. 1 _c_. Spore of the same species, × 750.
+
+
+_Fuligo septica_ (L.) Gmel.; form _laevis_, p. 29.
+
+Fig. 2. An æthalium, natural size.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A section of the same, × 10.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. A spore of the same, × 750.
+
+
+_Fuligo cinerea_ Pers., p. 26.
+
+Fig. 3. A small æthalium borne upon a blade of grass, natural size.
+
+See also Plate XXIII.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. Capillitial fragment from the same specimen, × 450.
+
+Fig. 3 _b_. Spores of the same, × about 750.
+
+
+_Didymium minus_ List., p. 121.
+
+Fig. 4. A single sporangium, × 25.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. The capillitium and fragment of the peridium of the same
+species, × 380.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. A spore of the same species, × 1000.
+
+
+_Trichia iowensis_ Macbr., p. 269.
+
+Fig. 5. Tip of an elater, × 1400.
+
+See also Plate III, 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_.
+
+
+_Badhamia papaveracea_ Berk. & Rav., p. 42.
+
+Fig. 6. Sporangia, a cluster, × 8.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A cluster of spores, × 400.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A single spore of the same, × 1400.
+
+
+_Reticularia lycoperdon_ Bull., p. 210.
+
+Fig. 7. A fragment of the capillitium, × 240.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. A single spore of the same species, × 1400.
+
+See also Plate XII., Fig. 3.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI
+
+
+_Comatricha nigra_ Pers., p. 178.
+
+Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 2. A single sporangium as in section, × 60.
+
+Fig. 3. A single spore, × 1600.
+
+
+_Stemonitis confluens_ Ell. & Cke., p. 158.
+
+Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A thread of capillitium with adhering disk, × 30.
+
+Fig. 5. A spore of the same, × 2000.
+
+
+_Stemonitis webberi_ Rex, p. 163.
+
+Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, × 4.
+
+Fig. 7. A single sporangium as in section, × 40.
+
+Fig. 8. A single spore, same species, × 1250.
+
+
+_Comatricha suksdorfii_ Ell. & Ev., p. 178.
+
+Fig. 9. A group of sporangia, × 4.
+
+Fig. 10. A bit of the capillitium, × 60.
+
+Fig. 11. A single spore, × 1600.
+
+
+_Comatricha cæspitosa_ Sturg., p. 172.
+
+Fig. 12. A cluster of sporangia, × 4.
+
+Fig. 13. The capillitium highly magnified.
+
+Fig. 14. A single spore, × 1600.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII
+
+
+_Lindbladia effusa_ (Ehr.) Rost., p. 204.
+
+Fig. 1. Fructification, natural size.
+
+Fig. 2. Portion of same in section, × 3.
+
+
+_Reticularia lycoperdon_ Bull., p. 210.
+
+Fig. 3. Residual capillitial structure, the spores blown away; about
+natural size.
+
+
+_Enteridium splendens_ Morg., p. 211.
+
+Fig. 4. Fructification, a large one, natural size.
+
+Fig. 5. Same in section, × 3.
+
+
+_Arcyria ferruginea_ Sauter, p. 253.
+
+Fig. 6. Three sporangia, magnified about 10 times.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A single spore, magnified.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. Capillitial thread.
+
+
+_Licea variabilis_ Schrad., p. 200.
+
+Fig. 7. Sporangia, magnified about 6 times.
+
+Fig. 8. Spore, magnified to show surface characters.
+
+
+_Tubifera casparyi_ (Rost.) Macbr., p. 207.
+
+Fig. 9. A group of sporangia; shows the pseudo-columellæ; × about 5.
+
+
+_Licea biforis_ Morg., p. 201.
+
+Fig. 10. Sporangia dehiscent, magnified about 10 times.
+
+
+_Orcadella operculata_ Wing., p. 203.
+
+Fig. 11. Sporangia, magnified about 30 times.
+
+
+_Cribraria argillacea_ Pers., p. 218.
+
+Fig. 12. Sporangia, magnified about 10 times.
+
+Fig. 13. A single sporangium, × about 40.
+
+See also Plate XVII., Fig. 1.
+
+
+_Tubifera ferruginosa_ (Batsch) Macbr., p. 206.
+
+Fig. 14. Sporangia magnified to show apiculate tops. Cf.
+
+
+_Comatricha ellisii_ Morg., p. 184.
+
+Fig. 15. Sporangium, × 40.
+
+Fig. 15 _a_. A single spore, × 1000.
+
+
+_Comatricha pulchella_ (Bab.) Rost, p. 183; vid. p. 284.
+
+Fig. 16. Sporangium, × 20.
+
+Fig. 16 _a_. A single spore, × 1000.
+
+
+_Comatricha subcaespitosa_ Peck, p. 185.
+
+Fig. 17. Sporangium, × 20.
+
+Fig. 17 _a_. A single spore, × 1000.
+
+
+_Comatricha gracilis_ Wingate, p. 183.
+
+Fig. 18. Sporangium, × 20.
+
+Fig. 18 _a_. A single spore, × 1000.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII
+
+
+_Heterotrichia gabriellæ_ Mass., p. 257.
+
+Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, one expanded, the others empty, × 15.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Capillitium of the species, × 600.
+
+
+_Calonema aureum_ Morg., p. 266.
+
+Fig. 2. A cluster of sporangia, magnified about 15 times.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. The tip of an elater of the same species, × 1000.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. A single spore, × 1000.
+
+Fig. 2 _c_. A bit of the sporangium wall, × 600.
+
+
+_Stemonitis pallida_ Wing., p. 169.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangia, magnified about 5 times.
+
+
+_Comatricha pulchella_ (Bab.) Rost., form _C. persoonii_ R., p. 183.
+
+Fig. 4. Sporangia, magnified about 15 times.
+
+See Addenda, d, p. 283.
+
+
+_Stemonitis carolinensis_ Macbr., p. 170.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia, magnified about 5 times.
+
+
+_Clastoderma debaryanum_ Blytt., p. 191.
+
+Fig. 6. Sporangium, magnified about 60 times.
+
+
+_Trichia contorta_ Rost., p. 269.
+
+Fig. 7. Tip of an elater, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. Spore of the same species, × 1400.
+
+
+_Trichia botrytis_ Pers., p. 274.
+
+Fig. 8. Tip of the elater, × 1400.
+
+Fig. 8 _a_. Spore of the same species, × 1400.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV
+
+
+_Badhamia magna_ Peck., p. 38.
+
+Fig. 1. A cluster, of sporangia, × 10.
+
+
+_Cienkowskia reticulata_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., p. 111.
+
+Fig. 2. Plasmodiocarp, × 15.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A bit of the capillitium of the same, × 800.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. A single spore, × 1000.
+
+
+_Physarum oblatum_ Macbr., p. 91.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangia, × 15.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A piece of capillitium, × 800.
+
+Fig. 3 _b_. A single spore, × 1000. The roughness much exaggerated.
+
+
+_Badhamia orbiculata_ Rex., p. 37.
+
+Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+
+_Physarum newtoni_ Macbr., p. 73.
+
+Fig. 5. A group of sporangia, × 16.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A single spore, × 1000.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. A bit of the capillitium, × 800.
+
+
+_Physarum maculatum_ Macbr., p. 77.
+
+Fig. 6. A cluster of sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A piece of the capillitial net, × 800.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A single spore, × 800.
+
+
+_Lepidoderma tigrinum_ (Schrad.) Rost., p. 145.
+
+Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, × 20.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIV]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV
+
+
+_Physarum confertum_ Macbr. _n. n._, p. 64.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangia on a bit of leaf, × 4.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Capillitium, × 800.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. A single spore, × 1200.
+
+
+_Physarum notabile_ Macbr., p. 80.
+
+Fig. 2. A group of sporangia, stipitate form, × 10.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A single spore, × 1200.
+
+
+_Physarum flavicomum_ Berk., p. 93.
+
+Fig. 3. A cluster of sporangia, one closed, × 10.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A single spore, × 1200.
+
+
+_Physarum tropicale_ Macbr., p. 82.
+
+Fig. 4. Sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. Capillitium, × 800.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. A single spore, × 1200.
+
+
+_Craterium minutum_ (Leers) Fr., p. 107.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia, the stalks unusually long, × 15.
+
+
+_Physarum penetrale_ Rex, p. 70.
+
+Fig. 6. A group of sporangia; the calcareous crust has fallen in all.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A single sporangia, enlarged to show columella, × 20.
+
+
+_Physarum nicaraguense_ Macbr., p. 83.
+
+Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, × 15.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. Capillitium, strongly calcareous, × 800.
+
+Fig. 7 _b_. A single spore, × 1200.
+
+See also Pl. XVII., Figs 11 and 11 _a_.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XV]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI
+
+
+_Physarella oblonga_ (Berk. & C.) Morgan, p. 109.
+
+Fig. 1. Fully opened sporangium, × 10.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Tubular sporangia closed, × 5.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Transverse section of sporangium; shows trabecular
+calcareous nodules of the capillitium, × 15.
+
+
+_Craterium cylindricum_ Mass., p. 106.
+
+Fig. 2. Group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+
+_Physarum wingatense_ Macbr., p. 72.
+
+Fig. 3. Group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+
+_Physarum albescens_ Ellis, p. 86.
+
+Fig. 4. Group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. Capillitium of the same species, × 200.
+
+
+_Dianema harveyi_ Rex, p. 238.
+
+Fig. 5. Group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. Clustered spores, D. corticatum, × 500.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. Capillitial threads and spores, D. harveyi, × 200.
+
+Fig. 5 _c_. Twisted, spirally striate single threads, × 500; _D.
+corticatum_, List.
+
+
+_Physarella oblonga_ Berk. & C., p. 109.
+
+Fig. 6. Terrestial, plasmodiocarpous phase, × 10.
+
+
+_Physarum megalosporum_ Sturg., p. 63.
+
+Fig. 7. Group of sporangia, × 8.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. Capillitium and spores, × 150.
+
+
+_Didymium complanatum_ (Batsch) Rost., p. 116.
+
+Fig. 8. Capillitial structure, × 200.
+
+
+_Physarum wingatense_, p. 72.
+
+Fig. 9. Sporangium, × 20, enlarged to show dehiscence.
+
+
+_Didymium xanthopus_ (Ditm.) Fr., p. 123.
+
+Fig. 10. Sporangium--diagram to show columella, × 20.
+
+
+_Didymium eximium_ Pk., p. 124.
+
+Fig. 11. Group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 11 _a_. Section of sporangium, × 30; diagram.
+
+Fig. 11 _b_. Spore, × 750.
+
+Comatricha elegans (Racib.) List., p. 182.
+
+Fig. 12. A single sporangium, × 20.
+
+Clastoderma debaryanum, p. 191.
+
+Fig. 13. Sporangium, seen in section, × 20.
+
+Stemonitis herbatica Pk., p. 171.
+
+Fig. 14. Group of sporangia, × 2.
+
+Fig. 14 a. The same enlarged to show general outline.
+
+Fig. 14 b. The same; capillitial section, × 20.
+
+Fig. 14 c. A single spore, × 1000.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVI]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII
+
+
+_Cribraria argillacea_ (Pers.) Schrad., p. 218.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangium, highly magnified.
+
+
+_Cribraria macrocarpa_ Schrad., p. 219.
+
+Fig. 2. Sporangium, highly magnified.
+
+
+_Cribraria aurantiaca_ Schrad., p. 221.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangium containing spores, × 30.
+
+
+_Cribraria microcarpa_ Schrad., p. 226.
+
+Fig. 4. Sporangium containing spores, × 30.
+
+
+_Cribraria tenella_ Schrad., p. 225.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangium containing spores, × 40.
+
+
+_Cribraria minutissima_ Schw., p. 220.
+
+Fig. 6. A single sporangium calyculate, × 50.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A smaller sporangium without calyx, with spore-mass.
+
+_Cribraria cuprea_ Morg., p. 229.
+
+Fig. 7. A single sporangium, × 50.
+
+
+_Cribraria violacea_ Rex, p. 227.
+
+Fig. 8. A single sporangium, × 40.
+
+
+_Cribraria piriformis_ Schrad., p. 224.
+
+Fig. 9. A single sporangium, × 30.
+
+
+_Perichaena depressa_ (Libert) Rost., p. 242.
+
+Fig. 10. A cluster of sporangia, one open, × 8.
+
+
+_Physarum nicaraguense_ Macbr., p. 83.
+
+Fig. 11. Single sporangium, × 10.
+
+Fig. 11 _a_. A cluster of sporangia and hypothallus, × 5.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII
+
+
+_Margarita metallica_ (Berk. & Br.) List., p. 237.
+
+Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, × 15.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Capillitium and spores, × 300.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. A single spore, × 1200.
+
+
+_Diderma cor-rubrum_ n. s., p. 140.
+
+Fig. 2. A group of sporangia, × 15.
+
+
+_Diderma asteroides_ List., p. 143.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangia-spread, × 6.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. Same sporangia still unopened, × 4.
+
+
+_Comatricha laxa_ Rost., Cf. Pl. V., 5 & 5 _a_, p. 184.
+
+Fig. 4. Sporangia, × 10.
+
+
+_Diderma lyallii_ (Mass.) Macbr., p. 136.
+
+Fig. 5. A group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. Capillitium and spores, × 200.
+
+
+_Lepidoderma chailletii_ Rost., p. 146.
+
+Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, × 15.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. Capillitium and spores, × 150.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A single spore, × 800.
+
+
+_Didymium anellus_ Morg., p. 117.
+
+Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+
+_Diderma radiatum_ Linn., p. 141.
+
+Fig. 8. A group of sporangia, × 8.
+
+
+_Physarum diderma_ Rost., p. 55.
+
+Fig. 9. A group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+
+_Diderma rugosum_ (Rex) Macbr., p. 144.
+
+Fig. 10. A group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+
+_Diderma niveum_ (Rost.) Macbr., p. 137.
+
+Fig. 11. A group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 11 _a_. Spore and Capillitium, × 600.
+
+
+_Prototrichia metallica_ (Berk.) Mass., p. 258.
+
+Fig. 12. A group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 12 _a_. Same; capillitium and spores, × 300.
+
+Fig. 12 _b_. Tip of a capillitium thread to show spiral markings and
+end-fraying, × 800.
+
+
+_Comatricha aequalis_ Peck, p. 180.
+
+Fig. 13. A group of sporangia, × 5.
+
+Fig. 13 _a_. Sporangium tip, capillitium, × 200.
+
+Fig. 13 _b_. Spore, × 800.
+
+
+_Physarum compressum_ Alb. & Schw., p. 80.
+
+Fig. 14. A group of sporangia to show compressed form, × 10.
+
+See also Plate XIX., Fig. 12.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVIII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX
+
+
+_Dictydium cancellatum_ Batsch, p. 230.
+
+Fig. 1. The finest phase, as the form appears in the Mississippi valley,
+× 15.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Sporangium of the same seen from below, × 35.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Sporangium--same--seen from above, × 35.
+
+Fig. 1 _c_. Cribraria-like net from the top, × 200.
+
+Fig. 2. Vertical section of what is believed the typical European form,
+× 20.
+
+Fig. 3. An ellipsoidal piriform phase--var. _prolatum_, × 15.
+
+
+_Physarum compressum_ Alb. & Schw. form _P. affine_ Rost., p. 80.
+
+Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 12.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A single spore, × 600.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. Capillitium, same species, × 300.
+
+
+_Alwisia bombarda_ Berk. & Br., p. 209.
+
+Fig. 5. Open sporangia, × 6.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. Sporangium of same enlarged to show capillitium, × 20.
+
+
+_Cribraria dictydiodes_ Cke. & Balf., p. 222.
+
+Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, × 6.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. Single sporangium of same--lateral view, × 25.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. Same; base view, × 30.
+
+
+_Cribraria aurantiaca_ Schrad., p. 221.
+
+Fig. 7. Single sporangium, × 30.
+
+
+_Cribraria rufa_ (Roth) Rost., p. 220.
+
+Fig. 8. Sporangium, × 30.
+
+
+_Cribraria piriformis_ Schrad., p. 224.
+
+Fig. 9. Sporangium, × 30.
+
+
+_Cribraria splendens_ (Schrad.) Pers., p. 221.
+
+Fig. 10. Sporangium, × 30.
+
+
+_Echinostelium minutum_ DeBy., p. 198.
+
+Fig. 11. Several sporangia, × 15.
+
+Fig. 11 _a_. Vertical section, after Rost., × 500.
+
+_Physarum compressum_ Schw., p. 80.
+
+Fig. 12. Sporangium, × 20, to show dehiscence.
+
+
+_Didymium anomalum_ Sturg., p. 127.
+
+Fig. 13. Plasmodiocarps, about natural size.
+
+Fig. 13 _a_. Diagrammatic vertical section, etc., to show the
+calciferous pillars distinguishing the species, × 200.
+
+Fig. 14. Calcic crystal--enlarged.
+
+
+_Physarum sinuosum_ (Bull.) Weinm., p. 52.
+
+Fig. 15. Plasmodiocarps passing to sporangia, × 5.
+
+Cf. Plate VIII., 6 and 6 _a_.
+
+
+_Physarum bitectum_ List., p. 53.
+
+Fig. 16. Plasmodiocarps as in 15, showing transitional phases, × 10.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIX]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX
+
+
+_Badhamia iowensis_ n. s., p. 36.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangia several presentations, × 15.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Capillitium, × 200.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Single spore, × 500.
+
+
+_Physarum mortoni_ n. s., p. 58.
+
+Fig. 2. A group of sporangia, × 20.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. Capillitium, × 200.
+
+
+_Physarum discoidale_ n. s., p. 74.
+
+Fig. 3. A group of sporangia, × 10.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A single spore, × 800.
+
+
+_Didymium annulatum_ n. s., p. 125.
+
+Fig. 4. Group of sporangia, × 15.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. Capillitium and spores, × 200.
+
+
+_Oligonema brevifilum_ Peck, p. 280.
+
+Fig. 5. Capillitium, × 800.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. The same.
+
+Fig. 12 _b_. A single spore, × 800.
+
+
+_Amaurochaete tubulina_ (Alb. & Schw.) Macbr., p. 150.
+
+Fig. 6. Capillitium and spores, × 200.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. Spore, × 1200.
+
+
+_Physarum brunneolum_ (Phill.) Mass., p. 58.
+
+Fig. 7. Group of sporangia.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. The same, mature, dehiscence beginning, × 10.
+
+Fig. 7 _b_. A single spore, × 800.
+
+
+_Stemonitis uvifera_ n. s., p. 161.
+
+Fig. 8. Colony, natural size.
+
+Fig. 8 _a_. Capillitium and spore-clusters, × 30.
+
+Fig. 8 _b_. Single spore-cluster, × 600.
+
+Fig. 8 _c_. Spore, × 1000.
+
+
+_Stemonitis trechispora_ Berk., p. 160.
+
+Fig. 9. Fructification--natural size.
+
+Fig. 9 _a_. Capillitium, branch and threads, × 20--the spores enlarged.
+
+Fig. 9 _b_. Netted spore, × 1000. Masking as an amaurochete; _A.
+trechispora_ perhaps; compare 11, etc., below.
+
+
+_Stemonitis flavogenita_ Jahn, p. 169.
+
+Fig. 10. A group of sporangia, × 3.
+
+Fig. 10 _a_. Capillitium showing columella-tip, × 50.
+
+Fig. 10 _b_. Spore, × 1200.
+
+
+_Stemonitis trechispora_ (Berk.) Torr., p. 159.
+
+Fig. 11. A group of sporangia, × 3.
+
+Fig. 11 _a_. Diagram of a single sporangium, a less rudimentary
+specimen, × 40.
+
+Fig. 11 _b_. Capillitium enlarged to show branching columella, × 40.
+
+Fig. 11 _c_. A single spore, × 1200.
+
+
+_Arcyria pomiformis_ (Leers) Rost., p. 255.
+
+Fig. 12. A globose colony of sporangia, × 10; var. _conglobosa_.
+
+Fig. 12 _b_. See under 5, above.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XX]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI
+
+Brefeldia maxima (Fr.) Rost., p. 154.
+
+A typical, beautiful æthalium, about natural size.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXI]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII
+
+
+_Brefeldia maxima_ Rost., p. 154.
+
+Fig. 1. Plasmodium active; climbing the stump.
+
+Fig. 2. Same plasmodium urgent; moving at the rate of 2 cm. per hour.
+
+From photo-prints by Mr. W. A. Seaman and Mr. John T. Reeder, Mich. The
+figures are about one-sixth the natural size of the object. See plate
+preceding for the mature phase of this species, natural size.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII
+
+
+_Fuligo rufa_ (Schw.) Pers., p. 28.
+
+1. The plasmodium; urgent!
+
+2. The perfected fruit; quiescent.
+
+The figures present their objects about natural size. See also Plate X.,
+Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_, for further illustration.
+
+From photo-prints by John T. Reeder, Mich.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIII]
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+
+Many apparent spelling errors are in fact published synonyms and
+remain as printed.
+
+The 'Corrigenda' or errata changes are entered.
+
+  Page 11.
+    'of enviroment.'
+    changed 'enviroment' to 'environment.'
+  Page 26
+    'anon winding,'
+    may be 'and winding,'; unchanged.
+  Page 29
+    'PLATE X, Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.'
+    added.
+  Page 38
+    '1892. _Bahamia varia_' as in original; no change.
+  Page 41
+    'In some case'
+    changed 'case' to 'cases'.
+  Page 46
+    'leaving his sucessors' as in original;
+    unusual spelling; no change.
+  Page 47
+    '24. _P. pulcherrinum_'
+    changed 'pulcherrinum' to 'pulcherrimum', to match the referenced
+    paragraph.
+  Page 63
+    'visible hyphothallus'
+    changed 'hyphothallus' to 'hypothallus'.
+  Page 65
+    '1873. Dydymium' as in original; no change.
+  Page 78
+    'sheet-like hyphothallus'
+    changed 'hyphothallus' to 'hypothallus'.
+  Page 79
+    37. Physarum leucopus _Link_.
+    '37.' missing in original; added.
+  Page 80
+    'P. affie Rost., Plate XIX., Fig. 4.'
+    changed 'affie' to 'affine'.
+  Page 84
+    'which has spores 10-12' changed to 'which has spores 10-12 µ'.
+    added 'µ'.
+  Page 98
+    'PLATE VIII, Figs. 8, 8 _a_, 8 _b_.'
+    added.
+  Page 108
+    'pendunculatum Trent.,'
+    changed 'pendunculatum' to 'pedunculatum'.
+  Page 110
+    '=Cienkowskia= _Rost._' changed to '=6. Cienkowskia= _Rost._'
+    '6.' added.
+  Page 114
+    'PLATE VII, Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.'
+    added.
+  Page 116
+        _a._ Sporangia discoid, spores reticulate     19. _D. intermedium_
+        _b._ Stipe, columella, peridium, orange-brown    20. _D. leoninum_
+  changed to
+        _a._ Sporangia discoid, spores reticulate     18. _D. intermedium_
+        _b._ Stipe, columella, peridium, orange-brown    19. _D. leoninum_
+  to match referenced text.
+  Page 130
+    '7. _D. niveum_'
+    changed '7.' to '8.'
+  Page 149
+    'cushion is interestingly aborescent'
+    changed 'aborescent' to 'arborescent'.
+  Page 150
+    AMAUROCHÆTE TUBULINA (_Alb. & Schw._) _Macbr._
+    '2.' added.
+  Page 200
+    '3. _L. biforis_.
+    '4. _L. minima_'.
+    '5. _L. pusilla_'.
+    changed '3, 4, 5' to '2, 3, 4' respectively to match referenced text.
+  Page 212
+    'name to ertain English'
+    changed 'ertain' to 'certain'.
+  Page 218
+    'granules on the calcyulus'
+    changed 'calcyulus' to 'calyculus'.
+  Page 237
+    '_Prototrichia_ to the _Trichiacae_.'
+    changed 'Trichiacae' to '_Trichiaceae_'.
+  Page 237
+    Plate XVII., Figs.----
+    changed 'Figs.----' to 'Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_'.
+  Page 238
+    'adjoining the _Perichaenacae_' as in original. This is
+    probably 'Perichaenaceae', as elsewhere in this book, however, it is
+    in a quotation so is unchanged.
+  Page 241
+    2. 'Ophiotheca chrysoperma _Currey_.'
+    changed 'chrysoperma' to 'chrysosperma'.
+  Page 262
+    'often, to circumscissle'
+    changed 'circumscissle' to 'circumscissile'.
+  Page 262
+    'to be uniformily distinctly warted'
+    changed 'uniformily' to 'uniformly'.
+  Page 263
+    'evanescent peridium suggests _Arycria_'
+    changed '_Arycria_' to '_Arcyria_'.
+  Page 265
+    'In typical spcimens'
+    changed 'spcimens' to 'specimens'.
+  Page 269
+    3. Trichia iowenis _Macbr._
+    Changed 'iowenis' to 'iowensis'.
+  Page 289
+    '[Greek: klaotos]' changed to '[Greek: klastos].
+  Page 289
+    '[Greek: echiuos]' changed to '[Greek: echinos]'.
+  Page 290
+    '[Greek: lanchos]' changed to '[Greek: lachnos]'.
+  Page 290
+    LEPIDODERMA, 144
+    [Greek: lepis], a scale, and [Greek: 'depma'], a covering. Gr.
+    changed 'depma' to 'derma'.
+  Page 290
+    '[Greek: gala], a, milk. Gr.' changed to '[Greek: gala], milk. Gr.'.
+    Removed 'a,'.
+  Page 290
+    '[Greek: ophix]' unchanged.
+    Maybe '[Greek: tricha]' would be more appropriate.
+  Page 292
+    'Diachafa 185' changed to 'Diachaea 185' to match the referenced page.
+  Page 297
+    'pulchripes _Peck_, 69.' changed to 'pulcherripes _Peck_, 69.' to
+    match the referenced page.
+  Page 304
+    _Badhamia macrocarpa_ Rost., p. 7.
+    'changed p. 7.' to 'p. 37.'
+  Page 324
+    _Comatricha subcaespitosa_ Peck, p. 282.
+    changed 'p. 282' to 'p. 185'.
+  Page 324
+    _Comatricha gracilis_ Wingate, p. 184.
+    changed 'p. 184.' to 'p. 183'.
+  Page 328
+    _Badhamia orbiculata_ Rex., p. 66.
+    changed 'p. 66.' to 'p. 37.'
+  Page 338
+    'showing transional phases'
+    changed 'transional to 'transitional'.
+  Various pages
+    Inconsistent hyphenation:
+    flavo-fusca          flavofusca
+    flavo-fuscum         flavofuscum
+    net-work             network
+    wide-spread          widespread
+
+
+
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+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The North American Slime-Moulds, by Thomas H.
+(Thomas Huston) MacBride</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The North American Slime-Moulds</p>
+<p>       A Descriptive List of All Species of Myxomycetes Hitherto Reported from the Continent of North America, with Notes on Some Extra-Limital Species</p>
+<p>Author: Thomas H. (Thomas Huston) MacBride</p>
+<p>Release Date: January 27, 2010  [eBook #31098]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Peter Vachuska, Chuck Greif, Leonard Johnson,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+
+<h1>
+THE NORTH AMERICAN<br />
+SLIME-MOULDS<br />
+</h1>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p style='font-size:.8em;'>
+THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br />
+<span style='font-size:.8em;'>NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO · DALLAS<br />
+ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO</span><br />
+<br />
+MACMILLAN &amp; CO., <span class="smcap">Limited</span><br />
+<span style='font-size:.8em;'>LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA<br />
+MELBOURNE</span><br />
+<br />
+THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span><br />
+<span style='font-size:.8em;'>TORONTO</span><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px; margin-top:3em;">
+<a name="front" id="front">&nbsp;</a>
+<a href="images/front.jpg">
+<img src="images/front-s.jpg" width="300" height="183"
+ alt="Physarum notabile."
+ title="Physarum notabile." />
+</a>
+<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Physarum notabile</span><br />
+(Enlarged one half)<br />
+
+In the field; sporangia in varied magnification, due to inequality in background.</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="center">
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<h1>
+THE NORTH AMERICAN<br />
+SLIME-MOULDS</h1>
+<br />
+<br />
+<p style="font-size:.8em"><i>A DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF</i></p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<p>ALL SPECIES OF MYXOMYCETES<br />
+HITHERTO REPORTED FROM THE CONTINENT OF<br />
+NORTH AMERICA</p>
+<br />
+<p style="font-size:.8em">WITH NOTES ON SOME EXTRA-LIMITAL SPECIES</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<p><span style="font-size:.8em">BY</span><br />
+THOMAS H. MACBRIDE<br />
+<span style="font-size:.8em">STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA</span></p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<p style="font-size:.9em">NEW AND REVISED EDITION</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<p><b>New York</b><br />
+THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br />
+<span style="font-size:.8em">LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span><br />
+1922</span></p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<p style="font-size:.6em"><i>All rights reserved</i></p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1899,<br />
+<span class="smcap">By</span> THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.</p>
+<p style="font-size:.8em"><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1922,<br />
+<span class="smcap">By</span> THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<p style="font-size:.8em"><b>The Clio Press</b><br />
+Iowa City, Iowa, U. S. A.</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+
+<p>
+<span style="font-size:.8em">· IN · MEMORIAM ·</span><br />
+· SAMUELIS · CALVINI ·<br />
+<span style="font-size:.8em">· SCIENTIAE · NATURALIS · IN · UNIVERSITATE · IOWENSI ·<br />
+· NUPER · PROFESSORIS ·<br />
+· PRAECEPTORIS · COMITIS · AMICI ·<br />
+· HUNC · LIBRUM ·<br />
+· GRATO · ANIMO · DEDICAT ·<br />
+· DISCIPULUS ·</span><br />
+</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+</div>
+
+<div class="poem" style="width:25em;"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Ihr naht euch wieder schwankende Gestalten,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Die früh sich einst dem trüben Blick gezeigt."<br /></span>
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">Goethe.</span><br /><br /><br /></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"Diese Kinder der Natur, welche aus einer ungeformten
+Gallert, und einem unsichtbaren Saamen entstehen, sind im
+stande, in dem sie sich nach und nach entwickeln und ihre
+scheinbar nachlässige Bildung genau beobachten (lassen),
+eben so sehr als die schönste Pflanze, einem empfindenden
+Herzen die tiefe Achtung und das paradiesische Vernügen
+zu verschaffen, welches einzig die Betrachtung der Heere
+der Natur und ihre gleichbleibende Erhaltung durch eine
+ewige Kraft hervorbringen kann."</p>
+
+<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">A. J. G. C. Batsch</span> 1783.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table width="80%" border="0" summary="Table of Contents.">
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PREFACE_TO_THE_FIRST_EDITION1">Preface</a></span></td><td align="right">ix</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PREFACE_TO_THE_SECOND_EDITION">Preface to Second Edition</a></span></td><td align="right">xiii</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">Bibliography</a></span></td><td align="right">xv</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INTRODUCTORY">Introductory</a></span></td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#THE_NORTH_AMERICAN">The Myxomycetes</a></span></td><td align="right">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#ADDENDA">Addenda</a></span></td><td align="right">282</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#INDEX">Index of Genera</a></span></td><td align="right">289</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#index_sp">Index of Species</a></span></td><td align="right">290</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#PLATES">Plates, with Explanations</a></span></td><td align="right">301</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CORRIGENDA" id="CORRIGENDA"></a>CORRIGENDA</h2>
+
+
+<p>The indulgent student will please notice the following
+for the new edition <i>North American Slime Moulds</i>&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="list">
+<p>On <a href="#Page_63">p. 63</a>, No. 17, read <i>Physarum megalosporum</i> Macbr. Last line should
+read 1917 Physarum <i>melanospermum</i> Sturgis, <i>Mycologia</i>, Vol. IX,
+p. 323.</p>
+
+<p>On <a href="#Page_67">p. 67</a>, last line but one, at the end, read, p. 323.</p>
+
+<p>On <a href="#Page_67">p. 67</a>, insert just before No. 23, Vicinity of Philadelphia,&mdash;<i>Bilgram</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On <a href="#Page_327">p. 327</a>, <a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII</a>, lacks numbers. These may readily be supplied by
+consulting descriptive text.</p>
+
+<p>On <a href="#Page_344">p. 344</a>, in explanation figure 2, last word read hour.</p>
+
+<p>On <a href="#Page_346">p. 346</a>, for name of species read <i>Fuligo rufa</i> Pers., p. 28.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="PREFACE_TO_THE_FIRST_EDITION1" id="PREFACE_TO_THE_FIRST_EDITION1"></a>PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h2>
+
+
+<p>The present work has grown out of a monograph entitled
+<i>Myxomycetes of Eastern Iowa</i>, published by the present author about
+eight years ago. The original work was intended chiefly for the use
+of the author's own pupils; but interest in the subject proved much
+wider than had been supposed, and a rather large edition of that
+little work was speedily exhausted. At that time literature on the
+subject in question&mdash;literature accessible to English readers&mdash;was
+scant indeed. Cooke's translation of Rostafinski, in so far as concerned
+the species of Great Britain, was practically all there was to
+be consulted in English.</p>
+
+<p>In 1892 appeared in London Massee's <i>Monograph of the
+Myxogastres</i>, and two years later in the same world's centre the
+trustees of the British Museum brought out Lister's <i>Mycetozoa</i>.
+Although these two English works both claim revision of the entire
+group under discussion, the latter paying special attention to American
+forms, nevertheless there still seems place for a less pretentious
+volume which for American students shall present succinct descriptions
+of North American species only. The material basis of the
+present work consists of collections now in the herbarium of the
+State University of Iowa. In accumulating the material the author
+has had the generous assistance of botanists in all parts of the country,
+from Alaska to Panama, and the geographical distribution is in
+most cases authenticated by specimens from the localities named.
+The descriptions, in case of species represented in Europe, are based
+upon those of European authors; for forms first described in this
+country, the original descriptions have been consulted. A bibliography
+follows this preface.</p>
+
+<p>In reference to the omnipresent vexed question of nomenclature, a
+word is perhaps necessary. De Candolle's rule, "The first authentic
+specific name published under the genus in which the species now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>
+stands," may be true philosophy, but it is certainly an open question
+how that rule shall be applied. If an author recognized and defined
+a given species in times past, and, in accordance with views then
+held, assigned the species to a particular genus, common honesty, it
+would seem, would require that his work be recognized. To assume
+that any later writer who may choose to set to familiar genera limits
+unknown before shall thereby be empowered to write all species so
+displaced his own, as if, forsooth, now for the first time in the history
+of science published or described, is not only absolutely and inexcusably
+misleading, but actually increases by just so much the
+amount of <i>débris</i> with which the taxonomy of the subject is already
+cumbered.</p>
+
+<p>In face of a work so painstaking and voluminous as that of
+Rostafinski, and in view of the almost universal confusion that preceded
+him, it would seem idle to change for reasons purely technical
+the nomenclature which the Polish author has established. Especially
+is this true in the case of organisms so very perishable and fragile as
+those now in question where comparative revision is apt to result in
+uncertainty. We had preferred to leave the Rostafinskian, <i>i. e.</i> the
+heretofore current nomenclature, untouched; but since other writers
+have preferred to do otherwise, we are compelled to recognize the
+resultant confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Slime-moulds have long attracted the attention of the student of
+nature. For nearly two hundred years they find place more or less
+definite in botanical literature. Micheli, 1729, figures a number of
+them, some so accurately that the identity of the species is hardly to
+be questioned. Other early writers are Buxbaum and Dillenius.
+But the great names before Rostafinski are Schrader, Persoon, and
+Fries. Schrader's judgment was especially clear. In his <i>Nova
+Genera</i>, 1797, he recognizes plainly the difference between slime-moulds
+and everything else that passed by the name of fungus, and
+proposed that they should be set off in a family by themselves,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> but
+he suggested no definite name. Nees (C. G.) also made the same
+observation in 1817, and proposed the name <i>Ærogastres</i>; but he
+cites as type of his ærogastres, <i>Eurotium</i>, and includes so many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span>
+fungi, that it seems unsafe now to approve his nomenclature.
+Schrader also has left an excellent account of the cribrarias, the basis
+of all that has since been attempted in that genus.</p>
+
+<p>Persoon, in his <i>Synopsis</i>, 1801, attempts a review of all the fungi
+known up to that time. His notes and synonymy are invaluable,
+enabling us to understand the references of many of the earlier
+authors where these had otherwise been indefinite if not unintelligible.
+He makes a great many changes in nomenclature, and excuses
+himself on the ground that he follows, in this particular, illustrious
+examples! Unfortunately, so do we all!</p>
+
+<p>Fries, in his <i>Systema Mycologicum</i>, 1829, summed up in most
+wonderful way the work of all his predecessors and the mycologic
+science of his time. In reading Fries the modern student hardly
+knows which most to admire, the author's far-reaching, patient research,
+the singular acumen of his taxonomic instinct, the graceful
+exactness of the Latin in which his conclusions are expressed, or the
+delicate courtesy with which he touches the work even the most
+primitive, of those his predecessors or contemporaries. Nevertheless
+in our particular group even the determinations of Fries are not conclusive.
+He himself often confesses as much. The microscopic technique
+of that day did not yield the data needful for minute comparison
+among these most delicate forms.</p>
+
+<p>It remained for DeBary and Rostafinski to introduce a new factor
+into the description of species, and by spore-measurement and the
+delineation of microscopic detail to supply an element of definiteness
+which has no parallel in the work of any earlier student of this
+group. Under these conditions the revision undertaken by Rostafinski
+was of a most heroic sort. His work was almost a new
+beginning; and while in nomenclature he was inclined to follow the
+Paris Code, yet the inadequacy of the earlier descriptions often made
+such a course impracticable. The synonymy of Rostafinski is largely
+that of Fries, and upon this the Polish author attempts to apply the
+law of priority. In the historical note, <i>wzmianka historyczna</i>, accompanying
+the description of each specific form, he generally states
+the reason for the nomenclature he adopts, whether selected from the
+mass of supposed synonymy or introduced by himself <i>de novo</i>. Unfortunately,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>
+Rostafinski is sometimes purely arbitrary in his selections.
+He sometimes changes a specific or even generic name,
+otherwise correctly applied, simply because in primary etymological
+significance the name seems to him inappropriate. In such cases it is
+proper to restore the earlier name. Nevertheless Rostafinski is still
+our most trustworthy guide.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, where later investigations have served to obliterate the
+once-thought patent distinctions between supposed genera or species,
+it is proper to unite such forms under the older determinable titles
+and this we have attempted. But wherever in the present work a
+name has been changed, the name of the earlier author will be found
+in parenthesis, followed immediately by that of him who made the
+change, and in general, recent practice, especially as expressed in the
+rules of the various codes, has determined the puzzling questions of
+nomenclature.</p>
+
+<p>In justification of the use of <i>Myxomycetes</i> as a general title it
+may be said that in this case prevalent usage is not inconsistent with
+a rational application of the rules of priority. The Friesian designation
+<i>Myxogastres</i> was applied by its author in 1829 to the endosporous
+slime-moulds as a section of gasteromycetous fungi. Four
+years later Link, perceiving more clearly the absolute distinctness of
+the group, substituted the name <i>Myxomycetes</i>. In the same year
+Wallroth adopted the same designation, but strangely confused the
+limitations of the group he named. Wallroth seems to have thought
+<i>Myxomycetes</i> a synonym for <i>Gasteromycetes</i> Fries. In 1858 DeBary
+applied the title <i>Mycetozoa</i> to a group which included the then
+lately discovered <i>Acrasieae</i> with the true slime-moulds, both endosporous
+and exosporous. For all except the <i>Acrasieae</i> DeBary retained
+the old appellation, Myxomycetes. Rostafinski adopted
+DeBary's general name, but changed its application. As it has been
+shown, since DeBary's time, that the <i>Acrasieae</i><a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> have no true plasmodium,
+and are therefore not properly, or at least not necessarily,
+associated with the slime-moulds, there appears no necessity for the
+term <i>Mycetozoa</i>, and the question lies between <i>Myxogastres</i> and
+<i>Myxomycetes</i>. Of these two names the former, as we have seen, has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span>
+undoubted priority, but only as applied to the endosporous species.
+The same thing was true of Link's designation until DeBary redefined
+it, but having been taken up by DeBary, redefined and
+correctly applied, Myxomycetes (Link) DeBary must remain the
+undisputed title for all true slime-moulds, endosporous and exosporous
+alike.</p>
+
+<p>In arranging the larger divisions of the group the scheme of
+Rostafinski has been somewhat modified in order to give expression
+to what the present author deems a more natural sequence of species.
+The highest expression of myxomycetan fructification is doubtless the
+isolated sporangium with its capillitium. This is reached by successive
+differentiations from the simple plasmodium. The æthalium may
+be esteemed in some instances a case of degeneration, in others of
+arrested development. In any event in the present arrangement,
+æthalioid forms are first disposed of, leaving the sporangiate species
+to follow from plasmodiocarpous as directly as may be.</p>
+
+<p>The artificial keys herewith presented proceed on the same plan
+and are to be taken, as such keys always are, not as definitive in any
+case, but simply as an aid to help the student more speedily to reach
+a probably satisfactory description.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>The North American Slime Moulds</i>, 1899.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Schrader, <i>Nova Plantarum Genera</i>, 1797, pp. vi-vii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Cf. Edgar W. Olive, <i>Monograph of the Acrasieae</i>; Boston, 1902.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="PREFACE_TO_THE_SECOND_EDITION" id="PREFACE_TO_THE_SECOND_EDITION"></a>PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION</h2>
+
+
+<p>The first edition of this little book having been exhausted long
+ago, the writer in this second issue takes opportunity to correct
+sundry errata, typographical and other, and at the same time to
+incorporate such new information in reference to individual species
+and to the subject entire as the researches of more recent years may
+afford.</p>
+
+<p>To Miss Gulielma Lister, of London, the writer expresses his
+sense of deep obligation for much assistance in settling difficult matters
+of nomenclature and identification; it will be found as a result
+that in most instances the same thing in the two volumes, English
+and American, appears under the same name. There are still differences;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>
+these result in most cases from different points of view,
+different estimates or emphasis of characteristics in these ever elusive
+objects.</p>
+
+<p>To Professor Torrend, formerly of Lisbon, the writer is indebted
+for a set of European types, and to Professor Bethel, pathologist of
+Denver, for rich material from the fertile mountains of Colorado
+and California. To Professor Morton Peck, of Oregon, we are indebted
+for many notes of the color of plasmodia and for collections
+of Pacific coast forms. Mr. Bilgram, of Philadelphia, read the manuscript
+of the genus <i>Physarum</i> and has contributed many rare species.
+To Dr. Sturgis, of Massachusetts, we are indebted for material from
+both east and west.</p>
+
+<p>The present volume is intended especially for American readers
+and is accordingly particularly devoted to a discussion of species so
+far reported on the western continent; nevertheless it has seemed
+wise to include a brief description of some other forms as well, and
+reference to many extra-limital species now generally recognized will
+be found here and there in connection with the more extended treatment
+of related American forms.</p>
+
+<p><i>February twenty-eight, 1921.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>At the last moment, nearly all plates and drawings of the first edition
+disappeared! necessitating a quick renewal of drawings and plates. This
+may in part explain lack of uniformity, and various minor irregularities sure
+to grieve the intelligent student.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2>
+
+
+<p>The following are the principal works consulted in the prosecution
+of the investigations here recorded:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="list">
+<p>1763. Adanson, M. Familles des Plantes.</p>
+
+<p>1805. Albertini&mdash;see under Schweinitz.</p>
+
+<p>1841. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London, various volumes:
+1841, Ser. I., vol. vi.; 1850, Ser. II., vol. v.</p>
+
+<p>1887. Annals of Botany, vols. i-xxxi.</p>
+
+<p>1783. Batsch, A. J. G. C. Elenchus Fungorum; with Continuatio I. 1786;
+Continuatio II. 1789.</p>
+
+<p>1775. Battara, A. Fungorum Agri Arimensis Historia.</p>
+
+<p>1860. Berkeley, M. J. Outlines of Fungology.</p>
+
+<p>1789. Bolton, J. History of Funguses about Halifax.</p>
+
+<p>1851. Bonorden, H. F. Mycologie.</p>
+
+<p>1875. Botanical Gazette, The. Various volumes to 1921.</p>
+
+<p>1843. Botanische Zeitung. Various volumes to 1898.</p>
+
+<p>1892. Bulletin Laboratories Nat. Hist. Iowa, vol. ii.</p>
+
+<p>1873. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club. Various volumes to 1898.</p>
+
+<p>1791. Bulliard, P. Histoire des Champignons de la France.</p>
+
+<p>1721. Buxbaum, J. C. Enumeratio Plantarum.</p>
+
+<p>1863. Cienkowski, L. Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Myxomyceten.</p>
+
+<p>1893. Celakowsky, L. Die Myxomyceten B&oelig;hmens.</p>
+
+<p>1871. Cooke, M. C. Handbook of British Fungi.</p>
+
+<p>1877. Cooke, M. C. Myxomycetes of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>1877. Cooke, M. C. Myxomycetes of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>1837. Corda, A. I. C. Icones Fungorum.</p>
+
+<p>1854. Currey, F., in Quart. Journal Microscopical Science.</p>
+
+<p>1848. Curtis, M. A. Contributions to the Mycology of North America;
+Am. Journal of Science and Arts.</p>
+
+<p>1859. De Bary, A. H. Die Mycetozoen.</p>
+
+<p>1866. De Bary, A. H. Morphologie der Pilze, Mycetozoen und Bacterien.</p>
+
+<p>1802. De Candolle, A. P. Flore Française.</p>
+
+<p>1719. Dillenius, J. J. Catalogus Plantarum circa Cissam nascentium.</p>
+
+<p>1813. Ditmar, L. P. F., Sturm, Deutschlands Flora, 3te Abtheil; Die Pilze
+Deutschlands.</p>
+
+<p>1878. Ellis, J. B. North American Fungi. <i>Exsiccati. et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>1818. Ehrenberg, C. G. Sylvæ Mycologicæ Berolinenses.</p>
+
+<p>1761. Flora, Danica, vol. i.; also vols. iii. iv. v.</p>
+
+<p>1817. Fries, Elias M. Symbolæ Gasteromycetum.</p>
+
+<p>1818. Fries, Elias M. Observationes Mycologicæ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>1829. Fries, Elias M. Systema Mycologicum.</p>
+
+<p>1873. Fuckel, I. Symbolæ Mycologicæ.</p>
+
+<p>1791. Gmelin, C. C. Systema Naturæ, Tom. II., Pars. ii.</p>
+
+<p>1823. Greville, R. K. Scottish Cryptogamic Flora.</p>
+
+<p>1872. Grevillea, various volumes to 1897.</p>
+
+<p>1751. Hill, Sir John. A History of Plants.</p>
+
+<p>1795. Hoffman, G. C. Deutschlands Flora.</p>
+
+<p>1773. Jacquin, N. I. Miscellanea Austriaca.</p>
+
+<p>1885. Journal of Mycology and <i>seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>1878. Karsten, Mycologia Fennica.</p>
+
+<p>1809. Link, H. F. Nova Plantarum Genera.</p>
+
+<p>1753. Linné, C. Systema Naturæ&mdash;to 1767.</p>
+
+<p>1894. Lister, Arthur. The Mycetozoa; 1911, Second Edition, revised by
+Gulielma Lister.</p>
+
+<p>1892. Massee, George. Monograph of the Myxogastres.</p>
+
+<p>1729. Micheli, P. A. Nova Plantarum Genera.</p>
+
+<p>1892. Morgan, A. P. Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley&mdash;to 1895.</p>
+
+<p>1816. Nees, Ch. G. D. Das System der Pilze und Schwamme.</p>
+
+<p>1837. Nees, T. F. L. et A. Henry. Das System der Pilze.</p>
+
+<p>1869. Peck, Charles H. Reports N. Y. State Museum Nat. History&mdash;to
+1898.</p>
+
+<p>1795. Persoon, C. H. Observationes Mycologicæ, Pars prima.</p>
+
+<p>1799. Persoon, C. H. Observationes Mycologicæ, Pars secunda.</p>
+
+<p>1797. Persoon, C. H. Tentamen Dispositionis Methodicæ Fungorum.</p>
+
+<p>1801. Persoon, C. H. Synopsis Methodica Fungorum.</p>
+
+<p>1844. Rabenhorst, L. Deutschland's Kryptogamenflora.</p>
+
+<p>1884. Raciborski, M. Myxomycetes Agri Krakov. Genera, Species et
+Varietates novæ.</p>
+
+<p>1888. Raunkiær, C. Myxomycetes Daniæ.</p>
+
+<p>1769. Retzius, A. J. In Handlungen, Kon. Svensk. Vet. Acad.</p>
+
+<p>1890. Rex, George A. In Proceedings Philad. Acad. of Nat. Sciences&mdash;to
+1893.</p>
+
+<p>1873. Rostafinski, J. Versuch eines Systems der Mycetozoen.</p>
+
+<p>1875. Rostafinski, J. Sluzowce Monografia.</p>
+
+<p>1778. Roth, A. W. Tentamen Floræ Germanicæ.</p>
+
+<p>1888. Saccardo, P. A. Sylloge Fungorum, vol. vii., <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>1841. Sauter, A. Flora, vol. xxiv., p. 316.</p>
+
+<p>1762. Schaeffer, J. C. Fungi qui in Bav. et Pal. nascuntur&mdash;to 1774.</p>
+
+<p>1797. Schrader, H. A. Nova Genera Plantarum.</p>
+
+<p>1890. Schroeter, J. Myxomycetes, in Engler u. Prantl Pflanzenfamilien.</p>
+
+<p>1885. Schroeter, J. Kryptogamenflora von Schlesien, die Pilze.</p>
+
+<p>1801. Schumacher, C. F. Enumeratio Plant. Sæll. crescentium.</p>
+
+<p>1805. Albertini, I. and Schweinitz, L. D. de. Conspectus Fungorum.</p>
+
+<p>1822. Schweinitz, L. D. de. Synopsis Fungorum Car. Sup.</p>
+
+<p>1834. Schweinitz, L. D. de. Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali.</p>
+
+<p>1797. Sowerby, J. English Fungi&mdash;to 1809; 3 vols.</p>
+
+<p>1760. Scopoli, J. A. Flora Carniolica&mdash;to 1772.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>1797. Trentepohl, K. Observations Botanicae,&mdash;to Roth, Catalecta
+Botanica, Fasc. i.</p>
+
+<p>1833. Wallroth, C. F. Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae.</p>
+
+<p>1787. Willdenow, K. L. Florae Berolinensis Prodromus.</p>
+
+<p>1886. Wingate, Harold, Jour. Mycol. ii., 125.</p>
+
+<p>1889. Wingate Harold, In Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</p>
+
+<p>1890. Wingate, Harold&mdash;in Revue Mycologique.</p>
+
+<p>1873. Woronin u. Famintzin, Ueber Zwei neuen Formen von Schleimpilzen.</p>
+
+<p>1885. Zopf, W. Die Pilzthiere oder Schleimpilze.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To these may be added the many contributions on the general
+subject, as these are found in all sorts of current botanical literature;
+cited everywhere in this volume as occasion offered.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTORY" id="INTRODUCTORY"></a>INTRODUCTORY</h2>
+
+
+<p>The Myxomycetes, or slime-moulds, include certain very delicate
+and extremely beautiful fungus-like organisms common in all the
+moist and wooded regions of the earth. Deriving sustenance, as they
+for the most part do, in connection with the decomposition of organic
+matter, they are usually to be found upon or near decaying logs,
+sticks, leaves, and other masses of vegetable detritus, wherever the
+quantity of such material is sufficient to insure continuous moisture.
+In fruit, however, as will appear hereafter, slime-moulds may occur
+on objects of any and every sort. Their minuteness retires them from
+ordinary ken; but such is the extreme beauty of their microscopic
+structure, such the exceeding interest of their life-history, that for
+many years enthusiastic students have found the group one of peculiar
+fascination, in some respects, at least, the most interesting and remarkable
+that falls beneath our lens.</p>
+
+<p>The slime-mould presents in the course of its life-history two very
+distinct phases: the <i>vegetative</i>, or growing, assimilating phase, and
+the <i>reproductive</i>. The former is in many cases inconspicuous and
+therefore unobserved; the latter generally receives more or less attention
+at the hands of the collector of fungi. The vegetative phase
+differs from the corresponding phase of all other plants in that it
+exhibits extreme simplicity of structure, if structure that may be
+called which consists of a simple mass of protoplasm destitute of cell-walls,
+protean in form and am&oelig;boid in its movements. This phase
+of the slime-mould is described as plasmodial and it is proper to
+designate the vegetative phase in any species, as the <i>plasmodium</i> of
+the species. It was formerly taught that the plasmodium is unicellular,
+but more recent investigation has shown that the plasmodial
+protoplasm is not only multinuclear but karyokinetic; its cells divide
+and redivide, as do the <i>reproductive</i> cells of plants and animals generally.
+Nevertheless, in its plasmodial phase, the slime-mould is
+hardly to be distinguished from any other protoplasmic mass, may be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+compared to a giant am&oelig;ba, and justifies in so far the views of those
+systematists who would remove the slime-moulds from the domain of
+the botanist altogether, and call them animals. The plasmodium is
+often quite large. It may frequently be found covering with manifold
+ramifications and net-like sheets the surface of some convenient
+substratum for the space of several square feet.</p>
+
+<p>The substance of the plasmodium has about the consistency of the
+white of an egg; is slippery to the touch, tasteless, and odorless.
+Plasmodia vary in color in different species and at different times in
+the same species. The prevailing color is yellow, but may be brown,
+orange, red, ruby-red, violet, in fact any tint, even green. Young
+plasmodia in certain species are colorless (as in <i>Diderma floriforme</i>),
+while many have a peculiar écru-white or creamy tint difficult to
+define. Not only does the color change, sometimes more than once
+in the course of the life history of the same species, but it may be the
+same for several forms, which in fruit are singularly diverse indeed,
+so that the mere color of the plasmodium brings small assistance to
+the systematist. In fact, the color depends no doubt upon the presence
+in the plasmodium of various matters, more or less foreign, unassimilated,
+possibly some of them excretory, differing from day to
+day.</p>
+
+<p>In its plasmodial state, as has been said, the slime-mould affects
+damp or moist situations, and during warm weather in such places
+spreads over all moist surfaces, creeps through the interstices of the
+rotting bark, spreads between the cells, between the growth-layers of
+the wood, runs in corded vein-like nets between the wood and bark,
+and finds in all these cases nutrition in the products of organic decomposition.
+Such a plasmodium may be divided, and so long as
+suitable surroundings are maintained, each part will manifest all the
+properties of the whole. Parts of the same plasmodium will even
+coalesce again. If a piece of plasmodium-bearing wood be brought
+indoors, be protected from desiccation by aid of a moist dark chamber,
+not too warm (70° F.), the organism seems to suffer little if
+any injury, but will continue for days or weeks to manifest all the
+phenomena of living matter. Thus, under such circumstances, the
+plasmodium will constantly change shape and position, can be induced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+to spread over a plate of moist glass, and so be transferred to
+the stage of a microscope, there to exhibit in the richest and most
+interesting and abundant fashion the streaming protoplasmic currents.
+As just indicated, the plasmodia follow moisture, creep from
+one moist substance to another, especially follow nutritive substrata.
+They seem also to secure in some way exclusive possession. I have
+never seen them interfered with by hyphæ or enemies of any sort,
+nor do they seem to interfere with one another. Plasmodia of two
+common species, <i>Hemitrichia clavata</i> and <i>H. vesparium</i> are often
+side by side on the same substratum, but do not mix, and their perfected
+fruits presently stand erect side by side, each with its own
+characteristics, entirely unaffected by the presence of the other. On
+the other hand, it is probable that some of the forms which, judged
+by their different fructifications, and by this alone, are to us distinct,
+may be more closely related than we suspect, and puzzling phases
+which show the distinctive marks supposed to characterize different
+species are no doubt sometimes to be explained on the theory of
+plasmodial crossing; they are hybrids.</p>
+
+<p>Under certain conditions, low temperature, lack of moisture, the
+plasmodium may pass into a resting phase, when it masses itself in
+heaps and may become quite dry in lumps of considerable size, and so
+await the return of favorable conditions when former activity is
+quickly resumed. Sometimes the larger plasmodia pass into the resting
+phase by undergoing a very peculiar change of structure. In
+ordinary circumstances the abundant free nuclei demonstrable in the
+plasmodium afford the only evidence of cellular organization. In
+passing now into the condition of rest, the whole protoplasmic mass
+separates simultaneously into numerous definite polyhedral or parenchymatous
+cells, each with a well-developed <i>cellulose wall</i>.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> When
+the conditions essential to activity are restored, the walls disappear,
+the cellulose is resorbed, and the plasmodium resumes its usual habit
+and structure.</p>
+
+<p>The plasmodial phase of the slime-mould, like the hyphal phase of
+the fungus, may continue a long time; for months, possibly for years.
+The reason for making the latter statement will presently appear.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+But however long or short the plasmodial phase continue, the time of
+fruit, the reproductive phase, at length arrives. When this time
+comes, induced partly by a certain maturity in the organism itself,
+partly no doubt by the trend of external conditions, the plasmodium
+no longer as before evades the light, but pushes to the surface, and
+appears usually in some elevated or exposed position, the upper side
+of the log, the top of the stump, the upper surface of its habitat,
+whatever that may be; or even leaves its nutrient base entirely and
+finds lodging on some neighboring object. In such emergency the
+stems and leaves of flowering plants are often made to serve, and
+even fruits and flowers afford convenient resting places. The object
+now to be attained is not the formation of fruit alone, but likewise
+its speedy desiccation and the prompt dispersal of the perfected
+spores. Nothing can be more interesting than to watch the slime-mould
+as its plasmodium accomplishes this its last migration. If
+hitherto its habitat has been the soft interior of a rotten log, it now
+begins to ooze out in all directions, to well up through the crevices of
+the bark as if pushed by some energy acting in the rear, to stream
+down upon the ground, to flow in a hundred tiny streams over all
+the region round about, to climb all stems, ascend all branches, to
+the height of many inches, all to pass suddenly as if by magic charm
+into one widespread, dusty field of flying spores. Or, to be more
+exact, whatever the position ultimately assumed, the plasmodium soon
+becomes quiescent, takes on definite and ultimate shape, which varies
+greatly, almost for each species. Thus it may simply form a flat,
+cake-like mass, <i>aethalium</i>, internally divided into an indefinite number
+of ill-defined spore cases, sporangia; or the plasmodium may take
+the form of a simple net, <i>plasmodiocarp</i>, whose cords stand out like
+swollen veins, whose meshes vary both in form and size; or more
+commonly the whole protoplasmic mass breaks up into little spheroidal
+heaps which may be sessile directly on the substratum, or may be
+lifted on tiny stems, stipitate, which may rest in turn upon a common
+sheet-like film, or more or less continuous net, spreading beneath
+them all, the <i>hypothallus</i>. In any case, each differentiated portion of
+the plasmodium, portion poorly or well defined, elongate, net-like,
+spheroidal, elliptical, or of whatever shape, becomes at length a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+sporangium, spore-case, receptacle for the development and temporary
+preservation of the spores.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>The slime-moulds were formerly classed with the gasteromycetous
+fungi, puff-balls, and in description of their fruiting phase the terms
+applicable to the description of a puff-ball are still employed, although
+it will be understood that the structures described are not in
+the two cases homologous; analogous only. The sporangium of the
+slime-mould exhibits usually a distinct <i>peridium</i>, or outer limiting
+wall, which is at first continuous, enclosing the spores and their attendant
+machinery, but at length ruptures, irregularly as a rule, and
+so suffers the contents to escape. The peridium may be double,
+varies in texture, color, persistence, and so forth, as will be more
+fully set forth in the several specific descriptions. The peridium
+blends with the hypothallus below when such structure is recognizable,
+either directly, when the sporangium is sessile, or by the
+intervention of a <i>stipe</i>. The stipe may be hollow, may contain coloring
+matter of some sort, or may even contain peculiar spore-like cells
+or spores; is often furrowed, and in some cases shows a disposition to
+unite or blend with the stalks of neighboring sporangia. In many
+cases the stipe is continued upward, more or less definitely into the
+cavity of the sporangium, and there forms the <i>columella</i>, sometimes
+simple and rounded, like the analogous structure in the <i>Mucores</i>,
+sometimes as in <i>Comatricha</i>, branching again and again in wonderful
+richness and complexity.</p>
+
+<p>Each sporangium is at maturity filled with numerous unicellular
+spores. These are usually spherical, sometimes flattened at various
+points by mutual contact; they are of various colors, more commonly
+yellow or violet brown, are sometimes smooth (?), but generally
+roughened either by the presence of minute warts, or spines, or by
+the occurence of more or less strongly elevated bands dividing reticulately
+the entire surface. The spores are in all cases small 3&ndash;20 µ,
+and reveal their surface characters only under the most excellent
+lenses.</p>
+
+<p>Associated with the spores in the sporangium occurs the <i>capillitium</i>.
+This consists of most delicate thread-or hair-like elements, offering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+great variety both in form and structure. The threads composing the
+capillitium are not to be regarded, even when free, as cells, nor even
+of cellular origin; probably, as would appear from the researches of
+Strasburger and Harper, all forms of capillitial threads arise in connection
+with vacuoles in the protoplasmic mass. "Whether the
+thread is hollow or solid, simple or branched, free or connected with
+the peridium or a columella,&mdash;these are entirely secondary conditions,
+depending on the extent and form of the vacuoles."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> They
+may occur singly or be combined into a net, they may be terete or
+flat, attached to the peridial wall or free, simple or adorned with
+bands or spires and knobs in every variety, uniform or profusely
+knotted and thickened at intervals, and burdened with calcic particles.
+In many cases, the capillitium contributes materially to the
+dispersal of the spores; in others, it doubtless contributes mechanically
+to the support of the peridial wall, and renders so far persistent
+the delicate sporangium. For more exact description the
+reader is again referred to the specific delineations which follow.</p>
+
+<p>The transition from phase to phase requires, as intimated, no
+great length of time. <i>Tilmadoche polycephala</i> completed the transition
+from vegetative to fruiting phase in less than twelve hours.</p>
+
+<p>The germination of the spores ensues closely upon their dispersal
+or maturity and is unique in many respects.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> The wall of the spore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+is ruptured and the protoplasmic content escapes as a zoöspore indistinguishable
+so far from an am&oelig;ba, or from the zoöspore of our
+chytridiaceous fungi. This am&oelig;boid zoöspore is without cell-wall,
+changes its outline, and moves slowly by creeping or flowing from
+point to point. At this stage many of the spores assume each a
+flagellate cilium, and so acquire power of more rapid locomotion.
+The zoöspores, whether ciliate or not, thus enjoy independent existence
+and are capable of continuing such existence for some time,
+assimilating, growing, and even reproducing themselves by simple
+fission, over and over again. This takes place, of course, only in the
+presence of suitable nutrient media.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless the spores of many species germinate quickly simply
+in water, and a drop suspended in the form of the ordinary drop-culture
+on a cover-glass affords ample opportunity. In the course
+of time, usually not more than two or three days, the swarm spores
+cease their activity, lose their cilia, and come to rest, exhibiting at
+most nothing more than the slow am&oelig;boid movement already referred
+to. In the course of two or three days more, in favorable cases, the
+little spores begin to assemble and flow together; at first into small
+aggregations, then larger, until at length all have blended in one
+creeping protoplasmic mass to form thus once again the plasmodium,
+or plasmodial phase with which the round began. Small plasmodia
+may generally be thus obtained artificially from drop-cultures. Such,
+however, in the experience of the writer, are with difficulty kept alive.
+Hay infusions, infusions of rotten wood, etc., may sometimes for a
+time give excellent results.</p>
+
+<p>The spores of <i>Didymium crustaceum</i> were sown upon a heap of
+leaves in autumn. An abundant display of the same species followed
+in the next June; but, of course, the intervening phases were not
+observed. The most satisfactory studies are obtained by plasmodia
+carefully brought in directly from the field. A plasmodium that appeared<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+suddenly and passed to fruit on agar in a petri dish offers a
+valuable suggestion for further research.</p>
+
+<p>With such a life-history as that thus briefly sketched, it is small
+wonder that the taxonomic place of the slime-moulds is a matter of
+uncertainty, not to say perplexity. So long as men studied the
+ripened fruit, the sporangia and the spores, with the marvellous
+capillitium, there seemed little difficulty; the myxomycetes were
+fungi, related to the puff-balls, and in fact to be classed in the same
+natural order. The synonymy of some of the more noticeable species
+affords a very interesting epitome of the history of scientific thought in
+this particular field of investigation. Thus the first described slime-mould
+identifiable by its description is Lycogala epidendrum
+(Buxbaum) Fries, the most puff-ball looking of the whole series.
+Ray, in 1690, called this <i>Fungus coccineus</i>. In 1718, Ruppinus described
+the same thing as <i>Lycoperdon sanguineum</i>; Dillenius at about
+the same time, as <i>Bovista miniata</i>; and it was not until 1729, that
+Micheli so far appreciated the structure of the little puff-ball as to
+give it a definite, independent, generic place and title, <i>Lycogala
+globosum</i> ..., etc.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>But Micheli's light was too strong for his generation. As Fries,
+one hundred years later quaintly says, ... "immortalis Micheli
+tam claram lucem accendit ut succesores proximi eam ne ferre quidem
+potuerint." Notwithstanding Micheli's clear distinctions, he was
+entirely disregarded, and our little Lycogala was dubbed <i>Lycoperdon</i>
+and <i>Mucor</i> down to the end of the century; and so it was not till
+1790 that Persoon comes around to the standpoint of Micheli and
+writes <i>Lycogala miniata</i>. Fries himself, reviewing the labors of his
+predecessors all, grouped the slime-moulds as a sub-order of the gasteromycetes
+and gave expression to his view of their nature and position
+when he named the sub-order <i>Myxogastres</i>. In 1833, Link,
+having more prominently in mind the minuteness of most of the
+species collocated by Fries, and perceiving perhaps more clearly even
+than the great mycologist the entire independence of the group, suggested
+as a substitute for the sub-order <i>Myxogastres</i>, the order
+<i>Myxomycetes, slime-moulds</i>. Link's decision passed unchallenged for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+nearly thirty years. The slime-moulds were set apart by themselves;
+they were fungi without question and, of course, plants.</p>
+
+<p>If the hypha is the morphological test of a fungus, then it is plain
+that the slime-moulds are not fungi. No myxomycete has hyphæ,
+nor indeed anything at all of the kind. Nevertheless, there are certain
+parasitic fungi, <i>Chytridiaceae</i> for example, whose relationships
+plainly entitle them to a place among the hyphate forms that have
+no hyphæ whatever in the entire round of their life-history. These
+are, however, exceptional cases and really do not bear very closely on
+the question at issue.</p>
+
+<p>Physiologically, the fungi are incapable of independent existence,
+being destitute of chlorophyl. In this respect the slime-moulds are
+like the fungi; they are nearly all saprophytes and absolutely destitute
+of chlorophyl. Unfortunately this physiological character is identically
+that one which the fungi share with the whole animal world,
+so that the startling inquiry instantly rises, are the slime-moulds
+plants at all? Are they not animals? Do not their am&oelig;boid spores
+and plasmodia ally them at once to the am&oelig;ba and his congeners, to
+all the monad, rhizopodal world? This is the position suggested by
+DeBary in 1858, and adopted since by many distinguished authorities,
+among whom may be mentioned Saville Kent, of England, and
+Dr. William Zopf, of Germany, in <i>Die Pilzthiere</i>, 1885. Rostafinski
+was a pupil of DeBary's. However, his volume on the slime-moulds
+was written after leaving the laboratory; and no doubt with
+the suggestion of his master still before his mind, he adopts the title
+Mycetozoa, as indicating a closer relationship with the animal world,
+but our leading authority really has little to say in regard to the
+matter.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Schroeter, a recent writer on the subject, after showing the
+probable connection between the phycochromaceous Algae and the
+simplest colorless forms, namely, the <i>Schizomycetes</i>, goes on to remark:
+"At the same point where the Schizomycetous series take
+rise, there begin certain other lines of development among the most
+diminutive protoplasmic masses.... Through the amoebæ one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+of these lines gives rise on the one hand to rhizopods and sponges in
+the animal kingdom, on the other to the <i>Myxomycetes</i> among the
+fungi." This ranges the Myxomycetes, in origin at least, near the
+<i>Schizomycetes</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The brilliant studies of Dr. Thaxter, resulting in the discovery and
+recognition of a new group, a new order of the schizomycetes, strikingly
+confirm the judgment of Schroeter.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> Here we have forms
+that strangely unite characteristics of both the groups in question.
+If on the one hand the <i>Myxobacteria</i> are certainly schizomycetes,
+on the other they just as certainly offer in their developmental history
+"phenomena closely resembling those presented by plasmodia or
+pseudo-plasmodia...." Now the schizophytes certainly pass by
+gradations easy to the filamentous algæ, and so to relationship with
+the plants, and the discovery of the <i>Myxobacteriacae</i>, brings the
+myxomycetes very near the vegetable kingdom if not within it.</p>
+
+<p>All authorities agree that the myxomycetes have no connection in
+the direction of upward development, "keinen Anschluss nach oben,"
+if then their only relationship with other organisms is to be found at
+the bottom (centre) of the series only, it is purely a matter of indifference
+whether we say plant or animal, for at the only point
+where there is connection there is no distinction.</p>
+
+<p>But why call them either animals or plants? Was Nature then so
+poor that forsooth only two lines of differentiation were at the beginning
+open for her effort? May we not rather believe that life's tree
+may have risen at first in hundreds of tentative trunks of which two
+have become in the progress of the ages so far dominant as to entirely
+obscure less progressive types? The Myxomycetes are independent;
+all that we may attempt is to assert their near kinship with one or
+other of life's great branches.</p>
+
+<p>The cellulose of the slime-mould looks toward the world of plants.
+The aerial fructification and stipitate habit of the higher forms tends
+in the same direction. The disposition to attach themselves to some
+fixed base is a curious characteristic of plants, more pronounced as we
+ascend the scale; but by no means lacking in many of the simplest,
+diatoms, filamentous algae, etc., and it is quite as reasonable to call a
+vorticella, or a stentor, by virtue of his stipitate form and habit, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+plant as to call a slime-mould an animal because in one stage of its
+history it resembles an am&oelig;ba. The total life of an organism in any
+case must be taken into account.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> At the outset plants and animals
+are alike; there is no doubt about it; they differ in the course of their
+life-histories. The plasmodium is the vegetative phase of the slime-mould.
+It needs no cell-walls of cellulose, no more than do the
+dividing cells of a lily-endosperm; both are nourished by organic food
+and resort to walls only as conditions change. The possession of walls
+is an indication of some maturity. In the slime-mould the assumption
+of walls is indeed delayed. Walls at length appear and when they
+do come they are like those of the lily; they are cellulose. The
+myxomycetes may be regarded as a section of the organic world in
+which the forces of heredity are at a maximum whatever those forces
+may be. Slime-moulds have in smallest degree responded to the stimulus
+of <ins title="Original had enviroment.">environment.</ins> They have, it is true, escaped the sea, the fresh
+waters in part, and become adapted to habitation on dry land, but
+nothing more. It is instructive to reflect that even in her most highly
+differentiated forms the channel which Nature elects for the transmissal
+of all that heredity may bestow, is naught else than a minute
+mass of naked protoplasm. Nature reverts, we say, to her most ancient
+and simple phases, and heredity is still consonant with apparent
+simplicity; apparent we say, for as becomes increasingly evident, nothing
+that lives is simple!</p>
+
+<p>The fact is the Myxomycetes constitute an exceedingly well-defined
+group, and the question of relationship in any direction need not much
+perplex the student. Least of all is the question to be settled by anybody's
+dictum, which is apt to be positive inversely in proportion to
+the speaker's acquaintance with the subject. No one test can be
+applied as a universal touchstone to separate plants from animals.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+Such is simply <i>petitio principii</i>. Nor is there any advantage at present
+apparent in attempts to associate slime-moulds with other presumably
+related groups. Saville Kent's effort to join them with the sponges
+was not happy, and Dr. Zopf's association of the slime-moulds and
+monads appears forced, at best; for when it comes to the consideration
+of the former, their systematic and even morphological treatment, he
+is compelled to deal with them by themselves under headings such as
+"Eumycetozoen," "Höhere Pilzthiere," etc. One rather commends
+the discreetness of DeBary, whose painstaking investigations first
+called attention to the uncertain position of the group. After reviewing
+the results of all his labors DeBary does not quite relegate the
+slime-moulds to the zoölogist for further consideration, but simply
+says:<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> "From naked am&oelig;ba, with which the Mycetozoa (=Myxomycetes)
+are connected in ascending line, the zoölogists with reason
+derive the copiously and highly developed section of the shell-forming
+Rhizopoda.... And since there are sufficient grounds for placing
+the rhizopods outside the vegetable and in the animal kingdom, and
+this is undoubtedly the true position for the am&oelig;bæ, which are their
+earlier and simpler forms, the Mycetozoa, which <i>may</i> be directly derived
+from the same stem, are at least brought very near to the domain
+of zoölogy."</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding all the controversy in regard to the matter, the
+study of the slime-moulds still rests chiefly with the botanists. A
+simple phylogenetic scheme for thallophytes is offered in the Strasburger
+text as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">THALLOPHYTA</p>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="phylogenetic scheme for thallophytes">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">1. SCHIZOPHYTA</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;Bacteria</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;Cyanophyceæ</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">2. FLAGELLATA</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>a</i> {Myxomycetes</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;{Peridineæ</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;{Conjugatæ</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;{Heterocontæ</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>b</i> {Chlorophyceæ</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;{Characeæ</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">3. RHODOPHYCEÆ</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">4. FUNGI</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>About 500 species of slime-moulds have been described. Saccardo
+enumerates 443, inclusive of those denominated doubtful or less perfectly
+known. These 443 species are distributed among 47 genera,
+of which 15 are represented by but a single species each,&mdash;monotypic.
+In the United States there have been recognized about 300
+species. Of those here described, some are almost world-wide in
+their distribution, others are limited to comparatively narrow boundaries.
+The greater number occur in the temperate regions of the
+earth, although many are reported from the tropics, and some even
+from the arctic zone. Schroeter found <i>Physarum cinereum</i> at North
+Cape. Our Iowa forms are much more numerous in the eastern,
+that is, the wooded regions of the state. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> has
+however been taken on the untouched prairie, and on the western
+deserts, as also <i>Physarum contextum</i> on the decaying stem of <i>Calamagrostis</i>,
+far from forest.</p>
+
+<p>As to the economic importance of our myxomycetes, there is no
+long chapter to write. Fries says: "Usu in vita communi parum
+admodum sese commendant, sed in &oelig;conomia naturæ certe non spernendi.
+Multa insectorum genera ex eorum sporidiis unica capiunt
+nutrimenta." However this may be, there is one species which has
+come to light since Fries's day which is the source of no inconsiderable
+mischief to the agriculturist. <i>Plasmodiophora brassicae</i> occasions the
+disease known as "club-root" in cabbage, and has been often made
+the subject of discussion in our agricultural and botanical journals.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+Aside from the injurious tendencies, possible or real, of the forms
+mentioned, I know not that all other slime-moulds of all the world,
+taken all together, affect in any slightest measure the hap or fortune
+of man or nation. And yet, if in the economic relations of things,
+man's intellectual life is to be considered, then surely come the uncertain
+myxos, with their fascinating problems proffered still in
+forms of unapproachable delicacy and beauty, not without inspiration.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Collection and Care of Slime-Mould Material</span></p>
+
+<p>On this subject a word may here be appropriate. As just now intimated,
+specimens may be taken at the appropriate season in almost
+any or every locality. Beginning with the latter part of May or first
+of June, in the Northern states, plasmodia are to be found everywhere
+on piles of organic refuse: in the woods, especially about fallen and
+rotting logs, undisturbed piles of leaves, beds of moss, stumps, by the
+seeping edge of melting snow on mountain sides, by sedgy drain or
+swamp, nor less in the open field where piles of straw or herbaceous
+matter of any sort sinks in undisturbed decay. Within fifty years
+tree-planting in all the prairie states has greatly extended the range
+of many more definitely woodland species, so that species of <i>Stemonitis</i>,
+for instance, are common in the groves on farms far into Nebraska
+and Dakota. In any locality the plasmodia pass rapidly to
+fruit, but not infrequently a plasmodium in June will be succeeded
+in the same place by others of the same species, on and on, until the
+cold of approaching winter checks all vital phenomena. The process
+of fruiting should be watched as far as possible, and for herbarium
+material, allowed to pass to perfection in the field.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens collected should be placed immediately in boxes in such
+a way as to suffer no injury in transport; beautiful material is often
+ruined by lack of care on the part of the collector. Once at the
+herbarium, specimens may be mounted by gluing the supporting material
+to the bottom of a small box. Boxes of uniform size and depth
+may be secured for the purpose. Some collectors prefer to fasten the
+specimen to a piece of stiff paper, of a size to be pressed into the box
+snugly, but which may be removed at pleasure. Every pains must in
+any case be taken to exclude insects. Against such depredators occasional
+baking of the boxes on the steam radiator in winter is found to
+be an efficient remedy.</p>
+
+<p>For simple microscopic examination it will be found convenient to
+first wet the material with alcohol on the slide, then with a weak
+solution of potassic hydrate, to cause the spores and other structures to
+assume proper plumpness. A little glycerine may be added or run
+under the cover if it is desired to preserve the material for further or
+prolonged study. For permanent mounting nothing in most cases is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+better than glycerine jelly. As a preparation, the material should lie
+for some time in Häntsch's fluid,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> opportunity being given for evaporation
+of the alcohol and water. When the material shows the
+proper clearness and fulness, it may be mounted in jelly in the usual
+way. Kaiser's formula gives beautiful results. After mounting, the
+preparation should be sealed with some good cement, as Hollis's
+glue.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> DeBary, <i>Morphology and Biology of the Fungi,</i> p. 428.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> See, however, <i>Ceratiomyxa</i>, p. 18, following.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Harper in <i>Botanical Gazette</i>, Vol. XXX., p. 219.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The following germination periods are furnished by Dr. Constantineanu
+(<i>Inaugural Dissertation ueber die Entwickelungsbedingungen der Myxomyceten</i>;
+Halle, 1907).
+</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table width="80%" border="0" summary="Germination periods.">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Reticularia lycoperdon</i></td><td align="right">                           30 to 60 min.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Fuligo ovata</i></td><td align="right">                                     30 to 90 min.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Stemonitis splendens</i></td><td align="right">                              5 to  6 hrs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Perichaena depressa</i></td><td align="right">                               5 to  8 hrs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Amaurochaete atra</i></td><td align="right">                                 6 to 10 hrs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Arcyria incarnata</i></td><td align="right">                                 8 to 10 hrs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Lycogala epidendrum</i></td><td align="right">                                 to 60 hrs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum didermoides</i></td><td align="right">                              1 to 10 da.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Dictydium cancellatum</i></td><td align="right">                             1 to 20 da.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>
+These records are for sowings in drop cultures, in distilled water, kept at
+temperature of 65°&ndash;70° F. (18°&ndash;20° C.).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Our own experiments have been made both with distilled water and tap-water
+with the advantage in favor of the latter. <i>Dictydium cancellatum</i>
+germinates in tap-water at temperature 70°&ndash;80° F. in 12&ndash;15 hours fresh from
+the field. <i>Fuligo ovata</i> spores were all swarming in about one hour at the
+same temperature. Jahn (<i>Myxomycetenstudien; Ber. der Deutschen Bot.
+Ges.</i> Bd. XXIII., p. 495) finds that the germination in some cases as <i>Stemonitis</i>
+species, is hastened by wetting, then drying, then wetting again.
+</p>
+
+<p>Pinoy thinks microbes aid in germination (<i>Bull. Soc. Myc. de France</i> T.
+XVIII.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The plasmodium in this case chances to be red, scarlet, etc.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> "Die Myxomyceten sind ebenso den Pilzen wie den echten Thieren verwandt."&mdash;Rostafinski;
+closing sentence of the <i>Versuch</i>, thesis for his doctorate
+at the University of Strasburg, 1873.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <i>Botanical Gazette</i>, XVII., pp. 389, etc.; 1892.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Researches of Olive, <i>Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts and Let.</i>, XV., Pt. 2, p.
+771, and of Jahn, <i>Ber. d. Deutsch Bot. Ges.</i> XXVI., p. 342, and XXIX., p. 231,
+demonstrate synapsis, and accordingly some form of alternation among the
+slime-moulds. From the protracted and painstaking investigation of the German
+author it appears that in <i>Didymium</i> at least, and probably <i>Badhamia</i>
+synapsis immediately precedes spore-formation as in <i>Ceratiomyxa</i>; that the
+am&oelig;boid issue of the spores are haploid; the nuclei of the plasmodium,
+diploid; that the ordinary vegetative plasmodium is accordingly sporophytic.
+That is, the sporophytic phase is dominant, as in higher plants.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Cf., 1884, <i>Ver. Morph. u. Biol. der Pilz. Mycet. u. Bact.</i>, p. 478. Italics,
+in quotations, ours.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> See <i>Journal of Mycology</i>, Washington, D. C., Vol. VII., No. 2; also
+<i>Bulletin No. 66, Agric. Station of Vermont</i>. See also Bull. <i>33 Arizona Agric.
+Ex. Station</i>: An Inquiry into the Cause and Nature of Crown-Gall. J. W.
+Tuomey. Also <i>Bull. Torrey Bot. Club</i>, Vol. 21, p. 26, where it appears that
+club-root may attack crucifers generally.
+</p><p>
+Professor B. M. Duggar in <i>Fungous Diseases of Plants</i>, pp. 97&ndash;102, gives
+to club-root an illustrated chapter.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Häntsch's Fluid:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table width="80%" border="0" summary="Hantsch fluid recipe.">
+<tr><td align="left">Alcohol 90%</td><td align="left">three parts</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Water</td><td align="left">two parts</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Glycerine</td><td align="left">one part</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="THE_NORTH_AMERICAN" id="THE_NORTH_AMERICAN"></a>THE NORTH AMERICAN<br />
+SLIME-MOULDS</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">THE MYXOMYCETES (<i>Link</i>) <i>DeBary</i></p>
+
+<p>Chlorophyl-less organisms whose vegetative phase consists of a
+naked mass of multinuclear protoplasm, the <i>plasmodium</i>; reproduced
+by spores which are either free or more commonly enclosed in
+sporangia, and which on germinating produce ciliated or am&oelig;boid
+zoöspores, whose coalescence gives rise to the plasmodium.</p>
+
+<p>The Myxomycetes are,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Myxomycetes definition.">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>A.</i> <i>Parasites</i>, in the cells of living plants</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Phytomyxinæ</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>B.</i> <i>Saprophytes</i>, developed in connection with decaying vegetable matter:</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> With free spores</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Exosporeæ</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> With spores in receptacles or sporangia</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Myxogastres</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="center">Sub-Class PHYTOMYXINÆ <i>Schroeter</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1889. <i>Phytomyxinae Schroeter, Engl. u. Prantl.</i>, I., i., pp. 1 and 5.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>The parasitic Myxomycetes affecting plants include but few (four
+or five) species, distributed among four genera. All are parasites in
+the cells of particular hosts; their vegetative phase is plasmodial and
+their spores are formed by the simultaneous breaking up of the plasmodium
+into an indefinite number of independent cells. But a single
+genus need here concern us,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Plasmodiophora</b> <i>Woronin</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1879. <i>Plasmodiophora</i> Woronin, <i>Pringsh. Jahrb.</i>, XI., p. 548.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Parasitic in the parenchymatous cells of the roots of living plants,
+causing noticeable enlargement of the affected organ, producing at
+length galls, knots, and various deformities and distortions. Spores
+spherical, smooth, colorless, 16 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">I. <span class="smcap">Plasmodiophora brassicæ</span> <i>Woronin</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1879. <i>Plasmodiophora brassicae</i> Woronin, <i>op. cit.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>This species, typical of forms so far reported in this country, infests
+the roots of cabbages,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> and produces a very serious disease of
+that vegetable. In England the malady has long been known under
+the names "clubbing," "fingers and toes," etc. The roots affected
+swell greatly, and at length resemble sometimes the flexed fingers of
+the human hand; hence the English name. As the disease progresses,
+the roots speedily rot away, to the serious injury of the leaf-bearing
+portion of the plant. In badly affected fields, sometimes one-half of
+the crop is utterly destroyed. Careful search continued through several
+years has not availed to bring this species to my personal acquaintance.</p>
+
+<p>For a full account of the parasitism of this species and its distribution
+in the United States see <i>Jour. Myc.</i>, VII., p. 79; also <i>Bull.</i>
+66, Agric. Sta. of Vermont.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Sub-Class EXOSPOREÆ <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873.<i> Exosporeae</i> Rostafinski, <i>Versuch</i>, p. 2.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spores developed, superficially, outside the fructification, which
+consists of sporophores, membranous, or slender and branching; spores
+white, stalked. A single genus,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Ceratiomyxa</b> <i>Schroeter</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1889. <i>Ceratiomyxa</i> Schroeter, <i>Engl. u. Prantl</i>, I., i., p. 16. For further synonymy, see under first species.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Sporangia none; spores superficial, borne on erect papillæ or pillars,
+or even on the inside of minute depressions or pits; each spore surmounting
+a delicate pedicel or stalk. The spores on germinating
+give rise to am&oelig;boid zoöspores, which undergo repeated divisions,
+later become ciliate, and at length again am&oelig;boid to blend into genuine
+plasmodia. At maturity the plasmodium gives rise to numerous
+minute divisions, each of which may lengthen in a direction perpendicular
+to the surface and bear a spore at the tip.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
+<p>The homologies between the structures just described and the fructification
+of the ordinary slime-mould are somewhat obscure, if
+indeed any really exist. Are these minute reproductive bodies spores?&mdash;their
+behavior on germination is unique; are they sporangia?&mdash;the
+arrested development they exhibit is none the less puzzling.
+Perhaps the sporiferous pillars represent incipient stipes, the spores
+the uncombined fragments of what might otherwise have coalesced at
+the summit of the pillar to form a true sporangium.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<p>Several species have been recognized, all referable probably to one
+or two, or at most, four forms. That universally recognized alike in
+the literature of the past and in recent studies is,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa</span> (<i>Muell.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I</a>.</span>, Figs. 7 and 7 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1729. <i>Puccinia ramosa, bifurcata</i>, etc. Micheli, p. 213, Tab. 92, Fig. 2.</li>
+<li>1775. <i>Byssus fruticulosa</i> Müller, in <i>Fl. Dan.</i>, t. 718, Fig. 2.</li>
+<li>1778. <i>Tremella hydnoidea</i> Jacquin, <i>Misc.</i>, Vol. I., t. 16.</li>
+<li>1783. <i>Clavaria puccinia</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, p. 139, Fig. 19.</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Puccinia byssoides</i> Gmelin, <i>Syst. Naturae</i>, p. 1462.</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Clavaria byssoides</i> Bulliard, <i>Champ. de la France</i>, t. 415, Fig. 2.</li>
+<li>1794. <i>Isaria mucida</i> Pers., Römer, <i>N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 121.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Isaria mucida</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Meth.</i>, p. 688.</li>
+<li>1805. <i>Ceratium hydnoides</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 258.</li>
+<li>1811. <i>Ceratiomyxa porioides</i> (A. &amp; S.) Schroet., <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 26, <i>var.</i></li>
+<li>1829. <i>Ceratium hydnoides</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 294.</li>
+<li>1872. <i>Ceratium hydnoides</i> Wor. &amp; Fam., <i>Mem. Acad. Imp.</i>, Petersburg.</li>
+<li>1887. <i>Ceratium hydnoides</i> DeBary, <i>Comp. Morph. Fung.</i>, p. 432.</li>
+<li>1889. <i>Ceratiomyxa mucida</i> Schroeter, <i>Engl. u. Prantl Nat. Pflanz.</i>, I., i., p. 16.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Ceratiomyxa mucida</i>, Pers., Macbr., <i>Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 114.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Ceratiomyxa mucida</i> Schroet., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 25.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodium in rotten wood, white or nearly transparent; when
+fruiting, forming on the substratum mould-like patches composed of
+the minute sporiferous pillars, generally in clusters of three or more
+together; spores white, ovoid, or ellipsoidal, smooth, 10&ndash;12 × 6 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Very common, occurring in summer on shaded rotten logs, especially<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+after warm showers and in sultry weather. Easily distinguishable
+from all similar moulds by the absence of mycelium or of anything
+like a hypha. In Europe the plant seems to be in autumn exceedingly
+common. Micheli not only described the form but figured
+it, nearly two hundred years ago. Micheli's figure is good, as is that
+of Mueller, <i>Fl. Dan.</i>, l. c. Mueller referred the species to a Linnean
+genus <i>Byssus</i>, which seems to have included Algæ rather than anything
+else, if one can determine its limits at all. The same thing is
+true of <i>Tremella</i>; but this name is now otherwise applied, as are all
+the other generic names down to <i>Ceratium</i>, Alb. &amp; Schw. But this
+had been by Schrank preoccupied, 1793. See the reference above for
+1889. As for specific name, there seems no reason to depart from
+the rule of priority, since Mueller's work is determinative.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ceratiomyxa arbuscula</i>, Berk. &amp; Br., apparently a form of this, is
+cited from Toronto by Miss Currie. Massee gives it recognition;
+Lister as varietal. The sporophores are inclined to be simple, stipitate
+and dendroid.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. filiforme</i> of the English authors latest named is a wonderful
+thing and deserves a paragraph here, if not recognition as a distinct
+species. It occurs rarely; but once it appears, attracts attention. As
+in the historic species, the sporifers are white, stand more or less erect,
+but are every way finer and larger. Each individual sporifer rises
+like a stiff stem, as of white thread, 2&ndash;3 mm. high; at top a tuft of
+fruiting branchlets, more or less distinct. All taken together, we
+have a dense mat completely concealing the substratum and spreading
+out sometimes over an area of surprising extent, several centimetres
+square.</p>
+
+<p>Common everywhere in summer on decaying sticks and wood of
+every description, especially in wet places. Alaska to Nicaragua, and
+probably around the world.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Ceratiomyxa porioides</span> (<i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>) <i>Schroeter.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1805. <i>Ceratium porioides</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 359.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Ceratium porioides</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 295.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Ceratium porioides</i> Fam. &amp; Wor. <i>Acad. Imp.</i>, XX., 3, p. 5.</li>
+<li>1889. <i>Ceratiomyxa porioides</i> Schroet., <i>Engl. u. Prantl</i>, I., i., p. 16.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></li>
+<li>1894. <i>Ceratiomyxa mucida</i> Schr&oelig;t. var. <i>porioides</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 26.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Ceratiomyxa porioides</i> Alb. &amp; Schw. (Schroet.), Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 19.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Ceratiomyxa porioides</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., Schroet., <i>List. Mycet.</i>, p. 26, <i>var.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Entire fructification confluent forming a mucilaginous mass,
+porose. Pores ample, angulate, at length radiate-dentate. Spores as
+in the preceding. Plasmodium yellow.</p>
+
+<p>Of these two species Fries remarks: "... Duæ sunt distinctissimæ,
+inter has vero longa formarum intermediarum series." Famintzin
+and Woronin not only concur, but consider it were more
+fitting to place the present species in a distinct genus, as <i>Polyporus</i> is
+set off from <i>Hydnum</i>. A species based upon the color of the vegetative
+phase only, unconfirmed by any subsequent differential character
+in the fruit would seem somewhat hazardous. The color of the
+plasmodium is incident probably to varied nutrient environment.
+Pores, however, are usually in evidence.</p>
+
+<p>Iowa, Tennessee, Missouri, etc.; probably common everywhere.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Sub-Class MYXOGASTRES (<i>Fries</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1829. Sub-order <i>Myxogastres</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 67.</li>
+<li>1833. Sub-order <i>Myxomycetes</i> Link, <i>Handb. der Gew.</i>, 3, p. 405.</li>
+<li>1833. Sub-order <i>Myxomycetes</i> Wallroth, <i>Fl. Crypt.</i>, II., p. 333, in part.</li>
+<li>1858. Class <i>Mycetozoa</i> DeBary, <i>Bot. Zeitung</i>, 1858, pp. 357&ndash;365, in part.</li>
+<li>1889. Class <i>Myxogastres</i> Schroeter, <i>Engl. u. Prantl</i>, Nat. Pflanz., I., i., p. 16.</li>
+<li>1892. Class <i>Myxogastres</i> (Fries) Massee, <i>Monograph</i>, p. 28.</li>
+<li>1894. Class <i>Mycetozoa</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 21, in part.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Except as just described, the slime-moulds present abundant,
+minute, unicellular spores, enclosed in sporangia more or less perfectly
+defined, and attended by peculiar thread-like structures, free or
+variously attached and conjoined, the so-called <i>capillitium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>So far as known, the spores on germination give rise to zoöspores,
+at first am&oelig;boid, later ciliate, again am&oelig;boid, conjugating in pairs,
+then, in some cases, at least, coalescing and dividing indefinitely to
+form the plasmodial or vegetative phase.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Orders of the Myxogastres</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Orders of the Myxogastres">
+<tr><td align="left">Spore-mass black or violaceous, rarely ferruginous</td><td align="left">Series&nbsp;A</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Spore-mass never black; usually some shade of brown or yellow, rarely purplish or rosy, etc.</td><td align="left">Series&nbsp;B</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Series</span> A</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Series a">
+<tr><td align="left">1. Capillitium present, delicate, thread-like; sporangia calcareous more or less throughout</td><td align="left">I.&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Physarales</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">2. Capillitium present, thread-like, arising usually as anastomosing branches from a well-developed columella, which in a single genus contains lime; sporangia otherwise non-calcareous</td><td align="left">II.&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Stemonitales</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Series</span> B</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Series b">
+<tr><td align="left">3. Capillitium none, or very imperfectly developed; spores of some shade of brown, rarely purplish</td><td align="left">III.&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Cribrariales</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">4. Capillitium the inwardly produced irregular extremities of plates or tubules, which by their interweaving outwardly make up the aethalial wall; spores pale, ashen</td><td align="left">IV.&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Lycogalales</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">5. Capillitium made up of more or less distinctly sculptured threads, parietal or free, simple, branched, or reticulate; spores commonly yellow</td><td align="left">V.&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Trichiales</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>This sequence is meant to convey the idea that the presence of lime
+is indicative of differentiation less complete. That the plasmodium
+should at the outset eliminate, by refusing the unnecessary lime, is
+indicative of higher rank than that the lime should be carried until
+the last and then be crystallized out, or excreted by simple desiccation.
+The circumstance that the excreted lime may sometimes serve
+a protective purpose in the fruit, does not vitiate the general principle.
+In Series B the differentiation reaches a climax in the sculptured
+capillitium of the trichias.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">ORDER I</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>PHYSARALES</b></p>
+
+<p>Spores violaceous-black. The capillitium usually delicate and
+thread-like; peridium and capillitium, one or other or both, more or
+less extensively surcharged with lime. Peridium simple or double.
+Fructification various.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This order is recognizable by several characteristics, but is especially
+marked by the peculiar calcareous deposits which affect the
+capillitium or peridium, now one, now the other, more often both.</p>
+
+<p>As here defined, the order Physarales includes two distinct families;
+of the one <i>Physarum</i>, of the other <i>Didymium</i>, is type.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Families of the Order Physarales</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Fructification often calcareous throughout; capillitium intricate</td><td align="left"><i>Physaraceae</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Calcareous deposits, when present, affecting the peridium only, or sometimes the stipe, in the typical genus plainly crystalline; capillitium simple</td><td align="left"><i>Didymiaceae</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="center">A. PHYSARACEÆ</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Physaraceæ</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" width="100%" summary="Key to the Genera of the Physaraceæ">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>A.</i> Fructification æthalioid</td><td align="left">1.&nbsp;<i>Fuligo</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>B.</i> Fructification plasmodiocarpous or of distinct sporangia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Peridium evidently calcareous.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Capillitium calcareous throughout</td><td align="left">2.&nbsp;<i>Badhamia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Capillitium largely hyaline.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Sporangia globose, etc.; dehiscence irregular</td><td align="left">3.&nbsp;<i>Physarum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Sporangia vasiform or more or less tubular</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">+ Dehiscence by a lid or more or less circumscissile</td><td align="left">4.&nbsp;<i>Craterium</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">++ Dehiscence irregular, peridium introverted</td><td align="left">5.&nbsp;<i>Physarella</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Peridium apparently limeless, at least outside.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Plasmodiocarpous</td><td align="left">6.&nbsp;<i>Cienkowskia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Sporangia distinct</td><td align="left">7.&nbsp;<i>Leocarpus</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="6">C. Extra-limital.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Sporangia stipitate, saucer-shaped, following No. 3.</td><td align="left"><i>Trichamphora</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Sporangia elongate allantoid, etc., following No. 1.</td><td align="left"><i>Erionema</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>1. Fuligo</b> (<i>Haller</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p>
+
+
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>1753. <i>Mucor</i> Linn., <i>Sp. Pl.</i> II., No. 1656 (?).</li>
+<li>1768. <i>Fuligo</i> Haller, <i>Hist. Helv.</i>, Nos. 1233&ndash;1235, in part.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Fuligo</i> Haller, <i>Pers. Syn.</i>, p. 159.</li>
+<li>1809. <i>Æthalium</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I, p. 42.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Æthalium</i> Fries, <i>Sym. Myc.</i>, III., p. 92.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia undefined, obscurely woven in and out among each
+other forming usually a cushion-shaped æthalioid mass. The outer
+layer sterile, often calcareous, forming a fragile crust, more or less
+defined. The middle layer sporiferous with calcigerous capillitium.
+The lowest layer a membranous hypothallus.</p>
+
+<p>The identity of this genus seems to have been recognized first by
+Haller, <i>op. cit.</i>, but by Persoon more closely defined and illustrated.
+Link simply translated the name into Greek, for reasons less evident
+now, and in this was followed by Fries. Haller's designation is now
+probably securely fixed.</p>
+
+<p>The sporigerous median structure of the fructifications, under
+whatever specific name or names, is entirely confused. Sporangial
+walls, if ever such there were, are hardly as such recoverable, seemingly
+<i>indicated</i> only, in the changes to which the æthalium submits as
+in the ripening the sporogenic plasm passes on to spores.</p>
+
+<p>In the present state of our knowledge the forms of this genus
+present withal a most perplexing problem. Are they simply phases
+of a single species, or are they in style and in structure sufficiently
+constant in their admitted variety, to claim specific rank and separate
+description?</p>
+
+<p>To follow the example of Greville and recognize in all the literature
+of two hundred years varied descriptions of a single type,&mdash;this
+were perhaps the easier and speedier disposal of the case. Fries
+thought so to treat the problem but was unable to keep faith with his
+own decision; for no sooner he states the genus monotypic than he
+proceeds forthwith to offer four varieties, a. b. c. d., viz. those by
+Persoon and others duly recognized as species.</p>
+
+<p>Recent students all, however, seem to find convenience in specific
+division. All seem disposed to honor Dr. Peck's <i>Fuligo ochracea</i>
+whether or not by the name he gave; and of other varieties some
+seem impressed by the constancy of one, some of another characteristic,
+thus indicating that to careful observers all over the world
+there are differences that may be recognized, that have been recognized
+again and again. If there are two species there are certainly
+more. Out of the gatherings of many years one may set in order not
+less than five variations in the fruiting of <i>Fuligo</i>, five distinct types<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+of fructification, to all appearing sufficiently constant for specific
+recognition.</p>
+
+<p>It will be said, has been said, was said by Fries, that these variations
+are insignificant, "pendent ex æris constitutione"; but as a
+matter of fact the several types now in question may be found on the
+same day, so that evidently something other than the atmospheric
+environment must determine.</p>
+
+<p>Again it is said that the differences are in external form or color
+only, the spores in all cases almost if not quite the same. This is
+true; but specific characters are <i>surface</i> characters in fact: a species
+morphologically is merely the form in which a <i>kind</i> or <i>genus</i> presents
+itself. If the presentation be constant, for our convenience we say so,
+in bestowing a name. Whether in our present treatment the convenience
+is purely personal, students may decide.</p>
+
+<p>However it all may be, there are in this part of the world many
+varying presentations of <i>Fuligo</i> capable of illustration and description;
+the same forms, perhaps, which have attracted the notice of the
+more acute mycologists in the older history of the subject. Some of
+these forms we here venture to describe, with such annotation as may
+show something of present knowledge.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Fuligo</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Fuligo">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>A.</i> Æthalium 1 cm. or less; spores spherical</td><td align="left">1.&nbsp;<i>F.&nbsp;muscorum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>B.</i> Æthalium larger, or plasmodiocarpous, even sporangi-form, crust white, smooth, even, spores elliptical</td><td align="left">2.&nbsp;<i>F.&nbsp;cinerea</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>C.</i> Æthalia larger, 2 cm. or more.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">1. Cortex yellow, etc., not white; spores 6&ndash;8 µ</td><td align="left">3.&nbsp;<i>F.&nbsp;septica</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">2. Cortex nearly or quite wanting; spores 10&ndash;12</td><td align="left">4.&nbsp;<i>F.&nbsp;intermedia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">3. Cortex white, a foamy crust; spores 15&ndash;25</td><td align="left">5.&nbsp;<i>F.&nbsp;megaspora</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Fuligo muscorum</span> <i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i></p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>1894. <i>Fuligo muscorum</i>, Alb. &amp; Schw. Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 67.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Licea ochracea</i> Peck, N. Y. <i>Rep.</i>, XVIII., p. 55.</li>
+<li>1879. <i>Fuligo ochracea</i> Peck, N. Y. <i>Rep.</i>, XXXI., p. 56.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Fuligo muscorum</i>, Alb. &amp; Schw., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 67.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Fuligo muscorum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 87.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Plasmodium orange-yellow. Æthalium globoid, very small, 1 cm.
+or less, the cortex very thin, greenish yellow; sporangial walls not
+evident; capillitium well-developed, the numerous calcareous nodes
+fusiform or often branching, and connected by rather short, transparent
+internodes; spores coarsely warted, 10&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This form seems to differ from <i>F. septica</i> chiefly in its constant
+diminutive habit of fruiting, in its delicate cortex, and in its spores,
+brighter, larger, and more coarsely warted. The descriptions and
+figure by Schweinitz seem referable to nothing else. First reported
+by Albertini and Schweinitz from Germany; by Schweinitz from the
+Carolinas; then by Dr. Peck described as a <i>Licea</i> from New York.
+It seems less commonly collected in the United States.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Fuligo cinerea</span> (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Morg.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plX">Plate X</a></span>., Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, and 3 <i>b</i>, and <a href="#plXXIII">Plate XXIII.</a></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1831. <i>Enteridium cinereum</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2365.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum ellipsosporum</i> Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 10.</li>
+<li>1884. <i>Æthaliopsis stercoriformis</i> Zopf., <i>Pilzthiere</i>, p. 150.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Fuligo ellipsospora</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 67.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Fuligo cinerea</i> (Schw.) Morg., <i>Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.</i>, p. 105.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum ellipsosporum</i> Rost., Macbr. <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 27.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Fuligo cinerea</i> Morg., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, 2nd ed., p. 88.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodium milk-white, watery. Plasmodiocarp long and widely
+effused, <ins title="possibly 'and'; unchanged.">anon</ins> winding, here and there reticulate, always applanate;
+sometimes in form an æthalium, the peridial cortex membranous,
+firm, thick, and white. Capillitium well-developed, furnished with
+lime. Spores thin-walled, ellipsoidal, violaceous, plicate-rugose, 14&ndash;16
+x 11&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Not common. Found occasionally in shaded situations on piles of
+rotting straw or in the woods, especially on detritus of the bracken.
+The spores are many of them ellipsoidal; some are spherical; all are
+decidedly spinulose, perhaps might appear plicate-rugulose when dry
+or shrunken. Calcareous nodules very large and irregular, white.</p>
+
+<p>Schweinitz, <i>loc. cit.</i>, described this form as <i>Enteridium cinereum</i>.
+Rostafinski referred it to the genus <i>Physarum</i>, but was obliged to
+adopt also a new specific name, as that suggested by Schweinitz was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+already in use in the genus <i>Physarum</i>. Zopf, <i>Die Pilzthiere</i>, p. 149,
+founds a new genus on what seems to be the same form as here considered.
+This he publishes as <i>Æthaliopsis stercoriformis</i> Z. Massee
+regards the specimens discovered by Zopf as belonging to the genus
+<i>Fuligo</i>, and Lister regards Rostafinski's type as <i>Fuligo</i>, and includes
+Zopf's material under the Rostafinskian species.</p>
+
+<p>This has been described as properly an American form; Lister
+cites other far localities.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Fuligo septica</span> (<i>Linn.</i>) <i>Gmel</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1753. <i>Mucor septicus</i> Linn., <i>Sp. Pl.</i> II., No. 1656 (?).</li>
+<li>1763. <i>Mucor ovatus</i> Schaeff., <i>Fung. Bav.</i>, p. 132, Fig. 192.</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Fuligo septica</i> (Linn.) Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, p. 1466.</li>
+<li>1826. <i>Fuligo varians</i> Sommf., <i>Fl. Lapl. Sup.</i>, p. 231.</li>
+<li>1809. <i>Æthalium flavum</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I., p. 42.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Æthalium septicum</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 93.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Fuligo varians</i> Sommf., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 134.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Fuligo varians</i> Sommf., Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia.</i> II., p. 160.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Fuligo septica</i> (Linn.) Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 66.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Fuligo ovata</i> (Schaeff.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 23.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Fuligo septica</i> Gmel., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 86.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>This remarkable and universal species presents as stated many
+forms and phases. Of these five have been selected as representative.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Phases">
+<tr><td align="left">1. Form <i>a.</i> Plasmodium yellow; cortex yellow, or orange-brown, strongly calcareous friable; form indefinite</td><td align="left"><i>F. ovata</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">2. Form <i>b.</i> Cortex less calcareous porose, yellowish brown, fructification definite, pulvinate</td><td align="left"><i>F. rufa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">3. Form <i>c.</i> Cortex smooth, persistent; fructification small, less than two inches</td><td align="left"><i>F. laevis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">4. Form <i>d.</i> Plasmodium yellow; cortex none; capillitium yellow, fructification thin, sometimes wide-spread</td><td align="left"><i>F. flava</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">5. Form <i>e.</i> Plasmodium violaceous, dark; cortex almost none; whole mass reddish or violet</td><td align="left"><i>F.&nbsp;violacea</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p>1. Form <i>a.</i> <i>Fuligo ovata</i> (Schaeff.) Pers.</p>
+
+<p>Plasmodium bright yellow; æthalium pale brown, or yellowish-ochraceous,
+of variable size and shape, one to many cm. in diameter,
+and one to two cm. thick, enclosed by a distinct calcareous crust,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+which varies in texture, thickness, and color; capillitium well developed
+but variable in color, form, and extent; spore-mass dull black,
+sooty; spores spherical, purplish brown, nearly smooth, 7&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Under this name may be placed our most common form. Rising
+with an abundant yellowish creamy plasmodium from masses of
+decaying vegetation, lumber, sawdust, half buried logs, it creeps
+about with energy unsurpassed, coming to rest only in some position
+specially exposed, as the top of a log or stump, the face of
+a stone or post, or even the high clods of a cultivated field! The
+fructification is large, yellow, or at most pale ochraceous, the
+surface when mature extremely friable like dry foam. Bulliard
+figures this phase well on Plate 424, Fig. 2, and calls it <i>Reticularia</i>
+(<i>Fuligo</i>) <i>hortensis</i>, from its affecting the soils of gardens. More
+than thirty fructifications have appeared at one time, varying in size
+from one to twenty cm. in a field of potatoes, well tilled, and less
+than an acre in extent! Such is life's perennial exuberance on this
+time-worn old world of ours!</p>
+
+<p>Schæffer's plate CXII represents probably the same thing. So also
+Bolton's plate, CXXXIV. Sowerby's Fig. 2 on plate 199, and
+figures 1 and 2 on Greville's plate 272 possibly also depict this form.
+Persoon calls this <i>F. vaporaria</i> because it frequents hotbeds and the
+like, and believes this to represent the "<i>untuosus flavus</i>" of Linnée,
+although he thinks Schæffer's specimens do not. The calcareous internal
+structure is white.</p>
+
+
+<p>2. Form <i>b</i>, <i>F. rufa</i> Pers.</p>
+
+<p>This type of Fuligo is very different from the preceding in form,
+habit, and color. In form it is much more definite, usually thick,
+well-rounded and with some solidity. The interior fructification is
+gray throughout, much less expanded than in <i>a</i>; in fact does not
+resemble <i>a</i> at all! The cortex is porose but firm, orange at first, but
+becoming tawny with age, even in the herbarium. Bulliard figures
+it well, plate 380, Fig. 1, and Sowerby's Fig. 1 on plate 399 is also
+good, as are also Greville's figure 3 on plate 272 showing the two
+colors referred to. Not uncommon in the forest from June till
+September, but far more rare than <i>a</i>: always well-marked, with no
+other forms associated.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>3. Form <i>c</i>, <i>F. laevis</i> Pers.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><ins title="Not in original"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plX">Plate X</a>.</span>, Fig. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</ins></p>
+
+<p>This is a still more specialized type of the group. The fructification
+is usually small, smooth, about an inch in diameter and sometimes
+nearly as thick; the cortex rusty brown, enduring, persisting
+often when all the sporiferous grayish mass has been distributed
+through chinks, or from below. The figure 2 on plate X. shows this
+form. This also is a forest species, is autumnal rather, but may be
+taken sometimes as early as July. The cortex is not at all porose or
+spongy, in color reddish or brown, fragile indeed, but not to the
+touch, in the herbarium enduring for years.</p>
+
+<p>4. Form <i>d</i>, <i>F. flava</i> Pers.</p>
+
+<p>This is hardly <i>F. flava</i> of Persoon; rather of Morgan who uses
+Persoon's specific designation. Persoon cites Bolton's fig. CXXXIV,
+which is yellow indeed but is the ordinary presentation of <i>F. septica</i>.
+The form here considered is remarkable for its delicacy; extremely
+thin, perhaps one layer only of overlying elongate flexuous sporangia(?),
+covered by the merest shadow of a cortex in the form of
+yellow dust, soon lost: the capillitial structure yellow throughout;
+occurring upon fallen logs in moist dark woods; not common.</p>
+
+<p>5. Form <i>e</i>, <i>F. violacea</i> Pers.</p>
+
+<p>Plasmodium (Morgan <i>teste</i>) dark red, or wine-colored; the
+æthalium thin, two or three inches wide, covered by a cortex at first
+dull red and very soft, at length almost wholly vanishing, so that the
+entire mass takes on a purple-violet tint, upper surface varied with
+white; capillitium rather open, the more or less inflated, large, irregular
+nodes joined by long, slender, delicate, transparent filaments;
+spores dark violet, minutely roughened, spherical, about 7.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Ohio, Tennessee. Probably everywhere, but not distinguished
+from 1.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Morgan, who gave the genus under consideration much
+attention, regarded <i>F. violacea</i> as a form particularly well-defined.
+What the value of plasmodic color as a specific character in general,
+and how far such character is in the present case definitive, because
+constant, are points yet to be determined.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Fuligo intermedia</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p>
+
+<p>Æthalium two to three cm. in greatest diameter, .5&ndash;1 cm. thick,
+covered with a thin, fragile, but not calcareous, greyish or brownish
+cortex; the spore-mass grey or violaceous-grey, firm, not at all sooty,
+the sporangia intricate, their walls more or less calcareous; capillitium
+not conspicuous; spores globose, pale purple, slightly roughened,
+10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This form has been repeatedly sent me from Denver, Colorado, by
+Professor Bethel. I have refrained from publishing it, still anxious
+to believe that all fuligos on the face of the earth were of one species.
+In the species next following it must be admitted that the spore-variations
+are too wide to remain comfortably under shelter of a
+single specific name. The present species is not <i>F. septica</i>, neither is
+it <i>F. megaspora</i>; it is <i>F. intermedia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Colorado; Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Fuligo megaspora</span> <i>Sturg.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1913. <i>Fuligo megaspora</i> Sturg., <i>Col. Coll. Pub.</i>, p. 443.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Æthalium pulvinate one to three inches in diameter, covered with
+a thick spongy incrustation of lime, white or yellowish toward the
+base: sporangia convolute, the walls membranous, brittle, charged
+throughout with round white granules of lime, 1.5&ndash;2 µ in diameter:
+columella none: capillitium of delicate, colorless, anastomosing
+tubules, bearing toward the center large, white, branching calcareous
+nodules; spores spherical, or somewhat oval, dark purple-brown,
+rough-tuberculate, 15&ndash;20 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species differs as pointed out by Professor Sturgis, chiefly in
+the character of the spores, their unusual size and roughness.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>Colorado; Africa!&mdash;<i>Robert Fries.</i></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>EXTRA-LIMITAL</b></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Erionema</b> <i>Penzig</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1898. <i>Erionema</i> Penzig, <i>Die Myx. d. Fl. v. Beutenzorg</i>, p. 36.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia plasmodiocarpous but distinct, cylindrical; capillitium
+intricate, elastic; nodules few.</p>
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Erionema aureum</span> <i>Penzig</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1898. <i>Erionema aureum</i> Penz. <i>l. c.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia elongate, clustered, pendulous, yellow or grayish yellow,
+generally stipitate on long flaccid stalks, or sessile and interlacing:
+stipes yellow, blending with the hypothallus; capillitium intricate,
+expanding at maturity after the manner of <i>Arcyria</i> to several times
+the sporangial length, the nodules small, yellow; spores nearly smooth,
+violaceous-brown, 5&ndash;6 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This unique form is near the fuligos which it resembles, especially
+when sessile, in its intricate sporangia. The spores also are those of
+the common <i>Fuligo septica</i>. The habit is however entirely different.
+Mr. Fetch describes clusters in Ceylon, hanging free, four to six cm.
+in length!</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>2. Badhamia</b> (<i>Berkeley</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1852. <i>Badhamia</i> Berkeley, <i>Trans. Linn. Soc.</i>, XXI., p. 153.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Badhamia</i> Rostafinski, <i>Monograph</i>, p. 139.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia simple; peridial wall simple, thin, breaking irregularly;
+capillitium formed of abundant, richly anastomosing tubules, filled
+throughout their entire length with calcareous granules; the nodes
+often feebly represented; stipe poorly developed or wanting entirely;
+columella, except in forms sometimes assigned to the sub-genus
+<i>Scyphium</i>, poorly developed or none; spores frequently adherent in
+clusters.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>The whole genus calls for careful and protracted study; and the present
+so-called species are like something new on the world; as full of vagaries as
+though but just entered upon their phylogenetic race.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This genus is closely related to <i>Physarum</i>, but differs in having the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+capillitium calcareous throughout. Forms occur and are included
+here, in which the capillitium, especially in some parts, is physarum-like,
+physaroid. Nevertheless, the distinctions hold good as a rule,
+and are at once diagnostic.</p>
+
+<p>In capillitial differentiation the badhamias are definite and beautiful.
+The net in a typical species, as <i>B. papaveracea</i>, is throughout
+uniformly evenly tubular, the calcareous deposits delicate in the extreme,
+presenting, as the spores disappear, an elegant trabecular
+structure as if to support the persisting peridium if not the original
+content. In other forms the capillitium is physaroid, with swollen
+nodes, but heavily calcareous but not quite throughout. <i>Badhamia</i>,
+<i>Physarum</i>, <i>Tilmadoche</i>, <i>Craterium</i> present a consistent group, of
+which <i>Physarum</i> is the generalized expression.</p>
+
+<p>Berkeley's idea of the genus was expressed as follows: "Peridium
+naked or furfuraceous. Spores in groups, enclosed, at first, in a hyaline
+sack." Rostafinski, while accepting Berkeley's generic name, redefined
+it, emphasized the calcareous capillitium, and made reference
+to the spore-adherence only to assert that Berkeley's description was,
+in this particular, based on mistaken observation. In some species,
+the spores do, in fact, show a tendency to cling together, a characteristic
+which Badham was perhaps first to notice; but that this is occasioned
+by their being surrounded by a sac or common pellicle has not
+been proved nor even suggested, by any subsequent investigator.
+Berkeley's genus was therefore founded upon a slight mistake; but
+we may conserve his rights in the premises if we write <i>Badhamia</i>
+(Berk.) Rost., and so keep history straight.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Badhamia</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Badhamia">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>A.</i> Spores ovoid or ellipsoidal</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Spores free</td><td align="left" style="vertical-align:top">1. <i>B. ovispora</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Spores adherent</td><td align="left">2. <i>B. versicolor</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>B.</i> Spores spherical</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Sporangia yellow</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Spores free</td><td align="left">3. <i>B. decipiens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Spores adhering</td><td align="left">4. <i>B. nitens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Sporangia grey, spores free</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Always sessile</td><td align="left">5. <i>B. panicea</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Stalked, at least some of them</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">O Stipe when present black</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+ Globose, small .5 mm.</td><td align="left">6. <i>B. affinis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">++ Larger, spores strongly spinulose</td><td align="left">7. <i>B. macrocarpa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">+++ Discoidal or annulate</td><td align="left">8. <i>B. orbiculata</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Stipes membranous yellowish</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">+ Stipes long, sporangia iridescent</td><td align="left">9. <i>B. magna</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">++ Stipes short or none; iridescent</td><td align="left">10. <i>B. foliicola</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>c.</i> Sporangia grey, spores adherent</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="4">i. Stipe when present yellowish</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="2">+ Wall iridescent, spores uniformly marked</td><td align="left">11. <i>B. utricularis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="2">++ More calcareous, spores strongly marked on one side</td><td align="left">12. <i>B. capsulifera</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="2">+++ Colorado, spores anon barred</td><td align="left">13. <i>B. populina</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Stipe when present black</td><td align="left">14.&nbsp;<i>B.&nbsp;papaveracea</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>d.</i> Sporangia brown, lilacine</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Sessile</td><td align="left">15. <i>B. lilacina</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Stipitate, columellate</td><td align="left">16. <i>B. rubiginosa</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Badhamia ovispora</span> <i>Racib.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1884. <i>Badhamia ovispora</i> Racib., <i>Myx. Ag. Cracov.</i>, XII., p. 72.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia sessile depressed-globose or plasmodiocarpous, white or
+ochraceous, covered by dense calcareous scales; capillitium white, the
+lime-granules sometimes aggregate at the center to form a pseudo-columella;
+spores not adhering, brownish-purple ellipsoidal, 8 × 10&ndash;10
+x 15 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Reported from Bohemia, England, Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Badhamia versicolor</span> <i>Lister</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1901. <i>Badhamia versicolor</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXIX., p. 81.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Badhamia versicolor</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa 2nd ed.</i>, p. 35.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or clustered, minute, .3&ndash;.5 mm., grey or flesh-colored,
+sessile, the calcareous deposits slight; capillitium white or
+apricot-colored; spores ovoid, 8 × 10&ndash;9 × 12 µ, clustered, purplish,
+and warted at the broader end, elsewhere colorless and smooth.</p>
+
+<p>This little species, as it comes to us, is grey, very uneven in size,
+.2&ndash;.5 mm. and generally irregular in form and habit, perhaps scarce<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+mature. The capillitium is white, physaroid. The spores furnish
+the distinguishing character. Sometimes globose, about 9&ndash;10. They
+are most of them definitely and permanently affected in shape by the
+fact of cluster-association, narrower in the direction of the cluster
+center. The indications are that these may become globose with
+maturity.</p>
+
+<p>Colorado,&mdash;<i>Bethel</i>; Scotland.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Badhamia decipiens</span> (<i>Curtis</i>) <i>Berk.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1848. <i>Physarum decipiens</i> Curtis, <i>Am. Jour. Sci.</i>, VI., p. 352.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Badhamia decipiens</i> Berk., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 66.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Physarum chrysotrichum</i> Berk. &amp; C., Grev. II., p. 66.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Badhamia chrysotricha</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Rost., <i>App.</i>, p. 4.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, depressed-spherical or ovate, sessile, occasionally
+plasmodiocarpous, dull yellow, roughened by the rather
+large numerous calcareous scales; columella none; capillitium dull
+orange, strongly calcareous, only slightly widened at the nodes;
+spore-mass black; spores pale violet, minutely spinulose, free, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Among badhamias this and the next species are at once distinguished
+by the color. If the brief description (<i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 66) can
+be regarded as defining anything, this is the same as <i>P. chrysotrichum</i>
+Berk. &amp; C. It resembles somewhat <i>P. serpula</i> Morg., but differs externally
+in color and in the surface scales, which are not perceptible
+in the <i>Physarum</i>. The present species also resembles <i>Cienkowskia
+reticulata</i> (Schw.) Rost., but has a different capillitium. See under
+that species.</p>
+
+<p>Chiefly eastern and American. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
+South Carolina; reported recently also from Sweden and Germany.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Badhamia nitens</span> Berk.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1852. <i>Badhamia nitens</i> Berk., <i>Trans. Linn. Soc.</i>, XXI., p. 153.</li>
+<li>1863. <i>Badhamia inaurata</i> Currey, <i>Trans. Linn. Soc.</i>, XXIV., p. 156.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Badhamia nitens</i> Berk., Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 3.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious or closely crowded, globose or depressed-globose,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+.5&ndash;1 mm. in diameter, yellow or greenish yellow, rugulose,
+sessile; capillitium yellow, forming an open net with occasional thickenings
+at the nodes; spores clustered, delicately roughened, violaceous-brown,
+10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This much resembles the preceding species except in the clustered
+spores, and more commonly aggregate habit. The spores, as usual
+when clustered, are conspicuously echinulate on the outer side. This
+did not escape the notice of the author of the species, <i>op. cit.</i></p>
+
+<p>Colorado, Oregon. Reported from West Indies, Ceylon, various
+parts of Europe.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Badhamia panicea</span> (Fries) Rost.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1829. <i>Physarum paniceum</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 141.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Badhamia panicea</i> (Fr.) Rost., Fuckel, <i>Sym. Myc. Nachtr.</i>, 2, p. 71.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious or aggregated in closely compacted clusters,
+globose or hemispherical, sessile, the peridium thin, transparent,
+thickly dotted with white calcareous scales; stipe none; columella
+none, although a pseudo-columella sometimes appears, formed by a
+more dense development of the capillitium near the centre of the
+sporangium below; capillitium abundantly developed, quite uniformly
+thickened, but showing an occasional delicate connecting thread, the
+nodes also somewhat flattened and enlarged; spore-mass black; spores
+by transmitted light, bright violaceous-brown, minutely roughened,
+10&ndash;13 µ. Plasmodium is said to be white.</p>
+
+<p>In America this seems to be a purely western species. Specimens
+are before us from western Iowa and from Colorado, South Dakota,
+Nevada, and Southern California. It is very well marked, though
+liable perhaps to be mistaken at first sight for sessile phases of <i>P.
+notabile</i> or <i>P. cinereum</i>. The capillitium is, however, at once determinative.
+Colorado; <i>Bethel</i>. Europe generally.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Badhamia affinis</span> <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. Badhamia affinis Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 143.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia aggregated, cespitose and sessile, or sometimes stipitate,
+depressed above, flat or umbilicate below, the wall grayish white,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+rugulose, and more or less calcareous-scaly; the stipe when present
+erect or sometimes nodding, black or brownish black; hypothallus
+scanty; columella none; capillitium not abundant, white, the nodes
+somewhat expanded; spores globose, minutely roughened, violet-brown,
+large, 16&ndash;17 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Chiefly on moss, the pale ashen sporangia generally very small,
+mounted on the tips of the leaves, sometimes sessile, sometimes with a
+distinct black stipe in which case the peridium is distinctly umbilicate.
+Specimens from Kansas referred here have the stipe pale, rugose,
+long, about twice the sporangium; habitat bark.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. New York, Ohio, Kansas; more recently reported from
+Scotland and Japan.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing new to be added here; nor appears any other
+place to which such material as we have may be referred. New
+collections no doubt will one day appear, when the identity may, let
+us hope, be made secure.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime we have a form closely related which may be entered as</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Badhamia iowensis</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious or loosely scattered, depressed globose, .4&ndash;.6
+mm. in diameter, stipitate, grey, flecked by rather prominent but
+small rounded calcareous scales: the stipe short, half the diameter of
+the sporangium, black or very dark brown, without hypothallus but
+widening above into a shallow expanded base for the sporangia;
+columella none: capillitium dull yellow, sometimes white, strongly
+calcareous, physaroid, heavy; spores free, dark brown in mass, pale
+violet by transmitted light, minutely verruculose, the tiny warts in
+some areas more densely placed, producing evident shadowy spots,
+10&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This interesting little species occurs on the lower surface of fallen
+logs, blocks, etc., in colonies of considerable extent, hundreds of
+sporangia in a place. The capillitium is comparable to that of <i>B.
+decipiens</i> or <i>B. panicea</i>; it is physaroid to the extent that an occasional
+filament may be found non-calcic, and not typically badhamioid as in
+<i>B. papaveracea</i>, <i>B. macrocarpa</i>. The sporangial base persists, dark
+brown, bearing traces of the clumsy capillitium, but no columella<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+real or simulated. Blackhawk Co., Iowa; <i>communicavit Dr. Jessie
+Parish</i>. See <a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a>., 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reddish or roseate forms sometimes appear in colonies otherwise
+as described. It differs from <i>B. affinis</i> in the size and character of
+the spores, in color and character of the capillitium, habit and surface
+markings.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Badhamia macrocarpa</span> (<i>Ces.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1855. <i>Physarum macrocarpon</i> Cesati, <i>Flora</i>, XXXVIII., p. 271.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Badhamia macrocarpa</i> (Ces.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 143.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or closely aggregate, crowded globose or sub-globose,
+generally sessile, rugulose, white; the peridium membranous,
+white above, below yellowish or brown; capillitium not abundant,
+thoroughly calcareous, the nodes broad, conspicuous, the connecting
+tubules rigid; columella none; hypothallus scant or none; spore-mass
+black, spores non-adherent, by transmitted light bright clear brown,
+thickly spinulose all over, large spherical, 12&ndash;15 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Closely resembles externally <i>B. panicea</i>, but is easily distinguished
+by larger and remarkably <i>spinulose</i> spores, in this particular unrivalled
+in the entire genus. European authors describe both sessile and
+stipitate forms. American specimens generally are sessile and for the
+most part closely crowded, almost heaped; but&mdash;Prof. Bethel finds
+this in winter everywhere on fallen rotting stems of Opuntia and on
+the bases of dead Yucca leaves, still attached. Associated with the
+typical phase and often <i>occurring alone on the Yucca</i> leaves is a discoidal
+form which when first sent in (1908) was called var. <i>gracilis</i>.
+Presented alone to one ignorant of its history and associations, it
+would surely pass for a distinct species. This stalked phase is very
+delicate; the stipe pale brown, or yellow. See <a href="#plII">Plate II</a>., Fig. 9. See
+also Sturgis <i>Col. Coll. Pub.</i> XII., 408.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Badhamia orbiculata</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV.</a></span>, Fig. 4.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Badhamia orbiculata</i> Rex. <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 372.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Badhamia macrocarpa Rost.</i>, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 34 (in part).</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Badhamia orbiculata</i> Rex., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 37</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia stipitate or sessile, orbicular discoidal, irregularly
+elongated or plasmodiocarpous, averaging about 1 mm. in width, generally
+stipitate, and when stipitate, flattened or depressed above, plane
+or slightly umbilicate below; the peridium simple, more or less translucent
+from the varying number of innate granules, sometimes covered
+with circular flat masses of lime, gray except the point of attachment
+to the stipe which is brown; stipe short, black, rough, plicate;
+capillitium dense at the centre, radiant at the periphery where it
+meets the sporangial wall, white; spores violaceous black, minutely
+warted, 12&ndash;15 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is a beautiful species, easily known by its discoidal or almost
+annulate sporangia mounted upon short dark black stipes. The
+stipe in western collections is sometimes very short, but generally suffices
+to raise the sporangium, a little at least, above the substratum.
+Sessile and plasmodiocarpous forms do occur with the typical stipitate
+phase, but may be regarded here as elsewhere as indicative of incomplete
+development. Plasmodium cream-colored, or pale yellow.</p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, Colorado.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Badhamia magna</span> <i>Peck.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV.</a></span>, Fig. 1.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1871. <i>Dictydium magnum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. State Mus.</i>, XXIV., p. 84.</li>
+<li>1879. <i>Badhamia magna</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. State Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 56.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Badhamia macrocarpa Rost.</i>, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 34, in part.</li>
+<li>1892. <ins title="As in original."><i>Bahamia varia</i></ins> Mass. <i>Mon. Myxog.</i>, p. 319, in part.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Badhamia magna</i> Peck, List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 33.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Badhamia capsulifera</i> (Berk.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 68.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Badhamia magna</i> Peck, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 34.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<p>Sporangia globose or ellipsoid, .7&ndash;1 mm., pale iridescent, stipitate;
+peridium thin with slight calcareous deposits, rugulose, opening irregularly,
+white; stipe long flaccid, straw-colored; capillitium an
+elegant uniform net, its threads stiffened by slight deposits of lime,
+the nodes little thickened, badhamioid; spores free, dusky with a
+shade of violet, minutely spinulose, about 10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This beautiful species closely resembles some forms of <i>B. utricularis</i>
+from which it differs chiefly in its unclustered smooth spores.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+<i>B. foliicola</i> as recognized here is hardly more than a smaller, short-stemmed
+form of this; see species next following.</p>
+
+<p>Not rare in the eastern United States and Canada; Iowa. Seems
+to take the place of <i>B. capsulifera</i> of Europe.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Badhamia foliicola</span> <i>Lister</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1897. <i>Badhamia foliicola</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXV., p. 209.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Badhamia foliicola</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 34.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>"Plasmodium orange." Sporangia smaller, about .5&ndash;.6 mm.,
+globose or ellipsoidal, iridescent-gray, stipitate or sessile, the peridium
+thin, rugulose, sparingly calcareous, when empty white; the
+stipe when present short but yellowish, of the flaccid sort; capillitium
+badhamioid; spores free, delicately spinulescent, dusky-violaceous,
+about 12&ndash;13 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This has been so far collected but once, on the shores of Lake
+Okoboji. It was developed, no doubt, on the natural débris of a
+bur-oak prairie border, and went to fruit on the leaves, stems, and
+fruiting spikes of a species of <i>Setaria</i>. It may prove to be different
+from the <i>B. foliicola</i> of Europe; future collections and study must
+reveal that. Meantime it seems wise to refer it here.</p>
+
+<p>The color of the plasmodium is quoted from Miss Lister; a fact
+of some importance only when constant and confirmed by other
+criteria.</p>
+
+<p>Iowa; Toronto,&mdash;<i>Miss Currie.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Badhamia utricularis</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Berk.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus utricularis</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, p. 128, t. 417, Fig. 1.</li>
+<li>1826. <i>Physarum utriculare</i> Chev., <i>Fl. Paris</i>, I., p. 337.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Physarum utriculare</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 139.</li>
+<li>1852. <i>Badhamia utricularis</i> (Bull.) Berk., <i>Tr. Linn. Soc.</i>, XXI., p. 153.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia clustered, spherical or ovoid, large, sessile or mounted on
+long, thin, strand-like stalks, blue-gray, violet-iridescent or cinereous,
+smooth or more often rugulose; the stipes when present poorly differentiated,
+as if thread-like filaments and strips of the plasmodium, often
+branched and always reclining or even prostrate; hypothallus none;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+capillitium a large-meshed open network of rather slender tubules, the
+nodes unequally developed, white with the enclosed lime; spores not
+strictly adherent though not without some tendency to stick together,
+delicately warted, bright violet-brown, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species resembles <i>B. capsulifera</i>, but is distinguished by a more
+strongly rugulose less calcareous peridium and a more profuse development
+of filamentous stipes, but especially by the character of the
+spores. The spores of the present species while inclined, when mounted
+in a liquid, to stay together, nevertheless do not coalesce in heaps as
+in the related species, nor do they show any differentiation in the
+episporic markings, these being uniform over the entire spore.</p>
+
+<p>This is one of the finest and perhaps the most beautiful species of
+this fine genus. It is a forest species, generally to be found on trunks
+of fallen <i>Populus</i> or <i>Tilia</i> where the fine soft gray colonies often
+spread for several inches along the ridges and in crevices of the bark.</p>
+
+<p>Colorado (<i>Bethel</i>); Mississippi valley and east.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Badhamia capsulifera</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Berkeley</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus capsulifer</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, p. 139, t. 470, Fig. 2.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Physarum hyalinum</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Meth. Fung.</i>, p. 170.</li>
+<li>1852. <i>Badhamia capsulifera</i> Berk., <i>Tr. Lin. Soc.</i>, XXI., p. 153.</li>
+<li>1852. <i>Badhamia hyalina</i> Berk., <i>Tr. Lin. Soc.</i>, XXI., p. 153.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Badhamia hyalina</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 139.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Badhamia capsulifera</i> (Bull.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 141.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Badhamia hyalina</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 30.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Badhamia capsulifera</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 31.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia clustered or gregarious, sessile or sometimes stipitate,
+globose or obovoid, gray or greenish white, snow-white when empty;
+the peridium thin, translucent; the stipe, when present, as in <i>B.
+utricularis</i>, although generally shorter and better developed, yellow
+or straw colored; capillitium a very loose, open network of white,
+lime-filled tubules, not much expanded at the nodes; columella none;
+spore-mass purplish-brown; spores adhering in clusters of five or six
+to twenty or more, globose, but affected somewhat by mutual pressure,
+rough throughout, the exposed surface in the cluster, more distinctly
+warted, 10&ndash;12 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This is <i>Badhamia hyalina</i> (Pers.) Berk., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 139; but
+Rostafinski himself admits that the two species, here united, as he defined
+them, are very much alike, having "the same spores and capillitium",
+differing in the form of the sporangium, an inconstant feature.
+Bulliard's name has precedence; his descriptions of this and
+the preceding species are remarkable.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiarly adherent spores distinguish the species from <i>B.
+utricularis</i>; and the sporangia sessile or with short but strand-like
+stipes, distinguish it from <i>B. papaveracea</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The description above is for the typical European form. Lister
+expresses doubt whether this occurs in the United States. The form
+from Iowa which is the basis for the inclusion of the species in N. A.
+S. is, we believe, nothing else than <i>B. capsulifera</i> (Bull.) Berk. The
+form approaches <i>B. populina</i> as this is presented in Colorado. The
+Iowa specimens are white, aggregate, superimposed, etc., but have the
+capillitium and spores exactly as described for the type. Accordingly
+<i>B. populina</i> as this occurs in Colorado has been for years referred to
+the Berkeley species. The thicker more strongly calcareous peridia
+constitute, as would appear, the principal difference in the forms from
+Colorado. See next species.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Badhamia populina</span> <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1904. <i>Badhamia populina</i> List. <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XLII., p. 129.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Badhamia populina</i> List. <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 32.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodium white; sporangia sessile, crowded, heaped, large, 1.5
+mm., rarely stipitate, globose or ovoid, white; stipe when present
+brown; capillitial strands broad, calcareous; spores clustered, 16&ndash;20
+in a cluster, purple-brown, roughened and sometimes marked by obscure
+ridges and bands, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Generally distinguishable by its unusually large calcareous, white
+sporangia. The peridia are strongly calcareous, shell-like in texture.
+In some <ins title="Singular in original.">cases</ins> the color is tinted with rose.</p>
+
+<p>This species is very near <i>B. capsulifera</i> as recognized in the United
+States. When white the Colorado material corresponds almost exactly
+with the forms collected in Iowa, and regarded as representing the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+species just named. The Colorado gatherings are more strongly calcareous
+and the spores sometimes present the variations named.
+"The Colorado phase of the American form."</p>
+
+<p>Colorado,&mdash;<i>Bethel</i>. Europe?</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Badhamia papaveracea</span> <i>Berk. &amp; Rav.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX</a></span>., Figs. 6, 6<i>a</i>, and 6<i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Badhamia papaveracea</i> Berk. &amp; Rav., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 66.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Badhamia hyalina</i> var. <i>papaveracea</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 30.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Badhamia papaveracea</i> Berk. &amp; Rav., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 69.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Badhamia papaveracea</i> Berk. &amp; Rav., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 32.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, large, stipitate, iridescent-gray; the
+peridium thin, translucent, and containing but little calcareous deposits,
+smooth or slightly rugulose; stipe very short, but generally
+distinct, black or very dark brown; hypothallus none; capillitium
+a network of large meshes with expanded nodes, prominent, white,
+persistent after the spores have been blown away; spore-mass deep
+brown; spores adherent as in <i>B. capsulifera</i>, marked in much the
+same way, and about the same size, 10&ndash;12.5 µ</p>
+
+<p>Distinguished by its short, dark, stipe and adherent spores.</p>
+
+<p>Not common. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland,
+South Carolina, Wisconsin, Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Badhamia lilacina</span> (<i>Fries</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1829. <i>Physarum lilacinum</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 141.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Badhamia lilacina</i> (Fries) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 145.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Craterium lilacinum</i> Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 271.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Badhamia lilacina</i> (Fr.) Rost., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 34.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Badhamia lilacina</i> (Fr.) Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, 2nd ed., p. 38.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia globose, sub-globose, or obconical, sessile, gregarious or
+more or less clustered, supported by a thin, continuous, transparent
+hypothallus; the peridium smooth pale, lilac-brown without, white
+within; stipe none, although some sporangia have a narrowed base;
+columella none, the pseudo-columella formed by a more densely aggregated
+capillitium near the base; capillitium dense, white, strongly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+nodulose; spore-mass black; spores dark, violaceous-brown by transmitted
+light, distinctly warted, or reticulate, the reticulations resembling
+somewhat those of some of the trichias, as <i>T. affinis</i>, 10&ndash;15 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Easily recognizable, generally at sight, by its peculiar color. White
+forms, however, occur; often lilac-tinted and white from the same
+plasmodium. A perfectly white colony seems to be rare. Both colors
+are shown in specimens distributed. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2494.</p>
+
+<p>Common eastward, Ontario, New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
+etc. Not reported west of the Mississippi River.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever the color, the spores are in every case positively diagnostic.
+The episporic markings are unlike those of any other species
+in the present order. Dr. Rex describes some New York forms as
+provided with a short but distinct stipe. Such forms resemble externally
+<i>Scyphium rubiginosum</i> (Chev.) Rost. The hypothallus is also
+unique. V. next species.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">16. <span class="smcap">Badhamia rubiginosa</span> (<i>Chev.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plX">Plate X</a>.</span>, Figs. 1, 1<i>a</i>, 1<i>b</i>, 1<i>c</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1826. <i>Physarum rubiginosum</i> Chev., <i>Fl. Par.</i>, p. 338.</li>
+<li>1872. <i>Craterium obovatum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXVI., p. 75.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Scyphium rubiginosum</i> (Chev.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 148.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Badhamia rubiginosa</i> (Chev.) Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 5.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Craterium rubiginosum</i> Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 270.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, obovoid, grayish brown, stipitate, the peridium
+simple, membranous, above thin, pale, more or less calcareous
+below, more persistent blending with the stipe; stipe erect, reddish
+brown or purplish, expanded below into a small hypothallus, above,
+prolonged within the sporangia more than half its height as a
+definite columella; capillitium very dense, snow white, long persistent
+with the lower two-thirds of the sporangial wall; spore-mass dark
+brown; spores by transmitted light, dark violet or purple-brown,
+minutely roughened or spinulose, not adherent, 12&ndash;14 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is probably the most common badhamia in the country and
+in the world. It is found every year, in the woods, on masses of
+decaying leaves, especially those of various species of oak. The plasmodium
+is yellow. The fructifications are very distinct, not likely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+to be mistaken for those of any other species; the stipes constitute a
+very prominent feature in every gathering I have seen. Sometimes
+these are more or less coalescent, especially toward the base, where
+they are apt to be also wrinkled or longitudinally striate; in other
+specimens the stipes are well differentiated, long, terete, with little or
+no hypothallus.</p>
+
+<p><i>Badhamia curtisii</i> (Berk.) Rost. is according to Lister (Mon.,
+p. 35) a sessile phase of this species. The only specimens known are
+in the herbarium of Berkeley, now at Kew. The species is based upon
+a gathering from S. Carolina. Berkeley thought it a didymium, called
+it <i>D. curtisii</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reported from western Europe; the typical form abundant in
+the forested regions of eastern N. America, especially in the Mississippi
+valley.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">17. <span class="smcap">Badhamia subaquila</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1899. <i>Badhamia subaquila</i> Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 64.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia closely gregarious or crowded, globose or sub-globose,
+sessile, brown, the peridium a thin but persistent brown membrane,
+rupturing above irregularly and remaining as a cup after spore
+dispersal; hypothallus none; capillitium strongly developed, thoroughly
+calcareous, the meshes large, the nodular thickenings broad, white;
+spores globose, in mass black, by transmitted light brown, very rough-warted,
+large, 15&ndash;18 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The variety is founded on material sent from Maine by the late
+Mr. F. L. Harvey. Professor Harvey, upon the authority of Mr.
+Morgan of Ohio, quotes the species, <i>Bull. Tor. Bot. Club</i>, 24, 67, as
+<i>B. verna</i> (Somm.) Rost. But the specimens certainly do not conform
+to description of <i>B. verna</i>. Here the wall corresponds with what
+is seen in <i>B. rubiginosa</i>; but the spores are much larger, and the
+capillitial structure very different.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Lister regards this a form of No. 16. So far, the original
+gathering represents the species; but the woods of Maine are certain
+one day to send added information.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. On mossy logs, Maine.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>3. Physarum</b> (<i>Persoon</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1794.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> <i>Physarum</i> Pers., <i>Rom. Neu. Mag. f. d. Bot.</i>, I., p. 88, in part.</li>
+<li>1795. <i>Physarum</i> Pers., <i>Ust. Ann. Bot.</i>, XV., p. 5, in part.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Physarum</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 168, in part.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Physarum</i> (Pers.) Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, II., p. 127, in part.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 93.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, æthalioid or distinct; the peridium
+usually simple, sometimes double, irregularly dehiscent, more or less
+definitely calcareous; capillitium a uniform irregular net, dilated
+and calcareous at the nodes, adherent on all sides to the peridial wall.</p>
+
+<p>This large and cosmopolitan genus is readily recognized by the
+characters quoted. It may be added that the capillitial threads are
+always exceedingly delicate, probably tubular, but never filled with
+lime throughout; the peridium may be almost nude or encrusted
+with lime, which, where present, is always amorphous, never crystalline;
+the sporangia when distinct may be either sessile or stipitate,
+and the stipe in the latter case is often hollow and charged with
+lime. In capillitium intermediate between <i>Leocarpus</i> and <i>Badhamia</i>,
+since in the first the capillitium is unequally calcareous, diverse, while
+in <i>Badhamia</i> the capillitium is intricate and calcareous throughout.</p>
+
+<p>As first set up by its founder, the genus included diverse forms,
+only one or two of which would be included in the genus as now
+limited.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> Persoon, however, was left to develop the matter to suit
+himself, and in successive works gave, under this generic name, more
+and more prominence to forms now so referred. Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>,
+III., pp. 127 <i>et seq.</i>, still better establishes the genus, though still including
+forms that, judging from the description, seem to belong
+elsewhere. Twenty years later Fries revising somewhat his earlier
+work thought to improve the chances of future students by reducing
+the number of physarums. This he would do by setting out certain
+evidently inter-related forms to make a new genus, <i>Tilmadoche</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p><p>He named two or three species only, leaving his <ins title="As in original.">sucessors</ins> to add
+others as occasion offered.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<p>Rostafinski approved the good intention of Fries, but in the <i>Monograph</i>,
+he entirely re-cast the genus as constituted by Fries; actually
+called the species 'first cited' a typical physarum! Would not have it
+in the new genus at all, first or last; but instead took the second
+species of Fries as the type and added several forms, some from the
+Friesian list, to make up a respectable group.</p>
+
+<p>Until quite recently writers on the subject have generally approved
+the course adopted by the Polish author. The arrangement showed
+features of convenience, even if artificial to a degree. Perhaps we
+gain advantage in all directions if we treat the original genus
+<i>Physarum</i> as a whole, but in the key take advantage of Fries' suggestion.
+We may write&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Physarum</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Physarum">
+<tr><td align="left">1. Capillitium irregularly reticulate throughout; calcic nodes various</td><td align="left"><i>Physarum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">2. Capillitium more regular, especially below, furcate; nodes fusoid</td><td align="left"><i>Tilmadoche</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="center">SECTION I. PHYSARUM</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="PHYSARUM">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="9">I. Fructification not stipitate, more or less plasmodiocarpous.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="8">1. Peridium simple.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>a.</i> Calcareous deposits yellow</td><td align="left">1. <i>P. serpula</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>b.</i> Calcareous deposits reddish or orange</td><td align="left">2. <i>P. lateritium</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>c.</i> Calcareous deposits white, peridium rugulose</td><td align="left">3. <i>P. vernum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="8">2. Peridium double.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>a.</i> Fructification flatly compressed</td><td align="left">4. <i>P. sinuosum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>b.</i> Fructification less compressed, rounded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">i. Outer peridium white</td><td align="left">5. <i>P. bitectum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">ii. Outer peridium brown or brown-tinged</td><td align="left">6. <i>P. bogoriense</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">iii. Outer peridium yellow; capillitium yellow</td><td align="left">7. <i>P. alpinum</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="9">II. Fructification of sporangia more or less distinct.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="8">A. Sporangia sessile, globose, ovoid, reniform, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="7">1. Peridium double.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Sporangia white, peridium testaceous.</td><td align="left">8. <i>P. diderma</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>b.</i> Sporangia tinged with yellow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">i. Sporangia as if interwoven, compressed</td><td align="left">9. <i>P. contextum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">ii. Sporangia more nearly free, distinct.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">o Spores pale, inner peridium brittle</td><td align="left">10.&nbsp;<i>P.&nbsp;conglomeratum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">oo Spores spinulose, dark violet</td><td align="left">11. <i>P. mortoni</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>c.</i> Sporangia brown, dehiscence revolute</td><td align="left">12. <i>P. brunneolum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="7">2. Peridium simple, calcareous, flaky.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>a.</i> Sporangia grey, plasmodiocarpous; spores dusky, 10&ndash;12 forms of 3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Sporangia grey, more or less dense; spores violet, 6&ndash;7</td><td align="left">13. <i>P. cinereum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>c.</i> Calcareous deposits yellow or greenish, spores 7&ndash;9</td><td align="left">14. <i>P. virescens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>d.</i> Sporangia rusty or reddish brown, more or less dense</td><td align="left">15. <i>P. rubiginosum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>e.</i> Sporangia minute, lignicolous, the fructification much extended upon a hypothallus, lime deposit tawny</td><td align="left">16. <i>P. instratum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>f.</i> Sporangia white, depressed, annulate, sometimes with short stipes</td><td align="left">17. <i>P. megalosporum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6">3. Peridium simple, not flaky, small .2&ndash;.3 mm., heaped</td><td align="left">18. <i>P. confertum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="8">B. Sporangia, at least some of them, stipitate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>a.</i> Sporangia columellate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6">i. Columella small, usually conical.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6">O Sporangium yellow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">o Columella white</td><td align="left">19. <i>P. melleum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">oo Columella yellow</td><td align="left">20. <i>P. citrinum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6">OO Sporangium not yellow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">o Capillitial mass persistent.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">+ Sporangia globose, pallid or white</td><td align="left">21. <i>P. globuliferum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">++ Sporangia blue or lilac, rose, etc.</td><td align="left">22. <i>P. lilacinum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">+++ Sporangia drab or brownish</td><td align="left">23. <i>P. murinum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">++++ Sporangia wine-red</td><td align="left">24. <ins title="P. pulcherrinum in original."><i>P. pulcherrimum</i></ins></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">oo Capillitial-mass less persistent; orange</td><td align="left">25. <i>P. pulcherripes</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">ii. Columella long, 4&ndash;5 the sporangium non-calcareous.</td><td align="left">26. <i>P. penetrale</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">iii. Columella large globose</td><td align="left">27. <i>P. luteo-album</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>b.</i> Sporangia without columella.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6">i. Sporangia nucleate, calcareous at center.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">O Stipe yellow</td><td align="left">28. <i>P. nucleatum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">OO Stipe white</td><td align="left">29. <i>P. wingatense</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6">ii. Sporangia non-nucleate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">O Sporangia purple</td><td align="left">30. <i>P. newtoni</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">OO Sporangia blue, spotted with red</td><td align="left">31. <i>P. psittacinum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">OOO Grey or white, iridescent betimes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">o Sporangia white, discoidal; stipe yellow</td><td align="left">32. <i>P. discoidale</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">oo Sporangia lightly calcareous, iridescent, sub-globose, diam. about = to the stout, brown, slightly wrinkled stipe</td><td align="left">33. <i>P. leucophaeum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">ooo Sporangia globose or sub-globose.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">x. Small, .5 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">+ Stipe erect, clear brown</td><td align="left">34. <i>P. nodulosum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">++ Stipe weak, yellow, stuffed</td><td align="left">35. <i>P. maculatum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">xx. Larger, lime-capped; stipe strand-like</td><td align="left">36. <i>P. didermoides</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">xxx. Stipe snow-white, fragile</td><td align="left">37. <i>P. leucopus</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">xxxx. Stipe generally distinctly fluted</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">+ Sporangia laterally compressed, fan-shaped</td><td align="left">38. <i>P. compressum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">++ Sporangia typically globose, umbilicate below, connate, etc., strongly calcareous</td><td align="left">39. <i>P. notabile</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">+++ Sporangia reniform, concave below <i>P. affine</i>, see under 38</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">++++ Sporangia larger, to 1 mm., nearly limeless, iridescent</td><td align="left">40. <i>P. tropicale</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">oooo Sporangia obovate, compound, clustered, the stipe fuscous, fluted, short.</td><td align="left">41. <i>P. nicaraguense</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">OOOO Sporangia yellow, rarely iridescent or brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">o Capillitial nodes white.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">x. Stipe also white</td><td align="left">42. <i>P. sulphureum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">xx. Stipe flesh-colored, spores smaller</td><td align="left">43. <i>P. carneum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">xxx. Stipe red or reddish brown</td><td align="left">44. <i>P. citrinellum</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">xxxx. Stipe yellowish, flaccid, sporangia leocarpine</td><td align="left">45. <i>P. albescens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">xxxxx. Stipe very short or none, sporangia cylindric, brown</td><td align="left">46. <i>P. variabile</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">oo Capillitium nodes yellow or orange-yellow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">x. Badhamioid, larger,&mdash;to .8 mm.</td><td align="left">47. <i>P. auriscalpium</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">xx. Physaroid, base persistent</td><td align="left">48. <i>P. oblatum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">ooo Capillitium nodes pure yellow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">x. Capillitial threads yellow</td><td align="left">49. <i>P. galbeum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">xx. Capillitial threads hyaline</td><td align="left">50. <i>P. tenerum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">xxx. Peridium iridescent.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">+ Capillitium persistent</td><td align="left">51. <i>P. flavicomum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">++ Capillitium less persistent, larger</td><td align="left">52. <i>P. bethelii</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="center">SECTION II. TILMADOCHE</p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="TILMADOCHE">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3">I. Æthalioid, gyrose or irregular</td><td align="left">53. <i>P. gyrosum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">II. Fructification stipitate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">1. Sporangia irregular, often convolute, involved</td><td align="left">54.&nbsp;<i>P.&nbsp;polycephalum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Sporangia simple, nutant, discoidal.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Thin-walled, grey or white.</td><td align="left">55. <i>P. nutans</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Vari-colored, yellow, greenish, orange, etc.</td><td align="left">56. <i>P. viride</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Physarum serpula</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX</a>.</span>, Figs. 6, 6<i>a</i>, and 6<i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1831. <i>Physarum reticulatum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., Schweinitz, <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2295.</li>
+<li>1885. <i>Physarum gyrosum</i> (Rost.) Wingate, Ellis, <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 1396.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Physarum gyrosum</i> Rost., Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 307.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Cienkowskia reticulata</i> Rost, Macbr., <i>Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., 2, p. 150.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Badhamia decipiens</i> Berk., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 33, in part.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Physarum serpula</i> Morg., <i>Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.</i>, p. 101.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum serpula</i> Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 29.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum serpula</i> Morg., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 81.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodiocarp repent, reticulate, forming anon lines, circles, dots,
+etc., venulose pale yellow, ochraceous, at length whitish, the peridium
+thin, membranaceous, simple, fragile, but withal persistent, below<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+united with a hypothallus which is more or less widely produced;
+capillitium rather scant, but abundantly charged with polygonal nodules
+of lime, yellow; spore-mass black; the spores, by transmitted
+light, violaceous, warted, globose, 10&ndash;13 µ. Plasmodium, at maturity,
+greenish-yellow.</p>
+
+<p>A very distinct species not likely to be confused with anything
+else, although in description, so far as concerns external characters,
+suggesting <i>Cienkowskia reticulata</i>. The two forms are not at all
+alike when placed side by side. For details as to the difference, see
+the description of the species last mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>Apparently not rare in eastern United States, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
+Ohio, Iowa.</p>
+
+<p>In 1805, Albertini and Schweinitz, <i>Conspectus Fungorum</i>, p. 251,
+t. 7, Fig. 2, described as <i>Physarum reticulatum</i>, a European form
+which became the basis of Rostafinski's genus <i>Cienkowskia</i>; see under
+that genus. Later, 1829, Schweinitz discovered in America a physarum-looking
+specimen which he took to be the same thing, and
+accordingly placed in his herbarium under this name, and entered
+<i>N. A. F.</i> 2295. Rostafinski further renamed another Schweinitzian
+species <i>Fuligo muscorum</i> calling it, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 111, <i>Physarum
+gyrosum</i>. Wingate and Rex apply in Ellis, <i>N. A. F.</i>, this latter
+name to No. 2295 of Schweinitz. Such a reference is a mistake, judging
+from Rostafinski's descriptions and from the description and
+figure of Albertini and Schweinitz (<i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 86, t. 7, I),
+and by the testimony of Lister. For further concerning Rostafinski's
+species, see under <i>Physarum gyrosum</i>, p. 111, <i>Mon.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Physarum lateritium</span> (<i>Berk. &amp; Rav.</i>) Rost.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Didymium lateritium</i> Berk. &amp; Rav., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 65.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum ditmari lateritium</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, <i>App.</i>, p. 9.</li>
+<li>1879. <i>Physarum inequale</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 40.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Physarum chrysotrichum</i> Berk. &amp; C., Massee, p. 300.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum inequale</i> Peck, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 60.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Physarum lateritium</i> (Berk. &amp; Rav.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 95.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum lateritium</i> (Berk. &amp; Rav.) Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 33.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum lateritium</i> Morg., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 82.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Plasmodium scarlet. Sporangia gregarious, sessile, globose or sub-globose,
+or sometimes plasmodiocarpous, yellowish or orange, everywhere,
+when fresh, spotted with minute scarlet granules; the
+peridium thin, more or less rugulose; columella none; capillitium
+delicate, generally yellow, with nodules conspicuous, yellow or reddish;
+spores violet-brown in mass, by transmitted light pale violet,
+minutely roughened, 7&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A well-marked species easily recognized by the characters cited.
+The extent of lime deposit at the capillitial nodes varies; sometimes
+very little. This accounts for Berkeley's generic reference. On
+the other hand, Lister makes the rounded lime knots "each knot with
+a red centre surrounded by yellow, round, lime-granules" diagnostic.
+This pied condition does not come out in any of our specimens.
+The capillitium in broken specimens soon fades, tends to white, etc.</p>
+
+<p>New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Colorado, and south. Ceylon,
+Java, Brazil.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Physarum vernum</span> <i>Somm.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1829. <i>Physarum vernum</i> Somm., Fries, <i>Syst. Mycol.</i>, III., p. 146.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> (Batsch), Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 102, in part.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Badhamia verna</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 145.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Badhamia panicea</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 34.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> (Batsch) Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 34 (in part).</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum vernum</i> Somm., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 75.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>"Plasmodium white." Sporangia sessile, generally plasmodiocarpous
+white, nearly smooth; peridium more or less testaceous not scaly,
+but breaking irregularly; capillitium densely calcareous, the nodules
+angular, branching, sometimes united to form a pseudo-columella;
+spores dusky violaceous, rough, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Sommerfeldt's description quoted by Fries, <i>l. c.</i>, evidently concerned
+a less calcareous phase. Fries by his annotation relieves somewhat
+the reader's uncertainty.</p>
+
+<p>Rostafinski calls this a badhamia but describes a physarum, and the
+form has, as is believed, been consistently confused with <i>P. cinereum</i>
+by every student of the group from the days of DeBary until now.
+In the second edition of the <i>Mycetozoa</i>, Lister clears the situation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+by transferring the species to <i>Physarum</i>, and calling attention to
+spore-dimensions. The fact is, the species in external appearance so
+much resembles <i>P. cinereum</i>, that the unaided eye cannot distinguish
+one from the other. Curiously enough, Rostafinski describes the
+form he had before him as "one of the rarest." Doubtless had he
+gone back to his specimens of <i>P. cinereum</i> he had found plenty, for
+in Europe it seems abundant everywhere. In this country it is <i>P.
+cinereum</i> as now defined, that is rarer, although not uncommon.
+From all connection with <i>Badhamia</i>, as representing <i>B. panicea</i> it
+should, as would appear, be withdrawn once for all.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Physarum sinuosum</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Weinm.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII.</a></span>, Figs. 6 and 6<i>a</i>, and <span class="smcap">Plate</span> <a href="#plXIX">XIX</a>, Fig. 15.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Reticularia sinuosa</i> Bulliard, <i>Champ.</i>, p. 94; t. 446, Fig. 3.</li>
+<li>1796. <i>Physarum bivalve</i> Persoon, <i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 6; t. III., Fig. 2.</li>
+<li>1828. <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> Wein., Fries <i>teste, l. c.</i></li>
+<li>1828. <i>Angioridium sinuosum</i> Grev., <i>Scot. Crypt. Fl.</i>, 310.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 145.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> (Bull.) Rost., <i>Monograph</i>, p. 112.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> Rost., Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 305.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum bivalve</i> Pers., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 57.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Angioridium sinuosum</i> (Grev.), Morg., <i>Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.</i>, p. 75.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> (Bull.) Wein., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 28.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> Wein., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 76.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct or plasmodiocarpous, the plasmodiocarp creeping
+in long vein-like reticulations or curves, laterally compressed; sometimes
+distinct and crowded, always sessile. Peridium double; the
+outer thick, calcareous, fragile, snow-white; the inner delicate, the
+dehiscence by more or less regular longitudinal fissure. Capillitium
+strongly developed with abundant white, calcareous granules. Spores
+smooth, dull violet, 8&ndash;9 µ. Plasmodium pale gray, or nearly white.</p>
+
+<p>Easily recognized at sight by its peculiar form, bilabiate and sinuous.
+Apart from microscopic structure, perfectly described by Fries,
+<i>Syst. Myc.</i>, p. 145. Bulliard called it <i>Reticularia sinuosa</i>. Habitat
+various, but not infrequently the upper surface of the leaves of living
+plants, a few inches from the ground. The two sorts of fructification
+often occur side by side, or merge into one another from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+same plasmodium. Where the substratum affords room the plasmodiocarpous
+style prevails; in narrower limits single sporangia stand.
+The calcareous deposit on the peridium is usually very rich and under
+a lens appears made up of countless snowy or creamy flakes. Forms
+occur, however, in which these outer calcic deposits are almost entirely
+wanting; the peridium becomes transparent, the capillitium
+visible from without. Judging from material before us, this appears
+to be the common presentation in western Europe. See also No. 5
+following.</p>
+
+<p>Widely distributed. New England to the Carolinas, and Louisiana
+west to South Dakota and Nebraska, Iowa and Washington.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Physarum bitectum</span> <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX.</a></span>, Fig. 16.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1891. <i>Physarum diderma</i> Rost., List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXIX., p. 260.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum diderma</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 57.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum bitectum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 78.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, sessile or plasmodiocarpous,
+smooth white or pallid, terete or somewhat compressed; peridium double,
+the outer wall calcareous, free and deciduous above, recurved and
+persistent below; the inner, smooth, pale purplish, more persistent;
+dehiscence more or less irregular beginning at the top; capillitium of
+large white nodules connected by short hyaline threads; spores generally
+spinulose, violaceous brown, 9&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>As suggested by the author of this species it is properly a variety
+of <i>P. sinuosum</i>; certainly is, as it presents itself in this part of the
+world. Of the species last named we have compressed forms opening
+by narrow fissure along their knife-edged summit, with scarce place
+for capillitium at all between the approaching walls; again we have
+colonies of sporangia quite terete, calcareous without, opening in
+fragmental fashion at the top, displaying sometimes the thin membranous
+inner wall but at length fissured and gaping as in the more usual
+phase figured by authors, where the plasmodiocarp is simply compressed
+but not extravagantly thin. Both types occur in the western
+mountains, forms with and without calcium, fissured by wider or
+narrower cleft, <i>from the same plasmodium</i>; forms bilabiate and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
+forms opening at first to display an inner peridium; forms globose
+with narrow base, but apex cleft, and forms ellipsoidal, yet compressed,
+opening like the gaping of some tiniest bivalve; did not Persoon say
+<i>P. bivalve</i>! all are bivalvular at the last! Nay; but what are these?
+Here are some of the shorter forms become suddenly obovate, and
+are actually mounted on <i>stipes</i>! Surely variation in the same plasmodium
+can no farther go!<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p>Not rare. Colorado to the Pacific Coast. Evidently a western-American
+variation of Bulliard's European type. The latter occurs
+abundantly in Iowa on the shores of Lake Okoboji; otherwise not
+common.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Physarum bogoriense</span> <i>Racib.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1898. <i>Physarum bogoriense</i> Raciborski, Hedw., XXXVII., p. 52.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia sessile, elongate, creeping but not reticulate, semicircular
+in transverse section, sometimes globose or depressed globose; peridium
+double, the outer thick coriaceous, yellow or brown, dehiscing stellately
+into persistent more or less triangular reflected lobes, remote from
+the thin, colorless inner wall; columella none; capillitium feebly developed,
+the nodes white, large, isodiametric; spores bright violet,
+smooth, 7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is not uncommon in the mountains of Colorado where
+it has been taken at various stations by Bethel. It is reported from
+Pennsylvania and South Carolina. Raciborski describes it from Java.</p>
+
+<p>In habit it is very much like some forms of <i>P. sinuosum</i> but differs
+in the depressed, rather than compressed sporangia, and in the brown
+color of the outer peridium.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Physarum alpinum</span> <i>G. List.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1910. <i>Physarum alpinum</i> G. Lister, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XLVII, p. 73.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia globose and sessile or plasmodiocarpous, dull yellow,
+smooth or scaly; peridium double, the outer wall densely calcareous,
+separating irregularly from the membranous inner wall; capillitium<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+densely calcareous, the nodes large, more or less branched, yellow;
+spores purple brown, closely and minutely warted, 9&ndash;14 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is based by its author upon a gathering made in California
+by Dr. Harkness and named by Phillips who received it in
+England, <i>badhamia inaurata</i>. He seems not to have described it.
+Since its first appearance, the form has been found repeatedly in the
+Juras. Specimens are before me from Mt. Rainier believed to be
+the same. The plasmodiocarpous habit and yellow capillitium separate
+this from related <i>P. contextum</i> and <i>P. mortoni</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Europe, California, Washington.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Physarum diderma</span> <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 9.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum diderma</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 110.</li>
+<li>1898. <i>Physarum didermoides</i> var. <i>lividum</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXVI., p. 162.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum diderma</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 30.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum testaceum</i> Sturgis, List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 79.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia snow-white, clustered, sessile or narrowly adnate,
+globose or polygonal by mutual compression; peridium double, the
+outer dense, fragile, thick, calcareous, the inner delicate, remote,
+translucent, capillitium well developed, the calcareous nodules white,
+rounded or angular, sometimes uniting to form a pseudo-columella;
+spore-mass black; spores purplish, distinctly rough, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A beautiful and distinct species. As others in the group with which
+it is here associated, it is a physarum with the outward seeming of a
+diderma. It occurs in Europe, therefore it is safe to assume that
+Rostafinski saw it. So well marked it is that any good description
+will define it, and Rostafinski describes it perfectly, adequately.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lister having used for another species the name we here apply&mdash;see
+under <i>P. bitectum</i>&mdash;referred this present form to <i>P. didermoides</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+Rost., <i>l. c.</i> Professor Sturgis, convinced that such reference
+was at least doubtful, gave to our American gatherings the distinctive
+name above, citing specimens from Massachusetts, from Colorado, and
+from California. Curiously enough he also includes specimens of <i>R.
+didermoides</i> var. <i>lividum</i> List., sent from England!</p>
+
+<p>Rare! Certainly rare in Europe and so far seldom seen in the
+United States, though widely distributed. Specimens are before us
+from Ohio, Michigan, Iowa, Oregon. No doubt the mountains of
+the north Pacific coast, a region to-day almost unsearched, will yet
+afford the species in abundance.</p>
+
+<p>As stated Mr. Lister first applied the name <i>P. diderma</i> to a plasmodiocarpous
+form occurring in England and near <i>P. sinuosum</i>.
+More lately, <i>Mon., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 78, he adopts a new specific name, <i>P.
+bitectum</i> for the English specimens, and enters <i>P. diderma</i> as a probable
+synonym for <i>P. lividum</i> R. Evidently our present form as described
+above has not come to Mr. Lister's view. He says the
+original type is not to be consulted.</p>
+
+<p>There is really no more merit in this later comparison than in that
+discarded. The species <i>P. diderma</i> is not <i>P. lividum</i>, but stands as
+originally delimited, and will, doubtless, some day yet again appear in
+its own behalf upon the witness-stand of time; when, as before, a
+Frenchman in DeBary's old-time haunts may rise to give it welcome,
+brought back by some keen-eyed Polish student eager now in the arts
+of peace, from Warsaw's shady groves.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Physarum contextum</span> <i>Persoon.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX.</a></span>, Figs. 3 and 3<i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1796. <i>Diderma contextum</i> Persoon, <i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 89.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Physarum contextum</i> Persoon, <i>Syn. Meth.</i>, p. 168.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></li>
+<li>1829. <i>Diderma contextum</i> Persoon, Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 111.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Diderma ochroleucum</i> Berk. &amp; C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 52.</li>
+<li>1879. <i>Diderma flavidum</i> Pk., <i>N. Y. Rep. State Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 55.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, sessile, densely crowded, sub-rotund reniform
+more often elongate, interwoven; peridium double; the outer rather
+thick, calcareous, yellow, or yellowish white, the inner thin, yellowish;
+capillitium white, containing numerous large, irregular calcareous
+granules; columella none; spores deep violet, 11&ndash;13 µ, covered
+with minute spinules.</p>
+
+<p>This singular species occurs not rarely upon the bark of fallen
+twigs, upon bits of straw or grass-stems lying undisturbed upon the
+ground. In such a position the slime-mould covers, as with a sheath,
+the entire substratum. The outer peridium, especially its upper
+part, is entirely evanescent, our Fig. 3 shows the sporangia with
+upper outer peridium wanting. Not rare in summer and autumn.</p>
+
+<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Illinois,
+Iowa, Colorado, Oregon, Nicaragua.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Physarum conglomeratum</span> (<i>Fr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1803. <i>Spumaria granulata</i> Schum., <i>Enum. Pl. Saell.</i>, II., p. 196, No. 1419.</li>
+<li>1803. <i>Spumaria minuta</i> Schum., <i>l. c.</i></li>
+<li>1829. <i>Diderma granulatum</i> Schum., Fries, <i>S. M.</i>, III., p. 110.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Diderma minutum</i> Schum., Fries, <i>l. c.</i>, p. 111.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Diderma conglomeratum</i> Fries, <i>l. c.</i>, p. 111.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum conglomeratum</i> (Fr.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 108.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Physarum rostafinskii</i> Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 301.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum conglomeratum</i> Rost., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 58.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum conglomeratum</i> (Fr.) Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 31.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum conglomeratum</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 80.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia depressed, globose, or irregular, sessile, more or less
+aggregated, ochraceous-yellow, peridium double, the outer, thick,
+cartilaginous, at length irregularly ruptured, and reflexed, disclosing
+the more delicate, ashen-gray, inner membrane which encloses capillitium
+and spores; capillitium abundant, showing large, white irregular
+calcareous thickenings which are often consolidated in some sporangia
+tend to aggregate at the centre; spore-mass brown, spores violaceous,
+slightly roughened, 8&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This beautiful species shows a peridium as distinctly double as in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+any diderma. The outer peridium is reflexed exactly as in some
+species of that genus; is yellow without, white within, and withal
+long persistent. The capillitium of course distinguishes the species
+instantly as a physarum. By the size of the spores it is distinguished
+from the species preceding. This being a decisive specific character
+the synonymy prior to Rostafinski is somewhat uncertain. The specific
+name adopted by the Polish author is therefore approved, although
+perhaps not the earliest.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. The only specimens thus far are from Tennessee and Louisiana.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Physarum mortoni</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a></span>., Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, clustered but distinct, sessile small, about
+.75 mm., bright yellow, peridium double. The outer rough, breaking
+up into comparatively few rather large deciduous scales, the inner
+peridium white, calcareous, both persisting below to form a distinct
+cup; capillitium lax, the nodes white, large, angular; columella none;
+hypothallus none; spores distinctly rough, dark brown with the usual
+purple shadow, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very distinct little species related, no doubt, to <i>P. contextum</i>,
+but different in habit. It is never crowded, shows no plasmodiocarpous
+tendencies, while the outer peridium is generally deciduous
+except at the base and falls in flakes.</p>
+
+<p>Collected several times in the Three Sisters Mountains of Oregon
+by <i>Professor Morton E. Peck.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Physarum brunneolum</span> (<i>Phillips</i>) <i>Mass.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a></span>., Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1877. <i>Diderma brunneolum</i> Phillips, <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 114.</li>
+<li>1888. <i>Diderma brunneolum</i> Phill., Saccardo, <i>Syll. Fung.</i>, No. 1292.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Physarum brunneolum</i> Phill., Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 280, Figs. 221&ndash;222.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Craterium pedunculatum</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 71.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum brunneolum</i> Mass., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 63, Pl. 69, Fig. <i>a</i>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, but not crowded, sessile, globose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
+or sub-depressed; peridium double, thick, smooth or polished,
+yellow brown, stellately dehiscent, the segments reflexed, white within;
+columella none; capillitium dense, with nodes numerous, large
+irregular, internodes thin and short; spores globose, lilac, minutely
+warted, 6&ndash;7 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This form was first described in <i>Grevillea</i>, V., p. 114, as <i>Diderma
+brunneolum</i> Phillips. Later, students of the specimens preserved by
+Mr. Phillips, concur that we have to do not with a diderma, but with
+a craterium, Lister, or physarum, Massee. There seems no reason
+why we should not respect the decision of Massee, whose description
+is here quoted in form somewhat abridged. The peridium
+is about as double as in the many physarums, not more so; the inner
+membrane so delicate as only occasionally to be revealed except to
+scrutiny most searching. But the appearance as a whole is as of
+some brown diderma; only the calcareous capillitium abides to prevent
+mistaken reference.</p>
+
+<p>When opened by irregular dehiscence from above, the persisting
+cup-like base of the sporangium recalls <i>Leocarpus fragilis</i>; but then
+again the capillitium is different.</p>
+
+<p>California, Portugal; Colorado,&mdash;<i>Sturgis.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Physarum cinereum</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX</a></span>., Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1786. <i>Lycoperdon cinereum</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, p. 249, Fig. 169.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Physarum griseum</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I, p. 27.</li>
+<li>1805. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> Persoon, <i>Synopsis</i>, p. 170.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Didymium cinereum</i> Batsch, Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 126.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Physarum plumbeum</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 142.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> Batsch, Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 102, in part.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Physarum plumbeum</i> Fr., Morgan, <i>Myx. Mi. Val.</i>, p. 98.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum plumbeum</i> Fr., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 35.</li>
+<li>1909. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> (Batsch) Pers., Torrend, <i>Flore des Myx.</i>, p. 183.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodium watery white, or transparent, wide streaming on
+decaying sod, etc. Sporangia sessile, closely gregarious, or even
+heaped, sub-globose, elongate or plasmodiocarpous, more or less calcareous,
+gray; peridium simple, thin, more or less densely coated with
+lime; capillitium strongly developed, the nodes more or less richly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+calcareous, the lime-knots rounded, angular; spore-mass brown, spores
+clear violaceous-brown, 6&ndash;7 µ, distinctly warted.</p>
+
+<p>This delicate, inconspicuous species is well defined by the characters
+given. It occurs not rarely on richly manured ground, in
+meadows, lawns, or even on the open prairie. The plasmodium may
+form rings several inches in diameter, scattered here and there over
+a surface several square feet in extent, in fruit ascending the blades
+of grass, completely covering these with the crowded sporangia. The
+color of the fruit is well described in the specific name; gray or
+ashen gray. The spores are very distinctly papillate; in some specimens,
+however, almost smooth; in few instances, rough.</p>
+
+<p>Common. New England west to the Black Hills and Pacific
+coast. Cosmopolitan.</p>
+
+<p>The present species well illustrates the difficulty confronting the
+author of to-day who, discussing a group of microscopic organisms,
+would fain use the nomenclature of his predecessors, honored, but
+equipped with insufficient lenses. Here is a species reported common
+in Europe, observed by every mycologist there, from Micheli down,
+and yet awaiting adequate description until Rostafinski in his great
+book, gives the results of microscopic analysis. We are now really
+dealing with <i>P. cinereum</i> Rost; <i>P. cinereum</i> Batsch is a compliment
+to certain rather clever water-color drawings.</p>
+
+<p>Rostafinski gives a long list of synonyms, none, it is believed, represent
+American forms; and without taking careful thought, surely
+no one would rudely disturb such honorable interment; but, in his
+description the range of spore-measurement, 7&ndash;13.3 µ, gives us pause,
+and raises the suspicion that possibly, in one case or another, the
+sepulture were perhaps premature. The range is too great! Perhaps,
+in the series offered in confirmation, small-spored forms represent
+one species, large-spored, something else?</p>
+
+<p>European students may decide this at their leisure. But Rostafinski
+having, not without much labor, practically completed his
+review of the physaroid forms had almost finished the last genus
+<i>Badhamia</i>, when his mind perhaps returned, no doubt with some
+lingering misgivings, to the thirteenth species in his physarum list.
+There were there, he recalled, some large-spored specimens which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+had rather badhamioid capillitium. The sessile physarums of Fries
+were also before him, those especially, "floccis albis." Of these one
+shall be <i>B. panicea</i>, one <i>B. lilacina</i> and one <i>B. verna</i>, described as
+having rather delicate colorless capillitial tubes combined in a loose
+net, the calcareous deposits about the enlarged intersections scanty,
+the spores 12.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The description of the fructification as a whole is a condensed
+statement of that which describes <i>P. vernum</i>, and all taken together
+indicates some physarum. See now No. 3 preceding, p. 51.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. plumbeum</i> Fr. belongs here. It has similar spores, the only difference
+is a less calcareous peridium and more scattered habit of
+fructification with more nearly regular, depressed-globose sporangia.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. cinereum</i> Pers. as cited by Link, <i>op. cit.</i>, is apparently a badhamia,
+may be <i>P. vernum</i>, while P. <i>griseum</i> is probably the present
+species.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Physarum virescens</span> <i>Ditmar</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII.</a></span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>, 7 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1817. <i>Physarum virescens</i> Ditmar, Sturm, <i>Deutsch. Fl. Pilze</i>, I., p. 123, Pl. 61.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum ditmari</i> Rost., <i>Mon., App.</i>, p. 8.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Physarum ditmari</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. 1a.</i>, II., p. 155.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum virescens</i> Ditmar, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 65.</li>
+<li>1909. <i>Physarum virescens</i> Ditmar, Torrend, <i>Flo. d Myx.</i>, No. 207.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum virescens</i> Ditmar, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 83.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia sessile, crowded or heaped in small bunches, a dozen or
+more sporangia in one pile, spherical, ovoid or elongate, yellow or
+greenish yellow; peridium thin, fragile; capillitium delicate, with
+rather small, irregular, yellowish, calcareous nodes; columella none;
+spores bright violet, minutely roughened, 7&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species occurs more commonly on moss-tufts, with which it is
+frequently con-colorless, or escaped on dead leaves, etc. The peridium
+is flecked with calcareous scales or grains stained yellow or green, and
+to these the whole fruit owes its peculiar color. The color and
+aggregate, heaped sporangia are distinctive macroscopic characters.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Monograph</i>, p. 113, Rostafinski adopted properly Ditmar's
+name for this species. Upon later consideration, in the <i>Appendix</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+p. 8, he changed the name, writing <i>P. ditmari</i>, on the ground that
+<i>virescens</i> was descriptive of a character to which the species in question
+occasionally refuses to conform. Most authors since Rostafinski have
+simply accepted his suggestion, so that the species is often entered
+<i>P. ditmari</i> Rost. <i>P. virescens</i> is certainly to be preferred. <i>N. A. F.</i>,
+2692.</p>
+
+<p>Canada, New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa,
+Black Hills, South Dakota.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Physarum rubiginosum</span> <i>Fries</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1817. <i>Physarum rubiginosum</i> Fries, <i>Symb. Gast.</i>, p. 21.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodium scarlet. Sporangia globose or cylindric, sessile or sometimes
+narrowed to a stem-like base as if short-stipitate, olivaceous
+brown with sometimes a flush of red; the peridium simple, thin rugulose
+or plain, the calcareous scales few, or apparently included;
+columella none; capillitium dense, the nodules rather large, angular,
+rusty brown; spores dull violaceous, gently roughened, about 10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A beautiful well-marked species, but evidently rare in North America.
+Our only typical specimens are from the gatherings by Mr.
+Wingate, part of which is by Lister referred to this species, <i>Mycetozoa,
+2nd ed.</i>, p. 82.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. rubiginosum</i> Fr. in the <i>N. A. S.</i>, 1899, is based on certain west
+coast specimens now known as <i>Badhamia decipiens</i> Berk.</p>
+
+<p>In Colorado there occurs a plasmodiocarpous form of the species.
+It has the characteristic spore and capillitium but in form and habit
+differs very decidedly. The fructification is a delicate netted plasmodiocarp,
+the tubule about .5 mm., bright red; the peridium simple,
+cartilaginous, dehiscent from above, and flecked with just here and
+there a red calcareous scale.</p>
+
+<p>Collected at Palmer Lake; <i>Professor Bethel.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">16. <span class="smcap">Physarum instratum</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum thejoteum</i> Macbride, <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 36, not Fries, as cited.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum virescens</i> Ditmar, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 83.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia very small, closely crowded on a delicate, more or less<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+visible <ins title="hyphothallus in original.">hypothallus</ins>, often connate, but not superimposed, sub-spherical,
+dull orange, brownish or tawny; peridium thin, violaceous, covered
+with very minute yellow calcareous scales; columella none; capillitium
+lax, sometimes almost wanting; the nodules small, yellowish or
+brownish, occasionally confluent; spore-mass violaceous, spores by
+transmitted light, violet-tinted, smooth or nearly so, 6&ndash;7 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Not uncommon in the Mississippi valley, where it sometimes is
+passed by the collector as an immature form of some other species.
+The appearance is very characteristic, unlike <i>P. virescens</i> in both habit,
+size, and color. Colonies are quite often three inches in length. The
+most common habitat seems to be rotten oak, especially fragments of
+charred logs, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska.</p>
+
+<p>This species presents a decidedly well-marked form, so much so that
+it may be easily recognized at sight, without a lens. It therefore requires
+special discussion, and although in the spore-characters and
+some minor but not determinative details it agrees with <i>P. virescens</i>
+Ditm. to which it is by European authors sometimes referred, it
+seems nevertheless deserving of specific recognition, since in its entire
+habit and expression it is not only completely different but is constant
+in its specific peculiarities, much more so than is the suggested related
+form.</p>
+
+<p>In the first edition of this work, the form was referred to <i>Physarum
+thejoteum</i> of Fries. This was the judgment of our American colleague,
+Professor A. P. Morgan whose work in this group is widely
+recognized. Fries admits, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 142, that while he
+deems <i>P. thejoteum</i> very distinct, he yet has not seen <i>P. virescens</i>
+Ditm.! Since our form apparently does not occur in Europe, specimens
+which the distinguished author had before him were doubtless
+representatives of the now commonly recognized species of Ditmar.</p>
+
+<p>For these reasons it seems appropriate to give the American type a
+suitably descriptive title.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">17. <span class="smcap">Physarum megalosporum</span> <i><ins title="Original had 'Sturg.'. See Corrigenda.">MacBr.</ins></i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Figs. 7 and 7 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1917. <i>Physarum <ins title="Original had 'megalosporum.'. See Corrigenda.">melanospermum</ins></i> Sturgis, <i>Mycologia</i>, Vol. IX., <ins title="Original had 'p. 3.' See Corrigenda.">p. 323.</ins></li>
+</ul>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, sessile, or short stipitate depressed, annulate,
+or at least umbilicate above, white or anon roseate, about .75 mm;
+stipe, when present, short, thick, black or dark brown! hypothallus
+none; columella none; capillitium strongly calcareous, an abundance
+of irregular white nodules burden the delicate net; spores dark sooty
+brown with a shade of purple by transmitted light, verruculose,
+12&ndash;13 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is recognizable at once by its regular, uniform, depressed,
+annulate or pitted sporangia, scattered evenly over the habitat
+of rotten leaves or wood. It suggests a didymium in its form and
+habit, but is near a badhamia. Colorado; <i>Bethel</i>, 1908.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">18. <span class="smcap">Physarum confertum</span> <i>Macbr. nom. nov.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum atrum</i> Schw., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 36.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum atrum</i> Schw., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 74.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Sporangia small about .2&ndash;.3 mm. in diameter, gregarious, confluent,
+clustered or heaped, dull violaceous brown; peridium thin, more or
+less transparent, generally limeless but sometimes lightly sprinkled
+with minute white flecks: capillitium scanty, the calcareous nodes
+small, rounded, elongate, white! columella none; spores violet-brown,
+distinctly warted, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Having been assured on information believed trustworthy that the
+Schweinitzian herbarium confirmed the identity of the species before
+us, in the first edition of this work the form was listed as <i>P. atrum</i>
+Schw. Meantime in the herbarium referred to, at Philadelphia the
+original type of <i>P. atrum</i> still exists. My valued correspondent,
+Mr. Hugo Bilgram, has recently given it careful study. It is a limeless
+<i>P. didermoides</i> (Pers.) R.! Small wonder we have had trouble!
+Exit <i>Physarum atrum</i> Schw.</p>
+
+<p>The species is not uncommon, especially eastward; has been generally
+ignored for reasons cited.</p>
+
+<p>Distinguished from everything else by the color and small size
+of the heaped sporangia. It resembles some phase of <i>P. virescens</i>
+where the sporangia are small and somewhat heaped or rather aggregated,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+and scantily supplied with lime; but in such case the lime is
+yellow and the spores are small.</p>
+
+<p>This species has also been constantly referred to our confused <i>P.
+cinereum</i>, <i>P. plumbeum</i>, etc., but Schweinitz, who certainly had seen
+<i>P. cinereum</i> in Europe, since he cites it, under several forms, in the
+<i>Conspectus</i>, found the species in America and proceeded in Pennsylvania
+in December to find something else, very different as he thought,
+and in fact. He called this new discovery <i>P. atrum</i>, "beautifully
+<i>reticulate</i>", he says "like <i>P. cinereum</i> but larger."</p>
+
+<p>Most American students in an effort to keep faith with their pioneer
+mycologist, have taken cue from the specific name, looking for something
+<i>black</i>, heedless that in Pennsylvania almost any delicate thing
+has 'dark looks' in the middle of the winter! Berlese in Saccardo
+<i>Syll.</i> VII., p. 350, regarding <i>P. atrum</i> as a synonym, writes for the
+black American specimens, <i>P. reticulatum</i>, emphasizing another
+Schweinitzian descriptive adjective. But <i>P. atrum</i> Schw. has had
+place in literature to this hour.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">19. <span class="smcap">Physarum melleum</span> (<i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i>) <i>Mass.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <ins title="As in original."><i>Dydymium melleum</i></ins> Berk. &amp; Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, XIV., p. 83.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Didymium chrysopeplum</i> Berk. &amp; C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 53.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Physarum schumacheri</i> Spr. var. <i>melleum</i> Rost., <i>Mon., App.</i>, p. 7.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Physarum melleum</i> Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 278.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Cytidium melleum</i> (Berk. &amp; Br.), Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 83.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum melleum</i> (Berk. &amp; Br.), Mass., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 47.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum melleum</i> Mass., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 46.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, stipitate, globose, flattened below, clear yellow
+or honey colored; stipe short, about equaling the sporangium, pure
+white, somewhat wrinkled; columella small but distinct, white; hypothallus
+none, capillitium abundant, open, snow-white, with rather
+large angularly stellate nodes; spore-mass brown, almost black; spores
+by transmitted light, pale violet or lilac-tinted, almost smooth,
+7.5&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Easily distinguished by its white stipe, columella and capillitium in
+contrast with yellow peridial walls. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 1395. Massee refers
+this number erroneously to <i>P. schumacheri Rost.</i> The description<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+and specimen do not correspond. By that name the species has
+however, been hitherto known in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Eastern United States, common; rare west of the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>Reported from Brazil, Japan and the tropic islands round the
+world. Portugal.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">20. <span class="smcap">Physarum citrinum</span> <i>Schumacher</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1803. <i>Physarum citrinum</i> Schum., <i>Enum. Pl. Saell.</i>, II., p. 201.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum citrinum</i> Schum., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 51.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, globose, somewhat flattened below,
+pale yellow, citrine, stipitate; the peridium thin, covered almost completely
+with small calcareous scales; stipe stout, erect, fragile, tapering
+upwards, furrowed, opaque, arising from a small hypothallus which is
+anon continuous from one sporangium to the next; columella small,
+conical, yellow; capillitium a rather dense, delicate network, the
+calcareous nodules yellow, numerous, roundish, and generally small;
+spore-mass black; spores under the lens violaceous, almost smooth,
+about 8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species seems to be rare in the United States. It resembles
+somewhat <i>P. melleum</i>, from which it is distinguished by its yellow
+stipe. <i>P. galbeum</i> is a smaller form, and lacks the columella. Rostafinski
+strangely confused the synonymy here, including even <i>P.
+rufipes</i> Alb. &amp; Schw.</p>
+
+<p>New England, Ohio, Colorado.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">21. <span class="smcap">Physarum globuliferum</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus globuliferus</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, Pl. 484, Fig. 3.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Physarum globuliferum</i> Pers., <i>Syn.</i>, p. 175, T. III., Figs. 10, 11, 12.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Diderma globuliferum</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 100.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Physarum petersii farlowii</i> Rost., <i>Mon., App.</i>, p. 6.</li>
+<li>1879. <i>Physarum albicans</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXX., p. 50.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Physarum columbinum</i> Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., 384.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum globuliferum</i> (Bull.) Pers., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 45.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum globuliferum</i> Pers., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 48.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, globose, or slightly depressed above,
+pale blue-gray or pure white; stipe sometimes equal to the sporangium,
+generally longer, slender, slightly wrinkled, white, or yellow, pallid,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+when longer tapering upward; columella white, conical, sometimes
+obsolete; hypothallus none; capillitium dense, but delicate, persistent,
+a close network of hyaline threads, with white or yellowish nodes
+sparingly thickened and calcareous, many without lime; spore-mass
+brown; spores by transmitted light, violet, minutely warted, 7.5&ndash;9 µ.
+Plasmodium greenish-yellow.</p>
+
+<p>This species, very common eastward, rare west of the Mississippi,
+is at once very beautiful and very variable. Its several phases have
+been again and again observed and described too often by distinct
+specific or varietal names. A form from New York, with long,
+white stems and almost pure white sporangia, is <i>P. albicans</i> Peck.
+Forms occur like <i>P. albicans</i>, but flushed with <i>rose</i> throughout. From
+New England, specimens sent Rostafinski were by him deemed
+a variety of <i>P. petersii</i> Berk. &amp; C., and called <i>P. petersii</i> var. <i>farlowii</i>
+Rost. By this name the species has been generally distributed in
+this country. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 1120. Most gatherings of this species
+have small, somewhat ochraceous, sporangia, and pale yellow, or
+somewhat rusty, stipes. These latter, with somewhat heavier stem,
+represent <i>Physarum simile</i> Rost. A form collected sparingly in
+Iowa has short, white stipes and blue gray sporangia one-third larger
+than observed in the eastern types. This was recorded, <i>l. c.</i>, as <i>P.
+columbinum</i> Macbr.; name already in use. The spores in the Iowa
+specimens are also a little larger, 8&ndash;10 µ. Pale cyanic and roseate
+forms also sometimes occur in late fruitings; see next species.</p>
+
+<p>In all phases the persistent tenacity of the capillitium is a striking
+characteristic well noticed by Fries (<i>l. c.</i>, p. 101): "Peridia a gleba
+omnimo libera, dein tota diffracta, evanescentia, ... capillitio
+compacto forma servata persistente." The peridium, except a small
+part below, all falls away, leaving the capillitium apparently intact,
+crowded with spores.</p>
+
+<p>From England to Iowa; Canada, south to Louisiana and Mexico;
+apparently, in one form or another, cosmopolitan.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">22. <span class="smcap">Physarum lilacinum</span> <i>Sturgis &amp; Bilgram.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1917. <i>Physarum lilacinum</i> Sturg. &amp; Bilg., <i>Mycologia</i>, Vol. IX., <ins title="Original had p. 3. See Corrigenda.">p. 323.</ins></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, stalked, globose, erect, pale-lilac to pale<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+Indian-red in color, 0.5 mm. in diameter; sporangium-wall membranous,
+beset with rounded masses of lilac or reddish lime. Stipe erect,
+broad-based, tapering upwards, calcareous, furrowed, paler than the
+sporangium or concolorous, 0.7&ndash;0.9 mm. long, about 0.1 mm. thick,
+columella conical or columnar, capillitium delicate, rigid, persistent;
+lime-knots small, rounded, composed of large, pale lilac, or reddish,
+spherical granules. Spores pale-brown, almost smooth, 8&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p><ins title="Added line. See Corrigenda.">Vicinity of Philadelphia,&mdash;<i>Bilgram</i>.</ins></p>
+
+<p class="species">23. <span class="smcap">Physarum murinum</span> <i>Lister</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum murinum</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 41.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum ravenelii</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 48.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum murinum</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 50.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, globose or perfectly spherical, ashy-brown,
+rugulose, stipitate; stipe elongate, pale brown, erect, generally tapering
+upward, calcareous, brittle; hypothallus none; columella short, hemispherical
+or bluntly conical; capillitium dense, much as in <i>P. globuliferum</i>,
+the calcareous nodules, umber, brownish or orange-yellow,
+small; spore-mass brown; spores by transmitted light, bright lilac,
+almost smooth, 7&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very distinct species, easily known by its peculiar drab-colored
+peridium and dull brown stalks. The author of the species allows for
+the capillitial nodes none other tint but brown. Under direct illumination
+many gatherings, especially where the sporangia are well
+blown out, show nodules of a bright orange tint.</p>
+
+<p>Not rare in the eastern United States, to Missouri and Iowa. Reported
+also from western Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lister finds <i>Didymium ravenelii</i> Berk. &amp; C., on which <i>P.
+ravenelii</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Macbr. is founded, referable to <i>P. pulcherripes</i>
+Pk.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">24. <span class="smcap">Physarum pulcherrimum</span> <i>Berk. &amp; Rav.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Physarum pulcherrimum</i> Berk. &amp; Rav., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 65.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum pulcherrimum</i> (Berk. &amp; Rav.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 105.</li>
+<li>1879. <i>Physarum atrorubrum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 40.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum pulcherrimum</i> Berk. &amp; Rav., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 49.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum pulcherrimum</i> Berk. &amp; Rav., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 50.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Plasmodium dark red. Sporangia scattered or gregarious, globose,
+even, or somewhat wrinkled, dark red, stipitate; stipe cylindric, even,
+sub-concolorous or blackish; columella small or none; capillitium
+free from spores, whitish, with a slight pinkish tinge; spores dark
+brown in mass, dark red when separated, globose, smooth, 7.5&ndash;8.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The capillitium is very delicate, and when cleared of spores the
+knot-like thickenings are seen to be very small and of a dark red
+color, to which is probably due the pinkish tinge which marks the
+whole. A part only of the thickenings are filled with lime granules.
+The dark red granules of the sporangium walls are abundant and
+appear to form a continuous crust.</p>
+
+<p>This is <i>P. atrorubrum</i> Peck, and his description, <i>l. c.</i>, has been
+closely followed. The very brief description in <i>Grevillea</i>, however,
+antedates the New York publication and, all inadequate as it is, no
+doubt applies to the same thing.</p>
+
+<p>Not rare. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri, Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">25. <span class="smcap">Physarum pulcherripes</span> <i>Peck.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1805. <i>Physarum aurantiacum</i> var. <i>rufipes</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 94.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Diderma rufipes</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 101.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Physarum pulcherripes</i> Peck., <i>Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist.</i>, I., p. 64.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Didymium erythrinum</i> Berk., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 52.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Didymium ravenelii</i> Berk. &amp; C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 53.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Physarum petersii</i> Berk. &amp; C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 66.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum schumacheri</i> Spr. var. <i>rufipes</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 99.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum pulcherripes</i> (Peck), Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 41.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Cytidium rufipes</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.</i>, p. 81.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum rufipes</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 50.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum pulcherripes</i> Peck., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 49.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, dark-colored, sprinkled with orange flakes of
+lime, globose, the wall thin, deciduous, stipitate; stipe slender, erect,
+deep red, sometimes black below, pale or orange above, and supported
+on a well-developed hypothallus; columella scant or none; capillitium
+dense, the meshes and nodes unusually small and delicate, the
+latter reddish or yellow; spore-mass black; spores by transmitted light,
+violet-tinted, 8&ndash;10 µ., almost smooth.</p>
+
+<p>The striking contrast of color between sporangia and stipes renders
+this species at sight, quite distinct from any related form. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+peridia in the specimens before us are black or iridescent-black sprinkled
+more or less profusely with orange lime granules which sometimes
+cover all but the base. The stipe, springing from a small hypothallus,
+is dark red below for about one-fourth its height, then vermillion,
+above expanding slightly beneath the peridium; the columella scant
+or none. The capillitium is an elegant delicate net, with numerous
+small, uniformly regular, calcareous nodes, orange; by transmitted
+light, yellow. The spores, brown in mass, are, by transmitted light,
+pale violet, slightly papillose, 8&ndash;10, mostly about 8 µ. The plasmodium
+is probably yellow.</p>
+
+<p>This species is no doubt related to <i>P. psittacinum</i>. It is, however,
+much smaller, has a calcareous stipe, and a much less variegated
+peridium, and generally a small columella.</p>
+
+<p>It is also akin to <i>P. globuliferum</i> and to <i>P. murinum</i>, <i>P. petersii</i>
+Berk. &amp; C. is reported the same thing.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">26. <span class="smcap">Physarum penetrale</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV.</a></span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1891. <i>Physarum penetrale</i> Rex., <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 389.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum penetrale</i> Rex., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 55.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum penetrale</i> Rex., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 36.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, erect, stipitate, generally ellipsoidal, pyriform,
+rarely globose; peridium membranaceous semi-transparent, studded
+sparsely with rounded, pale yellow or yellow-gray lime-granules,
+rupturing to the base into two or four segments; stipe variable,
+slender, subulate, rugulose, flattened laterally toward the base, translucent,
+dull red or golden red in color; columella four-fifths the
+height of the sporangium, concolorous with the stipe, acuminate;
+capillitium dense, persistent, the nodes frequently calcareous, rounded,
+yellow; spore-mass brown, spores nearly smooth, brownish, 6&ndash;7 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Readily recognizable by the elongate sporangia and the lengthened
+columella unique among physarums. The capillitial nodes are at
+first pale yellow, but tend to whiten on exposure. The spores when
+highly magnified show delicate spinulescence.</p>
+
+<p>Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Europe, Java.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">27. <span class="smcap">Physarum luteo-album</span> <i>Lister</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1904. <i>Physarum luteo-album</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XLII., p. 130.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum luteo-album</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 48.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, large, about 1 mm. in diameter,
+yellow shading into white, orange or olivaceous, smooth or rugulose,
+stipitate; stipe stout, smooth, .5&ndash;1 mm. high, yellow or orange above,
+white below, cylindric, lime-stuffed; columella large, sub-globose or
+clavate, yellow; capillitium either of very slender pale yellow, threads,
+branching at acute angles and anastomosing or of broad, yellow simple
+or forked strands, persistent after spore-dispersal; nodules few, small,
+linear or fusiform; spores purple-brown, spinulose, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species, originally described from England and northern
+Europe has more recently been identified in material sent by Professor
+Sturgis from Colorado. In description the form is well marked;
+evinces apparently great variation alike in form, color, and structure.</p>
+
+<p>The material we have, however, is poor, badly weathered.</p>
+
+<p>The general plan of structure corresponds very well with Fries'
+idea of his genus Tilmadoche, although the present species would
+seem, by very grossness, strangely out of place with the tilmadoches.
+But the singular, didermoid, evenly branching, threads of the capillitium,
+bearing their slender spindle-shaped burdens of lime are very
+suggestive; it is a diderma gone wandering into the camp of the
+physarums if one may judge from Miss Lister's graphic plate.</p>
+
+<p>The specific name selected for this peculiar form has once before
+done service, but apparently for something quite dissimilar. Schumacher,
+<i>Enum. Pl. Saell.</i> II., p. 199, has <i>P. luteo-album</i>. Fries thinks
+he had a perichæna on hand; at any rate, not a physarum, and makes
+Schumacher's combination a synonym for <i>Perichaena quercina</i> Fr.,
+which Rostafinski in turn makes synonymous with <i>P. corticalis</i>
+(Batsch) R. If "once a synonym always a synonym" be esteemed
+good taxonomic law, this species must one day have another name.
+The present author, unwilling to change his colleague's preference
+in this case, nevertheless begs to suggest that such a binomial as <i>P.
+listeri</i> would probably at once make future history of the species less
+eventful, and honor the memory of England's latest and most distinguished
+student of the group he loved.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">28. <span class="smcap">Physarum nucleatum</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1891. <i>Physarum nucleatum</i> Rex., <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 389.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, spherical, œ mm., white, stipitate; peridial
+wall membranaceous, rupturing irregularly, thickly studded with
+rounded white lime-granules; stipe about 1 mm., subulate, yellowish-white,
+rugose; columella none, capillitium dense, snow-white, with
+minute, white, round or rounded nodes, in the centre a conspicuous
+mass of lime forming a shining ball, not part of the stipe although
+sometimes produced toward it; spore-mass black; spores brown-violet,
+delicately spinulose, 6&ndash;7 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species most nearly resembles in appearance and habit of
+growth <i>P. globuliferum</i> Pers., but may be distinguished from it by
+the absence of a columella, by the central ball of lime, and the very
+small rounded lime-granules in the meshes of the capillitium. Exceptionally
+the lime granules of the sporangium wall are sparse or
+absent entirely, in which case the wall has a silvery or coppery
+metallic lustre.</p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania, Nicaragua.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">29. <span class="smcap">Physarum wingatense</span> <i>nom. nov.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Figs. 3, and 9.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1876. <i>Tilmadoche columbina</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Rost., <i>Mon., App.</i>, p. 13 (?).</li>
+<li>1889. <i>Tilmadoche compacta</i> Wing., <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.</i>, p. 48.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum compactum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 45.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Physarum compactum</i> (Wing.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 91.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Tilmadoche compacta</i> Wing., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 61.</li>
+<li>1916. <i>Physarum columbinum</i> (Rost.) Sturg., <i>Mycologia</i>, Vol. VIII., p. 4.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, or somewhat crowded, erect or cernuous,
+stipitate, gray or brownish gray, globose; peridium thin, metallic
+brown or bronze in color, splitting at maturity in floriform manner
+into six to twelve segments; stipe white or yellowish white, often
+shading to black or fuscous below, rather long, tapering upward;
+hypothallus none; columella none; capillitium extremely delicate,
+white or colorless, radiating from a central lime-mass or nucleus,
+and with ordinary nodules small and few, fusiform; spore-mass<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+brown; spores by transmitted light, violet-brown, delicately warted,
+7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is well marked by several characteristics; the brilliant
+wall of the peridium, white-flecked and laciniate, the delicate <i>Didymium</i>-like
+capillitium running from centre to peridium, and especially
+the peculiar aggregation of lime at the center of the sporangium,
+like nothing else except a similar structure found in <i>Physarum
+nucleatum</i> Rex. The variations affect the stipe and the distribution
+of the capillitial lime. Some eastern specimens show stipes melanopodous,
+black below; specimens from Ohio and Nicaragua show
+stipes milk-white throughout. As to the capillitium, in some of the
+Nicaragua collections the lime is more uniformly distributed through
+the capillitium, and accordingly the nucleus is not conspicuous, its
+place being taken by two or three nodes plainly larger than the
+others. The peculiar brown metallic lustre of the peridial wall, and
+the strongly developed calcareous patches with which the peridium is
+covered are constant features.</p>
+
+<p>That this is the <i>Didymium columbinum</i> Berk., or <i>T. columbina</i>
+(Berk.) Rost., is very doubtful; the specific name given by Wingate
+becomes inapplicable when the series is transferred to <i>Physarum</i>,
+since in that genus the combination is already a synonym. See <i>P.
+compactum</i> Ehrenberg, <i>Syl. Myc. Berl.</i>, p. 21 (1818), cited repeatedly
+in the synonymy; Fries, <i>op. cit.</i>, Vol. III., p. 101. So also <i>P.
+columbinum, l. c.</i>, pp. 133, 135, etc., to say nothing of the fate of
+Persoon's first record, <i>Obs. Mycol. pars prim.</i>, p. 5, 1796. This is
+Wingate's species, let it bear his name.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">30. <span class="smcap">Physarum newtoni</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV</a>.</span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>, 5 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Physarum newtoni</i> Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 390.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum newtoni</i> Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 37.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum newtoni</i> Macbr., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 54.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia simple, gregarious, short-stipitate or sessile, globulose or
+flattened, when not globose, depressed and deeply umbilicate above,
+purple, smooth, thin-walled, stipe when present very short and concolorous;
+columella none; hypothallus none; capillitium abundant,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+delicate, with more or less well-developed nodules, which are also
+concolorous; spores by transmitted light, dark brown, thick-walled,
+rough, nucleated, about 10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very handsome little species collected by Professor G. W. Newton
+in Colorado, at an altitude of several thousand feet. Easily
+recognized by its almost sessile, rose purple, generally umbilicate
+sporangium.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">31. <span class="smcap">Physarum psittacinum</span> <i>Ditm.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1817. <i>Physarum psittacinum</i> Ditm., Sturm, <i>Deutsch. Fl. Pilze</i>, p. 125.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Physarum psittacinum</i> Ditm., Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 134.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Physarum psittacinum</i> Ditm., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 104.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum psittacinum</i> Ditm., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 55.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, globose or depressed-globose,
+or reniform, iridescent-blue, mottled with various tints, red, orange,
+yellow, white, stipitate; stipe equal, or tapering slightly upward,
+rugose, orange or orange red, without lime, rising from a small concolorous
+hypothallus; columella none; capillitium dense, crowded
+with calcareous, brilliant orange nodules which are angular in outline
+and tend to aggregate at the centre of the sporangium; spore-mass
+brown; spores by transmitted light, pale brown, slightly but plainly
+warted, about 10 µ. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2492.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>P. pulcherripes</i> Pk. in external coloration, the peridium
+a rich blue, mottled but not with lime; in the capillitium, dense,
+calcareous, with large angular or branching nodes; in the stipe without
+lime; in the spores, a little larger than in <i>P. pulcherripes</i>, and
+by transmitted light much more distinctly brown in color. The
+sporangia are also broader in the present species, reaching 1 mm.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. Maine, New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania. Reported
+common in Europe, Ceylon, Japan, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">32. <span class="smcap">Physarum discoidale</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a>.</span>, Figs. 3 and 3 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, discoidal, depressed or umbilicate
+above, sometimes almost annulate, snow-white, small, .5&ndash;.7 mm.,
+stipitate; stipe about twice the sporangium, pale yellow, strand-like,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
+but erect, even; hypothallus none; columella none; capillitium
+strongly calcareous, almost as in <i>Badhamia</i>, aggregate at the center,
+and forming a pseudo-columella at the base of the peridium; peridial
+wall firm, covered with innate patches of lime, somewhat yellow at
+the base; spores minutely spinulose, violaceous, 7&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This little species reaches us from California. It appears in late
+winter in undisturbed grass tufts and the sporangia are scattered over
+the lower leaves. It displays a remarkable amount of lime. The
+nodules, however, are not large; they are rounded and connected
+here and there by the ordinary retal tubules characteristic of a physarum.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">33. <span class="smcap">Physarum leucophæum</span> <i>Fr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1818. <i>Physarum leucophaeum</i> Fr., <i>Symb. Gast.</i>, p. 24.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum leucophaeum</i> Fr., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 113, Figs. 77, 78.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum leucophaeum</i> Fr., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 21.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum nutans</i> Pers., sub-species <i>leucophaeum</i> (Fr.) Lister, <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 67.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, stipitate; the peridium globose
+or sub-depressed, plano-convex, but never umbilicate below, erect,
+bluish-ashen; the stipe short, rugose, sub-sulcate, fuscous, brown, or
+sometimes almost white, even or slightly attenuate upward from a
+thickened base or sometimes from an indistinct hypothallus; capillitium
+dense, intricate; the nodules white, with comparatively little
+lime, thin, expanded, angular or branching; columella none; spore-mass
+black, spores violaceous, minutely roughened, about 8&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This extremely delicate and beautiful form is certainly not to be
+referred to <i>Tilmadoche alba</i> (Bull.) Fr. Fries, who seems to have
+known of <i>P. compressum</i> A. &amp; S. and refers <i>it</i> to <i>P. nutans</i> Pers.,
+<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 130, annotates the present species: "Species especially remarkable
+in the stipe, in the internal structure, and in its whole habit,
+nor is there any other with which it may be compared. Peridium
+thin, not uniform, presently breaking up into laciniate scales; at
+first yellow, then bluish-ashen; when empty, white. The form inconstant,
+globose, depressed, but never umbilicate at the base." If
+we may judge by what Fries says on the subject, he certainly distinguished
+clearly between this species and <i>T. alba</i> (Bull.), to say<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
+nothing of the stouter, larger, in every way coarser forms called by
+Rostafinski <i>P. nefroideum</i>, <i>P. compressum</i>, <i>P. lividum</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The shadowy little species has had an eventful history, dipping in
+and out of our story in most uncertain fashion. Beginning with
+Fries, as noted, it received confirmation at the hands of DeBary,
+and by Rostafinski was given priority over a long list of synonyms,
+and figured. The earlier English authors follow Rostafinski, but
+for Lister in the <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 51, the species becomes a synonym of
+<i>T. alba</i> as <i>P. nutans</i>, the description appropriately enlarged to receive
+it. Meantime American students generally confused it with the
+tilmadoches on the one hand and <i>P. nefroideum</i> R. (supposed) on the
+other. In 1897, Robt. Fries in <i>Sver. Myxom. Flora</i>, brings the
+species again to view as co-partner with <i>P. nutans</i> and in the <i>Mycetozoa,
+2nd ed.</i>, p. 67, it appears as sub-species to the same.</p>
+
+<p>The resemblance to <i>P. album</i> or <i>P. nutans</i>, is chiefly as intimated,
+a matter of definition; real differences are found in the irregular capillitium,
+fitting a globose sporange, in the character of the stipe and
+the consequent pose. See under <i>P. nutans</i> and <i>P. notabile</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">34. <span class="smcap">Physarum nodulosum</span> <i>Cke. &amp; Balf.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1881. <i>Physarum nodulosum</i> Cke. &amp; Balf., <i>Rav. N. A. F.</i>, Exsic., 479.</li>
+<li>1889. <i>Badhamia nodulosa</i> Massee, <i>Jour. Myc.</i>, Vol. V., p. 186.</li>
+<li>1891. <i>Physarum calidris</i> Lister, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, Vol. XXIX., p. 258.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Craterium nodulosum</i> (Cke. &amp; Balf.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 87.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum nodulosum</i> Cke. &amp; Balf., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 51.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum pusillum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 64.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious; minute, globose, bluish-white, the sporangial
+wall thin and more or less encrusted with lime, breaking up irregularly,
+stipitate; stipe slender, longer than the sporangium, attenuate
+upward or even, bright brown, rugose, expanded above into a
+shallow cup-like base for the sporangium; columella none; capillitium
+with lime-knots more or less abundant, white, often uniting, badhamioid;
+spore-mass black; spores by transmitted light, pale lilac-brown,
+almost smooth, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa; Canada.</p>
+
+<p>One of the smallest species of the genus, by its proportionally long
+stipe and small round sporangium reminding one somewhat of <i>P.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+globuliferum</i>; much smaller, however, and in every way different.
+The generic characters are mixed, and the species has been accordingly
+variously referred. The lower part of the peridium is sometimes
+persistent after the dehiscence, and so far reminds of <i>Craterium</i>. But
+this character is not constant, and even at best the persisting part is
+very small, not greater than in <i>P. melleum</i>, for example. On the
+other hand, the capillitium in some sporangia is strongly calcareous,
+reminds of <i>Badhamia</i>, but in most sporangia the <i>Physarum</i> characters
+are sufficiently clear.</p>
+
+<p>In the Kew Herbarium, it is said, are two American specimens
+under one label, "<i>Didymium pusillum</i>." One specimen is a didymium
+indeed, but, as it appears, <i>D. proximum</i> Berk., already described.
+The other is a physarum. It is proposed in <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, to
+use the combination thus set free, as if applied by the original author
+to the second specimen, <i>not</i> didymium, and to make the new combination
+date from 1873 and so take precedence of the binomial applied in
+1881 by Cooke and Balfour here retained by the law of priority.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">35. <span class="smcap">Physarum maculatum</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV</a>.</span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 383.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum maculatum</i> Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 47.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum tenerum</i> Rex., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 52, in part.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, very small, .3&ndash;.4 mm., dull gray,
+thin-walled, dotted with minute, white calcareous granules, stipitate;
+stipe long, about 2 mm., stout, attenuated upward, striate longitudinally
+or wrinkled, filled with irregular yellow masses of lime and
+accordingly bright yellow in color; columella none; capillitium forming
+a dense net, with comparatively small yellow nodular thickenings;
+spores globose, purplish, each minutely papillose and displaying
+several scattered spots occasioned by local development of the papillae;
+diameter of the spores 9&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species was set up for the reception of certain material collected
+by Professor Shimek, in 1892, in Nicaragua. It remains so far
+unique. The small globose sporangium mounted upon a long upwardly
+tapering stipe, .5 mm. thick below, but narrowed at the extreme<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+base where it is lightly attached, a stem which is simply a sack
+stuffed with yellow lime-granules;&mdash;this and the yellow capillitium
+are distinguishing features. The capillitium and spores suggest <i>Tilmadoche
+viride</i>, but the entire habit precludes such reference. Perhaps
+nearest to <i>P. melleum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Castillo, Nicaragua.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Lister thinks this the same as <i>P. tenerum</i> Rex. But the whole
+habit and external appearance are different; the stipe notably long,
+clumsy, surcharged with lime; a very singular form.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">36. <span class="smcap">Physarum didermoides</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>, 1 <i>c</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1801. <i>Spumaria (?) didermoides</i> Acharius, Pers., <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. xxix.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Diderma oblongum</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 103.</li>
+<li>1831. <i>Spumaria licheniformis</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, p. 261, No. 2364.</li>
+<li>1832. <i>Physarum atrum</i> Schw., <i>Syn. Fung., Am. Bor.</i>, p. 258.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum lividum</i>, Schw., Rostafinski, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 96.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum didermoides</i> (Ach.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 97.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodium pale, watery-white or gray; sporangia crowded, ovoid
+or cylindric, stipitate or sessile, blue-gray, often capped with white;
+stipe variable in length and structure, where well developed pure
+white, often flattened, expanded and diaphanous, connate with others
+through the irregular reticulate or sheet-like <ins title="hyphothallus in original.">hypothallus</ins>; columella
+none; capillitium ample, the lime knots angular or rounded, white
+connected by hyaline threads; spores in mass black, by transmitted
+light dark violet, decidedly spinulose, 12&ndash;15 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very variable species in many particulars. The sporangia in the
+same cluster are stipitate and sessile, ovoid and spherical. Our description
+does not quite agree with that of Rostafinski. As may be
+seen from the plate, it is the <i>outer</i> peridium that is with us white,
+burdened with lime, the inner is simpler and comparatively thin.
+The whiteness of the outer peridium is however, easily displaced.
+The colony may not show it at all, in which case the peridia remaining
+give to the fructification entire a pale lead color, very characteristic.
+The disposition of the lime in the capillitium is also notably
+variable. Specimens occur which in so far realize Rostafinski's <i>Crateriachea</i>;
+that is, the lime is massed as a snow-white pseudo-columella<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
+in the centre of each sporangium. In such cases the lime of the outer
+peridium is scant or limited in amount, never forming the calcareous
+cap shown in Fig. 1. The size of the spores is also variable. Rostafinski
+gives 12.5&ndash;14.2 µ; not infrequently a single spore reaches 16 µ,
+a very unusual range of variation.</p>
+
+<p>The species is not common in the upper Mississippi valley, but
+can be obtained in quantity where once it appears, as the plasmodia
+are profuse.</p>
+
+<p>Ohio, Carolinas, Tennessee, Iowa, South Dakota, Kansas. Especially
+to be looked for on the bark of fallen stems of <i>Populus</i> and
+<i>Negundo</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Brazil, India, Japan.</p>
+
+<p><i>Physarum lividum</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 95, is but a less calcareous form
+of this, as is evident even by the author's description. Professor
+Morgan thought <i>P. lividum</i> a phase of <i>P. griseum</i> Lk. Link, however,
+reckons <i>P. griseum</i> the same as <i>P. cinereum</i>. Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I.,
+p. 27.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><ins title="Missing in original.">37.</ins> <span class="smcap">Physarum leucopus</span> <i>Link.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX.</a></span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>, 7 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1809. <i>Physarum leucopus</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I, p. 27.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, globose snow-white, with a didymium
+like covering of calcareous particles; stipe white, not long, conical
+or tapering rapidly upward, slightly sulcate, brittle, from an evanescent
+hypothallus; columella none or small; capillitium, consisting of
+rather long hyaline threads, connecting the usual calcareous nodes,
+which are large, angular, snow-white; spore-mass black; spores by
+transmitted light, violet-brown, distinctly warted, about 10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The snow-white, nearly smooth stem, the small sporangium (œ
+mm.) covered with loose calcareous granules, distinguish this rare
+species. It looks like a small <i>Didymium squamulosum</i>. Fries called
+it <i>D. leucopus</i>, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 121.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. Iowa, Ohio, Maine; Portugal.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">38. <span class="smcap">Physarum compressum</span> <i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 14, and <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX.</a></span>, Fig. 12 and Fig. 4.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1805. <i>Physarum compressum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <i>Fung. Lus.</i>, p. 97.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum nefroideum</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 93, in part.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum affine</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 94.</li>
+<li>1909. <i>Physarum compressum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., Torrend, <i>Fl. des Myx.</i>, p. 197.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum compressum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 70.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia more or less scattered, <i>compressed</i>-globose, or compressed-reniform,
+i. e. often umbilicate, stipitate, sessile, or elongate as if
+plasmodiocarpous, calcareous, white or ashen; peridium thin, covered
+with squamules, opening irregularly, usually by apical cleft; stipe,
+when present, short, stout, more or less sulcate, dark brown or ashen;
+capillitium a rather loose net, the nodules white, variable in size and
+shape; spores purplish-brown, delicately roughened, about 10&ndash;12.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. affine</i> R. was in this connection set up for European types compressed
+indeed, but more strongly <i>reniform</i>. The author says in his
+further description that the form <i>affine</i> is less definitely umbilicate,
+has white stems, etc.; allantoid, one would now say. Such forms
+now begin to appear in America; and if for these a specific name is
+needed, it is provided, <ins title="P. affie in original."><i>P. affine</i></ins> Rost., <a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>., Fig. 4.</p>
+
+<p>This seems to be a cosmopolitan species, now that we have found
+it. However, in North America it is rare. It is reported from Pennsylvania,
+from Colorado; Harkness found it in California, and the
+writer has often collected it in Oregon, on Mt. Rainier, Washington,
+and in California. Europe.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">39. <span class="smcap">Physarum notabile</span> <i>nom. nov.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIX">Plate IX</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV</a>.</span>, Fig. 2; and <a href="#front">Frontispiece.</a></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Didymium connatum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXVI., p. 74.</li>
+<li>1879. <i>Physarum polymorphum</i> (Mont.) Rost., Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 55.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Physarum leucophaeum</i> Fr., Ellis, <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2396, <i>second exhibit</i>.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Physarum leucophaeum</i> Fries, Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 156.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum compressum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 53, in part.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Physarum connexum</i> Link., Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 92, in part.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Physarum confluens</i> Pers., Morg., <i>l. c.</i>, p. 94.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum nefroideum</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 41, in part.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum connatum</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 71.</li></ul>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, sessile, stipitate, or even plasmodiocarpous;
+when stipitate, depressed, varying at times to irregular reniform in the
+same colony; globose, the peridium strongly calcareous, cinereous-white;
+stipe variable, generally tapering upward, always distinctly
+deeply plicate-furrowed throughout, in color dark, opaque, sometimes
+touched with white or gray; capillitium abundant, the white lime-knots,
+varying in size and shape, connected by rather long hyaline
+threads, with here and there an empty node; spore-mass black, by
+transmitted light, dark, sooty brown, minutely papillose, 10&ndash;11.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This remarkable species, while not at all difficult of recognition
+to one familiar with its phases, is withal very difficult to define.
+Normally stipitate, it often shows from the same plasmodium all sorts
+of forms, the shape of the fructification dependent apparently upon
+external conditions prevalent at the time. The amount of calcium
+also varies, especially in the capillitium, where there is usually much,
+with a tendency to the formation of something like a pseudo-columella;
+the outer net in such cases nearly destitute. The calcium in
+the stipe also varies; the black or brown stipes are, of course, free
+from it; the gray or white, calcareous.</p>
+
+<p>In this large and difficult genus, since spore-color is receiving increased
+consideration,&mdash;see No. 31 preceding,&mdash;it is proper to note
+that in the present case two types appear, one with spore-color under
+the lens, as described, the other with spores violaceous with no trace of
+black; unshadowed.</p>
+
+<p>The preceding description is based on material assembled during
+forty years. The form is easily discoverable by any collector throughout
+the entire valley of the Mississippi and eastward to Nova Scotia.
+For its naming, students in America have vainly waited the decision
+of those having access to mycologic types in Europe. It seems now
+certain that the species is extremely rare in the old world if there
+occurrent; never seen by any of the earlier taxonomists including Fries
+and Rostafinski; perhaps adventitious in these later years, although
+thus far no specimen from Europe has reached this table.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> <i>P. nefroideum</i>
+of Strasburg herbarium turns out, after all, <i>teste</i> Lister, to
+be <i>P. compressum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., which accordingly shall now enjoy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+state and station of its own; our concern in European nomenclature,
+in the present instance, almost disappears, and we return to our
+synonymy from this side of the sea.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lister would recur to Dr. Peck's <i>Didymium connatum</i>, which
+indeed represents the present species. In such disposition, how gladly
+would all concur, were the thing possible! But <i>Physarum connatum</i>
+is already a synonym twice over.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> Unless we are done with the rules
+entirely, <i>P. connatum</i> cannot stand. <i>P. polymorphum</i> and <i>P. leucophaeum</i>
+are names already in use, of course; and so under the circumstances,
+much as it is to be regretted, there would seem nothing
+left to do but to cancel all past synonymy and impose a new name
+whose permanence may at least be hoped for, if not expected.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">40. <span class="smcap">Physarum tropicale</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum tropicale</i> Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 45.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, turbinate, short stipitate, blue-gray,
+about 1 mm. in diameter; peridium above iridescent, green, blue, etc.,
+dotted with minute flecks of white, below limeless, purple or bronze
+shading to the brown of the stipe; stipe short, stout, slightly rugose,
+cylindric, non-calcareous, brown; columella none; hypothallus none;
+capillitium abundant, the nodes generally calcareous, small, uniform,
+angular, white, uniformly distributed; spore-mass, black; spores dark
+violet-brown, distinctly and closely warted, 12&ndash;15 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A large handsome species recognizable by the peculiar turbinate
+sporangium, with its iridescent peridial wall in which green strongly
+predominates above, bronze below. The distinction between the
+upper and lower peridium would suggest <i>Craterium</i>, but the internal
+structure is not at all <i>Craterium</i>-like. The capillitium is typically of
+<i>Physarum</i>. The color suggests <i>P. leucophaeum violascens</i> Rost.
+From this species it is at once distinguished by its much longer sporangia,
+larger and rougher spores.</p>
+
+<p>Mexico; <i>C. L. Smith</i>: Sure to be again collected once that unhappy
+country shall again open its forests to research.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="species">41. <span class="smcap">Physarum nicaraguense</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV.</a></span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>, 7 <i>b</i>; <a href="#plXVII">XVII.</a>, 11 and 11 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Physarum nicaraguense</i> Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 383.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum compressum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 53, in part.</li>
+<li>1910. <i>Physarum nicaraguense</i> Macbr., Petch, <i>Mycetozoa Ceylon</i>, p. 334.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum reniforme</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 72, in part.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia multilobate or compound-contorted, below obconic,
+gray, ribbed with calcareous thickenings; stem short, fuscous, longitudinally
+wrinkled; hypothallus distinct, black; columella none, although
+the lime massed at the centre of each sporangium simulates
+one; capillitium white, densely calcareous, with heavy angular nodules
+connected with comparatively short threads; spores violet, globose,
+spinulose, about 12 µ in diameter.</p>
+
+<p>Ometepe, Nicaragua. <i>Professor B. Shimek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This species resembles in some particulars No. 39, especially in the
+amount of lime present in both capillitium and peridium, in the
+fluted, sooty stipe, and the rough spores. Mr. Lister once regarded
+it as the same. Nevertheless, it differs from <i>P. notabile</i> in many
+definite particulars. In the first place, the sporangia are different
+in form and habit. They are obconic, nearly always compound, convolute,
+or botryoid, in this respect somewhat resembling <i>P. polycephalum</i>.
+Besides, the sporangia are uniformly much smaller, and
+show constantly the strongly calcified centre, much transcending anything
+seen in <i>P. notabile</i>. The stipe also is peculiar, quite short, an
+upward extension or sweep of the common hypothallus which is
+usually very distinct or prominent; and, while the stipe is longitudinally
+wrinkled, it is much less so than in the related species, and in
+a different way. The spores are about the same in size, but differ in
+color, in this respect agreeing rather with <i>P. leucophaeum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed., l. c.</i>, the present species is entered as a
+synonym of two described by Massee: <i>Tilmadoche reniformis</i> Mass.,
+Mon., p. 336, and <i>Didymium echinosporum</i> Mass., <i>Mon.</i> 239. But
+Massee's description of his tilmadoche is, naturally enough, at variance
+in every important point with the facts in the species before us.
+Massee says: "... sporangia deeply umbilicate <i>below</i>, sausage-shaped
+and curved; the stem elongated slender erect, pale brown;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+capillitial nodes scattered, fusiform, colorless or yellow; spores 16&ndash;17
+µ." It is evident that whatever Massee may have had in hand as he
+wrote it was <i>not P. nicaraguense</i>, which has spores 10&ndash;12 <ins title="Not in original.">µ</ins> and reverses
+the remaining description.</p>
+
+<p>But <i>Didymium echinosporum</i> also defines <i>T. reniformis</i> since
+Lister, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 54, says they are based on two gatherings of one species.
+Of this second species Massee says: "A superficial resemblance
+to <i>T. nutans</i>, but distinct in the capillitium which contains <i>no trace
+of lime</i>; spores 12&ndash;14 µ!" Again it is evident that whatever Massee
+had in hand when he wrote, it was not <i>P. nicaraguense</i> which "has
+capillitium almost Badhamia-like," i. e., burdened with lime!</p>
+
+<p>Worse than all; Mr. Massee's <i>alleged</i> types are in evidence; one
+labelled <i>P. reniforme</i><a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> includes forms of <i>P. didermoides</i> and of <i>P.
+nicaraguense</i>; the other labelled by Berkeley <i>P. nutans</i> is <i>P. nicaraguense</i>.
+So Mr. T. Petch, <i>Mycet. Ceyl.</i>, who enters our species as
+from Ceylon, and the names cited from Berkeley, Massee, and others,
+as synonyms. He remarks, "Probably Thwaites' 135 and 55
+were mixed during examination"! Doubtless! and some other things
+too! What Massee did have beneath his lens, no one now may say
+but apparently not in either case cited, the physarum of Central
+America.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">42. <span class="smcap">Physarum sulphureum</span> <i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1805. <i>Physarum sulphureum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 93, Tab. VI, f. 1.</li>
+<li>1818. <i>Physarum flavum</i> Fries, <i>Symb. Gast.</i>, p. 22.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum sulphureum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 101.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, rugulose-squamulose, .6&ndash;.8 mm.,
+sulphur-yellow, stipitate; peridium membranous, covered with calcareous
+scales; stipe stout, white, charged with lime, furrowed; columella
+none; capillitium strongly calcareous, the nodules large, white;
+spores violaceous, rough, 9&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Northern Europe. (Lusatia) Lausitz, Alb. &amp; Schw.; dim old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+Wendish region on the south borders of Brandenburg. Reported
+also from Sweden.</p>
+
+<p>The description and figure given by Schweinitz, 1805, <i>l. c.</i>,
+leave no doubt as to what he had in hand. Twenty or thirty years
+later, having spent the interval in this country,&mdash;bishop, indeed, of
+the Moravian churches, but a student of fungi all the while,&mdash;he
+reports the same thing from this country; <i>Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci.</i>,
+1834. Cooke also lists it in <i>Myxomycetes of the U. S.</i> It surely
+will be found again. Mr. Lister thinks <i>P. variable</i> Rex may be the
+same thing.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">43. <span class="smcap">Physarum carneum</span> <i>G. Lister and Sturgis</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1910. <i>Physarum carneum</i> G. Lister and Sturgis, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, Vol. XLVIII, p. 63.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, sub-globose, .5 mm. in diameter,
+ochraceous-yellow above, flesh-colored below; peridium membranous,
+pale yellow, lime-granules evenly distributed; stipe short, translucent,
+pinkish flesh-colored; capillitium dense, nodules white; spores purplish-brown,
+spinulose, 8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>P. citrinellum</i> in the membranous peridium, flesh-colored
+stalks and smaller spores.</p>
+
+<p>Colorado; <i>Dr. W. C. Sturgis.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">44. <span class="smcap">Physarum citrinellum</span> <i>Peck.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1831. <i>Physarum caespitosum</i> Schw., Syn. <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2301 (?).</li>
+<li>1869. <i>Diderma citrinum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXII., p. 89.</li>
+<li>1870. <i>Physarum citrinellum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 55.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Craterium citrinellum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 74.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum caespitosum</i> Schw., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 37.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum citrinellum</i> Peck, List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 62.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, or scattered globose, short-stipitate, pale
+yellow or ochraceous, smooth or slightly roughened by the presence
+of minute lime-particles; peridium more or less distinctly double, the
+outer calcareous, fragile, the inner very delicate, with here and there
+a calcareous thickening, ruptured irregularly; stipe very short, half
+the sporangium, fuliginous, furrowed, expanded below into an imperfectly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+defined hypothallus; capillitium abundant, the nodes stellate-angular,
+large, the internodes delicate, short; spore-mass black, spores
+violaceous-brown by transmitted light, strongly spinulose, 10&ndash;12.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very distinct and handsome species. Easily recognizable at sight
+by its large, globose, almost sessile and yet distinctly stalked sporangia.
+The color to the naked eye is pale ochraceous or buff. Only
+under a moderate magnification do the citrine tints come out.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Twenty-second N. Y. Report</i>, Dr. Peck incorrectly referred
+this species to <i>Physarum citrinum</i> Schum. On the appearance
+of Rostafinski's <i>Monograph</i>, Dr. Peck in his revised list, <i>l. c.</i>, writes
+<i>P. citrinellum</i> Peck, with description on p. 57, following. Under
+the last name the species has been generally recognized in the United
+States and distributed. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2490.</p>
+
+<p>In the former edition, this species was referred to <i>P. caespitosum</i>
+Schw., of which the original description is as follows: "<i>P. caespitosum</i>
+L. v. S., pulcherrimum. In foliis et stipitibus Rhododendri, Bethlehem.
+Physarum substipitatum aut saltem basi attenuata, caespitosim
+crescens et sparsim. Caespitulis 3 linearibus; peridiis stipatis, turbinatis,
+ovatis, basi contracta membranula exterori luteosquamulosa aut
+punctato-squarrulosa. Sporidiis nigro-brunneis, floccis citrinis inspersis."
+<i>Synopsis N. A. Fungi</i>, 2301.</p>
+
+<p>The type from the Schweinitz herbarium is no longer in evidence.
+Without it, the reference cannot be sustained.</p>
+
+<p>Not uncommon in the eastern United States; reported also from
+Japan.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">45. <span class="smcap">Physarum albescens</span> <i>Ellis.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1889. <i>Physarum albescens</i> Ellis <i>in litt</i>: not described.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> Cke., Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. N. H. Iowa</i>, No. 2, p. 155, in part.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum virescens</i> var. <i>nitens</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 59, in part.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum virescens</i> var. <i>nitens</i> List., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 34, in part.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Leocarpus fulvus</i> Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 82.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum fulvum</i> Lister, <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 60.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum virescens, nitens</i> List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 84, in part.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, ovoid or globose, pale yellowish or
+fulvous, opening irregularly above, stipitate; the peridium double, the
+outer layer more or less calcareous, the inner delicate, almost indistinguishable,
+persistent below as a shallow cup; the stipe long,
+weak, striate, fulvous or yellow; hypothallus distinct, venulose, or
+more or less continuous; capillitium pallid or white, dense, with here
+and there below large continuous yellow calcareous nodules; columella
+none; spore-mass black; spores by transmitted light, dark brown,
+rough, 13&ndash;15 µ. Varies to forms with single (inner) peridium and
+simple physaroid capillitium. <i>Vid.</i> descriptions cited for <i>P. auriscalpium</i>,
+<i>P. nitens</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p>This interesting form is from our western mountains, and suggests
+at first a diderma; but the capillitium is entirely unlike that of a
+diderma in color and structure, and plainly belongs here. Plasmodium
+yellow, on fallen leaves and twigs. Our material is from Prof.
+Bethel, Denver; and Lake Tahoe, Nevada; later from Dr. Weir,
+Montana. No doubt common at high altitudes near the snow-line in
+mountainous regions, probably around the world.</p>
+
+<p>As indicated above, this was originally entered as of the genus
+<i>Leocarpus</i>; the taxonomic history of the form may interest readers
+who note with surprise the presentation in synonymy here developed.</p>
+
+<p>About thirty-five or forty years ago Dr. Harkness of California
+sent to Mr. Ellis of New Jersey a slime-mould which the sender referred
+to <i>Diderma albescens</i> Phillips, (<i>Grev.</i> V., p. 114, 1877).
+Ellis sent a small bit to the Iowa herbarium without other comment,
+save that he thought it a physarum. Sometime later Mr. Ellis received
+from Father Langlois, a correspondent in Louisiana, specimens
+he esteemed the same thing. He expressed the opinion that if this
+were what Phillips had found in California, it should perhaps be
+called a physarum. The Louisiana material by his courtesy came
+also to this table. The material was scanty, in poor condition, and
+all waited further light. To these specimens the writer paid less
+attention. They were in the hands of his correspondents and the
+courtesy of the case required their further consideration by Dr. Rex.</p>
+
+<p>In 1889 Mr. Holway found in Iowa, a physarum of which he sent
+part to Ellis and the remainder to the writer who, then engaged on
+the <i>Myxomycetes of East. Iowa</i>, referred his part of this Iowa gathering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
+to the <i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> Cke. as found in New York.
+Under this caption a specimen was later sent to Mr. Lister, who has,
+as we see, consistently regarded the thing as a variety of <i>P. virescens</i>
+Ditmar, <i>P. nitens</i> List.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime in 1898 Colorado material from Professor Bethel
+reached the University. This did not recall any of the materials sent
+from Ellis. <i>Diderma albescens</i> had meanwhile come again from
+California, and been recognized as <i>Diderma niveum</i> Rost.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, in <i>N. A. S.</i> the latest arrival from Colorado was
+described as a new species, and with some temerity perhaps, offered
+as a second species of the hitherto monotypic <i>Leocarpus</i>, all on account
+of the peculiar capillitium. Sometime after publication our
+most valued correspondent Mr. Bilgram called attention to the resemblance
+between the Colorado and Louisiana material already
+referred to. The University specimens as stated were small, broken,
+and in every way poor, but enough remained to indicate the evident
+justice of our correspondent's suspicion. Further investigation of the
+Holway material in Philadelphia showed that <i>it too was entitled to
+consideration</i>! Inasmuch as the Holway sending was all from one
+plasmodium, all difficulties vanished at once. The Iowa gathering
+showed two phases: one at the University represents <i>P. nitens</i>, physaroid,
+single-walled; while the Philadelphia part of the gathering
+corresponds, poorly it is true, but in fact, as <i>now</i> appears, to the
+form coming in perfection from Colorado; leocarpine in structure,
+published as <i>Leocarpus fulvus</i>; <i>P. fulvum</i> Lister. Since the combination
+<i>P. fulvum</i> is already in use, synonym of <i>P. rubiginosum</i>, it
+seems better to write the name suggested by Ellis; <i>Physarum albescens</i>
+never having been published, because <i>Diderma albescens</i>, as
+noted took care of itself.</p>
+
+<p>Since Rostafinski we separate all these physaroid forms chiefly by
+capillitial characters: capillitial structure separates genera. <i>Physarum
+diderma</i> is a physarum despite its double wall. And so here <i>Leocarpus</i>
+was set out by its differentiating capillitium. In good specimens
+of the present species a large part of the capillitial net is entirely
+free from lime, so that when the peridium first opens at the
+summit, sometimes no trace of lime appears; the calcareous deposits
+are below, and tend to occupy not the nodal intersections as in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
+<i>Physarum</i>, but in large masses involve portions of the net itself, nodes
+and all, as in <i>Leocarpus</i>. Miss Lister's beautiful figures, <i>op. cit.</i>,
+Figs. 66 and 82, show this very well.</p>
+
+<p>In The <i>Journal of Botany</i>, 52, p. 100, the distinguished author
+and artist records the discovery of this species in the mountains of
+Switzerland. She says: "This specimen shows a striking resemblance
+to <i>Leocarpus fragilis</i> Rost., both in the shape of the sporangia and in
+the capillitium and spores; but although the color of the sporangia
+varies in both these species, the walls of <i>P. (L.) fulvum</i> are membranous
+and rugose with included deposits of lime granules and show
+nothing of the polished cartilaginous layers characteristic of <i>L.
+fragilis</i>."</p>
+
+<p>The species is a boundary type at best, and shows again how artificial
+all our taxonomy is apt to prove, when the number of presentations
+of some particular type becomes larger.</p>
+
+<p>For these reasons, the present author writes <i>Physarum</i>, and believes
+the question of identity in a perplexing case fortunately settled.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">46. <span class="smcap">Physarum variabile</span> Rex.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Physarum variabile</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 371.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum variabile</i> Rex, List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 47.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, stipitate, sub-stipitate or sessile, about 1 mm.
+high; regularly or irregularly globose, ellipsoidal, obovate or cylindric-clavate
+in shape; sporangium wall sometimes apparently thick, of
+a dingy yellow or brownish-ochre color, slightly rugulose on the surface,
+crustaceous, brittle, rupturing irregularly, sometimes thin, translucent,
+covered externally with flat circular calcic-masses falling away
+in patches; stipes nearly equal, occasionally much expanded at the
+base, rough, longitudinally rugose, variable in size, sometimes one-third
+of a millimetre high, sometimes a mere plasmodic thickening of
+the base of the sporangium; color of stipes varying from a yellowish-white
+to a dull brownish-gray; capillitium a small-meshed network of
+delicate colorless tubules with large, many-angled, rounded masses of
+white, or rarely yellowish-white lime-granules at the nodes; no true
+columella, but often a central irregular mass of white lime-granules;
+spores dark violet-brown, verruculose, 9&ndash;10 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania. <i>Dr. Rex.</i></p>
+
+<p>Lister, <i>op. cit.</i>, describes a variety, <i>sessile</i>, presenting plasmodiocarpous
+fructification, from Ceylon, also from Antigua, but there are
+some doubts as to the identity of these with American sessile and
+plasmodiocarpous forms. Vid. <i>Jour. Bot.</i> XXXVI., p. 113.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">47. <span class="smcap">Physarum auriscalpium</span> <i>Cooke</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1877. <i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> Cooke, <i>Myx. U. S.</i>, Am. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XI., p. 384.</li>
+<li>1877. <i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> Cke., <i>Myx. Gr. Brit.</i>, Pl. 24, f. 253&ndash;4.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Physarum sulphureum</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.), Sturgis, <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XVIII., p. 197.</li>
+<li>1898. <i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> Cke., List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXVI., p. 115.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> Cke., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, Syn. excl.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, stipitate or occasionally sub-sessile spherical,
+.8&ndash;1 mm. high; peridium granulated, bright golden yellow; stipe,
+when present, one-half to two-thirds the height of the sporangium,
+blackish-brown; hypothallus, minute, thin, brown; columella absent;
+capillitium rather dense, composed of large angular nodes, completely
+filled with bright yellow granules of lime, and connected by very
+short, delicate, colorless internodes destitute of lime; spores globose
+minutely verruculose, or asperate, 10.7&ndash;11.8 µ in diameter, brownish-violet
+by transmitted light, black in the mass.</p>
+
+<p>This is the original description, 1893, of <i>P. sulphureum</i> (Alb. &amp;
+Schw.) Sturgis; the author last named having compared certain
+stalked New England forms with what he could find of <i>P. sulphureum</i>
+in the herbarium of Schweinitz at Philadelphia, and having, as
+he thought, established identity.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime Mr. Lister had been inclined to refer <i>P. auriscalpium</i>
+Cke. to <i>P. rubiginosum</i> Fr., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 61.</p>
+
+<p>In 1898 Professor Sturgis and Mr. Lister agreed that the New
+England specimens, owing to color and character of stipe and some
+other differences could not be the Schweinitzian species, but did indeed
+conform much better with those in London labelled <i>P. auriscalpium</i>
+Cke.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly <i>P. sulphureum</i> is something else, very different, (v.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
+A. &amp; S., Cons. <i>Fung. Tab.</i>, VI., f. 1), and by aid of recent<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> discoveries
+in Sweden goes its own way again. Meanwhile <i>P. sulphureum</i>
+Sturgis stands, a new type for <i>P. auriscalpium</i> Cke., the description
+modified to suit; the lamented pioneer-author receives honor due,
+and his handsome species, with its "golden graving," may now march,
+let us hope, under appropriate banner far down the fair highway to
+future fame!</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">48. <span class="smcap">Physarum oblatum</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III.</a></span>, Fig. 6; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1879. <i>Physarum ornatum</i> Peck, Rep. <i>N. Y. Museum</i>, XXXI., p. 40 (?).</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Physarum oblatum</i> Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 384.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Craterium maydis</i> Morg., <i>Myx. Miam. Vall.</i>, p. 87.</li>
+<li>1909. <i>Physarum maydis</i> Torr., <i>Flor. des Myxo.</i>, p. 193.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum maydis</i> Torr. List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 59.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, small, bright yellow, globose or depressed-globose,
+rough; stipe reddish-brown or fuliginous, even,
+short, slender; hypothallus scant, black, or none; columella none;
+threads of the capillitium yellow, delicate, connecting the rather
+dense and abundant yellow lime-granules; spore-mass brownish-black,
+spores violaceous, minutely but distinctly spinulose, 9&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is easily recognizable by its brilliant yellow color,
+somewhat rugose, sometimes scaly peridium, its richly calcareous
+capillitium, also bright yellow where not weathered or faded, its
+dark brown, translucent, non-calcareous stem. In dehiscence, the
+base of the peridium in cup-form, sometimes persists. This circumstance,
+with the fact that decaying maize-stalks and leaves are a
+favorite habitat, led Professor Morgan to its description as <i>Craterium
+maydis</i>. But it is doubtless a physarum, occurring on habitats
+of all sorts, from Ohio to Iowa, Colorado and Washington. Ceylon(?).</p>
+
+<p><i>Physarum ornatum</i> Peck is doubtfully cited here, although Professor
+Morgan thought it the same as <i>P. oblatum</i>. As a matter of fact
+the original brief description, <i>op. cit.</i>, does not suggest either <i>P. oblatum</i>
+or <i>P. maydis</i>; rather a form of <i>Tilmadoche viridis</i>. Professor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
+Sturgis, <i>Notes on Some Type Specimens of Myxo., in the N. Y. Museum,
+Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci.</i>, Vol. X., Pt. 2, p. 470, says
+that of the type almost nothing remains, that the name <i>P. ornatum</i>
+Pk. "should be discarded."</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">49. <span class="smcap">Physarum galbeum</span> <i>Wing.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1890. <i>Physarum galbeum</i> Wing., Ell., <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2491 (no description).</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Physarum petersii</i> Berk. &amp; C., Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 296, in part.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum berkeleyi</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 48, in part.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum galbeum</i> Wing., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 53.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum galbeum</i> Wing., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 59.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, globose, stipitate, often nodding, golden yellow,
+the peridium exceedingly thin, breaking up into patches on
+which the yellow lime granules are conspicuous; stipe non-calcareous,
+pale brown or amber-colored, longitudinally wrinkled, about one and
+one-half times the diameter of the peridium; columella none; hypothallus
+none; capillitium dense, extremely delicate, the nodes only
+here and there calcareous, the lime knots when present small, angular,
+yellow; spore-mass pale brown; spores almost smooth, lilac- or
+violet-tinted, 7.5&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Distinguished among the small delicate species with which it will
+be naturally associated, by the yellow, richly calcareous wall of the
+globose sporangium and the almost limeless capillitium. The stipe is
+hollow and contains irregular masses of refuse granular matter, but
+no lime so far as we have been able to discover. <i>P. flavicomum</i>, to
+which the species is related most closely, differs in having the wall
+non-calcareous, iridescent, as well as in the color throughout; the
+character of the capillitium, in which lime is abundant; the absence
+of refuse-matter in the stem.</p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania, Iowa, Minnesota.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">50. <span class="smcap">Physarum tenerum</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1890. <i>Physarum tenerum</i> Rex., <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 192.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum polymorphum</i> Rost. var. <i>obrusseum</i>, Lister, <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 48.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum obrusseum</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 52.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum tenerum</i> Rex., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 52.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The peridium thin, membranaceous, thickly studded with circular,
+flattened, yellow granules of lime; stipe long, slender, subulate,
+opaque, pale brown, striate and black below, pale yellow above; columella
+none; capillitium yellow or white, delicate, forming a loosely
+but regularly meshed network with numerous small round or rounded
+granules at the intersections; spores dark brown, delicately warted,
+7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This delicate physarum, very fragile and evanescent, seems to be
+distinct, by reason of its characteristic rounded lime granules, from
+any similar, stipitate species. It varies a little according to locality.
+Ohio specimens are a little larger and have thicker and more calcareous
+stipes than is usual in those from Philadelphia. The walls of
+the sporangia when fully matured generally break into several petal-like
+segments which finally become reflexed. The description given
+by Berkeley is entirely insufficient.</p>
+
+<p>In an earlier edition this species was entered as <i>P. obrusseum</i> following
+the Polish text. Miss Lister who has the type of <i>Didymium
+obrusseum</i> at hand considers it as representing a phase of <i>Physarum
+polycephalum</i> Schw. <i>D. tenerrimum</i> Berk. &amp; Curt. is judged the
+same. <i>P. tenerum</i> Rex is, in any event, certain, and the combination
+is adopted.</p>
+
+<p>Rare:&mdash;Pennsylvania, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Iowa, Portugal,
+Japan.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">51. <span class="smcap">Physarum flavicomum</span> <i>Berk.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1845. <i>Physarum flavicomum</i> Berk., <i>Hook. Jour. Bot.</i>, IV., p. 66.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Physarum cupripes</i>, Berk. &amp; Rav., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 65.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum berkeleyi</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 105.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum berkeleyi</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 57.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum flavicomum</i> Berk., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 53.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum flavicomum</i> Berk., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 58.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, small, spherical, at first fuliginous throughout,
+stipitate; the peridium thin, destitute of lime, iridescent, breaking
+up and deciduous in patches, except at the base; stipe twice the
+diameter of the peridium, brown, fluted, not hollow, tapering upward
+from a small but distinct, radiant hypothallus; columella none;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+capillitium dense, persistent, the nodes frequently calcareous, elongate
+and vertical, especially below, yellow; spore-mass brown; spores
+by transmitted light, bright violaceous-brown, slightly papillose, 9&ndash;10
+µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is instantly distinguishable from all cognate forms by
+its peculiar sooty color. Not less is the species structurally marked
+by its capillitium. The latter below is exactly as in the species of
+<i>Tilmadoche</i>. Indeed, the present species unites characters supposed
+to distinguish <i>Physarum</i> from <i>Tilmadoche</i>, and would so far justify
+those authors who bring all the species of both genera together under
+one generic name. In any case the species is by its capillitium entirely
+distinct from <i>P. galbeum</i>, as well as by the structure of the stipe
+and the peridial surface. The plasmodium, at first watery, emerges
+from decayed elm logs and soon takes on a peculiar greenish tint preserved
+somewhat in the mature fruit.</p>
+
+<p>Rostafinski, <i>Monograph</i>, pp. 105, 106, rejects Berkeley's specific
+name, <i>flavicomum</i>, because it refers to the somewhat indefinite, characteristic
+color. As this is no valid reason for change, we have restored
+Berkeley's specific name, which by general consent has priority.
+<i>N. A. F.</i>, 3299.</p>
+
+<p>Not common. New Jersey, Ohio, South Carolina, Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">52. <span class="smcap">Physarum bethelii</span> (<i>Macbr.</i>) <i>Lister</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1899. <i>Tilmadoche bethelii</i>, Macbr., <i>Exempl. ad Herbaria.</i></li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum gyrosum</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 75.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, globose, umbilicate below, .5&ndash;1 mm. in diameter,
+iridescent blue, or sometimes tinged by the presence of delicate
+pale yellow calcareous scales, stipitate; stipe rather short, black or
+dark brown, equal; capillitium dense, radiating from the black,
+slightly intrusive summit of the stipe, and from the base of the
+peridium ascending; the nodules not numerous, elongate, branching
+betimes, pale yellow; spores minutely roughened, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This beautiful delicately tinted little species is clearly tilmadochoid
+in the Friesian sense. The capillitium persists after the fall of the
+upper filmy peridium, adherent below to the persisting peridial base.
+Collected thus far twice only; by Professor Bethel and by Professor
+Sturgis, Colorado.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">SECTION 2</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i><b>Tilmadoche</b> Fries</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">53. <span class="smcap">Physarum gyrosum</span> (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>Jahn.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum gyrosum</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 111.</li>
+<li>1902. <i>Physarum gyrosum</i> Rost., Jahn, <i>Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges.</i>, XX., p. 272, t. XIII.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum gyrosum</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 75.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gyrose, variable in form, or plasmodiocarpous and irregular,
+venulose, sessile upon a common, strongly developed
+hypothallus, sometimes isolated and irregularly globose, dehiscing irregularly
+or by longitudinal fissure, yellowish or greyish white; columella
+none; capillitium delicate, the nodules elongate, variable in
+size; spores pale violaceous, minutely spinulose, 7&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is a European species recently resuscitated by Dr. Jahn. It
+perhaps might more correctly be recorded as <i>P. gyrosum</i> Jahn, since
+Rostafinski certainly attempted in his description to cover two apparently
+distinct things. He seems to have had before him <i>Fuligo
+muscorum</i> Schw. and "<i>P. gyrosum</i>," but he thought them the same,
+and his description touches now one, now the other. Since <i>F. muscorum</i>
+Schw. has all along held its own and received due recognition,
+it is interesting to note the recovery of this gyrose form.</p>
+
+<p>Judging by description and figures, it resembles a very large, sessile
+phase of <i>P. polycephalum</i>. See further under that species.</p>
+
+<p>Europe, Japan, Eastern United States (?).</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">54. <span class="smcap">Physarum polycephalum</span> <i>Schw.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII.</a></span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1822. <i>Physarum polycephalum</i> Schw., <i>Syn. Fung. Car.</i>, No. 382.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Didymium polycephalum</i> (Schw.) Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 122.</li>
+<li>1837. <i>Didymium polymorphum</i> Mont., <i>Ann. Sci. Nat.</i>, Ser. 2, 8, p. 361.</li>
+<li>1837. <i>Didymium gyrocephalum</i> Mont., <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 362.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Physarum polymorphum</i> (Mont.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 107.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Tilmadoche gyrocephala</i> (Mont.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 131.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Tilmadoche polycephala</i> (Schw.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 57.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum polycephalum</i> Schw., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 58.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia spherical or irregular, impressed, gyrose-confluent, helvelloid,
+umbilicate below; peridium thin, ashy, covered with evanescent
+yellow squamules, fragile; stipe from an expanded membranaceous
+base, long-subulate, yellow; spores smooth, violet, 9&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A most singular species and well defined is this, occurring in
+masses of decaying leaves or on rotten logs. The plasmodium at first
+colorless; as it emerges for fructification, white, then yellow, spreading
+far over all adjacent objects, not sparing the leaves and flowers of
+living plants; at evening slime, spreading, streaming, changing; by
+morning fruit, a thousand stalked sporangia with their strangely
+convoluted sculpture. The evening winds again bear off the sooty
+spores, and naught remains but twisted yellow stems crowned with a
+pencil of tufted silken hairs. August.</p>
+
+<p>Although Rostafinski's description of this species is accurate and
+marks exactly a <i>Tilmadoche</i> and is very different from his description
+of <i>Physarum polymorphum</i>, nevertheless it is probable that both descriptions
+have reference to the same thing. All specimens on which
+both species were based were American; <i>P. polymorphum</i>, North
+American. But the only North American form to which reference
+can be made is that by Schweinitz called <i>P. polycephalum</i> and, fortunately,
+sufficiently described. Furthermore, Rostafinski, under <i>T.
+gyrocephala</i>, himself affirms the probable identity of Montagne's
+<i>Didymium gyrocephalum</i> with the Schweinitzian species, and uses
+Montagne's specific name provisionally. For these reasons it seems
+proper to write the species as above.</p>
+
+<p>Widely distributed and common, from Maine and Canada to
+Nebraska, and Washington and south to Nicaragua.</p>
+
+<p>This species is so common that its plasmodium and fructification
+may be easily observed. Professor Morton E. Peck, who has been
+for years a close observer of the vegetative phases of our Iowa species,
+says of <i>P. polycephalum</i>: "In one instance I observed a plasmodium
+for twelve successive days on the surface of a decaying stump. During
+this period it crept all around the stump and from top to bottom
+several times. At one time the color was bright yellow; at another,
+greenish yellow; and once, shortly before fruiting, it became clear
+bright green. A heavy rain fell upon the plasmodium but it appeared<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
+to sustain little injury and ultimately developed normal
+sporangia."</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">55. <span class="smcap">Physarum nutans</span> <i>Pers.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus albus</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, p. 137, t. 407, III., and t. 470, I, A-L.</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis alba</i> (Bull.), Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, p. 1469 (?).</li>
+<li>1795. <i>Physarum nutans</i> Pers., <i>Ust. Ann. Bot.</i>, XV., p. 6.</li>
+<li>1803. <i>Trichia cernua Schum., Enum. Pl, Saell.</i>, II., p. 241.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Physarum cernuum</i> (Schum.) in part, Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., pp. 130, 147.</li>
+<li>1848. <i>Tilmadoche cernua</i> (Schum.) Fr., <i>Summ. Veg. Sc.</i>, p. 454.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Tilmadoche nutans</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 10.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Tilmadoche alba</i> (Bull.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 58.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum nutans</i> Pers., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 67, in part.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, depressed-spherical, stipitate, umbilicate,
+gray or white, thin-walled, nodding; stipe long, tapering upward,
+brown or black below, ashen white above, lightly striate, graceful;
+capillitium abundant, threads delicate, intricately combined in loose
+persistent network with occasional minute, rounded, or elongate calcareous
+nodules; spores minutely roughened, globose, about 10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The nodding, lenticular, umbilicate sporangium, barely attached to
+the apiculate stipe, is sufficient to distinguish this elegant little species,
+recognized and quite aptly characterized by mycologists for more
+than one hundred years. As <i>Sphaerocarpus albus</i> Bulliard first prescribed
+the limits by which the species is at present bounded. The
+description by Fries (<i>Syst. Myc.,</i>, III., 128) is especially graphic;
+"Peridium very thin, in form quite constantly lenticular, umbilicate
+at base, at first smooth then uneven, generally laciniate-dehiscent, the
+segments persistent at least at base."</p>
+
+<p>The stipe is usually white above, fuscous below, at the apex almost
+evanescent; hence the cernuous sporangia. The same character is
+less strikingly manifest in the species next following.</p>
+
+<p>The plasmodium is bright yellow, sometimes greenish. Brought in
+from the field and maturing under a bell-jar, the color changes to a
+watery white just before the sporangia rise in fruit. <i>P. album</i>
+Fuckel, <i>Rhen. Fl.</i>, No. 1469, 1865, is believed to be <i>P. cinereum</i>
+(Batsch) Pers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Persoon changed Bulliard's specific name in this case to furnish
+one himself, more descriptive as he thought and distinctive. His success
+in this attempt must be esteemed but partial since all the related
+forms, immediately listed, <i>nod</i> as well. Bulliard's name as applied
+by Persoon is therefore to be preferred. But the transfer from <i>Tilmadoche</i>
+to <i>Physarum</i> loses for us one step in the ladder of priority.
+<i>P. album</i> (Bull.) may not enter here, since Fries has given us one
+species under that title. So Persoon comes next on the list, all the
+world now nodding approbation, let us hope!</p>
+
+<p>Under the name <i>Physarum gracilentum</i>, Fries cites an extremely
+delicate form of this species. The sporangia are of the most minute,
+about .2&ndash;.3 mm. in diameter, globose, slightly umbilicate below, the
+stipe usually white at top, but sometimes black throughout. This
+graceful form occurs rarely in undisturbed woods.</p>
+
+<p>Widely distributed in the eastern United States, apparently rare
+in the west. Reported from various parts of the world; Europe,
+Japan, Australia, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">56. <span class="smcap">Physarum viride</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><ins title="Not in original."><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII</a>.</span>, Fig. 8, 8 <i>a</i>, 8 <i>b</i>.</ins></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus viridis</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, t. 407, Fig. I.</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus luteus</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, t. 407, Fig. II.</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus aurantius</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, t. 484, Fig. II.</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis viridis</i> (Bull.) Gmel., <i>Sys. Nat.</i>, p. 1469.</li>
+<li>1794. <i>Physarum aureum</i> Pers., Römer, <i>Neu. Mag. f. die Bot.</i>, I., p. 88.</li>
+<li>1795. <i>Physarum viride</i> Pers., Usteri, <i>Ann. Bot.</i>, XV., p. 6.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Physarum aurantium</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Meth.</i>, p. 173.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Physarum nutans</i> var. Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., pp. 128&ndash;129.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Tilmadoche mutabilis</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 129.</li>
+<li>1880. <i>Tilmadoche viridis</i> (Bull.) Sacc., <i>Michelia</i>, II., p. 263.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum viride</i> Pers., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 50.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Tilmadoche viridis</i> (Bull.) Sacc., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 59.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum viride</i> Pers., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, 2nd ed.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia globose, flattened or lenticular, beneath plane or concave,
+variously colored, yellow, greenish yellow, rusty orange, stipitate,
+nodding; the peridium splitting irregularly or reticulately;
+stipe variable in length and color, through various shades of red and
+yellow, subulate; capillitium strongly developed, concolorous with
+sporangium, the tubes with colorless or yellow calcareous thickenings;
+spores smooth, fuscous or violet-black, 8 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A very handsome and rather common little species; like the preceding,
+but generally greenish-yellow in color, and occasionally brilliantly
+orange without a suggestion of green. Indeed, the color is so
+variable that some authors have been disposed to discard the species
+entirely, inasmuch as the chief specific character is color. The plasmodium
+is pale yellow, in rotten logs, stumps, etc. In the paler
+yellow or greenish forms the stipe is more commonly black.</p>
+
+<p>This is <i>Physarum luteum</i> (Bull.) Fries, and likewise also includes
+the three varieties, <i>viride</i>, <i>aureum</i>, <i>coccineum</i>, listed by the same
+author under <i>P. nutans</i>, while he at the same time remarks that they
+might with equal propriety be elsewhere referred. Rostafinski considers
+that all the colored forms agree in capillitium sufficiently to be
+associated under one name and are in the same way unlike <i>T.
+nutans</i>.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> Rostafinski thinks to avoid confusion by suggesting a more
+fitting specific name, <i>T. mutabilis</i>, but there seems no good reason for
+not adopting the earliest identifiable specific appellation, which in this
+case appears to be <i>viride</i>. The yellow phase is common in Iowa,
+resembles in size, color, stipe, <i>P. galbeum</i> Wingate, but is instantly
+distinguishable by the capillitium. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 1213.</p>
+
+<p>Widely distributed specimens are before us;&mdash;from New England,
+New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Nebraska, Iowa, California,
+Oregon, Canada, Nicaragua, Samoa, Alaska, India, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>EXTRA-LIMITAL</b><a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum mutabile</span> (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Crateriachea mutabilis</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 125.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Crateriachea mutabilis</i> Rost., Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 344.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarum cinereum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 55, in part.</li>
+<li>1895. <i>Physarum crateriachea</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXIII., p. 323.</li>
+<li>1910. <i>Physarum crateriachea</i> List., Petch, <i>Mycetozoa Ceylon</i>, p. 336.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum mutabile</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 53.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia cylindrical ovoid or sub-globose white, plasmodiocarpous,
+sessile or stipitate, stipes when present yellow, with or without lime,
+often connected by a hypothallus; peridium thin, squamulose; capillitium<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>
+persistent, intricate, the nodules white, more or less confluent
+at the center to form a real or a pseudo-columella; spores brownish-purple,
+spinulose, 7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Reported from Europe, Africa, Ceylon.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum roseum</span> <i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Physarum roseum</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, XIV., p. 84.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodium rose-red; sporangia gregarious, stipitate, globose, rose-red;
+the stipe erect, brown, rugulose, translucent; capillitium lax,
+delicate, lilac, the nodules few, large, purple-red, branching; spores
+reddish-lilac or brown, minutely spinulose, 7&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Reported from Ceylon, Java, Borneo, Japan.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum dictyospermum</span> <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1905. <i>Physarum dictyospermum</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, Vol. XLIII., p. 112.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>"It is distinguished from the other known species of <i>Physarum</i> by
+the strongly reticulated spores. Its nearest ally is perhaps <i>P. psittacinum</i>
+which it resembles in having orange-red lime-knots and in the
+sporangium-wall being studded with orange crystalline disks."
+<i>Lister.</i></p>
+
+<p>Reported collected once only; New Zealand.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum straminipes</span> <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1898. <i>Physarum straminipes</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, Vol. XXXVI., p. 163.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodium white; sporangia greyish-white, obovoid or wedge-shaped,
+.7 mm. in diameter, clustered or scattered, stipitate or sessile,
+when stipitate stalks long, weak; peridium membranous, pale purple;
+capillitium a persistent rigid net, the nodules white, rounded, sometimes
+aggregate as a pseudo-columella; spores purple-brown, 10&ndash;11 µ,
+warted, the papillae in definite patches.</p>
+
+<p>Related to <i>P. compressum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reported from England; Germany.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum crateriforme</span> <i>Petch.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><i>Physarum crateriforme</i> Petch, <i>Ann. Perad.</i>, IV., p. 304.</li>
+<li><i>Physarum crateriforme</i> Petch, List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 69, Pl. 76.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, clavate or crateriform, sessile or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>
+stipitate, white; stalk when present opaque conical, black below,
+white above, in crateriform sporangia entering and developed as a
+columella; capillitium various, strongly calcareous, the nodules either
+grouped in a pseudo-columella, or in globose sporangia, rod-like,
+ascending; spores closely spinulose, 11&ndash;15 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Reported from Ceylon, Japan, West Indies; Lisbon.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum gulielmæ</span> <i>Penzig.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1898. <i>Physarum gulielmae</i> Penzig., <i>Myx. Beut.</i>, p. 34.</li>
+<li>1909. <i>Physarum gulielmae</i> Penzig., Torrend, <i>Fl. des Myx.</i>, p. 208.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarum gulielmae</i> Penzig., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 76.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodium yellow; sporangia sub-globose, sessile, brownish-orange
+or chestnut brown, rugulose, clustered or heaped, often with a yellow
+membranous hypothallus; peridium membranous with clustered deposits
+of yellowish-brown lime granules; capillitium abundant, the
+nodes angular, branching, white; spores purplish brown, spinulose,
+10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Reported from Java, Sweden, Switzerland.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum echinosporum</span> <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarum echinosporum</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXVII., p. 147.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>This species is distinguished from the preceding chiefly in episporic
+characters. "Spores purple, 8 µ, marked by strong ridges and spines,"
+8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Reported from Antigua.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarum æneum</span> (<i>List.</i>) <i>R. E. Fries.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1898. <i>Physarum murinum</i> var. <i>aeneum</i> Lister, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXVI., p. 117.</li>
+<li>1903. <i>Physarum aeneum</i> Lister, R. E. Fries, <i>Arkiv. Bot.</i>, I., p. 62.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia sessile, sub-globose or plasmodiocarpous, pinkish-brown
+or bronze, glossy; peridium double, the outer somewhat cartilaginous,
+brittle, falling back from the shining, membranous inner wall; capillitium
+dense, the nodules not large, brown, sometimes aggregated to
+form a pseudo-columella; spores pale brownish-violet, nearly smooth,
+6&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Reported from West Indies, Bolivia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Related Genus</b></p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Trichamphora</span> <i>Junghuhn</i>, p. 12.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1838. <i>Trichamphora</i>, Junghuhn, <i>Fl. Crypt. Javanica</i>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia discoidal, above concave, saucer-shaped, stipitate; the
+capillitium variable, anon physaroid, badhamioid, or even as in
+<i>Didymium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This genus is set up for the accommodation thus far of the single
+species following. It differs from <i>Physarella</i> in the apparently constant
+discoidal shape, absence of trabecules, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Trichamphora pezizoidea</span> <i>Jungh.</i>, <i>op. cit.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1838. <i>Trichamphora pezizoidea</i> Jungh., <i>op. cit.</i></li>
+<li>1854. <i>Didymium zeylanicum</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <i>Hook. Jour. Bot.</i>, VI., p. 230.</li>
+<li>1869. <i>Physarum macrocarpum</i> Fuckel, <i>Symb. Myc.</i>, p. 343.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma pezizoidea</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 424, tab. VIII., Fig. 122.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Badhamia fuckeliana</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, <i>App.</i>, p. 2.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Trichamphora pezizoidea</i> Jungh., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 89.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Trichamphora pezizoidea</i> Jungh., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 90.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia discoidal or saucer-shaped, gregarious, stipitate, erect or
+nodding, grayish-white, the peridium thin, breaking irregularly and
+persistent; stipe subulate, striate, reddish brown, transparent; capillitium
+variable as above stated; spores pale violet-brown, spinulose or
+nearly smooth, about 9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, the spores are described as "dark or pale
+purplish brown, spinose, spinulose or nearly smooth, 9&ndash;17 µ in diameter."
+This would seem too great a variation even in this protean
+species. The only specimens in our herbarium are from the Congo
+valley. The spores are pale and nearly smooth, as in <i>Tilmadoche
+alba</i>, and 9 µ. Spores 17 µ suggest immaturity; penultimate cell-division.</p>
+
+<p>The synonymy above cited shows how this species has impressed
+careful students. Doubtless in every case the reference is correct,
+judging from the specimen each author had before him, although it is
+hard to see how <i>Chondrioderma</i> might have been suggested.</p>
+
+<p>The species is evidently tropical, though reported from Europe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>4. Craterium</b> <i>Trentepohl</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Craterium</i> Trentepohl, Roth, <i>Catal.</i>, I., p. 224.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia more or less distinctly cyathiform, stipitate, the peridium
+generally plainly of two layers or even of three, opening at the top
+by circumscission more or less definite, or by a distinct lid, the upper
+part calcareous often to a marked degree, the lower, cartilaginous,
+long persistent as a vasiform cup containing the capillitium and
+spores, the calcareous nodes aggregating more or less to form a
+pseudo-columella.</p>
+
+<p>This genus is distinguished from <i>Physarum</i> and <i>Badhamia</i> chiefly
+by the form of the sporangia and the method of dehiscence. The
+capillitium is in some specimens particularly, of the <i>Physarum</i> type;
+in others, like that of <i>Badhamia</i>. There are accordingly species that
+receive at the hands of different authors diverse generic reference as
+one feature or another in the structure is emphasized in the different
+cases. It is granted that it is hard to draw the line sometimes between
+forms in which the dehiscence is irregularly circumscissile and
+those in which the wall breaks without any regularity whatever, since,
+in all, the breaking up of the peridium usually begins at the top.
+Species here included will, however, offer little ambiguity.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Craterium</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Craterium">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">A. Dehiscence circumscissile or by the breaking up of the upper wall of the sporangium.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>a.</i> Sporangia violet or purple</td><td align="left">1. <i>C. paraguayense</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>b.</i> Sporangia yellow</td><td align="left">2. <i>C. aureum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>c.</i> Sporangia white-capped.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">1. Sporangia obovoid or globoid</td><td align="left">3. <i>C. leucocephalum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">2. Sporangia cylindric, elongate</td><td align="left">4. <i>C. cylindricum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">B. Dehiscence by a distinct lid.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>a.</i> Capillitium pale brown</td><td align="left">5. <i>C. concinnum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>b.</i> Capillitium white</td><td align="left">6. <i>C. minutum</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Craterium paraguayense</span> (<i>Speg.</i>) <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1883. <i>Didymium paraguayense</i> Speg., <i>Fung. Guar. Pug.</i>, 1, p. 141.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Craterium rubescens</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci.</i>, p. 370.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Craterium rubescens</i> Rex, List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 71.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Craterium rubescens</i> Rex, Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 75.</li>
+<li>1904. <i>Iocraterium paraguayense</i> (Speg.) Jahn, <i>Hedwigia</i>, XLII., p. 302.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Craterium paraguayense</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 95.</li></ul>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, cylindrical or elongate cyathiform, stipitate,
+dark violet-red, the apex slightly roughened by pale calcareous granules,
+the peridium longitudinally wrinkled below; dehiscence, irregularly
+circumscissile; stipe darker, one-half the height of the sporangium,
+longitudinally wrinkled; capillitium dense, abundantly calcareous;
+spores violet-brown, minutely roughened, 7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>In form resembling the following species, but instantly distinguished
+by the color, which is red throughout, tinged with purple or
+violet. The capillitium is badhamioid, as noted by Dr. Rex. Very
+distinct from <i>P. newtoni</i> in color, form, habit, epispore, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Craterium aureum</span> (<i>Schum.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1803. <i>Trichia aurea</i> Schum., <i>Enum. Pl. Saell.</i>, II., p. 207.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Craterium mutabile</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 154.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Craterium aureum</i> (Schum.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 125.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose or obovoid, stipitate, yellow, erect,
+the peridial wall thin, especially at the summit, where at maturity it
+breaks up somewhat reticulately, leaving the persistent lower portion
+with an uneven margin above which projects the pale yellow capillitium;
+stipe short, orange, or brownish-red, arising from a small
+hypothallus; capillitium dense, yellow, the nodules not large, irregular,
+tending to form a pseudo-columella in the centre of the cup;
+spores minutely warted, violaceous-brown, 8&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Fries regards this, which he names <i>C. mutabile</i>, the most distinctly
+marked species of the genus; chiefly, as it appears, on account
+of the bright yellow color. This, however, varies. Some specimens
+before us are gray, showing only a trace of yellow below. In some
+European specimens a reddish tinge prevails. The form of the
+sporangium also varies. In typical specimens, unopened, the shape is
+almost pyriform; opened, we have a cylindric, oftenest lemon-yellow
+vase, mounted on a short striate stalk. But again, from the same
+plasmodium, we may have globose sporangia, opening so as to leave
+only a shallow, salver-shaped base. In this case the stipe is also
+longer. The plasmodium is said to be "clear lemon yellow."&mdash;<i>Massee.</i></p>
+
+<p>There seems little doubt that Schumacher had in mind the present<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>
+species in his <i>Trichia aurea</i>. Rostafinski shows that Fries's synonym,
+<i>C. mutabile</i>, is founded on a mistake. The earlier specific name is
+therefore on Rostafinski's authority adopted.</p>
+
+<p>Not common. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio,
+Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Craterium leucocephalum</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Ditmar</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII</a>.</span>, Fig. 5.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis leucocephala</i> Gmelin, <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., p. 1467.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Arcyria</i> (?) <i>leucocephala</i> Persoon, <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 183.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Craterium</i> (?) <i>leucocephalum</i>, Persoon, <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 184.</li>
+<li>1813. <i>Craterium leucocephalum</i> (Pers.) Ditmar, Sturm, <i>Deutsch. Flora, Pilze</i>, p. 21, Pl. 11.</li>
+<li>1889. <i>Physarum scyphoides</i> Cke. &amp; Balf., <i>Jour. Myc.</i>, V., p. 186.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Craterium convivale</i> (Batsch) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 86.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, short-cylindric or ovate, pure white above,
+brown or reddish-brown below, stipitate, dehiscence irregularly circumscissile,
+the persistent portion of the peridium beaker-shaped; stipe
+short, stout, expanded above into the base of the peridium with
+which it is concolorous; hypothallus scant; capillitium white or sometimes,
+toward the centre, brownish, the calcareous nodules large, conspicuous,
+and persistent; spore-mass black, spores violaceous-brown,
+minutely spinulose, 8&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Distinguished by its white cap from all except the next, from
+which the markedly different form serves as the diagnostic feature.
+In some gatherings, curious patches of yellow mark the otherwise
+snow white cap and sides; these are mere stains, or sometimes definite,
+crystalline, flake-like bodies, standing out in plain relief on the sporangial
+wall, or lurking in the larger nodules which are massed along
+the axis of the cup to form the pseudo-columella here strongly developed.
+Mr. Lister calls attention to these yellow flakes, and regards
+them as diagnostic. European specimens show the capillitium yellow,
+sometimes throughout!</p>
+
+<p>The nomenclature question is here somewhat difficult. Fries heads
+his list of synonyms with <i>Peziza convivalis</i> Batsch. Batsch simply
+described Micheli's figure! Now there is nothing in Micheli's figure
+(Pl. 86, Fig. 14) to enable one to say with certainty which craterium
+Micheli had in mind, if craterium at all. Nor does Batsch help the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
+matter when he offers the description following: "Stipitata; acute
+conica, patens; stipite subdistincto, lineari, brevi, valido. <i>Albicans.
+In foliis hederae putridis.</i>" (<i>Elenchus Fungorum</i>, Batsch, 1783, p.
+121.) There is nothing definitive here but the one word "albicans"
+quoted from Micheli. But this term is applicable the rather to <i>C.
+minutum</i>, the cups of which whiten with weathering. It may be,
+as insisted by Fries (<i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 149), that Micheli drew
+crateriums; but if so, we cannot determine which species.</p>
+
+<p>The specific name here adopted was applied by Persoon probably
+to this form; but Persoon likewise failed to distinguish the present
+species from <i>C. minutum</i> (see <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, pp. 183, 184), and Fries,
+<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 153. Ditmar, <i>l. c.</i>, leaves no doubt as to what he figures
+and describes, and accordingly the name he first correctly uses is here
+adopted.</p>
+
+<p>Not common. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina,
+Iowa, Colorado, Washington, California; reported from
+Europe.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Craterium cylindricum</span> <i>Massee</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>.</span>, Fig. 2.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Craterium minimum</i> Berk. &amp; C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 67.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Craterium cylindricum</i> Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 268.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Craterium leucocephalum</i> Ditm., List., <i>Myc.</i>, p. 72, in part.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Craterium minimum</i> Berk. &amp; C., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 77.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Craterium leucocephalum</i> var. <i>cylindricum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 97.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia closely gregarious, very small, .5 µ or less, slender, cylindric,
+almost entirely white, stipitate, the peridium delicate, transparent
+although calcareous nearly to the base, opening by a dehiscence
+regularly circumscissile; stipe short, about one-third the
+total height, clear orange-brown, somewhat furrowed, rising from an
+indistinct hypothallus; capillitium very lax, physaroid, the calcareous
+nodules large, rounded, pure white, aggregated at the centre of
+the cup; spore-mass black, spores minutely roughened, violaceous-brown,
+8&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is the common form in the United States. Massee describes
+it as <i>C. cylindricum</i> Mass., and it seems not to occur in Europe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
+Lister has put it in with <i>C. leucocephalum</i>, from which its more
+delicate structure and elegant cylindrical shape certainly distinguish
+it. The dehiscence is even more regular than in the preceding species
+and approaches that of <i>C. minutum</i> Leers., with bleached forms
+of which it must not be confused. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 1400.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. minimum</i> Berk. &amp; C. has here priority. Massee regards this
+name as indicating a distinct species. We have been unable to determine
+what the authors really had before them, and adopt accordingly
+the first available combination.</p>
+
+<p>New England to Iowa and south; reported also from the orient.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Craterium concinnum</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Craterium concinnum</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phila. Acad.</i>, p. 370.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, usually minute, broadly funnel-shaped, stipitate.
+The peridium simple, variously colored by innate lime granules,
+opening by a regular cap or operculum, brownish white, darkest
+in the centre, always more or less convex; stipe equalling the cup in
+height, dark brown, longitudinally ridged; the capillitium a close-meshed
+network, with small rounded or slightly angular masses of
+ochre-brown lime-granules, larger toward the centre; spores pale
+brown, minutely warted, 9&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species differs from the following, to which it seems most
+nearly allied, in form, color, as in the capillitium, and color of the
+spores. In habitat, however, it seems no less distinct, being found
+always (?) on the spines of decaying chestnut-burs lying on the
+ground, and in company with that other peculiar species <i>Lachnobolus
+globosus</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The range is probably that of the chestnut, <i>Castanea dentata</i> Borkhausen,
+east of the Mississippi River.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Craterium minutum</span> (<i>Leers</i>) <i>Fr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXV">Plate XV</a>.</span>, Fig. 5.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1775. <i>Peziza minuta</i> Leers, <i>Fl. Herborn</i>, p. 277.</li>
+<li>1797. <i>Craterium pedunculatum</i> Trent., Roth., <i>Catal. Bot.</i>, I., p. 224.</li>
+<li>1813. <i>Craterium vulgare</i> Ditmar, Sturm, <i>Deutsch. Fl. Pilze</i>, p. 17.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Craterium pedunculatum</i> Trent., Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 150.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Craterium minutum</i> Leers, Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 151.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></li>
+<li>1893. <i>Craterium pedunculatum</i> Trent., Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II, p. 385.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Craterium pedunculatum</i> Trent., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 70.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Craterium minutum</i> (Leers) Fr., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 78.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Craterium minutum</i> Fr., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 94.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, cyathiform or turbinate, grayish
+brown, stipitate, the peridial wall rather thick, double, opening by a
+distinct lid which lies usually below the slightly thickened and everted
+margin of the cup; stipe paler, translucent, about equalling in height
+the peridial cup, longitudinally wrinkled, with hypothallus scant or
+none; capillitium physaroid, the calcareous nodules large, white, and
+generally aggregated at the centre of the cup; spore-mass black, spores
+by transmitted light violaceous, minutely warted, 8&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is the most highly differentiated of the whole series. The
+cup is shapely and well defined, while the lid is not only distinct, but
+is a thin, delicate membrane of slightly different structure when compared
+with the peridial wall. It is in all the specimens before us
+much depressed below the mouth of the sporangium, and the whole
+structure in our specimens corresponds with Fries' description of <ins title="C. pendunculatum in original."><i>C.
+pedunculatum</i></ins> Trent., while specimens received from Europe correspond
+to Fries' account of <i>C. minutum</i> Leers. Nevertheless we are
+assured that the two forms are in Europe developed from the same
+plasmodium, and therefore adopt the earlier specific name as above.
+<i>N. A. F.</i>, 2500. This is probably <i>Fungoides convivalis</i> of Batsch
+and Micheli.</p>
+
+<p>In this species yellow sporangia are sometimes seen. Miss Currie
+reports from Toronto such variation and in Europe the case seems
+not unusual.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, there is a yellow tinge about the sporangia of every species
+listed here, except the first. With the same exception, the plasmodium
+in every case is yellow.</p>
+
+<p>Common throughout the eastern United States, west to Iowa,
+Colorado, and south to Louisiana; cosmopolitan.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>5. Physarella</b> <i>Peck.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1882. <i>Physarella</i> Peck, <i>Bull. Torr. Bot. Club</i>, IX., p. 61.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangium pervious to the base, the interior walls forming a persistent
+spurious columella; capillitium composed of filaments with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+here and there minute knot-like thickenings, straight tubes containing
+lime-granules extending from the exterior to the interior walls of the
+sporangium, persistently attached to the former.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<p>Such is Dr. Peck's original description of this most peculiar genus.
+The form of the sporangium in the only species is very variable, but
+in typical cases is vasiform, the peridial wall at the apex introverted.
+The capillitium is like that of <i>Tilmadoche</i>, except for the presence of
+the "straight tubes" emphasized in the original description. These
+are very remarkable and at once diagnostic. They take origin in the
+sporangial wall and pass across to the "columella"; but at the dehiscence
+of the sporangium, in typical cases, they remain attached at
+the points of origin, projecting as stout spine-like processes.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarella oblonga</span> (<i>Berk. &amp; C.</i>) <i>Morg.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII</a>.</span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i>, 4 <i>c</i>; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>.</span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>, and 6.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Trichamphora oblonga</i> Berk. &amp; C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 66.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Tilmadoche oblonga</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 13.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Tilmadoche hians</i> Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p 14.</li>
+<li>1882. <i>Physarella mirabilis</i> Peck, <i>Bull. Torr. Bot. Club</i>, IX., p. 61.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Physarella oblonga</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 79.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Physarella mirabilis</i> Peck, List., <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 68.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Physarella oblonga</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 71.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Physarella oblonga</i> Morg., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 91.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, typically cup-shaped or sub-infundibuliform,
+stipitate, erect or cernuous, but varying through
+low salver-shaped cups, to irregular applanate and sessile masses, the
+peridium thin but firm, tawny, roughened by numerous yellowish
+calcareous scales, at length ruptured above and often reflexed in the
+form of petal-like segments from which project upwards the spiniform
+trabecules of the capillitium; stipe when present long, terete, red,
+arising from a scant hypothallus and extended within the sporangium
+to meet the tubular "columella"; capillitium of delicate violaceous
+threads seldom branched or united, radiating from the columella with
+few calcareous nodular expansions, but supported by stout yellow calcareous
+trabecules, running parallel to the capillitial threads, long
+adherent to the sporangial wall; spores smooth, globose violet-brown,
+7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>Not uncommon in wet places. New York, Ohio, Iowa, South
+Dakota, Louisiana, Nicaragua; reported also from Ceylon, Java, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Not the least remarkable feature of this remarkable species is the
+variation in the form of the fruit or sporangia. We have specimens
+from Louisiana (Rev. Langlois) which show no trace of columella,
+the whole structure involute and plicate, short stipitate, recalling the
+extremest complexity of such a species as <i>P. polycephalum</i>. <i>Vid.</i> Pl.
+XVI., Fig. 6. Moreover, in these specimens the calcareous deposits
+are white and not yellow, giving the entire fructification a grayish
+aspect. Yet there is no doubt we have here simply an exaggerated abnormality
+of the species; the spores are identical in size, color, and
+surface. Plasmodium bright yellow. Dr. Peck gave to his forms the
+name <i>Physarella mirabilis</i>; but specimens sent by Michener of Pennsylvania,
+and by Berkeley and Curtis described as <i>Trichamphora
+oblonga</i> (<i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 66), are the same thing. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 1212.</p>
+
+<p><i>Physarella lusitanica</i> Torrend is a globose form depressed above or
+betimes discoidal, occurring on Eucalyptus trees in Portugal. <i>P. oblonga</i>
+is so variable in form that it sometimes suggests a different
+genus. Forms of it have been mistaken for <i>Fuligo gyrosa</i> R., etc.
+Professor Torrend would include here <i>Physarum javanicum</i> (Rac.),
+i. e. <i>Tilmadoche javanica</i> as Raciborski saw it! We may not too
+often reflect that genera are purely artificial things set up for our
+convenience; but surely <i>Physarella</i> as a natural genus is distinct
+enough to all.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b><ins title="Added.">6.</ins> Cienkowskia</b> <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Cienkowskia</i> Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 9.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous, irregularly dehiscent, the wall a
+thin cartilaginous membrane destitute of lime, except the capillitial
+attachments within; capillitium scanty but rigid, and characterized
+everywhere by peculiar hook-like branchlets, free and sharp-pointed,
+the spores as in <i>Physarum</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The genus contains, so far, but a single species:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Cienkowskia reticulata</span> (<i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1805. <i>Physarum reticulatum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <i>Cons. Fung.</i>, p. 90.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Diderma reticulatum</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 112.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Cienkowskia reticulata</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 9.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodiocarp an elongated, irregularly limited, close-meshed net,
+closely applied to the substratum, the wall thin, transversely rugulose,
+and roughened, dull orange-yellow, splashed here and there with
+scarlet, anon entirely red, within marked by transverse calcareous
+ridges, supporting in part the calcareous system of the capillitium;
+capillitium of delicate, rigid, reticulating yellow tubules or threads
+with numerous free, uncinate or sickle-shaped branchlets, and large,
+irregular, calcareous plates, more or less transverse to the axis of the
+sporangium, attached to the peridial walls, as if to form septa, ordinary
+calcareous nodules few; spore-mass jet-black, spores, by transmitted
+light, violaceous, minutely roughened, 9&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very rare species, as it appears, easily recognized by the Coddington
+even, much more by the microscopic characters quoted; probably
+often overlooked by the collector, as to the naked eye it presents the
+appearance of some imperfectly developed, dried-up plasmodium.
+Very unlike <i>Physarum serpula</i> Morgan, not infrequently offered by
+collectors as <i>Cienkowskia</i>. It is <i>Diderma reticulatum</i> of Fries, who,
+strangely enough, thought it might be a plasmodial phase of <i>Diderma</i>
+(i. e. <i>Leocarpus</i>) <i>fragile</i> (<i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 102).</p>
+
+<p>Eastern United States, Europe, Java, Ceylon, California. See
+under <i>L. fragilis</i>, next following.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>7. Leocarpus</b> (<i>Link</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1809. <i>Leocarpus</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I., p. 25.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia sessile, or short stipitate; peridial wall double, the outer
+thick, destitute of lime, polished, shining within and without, the
+inner very delicate, enclosing the capillitium and spores; capillitium
+of two, more or less, distinct systems, the one a delicate network of
+hyaline, limeless threads, the other calcareous throughout, or nearly
+so, the meshes large and the threads or tubules broad; columella
+none, although a pseudo-columella may sometimes be detected.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This genus was by Link established on characters purely external.
+Rostafinski supplemented Link's definition by calling attention to the
+peculiar character of the capillitium and to microscopic characters in
+general. The outer peridium is thick and strong, unlike the ordinary
+structure in <i>Physarum</i>. Some physarums, however, have a very similar
+outer wall; <i>P. brunneolum</i>, for instance; compare the peridium
+of <i>P. citrinellum</i>. In dehiscence and structure there is also
+some resemblance to some species of <i>Diderma</i>, and by Persoon and
+Fries the common species was so referred, but the capillitium is again
+definitive.</p>
+
+<p>A critical study of all these things really begins with Rostafinski's
+microscope. Under his definition of the present genus <i>P. squamulosum</i>
+Wingate and <i>P. albescens</i> Ell. might well be entered here. Such
+course at present would but increase confusion, and until by future
+research the ontogeny of all these, and so their relationship, shall be
+more exactly known, the genus may be left with its historic species,&mdash;montotypic.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Leocarpus fragilis</span> (<i>Dickson</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII</a>.</span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1785. <i>Lycoperdon fragile</i> Dickson, <i>Fasc. Pl. Crypt. Brit.</i>, I., p. 25.</li>
+<li>1795. <i>Diderma vernicosum</i> Persoon, <i>Ust. Ann. Bot.</i>, XV., p. 34.</li>
+<li>1809. <i>Leocarpus vernicosum</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, I., p. 25.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Leocarpus fragilis</i> (Dicks.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 132.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious or clustered, sessile or stipitate, obovoid,
+rusty or spadiceous-yellow, shining; peridium opening at maturity in
+somewhat stellate fashion; stipe filiform, white or yellow, weak and
+short; spores dull black, spinulose, 12&ndash;14 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A common species, distributed through all the world, Iowa to
+Tasmania. Recognizable at sight by the form and color of the
+sporangia. In shape and posture these resemble the eggs of certain
+insects, and, occurring upon dead leaves, generally where these have
+drifted against a rotten log, they might perchance be mistaken for
+such structures. With no other slime-moulds are they likely to be
+confused. The outer peridium opens irregularly, or more rarely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>
+stellately. At centre of the capillitium is a calcareous core. The
+plasmodium is yellowish white, spread in rich and beautiful reticulations.
+<i>N. A. F.</i>, 1123.</p>
+
+<p>A plasmodiform gathering of this species which will be mistaken
+for an entirely different thing, is yellow, sessile, and has <i>adherent</i>
+spores; looks like a badhamia, but is after all a leocarpus and probably
+belongs here. The spores are irregularly clustered and the
+badhamioid section of the capillitium seems now dominant.</p>
+
+<p>California.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">B. DIDYMIACEÆ</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Didymiaceæ</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Didymiaceæ">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">1. Fructification æthalioid</td><td align="left">1. <i>Mucilago</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Fructification plasmodiocarpous, or forming more often distinct sporangia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Calcareous deposits crystalline, stellate</td><td align="left">2. <i>Didymium</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Calcareous deposits amorphous, peridium double</td><td align="left">3. <i>Diderma</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>c.</i> Calcareous deposits in form of scattered scales</td><td align="left">4. <i>Lepidoderma</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>d.</i> Peridium double, the outer gelatinous</td><td align="left">5. <i>Colloderma</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>1. Mucilago</b> (<i>Mich.</i>) <i>Adans.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1729. <i>Mucilago</i> Micheli, <i>Nov. Pl. Gen.</i>, in part.</li>
+<li>1763. <i>Mucilago</i> (Mich.) Adanson, <i>Fam. des Pl.</i>, II., p. 7.</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Spumaria</i> Pers. in Gmelin, <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., p. 1466.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Fructification æthalioid, consisting generally of large cushion-shaped
+masses covered without by a white foam-like crust; within,
+composed of numerous tubular sporangia, developed from a common
+hypothallus, irregularly branched, contorted and more or less confluent;
+the peridial wall thin, delicate, frosted with stellate lime-crystals,
+which mark in section the boundaries of the several sporangia;
+capillitium of delicate threads, generally only slightly branched,
+terminating in the sporangial wall, marked with occasional swellings
+or thickenings.</p>
+
+<p>By the descriptions offered by most authors, and especially by Rostafinski's
+figures (<i>Mon.</i>, Pl. ix.), a pronounced columella is called for
+in the structure of <i>Spumaria</i>. The individual sporangia rise from a
+common hypothallus, and occasionally portions of this run up and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
+give to a sporangium the appearance of being stipitate. Sometimes
+also this upper extension of the hypothalline protoplasm passes beyond
+or behind the base of the sporangium or between two or more,
+and is more or less embraced by these in their confluent flexures.
+This, it seems, suggested Rostafinski's elaborate diagram, Fig. 158;
+at least, none other form of columella is shown by American materials
+at hand.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Mucilago spongiosa</span> (<i>Leyss.</i>) <i>Morgan.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><ins title="Not in original."><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII</a>.</span>, Fig. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.</ins></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1783. <i>Mucor spongiosus</i> Leysser, <i>Fl. Hal.</i>, p. 305.</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Reticularia alba</i> Bull., <i>C. Fl. France</i>, p. 92.</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Spumaria mucilago</i> Pers., Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., 1466.</li>
+<li>1805. <i>Spumaria alba</i> (Bull.) DC., <i>Fl. Fr.</i>, II., p. 261.</li>
+<li>1897. <i>Mucilago spongiosa</i> (Leyss.) Morg., <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XXIV., p. 56.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Æthalium white or cream-colored, of variable size and shape, half-an-inch
+to three inches in length and half as thick, the component
+sporangia resting upon a common hypothallus and protected by a
+more or less deciduous calcareous porous cortex; peridial walls thin,
+and where exposed iridescent, generally whitened by a thin coating of
+lime crystals; capillitium scanty, of simple, mostly dark-colored,
+slightly anastomosing threads; columella indefinite or none; hypothallus
+white, spongy; spore-mass black, spores violaceous, exceedingly
+rough, large, 12&ndash;15 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Very common in all the eastern United States and the Mississippi
+valley, south to Texas. The plasmodium is dull white, of the consistence
+of cream, and is often met with in quantity on beds of decaying
+leaves in the woods. In fruiting the plasmodium ascends preferably
+living stems of small bushes, herbaceous plants, or grasses, and
+forms the æthalium around the stem some distance above the ground.
+The cortex varies in amount, is also deciduous, so that weathered or
+imperfectly developed forms probably represent the var. <i>S. cornuta</i>
+Schum.</p>
+
+<p>Two varieties of this species are recognized; the one from Bolivia,
+var. <i>dictyospora</i> described by Mr. R. E. Fries (<i>Arkiv. for Botanik</i>
+Bd. 1, p. 66) differs from the type chiefly in its finer capillitial
+threads its darker spores with longer spines and fine reticulate sculpture;
+the other from Colorado, var. <i>solida</i> described by Professor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+Sturgis differs, as the name implies, principally in its greater compactness
+and slightly smaller calcareous crystals; a desert phase.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>2. Didymium</b> (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Fr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Didymium</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Plant.</i>, p. 20, in part.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Didymium</i> (Schrad.) Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 113.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Didymium</i> (Schrad.) DeBy., Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 13.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, stipitate, sessile or even plasmodiocarpous, never
+æthalioid; the peridium thin, irregular in dehiscence, covered with a
+more or less dense coating of calcareous crystals; columella more frequently
+present; capillitium of delicate threads, simple or sparingly
+branched, extending from the columella to the peridial wall.</p>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Didymium</i>, as set up by Schrader <i>l. c.</i>, included a number
+of species now assigned to <i>Diderma</i>, <i>Lepidoderma</i> or <i>Lamproderma</i>.
+Fries set out the didermas; DeBary and Rostafinski completed
+the revision by setting out the remaining alien forms.</p>
+
+<p>The genus is among Myxomycetes instantly recognized by the
+peculiar form of its calcareous deposits, stellate crystals coating, or
+merely frosting, usually distinct sporangia.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Didymium</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Didymium">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="7">1. Lime-crystals merely whitening the peridial wall.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6">A. Fructification plasmodiocarpous.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> White.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">O Capillitium with adherent vesicles</td><td align="left">1. <i>D. complanatum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Capillitium simple</td><td align="left">2. <i>D. anellus</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">OOO Capillitium much combined; spores 10&ndash;13 µ</td><td align="left">3. <i>D. wilczekii</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">OOOO Capillitium crystal-bearing</td><td align="left">18<i>a</i>. <i>D. anomalum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Yellow or tawny</td><td align="left">4. <i>D. fulvum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="8">B. Fructification normally of distinct sporangia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Sporangia sessile or nearly so; outer calcareous wall conspicuously developed</td><td align="left">5. <i>D. crustaceum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Sporangia plainly stipitate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">i. Peridium much depressed; umbilicate below.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Stipe white</td><td align="left">6. <i>D. squamulosum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Stipe black.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">+ Larger, about 7.5&ndash;1 mm.</td><td align="left">7.&nbsp;<i>D.&nbsp;melanospermum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">++ Small, about .5 mm.</td><td align="left">8. <i>D. minus</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">+++ Sporangia discoid</td><td align="left">9. <i>D. clavus</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Peridium small, globose.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Stipe dark brown or black; columella dark, obsolete or none.</td><td align="left">10. <i>D. nigripes</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Stipe generally paler, of various tints of brown, orange, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">+Columella pale or white, nearly smooth</td><td align="left">11. <i>D. xanthopus</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">++ Columella, yellow, discoid, rough</td><td align="left">12. <i>D. eximium</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">iii. Peridium turbinate, columella hemispheric</td><td align="left">13. <i>D. trochus</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">iv. Peridium annulate</td><td align="left">14. <i>D. annulatum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="7">2. Calcareous crystals forming a distinct crust.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">A. Fructification wholly plasmodiocarpous</td><td align="left">15. <i>D. dubium</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6">B. Sporangia ill-defined, sessile, plasmodiocarpous.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Spores generally nearly smooth</td><td align="left">16. <i>D. difforme</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Spores very rough, obscurely banded</td><td align="left">17. <i>D. quitense</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="7">EXTRA-LIMITAL</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Sporangia discoid, spores reticulate</td><td align="left"><ins title="19 in original.">18</ins>. <i>D. intermedium</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Stipe, columella, peridium, orange-brown</td><td align="left"><ins title="20 in original.">19</ins>. <i>D. leoninum</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Didymium complanatum</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>.</span>, Fig. 8.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1786. <i>Lycoperdon complanatum</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, I., p. 251.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Didymium serpula</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 126, Rost., <i>App.</i>, p. 21.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Didymium complanatum</i> (Batsch), Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 151.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Didymium complanatum</i> (Batsch) R., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 85.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Didymium complanatum</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 127.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous, creeping, flattened, vein-like, annulate
+or reticulate, the dark-colored peridium covered with white,
+but not numerous crystals; hypothallus none; columella none; capillitium
+much branched, violaceous threads combined to form a rather
+dense net which bears numerous, peculiar, rounded vesicles, yellowish
+in color, 30&ndash;50 µ in diameter; spores minutely warted, 7&ndash;9 µ, violaceous-brown.</p>
+
+<p>The defining characteristics here are the curious supplementary
+vesicles. These are evidently plasmodic, embraced, shot-through, by
+all the neighboring capillitial threads, withal warted like a spore.
+They remind of the curious, belated, spore-like but giant cells found
+in stipes, as in arcyriaceous forms. With all the wealth of his prolix,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+poetic, metaphoric tongue, the Polish author gives them abundant consideration.
+In the <i>Mon.</i>, Tab. IX., Figs. 166 and 180, he clearly
+shows the structure, although in the explanation of the plate he has
+strangely mixed this species with <i>D. crustaceum</i> Fr. Under <i>D.
+serpula</i> Fries may refer to the present species, although there is nothing
+in his description to determine the fact. The same thing may be
+said of the description and figures of Batsch. Rostafinski, in the
+<i>Monograph</i>, seems to have been satisfied as to the identity of Batsch's
+materials: in the <i>Appendix</i>, he writes <i>D. serpula</i>, but gives no reason.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. New York. England, France, Germany.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Didymium anellus</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 7.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1894. <i>Didymium anellus</i> Morgan, <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 64.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Didymium anellus</i> Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 85.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Didymium anellus</i> Morg., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 134.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodiocarp in small rings or links, then confluent and elongated,
+irregularly connected together, bent and flexuous, resting on a thin
+venulose hypothallus, or sometimes globose, the peridium dark colored,
+with a thin layer of stellate crystals, irregularly ruptured;
+capillitium of slender, dark-colored threads, which extend from base
+to wall, more or less branched, and combined into a loose net; columella
+a thin layer of brown scales; spores globose, very minutely
+warted, violaceous, 8&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This minute species resembles a poorly developed, or sessile, phase
+of <i>D. melanospermum</i>. Some of the sporangia (?) are spherical;
+such show a very short dark stalk. The columella is scant, and the
+spores are smaller than those of <i>D. melanospermum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ohio. Reported more recently from Europe and Ceylon.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Didymium wilczekii</span> <i>Meylan</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1908. <i>Didymium wilczekii</i> Meyl., <i>Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat.</i>, XLIV., p. 290.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Didymium wilczekii</i> Meyl., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 134.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodiocarpous, dehiscing irregularly, columella scant; capillitium
+abundant, the threads brown, anastomosing, forming an elastic
+net; spores purple-brown, minutely spinulose, 10&ndash;12 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Resembling plasmodiocarpous forms of <i>D. squamulosum</i>, a montane
+var.; small and delicate, our specimen about 16 × 6 mm. Evidently
+not common; collected but once by Professor Bethel at an
+altitude of 11,000 feet, Rocky Mountains of Colorado.</p>
+
+<p>Reported in Switzerland and Sweden.</p>
+
+<p>In certain Swiss gatherings made in 1913 Miss Lister finds capillitial
+threads with <i>spiral</i> tæniæ as in <i>Trichia</i>! (<i>Jour. of Bot.</i>, Apr.
+1914.) The threads in our specimen are roughened, somewhat as in
+<i>D. squamulosum</i>, though less strongly; the spores are nearly smooth,
+fuliginous at first, paler and violaceous when saturate.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Didymium fulvum</span> <i>Sturgis.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1917. <i>Didymium fulvum</i> Sturgis, <i>Mycologia</i>, IX., p. 37.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, sessile, elongate or forming curved plasmodiocarps,
+sometimes confluent, rarely sub-globose, concave beneath,
+pale-raw-umber in color, 0.5&ndash;0.8 mm. in diameter, occasionally seated
+on a concolorous, membranous, lime-encrusted hypothallus which may
+form pseudo-stalks; sporangium wall membranous, stained with yellow
+blotches, thickly sprinkled with clusters of large acicular crystals
+of pale-yellowish lime; columella very much flattened or obsolete;
+capillitium an abundant network of delicate, almost straight or flexuose,
+pale-purple or nearly hyaline threads, frequently with dark,
+calyciform thickenings as in <i>Mucilago</i>, and occasionally showing
+fusiform, crystalline blisters; spores dark-purplish-brown, coarsely
+tuberculate, the tubercles usually arranged in curved lines, paler and
+smoother on one side, 12.5 to 14.5 µ. Colorado.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Didymium crustaceum</span> <i>Fr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1829. <i>Didymium crustaceum</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 124.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia closely aggregated, globose, or by compression deformed,
+sessile, snow-white, by virtue of the remarkably developed covering
+of calcareous crystals by which each sporangium is surrounded as if
+to form a crust, the peridium membranous, colorless, usually shrunken
+above and depressed; columella pale, small, or obsolete; hypothallus
+scant or vanishing; capillitium of rather stout violaceous threads
+seldom branched except at the tips, where they are pale and often<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>
+bifid, or more than once dichotomously divided; spores strongly
+warted, globose, violet-brown, 10&ndash;13 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species has in some ways all the outward seeming of a
+diderma, but cannot be referred to that genus because of the crystalline
+character of its crust. This is a very marked structure; loosely
+built up of very large crystals, it is necessarily extremely frail, nevertheless
+persists, arching over at a considerable distance above the
+peridium proper. Sometimes, however, caducous, evanescent.</p>
+
+<p>The sporangia are said to be sometimes stipitate. This feature
+does not appear in any of the material before us. Lister in <i>Mycetozoa</i>
+Pl. XL., <i>c.</i> draws the capillitium much more delicate than it
+appears in our specimens. The hypothallus is sometimes noticeable
+under some of the sporangia where closely crowded, but is not a
+constant feature.</p>
+
+<p>Rostafinski (by typographical error?) confused in the <i>Monograph</i>,
+pp. 164, 165, this species with Persoon's <i>Physarum confluens</i>. In
+the <i>Appendix</i> he substitutes the Friesian nomenclature. Persoon's
+description of his species is insufficient, and throws no light on the
+problem whatever.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. Iowa; Black Hills, South Dakota. Reported common in
+Europe. Canada; Vancouver Island to the St. Lawrence.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Didymium squamulosum</span> (<i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>) <i>Fries.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1805. <i>Diderma squamulosum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 88.</li>
+<li>1816. <i>Didymium effusum</i> Link, <i>Diss.</i>, II., p. 42.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Didymium squamulosum</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.), Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 118.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Didymium effusum</i> (Link) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 163.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Didymium effusum</i> (Link) List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 99.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia, in typical forms, gregarious, globose or depressed-globose,
+gray or snow-white, stipitate; the peridium a thin iridescent
+membrane covered more or less richly with minute crystals of lime;
+the stipe when present, snow-white, fluted or channelled, stout, even;
+columella white, conspicuous; hypothallus usually small or obsolete;
+capillitium of delicate branching threads, usually colorless or pallid,
+sometimes with conspicuous calyciform thickenings; spores violaceous,
+minutely warted or spinulose, 8&ndash;10 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This, one of the most beautiful species in the whole series, is remarkable
+for the variations which it presents in the fruiting phase.
+These range all the way from the simplest and plainest kind of a
+plasmodiocarp with only the most delicate frosting of calcareous
+crystals up through more or less confluent sessile sporangia to well-defined
+elegantly stipitate, globose fruits, where the lime is sometimes
+so abundant as to form deciduous flaky scales. The hypothallus,
+sometimes entirely wanting, is anon well developed, even continuous,
+venulose, from stipe to stipe. The capillitium varies much in abundance
+as in color; when scanty, it is colorless and in every way more
+delicate, when abundant, darker in color and sometimes with stronger
+thickenings.</p>
+
+<p><i>D. fuckelianum Rost.</i>, as shown in <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2090, and in some
+private collections, seems to be a rather stout phase of the present
+species; the stipe is more abundantly and deeply plicate, is sometimes
+tinged with brown, and the capillitium is darker colored and coarser
+than in what is here regarded as the type of the species; but withal
+the specimens certainly fail to meet the requirements of Rostafinski's
+elaborate description and figure, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 161 and Fig. 154.</p>
+
+<p><i>D. effusum</i> Link, probably stands for a sessile form of this species,
+but Link's brief description (1816) is antedated by the much better
+one of Albertini and Schweinitz, <i>l. c.</i></p>
+
+<p>Generally distributed throughout the wooded regions of North
+America, from New England to Nicaragua, and from Canada to
+California. Not uncommon about stable-manure heaps, in flower
+beds, and on richly manured lands. July, August.</p>
+
+<p>Nicaragua specimens not only show a continuous vein-like hypothallus,
+but have the peridia often confluent, the columellæ in such
+cases confluent, the stipes distinct. Furthermore, the largest spores
+reach the limit of 12.5 µ, and perhaps the larger number range from
+10&ndash;12.5 µ, and all are very rough. This corresponds with <i>D. macrospermum</i>
+Rost., which is distinguished, says the author (<i>Mon.</i>, p.
+162, <i>opis</i>), "chiefly by the large and strongly spinulose spores."
+However, the same sporangium in our Central American specimens
+yield spores 9.5&ndash;12.5 µ, a remarkable range. So that <i>D. macrospermum</i>
+on this side the ocean, at least, cannot be distinguished from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>
+<i>D. squamulosum</i>, as far as spores are concerned. A similar remark
+may be made relative to the form of the columella which Rostafinski,
+in his figures especially, would make diagnostic. The columella in
+the sporangia with largest and roughest spores is that of a perfectly
+normal <i>D. squamulosum</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Didymium melanospermum</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1794. <i>Physarum melanospermum</i> Pers., <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, p. 89.</li>
+<li>1797. <i>Didymium farinaceum</i> Schrader, <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 26, t. 5, Fig. 6.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, hemispheric, depressed, umbilicate below,
+stipitate or sessile; the peridium firm, dull brown in color, frosted
+with minute crystals of lime, breaking irregularly; stipe, when present,
+short, stout, dull black, opaque, arising from a broad base or
+hypothallus; columella large, prominent; dark-colored, rough above,
+concave below; capillitium of more or less sinuous, usually dark-colored
+threads, sparingly branched, and often with calyciform thickenings;
+spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light pale, purplish-gray,
+spinulose or rough, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A well-marked and common species, distinguished by its depressed
+sporangium and dark-colored, opaque stipe. The latter is usually
+very short, almost completely concealed in the concavity of the umbilicate
+sporangium. The columella is dark-colored, forming the floor
+of the peridial cavity.</p>
+
+<p>Persoon first named this species as here. Later on, <i>Uster's Ann.</i>,
+XV., 6, he substituted <i>villosum</i> as a more appropriate specific name.
+Schrader rejects both names given by Persoon as unsuitable, and
+suggests <i>farinaceum</i>. Schrad., <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 27.</p>
+
+<p>New England, Ohio, Missouri, Alabama, Iowa, Nebraska;
+Europe; probably cosmopolitan.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Didymium minus</span> <i>Lister.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plX">Plate X.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1892. <i>Didymium farinaceum</i> Schr., var. <i>minus</i>, List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 97.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Didymium minus</i> List., Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 61.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Didymium minus</i> List., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 89.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, depressed-globose, umbilicate below, whitish
+or gray, small, about œ mm., stipitate; stipe erect, rather slender,
+black, faintly striate, about equal to the sporangium in the horizontal
+diameter; columella distinct, dark brown, globose or depressed-globose,
+attaining in some cases the centre, rough; capillitium delicate,
+almost colorless, radiating, sparsely branched; spores in mass dark
+brown, by transmitted light violet-tinted, minutely roughened,
+8&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Probably more common than the preceding, and generally mistaken
+for it. Distinguished by its smaller size, longer and more
+slender stem, and general trim, well-differentiated appearance. Certainly
+very near the preceding, of which Mr. Lister regards it as
+merely a variety. Professor Morgan thought it in this country the
+more common form.</p>
+
+<p>New York, Ohio, Iowa; reported from Europe, Africa, South
+America.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Didymium clavus</span> (<i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>) <i>Rabenhorst.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1805. <i>Physarum clavus</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 96.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Didymium melanopus</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 114.</li>
+<li>1844. <i>Didymium clavus</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Rabh., <i>Ger. Cr. Fl.</i>, No. 2282.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Didymium clavus</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 153.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Didymium clavus</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Rabenh., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 90.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Didymium clavus</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 128.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, pale gray, discoid or pileate, depressed, stipitate;
+the peridium dark-colored, frosted with calcareous crystals
+above, naked below; stipe short, slender, tapering upward, furrowed,
+arising from a hypothallus more or less distinct, black; columella
+obsolete; capillitium of delicate threads, pale or colorless, little
+branched; spores violaceous, pale, nearly smooth, 6&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is well differentiated, easy of recognition by reason of
+its peculiar discoid sporangium, calcareous above, naked and black
+beneath. <i>D. neglectum</i> Massee, reported from Philadelphia, is said
+to be a slender form of the present species. The figures of <i>D. clavus</i>
+by Albertini and Schweinitz are excellent, as also the description.</p>
+
+<p>Not common. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Didymium nigripes</span> (<i>Link</i>) <i>Fries.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1809. <i>Physarum nigripes</i> Link, <i>Obs. Diss.</i>, I., p. 27.</li>
+<li>1818. <i>Physarum microcarpon</i> Fr., <i>Sym. Gast.</i>, p. 23.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Didymium nigripes</i> (Link) Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 119.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Didymium microcarpon</i> (Fr.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 157.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Didymium microcarpon</i> Fr., Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 61.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose or hemispheric, umbilicate beneath,
+small, white, stipitate; the peridium smoky, covered with minute calcareous
+crystals; stipe slender, erect, black, opaque; hypothallus scutate,
+black; columella distinct, globose, black or dark brown;
+capillitium of delicate threads, pale brown or colorless, with occasional
+brown thickenings or nodes, sparingly branched; spores pale,
+violaceous by transmitted light, minutely warted, 6&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is <i>D. microcarpon</i> Rost. Fries, <i>l. c.</i>, acknowledges the priority
+of Link's appellation, and discards <i>microcarpon</i>. Rostafinski
+adopted <i>microcarpon</i> simply because he thought it more appropriate.
+Fries describes the columella "none or black." It is doubtful whether
+we have the typical Friesian form on this continent. The fructification
+is in our specimens small, about .4 mm., and the spores, as
+noted by Morgan, small; otherwise the species is hardly more than a
+variety of the next. Under the name <i>D. nigripes</i> Lister groups our
+Nos. 10, 11, 12. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 1393, represents Dr. Rex's conception of
+the present species.</p>
+
+<p>Not common. New York, Ohio, Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Didymium xanthopus</span> (<i>Ditmar</i>) <i>Fr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Fig. 10.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1817. <i>Cionium xanthopus</i> Ditmar, Sturm, <i>Deutsch. Fl.</i>, III., p. 37, t. 43.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Didymium xanthopus</i> (Dit.) Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 120.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Didymium proximum</i> Berk. &amp; C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 52.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Didymium microcarpon</i> (Fr.) Rost., Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 146, in part.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Didymium nigripes</i> Fr., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 98, in part.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, white, globose, slightly umbilicate, stipitate;
+the peridium thin, and nearly or quite colorless, frosted with crystals
+of lime; the stipe yellowish or yellowish brown, corneous, erect, subulate,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
+slender; hypothallus none; columella pale or white, turbinate,
+globose or depressed-globose; capillitium of dull brown, or colorless
+threads more or less branched, always white at the tips; spores violaceous,
+nearly smooth, 7.5&ndash;8.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This seems to be the most common form in the United States. It
+is distinguished from the preceding by the longer, more delicate, generally
+orange-yellow, stem with pale or white columella. The spores
+also average a shade larger. <i>N. A. F.</i>, 412 and 2089, are illustrations
+of <i>D. xanthopus</i>. The columella in blown-out specimens is
+very striking, well confirming the diagnosis of Fries, "<i>valde prominens,
+globosa, stipitata, alba</i>." Berkeley makes the color of the
+capillitium diagnostic of <i>D. proximum</i>, but this feature is insufficient.</p>
+
+<p>Eastern United States; common.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Didymium eximium</span> <i>Peck.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Figs. 11, 11 <i>a</i>, 11 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1879. <i>Didymium eximium</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 41.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, dull grayish-yellow or gray, depressed-globose,
+umbilicate, minute, stipitate; the peridium comparatively thick, tenacious,
+especially persistent below, tawny or yellow; the stipe pale
+brown or orange, erect, even or slightly enlarged at base; hypothallus
+scant or none; columella prominent, more or less discoidal, rough, or
+spinulose, especially on the upper surface, yellow; capillitium not
+abundant, pale fuliginous, often branching and anastomosing so as to
+form a loose net; spores nearly smooth, dark violaceous by transmitted
+light, 8.5&ndash;9.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The species differs from <i>D. xanthopus</i> in several particulars,&mdash;in
+the much firmer, more persistent, and less calcareous peridium, in the
+more complex capillitium, in the darker and larger spores, and especially
+in the peculiar and prominent columella, which is not only
+rough, but even "sometimes spinulose even to the extent of long
+spicules penetrating to one-third the height of the sporangia." <i>N. A.
+F.</i>, 2493.</p>
+
+<p>As stated under No. 8, these last two species are called varieties
+only of <i>D. nigripes</i>. They are so retained in <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>
+Since, however, they are the usual presentation of the species in the
+United States, it seems wise to let them stand for the present, as here.
+They are quite distinguishable; <i>D. eximium</i> especially well marked.</p>
+
+<p>Apparently rare, it yet ranges from New York to eastern Iowa, in
+colonies rather large. Okoboji Lake;&mdash;fine!</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Didymium trochus</span> <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1898. <i>Didymium trochus</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXVI., p. 164.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, hemispherical or turbinate, white, sessile
+or very short-stalked, cream-colored or white; peridium double,
+the outer shell-like, the inner membranaceous, more or less adherent
+to the outer, both caducous together, leaving the thickened base surrounding
+an expanded columella; stipe, when present, very short,
+stout; capillitium colorless, nearly simple; spores brownish-purple,
+strongly warted, 9&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>On decaying leaves, rotten cactus, yucca, etc., Monrovia, California;
+<i>Bethel</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reported from England on beds of leaves or straw; in Portugal
+Dr. Torrend finds it on or <i>in</i> dead leaves of <i>Agave americana</i>! Evidently
+an American species, and belonging to arid regions; its occurrence
+in England surprising!</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Didymium annulatum</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sporangia small, scattered, annulate, not only without columella
+but perforate when the stipe is broken, umbilicate above and below,
+grey, coated with crystalline frustules, opening irregularly about the
+periphery; stipe white, or pallid, fluted, tapering upward from a distinct
+hypothallus; capillitium scanty consisting of delicate, sparsely
+branching threads, the branchlets anastomosing more or less at length,
+attached to the peridial wall, radiating from the rim of the slightly
+depressed top of stipe, without special thickenings save at the insertion
+of the ramules a triangular enlargement is usual and of dark or
+pallid shade; spores smooth; however they show three or four spots<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
+on the hemisphere and other minute but variable markings; 9&ndash;10 µ.
+Seattle, Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>D. nigripes</i> in color of the stipes, capillitium, spore-diameter,
+etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Didymium dubium</span> <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Didymium dubium</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 152.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Didymium listeri</i> Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 244.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Didymium dubium</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 95.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Didymium dubium</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 126.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Fructification wholly plasmodiocarpous, snow-white, small, 2&ndash;6
+mm., flat and thin; the outer wall double, membranous within, calcareous-crystalline
+without; columella none; capillitium simple of
+rather thick, vertical, brown threads, sparingly united laterally, and
+only occasionally furcate at the ends, especially above; spores minutely
+spinulescent, violaceous pale, 12&ndash;15 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Massee thought English specimens out of harmony with the original
+description and gave them a new name. To refuse this, Lister
+enlarges the range of spore-measurements and disregards some of
+Rostafinski's specifications as to capillitium. Our specimens are as
+described.</p>
+
+<p>Bohemia. England. Shores of Lake Okoboji, Iowa.</p>
+
+<p>This is indeed a doubtful form. It differs from <i>D. difforme</i>
+chiefly in that the outer calcareous shell is not smooth, but is covered
+with abundant loose crystals, frosted. The spores are paler but about
+the same size. The frosting may be incident to local climatic conditions
+at the time and place of desiccation.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">16. <span class="smcap">Didymium difforme</span> <i>Duby.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Diderma difforme</i> Pers. <i>Tentamen Disp. Meth.</i>, p. 19.</li>
+<li>1830. <i>Didymium difforme</i> Duby., <i>Bot. Gall.</i>, ii., p. 858.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma difforme</i> Pers., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 177.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Didymium difforme</i> Duby., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 94.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Diderma personii</i> Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 96.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Didymium difforme</i> Duby., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 124.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodiocarpous, the smooth, white outer peridium separable from
+the thin, colorless or purplish inner layer; capillitium of rather<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>
+coarse, flat, dichotomously branching threads, broader below; spores
+minutely warted, or almost smooth, dark brown, 12&ndash;14 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The white crust-like outer wall has more than once carried this
+species into <i>Diderma</i>. It is still doubtful whether we are here dealing
+with <i>Chondrioderma calcareum</i> Rost. Miss Lister cites a variety,
+<i>S. difforme comatum</i>, with more abundant capillitium which may
+represent Rostafinski's species.</p>
+
+<p>Evidently rare in the United States; reported more common in
+Europe and eastward. In our specimens the crust-like outer peridium
+shows crystals on the broken edge only; the body of the object, as its
+outer surface seems to be amorphous.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">17. <span class="smcap">Didymium quitense</span> (<i>Pat.</i>) <i>Torr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1895. <i>Chondrioderma quitense</i> Pat., <i>Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr.</i>, XI., p. 212.</li>
+<li>1909. <i>Didymium quitense</i> (Pat.) Torr., <i>Flor. Myxom.</i>, p. 150.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Didymium quitense</i> Torr., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 126.</li>
+<li>1913. <i>Didymium quitense</i> (Pat.) Torr., Sturg., <i>Myx.</i>, Col. II., p. 446.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia more or less plasmodiocarpous, scattered, depressed,
+white; the outer peridium distinct, crust-like, remote from the thin
+membranous inner wall; columella undefined; capillitium brown,
+much branched, forming a network especially outwardly; spores very
+dark violaceous-brown, rough with a tendency to obscure reticulation;
+12&ndash;14 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is different from <i>D. difforme</i> chiefly in the rougher
+and somewhat banded epispore. It is reported from Ecuador by
+Father Torrend, and from Colorado mountains by Dr. Sturgis to
+whose kindness I am indebted for the specimens here described. Evidently
+a high mountain species.</p>
+
+<p>Colorado.</p>
+
+
+<p>18<i>a</i>. <span class="smcap">Didymium anomalum</span> <i>Sturg.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX.</a></span>, Figs. 13 and 13 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1913. <i>Didymium anomalum</i> Sturg. <i>Myxomycetes of Col.</i>, II., p. 444</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia in the form of very thin effused grey plasmodiocarps,
+2&ndash;10 cm. long, 1 mm. or less in thickness. Wall single or membranous,
+hyaline or yellowish, with rather scanty deposits of small, stellately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>
+crystalline or amorphous lime. Columella none. Capillitium
+consisting entirely of straight membranous, tubular, columns, extending
+from the base to the upper wall of the plasmodiocarp, 7&ndash;22 µ
+thick and usually containing small crystalline masses of lime. Spores
+bright violet-brown, minutely and irregularly spinulose, 10&ndash;11.5 µ
+diam.</p>
+
+<p>Hab. on the inner bark of Populus. Colorado Springs, Colo., July
+1911.</p>
+
+<p>Our specimens by the courtesy of Dr. Sturgis.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>EXTRA-LIMITAL</b></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">18. <span class="smcap">Didymium intermedium</span> <i>Schroeter.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1896. <i>Didymium intermedium</i> Schroet., <i>Hedwigia</i>, Vol. XXXV., p. 209.</li>
+<li>1902. <i>Didymium excelsum</i> Jahn, <i>Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges.</i>, XX., p. 275.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia clustered or gregarious, discoidal and umbilicate below,
+or lobed or convolute, greyish white, stipitate; stipe pale yellow,
+tapering upwards, stuffed with lime crystals, expanding into the yellowish,
+discoidal, recurving columella; capillitium colorless, more or
+less branching; spores dark purple-brown, irregularly reticulate,
+9&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from <i>D. squamulosum</i> in the reticulate epispore. Brazil.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">19. <span class="smcap">Didymium leoninum</span> <i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Didymium leoninum</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, XIV., p. 83.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Lepidoderma tigrinum</i> Rost., <i>App. to Mon.</i>, p. 23.</li>
+<li>1909. <i>Lepidodermopsis leoninus</i> v. Höhnel, <i>Sitz. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Math. Nat. Ks.</i>, CXVIII., 439.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, covered more or less completely
+with white or yellowish deposits of crystalline lime, stipitate; stipes
+short, orange or brown, containing lime, enlarged to form the globose
+orange columella and often connected at base by a venulose hypothallus;
+capillitium of slender threads, anastomosing, colorless at the tips;
+spores violet-grey, minutely warted, 7&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Like <i>Lepidoderma tigrinum</i>, but has different calcic crystals.</p>
+
+<p>Java and Ceylon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>3. Diderma</b> <i>Persoon</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1794. <i>Diderma Persoon</i>, <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 89.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Chondrioderma</i> Rost. <i>Versuch</i>, p. 13, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 167.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Chondrioderma</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 75.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Diderma Persoon</i>, Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 92.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia plasmodiocarpous or distinct, sessile or stipitate; the
+peridium as a rule double, the outer wall generally calcareous with
+the lime granules globular, non-crystalline, the inner wall very delicate
+and often, in the mature fructification, remote from the outer;
+columella generally prominent.</p>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Diderma</i> is usually easy of recognition, by reason of its
+double wall, the outer, crustaceous, usually calcareous, and its limits
+remain substantially as originally set by Persoon. His definition is as
+follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Peridium ut plurimum duplex; exterius fragile; interius pellucens,
+subdistans. Columella magna, subrotunda. Fila parca latentia."&mdash;<i>Syn.
+Meth. Fung.</i>, p. 168.</p>
+
+<p>Rostafinski changed the name of the genus to <i>Chondrioderma</i>
+(<i>chondri</i>, cartilage), seemingly at De Bary's suggestion, and seems to
+have regarded Persoon's definition as applicable to those species only
+in which the wall is not only plainly double, but in which the two
+walls are as plainly remote from each other. More especially he
+esteemed a new generic name necessary, since he regarded several included
+species, as <i>D. spumarioides</i>, <i>D. michelii</i>, etc., monodermic.</p>
+
+<p>Since it is doubtful whether any diderma is really monodermic, and
+since Persoon's definition in any case seems sufficiently elastic, we
+have seen no reason to discard the older name. Persoon's <i>Diderma</i>
+when established, <i>l. c.</i>, included <i>D. floriforme</i>. He made some confusion
+in his later work by admitting some physarums. This induced
+Schrader to throw all the didermas into his new genus, <i>Didymium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>According to the nature of the sporangial wall, the species fall
+rather naturally into two sections:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key for genus Diderma.">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>A.</i> Outer sporangial wall distinctly calcareous, fragile; species generally sessile</td><td align="left"><i>Diderma</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>B.</i> Outer sporangial wall cartilaginous, the inner less distinct, or concrete with the outer; species oftener stipitate</td><td align="left"><i>Leangium</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="5"><i>A.</i> Sub-Genus DIDERMA</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4">1. Fructification wholly plasmodiocarpous</td><td align="left">1. <i>D. effusum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="5">2. Fructification of distinct sporangia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Sporangia on a common hypothallus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Outer wall fragile, not widely remote from the inner</td><td align="left">2. <i>D. spumarioides</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Inner wall lacking</td><td align="left">3. <i>D. simplex</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">OOO Outer wall crustaceous, porcelain-like.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">i. Spores 8&ndash;10</td><td align="left">4. <i>D. globosum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">ii. Spores 12&ndash;15</td><td align="left">5. <i>D. crustaceum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">OOOO Outer wall firm, not crustaceous</td><td align="left">6. <i>D. lyallii</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Sporangia isolated, or, at least, not on a common hypothallus, sessile.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Outer wall porcellanous, roseate</td><td align="left">7. <i>D. testaceum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Outer wall white</td><td align="left"><ins title="7. in original.">8.</ins> <i>D. niveum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">OOO Outer wall ashen</td><td align="left">9. <i>D. cinereum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>c.</i> Sporangia stipitate</td><td align="left">10.&nbsp;<i>D.&nbsp;hemisphericum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center" colspan="5"><i>B.</i> Sub-Genus LEANGIUM</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="5">1. Sporangia generally sessile.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Inner peridium distinct.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Membranous colorless, columella scant</td><td align="left">11. <i>D. sauteri</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Colorless, columella prominent, red</td><td align="left">12. <i>D. cor-rubrum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">OOO Outer ochraceous, inner yellow</td><td align="left">13. <i>D. ochraceum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Peridial layers inseparable.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Peridium multifid; columella small or none</td><td align="left">16. <i>D. trevelyani</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Peridium breaking into but few irregular lobes; columella prominent.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">i. Peridium umber brown</td><td align="left">14. <i>D. roanense</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">ii. Peridium ashen</td><td align="left">15. <i>D. radiatum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">iii. Peridium chocolate without, inside white</td><td align="left">17. <i>D. asteroides</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="5">2. Sporangia stipitate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>a.</i> Peridium pallid, smooth</td><td align="left">18. <i>D. floriforme</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>b.</i> Peridium white, rugulose</td><td align="left">19. <i>D. rugosum</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Diderma effusum</span> (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Morgan.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1831. <i>Physarum effusum</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, p. 257.</li>
+<li>1896. <i>Diderma effusum</i> (Schw.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 71.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Diderma effusum</i> (Schw.) Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 94.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Diderma reticulatum</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 95.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Diderma effusum</i> Morg., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 102.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous, reticulate, creeping, applanate and
+generally widely effused, white; the peridium thin, cinereous, covered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+by a delicate, white, calcareous crust; the columella simply the base
+of the plasmodiocarp, thin alutaceous; the capillitium pale, consisting
+of short threads somewhat branched toward their distal extremities;
+spores smooth, pale violaceous, 8&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is <i>Physarum effusum</i> Schw., <i>vid. N. A. F.</i>, No. 2297. It is
+reported by Morgan from Ohio, and we have one specimen from
+eastern Nebraska, so that it is probably of general distribution in the
+eastern United States.</p>
+
+<p>This species was in the previous edition distinguished from the
+Rostafinskian <i>P. reticulatum</i> with spores a little smaller, 6&ndash;8 µ, and
+with a much stronger tendency to the formation of definite sporangia,
+elongate indeed and branching but often globose or depressed globose.
+This we may know as,</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Var. reticulatum</span> Rost.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma reticulatum</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 170.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Diderma reticulatum</i> (Rost.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 71.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, generally rounded, not much depressed, flat,
+sometimes, especially toward the margin of a colony, elongate, venulose
+or somewhat plasmodiocarpous, dull white, the inner peridium
+ashen or bluish, remote from the calcareous crust, which is extremely
+fragile, easily shelling off; columella indistinguishable from the base
+of the sporangium, thin, alutaceous; capillitium of short, generally
+colorless, delicate, sparingly branching or anastomosing threads perpendicular
+to the columella; spores black in mass, by transmitted
+light violet-tinted, smooth, 6&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps our most common form. Found in fall on dead twigs,
+leaves, etc. Recognized by its rather large, white, depressed or flattened
+sporangia tending to form reticulations, and hence suggesting
+the name. The lines of fruiting tend to follow the venation of the
+supporting leaf; where the sporangium is round, the columella is a
+distinct rounded or cake-like body; where the fruit is venulose, the
+columella is less distinct.</p>
+
+<p>By these rounded forms we pass easily, as by a gate, to <i>D. hemisphericum</i>,
+which, when wholly sessile, differs still in greater diameter
+of the sporangia and in having somewhat larger spores. Usually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+in such case the compared colony will show somewhere a very short
+and stout but very real stipe supporting the discoid fruit.</p>
+
+<p>Rostafinski divided the genus <i>Chondrioderma</i>, i. e. <i>Diderma</i>, into
+three sections:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>Monoderma</i> to include those species in which the calcareous crust is
+less distinct or connate with the true peridium.</p>
+
+<p><i>Diderma</i>, in which the two structures were plainly separate.</p>
+
+<p><i>Leangium</i>, used as in the present work. In his first section Rostafinski
+placed <i>C. reticulatum</i> and <i>C. michelii</i>; in the second, <i>C. difforme</i>
+and <i>C. calcareum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lister has examined Rostafinski's type of <i>C. reticulatum</i> and declares
+that it has the usual didermic characters. Hence there is no
+doubt that our small-spored American specimens are covered by Rostafinski's
+description, No. 72. On the other hand, Lister makes <i>C.
+difforme</i> (Pers.) Rost. a <i>Didymium</i>, by its crystalline coat. That
+species therefore is removed from consideration in this connection.
+<i>C. calcareum</i> remains as applicable to American forms having the
+spores 10&ndash;12 µ, but according to the author of the species the capillitium
+is abundant and definitive. Unhappily the type of <i>C. calcareum</i>
+is lost (Lister, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 95), so that there is no other means
+of verification than the description and Rostafinski's figure. Under
+these circumstances we consider the name <i>calcareum</i> inapplicable to
+any American forms we have so far seen. See next species. As to the
+American species which have been distributed as <i>C. calcareum</i> (Lk.)
+Rost., they are, so far as seen, referable to <i>D. reticulatum</i> (Rost.),
+Morg. Here also belongs No. 1217, Ellis, <i>N. A. F.</i></p>
+
+<p>New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska. Probably to be
+found throughout the eastern United States.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Diderma spumarioides</span> <i>Fries</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1829. <i>Diderma spumarioides</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 104.</li>
+<li>1833. <i>Physarum stromateum</i> Link., <i>Handb.</i>, III., p. 409.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Chondrioderma stromateum</i> (Lk.) Rost., <i>App.</i>, p. 18.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia sessile, crowded, spherical, or by mutual pressure irregular,
+white; the peridium plainly double, but the layers adhering,
+the outer more strongly calcareous, but very frail, almost farinaceous;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
+hypothallus more or less plainly in evidence, white or pale alutaceous;
+columella distinct, though often small, globose, yellowish; capillitium
+variable in quantity, sometimes abundant, brown, somewhat branching
+and anastomosing outwardly, the tips paler; spores minutely
+roughened, dark violaceous, about 10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species has the outward seeming of a didymium, but is plainly
+different as that genus is here defined, since the calcareous crust, although
+inclined to be pulverulent, is made up of minute granules, not
+crystals, of lime. The hypothallus is sometimes hardly discoverable,
+anon well developed, out-spread, rugulose, far beyond the limits of
+the fructification. In his <i>Monograph</i>, p. 175, Rostafinski includes
+here <i>Physarum stromateum</i> Link. In the Appendix he is inclined to
+raise Link's form to the dignity of a distinct species, basing the
+diagnosis upon the superposition of the sporangia in certain cases, a
+feature entirely unknown to Link's description and of extremely uncertain
+value, since by their crowding the sporangia are liable always
+to be pushed above each other. We therefore regard <i>C. stromateum</i>
+(Link) Rost. as a synonym of the present species, as the description,
+Link, Handb., III., 409, indicates, so far as it goes.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Diderma simplex</span> (<i>Schroet.</i>) <i>Lister.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1885. <i>Chondrioderma simplex</i> Schroet., <i>Krypt. Fl. Schles.</i>, III., 1, p. 123.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Diderma simplex</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 107.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>"Plasmodium bright yellowish brown." Sporangia gregarious, sessile,
+globose or depressed globose, .3&ndash;.5 mm., or anon plasmodiocarpous,
+brown or brick-red when fresh, becoming paler, ochraceous, etc.;
+hypothallus everywhere in evidence; columella ill-defined; capillitium
+scanty, the threads delicate, pale, branching as they join the peridial
+wall; spores dull violaceous, slightly roughened, 8&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A rather crude, primitive representative of this beautiful genus.
+The inner peridium seems to be lacking,&mdash;a comfort to Rostafinski!
+Rare. Our best specimens are from New Jersey, by courtesy of Dr.
+C. L. Shear. These went to fruit on leaves and branches of <i>Vaccinium</i>.
+It seems to affect the heather of Europe, moorland, etc. I
+have also specimens from the herbarium of the lamented Dr. Rex.
+These are more plasmodiocarpous, but open beautifully by a median<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
+fissure as in <i>Physarum sinuosum</i> Bull. In no American gathering
+that I have examined does the capillitium show calcareous thickenings
+as described by the British text.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Diderma globosum</span> <i>Persoon.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1794. <i>Diderma globosum</i> Pers., <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 89.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma globosum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 180.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia more or less closely gregarious, sessile, globose or by
+mutual pressure prismatic or polyhedral, white, the outer wall smooth,
+polished, crustaceous, fragile, far remote from the inner, which is
+thin, smooth, or rugulose, iridescent blue; hypothallus usually pronounced
+and spreading beyond the sporangia, sometimes scanty
+or lacking, columella variable, sometimes very small, inconspicuous,
+sometimes large, globose, ellipsoidal, even pedicellate; capillitium
+abundant, brown or purplish brown, branching and occasionally
+anastomosing to form a loosely constructed superficial net; spores
+globose, delicately spinulose, 8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species seems rare in this country. We have specimens from
+Iowa. It is distinguished by small spores and generally snow-white
+color. Lister has thrown doubt upon Rostafinski's definition of this
+form&mdash;<i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 78. Almost everything distributed in the
+United States under this name belongs in the next species. Reported
+also from Ohio,&mdash;<i>Morgan.</i> Washington. But:&mdash;it should be
+found in Europe, where first described!</p>
+
+<p>There are two ways to meet the difficulty. In the first place it
+seems probable that a small-spored form really hides somewhere in
+Europe. The difference between the <i>Monograph</i> measurement and
+the size admitted for <i>D. crustaceum</i> Pk., evidently considered by Mr.
+Lister as type and so used in his illustration, Pl. 85, is too great to be
+esteemed merely an error. That added .3 (Rost.) indicates caution,
+the average of several measurements. Our <i>D. globosum</i> may represent
+what the <i>Monograph</i> describes.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> In the second place we may as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>
+American students mistake larger and more globular forms of something
+else, of <i>D. spumarioides</i> Fr., whose spores are but little larger;
+or of <i>D. effusum</i> (Schw.) Morg., where the flattened plasmodiocarps
+anon splatter out to globose drops of polished whiteness, and
+whose spores are 8 µ. But even here the chances of error are small.
+In the species last named the columella or sporangial base is alutaceous,
+not white; in Fries' species, while the columella if present may
+be white, the peridial walls are different, difficult to distinguish.</p>
+
+<p>For these reasons, <i>D. globosum</i> Pers. may stand, waiting further
+light from Europe.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Diderma crustaceum</span> <i>Peck.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, Fig. 7</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1871. <i>Diderma crustaceum</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXVI., p. 74.</li>
+<li>1889. <i>Chondrioderma crustaceum</i> (Peck) Berl., <i>Sacc.</i>, VII., p. 373.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodium at first watery, colorless, becoming at length milky
+white; sporangia closely crowded or superimposed, in a cushion-like
+colony, creamy white, globose, imbedded in the substance of the
+hypothallus, the outer peridium smooth, delicate, crustaceous, fragile,
+remote from the blue iridescent inner membrane; hypothallus prominent;
+columella variable, generally present, globose; capillitium dark-colored,
+the threads branching and combining to form a loose net;
+spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light dark violaceous, delicately
+roughened, 12&ndash;15 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Common. Readily to be distinguished from the preceding by the
+larger spores and more crowded habit. New England west to
+Nebraska.</p>
+
+<p>The didermas are generally delicately beautiful. The outer wall
+in the present species is like finest unglazed china, softly smooth, and
+yet not polished, often absolutely white, with porcellanous fracture.
+An inter-parietal space separates the outer from the inner wall, so
+that the former may be broken, bit by bit, without in the least disturbing
+the underlying structure. The inner wall is ashen or gauzy
+iridescent green, sending back all colors in reflected light. The
+spores are violet, deeply so when fresh, the capillitium strong and
+likewise tinted; the columella passing down and blending with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+common snow-white hypothalline base. The distinct habits of the
+two species are represented in Figs. 5 and 7. In the one the distinct
+sporangia are associated but not crowded; in the other all are massed
+together in quite æthalioid fashion, forming circumambient, chalky
+masses of considerable size, 2 or 3 cm., overcrowded, superimposed,
+where the sporangia are regular in shape and size by reason of mutual
+pressure. The plasmodium develops in forests and orchards, among
+decaying leaves, but is inclined to rise as maturity draws near, to
+ascend some twig erect, or the stem of a living plant to the height of
+several inches where the sporangia at length appear "heaped and
+pent", an encircling sheath, conspicuous after the fashion of a spumaria
+for which it is indeed sometimes mistaken.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Diderma lyallii</span> (<i>Massee</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Figs. 5 and 5 <i>a</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1892. <i>Chondrioderma lyallii</i> Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 201.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Chondrioderma lyallii</i> Mass., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 81.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Diderma lyallii</i> Mass., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 99.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Diderma lyallii</i> List., sub-species, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 105.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia obovate, more or less closely crowded, white, stipitate,
+about 1 mm. in diameter, the outer peridium firm, stout, encrusted,
+especially above, with granular masses of lime, the inner well developed,
+more or less cartilaginous, opaque, yellow or buff-colored;
+hypothallus well developed, venulose, white, passing up unchanged
+to form the short, stout stipe and lower outer peridium; columella
+prominent, half the height of the sporangium, brown; capillitium of
+short, brown threads, rigid, much branched, forming a net, widened
+irregularly and especially at the net-nodes; spore-mass black, spores
+by transmitted light bright brown, rough, 15&ndash;17 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very distinct species; large, fine, showy sporangia in more or less
+crowded clusters spring from a snow-white, common hypothallus.
+First reported from western Canada. Our first specimens were collected
+by the late Mr. Charles Irish, on the eastern slopes of the
+Sierras, in Nevada; now coming in abundantly from all the western
+mountains to the Pacific.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Diderma testaceum</span> (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, 4, 4 <i>a</i>, and 4 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Didymium testaceum</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Plant.</i>, p. 25.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Diderma testaceum</i> Persoon, <i>Syn.</i>, p. 167.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Chondrioderma testaceum</i> (Schrad.) Rost., <i>Vers.</i>, p. 13.</li>
+<li>1874. <i>Diderma mariae-wilsoni</i> Clinton, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXVI., p. 74.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Diderma testaceum</i> (Schrad.) Pers., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 99.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Diderma testaceum</i> Pers., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 106.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, sessile, depressed-spherical or sometimes elongate,
+small, 1 mm. or less, rose-white, smooth, the outer peridium
+crustaceous, rather thick and persistent, polished, slightly raised above
+the inner, which is dull ashen and more or less wrinkled; hypothallus
+none; columella prominent, hemispherical in the typical rounded
+forms, slightly rough, reddish or reddish alutaceous; capillitium
+usually abundant, of slender, delicate pale or colorless threads, little
+branched, and smooth; spores violaceous-brown, minutely roughened,
+8&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very beautiful species occurring at the same time as the preceding
+and in similar situations. All our specimens from the west
+are on dead leaves of oak; some eastern gatherings are on moss.
+Easily recognized when fresh by its delicate pink or roseate color;
+weathered specimens are white, and might be confused with forms of
+<i>D. reticulatum</i>, but the sporangia in the present species are less flattened
+and only rarely in special situations run off to linear or plasmodiocarpous
+shapes characteristic of <i>D. reticulatum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Not common, although widely distributed from east to west. New
+England, New York, New Jersey, South Carolina, Ohio, Illinois,
+Iowa, Nebraska, California (<i>Harkness</i>), Washington, Oregon.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Diderma niveum</span> (<i>Rostafinski</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 11 and 11 <i>a</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma niveum</i> Rost, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 170.</li>
+<li>1877. <i>Diderma albescens</i> Phillips, <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 114.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, or more often crowded, sessile, depressed-spherical,
+sometimes ellipsoidal or elongate, white, the outer
+peridium crustaceous, chalky, smooth and fragile, the inner distinct,
+delicate, ochraceous; hypothallus scant or none; columella well developed,
+globose or hemispherical, orange-tinted or ochraceous; capillitium<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>
+abundant, made of threads of two sorts, some purplish or
+dusky, with pale extremities, uneven, others more delicate and colorless,
+and with wart-like thickenings, all sparingly branched; spores
+violet-brown, minutely roughened, 9&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is not common. From Colorado we have fine specimens
+typical in every way. Specimens from Washington are flat so
+far as at present at hand; probably represent <i>D. deplanatum</i> (R.)
+List., which the last named author regards as varietal of the present
+species, entering it and <i>D. lyallii</i> as sub-species 2 and 1 respectively.
+<i>D. deplanatum</i> may perhaps be best so disposed of; but <i>D. lyallii</i> is
+distinguished at sight, as well as by microscopic characters, spores
+nearly twice as great, rougher and different in color.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Diderma cinereum</span> <i>Morg.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1894. <i>Diderma cinereum</i> Morg., <i>Myx. Mi. Val.</i>, p. 70.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, more or less crowded or even confluent, sub-globose,
+only slightly depressed, ashen white; the peridium not obviously
+double, very smooth and thin, rupturing irregularly; hypothallus
+an indistinct membrane or wholly wanting; columella large,
+globose or hemispheric, white, the surface granulose; capillitium of
+very slender colored threads, the extremities pellucid, more or less
+branched; spores violaceous, minutely warted, 9&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Growing on old wood, leaves, etc. The sporangium .3&ndash;.5 mm.,
+thin and smooth or rugulose. This elegant little species I know only
+from specimens received from Mr. Morgan. It seems to be closely
+related to <i>D. spumarioides</i>, from which it is distinguished by its color,
+darker, and its smoother, or less spinulose spores. The author compares
+the color and external appearance to that of <i>P. cinereum</i>,&mdash;<i>Jour.
+Cin. Soc.</i>, XVI., p. 154.</p>
+
+<p>Ohio, Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Diderma hemisphericum</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Horne.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Reticularia hemispherica</i> Bull., <i>Cham. de Fr.</i>, I., p. 93.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Didymium hemisphericum</i> (Bull.) Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 115.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Diderma hemisphericum</i> (Bull.) Horne., <i>Fl. Dan.</i>, XI., p. 18.</li>
+<li>1832. <i>Didymium michelii</i> Lib., <i>Pl. Ard.</i>, No. 180.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Chondrioderma michelii</i> (Lib.) Rost., Fuckel, <i>Sym. Myc.</i>, p. 74.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, orbicular, discoid, depressed above and often
+umbilicate below, stipitate or sometimes sessile, the outer peridium
+white, fragile, crustaceous, soon breaking about the margins, closely
+applied to the inner, which is delicate, cinereous, and ruptures irregularly;
+stipe about equal to the diameter of the sporangium, 1 mm.,
+rather stout, calcareous but colored, brownish or alutaceous, more or
+less wrinkled longitudinally, the wrinkles when present forming veins
+on the lower surface of the sporangium; hypothallus small; columella
+not distinct from the thickened brownish or reddish base of the
+sporangium; capillitium of delicate threads, mostly simple and colorless,
+often scanty; spores pale violaceous, nearly smooth, 8&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very well marked species, easily recognized, at least when stipitate,
+by its remarkable discoid or lenticular sporangia. After the
+spore-dispersal, the stipes are long-persistent, surmounted by a peculiar
+disk representing the consolidated columella, lower sporangial
+wall, and expanded stem-top. Sessile specimens are like similar forms
+of <i>D. reticulatum</i>, but in all the gatherings before us the stipitate
+type is at hand to reveal the identity of the species.</p>
+
+<p>Rostafinski's figures, 131, 146, 149, and 150, adapted from Corda,
+exaggerate the hypothallus, but otherwise leave nothing to be desired.</p>
+
+<p>As to synonymy, Bulliard has plainly the priority. His figure,
+t. 446, Fig. 1, can refer to nothing else, especially reënforced as it is
+by Sowerby, <i>Eng. Fung.</i>, t. 12.</p>
+
+<p>Rather rare on fallen stems of herbaceous plants, but widely distributed,
+New England to Oregon and Washington.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Diderma sauteri</span> (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma sauteri</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 181.</li>
+<li>1891. <i>Chondrioderma aculeatum</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 390.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, sessile, lenticular or hemispherical,
+flattened above and sometimes concave or umbilicate below, dusky or
+yellowish white, the outer peridium papyraceous, thin, occasionally
+wrinkled, rupturing irregularly, remote from the inner, which is thin,
+delicate, semi-transparent, grayish, rarely iridescent; hypothallus
+none; columella irregular, sometimes small and hardly evident, rugose,
+with spine-like processes, the persisting bases of the capillitial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
+threads, reddish brown; capillitium scanty, white, or colorless, simple
+or sparingly branched; spores dark violaceous, spinulose, 12&ndash;13 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is <i>Chondrioderma aculeatum</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.</i>,
+1891, p. 390. After careful comparison of specimens and various
+descriptions, especially that of Rostafinski with the type specimens of
+Dr. Rex, I am constrained to concur with Lister in adopting Rostafinski's
+name. The sporangia in the type specimens (Rex) are on
+moss, borne at the extreme tips of acuminate or aculeate leaves, so
+that at first sight they appear stipitate.</p>
+
+<p>Apparently rare. Maine, New York.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Diderma cor-rubrum</span> <i>Macbr. n. s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 2</p>
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious clustered, small .5&ndash;.7 mm., sessile corrugate-plicate,
+especially above, snow-white, the outer peridium cartilaginous
+polished without and within, the inner delicate, evanescent; columella
+well developed, globose or clavate, anchored by several stout transverse
+trabeculæ to the peridial wall, papillate, deep-red as is the
+peridium especially below; capillitium very delicate, sparingly
+branching, colorless; spores verruculose, fuliginous tinged with red,
+about 12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This curious but elegant little species is represented by a single
+colony collected by Professor Morton Peck in Iowa. It resembles
+<i>D. sauteri</i> but is distinguished by the plicate white wall, the stout
+columella with its lateral extensions, as by the more delicate spores.
+On rotten wood.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Diderma ochraceum</span> <i>Hoffm.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1795. <i>Diderma ochraceum</i> Hoffm., <i>Deutsch. Fl. Tab.</i> 9, 2, b.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Diderma ochraceum</i> Hoffm., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 109.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious or clustered, .7&ndash;1 mm., sessile, globose or
+sometimes plasmodiocarpous, ochraceous yellow; outer wall cartilaginous
+with yellow deposits of lime, the inner also yellow, adherent
+or free; columella not distinct; capillitium simple or branching,
+purple-brown, hyaline at base; spores spinulose, purplish-grey, 9&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lister reports this species from Massachusetts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Diderma roanense</span> (<i>Rex</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Chondrioderma roanense</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 368.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, discoidal, thin, flattened or slightly convex
+above, plane or plano-concave below, umber-brown, stipitate, the outer
+peridium smooth, brittle, rupturing irregularly, the basal fragments
+somewhat persistent, concrete with the inner peridium, which
+is pure white, except near the columella, and punctate; stipe short,
+variable, longitudinally ridged, jet-black; hypothallus none; columella
+flat, discoidal, pale ochraceous; capillitium sparse, white or colorless,
+composed of simple, rarely forked, sinuous threads occasionally joined
+by lateral branches; spores dark violaceous, distinctly warted, 12&ndash;14 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is readily distinguished by its color. The sporangia,
+found on rotten wood, are large, 1 mm., brown, and have thick, persistent
+walls. Dr. Rex considered that the species differs from other
+related forms not only in color, but in the well-marked discoidal
+columella and the jet-black irregular stipe. It is perhaps most nearly
+related to the following species.</p>
+
+<p>Tennessee.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Diderma radiatum</span> (<i>Linn.</i>) <i>Morg.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 8</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1753. <i>Lycoperdon radiatum</i> Linn. (?) <i>Sp. Pl.</i>, 1654.</li>
+<li>1797. <i>Didymium stellare</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 21.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Diderma stellare</i> (Schrad.) Persoon, <i>Syn.</i>, p. 164.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma radiatum</i> (Linn.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 182.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Diderma radiatum</i> (Linn.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 66.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Diderma stellare</i> Schrad., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p 104.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Diderma radiatum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 112.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, depressed-globose, sometimes also flattened below,
+stipitate, smooth or slightly corrugate, ashen or brownish, about
+1 mm. in diameter, the peridium dehiscing irregularly or somewhat
+radiately from above downwards, the segments reflexed, the inner
+layer not distinguishable, or inseparable; stipe short, stout, brownish,
+sometimes almost lacking; hypothallus not conspicuous, but sometimes
+sufficient to connect the bases of adjacent stipes; columella
+large, hemispherical or globose, pallid or yellowish; capillitium abundant,
+of slender generally simple, colored threads, paler at the furcate
+tips; spores dark violaceous, minutely roughened, 8&ndash;11 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Rare on rotten logs in the forests; September. Easily recognized
+by the short-stiped, ashen sporangia which before dehiscence indicate
+by delicate tracings the lines which subsequent cleavage is to follow.
+In texture the peridium resembles that of <i>D. floriforme</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Virginia, Colorado, Washington,
+Oregon; Europe generally.</p>
+
+<p>The Linnæan description on which to base the specific name
+<i>D. radiatum</i> is wholly inadequate. It appears also by the testimony
+of Linné <i>fils</i>, that <i>L. radiatum</i> Linné is a lichen! and the name is so
+applied by Persoon. But in the Linnæan herbarium preserved at
+London, <i>teste</i> Lister, the original type of <i>Lycoperdon radiatum</i> L.
+may yet be seen! to the confusion of <i>fils</i>, Persoon, and other followers
+of Schrader all, and our stellar species becomes radiate now, let us
+hope for long!</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">16. <span class="smcap">Diderma trevelyani</span> (<i>Grev.</i>) <i>Fr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1825. <i>Leangium trevelyani</i> Grev., <i>Scot., Cr. Fl.</i>, Tab. 132.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Diderma trevelyani</i> (Grev.) Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 105.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Chondrioderma trevelyani</i> (Grev.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 182.</li>
+<li>1877. <i>Diderma geasteroides</i> Phill., <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 113.</li>
+<li>1877. <i>Diderma laciniatum</i> Phill., <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 113.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, globose or nearly so, smooth or verruculose,
+reddish-brown or rufescent, sessile or short-stipitate, the outer peridium
+firm, splitting more or less regularly into unequal, revolute,
+petal-like lobes which are white within, the inner not distinguishable
+as such; stipe, when present, equal, furrowed, concolorous; columella
+small or none; capillitium abundant, the threads rather rigid, purple
+or purplish brown, branching and anastomosing, more or less beaded;
+spores dark, violaceous brown, spinulose, 10&ndash;13 µ.</p>
+
+<p>In 1876, Harkness and Moore collected in the Sierra Nevada
+Mountains of California, forms of <i>Diderma</i> which are described by
+Phillips, <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 113, as <i>D. geasteroides</i> and <i>D. laciniatum</i>.
+English authorities who have examined the material agree that the
+forms described constitute but a single species, and Lister makes them
+identical with <i>D. trevelyani</i> (Grev.) Fr. Rostafinski's figures, 161,
+162, are a curious reproduction, evidently, of Fried. Nees von Esenbeck's,
+Plate IX., Fig. 4. Massee describes a columella; Lister says<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+there is none. What may occasion such divergence of statement none
+may say; such forms as come in so far from our western mountains
+have no columella.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">17. <span class="smcap">Diderma asteroides</span> <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1902. <i>Diderma asteroides</i> List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XL, p. 209.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Diderma asteroides</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 113.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia globose or ovoid-globose, the apex more or less acuminate,
+sessile, sometimes narrowed at the base to a short, thick stalk, brown
+or chocolate tinted, marked at the apex by radiant lines, and at length
+dehiscent by many reflexing lobes revealing the snow-white adherent
+inner peridium on the exposed or upper side; columella also white,
+globose or depressed-globose; capillitium generally colorless, somewhat
+branched, especially above; spores dark violaceous, verruculose,
+10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Oregon, the Three Sisters Mountains; Colorado; California.</p>
+
+<p>A very beautiful species, recognizable at sight; when unopened, by
+the peculiar chocolate brown, the sporangia smaller than in <i>D. radiatum</i>.
+When opened, the snow-white flower-like figure, flat against
+the substratum, is definitive. Very near number 16 preceding; the
+dehiscence more regular.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">18. <span class="smcap">Diderma floriforme</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus floriformis</i> Bulliard, <i>Champ.</i>, p. 142, t. 371.</li>
+<li>1794. <i>Diderma floriforme</i> (Bull.) Persoon, <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, p. 89.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia crowded, generally in dense colonies, globose, smooth,
+ochraceous-white, stipitate, the peridium thick, cartilaginous, splitting
+from above into several petal-like lobes, which become speedily reflexed
+exposing the swarthy spore-mass, the inner peridium not
+discoverable, inseparable; stipe concolorous, about equal to the sporangium;
+hypothallus, generally well developed, but thin, membranaceous,
+common to all the sporangia; columella prominent, globose or
+cylindric, often constricted below, and prolonged upward almost to
+the top of the spore-case; capillitium of slender, delicate, sparingly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
+branched threads; spores dark violaceous-brown, studded with scattered
+warts, 10&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Not uncommon, especially on rotten oak logs. Easily recognized
+by the peculiar form of the fruit, spherical before dehiscence, floriform
+after. Unlike most species, this form often fruits in dark
+places, in the interior of a log, even in the ground.</p>
+
+<p>New England, Ontario to Iowa and Nebraska, and south.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">19. <span class="smcap">Diderma rugosum</span> (<i>Rex</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Fig. 10.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Chondrioderma rugosum</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 369.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, white or ashen, rugulose over the
+whole surface, the ridges marking the lines of subsequent rupture or
+dehiscence, the peridium thin papyraceous, stipitate; stipe well developed
+about equal to the sporangium, subulate, almost black; hypothallus
+none; columella distinct, generally white, sometimes small,
+globose, sometimes penetrating the sporangium, to one-half the
+height; capillitium white or colorless, the filaments freely forked and
+combined by lateral branches into a loose network attached to the
+columella and basal wall below and the upper sporangial wall above;
+spores violaceous-brown, warted, 8&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is well designated <i>rugosum</i>, and is recognizable at
+sight by its wrinkled, areolate surface. Related to <i>D. radiatum</i> in
+the prefigured dehiscence, but otherwise very distinct. Liable to be
+overlooked as a prematurely dried physarum. Rare. Plasmodium
+gray.</p>
+
+<p>North Carolina, Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>4. Lepidoderma</b> <i>DeBary</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1858. <i>Lepidoderma</i> DeBy., MS. Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 13.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia stalked or sessile; peridium cartilaginous, adorned without
+with large calcareous scales, superficial or shut in lenticular cavities;
+capillitium non-calcareous.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to Species of Lepidoderma</b></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to Species of Lepidoderma">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Sporangia stipitate, stipe brown</td><td align="left">1. <i>L. tigrinum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Sporangia sessile, plasmodiocarpous, spores 10&ndash;12 µ</td><td align="left">2. <i>L. carestianum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, spores 8&ndash;10 µ</td><td align="left">3. <i>L. chailletii</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Lepidoderma tigrinum</span> (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV.</a></span>, Fig. 7.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Didymium tigrinum</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Plantarum</i>, p. 22.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Lepidoderma tigrinum</i> (Schrad.) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 13.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, rather large, hemispherical-depressed, stipitate,
+umbilicate beneath, the peridium shining, olivaceous or purplish,
+tough, covered more or less abundantly with angular scales; the stipe
+stout, furrowed, dark brown, but containing calcareous deposits
+withal, tapering upward, and continued within the peridium as a
+pronounced more or less calcareous columella; hypothallus more or
+less prominent, yellowish or brownish; capillitium dark, purplish-brown,
+of sparingly branching threads radiating from the columella;
+spores dull purplish-brown, minutely roughened, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A singular species, rare, but easily recognized by its peculiar,
+placoid scales, large and firmly embedded in the peridial wall. The
+internal structure is essentially that of <i>Diderma</i> or <i>Didymium</i>. The
+species occurs in hilly or mountainous regions, on moss-covered logs.
+The plasmodium pale yellow, some part of it not infrequently remains
+as a venulose hypothallus connecting such sporangia as are near
+together.</p>
+
+<p>New England to Washington and Oregon; Vancouver Island.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Lepidoderma carestianum</span> (<i>Rabenh.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1862. <i>Reticularia carestiana</i> Rabenh., <i>MS. Fung. Eur. exsic.</i>, No. 436.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Lepidoderma carestianum</i> (Rabenh.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 188.</li>
+<li>1891. <i>Amaurochaete minor</i> Sacc. &amp; Ell., <i>Mich.</i>, II., p. 566.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Fructification in the form of flat, pulvinate plasmodiocarps, or,
+anon, sporangiate, the sporangia sessile, sub-globose, ellipsoidal, elongate,
+irregular, confluent, yellowish-grey, the peridium covered more
+or less completely with dull white, crystals or crystal-like scales;
+columella, where visible, yellowish-brown, calcareous; capillitium,
+coarse, rigid, more or less branched and united, or colorless, delicate,
+forming a definite net; spores distinctly warted, purple 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is a most remarkable species. The sporangiate forms little
+resemble those distinctly plasmodiocarpal. In the former the calcic
+scales and crystals are distinct and quite as in <i>L. tigrinum</i>; in the
+latter they are cuboid, irregular. The wall of the peridium in the
+plasmodiocarps at hand is black, and the covering accordingly shows
+white; in the sporangial forms the wall is brown, and the scales have
+a yellow tinge as if tinged with iron. In the sporangial presentation
+the capillitium is intricate delicate; in the plasmodiocarp, rigid, dark-colored,
+etc. This looks like a didymium and in so far justifies the
+opinion of earlier students. Fries, of course, includes all these things
+with the didymiums, and <i>D. squamulosum</i> probably often sheltered
+them under extended wing.</p>
+
+<p><i>Didymium granuliferum</i> Phill., <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 114, from California
+is by European authors referred here. The capillitium carries
+calcareous crystalline deposits in special vesicles and the spores show
+remarkable variation in unusual size&mdash;15&ndash;30 µ.[1]</p>
+
+<p>Should probably be entered <i>Lepidoderma granuliferum</i> (Phill.)
+Fr., spores 15&ndash;18 µ.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p>
+
+<p>Utah,&mdash;Harkness.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Lepidoderma chailletii</span> <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, coalescent or plasmodiocarpous, large, when isolated
+1&ndash;1.5 mm., dull drab in color, very sparsely sprinkled with
+white tetrahedral or irregular scales; the peridium thin, more or less
+translucent, rugulose, dull brown, persistent; columella none; capillitium
+abundant, under the lens purple-brown, sparingly branched,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+even, stout, rigid, no calcareous deposits nor vesicles; spores 8&ndash;10 µ,
+minutely warted, fuliginous.</p>
+
+<p>Yosemite Cañon, California, <i>Prof. B. Shimek.</i></p>
+
+<p>This is, no doubt, similar to <i>L. carestianum</i> but differs in the size
+and habit of the sporangia, and in the fact that the capillitium is
+uniform throughout, whatever the style of fructification, and in the
+size, color, and surface characters of the spore.</p>
+
+<p>Evidently not <i>Didymium granuliferum</i> Phill. Both will, no
+doubt, be again collected, and we shall then have much needed light.</p>
+
+<p>Nor is this quite Rostafinski's species as cited. The spores are
+much smaller; Rostafinski says 10&ndash;12 or more, and calls for a distinctly
+netted capillitium, the surface strongly marked by abundant
+calcareous crystals. Ours may be a different thing.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>5. Colloderma</b> <i>G. Lister</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1910. <i>Colloderma, Jour. of Botany</i>, XLVIII., p. 312.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Peridium double; the outer gelatinous, the inner membranaceous;
+capillitium intricate, limeless.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Colloderma oculatum</span> (<i>Lipp.</i>) <i>G. Lister.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1894. <i>Didymium oculatum</i> Lipp., <i>Verh. Zo-Bot. Ges. Wien</i>, XLIV., p. 74.</li>
+<li>1910. <i>Colloderma oculatum</i> (Lipp.) G. List., <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XLVIII., p. 312.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, or sub-globose, sessile or short-stipitate,
+olivaceous or purplish-brown, smooth and shining, the outer
+peridium gelatinous, thickened by moisture, hyaline; stipe dark
+brown; columella none; capillitium as in <i>Didymium</i> purplish-brown,
+colorless at the tips; spores spinulose, fuscous, about 12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>New Hampshire, Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Our specimens from the late Dr. W. G. Farlow who collected it
+in New Hampshire. Swollen by immersion in water the sporangia
+take on an eye-like appearance, oculate, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>EXTRA-LIMITAL</b></p>
+
+<p class="species"><span class="smcap">Physarina</span> <i>von Höhnel.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1909. <i>Physarina</i> von Höhnel, <i>Akad. Wiss. Wien; Math-nat. KL.</i>, CXVIII., p. 431.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangium wall rough with blunt spine-like processes, otherwise
+as <i>Diderma</i>.</p>
+
+<p>One species, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 432, <i>P. echinocephala</i> v. Höhn.</p>
+
+<p>Java. Might as well be called <i>Diderma echinocephalum</i>, one
+would think. Structure is that of <i>Leangium</i>. The striking character
+is a surface modification of the outer peridium, according to the
+description.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Order</span> II</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>STEMONITALES</b></p>
+
+<p>Capillitium present, thread-like, arising in typical cases from a well-developed
+columella; spores in mass, black or violet-brown, more
+rarely ferruginous.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Families of Stemonitales</b></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Families of Stemonitales">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Fructification æthalioid, capillitium poorly defined; columella rudimentary or none</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Amaurochætaceæ</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Fructification of distinct sporangia, capillitium well defined; the columella generally prominent, long and abundantly branched throughout</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Stemonitaceæ</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Sporangia distinct; capillitium developed chiefly or only, from the summit of the columella</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lamprodermaceæ</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>A.</i> AMAUROCHÆTACEÆ</p>
+
+<p>Fructification æthalioid, an inch or two in diameter, in form varying
+with the habitat and place; capillitium dendroid, consisting of
+rather stout branches which rise irregularly more or less vertically
+from the hypothallus, branch repeatedly, often anastomose to form a
+network, especially toward the periphery; spores black.</p>
+
+<p>A single genus&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>1. Amaurochæte</b> <i>Rostafinski</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Amaurochaete</i> Rost., <i>Versuch.</i>, p. 8.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>The genus <i>Amaurochaete</i> as defined by Rostafinski and the genus
+<i>Reticularia</i> as represented by <i>R. lycoperdon</i> Bull. stand, the expression,
+perhaps, of not dissimilar histories. Whether in regressive or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+progressive series, each to-day presents a case of arrested development.
+Each in æthalioid fructification, reveals a mass of involved individual
+(?) sporangia, so imperfectly developed that their outlines
+can be inferred rather than anywhere, with absolute definiteness,
+certainly ascertained. Perhaps, because similar sporangia in the group
+to which either belongs, do come under other circumstances, to more
+perfect individual form and function&mdash;perhaps for this reason we
+may look upon these æthalia as exhibiting a suspended performance;
+the sporangia have failed to go forward to what was evidently a
+possible, though apparently not an essential destiny in form and figure.
+For the care and dispersal of the spores, achievement must surely be
+somewhat impaired. Whatever the measure of such inefficiency,
+among the <i>Stemonitales Amaurochaete</i> shows the acme, as <i>Reticularia</i>
+among the brown-spored forms.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>Amaurochaete</i> the individuality of anything like separate sporangia
+is less clear. The view afforded, however, by a good vertical
+section of a well-developed colony or cushion is interestingly <ins title="aborescent in original.">arborescent</ins>.
+Ragged, dendroid stems arise, dissipated above into a network
+most intricate, a "pleached arbor" if you please. The resemblance of
+the overhead net to that presented by a stemonitis or comatricha is
+very striking.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Amaurochæte</b></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Amaurochæte">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Capillitium rigid, irregular spores rough</td><td align="left">1.&nbsp;<i>A.&nbsp;fuliginosa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Capillitium soft, woolly, cincinnate, spores as in <i>A</i></td><td align="left">2. <i>A. tubulina</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Amaurochæte fuliginosa</span> (<i>Sowerby</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V.</a></span>, Figs. 8, 8 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1803. <i>Lycoperdon fuliginosum</i> Sow., <i>Eng. Fung.</i>, t. 257.</li>
+<li>1805. <i>Lycogala atrum</i>, Alb. &amp; Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p. 83.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Amaurochaete atra</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 211.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Fructification aethalioid, varying in form and size, if on the upper
+side of the substratum, pulvinate, if below pendent and almost stipitate,
+covered with a delicate cortex, at first shining, soon dull, black,
+fragile, and early dissipated; hypothallus long-persisting, supporting
+the capillitium, which is extremely variable, irregular, and for its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
+perfection dependent upon the form assumed by the æthalium, and
+the conditions of weather, etc., under which it matures, sometimes,
+especially when prostrate, in a very much depressed æthalium, spreading
+into long fibrous threads, again under better conditions rising in
+columella-like forms, supporting a peripheral net; spores dark brown
+or black, irregularly globose, spinulose, 12.5&ndash;15 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Common in Europe, and probably not uncommon in this country
+wherever pine forests occur. Specimens before us are from New
+England and New York, Ohio, Carolina, Colorado. Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Sowerby, in his comment on plate 257, <i>Eng. Fungi</i>, says: "It appears
+to consist of branching threads affixed to the deal and holding
+a dense mass of sooty powder. Over the whole is a thin, deciduous
+pellicle." This description seems to be applicable to nothing else.
+The figure amounts to little. Fries recognizes the English description,
+as does Rostafinski, but both authors adopt the later name given by
+Albertini and Schweinitz, simply because of the excellent detailed
+description found in the <i>Conspectus</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species"><ins title="Added.">2.</ins> <span class="smcap">Amaurochæte tubulina</span> (<i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX.</a></span>, 6 and 6 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1805. <i>Stemonitis tubulina</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.), <i>Cons. Fung.</i>, p. 102.</li>
+<li>1825. <i>Lachnobolus cribrosus</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Orb. Veg.</i>, p. 14.</li>
+<li>1912. <i>Amaurochaete cribrosa</i> (Fr.) Macbr., <i>Com. in litt.</i> to Herbaria, Harvard, etc.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></li>
+<li>1917. <i>Amaurochaete cribrosa</i> (Fr.) Sturg., G. Lister, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, LVIII, p. 109.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodium at first transparent then white then rosy, ashen or
+grey finally deepening to jet-black; the æthalium even, thin, variable
+in extent from one to ten centimeters, covered by a distinct but thin
+transparent cortex, papillate, extended laterally but a short distance
+beyond the fructification, fragile, soon disappearing; hypothallus long-persistent,
+thin, silvery, supporting the capillitium as if by stipes,
+short slender columns, irregular plates, expansions, etc.; the capillitium
+an intricate network, very abundant, elastic, on fall of the
+peridium appearing like tiny tufts of wool, the meshes large, but
+formed as in <i>Stemonitis</i>, persistent, dull black; spores, under the lens,
+dull olivaceous black, minutely roughened, 12&ndash;14 µ.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+<p>This species differs from the preceding, already well known, especially
+in the capillitial characters. In the older species the capillitial
+branches fray out, and are only sparingly united into a net extremely
+lax. In the present form the net is the thing, common to all sporangia.
+The total effect is to lend to the blown-out æthalium a
+woolly appearance, entirely unlike that of its congener under the same
+conditions. But until fructification is quite mature, the presence
+of the collaborating sporangia below is indicated, suggested, by the
+papillose upper surface.</p>
+
+<p>The amaurochetes are remarkable in that they appear upon coniferous
+wood, logs or lumber, to all appearance undecayed. The species
+just described developed abundantly in August on the recently
+decorticated logs of <i>Pinus ponderosa</i>, on the south-western slopes of
+Mt. Rainier, Washington. In logging operations in the locality referred
+to, the trees are felled often at considerable distance from the
+mill. They are not infrequently large, 75&ndash;120 cm. in diameter.
+The logs are dragged along the ground, the transportation facilitated
+by removal of the bark from the new fallen trunk. In a few weeks'
+time, affected by alternate rain and sun, the whole surface becomes
+marked with hundreds of minute, almost invisible cracks, and it is in
+the larger of these that the plasmodium of the present species has its
+habitat. Hardly any mycologic phenomenon is more surprising than
+to see plasmodia rising to fructification, scores at a time, upon a surface,
+new and white, showing otherwise no evidence of any decomposition.
+Doubtless the persisting cambium, the unused starches,
+sugars, the wood of the season yet unlignified, afford easily accessible
+nutrition.</p>
+
+<p>When this form was first examined in the laboratory its distinctness
+was immediately seen. It was without doubt Fries' cribrose
+reticularia; nobody questions that. Under this name, citing Fries'
+description, specimens were sent out to herbaria as Harvard. Further
+study of the records, however, soon convinces one familiar with the
+ontogeny of the case that we are here face to face with the species,
+described by Alb. &amp; Schw. in their fine <i>Conspectus</i>. Their account
+of the form, evidently often taken and now described with great care,
+is entirely clear when read in presence of the facts. It is here submitted,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>
+as less easy of access but essential, if the reader would appreciate
+the present disposal of the species.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">"S. Tubulina <span class="smcap">NOBIS</span></p>
+
+<p>"<i>S. magna pulvinata subhemisphaerica, stylidiis gregariis circinantibus,
+capillitiis elongatis cylindraceis in massam pulveraceam fuscam
+connatis, apicibus obtusis, prominulis, lucidis nigris.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The size indeed, the circumscribed form, the capillitiums conjoined
+into a single body&mdash;indue this (form) with an appearance
+peculiar to a degree; however, should anyone prefer to call it a very
+remarkable variety of the preceding (<i>S. fasciculata</i>), we shall not
+strenuously refuse. At first glance it looks like a tubulina. After
+the fashion of its kind, the beginning is soft and milky. The diameter
+generally an inch and a half to two inches, the height four to six
+lines; the form perfectly round, or more rarely somewhat oblong.
+The hypothallus, stout, pellucid silvery, betimes iridescent, when
+turned to the light, easily separable from the substratum, bears the
+columellae, dusky, thin, hair-like, aggregate and yet entirely free, and
+everywhere circinately convergent, depressed by the superimposed
+burden, hence decumbent: ... the capillitium loosely interwoven,
+coalesces to a common mass whose smooth and shining surface
+shows above, regularly disposed minute papillae, the apices of
+individual sporangia.</p>
+
+<p>"Far from infrequent, on decorticate pine, of <i>Lycogala atrum</i> a
+constant companion"!</p>
+
+<p>It goes of course without saying, that for the authors quoted,
+<i>Lycogala atrum</i> is <i>Amaurochaete atra</i> Rost. <i>A. fuliginosa</i> (Sow.) of
+more recent students, described and perfectly figured in the volume
+cited.</p>
+
+<p>It is surprising that they did not enter the present species also as a
+lycogala. But the stemonitis relationship this time impressed them
+rather than the æthalial; besides they were misled by the <i>S. fasciculata</i>
+of Gmelin and Persoon, a composite which the genius of Fries
+hardly availed to disentangle twenty-five years later.</p>
+
+<p>The last named author, as we see, wrote first <i>Lachnobolus</i>, then
+<i>Reticularia</i>. He calls the interwoven capillitium&mdash;<i>lachne</i>, wool, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>
+"<i>pilam tactu eximie elasticam</i>," etc. He read the description in the
+<i>Conspectus</i>, but carried away the stemonitis suggestion dominant
+there, as we have seen, put <i>S. tubulina</i> A. &amp; S. as an undeveloped
+phase of <i>S. fusca</i>, which, of course, it is not. It needed not the
+authority of Rostafinski, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 197, to assure us this. The earlier
+authors describe the species in course of development to complete
+maturity, and clinch the story by declaring the form a constant companion
+of the commonly recognized amaurochete, so fixing the relationship
+for us by habitat also.</p>
+
+<p>These men made a mistake, of course, in placing their species among
+the stemonites at all. They did much better however than Fries who
+called it a reticularia. It was also a mistake to cite <i>S. fasciculata</i>,&mdash;the
+small fasciculate tufts of <i>S. fusca</i> and <i>S. axifera</i> offering by the
+aggregate habit only faint resemblance,&mdash;a possible refuge for those
+who would prefer another disposition of their species distinct (<i>aliena</i>)
+though it is.</p>
+
+<p>Since Fries' day the species has been overlooked although the genus
+has received more than once attention. Zukal <i>Hedwigia</i>, XXXV., p.
+335, describes <i>A. speciosa</i> as a new species. This Saccardo writes
+down, Syll. Fung., VII., p. 399, <i>S. tubulina</i> A. &amp; S., admitting, however,
+at the same time, that as fine an authority as Raciborsky refuses
+to call Zukal's species either a stemonite or an amaurochete, thinks it
+deserving generic appellation of its own.</p>
+
+<p>However, <i>A. speciosa</i> Zuk. need not here concern us. Neither in
+his description nor figures does Zukal at all approach the form we
+study. His species is not an amaurochete; the size of the spores suggest
+that, to say nothing of the capillitial structure.</p>
+
+<p>In the same volume VII., the distinguished author introduces another
+amaurochete, <i>A. minor</i> Sacc. &amp; Ellis, <i>Mich.</i> II., p. 566. This
+is American; sent from Utah by our famous pioneer collector
+Harkness. A specimen is before us: it is a lepidoderma! in shining,
+scaly armor dressed; vid. under <i>L. carestianum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Since the distribution of Washington material, as mentioned, our
+species reappears at various points in western Europe, points in England,
+etc., and will no doubt now share, hereafter as a century ago,
+the habitat so long conceded to the long familiar older type.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>B.</i> STEMONITACEÆ</p>
+
+<p>Capillitium abundant, springing usually as dissipating branches
+from all parts of the columella; the sporangia generally definite and
+distinct, though sometimes closely placed and generally rising from a
+common hypothallus.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Stemonitaceæ</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Stemonitaceæ">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Fructification æthalioid; capillitium charged with vesicles</td><td align="left">1. <i>Brefeldia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>B.</i> Sporangia distinct, or nearly so.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>a.</i> Stipe and columella jet-black.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left">1. Capillitium so united as to form a surface net</td><td align="left">2. <i>Stemonitis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left">2. Capillitial branch-tips free</td><td align="left">3.&nbsp;<i>Comatricha</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>b.</i> Stipe and columella whitish; calcareous</td><td align="left">4. <i>Diachaea</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><b>1. Brefeldia</b> <i>Rostafinski</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Brefeldia</i> Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 8.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia occupying in the æthalium several layers, those of the
+median, and especially of the lowest layers, furnished with columellæ
+which blend beneath; capillitium threads in the lowest layers arising
+from the columella, in the upper extending radiately between the
+individual sporangia, and united at the sporangial limits by means of
+rather large inflated sacs.</p>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Brefeldia</i> is, like some others, difficult to dispose of in
+any scheme of classification where linear sequence must be followed.
+Rostafinski placed it in an order by itself. Its relationships are on
+the one hand with <i>Amaurochaete</i> and <i>Reticularia</i>, and on the other
+with the <i>Stemonitales</i>, though easily distinguished from either. It is
+intermediate to <i>Amaurochaete</i> and <i>Stemonitis</i>, and withal, as it appears
+to us, a little nearer the latter, as the limits of the individual
+sporangia are in <i>Brefeldia</i> pretty well defined.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Brefeldia maxima</span> (<i>Fr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V.</a></span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>, 7 <i>b</i>, and <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXXI">Plates XXI.</a></span>, <a href="#plXXII">XXII.</a></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1825. <i>Reticularia maxima</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Orb. Veg.</i>, I., p. 147.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Brefeldia maxima</i> (Fr.) Rost., <i>Versuch.</i>, p. 8.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Æthalium large, four to twenty cm, papillate above, violet-black at
+first, then purple or purple-brown, developed upon a widespread,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>
+silver-shining hypothallus; sporangia in favorable cases distinct, indicated
+above by the papillæ; columellæ obscure, black; capillitium
+abundant, the threads uniting by multifid ends to surround as with a
+net the peculiar vesicles; spore-mass dark violet-black, the individual
+spores paler by transmitted light, distinctly papillose, 12&ndash;15 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very remarkable species and one of the largest, rivalled by <i>Fuligo</i>
+only. To be compared with <i>Reticularia</i>, which it resembles somewhat
+externally, and with some of the larger specimens of <i>Enteridium</i>.
+The plasmodium at first white with a bluish tinge is developed abundantly
+in rotten wood, preferably a large oak stump, and changes color
+as maturity comes on, much in the fashion of <i>Stemonitis splendens</i>,
+leaving a widespread hypothallic film to extend far around the perfected
+fruit-mass. In well-matured æthalia, "<i>Jove favente</i>," the sporangia
+stand out perfectly distinct, particularly above and around the
+margins. Closely and compactly crowded, they become prismatic by
+mutual pressure, and attain sometimes the height of half an inch or
+more. In the centre of the fructification, next the hypothallus, the
+sporangia are very imperfectly differentiated. Many are here horizontally
+placed, and perhaps supplied with an imperfectly formed
+peridium,&mdash;if so are to be interpreted the lowest parts of the capillitial
+structure, the long, branching, ribbon-like strands which lie
+along the hypothallus. Some of these branch repeatedly with flat
+anastomosing branchlets, ultimately fray out into lengthened threads,
+and perish after all the superstructure has been blown away. From
+every part of the structure so described, but more especially from the
+margins, are given off in profusion the strange cystiferous threads, so
+characteristic of this genus. These are exceeding delicate filaments,
+attached at one end, it may be, to a principal branch, at the other free
+or united to a second which again joins a third, and so looping and
+branching, dividing, they form a more or less extended network, a
+capillitium in which are entangled the myriad spores. Each filament
+bears at its middle point (or is it the meeting point of two?) a peculiar
+plexus which embraces several large cysts or vesicles whose function
+or further homology does not readily appear.</p>
+
+<p>From the base of the fructification rise also ascending branches
+which are black, terete, and not infrequently branched as if to form<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>
+the capillitium of a stemonitis. These ascending branches are in
+many cases, probably in all, real, though as yet imperfectly developed,
+columellæ. They rise, at least in many cases, directly from the hypothallus,
+each is central to an individual sporangium, rises to about
+two-thirds its height, but never attains the summit. The sporangia
+are so crowded that many are choked off below, never reach the top
+of the æthalium. In such cases the columella may cease at the sporangium-top.
+The columella bears cystiferous threads sparingly, if at
+all; nevertheless these abound in the peripheral portions of the sporangium
+all the way up, and are especially noticeable beyond the
+level of the top of the columella. Many are so arranged that the
+plexus with its vesicles occupies a place in the plane separating adjacent
+sporangia, suggesting the possibility that we have here to do
+with an imperfectly developed surface-net and peridium. In this
+view the cysts would represent the meeting-point of two opposite
+radial capillitial threads rather than the middle of one. This accords
+with Rostafinski's observations and drawings. The cysts, then, belong
+morphologically to the peridium or sporangium wall. It is a
+stemonitis whose sporangia have never been perfectly differentiated,
+a case of arrested development. See further under <i>Stemonitis
+confluens</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rostafinski really offers the first definitive description. Fries probably
+distinguished it, but his description would not indicate the fact
+except for the added note wherein appears the reason for discarding
+an apparently older name, viz., that given by Link. But neither
+Link nor Sowerby distinguished by description or figure <i>Brefeldia</i>
+from <i>Amaurochaete</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the northern forest; Maine to Vancouver Island: not
+common.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>2. Stemonitis</b> (<i>Gleditsch</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1753. <i>Stemonitis</i> Gleditsch, in part, <i>Meth. Fung.</i>, p. 140.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Stemonitis</i> (Gleditsch) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 7.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, though often closely aggregate, cylindric, stipitate;
+columella prominent; capillitium well developed by repeated
+lateral and apical branching of the columella, at length assuming at
+the surface the form of a distinct net which supports an evanescent
+peridium.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The genus is marked by its surface-net supported at the tips of the
+dichotomously branched divisions of the columella. Over the net is
+spread, theoretically at least, the peridial film supported by very short
+points projecting from the net,&mdash;the peridial processes; the peridium,
+however, is seldom seen; in some cases, certainly, is never developed.
+Rostafinski first defined the genus as employed by recent writers.
+Gleditsch simply renamed Micheli's <i>Clathroidastrum</i>; all writers
+subsequent included species of other genera.</p>
+
+<p>The taxonomy of this genus is of the most difficult. Macroscopic,
+defining characters are few, and even these sometimes uncertain.
+Microscopic distinctions also tend to be illusive, variable in such
+fashion that often at the critical point the most exact description
+fails. All that may be done at present is to recognize two or three
+definite types and then cautiously differentiate among these with the
+light we have, until more general study of the group brings to service
+a wider range of observation with more comprehensive record on
+which judgment may better be sustained.</p>
+
+<p>We have before us many and beautiful forms of this genus yet unstudied.
+Some of these doubtless have already found place in our
+growing taxonomic literature; some apparently undescribed; all to
+wait wider leisure or perhaps a younger hand.</p>
+
+<p>The entire life-history of every form is none too much if we would
+set out with any hope of accuracy the genetic relationships for which
+taxonomy stands. Recently European students are making the color
+of the plasmodium a basis for species-discrimination, which is good so
+far. But plasmodic characters are at present unserviceable generally,
+for two reasons; they vary in the same species; and unfortunately,
+when most needed, they are unknown and inaccessible. The student
+is generally confronted by forms mature, the plasmodic stage already
+past.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Stemonitis</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Stemonitis">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>A.</i> Sporangia connately united.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Spores verruculose</td><td align="left">1. <i>S. confluens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Spores reticulate</td><td align="left">2. <i>S. trechispora</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>B.</i> Sporangia at maturity distinct.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>a.</i> Spore-mass grayish black.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">1. Larger, 8&ndash;12 mm. spores distinctly reticulate or warted, but sometimes nearly smooth</td><td align="left">3. <i>S. fusca</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">2. Spores reticulate and spinulose.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Spores adherent, clustered</td><td align="left">4. <i>S. uvifera</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Sporangia very tall, 15&ndash;20 mm., rigid</td><td align="left">5. <i>S. dictyospora</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">iii. Sporangia short, jet- or violet-black</td><td align="left">6. <i>S. nigrescens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>b.</i> Spore-mass rich brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">1. Columella central.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Sporangia shorter, 5&ndash;6 mm., spores banded</td><td align="left">7. <i>S. virginiensis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Sporangia 8&ndash;10 mm.; spores verruculose</td><td align="left">8. <i>S. webberi</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">iii. Sporangia tall, 15&ndash;20 mm. or more</td><td align="left">9. <i>S. splendens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">2. Columella eccentric, sporangium in cross-section, angular</td><td align="left">10. <i>S. fenestrata</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>c.</i> Spore-mass ferruginous; sporangia in tufts.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">1. Spores smooth or nearly so.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Sporangia pale, small, 3&ndash;5 mm., crowded, stipe unpolished</td><td align="left">11. <i>S. smithii</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Sporangia ferruginous; columella regular</td><td align="left">12. <i>S. axifera</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">iii. Sporangia ferruginous; columella proliferate just below the apex</td><td align="left">13.&nbsp;<i>S.&nbsp;flavogenita</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">iv. Sporangia, spore-mass, dusky-purplish or brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">O On dead wood.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">o Scattered, apex blunt</td><td align="left">14. <i>S. pallida</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">oo Clustered, acuminate</td><td align="left">15.&nbsp;<i>S.&nbsp;carolinensis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO On living leaves, preferably, spore-mass brown</td><td align="left">16. <i>S. herbatica</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis confluens</span> <i>Cooke &amp; Ellis.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXI">Plate XI</a>.</span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 5.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1876. <i>Stemonitis confluens</i> Cke. &amp; Ell., <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 51.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Stemonitis splendens var. confluens</i> Lister, <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 112.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis confluens</i> Cke. &amp; Ell., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 114.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis confluens</i> Cke. &amp; Ellis, List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 147.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>"Sporangia fasciculate, confluent on a persistent hypothallus, dark
+fuscous; peridia very fugacious; stipes united at the base, erect, furcate;
+spores large, brown, globose. On oak bark.</p>
+
+<p>"The stems are branched in a furcate manner and confluent at the
+base, forming a compact tuft. The capillitium is membranaceous at
+the angles; spores very large compared with allied species, being 12 µ.
+The specimens were too fully matured for more satisfactory description."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Such is the original description of this unique and interesting species.
+The sporangia occur in close-set tufts or clusters, are distinct,
+separate at their tips and bases only; perhaps not always at base. The
+capillitium rises by branching from the columella, rather more prolific
+than usual, and combines to form a distinct superficial net of large
+even meshes. From the outer arcs of the bounding net spring rather
+long acute processes which should support the peridium. This, however,
+is altogether rudimentary. In most places there is no sign of
+peridium at all, but here and there between contiguous sporangia
+opposite processes unite and at their point of union a tiny circular
+disk of the peridial membrane appears. At intervals, therefore, over
+the entire sporangium are seen these small brown disks, each about
+equalling in diameter the size of the average mesh. At other points
+the sporangia do not seem at all coalescent, but where the opposing
+processes do meet the union is perfect and the little disk seen edgewise
+looks like some delicate counter strung upon a wire.</p>
+
+<p>The interest attaching to this in view of what has been said about
+<i>Amaurochaete</i> and <i>Brefeldia</i> is obvious.</p>
+
+<p>Under the lens the spores and capillitium are concolorous, dark
+fuscous, the spores distinctly verruculose, about 12.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The original gathering here described was from New Jersey;
+twenty years later Mr. Ellis was so fortunate as to find again fine
+specimens all on oak bark. The sporangia are quite small, only 3 mm.
+high, when blown out concolorous with the habitat.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis trechispora</span> (<i>Berk.</i>) <i>Torr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a>.</span>, Figs. 11, 11 <i>a</i>, 11 <i>b</i>, 11 <i>c</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1909. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> (Roth) Rost. var. <i>trechispora</i> (Berk.), <i>Fl. Myxom.</i>, Torrend, p. 141.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis fusca var. trechispora</i> Torr., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 144.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Fructification in form of aggregations of more or less coalescent,
+small, dark-brown or dull black, sessile sporangia; hypothallus continuous,
+well-developed; columella black, gently tapering to a point
+beneath the apex, the capillitial branches, irregular, few, but passing
+into an open rather evenly-meshed net, the mesh several times the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+spore-diameter, free-ending branch-tips not lacking; the spores by
+transmitted light distinctly brown, the epispore a beautiful reticulation,
+a dozen or more cells to the hemisphere, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is entered sometimes as a variety of <i>S. fusca</i> to which species
+relationship would seem remote. The differences lie in form, color
+and structure. The spores alone are distinctive; there are none such,
+so far, none just like them, elsewhere in the genus. Torrend and
+Lister both enter the form as varietal; why not set it out, and save
+questions? The habitat approaches that of <i>Amaurochaete</i>, but the
+sporangia are distinct.</p>
+
+<p>For our specimens we are indebted to the kindness of Dr. Roland
+Thaxter. The specimens were taken in a half-dry marsh, near
+Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p>Material from Toronto sent by Professor Faull is also provisionally
+here referred. The form has netted spores, but they are not
+quite the same. The structure besides is more that of an amaurochaete;
+it has the peculiar basal webs and band-like stipes at base,
+stipes that never rise from horizontal to perpendicular and characterize
+<i>Reticularia</i> and especially <i>Brefeldia</i> as well as the usual amaurochaete.
+See <a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a>., Figs. 9, 9<i>a</i>, 9<i>b</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis fusca</span> (<i>Roth</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVI">Plate VI.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1787. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> Roth, <i>Röm. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 26.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> (Roth) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 193.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> Rost., Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 72.</li>
+<li>1895. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> Roth, List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 110.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> (Roth) Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 115.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis maxima</i> Schw., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 116.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia tufted, generally in small clusters 6&ndash;8 mm., the individual
+sporangia slender, cylindric, blue-black or fuscous, becoming
+pallid as the spores are lost, stipitate; stipe short, about one-fourth
+the total height, black, shining; hypothallus scanty, but common to
+all the sporangia; columella prominent, attaining almost the apex of
+the sporangium, freely branching to support the capillitial net; capillitium
+of slender dusky threads, which freely anastomose to form a
+dense interior network, and outwardly at length combine to form a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>
+close-meshed net; spores pale, dusky violet, usually beautifully spinulose-reticulate,
+but sometimes warted or spinulose only, or nearly
+smooth, 7&ndash;7.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>As here set out the description is intended to include <i>S. maxima</i>
+Schw. of the former edition. Rostafinski, Mon. <i>l. c.</i>, describes <i>S.
+fusca</i> Roth. as having "spores smooth." Since most American gatherings
+have reticulated spores, and since Schweinitz described a black
+American species, his specific name seemed appropriate for all except
+smooth-spored forms.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime two things have happened; Mr. Lister has examined
+the specimens remaining in the Strasburg herbarium and finds
+them with reticulate spores. The statement quoted from the <i>Monograph</i>
+evidently does not apply to <i>all</i> of Rostafinski's material; but
+under the circumstances the name <i>fusca</i> may easily take the field,
+especially since another discovery makes for the same conclusion.
+The evidence is good that <i>S. maxima</i> Schw. was indeed the largest,
+i. e. perhaps, the <i>tallest</i> stemonitis he ever saw! probably, as his
+scanty herbarium-remnant shows, <i>S. fenestrata</i> Rex!</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis uvifera</span> <i>n. s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX.</a></span>, Figs. 8, 8 <i>a</i>, 8 <i>b</i>, 8 <i>c</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sporangia tufted, generally in medium-sized clusters much as in
+<i>S. fusca</i>. The individual sporangium 7&ndash;9 mm. high, dark, slender,
+brown, becoming dull black or pallid as the spores are lost, stipitate,
+the stipe about one-fourth to one-third the total height, black polished
+shining; hypothallus distinct, common to all sporangia, purple-brown,
+shining; columella distinct, attaining almost the summit of
+the sporangium but inclined to waver a little at last, in other words,
+flexuose toward the top, freely branching, the branches rather stout,
+anastomosing to support the capillitial net; the meshes larger, several
+times the spore-diameter, the spores sooty-brown, distinctly warted or
+spinulescent, about 7&ndash;8 µ, clustered in groups of four or more.</p>
+
+<p>Mt. Rainier, Washington,&mdash;1914.</p>
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis dictyospora</span> <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Stemonitis dictyospora</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 195; <i>Myc. Fen.</i>, pp. 114, 122.</li>
+<li>1879. <i>Stemonitis dictyospora</i> Rost., Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 83(?).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></li>
+<li>1888. <i>Stemonitis dictyospora</i> Rost., <i>Sacc. Syl. Fung.</i>, Vol. VII., p. 397.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Stemonitis castillensis</i> Macbr., <i>Nat. Hist. Bull.</i>, Vol. 11, p. 381. <span class="smcap">Plate X.</span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>, 5 <i>b</i>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<p>Sporangia crowded in colonies of unusual size, 4&ndash;8 cm., tall, rigid
+18&ndash;25 mm., slender, erect, stipitate, black throughout; the columella
+prominent, reaching nearly to the apex, abundantly branched, the
+branches forming an intricate dark brown capillitium; the net large-meshed
+several times the spore-diameter; the spores reticulate, spinulose,
+clear violet, 7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>We here recover as is believed one of Rostafinski's best-described
+species. Our material is from Nicaragua, by kindness of Professor
+Shimek. Its relationship is with <i>S. fusca</i> where Rostafinski placed it.
+The phrase describing spore-color is his.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis nigrescens</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1891. <i>Stemonitis nigrescens</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 392.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis fusca</i> Roth, Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 143.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, upon a common hypothallus, erect, small,
+cylindric, stipitate; stipe black, extremely short, about half a millimetre;
+columella reaching the apex; capillitium violet-black, darker
+near the surface, forming a complete superficial net at the lower part
+of the sporangium only, elsewhere irregular or vanishing; spore-mass
+nearly black; single spores violet-black under the lens, the epispore
+spinulose and reticulate, about 8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The author of this species remarks: "This species is noteworthy for
+its comparatively short stipes, its very spinulose spores, and its black
+or nearly black color, the slight violet tint being only apparent on
+close inspection, especially in fresh moist specimens."</p>
+
+<p>It is a small but very beautiful form, at first sight to be mistaken
+for a short <i>S. fusca</i>, though much more intensely black. The capillitium
+is concolorous, the inner network of rather few open meshes,
+the outer of large hexagonal openings, the arcuate threads of which
+are remarkable for the size, and especially the number, of the peridial
+processes, as many as five or six sometimes appearing along one side of
+a single mesh. The stipe is very short, and the columella runs as a
+straight, gradually diminishing axis to the very apex of the sporangium.
+Total height 3&ndash;5 mm.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The English <i>Monograph</i> includes this with <i>S. fusca</i>; but it seems
+quite distinct in size, habit, color, etc., and has been found in the
+mountainous regions of Virginia and North Carolina, as well as
+about Philadelphia.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis virginiensis</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1891. <i>Stemonitis virginiensis</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 391.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis virginiensis</i> Rex, Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 130.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Comatricha typhoides</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 158.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia erect, gregarious, from a common hypothallus, generally
+clustered, cylindric or elongate-ovate, stipitate; stipe black, shining;
+columella reaching the apex, where it blends with the capillitium;
+capillitium delicate, the meshes of the net small, scarcely greater than
+the diameter of the spores; spore-mass umber brown; epispores reticulated,
+with ten or twelve meshes to the hemisphere, 5&ndash;7 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is a beautiful, and, as it seems to us, a very distinct, species.
+The markings on the epispore are sufficient to identify it. These are
+conspicuously banded somewhat as the spores of <i>Trichia favoginea</i>,
+for example. In habit, size of the sporangia, and capillitial
+branching, this species recalls <i>Comatricha typhoides</i> (Bull.) Rost.
+All the sporangia examined are, however, plainly stemonitis in type,
+possessing the characteristic superficial net.</p>
+
+<p>Until further light this may stand as offered in the first edition.
+Miss Lister prefers to enter it, banded spores and all, with the
+comatrichas, on account of color, size and occasional default (?) of
+surface net.</p>
+
+<p>Virginia, <i>Dr. Rex.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis webberi</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXI">Plate XI.</a></span>, Figs. 6, 7, 8.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1891. <i>Stemonitis webberi</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 390.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia clustered, usually in small tufts 1 cm. wide, rusty brown
+in color, 8&ndash;10 mm., including the stipe, which is jet black, shining,
+and much expanded at the base; hypothallus continuous, well-developed,
+a thin, transparent pellicle; columella black, tapering upward,
+giving off at intervals the capillitial branches, and becoming dissipated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
+just below the obtuse apex; inner capillitial network very open, the
+branches far apart, anastomosing but a few times before breaking into
+the surface net to form large, irregular meshes, 50&ndash;125 µ; spores
+minutely roughened, fuscous, 8&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>These three forms, 8, 9, 10, are sometimes entered as varieties of a
+single species. Dr. Rex himself was inclined to take that view.
+There is no doubt of close similarity; it is a question of clearness in
+our dealing with the subject.</p>
+
+<p>All three forms occur abundantly in the Mississippi Valley, but
+are generally,&mdash;always, as it seems to the writer,&mdash;distinguishable
+by the hand-lens. If we take No. 9 as type, 10 has an eccentric columella;
+8 is shorter, about 1 cm., of a different tint, Dr. Rex even says
+"spores ferruginous in mass". To the west and southwest, the
+capillitium becomes coarser, more decidedly brown. In short, however
+similar in presentation the phases may sometimes appear, it would
+seem that each at its best is distinct enough for immediate recognition.</p>
+
+<p>West of the Mississippi River chiefly: Iowa, South Dakota, Nebraska,
+Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis splendens</span> <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVI">Plate VI.</a></span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>c</i>, 7, 7 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 195.</li>
+<li>1880. <i>Stemonitis morgani</i> Peck, <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, V., p. 33.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist.</i>, Vol. II, p. 381.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 112, in part.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis morgani</i> Peck, Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 118.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 145.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia clustered irregularly, sometimes forming patches 6&ndash;10
+centimetres or more in extent, rich purple-brown in mass, cylindric,
+long, 15&ndash;18 mm., stipitate; stipe black, polished, shining, rising from
+a common hypothallus, which extends as a thin silvery film beneath
+the entire colony, but does not usually transcend its limits; columella
+black, percurrent, sparingly branched; capillitium of fuscous threads,
+within forming a network very open, the branches scarcely anastomosing
+until they reach the surface where they form the usual net of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>
+small meshes, pretty uniform in size, and presenting very few small,
+inconspicuous peridial processes; spores brown, very minutely warted,
+about 8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This elegant species occurs not rarely on rotten wood, usually in
+protected situations, although sometimes on the exposed surfaces of
+its habitat. The sporangia attain with us unusual height, sometimes
+2 cm.; plasmodia, 6&ndash;8 cm., in diameter. The clear brown tufts appear
+in the autumn, marvels of graceful elegance and beauty; at sight
+easily recognizable by the large size and rich color. In Iowa it is
+almost universally present on fallen stems of <i>Acer saccharinum</i> Linn.,
+and it appears to be widely distributed, by far the most beautiful of
+all this beautiful series.</p>
+
+<p>New England to Iowa, South Dakota, Washington, and British
+Columbia. Professor Shimek brings a <i>dusky</i> phase from Nicaragua!&mdash;the
+type?</p>
+
+<p>The plasmodium is white on maple stems, more creamy on stems of
+linden, on which wood it is more rarely found: occasionally on ash-stumps;
+even on the fallen bark of trees preferred.</p>
+
+<p>In 1875 in his famous <i>Monograph</i>, Rostafinski set out three species
+with "dusky violet spores". These are his Nos. 94, 95 and 96.</p>
+
+<p>The first one of these he calls <i>S. fusca</i>, "spore-mass, etc., violet-black,
+individual spore clear violet, smooth, 7&ndash;9 u."</p>
+
+<p>The second species he writes down <i>S. dictyospora</i>, "hypothallus,
+stalk, columella, capillitium and spore-mass, violet-black, spore netted
+and fringed, clear-violet, 7&ndash;9 µ."</p>
+
+<p>The third species is <i>S. splendens</i>, "hypothallus stalk, columella and
+spore-mass violet-black, spore smooth, clear-violet, 7&ndash;8 µ."</p>
+
+<p>It will be observed that in color down to color of the spore by
+transmitted light, the three species are exactly the same; constitute a
+suite, so to say. It has since turned out, as noted under our No. 3,
+that the spores of <i>S. fusca</i> are netted. Error in description here is
+not surprising; the reticulations are sometimes faint. In <i>S. dictyospora</i>
+they are admittedly strong, and the inference was that the
+'<i>gladkie</i>' spores of the third species might be netted also. This is no
+criticism: lenses were fifty years since not nearly so good for such
+discoveries as the oil-immersion is now.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>However; Rostafinski made his specific diagnosis turn largely upon
+the mesh-width in the superficial net. This comes out in the '<i>opis</i>'
+following the description, and upon <i>this</i> the European decision in
+Rostafinski's favor as against <i>S. morgani</i> largely turns. Tropical
+gatherings are probably always darker, and evidently from such, from
+the north coast of South America, the original description was drawn.
+Specimens before us from the same latitude are dusky indeed; no
+clear brown at all, but purplish withal.</p>
+
+<p>For the sake of harmony we may therefore now substitute the
+earlier name "with reservations"! but our description remains as before,
+presenting the really splendid, shining things that adorn our
+northern fields. Dr. Rostafinski called the large open meshes of the
+net '<i>oka</i>', eyes; <i>lumina</i> let us say! quite uniform they are in 9 and 10,
+much less so in 8.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis fenestrata</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1890. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i> R. <i>f. fenestrata</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 36.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia aggregated, in tufts 2 cm. or more in diameter, rich
+purple brown, on a common hypothallus, more or less erect, stipitate,
+tall, about 2 cm., slender, triangular in section; stipe black, about
+one-third the total height, passing into a slender columella which is
+lateral in position, not central, but little branched, continued almost
+to the apex; the capillitium consisting almost entirely of the peripheral
+net, which presents meshes of unusual uniformity of size and shape;
+spores in mass brown, colorless by transmitted light, nearly smooth,
+6&ndash;7.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The remarkable shape of the sporangium and the peculiar regularity
+of the surface net, the lateral columella, all combine here to
+warrant the erection of a distinct species. Dr. Rex referred this to
+<i>S. bäuerlinii</i> Mass. At that time he had not the author's description,
+and had seen only a very poor fragment received with notes in a
+letter. Mr. Massee's description makes it immediately evident that
+whatever other affiliations <i>S. bäuerlinii</i> may have, by description it
+has at least none with <i>S. fenestrata</i> nor with our northern form of
+<i>S. splendens</i>. Massee's species is described as having the "mass of
+spores black", the capillitium with "branches springing from the columella;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>
+the main branches more and more numerous, thicker and irregular
+towards the apex of the sporangium, and often form irregular
+flattened expansions":&mdash;etc. This suggests some form of <i>S. dictyospora</i>
+Rost.: see under our No. 5. Possibly for such reasons Lister
+referred it to <i>S. splendens</i> Rost., which as we have just seen, was undoubtedly
+regarded by the author as a form of the <i>fuscous</i> group.</p>
+
+<p>The long, slender, simple columella is not only lateral, but occupies
+indeed the sharp vertical angle of the triangular, prismatic sporangium.
+Furthermore, the sporangium is at maturity strangely twisted,
+so that the columella in its ascent accomplishes one or more spiral
+turns. In forms collected by Dr. Rex, which seemed to him most
+nearly to agree with Massee's species, the inner capillitium is somewhat
+abundant, but the character of the columella just the same.</p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kansas, Colorado, Iowa; India!</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis smithii</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Stemonitis smithii</i> Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia.</i>, II., p. 381.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Stemonitis microspora</i> List., Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 54.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis ferruginea</i> var. <i>smithii</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 150.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia in small clusters, close-packed and erect, not spreading,
+bright ferruginous prior to spore dispersal, cylindric, stipitate, of
+varying height; stipe jet-black, shining, about one-third the total
+height; hypothallus generally well developed; columella black, gradually
+tapering, at length dissolving in capillitial threads and net some
+distance below the diminished plumose apex; capillitium of fuscous
+threads, the inner network of abundant, sparingly united branches
+uniformly thickened, the surface net very delicate, composed of small,
+regular, polygonal meshes, the peridial processes few; spore-mass
+bright ferruginous, spores by transmitted light pale, almost colorless,
+smooth, 4&ndash;5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The species as thus constituted includes forms varying in size from
+2.5&ndash;3 mm. only. The common form heretofore known everywhere
+in America as <i>S. ferruginea</i> is from 10&ndash;15 mm. high. The <i>type</i> to
+which the specific name <i>S. smithii</i> was originally applied is 2.5 mm.
+high and rejoices in smooth, almost colorless spores, 4&ndash;5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The plasmodium in the case of the species now considered is as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+concerns the <i>type</i>, of course, unknown. In one or two gatherings
+referred here the color of the plasmodium was noted greenish-yellow.
+This has the look of <i>S. flavogenita</i>; but small spores and delicate
+make-up take it the other way. Miss Lister makes it varietal to No.
+12, next following.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis axifera</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVI">Plate VI.</a></span>, 5, 5 <i>a</i>, and 5 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Trichia axifera ferruginea</i> Bull., <i>Champ. de la Fr.</i>, p. 118, tab. 477.</li>
+<li>1818. <i>Stemonitis ferruginea</i> Ehr., <i>Syl. Myc. Berol.</i>, p. 20; et auct. Europ. ex parte; Americ., non.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Stemonitis ferruginea</i> Ehr., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 115, in part.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis axifera</i> (Bull.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 120, in part.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis ferruginea</i> Ehr., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia terete, acuminate, fasciculate small in dense clusters,
+distinctly ferruginous in color, stipitate, from 10&ndash;15 mm. in height;
+the stipe black one-third to one-half the total height, not shining or
+polished; columella evenly branching, dissipated before reaching the
+acuminate apex; capillitium-branches clear brown anastomosing and
+dividing more or less to bear the superficial fine-meshed net; spores
+pallid, faintly ferruginous, smooth or nearly so, 5&ndash;6 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This would seem to be the common <i>ferruginous</i> species of the
+world. Doubtless Micheli had the thing before him when he drew
+Tab. 94, <i>clathroidastrum</i>, Hoffman and Jacquin seem to have recognized
+the form. To be sure, under the present plasmodic limitations
+we cannot be quite certain about these references. Not until 1791
+does anyone write down a particular species as marked by a white
+plasmodium, and distinguish it from other similar fructifications having
+similar origin. Bulliard, <i>l. c.</i>, does this, discriminating between
+<i>T. axifera ferruginea</i> and <i>C. typhoides</i>; see under the last-named
+species. Youthful Ehrenberg, in his doctor's thesis, nearly thirty
+years later, draws a similar parallel but ignores the great French
+author, writing <i>S. ferruginea</i> Ehr. as though the thing had never
+been seen before! By this name it has been called until very lately;
+Fries accepting it, but noting that the plasmodium, for him at least,
+was <i>yellow</i>!</p>
+
+<p>In 1904 Dr. E. Jahn, following Fries' suggestion, established the
+fact that Ehrenberg's white-plasmodic species had small spores, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
+Fries had in mind a form with larger spores, having indeed yellow
+plasmodium; but see number 13 below.</p>
+
+<p>It is for the present assumed that the plasmodium of our American
+<i>S. axifera</i> is white. So far, there are few or no observations which
+establish the fact. The color, the small smooth spores, the fine-meshed
+capillitial net and the general dimensions determine the
+reference.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis flavogenita</span> <i>Jahn.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX.</a></span>, Figs. 10, 10 <i>a</i>, 10 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1829. <i>Stemonitis ferruginea</i> Ehr., Fries, <i>Myc.</i> III., p. 158, Syn. excl.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis axifera</i> (Bull.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 120, in part.</li>
+<li>1904. <i>Stemonitis flavogenita</i> Jahn, <i>Abh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb.</i>, XLV, p. 265.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis flavogenita</i> Jahn, List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 149.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia cylindric, obtuse, closely fasciculate, "cinnamon brown,"
+stipitate, 5&ndash;7 µ; stipe short, black, columella ceasing abruptly below
+the apex; capillitium a loose net-work with many broad expansions;
+the peridial net very delicate, the meshes small but uneven, 6&ndash;15 µ,
+with many projecting points; spores pale ferruginous, verruculose,
+7&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is <i>S. ferruginea</i> Ehr. of Fries with its plasmodium yellow.
+Fries says "flavicat," <i>becomes</i> yellow, if one may follow the analogy
+of corresponding Latin verbs of color, so that the record of color-changes
+in the present species is yet to be recorded.</p>
+
+<p>Until further experience may advise to the contrary, we may assume
+that all stemonites cinnamon-brown in color, with widened
+columella-tip, and pale yellowish spores 7&ndash;9 µ in diameter, have at
+some time in their history a yellow plasmodium, and accordingly
+represent in America the new-found species.</p>
+
+<p>The larger spores, and, the strange proliferate development of the
+columella-tip, to which Miss Lister has happily called attention,
+constitute the essential diagnostic features here.</p>
+
+<p>Our only specimens so far are from Oregon.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis pallida</span> <i>Wingate.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII.</a></span>, Fig. 3</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1897. <i>Stemonitis pallida</i> Wing., <i>N. A. F.</i>, Ell. and Ev., No. 3498.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis pallida</i> Wing., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 123.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis pallida</i> Wing., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 149.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, or somewhat clustered, erect, cylindric obtuse,
+short, blackish brown, rubescent, becoming pallid, stipitate;
+stipe short, black, polished, rising from a thin, brown, or iridescent
+hypothallus; columella percurrent, ceasing abruptly at the apex;
+capillitium filling the interior with abundant branches which form
+at the surface a close-meshed net, little developed above, making the
+apex very blunt; spores in mass, dark brown, by transmitted light
+dusky, nearly smooth, 7.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is well recognized at sight, among the fuscous forms,
+by its scattered, erect habit. In color it is not unlike <i>S. fusca</i>, but has
+an added reddish tinge. In form it is peculiar by virtue of the blunt
+rounded apex which seems to be a constant character. The spores
+under moderate lens are perfectly smooth, under the 1&ndash;12 they present
+very delicate low scattered papillæ.</p>
+
+<p>Rare; eastern part of United States.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis carolinensis</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII.</a></span>, Fig. 5.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1894. <i>Stemonitis tenerrima</i> Berk. &amp; C., Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 53.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis carolinensis</i> Macbr., <i>nom. nov.</i>, <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 152.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis pallida</i> Wing., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 149.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia tufted in scattered clusters, small, slender, cylindric but
+tapering from the apex, at first ferruginous then ashen or purplish,
+stipitate; the stipe short, black and shining, one-fourth the total
+height or less, even; hypothallus well developed, black or very dark
+brown; columella black, gradually diminishing, at length dissipated
+some distance below the clavate or acuminate apex of the sporangium;
+capillitium dense, the inner of many, scarcely expanded, pallid, freely
+anastomosing branches, the outer a net of very small meshes, often
+less than the spores, 3&ndash;15 µ, peridial processes imperceptible; spore-mass
+pale ferruginous, spores by transmitted light pale violaceous
+brown, smooth, 6&ndash;7 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Very closely related to the preceding, but recognizable by its proportionately
+much more slender, taller, acuminate sporangia, paler,
+and denser capillitium and the remarkably close-meshed net.</p>
+
+<p>Not uncommon south: Kentucky, Alabama.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">16. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis herbatica</span> Pk.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Figs. 14, 14 <i>a</i>, 14 <i>b</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1874. <i>Stemonitis herbatica</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXVI., p. 75.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Stemonitis axifera</i> (Bull.) Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 120, in part.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis herbatica</i> Pk., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 148.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia clustered, in scattered tufts, cylindric, obtuse, pallid ferruginous,
+stipitate or sometimes nearly sessile; stipe fuscous or jet-black,
+only slightly expanded below, much shorter than the columella;
+hypothallus scanty or none; columella lessening upward, sometimes
+attaining the apex of the sporangium, sometimes dissolved in capillitial
+threads some distance below; capillitium of rich brown threads forming
+the usual inner network of medium density, with many wide expanded
+nodes, the surface net made up of delicate, almost colorless
+threads surrounding small polygonal meshes; spore-mass ferruginous,
+spores by transmitted light very pale, brownish, minutely warted,
+7&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The plasmodium of this species is variously cited from white to
+yellow. Probably each report is true, dependent on the relative time
+of the observation.</p>
+
+<p>The low tufts of brown sporangia with short black stipes, borne
+often as Dr. Peck found them, assembled on living leaves, distinguish
+this little species. In the former edition this form was tentatively
+enrolled under <i>S. axifera</i> (Bull.); but see further under that species.</p>
+
+<p>Probably widely distributed, but confused with short forms of
+other species; sometimes also on rotten wood or other substratum; so
+reported.</p>
+
+<p>New York to Iowa; Washington and Oregon. Reported also
+from Europe.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>3. Comatricha</b> (<i>Preuss</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1851. <i>Comatricha Preuss</i>, <i>Linnaea</i>, XXIV., p. 140.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Comatricha</i> Rostafinski, <i>Versuch</i>, p. 7.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia cylindric or globose, stipitate; stipe prolonged upward
+to form a more or less extended and tapering columella bearing
+branches on every side, which by repeated divisions and reunions form
+the capillitium; ultimate branch-tips free, not supporting a surface<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>
+net parallel to the peridial wall; peridium evanescent, perhaps sometimes
+not developed at all.</p>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Comatricha</i> was set off from <i>Stemonitis</i> by the joint
+effort of Preuss (1851) and Rostafinski (1873&ndash;5). Preuss included
+in his genus, <i>Comatricha</i>, alien forms, and besides failed to give an
+accurate definition; included, however, in his list some species which
+have since been known by his generic name.</p>
+
+<p>The distinction between the two genera is almost an artificial one,
+and species are sometimes arbitrarily assigned to one genus or the
+other. The diagnosis in any case turns upon the presence or absence
+of a surface net, formed, in <i>Stemonitis</i>, by the anastomosing of the
+ultimate divisions of the capillitial branches. In <i>Comatricha</i> the
+anastomosing is general, from the columella out, and is not specialized
+at the surface.</p>
+
+<p>Recent attempts to reunite the genera here compared seem to result
+in no apparent advantage. The genera come very near together, but
+their separation along the line suggested by Rostafinski remains convenient.</p>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Comatricha</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Comatricha">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>A.</i> Sporangia closely clustered.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Obovate or short cylindric.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">1. Spores verruculose</td><td align="left">1. <i>C. caespitosa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Spores reticulate</td><td align="left">2. <i>C. cylindrica</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Elongate, reddish-brown, tufts extended</td><td align="left">3. <i>C. flaccida</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>B.</i> Sporangia scattered more or less widely.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Capillitium lax, open.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Sporangia long, 10&ndash;12 mm.</td><td align="left">4. <i>C. longa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Sporangia shorter, capillitium irregular</td><td align="left">5. <i>C. irregularis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Capillitium dense.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Sporangia large, to 10 mm., spore-mass black</td><td align="left">7. <i>C. suksdorfii</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Sporangia smaller&mdash;6 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Spore-mass brown, spherical, conoidal, etc., generally with more or less lengthened stipe</td><td align="left">8. <i>C. nigra</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Spore-mass violaceous or purplish</td><td align="left">9. <i>C. aequalis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">iii. Sporangia ovate or cylindric, minute, to 3.5 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Cylindric, spore with few, scattered warts</td><td align="left">10. <i>C. typhoides</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Smaller, capillitium irregular, loose</td><td align="left">6. <i>C. laxa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">OOO Total height to 2 mm. or much less.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">+ Columella digitately divided</td><td align="left">11. <i>C. elegans</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">++ Columella lamprodermoid, and on leaves</td><td align="left">12. <i>C. rubens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">+++ Columella stemonitoid</td><td align="left">13. <i>C. pulchella</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">++++ Columella furcate at tip</td><td align="left">14. <i>C. ellisii</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">+++++ Columella almost percurrent.</td><td align="left">15.&nbsp;<i>C.&nbsp;subcaespitosa</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Comatricha cæspitosa</span> <i>Sturgis.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXI">Plate XI.</a></span>, Figs. 12, 13, 14.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Comatricha caespitosa</i> Sturg., <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XVIII., p. 186.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Diachaea thomasii</i> Rex, var., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 92.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Comatricha caespitosa</i> Sturg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 124.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Diachaea caespitosa</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 121.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia densely crowded or cespitose, sub-sessile or short stipitate,
+clavate, 1&ndash;1.5 mm. high, the peridium gray, iridescent with blue
+tints, comparatively permanent but finally disappearing; columella
+attaining two-thirds to three-fourths the height of the sporangium,
+giving rise throughout its length to the dense blackish capillitium;
+hypothallus delicate, inconspicuous; capillitium, the main branches
+thick at the point of origin, frequently anastomosing, and becoming
+gradually thinner toward the surface of the sporangium, the tips
+pointed, free, forming the network; spores blackish-violet in mass, by
+transmitted light pale brownish-violet, rough, 9.5&ndash;13 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very distinct and curious species. The sporangia are densely
+crowded, though by the nature of habitat somewhat tufted. The
+shape of the individual sporangium is quite uniformly clavate or obovate,
+decidedly truncate above. The spores are uniformly verruculose
+and plainly unequal.</p>
+
+<p>This species, as indicated, was by its author described as a comatricha.
+To transfer it to another genus seems idle, especially when
+long established generic boundaries must be seriously disturbed expressly
+to admit the new arrival.</p>
+
+<p>New England, North Carolina, on moss and lichens.&mdash;<i>Dr.
+Sturgis.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Comatricha cylindrica</span> (<i>Bilgram</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1905. <i>Diachaea cylindrica</i> Bilgram, <i>Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.</i>, 524.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Diachaea cylindrica</i> Bilgram, List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 121.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia cylindrical with obtuse apex, sessile, gregarious, iridescent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>
+steel-gray or bronze, 1 to 1.7 mm. high, .5 to .65 mm. thick;
+hypothallus whitish, rugose; sporangium-wall membranous, hyaline,
+not adhering to the capillitium; columella arising from the hypothallus
+and extending nearly to the apex, brown, very light and semi-translucent
+near the base, irregular, flexuous, limeless throughout;
+capillitium brown, radiating from the columella to the periphery, repeatedly
+branching and anastomosing; spores warted, the warts connected
+by ridges forming a more or less perfect, coarse reticulation,
+violaceous, pale, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is a very interesting species closely related to the preceding
+from which it differs chiefly in the reticulation and generally more
+uniform character of the spores. The author hesitated about the
+generic reference, finally referring it to <i>Diachaea</i> despite the lack of
+calcium, because it was sessile and had a peridium rather more persistent
+than is usual in comatrichas. But the presence of lime in stipe
+and columella is an essential element in the diagnosis of <i>Diachaea</i>,
+while length of stem is everywhere variable in stipitate forms of every
+genus, and the persistence of the peridium is also an uncertain factor;
+hangs on long in <i>C. typhoides</i>, <i>e. g.</i></p>
+
+<p>On dead twigs, etc.&mdash;Philadelphia,&mdash;<i>Mr. Bilgram</i>; New Hampshire.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Comatricha flaccida</span> <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1894. <i>Comatricha flaccida</i> List., Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 51.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i>, var. <i>flaccida</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 112.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Comatricha flaccida</i> (List.) Morg., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 133.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Stemonitis splendens</i>, var. <i>flaccida</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 146.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia semi-erect, close crowded in tufts two inches in diameter,
+ferruginous, from a dark brown hypothallus, sessile or short
+stipitate; columella weak, crooked, percurrent, generally enlarged irregularly
+at the apex; capillitium of few, slender, brown branches
+which anastomose sparsely and irregularly as in <i>C. irregularis</i>, and
+present when freed from spores the same chenille-like appearance;
+spore-mass ferruginous brown; spores by transmitted light bright
+reddish brown, minutely warted, 8&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>"Growing on old wood and bark of Oak, Willow, etc. The component<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
+sporangia 5&ndash;10 mm. in length. The early appearance is
+much like that of a species of <i>Stemonitis</i>, but the mature stage is a
+great mass of spores with scanty capillitium, as in <i>Reticularia</i>; the
+columellas, however, are genuine and not adjacent portions of wall
+grown together."&mdash;<i>Professor Morgan.</i></p>
+
+<p>Professor Morgan's herbarium material is at hand for study. It
+meets his description, needless to say, very generally. In what remains
+of the type the membranous connections are obscure; in fact the
+relation of such peridial (?) fragments to the capillitium in any way,
+is no longer evident. But in any event the colony does not impress
+one as something prematurely or improperly developed, a stemonitis
+gone begging;&mdash;nothing of that kind; it is clearly a comatricha, easily
+identifiable with no trace of a surface net but, with long free tips
+in plenty.</p>
+
+<p>Misled no doubt, by the peridial fragments referred to, Mr. Lister
+in <i>Mycetozoa, l. c.</i>, associated this with <i>S. confluens</i> Cke. &amp; Ell., but
+entered it as a variety of <i>S. splendens</i> Rost., just the same. In the
+second edition of the <i>Monograph</i>, Ellis' species is set out, but Morgan's
+retains the old position.</p>
+
+<p>In light of present knowledge, the relationship suggested would be
+difficult of proof. If <i>C. flaccida</i> Morgan be related to the <i>splendens</i>
+group at all, it must be with the form known as <i>S. webberi</i> Rex.,
+but it differs from this in almost every particular. It has no net, with
+meshes uniform or diverse; it is clear brown in color, with a tinge
+of red, beneath the lens; the spores are smaller, distinctly warted and
+with the reddish tinge of the capillitium; and in short, it seems to
+be a comatricha and not a stemonitis.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from western Washington differ in some particulars
+but are apparently the same thing.</p>
+
+<p>Ohio, Kentucky, Washington, California; not common.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Comatricha longa</span> <i>Peck.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVI">Plate VI.</a></span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1890. <i>Comatricha longa</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XLIII., p. 24.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia crowded in depressed masses or tufts, black, long, cylindric,
+even, stipitate; stipe black, shining, generally very short; hypothallus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>
+well developed, black; columella black, slender, weak, generally
+dissipated some distance below the apex; capillitium of slender
+brown or dusky threads anastomosing to form an open network next
+the columella, but extended outwardly in form of long free slender
+branchlets, now and then dichotomously forked; spore-mass blue-black,
+spores by transmitted light dark brown, globose, spinulose,
+some of them faintly reticulate, about 9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very remarkable species. Rare in the west, more common, as it
+appears, in the eastern states. The sporangia occur in tufts about
+1 or 2 cm. wide, springing generally from crevices in the bark of
+decaying logs, especially willow and elm, in swampy places. The
+sporangia are remarkable for their great length. Generally about
+20&ndash;25 mm., specimens occasionally reach 50 mm.! The capillitial
+branches are so remote that the spores are scarcely retained by the
+capillitium at all. Well described and figured by the author of the
+species, <i>Forty-third Rep. N. Y. State Museum</i>, p. 24, Pl. 3.</p>
+
+<p>New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Comatricha irregularis</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1891. <i>Comatricha irregularis</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 393.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia crowded in flocculent tufts, very dark brown or black,
+semi-erect or drooping, 4&ndash;5 mm. in height, irregularly cylindric,
+variable, stipitate; stipe black, distinct, often one-half the total height;
+hypothallus well developed, brown, shining; columella central, slender,
+flexuous, reaching the apex, where it blends, by branching, with
+the capillitium; capillitium loose, open, composed of arcuate threads
+which radiate from the columella, and are joined together, forming a
+central, irregular reticulation of large meshes, brown, paler toward
+the surface, where the free ends are sometimes colorless; spore-mass
+black, spores by transmitted light brown, minutely warted, 7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Related, no doubt, to <i>C. longa</i>, but differing in habit, stature, as in
+texture and structure of the capillitium. In <i>C. longa</i> the inner net is
+extremely simple,&mdash;a row or two of meshes at most, and the radiating
+branches are long and straight; in the species before us the
+inner network is well developed, and the radiating branches proportionately
+shorter and abundantly branching, with pale or white free
+tips.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Generally, though not always, found growing in the crevices of the
+bark on fallen logs of various deciduous trees. September. Not
+common.</p>
+
+<p>This is thought to be <i>C. crypta</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2351; but the
+description under that number does not make clear what form
+Schweinitz had before him, the present species or <i>C. longa</i>, and the
+herbarium specimen of Schweinitz is "utterly lost"; the later specific
+name is accordingly adopted.</p>
+
+<p>New England west to the Cascade Mountains; south to Kansas
+and Texas.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Comatricha laxa</span> <i>Rostafinski.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V.</a></span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Comatricha laxa</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 201.</li>
+<li>1877. <i>Lamproderma ellisiana</i> Cooke, <i>Myx. U. S.</i>, p. 397.</li>
+<li>1891. <i>Comatricha ellisiana</i> (Cooke) Ell. &amp; Ev., <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2696.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, sub-globose or short cylindric, and
+obtuse, dusky stipitate; stipe short, black, tapering rapidly upward
+from an expanded base; hypothallus scant or none; columella erect,
+rigid, sometimes reaching nearly to the apex of the sporangium, sometimes
+dichotomously branched a little below the summit, before
+blending into the common capillitium; capillitium lax, of slender,
+horizontal branches, anastomosing at infrequent intervals and ending
+in short, free tips; spores pallid, nearly smooth, 7&ndash;9.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very minute, delicate little species, about 1œ mm. high; the
+stipe half the total height. In general appearance the shorter forms
+of the species resemble slightly <i>C. nigra</i>, but are distinguished by a
+much shorter stipe and much more open capillitium. The sporangia
+of <i>C. nigra</i> mounted on long capillary stipes always droops more or
+less; the sporangia of the present species stand rigidly erect. The
+sporangia vary in form and in the branching of the columella. In
+the more globose phases, the columella almost always shows a peculiar
+dichotomy near the apex; in the cylindric types, this peculiar division
+fails.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> In fact, the shape is determined chiefly by the mode of branching
+as affects the columella. Rostafinski's figure, on Tab. XIII, does<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>
+not present the type usually seen in this country, nor even in Europe
+if we may judge from later illustrations.</p>
+
+<p>The species with us has received various names, but so far as can
+be determined, all apply to the same thing, and comparison of specimens
+from Mr. Ellis with those from Europe show the correctness of
+the nomenclature here adopted.</p>
+
+<p>Rare, but widely distributed; across the continent.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Stemonitis suksdorfii</span> <i>Ell. &amp; Everh.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXI">Plate XI.</a></span>, Figs. 9, 10, 11.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1882. <i>Stemonitis suksdorfii</i> Ell. &amp; Everh., <i>Bull. Washb. Coll.</i>, Vol. I., p. 5.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Stemonitis suksdorfii</i> Ell. &amp; Everh., Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 76.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered in small tufts or gregarious, cylindric, obtuse
+at both ends, sometimes widened above, black, 2&ndash;6 mm., stipitate;
+stipe jet-black, shining, even, about one-half the total height; hypothallus
+not continuous, dark brown; columella black, rather slender,
+terminating in two or more large branches just below the apex; capillitium
+exceedingly dense, dark fuscous or black, the flexuous threads
+anastomosing in a close network, with abundant free pallid extremities;
+spores in mass, blue-black, by transmitted light fuscous or dark
+violaceous-brown, minutely warted, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Easily recognizable at sight by its sooty color. Entirely unlike any
+of the preceding. The type of the capillitium is that of <i>C. pulchella</i>,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">but it is very much more dense and entirely different in color. The</span><br />
+sporangia are often widened above, and fairly truncate; the total
+height about 6 mm. Found on the bark of fallen twigs of <i>Abies,
+Larix</i>, etc. Distributed by Ell. &amp; Everh. under this name as an
+<i>exsiccata</i>. The evanescent peridium is colorless; when free, white or
+silvery.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Comatricha nigra</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Schroeter.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXI">Plate XI.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 2, 3.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis nigra</i> Pers., Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, p. 1467.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Stemonitis ovata</i>, var. <i>nigra</i> Pers., <i>Syn.</i>, p. 189.</li>
+<li>1863. <i>Stemonitis friesiana</i> DeBy., <i>Rab. Eur. Fung.</i>, No. 568.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Comatricha friesiana</i> (DeBy.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 200.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></li>
+<li>1889. <i>Comatricha nigra</i> (Pers.) Schroeter, <i>Pilz. Krypt. Fl. v. Schles.</i>, I., p. 118.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Comatricha obtusata</i> Fr., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 117.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Comatricha nigra</i> (Pers.) Schroeter, Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 128.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, ferruginous or dark brown, globose or ovoid,
+stipitate; stipe long, hair-like, tapering upward, black; hypothallus
+none; columella rapidly diminished toward the top, at length dissipated;
+capillitium of slender flexuous threads, radiating horizontally,
+repeatedly branching and anastomosing to form an intricate dense
+network, from the surface of which project a few short hook-like
+peridial processes; spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light dark
+violaceous, smooth or nearly so, 7&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species, when typical, is easily recognized by its almost globose
+sporangia mounted on long slender stocks. These are 2 or 3 mm.
+high and generally persist, as Persoon noticed, a long time after the
+sporangium has fallen. The sporangia are at first black; after spore
+disposal pale ferruginous. In shape they vary from ovate to spherical.
+Sometimes they are umbilicate below, so that a vertical section would
+be obcordate. Care must be taken to distinguish the present species
+from blown-out forms of <i>Lamproderma</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This most common species seems to be also the center of widest
+differentiation. In a valuable paper on the Myxomycetes of Dr.
+C. H. Peck's Herbarium Dr. Sturgis points out the varying relationships
+of a group of surrounding forms. According to account <i>C.
+nigra</i> verges on one side to <i>C. laxa</i>, on the other to <i>aequalis</i> which
+the Listers enter as varietal here. However, in the former the more
+rigid, direct and simple branching from the columella is usually determinative;
+in the latter the color, form, and generally more delicate
+structure, and a tendency to grow in tufts will serve to distinguish.</p>
+
+<p>In this discussion we have assumed as typical the globose sporangium,
+with the variations in the direction of ovate, obovate, ellipsoidal,
+etc., the capillitium flexuous and more richly anastomosing
+near the columella. On the drier slopes in the mountains of Colorado
+specimens are especially abundant, in proper season covering
+apparently the lower surface of every barkless twig or fallen stem or
+<i>tree entire</i>! In such a field one might imagine every possible variation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+open to observation. Probably such is the case; but as a matter
+of fact a single small plasmodium at lower levels will sometimes show
+greater range of variation than were noted on the mountain-side.
+The cylindric forms were for some reason few, and when noted were
+short, though often surmounting stems of double the usual length.</p>
+
+<p>Rostafinski calls this <i>C. friesiana</i>, a name suggested by De Bary.
+By this name the species was commonly known for many years. More
+recently some writers prefer <i>C. obtusata</i> Preuss; but <i>C. obtusata</i>
+Preuss, as figured by that author (Sturm's <i>Deutsch. Fl.</i>, Pl. 70), is
+surely more likely <i>Enerthenema papillata</i>, and the author says in his
+description "capillitio vertice soli innato." Persoon certainly recognized
+the species, and his description, though brief, is yet applicable
+to no other European species. There seems no reason why the name
+he gave should not be permanently adopted. Rostafinski's figure,
+Tab. XIII., shows an ellipsoidal sporangium, not cylindric.</p>
+
+<p>On the lower levels of the Mississippi valley, the species is not
+common. Possibly overlooked by reason of its minuteness.</p>
+
+<p>Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Colorado, North Carolina,
+Missouri.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Comatricha æqualis</span> <i>Peck.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVI">Plate VI.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>, 3 <i>c</i>, 3 <i>d</i>; and <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Figs. 13, 13 <i>a</i>, 13 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1890. <i>Comatricha equalis</i> Peck., <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 42.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, seldom erect, usually inclined, curved or
+nodding, dark brown, becoming violet, cylindric, acuminate-obtuse,
+stipitate; stipe about half the total height, 2&ndash;2œ mm., black, polished,
+even; hypothallus well developed, brown, continuous; columella
+black, tapering gradually, and attaining almost the summit of
+the sporangium; capillitium dense, of flexuous tawny threads which,
+by repeated branching, form an intricate network, the free extremities
+numerous, short, and pale; spores dark violaceous, distinctly warted,
+7.5&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very graceful, elegant species, related to <i>C. pulchella</i> and <i>C.
+persoonii</i>, but distinct by its much greater size and smaller spores.
+The specimens before show us the perfection of beauty in this genus;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>
+the polished stipe, the symmetrical capillitium, the soft purple-brown
+tints, are remarkable, and enable one to recognize the form at sight.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens from Oregon are unusually fine; larger than usual,
+reach 7 mm. total height, and when blown out present the tints of
+violet in unusual clearness; var. <i>C. pacifica</i>. <a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII</a>., Figs. 13,
+13<i>a</i>, and 13<i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<p>New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois; Oregon, <i>Professor Peck.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Comatricha typhoides</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVI">Plate VI.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1772. <i>Mucor stemonitis</i> Scopoli, <i>Fl. Carn.</i>, II., pp. 493&ndash;494 (?).</li>
+<li>1774. <i>Mucor stemonitis</i> Schaeffer, <i>Icones. Tab.</i>, CCXCVII (?).</li>
+<li>1780. <i>Stemonitis typhina</i> Wiggers, <i>Prim. Fl. Hols.</i>, p. 116 (?).</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Trichia typhoides</i> Bulliard, <i>Champ. de la France</i>, p. 119, t. 477, II.</li>
+<li>1796. <i>Stemonitis typhina</i> Persoon, <i>Myc. Obs.</i>, I., p. 57, in part.</li>
+<li>1805. <i>Stemonitis typhoides</i> (Bull.) D. C., <i>Fl. Fr.</i>, p. 257.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Stemonitis typhoides</i> (Bull.) Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 158.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Comatricha typhoides</i> (Bull.) Rost., <i>Vers.</i>, p. 7.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Comatricha typhina</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 197.</li>
+<li>1895. <i>Comatricha stemonitis</i> (Scop.) Sheldon, <i>Minn. Bot. Stud.</i>, p. 473.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Comatricha stemonitis</i> (Scop.) Sheld., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 130.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Comatricha typhoides</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 157.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, cylindric, erect, sometimes arcuate,
+obtuse, 2&ndash;3 mm. high, at first silvery, then brown, as the peridium
+vanishes, stipitate; stipe black, about one-half the total height or less;
+hypothallus distinct, more or less continuous, reddish-brown; columella
+tapering upward, black, attaining more or less completely the
+apex of the sporangium; capillitium, arising as rather stout branches
+of the capillitium, soon taking the form of slender, flexuous, brownish
+threads, which by repeated anastomosing form at length a close network,
+almost as in <i>Stemonitis</i>, the free, ultimate branches very delicate
+and short; spore-mass dark brown; spores by transmitted light,
+pale, almost smooth, except for the presence of a few scattered but
+very prominent umbo-like warts, of which four or five may be seen
+at one time, 5&ndash;7.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is our most common North American species. It occurs
+everywhere on decaying wood, sometimes in remarkable quantity,
+thousands of sporangia at a time. The plasmodium, watery white in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
+color, infests preferably very rotten logs of <i>Quercus</i>, on which in
+June the sporangia rise as white or pallid columns. The peridium is
+exceedingly delicate, less seldom seen here than in some other species,
+but likely to be overlooked entirely. The spores when fresh have a
+distinct violet or bluish tinge; in old specimens they are almost colorless.
+In any case they are well marked by the large papillæ already
+referred to.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. typhina</i>, var. <i>heterospora</i> Rex, differs from the type in several
+particulars: the sporangia manifest a closer habit; the capillitium is
+made up of more slender threads and forms a yet denser network;
+the spores between the large papillæ are marked by a more or less
+perfectly formed reticulation.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
+
+<p>As to nomenclature, this is our old friend <i>C. typhina</i> (Pers.) Rost.
+It should be, more properly, called <i>C. typhina</i> Rost., for it is not
+Persoon's species exactly. But Scopoli, <i>l. c.</i>, by citing Hall, Gleditsch,
+and Micheli, so describes our form as to leave small doubt that he
+had before him our common species. Schaeffer's figures also come to
+the rescue, which, though by no means satisfactory, yet can probably
+refer to no other species. However, Bulliard gives the first good
+account and figure, and in concord with the decision of our English
+colleagues, the name afforded by the famous <i>Champignons</i> is here
+adopted.</p>
+
+<p>Widely distributed. Maine to California, and from British America
+to Nicaragua.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Comatricha elegans</span> (<i>Racib.</i>) <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI.</a></span>, Fig. 12.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1884. <i>Rostafinskia elegans</i> Racib., <i>Rozpr. Akad. Krak.</i>, XII., 77.</li>
+<li>1888. <i>Raciborskia elegans</i> Berl., <i>Sacc. Syl.</i>, VII., p. 400.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Raciborskia elegans</i> Berl., List., <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 133.</li>
+<li>1909. <i>Comatricha elegans</i> List., <i>Br. Mus. Guide to Mycet.</i>, p. 31.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia loosely gregarious, globose, purplish-brown, small, 1&ndash;1.5
+mm. in total height, stipitate; stipe black, subulate, to 1 mm,; columella<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>
+at first divided into a few main branches, from which by repeated
+subdivision the delicate, anastomosing, flexuose capillitial
+threads take origin; spores pale brownish-violaceous, spinulescent,
+8&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>South Carolina. Colorado:&mdash;<i>Dr. Sturgis.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Comatricha rubens</span> <i>Lister.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1894. <i>Comatricha rubens</i> List., <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 123.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, globoid or ellipsoidal, 1&ndash;1.5 mm., pink-brown,
+stipitate; peridium persistent below; stipe .5&ndash;1 mm., black,
+shining; columella to more than half the sporangium, giving off on
+all sides the brownish-violaceous, flexuose threads of the capillitium,
+somewhat thickened and broadly attached to the persisting peridial
+cup; spores lilac-brown, spinulescent, 7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Another border species, looking to the lamprodermas. Philadelphia,
+by courtesy <i>Mr. Bilgram</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Comatricha pulchella</span> (<i>Bab.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII.</a></span>, Fig. 4, and <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Figs. 16 and 16 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1837. <i>Stemonitis pulchella</i> Bab., <i>Trans. Lin. Soc.</i>, p. 32.</li>
+<li>1841. <i>Comatricha pulchella</i> Bab., Berk., <i>Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.</i>, I. vi., p. 431, Pl. XII., 11. <i>a.</i> <i>b.</i></li>
+<li>1848. <i>Stemonitis tenerrima</i> Curtis, <i>Am. Jour.</i>, VI., p. 352.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Stemonitis tenerrima</i> Berk. &amp; C., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 69.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Comatricha pulchella</i> (Bab.) Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 27.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Comatricha persoonii</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 201.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Comatricha persoonii</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 122.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Comatricha pulchella</i> (Bab.) Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 129.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Comatricha persoonii</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 132, <i>excl. syn.</i></li>
+<li>1911. <i>Comatricha pulchella</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 156.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Comatricha pulchella</i> var. <i>gracilis</i> Wing., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 156.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia very minute, 1 mm. high, scattered, ovate or ovate-cylindric
+acuminate, pale brown or ferruginous, stipitate; stipe short,
+black, nearly even; hypothallus none, or merely a circular base to
+the tiny stem; columella straight, gradually tapering, reaching almost
+if not quite to the apex of the sporangium; capillitium dense, a network
+of flexuous brown threads, rather broad within, ending in slender<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>
+tips without; spore-mass brown, spores by transmitted light pale
+"lilac brown," or pale ferruginous, minutely but uniformly warted,
+6&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Probably widely distributed but rarely collected. Pennsylvania,
+Iowa; <i>Okoboji</i>. Toronto,&mdash;<i>Miss Currie.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Comatricha ellisii</span> <i>Morg.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Figs. 15 and 15 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1894. <i>Comatricha ellisii</i> Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 49.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Comatricha laxa</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 127.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Comatricha nigra</i> Schroet., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 152.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia short, erect, oval or ovoid to oblong. Stipe and columella
+erect, brown and smooth, rising from a thin pallid hypothallus,
+tapering upward and vanishing into the capillitium toward the apex
+of the sporangium, the stipe usually longer than the columella.
+Capillitium of slender pale brown threads; these branch several times
+with lateral anastomosing branchlets, forming a rather open network
+of small meshes, ending with very short free extremities. Spores
+globose, even, pale ochraceous, 6&ndash;7 mic. in diameter.</p>
+
+<p>Growing on old pine wood. Sporangium .3&ndash;.6 mm. in height by
+.3&ndash;.5 mm. in width, the stipe usually a little longer than the sporangium.</p>
+
+<p>On the strength of the clear descriptions and beautiful drawings of
+Celakowsky, <i>Myxomyceten Böhmens</i>, p. 52; Taf. 2, Figs. 7 and 8,
+this elegant little species as described by my colleague Professor
+Morgan was, in the former edition, referred to <i>C. laxa</i> Rost. It was
+then reported from New Jersey only. Since then we have specimens
+from Ohio and from southern Missouri, all true to form, almost
+identical. It seems wise accordingly, while recognizing the relationship
+of the form to both <i>C. laxa</i>, and to <i>C. nigra</i> as well, to give it
+here an individual place again. It is very small; but once studied
+may thereafter be easily recognized by a hand-lens. The form is definite,
+clean-cut, and the spores are pronouncedly smaller than in
+either of the two related species.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Comatricha subcaespitosa</span> <i>Peck.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Figs. 17, 17 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1890. <i>Comatricha subcaespitosa</i> Peck, <i>N. Y. Mus. Rep.</i> 43, p. 25.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or sometimes in loose clusters, cylindric, obtuse,
+about 1.5&ndash;2 mm., dark brown, stipitate; stipe short, one-fifth total
+height; hypothallus minute; capillitium regular, the branching quite
+uniform parallel, flexuous, brown with a tinge of violet, not dense;
+columella well-defined, almost percurrent; spores brown in mass,
+under lens dusky, nearly smooth, 9&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The larger spores, regular, erect form, and clustered habit separate
+this form from others with which it will be naturally associated. See
+page 283 under <i>Addenda</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>4. Diachæa</b> <i>Fries</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1825. <i>Diachaea</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Orb. Veg.</i>, I., p. 143.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, globose or cylindric, the peridium thin, iridescent,
+stipitate; the stipe and columella surcharged with lime, white
+or yellowish, rigid, thick, tapering upward; capillitium of delicate
+threads free from lime, radiating from various points on the columella,
+branching and anastomosing as in <i>Comatricha</i> to form a more
+or less intricate network, the ultimate branchlets supporting the
+peridial wall.</p>
+
+<p>Rostafinski placed this genus near the <i>Didymieae</i> on account of the
+calcareous columella and the non-calcareous capillitium. On the
+other hand the structure of the capillitium and the iridescent simple
+peridium ally <i>Diachaea</i> to <i>Lamproderma</i> and the <i>Stemoniteae</i>; the
+only distinction being the calcareous stem. It is simply an intermediate
+genus to be placed here more conveniently than anywhere
+else in what is of necessity a linear arrangement.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Diachæa</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Diachæa">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>A.</i> Stipe and columella white.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>a.</i> Sporangium cylindric</td><td align="left">1.&nbsp;<i>D.&nbsp;leucopodia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Sporangium globose.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">i. Evidently stalked</td><td align="left">2. <i>D. splendens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Stalk very short, 5 mm., conic.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left">O Spores warted</td><td align="left">3. <i>D. bulbillosa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left">OO Spores faintly netted</td><td align="left">4. <i>D. subsessilis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>B.</i> Stipe yellowish or orange</td><td align="left">5. <i>D. thomasii</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Diachaea leucopodia</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Trichia leucopodia</i> Bull., <i>Champ. de la France</i>, Pl. 502, Fig. 2.</li>
+<li>1825. <i>Diachaea elegans</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Orb. Veg.</i>, I., p. 143.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Diachaea leucopoda</i> (Bull.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 190.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia rather closely gregarious, metallic blue or purple iridescent,
+cylindric or ellipsoidal, obtuse, sub-umbilicate below, stipitate;
+stipe short, much less than one-half the total height, snow-white,
+tapering upward; hypothallus white, venulose, occurring from stipe to
+stipe to form an open network over the substratum; columella thick,
+cylindric, tapering, blunt, terminating below the apex, white; capillitium
+springing from every part of the columella, of slender threads,
+brown, flexuous, branching and anastomosing to form an intricate
+net; spores in mass nearly black, by transmitted light dull violaceous,
+minutely roughened, 7&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very beautiful species; not uncommon in the eastern states; rare
+west of the Mississippi. Easily recognized, amid related forms, by
+its snow-white stem, a feature which did not escape the notice of
+Bulliard and suggested the accepted specific name. Fries adopted the
+specific name proposed by Trentepohl and wrote <i>D. elegans</i>, simply
+because to him the peridium was "admodum elegans."</p>
+
+<p>The peridium is exceedingly thin and early deciduous; the stipe
+long persistent. The plasmodium, dull white, was observed by Fries
+at the beginning of the century; "morphoseos clavem inter myxogastres
+hoc genus primum mihi subministravit."</p>
+
+<p>This species, as the diachæas generally, affects fallen sticks and
+leaves in orchards and forests and even spreads boldly over the foliage
+and stems of living plants.</p>
+
+<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia,
+South Carolina, Ohio, Iowa, California, Canada.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Diachaea splendens</span> <i>Peck.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>, 1 <i>c</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1877. <i>Diachaea splendens</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXX., p. 50.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, metallic blue with brilliant iridescence,
+globose, stipitate; stipe white, short, tapering upward; hypothallus
+white, venulose, a network supporting the snowy stipes; columella
+white, cylindric, passing the centre, obtuse; capillitium lax, of slender,
+anastomosing, brown, translucent threads; spores in mass black, by
+transmitted light dark-violaceous, very coarsely warted, 7&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is perhaps the most showy species of the list. The globose
+brilliantly iridescent sporangia are lifted above the substratum on
+snow-white columnar stalks; these are again joined one to another by
+the pure white vein-like cords of the reticulate hypothallus. The
+plasmodium may spread very widely over all sorts of objects that
+come in the way, dry forest leaves and sticks, or the fruit and foliage
+of living plants. Closely resembling the preceding, but differing in
+the globose sporangia, it may be instantly recognized under the lenses
+by its coarsely papillate spores.</p>
+
+<p>Not common. New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Iowa,
+Nebraska.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Diachaea subsessilis</span> <i>Pk.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1879. <i>Diachaea subsessilis</i> Pk., <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. History</i>, XXXI., p. 41.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Diachaea subsessilis</i> Pk., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 92.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious or closely crowded, small, about .5 mm., dull
+iridescent-blue, greenish-gray, etc., globose or depressed-globose, short-stalked
+or nearly sessile; stipe generally very short, reduced sometimes
+to a mere persistent cone, white; columella obsolescent or reduced to
+white conical intrusion of the stipe; capillitium radiating from the
+stipe, brown, consisting of branching, anastomosing threads, paler at
+the tips; hypothallus very scanty or none; spores minutely warted,
+the papillæ arranged in an irregular, loose net-work, violet-brown,
+paler under the lens, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is easily recognizable by its diminutive size and generally
+defective structure; i. e. it has the appearance of a degenerate or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>
+depauperate representative of some finer form. Besides the type, yet
+to be seen in Albany, Dr. Sturgis reports the species from Connecticut
+and from the Isle of Wight! A small gathering is before me from
+Colorado. Every sporangium is borne upon a calcareous pedicel, very
+short indeed, but real. The <i>var. globosa</i> referred to in the English
+text under <i>D. leucopodia</i> has not appeared so far as reported, on this
+side the sea, but even such variety could scarcely in the hands of a
+collector take the place of the form now under consideration.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of <i>D. subsessilis</i> from Europe correspond remarkably
+with those described by Drs. Peck and Sturgis. Mr. Lister would
+have our species a synonym for <i>Lamproderma fuckelianum cracovense</i>
+(Rost.) Cel.</p>
+
+<p>Rare; from Connecticut to Colorado.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Diachæa bulbillosa</span> (<i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i>) <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Didymium bulbillosum</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, XIV., p. 84.</li>
+<li>1898. <i>Diachaea bulbillosa</i> Lister, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, XXXVI., p. 165.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Diachaea bulbillosa</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 119.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, small, iridescent purple, stipitate;
+stipe conical, white, sometimes brown, half-a-mm., half the total
+height; columella clavate, white or brown; capillitium of purple-brown
+threads united to form a lax net; spores violet-grey, marked
+with scattered warts "6&ndash;8 in a row across the hemisphere", 7&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Java, <i>Berkeley &amp; Broome, op. c.</i> Toronto, Canada; cited here by
+courtesy of Miss Currie who gives the spores 7.8 µ.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Diachaea thomasii</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V.</a></span>, Fig. 6, 6 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1892. <i>Diachaea thomasii</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 329.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, more or less crowded, purple and bronze,
+iridescent, globose sessile or short stipitate; stipe, when present, very
+short, thick, tapering rapidly upward, orange; hypothallus orange,
+prominent venulose, continuous; columella ochre yellow, rough, cylindric,
+tapering upward to one-half the height of the sporangium, obtuse;
+capillitium lax, of slender brown rigid threads, radiating from
+the columella in every direction, anastomosing to form a loose, large-meshed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>
+network; spore-mass brown; spores by transmitted light violaceous,
+minutely, unevenly warted, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiar orange color of the calcareous deposits in stipe and
+columella easily distinguish this species. The capillitium is also distinctive,
+rigid, simple, and comparatively scant, lamprodermoid.
+Rex calls attention to the fact that under low magnification the
+spores appear spotted; but the spots are occasioned simply by the
+closer aggregation, at particular points, of the ordinary papillæ.</p>
+
+<p>A southern species. All the specimens so far reported are from the
+mountains of North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p>The specimens referred to under this name by Lister, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 92,
+as coming from "Kittery, U. S. A." (Kittery, Maine?), are, no
+doubt, according to Mr. Lister's figures, <i>Comatricha caespitosa</i>
+Sturgis. See under that species.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>C.</i> LAMPRODERMACEÆ</p>
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, generally gregarious, more or less spherical;
+capillitium developed chiefly or solely from the summit of the
+columella.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Lamprodermaceæ</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>A.</i> Columella percurrent; capillitium from a disk at the apex</td><td align="left">1. <span class="smcap">Enerthenema</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>B.</i> Columella scarce reaching the centre of the sporangium.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Capillitium not forming a net</td><td align="left">2. <span class="smcap">Clastoderma</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Capillitium forming an intricate net</td><td align="left">3. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>c.</i> Minute, capillitium rudimentary</td><td align="left">4. <span class="smcap">Echinostelium</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>1. Enerthenema</b> <i>Bowman</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1828. <i>Enerthenema</i> Bowman, <i>Trans. Linn. Soc.</i>, XVI., p. 152.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia stipitate, the stipe extended as a columella, which entirely
+traverses the sporangium and forms at the apex an expanded
+disk; from this depends the capillitium.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Enerthenema</b></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Enerthenema">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Spores free</td><td align="left">1. <i>E. papillatum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Spores in clusters</td><td align="left">2. <i>E. berkeleyanum</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Enerthenema papillatum</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V.</a></span>, Fig. 3.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1801. <i>Stemonitis papillata</i> Pers., <i>Syn.</i>, p. 188.</li>
+<li>1828. <i>Enerthenema elegans</i> Bowm., <i>Trans. Linn. Soc.</i>, XVI., p. 152.</li>
+<li>1862. <i>Comatricha obtusata</i> Preuss, Sturm, <i>Deutschl. Flora</i>, Pl. LXX.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Enerthenema papillatum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 28.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or crowded, stipitate, spheroidal, naked, black
+fuscous, above, shining, adorned with a minute, black papilla; stipe
+black, opaque, conical or attenuate upward, about equal to the peridium;
+columella at the apex expanded into a shining disk; capillitium
+springing from the lower side of the disk or from its edge, made up
+of scarcely forked threads which are free below; spores violaceous or
+fuscous black, minutely warted, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. Wisconsin, Ohio, South Carolina, Illinois, Pennsylvania,
+Iowa, Colorado.</p>
+
+<p>This is one of the few species so well marked that Persoon's description,
+<i>l. c.</i>, is definitive: "Stylidio toto penetrante. Capillitium
+exacte globosum, sub-compactum, in eius apice stylidium papillæ in
+modum prominet." For this reason Bowman's specific name <i>elegans</i>
+is discarded.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Enerthenema berkeleyanum</span> <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1876. <i>Enerthenema berkeleyanum</i> Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 29.</li>
+<li>1913. <i>Enerthenema syncarpon</i> Sturgis, <i>Myxo. Col.</i>, II., p. 448.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>This species corresponds to the preceding in all respects except in
+the fact that the spores are clustered in groups of four to twelve and
+are a little larger, 11&ndash;13 µ, strongly spinulose on the exposed surface.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Sturgis reports this from Colorado, <i>l. c.</i>, but discards Rostafinski's
+specific name on the ground that the type has disappeared;
+only the spores of some fungus hyphæ remain in the place and these
+may have been mistaken by Berkeley. This seems hardly possible
+since such supposition would not account for the generic reference
+either by Berkeley (and Broome) or by Rostafinski. The description
+in the <i>Monograph</i> is minute as that of one who had the form under
+his lenses. Rostafinski <i>saw</i> Berkeley's specimens.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For a similar case, see under <i>Prototrichia metallica, Mycetozoa
+2nd ed.</i>, p. 261.</p>
+
+<p>South Carolina, type; Colorado.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>2. Clastoderma</b> <i>Blytt</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1880. <i>Clastoderma</i> Blytt, <i>Bot. Zeit.</i>, XXXVIII., p. 343.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangium globose, distinct, stipitate; the columella short or obsolete;
+the capillitium of few sparsely branched threads, which bear at
+their tops the persistent fragments of the peridium, but are not otherwise
+united.</p>
+
+<p>Distinguished from <i>Lamproderma</i> by the peculiar manner in which
+the peridium is ruptured, and by the simplicity of the scanty capillitium.
+So far there appears to be but a single species.</p>
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Clastoderma debaryanum</span> <i>Blytt.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII</a>.</span>, Fig. 6, and <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>.</span>, Fig. 13.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1880. <i>Clastoderma debaryanum</i> Blytt, <i>Bot. Zeit.</i>, XXXVIII., p. 343.</li>
+<li>1886. <i>Orthotrichia microcephala</i> Wing., <i>Jour. Myc.</i>, II., p. 126.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, very minute, 1-12 to Πmm. in
+diameter, the peridium fugacious, except the minute patches that adhere
+to the capillitial branchlets, and the slight annulus at the base of
+the columella; stipe long, unequal, dark below, above paler; columella
+almost none, giving early rise to the comparatively few slender
+threads which by their repeated forking make up the capillitium;
+spores globose, even, violaceous, 8&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Reported in the United States so far from Maine, Pennsylvania,
+Ohio, and Illinois.</p>
+
+<p>The sporangia are very small, but beautiful, delicate little structures,
+found on the bark of living red oak in this country; in Norway
+it seems to have been seen first on a dead polyporus. Its minuteness
+doubtless causes it to be generally overlooked, <i>N. A. F.</i>, 2498.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>3. Lamproderma</b> <i>Rostafinski</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Lamproderma</i> Rostafinski, <i>Versuch</i>, p. 7.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia stipitate, globose, or ellipsoid; columella cylindric or
+inflated or clavate at the apex, scarcely attaining half the height of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>
+the peridium; peridium shining with metallic tints, deciduous, except
+where, at the base of the columella, it forms a ring around the stipe;
+capillitium rising in tufts or by simple branches from the columella,
+the threads regularly forked, generally united into a net.</p>
+
+<p>The lamprodermas are distinguished from the comatrichas, to
+which they are most nearly allied, by the arrangement of the capillitium,
+its development from the apex only of the columella, the
+continuation of the stipe within the peridium. In other words, the
+peridium leaves the stipe some distance below the point where the
+lowest capillitial branches take origin. In mature specimens the
+peridium has often entirely disappeared, its only trace, a collar, more
+or less distinct, around the stipe, marking the beginning of the columella.
+Nevertheless the peridium is far more persistent than in any
+comatricha, and shows in yet greater brilliancy the wondrous metallic
+tints and iridescence of <i>Comatricha</i> and <i>Diachaea</i>. Older authors,
+so far as can be seen, distributed the species between <i>Physarum</i> and
+<i>Stemonitis</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Lamproderma</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Lamproderma">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>A.</i> Peridium metallic blue.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>a.</i> Stipe short, stout.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">1. Capillitium tips colorless</td><td align="left">5. <i>L. violaceum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>b.</i> Stipe long, slender.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">1. Capillitium of dark, tapering, oft-united threads</td><td align="left">3. <i>L. columbinum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">2. Capillitial threads rigid, dark brown, seldom united</td><td align="left">4. <i>L. scintillans</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>B.</i> Peridium not blue, silvery.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>a.</i> Stipe long, slender.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">1. Capillitium very intricate, forming a compact net</td><td align="left">6.&nbsp;<i>L.&nbsp;arcyrionema</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">2. Capillitium of rigid dark brown threads</td><td align="left">1. <i>L. physaroides</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>b.</i> Stipe short, heads large, 1 mm. or more</td><td align="left">2. <i>L. robustum</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma physaroides</span> (<i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1805. <i>Physarum physaroides</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <i>Consp. Fung.</i>, p, 103.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Lamproderma physaroides</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 202.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, wide-spreading, globose, the peridium persistent
+with a silver metallic, sometimes brassy, lustre; stipe long,
+brown or black, tapering upward; hypothallus well developed, brown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>
+or purple, usually not continuous; columella swollen, obtuse, short at
+best, hardly attaining the centre of the sporangium; capillitium very
+rigid, of simple or sparingly branched, dark-brown threads radiating
+from the clavate apex of the columella and only here and there
+anastomosing toward the surface, the ultimate divisions distinctly
+rough; spores lilac brown, rough, 10&ndash;12.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is well described and illustrated in Rostafinski's <i>Monograph</i>.
+It is well marked by its clavate columella and peculiarly
+simple, dark rigid capillitium, the branches of which rise in great
+numbers immediately from the columella, and maintain their primitive
+thickness during the greater part of their length. The transverse
+vincula are often at right angles to the principal branches, and the
+meshes, where formed, are often long and rectangular. Externally,
+it resembles <i>L. arcyrionema</i>, but is by its spores and capillitium instantly
+distinguished. Rostafinski gives the spores 12.5&ndash;14.2 µ.
+Large spores are less common in the specimens before us. Lister
+figures a sessile variety.</p>
+
+<p>In our first edition this species was entered from lists published for
+New England, New York, and Ohio. The intervening years, however,
+have brought no confirmation. Specimens from Maine and
+Ohio, with large spores, represent <i>L. columbinum</i>, and those cited
+for New York are forms of <i>L. violaceum</i>. It is accordingly doubtful
+that <i>L. physaroides</i> (A. &amp; S.) Rost. occurs in North America. That
+it is to be found in Europe there seems no doubt. The figure and
+description by Schweinitz, <i>l. c.</i>, may indeed be inconclusive, but
+Rostafinski's citation and abundant description leave no doubt as to
+his opinion; while numerous localities named would indicate adequate
+material. What Rostafinski described will no doubt obtain wider
+recognition some day.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma robustum</span> <i>Ell. &amp; Evh.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1892. <i>Lamproderma robustum</i> Ell. &amp; Evh., Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 99.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Lamproderma violaceum</i> var. <i>sauteri</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 129.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Lamproderma sauteri</i> Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 140.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, dull black, the peridium when present
+silvery, shining, or simply smooth, transparent and without iridescence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>
+stipitate; stipe short, black, tapering rapidly upward, annulate
+with the persisting base of the peridium; columella short, thick, truncate,
+and widened at the top; hypothallus well developed, brown or
+purple; capillitium dense, made up of dark brown branches, numerous
+and rather slender, repeatedly branched and anastomosing toward the
+surface to form a slight delicate network with abundant free ends;
+spores dark purple brown, rough, 14&ndash;16 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species in outward appearance resembles <i>L. physaroides</i>, from
+which it is easily distinguished by the much greater diameter of the
+globose sporangium, 1 mm. or more. The persistent base of the
+peridium is also characteristic, very prominent sometimes, and visible
+to the naked eye. The capillitium is also unlike that of <i>L. physaroides</i>;
+resembles more nearly that of <i>L. violaceum</i>. From the latter
+species <i>L. robustum</i> is distinguished by the color of the peridium, and
+by the larger, darker spores and generally different capillitium. In
+our former edition this is called <i>L. sauteri</i> Rost. That much-quoted
+author distinguished <i>L. violaceum</i> and <i>L. sauteri</i>; the English authors
+make the last named a variety only of the former. This our American
+species is <i>not</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is, as presented in our western mountains, clear-cut, well defined,
+not a variety of anything. The original name is therefore restored.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lamproderma arcyrioides</i> (Somm.) Morgan is probably a form of
+<i>L. columbinum</i>. The original <i>L. arcyrioides</i> has not yet been certainly
+identified in North America; see following species.</p>
+
+<p>Colorado, Oregon, Washington, California.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma columbinum</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1796. <i>Physarum columbinum</i> Pers., <i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 5.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Lamproderma columbinum</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 203.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious; rich violet or purple with metallic
+iridescence, globose, stipitate; the stipe long, three-fourths the total
+height, slender, subulate, black; hypothallus scant, purplish or brown;
+columella small, one-third the height or less, tapering or acute, black;
+the capillitium brown throughout, not dense, arising from nearly all
+parts of the columella, freely branching and anastomosing to an open,
+large-meshed network; spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light
+dark brown, rough, 10&ndash;12 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Rostafinski distinguished this beautiful species by the color of the
+peridium and the conic columella. According to Mr. Lister, Rostafinski
+was not specially careful in labelling his material, different
+forms having been included under this specific name. Nevertheless,
+the description is well drawn, and excludes <i>L. physaroides</i> completely.
+At all events our American specimens correspond so well with the
+description of <i>L. columbinum</i> (Pers.) Rost. that there seems no
+doubt that we have here what the Polish author figured and described,
+whether or not he was always consistent in applying his
+labels. The color distinguishes at sight the present species from <i>L.
+physaroides</i>, and the capillitium and large rough brown spores distinguish
+it from <i>L. violaceum</i>. The capillitium of the minute <i>L.
+scintillans</i> is much denser and more rigid, and the spores smaller.
+The stipe when dry is ciliate.</p>
+
+<p>This is the common species of our western mountains, especially on
+the Pacific slope. In the Cascades every dark ravine is certain to
+show it in later summer and autumn, far extended colonies covering
+the moist surfaces of every mouldering log; the myriad globoid
+sporangia giving back when brought to the sunlight the most extravagant
+blues and greens with all the splendor of metallic sheen, their
+brilliant beauty never fails to quicken the attention of even the most
+insensate tourist.</p>
+
+<p>Abundant in the western forests, in the east extremely rare; Maine,
+Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Washington, Oregon; Vancouver,
+Canada.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma scintillans</span> (<i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i>) <i>Morg.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1877. <i>Stemonitis scintillans</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, XV., p. 2.</li>
+<li>1877. <i>Lamproderma arcyrioides</i>, var. <i>iridea</i> Cke., <i>Myx. G. B.</i>, p. 50.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Lamproderma irideum</i> (Cke.) Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 95.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Lamproderma scintillans</i> (Berk. &amp; Br.) Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 47.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, globose or depressed-globose, rich
+metallic blue or purple, iridescent, stipitate; the stipe long, slender,
+even, inclined and nodding or sometimes erect; hypothallus small,
+circular; columella cylindric, small, not reaching the centre, black;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>
+capillitium dense, of rigid, straight, sparingly branched or anastomosing,
+brown threads, which are sometimes white or colorless just
+as they leave the columella; spores globose, rough, violaceous brown,
+8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is <i>L. irideum</i> of Cooke and of Massee's <i>Monograph</i>. Its
+capillitium is remarkable, and constitutes an easy diagnostic mark.
+The threads appear at first sight entirely simple, but are really several
+times furcate, and not infrequently anastomose. The spores are
+covered with sparsely sown large papillæ, easily seen under moderate
+magnification.</p>
+
+<p>This is one of our earliest species. To be sought in May on beds
+of decaying oak leaves in the woods, especially in wet places, near
+streams, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma violaceum</span> (<i>Fries</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1829. <i>Stemonitis violacea</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 162.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Lamproderma violaceum</i> (Fries) <i>Rost., Mon.</i>, p. 204.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia closely gregarious or scattered, depressed-globose, more
+or less umbilicate below, metallic blue or purple, sessile or short stipitate;
+stipe stout, dark brown or black, even; hypothallus, when the
+sporangia are crowded, a thin, continuous, purplish membrane; when
+the sporangia are scattered, the hypothallus discoidal; columella
+cylindric or tapering slightly upward, the apex obtuse, black, attaining
+the centre of the sporangium; capillitium lax and flaccid, made
+up of flexuous threads branching and anastomosing to form a network,
+open in the interior, more dense without, the threads at first
+pale brown as they leave the columella, becoming paler outward to
+the colorless tips; spores minutely warted, violaceous gray, 9&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is our most common species; found on decaying sticks and logs
+late in the fall. Its pale capillitium will usually distinguish it, especially
+where the sporangia are empty; then the pallid free extremities
+of the capillitial branches give to the little spheres under the lens a
+white or hoary appearance not seen in any other species.</p>
+
+<p>The plasmodium is at first almost transparent, then amber tinted,
+sending up tiny semi-transparent spheres on shining brownish stalks.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>
+As the changes approach maturity, the sporangia become jet-black,
+and only at last when the spores are ready for dispersal does the
+peridium assume its rich metallic purple tints. Colonies a meter in
+length, two or three decimeters in width, are sometimes seen!</p>
+
+<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
+Iowa, South Dakota; Toronto. Common.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Lamproderma arcyrionema</span> <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plV">Plate V</a>.</span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Lamproderma arcyrionema</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 208.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, globose, silvery gray or bronze,
+iridescent, erect, stipitate; stipe black, long, two-thirds to three-fourths
+the total height, slender, rigid; columella slender, cylindric,
+attaining about one-third the height of the sporangium when it
+breaks into the primary branches of the capillitium; capillitium exceedingly
+intricate, made up of slender, flexuous brown threads which
+frequently branch and anastomose to form an elegant round-meshed
+network resembling that of <i>Arcyria</i>, free ultimate branchlets not
+numerous; spores in mass jet-black, by transmitted light violaceous,
+smooth, or only faintly warted, 6&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>In outward appearance this species resembles <i>L. physaroides</i>, but is
+easily recognizable by its very peculiar capillitium. This, in its primary
+branching, resembles a comatricha. In typical forms, the columella
+branches at the apex only, generally into two strong divisions
+which then break up irregularly and anastomose in every direction.
+This seems to have been the form present to Rostafinski when he
+wrote "columella truncate." In Central American and some North
+American specimens, the branching is very different; the twigs leave
+the columella at various points almost down to the annulus, and the
+entire effect is dendroid. The columella is lost almost at once. A
+small form of this species was formerly distributed in the United
+States as <i>Comatricha friesiana</i> DeBy. This circumstance led the
+present author to describe Central American forms as <i>C. shimekiana</i>.
+Judging from a remark by Massee (<i>Mon.</i>, p. 97), a similar confusion
+seems to have prevailed in Europe. As a matter of fact, the resemblance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>
+between <i>C. friesiana</i>, i. e. <i>C. nigra</i>, and the present species is
+sufficiently remote.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lamproderma minutum</i> Rostafinski seems to be a small form of
+this species. Rostafinski bases his diagnosis upon the branching of the
+columella, which is, as we have seen, inconstant, and upon the colorless
+capillitium. This feature in specimens examined is also inconstant.</p>
+
+<p>Occurring in large colonies on barkless decaying logs of various
+species; the plasmodium almost colorless.</p>
+
+<p>New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Mexico,
+Nicaragua; Vancouver's Island; Ontario, Toronto,&mdash;<i>Miss Currie.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>4. Echinostelium</b> <i>DeBary</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Echinostelium</i> DeBary, Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 7.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, globose, minute, the structure limited to a few
+imperfect rib-like, loosely joined branches developed from the short
+columella or stem-top, sustaining the spores.</p>
+
+<p>A single species:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Echinostelium minutum</span> <i>DeBy</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Echinostelium minutum</i> DeBy., Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 7.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX.</a></span>, Figs. 11 and 11 <i>a</i></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, scattered, globose, very minute, 40&ndash;50 µ, stipitate;
+the stipe, hair-like subulate, granular but hyaline; columella
+minute or none; capillitium consisting of a few arcuate spinose
+threads loosely united supporting the uncovered spores, spores globose,
+colorless, smooth, 7&ndash;8 µ.&mdash;<i>Rostafinski.</i></p>
+
+<p>This very singular and diminutive form, the least of all slime-moulds,
+is probably widely distributed but the accident of discovery
+is rare. DeBary found it once only, at Frankfurt am Main.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Lister reports its occurrence in England and Austria. In the
+United States it has been seen but once on certain laboratory material
+from Massachusetts, studied by Dr. Thaxter.</p>
+
+<p>Our drawing is after Rostafinski, IV., 68; Miss Lister follows No.
+54, and so finds a bit of peridium below the two spores shown in the
+figure, one on each side of a microscopic <i>columella</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This is almost the only taxonomic suggestion;&mdash;a mere suggestion;
+this microscopic bit of anxious life is but a shadow,&mdash;a shade,
+a shadow of a lamproderma!</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Order III</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">CRIBRARIALES</p>
+
+<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous or æthalioid, or consisting of distinct
+sporangia; peridia membranaceous at maturity, more or less
+evanescent, opening irregularly or by means of a delicate network,
+which involves at least the upper part of the sporangium; capillitium
+usually none; spores of some shade of brown, umbrine, rarely
+purplish.</p>
+
+<p>This order is distinguished&mdash;except in a single case&mdash;by the
+entire absence of true capillitium, the pallid or brown spores, the
+gradual evolution of distinct sporangia in which provision for spore-dispersal
+is made by peridial modification especially at the sporangium-top.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Families of the Cribrariales</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Families of the Cribrariales">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Fructification plasmodiocarpous scattered as if made up of the segments of the plasmodial net</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Liceacæ</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Fructification of distinct and separate sporangia, long stipitate, opening by a delicate operculum at the top</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Orcadellaceæ</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Fructification æthalioid, the sporangia generally more or less tubular, often prismatic by mutual pressure; opening by rupture of the apex, the lateral walls entire</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap"> Tubiferaceæ</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>D.</i> Fructification æthalioid, the sporangia ill defined, their walls more or less perforate, frayed, or dissipated, forming a pseudo-capillitium,</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Reticulariaceæ</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>E.</i> Fructification of distinct and separate sporangia, the walls more or less reticulately perforate especially above</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cribrariaceæ</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>A.</i> LICEACEÆ</p>
+
+<p>A single genus,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>1. Licea</b> (<i>Schrader</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Licea</i> Schrader, <i>Nov. Gen. Plant.</i>, p. 16, in part.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Licea</i> (Schrader) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 218.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, looped, irregular, or distinct, sessile,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>
+and regularly rounded or elliptical; the peridium simple, rather firm,
+ruptured irregularly or by simple fissure; hypothallus none.</p>
+
+<p>This genus is distinguished from other similar plasmodiocarpous
+forms by the extreme simplicity of its structure. There is absolutely
+no capillitium nor anything like it, simply a mass of spores surrounded
+by thin membranous walls. The spores range from pale olive, colorless
+under the lens, through various shades of brown to dusky almost
+black in <i>L. pusilla</i>. Schrader included the <i>Tubifera</i> species.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Licea</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Licea">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Plainly plasmodiocarpous</td><td align="left">1.&nbsp;<i>L.&nbsp;variabilis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>B.</i> Opening by regular segments.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">1. Segments two only</td><td align="left"><ins title="3. in original.">2.</ins> <i>L. biforis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Segments several.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">i. Spores brown</td><td align="left"><ins title="4. in original.">3.</ins> <i>L. minima</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">ii. Spores dusky olive</td><td align="left"><ins title="5. in original.">4.</ins> <i>L. pusilla</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Licea variabilis</span> <i>Schrader.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>.</span>, Figs. 7 and 8.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Licea variabilis</i> Schrader, <i>Nov. Gen.</i>, p. 18, Pl. VI., Figs. 5 and 6.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Licea variabilis</i> Schr., Pers., <i>Syn. Meth.</i>, p. 197.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Licea flexuosa</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Meth.</i>, p. 197.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Licea flexuosa</i> Pers., List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 189.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous, elongate, hamate, annulate or irregularly
+repent, very dark brown, rough, the peridium of two layers,
+the outer closely adhering, dark brown, thick, opaque, the inner delicate,
+membranous, very thin, transparent, iridescent, rugulose, rupturing
+irregularly; hypothallus none; spores in mass pale yellow with
+a greenish tinge, by transmitted light nearly colorless, large, globose,
+minutely spinulose, 12.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is the largest species of the genus as represented in this country,
+the plasmodiocarps of various lengths and from .5&ndash;.7 µ wide.
+Somewhat resembling some species of <i>Ophiotheca</i>, but of much darker
+color. The outer peridium is deciduous, and the inner slowly ruptures,
+by irregular fissures discharging the spores. The plasmodium,
+according to Schrader, is white. Rare. Probably overlooked.</p>
+
+<p>Any good reason for changing the name given to this form so well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>
+illustrated and described by Schrader does not appear. Persoon
+quotes his predecessor's species and adds <i>L. flexuosa</i> on his own account;
+strangely enough, since Schrader expressly describes <i>L. variabilis</i>,
+"in uno eodemque enim loco peridium hemisphericum, ovatum,
+oblongum <i>flexuosum</i> vel aliter formatum diversi est diametri."</p>
+
+<p>New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.</p>
+
+<p><i>Licea flexuosa</i> Pers. is by Schweinitz reported from Pennsylvania.
+It is described as having brown spores, 10&ndash;15 µ, spinulose.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Licea biforis</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>.</span>, Fig. 10.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Licea biforis</i> Morgan, <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 5.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia regular, compressed, sessile on a narrow base, gregarious;
+the wall firm, thin, smooth, yellow brown in color and nearly
+opaque, with minute, scattered granules on the inner surface, at
+maturity opening into two equal parts, which remain persistent by
+the base; spores yellow-brown in mass, globose or oval, even, 9&ndash;12 u.</p>
+
+<p>Minute but perfectly regular, almost uniform, corneous-looking
+sporangia are thickly strewn over the inner surface of decaying bark.
+Each, at first elongate, pointed at each end, opens at length by fissure
+along the upper side setting free the minute yellowish spores. Unlike
+anything else; reminding one, at first sight, of some species of
+<i>Glonium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Inside bark of <i>Liriodendron</i>. Ohio, Canada.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Licea minima</span> <i>Fries</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1829. <i>Licea minima</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 199.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, umber-brown, spherical or hemispherical,
+sessile; the peridium opaque, brown, opening along prefigured lines,
+forming segments with dotted margins, ultimately widely reflexed;
+spores in mass dark brown, by transmitted light paler with olive tints,
+minutely roughened, 10&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The very minute sporangia, 3 mm., of this species cause it to be
+overlooked generally by collectors. Nevertheless, it may be found on
+decaying soft woods, in August, probably around the world. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>
+number of sporangia produced by one plasmodium is in Iowa also
+small. The larger specimens might be mistaken for species of <i>Perichaena</i>,
+but are easily distinguished by the regular and lobate dehiscence.
+The plasmodium is yellow.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. George Rex, in almost the last paper from his hand, gives an
+interesting account of this diminutive species. Among various gatherings
+studied he found a black variety, a melanistic phase, so
+to say, and was able to follow the evolution of the sporangia from the
+yellow plasmodium. The sutures by which the peridium opens, first
+show signs of differentiation by change of color from yellow through
+garnet to black. Later the entire wall undergoes similar color changes,
+beginning next the completed sutural delimitations. Of the open
+peridia, the reflexed segments remind one of certain didermas, as
+<i>D. radiatum</i>. See <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, Vol. XIX., p. 399.</p>
+
+<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Licea pusilla</span> <i>Schrader.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Licea pusilla</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 19, tab. VI., f. 4.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Physarum licea</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 143.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Protoderma pusilla</i> (Schrader) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p 90.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, depressed-globose, sessile on a flattened
+base, dark brown, shining, .5&ndash;1 mm.; peridium thin, dark
+colored, translucent, dehiscent above by regular segments; spore-mass
+almost black, spores by transmitted light olivaceous brown, smooth, or
+nearly so, 15&ndash;17 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Fries, <i>l. c.</i>, makes this a physarum, and argues the case at length,
+evidently with such efficiency that he greatly impressed Rostafinski,
+who did not make it a physarum indeed, but actually gave it generic
+place and station of its own; a physarum may do without calcium in
+the capillitium perhaps, but not be entirely non-calcareous; so he
+writes <i>Protoderma</i> (first cover) and places the species number 1 on
+the long list of endosporous forms. Even in his '<i>Dodatek</i>', or supplement,
+as we should say, he refers to the thing again, but only to
+correct the inflexional ending of the specific name; he writes <i>Protoderma
+pusillum</i> (Schrader) Rost!</p>
+
+<p>Schweinitz reports the species for America and Morgan cites<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>
+Schweinitz and reports it for Ohio, but we find it in no American
+collections.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>B.</i> ORCADELLACEÆ;</p>
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, minute, long stipitate, opening above by a distinct
+lid.</p>
+
+<p>A single genus,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Orcadella</b> <i>Wingate</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1889. <i>Orcadella</i> Wingate, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 280.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia furnished with rigid, unpolished stipes, blending above
+with the substance of the thick unpolished walls; the operculum thin,
+delicate, membranaceous.</p>
+
+<p>A single species,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Orcadella operculata</span> <i>Wingate.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Fig. 11.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1889. <i>Orcadella operculata</i> Wingate, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 280.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, ellipsoidal, ovoid, obconical or
+nearly globose, dull brown or blackish, the wall simple, thick, coarse,
+at the top replaced by a delicate, thin, yellowish, iridescent, lustrous
+or vernicose membrane which forms a circular, smooth, or wrinkled
+lid, soon deciduous; stipe of varying height, rough from deposit of
+plasmodic refuse; spores, in mass yellowish, globose, smooth, 8&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This curious little species, well described by its discoverer, appears
+to be very rare. At least it is seldom collected; overlooked by reason
+of its minuteness. It is a stipitate licea, or a lid-covered cribraria;
+perhaps nearer the former. It affects the bark of species of <i>Quercus</i>,
+and seems to be associated there with <i>Clastoderma debaryanum.
+N. A. F.</i>, 2497.</p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania, Maine.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>C.</i> TUBIFERACEÆ</p>
+
+<p>Fructification æthalioid or of distinct sporangia; sporangia well defined,
+tubular, often prismatic by mutual pressure, seated on a common,
+well-marked hypothallus, at length dehiscent by the irregular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>
+rupture of the peridium, in typical cases at the apex, its walls remaining
+then otherwise entire; capillitial threads in No. 3, only.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Tubiferaceæ</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Tubiferaceæ">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Spores olivaceous; sporangia in one or several series,</td><td align="left">1.&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Lindbladia</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Spores umber; sporangia in a single series</td><td align="left">2. <span class="smcap">Tubifera</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Sporangia stipitate; capillitium of tubular threads</td><td align="left">3. <span class="smcap">Alwisia</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>1. Lindbladia</b> <i>Fries</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1849. <i>Lindbladia</i> Fries, <i>Sum. Veg. Scand.</i>, p. 449.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Fructification æthalioid; the sporangia short, tubular, sometimes
+superimposed, sometimes forming a simple stratum, in the latter case
+generally sessile, but sometimes short-stipitate, the peridium at first
+entire, at length opening irregularly either at the sides or apex, beset
+with granules; spores olivaceous.</p>
+
+<p>This genus was established by Fries in 1849 to accommodate a
+single species of wide distribution and somewhat varying habit, which
+is neither a tubifera nor yet a cribraria and offers points of resemblance
+to each. It is distinct in that the sporangia, while often in
+single series, are yet often superimposed. It resembles <i>Tubifera</i> in
+its simple sporangia, opening without the aid of a net; it is like
+<i>Cribraria</i> in the smooth ochraceous-olivaceous spores and granuliferous
+peridium.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Lindbladia effusa</span> (<i>Ehr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 2.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1818. <i>Licea effusa</i> Ehr., <i>Sylv. Myc. Ber.</i>, p. 26.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Lindbladia effusa</i> (Ehr.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 223.</li>
+<li>1879. <i>Perichaena caespitosa</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 57.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia minute, either closely combined and superimposed, so as
+to form a pulvinate æthalium, or crowded together in a single layer,
+sessile, or short-stipitate; the peridia thin, membranous, marked by
+scattered plasmodic granules, often lustrous, sometimes dull lead-colored
+or blackish, especially above; stipe, when present, very short
+but distinct, brown, rugulose; hypothallus well developed, membranous,
+or more or less spongiose in structure; spore-mass ochraceous,
+under the lens, nearly smooth, almost colorless, 6&ndash;7.5 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This very variable species has been well studied by Dr. Rex. See
+<i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XVII., p. 201. In its simpler phases it presents but a
+single layer of sporangia generally closely crowded together, sometimes
+free and even short stipitate! In the more complex phase the
+sporangia are heaped together in a pulvinate mass in which the
+peridia appear as boundaries of minute cells. In this case the outermost
+sporangia are often consolidated to form a cortex more or less
+dense and shining. In any case the hypothallus is a prominent feature;
+generally laminated and of two or three layers, it is in the more
+hemispheric æthalia very much more complex, sponge-like. When
+thin this structure is remarkable for its wide extent, 40&ndash;50 cm.! The
+simpler forms approach very near to <i>Cribraria</i> through <i>C. argillacea</i>.
+The most complex remind us of <i>Enteridium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This is <i>Perichaena caespitosa</i> Peck. In this country it has, however,
+been generally distributed as <i>L. effusa</i> Ehr. This author throws
+some doubt on the species he describes by suggesting that the plasmodium
+may be <i>red</i>. The description, however, and figures are otherwise
+good and are established by the usage of Rostafinski. The
+plasmodium has much the same color as the mature fruit.</p>
+
+<p>Widely distributed. New England to the Black Hills and Colorado,
+south to Arkansas. California, about Monterey.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>2. Tubifera</b> <i>Gmelin</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Tubifera</i> Gmelin, <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., p. 1472.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia tubular, by mutual pressure more or less prismatic, connate,
+pale ferruginous-brown, iridescent, the walls thin, slightly granular,
+long-persistent; dehiscence apical; hypothallus thick, spongiose,
+white or whitish; spore-mass ferruginous.</p>
+
+<p>This genus is easily recognized by the tubular sporangia, destitute
+of capillitial threads, seated upon a strongly developed hypothallus.
+The synonymy of the case is somewhat difficult. It is possible that
+Mueller's <i>Tubulifera ceratum, Fl. Dan.</i>, Ellevte Haefte, 1775, p. 8,
+may belong here, but neither the text nor the figures make it certain.
+Neither he nor &OElig;der, who gives us <i>T. cremor</i> in the same work, had
+any accurate idea of the objects described. Gmelin's description of
+<i>Tubifera</i>, II., 2, 1472, is, however, ample, and his citations of Bulliard's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
+plates leave no doubt as to the forms he included. Gmelin
+writes: "Thecæ (membranæ expansæ superimpositæ) inter se connatæ
+seminibus nudiusculis repletæ."</p>
+
+<p>Why, in face of so good a description, Persoon changed the name
+to that since current, <i>Tubulina</i>, is not clear.</p>
+
+<p>Fries thinks Mueller had an immature <i>Arcyria</i> before him, <i>Syst.
+Myc.</i>, III., p. 196. <i>Tubulifera arachnoidea</i> Jacq., 1778, is also an
+uncertain quantity, insufficiently described.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Tubifera</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Tubifera">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Hypothallus well developed, but not conspicuous.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Pseudo-columellæ none</td><td align="left">1.&nbsp;<i>T.&nbsp;ferruginosa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Pseudo-columellæ present at least in many of the tubules</td><td align="left">2. <i>T. casparyi</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>B.</i> Hypothallus prominent, columnar</td><td align="left">3. <i>T. stipitata</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Tubifera ferruginosa</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I.</a></span>, Fig. 4; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plVII">Plate VII.</a></span>, Fig. 8; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Fig. 14.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1786. <i>Stemonitis ferruginosa</i> Batsch, <i>Elench.</i>, p. 261, Fig. 175.</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus cylindricus</i> Bull., <i>Champ.</i>, p. 140, t. 470, III.</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Tubifera ferruginosa</i> Gmelin, <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, 1472 (<i>ex parte</i>).</li>
+<li>1805. <i>Tubulina cylindrica</i> (Bull.) DC., <i>Fl. Fr.</i>, 671.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Tubulina cylindrica</i> (Bull.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 220.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Tubulina fragiformis</i> (Pers.) Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 153.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia crowded, cylindric or prismatic, elongate, connate, more
+or less distinct above, pale umber-brown, generally simple though
+occasionally branched above, the peridia thin, sometimes fragile, but
+generally persistent, transparent, iridescent; hypothallus strongly developed,
+spongiose, white, often projecting beyond the æthalioid mass
+of sporangia; spore-mass umber-brown or ferruginous; spores by transmitted
+light almost colorless, plainly reticulate over three-fourths of
+the surface, 6&ndash;7 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Not rare on old logs, mosses, etc., from Maine to Alaska. Apparently
+more common north than south. Easily known by its long,
+tubular sporangia packed with rusty spores and destitute of any trace
+of columella or capillitium, the hypothallus explanate, rather thick,
+but not columnar. A single plasmodium may give rise to one or several
+colonies, at first watery or white, then red, of somewhat varying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>
+shades, then finally umber-brown. These colors were noticed by all
+the older authors, but very inaccurately; thus a white plasmodium is
+the basis for <i>Tubifera cylindrica</i> (Bull.) Gmel., a roseate plasmodium
+for <i>Tubifera fragiformis</i> (Bull.) Gmel., and the mature fructification
+for <i>Tubifera ferruginosa</i> (Batsch) Gmel. Rostafinski adopted a specific
+name given by Bulliard, but Batsch has clear priority.</p>
+
+<p>The peridia are sometimes accuminate, and widely separate above.
+This is Persoon's <i>T. fragiformis</i>. In most cases, however, the peridia
+are connate throughout, and sometimes present above a membranous
+common covering. This is <i>T. fallax</i> of Persoon; <i>Licea cylindrica</i>
+(Bull.) Fries. In forms with thicker peridia, the walls often show
+the granular markings characteristic of the entire <i>Anemeae</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Tubifera stipitata</span> (<i>Berk. &amp; Rav.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1858. <i>Licea stipitata</i> Berk. &amp; Rav., <i>Am. Acad.</i>, IV., p. 125.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></li>
+<li>1868. <i>Licea stipitata</i> Berk. &amp; Rav., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, X., p. 350.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Tubulina stipitata</i> (Berk. &amp; Rav.) Rost., p. 223.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia crowded in a globose or more or less hemispheric, expanded
+head, borne upon a spongy, stem-like, sulcate hypothallus
+3&ndash;4 mm. high, their apices rounded, their walls very thin, evanescent;
+spores in mass umber-brown, small, about 5 µ, the epispore reticulate
+as in the preceding species.</p>
+
+<p>This differs from number 1 chiefly in the cushion-like receptacle on
+which the crowded sporangia are borne, and in the smaller spores.
+The species originates in a plasmodium at first colorless, then white,
+followed by salmon or buff tints, which pass gradually into the dark
+brown of maturity. This peculiar succession of colors is perhaps
+more diagnostic than the difference in habit. The spores are, however,
+constantly smaller in all the specimens we have examined, and
+the stipitate habit very marked.</p>
+
+<p>New England, New York, south to South Carolina, and west to
+South Dakota; our finest specimens are from Missouri.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Tubifera casparyi</span> (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>.</span>, Fig. 9.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1876. <i>Siphoptychium casparyi</i> Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 32.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia closely crowded, tubular, cylindric or prismatic by mutual
+pressure, connate, the apices rounded, convex, covered by a continuous
+membrane, umber-brown; the peridia firm, persistent,
+minutely granular, iridescent; hypothallus well developed, thin,
+brown, explanate; pseudo-columellæ erect, rigid, traversing many of
+the sporangia, and in some instances bound back to the peridial walls
+by slender, membranous bands or threads, a pseudo-capillitium;
+spore-mass dark brown or umber, spores by transmitted light pale,
+globose, reticulate, 7.5&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is <i>Siphoptychium casparyi</i> Rost. In <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XV., p. 319,
+Dr. Rex shows that the relationships of the species are with <i>Tubifera</i>;
+that the so-called columella is probably an abortive sporangium, the
+so-called capillitial threads having no homology with the capillitial
+threads of the true columelliferous forms. It is a good species of
+<i>Tubifera</i>, nothing more. The tubules are shorter than in either of
+the preceding species; the spores are darker, larger, and more thoroughly
+reticulate.</p>
+
+<p>The plasmodium is given by Dr. Rex, <i>l. c.</i>, as white, then "dull
+gray tinged with sienna color," then various tones of sienna-brown, to
+the dark umber of the mature æthalium.</p>
+
+<p>New York, Adirondack Mountains; Allamakee Co., Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>3. Alwisia</b> <i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>.</span>, Figs. 5 and 5 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Alwisia</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, Vol. XIV., p. 86.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia ellipsoidal, clustered, stipitate; dehiscence by the falling
+away of the upper part of the peridium disclosing a persisting pencil
+of capillitial threads. A single species:&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Alwisia bombarda</span> <i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Alwisia bombarda</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, XIV., p. 86.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gathered in clusters of four to eight, surmounting coalescent,
+or sometimes divergent stalks, rusty-brown, or pallid, the
+peridium evanescent above; the coalescing stalks forming, especially
+below, a clustered column, 2 mm. in height, equalling the sporangia,
+dull reddish-brown in color; capillitium of rigid, tubular, generally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>
+simple threads, attaching above by delicate tips, below by a broader
+sometimes branching base, sometimes conjoined near the peridial wall,
+now and then at irregular intervals inflated slightly or anon bulbose,
+roughened by projecting spinules, one-third the diameter, brownish or
+yellow; spores reddish-brown, faintly marked by reticulating bands
+over large part of the surface, 5&ndash;5.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This peculiar species looks at first very little like a myxomycete.
+The stiff projecting hairs of the capillitium are hyphal in appearance
+and under the lens recall the phycomycetes; but the spores and withal
+the general structure seem to claim recognition here. Rostafinski was
+inclined to make a trichia of it, because of the hair-like capillitium,
+and markings on the threads, Massee found indistinct spiral markings
+even, enough to suit at least the prototrichias. Mr. Lister would put
+it near the tubifers. Father Torrend thinks of the dianemas, margaritas,
+etc., because of simple capillitium attached above and below!
+Spore-characters are probably the index most reliable, and the partial
+reticulation suggests association with <i>Tubifera</i> and for the present
+it may find station there, as in the English monograph.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. Collected three times: twice in Ceylon, once in Jamaica.
+By the courtesy of Dr. Farlow, late lamented, we record the western
+specimens.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>D.</i> RETICULARIACEÆ</p>
+
+<p>Fructification æthalioid; the sporangia sometimes poorly defined,
+intricately associated, borne on a common hypothallus and covered
+above by a common cortex; the lateral walls variously perforate and
+incomplete, form a pseudo-capillitium; spores umber or ochraceous.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Reticulariaceæ</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Reticulariaceæ">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Spores umber.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Sporangia wholly indeterminate, their walls much consolidated below, fraying out above into long, slender threads,</td><td align="left">1. Reticularia</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Sporangia bounded, more or less distinctly, by broad perforate plates throughout</td><td align="left">2. Enteridium</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>B.</i> Spores ochraceous</td><td align="left">3.&nbsp;Dictydiæthalium</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>1. Reticularia</b> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Reticularia</i> Bulliard, <i>Champ. de la France</i>, p. 95, in part.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Reticularia</i> (Bulliard) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 6.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Plasmodium at first white, then pink, 'ashes of roses,' etc. Sporangia
+wholly indeterminate or undefined, their walls represented (?) by
+a spongy mass of so-called capillitium, consisting of membranous
+plates, branching, anastomosing, vanishing without order or symmetry,
+generally giving rise at the sides, and especially above, to long
+slender flexuous threads; outer cortex silvery white; hypothallus distinct,
+white; spore-mass and threads umber or rusty brown.</p>
+
+<p>A single species,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Reticularia lycoperdon</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plX">Plate X.</a></span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Fig. 3.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Reticularia lycoperdon</i> Bull., <i>Champ. de la France</i>, p. 95.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Æthalium pulvinate, 2&ndash;8 cm. broad, at first silvery white, later
+less lustrous, the cortex irregularly and slowly deciduous; hypothallus
+at first conspicuous as a white margin extending round the entire
+aethalium, evanescent without, but persisting as a firm membrane
+beneath the spore-mass, pseudo-capillitium abundant, tending to form
+erect central masses which persist long after the greater part of the
+fruit has been scattered by the winds; spore-mass umber, spores by
+transmitted light pale, reticulate over about two-thirds of the surface,
+the remainder slightly warted, 8&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Not common. Often confused with the following, the spores
+of the two forms being very much alike; the internal structure, entirely
+different, and once compared, the two are thereafter easily distinguished
+at sight by external characters. The sporangial make-up
+is indifferent, confused. It represents a phase in development whence
+might issue columellæ with capillitium-branches or distinct tubular
+sporangia with persisting walls; or are such structures here but reminiscent
+only? Compare <i>Amaurochaete atra</i>, where similar conditions
+prevail. There differentiation goes on to the formation of a
+structure of which <i>Stemonitis</i> is type; here the sporangium-wall becomes
+dominant; suffers modification for spore-disposal, an idea reaching
+fair expression in <i>Cribraria</i> and <i>Dictydium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The plasmodium is white, noted Bulliard. Fries cites with approval
+the words of Schweinitz,&mdash;"color corticis ab initio argenteus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>
+sericeo nitore insignis; sed deinde sordescit e griseo in subfuscum vergens."
+Sometimes the surface does indeed shine as silver!</p>
+
+<p>The fructification appears to be isolated in each case; the entire
+plasmodium consumed in a single plasmodiocarp.</p>
+
+<p>Widely distributed. Maine to California, and south.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>2. Enteridium</b> <i>Ehrenberg</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1818. <i>Enteridium</i> Ehrenberg, Link and Spreng., <i>Jahrb., Bd.</i> II., p. 55.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Fructification æthalioid; the confluent sporangia inextricably interwoven,
+the walls perforate by large openings, the resultant network
+of broad plates and bands widening at the points of intersection.</p>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Enteridium</i> is distinguished from <i>Reticularia</i> chiefly
+by the more perfectly developed sporangial walls. These are everywhere
+membranous and do not show the abundant filiform dissipation
+so characteristic of <i>Reticularia</i>. The resultant structure in <i>Reticularia</i>
+is a mass of more or less lengthened and anastomosing threads;
+in <i>Enteridium</i>, an exceedingly delicate but sufficiently persistent
+sponge. The "net-like, three-winged skeleton" referred to by Rostafinski
+results from the union at one point of three adjoining sporangia.
+Compare the section of the adjoining cells of a honeycomb.</p>
+
+<p>Of this genus there are but two or three species, all so far occurring
+in our territory.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Enteridium</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Enteridium">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Fructification umber brown</td><td align="left">1. <i>E. splendens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Fructification olivaceous</td><td align="left">2. <i>E. olivaceum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Fructification minute, 1&ndash;2 mm.</td><td align="left">3. <i>E. minutum</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Enteridium splendens</span> <i>Morg.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 5.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1876. <i>Reticularia</i> (?) <i>rozeanum</i> Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 33.</li>
+<li>1889. <i>Enteridium rozeanum</i> (Rost.) Wing., <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 156.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Enteridium rozeanum</i> Wingate, Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 117.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Reticularia splendens</i> Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 11.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Enteridium splendens</i> Morg., Morg. <i>in litt.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Æthalium pulvinate, even, or somewhat irregular, unevenly swollen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>
+or inflated, lobate or compound, covered by an exceedingly thin, generally
+smooth, shining, but never white, pellicle or cortex, brown,
+from 1&ndash;6 cm. in diameter; hypothallus white, often wide extending;
+capillitium none; the sporangial walls thin and brown
+forming a network as above described; spore-mass umber, spores by
+transmitted light pale, about two-thirds of the surface reticulate, the
+rest nearly smooth, 7&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Very common, especially west, on decaying logs and stumps of
+every description. Easily distinguished by its brown color and smooth,
+shining, though uneven surface. The plasmodium as it emerges to
+form fruit is pale pink or flesh color, slowly deepening to brown as maturity
+advances. The first emergence is a watery white.</p>
+
+<p>New England, Canada, to Minnesota and Nebraska, South Dakota.</p>
+
+<p>In 1876 Rostafinski provisionally referred to the genus <i>Reticularia</i>
+certain specimens received from M. Roze of Paris. Thirteen years
+later in correspondence with M. Roze, Mr. Wingate satisfied himself
+that the specimens discovered by Roze were the same as our common
+enteridium. He therefore, <i>l. c.</i>, applied to our American forms the
+name they have widely borne, <i>E. rozeanum</i>. Mr. Lister, <i>Jour. of
+Botany</i>, Sept. '91, applied the Rostafinskian name to <ins title="ertain in original.">certain</ins> English
+specimens. Thereafter to be known as <i>Reticularia lobata</i> Rost. and so
+fixed the status of that species. From all the literature before us
+it appears that Mr. Lister was right. <i>R. lobata</i> List. (now <i>Liceopsis
+lobata</i> List.) Torr., occurs in various parts of Europe, while our
+American species of <i>Enteridium</i> is yet to be discovered on that side of
+the sea!</p>
+
+<p>Were the latter native to the old world at all, it had surely been seen
+long ago. It is large and fine, and could not have escaped the famous
+collectors of the last two hundred years. Although it has been sent
+by students from this side of the ocean to Europe for more than
+thirty years, it has not even adventitiously appeared.</p>
+
+<p>It therefore appears that our American species is known to Europe
+through Mr. Wingate's reference only.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty years ago in correspondence with Mr. Wingate it was
+learned that the material received by him from M. Roze was but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>
+a small fragment, crushed flat, and even this was at that time
+no longer in evidence. This specimen was itself <i>not part of the
+gathering submitted to Rostafinski</i>; but only the fragment of something
+<i>appearing in 1890 in the same locality</i>!</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">. . . . "something not the same,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But only like its forecast in men's dreams."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>When we further reflect that the spores of species of several of
+the forms now in review, <i>Tubifera</i>, <i>Reticularia</i>, <i>Enteridium</i>, are not
+without difficulty distinguished, it is easy to see that Mr. Wingate's
+specific reference has narrow foundations to say the least. It seems
+now likely that Father Torrend's <i>Liceopsis</i>, <i>Reticulara lobata</i> R.,
+M. Roze's aftermath, and all, are but the depauperate forms of some
+tubifera!</p>
+
+<p><i>E. rozeanum Wing.</i>, is therefore the synonym for an ill-defined
+something in Western Europe and need not further here concern us
+as far material reference goes.</p>
+
+<p>In any case, what induced Mr. Wingate to pull Rostafinski's uncertain
+description of a problematic form across the sea, to attach it
+to our clearly defined and well known American species, changing
+the Polish description the while to make it fit, is hard to understand;
+especially in view of the fact, by Wingate admitted, that Rex had
+in his letters to Morgan already named the American type
+<i>Enteridium umbrinum</i>. The two students differed as to generic reference,
+and later on Morgan published <i>Reticularia splendens</i> Morg.;
+rather than <i>R. umbrina</i> (Rex) Morg. because he was using <i>R. umbrina</i>
+Fr. for what is generally known as <i>R. lycoperdon</i> (<i>Bull.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>It would then appear that when Wingate sought to impose the
+Rostafinskian specific name upon our American form by changing
+(fixing!) Rostafinski's generic reference, and by re-writing the
+specific description from the pages of the <i>Monograph</i> in order to
+claim identity, he was entirely without justification, especially since
+he knew the species appropriately named by his colleague, Dr. Rex,
+and had the name as used in the Rex and Morgan correspondence.</p>
+
+<p>In brief; Mr. Wingate proceeded to re-describe Rostafinski's rozean
+specimen and referred a long-known American form (very different)
+to the European specimen as type. Wingate's description is right;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>
+he had the American material before him; but his cited type is worthless,
+an entirely different thing.</p>
+
+<p>Does the reader care to see what the European <i>type</i> of our common
+form, Wingate <i>teste</i>, really looks like, let him consult the <i>Jour. of
+Botany</i>, Vol. XXIX., p. 263, 1891.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Enteridium olivaceum</span> <i>Ehr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1818. <i>Enteridium olivaceum</i> Ehr.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Æthalium depressed flat, oval or elongate, .3 cm. in extent, .6 mm.
+thick when fresh, glossy, smooth, greenish-olivaceous-brown; within a
+spongy net-work representing sporangial walls which are thin, pale
+olivaceous, perforate by circular openings, meshes surrounded by
+wide plates; spores in clusters, six or more together, ovoid, distinctly
+warted at the wider end, pale olivaceous, 9&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This, the type of the genus, is a very distinct species of this by
+its structure readily distinguished form. Fries thought the species
+might represent a less perfectly-developed reticularia, and therefore
+wrote <i>Reticularia olivacea</i> noting, however, the clustered spores
+and the lack of hypothallus.</p>
+
+<p>Common, as would appear, in Europe and in S. America; rare
+with us. Reported from N. Hampshire and we have one specimen
+from Colorado.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Enteridium minutum</span> <i>Sturg.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1917. <i>Enteridium minutum</i> Sturg., <i>Mycologia</i>, IX, p. 328.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Æthalia rounded or elongate, pulvinate, pale umber in color,
+seated on a broad membranous base, 1.5&ndash;2 mm. in diameter; wall
+wrinkled and usually marked with small scattered pits, pale-yellow,
+membranous; walls of component sporangia, membranous, minutely
+roughened, perforated with round openings, the margins of which
+show many free threads; or reduced to irregular, anastomosing
+strands arising from the base of the æthalium, with membranous
+or net-like expansions at the angles and with many delicate, free,
+pointed ends. Spores pale-yellow, usually united in twos or threes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>
+and ovoid or flattened on one side; when free, globose, very minutely
+spinulose, 9.5&ndash;10.5.</p>
+
+<p>Colorado: <i>Dr. Sturgis.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>3. Dictydiæthalium</b> <i>Rostafinski</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Dictydiaethalium</i> Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 5.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Clathroptychium</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 224.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Æthalium depressed, flat; the sporangia erect, regular, prismatic
+by mutual pressure, the peridia convex above, wanting at the sides
+and within the æthalium represented by vertical threads marking
+the angles and passing from base to summit.</p>
+
+<p>This genus is readily recognized by the internal structure of the
+æthalium. The lateral wall-openings, which, as we have seen, characterize
+the sporangia of the preceding genus, here become extreme,
+occupying to such extent the lateral wall-space of each sporangium
+that only threads remain to mark the vertical angles.</p>
+
+<p>In 1873 Rostafinski applied the generic name here adopted, because
+he thought he discovered close relationships with <i>Dictydium</i>.
+In 1875, believing his first impressions erroneous, and desirous that
+the nomenclature might not at once mislead the student and perpetuate
+the memory of his own mistake, the same author proposed the
+name by which the genus has generally ever since been known&mdash;<i>Clathroptychium</i>.
+However sensible the latter conclusion reached
+by our Polish author, it is plainly contrary to all rules of priority.</p>
+
+<p>Our region shows but a single widely distributed species,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Dictydiaethalium plumbeum</span> (<i>Schum.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1803. <i>Fuligo plumbea</i> Schum., <i>Enum. Saell.</i>, No. 1410.</li>
+<li>1833. <i>Licea rugulosa</i> Wall., <i>Cr. Fl. Ger.</i>, IV., p. 345.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Dictydiaethalium plumbeum</i> (Schum.) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 5.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Clathroptychium rugulosum</i> (Wallr.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 225.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Dictydiaethalium plumbeum</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 157.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Æthalium thin, very flat, olivaceous or ochraceous, smooth, under
+the lens punctate, in section showing the columnar or prismatic sporangia,
+which are normally six-sided, having at the edges six simple<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>
+threads, the remains of peridium, extending from base to apex, where
+the peridium remains intact, arcuate; hypothallus prominent, radiating
+far around the æthalium, silvery white; spores in mass, ochraceous,
+or dull brownish yellow, by transmitted light almost colorless,
+rough 9&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Not rare, on decaying logs, especially of <i>Tilla americana</i>, where
+in the same place successive fructifications follow each other sometimes
+for weeks together in the latter part of summer and early
+fall. The æthalium is generally elliptical or elongate, 2&ndash;3 cm. in
+extent, sometimes irregular or branched, varying in color according
+to degree of maturity, weathering, etc. Plasmodium at first watery,
+then pink, or flesh-colored.</p>
+
+<p>Eastern United States; common. Toronto;&mdash;<i>Miss Currie.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>E.</i> CRIBRARIACEÆ</p>
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, more or less closely gregarious, stipitate, the
+peridium opening, especially above, by a well-defined network formed
+from thickenings in the original sporangial wall.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Cribrariaceæ</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Cribrariaceæ">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Peridial thickenings in form of an apical net with definite thickenings at the intersections of the component threads</td><td align="left">1. <span class="smcap">Cribraria</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Peridial thickenings in form of parallel meridional ribs connected by delicate transverse threads</td><td align="left">2.&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Dictydium</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Cribraria</b> (<i>Pers</i>) <i>Schrader.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1794. <i>Cribraria</i> Persoon, Römer, <i>N. Bot. Mag.</i>, I., p. 91, in part.</li>
+<li>1797. <i>Cribraria</i> Schrader, <i>Nov. Gen. Plant.</i>, p. 1, in part.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Cribraria</i> Rostafinski, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 229.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, gregarious or closely crowded, globose or obovoid,
+stipitate; the stipe of very varying length; the peridium simple,
+marked within by distinct and peculiar, granular, thickenings, which
+below take the form of radiating ribs, supporting the persisting cup,
+<i>calyculus</i>, and above, by extremely delicate anastomosing branches,
+unite to weave a more or less regular net with open polygonal meshes;
+spores various, more often yellowish or ochraceous, sometimes brown,
+reddish, or purple.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Cribraria</i>, as limited by Persoon, included all forms
+in which the peridium is thin, evanescent half-way down, or entirely,
+and in which capillitium, as Persoon regarded the case, is formed of
+a network of reticulate threads surrounding the spores. Schrader
+redefined the genus; opposed Persoon's view as to the capillitial
+nature of the net, and separated the genus <i>Dictydium</i>, but by imperfect
+limitations,&mdash;in fact, chiefly because of the more completely
+evanescent peridium. Fries follows Schrader. Rostafinski first clearly
+separated the two genera, and his classification is here adopted.
+Nevertheless, after reviewing the subject entire one is more and
+more inclined to appreciate the commendation of Fries; "Auctor
+Schrader, qui insuper plurimas species detexit, et hoc et sequens
+genus ita proposuit ut sequentes vix aliquid addere valuerint."</p>
+
+<p>As to the habitat of the cribrarias, the remark of Schrader is still
+pertinent&mdash;"in vetustissimis plenariæ destructionis proximis arborum
+truncis"&mdash;for all the species. Rotten, coniferous wood seems to be
+preferred, but the decayed logs of trees of other orders are by no
+means refused. Rotten oak forms a very common habitat.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Cribraria</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Cribraria">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>A.</i> Sporangia with spores ochraceous or brownish.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Sporangia larger, .5 mm. or more.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">1. Net poorly developed, sometimes merely indicated</td><td align="left">1. <i>C. argillacea</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Net conspicuous, nodes expanded, not swollen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">i. Calyculus reticulately thickened, ill-defined above</td><td align="left">2. <i>C. macrocarpa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">ii. Calyculus with radiant lines or ribs; net small-meshed; free ends none</td><td align="left">6. <i>C. aurantiaca</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">iii. Net wide-meshed, calyx rufous</td><td align="left">4. <i>C. rufa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">iv. Calyx replaced by ribs</td><td align="left">5. <i>C. splendens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">3. Net conspicuous, nodules swollen.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">i. Net-threads simple; free ends many</td><td align="left">7. <i>C. dictydioides</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">ii. Net-threads often parallel in twos or threes</td><td align="left">8. <i>C. intricata</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Sporangia small, less than .5 mm.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">1. Nodes not expanded</td><td align="left">3. <i>C. minutissima</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Nodes well shown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">i. Calyculus distinctly marked by radiant lines, nodes round</td><td align="left">10. <i>C. tenella</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">ii. Calyculus minute or none; nodes prominent</td><td align="left">11. <i>C. microcarpa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>B.</i> Sporangia more or less marked with purple or violet tints.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Purple or violet throughout.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">1. Net poorly developed</td><td align="left">12. <i>C. violacea</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">2. Net well developed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">i. Meshes regular and the nodes distinct</td><td align="left">14. <i>C. elegans</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">ii. Meshes and nodules irregular</td><td align="left">13. <i>C. purpurea</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Purple tints confined chiefly to plasmodic granules on the <ins title="calcyulus in original.">calyculus</ins> and stipe.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">Net with nodes well expanded.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">i. Stipe short, not more than double the sporangium; net and calyculus both well developed</td><td align="left">9. <i>C. piriformis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">ii. Stipe many times the sporangium, weak</td><td align="left">15.&nbsp;<i>C.&nbsp;languescens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">iii. Stipe slender, sporangium copper-colored</td><td align="left">16. <i>C. cuprea</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Cribraria argillacea</span> <i>Pers.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>.</span>, Figs. 12, 13; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 1.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis argillacea</i> (Pers.) Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., 1469.</li>
+<li>1796. <i>Cribraria argillacea</i> Pers., <i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 90.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia dull ochraceous-olivaceous, globose, nearly 1 mm. in
+diameter, sessile or short stipitate, closely gregarious or crowded,
+the peridial walls at maturity smooth, shining, except above, long
+persistent, obscurely reticulate, with irregular thickenings which at
+the apex at length present the appearance of an irregular, coarsely
+meshed net without nodal thickenings; stipe very short, stout, erect,
+reddish brown, spore-mass ochraceous, spores by transmitted light
+pale, spinulose, 5&ndash;6 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species stands just on the border-line between the tubiferas
+and the genus now before us. While on the one hand it possesses
+many characters such as the habit, form of sporangium, which are distinctly
+tubuline, on the other it shows in the upper peridial wall definite
+reticulations which suggest <i>Cribraria</i>. In freshly formed sporangia
+the reticulations are barely visible in the crown; later on they are
+more manifest, until, as spore-dispersal proceeds; the cribraria characters
+come out with sufficient distinctness, and in empty sporangia
+the reticulations may be seen to affect the entire peridial wall. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>
+nodes are not expanded. The spores are pale by transmitted light,
+spinulose, about 6 µ. Plasmodium lead-colored. Found sometimes
+in large patches on rotten logs of various species. Not uncommon.
+Cf. <i>Lindbladia effusa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Ohio,
+Illinois, Iowa, Washington; Canada.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Cribraria macrocarpa</span> <i>Schrader.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 2.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Cribraria macrocarpa</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Plant.</i>, p. 8.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia more or less closely gregarious, yellowish brown, pear-shaped
+or obovate, large, .8&ndash;1 mm. in diameter, stipitate; stipe brown
+furrowed, erect or often nodding, about equal to the sporangium
+or longer; calyculus distinct, marked by numerous dark brown radiating
+ribs, iridescent, perforate above, deeply dentate, and merging
+gradually into the elegant network, of which the dark nodes are
+more distinctly expanded about half way up, less so at the apex and
+below, the filaments exceedingly delicate, simple, with occasional
+free ends projecting into the small meshes; spore-mass yellowish,
+spores by transmitted light almost colorless, minutely roughened,
+5&ndash;6 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the present species,
+aside from its large size, is the peculiarly perforated cup or calyculus.
+Schrader's artist failed him here completely. The structure
+is exceedingly delicate, the peridium between the ribs and reticulations
+reduced to the last degree of tenuity, with the iridescence
+of the soap-bubble, here and there lapsed entirely. Withal the structure
+seems firm enough and persists until all the spores are dissipated
+by the wind.</p>
+
+<p>Easily distinguished from the preceding, its only rival in size, by
+the obovate or turbinate, netted sporangium, its much longer stem,
+and flat, perfectly formed nodes.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Oregon;
+Toronto, Canada.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Cribraria minutissima</span> <i>Schweinitz.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1832. <i>Cribraria minutissima</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2362.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, orange or nut-brown, very minute, .1&ndash;.3 mm.
+or less, globose or ellipsoidal, stipitate, erect or nodding; hypothallus
+none; stipe short, 1&ndash;3 times the sporangium, filiform, tapering upward,
+brown; the calyculus variable, sometimes well marked and
+separated from the net when fully mature, by a shallow constriction,
+more commonly small or entirely wanting, especially in the spherical
+sporangia; net simple, large meshed, without nodal expansions,
+the threads flattened; spore-mass yellow, spores by transmitted light,
+pale, nearly smooth, 5&ndash;6 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A most beautiful tiny species. Generally in all the specimens before
+us, a perfect, spherical net, firm enough to retain its place and structure
+after all the spores have been scattered. When mature the
+spore-mass seems to roll about as a ball, freely within the net, the
+spores being thus gradually dispersed. The calyculus when present is
+without veins. <i>C. minima</i> Berk. &amp; C., and <i>C. microscopica</i> Berk. &amp;
+C. are doubtless the same thing. <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 67, 1823. See also
+<i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XIX., 397.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Missouri, Iowa; Black Hills,
+South Dakota.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Cribraria rufa</span> (<i>Roth</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>.</span>, Fig. 8.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1788. <i>Stemonitis rufa</i> Roth, <i>Fl. Germ.</i>, I., p. 548.</li>
+<li>1794. <i>Cribraria rufescens</i> Pers., R&oelig;mer, <i>N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 91.</li>
+<li>1797. <i>Cribraria fulva</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 5.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, sub-globose or turbinate, dark or reddish orange,
+.5&ndash;.7 mm. in diameter, erect, stipitate; stipe about equalling the
+height of the sporangium or longer, dark brown or black; calyculus
+one-third to one-half the sporangium, the margin toothed, the wall
+ribbed and continuous with the open wide-meshed net; the network
+deep yellow or orange, the threads flattened; the nodes not thickened,
+little differentiated; spores concolorous, by transmitted light, pale
+yellow, verruculose, 5&ndash;7 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Similar to the preceding, but generally much larger and not so
+much inclined to brown. The size, however, is extremely variable
+in sporangia from the same plasmodium (reported white), some no
+larger than those of the species reckoned most minute.</p>
+
+<p>Oregon. <i>Professor Morton Peck.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Cribraria splendens</span> (<i>Schrader</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>.</span>, Fig. 10.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Dictydium splendens</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen.</i>, p. 14.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Cribraria splendens</i> (Schrad.) Pers., <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 191.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, dusky yellow when filled with spores,
+dull or dusky brown when these are discharged, stipitate; stipe long,
+3&ndash;4 times the sporangium, subulate, erect-nodding, brown; hypothallus
+none; network brown, with large meshes, imperfectly defined
+nodes and flattened threads; calyculus none, its place supplied by nine
+or ten distinct, firm ribs which radiate from the stipe and support
+the net, branching to blend with its reticulations; spore-mass yellow,
+spores by transmitted light, colorless, smooth or nearly so, 6&ndash;7.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Of this species two specimens only are before us, one from Muscatine
+County, Iowa, and one from Washington (state). The species
+seems thus to have wide range, but to be exceedingly rare. It differs
+from all other American forms, so far described, in the peculiar
+development of the calyculus. Rostafinski emphasizes the persistence
+of the peridial wall and the peculiar gleaming of the metallic tints,
+displayed by all the structures. These particulars we have not been
+able to verify. Such characters may be incident to age or conditions
+of development. At all events, in forms which in all other respects
+seem to agree exactly with Rostafinski's descriptions, the colors are
+dull and without any noticeable iridescence. The spores in our specimens
+are also a little larger than quoted. Rostafinski gives 5&ndash;6 µ;
+Massee, 5&ndash;7 µ.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Cribraria aurantiaca</span> <i>Schrader.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 3, and <a href="#plXIX">XIX.</a>, Fig. 7.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Cribraria aurantiaca</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 5.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, spherical, dusky or yellowish stipitate, nodding;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>
+the calyculus variable, generally prominent, more or less distinctly
+marked by fine, delicate radiating venules, the margin denticulate,
+the teeth numerous and slender, supporting the well-defined globose
+net; network made up of very tenuous threads, forming rather small
+irregular brownish nodules and showing only here and there a free
+extremity; stipe generally short, two or three times the diameter of
+the sporangium, sometimes longer, tapering upward, brown, slender,
+arcuate above; spore-mass yellow or ochraceous, spores by transmitted
+light, colorless, 5&ndash;6 µ, almost smooth.</p>
+
+<p>This widely distributed and very variable species is generally
+recognized by the large sporangia, .5&ndash;.9 mm., comparatively short
+stipe, simple net, and more or less orange color. The color is an uncertain
+thing even in the sporangia, which rise from one plasmodium.
+Schrader, however, made this feature so far diagnostic that he placed
+the more pronouncedly yellow forms in the species <i>C. aurantiaca</i> and
+set off as <i>C. vulgaris</i> forms in which more dusky tints prevail. The
+dark-colored forms have also usually longer stipes, but so much is
+dependent upon the climatic conditions prevalent at the time of fruiting,
+that this feature also is indeterminate. Rostafinski's figures,
+21 and 26, Tab. II., show the characteristic nodules and the typical
+net structure. It is to be observed that Fig. 21 represents higher magnification;
+otherwise the two figures are very much alike.</p>
+
+<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland and South,
+Ohio, Washington, California; Canada, Toronto.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Cribraria dictydioides</span> <i>Cke. &amp; Balf.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I.</a></span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>, 5 <i>b</i>, and <a href="#plXIX">XIX.</a>, 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1881. <i>Cribraria dictydioides</i> Cke. &amp; Balf., <i>Rav. Fung. Am.</i>, 475.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, of medium size, globose, cernuous, stipitate;
+the stipe long, slender, tapering upwards, dull brown in color; hypothallus
+none; the calyculus variable, sometimes well developed, as in
+<i>C. aurantiaca</i>, sometimes rudimentary or represented only by irregular,
+node-like ribs; the network delicate, the meshes small, few-sided;
+the nodules large, prominent, brown, irregular, with several radiating,
+free, projecting threads, beside the single continuous filaments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>
+which pass from node to node; spore-mass pale, ochraceous; spores
+nearly smooth, colorless, 5&ndash;7 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This seems to be the most common <i>Cribraria</i> in the Mississippi
+valley. It is generally distinguished by the scant calyculus and the
+beautiful richness of its clear delicate net. The stellate nodules
+especially above, emit filamental rays in all directions, but are, notwithstanding,
+united by single, unpaired threads only. The calyculus
+is often entirely absent, and this has been supposed the typical
+condition; but, on the contrary, there often may present itself a
+cup as distinct as in <i>C. aurantiaca</i>. See, for this variation, <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>
+XIX., p. 398. The rather large sporangia, .6&ndash;.7 mm., the nodes
+joined by single threads, the remaining radiant threads, many or few,
+but very short&mdash;these seem to be the most distinctly diagnostic characters,
+and these are sufficiently constant to separate this species easily
+from <i>C. intricata</i> on the one hand and <i>C. tenella</i> on the other. Mr.
+Lister considers this merely a form of the next species.</p>
+
+<p>Abundant on rotten logs of every sort, especially oak; common on
+the lower side of rotting pine planks in wooden walks along the
+streets everywhere. N. A. F., 2095, seems to belong here.</p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Cribraria intricata</span> (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Cribraria intricata</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 7.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose, large, .7&ndash;1 mm. in diameter, nut-brown
+or olivaceous, erect, stipitate; stipe long, slender, purplish
+brown, flexuous; calyculus variable, sometimes occupying one-third of
+the sphere, when it is delicately costate, concolorous with the stipe,
+and passes over to the net by a distinctly toothed or serrulate margin,
+sometimes represented by irregular ribs or costæ only; net well
+differentiated, the threads delicate, transparent, yellow, connecting
+large black nodules, running from one to the other in pairs or sometimes
+three together, free ends not numerous, the meshes few-sided,
+often triangular; spores in mass, dull olivaceous, under the lens
+pallid, nearly smooth, 6&ndash;7 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very rare species, if indeed it occur in this country. At least<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>
+the form figured by Rostafinski, Tab. II., Fig. 27, and Massee, Pl.
+1, Fig. 11, has not come to our notice. The parallelism of the net
+threads is a touch added by Rostafinski; Schrader does not mention
+it. Lister makes this species include the preceding. The form
+described in <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia.</i> II., p. 119, is <i>C. dictydioides</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Reported from New York, New England and Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>In the English <i>Monograph</i> we are repeatedly assured that this
+species is common in the United States. The statement is made
+possible only by the inclusion of the form originally described from
+America and truly abundant east of the Rocky Mountains, <i>C. dictydioides</i>
+Cke. &amp; Balf.; <i>C. intricata</i>, by all accounts, just as preeminently
+the species of Europe. It is true that Schrader did not
+emphasize the parallel connecting threads by which later authorities
+distinguish the form; he had little occasion so to do, even did his
+figures intend accuracy in each detail, which they did not, and Rostafinski's,
+though his drawing is a diagram, certainly knew what he was
+doing. Cooke, in his list for Great Britain, quotes the Polish text
+without dissent, and Massee follows and illustrates; so that there can
+be no doubt as to what the European species is.</p>
+
+<p>In any cribraria the presence or relative obsolesence, of the calyculus
+is of little taxonomic import since that structure is variable
+in every species. In the latest edition of Mr. Lister's work, the
+American form is entered as a variety in "hot-houses"; apparently
+adventitious; it is indeed related to the European form but is a geographic
+species.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Cribraria piriformis</span> <i>Schrader.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 9; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>.</span>, Fig. 9.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Cribraria piriformis</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 4.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, small, .3&ndash;.5 mm., turbinate or globose, erect,
+purplish brown, stipitate; stipe comparatively short, tapering upward,
+longitudinally furrowed, purple or brown; calyculus very well defined,
+about one-third the sporangium, not ribbed, flattened or even
+umbilicate below, the margin plainly denticulate, dusky brown; the
+net simple, the meshes large, triangular, with few free ends; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>
+nodules small, globose or undifferentiated, slightly convex or flat;
+spore mass dull, yellowish brown; spores by transmitted light pale
+ochraceous or salmon-tinted, nearly smooth, 5&ndash;6 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Schrader defined this beautiful form chiefly by its shape. This,
+though variable, is yet generally so far pyriform as to show distinct
+contraction toward the stipe. The well-defined calyculus is narrowed
+below and eroded or denticulate above. The cyanic tints due to
+the presence on the calyculus of radiating lines of purplish granules
+about one-half the size of the spores, the net open, uniform, the stipe
+rather stout, short, and distinctly furrowed, rising often from a small
+hypothallus&mdash;these are marks of this species. The net suggests <i>C.
+tenella</i>, but the latter species is much smaller, has a different stem,
+much longer and unfurrowed. The cup here is more nearly that of
+some form of <i>C. intricata</i>, but is better defined, passing into the net
+very abruptly by the simple intervention of projecting teeth.</p>
+
+<p>Apparently rare. Our specimens are from New York, through
+the courtesy of Dr. Rex, Virginia, North Carolina, Iowa, Oregon,
+Colorado, and represent, as usual a modification of the European
+type, <i>C. notabilis</i> Rex. Miss Lister, <i>Mon., 2nd ed.</i>, writes var.
+<i>notabilis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Colorado forms are remarkable for dense brown coloration.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Cribraria tenella</span> <i>Schrader.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 5.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Cribraria tenella</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 6.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, small, .3&ndash;.5 mm. in diameter or smaller,
+olivaceous or ochraceous, long-stipitate, nodding; stipe slender, dark
+brown or blackish, very long, reaching 6 mm., weak and flexuous;
+calyculus variable, sometimes well defined, brown, costate, sometimes
+represented by the costæ only connected by a thin, transparent membrane;
+net well differentiated, the meshes small, irregular, the nodes
+small, black, more or less globular, prominent, connected by transparent
+threads with occasional or a few free ends; spores in mass,
+olivaceous-ochraceous, under the lens pallid, globose, smooth, 5&ndash;7 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Very common eastward and south, on the weathered surface of
+rotten wood. Generally easily recognized by its very long stipe,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>
+small, globose sporangium dotted with numerous small roundish
+nodules projecting plainly above the general surface. The obconic
+calyculus is always represented in the outline if not in definite structure.</p>
+
+<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Tennessee, Illinois,
+Missouri, Iowa, Canada; Toronto,&mdash;<i>Miss Currie.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Cribraria microcarpa</span> (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Persoon.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 4.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Dictydium microcarpum</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 13.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> Schrad., Pers., <i>Syn.</i>, p. 190.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> (Schrad.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 235.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> Schrad., Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 63.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> Schrad., Morg., <i>Myx. Mi. Vall.</i>, p. 15.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> Schrad., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 168.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> Pers., Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 183 (?).</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia loosely gregarious, very small, .2&ndash;.3 mm. in diameter,
+yellow ochraceous, stipitate, nodding; stipe comparatively stout, dark
+brown or blackish, tapering upward, often twisted at the apex as in
+<i>D. cancellatum</i>; calyculus none, represented by simple ribs which
+give off at intervals free or floating branchlets before blending into
+the common net; net well developed, the meshes large, the nodes
+small, irregular, though often rounded and prominent, black, connected
+by delicate transparent threads, with free ends few or none;
+spore-mass yellow, fading to ochraceous; spores pale, smooth, globose,
+6&ndash;7 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species resembles at first sight the preceding, and has been
+often mistaken for it. As a matter of fact, the distinctions are generally
+very sharp. In the first place, the sporangia, when carefully
+measured, are seen to be not more than half as great in diameter;
+the meshes of the net, on the other hand, are much wider, the whole
+structure more compact. The nodules are like those of <i>tenella</i>,
+but are much fewer. The stipe is shorter, the cup wanting, and the
+costæ are few and simple. The color suggests <i>C. aurantiaca</i>. The
+habitat and distribution as <i>C. tenella</i>.</p>
+
+<p>To anyone who will read the account of the species as given by
+the English <i>Mon., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 183, it is immediately apparent that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>
+the author has in mind a different form from that seen and described
+in our territory and previously noted by the authors of Europe.
+These from Schrader down, agree in portraying a brunescent form
+with yellow spores; Mr. Lister enters it with the cyanic series and
+so describes and figures it throughout. Schrader figures a nut-brown
+species; Rostafinski uses that descriptive term in connection with the
+general appearance when fresh, but gives the spore-mass yellow;
+only in the stipe does he find another tint, nut-brown-purple. The
+figure, 145 in the <i>Monograph</i> now before us portrays, except in color,
+our <i>C. tenella</i> exactly. Dr. Rex, <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XIX., 398, compares
+the present species with <i>C. minutissima</i>, and <i>C. tenella</i> with <i>C.
+dictydioides</i>; which is correct for the American presentation of the
+species named. <i>C. dictydioides</i> is certainly our presentation of <i>C.
+intricata</i>, a geographic species at the least; but if <i>C. microcarpa</i> is
+purple we have of it no representation; our forms under that name
+are closely related to <i>C. tenella</i>, a yellow-spored species, and might
+perhaps be there referred; have, however, somewhat larger spores.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Cribraria violacea</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 8.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1891. <i>Cribraria violacea</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 393.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, very small, .2 mm. in diameter,
+violet tinted, erect, stipitate short, about one-half the total height,
+concolorous, slender, tapering upward; calyculus crateriform, persistent,
+or marked with minute plasmodic granules; the net rudimentary
+or poorly developed, the meshes large, irregular, the nodules
+also large triangular, violaceous; spores pale violet in mass, by transmitted
+light reddish, 7&ndash;8 µ, minutely warted.</p>
+
+<p>A very minute but well-marked species discovered by Dr. Rex
+in Wissahickon Park, near Philadelphia, otherwise very rare. Lister,
+however, reports it from England. In minuteness to be compared
+with <i>C. minutissima</i>, from which its color instantly distinguishes
+it. Dr. Rex reports the plasmodium as "violet black." All our
+specimens are on very rotten wood, basswood, <i>Tilia americana</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Cribraria purpurea</span> <i>Schrad.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1797. <i>Cribraria purpurea</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 8.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, large, 1 mm. in diameter, dark purple, erect,
+stipitate, depressed-globose; stipe concolorous, furrowed, about twice
+the diameter of the sporangium in length, with a distinct hypothallus;
+calyculus persistent, less than half the sporangium, obscurely ribbed,
+marked by concentric plications, the margin toothed; the net poorly
+differentiated, the meshes irregular in form and size, as are also the
+flat, unthickened nodes, the threads pale, free ends short and not
+numerous; spore-mass purple; spores by transmitted light, pale or
+colorless, 5&ndash;6 µ, smooth.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. Found on rotten coniferous wood in deep forests. Easily
+recognized by its large size and uniform purple color. To the next
+species it offers a general resemblance, but has larger sporangia and
+an entirely different net. The plasmodium just before the formation
+of the fruit is scarlet.</p>
+
+<p>Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Oregon, Colorado.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Cribraria elegans</span> <i>Berk. &amp; C.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1873. <i>Cribraria elegans</i> Berk. &amp; Curt., <i>Grev.</i>, II., p. 67.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, erect or nodding, small, .4&ndash;.5 mm., bright
+purple, stipitate; stipe long, slender, tapering upward, almost black,
+arising from a scanty hypothallus; calyculus about half the sporangium,
+finely ribbed, covered especially above with small purple granules,
+the margin toothed or perforate; net well developed, the meshes
+small, polygonal, the threads delicate, colorless, with many free ends,
+the nodules dark-colored, numerous and somewhat prominent; spore-mass
+pale purple; spores by transmitted light pale violaceous, smooth,
+6&ndash;6.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>To be compared with the preceding. The small-meshed net with
+well-defined, dark-colored nodules is distinctive, aside from the fact
+of the much smaller sporangia. The stipe is also different, more
+slender, smooth, and dark-colored. The habitat of the two species
+appears to be the same. The present species is much more common,
+ranges farther west, and is to be looked for on the Pacific coast.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Missouri, Iowa; Black
+Hills, South Dakota.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">15. <span class="smcap">Cribraria languescens</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1891. <i>Cribraria languescens</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 394.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, very minute, .25&ndash;.35 mm., spherical, long-stipitate,
+drooping; stipe 2.5&ndash;3 mm., slender, flexuous, subulate, rugulose;
+calyculus about one-third the sporangium, reddish brown, shining,
+minutely striate with granular lines, the margin more or less
+regularly serrate; net reddish brown, the meshes triangular and the
+threads simple, the nodes large, polygonal, flat, but well differentiated;
+the spores when fresh dull red in mass, paling with age; by
+transmitted light colorless, 6 µ, smooth.</p>
+
+<p>A very singular species, easily recognizable by its long, slender
+stipes, terminating in exceedingly small spherical sporangia. The
+colors are obscure, but the striations on the calyculus are violet-tinted,
+and the reds perhaps predominate elsewhere. "In its scattered
+and solitary growth, its tall, slender stipes, and relaxed habit it resembles
+<i>C. microcarpa</i>, in its network it approaches <i>C. tenella</i>, and its
+spores have the color of the paler form of <i>C. purpurea</i>." So Dr. Rex,
+<i>l. c.</i> Western forms of the first-named species have much shorter
+stipes; the network in the specimens before us is unlike that of <i>C.
+tenella</i>, but resembles that of <i>C. purpurea</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Rare, on very rotten wood, in the forest. New York, Ohio, South
+Carolina, Ontario.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">16. <span class="smcap">Cribraria cuprea</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 7.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Cribraria cuprea</i> Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc</i>., p. 16.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangium very small, .33 mm., oval or somewhat obvoid, copper-colored,
+stipitate, nodding; stipe concolorous or darker below, subulate,
+curved at the apex, 2&ndash;4 times the sporangium; calyculus about
+one-half the sporangium, finely ribbed and granulose within, the
+margin nearly even; the net rather rudimentary, the meshes large,
+triangular or quadrilateral, the nodules also large, flat, concolorous,
+the threads slender, transparent, with free ends few; spores in mass
+copper-colored, by transmitted light colorless, smooth, 6&ndash;7 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Recognizable by its small size and peculiar color, that of bright
+copper, although this fades somewhat with age, and the metallic tints
+are then lacking. Related to the preceding and in specimens having
+globular sporangia closely resembling it; but the ground color in <i>C.
+languescens</i> is always darker, and the stipe proportionally much
+longer. In habit the sporangia are widely scattered, much more
+than is common in the species of this genus. Miss Lister, <i>2nd ed.</i>
+regards this as a var. of No. 15.</p>
+
+<p>Comparatively rare. Before us is one very small colony of sporangia
+from Iowa, one from Ohio, and a large number from Missouri.
+If one may judge from the material at hand, the favorite habitat is
+very rotten basswood, <i>Tilia americana</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>2. Dictydium</b> (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, gregarious, globose or depressed-globose, stipitate,
+cernuous; the peridium very delicate, evanescent, thickened on
+the inside by numerous meridional costæ which are joined at frequent
+intervals by fine transverse threads more or less parallel to
+each other, forming a persistent network of rectangular meshes.</p>
+
+<p>The ribs or costæ of the spore-case radiate from the top of the stipe
+and unite again at the top of the sporangium in a feeble, irregular
+net. Schrader, <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 11, 1797, applied the name <i>Dictydium</i>
+to all <i>Cribraria</i>-like species in which the calyculus was wanting.
+Fries follows this, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 164. Rostafinski, <i>Versuch</i>,
+p. 5, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 229, first correctly limits the genus and separates
+it from <i>Cribraria</i>. 1873&ndash;75.</p>
+
+<p>A single species is widely distributed throughout the world,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Dictydium cancellatum</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I</a>.</span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i> and <span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>.</span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>, 1 <i>c</i>, 2, 3.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1789. <i>Mucor cancellatus</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, II., p. 131.</li>
+<li>1797. <i>Dictydium umbilicatum</i> Schrad., <i>Nov. Gen. Pl.</i>, p. 11.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Cribraria cernua</i> Pers., <i>Syn.</i>, p. 189.</li>
+<li>1816. <i>Dictydium cernuum</i> Nees, <i>Syst. d. Pilz.</i>, p. 117.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Dictydium cernuum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 229.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Dictydium longipes</i> Morg., <i>Cin. Soc. Jour.</i>, p. 17, in part.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, depressed globose, nodding, the apex at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>
+length umbilicate, stipitate, in color brown, or brownish purple;
+the stipe varying much in length from two to ten times the diameter
+of the sporangium, attaining 5&ndash;6 mm., generally erect, more or less
+twisted and pallid at the apex, below dark brown, with hypothallus
+small or none; calyculus often wanting, when present a mere film
+connecting the ribs of the net; the net made up chiefly of meridional
+ribs connected at intervals by transverse parallel threads, above an
+open <i>Cribraria</i>-like network closing the apex and more or less rudimentary;
+the spores varying in color through all shades of brown and
+purple when seen in mass, by transmitted light reddish, 5&ndash;7 µ, smooth
+or nearly so.</p>
+
+<p>This species in the United States is one of the most variable in
+the whole group. The extremes of such variation might easily constitute
+types for several distinct species were it not that in all directions
+the varieties shade into each other so completely as to defy
+definition. We have before us specimens purple throughout and short-stemmed;
+purple with stem long, pale and twisted at apex; brown,
+with the same variations; short-stemmed, with the apex of the stem
+pallid, and long-stemmed, with and without the same peculiarity.
+Morgan (<i>Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour.</i>, 1893) would set off the purple,
+long-stemmed forms as <i>D. longipes</i>, "stipe three to five times the
+sporangium," but here are forms in which the stem is ten times the
+diameter of the sporangium, which yet possess in all other particulars
+the characters of the short-stemmed forms. European forms also vary.
+Massee figures one type; Lister, one or two others; Rostafinski's
+figure indicates a taller form; Fries says, "Stipes elongatus, peridio
+quinquies et ultra longior." It seems reasonable to suppose that
+the variation is largely due to atmospheric conditions at the time of
+fruiting. The purple forms may be cases of arrested development,
+since the plasmodium appears to be in all cases purple, or at least
+they seem to represent those plasmodia which have failed of normal
+ripening. We may recognize two or three general types, distinguished
+primarily by color:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>a. <i>D. cancellatum cancellatum.</i>&mdash;Sporangia clear brown or with
+only a purplish tinge, the stipe tapering upward, and in extreme
+cases perfectly white at the twisted apex. The stipe in length
+ranges from three to ten times the diameter of the sporangium. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>
+reticulations of the net are generally small and the ribs numerous.
+This is the most highly differentiated, finished type of the species.</p>
+
+<p>b. <i>D. cancellatum purpureum.</i>&mdash;Sporangium dark, the purple
+tints predominating, the stipe tapering upward, more or less twisted
+at the paler, sometimes almost colorless, apex. The stipe ranges a
+little shorter than in the preceding variety, three to seven times the
+sporangium. The reticulations of the net are often coarse, the ribs
+being fewer; the whole structure weak and showing signs of imperfect
+development.</p>
+
+<p>The figures, 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>, 1 <i>c, l. c.</i>, illustrate the ideal accomplishment
+in form (a). The color is a clear definite brown with no suggestion
+of purple anywhere. The stipes are three or four times the
+diameter of the sporangium, brown below, white above, and twisted
+to allow the sporangium to hang inverted. This is complete in every
+part; a definite bell-shaped calyx, widening into the cancellate receptacle,
+the margin constricted, and closed at last by the apical net,
+<i>cribrum</i>, sign of the order.</p>
+
+<p>In form (b), the structure is similar but by no means so symmetrical
+and complete. The calyx often fails, or is present by obscure
+indications only. The cancellation is coarser, the number of
+ribs fewer, the whole sporangium more or less globose; ferruginous
+or purple, the prevailing tint. Figs. on Pl. 1. are from the ferruginous
+type.</p>
+
+<p>Figure 3 represents a beautiful thing; cup-less, ellipsoidal, delicate,
+of average size and in every way well-proportioned, clear rosy brown
+in color.</p>
+
+<p>This may stand for a third variety; (c) <i>D. cancellatum prolatum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Common everywhere. The fruit appears in June on decaying
+logs and stumps of various species of deciduous trees, conifers, etc.,
+the finest, and greatest variety, are from southern Missouri.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Order IV</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>LYCOGALALES</b></p>
+
+<p>Fructification æthalioid; peridium membranaceous, tough, simple,
+without vesiculose with protoplasmic masses, within gelatinous; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>
+capillitium of cortical origin, consisting of irregular lobate or branching
+tubules, varying much in width, and marked by numerous corrugations,
+irregular warts or bands; spores minute, ashen or pallid.</p>
+
+<p>This order includes but a single genus,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Lycogala</b> <i>Micheli.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1729. <i>Lycogala</i> Micheli, <i>Nov. Plant. Gen.</i>, pp. 216, 217.</li>
+<li>1753. <i>Lycoperdon</i> Linn. <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, in part.</li>
+<li>1794. <i>Lycogala</i> Persoon, Römer, <i>N. Bot. Mag.</i>, p. 87.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Micheli's description and figures, <i>Nov. Plant. Gen.</i>, pp. 216, 217,
+Tab. 95, leave no doubt but that this illustrious man had species
+of <i>Lycogala</i> before him when he described the genus. His figure
+1. no doubt portrays the second species in our present list. More
+recent writers, from Persoon down, have used Micheli's designation,
+but differed in regard to the limits to which the name should
+be applied. It is here used substantially as in 1729. Fries and,
+after him, Rostafinski make a mistake in quoting Retzius as writing
+<i>Lycogala</i> (1769). Retzius wrote <i>Lycoperdon sessile; Kongl. Vetenskaps
+Acad. Handling, för Ar.</i> 1769, p. 254.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Lycogala</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Lycogala">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Æthalia irregularly globose.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Cortex minutely roughened or warted; about 12 mm. in diameter</td><td align="left">1. <i>L. epidendrum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Cortex smooth, size large</td><td align="left">2.&nbsp;<i>L.&nbsp;flavo&#8209;fuscum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>c.</i> Cortex rough; diameter 6 mm. or less</td><td align="left">3. <i>L. exiguum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>B.</i> Æthalia conical</td><td align="left">4. <i>L. conicum</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Lycogala epidendrum</span> (<i>Buxb.</i>) <i>Fries.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1721. <i>Lycoperdon epidendron</i>, etc., Buxb., <i>En. Pl. Hal.</i>, p. 203.</li>
+<li>1753. <i>Lycoperdon epidendrum</i> Linn., <i>Sp. Pl.</i>, p. 1184.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Lycogala epidendrum</i> (Buxb.) Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i> III., p. 80.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Æthalia solitary or clustered, depressed spherical, or, when crowded,
+irregular, olivaceous or blackish, minutely warted, 3&ndash;10 mm. in
+diameter, dehiscing irregularly, but more often near the apex; peridium
+thin, but tough and persistent, made up of numerous agglutinated
+tubules enclosing in their mashes peculiar cell-like vesicles; capillitium
+parietal, consisting of long, branching, and anastomosing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>
+flattened tubules extended inwardly among the spores, everywhere
+marked by transverse wrinkles, ridges, and warts, the free ends of the
+ultimate branchlets rounded, concolorous with the spores; spore-mass,
+when fresh, rosy, or ashen with a rosaceous or purplish tinge,
+becoming with age sordid or ochraceous, spores by transmitted light
+colorless, minutely roughened or reticulate, 5&ndash;6 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is not only a cosmopolitan species, but is no doubt, the most
+common slime-mould in the world. Found everywhere on decaying
+wood of all sorts, more particularly on that of deciduous trees. It
+has likewise been long the subject of observation. It is doubtless the
+"<i>Fungus coccineus</i>" of Ray, 1690, and the type of Micheli's genus as
+here, 1729. The different colors assumed, from the rich scarlet of
+the emerging plasmodium to the glistening bronze of the newly
+formed æthalium, have suggested various descriptive names,&mdash;as <i>L.
+miniata</i> Pers., <i>L. chalybeum</i> of Batsch, and <i>L. plumbea</i> Schum. The
+peridium is by authors described as double. This is for description
+only. In structure the outer and inner peridium completely blend.
+The outer is predominately vesiculose, the inner more gelatinous.
+For discussion of the microscopic structure see under the next species.</p>
+
+<p>Common. New England, west to Nebraska, South Dakota, Colorado,
+Washington, Oregon, California; Alberta to Nicaragua.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lycogala terrestre</i> Fr., <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., 83, appears to be a variety
+of the present species. In spores and capillitial thread the forms are
+indistinguishable; the difference is a matter of size, and to some
+extent, of the color of the wall. The specimens are a little larger,
+depressed and angular. The peridium is paler, smoother, though
+sometimes almost black, thin, ruptured irregularly. But the form
+and color of the peridium in the sporocarps of the older species vary
+much in response to external conditions; on a substratum affording
+scant nutrition the forms of fructification are minute; and in all
+cases, if maturity be hastened, the peridium responds in darker colors.
+Under more favorable conditions the wall is smoother and brighter.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Lycogala flavo-fuscum</span> (<i>Ehr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1818. <i>Diphtherium flavo-fuscum</i> Ehr., <i>Syl. Myc. Berol.</i>, p. 27.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Reticularia flavo-fusca</i> (Ehr.) Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 88.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Lycogala flavo-fuscum</i> (Ehr.) Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 3.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Æthalia solitary or sometimes two or three together, large 2&ndash;4 cm.
+in diameter, spherical or spheroidal, purplish-gray or brown, smooth,
+shining; the peridium thick, simple but in microscopic section showing
+two or three successive layers; capillitium of abundantly branching,
+irregular, transparent tubules, marked by numberless warts and
+transverse rings or wrinkles, spores in mass yellowish gray, by transmitted
+light, colorless, smooth or only faintly reticulate or roughened,
+5&ndash;6 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This, one of the largest and most striking of the slime-moulds,
+is by students generally mistaken for a puff-ball. It occurs on stumps
+and rotten logs of various sorts in the Mississippi valley, more often
+affecting stumps of <i>Acer saccharinum</i> L. The fructification, when
+solitary, about the size of a walnut, though sometimes larger; when
+clustered, the individuals are smaller. The form depends largely
+upon the place in which the fruit is formed. The plasmodic mass is
+so large that its form is determined by gravity. Thus on the lower
+surface of a log raised a little distance from the earth the æthalium
+is often pyriform. This fact did not escape Micheli. See <i>Nov. Plant.
+Gen.</i>, Tab. 95. The plasmodium is pale pink, soon becomes buff
+when exposed in fruiting, finally pallid or somewhat livid, and is outwardly
+changed into the stout, tough peridium. This consists of an
+intricate network of irregular gelatinous tubules enclosing within
+the meshes protoplasmic masses of pretty uniform size, 60&ndash;100 µ.
+Outwardly the protoplasmic vesicles predominate; inwardly the gelatinous
+tubules, which are, in some instances at least, continued toward
+the centre of fructification to form the capillitium. The
+protoplasmic masses referred to respond to ordinary stains, are often
+broken into numberless small cells corresponding in size and appearance
+to ordinary spores.</p>
+
+<p>Not common. New England, Ohio, Iowa. Perhaps more abundant
+in the Mississippi valley; Canada.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Lycogala exiguum</span> <i>Morg.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Lycogala exiguum</i> Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 8.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Æthalia small, 2&ndash;5 mm. in diameter, gregarious, globose, dark
+brown or black, sessile, minutely scaly, irregularly dehiscent; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
+peridium thin, the vesicles comparatively few, in irregular patches
+which are more or less confluent; capillitium as in preceding species,
+the tubules slender and branching; spore-mass pale, ochraceous, spores
+by transmitted light colorless, almost smooth, 5&ndash;6 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Found in the same situations as No. 1, and at the same season.
+Recognizable by its <i>gregarious</i> habit, not crowded nor superimposed,
+small size, and dusky color. The little spheres occur a dozen or
+more in a place, dark lead-colored, shading to black, opening rather
+regularly at the top. It looks like a depauperate <i>L. epidendrum</i>,
+but seems to be constantly collected.</p>
+
+<p>Our specimens are from Ohio, Iowa, Missouri, Canada.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Lycogala conicum</span> <i>Pers.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1801. <i>Lycogala conica</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 159.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Dermodium conicum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 284.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Æthalia scattered, sometimes two or three together, small 2&ndash;4 mm.
+high, conical, sessile, pallid, grayish brown, marked by obscure black
+reticulations, opening regularly at the somewhat acuminate tip; peridium
+thin in structure, as in <i>L. epidendrum</i>, but more delicate; capillitium
+made up of abundant, slender, uniform threads almost smooth,
+simple, the free ends obtuse, taking origin in the cortex much as in
+the preceding species; spores in mass ochraceous, by transmitted
+light colorless, minutely warted or faintly reticulate, about 5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very distinct and rare little species. Well described by Persoon,
+who also appears to have observed the plasmodium "<i>primo rubra</i>."
+The color of the mature form varies with age; at first somewhat
+purplish. Dr. Rex collected it in Pennsylvania; Mr. Morgan has it
+from Ohio; our specimens are from southeastern Missouri.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Order V</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>TRICHIALES</b></p>
+
+<p>Fructification sporangial, rarely plasmodiocarpous, the sporangia
+stalked or sessile, gregarious or closely crowded, limeless throughout;
+the capillitium of definite threads, free or attached to the sporangial
+wall, isolated or combined into a net; spores generally some
+shade of yellow, never purple or black.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The distinguishing feature in this order is found in the peculiar
+sculpture of the capillitial threads. This is suggested by the tubules
+of <i>Lycogala</i>, though probably the resemblance is superficial only.
+The individual threads, as in <i>Trichia</i>, are called elaters, from their
+probable efficiency in spore-dispersal.</p>
+
+<p>As here limited, the order is coextensive with the <i>Calonemeae</i>
+of Rostafinski, except that that includes in addition the genera <i>Prototrichia</i>
+and <i>Dianema</i>. The course of differentiation may be assumed
+to start with <i>Dianema</i>, through the <i>Perichaenaceae</i> to the <i>Arcyriaceae</i>
+and again from the same starting-point through <i>Prototrichia</i> to the
+<ins title="Trichiacae in original."><i>Trichiaceae</i></ins>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Families of the Trichiales</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Families of the Trichiales">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Capillitial threads transverse to the sporangial cavity, attached usually at each end, plain or only slightly roughened</td><td align="left"><i>Dianemaceae</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Capillitium plain, papillose, or spinulose, often scanty, not netted, the threads sometimes attached by one end to the sporangium wall</td><td align="left"><i>Perichaenaceae</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Capillitium a distinct net, usually attached below to the sporangial wall; sculpture various, not continuous spiral bands</td><td align="left"><i>Arcyriaceae</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>D.</i> Capillitial threads transverse, fascicled, attached at both ends, but sculptured by well defined spiral bands</td><td align="left"><i>Prototrichiaceae</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>E.</i> Capillitial threads typically free, sometimes more or less branched, forming a loose net attached below, characterized by definite spiral bands, or sometimes by scattered rings</td><td align="left"><i>Trichiaceae</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>A.</i> DIANEMACEÆ</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Dianemaceæ</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Dianemaceæ">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Capillitial threads attached at one end, or free</td><td align="left">1. <span class="smcap">Margarita</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Capillitial threads attached at each end</td><td align="left">2. <span class="smcap">Dianema</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>1. Margarita</b> <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1894. <i>Margarita</i> Lister, <i>Mycet.</i>, p. 203.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia sessile, the capillitium simple, hair-like, coiled.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Margarita metallica</span> (<i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i>) <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, <ins title="Added.">Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>.</ins></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1838. <i>Physarum metallicum</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <i>Mag. Zool. &amp; Bot.</i>, I., p. 49.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or clustered, globose, or somewhat plasmodiocarpous,
+.5&ndash;1 mm., sessile, coppery iridescent, the peridium thin, opening<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>
+above irregularly; capillitium of long flexuous, coiling, simple or
+little dividing threads, nearly smooth, with infrequent attachments to
+the peridial wall; spores in mass yellowish, transparent under the
+lens, delicately verruculose, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>One of the handsomer species of the present group. So far a
+Pacific coast form. California, Oregon, Washington; reported from
+Chile.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Dianema</b> <i>Rex</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1891. <i>Dianema harveyi</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 397.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia simple or plasmodiocarpous; capillitium composed of
+threads without characteristic thickenings running entirely across the
+sporangium attached both to the base and to the opposite wall, not
+joined to form a network.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to Species of Dianema</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to Species of Dianema">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Sporangia distinct, iridescent</td><td align="left">1. <i>D. harveyi</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Fructification more or less plasmodiocarpous, dull brown</td><td align="left">2.&nbsp;<i>D.&nbsp;corticatum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Sporangia, some of them stipitate</td><td align="left">3. <i>D. andersoni</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Dianema harveyi</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>.</span>, Figs. 5 and 5 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1891. <i>Dianema harveyi</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 397.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, generally rounded or cushion-shaped, depressed,
+sessile, iridescent bronze, 1 mm. in diameter; peridium thin,
+translucent, opening irregularly; capillitium of simple threads, not
+netted, but often forked two or three times, taut, running from base
+to top; spores yellow, by transmitted light pale yellowish, minutely
+roughened, 8&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This interesting species was collected in Orono, Maine, in 1889,
+by Professor F. L. Harvey, and so far as can be learned has not
+been taken since. Mr. Lister records two species from England which
+he refers to this genus. As to its systematic place, Dr. Rex says, <i>l. c.</i>
+"It stands as a single representative of a new and separate family
+adjoining the <ins title="As in original."><i>Perichaenacae</i></ins> in the order <i>Calonemeae</i> of Rostafinski."</p>
+
+<p>Rare. Maine.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Dianema corticatum</span> <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>.</span>, Figs. 5 <i>a</i>, 5 <i>c</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1894. <i>Dianema corticatum</i> List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 205.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>"Plasmodium pink"; sporangia sometimes flat-hemispheric, more
+often ill-defined, united in irregular, depressed, netted plasmodiocarps,
+generally dull brown; peridium opaque, didermatous, capillitium
+of simple or rarely branching filaments, variously beaded or
+marked with spiral bands, lightly attached at either end, occasionally
+twisted together; spore-mass dull brown, the spores in clusters of
+four or more, colorless by transmitted light, more or less verruculose,
+ellipsoidal, about 8&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Our specimens are from the mountains of Alberta.</p>
+
+<p>A curious, flat plasmodiocarp, an inch or more in length. It suggests
+<i>Hemitrichia serpula</i> prematurely dry.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Dianema andersoni</span>, <i>Morg.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><i>Dianema andersoni</i>, <i>Morg.</i> MS., <i>non. pub.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Sporangium globose, sessile or sub-stipitate, seated on a thin brownish
+hypothallus; the wall a thin smooth pinkish membrane, when dry
+rugulose and iridescent, the inner surface somewhat thickened below
+and brownish at the base. Capillitium arising out of the thickened
+base, the threads hyaline or pinkish, ascending, flexuous, simple, or
+branched a time or two, the extremities attached on all sides to the
+wall of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, pale,
+pinkish, 10&ndash;11 µ, in diameter, free.</p>
+
+<p>Growing on old wood and bark of <i>Alnus</i>; British Columbia,
+<i>W. B. Anderson</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sporangium spherical, 6&ndash;8 mm. in diameter, sessile or on a very
+short stipe. This species differs from D. harveyi Rex in the <i>uniform
+pinkish</i> color of the wall and of the spores; the dividing threads
+are furnished remotely with minute roundish tubercles as in <i>Didymium</i>;
+the spores are somewhat larger than in <i>D. harveyi</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>B.</i> PERICHÆNACEÆ</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Perichænaceæ</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Perichænaceæ">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Sporangia more or less plasmodiocarpous in type, terete; dehiscence irregular</td><td align="left">1.&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Ophiotheca</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Sporangia more or less polygonal in outline, or round, depressed; dehiscence circumscissile</td><td align="left">2. <span class="smcap">Perichæna</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>1. Ophiotheca</b> <i>Currey</i>.</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>1869. <i>Ophiotheca pallida</i> Berk. &amp; C., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, X., p. 350.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Fructification generally plasmodiocarpous, terete, bent or flexuous,
+often annular or cornuate, rarely globose, opening irregularly, peridium
+thin, not polished, covered more or less strongly with a distinct
+layer of scales or granules; capillitium of slender, loosely branching
+filaments, the surface rough to strongly spinulose; spores yellow.</p>
+
+<p>As a generic name <i>Ophiotheca</i> plainly has priority. <i>Cornuvia</i> as
+understood by Rostafinski has no representative so far in our region.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Ophiotheca</b></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Ophiotheca">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>A.</i> Plasmodiocarp usually upon herbaceous stems, slender</td><td align="left">1. <i>O. vermicularis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>B.</i> Plasmodiocarp on rotting bark, logs, etc,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Pale brownish or yellowish</td><td align="left">2.&nbsp;<i>O.&nbsp;chrysosperma</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Chestnut brown or blackish</td><td align="left">3. <i>O. wrightii</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Ophiotheca vermicularis</span> (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1834. <i>Physarum vermicularis</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2296.</li>
+<li>1869. <i>Ophiotheca pallida</i> Berk. &amp; C., <i>Jour. Lin. Soc.</i>, X., p. 350.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Ophiotheca umbrina</i> Berk. &amp; C. Grev., II., p. 88.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Perichaena pallida</i> (Schw.) Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 34.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodiocarp very slender, terete, elongate, flexuous or reticulate,
+annular, etc., of dull gray or neutral tint; the peridium thin,
+translucent, but with a delicate granular outer coating; capillitium
+of slender threads, frequently branched, warted and usually
+minutely spinulose; spore-mass ochraceous yellow; spores by transmitted
+light pale yellow, minutely roughened, 10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps common, but seldom collected, probably overlooked on account
+of protective coloration; the color is about that of the habitat, the
+weathered surface of dead herbaceous stems and roots. On dead corn
+stalks not infrequent. Differs from other species of the genus in having
+smoother capillitium, for which reason Rostafinski calls the
+present species <i>Perichaena vermicularis</i>. <i>O. pallida</i> Berk. &amp; C. seems
+to us to be the same thing, <i>N. A. F.</i>, 726.</p>
+
+<p>New England, New Jersey, South Carolina, Ontario, Ohio, Iowa.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Ophiotheca <ins title="chrysoperma in original.">chrysosperma</ins></span> <i>Currey</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1854. <i>Ophiotheca chrysosperma</i> Currey, <i>Quart. Mic. Jour.</i>, II., p. 240.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Cornuvia circumscissa</i> (Wallr.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 290.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Perichaena chrysosperma</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, in part, p. 248.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodiocarp elongate, bent and curved in various ways, spherical,
+more rarely annular or even reticulate, yellowish or ochraceous
+brown, opening irregularly; peridium thin, with yellowish outer
+layer; capillitium rather abundant, of threads slender, sparingly
+branched and minutely but distinctly spinulose; spore-mass yellow,
+spores by transmitted light pale, almost smooth, about 8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Occurs on the inner bark of deciduous trees, especially of oak.
+Not common.</p>
+
+<p>This is possibly <i>Cornuvia circumscissa</i> (<i>Wallr.</i>) of Rostafinski's
+monograph; but it is doubtful to what Wallroth referred. Rostafinski's
+other citations are equally uncertain. Currey's figures and
+description alone merit recognition.</p>
+
+<p>Ohio, Iowa, Tennessee; Canada.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Ophiotheca wrightii</span> <i>Berk.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II</a>.</span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>, 7 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1868. <i>Ophiotheca wrightii</i> Berk. &amp; C., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, X., p. 349.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Cornuvia wrightii</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 36.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Cornuvia wrightii</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia.</i>, II., p. 122.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Perichaena chrysosperma</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 248.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Plasmodiocarp bent or short-flexuous, often arcuate or completely
+annular, dark chestnut brown or black, opening irregularly; peridium
+thin, brittle, translucent, covered without by a rather dense layer of
+brownish or black brown scales; capillitium of long, sparingly branched
+threads furnished with projecting spinules remarkable for their
+length, about twice the diameter of the thread; spores yellow,
+minutely but distinctly warted, about 12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is the common species everywhere on the inner side of the
+bark of fallen trees, <i>Ulmus</i>, etc. It is readily distinguished at sight
+by the peculiar annular, looped, and U-shaped plasmodiocarps, with
+their dark umbrine or blackened surface. From the preceding it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>
+is especially distinguished by the spinulose capillitium and larger
+spores.</p>
+
+<p>Not rare. New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>2. Perichæna</b> <i>Fries</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1817. <i>Perichaena</i> Fries, <i>Symb. Gast.</i>, p. 11.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia flattened, sometimes small and roundish, more often
+larger, polygonal by mutual interference, or irregular, the peridium
+thickened outwardly by a dense reddish or brownish layer of scales;
+dehiscing by circumscission or by a lid; capillitium often scant, of
+slender, warted, yellowish threads, attached betimes to the upper wall;
+spores yellow, oval or spherical.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Perichæna</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Perichæna">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Sporangia plainly flattened.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Very flat, sporangia 1mm. or more in width</td><td align="left">1. <i>P. depressa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Depressed; sporangia smaller</td><td align="left">2. <i>P. quadrata</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>B.</i> Sporangia more or less spherical</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Chestnut brown</td><td align="left">3. <i>P. corticalis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Gray or canescent</td><td align="left">4.&nbsp;<i>P.&nbsp;marginata</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Perichaena depressa</span> <i>Libert.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>.</span>, Fig. 10.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1837. <i>Perichaena depressa</i> Lib., <i>Fl. Crypt. Ard.</i>, IV., No., 378.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia sessile, applanate, crowded, polygonal by mutual contact,
+fuscous or chestnut brown, shining, opening by a definite lid;
+spore-mass and capillitium yellow, the capillitium well developed,
+of slender yellow threads of various widths, almost smooth; spores
+minutely warted, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Easily recognized by the peculiar, polygonal, depressed-flattened
+sporangia and consequent shallow spore-cases in which lie the yellow
+spores and scanty capillitium. Rostafinski refers here <i>P. vaporaria</i>
+Schw., No. 2311, but the meagre description seems rather to apply
+to the next species. The original material is no longer accessible.</p>
+
+<p>In the crevices and on the inside of bark of fallen logs of various
+sorts, walnut, maple, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Not commonly collected. Specimens are before us from New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>
+England, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Florida, Mexico, Nicaragua.
+Probably over the whole wooded region of the continent.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Perichaena quadrata</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Perichaena irregularis</i> Berk. &amp; C., Morgan, <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 20.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia very small, less than œ mm., crowded, polygonal or
+quadrangular, depressed, but not flattened, smooth, bright rufous
+or brown; the peridium rather thick, yellow within, the dehiscence
+circumscissile; capillitium scanty, of slender, sparingly branched filaments,
+the surface minutely roughened, warted or spinulose; spore-mass
+yellow; by transmitted light pale yellow, 9&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Differs from the preceding by the much smaller size of the sporangia,
+different color and habit. The sporangia, while depressed,
+still maintain considerable rotundity; they are occasionally quite
+spherical, and then of very uneven size, hardly in contact. In some
+cases the plasmodium before maturing seems to assume the form of a
+plasmodiocarp, which, by transverse fission at intervals, forms the
+curious four-sided conceptacles. At other times the plasmodium assumes
+the shape of a flat cushion or plate, which then subdivides
+into minute polygonal segments. This form has been known some
+years to collectors, and, if named at all, has been called <i>P. irregularis</i>.
+Lister, <i>l. c.</i>, assures us that Berkeley's type "is typical <i>P. depressa</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Not common. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Perichaena corticalis</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II</a>.</span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1783. <i>Lycoperdon corticale</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, p. 155.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Perichaena corticalis</i> (Batsch) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 293.</li>
+<li>1817. <i>Perichaena populina</i> Fries, <i>Symb. Gast.</i>, p. 12.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia sessile, gregarious, flattened, hemispherical; peridia simple,
+opening by a lid; dehiscence circumscissile, the upper part chestnut
+brown, the lower almost black; capillitium feebly developed,
+smooth, attached to the lid and usually coming away with it, bringing
+the brilliantly yellow spore-mass, and leaving a delicate, shining
+cupule adherent to the substratum; spores yellow, nearly smooth,
+10&ndash;12 µ. On and under the bark of dead elms of various species.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A very handsome little species occuring rarely with us, or perhaps
+overlooked by virtue of its protective coloration. Found sometimes
+on the inner side of the bark where the latter has separated, but
+not yet wholly parted company with the wood. In such situations
+the tiny sporangia are so nearly quite the color of the moist substratum
+as to escape all but the closest scrutiny. The dehiscence
+is very remarkable, characteristic, beautiful. Black, brown, chestnut,
+and gold are harmoniously blended, in the opening coffers. Prior
+to maturity the future line of fission is plainly indicated by the difference
+in color.</p>
+
+<p>This is clearly the species found by Batsch "ligni demortui putridi
+in interiore corticis pagina." Bulliard has also described and
+figured the species, <i>Sphaerocarpus sessilis</i> t. 417, Fig. V.</p>
+
+<p>The capillitium is nearly smooth; the spores are only slightly
+roughened by minute warts.</p>
+
+<p>Apparently not common. Iowa, Missouri; Black Hills, South
+Dakota; Canada;&mdash;<i>Miss Currie.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Perichaena marginata</span> <i>Schweinitz.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1831. <i>Perichaena marginata</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, No. 2319, p. 258.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia depressed, globose, polygonal as they become approximate
+or crowded, hoary canescent, sessile; peridium rather thick, persistent,
+circumscissile in dehiscence, covered without by minute whitish calcareous
+(?) scales, within punctate by the imprint of the spores;
+hypothallus distinct, white; capillitium scant or none! Spores in
+mass dull yellow, by transmitted light pale, nearly smooth, 14&ndash;15 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Lister, following Rostafinski, includes this form with the preceding.
+The differences between the two forms are, it seems to us,
+sufficient to make convenient their separation as by Schweinitz. Apart
+from the peculiar incrustation in the present species, the larger
+spores, and especially the peculiar white hypothallus, are distinctive.
+The method of dehiscence is also different. In <i>P. corticalis</i> the
+line of cleavage before spore dispersal is indicated by a definite band
+surrounding the sporangium. Nothing similar appears in the gray
+specimens of the present form, although the dehiscence is quite as
+certainly circumscissile. The habitat in American specimens is the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>
+<i>outer</i> surface of the bark, which causes the species generally, by
+protective coloration, to be overlooked.</p>
+
+<p>Not common. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>C.</i> ARCYRIACEÆ</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Arcyriaceæ</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Arcyriaceæ">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Peridium becoming fragmentary, but persisting; capillitium non-elastic</td><td align="left">1. <span class="smcap">Lachnobolus</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Peridium evanescent above, persistent below; capillitium elastic</td><td align="left">2. <span class="smcap">Arcyria</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>C.</i> Capillitium elastic, bearing hamate branches</td><td align="left">3.&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Heterotrichia</span></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>1. Lachnobolus</b> <i>Fries</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1829. <i>Lachnobolus</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 177.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, sessile or nearly so, globose or cylindric, often
+distorted, scattered or densely crowded, the peridium extremely thin,
+ruptured irregularly, and persistent in fragments; capillitium attached
+at numerous points to the sporangial wall, forming a dense net,
+the threads warted or spinulose, non-elastic.</p>
+
+<p>Species of this genus are easily distinguished from those of the
+next by the peculiar fragile peridium and the inelastic capillitium.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Lachnobolus</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Lachnobolus">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>A.</i> Sporangia pale yellow, on fallen flowers and fruit-burs of Castanea</td><td align="left">1. <i>L. globosus</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>B.</i> Sporangia rosy or copper-colored, at length ochraceous</td><td align="left">2.&nbsp;<i>L.&nbsp;occidentalis</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Lachnobolus globosus</span> (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1822. <i>Arcyria globosa</i> Schw., <i>Syn. Fung. Carol.</i>, No. 400.</li>
+<li>1875. Lachnobolus globosus (Schw.) <i>Rost., Mon.</i>, p. 283.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Arcyria albida</i> Pers. (in part) Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 186.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia on the spines of fallen chestnut burs, scattered, pale yellow
+or whitish, small, globose, the peridium early evanescent above,
+more persistent below, stipitate; stipe small, tapering upward, from
+a small hypothallus; capillitium a dense but not expanding network
+attached chiefly to the lower portion of the sporangial wall, minutely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>
+waited or roughened, with few expansions or inflations; spores in
+mass pale yellow, under the lens colorless, almost smooth, 7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This singular little species is remarkable chiefly in the habitat it
+affects,&mdash;fallen chestnut burs. On these almost universal, but on
+nothing else, except on the fallen catkins of the same species. Regarded
+by Mr. Lister as <i>A. cinerea</i>, from which it differs constantly in
+form, in capillitium more open and with larger threads, 4&ndash;5 µ in
+diameter as well as in its unique habitat, and yellowish color.</p>
+
+<p>Distribution coterminous with that of <i>Castanea dentata</i> Borkhausen,&mdash;eastern
+half of the United States.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Lachnobolus occidentalis</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>; 4 and 4 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1885. <i>Lachnobolus incarnatus</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Macbr., <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa</i>, II., p. 126.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or crowded upon a hypothallus more or less
+distinct, globose or ellipsoidal, short-stipitate, varying somewhat in
+color, at first rosy or flesh-colored, later brownish or ochraceous;
+the peridium exceedingly thin, pellucid, mealy, evanescent above, persisting
+as a shallow cup below; capillitium inelastic, rather closely netted
+of threads variable in thickness, marked by frequent thickenings
+or expansions, everywhere warted, attached to the peridial walls,
+spores in mass flesh-colored, under the lens colorless, smooth, globose,
+7.5&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This delicate and elegant little species appears to be not uncommon,
+but is probably generally passed over as an <i>Arcyria</i>, which it superficially
+resembles. When newly formed, the sporangia have a peculiar
+rosy or flesh-colored metallic tint, which is all their own. Within
+a short time this color passes, and most of the material comes from the
+field brownish or ochraceous in color. Typical sporangia are spherical
+on distinct short stipes; when crowded, the shape is of course
+less definite. The capillitium never expands as in <i>Arcyria</i>, but, exposed
+by the vanishing upper wall, remains a spherical mass resting
+upon the shallow cup-like base of the peridium.</p>
+
+<p>This species has been in the United States generally distributed as
+<i>L. incarnatus</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Schroet. A careful study of all descriptions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>
+of European forms and comparison of many specimens leads
+us to believe that we have here to do with a type presenting constant
+peculiarities. We have in America nothing to correspond with the
+figures of Schweinitz, Berkeley, or Lister. In the American gatherings
+the sporangia are uniformly regular, globose, very generally
+short-stipitate, more or less closely gregarious, never superimposed,
+or heaped as shown in Berkeley's figure, for instance, <i>Ann. and Mag.
+Nat. Hist.</i>, IV., xvii., Pl. ix., Fig. 2. The plasmodium of our species
+is white; as it approaches maturity a rosy metallic tinge supervenes,
+quickly changing to dull yellow or alutaceous. The graphic description
+given by Fries of <i>Perichaena incarnata</i>, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 193,
+presents scarcely a character attributable to the form before us. <i>L.
+congesta</i> Berk. &amp; Br., evidently the form figured and described by
+Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 194, Pl. lxx., B., resembles our species in color
+and capillitium, but is entirely different in habit.</p>
+
+<p>Not uncommon. Maine, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>2. Arcyria</b> (<i>Hill</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1751. <i>Arcyria</i> Sir John Hill, <i>Gen. Nat. Hist.</i>, II., p. 47.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Arcyria</i> Pers., <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 182.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia ovoid or cylindric or even globose, stipitate; the peridium
+thin, evanescent to near the base, the lower part persisting as a calyculus;
+the stipe variable, packed with free cell-like vesicles, resembling
+spores, but larger; capillitium attached below, to the interior of
+the stipe or to the calyculus, in form an elastic network, the tubules
+adorned with warts, spinules, half-rings, etc., but without spiral
+bands or free extremities.</p>
+
+<p>Micheli, of course, discovered the arcyrias, put them in two genera
+and several species, which we may only dimly recognize. Persoon
+first saw distinctly the outlines of the genus as now understood and
+adopted the name given by Hill in his curiously prolix description
+of certain species, probably partly of the genus <i>Arcyria</i>, partly <i>Stemonitis</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Arcyria</b></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Arcyria">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>A.</i> Mature capillitium loosely adhering to the calyculus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Mature capillitium far-expanded, drooping.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Dusky.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">O Long, 12 mm. or more</td><td align="left">1. <i>A. magna</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">OO Shorter, about 6 mm.</td><td align="left">2. <i>A. oerstedtii</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">ii. Yellow</td><td align="left">3. <i>A. nutans</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Mature capillitium short, not drooping, though sometimes procumbent.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">i. Capillitium greenish yellow</td><td align="left">4. <i>A. versicolor</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Capillitium reddish, flesh-colored, at length sordid, etc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">O Capillitium marked by transverse half-rings, cogs, etc.</td><td align="left">5. <i>A. incarnata</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">OO Capillitium marked by sharp-edged transverse plates and by numerous nodes</td><td align="left">6. <i>A. nodulosa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">OOO Capillitium marked by close reticulations</td><td align="left">7.&nbsp;<i>A.&nbsp;ferruginea</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>B.</i> Capillitium persistently attached to the calyculus.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>a.</i> Sporangia reddish brown, etc.</td><td align="left">8. <i>A. denudata</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>b.</i> Sporangia gray or ashen</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">i. Simple</td><td align="left">9. <i>A. cinerea</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">ii. Clustered</td><td align="left">10. <i>A. digitata</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>c.</i> Sporangia yellow</td><td align="left">11.&nbsp;<i>A.&nbsp;pomiformis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>d.</i> Sporangia rose-colored, .5&ndash;1.5 mm.</td><td align="left">12. <i>A. insignis</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Arcyria magna</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Arcyria magna</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 364.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia densely aggregated, forming clusters of greater or less
+extent, sometimes reaching several centimetres in either direction,
+tawny gray or ashen, cylindric, tapering a little above, when expanded
+reaching a length of half a centimetre or more, stipitate; peridium
+evanescent except the small shallow cup-like base, the calyculus; stipe
+long (1 mm.), weak, pale brown or reddish, tubular, the channel
+filled with plasmodic masses; capillitium gray or drab-colored, very
+slightly attached to the bottom of the calyculus, far expanded, forming
+a loose-meshed net, the threads regular, cylindric, coarsely sculptured
+with rings, half-rings, cogs, spines, etc.; spores in mass dull
+gray, drab, under the lens colorless, papillate, with few papillæ,
+7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This magnificent form resembles in habit and general appearance,
+save color, <i>A. nutans</i>. The capillitium is, however, very different
+both in the sculpture and in the more delicate markings of the threads.
+Dr. Rex, <i>l. c.</i>, has pointed out the lack of reticulation on the capillitium
+and calyculus. The color is also diagnostic. A roseate variety<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>
+seems to occur with the present form. This is <i>A. magna rosea</i>
+Rex, and appears to agree with the type in all respects save color.
+The relationship here must be determined by future inquiry. The
+capillitial threads are remarkable for their graceful slenderness, regularity,
+and symmetry.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Arcyria oerstedtii</span> <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Arcyria oerstedtii</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 278, Fig. 196.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia cylindric, arcuate, 1.5 mm. high when unexpanded,
+closely clustered, dull crimson, stipitate; peridium evanescent except
+here and there a persistent patch, the calyculus shallow, plicate, papillose
+within; stipe short, weak, concolorous; hypothallus distinct, membranous,
+concolorous; capillitium a loose, far-expanding, elastic net,
+the meshes uneven, often small, the threads characterized by much
+irregularity and many bulbose thickenings, especially at the nodes,
+strongly spinulose throughout; spore-mass crimson or reddish brown,
+dull; spores by transmitted light colorless, nearly smooth, sub-globose,
+9&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This well-marked species is certainly rare within our limits. We
+have specimens from New England and from Pennsylvania. The
+Iowa material referred to this species, <i>Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia.</i>,
+II., p. 125, is <i>A. magna</i> Rex. Rostafinski's figure is excellent in the
+present case, and gives the idea of what we regard the typical marking
+of the capillitium in <i>A. oerstedtii</i>. Externally the species resembles
+somewhat <i>A. nodulosa</i>, and the network of the capillitium is also suggestive
+of that form; the spiny capillitium is unique.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. Adirondacks, New York&mdash;<i>Dr. Rex.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Arcyria nutans</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Grev.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II.</a></span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Trichia nutans</i> Bulliard, <i>Champ.</i>, p. 122, t. 502, III.</li>
+<li>1794. <i>Arcyria flava</i> Pers., <i>Römer N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 90.</li>
+<li>1824. <i>Arcyria nutans</i> Grev., <i>Fl. Edin.</i>, p. 455.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia crowded, cylindric, about 2 mm. high when unexpanded,
+pale yellow or buff, short-stipitate or sessile by an acute base; peridium<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>
+wholly evanescent, except at the base, where persists the shallow,
+colorless, often inwardly spinulose, plicatulate calyculus; stipe very
+short or wanting; hypothallus thin but usually in evidence; capillitium
+expanding to great length, forming an extremely flexile, plumose,
+pendulose open network of pale ochraceous tint, the threads 3&ndash;4 µ
+in thickness, adorned with spinules, sharp edged transverse plates
+sometimes rings, the surface especially marked by an indistinct reticulation;
+spore-mass buff or ochraceous, spores by transmitted light colorless,
+smooth or nearly so, 7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This elegant species is not rare in undisturbed woods, especially
+on fallen willows. The expanded capillitia are very soft and plume-like,
+waving and nodding, very lightly attached below to the centre
+of the peridial cup. The capillitium threads are rough, with irregular
+spines and sharp-edged transverse plates, occasionally extending to
+form rings. Resembles the first species somewhat in habit, size, and
+the spinescent capillitium, but the resemblance is superficial only.
+The color is at once diagnostic, and the capillitium is after all entirely
+different. Not uncommon; Canada to Mexico; Maine to California;
+probably cosmopolitan.</p>
+
+<p>Bulliard's figure determines the synonymy. Persoon called the
+form <i>A. flava</i>, because Bulliard had missed the genus.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Arcyria versicolor</span> <i>Phillips.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1877. <i>Arcyria versicolor</i> Phillips, <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 115.</li>
+<li>1877. <i>Arcyria vitellina</i> Phillips, <i>Grev.</i>, V., p. 115.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious or more or less crowded, pyriform or clavate,
+dingy, olivaceous yellow, becoming reddish, stipitate; peridium membranous,
+largely persistent below, where it gives rise to the deep,
+goblet-shaped calyculus; stipe strand-like, weak, sometimes wanting,
+concolorous with the peridium; hypothallus prominent or venulose;
+capillitium only slowly expanded, bright golden yellow or orange,
+the threads rather broad, about 4 µ in diameter, regular, even, elegantly
+branching, adorned with abundant short spines or warts, very
+small and evenly distributed, the whole net anchored in the bottom
+of the vasiform calyculus; spore-mass yellow, by transmitted light pale
+or nearly colorless, smooth, about 10 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This beautiful species is easily known by its comparatively large
+size, peculiar, obovate shape, its brilliant color, and unusually persistent
+membranous calyculus. It is peculiar to the western part of
+North America, South Dakota west to the Pacific Ocean.</p>
+
+<p>South Dakota, Colorado, California, Washington.</p>
+
+<p>In the thin-covered mountains of Colorado, or hidden by the still
+drier thickets and woods of Southern California, the fruit of this
+species is small, somewhat as the clavate hemitrichia, pure, deep
+yellow, golden or vitelline as Phillips says; but at loftier altitudes
+in the ever cool forests on the high mountain flanks, beginning away
+up where the glacier first starts to crack and slide between the
+'cleavers', and forests of stunted white-stemmed pine or wooly-fruited
+fir throw down their twigs and foliage undisturbed through centuries,&mdash;on
+down to where the plowing ice forgets its thrust, and melts
+to gentle floods amid spruce and hemlock-groves,&mdash;all the way the
+beautiful versicolor spreads and fruits, in August and September in
+all the richness of color which its name implies, which Phillips saw,
+tints of red, and yellow, and olive, and green, not brilliant, but in all
+the softer shades the artists love, weaving, in far-spread strands of
+tufted cylinders and cones upturned, fair as flowers, dusky garlands,
+by sunlight long forgot! Did not the old-time botanists liken these
+things once and again, to flowers!</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Arcyria incarnata</span> <i>Persoon.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1786. <i>Clathrus adnatus</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, 141. (?)</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Arcyria incarnata</i> Pers., Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., 1467.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia closely crowded, cylindric, 1&ndash;1.5 mm. high, rosy or
+flesh-colored, stipitate or almost sessile; stipe generally short, sometimes
+barely a conical point beneath the calyculus; hypothallus none;
+peridium wholly evanescent, except the shallow, saucer-like, inwardly
+roughened calyculus; capillitium loose, broad, pale reddish, attached
+to the cup at the centre only by strands which enter the hollow stem,
+the threads adorned with transverse plates, cogs, ridges, etc., arranged
+in an open spiral; spore-mass rosy, spores by transmitted light
+colorless, nearly smooth, 7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This common species is well marked both by its color and by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>
+delicate attachment of the capillitium to the calyculus. This is so
+frail that the slightest breath ofttimes suffices to effect a separation,
+and the empty calyculi are not infrequently the only evidence of the
+fructification. This peculiarity did not escape the attention of Persoon,
+and is well shown in his figure (<i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 58, pl. V.
+Figs. 4 and 5) referred to by Gmelin, <i>l. c.</i> Batsch simply named and
+described Micheli's figure (Tab. XCIV., Fig. 2), and accordingly
+his claim to priority is no better than Micheli's figure, which may
+possibly concern the present species, but is in no sense determinative.
+It is impossible to say what Retzius meant by his <i>Clathrus ramosus</i>,
+cited by Fries as a synonym here.</p>
+
+<p>Common, especially in the Mississippi valley and south; more
+rare in the west; Black Hills, South Dakota; Toronto to New Mexico.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Arcyria nodulosa</span> <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III</a>.</span>, Fig. 8.</p>
+
+<p>Sporangia small, about 1 mm. high when unexpanded, crowded
+in clusters of varying size, dull red or brownish, stipitate; the peridium
+evanescent except the cup; stipe very short, concolorous, plicate
+as the cup, or both smooth and unmarked; capillitium centrally
+attached, slowly expanded, open-meshed, dense, the threads even, 5&ndash;6 µ
+wide, expanded in globose, spinulose, or papillate-reticulate nodules,
+especially at points of intersection, marked everywhere by close-set,
+transverse, sharp-edged ridges, which encircle the thread and show
+no trace of spiral arrangement; spore-mass brown or red brown;
+spores by transmitted light pale yellow or colorless, minutely but distinctly
+roughened, globose, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This variety is not distantly related to the preceding, as shown
+by the centrally attached capillitial mass, but differs in several definite
+particulars; the sporangia are much smaller of an entirely different color
+with longer stipes, larger, rougher spores; the capillitium is also
+peculiar, the threads unusually wide and densely corrugated transversely,
+expanding at frequent intervals into globose nodules which
+are sometimes double the width of the thread. In color suggests <i>A.
+affinis</i> Rost., but corresponds to no other particular.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Arcyria ferruginea</span> <i>Sauter.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXII">Plate XII.</a></span>, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1841. <i>Arcyria ferruginea</i> Saut., <i>Flora</i>, XXIV., p. 316.</li>
+<li>1881. <i>Arcyria macrospora</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXXIV., p. 43.</li>
+<li>1883. <i>Arcyria aurantiaca</i> Raunier, <i>Myx. Dan.</i>, p. (44).</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia ovoid or short cylindric, crowded or gregarious, dull
+red or brownish, stipitate; stipe about equal to the sporangium, dark
+brown or black; hypothallus well developed, membranous, yellowish
+brown continuous; calyculus large, wide and shallow, smooth; capillitium
+centrally attached, when fresh, brick-red in color, fading on
+exposure, the threads of uneven size, those above 6&ndash;7 µ, below 3 µ,
+abundantly branching, marked by conspicuous reticulations formed
+by the intersection of numerous vertical plates or ridges; spore-mass
+reddish, spores by transmitted light pale ochraceous, distinctly
+warted, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is distinguishable at sight by the peculiar color and
+form of the sporangia. Mr. Durand in <i>Bot. Gaz.</i>, XIX., pp 89,
+90, gives a careful study of the form. The same author declares the
+dehiscence circumscissile. We cannot distinguish <i>A. aurantiaca</i> Raun.
+from the present form.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. Maine, New York; Monterey, California.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Arcyria denudata</span> (<i>Linn.</i>) <i>Sheldon.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II.</a></span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1753. <i>Clathrus denudatus</i> Linn., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, 1179.</li>
+<li>1794. <i>Arcyria punicea</i> Pers., <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 90.</li>
+<li>1895. <i>Arcyria denudata</i> (Linn.) Sheld., <i>Minn. Bot. Studies</i>, No. 9, p. 470.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia crowded or gregarious, ovoid or short cylindrical, tapering
+upward, red-brown, stipitate; peridium evanescent except the
+plicate calyculus; stipe about equal to the expanded capillitium, concolorous,
+plicate or striate, ascending from a small hypothallus; capillitium
+attached to the whole inner surface of the calyculus and
+connate with it; hence not deciduous, bright red or carmine when
+fresh, turning brown or paler with age, the threads even, about 3 µ<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">adorned with a series of rather distant cogs or half rings, which</span><br />
+form around the thread a lengthened spiral; spore-mass red or reddish
+brown, spores by transmitted light colorless, nearly smooth, 6&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is easily distinguished from all other of similar tints
+by the attachment of the capillitium. In this respect it corresponds
+with the following species. In the adornment of the threads it is
+like <i>A. incarnata</i>. It is by far the commonest species of the genus,
+and probably enjoys a world-wide distribution. To be found at
+all seasons on the lower side of fallen sticks, <i>Populus</i>, <i>Tilia</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Micheli, Pl. XCIV., shows that he had the present species. The
+description given by Linné is worthless, but helped out by Micheli, and
+several other authors of the eighteenth century, who take the trouble
+to describe the species, but still give the Linnean binomial as a synonym;
+we may give Linné here the credit. As a matter of fact,
+Batsch under <i>Embolus crocatus</i> first presents an unmistakable description
+and figure.</p>
+
+<p>Maine to the Black Hills and Colorado, and north and west;
+Alaska to Nicaragua.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Arcyria cinerea</span> (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Trichia cinerea</i> Bull., <i>Champ. de France</i>, p. 120, Tab. 477, Fig. iii.</li>
+<li>1801. <i>Arcyria cinerea</i> (Bull.) Pers., <i>Syn. Fung.</i>, p. 184.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious, ovoid or cylindrical, generally
+tapering upward, about 2&ndash;3 mm. high, ashen gray, sometimes with
+a yellowish tinge, stipitate; calyculus very small, thin; stipe about
+half the total height, rising from a small hypothallus, thin, gray
+or blackish, densely crowded with spore-like cells; capillitium dense,
+freely branching, ashen, or yellowish, little wider below, minutely
+spinulose; spore-mass concolorous, spores by transmitted light colorless,
+smooth, 6&ndash;7 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A very common little species, easily recognized by its color and
+habit. The capillitium is more dense than in any other species and
+expands less. The stipe is about equal to the expanded capillitium,
+unusually long. The plasmodium occurs in rotten wood, especially
+species of <i>Tilia</i>, is gray and, judging from the number of sporangia
+found in one place, scanty.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Bulliard, <i>l. c.</i>, gives the first account of the species by which it
+can with any certainty be identified. By some authors <i>Clathrus
+recutitus</i> Linn. is cited as a synonym. We fail to distinguish <i>A.
+cookei</i> Mass. from the old type.</p>
+
+<p>Widely distributed; Maine to Alaska, and south to Mexico and
+Nicaragua.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Arcyria digitata</span> (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1831. <i>Stemonitis digitata</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, p. 260, No. 2350.</li>
+<li>1868. <i>Arcyria bicolor</i> Berk. &amp; C., <i>Jour. Linn. Soc.</i>, X., p. 349.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Arcyria digitata</i> (Schw.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 274.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia compound, that is gathered in tufts, number 3&ndash;12 or
+more on a single stipe, the clusters themselves scattered; individual
+sporangia elongate cylindric, about 3&ndash;4 mm. long, ashen gray or nearly
+white, stipitate; stipe as long or longer than the sporangium, stout,
+sometimes showing traces of consolidation of several, sometimes none,
+dark brown or black; capillitium looser and more expanded than
+in the last, the threads more strongly spinulose; spore-mass concolorous,
+spores under the lens colorless, smooth, globose, 7.5&ndash;8 µ</p>
+
+<p>Closely related to the preceding, but different in habit and on the
+whole larger and more robust throughout. The stipes in some cases
+are completely merged in one; in others traces of coalescence remain.
+The number of united sporangia varies. There are some clusters
+before us containing 16 and 18 in a single fascicle!</p>
+
+<p>Not very common. On rotten wood of deciduous trees, especially
+south.</p>
+
+<p>New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio; Black Hills, South Dakota,
+and south to Nicaragua.</p>
+
+<p><i>Arcyria bicolor</i> Berk. &amp; C. seems to refer to the fact that the sporangia
+have sometimes an ochraceous tint. Berkeley's specimens are
+from Cuba. Our latest specimens are from Nicaragua; the form
+seems not to be reported from the old world.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Arcyria pomiformis</span> (<i>Leers</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1775. <i>Mucor pomiformis</i> Leers, <i>Flor. Herb.</i>, p. 218.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Arcyria pomiformis</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 271.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, gregarious, globose, bright yellow, very minute,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>
+.5 mm. high, .3 mm. in diameter, stipitate; stipe short, one-third
+the total height, pale brown or yellow; hypothallus none; capillitium
+loose, freely expanding, not deciduous, honey-yellow, the threads
+generally wide, 4&ndash;5 µ, toward the periphery more narrow, 2.5 µ
+warted, marked with blunt spinules, which not infrequently pass
+into distinct transverse, narrow plates or half-rings, free ends clavate
+and numerous; spore-mass yellow, spores by transmitted light
+smooth, granular, globose, 7&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species as represented by the material before us seems constant
+in size, color, and microscopic characters, in all which it differs
+from all species here listed. It resembles somewhat <i>Lachnobolus
+globosus</i> Schw., but differs in habit, habitat, color, the capillitium,
+its attachment and in the mode of dehiscence. In the present species
+the wall is evanescent almost <i>in toto</i>; in <i>L. globosus</i> is it remarkably
+persistent, and the capillitium is adherent.</p>
+
+<p>Probably rare. Its smallness removes it from sight of all but
+the most exact collectors. Maine, New York, South Carolina, Alabama,
+Missouri, Iowa; Black Hills, South Dakota; Ontario;&mdash;<i>Miss
+Currie.</i></p>
+
+<p>While usually remotely gregarious a collection from southern California
+shows that on occasion the entire plasmodium may pass to fruit
+with narrowest limits, forming a stipitate, compact, globose mass of
+crowded, superimposed sporangia as in <i>Oligonema nitens</i>. Set Plate
+XX., Fig. 12.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Arcyria insignis</span> <i>Kalkbr. &amp; Cke.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1882. <i>Arcyria insignis</i> Kalkbr. &amp; Cke., <i>Grev.</i>, X., p. 143.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Arcyria insignis</i> Kalkbr. &amp; Cke., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 240.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious or clustered, pale or bright rose-colored,
+.5&ndash;1.5 mm. in height, stipitate, ovate or cylindric; stipe short, .2&ndash;.4
+mm. red, with spore-like cells; capillitium a close net-work of delicate
+threads with a few bulbous free ends, with faint transverse bands or
+short spinules, or nearly smooth, colorless beneath the lens; spores
+colorless, nearly smooth, 6&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Reported from Mass. by Miss Lister. Should follow No. 8:
+apparently a very delicate form of the common species, <i>A. denudata</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>3. Heterotrichia</b> <i>Mass.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1892. <i>Heterotrichia</i> Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 139.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, stipitate; the peridium simple evanescent above
+as in <i>Arcyria</i>; capillitium centrally attached, freely branched, the
+threads within very slender, without broad, anastomosing to form a
+dense peripheral network, and everywhere extended to form short,
+free, often hamate tips. A single species,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Heterotrichia gabriellae</span> (<i>Rav.</i>) <i>Mass.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1850. <i>Arcyria gabriellae</i> Rav. <i>in litt. ad Cooke</i>.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Heterotrichia gabriellae</i> Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 140.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Arcyria ferruginea</i> Saut., var. <i>heterotrichia</i> List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 234.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia crowded or gregarious, oblong cylindric, ovoid, at first
+red, becoming yellowish brown, stipitate; the peridium evanscent
+except the calyculus, which is small and thin, polished; stipe shorter
+than the expanded capillitium, pale reddish brown; capillitium centrally
+attached, showing threads of two sorts, those within freely
+branching, slender, 1&ndash;1.5 µ, marked with half-rings or ridges, those
+on the periphery very different, yellow, broad, 5&ndash;6 µ, forming rather
+dense reticulations, with abundant free tips, acute and often curved,
+the whole surface here minutely and densely warted; spore-mass reddish
+yellow, spores by transmitted light colorless, globose, 7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiar double capillitium seems to separate this form from
+the true arcyrias. Some difference in the diameter of the capillitial
+threads in different regions is not infrequent in the several species
+of <i>Arcyria</i>, but that difference is here emphasized and rendered yet
+more striking by the peculiar free tips. The present forms bear
+only the most superficial resemblance to <i>A. ferruginea</i> Saut., with
+which species it is in some quarters sought to unite it.</p>
+
+<p>Very rare. Collected, as noted, nearly fifty years ago in South
+Carolina by Ravenel, it was more recently (1896) again collected in
+Maine by the late Professor Harvey.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>D.</i> PROTOTRICHIACÆ</p>
+
+<p>A single genus,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Prototrichia</b> <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p>
+1876. <i>Prototrichia</i> Rost., <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 38.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>A single species,&mdash;</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Prototrichia metallica</span> (<i>Berk.</i>) <i>Mass.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXVIII">Plate XVIII.</a></span>, Figs. 12, 12 <i>a</i>, 12 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1860. <i>Trichia metallica</i> Berk. Hook., <i>Fl. Tasm.</i>, 2, p. 168.</li>
+<li>1866. <i>Trichia flagellifera</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <i>Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.</i>, 3, XVII., p. 56.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Prototrichia flagellifera</i> (Berk.) Rost. <i>Mon. App.</i>, p. 38.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Prototrichia flagellifera</i> Rost., List., <i>Mycet. 2nd ed.</i>, p. 206.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Prototrichia flagellifera</i> (Berk. &amp; Br.) Rost., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 199.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Prototrichia metallica</i> Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 127.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Prototrichia metallica</i> Mass., List., <i>Mycet., 2nd ed.</i>, p. 260.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia sessile, scattered or sometimes crowded, brown, sometimes
+with a rosy tinge, about 1 mm. in diameter; peridium a thin,
+transparent, iridescent membrane, bearing in its inner surface the
+distal attachments of the capillitial threads; capillitium of numerous
+brown, spirally banded threads, which take origin in the base of the
+sporangium, become subdivided as they ascend, and are at length
+attached by their tips to the sporangium wall; spore-mass brown,
+spores by transmitted light pale, minutely roughened.</p>
+
+<p>This curious form, with its spirally sculptured capillitial threads
+attached at both ends, stands intermediate between <i>Dianema</i> and
+<i>Hemitrichia</i> and <i>Trichia</i>. Berkeley called it a trichia, ignoring the
+attachment of the threads. Cooke notes this as sufficient to exclude
+the form from the genus. But it remained for Rostafinski to make the
+transfer by setting up for its reception the genus now adopted. He
+preferred the later (1866) specific name as more descriptive. Miss
+Lister reverts to the earlier name with the remark; "Little now remains
+of the type <i>Prototrichia metallica</i> Berk. from Tasmania; but
+the specimen is referred to <i>Prototrichia flagellifera</i> by Rostafinski who
+saw it in good condition."</p>
+
+<p>Not uncommon in the abietine forests of the West. Alberta, Oregon,
+Washington, California, Nevada, Montana, Idaho, Colorado.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>E.</i> TRICHIACEÆ</p>
+
+<p>Capillitium marked by spiral bands, sometimes scattered rings,
+etc., the threads entirely free, or at least loosely branched, and
+with free tips more or less numerous.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Genera of the Trichiaceæ</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Genera of the Trichiaceæ">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>A.</i> Capillitium threads long, generally united to form a loose net, centrally attached.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Sculpture spiral</td><td align="left">1.Key to the Genera of the Trichiaceæ<i>Hemitrichia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Sculpture reticulate</td><td align="left">2. <i>Calonema</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>B.</i> Capillitial threads shorter, entirely free, though sometimes branched.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Threads, elaters, marked by spiral bands</td><td align="left">3. <i>Trichia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Sculpture irregular or wanting</td><td align="left">4.&nbsp;<i>Oligonema</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>1. Hemitrichia</b> <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1829. <i>Hemiarcyria</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 183 in part.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Hemitrichia</i> Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 14.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Capillitium a tangled net of more or less branching and anastomosing
+fibres centrally attached; the sculpture regular, of conspicuous
+spirally winding bands or ridges; habit and color various.</p>
+
+<p>The species here associated are intermediate between <i>Arcyria</i> and
+<i>Trichia</i>, resembling the former in the capillitial net and the latter in
+thread-sculpture. Fries applied the name <i>Hemiarcyrieae</i> to a group
+of trichias so-called, citing <i>H. rubiformis</i> as the first. In his <i>Versuch</i>
+Rostafinski wrote <i>Hemitrichia</i> and afterward <i>Hemiarcyria</i> in the
+<i>Monograph</i>. Massee combines the genera <i>Arcyria</i> and <i>Hemiarcyria</i>
+under the former name.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Hemitrichia</b></p>
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Hemitrichia">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>A.</i> Plasmodiocarpous</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Plasmodiocarp net-like, yellow</td><td align="left">1. <i>H. serpula</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Imperfectly plasmodiocarpous, brown</td><td align="left">2. <i>H. karstenii</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="7"><i>B.</i> Sporangia all distinct.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>a.</i> Sessile; very short stalked</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">i. Peridium hyaline, iridescent</td><td align="left">3. <i>H. ovata</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Peridium opaque</td><td align="left">10.&nbsp;<i>H.&nbsp;montana</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>b.</i> Stipitate, generally distinctly so; sometimes nearly sessile.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">i. Yellow or ochraceous.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">O Stalk hollow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">+ Small, œ mm., iridescent</td><td align="left">6. <i>H. leiocarpa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">++ Larger, 1 mm., smooth but not iridescent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">1. Free ends more or less abundant</td><td align="left">8. <i>H. clavata</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">2. Free ends none</td><td align="left">9. <i>H. stipitata</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Stalk solid</td><td align="left">7. <i>H. intorta</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5">ii. Not yellow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">O Ruby red</td><td align="left">4.&nbsp;<i>H.&nbsp;vesparium</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">OO Copper-colored</td><td align="left">5. <i>H. stipata</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia serpula</span> (<i>Scop.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1772. <i>Mucor serpula</i> Scop., <i>Fl. Carn</i>, II., p. 493.</li>
+<li>1794. <i>Trichia serpula</i> (Scop.) Pers., <i>Röm. N. Bot. Mag.</i>, I., p. 90</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Hemiarcyria serpula</i> (Scop.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 266.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous, often covering several square centimetres,
+terete, branching freely and usually everywhere reticulate,
+rusty, tawny, or bright yellow; the peridium thin, transparent, with
+irregular dehiscence; hypothallus none; capillitium variable, a tangle
+of long yellow threads, sparingly branched, free everywhere, except below,
+spinulose, the free tips spinose, acuminate, spiral ridges three or
+four, with traces of longitudinal striæ; spore-mass golden yellow,
+spores beneath the lens pale yellow, globose, delicately reticulate,
+about 10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Very common, recognized by its bright yellow color and conspicuous
+reticulate habit. The plasmodium is yellow, at least upon emergence,
+and passes almost without change to fruit. Found on rotten
+logs of every description, on the <i>lower</i> surface. In the Mississippi
+valley, the lower surface of planks used in the construction of sidewalks
+appears to be a favorite habitat.</p>
+
+<p>Common west to the Rocky Mountains, south to Mexico and Nicaragua.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia karstenii</span> (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1876. <i>Hemiarcyria karstenii</i> Rost., <i>Mon., App.</i>, p. 41.</li>
+<li>1891. <i>Hemiarcyria obscura</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 395.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Hemitrichia karstenii</i> Lister, <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 178.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Fructification plasmodiocarpous, with a tendency to form distinct
+sessile, globose sporangia, color brownish red; capillitium a sparingly
+branched network, with free ends few, the thread marked by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>
+seven or eight faint spirals, the interspaces narrow, dull red in color,
+and 2.5 µ in diameter; spores yellow, delicately warted, 10&ndash;10.5 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This is doubtless a very rare species. In the description we have
+followed Dr. Rex, <i>l. c.</i>, as being more to the point for American
+forms. It is not improbable that the American material may after all
+be distinct, as discrepancies, if one may judge by descriptions, are not
+few. Lister, who had a slide from Dr. Rex, considers the European
+and American forms the same.</p>
+
+<p>In outward appearing, plasmodiocarpous phases of this species very
+closely resemble forms of <i>Licea</i> or <i>Ophiotheca</i>, and are in consequence
+often wrongly labeled.</p>
+
+<p>Toronto; Montana&mdash;<i>Anderson</i>. To be looked for north and west.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia ovata</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1796. <i>Trichia ovata</i> Pers., <i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 61, and II., p. 35.</li>
+<li>1863. <i>Trichia abietina</i> Wigand, <i>Pringsh. Jahr.</i>, III., p. 33, Tab. ii., Fig. 11.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Hemiarcyria wigandii</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 167.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia crowded or sometimes closely gregarious, sub-globose
+or turbinate, shining yellow, sessile, the peridium thin, iridescent; capillitium
+a tangle of sparingly branched yellow or ochraceous-yellow
+threads, rather slender, 3&ndash;5 µ, marked by one or two prominent spiral
+bands forming a loose somewhat irregular spiral, the free ends not
+infrequent, inflated and rounded; spore-mass yellow or yellow-ochraceous,
+spores by transmitted light pale yellow, distinctly and sharply
+spinulose, but not netted, 10&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A rare and beautiful species, distinguished well by the small size,
+about .5 mm., by the thin iridescent peridium, as by the microscopic
+characters of the capillitial threads.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that this is Persoon's <i>Trichia ovata</i>. His description
+is accurate in all that pertains to external features, and
+Rostafinski, <i>App.</i>, p. 41, explicitly says that he <i>saw</i> in Persoon's
+herbarium specimens of the species bearing the name cited. Just
+why Rostafinski did not here adopt the older name is not clear, nor
+is there excuse for abandoning Wigand's name were Persoon's invalid.
+According to Lister, <i>Trichia nana</i> Mass., from Maine, is the same
+thing. Persoon, <i>l. c.</i>, gives a synonymy which, in the nature of case, is
+unverifiable, the specific characters being microscopic.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 187, confirms Persoon and takes pains to
+say that the color separates it from <i>T. chrysosperma</i> with which it
+is sometimes compared.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Toronto.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia vesparium</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III</a>.</span>, Figs. 2 and 2 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1786. <i>Lycoperdon vesparium</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, pp. 255, 256, Fig. 172.</li>
+<li>1794. <i>Trichia rubiformis</i> Pers., <i>Röm. N. Bot. Mag.</i>, I., p. 88.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Hemiarcyria rubiformis</i> (Pers.) <i>Rost., Mon.</i>, p. 262.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia clustered or crowded, rarely single, clavate or subcylindric
+stipitate or sessile, dark wine-red or red-black in color, the peridium
+in perfect specimens glossy or shining metallic, opaque; stipes
+solid, usually blent together, concolorous; capillitium of intertwisted
+slender threads, sparingly branched, marked by three or four spiral
+ridges, abundantly spinulose, the free tips also acuminate, terminating
+in a spine, the whole mass dull red. Spore-mass brownish-red,
+spores by transmitted light reddish-orange, very distinctly warted, sub-globose,
+10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A most common species, on rotten wood everywhere, especially
+in forests. Recognized generally at sight by its color and fasciculate
+habit. The peridium shows a tendency, often, to <ins title="circumscissle in original.">circumscissile</ins> dehiscence,
+and persists long after the contents have been dissipated, in
+this condition suggesting the name applied by Batsch, <i>vesparium</i>, wasp-nest.
+The capillitium is remarkably spinescent, the branching of the
+threads, rare. Rostafinski describes the spores as smooth; they seem
+to be <ins title="uniformily in original.">uniformly</ins> distinctly warted. The plasmodium is deep red, and
+a plasmodiocarpous fructification occasionally appears.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the whole range, New England to Washington and
+Oregon, south to Nicaragua; Toronto.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia stipata</span> (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plI">Plate I</a>.</span>, Figs. 8, 8 <i>a</i>, 8 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1834. <i>Leangium stipatum</i> Schw., <i>N. A. F.</i>, p. 258, No. 2304.</li>
+<li>1876. <i>Hemiarcyria stipata</i> (Schw.) <i>Rost., Mon. App.</i>, pp. 41, 42.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Arcyria stipata</i> (Schw.) Lister, <i>Mon. Mycetozoa</i>, p. 189.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, crowded, cylindric or irregular, overlying one
+another, rich copper-colored, metallic, shining, becoming brown, stipitate;
+peridium thin, the upper portion early evanescent, the base persistent
+as a cup, as in <i>Arcyria</i>; capillitium concolorous, the thread
+abundantly branched to form a loose net, with many free and bulbous
+ends, pale under the lens, marked by three or four somewhat
+obscure spiral bands and a few wart-like or plate-like thickenings;
+stipe very short; spore-mass reddish, spores by transmitted light pale,
+nearly or quite smooth, 6&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is known at sight by its peculiarly beautiful tint when
+fresh, as by the crowded prolix habit of the singular overlying sporangia.
+The netted capillitium and the evanescent peridium suggests
+<ins title="Arycria in original."><i>Arcyria</i></ins>, but there are abundant free tips, and the threads are unmistakably
+spirally wound, especially in the large, handsome sporangia
+characteristic of the Mississippi valley. It is a boundary form unquestionably.
+The stipe is generally very short, about one-tenth the
+total height; sometimes, when the peridium is more globose, the stipe
+is proportionally longer. Specimens from Iowa show fructifications
+several centimetres long and wide.</p>
+
+<p>Not rare. New England to the Black Hills and south.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia leiocarpa</span> (<i>Cke.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1877. <i>Hemiarcyria leiocarpa</i> Cke., <i>Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y.</i>, XI., p. 405.</li>
+<li>1891. <i>Hemiarcyria varneyi</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 396.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia simple, obovate or pyriform, rarely almost globose, pallid,
+with a stem of the same color, as long as the diameter of the sporangium;
+spore-mass and capillitium concolorous, or with slight ochraceous
+tint; capillitium forming a loose net, the tubes branching in a
+reticulate manner; spirals three, thin, prominent, along the convex
+sides of the tubes mixed with a few obtuse spines; spores globose,
+with a thin membrane, 12&ndash;14 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the original description of this distinctly American species.
+<i>H. varneyi</i> Rex should differ in having spirals seven or eight, and spore
+only 6.25 µ. Mr. Lister, who has compared types of both species,
+declares them the same! The present writer has been unable to secure
+authentic specimens.</p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia intorta</span> <i>List.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1891. <i>Hemiarcyria intorta</i> Lister, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, p. 268.</li>
+<li>1891. <i>Hemiarcyria longifila</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 396.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Hemitrichia</i> intorta List., <i>Mycetozoa</i>, p. 176.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, globose-turbinate or pyriform, golden-yellow,
+stipitate; peridium thin, translucent, shining, opening at the summit
+irregularly, leaving a funnel-shaped receptacle below; stipe dark red
+brown, solid, rugulose; capillitium of threads sparingly branched, but
+looped and doubled upon themselves and constantly intertwisted, orange-yellow,
+3&ndash;4 µ in diameter, with spirals four, sparingly spinulose,
+even and regular, the longitudinal striæ conspicuous; spores in
+mass concolorous, under the lens yellow, delicately warted, globose,
+9&ndash;10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning this species, Dr. Rex says: "Externally this species
+resembles <i>H. clavata</i> Pers., and has probably often been mistaken
+for it. The capillitium, however, in its structural details and habit
+of growth, is widely different. The partial untwisting of the loops
+of the capillitium by drying, after the rupture of the sporangium,
+causes it to be projected and elongated sometimes two or three times
+the length of the sporangium." Outwardly the open sporangium, by
+the projecting free tips, reminds one of a trichia. The capillitium is
+like that of <i>H. vesparium</i>, but less rough, and, of course, different
+in color.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. Fairmount Park, Philadelphia; Ohio, Iowa.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia clavata</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III</a>.</span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1794. <i>Trichia clavata</i> Pers., <i>Röm. N. Bot. Mag.</i>, I., p. 90.</li>
+<li>1873. <i>Hemitrichia clavata</i> Pers., Rost., <i>Versuch</i>, p. 14.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Hemiarcyria clavata</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 264.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Hemiarcyria ablata</i> Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 30.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Hemiarcyria funalis</i> Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 32.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia clavate or turbinate, gregarious, scattered or crowded,
+yellow, olivaceous or brownish, stipitate; the peridium generally thin,
+evanescent above, breaking away so as to leave a more or less definite
+cup beneath; stipe about one-half the total height, reddish, reddish-brown,
+or blackish, hollow about half-way down; capillitium various,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>
+yellow or ochraceous, made up of slender threads more or less freely
+branched and netted, bearing four or five regular, even, spiral plates
+which project sharply and are generally smooth, the free extremities
+numerous or almost none, swollen, or simply obtuse; spore-mass concolorous,
+spores by transmitted light pale yellow, globose, minutely
+but distinctly warted, 8&ndash;9 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This cosmopolitan species is generally one of the first brought in
+by the collector, its color and comparatively large size, 2&ndash;3 mm. high,
+making it conspicuous. Nevertheless, we are not able to recognize
+it in the descriptions of the older authors. Rostafinski quotes
+Schmiedel, <i>Icones</i>, 1776, as affording the earliest account of the
+species, but neither his description nor figure is definitive. Even Bulliard
+fails us here, and is differently interpreted by different authors.
+Persoon's description is none too good, but is reënforced by Fries and
+Rostafinski. The capillitium is variable both in the degree of smoothness
+presented, and the number of free ends, and the amount of
+branching. The spores in all specimens we have examined are remarkably
+constant in size and surface. In typical <ins title="spcimens in original.">specimens</ins> free ends
+are easily discoverable, the branching forms a definite net, and the
+perfectly formed capillitial thread is smooth. In some American
+forms&mdash;developed under less favorable circumstances?&mdash;the net is
+less determined, the free ends are many, and the spirals minutely
+rough. Here may be placed <i>H. funalis</i> Morgan, <i>l. c.</i></p>
+
+<p>Widely distributed. New England to Colorado, south to Mexico.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia stipitata</span> (<i>Mass.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1889. <i>Hemiarcyria stipitata</i> Mass., <i>Jour. Mic. Soc.</i>, p. 354.</li>
+<li>1893. <i>Hemiarcyria plumosa</i>, Morg., <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 29.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered, seldom crowded, obovoid or turbinate, olivaceous
+yellow, stipitate; the peridium smooth without, granulose within,
+evanescent above, persisting as a funnel-shaped cup below; the stipe
+long, reddish or blackish, rising from a small hypothallus; capillitium
+of threads 5&ndash;6 µ thick, very much branched, forming a dense net,
+free ends none, or not evident; the sculpture as in <i>H. clavata</i>, smooth
+and regular; spore-mass yellow; spores by transmitted light yellow,
+minutely warted, 7&ndash;8 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This form corresponds in nearly every respect with <i>H. clavata</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>
+except in the structure of the capillitium. The color is rather ochraceous,
+dirty yellow, and the stipe is proportionally longer and darker,
+but the form of the net is positive and gives to the species a decidedly
+striking and unique appearance, so that it may be recognized
+by the naked eye. It looks like an arcyria and for this reason Professor
+Morgan said <i>H. plumosa</i>. Lister regards it as the same as our
+number 8.</p>
+
+<p>Common. Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and west; south to Mexico.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Hemitrichia montana</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia scattered or gregarious more or less closely, globose,
+whitish, sessile or very short stipitate; the peridium opaque, dull
+white, persistent below; capillitium deep yellow, the threads abundantly
+branched, forming a compact network, 7 µ wide, bearing spirals
+five or six, uneven and irregular, or anon interrupted, conspicuously
+spinulose or warted, free tips not lacking, generally inflated; spore-mass
+yellow, spores by transmitted light pale, nearly colorless, distinctly
+warted, 10 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Recognizable by its peculiar pallid, sessile sporangia, as by the internal
+structure. Perhaps related to <i>Hemiarcyria bucknalli</i> Mass.
+Our specimens are from Mr. Morgan, of Ohio, with the statement
+that they were collected in the San Bernardino Mountains, California,
+by Mr. S. B. Parrish; collected later from Monterey south.</p>
+
+<p>Common throughout south-western states to lower California.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>2. Calonema</b> <i>Morgan.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Calonema</i> Morgan, <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 33.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia sub-globose, crowded or superimposed, irregular sessile;
+hypothallus none; capillitium of slender tubules, arising from the
+sporangium base, branched, marked with branching veins in an irregular
+reticulation, and terminating in free extremities. Spores
+yellow.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Calonema aureum</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>, 2 <i>c</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Calonema aureum</i> Morgan, <i>l. c.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia crowded or heaped in scattered clusters; peridium thin,
+golden yellow, adorned with intricate radiating veinlets capillitium
+of threads more or less branched, attached below, free above, the surface
+to the very tips venulose, interrupted with rings or fragmentary
+spirals, the apices bulbous and obtusely conical; spore-mass yellow,
+spores by transmitted light bright yellow, covered by a network of
+interlocking plates, as in <i>T. favoginea</i>, globose, 14&ndash;16 µ.</p>
+
+<p>A curious form, related to <i>Hemitrichia</i>, much as <i>Oligonema</i> is to
+<i>Trichia</i>. Related to both the genera first named, but distinct, in
+the peculiar sculpture, from <i>Hemitrichia</i>, and from <i>Oligonema</i> in
+that the threads are not entirely free. Professor Morgan's original
+determination, founded on Ohio materials is confirmed by material
+sent us by Professor Underwood from Alabama.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>3. Trichia</b> (<i>Haller</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1768. <i>Trichia</i> Haller, <i>Hist. Stirp. Helv.</i>, III., p. 114, in part.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Trichia</i> (Haller) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 243.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, sessile or stipitate; capillitium of distinct elastic
+threads, free acuminate at each end, yellow or more rarely reddish
+or brown; spores generally yellow.</p>
+
+<p>The trichias are easily recognized among their kind by their
+beautiful spirally wound, elastic capillitial threads, the <i>elaters</i>; these
+are entirely free, about 3&ndash;4 mm. in length, simple or only rarely
+branched, and generally acute at each extremity. The spiral bands,
+sometimes called <i>taeniae</i>, are generally very uniform in thickness,
+distance from each other, and pitch, and in many species are further
+reënforced by minute longitudinal plications running from one spiral
+to the next. Furthermore, the spirals may be smooth or spinulose
+the elater uniform throughout or enlarged betimes by nodes and
+swellings. Taken altogether, the trichias with the species of the
+genus next following exhibit the highest degree of differentiation attained
+by the Myxomycetes.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the earlier authors, including Haller, used the generic name
+<i>Trichia</i> to cover a variety of forms. It is here used with the limits
+sketched by De Bary in 1859 and 1864 (<i>Die Myxomyceten</i>), and
+followed more exactly ten years later by his pupil, Rostafinski.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to the Species of Trichia</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to the Species of Trichia">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>A.</i> Sporangia, in typical cases at least, wholly sessile.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>a.</i> Gregarious; hypothallus none.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">i. Peridium brown or reddish brown.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">O Elaters smooth.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Spirals even, regular</td><td align="left">1. <i>T. inconspicua</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">+ Spirals irregular</td><td align="left">2. <i>T. contorta</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">++ Elaters rough, spinescent</td><td align="left">3. <i>T. iowensis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Peridium olivaceous or yellow.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Elaters smooth</td><td align="left">4. <i>T. varia</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Hypothallus distinct; sporangia crowded; spores reticulate, banded, or netted.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Spore-bands pitted</td><td align="left">6. <i>T. persimilis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">ii. Spore-bands, narrow, plain</td><td align="left">7. <i>T. favoginea</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">iii. Spores covered by a delicate net</td><td align="left">5. <i>T. scabra</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="6"><i>B.</i> Sporangia stipitate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>a.</i> Hypothallus distinct</td><td align="left">8. <i>T. verrucosa</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="5"><i>b.</i> Hypothallus none; peridium checkered with pale reticulations.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3">i. Brownish red or black</td><td align="left">10. <i>T. botrytis</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4">ii. Olivaceous.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">O Elaters smooth</td><td align="left">11. <i>T. subfusca</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2">OO Elaters rough</td><td align="left">12. <i>T. erecta</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>c.</i> Peridium plain, shining</td><td align="left">13.&nbsp;<i>T.&nbsp;decipiens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>d.</i> Peridium plain, dull black</td><td align="left">14. <i>T. lateritia</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Trichia inconspicua</span> <i>Rostafinski.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III</a>.</span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>, 5 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Trichia inconspicua</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 259.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious or crowded, small, spherical, ellipsoidal or
+arcuate, brown or reddish brown, sessile; hypothallus none; capillitium
+dull, dark, ochraceous, the elaters long, slender, even, about 3 µ
+wide, the spirals three or four rather closely wound, the apices
+attenuate, acute, sometimes turned to one side; spore-mass concolorous,
+spores pale ochraceous, minutely but distinctly warted, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>One of the smallest of the <i>Trichiae</i>, not uncommon in the Mississippi
+valley on decaying fallen stems of <i>Populus</i>&mdash;sp. Distinguished
+at sight from all except No. 3 following, by its small size and brown
+color. Under the lens the long, delicate, finely sculptured capillitial
+threads, with fine tapering threads are distinctive.</p>
+
+<p>New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri,
+Nebraska; Black Hills, South Dakota; Toronto.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Trichia contorta</span> (<i>Ditmar</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII</a>.</span>, Figs. 7, 7 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1811. <i>Lycogala contortum</i> Ditmar, Sturm, <i>Deutsch. Fl.</i>, III., Tab. 5.</li>
+<li>1872. <i>Trichia reniformis</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, XXVI., p. 74.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Trichia contorta</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 259.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, or crowded, small, ellipsoid or reniform, arcuate,
+dark red brown, sessile; hypothallus none; capillitial mass ochraceous
+or dull yellow, the elaters few, irregular, the spirals uneven,
+irregular, often projecting and thin, though generally flat or obscure,
+the apices more or less swollen, ending in a curved tip; spore-mass concolorous,
+spores beneath the lens bright yellow, papillose, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species resembles the preceding in color, but is of less aggregate
+habit, and the sporangia are more plasmodiocarpous, reniform,
+arcuate, etc. The capillitium is also distinctive, the sculpture irregular,
+uneven with general lack of symmetry. Our description is made
+up from specimens of <i>T. reniformis</i> Peck, which appears to be the
+American form of Rostafinski's species.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. New York, Montana?</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Trichia <ins title="iowenis in original.">iowensis</ins></span> <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIII">Plate III</a>.</span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>; <span class="smcap"><a href="#plX">Plate X</a>.</span>, Fig. 5.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1892. <i>Trichia iowensis</i> Macbr., I<i>a., Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist.</i>, II., p. 133.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia sessile, gregarious, spherical or reniform, with no hypothallus,
+purple brown; spores and spore-mass yellow; elaters with three
+or four spiral bands unevenly distributed, and with occasional inflations,
+sparingly branched, spinulose, especially where inflated, spinules
+long, 3&ndash;6 µ, recurved, often bifid or trifid, especially at or near the
+acuminate tip; spores delicately warted, 9&ndash;11 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species occurs not rarely and is found on the bark of <i>Populus</i>,
+so far, exclusively. The sporangia are inconspicuous until opening
+by fissure they display the yellow spores and capillitial threads. The
+species is immediately recognized by its elaters, whose numerous and
+lengthened spinules are unlike those of any cognate form, reminding
+one of the capillitium of <i>Ophiotheca</i>. Related to the two preceding,
+but distinct by its spinulose capillitium.</p>
+
+<p>Iowa, Missouri; Black Hills, South Dakota.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Trichia andersoni</i> Rex carefully described by Morgan, <i>Myx. Mi.
+Val.</i>, p. 38, belongs with this first group, four small species, the inconspicuous.
+To the present writer in each the structure seems distinct.
+In the herbarium a small bit of Anderson's material has rested
+long; but it must not be lost to sight. The species is sure to be
+taken again in the cool mountains, somewhere abundant; as these
+stretch from Alberta to far Alaska. The capillitium is very even
+the taeniae closely wound, the elater-ends often furcate.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Trichia varia</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIV">Plate IV.</a></span>, Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis varia</i> Pers., Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., 1470.</li>
+<li>1794. <i>Trichia varia</i> Pers., <i>Röm. Neu. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 90.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Trichia varia</i> (Pers.) Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 188.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Trichia varia</i> (Pers.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 251.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious or sometimes closely crowded, globose, obovoid,
+or irregularly globoid, yellowish or ochraceous, shining, sessile,
+or with a short black stipe; hypothallus none; capillitium of rather
+long, simple, or more rarely branched elaters, 4&ndash;5 µ, wide, marked
+by irregular spirals generally only two, prominent and narrow and
+in places remote, the apices acute, about twice the elater diameter;
+spore-mass yellow, spores by transmitted light dull yellow, 12&ndash;14 µ,
+delicately verruculose, guttulate.</p>
+
+<p>A very common species, very variable in form, stipitate forms
+occuring anon beside those which are irregular and sessile. According
+to Rostafinski the stipitate phase constitutes the <i>T. nigripes</i> of Persoon
+and other authors. The capillitium is, however, characteristic
+throughout. The two spiral bands wind loosely and irregularly and
+present an elater unlike anything else in the group except the same
+structure in <i>T. contorta</i>, but here the elater is narrow and the sculpture
+obscure. Since the specific distinctions are purely microscopic,
+the synonymy beyond Rostafinski is mainly conjectural. It is possible
+that Fries properly applied the name.</p>
+
+<p>Common. Maine to Oregon and California, and south to Arkansas
+and Alabama.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">5. <span class="smcap">Trichia scabra</span> <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIV">Plate IV.</a></span>, Figs. 4, 4 <i>a</i>, 4 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Trichia scabra</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 258.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia closely crowded upon a well-developed hypothallus, regular,
+globose or turbinate-globose, orange or golden brown, smooth,
+shining; capillitial mass clear, golden yellow, or sometimes rusty
+orange, the elaters simple, long, 4&ndash;5 µ in width, the spirals three or
+four, closely wound, spinulose, even and regular, the apices short,
+acuminate; spore-mass concolorous, under the lens spores yellow, covered
+by a delicate fine-meshed network, or simply spinulose under low
+power, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Generally a well-marked species, easily recognized by its regular but
+roughened capillitial threads. Under a 1&ndash;12 objective the spores are
+also diagnostic. To the unaided eye it resembles the next species in
+both color and habit. Fructifications two inches or more in length
+and half as wide are not infrequent on the lower side of fallen stems
+in forests of deciduous trees. The plasmodium is white.</p>
+
+<p>Not uncommon. Maine to Washington, Oregon, Alaska, and
+south to Missouri and Arkansas.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">6. <span class="smcap">Trichia persimilis</span> <i>Karst.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIV">Plate IV.</a></span>, Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>, 1 <i>c</i>; 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>, 6 <i>c</i>, 6 <i>d</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1868. <i>Trichia persimilis</i> Karst., <i>Not. Saellsk. Fenn. Förh.</i> IX., p. 353.</li>
+<li>1869. <i>Trichia affinis</i> De Bary, <i>Fuckel, Sym. Myc.</i>, p. 336.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Trichia jackii</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 258.</li>
+<li>1877. <i>Trichia abrupta</i> Cke., <i>Myxom. U. S.</i> p. 404.</li>
+<li>1878. <i>Trichia proximella</i> Karst., <i>Myc. Fenn.</i>, IV., p. 139.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia globose or obovoid or irregularly spherical, shining, golden
+yellow to tawny, anon iridescent with metallic lustre, sessile;
+hypothallus thin, but usually very distinct; capillitial mass ochraceous
+or tawny yellow, the elaters long, even, about 4 µ wide, the
+spirals four, more or less spinulose, generally joined by longitudinal
+ridges, the apices short, tapering regularly, anon bifurcate; spore-mass
+concolorous, spores by transmitted light bright yellow, marked by an
+irregular or fragmentary banded reticulation, the bands broad, flat,
+and pitted, 10&ndash;12 µ. Plasmodium said to be white.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This species, common throughout the northern world, is distinguished
+from its congener, the following, not only by the episporic character,
+but generally by its different peridium and more sombre colors.
+It never shows at maturity the brilliant golden yellow fluff that hangs
+in masses about the open and empty vases of <i>T. favoginea</i>, a fact not
+unnoted by Batsch, and rendering his figure and description so far determinable.</p>
+
+<p>The episporic network shows all degrees of perfection or imperfection,
+and the elater also varies somewhat both in the apices and distinctness
+of longitudinal striæ. The several synonyms listed seem to
+have taken origin in a recognition of some of the more pronounced
+variations. In any event the American form <i>T. abrupta</i> Cke.,
+with bifid apices, belongs here, and European specimens seem to show
+the identity of forms described by Karsten and De Bary.</p>
+
+<p>Not rare. New England, Canada, New York, Pennsylvania,
+Ohio, Alabama, Missouri, and west.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">7. <span class="smcap">Trichia favoginea</span> (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Pers.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIV">Plate IV.</a></span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>, 5 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1786. <i>Lycoperdon favogineum</i> Batsch, <i>Elench. Fung.</i>, p. 257, Fig 173, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</li>
+<li>1791. <i>Sphaerocarpus chrysospermus</i> Bull., <i>Cham. de Fr.</i>, Tab. 417, Fig. 4.</li>
+<li>1794. <i>Trichia favoginea</i> (Batsch) Pers., <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 90.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Trichia chrysosperma</i> (Bull.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 255.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia closely crowded, cylindric or prismatic by mutual pressure,
+obovoid, sessile, olivaceous yellow, smooth and shining; the peridium
+thin, opening above somewhat stellately, persistent; capillitium
+golden yellow, escaping entirely from the peridia, and forming woolly
+masses above them, the threads long, even, beautifully sculptured,
+bearing spirals about four, usually smooth and connected by light
+longitudinal ridges, the apices short tapering, about equal to the
+width of the elater, 6&ndash;7 µ; spores concolorous, by transmitted light
+paler, but still bright yellow, the episporic net conspicuous, the bands
+narrow and high, not pitted nor fragmentary, in form irregularly
+globose, 12&ndash;14 µ. Plasmodium yellow.</p>
+
+<p>A common and beautiful species recognizable at sight, after the
+peridia break, by the aggregate capillitium constantly in evidence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>
+above the abandoned vasiform peridia. The figures of Bulliard are
+unsatisfactory, although the description he gives and the name he suggests,
+still current, may lead us to concede that he had our species
+before him. The spores are larger than in <i>T. persimilis</i>, and the
+episporic net different, the "border" wider. The plasmodium in the
+latitude of Iowa not uncommon in woods in June, after emerging
+passes into fruit in the laboratory in about forty-eight hours, and the
+rupture of the peridia follows presently. The hypothallus is quite
+distinct, extra-marginal, and in substance like to the peridial wall.</p>
+
+<p>Not rare. Throughout the northern forests, Maine to Washington
+and Oregon, south to Alabama, Louisiana, Mexico.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">8. <span class="smcap">Trichia verrucosa</span> <i>Berk.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1860. <i>Trichia verrucosa, Fl. Tasm.</i>, II., p. 269.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia pyriform, or obovoid, shining, ochraceous from the color
+of the contents, stipitate, more or less botryoid or connate; stipe twice
+the height of the spore-case, reddish brown, simple or consolidated
+with others, weak, inclined, or procumbent; hypothallus distinct;
+spore-mass ochraceous yellow, the elaters simple, with smooth tapering
+points, with spirals three or four, the spores beautifully and strongly
+reticulate, after the manner of the spores in the species preceding,
+with the meshes generally complete and always large, quite variable
+in size 12&ndash;16 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Rostafinski quotes the species (<i>teste</i> Lister) from Chile. Specimens
+in the herbarium of the State University of Iowa are from Jalapa,
+Mexico, collected by Mr. C. L. Smith. The species may be therefore
+expected in the southern United States. Berkeley described it from
+Tasmania. <i>T. superba</i> Mass, from description would seen to be the
+same thing.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">9. <span class="smcap">Trichia pulchella</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Trichia pulchella</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 366.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia solitary or in groups of four or five, bright vitelline yellow,
+sessile; the peridium thin, transparent, opening irregularly above;
+hypothallus none; capillitium bright yellow, not emergent, the threads<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>
+narrow, 3&ndash;4 µ, wound with spirals three or four, more or less irregular,
+smooth, longitudinal ridges wanting, the apices rather long, acuminate,
+about twice the diameter of the elater, or anon clavate or even
+globose, bulbose at the tip and furnished with several stout spines;
+spore-mass concolorous; under the lens spores colorless, marked by
+a very feebly developed reticulation of <i>T. persimilis</i> type, but the
+bands narrow and, as shown by the narrow "border," low, meshes
+few and often imperfect, globose or sub-globose, about 12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>The episporic characters of this species ally it to <i>T. persimilis</i> most
+nearly. The reticulations are possibly not more divergent from the
+typical form of that species than are the same features in some other
+forms there included. But in the present case, added to the episporic
+sculpture, we must reckon the peculiar capillitial thread, unlike
+that seen in either of the chrysospermatous forms, and the gregarious
+habit without hypothallus. These peculiarities seemed to Dr. Rex
+distinctive, and as they appear constant they may be left to separate
+the species.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">10. <span class="smcap">Trichia botrytis</span> <i>Persoon.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII</a>.</span>, Figs. 8, 8 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1791. <i>Stemonitis botrytis</i> Pers., Gmel., <i>Syst. Nat.</i>, II., 1468.</li>
+<li>1794. <i>Trichia botrytis</i> Pers., <i>Röm. N. Mag. Bot.</i>, I., p. 89.</li>
+<li>1803. <i>Sphaerocarpus fragilis</i> Sowerby, <i>Eng. Fung.</i>, I., p. 279.</li>
+<li>1829. <i>Trichia pyriformis</i> Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, III., p. 184.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Trichia fragilis</i> (Sow.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 246.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, sometimes combined in clusters,
+pyriform or turbinate, stipitate, red-purple or, ochraceous-brown
+the peridium breaking up irregularly, the dehiscence sometimes prefigured
+by pale reticulations on the surface; stipe solid, single, or
+united in clusters of five or more together, dark-colored, red or purple-brown,
+opaque; capillitium orange, ochraceous yellow, or even reddish
+brown, the threads simple or rarely branched, long-fusiform,
+about 4 µ thick at the centre, tapering gradually to the long accuminate,
+apiculate tips, spirals three or four, even, smooth, rather closely
+wound and traceable almost to the apex; spores concolorous in mass,
+under the lens pale, globose, more or less closely minutely warted
+but not reticulate, 10&ndash;12 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A species remarkable for its variations in color. More commonly
+the unopened sporangia are opaque brown, by reason of a dense outer
+wall, and more frequently simple, or if compound, show but two or
+three united. The reddish variety, vinous or scarlet-black in color, is
+remarkably fasciate. Some clusters show twenty or more stipitate, globose
+sporangia, conjoined by their distinct but coherent stems. In
+such fruitings the sporangia are small, .5 mm. In the brown sporangia
+the dehiscence, as stated, is often definitely prefigured; in the
+multiple, red, obscurely, if at all. As presented in collections from
+the eastern United States, the two forms might well be disjoined.
+Persoon, however, discussed both together and so they remain.</p>
+
+<p>Saccardo includes <i>Craterium floriforme</i> Schw. here.</p>
+
+<p>By the descriptions of the earlier authors it is impossible to distinguish
+this from <i>H. vesparium</i> on the one hand, and <i>T. decipiens</i>
+on the other. <i>T. botrytis</i> Pers., <i>l. c.</i>, gives us first secure foothold.
+Fries discards Persoon's appellation as unsuitable and improperly
+applied, and takes up what he deems an older specific designation,
+<i>T. pyriformis</i> Leers. But Rostafinski is certain Leers had <i>A. punicea</i>
+in mind, and that other early names are equally ill-applied. Rostafinski
+rejects Persoon's names simply as not pertinent in every case.
+Massee examined the specimens of Léveillé, and finds them belonging
+here; but see our No. 14, <i>seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Not common, but with wide range. Maine, Massachusetts, New
+York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Colorado; Toronto.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">11. <span class="smcap">Trichia subfusca</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1890. <i>Trichia subfusca</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 192.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, scattered, dull tawny brown, shading to
+dark brown below, about œ mm. in diameter, globose, stipitate; stipe
+short, about equal to the sporangium, stout, brown or brownish
+black, rugulose, solid; capillitial mass bright straw color; the elaters
+long cylindrical, 3&ndash;4 µ wide, adorned with spirals four, which wind
+unevenly, are perfectly smooth, and terminate in abrupt tips about
+twice the diameter of the elater; spores yellow, under the lens yellow,
+minutely and closely warted, globose, 12 µ.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The spores of this species resemble closely those of the preceding,
+but the sporangium is at sight different in appearance and proportions
+and the capillitium not the same at all. The elaters are never
+fusiform, the apices always abrupt in their acumination, and the
+sculpture irregular and uneven. In form the elater resembles that
+of <i>T. scabra</i>. The description is drawn from specimens, <i>N. A. F.</i>,
+2495, with which, however, specimens received from Dr. Rex and
+later collected exactly correspond.</p>
+
+<p>The elaters of uniform diameter, the apices abruptly narrowed to
+a blunt point, turned to one side, will serve to distinguish this species
+from the whole <i>T. botrytis</i> group, some forms of which it outwardly
+resembles.</p>
+
+<p>We have beautiful specimens from the shores of Puget Sound.</p>
+
+<p>New York.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">12. <span class="smcap">Trichia erecta</span> <i>Rex.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1890. <i>Trichia erecta</i> Rex, <i>Proc. Phil. Acad.</i>, p. 193.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, often in clusters of two or three together, but
+generally single, nut-brown, checkered with broad, conspicuous yellow
+dehiscence bands, globose, œ mm. wide, stipitate, stipe double
+the sporangium, dark brown, solid; capillitial mass bright yellow, the
+elaters cylindric, 3&ndash;4 µ wide, terminating in apices short and smooth,
+adorned with spirals, four, coarsely spinulose, winding unevenly or
+even branching and so united to one another! spore-mass yellow,
+spores by transmitted light pale, globose, minutely warted, 12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Distinguished at sight by the peculiarly mottled peridium. <i>T.
+botrytis</i> in its ochraceous forms sometimes shows tendency to the
+same thing, but the checkered surface is here conspicuous. The elaters
+resemble those of the preceding form, but are remarkably rough.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. Adirondacks, New York.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">13. <span class="smcap">Trichia decipiens</span> (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plIV">Plate IV</a>.</span>, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1793. <i>Lycoperdon pusillum</i> Hedwig, <i>Abh.</i>, I., p. 35, Tab. iii., Fig. 2.</li>
+<li>1795. <i>Arcyria decipiens</i> Pers., <i>Ust. Ann. Bot.</i>, XV., p. 35.</li>
+<li>1796. <i>Trichia fallax</i> Pers., <i>Obs. Myc.</i>, I., p. 59, etc.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sporangia gregarious, sometimes closely so, sometimes scattered,
+turbinate, shining olive or olivaceous brown, stipitate; stipe generally
+elongate, concolorous above, dark brown below, hollow, <i>i. e.</i>
+filled with spore-like cells; capillitial mass yellowish or olivaceous
+yellow, the elaters perfectly smooth, long fusiform, tapering gradually
+to the long, slender taeniate apices, simple or often branched, adorned
+with spirals three, which wind evenly but somewhat distantly;
+spore-mass olivaceous or ochraceous, spores under the lens, pale,
+minutely delicately reticulate, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>One of our largest and most common species, in form and size
+resembling <i>H. clavata</i>, but immediately distinguished by its color.
+The capillitium is like that of <i>T. botrytis</i>, but differs in the more
+open sculpture and the longer and smoother unwound tips. The
+episporic net is a constant character in all the specimens examined.
+This feature reminds of <i>T. scabra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This is, of course, our familiar <i>T. fallax</i> of all authors from Persoon
+down. The earliest unmistakable reference to this species is
+Hedwig, <i>l. c.</i> But Batsch, in 1789, had used the same combination
+to describe a real puff-ball, so that Hedwig's name was already a
+synonym. The specific name here adopted is next in point of priority,
+although Persoon discarded it the year following, substituting <i>fallax</i>,
+because he had mistaken the genus.</p>
+
+<p>Not rare. New England, Toronto; west to the Black Hills and
+Washington, Oregon, California, south to the Carolinas and Kansas;
+Jalapa, Mexico.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">14. <span class="smcap">Trichia lateritia</span> <i>Lév.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1846. <i>Trichia lateritia</i> Lév., <i>Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot.</i>, 3 V., p. 167.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Trichia lateritia</i> Lév., Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 250.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Trichia fragilis</i> (Sow.) Rost., Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 176.</li>
+<li>1894. <i>Trichia botrytis</i> Pers. var. <i>lateritia</i> (Lév.) List., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 171.</li>
+<li>1899. <i>Trichia botrytis</i> Pers., Macbr., <i>N. A. S.</i>, p. 216.</li>
+<li>1911. <i>Trichia botrytis</i> Pers. var. <i>lateritia</i> (Lév.) List., <i>Mycetozoa, 2nd ed.</i>, p. 217.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia more or less closely gregarious, (<i>a</i>) simple globose-turbinate,
+dull black when dry, when moist generally with a vinous tinge,
+1 mm. in diameter, stipitate. The stipe concolorous, rigid, erect, simple<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>
+even, 2&ndash;6 mm., or (<i>b</i>) multiple, several sporangia united by their
+pale brown or reddish-brown, striate, weak, closely adherent or united
+stems; hypothallus small or none; capillitial-mass bright brick-red
+cut-off from the stem-cavity, such as may be, and enclosed by a
+thick, firm opaque peridium, which opens above in fragmental or petaloid
+lobes, leaving a craterium-like cup below, to persist in flower-like
+fashion long after the contents have blown away; elaters fusiform,
+extremely long, to 50 µ; about 5 µ in width at the widest
+(middle) point, long acuminate, adorned with usually four clean-cut
+even, regular, taeniae, uniformly spaced and carried forward on
+the progressive acumination, almost to the smooth, straight spine-like
+point; spores in mass brick-red, by transmitted light, orange-brown
+almost smooth, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This showy and remarkable species is set out from <i>T. botrytis</i> Pers.
+with which it has been more or less closely associated, for several
+reasons. In the first place, it is easily recognized in the field, by its
+size, color, and structure. Often simple throughout a colony entire,
+nevertheless where the vegetative development has been stronger, simple
+and multiple fructifications may stand side by side, but the odd
+fasciation is generally limited to few sporangia, perhaps three or four,
+or at most, half a dozen. These fasciate forms generally shorter, or
+less erect. The elaters, so far as our observation goes, are the longest
+in the genus notable for their beautiful symmetry. The spores are
+larger than in the red forms of <i>T. botrytis</i> as usually presented,
+smoother and of different color.</p>
+
+<p>We have also a geographic limitation. Taken to Paris first from
+southern Chile, it promises to be a Pacific coast species, found as it
+now has been in North America from San Diego, to Vancouver. In
+a deep forest near Monterey, California, a half-buried log showed
+one colony a meter in length and from six to twelve centimetres in
+width, hundreds of sporangia, each by gentlest explosion opening to
+display its tuft of bright-tinted wool, a patch of color visible from
+far.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>4. Oligonema.</b></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1875. <i>Oligonema</i> Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 291.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia distinct, small, generally crowded together and superimposed;
+hypothallus none; capillitium scanty, the sculpture rudimentary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>
+and imperfect, scattered rings or mere roughenings, sometimes imperfect
+or faint spirals; spores yellow.</p>
+
+<p>The oligonemas are simply degenerate <i>Trichiae</i>, and show the
+vagaries usually to be noted in a passing type. They are difficult to
+define, and the species are indeed variable. Those here listed seem to
+offer constant features throughout our range.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Key to Species of Oligonema</b></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Key to Species of Oligonema">
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><i>A.</i> Spores reticulate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="2"><i>a.</i> Sporangia in broad effused patches</td><td align="left">2.&nbsp;<i>O.&nbsp;brevifilum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>b.</i> Sporangia in small heaped clusters.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">i. Elaters roughened, no distinct rings or spirals</td><td align="left">1. <i>O. flavidum</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left">ii. Elaters with scattered rings; sometimes faint spirals</td><td align="left">3. <i>O. nitens</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><i>B.</i> Spores warted</td><td align="left">4. <i>O. fulvum</i></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+
+<p class="species">1. <span class="smcap">Oligonema flavidum</span> (<i>Peck</i>) <i>Mass.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1874. <i>Perichaena flavida</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y. Mus.</i>, p. 76.</li>
+<li>1892. <i>Oligonema flavidum</i> (Peck) Mass., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 171.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia crowded and superimposed, sessile in small masses or
+clusters 1 cm. or less, bright yellow, shining, the peridium thin but
+opaque, yellow; capillitium of long, slender tubules usually simple,
+anon branched, even, or with an occasional inflation, the sculpture
+confined to warts or small, distinct spinules, roughening more or less
+conspicuously the entire surface, the apices generally obtuse, anon
+apiculate; spore-mass yellow, spores under the lens pale yellow, irregularly
+globose, beautifully reticulate, the meshes large and few, as
+in <i>Trichia favoginea</i>, 12&ndash;14 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species is marked by its capillitium, which is abundant for the
+present genus. The threads are longer than in any other species, and
+not infrequently branched, smooth, or more commonly, very distinctly
+minutely spinulose throughout, no trace of rings or relief sculpture of
+any sort, the spirals, that are to be expected, very imperfect, if discernible
+at all. In habit the species resembles <i>O. nitens</i>, but the colonies
+are much larger, and the sporangia higher and larger, attaining
+1 mm.</p>
+
+<p>New England to Iowa and Nebraska; south to Alabama and
+Louisiana. Toronto; <i>Miss Currie.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="species">2. <span class="smcap">Oligonema brevifilum</span> <i>Peck.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plXX">Plate XX</a>.</span>, Figs. 5, 5 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1878. <i>Oligonema brevifila</i> Peck, <i>Rep. N. Y, Mus.</i>, p. 42.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia small, cylindric, dull ochraceous-yellow, sessile closely
+crowded, sometimes superimposed, forming large, effused patches several
+centimetres in extent; capillitium exceedingly scant, consisting
+of nothing more than a few minute threads, very short, only three or
+four times the diameter of the spore, smooth, or without any definable
+sculpture, ochraceous; spore-mass dark ochraceous, under the
+lens the spores are brighter, marked with reticulations much as in
+other species of the genus, 10&ndash;12 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Probably a variety of our No. 1, but constantly collected.</p>
+
+<p>Separate, however, from the following also in color and habit. To
+the naked eye the fructification suggests <i>Trichia persimilis</i>; the color
+much the same, and the sporangia similarly congested. The peculiarly
+rudimentary condition of the capillitium is apparently also constant.
+Iowa specimens accord perfectly with those from New York.</p>
+
+<p>Rare. New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Iowa,
+Missouri, Oregon, Washington, California; Vancouver Island.</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">3. <span class="smcap">Oligonema nitens</span> (<i>Lib.</i>) <i>Rost.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><a href="#plII">Plate II</a>.</span>, Figs. 8, 8 <i>a</i>, 8 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1834. <i>Trichia nitens</i> Lib. <i>Pl. Cr. Ard.</i>, III., No. 227.</li>
+<li>1875. <i>Oligonema nitens</i> (Lib.) Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 291.</li>
+<li>1883. <i>Trichia pusilla</i> Schroet., <i>Kr. Fl. Schl.</i>, III., p. 114.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia gathered in small, heaped clusters, irregularly spherical,
+bright straw-color, or yellow, sessile, superimposed, the peridium thin,
+smooth, shining; capillitium of short elaters, simple or branched,
+smooth, adorned with an occasional projecting ring, often with faint
+spiral sculpture spreading especially toward the apices, which are
+blunt or anon acute, the point sometimes flexed or bent to one side,
+never very long; spore-mass bright yellow, spores globose, beautifully
+reticulate, 12&ndash;14 µ.</p>
+
+<p>Readily recognized at sight by its heaped, shining, or glistening
+sporangia. The capillitial threads are further definitive, and serve
+to distinguish it from everything else.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The range is wide, probably coextensive with the forests of the
+country. Specimens are before us from New England, Canada,
+Montana, and all intervening regions, and south to the Gulf of Mexico;
+California, Nevada,&mdash;<i>Prof. Bethel.</i> Yosemite, shores of Mirror
+Lake!</p>
+
+
+<p class="species">4. <span class="smcap">Oligonema fulvum</span> <i>Morgan.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1893. <i>Oligonema fulvum</i> Morgan, <i>Jour. Cin. Soc.</i>, p. 42.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p>Sporangia large, sub-globose, sessile, or crowded, more or less regular;
+the peridium tawny yellow, or olivaceous, very thin and fragile,
+iridescent; mass of capillitium and spores tawny-yellow, elaters
+simple or sometimes branched, very short, sometimes with thicker
+swollen portions, the surface marked with low smooth spirals, in
+places faint and obsolete, the extremities rounded and obtuse, usually
+with a minute apiculus; spores globose, minutely warted, 10&ndash;13 µ.</p>
+
+<p>This species may be recognized by its tawny, irregular, more or
+less crowded sporangia. Under the lens the warted, not reticulate,
+spores are diagnostic. The elaters are quite constantly marked by
+imperfect spirals.</p>
+
+<p>Our specimens are from the author of the species, and so far there
+are none reported from outside Ohio.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> For other crucifers, see <i>Bull. Torr. Bot. Club</i>, xxi, pp. 76&ndash;8.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> See in reference to this whole matter, <i>Myxomycetenstudien</i> by E. Jahn,
+No. 7, <i>Ceratiomyxa</i>, 1908. See also Olive, <i>Trans. Wis. Acad. of Sci. Arts
+and Letters</i>, Vol. xv, pl. II, p. 771.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> See Jahn, <i>Myxomyceten Studien</i> No. 8, Berlin 1911.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> In discussing these species the reader may be referred to Professor
+Harper's study of cytology, <i>Bot. Gazette</i>, vol. XXX., p. 217. It is probable
+that in all these æthalioid forms the effect of disturbance, transfer to laboratory,
+is likely to be quite pronounced. Giant spores are often seen, doubtless
+due to arrested cleavage in the procedure described by Dr. Harper: a giant
+spore is penultimate or antepenultimate in series; should, on this theory, occasionally,
+at least, show more than one nucleus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Prior to Persoon the physarums were variously referred: <i>Lycoperdon</i>,
+<i>Sphaerocarpus</i>, <i>Trichia</i>, etc. It seems unnecessary to quote the synonymy
+further here.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Persoon's first-named species is <i>P. aureum</i>; see <i>Römer Neu. Mag. f. d.
+Bot.</i>, I., p. 88. 1794.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Fries (<i>Sum. Veg. Scand.</i>, p. 454) described the new genus in the following
+words: Tilmadoche. Fr. Physari spec. S. M. Peridium simplex, tenerrimum
+(<i>Angioridii</i>) irregulariter rumpens. Capillitium intertexto-compactum,
+a peridio solutum liberum, sporisque inspersis fuscis. Columella o.
+</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>1. T. leucophæa. Fr.</li>
+
+<li>2. T. soluta. (Schum.)</li>
+
+<li>3. T. cernua. (Schum.)</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> See also <i>Inaug. Diss.</i>, H. Rönn, <i>Schr. d. Naturw. Ver. f. Schl. Holst.</i>, XV.,
+Hpt. I., p. 55, 1911.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Inasmuch as there has been decided difference of opinion in reference to
+this particular species,&mdash;all judges readers of the same original description,&mdash;it
+has seemed wise to submit an English translation from the celebrated
+<i>Monograph loc. cit.</i>
+</p><p>
+"24. Physarum diderma <i>Rfski.</i>
+</p><p>
+"Sporangia sessile, globose, adnate by a narrow base, white. Peridium
+double; the outer thick, strongly calcareous, very distinctly set off from the
+thin inner one by an air-filled space; the calcareous nodules many, angular,
+loosely developed within to form a pseudo-columella; spores dark violet,
+spinescent, 9.2&ndash;10 in diameter.
+</p><p>
+"<i>Opis.</i> This physarum looks extremely like a diderma.
+</p><p>
+"The sporangia stand either aggregated or bunched together in heaps of
+five to twelve, adnate to the hypothallus by a narrow base, etc."
+</p><p>
+Massee, <i>Mon.</i>, p. 304, translated this description, but misunderstood what
+is said of the columella and is inclined to think the author did not know a
+diderma when he saw one; which is pretentious, to say the least!</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> See also, after all our trouble, <i>Jour. Bot.</i>, LVII., p. 106.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> See Fries, <i>Syst. Myc.</i>, Vol. III., pp. 130, 137, Rost., <i>Mon.</i>, p. 127, and <i>Rep.
+N. Y. State Mus.</i>, XXXI., p. 55.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> It would seem that M. Massee would have written <i>T. reniformis</i>, were
+this authentic.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> For further synonymy, see under <i>P. auriscalpium</i>, No. 49.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Robt. E. Fries, <i>Ofvers. K. Vetens. Akad. Forh.</i>, 1899, No. 3, p. 225.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> The Polish author wrote Tilmadoche instead of Physarum in each case
+cited.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Forms cited are chiefly those likely to be found in our neighboring tropics,
+West Indies, etc.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> These little structures have a fairly architectural appearance and may be
+called trabecules,&mdash;trabeculæ, little beams.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Dr. Cooke, who used the microscope, applied the <i>Monograph</i> description
+to British forms occurring on leaves; proceeded further and found the same
+situation in New York. Mr. Massee gives the species wide range with spores
+8&ndash;10 µ; average 9 µ; only a fraction too large; evidently none 12&ndash;15 µ.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> If a sporangium of <i>L. tigrinum</i> be mounted in water and treated to weak
+solution of hydro-chloric acid we may easily discover that the crystals, which
+so wonderfully adorn the outer wall in this and other species, consist, in part
+at least, of calcium carbonate. We may also discover that in the case before
+us the crystal or scale lies indeed enclosed in a filmy sac of organic origin, and
+that could we have seen the outer peridium as it came to form, we might probably
+have found it made up largely of an ectosarcous foam in whose cavities
+the excreted calcium found place for tabulate crystallization. In other species
+listed, conditions are different, and the crystals assume a different shape. The
+phrase "bicarbonate of lime" quoted in this connection in the former edition
+of this work from Mr. Massee's <i>Monograph</i>, etc., is not clear.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Doubtless immature; <i>v. Mitteil. Naturwiss. Gesell. Wintert.</i>, VI., p. 64,
+Lister quoted by Schinz.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Vid. <i>Mycologia</i>, N. Y., Vol. IX., p. 328.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> See <i>Addenda, d</i>, p. 282 following.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> In the <i>Mycetozoa</i>, 2nd ed., p. 158, is cited <i>Stemonitis virginiensis</i> Rex as a
+synonym of this variety. By reference to p. 163 of the present volume the
+Virginian stemonitis is left as Rex assigned it, and if the present variety be
+synonymous, it should be quoted there. The treatment of the species <i>C. nigra</i>
+in the second edition does not establish such fact, nor with three varieties
+make for any increasing clearness.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> It had seemed less necessary to retain the classic orthography in this instance
+since De Bary and Rostafinski both use <i>Diachea</i>. But modern scholarship
+is nothing if not meticulous; it is the fashion in Latin still to keep the
+digraph, even to the vexation of all men. In the same way when Bulliard
+wrote <i>leucopodia</i>, 'white stockings', he doubtless meant to be exact.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> For this citation we are indebted to <i>Mr. Hugo Bilgram</i>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="ADDENDA" id="ADDENDA"></a>ADDENDA</h2>
+
+
+<p>a. This volume is as we see, a descriptive list of the various
+forms of the Myxomycetes in so far as these have come to the personal
+notice of the writer.</p>
+
+<p>Each form is designated, as is usual in discussing objects of the
+sort, by a particular binomial name, followed, in abbreviated form,
+by the name of the student or author who in describing the form in
+question used the combination. Thus <i>Stemonitis splendens</i> was first
+described by Rostafinski, and the name he thus used is applicable to
+the form he described, wherever found, and to <i>nothing else</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The proper naming of any specimen would thus appear to be a
+very simple matter. Such, however, is often not the case, particularly
+where we are concerned with species long familiar to science.
+Such often have received, at different times, and at the hands of the
+same author, or certainly of different authors, different names, given
+for various reasons; so that one who would refer to, or discuss, a
+single specimen to-day finds himself often in great uncertainty, confronted
+by a multitude of binomial combinations all thought to refer
+to the same particular thing.</p>
+
+<p>By general consent, of course, we strive to ascertain the oldest
+name on the list; the first that is really and clearly applicable, and
+we write all other names down as synonyms. In this volume a list
+of synonyms often accompanies the description; precedes it, showing,
+year by year, the history of the case; an abstract in fact of the title,
+as at last approved. The preparation of such an abstract is very
+troublesome, but is believed to be worth the trouble; must be made,
+indeed, if we are ever in our discussions to be sure that when we
+speak or write in America, we are dealing with the same thing intended
+by the man who speaks or writes in England, or elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>The space occupied in synonymy, is therefore by no means wasted.
+By and by, if we succeed in establishing a nomenclature on which
+competent judges can agree, a thing not at all improbable, almost<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>
+now attained, the lists may gradually disappear as having historical
+value only.</p>
+
+<p>b. Taxonomy, in any field, is of necessity concerned with history.
+For his own sake, no student can ignore the thought and work of his
+predecessors. No man ever sees nature in completeness, nor even the
+small part of the world to which he devotes attention. He needs
+every possible assistance, especially the observations of intelligent men.
+The present author rejoices to acknowledge the assistance found in
+volumes written in Europe during the last two hundred years. Such
+men as Persoon, Bulliard, Schumacher, Schrader, Fries, are deservedly
+famous; they laid the foundations of mycologic taxonomy.
+No student can afford to miss <i>Elias Fries</i>; his genius, spirit and
+scholarship entitle him to the recognition and sympathy of every lover
+of the intellectual life.</p>
+
+<p>c. The considerations just mentioned may, indeed do, sometimes
+act as a handicap to the American student, for the simple reason that
+he comes later to the field of time. He must naturally defer to the
+decision of men in Europe who are supposedly familiar with original
+types. An American specimen is presumably the same as one occurring
+elsewhere in similar latitude and environment. It becomes evident
+after while that only in certain instances is this undoubtedly the
+fact. The flora of the American continent has been sufficiently disjoined
+in space and time from Europe to permit extensive differentiation
+even in these minor forms, so that we have indeed in the groups
+we study many species, some genera, definitely autochthonous, more
+it is believed than are now suspected. An attempt to bring a specimen
+under the terms of a species described in Western Europe is not
+seldom an error. It becomes evident, as we go forward, that in
+eastern North America there are forms not only not described in
+European literature, but really not, part of European flora, not even
+adventitiously.</p>
+
+<p>d. Many of the more minute species with which this volume has
+to do are very elusive, very difficult; for one reason,&mdash;perhaps in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>
+itself sufficient,&mdash;because of their minuteness, and consequent apparent
+paucity. They may be common, but none the less seldom seen. The
+comatrichas afford an illustration. There are several very small
+species. <i>C. pulchella</i>, <i>C. laxa</i>, <i>C. ellisii</i> may be mentioned. <i>C. pulchella</i>
+has been studied nearly a hundred years and has a synonymy
+accordingly. In 1875 Rostafinski in the material, and among the
+descriptions, thought he recognized two distinct forms, and went on to
+give them names; the first in honor of Persoon, <i>C. persoonii</i>, should
+show an ovate or ovate-cylindric outline with acuminate tip; the second
+should be truncate and represent a type first described by Berkeley
+under a name given by Babington, <i>C. pulchella</i>. Berkeley's drawing
+shows a sporangium with tip acuminate! Lilac or violaceous tints
+attracted attention in the spores of <i>C. persoonii</i> only; in <i>C. pulchella</i>
+all is ferruginous. Curtis is especially commended for noticing the
+fact in describing <i>S. tenerrima</i>, here included as we see.</p>
+
+<p><i>Comatricha gracilis</i> Wing. is slender, cylindric and has small spores
+hardly reaching 6 µ; should perhaps be now set out as a separate
+species; it is evidently purely an American phase.</p>
+
+<p>Our figures, <a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>., 16 and 16 <i>a</i>, 18 and 18 <i>a</i>, show <i>C. pulchella</i>
+and <i>C. gracilis</i>, respectively, extremes. <a href="#plXIII">Plate XIII</a>., 4, shows
+an ovate form not very unusual. This and <i>C. gracilis</i> occur on living
+leaves.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. ellisii</i> is another of this minor series, very constant in its delicate
+beauty, but approaches <i>C. nigra</i> rather than the others here discussed.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. laxa</i>, as the name implies, shows an open construction, suggested,
+perhaps, by Rostafinski's photographic print, but better brought out
+by Celakowsky, <i>Myx. Böhm.</i>, Tab. 2, Figs. 7 and 8.</p>
+
+<p>e. It has been shown<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> that the process of cell-division in the spore-plasm
+of the myxomycete is not dissimilar to that obtaining under the
+same conditions in higher plants. On this supposition we have explanation
+of spore-division in <i>Ceratiomyxa</i> and can understand the
+adherence of spores now and again notable. Once the latter phenomenon
+was thought peculiar to the genus <i>Badhamia</i>; but the unsculptured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>
+epispore of the spores of reticularias, tubiferas, etc., suggest
+the same thing and more recently we find it in <i>Dianema</i> and in
+the <i>Stemoniteæ</i>; even <i>Stemonitis</i> arrives with clustered spores in
+groups of four, and we are in sight of a generalization wide.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to note that something of this sort was observed by
+at least one student long ago. Schumacher, <i>Enum. Pl. Sell.</i> 2, p.
+215, describes <i>Arcyria atra</i> with the characters of an enerthenema, and
+says "the capillitial threads are some of them diffuse and bear
+spermatic globules"! Did he anticipate <i>E. berkleyanum</i>? See the
+text under that species at <a href="#Page_190">p. 190</a>, <i>supra</i>.</p>
+
+<p>f. In a paper read December, 1920, before the <i>Mycological</i> Division
+of Section G., <i>A. A. A. S.</i>, the present writer discussed briefly
+the physical principles involved in some of the more striking peculiarities
+of the slime-moulds.</p>
+
+<p>It is argued in that paper that the shaping of stipitate sporangia
+which is so surprising as relating to the ordinary behaviour of fluid
+masses, as usually observed, is, in part at least, referable to certain
+well known properties of fluids generally. For this discussion those
+interested are referred to the article itself in the November number
+of <i>Mycologia</i> (N. Y.).</p>
+
+<p>Sufficient to say here that it is a fact, in many cases, that in stipitate
+fructification, so far as observed, the stipe is first to take form,
+and, as viewed by the writer, in many cases, as it rises, becomes more
+and more a most delicate but definite ectosarcate capillary tubule, by
+which ascends the spore-plasm of the point concerned, to such level
+as may meet the immediate conditions of pressure, of whatsoever
+source.</p>
+
+<p>It will be interesting in this view to note the resultant shapes as
+presented in the sporangia of various genera. One may examine for
+illustrations Figs. 1, 3, 4, 7, <a href="#plXX">Pl. XX.</a>, with the thought in mind that
+the stipe in each case may have served as a capillary tubule to carry
+up the spore-plasm to the position in which the spores at length are
+found. In some species of <i>Hemitrichia</i>, for instance, there are spores
+or spore-like cells found at maturity in the hollow stipe. In other
+cases the stipe contains refuse matter.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The capillary theory may not, probably does not, play part in
+every case. It would seem that a stemonitis, for example, must owe
+the rise of the spore-plasm to the play of different machinery. <i>Brefeldia</i>,
+<a href="#Page_154">p. 154</a> above, may offer suggestion.</p>
+
+<p>g. On page two of the introductory section of this volume mention
+is made of the variety of colors shown in the vegetative phases of
+the organisms we study. This fact is patent to all observers; but the
+identity of the plasmodium making the display must be ascertained
+by painstaking or prolonged and repeated observations. This for the
+reason that, as I am convinced, only in comparatively few cases is the
+color unchanged during the life-history of a given fructification. It
+may sometimes change from hour to hour as development proceeds.
+The color designated in the descriptive pages of this work is presumably,
+unless as otherwise set out, that immediately preceding that
+of the maturing fruit.</p>
+
+<p>As suggestive, and as, it is hoped, contributory to better knowledge
+of this phase of our subject a list of species is here subjoined as presented
+by my colleague, Professor Morton E. Peck of Oregon, who
+has given unusual attention to this particular investigation.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" summary="Plasmodium colors for given species.">
+<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Species</span></td><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Plasmodium Colors</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum sinuosum</i></td><td align="left">light grey, nearly white, ivory white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum serpula</i></td><td align="left">greenish-yellow; yellow</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum virescens</i></td><td align="left">pale greenish-yellow; yellow</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum cinereum</i></td><td align="left">watery grey, becoming white; pallid</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum didermoides</i></td><td align="left">watery grey, becoming white; blue-white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum notabile</i></td><td align="left">pure white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum globuliferum</i></td><td align="left">greenish-yellow; yellow</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum leucopus</i></td><td align="left">light grey</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum pulcherrimum</i></td><td align="left">dark red</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum flavicomum</i></td><td align="left">greenish or brownish yellow</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum viride</i></td><td align="left">clear yellow</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarum wingatense</i></td><td align="left">at first grey, then pure white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Badhamia orbiculata</i></td><td align="left">pale yellow, passing to white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Physarella oblonga</i></td><td align="left">brilliant yellow</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Mucilago spongiosa</i></td><td align="left">watery grey, then white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Didymium crustaceum</i></td><td align="left">white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Didymium squamulosum</i></td><td align="left">pale grey, watery white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Diderma floriforme</i></td><td align="left">grey tinged with yellow</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Stemonitis fusca</i></td><td align="left">white passing through blue to black<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Stemonitis smithii</i></td><td align="left">green to yellow to reddish purple</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Comatricha longa</i></td><td align="left">white, cream-yellow, reddish purple to dusky</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Comatricha irregularis</i></td><td align="left">white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Comatricha nigra</i></td><td align="left">white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Comatricha typhoides</i></td><td align="left">bluish white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Diachaea splendens</i></td><td align="left">pure white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Enerthenema papillatum</i></td><td align="left">colorless or greenish</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Reticularia lycoperdon</i></td><td align="left">white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Dictydiaethalium plumbeum</i></td><td align="left">colorless, pink, salmon, rose, orange, chocolate brown</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Lindbladia effusa</i></td><td align="left">brown, lead-colored</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Tubifera ferruginosa</i></td><td align="left">watery white, scarlet, brown, almost black</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Cribraria dictydioides</i></td><td align="left">clear dark green</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Cribraria tenella</i></td><td align="left">watery, dark plumbeous, bronze</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Cribraria cuprea</i></td><td align="left">red</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Arcyria nutans</i></td><td align="left">white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Arcyria denudata</i></td><td align="left">watery white, then flesh-color</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Arcyria cinerea</i></td><td align="left">grey, then white</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Trichia varia</i></td><td align="left">colorless, then white</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>h. In a few instances references to illustration do not find place
+in connection with the descriptive matter. One phase of <i>Physarum
+albescens</i> is figured on <a href="#plIII">Pl. III</a>.; <i>Mucilago</i> will be found portrayed on
+<a href="#plVII">Pl. VII</a>.; <i>Physarum viride</i> on <a href="#plVIII">Pl. VIII</a>.</p>
+
+<p>j. The group before us has research possibilities not a few. The
+question of their nutrition and its limits in respect of variety, is
+yet to be solved. From present indications all that can be said is to
+the effect that a pabulum similar in variety, no doubt meets the
+needs of many species. Whether in artificial culture a single base
+as gelatin or agar would suffice for all or several is yet to be discovered.</p>
+
+<p>Whether a species brought from spore to maturity on artificial
+diet would conform in any reasonable way to our dim concept of its
+identity is also, it would seem, a problem. The variation in the
+field would seem to make it doubtful.</p>
+
+<p>From the table immediately preceding it is plain that there is
+place for doubt. Color it is surmised is of itself everywhere incidental;
+the structure, which maintains identity or the reverse, lies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>
+deeper, although color may be none the less, in some way a resultant,
+and therefore in so far a reliable taxonomic guide.</p>
+
+<p>The treatment of our subject so far by no means exhausts the
+possibilities of even the simpler phases of microscopic study. We
+have endeavored to appreciate the work of those who hand us the
+literature of the group, and to recognize what such keen-eyed men
+have seen; but in our western and southern forests there are probably
+double as many species, as species go, as we have listed.</p>
+
+<p>The entire group is, as it would seem, in highest measure worthy of
+investigation and comprehension, and should it at any time prove
+that to such accomplishment the present volume may have been
+in any smallest way contributory, the author's satisfaction will be
+complete indeed.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Farr. <i>Cell-division in Pol. Mother-cells, Cobæa scandens, Bull. Tor. Bot.
+Cl.</i>, Vol. 47, pp. 325&ndash;38.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">NATURAL ORDERS, <span class="smcap">etc</span>.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><span class="smcap">Cribrariales</span>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Exosporeæ</span>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Lycogalales</span>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Physarales</span>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Phytomyxinæ</span>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Stemonitales</span>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Trichiales</span>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<p class="center">GENERA</p>
+
+<dl style="margin-left:2.5em;">
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Alwisia</span>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dt>
+    <dd><i>Alwis</i>; personal.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Amaurochæte</span>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="amauros">&#945;&#956;&#945;&#965;&#961;&#959;&#962;</ins>, dusky, and <ins title="chaitê">&#967;&#945;&#953;&#964;&#951;</ins>, hair. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Arcyria</span>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="arkyon">&#945;&#961;&#954;&#965;&#959;&#957;</ins> a net. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Badhamia</span>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></dt>
+    <dd><i>C. D. Badham</i>; personal.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Brefeldia</span>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
+    <dd><i>O. Brefeld</i>; personal.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Calonnema</span>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="kalos">&#954;&#945;&#955;&#959;&#962;</ins>, beautiful, and <ins title="nêma">&#957;&#951;&#956;&#945;</ins>, a thread. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Ceratiomyxa</span>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="keration">&#954;&#949;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#953;&#959;&#957;</ins>, a small horn, and <ins title="myxa">&#956;&#965;&#958;&#945;</ins>, mucus. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Cienkowskia</span>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt>
+    <dd><i>Leon Cienkowski</i>; personal</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Clastoderma</span>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="klastos; klaotos in original.">&#954;&#955;&#945;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#962;</ins>, broken, and <ins title="derma">&#948;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#945;</ins>, dermis, skin or covering. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Colloderma</span>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="kolla">&#954;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#945;</ins>, glue, and <ins title="derma">&#948;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#945;</ins>, dermis, covering.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Comatricha</span>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="komê">&#954;&#959;&#956;&#951;</ins>, and <ins title="thrix">&#952;&#961;&#953;&#958;</ins>, both words meaning hair. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Craterium</span>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="kratêr">&#954;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#951;&#961;</ins>, a vessel. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Cribraria</span>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dt>
+    <dd><i>cribrum</i>, a sieve. Lat.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Diachaea</span>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="diacheiu">&#948;&#953;&#945;&#967;&#949;&#953;&#965;</ins>, to pour out; the application not patent. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Dianema</span>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="dia">&#948;&#953;&#945;</ins>, through or across, and <ins title="nêma">&#957;&#951;&#956;&#945;</ins>, thread. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Dictydium</span>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="diktyon">&#948;&#953;&#954;&#964;&#965;&#959;&#957;</ins>, a net. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Dictydiæthalium</span>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></dt>
+    <dd>Dictydium and æthalium; the latter from <ins title="aithalos">&#945;&#953;&#952;&#945;&#955;&#959;&#963;</ins>, sooty. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Diderma</span>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="dis">&#948;&#953;&#962;</ins>, twice or twofold, and <ins title="derma">&#948;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#945;</ins>, as above. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Didymium</span>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="didymos">&#948;&#953;&#948;&#965;&#956;&#959;&#962;</ins>, double. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Echinostelium</span>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="echinos; echiuos in original.">&#949;&#967;&#953;&#957;&#959;&#962;</ins>, a sea-urchin, and <ins title="stêlion">&#963;&#964;&#951;&#955;&#953;&#959;&#957;</ins>, (?), a handle or stem. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Enerthenema</span>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="enerthe">&#949;&#957;&#949;&#961;&#952;&#949;</ins>, below, and <ins title="nêma">&#957;&#949;&#956;&#945;</ins>, a thread.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Enteridium</span>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="enteron">&#949;&#957;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#957;</ins> the intestine. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Fuligo</span>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>
+    <dd>fuligo, soot. Lat.</dd>
+  <dt><i><b>Hemiarcyria</b></i>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="hêmi">&#7969;&#949;&#956;&#953;</ins>, half, and Arcyria.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Hemitrichia</span>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="hêmi">&#7969;&#949;&#956;&#953;</ins>, half, and Trichia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span></dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Heterotrichia</span>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="heteros">&#7953;&#964;&#949;&#961;&#959;&#962;</ins>, other, and Trichia.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Lachnobolus</span>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="lachnos; lanchos in original.">&#955;&#945;&#967;&#957;&#959;&#962;</ins>, woolly, and <ins title="bôlos">&#946;&#969;&#955;&#959;&#962;</ins>, a lump. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Lamproderma</span>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="lampros">&#955;&#945;&#956;&#960;&#961;&#959;&#962;</ins>, shining, and <ins title="derma">&#948;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#945;</ins>, as above. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Leocarpus</span>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="leios">&#955;&#949;&#953;&#959;&#962;</ins>, smooth, and <ins title="karpos">&#954;&#945;&#961;&#960;&#959;&#962;</ins>, fruit. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Lepidoderma</span>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="lepis">&#955;&#949;&#961;&#953;&#962;</ins>, a scale, and <ins title="derma; depma in original.">&#948;&#949;&#961;&#956;&#945;</ins>, a covering. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Licea</span>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></dt>
+    <dd>said to be Latin; <i>licium</i>, a thrum, a girdle.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Lindbladia</span>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></dt>
+    <dd><i>A. Lindblad</i>; personal.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Lycogala</span>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="lykos">&#955;&#965;&#954;&#959;&#962;</ins>, a wolf, and <ins title="gala">&#947;&#945;&#955;&#945;</ins>, <ins title="a, milk in original.">milk</ins>. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Margarita</span>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="margaritês">&#956;&#945;&#961;&#947;&#945;&#961;&#953;&#964;&#951;&#962;</ins>, a pearl. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Mucilago</span>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt>
+    <dd><i>mucilago</i>, musty juice. Lat.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Oligonema</span>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="oligos">&#959;&#955;&#953;&#947;&#959;&#962;</ins>, few, and <ins title="nêma">&#957;&#951;&#956;&#945;</ins>, a thread. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Ophiotheca</span>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="ophis">&#959;&#966;&#953;&#962;</ins>, a serpent, and <ins title="thêkê">&#952;&#951;&#954;&#951;</ins>, a case. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Orcadella</span>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="orka">&#959;&#961;&#954;&#945;</ins>, a cask (?). Diminutive.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Perichæna</span>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="peri">&#960;&#949;&#961;&#953;</ins>, around, and <ins title="chainein">&#967;&#945;&#953;&#957;&#949;&#953;&#957;</ins>, to crack open. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Physarum</span>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="physa">&#966;&#965;&#963;&#945;</ins>, a bladder, something inflated.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Physarella</span>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dt>
+    <dd>Diminutive of <i>Physarum</i>.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Plasmodiophora</span>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="plasma">&#961;&#955;&#945;&#963;&#956;&#945;</ins>, something formed, and <ins title="phoros">&#966;&#959;&#961;&#959;&#962;</ins>, that bears. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Prototrichia</span>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="prôtos">&#960;&#961;&#969;&#964;&#959;&#962;</ins>, first, and <i>Trichia</i>.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Reticularia</span>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></dt>
+    <dd><i>reticulum</i>, a small net. Lat.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Stemonitis</span>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></dt>
+    <dd>Like a stamen.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Tilmadoche</span>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="tilma">&#964;&#953;&#955;&#956;&#945;</ins>, lint, and <ins title="dochê">&#948;&#959;&#967;&#951;</ins>, containing. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Trichia</span>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></dt>
+    <dd><ins title="ophix; tricha may be better?">&#959;&#966;&#953;&#958;</ins>, hair. Gr.</dd>
+  <dt><span class="smcap">Tubifera</span>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></dt>
+    <dd><i>tubus</i>, a tube, and <i>fero</i>, I bear. Lat.</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p class="center"><a name="index_sp" id="index_sp"></a>GENERA AND SPECIES</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><b><i>Æthaliopsis,</i></b>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>stercoriformis</i> Zopf., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Æthalium</i></b>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>flavum</i> Link., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>septicum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Alwisia</span>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>bombarda <i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Amaurochæte</span>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>atra</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Rost., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149.</a></li>
+      <li><i>cribrosa</i> (Fr.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li>
+      <li>fuliginosa (<i>Sow.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+      <li>tubulina (<i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>minor</i> Sacc. &amp; Ell., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Angioridium</i></b>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>sinuosum</i> Grev., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Arcyria</span>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>albida</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>bicolor</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+      <li>cinerea (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li>
+      <li>conglobosa <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>decipiens</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li>
+      <li>denudata (<i>L.</i>) <i>Sheld.</i>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li>
+      <li>digitata (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+      <li>ferruginea <i>Sauter.</i>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>flava</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>gabriellae</i> Rav., <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>globosa</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li>
+      <li>incarnata <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li>
+      <li>insignis <i>Kalchbr. &amp; Cke.</i>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>leucocephala</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+      <li>magna <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></li>
+      <li>nodulosa <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li>
+      <li>nutans (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Grev.</i>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li>
+      <li>&oelig;rstedtii <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li>
+      <li>pomiformis (<i>Leers</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>punicea</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>stipata</i>, List., <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
+      <li>versicolor <i>Phill.</i>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>vitellina</i> Phill., <a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Badhamia</span>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>affinis <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li>
+      <li>capsulifera (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Berk.</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+      <li>chrysotricha <i>Berk. &amp; C.</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
+      <li>decipiens (<i>Curt.</i>) <i>Berk.</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>decipiens</i> Berk., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, 63.</li>
+      <li>foliicola <i>G. List.</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+      <li>gracilis <i>var. Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>hyalina</i> (Pers.) Berk., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+      <li>iowensis <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
+      <li>inaurata <i>Currey</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
+      <li>lilacina (<i>Fr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+      <li>macrocarpa (<i>Ces.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>macrocarpa</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+      <li>magna <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+      <li>nitens <i>Berk.</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>nodulosa</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+      <li>orbiculata <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+      <li>ovispora <i>Racib.</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
+      <li>panicea (<i>Fr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+      <li>papaveracea <i>Berk. &amp; R.</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>penetralis</i> Cke. &amp; Ell., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li>
+      <li>populina <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+      <li>rubiginosa (<i>Chev.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+      <li>subaquila <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li>
+      <li>utricularis (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Berk.</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>varia</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>verna</i> Fries, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+      <li>versicolor <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Brefeldia</span>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>maxima (<i>Fr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Byssus.</i></b>
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>fruticulosa</i> Fl. Dan., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Calonema</span>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>aureum <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ceratiomyxa</span>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>arbuscula <i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+      <li>filiforma <i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+      <li>fruticulosa (<i>Muell.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>mucida</i> Schroet., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+      <li>porioides (<i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>) <i>Schroet.</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Ceratium</i></b>,
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>hydnoides</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>porioides</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Chondrioderma</i></b>, see Diderma.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>aculeatum</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>calcareum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>crustaceum</i> (Peck) Berl., <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>globosum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>michelii</i> (Lib.) Rost., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>niveum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>radiatum</i> (L.) Rost., <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>reticulatum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>roanense</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>rugosum</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+      <li><i>sauteri</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>stromateum</i> (Link.) Rost., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>testaceum</i> (Schrad.) Rost., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>trevelyani</i> (Grev.) Rost., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cienkowskia</span>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>reticulata (<i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Cionium</i></b>,
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>xanthopus</i> Ditm., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Clastoderma</span>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>debaryanum <i>Blytt.</i>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Clathroptychium</i></b>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>rugulosum</i> (Wallr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Clathrus.</i></b>
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>adnatus</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>denudatus</i> L., <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ramosus</i> Retz., <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Clavaria</i></b>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>byssoides</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>puccinia</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Colloderma</span>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>oculatum (<i>Lipp.</i>) <i>G. List.</i>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Comatricha</span>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>aequalis <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
+      <li>caespitosa <i>Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>crypta</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li>
+      <li>cylindrica (<i>Bilgr.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li>
+      <li>elegans (<i>Racib.</i>) <i>G. List.</i>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ellisiana</i> (Cke.) Ell. &amp; Ev., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li>
+      <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>ellisii <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+      <li>flaccida (<i>List.</i>) <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>friesiana</i> (DBy.) Rost., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>gracilis</i> Wing, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+      <li>irregularis <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
+      <li>laxa <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+      <li>longa <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li>
+      <li>nigra (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Schroet.</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>obtusata</i> (Preuss.) List., <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>persoonii</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+      <li>pulchella (<i>Bab.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+      <li>rubens <i>List</i>., <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>shimekiana</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>stemonitis</i> (Scop.) Shel., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+      <li>subcaespitosa <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li>
+      <li>suksdorfii <i>Ell. &amp; Ev.</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>typhina</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+      <li>typhoides (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Cornuvia</i></b>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>circumscissa</i> (Wallr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>wrightii</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Rost., <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Crateriachaea.</i></b>
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>crateriachaea mutabilis</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Craterium</span>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>aureum (<i>Schum.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>citrinellum</i> List., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+      <li>concinnum <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>confusum</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>convivale</i> (Batsch) Morg., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cylindricum</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
+      <li>leucocephalum (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Ditm.</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>lilacinum</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>maydis</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+      <li>minimum <i>Berk. &amp; C.</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
+      <li>minutum (<i>Leers</i>) <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>mutabile</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>nodulosum</i> (C. &amp; B.) Morg., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>obovatum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>paraguayense</i> (Speg.) List, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>pedunculatum</i> Trent., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>rubescens</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>rubiginosum</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>vulgare</i> Ditm., <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Cribraria</span>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>argillacea Pers., <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
+      <li>aurantiaca <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cernua</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+      <li>cuprea <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
+      <li>dictydioides <i>Cke. &amp; Balf.</i>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li>
+      <li>elegans <i>Berk. &amp; C.</i>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+      <li>intricata (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
+      <li>languescens <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
+      <li>macrocarpa <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li>
+      <li>microcarpa (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>microscopica</i> <i>Berk. &amp; C.</i>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>minima</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li>
+      <li>minutissima <i>Schw.</i>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li>
+      <li>piriformis <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+      <li>purpurea <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+      <li>rufa (<i>Roth</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li>
+      <li>splendens (Schrad.) Pers., <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
+      <li>tenella <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
+      <li>violacea <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>vulgaris</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Cytidium.</i></b>
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>melleum</i> (Berk. &amp; Br.) Morg., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ravenelii</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Morg., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>rufipes</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Morg., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><b><i>Dermodium</i></b>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>conicum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><ins title="Diachafa in original."><span class="smcap">Diachaea</span></ins>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>bulbillosa (<i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i>) <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>caespitosa</i> List., <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cylindrica</i> (Bilgr.) List., <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>elegans</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
+      <li>leucopodia (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
+      <li>splendens <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li>
+      <li>subsessilis <i>Pk.</i>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li>
+      <li>thomasii <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dianema</span>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>andersoni <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li>
+      <li>corticatum <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
+      <li>harveyi <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dictydiaethalium</span>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>plumbeum (<i>Schum.</i>) <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Dictydium</span>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>cancellatum (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+      <li>cancellatum cancellatum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span></li>
+      <li>cancellatum purpureum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li>
+      <li>cancellatum prolatum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cernuum</i> Nees, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>longipes</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>microcarpon</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>splendens</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>umbilicatum</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Diderma</span>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>albescens</i> Phill., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+      <li>asteroides <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>brunneolum</i> Phill., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
+      <li>cinereum <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>citrinum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>conglomeratum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>contextum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+      <li>cor-rubrum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li>
+      <li>crustaceum <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>difforme</i> (Pers.) Morg., <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li>
+      <li>effusum (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li>
+      <li>floriforme (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>geasteroides</i> Phill., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+      <li>globosum <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>globuliferum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>granulatum</i> (Schw.) Fr., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+      <li>hemisphericum (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Horne.</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>laciniatum</i> Phill., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+      <li>lyallii <i>Mass.</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>mariae-wilsoni</i> Clinton, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>minutum</i> (Schum.) Fr., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+      <li>niveum (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>oblongum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+      <li>ochraceum <i>Hoffm.</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ochroleucum</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>persoonii</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li>
+      <li>radiatum (<i>L.</i>) <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>reticulatum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li>
+      <li>reticulatum (Rost.) Morg., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+      <li>roanense (<i>Rex</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>rufipes</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Fr., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+      <li>rugosum (<i>Rex</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
+      <li>sauteri (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
+      <li>simplex List., <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li>
+      <li>spumarioides <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>squamulosum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>stellare</i> (Schrad.) Pers., <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+      <li>testaceum (<i>Schrad.</i>) <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+      <li>trevelyani (<i>Grev.</i>) Fr., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>vernicosum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Didymium</span>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>anellus <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+      <li>annulatum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+      <li>anomalum <i>Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>chrysopeplum</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cinereum</i> (Batsch) Fr., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li>
+      <li>clavus (<i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>) <i>Rabh.</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
+      <li>complanatum (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>connatum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+      <li>crustaceum <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li>
+      <li>difforme <i>Duby</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li>
+      <li>dubium <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>effusum</i> Link., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>erythrinum</i> Berk., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>excelsum</i> Jahn, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li>
+      <li>eximium <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>farinaceum</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li>
+      <li>fulvum <i>Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>glaucum</i> Phill., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>gyrocephalum</i> Mont., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>hemisphericum</i> (Bull.) Fr., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
+      <li>intermedium <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>lateritium</i> Berk. &amp; Rav., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
+      <li>leoninum <i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>melanopus</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
+      <li>melanospermum (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>melleum</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>michelii</i> Lib., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>microcarpon</i> (Fr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li>
+      <li>minus <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>nigripes</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+      <li>nigripes (<i>Link</i>) <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>obrusseum</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>oculatum</i> Lipp., <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>paraguayense</i> Speg., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>polycephalum</i> (Schw.) Fr., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>polymorphum</i> Mont., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>proximum</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li>
+      <li>quitense (<i>Pat.</i>) <i>Torr.</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li>
+      <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>      <i>ravenelii</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>serpula</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
+      <li>squamulosum (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Fr., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>stellare</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>tenerrimum</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>testaceum</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>tigrinum</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li>
+      <li>trochus <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+      <li>wilczekii <i>Meylan</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
+      <li>xanthopus (<i>Ditm.</i>) <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>zeylanicum</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Diphtherium.</i></b>
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>flavofuscum</i> Ehr., <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Echinostelium</span>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>minutum DeBary, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Enerthenema</span>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>berkeleyanum <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>elegans</i> Bowm., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li>papillatum (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>syncarpon</i> Sturg., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Enteridium</span>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>cinereum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+      <li>minutum <i>Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+      <li>olivaceum <i>Ehr.</i>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>rozeanum</i> (Rost.) Wing., <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li>
+      <li>splendens <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Erionema</span>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>aureum <i>Penz.</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Fuligo</span>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>cinerea (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ellipsospora</i> List., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+      <li>flava <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+      <li>intermedia <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li>
+      <li>laevis <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+      <li>megaspora <i>Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li>
+      <li>muscorum <i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ochracea</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li>
+      <li>ovata (<i>Schaeff.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>plumbea</i> Schum., <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+      <li>rufa <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li>
+      <li>septica (<i>L.</i>) <i>Gmel.</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>varians</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>varians</i> Sommf., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+      <li>violacea <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><b><i>Hemiarcyria</i></b>, see next, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Hemitrichia</span>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>ablata</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
+      <li>clavata (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>funalis</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
+      <li>intorta <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li>
+      <li>karstenii <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
+      <li>leiocarpa <i>Cooke</i>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>longifila</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li>
+      <li>montana Morg., <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>obscura</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
+      <li>ovata (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>plumosa</i> (Morg.), <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>rubiformis</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
+      <li>serpula (<i>Scop.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
+      <li>stipata (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
+      <li>stipitata <i>Mass.</i>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>varneyi</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li>
+      <li>vesparium (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>wigandii</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Heterotrichia</span>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>gabriellae (<i>Rav.</i>) <i>Mass.</i>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><b><i>Isaria.</i></b>
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>mucida</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lachnobolus</span>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>congesta</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cribrosus</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li>
+      <li>globosus (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>incarnatus</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Schroet., <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li>
+      <li>occidentalis <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lamproderma</span>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>arcyrioides</i> (Sommf.) Morg., <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>arcyrioides iridea</i> Cke., <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+      <li>arcyrionema <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li>
+      <li>columbinum (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ellisiana</i> Cke., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>irideum</i> (Cke.) Mass., <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>minutum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
+      <li>physaroides (<i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li>
+      <li>robustum <i>Ell. &amp; Ev.</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>sauteri</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li>
+      <li>scintillans (Berk. &amp; Br.) List., <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+      <li>violaceum (<i>Fr.</i>) Rost., <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Leangium.</i></b>
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>stipatum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>trevelyani</i> Grev., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Leocarpus</span>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>fragilis (<i>Dicks.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>fragilis</i> Link., <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>fulvus</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>vernicosum</i> Link., <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lepidoderma</span>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>carestianum Rost., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li>
+      <li>chailletii Rost, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>stellatum</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+      <li>tigrinum (<i>Schrad.</i>) Rost., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Licea</span>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>biforis <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>effusa</i> Ehr., <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+      <li>minima <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ochracea</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li>
+      <li>pusilla <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>rugulosa</i> Wallr., <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>stipitata</i> Berk. &amp; R., <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
+      <li>variabilis <i>Schrad.</i>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lindbladia</span>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>effusa (<i>Ehr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>tubulina</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Lycogala</span>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>atrum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+      <li>conicum <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>contortum</i> Ditm., <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li>
+      <li>epidendrum (<i>Buxb.</i>) <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
+      <li>exiguum <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
+      <li>flavofuscum (<i>Ehr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>miniata</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>terrestre</i> Fries, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Lycoperdon</i></b>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>cinereum</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>complanatum</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>corticale</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>epidendron</i> (Buxb.) L., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>favogineum</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>fragile</i> Dicks., <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>fuliginosum</i> Sow., <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>pusillum</i> Hedw., <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>radiatum</i> L., <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>vesparium</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Margarita</span>
+    <ul>
+      <li>metallica (<i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i>) <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Mucilago</span>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>spongiosa (<i>Leyss.</i>) <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Mucor</i></b>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>cancellatus</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ovatus</i> Schaeff., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>pomiformis</i> Leers, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>septicus</i> L., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>serpula</i> Scop., <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>spongiosus</i> Leyss., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>stemonitis</i> Scop., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Oligonema</span>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>brevifilum <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li>
+      <li>flavidum (<i>Peck</i>) <i>Mass.</i>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li>
+      <li>fulvum <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li>
+      <li>nitens (<i>Lib.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Ophiotheca</span>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>chrysosperma <i>Currey</i>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>pallida</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>umbrina</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+      <li>vermicularis (<i>Schw.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+      <li>wrightii <i>Berk. &amp; C.</i>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Orcadella</span>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>operculata <i>Wing.</i>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Orthotrichia</i></b>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>microcephala</i> Wing., <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Perichaena</span>,
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>caespitosa</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
+      <li>corticalis (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
+      <li>depressa <i>Lib.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>flavida</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>incarnata</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Fr., <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>irregularis</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
+      <li>marginata <i>Schw.</i>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>pallida</i> (Schw.) Rost., <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>populina</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
+      <li>quadrata <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>vaporaria</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Physarella</span>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>mirabilis</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+      <li>oblonga (<i>Berk. &amp; C.</i>) <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Physarum</span>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>aeneum (<i>List.</i>) <i>R. G. Fries</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li>
+      <li>affine <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span></li>
+      <li>albescens <i>Ell.</i>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>albicans</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>album</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+      <li>alpinum <i>G. List.</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>atrorubrum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>atrum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>aurantium</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>aureum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+      <li>auriscalpium <i>Cke.</i>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>berkeleyi</i> (Rost.) List., <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+      <li>bethelii (<i>Macbr.</i>) <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
+      <li>bitectum <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>bivalve</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+      <li>bogoriense <i>Racib.</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
+      <li>brunneolum <i>Phill.</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>caespitosum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>calidris</i> List., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+      <li>carneum <i>List. &amp; Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cernuum</i> (Schum.) Fr., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>chrysopeplum</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>chrysotrichum</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+      <li>cinereum (<i>Batsch</i>) <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cinereum</i> Ell. &amp; Ev., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
+      <li>citrinellum <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li>
+      <li>citrinum <i>Schum.</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>clavus</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>columbinum</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>columbinum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>compactum</i> List., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+      <li>compressum <i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+      <li>confertum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>confluens</i> (Pers.) Morg., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+      <li>conglomeratum (<i>Fr.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>connatum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>connexum</i> (Link.) Morg., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+      <li>contextum <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li>
+      <li>crateriforme <i>Petch.</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cupripes</i> Berk. &amp; R., <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>decipiens</i> Curt., <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
+      <li>dictyospermum <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+      <li>diderma <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
+      <li>didermoides (<i>Ach.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li>
+      <li>discoidale <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ditmari</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+      <li>echinosporum <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>effusum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ellipsosporum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>erythrinum</i> Berk., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>farlowii</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>flavidum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li>
+      <li>flavicomum <i>Berk.</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>flavum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>fulvum</i> <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>galbeum</i> <i>Wing.</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>glaucum</i> (Phill.) Mass., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+      <li>globuliferum (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>griseum</i> Link., <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+      <li>gulielmae <i>Penzig</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li>
+      <li>gyrosum <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>hyalinum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>inaequale</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+      <li>instratum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+      <li>lateritium (<i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+      <li>leucophaeum <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>leucophaeum</i> (Fr.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+      <li>leucopus <i>Link.</i>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+      <li>lilacinum <i>Sturg. &amp; Bilg.</i>, not Fr., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>lividum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>luteum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+      <li>luteo-album <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>macrocarpon</i> Cesati, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>; Fuckel, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
+      <li>maculatum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>maydis</i> Torr., <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+      <li>megalosporum <i>Sturg.</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>melanospermum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
+      <li>melleum (<i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i>) <i>Mass.</i>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>microcarpon</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li>
+      <li>mortoni <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
+      <li>murinum <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+      <li>mutabile (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>List.</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>nefroideum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+      <li>newtoni <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
+      <li>nicaraguense <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>nigripes</i> Link., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li>
+      <li>nodulosum <i>Cke. &amp; Balf.</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+      <li>notabile <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
+      <li>nucleatum <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+      <li>nutans <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></li>
+      <li>oblatum <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>oblongum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>obrusseum</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Rost., <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ochroleucum</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ornatum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>paniceum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li>
+      <li>penetrale <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>petersii</i> Berk. &amp; C, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>phillipsii</i> Balf., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>physaroides</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
+      <li>plumbeum <i>Fr.</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+      <li>polycephalum <i>Schw.</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>polymorphum</i> (Mont.) Rost., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>polymorphum</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>psittacinum</i> Ditm., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+      <li>pulcherrimum <i>Berk. &amp; Rav.</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+      <li><ins title="pulchripes in original.">pulcherripes</ins> <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>pusillum</i> List., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ravenelii</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Mass., <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>reniforme</i> List., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>reticulatum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li>
+      <li>roseum <i>Berk. &amp; Br.</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>rostafinskii</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>rubiginosum</i> Chev., <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>rufipes</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>schumacheri</i> Spreng., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>scyphoides</i> Cke. &amp; Balf., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+      <li>serpula <i>Morg.</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li>
+      <li>sinuosum (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Weinm.</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+      <li>straminipes List., <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
+      <li>striatum <i>Fries</i>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>stromateum</i> Link, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>sulphureum</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Sturg., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>tenerum</i> Rex., <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+      <li>tenerum <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>testaceum</i> Sturg., <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>thejoteum</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+      <li>tropicale <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>utriculare</i> (Bull.) Chev., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
+      <li>variabile <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
+      <li>vernum <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>vermicularis</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+      <li>viride <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>virescens</i> Ditm., <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+      <li>wingatense <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Plasmodiophora</span>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>brassicae <i>Wor.</i>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Protoderma.</i></b>
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>pusilla</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Prototrichia</span>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>flagellifera</i> (Berk. &amp; Br.) Rost., <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li>
+      <li>metallica (<i>Berk.</i>) <i>Mass.</i>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Puccinia</i></b>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>byssoides</i> Gmel., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ramosa</i>, etc., Mich., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><b><i>Raciborskia.</i></b>
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>elegans</i> Berl., <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Reticularia</span>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>alba</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>atra</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cribrosa</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>flavofusca</i> (Ehr.) Fr., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>hemispherica</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
+      <li>lycoperdon <i>Bull.</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>maxima</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>rozeana</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>sinuosa</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>splendens</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Rostafinskia</i></b>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>elegans</i> Racib., <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><b><i>Scyphium.</i></b>
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>rubiginosum</i> (Chev.) Rost., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Siphotychium</i></b>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>casparyi</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Sphaerocarpus.</i></b>
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>albus</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>aurantius</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>capsulifer</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>chrysospermus</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cylindricus</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>floriformis</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>fragilis</i> Sowb., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>globuliferus</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>luteus</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>utricularis</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>viridis</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Spumaria</i></b>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>alba</i> (Bull.) DC., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>didermoides</i> (Ach.) Pers., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>granulata</i> Schum., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></li>
+      <li><i>licheniformis</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>minuta</i> Schum., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>mucilago</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Stemonitis</span>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>alba</i> (Bull.) Gmel., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>argillacea</i> (Pers.) Gmel., <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
+      <li>axifera (<i>Bull.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>bäuerlinii</i> Mass. (?), <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>botrytis</i> (Pers.) Gmel., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li>
+      <li>carolinensis <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>castillensis</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
+      <li>confluens <i>Cke. &amp; Ell.</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li>
+      <li>dictyspora <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>digitata</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+      <li>fenestrata <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ferruginea</i> Ehr., <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ferruginosa</i> Batsch., <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li>
+      <li>flavogenita <i>Jahn</i>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>friesiana</i> DBy., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+      <li>fusca (<i>Roth.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
+      <li>herbatica <i>Peck</i>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>leucocephala</i> (Pers.) Gmel., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>maxima</i> Schw. (?), <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>microspora</i> List., <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>morgani</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>nigra</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
+      <li>nigrescens <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ovata nigra</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+      <li>pallida <i>Wing.</i>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>papillata</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+      <li>pulchella <i>Bab.</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>scintillans</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+      <li>smithii <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+      <li>splendens <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>splendens</i> var. <i>confluens</i> List., <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>suksdorfii</i> Ell. &amp; Ev., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>tenerrima</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>tenerrima</i> Curt., <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+      <li>trechispora (<i>Berk.</i>) <i>Torr.</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>tubulina</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>typhina</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>typhina</i> Wig., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>typhoides</i> (Bull.) DC., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+      <li>uvifera <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li>
+      <li>varia (Pers.) Gmel., <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>violacea</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li>
+      <li>virginiensis <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>viridis</i> (Bull.) Gmel., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+      <li>webberi <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tilmadoche</span>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>alba</i> (Bull.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>bethelii</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cernua</i> (Schum.) Fr., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>columbina</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Rost., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>compacta</i> Wing., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>gyrocephala</i> (Mont.) Rost., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>hians</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>mutabilis</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>nutans</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>oblonga</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Rost., <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>polycephala</i> (Schw.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>viridis</i> (Bull.) Sacc., <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Tremella</i></b>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>hydnoides</i> Jacq., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Trichamphora</i></b>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>oblonga</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
+      <li>pezizoidea <i>Jungh.</i>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Trichia</span>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>abietina</i> Wig., <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>abrupta</i> Cke., <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>affinis</i> DBy., <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li>
+      <li>andersoni <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>aurea</i> Schum., <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>axifera</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li>
+      <li>botrytis <i>Pers.</i>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cernua</i> Schum., <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>chrysosperma</i> (Bull.) Rost., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>cinerea</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>circumscissa</i> Wallr., <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>clavata</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
+      <li>contorta (<i>Ditm.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li>
+      <li>decipiens (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li>
+      <li>erecta <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>fallax</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li>
+      <li>favoginea (<i>Batsch</i>) Pers., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>flagellifera</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>fragilis</i> (Sowb.) Rost., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
+      <li>inconspicua <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li>
+      <li>iowensis <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>jackii</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li>
+      <li>lateritia <i>Lév.</i>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>leucopodia</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></li>
+      <li><i>nana</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>nigripes</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>nitens</i> Lib., <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>nutans</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>ovata</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li>
+      <li>persimilis <i>Karst.</i>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>proximella</i> Karst., <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li>
+      <li>pulchella <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>pusilla</i> Schroet., <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>pyriformis</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>reniformis</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>rubiformis</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
+      <li>scabra <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>serpula</i> (Scop.) Pers., <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
+      <li>subfusca <i>Rex</i>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>typhoides</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
+      <li>varia (<i>Pers.</i>) <i>Rost.</i>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+      <li>verrucosa <i>Berk.</i>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><span class="smcap">Tubifera</span>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li>casparyi (<i>Rost.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
+      <li>ferruginosa (Batsch) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li>
+      <li>stipitata (<i>B. &amp; R.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+  <li><b><i>Tubulina</i></b>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>cylindrica</i> (Bull.) DC., <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>fragiformis</i> (Pers.) List., <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li>
+      <li><i>stipitata</i> (Berk. &amp; Rav.) Rost., <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
+    </ul></li>
+</ul>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="PLATES" id="PLATES"></a>PLATES<br /><br />
+
+<span style="font-size:.5em;">TO ILLUSTRATE</span><br /><br />
+
+NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>&mdash;Plates I., II., IV., VI., VII., VIII., IX., X., were originally
+by <span class="smcap">Miss Mary P. Macbride</span>; Plates V., XI., XII., were
+by <span class="smcap">Mrs. Hattie J. Douglass</span>; Plates XIII., XIV., XV., XVI.,
+XVII., were by the late <span class="smcap">Mrs. Bertha E. Linder Pumphrey</span>;
+Plate III. was the joint work of <span class="smcap">Mrs. Pumphrey</span> and <span class="smcap">Miss
+Macbride</span>. All these, except IV., have been re-drawn for new
+plates; XVI., with additions, by <span class="smcap">Miss Margaret Hayes</span>; the
+remainder by <span class="smcap">Mr. W. J. Calvin</span>, C. E. Plate XVIII. is by <span class="smcap">Miss
+Hayes</span>; Plate XIX. by Miss <span class="smcap">A. M. Held</span>; Plate XX. by <span class="smcap">Miss
+Jane Coventry</span>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE I</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Enteridium splendens</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_211">p. 211.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. Æthalium, natural size.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Spore of the same species, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Capillitium of the same species, × 420.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Dictydiæthalium plumbeum</i> (Fr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_215">p. 215.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. Æthalium, natural size.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. Sporangia and spores, × 50 (after Schroeter).</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. Persistent apices of the peridia.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Lindbladia effusa</i> (Ehr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_204">p. 204.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. A group of sporangia, × 30.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Tubifera ferruginosa</i> (Batsch) Macbr., <a href="#Page_206">p. 206.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 5.</p>
+
+<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plVII">Plate VII</a>., Fig. 8; and <a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>., Fig. 14.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria dictydioides</i> Cke. &amp; Balf., <a href="#Page_222">p. 222.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Three sporangia, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A single sporangium, to show reticulate thickening, × 60.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. A spore, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Dictydium cancellatum</i> (Batsch) Macbr., <a href="#Page_230">p. 230.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. Sporangium, × 30.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A part of the peridial wall, seen from within, × 84.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa</i> (Muell.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_19">p. 19.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. Three sporiferous pillars, × about 40.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. Tip of a single pillar, × 84.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Hemitrichia stipata</i> (Schw.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_262">p. 262.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. Sporangia, × 6.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8 <i>a</i>. The capillitium of the same species, × 750.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1000.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plI">
+<a href="images/pl01.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl01-s.jpg" width="300" height="470" alt="PLATE I" title="PLATE I" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE I</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE II</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Perichaena corticalis</i> (Batsch) Rost., <a href="#Page_243">p. 243.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. Sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. A single spore, as if in section, × 900.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. The capillitial thread, × 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Lachnobolus occidentalis</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_246">p. 246.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. The sporangia, × 8.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A portion of the capillitium, × 750.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. Spores, × 750.</p>
+
+<p class="seealso">See also 4 and 4 a below.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Arcyria cinerea</i> (Bull.) Pers., <a href="#Page_254">p. 254.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. The expanded fructifications, × 5.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. Tip of a single capillitium mass, × 40.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Lachnobolus occidentalis</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_246">p. 246.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. A cluster of sporangia, × 3; cylindric type.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 750; to show characteristic
+surface of the threads.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Arcyria denudata</i> (Linn.) Pers., <a href="#Page_253">p. 253.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia, two expanded, one still closed, × 20.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A part of the capillitium of the same species,
+× 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Arcyria nutans</i> (Bull.) Grev., <a href="#Page_249">p. 249.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. Expanded capillitium, etc., × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 750.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A piece of the capillitium thread, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Ophiotheca wrightii</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_241">p. 241.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. A single sporangium, × 8.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. A node of the capillitial thread, × 750.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>b</i>. A spore, × 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Oligonema nitens</i> (Lib.) Rost., <a href="#Page_280">p. 280.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. A single elater, × 750.</p>
+
+<p>Figs. 8 <i>a</i> and 8 <i>b</i>. Spores, × 1000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Badhamia macrocarpa</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_37"><ins title="p. 7. in original.">p. 37.</ins></a></p>
+
+<p class="center">Var. <i>gracilis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 9. Two sporangia, × 600.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plII">
+<a href="images/pl02.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl02-s.jpg" width="300" height="473" alt="PLATE II" title="PLATE II" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE II</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE III</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Hemitrichia clavata</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_264">p. 264.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. Three sporangia, one closed, × 8.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Hemitrichia vesparium</i> (Batsch) Macbr., <a href="#Page_262">p. 262.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. Tip of the elater of capillitial thread, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Trichia iowensis</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_269">p. 269.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. A cluster of sporangia, × 5.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. Tip of a branching elater, × 750.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 750.</p>
+
+<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plX">Plate X</a>., Fig. 5.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Hemitrichia serpula</i> Scop., <a href="#Page_260">p. 260.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. A plasmodiocarp, × 3.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. An elater-tip, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Trichia inconspicua</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_268">p. 268.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. A cluster of sporangia, × 12.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. Tip of an elater, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum oblatum</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_91">p. 91.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. A single sporangium, × 20; stipe shown of unusual length.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p>
+
+<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXIV">Plate XIV</a>., Fig. 3.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum auriscalpium</i> (Cke.) Lister, <a href="#Page_90">p. 90.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. A single sporangium, × 20; a New York specimen.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Arcyria nodulosa</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_252">p. 252.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. Capillitial thread, × 1200.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plIII">
+<a href="images/pl03.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl03-s.jpg" width="300" height="483" alt="PLATE III" title="PLATE III" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE III</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Trichia persimilis</i> Karst., <a href="#Page_271">p. 271.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. Var. intermedia, × about 6.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Spore of same species, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. A second spore to show varying episporic network.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>c</i>. Tip of elater, shows vertical connecting bands.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Trichia decipiens</i> (Pers.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_276">p. 276.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. Sporangia, × about 8.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A spore of the same species, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i> and 2 <i>c</i>. Elaters of the same species, × about 225.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Trichia varia</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_270">p. 270.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. Sporangia, × about 8.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A spore of the same species, × 1000.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>b</i>. An elater of the same species, × 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Trichia scabra</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_271">p. 271.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. Sporangia, × about 8.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A single spore of the same species, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. An elater-tip of the same, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Trichia favoginea</i> (Batsch) Pers., <a href="#Page_272">p. 272.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia, × about 8.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A single spore of the same, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. A single elater-tip of the same, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Trichia persimilis</i> Karst., var <i>abrupta</i> Cke., <a href="#Page_271">p. 271.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. An elater-tip, × 1400. It will be noticed that the spirals are
+connected by vertical bars.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A single spore of the same variety, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A single spore, from the same sporangium as 6 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>c</i>. Trichia persimilis, a single spore, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>d</i>. Tip of an elater from the same, × 1400.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plIV">
+<a href="images/pl04.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl04-s.jpg" width="300" height="494" alt="PLATE IV" title="PLATE IV" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE IV</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE V</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Lamproderma arcyrionema</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_197">p. 197.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. A single sporangium seen as if in section, × 40.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Lamproderma scintillans</i> (Berk. &amp; Br.) List., <a href="#Page_195">p. 195.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. A single sporangium seen as in section, × 40.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Enerthenema papillatum</i> (Pers.) Rost., <a href="#Page_190">p. 190.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. An expanded, blown-out sporangium, × 25.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Lamproderma robustum</i> Ell. &amp; Ev., p.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. A sporangium seen as in section, × 20.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha laxa</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_177">p. 177.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. A sporangium seen as if in section, × 40.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 2000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Diachaea thomasii</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_188">p. 188.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. Three sporangia magnified about 15 times.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A single spore of the same species, × 800.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Brefeldia maxima</i> (Fries) Rost., <a href="#Page_154">p. 154.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, showing columellæ; × 5.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. Capillitial threads of the same species, × 300.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>b</i>. Spore of the same species, × 1500.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Amaurochæte fuliginosa</i> (Sowb.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_149">p. 149.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. A bit of so-called capillitium, × 300.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8 <i>a</i>. A single spore magnified about 1000 times.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plV">
+<a href="images/pl05.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl05-s.jpg" width="300" height="495" alt="PLATE V" title="PLATE V" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE V</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha typhoides</i> (Bull.) Rost., <a href="#Page_181">p. 181.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, × 5.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1600.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Tip of the columella with its branches, × 50.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha longa</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_175">p. 175.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. A single empty sporangium, × 6.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A part of the same taken near the apex, × 60.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. A spore, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha aequalis</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_180">p. 180.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. A single sporangium, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. The columella and capillitium, × 60.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1600.</p>
+
+<p>Figs. 3 <i>c</i> and 3 <i>d</i>. Sporangia to which the peridium still adheres, although in
+3 <i>c</i> in shreds.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis fusca</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_160">p. 160.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 3.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A part of the columella and capillitium, × 60.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis axifera</i> (Bull.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_168">p. 168.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. A group of sporangia, × 3.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. A part of the capillitium with columella, × 60.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis splendens</i>, <a href="#Page_164">p. 164.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, × 3.</p>
+
+<p>Figs. 6 <i>a</i> and 6 <i>c</i>. Single spores, the latter × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A part of the columella and branches, × 60.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. A shorter variety of the same species with coarser meshes in capillitium,
+× 3.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. A part of the columella and net, × 60.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plVI">
+<a href="images/pl06.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl06-s.jpg" width="300" height="473" alt="PLATE VI" title="PLATE VI" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE VI</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Diachaea splendens</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_187">p. 187.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. Sporangia and hypothallus, × 25.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 50.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Spores, × 900.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>c</i>. Portion of the capillitium, × 150.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Didymium nigripes</i> Fr., <a href="#Page_123">p. 123.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. Sporangia, × 30.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A spore, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. Calcareous crystals from the peridial wall, × 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Didymium melanospermum</i> (Pers.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_121">p. 121.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. Sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × about 1000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Diderma testaceum</i> (Schrad.) Pers., <a href="#Page_137">p. 137.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. Sporangia; the first exhibiting the two peridial walls and the
+spore-mass, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. Spore, × 750.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. Capillitial threads, × 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Diderma globosum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_134">p. 134.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia; the first with the outer peridium broken away, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Mucilago spongiosa</i> (Leyss.) Morg., <a href="#Page_114">p. 114.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. An æthalium, borne on a grass-stem, natural size.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A spore, × 750.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. Capillitium, with surface calcareous crystals, × 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Diderma crustaceum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_135">p. 135.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. A mass of clustered sporangia, to show habit of aggregation, natural
+size.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Tubifera ferruginosa</i> (Batsch) Macbr., <a href="#Page_206">p. 206.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. A single spore, × 1400.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plVII">
+<a href="images/pl07.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl07-s.jpg" width="300" height="477" alt="PLATE VII" title="PLATE VII" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE VII</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Diderma floriforme</i> (Bull.) Pers., <a href="#Page_143">p. 143.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. Sporangia of various ages, × 5.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Spore of the same species, × 1000.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. A capillitial thread, × 1000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum polycephalum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_95">p. 95.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. The sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. Spores, × 750.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. Capillitium, × 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Leocarpus fragilis</i> (Dicks.) Rost., <a href="#Page_112">p. 112.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. Sporangia, × 6.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A group of sporangia, natural size, to show habit.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1800.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarella oblonga</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Morg., <a href="#Page_109">p. 109.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. A single sporangium, × 8.</p>
+
+<p>Figs. 4 <i>a</i> and 4 <i>b</i>. Capillitium and spore respectively, × 900.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Craterium leucocephalum</i> (Pers.) Ditmar, <a href="#Page_105">p. 105.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia, the first closed, × 10.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum sinuosum</i> (Bull.) Weinm., <a href="#Page_52">p. 52.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. Plasmodiocarp, natural size; 6 <i>a</i>, × 4; see also <a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>., Fig. 15.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum virescens</i> Ditmar, <a href="#Page_61">p. 61.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. Groups of sporangia, × 3 and × 8.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. Spores, × 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum viride</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_98">p. 98.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. A single sporangium, × 25; 8 <i>a</i>, reverse.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8 <i>b</i>. The same after spore-dispersal.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8 <i>c</i>. Capillitium, × 750.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plVIII">
+<a href="images/pl08.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl08-s.jpg" width="300" height="483" alt="PLATE VIII" title="PLATE VIII" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE VIII</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum didermoides</i> (Ach.) Rost., <a href="#Page_78">p. 78.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. Sporangia, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. A single sporangium open; shows calcareous capillitium, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Spores, × 900.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum notabile</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_80">p. 80.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. A cluster of sporangia, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A single sporangium open, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. Spores, × 900.</p>
+
+<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXV">Plate XV</a>., Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, and the frontispiece.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum contextum</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_56">p. 56.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. A group of sporangia, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. Spores of the same, × 600.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum cinereum</i> (Batsch) Pers., <a href="#Page_59">p. 59.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 4.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A single sporangium, × 20.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. Capillitium of the same, × 240.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>c</i>. Spores, × 450.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum albescens</i> Ellis, <a href="#Page_86">p. 86.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia, × 5.</p>
+
+<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXVI">Plate XVI</a>., Figs. 4 and 4 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. Spore of the same species, × 450.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. Capillitium of the same, × 240.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum serpula</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_49">p. 49.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. Plasmodiocarps, about natural size.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A bit of the plasmodiocarp, showing structure, × 6.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A spore of the same species, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum leucopus</i> Link., <a href="#Page_79">p. 79.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. A single sporangium, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. A spore of the same species, × 900.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>b</i>. A fragment of the capillitium.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plIX">
+<a href="images/pl09.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl09-s.jpg" width="300" height="480" alt="PLATE IX" title="PLATE IX" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE IX</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE X</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Badhamia rubiginosa</i> (Chev.) Rost., <a href="#Page_43">p. 43.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, × 5.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Two sporangia, same species, × 18, to show persisting capillitium.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Capillitium fragment, × 240.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>c</i>. Spore of the same species, × 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Fuligo septica</i> (L.) Gmel.; form <i>laevis</i>, <a href="#Page_29">p. 29.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. An æthalium, natural size.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A section of the same, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. A spore of the same, × 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Fuligo cinerea</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_26">p. 26.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. A small æthalium borne upon a blade of grass, natural size.</p>
+
+<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXXIII">Plate XXIII</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. Capillitial fragment from the same specimen, × 450.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>b</i>. Spores of the same, × about 750.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Didymium minus</i> List., <a href="#Page_121">p. 121.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. A single sporangium, × 25.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. The capillitium and fragment of the peridium of the same species,
+× 380.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. A spore of the same species, × 1000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Trichia iowensis</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_269">p. 269.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Tip of an elater, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plIII">Plate III</a>, 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Badhamia papaveracea</i> Berk. &amp; Rav., <a href="#Page_42">p. 42.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. Sporangia, a cluster, × 8.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A cluster of spores, × 400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A single spore of the same, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Reticularia lycoperdon</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_210">p. 210.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. A fragment of the capillitium, × 240.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. A single spore of the same species, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXII">Plate XII</a>., Fig. 3.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plX">
+<a href="images/pl10.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl10-s.jpg" width="300" height="473" alt="PLATE X" title="PLATE X" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE X</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha nigra</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_178">p. 178.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. A single sporangium as in section, × 60.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. A single spore, × 1600.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis confluens</i> Ell. &amp; Cke., <a href="#Page_158">p. 158.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A thread of capillitium with adhering disk, × 30.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. A spore of the same, × 2000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis webberi</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_163">p. 163.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, × 4.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. A single sporangium as in section, × 40.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. A single spore, same species, × 1250.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha suksdorfii</i> Ell. &amp; Ev., <a href="#Page_178">p. 178.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 9. A group of sporangia, × 4.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 10. A bit of the capillitium, × 60.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11. A single spore, × 1600.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha cæspitosa</i> Sturg., <a href="#Page_172">p. 172.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 12. A cluster of sporangia, × 4.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 13. The capillitium highly magnified.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 14. A single spore, × 1600.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXI">
+<a href="images/pl11.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl11-s.jpg" width="300" height="474" alt="PLATE XI" title="PLATE XI" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XI</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Lindbladia effusa</i> (Ehr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_204">p. 204.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. Fructification, natural size.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. Portion of same in section, × 3.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Reticularia lycoperdon</i> Bull., <a href="#Page_210">p. 210.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. Residual capillitial structure, the spores blown away; about natural
+size.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Enteridium splendens</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_211">p. 211.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. Fructification, a large one, natural size.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Same in section, × 3.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Arcyria ferruginea</i> Sauter, <a href="#Page_253">p. 253.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. Three sporangia, magnified about 10 times.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A single spore, magnified.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. Capillitial thread.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Licea variabilis</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_200">p. 200.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. Sporangia, magnified about 6 times.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. Spore, magnified to show surface characters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Tubifera casparyi</i> (Rost.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_207">p. 207.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 9. A group of sporangia; shows the pseudo-columellæ; × about 5.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Licea biforis</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_201">p. 201.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 10. Sporangia dehiscent, magnified about 10 times.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Orcadella operculata</i> Wing., <a href="#Page_203">p. 203.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11. Sporangia, magnified about 30 times.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria argillacea</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_218">p. 218.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 12. Sporangia, magnified about 10 times.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 13. A single sporangium, × about 40.</p>
+
+<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXVII">Plate XVII</a>., Fig. 1.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Tubifera ferruginosa</i> (Batsch) Macbr., <a href="#Page_206">p. 206.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 14. Sporangia magnified to show apiculate tops. Cf.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha ellisii</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_184">p. 184.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 15. Sporangium, × 40.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 15 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha pulchella</i> (Bab.) Rost, <a href="#Page_183">p. 183</a>; vid. <a href="#Page_284">p. 284.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 16. Sporangium, × 20.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 16 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha subcaespitosa</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_185"><ins title="p. 282. in original.">p. 185.</ins></a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 17. Sporangium, × 20.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 17 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha gracilis</i> Wingate, <a href="#Page_183">p. 183.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 18. Sporangium, × 20.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 18 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXII">
+<a href="images/pl12.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl12-s.jpg" width="300" height="484" alt="PLATE XII" title="PLATE XII" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XII</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Heterotrichia gabriellæ</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_257">p. 257.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, one expanded, the others empty, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Capillitium of the species, × 600.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Calonema aureum</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_266">p. 266.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. A cluster of sporangia, magnified about 15 times.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. The tip of an elater of the same species, × 1000.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>c</i>. A bit of the sporangium wall, × 600.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis pallida</i> Wing., <a href="#Page_169">p. 169.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. Sporangia, magnified about 5 times.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha pulchella</i> (Bab.) Rost., form <i>C. persoonii</i> R., <a href="#Page_183">p. 183.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. Sporangia, magnified about 15 times.</p>
+
+<p>See Addenda, d, <a href="#Page_283">p. 283.</a></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis carolinensis</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_170">p. 170.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia, magnified about 5 times.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Clastoderma debaryanum</i> Blytt., <a href="#Page_191">p. 191.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. Sporangium, magnified about 60 times.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Trichia contorta</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_269">p. 269.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. Tip of an elater, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. Spore of the same species, × 1400.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Trichia botrytis</i> Pers., <a href="#Page_274">p. 274.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. Tip of the elater, × 1400.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8 <i>a</i>. Spore of the same species, × 1400.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXIII">
+<a href="images/pl13.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl13-s.jpg" width="300" height="475" alt="PLATE XIII" title="PLATE XIII" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XIII</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Badhamia magna</i> Peck., <a href="#Page_38">p. 38.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. A cluster, of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cienkowskia reticulata</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Rost., <a href="#Page_111">p. 111.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. Plasmodiocarp, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A bit of the capillitium of the same, × 800.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum oblatum</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_91">p. 91.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. Sporangia, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A piece of capillitium, × 800.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1000. The roughness much exaggerated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Badhamia orbiculata</i> Rex., <a href="#Page_37"><ins title="p. 66. in original.">p. 37.</ins></a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum newtoni</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_73">p. 73.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. A group of sporangia, × 16.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1000.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. A bit of the capillitium, × 800.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum maculatum</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_77">p. 77.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. A cluster of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A piece of the capillitial net, × 800.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 800.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Lepidoderma tigrinum</i> (Schrad.) Rost., <a href="#Page_145">p. 145.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, × 20.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXIV">
+<a href="images/pl14.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl14-s.jpg" width="300" height="474" alt="PLATE XIV" title="PLATE XIV" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XIV</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum confertum</i> Macbr. <i>n. n.</i>, <a href="#Page_64">p. 64.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. Sporangia on a bit of leaf, × 4.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 800.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum notabile</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_80">p. 80.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. A group of sporangia, stipitate form, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum flavicomum</i> Berk., <a href="#Page_93">p. 93.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. A cluster of sporangia, one closed, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum tropicale</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_82">p. 82.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. Sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 800.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Craterium minutum</i> (Leers) Fr., <a href="#Page_107">p. 107.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Sporangia, the stalks unusually long, × 15.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum penetrale</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_70">p. 70.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. A group of sporangia; the calcareous crust has fallen in all.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A single sporangia, enlarged to show columella, × 20.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum nicaraguense</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_83">p. 83.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, strongly calcareous, × 800.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p>
+
+<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXVII">Pl. XVII</a>., Figs 11 and 11 <i>a</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXV">
+<a href="images/pl15.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl15-s.jpg" width="300" height="485" alt="PLATE XV" title="PLATE XV" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XV</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarella oblonga</i> (Berk. &amp; C.) Morgan, <a href="#Page_109">p. 109.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. Fully opened sporangium, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Tubular sporangia closed, × 5.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Transverse section of sporangium; shows trabecular calcareous
+nodules of the capillitium, × 15.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Craterium cylindricum</i> Mass., <a href="#Page_106">p. 106.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. Group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum wingatense</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_72">p. 72.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. Group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum albescens</i> Ellis, <a href="#Page_86">p. 86.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. Group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. Capillitium of the same species, × 200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Dianema harveyi</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_238">p. 238.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. Clustered spores, D. corticatum, × 500.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>b</i>. Capillitial threads and spores, D. harveyi, × 200.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>c</i>. Twisted, spirally striate single threads, × 500; <i>D. corticatum</i>, List.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarella oblonga</i> Berk. &amp; C., <a href="#Page_109">p. 109.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. Terrestial, plasmodiocarpous phase, × 10.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum megalosporum</i> Sturg., <a href="#Page_63">p. 63.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. Group of sporangia, × 8.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. Capillitium and spores, × 150.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Didymium complanatum</i> (Batsch) Rost., <a href="#Page_116">p. 116.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. Capillitial structure, × 200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum wingatense</i>, <a href="#Page_72">p. 72.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 9. Sporangium, × 20, enlarged to show dehiscence.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Didymium xanthopus</i> (Ditm.) Fr., <a href="#Page_123">p. 123.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 10. Sporangium&mdash;diagram to show columella, × 20.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Didymium eximium</i> Pk., <a href="#Page_124">p. 124.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11. Group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11 <i>a</i>. Section of sporangium, × 30; diagram.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11 <i>b</i>. Spore, × 750.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Comatricha elegans (Racib.) List., <a href="#Page_182">p. 182.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 12. A single sporangium, × 20.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Clastoderma debaryanum, <a href="#Page_191">p. 191.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 13. Sporangium, seen in section, × 20.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Stemonitis herbatica Pk., <a href="#Page_171">p. 171.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 14. Group of sporangia, × 2.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 14 a. The same enlarged to show general outline.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 14 b. The same; capillitial section, × 20.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 14 c. A single spore, × 1000.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXVI">
+<a href="images/pl16.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl16-s.jpg" width="300" height="480" alt="PLATE XVI" title="PLATE XVI" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XVI</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria argillacea</i> (Pers.) Schrad., <a href="#Page_218">p. 218.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. Sporangium, highly magnified.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria macrocarpa</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_219">p. 219.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. Sporangium, highly magnified.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria aurantiaca</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_221">p. 221.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. Sporangium containing spores, × 30.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria microcarpa</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_226">p. 226.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. Sporangium containing spores, × 30.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria tenella</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_225">p. 225.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Sporangium containing spores, × 40.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria minutissima</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_220">p. 220.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. A single sporangium calyculate, × 50.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. A smaller sporangium without calyx, with spore-mass.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria cuprea</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_229">p. 229.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. A single sporangium, × 50.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria violacea</i> Rex, <a href="#Page_227">p. 227.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. A single sporangium, × 40.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria piriformis</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_224">p. 224.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 9. A single sporangium, × 30.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Perichaena depressa</i> (Libert) Rost., <a href="#Page_242">p. 242.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 10. A cluster of sporangia, one open, × 8.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum nicaraguense</i> Macbr., <a href="#Page_83">p. 83.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11. Single sporangium, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11 <i>a</i>. A cluster of sporangia and hypothallus, × 5.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXVII">
+<a href="images/pl17.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl17-s.jpg" width="300" height="489" alt="PLATE XVII" title="PLATE XVII" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XVII</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Margarita metallica</i> (Berk. &amp; Br.) List., <a href="#Page_237">p. 237.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Capillitium and spores, × 300.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Diderma cor-rubrum</i> n. s., <a href="#Page_140">p. 140.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. A group of sporangia, × 15.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Diderma asteroides</i> List., <a href="#Page_143">p. 143.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. Sporangia-spread, × 6.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. Same sporangia still unopened, × 4.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha laxa</i> Rost., Cf. <a href="#plV">Pl. V</a>., 5 &amp; 5 <i>a</i>, <a href="#Page_184">p. 184.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. Sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Diderma lyallii</i> (Mass.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_136">p. 136.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. Capillitium and spores, × 200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Lepidoderma chailletii</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_146">p. 146.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. Capillitium and spores, × 150.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 800.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Didymium anellus</i> Morg., <a href="#Page_117">p. 117.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Diderma radiatum</i> Linn., <a href="#Page_141">p. 141.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. A group of sporangia, × 8.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum diderma</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_55">p. 55.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 9. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Diderma rugosum</i> (Rex) Macbr., <a href="#Page_144">p. 144.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 10. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Diderma niveum</i> (Rost.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_137">p. 137.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11 <i>a</i>. Spore and Capillitium, × 600.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Prototrichia metallica</i> (Berk.) Mass., <a href="#Page_258">p. 258.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 12. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 12 <i>a</i>. Same; capillitium and spores, × 300.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 12 <i>b</i>. Tip of a capillitium thread to show spiral markings and end-fraying, × 800.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Comatricha aequalis</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_180">p. 180.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 13. A group of sporangia, × 5.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 13 <i>a</i>. Sporangium tip, capillitium, × 200.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 13 <i>b</i>. Spore, × 800.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum compressum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw., <a href="#Page_80">p. 80.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 14. A group of sporangia to show compressed form, × 10.</p>
+
+<p class="seealso">See also <a href="#plXIX">Plate XIX</a>., Fig. 12.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXVIII">
+<a href="images/pl18.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl18-s.jpg" width="300" height="485" alt="PLATE XVIII" title="PLATE XVIII" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XVIII</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Dictydium cancellatum</i> Batsch, <a href="#Page_230">p. 230.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. The finest phase, as the form appears in the Mississippi valley, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Sporangium of the same seen from below, × 35.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Sporangium&mdash;same&mdash;seen from above, × 35.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>c</i>. Cribraria-like net from the top, × 200.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. Vertical section of what is believed the typical European form, × 20.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. An ellipsoidal piriform phase&mdash;var. <i>prolatum</i>, × 15.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum compressum</i> Alb. &amp; Schw. form <i>P. affine</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_80">p. 80.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, × 12.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 600.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>b</i>. Capillitium, same species, × 300.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Alwisia bombarda</i> Berk. &amp; Br., <a href="#Page_209">p. 209.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Open sporangia, × 6.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. Sporangium of same enlarged to show capillitium, × 20.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria dictydiodes</i> Cke. &amp; Balf., <a href="#Page_222">p. 222.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, × 6.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. Single sporangium of same&mdash;lateral view, × 25.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>b</i>. Same; base view, × 30.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria aurantiaca</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_221">p. 221.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. Single sporangium, × 30.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria rufa</i> (Roth) Rost., <a href="#Page_220">p. 220.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. Sporangium, × 30.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria piriformis</i> Schrad., <a href="#Page_224">p. 224.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 9. Sporangium, × 30.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Cribraria splendens</i> (Schrad.) Pers., <a href="#Page_221">p. 221.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 10. Sporangium, × 30.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Echinostelium minutum</i> DeBy., <a href="#Page_198">p. 198.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11. Several sporangia, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11 <i>a</i>. Vertical section, after Rost., × 500.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum compressum</i> Schw., <a href="#Page_80">p. 80.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 12. Sporangium, × 20, to show dehiscence.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Didymium anomalum</i> Sturg., <a href="#Page_127">p. 127.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 13. Plasmodiocarps, about natural size.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 13 <i>a</i>. Diagrammatic vertical section, etc., to show the calciferous pillars
+distinguishing the species, × 200.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 14. Calcic crystal&mdash;enlarged.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum sinuosum</i> (Bull.) Weinm., <a href="#Page_52">p. 52.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 15. Plasmodiocarps passing to sporangia, × 5.</p>
+
+<p class="seealso">Cf. <a href="#plVIII">Plate VIII</a>., 6 and 6 <i>a</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum bitectum</i> List., <a href="#Page_53">p. 53.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 16. Plasmodiocarps as in 15, showing <ins title="transional in original.">transitional</ins> phases, × 10.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXIX">
+<a href="images/pl19.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl19-s.jpg" width="300" height="496" alt="PLATE XIX" title="PLATE XIX" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XIX</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Badhamia iowensis</i> n. s., <a href="#Page_36">p. 36</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. Sporangia several presentations, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 200.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1 <i>b</i>. Single spore, × 500.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum mortoni</i> n. s., <a href="#Page_58">p. 58.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. A group of sporangia, × 20.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, × 200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum discoidale</i> n. s., <a href="#Page_74">p. 74.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3. A group of sporangia, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 3 <i>a</i>. A single spore, × 800.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Didymium annulatum</i> n. s., <a href="#Page_125">p. 125.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4. Group of sporangia, × 15.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 4 <i>a</i>. Capillitium and spores, × 200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Oligonema brevifilum</i> Peck, <a href="#Page_280">p. 280.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5. Capillitium, × 800.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 5 <i>a</i>. The same.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 12 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 800.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Amaurochaete tubulina</i> (Alb. &amp; Schw.) Macbr., <a href="#Page_150">p. 150.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6. Capillitium and spores, × 200.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 6 <i>a</i>. Spore, × 1200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Physarum brunneolum</i> (Phill.) Mass., <a href="#Page_58">p. 58.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7. Group of sporangia.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>a</i>. The same, mature, dehiscence beginning, × 10.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 7 <i>b</i>. A single spore, × 800.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis uvifera</i> n. s., <a href="#Page_161">p. 161.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8. Colony, natural size.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8 <i>a</i>. Capillitium and spore-clusters, × 30.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8 <i>b</i>. Single spore-cluster, × 600.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 8 <i>c</i>. Spore, × 1000.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis trechispora</i> Berk., <a href="#Page_160">p. 160.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 9. Fructification&mdash;natural size.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 9 <i>a</i>. Capillitium, branch and threads, × 20&mdash;the spores enlarged.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 9 <i>b</i>. Netted spore, × 1000. Masking as an amaurochete; <i>A. trechispora</i>
+perhaps; compare 11, etc., below.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis flavogenita</i> Jahn, <a href="#Page_169">p. 169.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 10. A group of sporangia, × 3.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 10 <i>a</i>. Capillitium showing columella-tip, × 50.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 10 <i>b</i>. Spore, × 1200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Stemonitis trechispora</i> (Berk.) Torr., <a href="#Page_159">p. 159.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11. A group of sporangia, × 3.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11 <i>a</i>. Diagram of a single sporangium, a less rudimentary specimen, × 40.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11 <i>b</i>. Capillitium enlarged to show branching columella, × 40.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 11 <i>c</i>. A single spore, × 1200.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Arcyria pomiformis</i> (Leers) Rost., <a href="#Page_255">p. 255.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 12. A globose colony of sporangia, × 10; var. <i>conglobosa</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 12 <i>b</i>. See under 5, above.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXX">
+<a href="images/pl20.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl20-s.jpg" width="300" height="406" alt="PLATE XX" title="PLATE XX" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XX</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI</p>
+
+<p class="center">Brefeldia maxima (Fr.) Rost., <a href="#Page_154">p. 154.</a></p>
+
+<p>A typical, beautiful æthalium, about natural size.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXXI">
+<a href="images/pl21.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl21-s.jpg" width="300" height="489" alt="PLATE XXI" title="PLATE XXI" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXI</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><i>Brefeldia maxima</i> Rost., <a href="#Page_154">p. 154.</a></p>
+
+<p>Fig. 1. Plasmodium active; climbing the stump.</p>
+
+<p>Fig. 2. Same plasmodium urgent; moving at the rate of 2 cm. per <ins title="Original had minute. See Corrigenda.">hour.</ins></p>
+
+<p>From photo-prints by Mr. W. A. Seaman and Mr. John T. Reeder, Mich.
+The figures are about one-sixth the natural size of the object. See plate
+preceding for the mature phase of this species, natural size.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXXII">
+<a href="images/pl22.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl22-s.jpg" width="300" height="437" alt="PLATE XXII" title="PLATE XXII" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXII</span>
+</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center">EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><ins title="Original had Fuligo cinerea (Schw.) Morg., p. 26. See Corrigenda."><i>Fuligo rufa</i> Pers.</ins> <a href="#Page_28">p. 28.</a></p>
+
+<p>1. The plasmodium; urgent!</p>
+
+<p>2. The perfected fruit; quiescent.</p>
+
+<p>The figures present their objects about natural size. See also <a href="#plX">Plate X</a>.,
+Figs. 3, 3 <i>a</i>, 3 <i>b</i>, for further illustration.</p>
+
+<p>From photo-prints by John T. Reeder, Mich.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;" id="plXXIII">
+<a href="images/pl23.jpg">
+<img src="images/pl23-s.jpg" width="300" height="429" alt="PLATE XXIII" title="PLATE XXIII" />
+</a>
+<span class="caption">PLATE XXIII</span>
+</div>
+
+<div style="border:1px dashed black; font-size:smaller; margin:2em; padding:1em;">
+<h2>Transcriber's Note</h2>
+
+<p>Many apparent spelling errors are in fact published synonyms and
+remain as printed.</p>
+
+<p>The <a href="#CORRIGENDA">'Corrigenda'</a> or errata changes are entered.</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt><a href="#Page_11">Page 11.</a></dt>
+
+<dd>'of enviroment.'<br />
+
+changed 'enviroment' to 'environment.'</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_26">Page 26</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'anon winding,'<br />
+
+may be 'and winding,'; unchanged.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_29">Page 29</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'PLATE X, Figs. 2, 2 <i>a</i>, 2 <i>b</i>.'<br />
+
+added.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_38">Page 38</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'1892. <i>Bahamia varia</i>' as in original; no change.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_41">Page 41</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'In some case'<br />
+
+changed 'case' to 'cases'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_46">Page 46</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'leaving his sucessors' as in original;<br />
+
+unusual spelling; no change.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_47">Page 47</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'24. <i>P. pulcherrinum</i>'<br />
+
+changed 'pulcherrinum' to 'pulcherrimum', to match
+the referenced paragraph.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_63">Page 63</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'visible hyphothallus'<br />
+
+changed 'hyphothallus' to 'hypothallus'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_65">Page 65</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'1873. Dydymium' as in original; no change.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_78">Page 78</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'sheet-like hyphothallus'<br />
+
+changed 'hyphothallus' to 'hypothallus'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_79">Page 79</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>37. Physarum leucopus <i>Link</i>.<br />
+
+'37.' missing in original; added.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_80">Page 80</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'P. affie Rost., Plate XIX., Fig. 4.'<br />
+
+changed 'affie' to 'affine'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_84">Page 84</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'which has spores 10-12' changed to 'which has spores 10-12 µ'.<br />
+
+added 'µ'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_98">Page 98</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'PLATE VIII, Figs. 8, 8 <i>a</i>, 8 <i>b</i>.'<br />
+
+added.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_108">Page 108</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'pendunculatum Trent.,'<br />
+
+changed 'pendunculatum' to 'pedunculatum'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_110">Page 110</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'<b>Cienkowskia</b> <i>Rost.</i>' changed to '<b>6. Cienkowskia</b> <i>Rost.</i>'
+
+'6.' added.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_114">Page 114</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>'PLATE VII, Figs. 6, 6 <i>a</i>, 6 <i>b</i>.'<br />
+
+added.</dd>
+
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_116">Page 116</a>.</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="table of changes">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Sporangia discoid, spores reticulate</td><td align="left">19. <i>D. intermedium</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Stipe, columella, peridium, orange-brown</td><td align="left">20. <i>D. leoninum</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+changed to<br />
+
+
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="table of changes">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>a.</i> Sporangia discoid, spores reticulate</td><td align="left">18. <i>D. intermedium</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>b.</i> Stipe, columella, peridium, orange-brown</td><td align="left">19. <i>D. leoninum</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+to match referenced text.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_130">Page 130</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'7. <i>D. niveum</i>'<br />
+
+changed '7.' to '8.'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_149">Page 149</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'cushion is interestingly aborescent'<br />
+
+changed 'aborescent' to 'arborescent'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_150">Page 150</a>.</dt>
+<dd>AMAUROCHÆTE TUBULINA (<i>Alb. &amp; Schw.</i>) <i>Macbr.</i>
+
+'2.' added.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_200">Page 200</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'3. <i>L. biforis</i>'.<br />
+'4. <i>L. minima</i>'.<br />
+'5. <i>L. pusilla</i>'<br />
+
+changed 3, 4, 5 to 2, 3, 4 respectively to match referenced text.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_212">Page 212</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'name to ertain English'<br />
+
+changed 'ertain' to 'certain'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_218">Page 218</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'granules on the calcyulus'<br />
+
+changed 'calcyulus' to 'calyculus'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_237">Page 237</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'<i>Prototrichia</i> to the <i>Trichiacae</i>.'<br />
+
+changed 'Trichiacae' to '<i>Trichiaceae</i>'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_237">Page 237</a>.</dt>
+<dd>Plate XVII., Figs.----<br />
+
+changed 'Figs.----' to 'Figs. 1, 1 <i>a</i>, 1 <i>b</i>'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_238">Page 238</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'adjoining the <i>Perichaenacae</i>' as in original. This is probably
+'Perichaenaceae', as elsewhere in this book, however, it is in a
+quotation so is unchanged.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_241">Page 241</a>.</dt>
+<dd>2. 'Ophiotheca chrysoperma <i>Currey</i>.'<br />
+
+changed 'chrysoperma' to 'chrysosperma'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_262">Page 262</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'often, to circumscissle'<br />
+
+changed 'circumscissle' to 'circumscissile'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_262">Page 262</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'to be uniformily distinctly warted'<br />
+
+changed 'uniformily' to 'uniformly'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_263">Page 263</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'evanescent peridium suggests <i>Arycria</i>'<br />
+
+changed '<i>Arycria</i>' to '<i>Arcyria</i>'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_265">Page 265</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'In typical spcimens'<br />
+
+changed 'spcimens' to 'specimens'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_269">Page 269</a>.</dt>
+<dd>3. Trichia iowenis <i>Macbr.</i><br />
+
+Changed 'iowenis' to 'iowensis'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_289">Page 289</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'[Greek: klaotos]' changed to '[Greek: klastos].</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_289">Page 289</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'[Greek: echiuos]' changed to '[Greek: echinos]'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_290">Page 290</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'[Greek: lanchos]' changed to '[Greek: lachnos]'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_290">Page 290</a>.</dt>
+<dd>LEPIDODERMA, 144<br />
+[Greek: lepis], a scale, and [Greek: 'depma'], a covering. Gr.<br />
+
+changed 'depma' to 'derma'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_290">Page 290</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'[Greek: gala], a, milk. Gr.' changed to '[Greek: gala], milk. Gr.'.<br />
+
+Removed 'a,'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_290">Page 290</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'[Greek: ophix]' unchanged.<br />
+
+Maybe '[Greek: tricha]' would be more appropriate.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_292">Page 292</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'Diachafa 185' changed to 'Diachaea 185' to match the referenced page.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_297">Page 297</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'pulchripes <i>Peck</i>, 69.' changed to 'pulcherripes <i>Peck</i>, 69.'<br />
+to match the referenced page.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_304">Page 304</a>.</dt>
+<dd><i>Badhamia macrocarpa</i> Rost., p. 7.<br />
+
+'changed p. 7.' to 'p. 37.'</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_324">Page 324</a>.</dt>
+<dd><i>Comatricha subcaespitosa</i> Peck, p. 282.<br />
+
+changed 'p. 282' to 'p. 185'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_324">Page 324</a>.</dt>
+<dd><i>Comatricha gracilis</i> Wingate, p. 184.<br />
+
+changed 'p. 184.' to 'p. 183'.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_328">Page 328</a>.</dt>
+<dd><i>Badhamia orbiculata</i> Rex., p. 66.<br />
+
+changed 'p. 66.' to 'p. 37.'</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="#Page_338">Page 338</a>.</dt>
+<dd>'showing transional phases'<br />
+
+changed 'transional to 'transitional'.</dd>
+
+<dt>Various pages</dt>
+<dd>Inconsistent hyphenation:<br />
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Inconsistent Hyphenation">
+<tr><td align="left">flavo-fusca</td><td align="left">flavofusca</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">flavo-fuscum</td><td align="left">flavofuscum</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">net-work</td><td align="left">network</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">wide-spread</td><td align="left">widespread</td></tr>
+</table></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS***</p>
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@@ -0,0 +1,16992 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The North American Slime-Moulds, by Thomas H.
+(Thomas Huston) MacBride
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The North American Slime-Moulds
+       A Descriptive List of All Species of Myxomycetes Hitherto Reported from the Continent of North America, with Notes on Some Extra-Limital Species
+
+
+Author: Thomas H. (Thomas Huston) MacBride
+
+
+
+Release Date: January 27, 2010  [eBook #31098]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Peter Vachuska, Chuck Greif, Leonard Johnson, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+(http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 31098-h.htm or 31098-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31098/31098-h/31098-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31098/31098-h.zip)
+
+
+Tanscriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by equal signs was in bold face in
+      the original (=bold=).
+
+
+
+
+
+THE NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS
+
+The Macmillan Company
+New York . Boston . Chicago . Dallas
+Atlanta . San Francisco
+
+Macmillan & Co., Limited
+London . Bombay . Calcutta
+Melbourne
+
+The Macmillan Co. of Canada, Ltd.
+Toronto
+
+
+[Illustration: PHYSARUM NOTABILE (Enlarged one half)
+
+In the field; sporangia in varied magnification, due to inequality in
+background.]
+
+
+THE NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS
+
+A Descriptive List of
+All Species of Myxomycetes
+Hitherto Reported from the Continent of
+North America
+
+With Notes on Some Extra-Limital Species
+
+by
+
+THOMAS H. MACBRIDE
+State University of Iowa
+
+New and Revised Edition
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York
+The Macmillan Company
+London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
+1922
+
+All rights reserved
+
+Copyright, 1899,
+By The Macmillan Company.
+
+Copyright, 1922,
+By The Macmillan Company.
+
+The Clio Press
+Iowa City, Iowa, U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+  . IN . MEMORIAM .
+  . SAMUELIS . CALVINI .
+  . SCIENTIAE . NATURALIS . IN . UNIVERSITATE . IOWENSI .
+  . NUPER . PROFESSORIS .
+  . PRAECEPTORIS . COMITIS . AMICI .
+  . HUNC . LIBRUM .
+  . GRATO . ANIMO . DEDICAT .
+  . DISCIPULUS .
+
+
+    "Ihr naht euch wieder schwankende Gestalten,
+    Die frueh sich einst dem trueben Blick gezeigt."
+
+    GOETHE.
+
+
+"Diese Kinder der Natur, welche aus einer ungeformten Gallert, und einem
+unsichtbaren Saamen entstehen, sind im stande, in dem sie sich nach und
+nach entwickeln und ihre scheinbar nachlaessige Bildung genau beobachten
+(lassen), eben so sehr als die schoenste Pflanze, einem empfindenden
+Herzen die tiefe Achtung und das paradiesische Vernuegen zu verschaffen,
+welches einzig die Betrachtung der Heere der Natur und ihre
+gleichbleibende Erhaltung durch eine ewige Kraft hervorbringen kann."
+
+A. J. G. C. BATSCH 1783.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                          PAGE
+
+  PREFACE                                                   ix
+
+  PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION                               xiii
+
+  BIBLIOGRAPHY                                              xv
+
+  INTRODUCTORY                                               1
+
+  THE MYXOMYCETES                                           17
+
+  ADDENDA                                                  282
+
+  INDEX OF GENERA                                          289
+
+  INDEX OF SPECIES                                         290
+
+  PLATES, WITH EXPLANATIONS                                301
+
+
+
+
+CORRIGENDA
+
+
+The indulgent student will please notice the following for the new
+edition _North American Slime Moulds_--
+
+On p. 63, No. 17, read _Physarum megalosporum_ Macbr. Last line should
+  read 1917 Physarum _melanospermum_ Sturgis, _Mycologia_, Vol. IX, p.
+  323.
+
+On p. 67, last line but one, at the end, read, p. 323.
+
+On p. 67, insert just before No. 23, Vicinity of
+  Philadelphia,--_Bilgram_.
+
+On p. 327, Plate XIII, lacks numbers. These may readily be supplied by
+  consulting descriptive text.
+
+On p. 344, in explanation figure 2, last word read hour.
+
+On p. 346, for name of species read _Fuligo rufa_ Pers., p. 28.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION[1]
+
+
+The present work has grown out of a monograph entitled _Myxomycetes of
+Eastern Iowa_, published by the present author about eight years ago.
+The original work was intended chiefly for the use of the author's own
+pupils; but interest in the subject proved much wider than had been
+supposed, and a rather large edition of that little work was
+speedily exhausted. At that time literature on the subject in
+question--literature accessible to English readers--was scant indeed.
+Cooke's translation of Rostafinski, in so far as concerned the species
+of Great Britain, was practically all there was to be consulted in
+English.
+
+In 1892 appeared in London Massee's _Monograph of the Myxogastres_, and
+two years later in the same world's centre the trustees of the British
+Museum brought out Lister's _Mycetozoa_. Although these two English
+works both claim revision of the entire group under discussion, the
+latter paying special attention to American forms, nevertheless there
+still seems place for a less pretentious volume which for American
+students shall present succinct descriptions of North American species
+only. The material basis of the present work consists of collections now
+in the herbarium of the State University of Iowa. In accumulating the
+material the author has had the generous assistance of botanists in all
+parts of the country, from Alaska to Panama, and the geographical
+distribution is in most cases authenticated by specimens from the
+localities named. The descriptions, in case of species represented in
+Europe, are based upon those of European authors; for forms first
+described in this country, the original descriptions have been
+consulted. A bibliography follows this preface.
+
+In reference to the omnipresent vexed question of nomenclature, a word
+is perhaps necessary. De Candolle's rule, "The first authentic specific
+name published under the genus in which the species now stands," may be
+true philosophy, but it is certainly an open question how that rule
+shall be applied. If an author recognized and defined a given species in
+times past, and, in accordance with views then held, assigned the
+species to a particular genus, common honesty, it would seem, would
+require that his work be recognized. To assume that any later writer who
+may choose to set to familiar genera limits unknown before shall thereby
+be empowered to write all species so displaced his own, as if, forsooth,
+now for the first time in the history of science published or described,
+is not only absolutely and inexcusably misleading, but actually
+increases by just so much the amount of _debris_ with which the taxonomy
+of the subject is already cumbered.
+
+In face of a work so painstaking and voluminous as that of Rostafinski,
+and in view of the almost universal confusion that preceded him, it
+would seem idle to change for reasons purely technical the nomenclature
+which the Polish author has established. Especially is this true in the
+case of organisms so very perishable and fragile as those now in
+question where comparative revision is apt to result in uncertainty. We
+had preferred to leave the Rostafinskian, _i. e._ the heretofore current
+nomenclature, untouched; but since other writers have preferred to do
+otherwise, we are compelled to recognize the resultant confusion.
+
+Slime-moulds have long attracted the attention of the student of nature.
+For nearly two hundred years they find place more or less definite in
+botanical literature. Micheli, 1729, figures a number of them, some so
+accurately that the identity of the species is hardly to be questioned.
+Other early writers are Buxbaum and Dillenius. But the great names
+before Rostafinski are Schrader, Persoon, and Fries. Schrader's judgment
+was especially clear. In his _Nova Genera_, 1797, he recognizes plainly
+the difference between slime-moulds and everything else that passed by
+the name of fungus, and proposed that they should be set off in a family
+by themselves,[2] but he suggested no definite name. Nees (C. G.) also
+made the same observation in 1817, and proposed the name _Aerogastres_;
+but he cites as type of his aerogastres, _Eurotium_, and includes so
+many fungi, that it seems unsafe now to approve his nomenclature.
+Schrader also has left an excellent account of the cribrarias, the basis
+of all that has since been attempted in that genus.
+
+Persoon, in his _Synopsis_, 1801, attempts a review of all the fungi
+known up to that time. His notes and synonymy are invaluable, enabling
+us to understand the references of many of the earlier authors where
+these had otherwise been indefinite if not unintelligible. He makes a
+great many changes in nomenclature, and excuses himself on the ground
+that he follows, in this particular, illustrious examples!
+Unfortunately, so do we all!
+
+Fries, in his _Systema Mycologicum_, 1829, summed up in most wonderful
+way the work of all his predecessors and the mycologic science of his
+time. In reading Fries the modern student hardly knows which most to
+admire, the author's far-reaching, patient research, the singular acumen
+of his taxonomic instinct, the graceful exactness of the Latin in which
+his conclusions are expressed, or the delicate courtesy with which he
+touches the work even the most primitive, of those his predecessors or
+contemporaries. Nevertheless in our particular group even the
+determinations of Fries are not conclusive. He himself often confesses
+as much. The microscopic technique of that day did not yield the data
+needful for minute comparison among these most delicate forms.
+
+It remained for DeBary and Rostafinski to introduce a new factor into
+the description of species, and by spore-measurement and the delineation
+of microscopic detail to supply an element of definiteness which has no
+parallel in the work of any earlier student of this group. Under these
+conditions the revision undertaken by Rostafinski was of a most heroic
+sort. His work was almost a new beginning; and while in nomenclature he
+was inclined to follow the Paris Code, yet the inadequacy of the earlier
+descriptions often made such a course impracticable. The synonymy of
+Rostafinski is largely that of Fries, and upon this the Polish author
+attempts to apply the law of priority. In the historical note, _wzmianka
+historyczna_, accompanying the description of each specific form, he
+generally states the reason for the nomenclature he adopts, whether
+selected from the mass of supposed synonymy or introduced by himself _de
+novo_. Unfortunately, Rostafinski is sometimes purely arbitrary in his
+selections. He sometimes changes a specific or even generic name,
+otherwise correctly applied, simply because in primary etymological
+significance the name seems to him inappropriate. In such cases it is
+proper to restore the earlier name. Nevertheless Rostafinski is still
+our most trustworthy guide.
+
+Of course, where later investigations have served to obliterate the
+once-thought patent distinctions between supposed genera or species, it
+is proper to unite such forms under the older determinable titles and
+this we have attempted. But wherever in the present work a name has been
+changed, the name of the earlier author will be found in parenthesis,
+followed immediately by that of him who made the change, and in general,
+recent practice, especially as expressed in the rules of the various
+codes, has determined the puzzling questions of nomenclature.
+
+In justification of the use of _Myxomycetes_ as a general title it may
+be said that in this case prevalent usage is not inconsistent with a
+rational application of the rules of priority. The Friesian designation
+_Myxogastres_ was applied by its author in 1829 to the endosporous
+slime-moulds as a section of gasteromycetous fungi. Four years later
+Link, perceiving more clearly the absolute distinctness of the group,
+substituted the name _Myxomycetes_. In the same year Wallroth adopted
+the same designation, but strangely confused the limitations of the
+group he named. Wallroth seems to have thought _Myxomycetes_ a synonym
+for _Gasteromycetes_ Fries. In 1858 DeBary applied the title _Mycetozoa_
+to a group which included the then lately discovered _Acrasieae_ with
+the true slime-moulds, both endosporous and exosporous. For all except
+the _Acrasieae_ DeBary retained the old appellation, Myxomycetes.
+Rostafinski adopted DeBary's general name, but changed its application.
+As it has been shown, since DeBary's time, that the _Acrasieae_[3] have
+no true plasmodium, and are therefore not properly, or at least not
+necessarily, associated with the slime-moulds, there appears no
+necessity for the term _Mycetozoa_, and the question lies between
+_Myxogastres_ and _Myxomycetes_. Of these two names the former, as we
+have seen, has undoubted priority, but only as applied to the
+endosporous species. The same thing was true of Link's designation until
+DeBary redefined it, but having been taken up by DeBary, redefined and
+correctly applied, Myxomycetes (Link) DeBary must remain the undisputed
+title for all true slime-moulds, endosporous and exosporous alike.
+
+In arranging the larger divisions of the group the scheme of Rostafinski
+has been somewhat modified in order to give expression to what the
+present author deems a more natural sequence of species. The highest
+expression of myxomycetan fructification is doubtless the isolated
+sporangium with its capillitium. This is reached by successive
+differentiations from the simple plasmodium. The aethalium may be
+esteemed in some instances a case of degeneration, in others of arrested
+development. In any event in the present arrangement, aethalioid forms
+are first disposed of, leaving the sporangiate species to follow from
+plasmodiocarpous as directly as may be.
+
+The artificial keys herewith presented proceed on the same plan and are
+to be taken, as such keys always are, not as definitive in any case, but
+simply as an aid to help the student more speedily to reach a probably
+satisfactory description.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _The North American Slime Moulds_, 1899.
+
+[2] Schrader, _Nova Plantarum Genera_, 1797, pp. vi-vii.
+
+[3] Cf. Edgar W. Olive, _Monograph of the Acrasieae_; Boston, 1902.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
+
+
+The first edition of this little book having been exhausted long ago,
+the writer in this second issue takes opportunity to correct sundry
+errata, typographical and other, and at the same time to incorporate
+such new information in reference to individual species and to the
+subject entire as the researches of more recent years may afford.
+
+To Miss Gulielma Lister, of London, the writer expresses his sense of
+deep obligation for much assistance in settling difficult matters of
+nomenclature and identification; it will be found as a result that in
+most instances the same thing in the two volumes, English and American,
+appears under the same name. There are still differences; these result
+in most cases from different points of view, different estimates or
+emphasis of characteristics in these ever elusive objects.
+
+To Professor Torrend, formerly of Lisbon, the writer is indebted for a
+set of European types, and to Professor Bethel, pathologist of Denver,
+for rich material from the fertile mountains of Colorado and California.
+To Professor Morton Peck, of Oregon, we are indebted for many notes of
+the color of plasmodia and for collections of Pacific coast forms. Mr.
+Bilgram, of Philadelphia, read the manuscript of the genus _Physarum_
+and has contributed many rare species. To Dr. Sturgis, of Massachusetts,
+we are indebted for material from both east and west.
+
+The present volume is intended especially for American readers and is
+accordingly particularly devoted to a discussion of species so far
+reported on the western continent; nevertheless it has seemed wise to
+include a brief description of some other forms as well, and reference
+to many extra-limital species now generally recognized will be found
+here and there in connection with the more extended treatment of related
+American forms.
+
+_February twenty-eight, 1921._
+
+    At the last moment, nearly all plates and drawings of the first
+    edition disappeared! necessitating a quick renewal of drawings
+    and plates. This may in part explain lack of uniformity, and
+    various minor irregularities sure to grieve the intelligent
+    student.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+The following are the principal works consulted in the prosecution of
+the investigations here recorded:--
+
+1763. Adanson, M. Familles des Plantes.
+
+1805. Albertini--see under Schweinitz.
+
+1841. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London, various volumes:
+        1841, Ser. I., vol. vi.; 1850, Ser. II., vol. v.
+
+1887. Annals of Botany, vols. i-xxxi.
+
+1783. Batsch, A. J. G. C. Elenchus Fungorum; with Continuatio I. 1786;
+        Continuatio II. 1789.
+
+1775. Battara, A. Fungorum Agri Arimensis Historia.
+
+1860. Berkeley, M. J. Outlines of Fungology.
+
+1789. Bolton, J. History of Funguses about Halifax.
+
+1851. Bonorden, H. F. Mycologie.
+
+1875. Botanical Gazette, The. Various volumes to 1921.
+
+1843. Botanische Zeitung. Various volumes to 1898.
+
+1892. Bulletin Laboratories Nat. Hist. Iowa, vol. ii.
+
+1873. Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club. Various volumes to 1898.
+
+1791. Bulliard, P. Histoire des Champignons de la France.
+
+1721. Buxbaum, J. C. Enumeratio Plantarum.
+
+1863. Cienkowski, L. Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Myxomyceten.
+
+1893. Celakowsky, L. Die Myxomyceten Boehmens.
+
+1871. Cooke, M. C. Handbook of British Fungi.
+
+1877. Cooke, M. C. Myxomycetes of Great Britain.
+
+1877. Cooke, M. C. Myxomycetes of the United States.
+
+1837. Corda, A. I. C. Icones Fungorum.
+
+1854. Currey, F., in Quart. Journal Microscopical Science.
+
+1848. Curtis, M. A. Contributions to the Mycology of North America; Am.
+        Journal of Science and Arts.
+
+1859. De Bary, A. H. Die Mycetozoen.
+
+1866. De Bary, A. H. Morphologie der Pilze, Mycetozoen und Bacterien.
+
+1802. De Candolle, A. P. Flore Francaise.
+
+1719. Dillenius, J. J. Catalogus Plantarum circa Cissam nascentium.
+
+1813. Ditmar, L. P. F., Sturm, Deutschlands Flora, 3te Abtheil; Die
+        Pilze Deutschlands.
+
+1878. Ellis, J. B. North American Fungi. _Exsiccati. et seq._
+
+1818. Ehrenberg, C. G. Sylvae Mycologicae Berolinenses.
+
+1761. Flora, Danica, vol. i.; also vols. iii. iv. v.
+
+1817. Fries, Elias M. Symbolae Gasteromycetum.
+
+1818. Fries, Elias M. Observationes Mycologicae.
+
+1829. Fries, Elias M. Systema Mycologicum.
+
+1873. Fuckel, I. Symbolae Mycologicae.
+
+1791. Gmelin, C. C. Systema Naturae, Tom. II., Pars. ii.
+
+1823. Greville, R. K. Scottish Cryptogamic Flora.
+
+1872. Grevillea, various volumes to 1897.
+
+1751. Hill, Sir John. A History of Plants.
+
+1795. Hoffman, G. C. Deutschlands Flora.
+
+1773. Jacquin, N. I. Miscellanea Austriaca.
+
+1885. Journal of Mycology and _seq._
+
+1878. Karsten, Mycologia Fennica.
+
+1809. Link, H. F. Nova Plantarum Genera.
+
+1753. Linne, C. Systema Naturae--to 1767.
+
+1894. Lister, Arthur. The Mycetozoa; 1911, Second Edition, revised by
+        Gulielma Lister.
+
+1892. Massee, George. Monograph of the Myxogastres.
+
+1729. Micheli, P. A. Nova Plantarum Genera.
+
+1892. Morgan, A. P. Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley--to 1895.
+
+1816. Nees, Ch. G. D. Das System der Pilze und Schwamme.
+
+1837. Nees, T. F. L. et A. Henry. Das System der Pilze.
+
+1869. Peck, Charles H. Reports N. Y. State Museum Nat. History--to 1898.
+
+1795. Persoon, C. H. Observationes Mycologicae, Pars prima.
+
+1799. Persoon, C. H. Observationes Mycologicae, Pars secunda.
+
+1797. Persoon, C. H. Tentamen Dispositionis Methodicae Fungorum.
+
+1801. Persoon, C. H. Synopsis Methodica Fungorum.
+
+1844. Rabenhorst, L. Deutschland's Kryptogamenflora.
+
+1884. Raciborski, M. Myxomycetes Agri Krakov. Genera, Species et
+        Varietates novae.
+
+1888. Raunkiaer, C. Myxomycetes Daniae.
+
+1769. Retzius, A. J. In Handlungen, Kon. Svensk. Vet. Acad.
+
+1890. Rex, George A. In Proceedings Philad. Acad. of Nat. Sciences--to
+        1893.
+
+1873. Rostafinski, J. Versuch eines Systems der Mycetozoen.
+
+1875. Rostafinski, J. Sluzowce Monografia.
+
+1778. Roth, A. W. Tentamen Florae Germanicae.
+
+1888. Saccardo, P. A. Sylloge Fungorum, vol. vii., _et seq._
+
+1841. Sauter, A. Flora, vol. xxiv., p. 316.
+
+1762. Schaeffer, J. C. Fungi qui in Bav. et Pal. nascuntur--to 1774.
+
+1797. Schrader, H. A. Nova Genera Plantarum.
+
+1890. Schroeter, J. Myxomycetes, in Engler u. Prantl Pflanzenfamilien.
+
+1885. Schroeter, J. Kryptogamenflora von Schlesien, die Pilze.
+
+1801. Schumacher, C. F. Enumeratio Plant. Saell. crescentium.
+
+1805. Albertini, I. and Schweinitz, L. D. de. Conspectus Fungorum.
+
+1822. Schweinitz, L. D. de. Synopsis Fungorum Car. Sup.
+
+1834. Schweinitz, L. D. de. Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali.
+
+1797. Sowerby, J. English Fungi--to 1809; 3 vols.
+
+1760. Scopoli, J. A. Flora Carniolica--to 1772.
+
+1797. Trentepohl, K. Observations Botanicae,--to Roth, Catalecta
+        Botanica, Fasc. i.
+
+1833. Wallroth, C. F. Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae.
+
+1787. Willdenow, K. L. Florae Berolinensis Prodromus.
+
+1886. Wingate, Harold, Jour. Mycol. ii., 125.
+
+1889. Wingate Harold, In Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
+
+1890. Wingate, Harold--in Revue Mycologique.
+
+1873. Woronin u. Famintzin, Ueber Zwei neuen Formen von Schleimpilzen.
+
+1885. Zopf, W. Die Pilzthiere oder Schleimpilze.
+
+To these may be added the many contributions on the general subject, as
+these are found in all sorts of current botanical literature; cited
+everywhere in this volume as occasion offered.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY
+
+
+The Myxomycetes, or slime-moulds, include certain very delicate and
+extremely beautiful fungus-like organisms common in all the moist and
+wooded regions of the earth. Deriving sustenance, as they for the most
+part do, in connection with the decomposition of organic matter, they
+are usually to be found upon or near decaying logs, sticks, leaves, and
+other masses of vegetable detritus, wherever the quantity of such
+material is sufficient to insure continuous moisture. In fruit, however,
+as will appear hereafter, slime-moulds may occur on objects of any and
+every sort. Their minuteness retires them from ordinary ken; but such is
+the extreme beauty of their microscopic structure, such the exceeding
+interest of their life-history, that for many years enthusiastic
+students have found the group one of peculiar fascination, in some
+respects, at least, the most interesting and remarkable that falls
+beneath our lens.
+
+The slime-mould presents in the course of its life-history two very
+distinct phases: the _vegetative_, or growing, assimilating phase, and
+the _reproductive_. The former is in many cases inconspicuous and
+therefore unobserved; the latter generally receives more or less
+attention at the hands of the collector of fungi. The vegetative phase
+differs from the corresponding phase of all other plants in that it
+exhibits extreme simplicity of structure, if structure that may be
+called which consists of a simple mass of protoplasm destitute of
+cell-walls, protean in form and amoeboid in its movements. This phase
+of the slime-mould is described as plasmodial and it is proper to
+designate the vegetative phase in any species, as the _plasmodium_ of
+the species. It was formerly taught that the plasmodium is unicellular,
+but more recent investigation has shown that the plasmodial protoplasm
+is not only multinuclear but karyokinetic; its cells divide and
+redivide, as do the _reproductive_ cells of plants and animals
+generally. Nevertheless, in its plasmodial phase, the slime-mould is
+hardly to be distinguished from any other protoplasmic mass, may be
+compared to a giant amoeba, and justifies in so far the views of those
+systematists who would remove the slime-moulds from the domain of the
+botanist altogether, and call them animals. The plasmodium is often
+quite large. It may frequently be found covering with manifold
+ramifications and net-like sheets the surface of some convenient
+substratum for the space of several square feet.
+
+The substance of the plasmodium has about the consistency of the white
+of an egg; is slippery to the touch, tasteless, and odorless. Plasmodia
+vary in color in different species and at different times in the same
+species. The prevailing color is yellow, but may be brown, orange, red,
+ruby-red, violet, in fact any tint, even green. Young plasmodia in
+certain species are colorless (as in _Diderma floriforme_), while many
+have a peculiar ecru-white or creamy tint difficult to define. Not only
+does the color change, sometimes more than once in the course of the
+life history of the same species, but it may be the same for several
+forms, which in fruit are singularly diverse indeed, so that the mere
+color of the plasmodium brings small assistance to the systematist. In
+fact, the color depends no doubt upon the presence in the plasmodium of
+various matters, more or less foreign, unassimilated, possibly some of
+them excretory, differing from day to day.
+
+In its plasmodial state, as has been said, the slime-mould affects damp
+or moist situations, and during warm weather in such places spreads over
+all moist surfaces, creeps through the interstices of the rotting bark,
+spreads between the cells, between the growth-layers of the wood, runs
+in corded vein-like nets between the wood and bark, and finds in all
+these cases nutrition in the products of organic decomposition. Such a
+plasmodium may be divided, and so long as suitable surroundings are
+maintained, each part will manifest all the properties of the whole.
+Parts of the same plasmodium will even coalesce again. If a piece of
+plasmodium-bearing wood be brought indoors, be protected from
+desiccation by aid of a moist dark chamber, not too warm (70 deg. F.), the
+organism seems to suffer little if any injury, but will continue for
+days or weeks to manifest all the phenomena of living matter. Thus,
+under such circumstances, the plasmodium will constantly change shape
+and position, can be induced to spread over a plate of moist glass, and
+so be transferred to the stage of a microscope, there to exhibit in the
+richest and most interesting and abundant fashion the streaming
+protoplasmic currents. As just indicated, the plasmodia follow moisture,
+creep from one moist substance to another, especially follow nutritive
+substrata. They seem also to secure in some way exclusive possession. I
+have never seen them interfered with by hyphae or enemies of any sort,
+nor do they seem to interfere with one another. Plasmodia of two common
+species, _Hemitrichia clavata_ and _H. vesparium_ are often side by side
+on the same substratum, but do not mix, and their perfected fruits
+presently stand erect side by side, each with its own characteristics,
+entirely unaffected by the presence of the other. On the other hand, it
+is probable that some of the forms which, judged by their different
+fructifications, and by this alone, are to us distinct, may be more
+closely related than we suspect, and puzzling phases which show the
+distinctive marks supposed to characterize different species are no
+doubt sometimes to be explained on the theory of plasmodial crossing;
+they are hybrids.
+
+Under certain conditions, low temperature, lack of moisture, the
+plasmodium may pass into a resting phase, when it masses itself in heaps
+and may become quite dry in lumps of considerable size, and so await the
+return of favorable conditions when former activity is quickly resumed.
+Sometimes the larger plasmodia pass into the resting phase by undergoing
+a very peculiar change of structure. In ordinary circumstances the
+abundant free nuclei demonstrable in the plasmodium afford the only
+evidence of cellular organization. In passing now into the condition of
+rest, the whole protoplasmic mass separates simultaneously into numerous
+definite polyhedral or parenchymatous cells, each with a well-developed
+_cellulose wall_.[4] When the conditions essential to activity are
+restored, the walls disappear, the cellulose is resorbed, and the
+plasmodium resumes its usual habit and structure.
+
+The plasmodial phase of the slime-mould, like the hyphal phase of the
+fungus, may continue a long time; for months, possibly for years. The
+reason for making the latter statement will presently appear. But
+however long or short the plasmodial phase continue, the time of fruit,
+the reproductive phase, at length arrives. When this time comes, induced
+partly by a certain maturity in the organism itself, partly no doubt by
+the trend of external conditions, the plasmodium no longer as before
+evades the light, but pushes to the surface, and appears usually in some
+elevated or exposed position, the upper side of the log, the top of the
+stump, the upper surface of its habitat, whatever that may be; or even
+leaves its nutrient base entirely and finds lodging on some neighboring
+object. In such emergency the stems and leaves of flowering plants are
+often made to serve, and even fruits and flowers afford convenient
+resting places. The object now to be attained is not the formation of
+fruit alone, but likewise its speedy desiccation and the prompt
+dispersal of the perfected spores. Nothing can be more interesting than
+to watch the slime-mould as its plasmodium accomplishes this its last
+migration. If hitherto its habitat has been the soft interior of a
+rotten log, it now begins to ooze out in all directions, to well up
+through the crevices of the bark as if pushed by some energy acting in
+the rear, to stream down upon the ground, to flow in a hundred tiny
+streams over all the region round about, to climb all stems, ascend all
+branches, to the height of many inches, all to pass suddenly as if by
+magic charm into one widespread, dusty field of flying spores. Or, to be
+more exact, whatever the position ultimately assumed, the plasmodium
+soon becomes quiescent, takes on definite and ultimate shape, which
+varies greatly, almost for each species. Thus it may simply form a flat,
+cake-like mass, _aethalium_, internally divided into an indefinite
+number of ill-defined spore cases, sporangia; or the plasmodium may take
+the form of a simple net, _plasmodiocarp_, whose cords stand out like
+swollen veins, whose meshes vary both in form and size; or more commonly
+the whole protoplasmic mass breaks up into little spheroidal heaps which
+may be sessile directly on the substratum, or may be lifted on tiny
+stems, stipitate, which may rest in turn upon a common sheet-like film,
+or more or less continuous net, spreading beneath them all, the
+_hypothallus_. In any case, each differentiated portion of the
+plasmodium, portion poorly or well defined, elongate, net-like,
+spheroidal, elliptical, or of whatever shape, becomes at length a
+sporangium, spore-case, receptacle for the development and temporary
+preservation of the spores.[5]
+
+The slime-moulds were formerly classed with the gasteromycetous fungi,
+puff-balls, and in description of their fruiting phase the terms
+applicable to the description of a puff-ball are still employed,
+although it will be understood that the structures described are not in
+the two cases homologous; analogous only. The sporangium of the
+slime-mould exhibits usually a distinct _peridium_, or outer limiting
+wall, which is at first continuous, enclosing the spores and their
+attendant machinery, but at length ruptures, irregularly as a rule, and
+so suffers the contents to escape. The peridium may be double, varies in
+texture, color, persistence, and so forth, as will be more fully set
+forth in the several specific descriptions. The peridium blends with the
+hypothallus below when such structure is recognizable, either directly,
+when the sporangium is sessile, or by the intervention of a _stipe_. The
+stipe may be hollow, may contain coloring matter of some sort, or may
+even contain peculiar spore-like cells or spores; is often furrowed, and
+in some cases shows a disposition to unite or blend with the stalks of
+neighboring sporangia. In many cases the stipe is continued upward, more
+or less definitely into the cavity of the sporangium, and there forms
+the _columella_, sometimes simple and rounded, like the analogous
+structure in the _Mucores_, sometimes as in _Comatricha_, branching
+again and again in wonderful richness and complexity.
+
+Each sporangium is at maturity filled with numerous unicellular spores.
+These are usually spherical, sometimes flattened at various points by
+mutual contact; they are of various colors, more commonly yellow or
+violet brown, are sometimes smooth (?), but generally roughened either
+by the presence of minute warts, or spines, or by the occurence of more
+or less strongly elevated bands dividing reticulately the entire
+surface. The spores are in all cases small 3-20  mu, and reveal their
+surface characters only under the most excellent lenses.
+
+Associated with the spores in the sporangium occurs the _capillitium_.
+This consists of most delicate thread-or hair-like elements, offering
+great variety both in form and structure. The threads composing the
+capillitium are not to be regarded, even when free, as cells, nor even
+of cellular origin; probably, as would appear from the researches of
+Strasburger and Harper, all forms of capillitial threads arise in
+connection with vacuoles in the protoplasmic mass. "Whether the thread
+is hollow or solid, simple or branched, free or connected with the
+peridium or a columella,--these are entirely secondary conditions,
+depending on the extent and form of the vacuoles."[6] They may occur
+singly or be combined into a net, they may be terete or flat, attached
+to the peridial wall or free, simple or adorned with bands or spires and
+knobs in every variety, uniform or profusely knotted and thickened at
+intervals, and burdened with calcic particles. In many cases, the
+capillitium contributes materially to the dispersal of the spores; in
+others, it doubtless contributes mechanically to the support of the
+peridial wall, and renders so far persistent the delicate sporangium.
+For more exact description the reader is again referred to the specific
+delineations which follow.
+
+The transition from phase to phase requires, as intimated, no great
+length of time. _Tilmadoche polycephala_ completed the transition from
+vegetative to fruiting phase in less than twelve hours.
+
+The germination of the spores ensues closely upon their dispersal or
+maturity and is unique in many respects.[7] The wall of the spore is
+ruptured and the protoplasmic content escapes as a zoospore
+indistinguishable so far from an amoeba, or from the zoospore of our
+chytridiaceous fungi. This amoeboid zoospore is without cell-wall,
+changes its outline, and moves slowly by creeping or flowing from point
+to point. At this stage many of the spores assume each a flagellate
+cilium, and so acquire power of more rapid locomotion. The zoospores,
+whether ciliate or not, thus enjoy independent existence and are capable
+of continuing such existence for some time, assimilating, growing, and
+even reproducing themselves by simple fission, over and over again. This
+takes place, of course, only in the presence of suitable nutrient media.
+
+Nevertheless the spores of many species germinate quickly simply in
+water, and a drop suspended in the form of the ordinary drop-culture on
+a cover-glass affords ample opportunity. In the course of time, usually
+not more than two or three days, the swarm spores cease their activity,
+lose their cilia, and come to rest, exhibiting at most nothing more than
+the slow amoeboid movement already referred to. In the course of two
+or three days more, in favorable cases, the little spores begin to
+assemble and flow together; at first into small aggregations, then
+larger, until at length all have blended in one creeping protoplasmic
+mass to form thus once again the plasmodium, or plasmodial phase with
+which the round began. Small plasmodia may generally be thus obtained
+artificially from drop-cultures. Such, however, in the experience of the
+writer, are with difficulty kept alive. Hay infusions, infusions of
+rotten wood, etc., may sometimes for a time give excellent results.
+
+The spores of _Didymium crustaceum_ were sown upon a heap of leaves in
+autumn. An abundant display of the same species followed in the next
+June; but, of course, the intervening phases were not observed. The most
+satisfactory studies are obtained by plasmodia carefully brought in
+directly from the field. A plasmodium that appeared suddenly and passed
+to fruit on agar in a petri dish offers a valuable suggestion for
+further research.
+
+With such a life-history as that thus briefly sketched, it is small
+wonder that the taxonomic place of the slime-moulds is a matter of
+uncertainty, not to say perplexity. So long as men studied the ripened
+fruit, the sporangia and the spores, with the marvellous capillitium,
+there seemed little difficulty; the myxomycetes were fungi, related to
+the puff-balls, and in fact to be classed in the same natural order. The
+synonymy of some of the more noticeable species affords a very
+interesting epitome of the history of scientific thought in this
+particular field of investigation. Thus the first described slime-mould
+identifiable by its description is Lycogala epidendrum (Buxbaum) Fries,
+the most puff-ball looking of the whole series. Ray, in 1690, called
+this _Fungus coccineus_. In 1718, Ruppinus described the same thing as
+_Lycoperdon sanguineum_; Dillenius at about the same time, as _Bovista
+miniata_; and it was not until 1729, that Micheli so far appreciated the
+structure of the little puff-ball as to give it a definite, independent,
+generic place and title, _Lycogala globosum_ ..., etc.[8]
+
+But Micheli's light was too strong for his generation. As Fries, one
+hundred years later quaintly says, ... "immortalis Micheli tam claram
+lucem accendit ut succesores proximi eam ne ferre quidem potuerint."
+Notwithstanding Micheli's clear distinctions, he was entirely
+disregarded, and our little Lycogala was dubbed _Lycoperdon_ and _Mucor_
+down to the end of the century; and so it was not till 1790 that Persoon
+comes around to the standpoint of Micheli and writes _Lycogala miniata_.
+Fries himself, reviewing the labors of his predecessors all, grouped the
+slime-moulds as a sub-order of the gasteromycetes and gave expression to
+his view of their nature and position when he named the sub-order
+_Myxogastres_. In 1833, Link, having more prominently in mind the
+minuteness of most of the species collocated by Fries, and perceiving
+perhaps more clearly even than the great mycologist the entire
+independence of the group, suggested as a substitute for the sub-order
+_Myxogastres_, the order _Myxomycetes, slime-moulds_. Link's decision
+passed unchallenged for nearly thirty years. The slime-moulds were set
+apart by themselves; they were fungi without question and, of course,
+plants.
+
+If the hypha is the morphological test of a fungus, then it is plain
+that the slime-moulds are not fungi. No myxomycete has hyphae, nor indeed
+anything at all of the kind. Nevertheless, there are certain parasitic
+fungi, _Chytridiaceae_ for example, whose relationships plainly entitle
+them to a place among the hyphate forms that have no hyphae whatever in
+the entire round of their life-history. These are, however, exceptional
+cases and really do not bear very closely on the question at issue.
+
+Physiologically, the fungi are incapable of independent existence, being
+destitute of chlorophyl. In this respect the slime-moulds are like the
+fungi; they are nearly all saprophytes and absolutely destitute of
+chlorophyl. Unfortunately this physiological character is identically
+that one which the fungi share with the whole animal world, so that the
+startling inquiry instantly rises, are the slime-moulds plants at all?
+Are they not animals? Do not their amoeboid spores and plasmodia ally
+them at once to the amoeba and his congeners, to all the monad,
+rhizopodal world? This is the position suggested by DeBary in 1858, and
+adopted since by many distinguished authorities, among whom may be
+mentioned Saville Kent, of England, and Dr. William Zopf, of Germany, in
+_Die Pilzthiere_, 1885. Rostafinski was a pupil of DeBary's. However,
+his volume on the slime-moulds was written after leaving the laboratory;
+and no doubt with the suggestion of his master still before his mind, he
+adopts the title Mycetozoa, as indicating a closer relationship with the
+animal world, but our leading authority really has little to say in
+regard to the matter.[9]
+
+Dr. Schroeter, a recent writer on the subject, after showing the
+probable connection between the phycochromaceous Algae and the simplest
+colorless forms, namely, the _Schizomycetes_, goes on to remark: "At the
+same point where the Schizomycetous series take rise, there begin
+certain other lines of development among the most diminutive
+protoplasmic masses.... Through the amoebae one of these lines gives
+rise on the one hand to rhizopods and sponges in the animal kingdom, on
+the other to the _Myxomycetes_ among the fungi." This ranges the
+Myxomycetes, in origin at least, near the _Schizomycetes_.
+
+The brilliant studies of Dr. Thaxter, resulting in the discovery and
+recognition of a new group, a new order of the schizomycetes, strikingly
+confirm the judgment of Schroeter.[10] Here we have forms that strangely
+unite characteristics of both the groups in question. If on the one hand
+the _Myxobacteria_ are certainly schizomycetes, on the other they just
+as certainly offer in their developmental history "phenomena closely
+resembling those presented by plasmodia or pseudo-plasmodia...." Now the
+schizophytes certainly pass by gradations easy to the filamentous algae,
+and so to relationship with the plants, and the discovery of the
+_Myxobacteriacae_, brings the myxomycetes very near the vegetable
+kingdom if not within it.
+
+All authorities agree that the myxomycetes have no connection in the
+direction of upward development, "keinen Anschluss nach oben," if then
+their only relationship with other organisms is to be found at the
+bottom (centre) of the series only, it is purely a matter of
+indifference whether we say plant or animal, for at the only point where
+there is connection there is no distinction.
+
+But why call them either animals or plants? Was Nature then so poor that
+forsooth only two lines of differentiation were at the beginning open
+for her effort? May we not rather believe that life's tree may have
+risen at first in hundreds of tentative trunks of which two have become
+in the progress of the ages so far dominant as to entirely obscure less
+progressive types? The Myxomycetes are independent; all that we may
+attempt is to assert their near kinship with one or other of life's
+great branches.
+
+The cellulose of the slime-mould looks toward the world of plants. The
+aerial fructification and stipitate habit of the higher forms tends in
+the same direction. The disposition to attach themselves to some fixed
+base is a curious characteristic of plants, more pronounced as we ascend
+the scale; but by no means lacking in many of the simplest, diatoms,
+filamentous algae, etc., and it is quite as reasonable to call a
+vorticella, or a stentor, by virtue of his stipitate form and habit, a
+plant as to call a slime-mould an animal because in one stage of its
+history it resembles an amoeba. The total life of an organism in any
+case must be taken into account.[11] At the outset plants and animals
+are alike; there is no doubt about it; they differ in the course of
+their life-histories. The plasmodium is the vegetative phase of the
+slime-mould. It needs no cell-walls of cellulose, no more than do the
+dividing cells of a lily-endosperm; both are nourished by organic food
+and resort to walls only as conditions change. The possession of walls
+is an indication of some maturity. In the slime-mould the assumption of
+walls is indeed delayed. Walls at length appear and when they do come
+they are like those of the lily; they are cellulose. The myxomycetes may
+be regarded as a section of the organic world in which the forces of
+heredity are at a maximum whatever those forces may be. Slime-moulds
+have in smallest degree responded to the stimulus of environment. They
+have, it is true, escaped the sea, the fresh waters in part, and become
+adapted to habitation on dry land, but nothing more. It is instructive
+to reflect that even in her most highly differentiated forms the channel
+which Nature elects for the transmissal of all that heredity may bestow,
+is naught else than a minute mass of naked protoplasm. Nature reverts,
+we say, to her most ancient and simple phases, and heredity is still
+consonant with apparent simplicity; apparent we say, for as becomes
+increasingly evident, nothing that lives is simple!
+
+The fact is the Myxomycetes constitute an exceedingly well-defined
+group, and the question of relationship in any direction need not much
+perplex the student. Least of all is the question to be settled by
+anybody's dictum, which is apt to be positive inversely in proportion to
+the speaker's acquaintance with the subject. No one test can be applied
+as a universal touchstone to separate plants from animals. Such is
+simply _petitio principii_. Nor is there any advantage at present
+apparent in attempts to associate slime-moulds with other presumably
+related groups. Saville Kent's effort to join them with the sponges was
+not happy, and Dr. Zopf's association of the slime-moulds and monads
+appears forced, at best; for when it comes to the consideration of the
+former, their systematic and even morphological treatment, he is
+compelled to deal with them by themselves under headings such as
+"Eumycetozoen," "Hoehere Pilzthiere," etc. One rather commends the
+discreetness of DeBary, whose painstaking investigations first called
+attention to the uncertain position of the group. After reviewing the
+results of all his labors DeBary does not quite relegate the
+slime-moulds to the zoologist for further consideration, but simply
+says:[12] "From naked amoeba, with which the Mycetozoa (=Myxomycetes)
+are connected in ascending line, the zoologists with reason derive the
+copiously and highly developed section of the shell-forming
+Rhizopoda.... And since there are sufficient grounds for placing the
+rhizopods outside the vegetable and in the animal kingdom, and this is
+undoubtedly the true position for the amoebae, which are their earlier
+and simpler forms, the Mycetozoa, which _may_ be directly derived from
+the same stem, are at least brought very near to the domain of zoology."
+
+Notwithstanding all the controversy in regard to the matter, the study
+of the slime-moulds still rests chiefly with the botanists. A simple
+phylogenetic scheme for thallophytes is offered in the Strasburger text
+as follows:--
+
+THALLOPHYTA
+
+  1. SCHIZOPHYTA
+               BACTERIA
+               CYANOPHYCEAE
+
+  2. FLAGELLATA
+             { MYXOMYCETES
+             { PERIDINEAE
+         _a_ { CONJUGATAE
+             { HETEROCONTAE
+
+             { CHLOROPHYCEAE
+         _b_ { CHARACEAE
+
+  3. RHODOPHYCEAE
+
+  4. FUNGI
+
+About 500 species of slime-moulds have been described. Saccardo
+enumerates 443, inclusive of those denominated doubtful or less
+perfectly known. These 443 species are distributed among 47 genera, of
+which 15 are represented by but a single species each,--monotypic. In
+the United States there have been recognized about 300 species. Of those
+here described, some are almost world-wide in their distribution, others
+are limited to comparatively narrow boundaries. The greater number occur
+in the temperate regions of the earth, although many are reported from
+the tropics, and some even from the arctic zone. Schroeter found
+_Physarum cinereum_ at North Cape. Our Iowa forms are much more numerous
+in the eastern, that is, the wooded regions of the state. _Physarum
+cinereum_ has however been taken on the untouched prairie, and on the
+western deserts, as also _Physarum contextum_ on the decaying stem of
+_Calamagrostis_, far from forest.
+
+As to the economic importance of our myxomycetes, there is no long
+chapter to write. Fries says: "Usu in vita communi parum admodum sese
+commendant, sed in oeconomia naturae certe non spernendi. Multa
+insectorum genera ex eorum sporidiis unica capiunt nutrimenta." However
+this may be, there is one species which has come to light since Fries's
+day which is the source of no inconsiderable mischief to the
+agriculturist. _Plasmodiophora brassicae_ occasions the disease known as
+"club-root" in cabbage, and has been often made the subject of
+discussion in our agricultural and botanical journals.[13] Aside from
+the injurious tendencies, possible or real, of the forms mentioned, I
+know not that all other slime-moulds of all the world, taken all
+together, affect in any slightest measure the hap or fortune of man or
+nation. And yet, if in the economic relations of things, man's
+intellectual life is to be considered, then surely come the uncertain
+myxos, with their fascinating problems proffered still in forms of
+unapproachable delicacy and beauty, not without inspiration.
+
+
+COLLECTION AND CARE OF SLIME-MOULD MATERIAL
+
+On this subject a word may here be appropriate. As just now intimated,
+specimens may be taken at the appropriate season in almost any or every
+locality. Beginning with the latter part of May or first of June, in the
+Northern states, plasmodia are to be found everywhere on piles of
+organic refuse: in the woods, especially about fallen and rotting logs,
+undisturbed piles of leaves, beds of moss, stumps, by the seeping edge
+of melting snow on mountain sides, by sedgy drain or swamp, nor less in
+the open field where piles of straw or herbaceous matter of any sort
+sinks in undisturbed decay. Within fifty years tree-planting in all the
+prairie states has greatly extended the range of many more definitely
+woodland species, so that species of _Stemonitis_, for instance, are
+common in the groves on farms far into Nebraska and Dakota. In any
+locality the plasmodia pass rapidly to fruit, but not infrequently a
+plasmodium in June will be succeeded in the same place by others of the
+same species, on and on, until the cold of approaching winter checks all
+vital phenomena. The process of fruiting should be watched as far as
+possible, and for herbarium material, allowed to pass to perfection in
+the field.
+
+Specimens collected should be placed immediately in boxes in such a way
+as to suffer no injury in transport; beautiful material is often ruined
+by lack of care on the part of the collector. Once at the herbarium,
+specimens may be mounted by gluing the supporting material to the bottom
+of a small box. Boxes of uniform size and depth may be secured for the
+purpose. Some collectors prefer to fasten the specimen to a piece of
+stiff paper, of a size to be pressed into the box snugly, but which may
+be removed at pleasure. Every pains must in any case be taken to exclude
+insects. Against such depredators occasional baking of the boxes on the
+steam radiator in winter is found to be an efficient remedy.
+
+For simple microscopic examination it will be found convenient to first
+wet the material with alcohol on the slide, then with a weak solution of
+potassic hydrate, to cause the spores and other structures to assume
+proper plumpness. A little glycerine may be added or run under the cover
+if it is desired to preserve the material for further or prolonged
+study. For permanent mounting nothing in most cases is better than
+glycerine jelly. As a preparation, the material should lie for some time
+in Haentsch's fluid,[14] opportunity being given for evaporation of the
+alcohol and water. When the material shows the proper clearness and
+fulness, it may be mounted in jelly in the usual way. Kaiser's formula
+gives beautiful results. After mounting, the preparation should be
+sealed with some good cement, as Hollis's glue.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] DeBary, _Morphology and Biology of the Fungi,_ p. 428.
+
+[5] See, however, _Ceratiomyxa_, p. 18, following.
+
+[6] Harper in _Botanical Gazette_, Vol. XXX., p. 219.
+
+[7] The following germination periods are furnished by
+Dr. Constantineanu (_Inaugural Dissertation ueber die
+Entwickelungsbedingungen der Myxomyceten_; Halle, 1907).
+
+  _Reticularia lycoperdon_                           30 to 60 min.
+  _Fuligo ovata_                                     30 to 90 min.
+  _Stemonitis splendens_                              5 to  6 hrs.
+  _Perichaena depressa_                               5 to  8 hrs.
+  _Amaurochaete atra_                                 6 to 10 hrs.
+  _Arcyria incarnata_                                 8 to 10 hrs.
+  _Lycogala epidendrum_                                 to 60 hrs.
+  _Physarum didermoides_                              1 to 10 da.
+  _Dictydium cancellatum_                             1 to 20 da.
+
+These records are for sowings in drop cultures, in distilled water, kept
+at temperature of 65 deg.-70 deg. F. (18 deg.-20 deg. C.).
+
+Our own experiments have been made both with distilled water and
+tap-water with the advantage in favor of the latter. _Dictydium
+cancellatum_ germinates in tap-water at temperature 70 deg.-80 deg. F. in 12-15
+hours fresh from the field. _Fuligo ovata_ spores were all swarming in
+about one hour at the same temperature. Jahn (_Myxomycetenstudien; Ber.
+der Deutschen Bot. Ges._ Bd. XXIII., p. 495) finds that the germination
+in some cases as _Stemonitis_ species, is hastened by wetting, then
+drying, then wetting again.
+
+Pinoy thinks microbes aid in germination (_Bull. Soc. Myc. de France_ T.
+XVIII.).
+
+[8] The plasmodium in this case chances to be red, scarlet, etc.
+
+[9] "Die Myxomyceten sind ebenso den Pilzen wie den echten Thieren
+verwandt."--Rostafinski; closing sentence of the _Versuch_, thesis for
+his doctorate at the University of Strasburg, 1873.
+
+[10] _Botanical Gazette_, XVII., pp. 389, etc.; 1892.
+
+[11] Researches of Olive, _Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts and Let._, XV.,
+Pt. 2, p. 771, and of Jahn, _Ber. d. Deutsch Bot. Ges._ XXVI., p. 342,
+and XXIX., p. 231, demonstrate synapsis, and accordingly some form of
+alternation among the slime-moulds. From the protracted and painstaking
+investigation of the German author it appears that in _Didymium_ at
+least, and probably _Badhamia_ synapsis immediately precedes
+spore-formation as in _Ceratiomyxa_; that the amoeboid issue of the
+spores are haploid; the nuclei of the plasmodium, diploid; that the
+ordinary vegetative plasmodium is accordingly sporophytic. That is, the
+sporophytic phase is dominant, as in higher plants.
+
+[12] Cf., 1884, _Ver. Morph. u. Biol. der Pilz. Mycet. u. Bact._, p.
+478. Italics, in quotations, ours.
+
+[13] See _Journal of Mycology_, Washington, D. C., Vol. VII., No. 2;
+also _Bulletin No. 66, Agric. Station of Vermont_. See also Bull. _33
+Arizona Agric. Ex. Station_: An Inquiry into the Cause and Nature of
+Crown-Gall. J. W. Tuomey. Also _Bull. Torrey Bot. Club_, Vol. 21, p. 26,
+where it appears that club-root may attack crucifers generally.
+
+Professor B. M. Duggar in _Fungous Diseases of Plants_, pp. 97-102,
+gives to club-root an illustrated chapter.
+
+[14]
+
+  Haentsch's Fluid:--
+    Alcohol 90%                  three parts
+    Water                        two parts
+    Glycerine                    one part
+
+
+
+
+THE NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS
+
+
+THE MYXOMYCETES (_Link_) _DeBary_
+
+Chlorophyl-less organisms whose vegetative phase consists of a naked
+mass of multinuclear protoplasm, the _plasmodium_; reproduced by spores
+which are either free or more commonly enclosed in sporangia, and which
+on germinating produce ciliated or amoeboid zoospores, whose
+coalescence gives rise to the plasmodium.
+
+
+The Myxomycetes are,--
+
+  _A._ _Parasites_, in the cells of living plants           PHYTOMYXINAE
+
+  _B._ _Saprophytes_, developed in connection with decaying
+          vegetable matter:
+
+      _a._ With free spores                                   EXOSPOREAE
+
+      _b._ With spores in receptacles or sporangia           MYXOGASTRES
+
+
+Sub-Class PHYTOMYXINAE _Schroeter_
+
+  1889. _Phytomyxinae Schroeter, Engl. u. Prantl._, I., i., pp. 1 and 5.
+
+The parasitic Myxomycetes affecting plants include but few (four or
+five) species, distributed among four genera. All are parasites in the
+cells of particular hosts; their vegetative phase is plasmodial and
+their spores are formed by the simultaneous breaking up of the
+plasmodium into an indefinite number of independent cells. But a single
+genus need here concern us,--
+
+
+=Plasmodiophora= _Woronin_
+
+  1879. _Plasmodiophora_ Woronin, _Pringsh. Jahrb._, XI., p. 548.
+
+Parasitic in the parenchymatous cells of the roots of living plants,
+causing noticeable enlargement of the affected organ, producing at
+length galls, knots, and various deformities and distortions. Spores
+spherical, smooth, colorless, 16  mu.
+
+
+I. PLASMODIOPHORA BRASSICAE _Woronin_.
+
+  1879. _Plasmodiophora brassicae_ Woronin, _op. cit._
+
+This species, typical of forms so far reported in this country, infests
+the roots of cabbages,[15] and produces a very serious disease of that
+vegetable. In England the malady has long been known under the names
+"clubbing," "fingers and toes," etc. The roots affected swell greatly,
+and at length resemble sometimes the flexed fingers of the human hand;
+hence the English name. As the disease progresses, the roots speedily
+rot away, to the serious injury of the leaf-bearing portion of the
+plant. In badly affected fields, sometimes one-half of the crop is
+utterly destroyed. Careful search continued through several years has
+not availed to bring this species to my personal acquaintance.
+
+For a full account of the parasitism of this species and its
+distribution in the United States see _Jour. Myc._, VII., p. 79; also
+_Bull._ 66, Agric. Sta. of Vermont.
+
+
+Sub-Class EXOSPOREAE _Rost._
+
+  1873._ Exosporeae_ Rostafinski, _Versuch_, p. 2.
+
+Spores developed, superficially, outside the fructification, which
+consists of sporophores, membranous, or slender and branching; spores
+white, stalked. A single genus,--
+
+
+=Ceratiomyxa= _Schroeter_
+
+  1889. _Ceratiomyxa_ Schroeter, _Engl. u. Prantl_, I., i., p. 16. For
+           further synonymy, see under first species.
+
+Sporangia none; spores superficial, borne on erect papillae or pillars,
+or even on the inside of minute depressions or pits; each spore
+surmounting a delicate pedicel or stalk. The spores on germinating give
+rise to amoeboid zoospores, which undergo repeated divisions, later
+become ciliate, and at length again amoeboid to blend into genuine
+plasmodia. At maturity the plasmodium gives rise to numerous minute
+divisions, each of which may lengthen in a direction perpendicular to
+the surface and bear a spore at the tip.
+
+The homologies between the structures just described and the
+fructification of the ordinary slime-mould are somewhat obscure, if
+indeed any really exist. Are these minute reproductive bodies
+spores?--their behavior on germination is unique; are they
+sporangia?--the arrested development they exhibit is none the less
+puzzling. Perhaps the sporiferous pillars represent incipient stipes,
+the spores the uncombined fragments of what might otherwise have
+coalesced at the summit of the pillar to form a true sporangium.[16]
+
+Several species have been recognized, all referable probably to one or
+two, or at most, four forms. That universally recognized alike in the
+literature of the past and in recent studies is,--
+
+
+1. CERATIOMYXA FRUTICULOSA (_Muell._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 7 and 7 _a_.
+
+  1729. _Puccinia ramosa, bifurcata_, etc. Micheli, p. 213, Tab. 92,
+           Fig. 2.
+  1775. _Byssus fruticulosa_ Mueller, in _Fl. Dan._, t. 718, Fig. 2.
+  1778. _Tremella hydnoidea_ Jacquin, _Misc._, Vol. I., t. 16.
+  1783. _Clavaria puccinia_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, p. 139, Fig. 19.
+  1791. _Puccinia byssoides_ Gmelin, _Syst. Naturae_, p. 1462.
+  1791. _Clavaria byssoides_ Bulliard, _Champ. de la France_, t. 415,
+           Fig. 2.
+  1794. _Isaria mucida_ Pers., Roemer, _N. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 121.
+  1801. _Isaria mucida_ Pers., _Syn. Meth._, p. 688.
+  1805. _Ceratium hydnoides_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p. 258.
+  1811. _Ceratiomyxa porioides_ (A. & S.) Schroet., _Mycet._, p. 26,
+          _var._
+  1829. _Ceratium hydnoides_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 294.
+  1872. _Ceratium hydnoides_ Wor. & Fam., _Mem. Acad. Imp._, Petersburg.
+  1887. _Ceratium hydnoides_ DeBary, _Comp. Morph. Fung._, p. 432.
+  1889. _Ceratiomyxa mucida_ Schroeter, _Engl. u. Prantl Nat. Pflanz._,
+           I., i., p. 16.
+  1893. _Ceratiomyxa mucida_, Pers., Macbr., _Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa_,
+           II., p. 114.
+  1894. _Ceratiomyxa mucida_ Schroet., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 25.
+
+Plasmodium in rotten wood, white or nearly transparent; when fruiting,
+forming on the substratum mould-like patches composed of the minute
+sporiferous pillars, generally in clusters of three or more together;
+spores white, ovoid, or ellipsoidal, smooth, 10-12x6  mu.
+
+Very common, occurring in summer on shaded rotten logs, especially
+after warm showers and in sultry weather. Easily distinguishable from
+all similar moulds by the absence of mycelium or of anything like a
+hypha. In Europe the plant seems to be in autumn exceedingly common.
+Micheli not only described the form but figured it, nearly two hundred
+years ago. Micheli's figure is good, as is that of Mueller, _Fl. Dan._,
+l. c. Mueller referred the species to a Linnean genus _Byssus_, which
+seems to have included Algae rather than anything else, if one can
+determine its limits at all. The same thing is true of _Tremella_; but
+this name is now otherwise applied, as are all the other generic names
+down to _Ceratium_, Alb. & Schw. But this had been by Schrank
+preoccupied, 1793. See the reference above for 1889. As for specific
+name, there seems no reason to depart from the rule of priority, since
+Mueller's work is determinative.
+
+_Ceratiomyxa arbuscula_, Berk. & Br., apparently a form of this, is
+cited from Toronto by Miss Currie. Massee gives it recognition; Lister
+as varietal. The sporophores are inclined to be simple, stipitate and
+dendroid.
+
+_C. filiforme_ of the English authors latest named is a wonderful thing
+and deserves a paragraph here, if not recognition as a distinct species.
+It occurs rarely; but once it appears, attracts attention. As in the
+historic species, the sporifers are white, stand more or less erect, but
+are every way finer and larger. Each individual sporifer rises like a
+stiff stem, as of white thread, 2-3 mm. high; at top a tuft of fruiting
+branchlets, more or less distinct. All taken together, we have a dense
+mat completely concealing the substratum and spreading out sometimes
+over an area of surprising extent, several centimetres square.
+
+Common everywhere in summer on decaying sticks and wood of every
+description, especially in wet places. Alaska to Nicaragua, and probably
+around the world.
+
+
+2. CERATIOMYXA PORIOIDES (_Alb. & Schw._) _Schroeter._
+
+  1805. _Ceratium porioides_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p. 359.
+  1829. _Ceratium porioides_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 295.
+  1873. _Ceratium porioides_ Fam. & Wor. _Acad. Imp._, XX., 3, p. 5.
+  1889. _Ceratiomyxa porioides_ Schroet., _Engl. u. Prantl_, I., i.,
+           p. 16.
+  1894. _Ceratiomyxa mucida_ Schroet. var. _porioides_ Lister,
+          _Mycetozoa_, p. 26.
+  1899. _Ceratiomyxa porioides_ Alb. & Schw. (Schroet.), Macbr., _N.
+           A. S._, p. 19.
+  1911. _Ceratiomyxa porioides_ Alb. & Schw., Schroet., _List.
+           Mycet._, p. 26, _var._
+
+Entire fructification confluent forming a mucilaginous mass, porose.
+Pores ample, angulate, at length radiate-dentate. Spores as in the
+preceding. Plasmodium yellow.
+
+Of these two species Fries remarks: "... Duae sunt distinctissimae, inter
+has vero longa formarum intermediarum series." Famintzin and Woronin not
+only concur, but consider it were more fitting to place the present
+species in a distinct genus, as _Polyporus_ is set off from _Hydnum_. A
+species based upon the color of the vegetative phase only, unconfirmed
+by any subsequent differential character in the fruit would seem
+somewhat hazardous. The color of the plasmodium is incident probably to
+varied nutrient environment. Pores, however, are usually in evidence.
+
+Iowa, Tennessee, Missouri, etc.; probably common everywhere.
+
+
+Sub-Class MYXOGASTRES (_Fries_) _Macbr._
+
+  1829. Sub-order _Myxogastres_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 67.
+  1833. Sub-order _Myxomycetes_ Link, _Handb. der Gew._, 3, p. 405.
+  1833. Sub-order _Myxomycetes_ Wallroth, _Fl. Crypt._, II., p. 333, in
+          part.
+  1858. Class _Mycetozoa_ DeBary, _Bot. Zeitung_, 1858, pp. 357-365, in
+          part.
+  1889. Class _Myxogastres_ Schroeter, _Engl. u. Prantl_, Nat. Pflanz.,
+          I., i., p. 16.
+  1892. Class _Myxogastres_ (Fries) Massee, _Monograph_, p. 28.
+  1894. Class _Mycetozoa_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 21, in part.
+
+Except as just described, the slime-moulds present abundant, minute,
+unicellular spores, enclosed in sporangia more or less perfectly
+defined, and attended by peculiar thread-like structures, free or
+variously attached and conjoined, the so-called _capillitium_.
+
+So far as known, the spores on germination give rise to zoospores, at
+first amoeboid, later ciliate, again amoeboid, conjugating in pairs,
+then, in some cases, at least, coalescing and dividing indefinitely to
+form the plasmodial or vegetative phase.[17]
+
+
+=Key to the Orders of the Myxogastres=
+
+  Spore-mass black or violaceous, rarely ferruginous            Series A
+
+  Spore-mass never black; usually some shade of brown or
+  yellow, rarely purplish or rosy, etc.                         Series B
+
+SERIES A
+
+  1. Capillitium present, delicate, thread-like;
+       sporangia calcareous more or less throughout        I. PHYSARALES
+
+  2. Capillitium present, thread-like, arising
+       usually as anastomosing branches from a
+       well-developed columella, which in a single
+       genus contains lime; sporangia otherwise
+       non-calcareous                                   II. STEMONITALES
+
+    SERIES B
+
+  3. Capillitium none, or very imperfectly developed; spores of some
+       shade of brown, rarely purplish                 III. CRIBRARIALES
+
+  4. Capillitium the inwardly produced irregular extremities of plates
+       or tubules, which by their interweaving outwardly make up the
+       aethalial wall; spores pale, ashen                IV. LYCOGALALES
+
+  5. Capillitium made up of more or less distinctly sculptured threads,
+       parietal or free, simple, branched, or reticulate; spores
+       commonly yellow                                     V. TRICHIALES
+
+This sequence is meant to convey the idea that the presence of lime is
+indicative of differentiation less complete. That the plasmodium should
+at the outset eliminate, by refusing the unnecessary lime, is indicative
+of higher rank than that the lime should be carried until the last and
+then be crystallized out, or excreted by simple desiccation. The
+circumstance that the excreted lime may sometimes serve a protective
+purpose in the fruit, does not vitiate the general principle. In Series
+B the differentiation reaches a climax in the sculptured capillitium of
+the trichias.
+
+ORDER I
+
+=PHYSARALES=
+
+Spores violaceous-black. The capillitium usually delicate and
+thread-like; peridium and capillitium, one or other or both, more or
+less extensively surcharged with lime. Peridium simple or double.
+Fructification various.
+
+This order is recognizable by several characteristics, but is especially
+marked by the peculiar calcareous deposits which affect the capillitium
+or peridium, now one, now the other, more often both.
+
+As here defined, the order Physarales includes two distinct families; of
+the one _Physarum_, of the other _Didymium_, is type.
+
+
+=Key to the Families of the Order Physarales=
+
+  _A._ Fructification often calcareous throughout;
+         capillitium intricate                             _Physaraceae_
+
+  _B._ Calcareous deposits, when present, affecting the
+         peridium only, or sometimes the stipe, in the
+         typical genus plainly crystalline; capillitium
+         simple
+                                                           _Didymiaceae_
+
+
+A. PHYSARACEAE
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Physaraceae=
+
+  _A._ Fructification aethalioid                              1. _Fuligo_
+
+  _B._ Fructification plasmodiocarpous or of distinct
+         sporangia.
+
+     _a._ Peridium evidently calcareous.
+
+          i. Capillitium calcareous throughout             2. _Badhamia_
+
+         ii. Capillitium largely hyaline.
+
+              O Sporangia globose, etc.;
+                  dehiscence irregular                     3. _Physarum_
+
+             OO Sporangia vasiform or more or less
+                  tubular
+
+                 + Dehiscence by a lid or more
+                     or less circumscissile               4. _Craterium_
+
+                ++ Dehiscence irregular,
+                     peridium introverted                5. _Physarella_
+
+     _b._ Peridium apparently limeless, at least outside.
+
+          i. Plasmodiocarpous                           6. _Cienkowskia_
+
+         ii. Sporangia distinct                           7. _Leocarpus_
+
+  C. Extra-limital.
+
+     _a._ Sporangia stipitate, saucer-shaped, following
+            No. 3.                                        _Trichamphora_
+
+     _b._ Sporangia elongate allantoid, etc., following
+            No. 1.                                            _Erionema_
+
+
+=1. Fuligo= (_Haller_) _Pers._
+
+  1753. _Mucor_ Linn., _Sp. Pl._ II., No. 1656 (?).
+  1768. _Fuligo_ Haller, _Hist. Helv._, Nos. 1233-1235, in part.
+  1801. _Fuligo_ Haller, _Pers. Syn._, p. 159.
+  1809. _Aethalium_ Link, _Diss._, I, p. 42.
+  1829. _Aethalium_ Fries, _Sym. Myc._, III., p. 92.
+
+Sporangia undefined, obscurely woven in and out among each other forming
+usually a cushion-shaped aethalioid mass. The outer layer sterile, often
+calcareous, forming a fragile crust, more or less defined. The middle
+layer sporiferous with calcigerous capillitium. The lowest layer a
+membranous hypothallus.
+
+The identity of this genus seems to have been recognized first by
+Haller, _op. cit._, but by Persoon more closely defined and illustrated.
+Link simply translated the name into Greek, for reasons less evident
+now, and in this was followed by Fries. Haller's designation is now
+probably securely fixed.
+
+The sporigerous median structure of the fructifications, under whatever
+specific name or names, is entirely confused. Sporangial walls, if ever
+such there were, are hardly as such recoverable, seemingly _indicated_
+only, in the changes to which the aethalium submits as in the ripening
+the sporogenic plasm passes on to spores.
+
+In the present state of our knowledge the forms of this genus present
+withal a most perplexing problem. Are they simply phases of a single
+species, or are they in style and in structure sufficiently constant in
+their admitted variety, to claim specific rank and separate description?
+
+To follow the example of Greville and recognize in all the literature of
+two hundred years varied descriptions of a single type,--this were
+perhaps the easier and speedier disposal of the case. Fries thought so
+to treat the problem but was unable to keep faith with his own decision;
+for no sooner he states the genus monotypic than he proceeds forthwith
+to offer four varieties, a. b. c. d., viz. those by Persoon and others
+duly recognized as species.
+
+Recent students all, however, seem to find convenience in specific
+division. All seem disposed to honor Dr. Peck's _Fuligo ochracea_
+whether or not by the name he gave; and of other varieties some seem
+impressed by the constancy of one, some of another characteristic, thus
+indicating that to careful observers all over the world there are
+differences that may be recognized, that have been recognized again and
+again. If there are two species there are certainly more. Out of the
+gatherings of many years one may set in order not less than five
+variations in the fruiting of _Fuligo_, five distinct types of
+fructification, to all appearing sufficiently constant for specific
+recognition.
+
+It will be said, has been said, was said by Fries, that these variations
+are insignificant, "pendent ex aeris constitutione"; but as a matter of
+fact the several types now in question may be found on the same day, so
+that evidently something other than the atmospheric environment must
+determine.
+
+Again it is said that the differences are in external form or color
+only, the spores in all cases almost if not quite the same. This is
+true; but specific characters are _surface_ characters in fact: a
+species morphologically is merely the form in which a _kind_ or _genus_
+presents itself. If the presentation be constant, for our convenience we
+say so, in bestowing a name. Whether in our present treatment the
+convenience is purely personal, students may decide.
+
+However it all may be, there are in this part of the world many varying
+presentations of _Fuligo_ capable of illustration and description; the
+same forms, perhaps, which have attracted the notice of the more acute
+mycologists in the older history of the subject. Some of these forms we
+here venture to describe, with such annotation as may show something of
+present knowledge.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Fuligo=
+
+  _A._ Aethalium 1 cm. or less; spores spherical         1. _F. muscorum_
+
+  _B._ Aethalium larger, or plasmodiocarpous, even
+         sporangi-form, crust white, smooth, even,
+         spores elliptical                               2. _F. cinerea_
+
+  _C._ Aethalia larger, 2 cm. or more.
+
+       1. Cortex yellow, etc., not white; spores 6-8  mu   3. _F. septica_
+
+       2. Cortex nearly or quite wanting; spores
+            10-12                                     4. _F. intermedia_
+
+       3. Cortex white, a foamy crust; spores 15-25    5. _F. megaspora_
+
+
+1. FULIGO MUSCORUM _Alb. & Schw._
+
+  1894. _Fuligo muscorum_, Alb. & Schw. Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 67.
+  1875. _Licea ochracea_ Peck, N. Y. _Rep._, XVIII., p. 55.
+  1879. _Fuligo ochracea_ Peck, N. Y. _Rep._, XXXI., p. 56.
+  1894. _Fuligo muscorum_, Alb. & Schw., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 67.
+  1911. _Fuligo muscorum_ Alb. & Schw., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 87.
+
+Plasmodium orange-yellow. Aethalium globoid, very small, 1 cm. or less,
+the cortex very thin, greenish yellow; sporangial walls not evident;
+capillitium well-developed, the numerous calcareous nodes fusiform or
+often branching, and connected by rather short, transparent internodes;
+spores coarsely warted, 10-11  mu.
+
+This form seems to differ from _F. septica_ chiefly in its constant
+diminutive habit of fruiting, in its delicate cortex, and in its spores,
+brighter, larger, and more coarsely warted. The descriptions and figure
+by Schweinitz seem referable to nothing else. First reported by
+Albertini and Schweinitz from Germany; by Schweinitz from the Carolinas;
+then by Dr. Peck described as a _Licea_ from New York. It seems less
+commonly collected in the United States.
+
+
+2. FULIGO CINEREA (_Schw._) _Morg._
+
+PLATE X., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, and 3 _b_, and Plate XXIII.
+
+  1831. _Enteridium cinereum_ Schw., _N. A. F._, No. 2365.
+  1875. _Physarum ellipsosporum_ Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 10.
+  1884. _Aethaliopsis stercoriformis_ Zopf., _Pilzthiere_, p. 150.
+  1894. _Fuligo ellipsospora_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 67.
+  1896. _Fuligo cinerea_ (Schw.) Morg., _Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist._, p. 105.
+  1899. _Physarum ellipsosporum_ Rost., Macbr. _N. A. S._, p. 27.
+  1911. _Fuligo cinerea_ Morg., List., _Mycetozoa_, 2nd ed., p. 88.
+
+Plasmodium milk-white, watery. Plasmodiocarp long and widely effused,
+anon winding, here and there reticulate, always applanate; sometimes in
+form an aethalium, the peridial cortex membranous, firm, thick, and
+white. Capillitium well-developed, furnished with lime. Spores
+thin-walled, ellipsoidal, violaceous, plicate-rugose, 14-16 x 11-12  mu.
+
+Not common. Found occasionally in shaded situations on piles of rotting
+straw or in the woods, especially on detritus of the bracken. The spores
+are many of them ellipsoidal; some are spherical; all are decidedly
+spinulose, perhaps might appear plicate-rugulose when dry or shrunken.
+Calcareous nodules very large and irregular, white.
+
+Schweinitz, _loc. cit._, described this form as _Enteridium cinereum_.
+Rostafinski referred it to the genus _Physarum_, but was obliged to
+adopt also a new specific name, as that suggested by Schweinitz was
+already in use in the genus _Physarum_. Zopf, _Die Pilzthiere_, p. 149,
+founds a new genus on what seems to be the same form as here considered.
+This he publishes as _Aethaliopsis stercoriformis_ Z. Massee regards the
+specimens discovered by Zopf as belonging to the genus _Fuligo_, and
+Lister regards Rostafinski's type as _Fuligo_, and includes Zopf's
+material under the Rostafinskian species.
+
+This has been described as properly an American form; Lister cites other
+far localities.
+
+
+3. FULIGO SEPTICA (_Linn._) _Gmel_.
+
+  1753. _Mucor septicus_ Linn., _Sp. Pl._ II., No. 1656 (?).
+  1763. _Mucor ovatus_ Schaeff., _Fung. Bav._, p. 132, Fig. 192.
+  1791. _Fuligo septica_ (Linn.) Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, p. 1466.
+  1826. _Fuligo varians_ Sommf., _Fl. Lapl. Sup._, p. 231.
+  1809. _Aethalium flavum_ Link, _Diss._, I., p. 42.
+  1829. _Aethalium septicum_ Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 93.
+  1875. _Fuligo varians_ Sommf., Rost., _Mon._, p. 134.
+  1892. _Fuligo varians_ Sommf., Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia._
+           II., p. 160.
+  1894. _Fuligo septica_ (Linn.) Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 66.
+  1899. _Fuligo ovata_ (Schaeff.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 23.
+  1911. _Fuligo septica_ Gmel., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 86.
+
+This remarkable and universal species presents as stated many forms and
+phases. Of these five have been selected as representative.
+
+  1. Form _a._ Plasmodium yellow; cortex yellow, or
+       orange-brown, strongly calcareous friable; form
+       indefinite                                             _F. ovata_
+
+  2. Form _b._ Cortex less calcareous porose, yellowish brown,
+       fructification definite, pulvinate                      _F. rufa_
+
+  3. Form _c._ Cortex smooth, persistent; fructification
+       small, less than two inches                           _F. laevis_
+
+  4. Form _d._ Plasmodium yellow; cortex none; capillitium
+       yellow, fructification thin, sometimes wide-spread     _F. flava_
+
+  5. Form _e._ Plasmodium violaceous, dark; cortex almost
+       none; whole mass reddish or violet                  _F. violacea_
+
+
+1. Form _a._ _Fuligo ovata_ (Schaeff.) Pers.
+
+Plasmodium bright yellow; aethalium pale brown, or yellowish-ochraceous,
+of variable size and shape, one to many cm. in diameter, and one to two
+cm. thick, enclosed by a distinct calcareous crust, which varies in
+texture, thickness, and color; capillitium well developed but variable
+in color, form, and extent; spore-mass dull black, sooty; spores
+spherical, purplish brown, nearly smooth, 7-9  mu.
+
+Under this name may be placed our most common form. Rising with an
+abundant yellowish creamy plasmodium from masses of decaying vegetation,
+lumber, sawdust, half buried logs, it creeps about with energy
+unsurpassed, coming to rest only in some position specially exposed, as
+the top of a log or stump, the face of a stone or post, or even the high
+clods of a cultivated field! The fructification is large, yellow, or at
+most pale ochraceous, the surface when mature extremely friable like dry
+foam. Bulliard figures this phase well on Plate 424, Fig. 2, and calls
+it _Reticularia_ (_Fuligo_) _hortensis_, from its affecting the soils of
+gardens. More than thirty fructifications have appeared at one time,
+varying in size from one to twenty cm. in a field of potatoes, well
+tilled, and less than an acre in extent! Such is life's perennial
+exuberance on this time-worn old world of ours!
+
+Schaeffer's plate CXII represents probably the same thing. So also
+Bolton's plate, CXXXIV. Sowerby's Fig. 2 on plate 199, and figures 1 and
+2 on Greville's plate 272 possibly also depict this form. Persoon calls
+this _F. vaporaria_ because it frequents hotbeds and the like, and
+believes this to represent the "_untuosus flavus_" of Linnee, although
+he thinks Schaeffer's specimens do not. The calcareous internal structure
+is white.
+
+
+2. Form _b_, _F. rufa_ Pers.
+
+This type of Fuligo is very different from the preceding in form, habit,
+and color. In form it is much more definite, usually thick, well-rounded
+and with some solidity. The interior fructification is gray throughout,
+much less expanded than in _a_; in fact does not resemble _a_ at all!
+The cortex is porose but firm, orange at first, but becoming tawny with
+age, even in the herbarium. Bulliard figures it well, plate 380, Fig. 1,
+and Sowerby's Fig. 1 on plate 399 is also good, as are also Greville's
+figure 3 on plate 272 showing the two colors referred to. Not uncommon
+in the forest from June till September, but far more rare than _a_:
+always well-marked, with no other forms associated.
+
+
+3. Form _c_, _F. laevis_ Pers.
+
+This is a still more specialized type of the group. The fructification
+is usually small, smooth, about an inch in diameter and sometimes nearly
+as thick; the cortex rusty brown, enduring, persisting often when all
+the sporiferous grayish mass has been distributed through chinks, or
+from below. The figure 2 on plate X. shows this form. This also is a
+forest species, is autumnal rather, but may be taken sometimes as early
+as July. The cortex is not at all porose or spongy, in color reddish or
+brown, fragile indeed, but not to the touch, in the herbarium enduring
+for years.
+
+4. Form _d_, _F. flava_ Pers.
+
+PLATE X, Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+This is hardly _F. flava_ of Persoon; rather of Morgan who uses
+Persoon's specific designation. Persoon cites Bolton's fig. CXXXIV,
+which is yellow indeed but is the ordinary presentation of _F. septica_.
+The form here considered is remarkable for its delicacy; extremely thin,
+perhaps one layer only of overlying elongate flexuous sporangia(?),
+covered by the merest shadow of a cortex in the form of yellow dust,
+soon lost: the capillitial structure yellow throughout; occurring upon
+fallen logs in moist dark woods; not common.
+
+5. Form _e_, _F. violacea_ Pers.
+
+Plasmodium (Morgan _teste_) dark red, or wine-colored; the aethalium
+thin, two or three inches wide, covered by a cortex at first dull red
+and very soft, at length almost wholly vanishing, so that the entire
+mass takes on a purple-violet tint, upper surface varied with white;
+capillitium rather open, the more or less inflated, large, irregular
+nodes joined by long, slender, delicate, transparent filaments; spores
+dark violet, minutely roughened, spherical, about 7.5  mu.
+
+Ohio, Tennessee. Probably everywhere, but not distinguished from 1.
+
+Professor Morgan, who gave the genus under consideration much attention,
+regarded _F. violacea_ as a form particularly well-defined. What the
+value of plasmodic color as a specific character in general, and how far
+such character is in the present case definitive, because constant, are
+points yet to be determined.
+
+
+4. FULIGO INTERMEDIA _Macbr. n. s._
+
+Aethalium two to three cm. in greatest diameter, .5-1 cm. thick, covered
+with a thin, fragile, but not calcareous, greyish or brownish cortex;
+the spore-mass grey or violaceous-grey, firm, not at all sooty, the
+sporangia intricate, their walls more or less calcareous; capillitium
+not conspicuous; spores globose, pale purple, slightly roughened, 10-12
+ mu.
+
+This form has been repeatedly sent me from Denver, Colorado, by
+Professor Bethel. I have refrained from publishing it, still anxious to
+believe that all fuligos on the face of the earth were of one species.
+In the species next following it must be admitted that the
+spore-variations are too wide to remain comfortably under shelter of a
+single specific name. The present species is not _F. septica_, neither
+is it _F. megaspora_; it is _F. intermedia_.
+
+Colorado; Iowa.
+
+
+5. FULIGO MEGASPORA _Sturg._
+
+  1913. _Fuligo megaspora_ Sturg., _Col. Coll. Pub._, p. 443.
+
+Aethalium pulvinate one to three inches in diameter, covered with a thick
+spongy incrustation of lime, white or yellowish toward the base:
+sporangia convolute, the walls membranous, brittle, charged throughout
+with round white granules of lime, 1.5-2  mu in diameter: columella none:
+capillitium of delicate, colorless, anastomosing tubules, bearing toward
+the center large, white, branching calcareous nodules; spores spherical,
+or somewhat oval, dark purple-brown, rough-tuberculate, 15-20  mu.
+
+This species differs as pointed out by Professor Sturgis, chiefly in the
+character of the spores, their unusual size and roughness.[18]
+
+Colorado; Africa!--_Robert Fries._
+
+
+=EXTRA-LIMITAL=
+
+
+=Erionema= _Penzig_
+
+  1898. _Erionema_ Penzig, _Die Myx. d. Fl. v. Beutenzorg_, p. 36.
+
+Sporangia plasmodiocarpous but distinct, cylindrical; capillitium
+intricate, elastic; nodules few.
+
+
+1. ERIONEMA AUREUM _Penzig_
+
+  1898. _Erionema aureum_ Penz. _l. c._
+
+Sporangia elongate, clustered, pendulous, yellow or grayish yellow,
+generally stipitate on long flaccid stalks, or sessile and interlacing:
+stipes yellow, blending with the hypothallus; capillitium intricate,
+expanding at maturity after the manner of _Arcyria_ to several times the
+sporangial length, the nodules small, yellow; spores nearly smooth,
+violaceous-brown, 5-6  mu.
+
+This unique form is near the fuligos which it resembles, especially when
+sessile, in its intricate sporangia. The spores also are those of the
+common _Fuligo septica_. The habit is however entirely different. Mr.
+Fetch describes clusters in Ceylon, hanging free, four to six cm. in
+length!
+
+
+=2. Badhamia= (_Berkeley_) _Rost._
+
+  1852. _Badhamia_ Berkeley, _Trans. Linn. Soc._, XXI., p. 153.
+  1875. _Badhamia_ Rostafinski, _Monograph_, p. 139.
+
+Sporangia simple; peridial wall simple, thin, breaking irregularly;
+capillitium formed of abundant, richly anastomosing tubules, filled
+throughout their entire length with calcareous granules; the nodes often
+feebly represented; stipe poorly developed or wanting entirely;
+columella, except in forms sometimes assigned to the sub-genus
+_Scyphium_, poorly developed or none; spores frequently adherent in
+clusters.
+
+    The whole genus calls for careful and protracted study; and the
+    present so-called species are like something new on the world;
+    as full of vagaries as though but just entered upon their
+    phylogenetic race.
+
+This genus is closely related to _Physarum_, but differs in having the
+capillitium calcareous throughout. Forms occur and are included here, in
+which the capillitium, especially in some parts, is physarum-like,
+physaroid. Nevertheless, the distinctions hold good as a rule, and are
+at once diagnostic.
+
+In capillitial differentiation the badhamias are definite and beautiful.
+The net in a typical species, as _B. papaveracea_, is throughout
+uniformly evenly tubular, the calcareous deposits delicate in the
+extreme, presenting, as the spores disappear, an elegant trabecular
+structure as if to support the persisting peridium if not the original
+content. In other forms the capillitium is physaroid, with swollen
+nodes, but heavily calcareous but not quite throughout. _Badhamia_,
+_Physarum_, _Tilmadoche_, _Craterium_ present a consistent group, of
+which _Physarum_ is the generalized expression.
+
+Berkeley's idea of the genus was expressed as follows: "Peridium naked
+or furfuraceous. Spores in groups, enclosed, at first, in a hyaline
+sack." Rostafinski, while accepting Berkeley's generic name, redefined
+it, emphasized the calcareous capillitium, and made reference to the
+spore-adherence only to assert that Berkeley's description was, in this
+particular, based on mistaken observation. In some species, the spores
+do, in fact, show a tendency to cling together, a characteristic which
+Badham was perhaps first to notice; but that this is occasioned by their
+being surrounded by a sac or common pellicle has not been proved nor
+even suggested, by any subsequent investigator. Berkeley's genus was
+therefore founded upon a slight mistake; but we may conserve his rights
+in the premises if we write _Badhamia_ (Berk.) Rost., and so keep
+history straight.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Badhamia=
+
+  _A._ Spores ovoid or ellipsoidal
+
+     _a._ Spores free                                   1. _B. ovispora_
+
+     _b._ Spores adherent                             2. _B. versicolor_
+
+  _B._ Spores spherical
+
+     _a._ Sporangia yellow
+
+          i. Spores free                               3. _B. decipiens_
+
+         ii. Spores adhering                              4. _B. nitens_
+
+     _b._ Sporangia grey, spores free
+
+          i. Always sessile                              5. _B. panicea_
+
+         ii. Stalked, at least some of them
+
+              O Stipe when present black
+
+                 + Globose, small .5 mm.                 6. _B. affinis_
+
+                ++ Larger, spores strongly spinulose  7. _B. macrocarpa_
+
+               +++ Discoidal or annulate              8. _B. orbiculata_
+
+             OO Stipes membranous yellowish
+
+                 + Stipes long, sporangia iridescent       9. _B. magna_
+
+                ++ Stipes short or none; iridescent   10. _B. foliicola_
+
+     _c._ Sporangia grey, spores adherent
+
+          i. Stipe when present yellowish
+
+              + Wall iridescent, spores uniformly
+                  marked                           11. _B. utricularis_
+
+             ++ More calcareous, spores strongly
+                  marked on one side                12. _B. capsulifera_
+
+            +++ Colorado, spores anon barred          13. _B. populina_
+
+         ii. Stipe when present black              14. _B. papaveracea_
+
+     _d._ Sporangia brown, lilacine
+
+          i. Sessile                                  15. _B. lilacina_
+
+         ii. Stipitate, columellate                 16. _B. rubiginosa_
+
+
+1. BADHAMIA OVISPORA _Racib._
+
+  1884. _Badhamia ovispora_ Racib., _Myx. Ag. Cracov._, XII., p. 72.
+
+Sporangia sessile depressed-globose or plasmodiocarpous, white or
+ochraceous, covered by dense calcareous scales; capillitium white, the
+lime-granules sometimes aggregate at the center to form a
+pseudo-columella; spores not adhering, brownish-purple ellipsoidal, 8 x
+10-10 x 15  mu.
+
+Reported from Bohemia, England, Pennsylvania.
+
+
+2. BADHAMIA VERSICOLOR _Lister_.
+
+  1901. _Badhamia versicolor_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XXXIX., p. 81.
+  1911. _Badhamia versicolor_ List., _Mycetozoa 2nd ed._, p. 35.
+
+Sporangia scattered or clustered, minute, .3-.5 mm., grey or
+flesh-colored, sessile, the calcareous deposits slight; capillitium
+white or apricot-colored; spores ovoid, 8 x 10-9 x 12  mu, clustered,
+purplish, and warted at the broader end, elsewhere colorless and smooth.
+
+This little species, as it comes to us, is grey, very uneven in size,
+.2-.5 mm. and generally irregular in form and habit, perhaps scarce
+mature. The capillitium is white, physaroid. The spores furnish the
+distinguishing character. Sometimes globose, about 9-10. They are most
+of them definitely and permanently affected in shape by the fact of
+cluster-association, narrower in the direction of the cluster center.
+The indications are that these may become globose with maturity.
+
+Colorado,--_Bethel_; Scotland.
+
+
+3. BADHAMIA DECIPIENS (_Curtis_) _Berk._
+
+  1848. _Physarum decipiens_ Curtis, _Am. Jour. Sci._, VI., p. 352.
+  1873. _Badhamia decipiens_ Berk., _Grev._, II., p. 66.
+  1873. _Physarum chrysotrichum_ Berk. & C., Grev. II., p. 66.
+  1876. _Badhamia chrysotricha_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., _App._, p. 4.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, depressed-spherical or ovate, sessile,
+occasionally plasmodiocarpous, dull yellow, roughened by the rather
+large numerous calcareous scales; columella none; capillitium dull
+orange, strongly calcareous, only slightly widened at the nodes;
+spore-mass black; spores pale violet, minutely spinulose, free, 10-12  mu.
+
+Among badhamias this and the next species are at once distinguished by
+the color. If the brief description (_Grev._, II., p. 66) can be
+regarded as defining anything, this is the same as _P. chrysotrichum_
+Berk. & C. It resembles somewhat _P. serpula_ Morg., but differs
+externally in color and in the surface scales, which are not perceptible
+in the _Physarum_. The present species also resembles _Cienkowskia
+reticulata_ (Schw.) Rost., but has a different capillitium. See under
+that species.
+
+Chiefly eastern and American. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, South
+Carolina; reported recently also from Sweden and Germany.
+
+
+4. BADHAMIA NITENS Berk.
+
+  1852. _Badhamia nitens_ Berk., _Trans. Linn. Soc._, XXI., p. 153.
+  1863. _Badhamia inaurata_ Currey, _Trans. Linn. Soc._, XXIV., p. 156.
+  1873. _Badhamia nitens_ Berk., Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 3.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or closely crowded, globose or depressed-globose,
+.5-1 mm. in diameter, yellow or greenish yellow, rugulose, sessile;
+capillitium yellow, forming an open net with occasional thickenings at
+the nodes; spores clustered, delicately roughened, violaceous-brown,
+10-12  mu.
+
+This much resembles the preceding species except in the clustered
+spores, and more commonly aggregate habit. The spores, as usual when
+clustered, are conspicuously echinulate on the outer side. This did not
+escape the notice of the author of the species, _op. cit._
+
+Colorado, Oregon. Reported from West Indies, Ceylon, various parts of
+Europe.
+
+
+5. BADHAMIA PANICEA (Fries) Rost.
+
+  1829. _Physarum paniceum_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 141.
+  1873. _Badhamia panicea_ (Fr.) Rost., Fuckel, _Sym. Myc. Nachtr._,
+           2, p. 71.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or aggregated in closely compacted clusters,
+globose or hemispherical, sessile, the peridium thin, transparent,
+thickly dotted with white calcareous scales; stipe none; columella none,
+although a pseudo-columella sometimes appears, formed by a more dense
+development of the capillitium near the centre of the sporangium below;
+capillitium abundantly developed, quite uniformly thickened, but showing
+an occasional delicate connecting thread, the nodes also somewhat
+flattened and enlarged; spore-mass black; spores by transmitted light,
+bright violaceous-brown, minutely roughened, 10-13  mu. Plasmodium is said
+to be white.
+
+In America this seems to be a purely western species. Specimens are
+before us from western Iowa and from Colorado, South Dakota, Nevada, and
+Southern California. It is very well marked, though liable perhaps to be
+mistaken at first sight for sessile phases of _P. notabile_ or _P.
+cinereum_. The capillitium is, however, at once determinative. Colorado;
+_Bethel_. Europe generally.
+
+
+6. BADHAMIA AFFINIS _Rost._
+
+  1875. BADHAMIA AFFINIS Rost., _Mon._, p. 143.
+
+Sporangia aggregated, cespitose and sessile, or sometimes stipitate,
+depressed above, flat or umbilicate below, the wall grayish white,
+rugulose, and more or less calcareous-scaly; the stipe when present
+erect or sometimes nodding, black or brownish black; hypothallus scanty;
+columella none; capillitium not abundant, white, the nodes somewhat
+expanded; spores globose, minutely roughened, violet-brown, large, 16-17
+ mu.
+
+Chiefly on moss, the pale ashen sporangia generally very small, mounted
+on the tips of the leaves, sometimes sessile, sometimes with a distinct
+black stipe in which case the peridium is distinctly umbilicate.
+Specimens from Kansas referred here have the stipe pale, rugose, long,
+about twice the sporangium; habitat bark.
+
+Rare. New York, Ohio, Kansas; more recently reported from Scotland and
+Japan.
+
+There is nothing new to be added here; nor appears any other place to
+which such material as we have may be referred. New collections no doubt
+will one day appear, when the identity may, let us hope, be made secure.
+
+Meantime we have a form closely related which may be entered as
+
+
+BADHAMIA IOWENSIS _Macbr. n. s._
+
+Sporangia gregarious or loosely scattered, depressed globose, .4-.6 mm.
+in diameter, stipitate, grey, flecked by rather prominent but small
+rounded calcareous scales: the stipe short, half the diameter of the
+sporangium, black or very dark brown, without hypothallus but widening
+above into a shallow expanded base for the sporangia; columella none:
+capillitium dull yellow, sometimes white, strongly calcareous,
+physaroid, heavy; spores free, dark brown in mass, pale violet by
+transmitted light, minutely verruculose, the tiny warts in some areas
+more densely placed, producing evident shadowy spots, 10-11  mu.
+
+This interesting little species occurs on the lower surface of fallen
+logs, blocks, etc., in colonies of considerable extent, hundreds of
+sporangia in a place. The capillitium is comparable to that of _B.
+decipiens_ or _B. panicea_; it is physaroid to the extent that an
+occasional filament may be found non-calcic, and not typically
+badhamioid as in _B. papaveracea_, _B. macrocarpa_. The sporangial base
+persists, dark brown, bearing traces of the clumsy capillitium, but no
+columella real or simulated. Blackhawk Co., Iowa; _communicavit Dr.
+Jessie Parish_. See Plate XX., 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_.
+
+Reddish or roseate forms sometimes appear in colonies otherwise as
+described. It differs from _B. affinis_ in the size and character of the
+spores, in color and character of the capillitium, habit and surface
+markings.
+
+
+7. BADHAMIA MACROCARPA (_Ces._) _Rost._
+
+  1855. _Physarum macrocarpon_ Cesati, _Flora_, XXXVIII., p. 271.
+  1875. _Badhamia macrocarpa_ (Ces.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 143.
+
+Sporangia scattered or closely aggregate, crowded globose or
+sub-globose, generally sessile, rugulose, white; the peridium
+membranous, white above, below yellowish or brown; capillitium not
+abundant, thoroughly calcareous, the nodes broad, conspicuous, the
+connecting tubules rigid; columella none; hypothallus scant or none;
+spore-mass black, spores non-adherent, by transmitted light bright clear
+brown, thickly spinulose all over, large spherical, 12-15  mu.
+
+Closely resembles externally _B. panicea_, but is easily distinguished
+by larger and remarkably _spinulose_ spores, in this particular
+unrivalled in the entire genus. European authors describe both sessile
+and stipitate forms. American specimens generally are sessile and for
+the most part closely crowded, almost heaped; but--Prof. Bethel finds
+this in winter everywhere on fallen rotting stems of Opuntia and on the
+bases of dead Yucca leaves, still attached. Associated with the typical
+phase and often _occurring alone on the Yucca_ leaves is a discoidal
+form which when first sent in (1908) was called var. _gracilis_.
+Presented alone to one ignorant of its history and associations, it
+would surely pass for a distinct species. This stalked phase is very
+delicate; the stipe pale brown, or yellow. See Plate II., Fig. 9. See
+also Sturgis _Col. Coll. Pub._ XII., 408.
+
+
+8. BADHAMIA ORBICULATA _Rex._
+
+PLATE XIV., Fig. 4.
+
+  1893. _Badhamia orbiculata_ Rex. _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 372.
+  1894. _Badhamia macrocarpa Rost._, Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 34
+           (in part).
+  1911. _Badhamia orbiculata_ Rex., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 37
+
+Sporangia stipitate or sessile, orbicular discoidal, irregularly
+elongated or plasmodiocarpous, averaging about 1 mm. in width, generally
+stipitate, and when stipitate, flattened or depressed above, plane or
+slightly umbilicate below; the peridium simple, more or less translucent
+from the varying number of innate granules, sometimes covered with
+circular flat masses of lime, gray except the point of attachment to the
+stipe which is brown; stipe short, black, rough, plicate; capillitium
+dense at the centre, radiant at the periphery where it meets the
+sporangial wall, white; spores violaceous black, minutely warted, 12-15
+ mu.
+
+This is a beautiful species, easily known by its discoidal or almost
+annulate sporangia mounted upon short dark black stipes. The stipe in
+western collections is sometimes very short, but generally suffices to
+raise the sporangium, a little at least, above the substratum. Sessile
+and plasmodiocarpous forms do occur with the typical stipitate phase,
+but may be regarded here as elsewhere as indicative of incomplete
+development. Plasmodium cream-colored, or pale yellow.
+
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, Colorado.
+
+
+9. BADHAMIA MAGNA _Peck._
+
+PLATE XIV., Fig. 1.
+
+  1871. _Dictydium magnum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. State Mus._, XXIV., p. 84.
+  1879. _Badhamia magna_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. State Mus._, XXXI., p. 56.
+  1894. _Badhamia macrocarpa Rost._, Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 34,
+           in part.
+  1892. _Bahamia varia_ Mass. _Mon. Myxog._, p. 319, in part.
+  1894. _Badhamia magna_ Peck, List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 33.
+  1899. _Badhamia capsulifera_ (Berk.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 68.
+  1911. _Badhamia magna_ Peck, Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 34.
+
+Sporangia globose or ellipsoid, .7-1 mm., pale iridescent, stipitate;
+peridium thin with slight calcareous deposits, rugulose, opening
+irregularly, white; stipe long flaccid, straw-colored; capillitium an
+elegant uniform net, its threads stiffened by slight deposits of lime,
+the nodes little thickened, badhamioid; spores free, dusky with a shade
+of violet, minutely spinulose, about 10  mu.
+
+This beautiful species closely resembles some forms of _B. utricularis_
+from which it differs chiefly in its unclustered smooth spores. _B.
+foliicola_ as recognized here is hardly more than a smaller,
+short-stemmed form of this; see species next following.
+
+Not rare in the eastern United States and Canada; Iowa. Seems to take
+the place of _B. capsulifera_ of Europe.
+
+
+10. BADHAMIA FOLIICOLA _Lister_.
+
+  1897. _Badhamia foliicola_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XXXV., p. 209.
+  1911. _Badhamia foliicola_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 34.
+
+"Plasmodium orange." Sporangia smaller, about .5-.6 mm., globose or
+ellipsoidal, iridescent-gray, stipitate or sessile, the peridium thin,
+rugulose, sparingly calcareous, when empty white; the stipe when present
+short but yellowish, of the flaccid sort; capillitium badhamioid; spores
+free, delicately spinulescent, dusky-violaceous, about 12-13  mu.
+
+This has been so far collected but once, on the shores of Lake Okoboji.
+It was developed, no doubt, on the natural debris of a bur-oak prairie
+border, and went to fruit on the leaves, stems, and fruiting spikes of a
+species of _Setaria_. It may prove to be different from the _B.
+foliicola_ of Europe; future collections and study must reveal that.
+Meantime it seems wise to refer it here.
+
+The color of the plasmodium is quoted from Miss Lister; a fact of some
+importance only when constant and confirmed by other criteria.
+
+Iowa; Toronto,--_Miss Currie._
+
+
+11. BADHAMIA UTRICULARIS (_Bull._) _Berk._
+
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus utricularis_ Bull., _Champ._, p. 128, t. 417,
+           Fig. 1.
+  1826. _Physarum utriculare_ Chev., _Fl. Paris_, I., p. 337.
+  1829. _Physarum utriculare_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 139.
+  1852. _Badhamia utricularis_ (Bull.) Berk., _Tr. Linn. Soc._, XXI.,
+           p. 153.
+
+Sporangia clustered, spherical or ovoid, large, sessile or mounted on
+long, thin, strand-like stalks, blue-gray, violet-iridescent or
+cinereous, smooth or more often rugulose; the stipes when present poorly
+differentiated, as if thread-like filaments and strips of the
+plasmodium, often branched and always reclining or even prostrate;
+hypothallus none; capillitium a large-meshed open network of rather
+slender tubules, the nodes unequally developed, white with the enclosed
+lime; spores not strictly adherent though not without some tendency to
+stick together, delicately warted, bright violet-brown, 10-12  mu.
+
+This species resembles _B. capsulifera_, but is distinguished by a more
+strongly rugulose less calcareous peridium and a more profuse
+development of filamentous stipes, but especially by the character of
+the spores. The spores of the present species while inclined, when
+mounted in a liquid, to stay together, nevertheless do not coalesce in
+heaps as in the related species, nor do they show any differentiation in
+the episporic markings, these being uniform over the entire spore.
+
+This is one of the finest and perhaps the most beautiful species of this
+fine genus. It is a forest species, generally to be found on trunks of
+fallen _Populus_ or _Tilia_ where the fine soft gray colonies often
+spread for several inches along the ridges and in crevices of the bark.
+
+Colorado (_Bethel_); Mississippi valley and east.
+
+
+12. BADHAMIA CAPSULIFERA (_Bull._) _Berkeley_.
+
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus capsulifer_ Bull., _Champ._, p. 139, t. 470,
+           Fig. 2.
+  1801. _Physarum hyalinum_ Pers., _Syn. Meth. Fung._, p. 170.
+  1852. _Badhamia capsulifera_ Berk., _Tr. Lin. Soc._, XXI., p. 153.
+  1852. _Badhamia hyalina_ Berk., _Tr. Lin. Soc._, XXI., p. 153.
+  1875. _Badhamia hyalina_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 139.
+  1875. _Badhamia capsulifera_ (Bull.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 141.
+  1894. _Badhamia hyalina_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 30.
+  1911. _Badhamia capsulifera_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 31.
+
+Sporangia clustered or gregarious, sessile or sometimes stipitate,
+globose or obovoid, gray or greenish white, snow-white when empty; the
+peridium thin, translucent; the stipe, when present, as in _B.
+utricularis_, although generally shorter and better developed, yellow or
+straw colored; capillitium a very loose, open network of white,
+lime-filled tubules, not much expanded at the nodes; columella none;
+spore-mass purplish-brown; spores adhering in clusters of five or six to
+twenty or more, globose, but affected somewhat by mutual pressure, rough
+throughout, the exposed surface in the cluster, more distinctly warted,
+10-12  mu.
+
+This is _Badhamia hyalina_ (Pers.) Berk., Rost., _Mon._, p. 139; but
+Rostafinski himself admits that the two species, here united, as he
+defined them, are very much alike, having "the same spores and
+capillitium", differing in the form of the sporangium, an inconstant
+feature. Bulliard's name has precedence; his descriptions of this and
+the preceding species are remarkable.
+
+The peculiarly adherent spores distinguish the species from _B.
+utricularis_; and the sporangia sessile or with short but strand-like
+stipes, distinguish it from _B. papaveracea_.
+
+The description above is for the typical European form. Lister expresses
+doubt whether this occurs in the United States. The form from Iowa which
+is the basis for the inclusion of the species in N. A. S. is, we
+believe, nothing else than _B. capsulifera_ (Bull.) Berk. The form
+approaches _B. populina_ as this is presented in Colorado. The Iowa
+specimens are white, aggregate, superimposed, etc., but have the
+capillitium and spores exactly as described for the type. Accordingly
+_B. populina_ as this occurs in Colorado has been for years referred to
+the Berkeley species. The thicker more strongly calcareous peridia
+constitute, as would appear, the principal difference in the forms from
+Colorado. See next species.
+
+
+13. BADHAMIA POPULINA _List._
+
+  1904. _Badhamia populina_ List. _Jour. Bot._, XLII., p. 129.
+  1911. _Badhamia populina_ List. _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 32.
+
+Plasmodium white; sporangia sessile, crowded, heaped, large, 1.5 mm.,
+rarely stipitate, globose or ovoid, white; stipe when present brown;
+capillitial strands broad, calcareous; spores clustered, 16-20 in a
+cluster, purple-brown, roughened and sometimes marked by obscure ridges
+and bands, 10-12  mu.
+
+Generally distinguishable by its unusually large calcareous, white
+sporangia. The peridia are strongly calcareous, shell-like in texture.
+In some cases the color is tinted with rose.
+
+This species is very near _B. capsulifera_ as recognized in the United
+States. When white the Colorado material corresponds almost exactly with
+the forms collected in Iowa, and regarded as representing the species
+just named. The Colorado gatherings are more strongly calcareous and the
+spores sometimes present the variations named. "The Colorado phase of
+the American form."
+
+Colorado,--_Bethel_. Europe?
+
+
+14. BADHAMIA PAPAVERACEA _Berk. & Rav._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 6, 6_a_, and 6_b_.
+
+  1873. _Badhamia papaveracea_ Berk. & Rav., _Grev._, II., p. 66.
+  1894. _Badhamia hyalina_ var. _papaveracea_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_,
+           p. 30.
+  1899. _Badhamia papaveracea_ Berk. & Rav., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 69.
+  1911. _Badhamia papaveracea_ Berk. & Rav., List., _Mycetozoa,
+           2nd ed._, p. 32.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, large, stipitate, iridescent-gray; the
+peridium thin, translucent, and containing but little calcareous
+deposits, smooth or slightly rugulose; stipe very short, but generally
+distinct, black or very dark brown; hypothallus none; capillitium a
+network of large meshes with expanded nodes, prominent, white,
+persistent after the spores have been blown away; spore-mass deep brown;
+spores adherent as in _B. capsulifera_, marked in much the same way, and
+about the same size, 10-12.5  mu
+
+Distinguished by its short, dark, stipe and adherent spores.
+
+Not common. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, South Carolina,
+Wisconsin, Iowa.
+
+
+15. BADHAMIA LILACINA (_Fries_) _Rost._
+
+  1829. _Physarum lilacinum_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 141.
+  1875. _Badhamia lilacina_ (Fries) Rost., _Mon._, p. 145.
+  1892. _Craterium lilacinum_ Mass., _Mon._, p. 271.
+  1894. _Badhamia lilacina_ (Fr.) Rost., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 34.
+  1911. _Badhamia lilacina_ (Fr.) Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, 2nd ed.,
+           p. 38.
+
+Sporangia globose, sub-globose, or obconical, sessile, gregarious or
+more or less clustered, supported by a thin, continuous, transparent
+hypothallus; the peridium smooth pale, lilac-brown without, white
+within; stipe none, although some sporangia have a narrowed base;
+columella none, the pseudo-columella formed by a more densely aggregated
+capillitium near the base; capillitium dense, white, strongly nodulose;
+spore-mass black; spores dark, violaceous-brown by transmitted light,
+distinctly warted, or reticulate, the reticulations resembling somewhat
+those of some of the trichias, as _T. affinis_, 10-15  mu.
+
+Easily recognizable, generally at sight, by its peculiar color. White
+forms, however, occur; often lilac-tinted and white from the same
+plasmodium. A perfectly white colony seems to be rare. Both colors are
+shown in specimens distributed. _N. A. F._, 2494.
+
+Common eastward, Ontario, New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, etc. Not
+reported west of the Mississippi River.
+
+Whatever the color, the spores are in every case positively diagnostic.
+The episporic markings are unlike those of any other species in the
+present order. Dr. Rex describes some New York forms as provided with a
+short but distinct stipe. Such forms resemble externally _Scyphium
+rubiginosum_ (Chev.) Rost. The hypothallus is also unique. V. next
+species.
+
+
+16. BADHAMIA RUBIGINOSA (_Chev._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE X., Figs. 1, 1_a_, 1_b_, 1_c_.
+
+  1826. _Physarum rubiginosum_ Chev., _Fl. Par._, p. 338.
+  1872. _Craterium obovatum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXVI., p. 75.
+  1875. _Scyphium rubiginosum_ (Chev.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 148.
+  1876. _Badhamia rubiginosa_ (Chev.) Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 5.
+  1892. _Craterium rubiginosum_ Massee, _Mon._, p. 270.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, obovoid, grayish brown, stipitate, the peridium
+simple, membranous, above thin, pale, more or less calcareous below,
+more persistent blending with the stipe; stipe erect, reddish brown or
+purplish, expanded below into a small hypothallus, above, prolonged
+within the sporangia more than half its height as a definite columella;
+capillitium very dense, snow white, long persistent with the lower
+two-thirds of the sporangial wall; spore-mass dark brown; spores by
+transmitted light, dark violet or purple-brown, minutely roughened or
+spinulose, not adherent, 12-14  mu.
+
+This is probably the most common badhamia in the country and in the
+world. It is found every year, in the woods, on masses of decaying
+leaves, especially those of various species of oak. The plasmodium is
+yellow. The fructifications are very distinct, not likely to be
+mistaken for those of any other species; the stipes constitute a very
+prominent feature in every gathering I have seen. Sometimes these are
+more or less coalescent, especially toward the base, where they are apt
+to be also wrinkled or longitudinally striate; in other specimens the
+stipes are well differentiated, long, terete, with little or no
+hypothallus.
+
+_Badhamia curtisii_ (Berk.) Rost. is according to Lister (Mon., p. 35) a
+sessile phase of this species. The only specimens known are in the
+herbarium of Berkeley, now at Kew. The species is based upon a gathering
+from S. Carolina. Berkeley thought it a didymium, called it _D.
+curtisii_.
+
+Reported from western Europe; the typical form abundant in the forested
+regions of eastern N. America, especially in the Mississippi valley.
+
+
+17. BADHAMIA SUBAQUILA _Macbr._
+
+  1899. _Badhamia subaquila_ Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 64.
+
+Sporangia closely gregarious or crowded, globose or sub-globose,
+sessile, brown, the peridium a thin but persistent brown membrane,
+rupturing above irregularly and remaining as a cup after spore
+dispersal; hypothallus none; capillitium strongly developed, thoroughly
+calcareous, the meshes large, the nodular thickenings broad, white;
+spores globose, in mass black, by transmitted light brown, very
+rough-warted, large, 15-18  mu.
+
+The variety is founded on material sent from Maine by the late Mr. F. L.
+Harvey. Professor Harvey, upon the authority of Mr. Morgan of Ohio,
+quotes the species, _Bull. Tor. Bot. Club_, 24, 67, as _B. verna_
+(Somm.) Rost. But the specimens certainly do not conform to description
+of _B. verna_. Here the wall corresponds with what is seen in _B.
+rubiginosa_; but the spores are much larger, and the capillitial
+structure very different.
+
+Miss Lister regards this a form of No. 16. So far, the original
+gathering represents the species; but the woods of Maine are certain one
+day to send added information.
+
+Rare. On mossy logs, Maine.
+
+
+=3. Physarum= (_Persoon_) _Rost._
+
+  1794.[19] _Physarum_ Pers., _Rom. Neu. Mag. f. d. Bot._, I., p. 88,
+               in part.
+  1795. _Physarum_ Pers., _Ust. Ann. Bot._, XV., p. 5, in part.
+  1801. _Physarum_ Pers., _Syn. Fung._, p. 168, in part.
+  1829. _Physarum_ (Pers.) Fries, _Syst. Myc._, II., p. 127, in part.
+  1875. _Physarum_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 93.
+
+Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, aethalioid or distinct; the peridium usually
+simple, sometimes double, irregularly dehiscent, more or less definitely
+calcareous; capillitium a uniform irregular net, dilated and calcareous
+at the nodes, adherent on all sides to the peridial wall.
+
+This large and cosmopolitan genus is readily recognized by the
+characters quoted. It may be added that the capillitial threads are
+always exceedingly delicate, probably tubular, but never filled with
+lime throughout; the peridium may be almost nude or encrusted with lime,
+which, where present, is always amorphous, never crystalline; the
+sporangia when distinct may be either sessile or stipitate, and the
+stipe in the latter case is often hollow and charged with lime. In
+capillitium intermediate between _Leocarpus_ and _Badhamia_, since in
+the first the capillitium is unequally calcareous, diverse, while in
+_Badhamia_ the capillitium is intricate and calcareous throughout.
+
+As first set up by its founder, the genus included diverse forms, only
+one or two of which would be included in the genus as now limited.[20]
+Persoon, however, was left to develop the matter to suit himself, and in
+successive works gave, under this generic name, more and more prominence
+to forms now so referred. Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., pp. 127 _et seq._,
+still better establishes the genus, though still including forms that,
+judging from the description, seem to belong elsewhere. Twenty years
+later Fries revising somewhat his earlier work thought to improve the
+chances of future students by reducing the number of physarums. This he
+would do by setting out certain evidently inter-related forms to make a
+new genus, _Tilmadoche_.
+
+He named two or three species only, leaving his sucessors to add others
+as occasion offered.[21]
+
+Rostafinski approved the good intention of Fries, but in the
+_Monograph_, he entirely re-cast the genus as constituted by Fries;
+actually called the species 'first cited' a typical physarum! Would not
+have it in the new genus at all, first or last; but instead took the
+second species of Fries as the type and added several forms, some from
+the Friesian list, to make up a respectable group.
+
+Until quite recently writers on the subject have generally approved the
+course adopted by the Polish author. The arrangement showed features of
+convenience, even if artificial to a degree. Perhaps we gain advantage
+in all directions if we treat the original genus _Physarum_ as a whole,
+but in the key take advantage of Fries' suggestion. We may write--
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Physarum=
+
+  1. Capillitium irregularly reticulate throughout; calcic
+       nodes various                                          _Physarum_
+
+  2. Capillitium more regular, especially below, furcate;
+       nodes fusoid                                         _Tilmadoche_
+
+
+SECTION I. PHYSARUM
+
+  I. Fructification not stipitate, more or less plasmodiocarpous.
+
+     1. Peridium simple.
+
+      _a._ Calcareous deposits yellow                    1. _P. serpula_
+
+      _b._ Calcareous deposits reddish or orange      2. _P. lateritium_
+
+      _c._ Calcareous deposits white, peridium rugulose   3. _P. vernum_
+
+     2. Peridium double.
+
+      _a._ Fructification flatly compressed             4. _P. sinuosum_
+
+      _b._ Fructification less compressed, rounded.
+
+           i. Outer peridium white                      5. _P. bitectum_
+
+          ii. Outer peridium brown or brown-tinged    6. _P. bogoriense_
+
+         iii. Outer peridium yellow; capillitium yellow  7. _P. alpinum_
+
+  II. Fructification of sporangia more or less distinct.
+
+      A. Sporangia sessile, globose, ovoid, reniform, etc.
+
+         1. Peridium double.
+
+          _a._ Sporangia white, peridium testaceous.     8. _P. diderma_
+
+          _b._ Sporangia tinged with yellow.
+
+               i. Sporangia as if interwoven,
+                    compressed                         9. _P. contextum_
+
+              ii. Sporangia more nearly free, distinct.
+
+                   o Spores pale, inner peridium
+                       brittle                    10. _P. conglomeratum_
+
+                  oo Spores spinulose, dark violet      11. _P. mortoni_
+
+          _c._ Sporangia brown, dehiscence revolute  12. _P. brunneolum_
+
+         2. Peridium simple, calcareous, flaky.
+
+          _a._ Sporangia grey, plasmodiocarpous;
+                 spores dusky, 10-12 forms of 3
+
+          _b._ Sporangia grey, more or less dense;
+                 spores violet, 6-7                    13. _P. cinereum_
+
+          _c._ Calcareous deposits yellow or greenish,
+                 spores 7-9                           14. _P. virescens_
+
+          _d._ Sporangia rusty or reddish brown,
+                 more or less dense                 15. _P. rubiginosum_
+
+          _e._ Sporangia minute, lignicolous,
+                 the fructification much extended
+                 upon a hypothallus, lime deposit
+                 tawny                                16. _P. instratum_
+
+          _f._ Sporangia white, depressed, annulate,
+                 sometimes with short stipes       17. _P. megalosporum_
+
+         3. Peridium simple, not flaky,
+              small .2-.3 mm., heaped                 18. _P. confertum_
+
+      B. Sporangia, at least some of them, stipitate.
+
+       _a._ Sporangia columellate.
+
+            i. Columella small, usually conical.
+
+                O Sporangium yellow.
+
+                   o Columella white                    19. _P. melleum_
+
+                  oo Columella yellow                  20. _P. citrinum_
+
+               OO Sporangium not yellow.
+
+                   o Capillitial mass persistent.
+
+                      + Sporangia globose,
+                          pallid or white          21. _P. globuliferum_
+
+                     ++ Sporangia blue or lilac,
+                          rose, etc.                  22. _P. lilacinum_
+
+                    +++ Sporangia drab or brownish      23. _P. murinum_
+
+                   ++++ Sporangia wine-red         24. _P. pulcherrimum_
+
+                  oo Capillitial-mass less
+                       persistent; orange          25. _P. pulcherripes_
+
+           ii. Columella long, 4-5 the sporangium
+                 non-calcareous.                      26. _P. penetrale_
+
+          iii. Columella large globose              27. _P. luteo-album_
+
+       _b._ Sporangia without columella.
+
+            i. Sporangia nucleate, calcareous at center.
+
+                O Stipe yellow                        28. _P. nucleatum_
+
+               OO Stipe white                        29. _P. wingatense_
+
+           ii. Sporangia non-nucleate.
+
+                O Sporangia purple                      30. _P. newtoni_
+
+               OO Sporangia blue, spotted with red  31. _P. psittacinum_
+
+              OOO Grey or white, iridescent betimes.
+
+                   o Sporangia white, discoidal;
+                       stipe yellow                  32. _P. discoidale_
+
+                  oo Sporangia lightly calcareous,
+                       iridescent, sub-globose,
+                       diam. about = to the stout,
+                       brown, slightly wrinkled
+                       stipe                        33. _P. leucophaeum_
+
+                 ooo Sporangia globose or sub-globose.
+
+                     x. Small, .5 mm.
+
+                         + Stipe erect, clear brown   34. _P. nodulosum_
+
+                        ++ Stipe weak, yellow,
+                             stuffed                  35. _P. maculatum_
+
+                    xx. Larger, lime-capped; stipe
+                          strand-like               36. _P. didermoides_
+
+                   xxx. Stipe snow-white, fragile      37. _P. leucopus_
+
+                  xxxx. Stipe generally distinctly fluted
+
+                         + Sporangia laterally
+                             compressed, fan-shaped  38. _P. compressum_
+
+                        ++ Sporangia typically
+                             globose, umbilicate
+                             below, connate, etc.,
+                             strongly calcareous       39. _P. notabile_
+
+                       +++ Sporangia reniform,
+                             concave below _P. affine_,
+                             see under 38
+
+                      ++++ Sporangia larger, to 1 mm.,
+                             nearly limeless,
+                             iridescent               40. _P. tropicale_
+
+                oooo Sporangia obovate, compound,
+                       clustered, the stipe fuscous,
+                       fluted, short.              41. _P. nicaraguense_
+
+             OOOO Sporangia yellow, rarely iridescent or brown.
+
+                   o Capillitial nodes white.
+
+                     x. Stipe also white             42. _P. sulphureum_
+
+                    xx. Stipe flesh-colored,
+                          spores smaller                43. _P. carneum_
+
+                   xxx. Stipe red or reddish brown  44. _P. citrinellum_
+
+                  xxxx. Stipe yellowish, flaccid,
+                          sporangia leocarpine        45. _P. albescens_
+
+                 xxxxx. Stipe very short or none,
+                          sporangia cylindric, brown  46. _P. variabile_
+
+                  oo Capillitium nodes yellow or orange-yellow.
+
+                     x. Badhamioid,
+                          larger,--to .8 mm.       47. _P. auriscalpium_
+
+                    xx. Physaroid, base persistent      48. _P. oblatum_
+
+                 ooo Capillitium nodes pure yellow.
+
+                     x. Capillitial threads yellow      49. _P. galbeum_
+
+                    xx. Capillitial threads hyaline     50. _P. tenerum_
+
+                   xxx. Peridium iridescent.
+
+                         + Capillitium persistent    51. _P. flavicomum_
+
+                        ++ Capillitium less
+                             persistent, larger        52. _P. bethelii_
+
+
+  SECTION II. TILMADOCHE
+
+  I. Aethalioid, gyrose or irregular                     53. _P. gyrosum_
+
+  II. Fructification stipitate.
+
+      1. Sporangia irregular, often convolute,
+           involved                                54. _P. polycephalum_
+
+      2. Sporangia simple, nutant, discoidal.
+
+       _a._ Thin-walled, grey or white.                  55. _P. nutans_
+
+       _b._ Vari-colored, yellow, greenish,
+              orange, etc.                               56. _P. viride_
+
+
+1. PHYSARUM SERPULA _Morgan._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 6, 6_a_, and 6_b_.
+
+  1831. _Physarum reticulatum_ Alb. & Schw., Schweinitz, _N. A. F._,
+           No. 2295.
+  1885. _Physarum gyrosum_ (Rost.) Wingate, Ellis, _N. A. F._, No. 1396.
+  1892. _Physarum gyrosum_ Rost., Massee, _Mon._, p. 307.
+  1892. _Cienkowskia reticulata_ Rost, Macbr., _Bull. Nat. Hist. Iowa_,
+           II., 2, p. 150.
+  1894. _Badhamia decipiens_ Berk., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 33, in part.
+  1896. _Physarum serpula_ Morg., _Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist._, p. 101.
+  1899. _Physarum serpula_ Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 29.
+  1911. _Physarum serpula_ Morg., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 81.
+
+Plasmodiocarp repent, reticulate, forming anon lines, circles, dots,
+etc., venulose pale yellow, ochraceous, at length whitish, the peridium
+thin, membranaceous, simple, fragile, but withal persistent, below
+united with a hypothallus which is more or less widely produced;
+capillitium rather scant, but abundantly charged with polygonal nodules
+of lime, yellow; spore-mass black; the spores, by transmitted light,
+violaceous, warted, globose, 10-13  mu. Plasmodium, at maturity,
+greenish-yellow.
+
+A very distinct species not likely to be confused with anything else,
+although in description, so far as concerns external characters,
+suggesting _Cienkowskia reticulata_. The two forms are not at all alike
+when placed side by side. For details as to the difference, see the
+description of the species last mentioned.
+
+Apparently not rare in eastern United States, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
+Ohio, Iowa.
+
+In 1805, Albertini and Schweinitz, _Conspectus Fungorum_, p. 251, t. 7,
+Fig. 2, described as _Physarum reticulatum_, a European form which
+became the basis of Rostafinski's genus _Cienkowskia_; see under that
+genus. Later, 1829, Schweinitz discovered in America a physarum-looking
+specimen which he took to be the same thing, and accordingly placed in
+his herbarium under this name, and entered _N. A. F._ 2295. Rostafinski
+further renamed another Schweinitzian species _Fuligo muscorum_ calling
+it, _Mon._, p. 111, _Physarum gyrosum_. Wingate and Rex apply in Ellis,
+_N. A. F._, this latter name to No. 2295 of Schweinitz. Such a reference
+is a mistake, judging from Rostafinski's descriptions and from the
+description and figure of Albertini and Schweinitz (_Consp. Fung._, p.
+86, t. 7, I), and by the testimony of Lister. For further concerning
+Rostafinski's species, see under _Physarum gyrosum_, p. 111, _Mon._
+
+
+2. PHYSARUM LATERITIUM (_Berk. & Rav._) Rost.
+
+  1873. _Didymium lateritium_ Berk. & Rav., _Grev._, II., p. 65.
+  1875. _Physarum ditmari lateritium_ Rost., _Mon._, _App._, p. 9.
+  1879. _Physarum inequale_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXI., p. 40.
+  1892. _Physarum chrysotrichum_ Berk. & C., Massee, p. 300.
+  1894. _Physarum inequale_ Peck, Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 60.
+  1896. _Physarum lateritium_ (Berk. & Rav.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._,
+           p. 95.
+  1899. _Physarum lateritium_ (Berk. & Rav.) Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 33.
+  1911. _Physarum lateritium_ Morg., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 82.
+
+Plasmodium scarlet. Sporangia gregarious, sessile, globose or
+sub-globose, or sometimes plasmodiocarpous, yellowish or orange,
+everywhere, when fresh, spotted with minute scarlet granules; the
+peridium thin, more or less rugulose; columella none; capillitium
+delicate, generally yellow, with nodules conspicuous, yellow or reddish;
+spores violet-brown in mass, by transmitted light pale violet, minutely
+roughened, 7-9  mu.
+
+A well-marked species easily recognized by the characters cited. The
+extent of lime deposit at the capillitial nodes varies; sometimes very
+little. This accounts for Berkeley's generic reference. On the other
+hand, Lister makes the rounded lime knots "each knot with a red centre
+surrounded by yellow, round, lime-granules" diagnostic. This pied
+condition does not come out in any of our specimens. The capillitium in
+broken specimens soon fades, tends to white, etc.
+
+New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Colorado, and south. Ceylon, Java, Brazil.
+
+
+3. PHYSARUM VERNUM _Somm._
+
+  1829. _Physarum vernum_ Somm., Fries, _Syst. Mycol._, III., p. 146.
+  1875. _Physarum cinereum_ (Batsch), Rost., _Mon._, p. 102, in part.
+  1875. _Badhamia verna_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 145.
+  1894. _Badhamia panicea_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 34.
+  1899. _Physarum cinereum_ (Batsch) Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 34
+          (in part).
+  1911. _Physarum vernum_ Somm., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 75.
+
+"Plasmodium white." Sporangia sessile, generally plasmodiocarpous white,
+nearly smooth; peridium more or less testaceous not scaly, but breaking
+irregularly; capillitium densely calcareous, the nodules angular,
+branching, sometimes united to form a pseudo-columella; spores dusky
+violaceous, rough, 10-12  mu.
+
+Sommerfeldt's description quoted by Fries, _l. c._, evidently concerned
+a less calcareous phase. Fries by his annotation relieves somewhat the
+reader's uncertainty.
+
+Rostafinski calls this a badhamia but describes a physarum, and the form
+has, as is believed, been consistently confused with _P. cinereum_ by
+every student of the group from the days of DeBary until now. In the
+second edition of the _Mycetozoa_, Lister clears the situation by
+transferring the species to _Physarum_, and calling attention to
+spore-dimensions. The fact is, the species in external appearance so
+much resembles _P. cinereum_, that the unaided eye cannot distinguish
+one from the other. Curiously enough, Rostafinski describes the form he
+had before him as "one of the rarest." Doubtless had he gone back to his
+specimens of _P. cinereum_ he had found plenty, for in Europe it seems
+abundant everywhere. In this country it is _P. cinereum_ as now defined,
+that is rarer, although not uncommon. From all connection with
+_Badhamia_, as representing _B. panicea_ it should, as would appear, be
+withdrawn once for all.
+
+
+4. PHYSARUM SINUOSUM (_Bull._) _Weinm._
+
+PLATE VIII., Figs. 6 and 6_a_, and PLATE XIX, Fig. 15.
+
+  1791. _Reticularia sinuosa_ Bulliard, _Champ._, p. 94; t. 446, Fig. 3.
+  1796. _Physarum bivalve_ Persoon, _Obs. Myc._, I., p. 6; t. III.,
+           Fig. 2.
+  1828. _Physarum sinuosum_ Wein., Fries _teste, l. c._
+  1828. _Angioridium sinuosum_ Grev., _Scot. Crypt. Fl._, 310.
+  1829. _Physarum sinuosum_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 145.
+  1875. _Physarum sinuosum_ (Bull.) Rost., _Monograph_, p. 112.
+  1892. _Physarum sinuosum_ Rost., Massee, _Mon._, p. 305.
+  1894. _Physarum bivalve_ Pers., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 57.
+  1896. _Angioridium sinuosum_ (Grev.), Morg., _Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist._,
+           p. 75.
+  1899. _Physarum sinuosum_ (Bull.) Wein., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 28.
+  1911. _Physarum sinuosum_ Wein., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 76.
+
+Sporangia distinct or plasmodiocarpous, the plasmodiocarp creeping in
+long vein-like reticulations or curves, laterally compressed; sometimes
+distinct and crowded, always sessile. Peridium double; the outer thick,
+calcareous, fragile, snow-white; the inner delicate, the dehiscence by
+more or less regular longitudinal fissure. Capillitium strongly
+developed with abundant white, calcareous granules. Spores smooth, dull
+violet, 8-9  mu. Plasmodium pale gray, or nearly white.
+
+Easily recognized at sight by its peculiar form, bilabiate and sinuous.
+Apart from microscopic structure, perfectly described by Fries, _Syst.
+Myc._, p. 145. Bulliard called it _Reticularia sinuosa_. Habitat
+various, but not infrequently the upper surface of the leaves of living
+plants, a few inches from the ground. The two sorts of fructification
+often occur side by side, or merge into one another from the same
+plasmodium. Where the substratum affords room the plasmodiocarpous style
+prevails; in narrower limits single sporangia stand. The calcareous
+deposit on the peridium is usually very rich and under a lens appears
+made up of countless snowy or creamy flakes. Forms occur, however, in
+which these outer calcic deposits are almost entirely wanting; the
+peridium becomes transparent, the capillitium visible from without.
+Judging from material before us, this appears to be the common
+presentation in western Europe. See also No. 5 following.
+
+Widely distributed. New England to the Carolinas, and Louisiana west to
+South Dakota and Nebraska, Iowa and Washington.
+
+
+5. PHYSARUM BITECTUM _List._
+
+PLATE XIX., Fig. 16.
+
+  1891. _Physarum diderma_ Rost., List., _Jour. Bot._, XXIX., p. 260.
+  1894. _Physarum diderma_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 57.
+  1911. _Physarum bitectum_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 78.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, sessile or plasmodiocarpous, smooth
+white or pallid, terete or somewhat compressed; peridium double, the
+outer wall calcareous, free and deciduous above, recurved and persistent
+below; the inner, smooth, pale purplish, more persistent; dehiscence
+more or less irregular beginning at the top; capillitium of large white
+nodules connected by short hyaline threads; spores generally spinulose,
+violaceous brown, 9-10  mu.
+
+As suggested by the author of this species it is properly a variety of
+_P. sinuosum_; certainly is, as it presents itself in this part of the
+world. Of the species last named we have compressed forms opening by
+narrow fissure along their knife-edged summit, with scarce place for
+capillitium at all between the approaching walls; again we have colonies
+of sporangia quite terete, calcareous without, opening in fragmental
+fashion at the top, displaying sometimes the thin membranous inner wall
+but at length fissured and gaping as in the more usual phase figured by
+authors, where the plasmodiocarp is simply compressed but not
+extravagantly thin. Both types occur in the western mountains, forms
+with and without calcium, fissured by wider or narrower cleft, _from the
+same plasmodium_; forms bilabiate and forms opening at first to display
+an inner peridium; forms globose with narrow base, but apex cleft, and
+forms ellipsoidal, yet compressed, opening like the gaping of some
+tiniest bivalve; did not Persoon say _P. bivalve_! all are bivalvular at
+the last! Nay; but what are these? Here are some of the shorter forms
+become suddenly obovate, and are actually mounted on _stipes_! Surely
+variation in the same plasmodium can no farther go![22]
+
+Not rare. Colorado to the Pacific Coast. Evidently a western-American
+variation of Bulliard's European type. The latter occurs abundantly in
+Iowa on the shores of Lake Okoboji; otherwise not common.
+
+
+6. PHYSARUM BOGORIENSE _Racib._
+
+  1898. _Physarum bogoriense_ Raciborski, Hedw., XXXVII., p. 52.
+
+Sporangia sessile, elongate, creeping but not reticulate, semicircular
+in transverse section, sometimes globose or depressed globose; peridium
+double, the outer thick coriaceous, yellow or brown, dehiscing
+stellately into persistent more or less triangular reflected lobes,
+remote from the thin, colorless inner wall; columella none; capillitium
+feebly developed, the nodes white, large, isodiametric; spores bright
+violet, smooth, 7-8  mu.
+
+This species is not uncommon in the mountains of Colorado where it has
+been taken at various stations by Bethel. It is reported from
+Pennsylvania and South Carolina. Raciborski describes it from Java.
+
+In habit it is very much like some forms of _P. sinuosum_ but differs in
+the depressed, rather than compressed sporangia, and in the brown color
+of the outer peridium.
+
+
+7. PHYSARUM ALPINUM _G. List._
+
+  1910. _Physarum alpinum_ G. Lister, _Jour. Bot._, XLVII, p. 73.
+
+Sporangia globose and sessile or plasmodiocarpous, dull yellow, smooth
+or scaly; peridium double, the outer wall densely calcareous, separating
+irregularly from the membranous inner wall; capillitium densely
+calcareous, the nodes large, more or less branched, yellow; spores
+purple brown, closely and minutely warted, 9-14  mu.
+
+This species is based by its author upon a gathering made in California
+by Dr. Harkness and named by Phillips who received it in England,
+_badhamia inaurata_. He seems not to have described it. Since its first
+appearance, the form has been found repeatedly in the Juras. Specimens
+are before me from Mt. Rainier believed to be the same. The
+plasmodiocarpous habit and yellow capillitium separate this from related
+_P. contextum_ and _P. mortoni_.
+
+Europe, California, Washington.
+
+
+8. PHYSARUM DIDERMA _Rost._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 9.
+
+  1875. _Physarum diderma_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 110.
+  1898. _Physarum didermoides_ var. _lividum_ List., _Jour. Bot._,
+           XXXVI., p. 162.
+  1899. _Physarum diderma_ Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 30.
+  1911. _Physarum testaceum_ Sturgis, List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 79.
+
+Sporangia snow-white, clustered, sessile or narrowly adnate, globose or
+polygonal by mutual compression; peridium double, the outer dense,
+fragile, thick, calcareous, the inner delicate, remote, translucent,
+capillitium well developed, the calcareous nodules white, rounded or
+angular, sometimes uniting to form a pseudo-columella; spore-mass black;
+spores purplish, distinctly rough, 10-12  mu.
+
+A beautiful and distinct species. As others in the group with which it
+is here associated, it is a physarum with the outward seeming of a
+diderma. It occurs in Europe, therefore it is safe to assume that
+Rostafinski saw it. So well marked it is that any good description will
+define it, and Rostafinski describes it perfectly, adequately.[23]
+
+Mr. Lister having used for another species the name we here apply--see
+under _P. bitectum_--referred this present form to _P. didermoides_
+Rost., _l. c._ Professor Sturgis, convinced that such reference was at
+least doubtful, gave to our American gatherings the distinctive name
+above, citing specimens from Massachusetts, from Colorado, and from
+California. Curiously enough he also includes specimens of _R.
+didermoides_ var. _lividum_ List., sent from England!
+
+Rare! Certainly rare in Europe and so far seldom seen in the United
+States, though widely distributed. Specimens are before us from Ohio,
+Michigan, Iowa, Oregon. No doubt the mountains of the north Pacific
+coast, a region to-day almost unsearched, will yet afford the species in
+abundance.
+
+As stated Mr. Lister first applied the name _P. diderma_ to a
+plasmodiocarpous form occurring in England and near _P. sinuosum_. More
+lately, _Mon., 2nd ed._, p. 78, he adopts a new specific name, _P.
+bitectum_ for the English specimens, and enters _P. diderma_ as a
+probable synonym for _P. lividum_ R. Evidently our present form as
+described above has not come to Mr. Lister's view. He says the original
+type is not to be consulted.
+
+There is really no more merit in this later comparison than in that
+discarded. The species _P. diderma_ is not _P. lividum_, but stands as
+originally delimited, and will, doubtless, some day yet again appear in
+its own behalf upon the witness-stand of time; when, as before, a
+Frenchman in DeBary's old-time haunts may rise to give it welcome,
+brought back by some keen-eyed Polish student eager now in the arts of
+peace, from Warsaw's shady groves.
+
+
+9. PHYSARUM CONTEXTUM _Persoon._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 3 and 3_a_.
+
+  1796. _Diderma contextum_ Persoon, _Obs. Myc._, I., p. 89.
+  1801. _Physarum contextum_ Persoon, _Syn. Meth._, p. 168.
+  1829. _Diderma contextum_ Persoon, Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 111.
+  1873. _Diderma ochroleucum_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 52.
+  1879. _Diderma flavidum_ Pk., _N. Y. Rep. State Mus._, XXXI., p. 55.
+
+Sporangia distinct, sessile, densely crowded, sub-rotund reniform more
+often elongate, interwoven; peridium double; the outer rather thick,
+calcareous, yellow, or yellowish white, the inner thin, yellowish;
+capillitium white, containing numerous large, irregular calcareous
+granules; columella none; spores deep violet, 11-13  mu, covered with
+minute spinules.
+
+This singular species occurs not rarely upon the bark of fallen twigs,
+upon bits of straw or grass-stems lying undisturbed upon the ground. In
+such a position the slime-mould covers, as with a sheath, the entire
+substratum. The outer peridium, especially its upper part, is entirely
+evanescent, our Fig. 3 shows the sporangia with upper outer peridium
+wanting. Not rare in summer and autumn.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa,
+Colorado, Oregon, Nicaragua.
+
+
+10. PHYSARUM CONGLOMERATUM (_Fr._) _Rost._
+
+  1803. _Spumaria granulata_ Schum., _Enum. Pl. Saell._, II., p. 196,
+           No. 1419.
+  1803. _Spumaria minuta_ Schum., _l. c._
+  1829. _Diderma granulatum_ Schum., Fries, _S. M._, III., p. 110.
+  1829. _Diderma minutum_ Schum., Fries, _l. c._, p. 111.
+  1829. _Diderma conglomeratum_ Fries, _l. c._, p. 111.
+  1875. _Physarum conglomeratum_ (Fr.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 108.
+  1892. _Physarum rostafinskii_ Massee, _Mon._, p. 301.
+  1894. _Physarum conglomeratum_ Rost., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 58.
+  1899. _Physarum conglomeratum_ (Fr.) Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 31.
+  1911. _Physarum conglomeratum_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 80.
+
+Sporangia depressed, globose, or irregular, sessile, more or less
+aggregated, ochraceous-yellow, peridium double, the outer, thick,
+cartilaginous, at length irregularly ruptured, and reflexed, disclosing
+the more delicate, ashen-gray, inner membrane which encloses capillitium
+and spores; capillitium abundant, showing large, white irregular
+calcareous thickenings which are often consolidated in some sporangia
+tend to aggregate at the centre; spore-mass brown, spores violaceous,
+slightly roughened, 8-10  mu.
+
+This beautiful species shows a peridium as distinctly double as in any
+diderma. The outer peridium is reflexed exactly as in some species of
+that genus; is yellow without, white within, and withal long persistent.
+The capillitium of course distinguishes the species instantly as a
+physarum. By the size of the spores it is distinguished from the species
+preceding. This being a decisive specific character the synonymy prior
+to Rostafinski is somewhat uncertain. The specific name adopted by the
+Polish author is therefore approved, although perhaps not the earliest.
+
+Rare. The only specimens thus far are from Tennessee and Louisiana.
+
+
+11. PHYSARUM MORTONI _Macbr. n. s._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 2, 2 _a_.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, clustered but distinct, sessile small, about .75
+mm., bright yellow, peridium double. The outer rough, breaking up into
+comparatively few rather large deciduous scales, the inner peridium
+white, calcareous, both persisting below to form a distinct cup;
+capillitium lax, the nodes white, large, angular; columella none;
+hypothallus none; spores distinctly rough, dark brown with the usual
+purple shadow, 10-12  mu.
+
+A very distinct little species related, no doubt, to _P. contextum_,
+but different in habit. It is never crowded, shows no plasmodiocarpous
+tendencies, while the outer peridium is generally deciduous except at
+the base and falls in flakes.
+
+Collected several times in the Three Sisters Mountains of Oregon by
+_Professor Morton E. Peck._
+
+
+12. PHYSARUM BRUNNEOLUM (_Phillips_) _Mass._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 7, 7 _a_.
+
+  1877. _Diderma brunneolum_ Phillips, _Grev._, V., p. 114.
+  1888. _Diderma brunneolum_ Phill., Saccardo, _Syll. Fung._, No. 1292.
+  1892. _Physarum brunneolum_ Phill., Massee, _Mon._, p. 280,
+           Figs. 221-222.
+  1894. _Craterium pedunculatum_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 71.
+  1911. _Physarum brunneolum_ Mass., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 63, Pl. 69, Fig. _a_.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, but not crowded, sessile, globose or
+sub-depressed; peridium double, thick, smooth or polished, yellow brown,
+stellately dehiscent, the segments reflexed, white within; columella
+none; capillitium dense, with nodes numerous, large irregular,
+internodes thin and short; spores globose, lilac, minutely warted, 6-7
+ mu.
+
+This form was first described in _Grevillea_, V., p. 114, as _Diderma
+brunneolum_ Phillips. Later, students of the specimens preserved by Mr.
+Phillips, concur that we have to do not with a diderma, but with a
+craterium, Lister, or physarum, Massee. There seems no reason why we
+should not respect the decision of Massee, whose description is here
+quoted in form somewhat abridged. The peridium is about as double as in
+the many physarums, not more so; the inner membrane so delicate as only
+occasionally to be revealed except to scrutiny most searching. But the
+appearance as a whole is as of some brown diderma; only the calcareous
+capillitium abides to prevent mistaken reference.
+
+When opened by irregular dehiscence from above, the persisting cup-like
+base of the sporangium recalls _Leocarpus fragilis_; but then again the
+capillitium is different.
+
+California, Portugal; Colorado,--_Sturgis._
+
+
+13. PHYSARUM CINEREUM (_Batsch_) _Pers._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_.
+
+  1786. _Lycoperdon cinereum_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, p. 249, Fig. 169.
+  1801. _Physarum griseum_ Link, _Diss._, I, p. 27.
+  1805. _Physarum cinereum_ Persoon, _Synopsis_, p. 170.
+  1829. _Didymium cinereum_ Batsch, Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 126.
+  1829. _Physarum plumbeum_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 142.
+  1875. _Physarum cinereum_ Batsch, Rost., _Mon._, p. 102, in part.
+  1896. _Physarum plumbeum_ Fr., Morgan, _Myx. Mi. Val._, p. 98.
+  1899. _Physarum plumbeum_ Fr., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 35.
+  1909. _Physarum cinereum_ (Batsch) Pers., Torrend, _Flore des Myx._,
+           p. 183.
+
+Plasmodium watery white, or transparent, wide streaming on decaying sod,
+etc. Sporangia sessile, closely gregarious, or even heaped, sub-globose,
+elongate or plasmodiocarpous, more or less calcareous, gray; peridium
+simple, thin, more or less densely coated with lime; capillitium
+strongly developed, the nodes more or less richly calcareous, the
+lime-knots rounded, angular; spore-mass brown, spores clear
+violaceous-brown, 6-7 mu, distinctly warted.
+
+This delicate, inconspicuous species is well defined by the characters
+given. It occurs not rarely on richly manured ground, in meadows, lawns,
+or even on the open prairie. The plasmodium may form rings several
+inches in diameter, scattered here and there over a surface several
+square feet in extent, in fruit ascending the blades of grass,
+completely covering these with the crowded sporangia. The color of the
+fruit is well described in the specific name; gray or ashen gray. The
+spores are very distinctly papillate; in some specimens, however, almost
+smooth; in few instances, rough.
+
+Common. New England west to the Black Hills and Pacific coast.
+Cosmopolitan.
+
+The present species well illustrates the difficulty confronting the
+author of to-day who, discussing a group of microscopic organisms, would
+fain use the nomenclature of his predecessors, honored, but equipped
+with insufficient lenses. Here is a species reported common in Europe,
+observed by every mycologist there, from Micheli down, and yet awaiting
+adequate description until Rostafinski in his great book, gives the
+results of microscopic analysis. We are now really dealing with _P.
+cinereum_ Rost; _P. cinereum_ Batsch is a compliment to certain rather
+clever water-color drawings.
+
+Rostafinski gives a long list of synonyms, none, it is believed,
+represent American forms; and without taking careful thought, surely no
+one would rudely disturb such honorable interment; but, in his
+description the range of spore-measurement, 7-13.3  mu, gives us pause,
+and raises the suspicion that possibly, in one case or another, the
+sepulture were perhaps premature. The range is too great! Perhaps, in
+the series offered in confirmation, small-spored forms represent one
+species, large-spored, something else?
+
+European students may decide this at their leisure. But Rostafinski
+having, not without much labor, practically completed his review of the
+physaroid forms had almost finished the last genus _Badhamia_, when his
+mind perhaps returned, no doubt with some lingering misgivings, to the
+thirteenth species in his physarum list. There were there, he recalled,
+some large-spored specimens which had rather badhamioid capillitium.
+The sessile physarums of Fries were also before him, those especially,
+"floccis albis." Of these one shall be _B. panicea_, one _B. lilacina_
+and one _B. verna_, described as having rather delicate colorless
+capillitial tubes combined in a loose net, the calcareous deposits about
+the enlarged intersections scanty, the spores 12.5  mu.
+
+The description of the fructification as a whole is a condensed
+statement of that which describes _P. vernum_, and all taken together
+indicates some physarum. See now No. 3 preceding, p. 51.
+
+_P. plumbeum_ Fr. belongs here. It has similar spores, the only
+difference is a less calcareous peridium and more scattered habit of
+fructification with more nearly regular, depressed-globose sporangia.
+
+_P. cinereum_ Pers. as cited by Link, _op. cit._, is apparently a
+badhamia, may be _P. vernum_, while P. _griseum_ is probably the present
+species.
+
+
+14. PHYSARUM VIRESCENS _Ditmar_.
+
+PLATE VIII., Figs. 7, 7 _a_, 7 _b_.
+
+  1817. _Physarum virescens_ Ditmar, Sturm, _Deutsch. Fl. Pilze_, I.,
+           p. 123, Pl. 61.
+  1875. _Physarum ditmari_ Rost., _Mon., App._, p. 8.
+  1892. _Physarum ditmari_ Rost., Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. 1a._,
+           II., p. 155.
+  1894. _Physarum virescens_ Ditmar, Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 65.
+  1909. _Physarum virescens_ Ditmar, Torrend, _Flo. d Myx._, No. 207.
+  1911. _Physarum virescens_ Ditmar, Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 83.
+
+Sporangia sessile, crowded or heaped in small bunches, a dozen or more
+sporangia in one pile, spherical, ovoid or elongate, yellow or greenish
+yellow; peridium thin, fragile; capillitium delicate, with rather small,
+irregular, yellowish, calcareous nodes; columella none; spores bright
+violet, minutely roughened, 7-9  mu.
+
+This species occurs more commonly on moss-tufts, with which it is
+frequently con-colorless, or escaped on dead leaves, etc. The peridium
+is flecked with calcareous scales or grains stained yellow or green, and
+to these the whole fruit owes its peculiar color. The color and
+aggregate, heaped sporangia are distinctive macroscopic characters.
+
+In the _Monograph_, p. 113, Rostafinski adopted properly Ditmar's name
+for this species. Upon later consideration, in the _Appendix_, p. 8, he
+changed the name, writing _P. ditmari_, on the ground that _virescens_
+was descriptive of a character to which the species in question
+occasionally refuses to conform. Most authors since Rostafinski have
+simply accepted his suggestion, so that the species is often entered _P.
+ditmari_ Rost. _P. virescens_ is certainly to be preferred. _N. A. F._,
+2692.
+
+Canada, New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Black Hills,
+South Dakota.
+
+
+15. PHYSARUM RUBIGINOSUM _Fries_.
+
+  1817. _Physarum rubiginosum_ Fries, _Symb. Gast._, p. 21.
+
+Plasmodium scarlet. Sporangia globose or cylindric, sessile or sometimes
+narrowed to a stem-like base as if short-stipitate, olivaceous brown
+with sometimes a flush of red; the peridium simple, thin rugulose or
+plain, the calcareous scales few, or apparently included; columella
+none; capillitium dense, the nodules rather large, angular, rusty brown;
+spores dull violaceous, gently roughened, about 10  mu.
+
+A beautiful well-marked species, but evidently rare in North America.
+Our only typical specimens are from the gatherings by Mr. Wingate, part
+of which is by Lister referred to this species, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p.
+82.
+
+_P. rubiginosum_ Fr. in the _N. A. S._, 1899, is based on certain west
+coast specimens now known as _Badhamia decipiens_ Berk.
+
+In Colorado there occurs a plasmodiocarpous form of the species. It has
+the characteristic spore and capillitium but in form and habit differs
+very decidedly. The fructification is a delicate netted plasmodiocarp,
+the tubule about .5 mm., bright red; the peridium simple, cartilaginous,
+dehiscent from above, and flecked with just here and there a red
+calcareous scale.
+
+Collected at Palmer Lake; _Professor Bethel._
+
+
+16. PHYSARUM INSTRATUM _Macbr. n. s._
+
+  1899. _Physarum thejoteum_ Macbride, _N. A. S._, p. 36, not Fries,
+           as cited.
+  1911. _Physarum virescens_ Ditmar, Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 83.
+
+Sporangia very small, closely crowded on a delicate, more or less
+visible hypothallus, often connate, but not superimposed, sub-spherical,
+dull orange, brownish or tawny; peridium thin, violaceous, covered with
+very minute yellow calcareous scales; columella none; capillitium lax,
+sometimes almost wanting; the nodules small, yellowish or brownish,
+occasionally confluent; spore-mass violaceous, spores by transmitted
+light, violet-tinted, smooth or nearly so, 6-7  mu.
+
+Not uncommon in the Mississippi valley, where it sometimes is passed by
+the collector as an immature form of some other species. The appearance
+is very characteristic, unlike _P. virescens_ in both habit, size, and
+color. Colonies are quite often three inches in length. The most common
+habitat seems to be rotten oak, especially fragments of charred logs,
+etc.
+
+Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska.
+
+This species presents a decidedly well-marked form, so much so that it
+may be easily recognized at sight, without a lens. It therefore requires
+special discussion, and although in the spore-characters and some minor
+but not determinative details it agrees with _P. virescens_ Ditm. to
+which it is by European authors sometimes referred, it seems
+nevertheless deserving of specific recognition, since in its entire
+habit and expression it is not only completely different but is constant
+in its specific peculiarities, much more so than is the suggested
+related form.
+
+In the first edition of this work, the form was referred to _Physarum
+thejoteum_ of Fries. This was the judgment of our American colleague,
+Professor A. P. Morgan whose work in this group is widely recognized.
+Fries admits, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 142, that while he deems _P.
+thejoteum_ very distinct, he yet has not seen _P. virescens_ Ditm.!
+Since our form apparently does not occur in Europe, specimens which the
+distinguished author had before him were doubtless representatives of
+the now commonly recognized species of Ditmar.
+
+For these reasons it seems appropriate to give the American type a
+suitably descriptive title.
+
+
+17. PHYSARUM MEGALOSPORUM _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 7 and 7 _a_.
+
+  1917. _Physarum melanospermum_ Sturgis, _Mycologia_, Vol. IX, p. 323.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sessile, or short stipitate depressed, annulate,
+or at least umbilicate above, white or anon roseate, about .75 mm;
+stipe, when present, short, thick, black or dark brown! hypothallus
+none; columella none; capillitium strongly calcareous, an abundance of
+irregular white nodules burden the delicate net; spores dark sooty brown
+with a shade of purple by transmitted light, verruculose, 12-13  mu.
+
+This species is recognizable at once by its regular, uniform, depressed,
+annulate or pitted sporangia, scattered evenly over the habitat of
+rotten leaves or wood. It suggests a didymium in its form and habit, but
+is near a badhamia. Colorado; _Bethel_, 1908.
+
+
+18. PHYSARUM CONFERTUM _Macbr. nom. nov._
+
+PLATE XV., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_.
+
+  1899. _Physarum atrum_ Schw., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 36.
+  1911. _Physarum atrum_ Schw., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 74.
+
+Sporangia small about .2-.3 mm. in diameter, gregarious, confluent,
+clustered or heaped, dull violaceous brown; peridium thin, more or less
+transparent, generally limeless but sometimes lightly sprinkled with
+minute white flecks: capillitium scanty, the calcareous nodes small,
+rounded, elongate, white! columella none; spores violet-brown,
+distinctly warted, 10-12  mu.
+
+Having been assured on information believed trustworthy that the
+Schweinitzian herbarium confirmed the identity of the species before us,
+in the first edition of this work the form was listed as _P. atrum_
+Schw. Meantime in the herbarium referred to, at Philadelphia the
+original type of _P. atrum_ still exists. My valued correspondent, Mr.
+Hugo Bilgram, has recently given it careful study. It is a limeless _P.
+didermoides_ (Pers.) R.! Small wonder we have had trouble! Exit
+_Physarum atrum_ Schw.
+
+The species is not uncommon, especially eastward; has been generally
+ignored for reasons cited.
+
+Distinguished from everything else by the color and small size of the
+heaped sporangia. It resembles some phase of _P. virescens_ where the
+sporangia are small and somewhat heaped or rather aggregated, and
+scantily supplied with lime; but in such case the lime is yellow and the
+spores are small.
+
+This species has also been constantly referred to our confused _P.
+cinereum_, _P. plumbeum_, etc., but Schweinitz, who certainly had seen
+_P. cinereum_ in Europe, since he cites it, under several forms, in the
+_Conspectus_, found the species in America and proceeded in Pennsylvania
+in December to find something else, very different as he thought, and in
+fact. He called this new discovery _P. atrum_, "beautifully
+_reticulate_", he says "like _P. cinereum_ but larger."
+
+Most American students in an effort to keep faith with their pioneer
+mycologist, have taken cue from the specific name, looking for something
+_black_, heedless that in Pennsylvania almost any delicate thing has
+'dark looks' in the middle of the winter! Berlese in Saccardo _Syll._
+VII., p. 350, regarding _P. atrum_ as a synonym, writes for the black
+American specimens, _P. reticulatum_, emphasizing another Schweinitzian
+descriptive adjective. But _P. atrum_ Schw. has had place in literature
+to this hour.
+
+
+19. PHYSARUM MELLEUM (_Berk. & Br._) _Mass._
+
+  1873. _Dydymium melleum_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, XIV., p. 83.
+  1873. _Didymium chrysopeplum_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 53.
+  1876. _Physarum schumacheri_ Spr. var. _melleum_ Rost., _Mon., App._,
+           p. 7.
+  1892. _Physarum melleum_ Massee, _Mon._, p. 278.
+  1896. _Cytidium melleum_ (Berk. & Br.), Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._,
+           p. 83.
+  1899. _Physarum melleum_ (Berk. & Br.), Mass., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 47.
+  1911. _Physarum melleum_ Mass., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 46.
+
+Sporangia scattered, stipitate, globose, flattened below, clear yellow
+or honey colored; stipe short, about equaling the sporangium, pure
+white, somewhat wrinkled; columella small but distinct, white;
+hypothallus none, capillitium abundant, open, snow-white, with rather
+large angularly stellate nodes; spore-mass brown, almost black; spores
+by transmitted light, pale violet or lilac-tinted, almost smooth, 7.5-10
+ mu.
+
+Easily distinguished by its white stipe, columella and capillitium in
+contrast with yellow peridial walls. _N. A. F._, 1395. Massee refers
+this number erroneously to _P. schumacheri Rost._ The description and
+specimen do not correspond. By that name the species has however, been
+hitherto known in the United States.
+
+Eastern United States, common; rare west of the Mississippi.
+
+Reported from Brazil, Japan and the tropic islands round the world.
+Portugal.
+
+
+20. PHYSARUM CITRINUM _Schumacher_.
+
+  1803. _Physarum citrinum_ Schum., _Enum. Pl. Saell._, II., p. 201.
+  1911. _Physarum citrinum_ Schum., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 51.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, globose, somewhat flattened below, pale
+yellow, citrine, stipitate; the peridium thin, covered almost completely
+with small calcareous scales; stipe stout, erect, fragile, tapering
+upwards, furrowed, opaque, arising from a small hypothallus which is
+anon continuous from one sporangium to the next; columella small,
+conical, yellow; capillitium a rather dense, delicate network, the
+calcareous nodules yellow, numerous, roundish, and generally small;
+spore-mass black; spores under the lens violaceous, almost smooth, about
+8  mu.
+
+This species seems to be rare in the United States. It resembles
+somewhat _P. melleum_, from which it is distinguished by its yellow
+stipe. _P. galbeum_ is a smaller form, and lacks the columella.
+Rostafinski strangely confused the synonymy here, including even _P.
+rufipes_ Alb. & Schw.
+
+New England, Ohio, Colorado.
+
+
+21. PHYSARUM GLOBULIFERUM (_Bull._) _Pers._
+
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus globuliferus_ Bull., _Champ._, Pl. 484, Fig. 3.
+  1801. _Physarum globuliferum_ Pers., _Syn._, p. 175, T. III.,
+           Figs. 10, 11, 12.
+  1829. _Diderma globuliferum_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 100.
+  1876. _Physarum petersii farlowii_ Rost., _Mon., App._, p. 6.
+  1879. _Physarum albicans_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXX., p. 50.
+  1893. _Physarum columbinum_ Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa_,
+           II., 384.
+  1899. _Physarum globuliferum_ (Bull.) Pers., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 45.
+  1911. _Physarum globuliferum_ Pers., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 48.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, globose, or slightly depressed above,
+pale blue-gray or pure white; stipe sometimes equal to the sporangium,
+generally longer, slender, slightly wrinkled, white, or yellow, pallid,
+when longer tapering upward; columella white, conical, sometimes
+obsolete; hypothallus none; capillitium dense, but delicate, persistent,
+a close network of hyaline threads, with white or yellowish nodes
+sparingly thickened and calcareous, many without lime; spore-mass brown;
+spores by transmitted light, violet, minutely warted, 7.5-9  mu.
+Plasmodium greenish-yellow.
+
+This species, very common eastward, rare west of the Mississippi, is at
+once very beautiful and very variable. Its several phases have been
+again and again observed and described too often by distinct specific or
+varietal names. A form from New York, with long, white stems and almost
+pure white sporangia, is _P. albicans_ Peck. Forms occur like _P.
+albicans_, but flushed with _rose_ throughout. From New England,
+specimens sent Rostafinski were by him deemed a variety of _P. petersii_
+Berk. & C., and called _P. petersii_ var. _farlowii_ Rost. By this name
+the species has been generally distributed in this country. _N. A. F._,
+1120. Most gatherings of this species have small, somewhat ochraceous,
+sporangia, and pale yellow, or somewhat rusty, stipes. These latter,
+with somewhat heavier stem, represent _Physarum simile_ Rost. A form
+collected sparingly in Iowa has short, white stipes and blue gray
+sporangia one-third larger than observed in the eastern types. This was
+recorded, _l. c._, as _P. columbinum_ Macbr.; name already in use. The
+spores in the Iowa specimens are also a little larger, 8-10  mu. Pale
+cyanic and roseate forms also sometimes occur in late fruitings; see
+next species.
+
+In all phases the persistent tenacity of the capillitium is a striking
+characteristic well noticed by Fries (_l. c._, p. 101): "Peridia a gleba
+omnimo libera, dein tota diffracta, evanescentia, ... capillitio
+compacto forma servata persistente." The peridium, except a small part
+below, all falls away, leaving the capillitium apparently intact,
+crowded with spores.
+
+From England to Iowa; Canada, south to Louisiana and Mexico; apparently,
+in one form or another, cosmopolitan.
+
+
+22. PHYSARUM LILACINUM _Sturgis & Bilgram._
+
+  1917. _Physarum lilacinum_ Sturg. & Bilg., _Mycologia_, Vol. IX.,
+           p. 323.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, stalked, globose, erect, pale-lilac to pale
+Indian-red in color, 0.5 mm. in diameter; sporangium-wall membranous,
+beset with rounded masses of lilac or reddish lime. Stipe erect,
+broad-based, tapering upwards, calcareous, furrowed, paler than the
+sporangium or concolorous, 0.7-0.9 mm. long, about 0.1 mm. thick,
+columella conical or columnar, capillitium delicate, rigid, persistent;
+lime-knots small, rounded, composed of large, pale lilac, or reddish,
+spherical granules. Spores pale-brown, almost smooth, 8-9  mu.
+
+Vicinity of Philadelphia,--Bilgram.
+
+23. PHYSARUM MURINUM _Lister_.
+
+  1894. _Physarum murinum_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 41.
+  1899. _Physarum ravenelii_ (Berk. & C.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 48.
+  1911. _Physarum murinum_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 50.
+
+Sporangia scattered, globose or perfectly spherical, ashy-brown,
+rugulose, stipitate; stipe elongate, pale brown, erect, generally
+tapering upward, calcareous, brittle; hypothallus none; columella short,
+hemispherical or bluntly conical; capillitium dense, much as in _P.
+globuliferum_, the calcareous nodules, umber, brownish or orange-yellow,
+small; spore-mass brown; spores by transmitted light, bright lilac,
+almost smooth, 7-9  mu.
+
+A very distinct species, easily known by its peculiar drab-colored
+peridium and dull brown stalks. The author of the species allows for the
+capillitial nodes none other tint but brown. Under direct illumination
+many gatherings, especially where the sporangia are well blown out, show
+nodules of a bright orange tint.
+
+Not rare in the eastern United States, to Missouri and Iowa. Reported
+also from western Europe.
+
+Mr. Lister finds _Didymium ravenelii_ Berk. & C., on which _P.
+ravenelii_ (Berk. & C.) Macbr. is founded, referable to _P.
+pulcherripes_ Pk.
+
+
+24. PHYSARUM PULCHERRIMUM _Berk. & Rav._
+
+  1873. _Physarum pulcherrimum_ Berk. & Rav., _Grev._, II., p. 65.
+  1875. _Physarum pulcherrimum_ (Berk. & Rav.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 105.
+  1879. _Physarum atrorubrum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXI., p. 40.
+  1899. _Physarum pulcherrimum_ Berk. & Rav., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 49.
+  1911. _Physarum pulcherrimum_ Berk. & Rav., Lister, _Mycetozoa,
+           2nd ed._, p. 50.
+
+Plasmodium dark red. Sporangia scattered or gregarious, globose, even,
+or somewhat wrinkled, dark red, stipitate; stipe cylindric, even,
+sub-concolorous or blackish; columella small or none; capillitium free
+from spores, whitish, with a slight pinkish tinge; spores dark brown in
+mass, dark red when separated, globose, smooth, 7.5-8.5  mu.
+
+The capillitium is very delicate, and when cleared of spores the
+knot-like thickenings are seen to be very small and of a dark red color,
+to which is probably due the pinkish tinge which marks the whole. A part
+only of the thickenings are filled with lime granules. The dark red
+granules of the sporangium walls are abundant and appear to form a
+continuous crust.
+
+This is _P. atrorubrum_ Peck, and his description, _l. c._, has been
+closely followed. The very brief description in _Grevillea_, however,
+antedates the New York publication and, all inadequate as it is, no
+doubt applies to the same thing.
+
+Not rare. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri, Iowa.
+
+
+25. PHYSARUM PULCHERRIPES _Peck._
+
+  1805. _Physarum aurantiacum_ var. _rufipes_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp.
+           Fung._, p. 94.
+  1829. _Diderma rufipes_ (Alb. & Schw.) Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III.,
+           p. 101.
+  1873. _Physarum pulcherripes_ Peck., _Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist._,
+           I., p. 64.
+  1873. _Didymium erythrinum_ Berk., _Grev._, II., p. 52.
+  1873. _Didymium ravenelii_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 53.
+  1873. _Physarum petersii_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 66.
+  1875. _Physarum schumacheri_ Spr. var. _rufipes_ Alb. & Schw., Rost.,
+          _Mon._, p. 99.
+  1894. _Physarum pulcherripes_ (Peck), Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 41.
+  1896. _Cytidium rufipes_ (Alb. & Schw.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat.
+           Hist._, p. 81.
+  1899. _Physarum rufipes_ (Alb. & Schw.) Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 50.
+  1911. _Physarum pulcherripes_ Peck., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 49.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, dark-colored, sprinkled with orange flakes of
+lime, globose, the wall thin, deciduous, stipitate; stipe slender,
+erect, deep red, sometimes black below, pale or orange above, and
+supported on a well-developed hypothallus; columella scant or none;
+capillitium dense, the meshes and nodes unusually small and delicate,
+the latter reddish or yellow; spore-mass black; spores by transmitted
+light, violet-tinted, 8-10  mu., almost smooth.
+
+The striking contrast of color between sporangia and stipes renders this
+species at sight, quite distinct from any related form. The peridia in
+the specimens before us are black or iridescent-black sprinkled more or
+less profusely with orange lime granules which sometimes cover all but
+the base. The stipe, springing from a small hypothallus, is dark red
+below for about one-fourth its height, then vermillion, above expanding
+slightly beneath the peridium; the columella scant or none. The
+capillitium is an elegant delicate net, with numerous small, uniformly
+regular, calcareous nodes, orange; by transmitted light, yellow. The
+spores, brown in mass, are, by transmitted light, pale violet, slightly
+papillose, 8-10, mostly about 8  mu. The plasmodium is probably yellow.
+
+This species is no doubt related to _P. psittacinum_. It is, however,
+much smaller, has a calcareous stipe, and a much less variegated
+peridium, and generally a small columella.
+
+It is also akin to _P. globuliferum_ and to _P. murinum_, _P. petersii_
+Berk. & C. is reported the same thing.
+
+
+26. PHYSARUM PENETRALE _Rex._
+
+PLATE XV., Figs. 6, 6 _a_.
+
+  1891. _Physarum penetrale_ Rex., _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 389.
+  1899. _Physarum penetrale_ Rex., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 55.
+  1911. _Physarum penetrale_ Rex., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 36.
+
+Sporangia scattered, erect, stipitate, generally ellipsoidal, pyriform,
+rarely globose; peridium membranaceous semi-transparent, studded
+sparsely with rounded, pale yellow or yellow-gray lime-granules,
+rupturing to the base into two or four segments; stipe variable,
+slender, subulate, rugulose, flattened laterally toward the base,
+translucent, dull red or golden red in color; columella four-fifths the
+height of the sporangium, concolorous with the stipe, acuminate;
+capillitium dense, persistent, the nodes frequently calcareous, rounded,
+yellow; spore-mass brown, spores nearly smooth, brownish, 6-7  mu.
+
+Readily recognizable by the elongate sporangia and the lengthened
+columella unique among physarums. The capillitial nodes are at first
+pale yellow, but tend to whiten on exposure. The spores when highly
+magnified show delicate spinulescence.
+
+Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Europe, Java.
+
+
+27. PHYSARUM LUTEO-ALBUM _Lister_
+
+  1904. _Physarum luteo-album_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XLII., p. 130.
+  1911. _Physarum luteo-album_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 48.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, large, about 1 mm. in diameter,
+yellow shading into white, orange or olivaceous, smooth or rugulose,
+stipitate; stipe stout, smooth, .5-1 mm. high, yellow or orange above,
+white below, cylindric, lime-stuffed; columella large, sub-globose or
+clavate, yellow; capillitium either of very slender pale yellow,
+threads, branching at acute angles and anastomosing or of broad, yellow
+simple or forked strands, persistent after spore-dispersal; nodules few,
+small, linear or fusiform; spores purple-brown, spinulose, 10-12  mu.
+
+This species, originally described from England and northern Europe has
+more recently been identified in material sent by Professor Sturgis from
+Colorado. In description the form is well marked; evinces apparently
+great variation alike in form, color, and structure.
+
+The material we have, however, is poor, badly weathered.
+
+The general plan of structure corresponds very well with Fries' idea of
+his genus Tilmadoche, although the present species would seem, by very
+grossness, strangely out of place with the tilmadoches. But the
+singular, didermoid, evenly branching, threads of the capillitium,
+bearing their slender spindle-shaped burdens of lime are very
+suggestive; it is a diderma gone wandering into the camp of the
+physarums if one may judge from Miss Lister's graphic plate.
+
+The specific name selected for this peculiar form has once before done
+service, but apparently for something quite dissimilar. Schumacher,
+_Enum. Pl. Saell._ II., p. 199, has _P. luteo-album_. Fries thinks he
+had a perichaena on hand; at any rate, not a physarum, and makes
+Schumacher's combination a synonym for _Perichaena quercina_ Fr., which
+Rostafinski in turn makes synonymous with _P. corticalis_ (Batsch) R. If
+"once a synonym always a synonym" be esteemed good taxonomic law, this
+species must one day have another name. The present author, unwilling to
+change his colleague's preference in this case, nevertheless begs to
+suggest that such a binomial as _P. listeri_ would probably at once make
+future history of the species less eventful, and honor the memory of
+England's latest and most distinguished student of the group he loved.
+
+
+28. PHYSARUM NUCLEATUM _Rex._
+
+  1891. _Physarum nucleatum_ Rex., _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 389.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, spherical, 1/2 mm., white, stipitate; peridial
+wall membranaceous, rupturing irregularly, thickly studded with rounded
+white lime-granules; stipe about 1 mm., subulate, yellowish-white,
+rugose; columella none, capillitium dense, snow-white, with minute,
+white, round or rounded nodes, in the centre a conspicuous mass of lime
+forming a shining ball, not part of the stipe although sometimes
+produced toward it; spore-mass black; spores brown-violet, delicately
+spinulose, 6-7  mu.
+
+This species most nearly resembles in appearance and habit of growth _P.
+globuliferum_ Pers., but may be distinguished from it by the absence of
+a columella, by the central ball of lime, and the very small rounded
+lime-granules in the meshes of the capillitium. Exceptionally the lime
+granules of the sporangium wall are sparse or absent entirely, in which
+case the wall has a silvery or coppery metallic lustre.
+
+Pennsylvania, Nicaragua.
+
+
+29. PHYSARUM WINGATENSE _nom. nov._
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 3, and 9.
+
+  1876. _Tilmadoche columbina_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., _Mon., App._,
+           p. 13 (?).
+  1889. _Tilmadoche compacta_ Wing., _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci._, p. 48.
+  1894. _Physarum compactum_ List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 45.
+  1896. _Physarum compactum_ (Wing.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 91.
+  1899. _Tilmadoche compacta_ Wing., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 61.
+  1916. _Physarum columbinum_ (Rost.) Sturg., _Mycologia_, Vol. VIII.,
+           p. 4.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, or somewhat crowded, erect or cernuous, stipitate,
+gray or brownish gray, globose; peridium thin, metallic brown or bronze
+in color, splitting at maturity in floriform manner into six to twelve
+segments; stipe white or yellowish white, often shading to black or
+fuscous below, rather long, tapering upward; hypothallus none; columella
+none; capillitium extremely delicate, white or colorless, radiating from
+a central lime-mass or nucleus, and with ordinary nodules small and few,
+fusiform; spore-mass brown; spores by transmitted light, violet-brown,
+delicately warted, 7-8  mu.
+
+This species is well marked by several characteristics; the brilliant
+wall of the peridium, white-flecked and laciniate, the delicate
+_Didymium_-like capillitium running from centre to peridium, and
+especially the peculiar aggregation of lime at the center of the
+sporangium, like nothing else except a similar structure found in
+_Physarum nucleatum_ Rex. The variations affect the stipe and the
+distribution of the capillitial lime. Some eastern specimens show stipes
+melanopodous, black below; specimens from Ohio and Nicaragua show stipes
+milk-white throughout. As to the capillitium, in some of the Nicaragua
+collections the lime is more uniformly distributed through the
+capillitium, and accordingly the nucleus is not conspicuous, its place
+being taken by two or three nodes plainly larger than the others. The
+peculiar brown metallic lustre of the peridial wall, and the strongly
+developed calcareous patches with which the peridium is covered are
+constant features.
+
+That this is the _Didymium columbinum_ Berk., or _T. columbina_ (Berk.)
+Rost., is very doubtful; the specific name given by Wingate becomes
+inapplicable when the series is transferred to _Physarum_, since in that
+genus the combination is already a synonym. See _P. compactum_
+Ehrenberg, _Syl. Myc. Berl._, p. 21 (1818), cited repeatedly in the
+synonymy; Fries, _op. cit._, Vol. III., p. 101. So also _P. columbinum,
+l. c._, pp. 133, 135, etc., to say nothing of the fate of Persoon's
+first record, _Obs. Mycol. pars prim._, p. 5, 1796. This is Wingate's
+species, let it bear his name.
+
+
+30. PHYSARUM NEWTONI _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XIV., Figs. 5, 5 _a_, 5 _b_.
+
+  1893. _Physarum newtoni_ Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa_, II.,
+           p. 390.
+  1899. _Physarum newtoni_ Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 37.
+  1911. _Physarum newtoni_ Macbr., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 54.
+
+Sporangia simple, gregarious, short-stipitate or sessile, globulose or
+flattened, when not globose, depressed and deeply umbilicate above,
+purple, smooth, thin-walled, stipe when present very short and
+concolorous; columella none; hypothallus none; capillitium abundant,
+delicate, with more or less well-developed nodules, which are also
+concolorous; spores by transmitted light, dark brown, thick-walled,
+rough, nucleated, about 10  mu.
+
+A very handsome little species collected by Professor G. W. Newton in
+Colorado, at an altitude of several thousand feet. Easily recognized by
+its almost sessile, rose purple, generally umbilicate sporangium.
+
+
+31. PHYSARUM PSITTACINUM _Ditm._
+
+  1817. _Physarum psittacinum_ Ditm., Sturm, _Deutsch. Fl. Pilze_,
+           p. 125.
+  1829. _Physarum psittacinum_ Ditm., Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 134.
+  1873. _Physarum psittacinum_ Ditm., Rost., _Mon._, p. 104.
+  1911. _Physarum psittacinum_ Ditm., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 55.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, globose or depressed-globose, or
+reniform, iridescent-blue, mottled with various tints, red, orange,
+yellow, white, stipitate; stipe equal, or tapering slightly upward,
+rugose, orange or orange red, without lime, rising from a small
+concolorous hypothallus; columella none; capillitium dense, crowded with
+calcareous, brilliant orange nodules which are angular in outline and
+tend to aggregate at the centre of the sporangium; spore-mass brown;
+spores by transmitted light, pale brown, slightly but plainly warted,
+about 10  mu. _N. A. F._, 2492.
+
+Differs from _P. pulcherripes_ Pk. in external coloration, the peridium
+a rich blue, mottled but not with lime; in the capillitium, dense,
+calcareous, with large angular or branching nodes; in the stipe without
+lime; in the spores, a little larger than in _P. pulcherripes_, and by
+transmitted light much more distinctly brown in color. The sporangia are
+also broader in the present species, reaching 1 mm.
+
+Rare. Maine, New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania. Reported common in
+Europe, Ceylon, Japan, etc.
+
+
+32. PHYSARUM DISCOIDALE _Macbr. n. s._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 3 and 3 _a_.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, discoidal, depressed or umbilicate
+above, sometimes almost annulate, snow-white, small, .5-.7 mm.,
+stipitate; stipe about twice the sporangium, pale yellow, strand-like,
+but erect, even; hypothallus none; columella none; capillitium strongly
+calcareous, almost as in _Badhamia_, aggregate at the center, and
+forming a pseudo-columella at the base of the peridium; peridial wall
+firm, covered with innate patches of lime, somewhat yellow at the base;
+spores minutely spinulose, violaceous, 7-9  mu.
+
+This little species reaches us from California. It appears in late
+winter in undisturbed grass tufts and the sporangia are scattered over
+the lower leaves. It displays a remarkable amount of lime. The nodules,
+however, are not large; they are rounded and connected here and there by
+the ordinary retal tubules characteristic of a physarum.
+
+
+33. PHYSARUM LEUCOPHAEUM _Fr._
+
+  1818. _Physarum leucophaeum_ Fr., _Symb. Gast._, p. 24.
+  1875. _Physarum leucophaeum_ Fr., Rost., _Mon._, p. 113, Figs. 77, 78.
+  1899. _Physarum leucophaeum_ Fr., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 21.
+  1911. _Physarum nutans_ Pers., sub-species _leucophaeum_ (Fr.) Lister,
+          _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 67.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, stipitate; the peridium globose or
+sub-depressed, plano-convex, but never umbilicate below, erect,
+bluish-ashen; the stipe short, rugose, sub-sulcate, fuscous, brown, or
+sometimes almost white, even or slightly attenuate upward from a
+thickened base or sometimes from an indistinct hypothallus; capillitium
+dense, intricate; the nodules white, with comparatively little lime,
+thin, expanded, angular or branching; columella none; spore-mass black,
+spores violaceous, minutely roughened, about 8-10  mu.
+
+This extremely delicate and beautiful form is certainly not to be
+referred to _Tilmadoche alba_ (Bull.) Fr. Fries, who seems to have known
+of _P. compressum_ A. & S. and refers _it_ to _P. nutans_ Pers., _op.
+cit._, p. 130, annotates the present species: "Species especially
+remarkable in the stipe, in the internal structure, and in its whole
+habit, nor is there any other with which it may be compared. Peridium
+thin, not uniform, presently breaking up into laciniate scales; at first
+yellow, then bluish-ashen; when empty, white. The form inconstant,
+globose, depressed, but never umbilicate at the base." If we may judge
+by what Fries says on the subject, he certainly distinguished clearly
+between this species and _T. alba_ (Bull.), to say nothing of the
+stouter, larger, in every way coarser forms called by Rostafinski _P.
+nefroideum_, _P. compressum_, _P. lividum_, etc.
+
+The shadowy little species has had an eventful history, dipping in and
+out of our story in most uncertain fashion. Beginning with Fries, as
+noted, it received confirmation at the hands of DeBary, and by
+Rostafinski was given priority over a long list of synonyms, and
+figured. The earlier English authors follow Rostafinski, but for Lister
+in the _Mycetozoa_, p. 51, the species becomes a synonym of _T. alba_ as
+_P. nutans_, the description appropriately enlarged to receive it.
+Meantime American students generally confused it with the tilmadoches on
+the one hand and _P. nefroideum_ R. (supposed) on the other. In 1897,
+Robt. Fries in _Sver. Myxom. Flora_, brings the species again to view as
+co-partner with _P. nutans_ and in the _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 67, it
+appears as sub-species to the same.
+
+The resemblance to _P. album_ or _P. nutans_, is chiefly as intimated, a
+matter of definition; real differences are found in the irregular
+capillitium, fitting a globose sporange, in the character of the stipe
+and the consequent pose. See under _P. nutans_ and _P. notabile_.
+
+
+34. PHYSARUM NODULOSUM _Cke. & Balf._
+
+  1881. _Physarum nodulosum_ Cke. & Balf., _Rav. N. A. F._, Exsic., 479.
+  1889. _Badhamia nodulosa_ Massee, _Jour. Myc._, Vol. V., p. 186.
+  1891. _Physarum calidris_ Lister, _Jour. Bot._, Vol. XXIX., p. 258.
+  1896. _Craterium nodulosum_ (Cke. & Balf.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._,
+           p. 87.
+  1899. _Physarum nodulosum_ Cke. & Balf., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 51.
+  1911. _Physarum pusillum_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 64.
+
+Sporangia gregarious; minute, globose, bluish-white, the sporangial wall
+thin and more or less encrusted with lime, breaking up irregularly,
+stipitate; stipe slender, longer than the sporangium, attenuate upward
+or even, bright brown, rugose, expanded above into a shallow cup-like
+base for the sporangium; columella none; capillitium with lime-knots
+more or less abundant, white, often uniting, badhamioid; spore-mass
+black; spores by transmitted light, pale lilac-brown, almost smooth,
+10-12  mu.
+
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa; Canada.
+
+One of the smallest species of the genus, by its proportionally long
+stipe and small round sporangium reminding one somewhat of _P.
+globuliferum_; much smaller, however, and in every way different. The
+generic characters are mixed, and the species has been accordingly
+variously referred. The lower part of the peridium is sometimes
+persistent after the dehiscence, and so far reminds of _Craterium_. But
+this character is not constant, and even at best the persisting part is
+very small, not greater than in _P. melleum_, for example. On the other
+hand, the capillitium in some sporangia is strongly calcareous, reminds
+of _Badhamia_, but in most sporangia the _Physarum_ characters are
+sufficiently clear.
+
+In the Kew Herbarium, it is said, are two American specimens under one
+label, "_Didymium pusillum_." One specimen is a didymium indeed, but, as
+it appears, _D. proximum_ Berk., already described. The other is a
+physarum. It is proposed in _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, to use the combination
+thus set free, as if applied by the original author to the second
+specimen, _not_ didymium, and to make the new combination date from 1873
+and so take precedence of the binomial applied in 1881 by Cooke and
+Balfour here retained by the law of priority.
+
+
+35. PHYSARUM MACULATUM _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XIV., Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.
+
+  1893. _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa_, II., p. 383.
+  1899. _Physarum maculatum_ Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 47.
+  1911. _Physarum tenerum_ Rex., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 52, in part.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, very small, .3-.4 mm., dull gray,
+thin-walled, dotted with minute, white calcareous granules, stipitate;
+stipe long, about 2 mm., stout, attenuated upward, striate
+longitudinally or wrinkled, filled with irregular yellow masses of lime
+and accordingly bright yellow in color; columella none; capillitium
+forming a dense net, with comparatively small yellow nodular
+thickenings; spores globose, purplish, each minutely papillose and
+displaying several scattered spots occasioned by local development of
+the papillae; diameter of the spores 9-10  mu.
+
+This species was set up for the reception of certain material collected
+by Professor Shimek, in 1892, in Nicaragua. It remains so far unique.
+The small globose sporangium mounted upon a long upwardly tapering
+stipe, .5 mm. thick below, but narrowed at the extreme base where it is
+lightly attached, a stem which is simply a sack stuffed with yellow
+lime-granules;--this and the yellow capillitium are distinguishing
+features. The capillitium and spores suggest _Tilmadoche viride_, but
+the entire habit precludes such reference. Perhaps nearest to _P.
+melleum_.
+
+Castillo, Nicaragua.
+
+Miss Lister thinks this the same as _P. tenerum_ Rex. But the whole
+habit and external appearance are different; the stipe notably long,
+clumsy, surcharged with lime; a very singular form.
+
+
+36. PHYSARUM DIDERMOIDES (_Pers._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_, 1 _c_.
+
+  1801. _Spumaria (?) didermoides_ Acharius, Pers., _Syn. Fung._,
+           p. xxix.
+  1829. _Diderma oblongum_ Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 103.
+  1831. _Spumaria licheniformis_ Schw., _N. A. F._, p. 261, No. 2364.
+  1832. _Physarum atrum_ Schw., _Syn. Fung., Am. Bor._, p. 258.
+  1875. _Physarum lividum_, Schw., Rostafinski, _Mon._, p. 96.
+  1875. _Physarum didermoides_ (Ach.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 97.
+
+Plasmodium pale, watery-white or gray; sporangia crowded, ovoid or
+cylindric, stipitate or sessile, blue-gray, often capped with white;
+stipe variable in length and structure, where well developed pure white,
+often flattened, expanded and diaphanous, connate with others through
+the irregular reticulate or sheet-like hypothallus; columella none;
+capillitium ample, the lime knots angular or rounded, white connected by
+hyaline threads; spores in mass black, by transmitted light dark violet,
+decidedly spinulose, 12-15  mu.
+
+A very variable species in many particulars. The sporangia in the same
+cluster are stipitate and sessile, ovoid and spherical. Our description
+does not quite agree with that of Rostafinski. As may be seen from the
+plate, it is the _outer_ peridium that is with us white, burdened with
+lime, the inner is simpler and comparatively thin. The whiteness of the
+outer peridium is however, easily displaced. The colony may not show it
+at all, in which case the peridia remaining give to the fructification
+entire a pale lead color, very characteristic. The disposition of the
+lime in the capillitium is also notably variable. Specimens occur which
+in so far realize Rostafinski's _Crateriachea_; that is, the lime is
+massed as a snow-white pseudo-columella in the centre of each
+sporangium. In such cases the lime of the outer peridium is scant or
+limited in amount, never forming the calcareous cap shown in Fig. 1. The
+size of the spores is also variable. Rostafinski gives 12.5-14.2  mu; not
+infrequently a single spore reaches 16  mu, a very unusual range of
+variation.
+
+The species is not common in the upper Mississippi valley, but can be
+obtained in quantity where once it appears, as the plasmodia are
+profuse.
+
+Ohio, Carolinas, Tennessee, Iowa, South Dakota, Kansas. Especially to be
+looked for on the bark of fallen stems of _Populus_ and _Negundo_.
+
+Brazil, India, Japan.
+
+_Physarum lividum_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 95, is but a less calcareous form
+of this, as is evident even by the author's description. Professor
+Morgan thought _P. lividum_ a phase of _P. griseum_ Lk. Link, however,
+reckons _P. griseum_ the same as _P. cinereum_. Link, _Diss._, I., p.
+27.
+
+
+37. PHYSARUM LEUCOPUS _Link._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 7, 7 _a_, 7 _b_.
+
+  1809. _Physarum leucopus_ Link, _Diss._, I, p. 27.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, globose snow-white, with a didymium
+like covering of calcareous particles; stipe white, not long, conical or
+tapering rapidly upward, slightly sulcate, brittle, from an evanescent
+hypothallus; columella none or small; capillitium, consisting of rather
+long hyaline threads, connecting the usual calcareous nodes, which are
+large, angular, snow-white; spore-mass black; spores by transmitted
+light, violet-brown, distinctly warted, about 10  mu.
+
+The snow-white, nearly smooth stem, the small sporangium (1/2 mm.)
+covered with loose calcareous granules, distinguish this rare species.
+It looks like a small _Didymium squamulosum_. Fries called it _D.
+leucopus_, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 121.
+
+Rare. Iowa, Ohio, Maine; Portugal.
+
+
+38. PHYSARUM COMPRESSUM _Alb. & Schw._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 14, and PLATE XIX., Fig. 12 and Fig. 4.
+
+  1805. _Physarum compressum_ Alb. & Schw., _Fung. Lus._, p. 97.
+  1875. _Physarum nefroideum_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 93, in part.
+  1875. _Physarum affine_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 94.
+  1909. _Physarum compressum_ Alb. & Schw., Torrend, _Fl. des Myx._,
+           p. 197.
+  1911. _Physarum compressum_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 70.
+
+Sporangia more or less scattered, _compressed_-globose, or
+compressed-reniform, i. e. often umbilicate, stipitate, sessile, or
+elongate as if plasmodiocarpous, calcareous, white or ashen; peridium
+thin, covered with squamules, opening irregularly, usually by apical
+cleft; stipe, when present, short, stout, more or less sulcate, dark
+brown or ashen; capillitium a rather loose net, the nodules white,
+variable in size and shape; spores purplish-brown, delicately roughened,
+about 10-12.5  mu.
+
+_P. affine_ R. was in this connection set up for European types
+compressed indeed, but more strongly _reniform_. The author says in his
+further description that the form _affine_ is less definitely
+umbilicate, has white stems, etc.; allantoid, one would now say. Such
+forms now begin to appear in America; and if for these a specific name
+is needed, it is provided, _P. affine_ Rost., Plate XIX., Fig. 4.
+
+This seems to be a cosmopolitan species, now that we have found it.
+However, in North America it is rare. It is reported from Pennsylvania,
+from Colorado; Harkness found it in California, and the writer has often
+collected it in Oregon, on Mt. Rainier, Washington, and in California.
+Europe.
+
+
+39. PHYSARUM NOTABILE _nom. nov._
+
+PLATE IX., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_; PLATE XV., Fig. 2; and Frontispiece.
+
+  1873. _Didymium connatum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXVI., p. 74.
+  1879. _Physarum polymorphum_ (Mont.) Rost., Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._,
+           XXXI., p. 55.
+  1893. _Physarum leucophaeum_ Fr., Ellis, _N. A. F._, No. 2396,
+          _second exhibit_.
+  1893. _Physarum leucophaeum_ Fries, Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist.
+           Iowa_, II., p. 156.
+  1894. _Physarum compressum_ Alb. & Schw., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 53,
+           in part.
+  1896. _Physarum connexum_ Link., Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 92,
+           in part.
+  1896. _Physarum confluens_ Pers., Morg., _l. c._, p. 94.
+  1899. _Physarum nefroideum_ Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 41, in part.
+  1911. _Physarum connatum_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 71.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sessile, stipitate, or even plasmodiocarpous; when
+stipitate, depressed, varying at times to irregular reniform in the same
+colony; globose, the peridium strongly calcareous, cinereous-white;
+stipe variable, generally tapering upward, always distinctly deeply
+plicate-furrowed throughout, in color dark, opaque, sometimes touched
+with white or gray; capillitium abundant, the white lime-knots, varying
+in size and shape, connected by rather long hyaline threads, with here
+and there an empty node; spore-mass black, by transmitted light, dark,
+sooty brown, minutely papillose, 10-11.5  mu.
+
+This remarkable species, while not at all difficult of recognition to
+one familiar with its phases, is withal very difficult to define.
+Normally stipitate, it often shows from the same plasmodium all sorts of
+forms, the shape of the fructification dependent apparently upon
+external conditions prevalent at the time. The amount of calcium also
+varies, especially in the capillitium, where there is usually much, with
+a tendency to the formation of something like a pseudo-columella; the
+outer net in such cases nearly destitute. The calcium in the stipe also
+varies; the black or brown stipes are, of course, free from it; the gray
+or white, calcareous.
+
+In this large and difficult genus, since spore-color is receiving
+increased consideration,--see No. 31 preceding,--it is proper to note
+that in the present case two types appear, one with spore-color under
+the lens, as described, the other with spores violaceous with no trace
+of black; unshadowed.
+
+The preceding description is based on material assembled during forty
+years. The form is easily discoverable by any collector throughout the
+entire valley of the Mississippi and eastward to Nova Scotia. For its
+naming, students in America have vainly waited the decision of those
+having access to mycologic types in Europe. It seems now certain that
+the species is extremely rare in the old world if there occurrent; never
+seen by any of the earlier taxonomists including Fries and Rostafinski;
+perhaps adventitious in these later years, although thus far no specimen
+from Europe has reached this table.[24] _P. nefroideum_ of Strasburg
+herbarium turns out, after all, _teste_ Lister, to be _P. compressum_
+Alb. & Schw., which accordingly shall now enjoy state and station of
+its own; our concern in European nomenclature, in the present instance,
+almost disappears, and we return to our synonymy from this side of the
+sea.
+
+Mr. Lister would recur to Dr. Peck's _Didymium connatum_, which indeed
+represents the present species. In such disposition, how gladly would
+all concur, were the thing possible! But _Physarum connatum_ is already
+a synonym twice over.[25] Unless we are done with the rules entirely,
+_P. connatum_ cannot stand. _P. polymorphum_ and _P. leucophaeum_ are
+names already in use, of course; and so under the circumstances, much as
+it is to be regretted, there would seem nothing left to do but to cancel
+all past synonymy and impose a new name whose permanence may at least be
+hoped for, if not expected.
+
+
+40. PHYSARUM TROPICALE _Macbr._
+
+  1899. _Physarum tropicale_ Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 45.
+
+PLATE XV., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, turbinate, short stipitate, blue-gray,
+about 1 mm. in diameter; peridium above iridescent, green, blue, etc.,
+dotted with minute flecks of white, below limeless, purple or bronze
+shading to the brown of the stipe; stipe short, stout, slightly rugose,
+cylindric, non-calcareous, brown; columella none; hypothallus none;
+capillitium abundant, the nodes generally calcareous, small, uniform,
+angular, white, uniformly distributed; spore-mass, black; spores dark
+violet-brown, distinctly and closely warted, 12-15  mu.
+
+A large handsome species recognizable by the peculiar turbinate
+sporangium, with its iridescent peridial wall in which green strongly
+predominates above, bronze below. The distinction between the upper and
+lower peridium would suggest _Craterium_, but the internal structure is
+not at all _Craterium_-like. The capillitium is typically of _Physarum_.
+The color suggests _P. leucophaeum violascens_ Rost. From this species
+it is at once distinguished by its much longer sporangia, larger and
+rougher spores.
+
+Mexico; _C. L. Smith_: Sure to be again collected once that unhappy
+country shall again open its forests to research.
+
+
+41. PHYSARUM NICARAGUENSE _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XV., Figs. 7, 7 _a_, 7 _b_; XVII., 11 and 11 _a_.
+
+  1893. _Physarum nicaraguense_ Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa_,
+           II., p. 383.
+  1894. _Physarum compressum_ Alb. & Schw., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 53,
+           in part.
+  1910. _Physarum nicaraguense_ Macbr., Petch, _Mycetozoa Ceylon_,
+           p. 334.
+  1911. _Physarum reniforme_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 72,
+           in part.
+
+Sporangia multilobate or compound-contorted, below obconic, gray, ribbed
+with calcareous thickenings; stem short, fuscous, longitudinally
+wrinkled; hypothallus distinct, black; columella none, although the lime
+massed at the centre of each sporangium simulates one; capillitium
+white, densely calcareous, with heavy angular nodules connected with
+comparatively short threads; spores violet, globose, spinulose, about 12
+ mu in diameter.
+
+Ometepe, Nicaragua. _Professor B. Shimek_.
+
+This species resembles in some particulars No. 39, especially in the
+amount of lime present in both capillitium and peridium, in the fluted,
+sooty stipe, and the rough spores. Mr. Lister once regarded it as the
+same. Nevertheless, it differs from _P. notabile_ in many definite
+particulars. In the first place, the sporangia are different in form and
+habit. They are obconic, nearly always compound, convolute, or botryoid,
+in this respect somewhat resembling _P. polycephalum_. Besides, the
+sporangia are uniformly much smaller, and show constantly the strongly
+calcified centre, much transcending anything seen in _P. notabile_. The
+stipe also is peculiar, quite short, an upward extension or sweep of the
+common hypothallus which is usually very distinct or prominent; and,
+while the stipe is longitudinally wrinkled, it is much less so than in
+the related species, and in a different way. The spores are about the
+same in size, but differ in color, in this respect agreeing rather with
+_P. leucophaeum_.
+
+In the _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed., l. c._, the present species is entered as a
+synonym of two described by Massee: _Tilmadoche reniformis_ Mass., Mon.,
+p. 336, and _Didymium echinosporum_ Mass., _Mon._ 239. But Massee's
+description of his tilmadoche is, naturally enough, at variance in every
+important point with the facts in the species before us. Massee says:
+"... sporangia deeply umbilicate _below_, sausage-shaped and curved; the
+stem elongated slender erect, pale brown; capillitial nodes scattered,
+fusiform, colorless or yellow; spores 16-17  mu." It is evident that
+whatever Massee may have had in hand as he wrote it was _not P.
+nicaraguense_, which has spores 10-12  mu and reverses the remaining
+description.
+
+But _Didymium echinosporum_ also defines _T. reniformis_ since Lister,
+_Mon._, p. 54, says they are based on two gatherings of one species. Of
+this second species Massee says: "A superficial resemblance to _T.
+nutans_, but distinct in the capillitium which contains _no trace of
+lime_; spores 12-14  mu!" Again it is evident that whatever Massee had in
+hand when he wrote, it was not _P. nicaraguense_ which "has capillitium
+almost Badhamia-like," i. e., burdened with lime!
+
+Worse than all; Mr. Massee's _alleged_ types are in evidence; one
+labelled _P. reniforme_[26] includes forms of _P. didermoides_ and of
+_P. nicaraguense_; the other labelled by Berkeley _P. nutans_ is _P.
+nicaraguense_. So Mr. T. Petch, _Mycet. Ceyl._, who enters our species
+as from Ceylon, and the names cited from Berkeley, Massee, and others,
+as synonyms. He remarks, "Probably Thwaites' 135 and 55 were mixed
+during examination"! Doubtless! and some other things too! What Massee
+did have beneath his lens, no one now may say but apparently not in
+either case cited, the physarum of Central America.
+
+
+42. PHYSARUM SULPHUREUM _Alb. & Schw._
+
+  1805. _Physarum sulphureum_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p. 93,
+           Tab. VI, f. 1.
+  1818. _Physarum flavum_ Fries, _Symb. Gast._, p. 22.
+  1875. _Physarum sulphureum_ Alb. & Schw., Rost., _Mon._, p. 101.[27]
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, rugulose-squamulose, .6-.8 mm.,
+sulphur-yellow, stipitate; peridium membranous, covered with calcareous
+scales; stipe stout, white, charged with lime, furrowed; columella none;
+capillitium strongly calcareous, the nodules large, white; spores
+violaceous, rough, 9-11  mu.
+
+Northern Europe. (Lusatia) Lausitz, Alb. & Schw.; dim old Wendish
+region on the south borders of Brandenburg. Reported also from Sweden.
+
+The description and figure given by Schweinitz, 1805, _l. c._, leave no
+doubt as to what he had in hand. Twenty or thirty years later, having
+spent the interval in this country,--bishop, indeed, of the Moravian
+churches, but a student of fungi all the while,--he reports the same
+thing from this country; _Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci._, 1834. Cooke also
+lists it in _Myxomycetes of the U. S._ It surely will be found again.
+Mr. Lister thinks _P. variable_ Rex may be the same thing.
+
+
+43. PHYSARUM CARNEUM _G. Lister and Sturgis_.
+
+  1910. _Physarum carneum_ G. Lister and Sturgis, _Jour. Bot._,
+           Vol. XLVIII, p. 63.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, sub-globose, .5 mm. in diameter,
+ochraceous-yellow above, flesh-colored below; peridium membranous, pale
+yellow, lime-granules evenly distributed; stipe short, translucent,
+pinkish flesh-colored; capillitium dense, nodules white; spores
+purplish-brown, spinulose, 8  mu.
+
+Differs from _P. citrinellum_ in the membranous peridium, flesh-colored
+stalks and smaller spores.
+
+Colorado; _Dr. W. C. Sturgis._
+
+
+44. PHYSARUM CITRINELLUM _Peck._
+
+  1831. _Physarum caespitosum_ Schw., Syn. _N. A. F._, No. 2301 (?).
+  1869. _Diderma citrinum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXII., p. 89.
+  1870. _Physarum citrinellum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXI., p. 55.
+  1894. _Craterium citrinellum_ List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 74.
+  1899. _Physarum caespitosum_ Schw., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 37.
+  1911. _Physarum citrinellum_ Peck, List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 62.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, or scattered globose, short-stipitate, pale yellow
+or ochraceous, smooth or slightly roughened by the presence of minute
+lime-particles; peridium more or less distinctly double, the outer
+calcareous, fragile, the inner very delicate, with here and there a
+calcareous thickening, ruptured irregularly; stipe very short, half the
+sporangium, fuliginous, furrowed, expanded below into an imperfectly
+defined hypothallus; capillitium abundant, the nodes stellate-angular,
+large, the internodes delicate, short; spore-mass black, spores
+violaceous-brown by transmitted light, strongly spinulose, 10-12.5  mu.
+
+A very distinct and handsome species. Easily recognizable at sight by
+its large, globose, almost sessile and yet distinctly stalked sporangia.
+The color to the naked eye is pale ochraceous or buff. Only under a
+moderate magnification do the citrine tints come out.
+
+In the _Twenty-second N. Y. Report_, Dr. Peck incorrectly referred this
+species to _Physarum citrinum_ Schum. On the appearance of Rostafinski's
+_Monograph_, Dr. Peck in his revised list, _l. c._, writes _P.
+citrinellum_ Peck, with description on p. 57, following. Under the last
+name the species has been generally recognized in the United States and
+distributed. _N. A. F._, 2490.
+
+In the former edition, this species was referred to _P. caespitosum_
+Schw., of which the original description is as follows: "_P.
+caespitosum_ L. v. S., pulcherrimum. In foliis et stipitibus
+Rhododendri, Bethlehem. Physarum substipitatum aut saltem basi
+attenuata, caespitosim crescens et sparsim. Caespitulis 3 linearibus;
+peridiis stipatis, turbinatis, ovatis, basi contracta membranula
+exterori luteosquamulosa aut punctato-squarrulosa. Sporidiis
+nigro-brunneis, floccis citrinis inspersis." _Synopsis N. A. Fungi_,
+2301.
+
+The type from the Schweinitz herbarium is no longer in evidence. Without
+it, the reference cannot be sustained.
+
+Not uncommon in the eastern United States; reported also from Japan.
+
+
+45. PHYSARUM ALBESCENS _Ellis._
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 4, 4 _a_.
+
+  1889. _Physarum albescens_ Ellis _in litt_: not described.
+  1893. _Physarum auriscalpium_ Cke., Macbr., _Bull. Lab. N. H. Iowa_,
+           No. 2, p. 155, in part.
+  1894. _Physarum virescens_ var. _nitens_ List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 59,
+           in part.
+  1899. _Physarum virescens_ var. _nitens_ List., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 34, in part.
+  1899. _Leocarpus fulvus_ Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 82.
+  1911. _Physarum fulvum_ Lister, _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 60.
+  1911. _Physarum virescens, nitens_ List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 84,
+           in part.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, ovoid or globose, pale yellowish or
+fulvous, opening irregularly above, stipitate; the peridium double, the
+outer layer more or less calcareous, the inner delicate, almost
+indistinguishable, persistent below as a shallow cup; the stipe long,
+weak, striate, fulvous or yellow; hypothallus distinct, venulose, or
+more or less continuous; capillitium pallid or white, dense, with here
+and there below large continuous yellow calcareous nodules; columella
+none; spore-mass black; spores by transmitted light, dark brown, rough,
+13-15  mu. Varies to forms with single (inner) peridium and simple
+physaroid capillitium. _Vid._ descriptions cited for _P. auriscalpium_,
+_P. nitens_, etc.
+
+This interesting form is from our western mountains, and suggests at
+first a diderma; but the capillitium is entirely unlike that of a
+diderma in color and structure, and plainly belongs here. Plasmodium
+yellow, on fallen leaves and twigs. Our material is from Prof. Bethel,
+Denver; and Lake Tahoe, Nevada; later from Dr. Weir, Montana. No doubt
+common at high altitudes near the snow-line in mountainous regions,
+probably around the world.
+
+As indicated above, this was originally entered as of the genus
+_Leocarpus_; the taxonomic history of the form may interest readers who
+note with surprise the presentation in synonymy here developed.
+
+About thirty-five or forty years ago Dr. Harkness of California sent to
+Mr. Ellis of New Jersey a slime-mould which the sender referred to
+_Diderma albescens_ Phillips, (_Grev._ V., p. 114, 1877). Ellis sent a
+small bit to the Iowa herbarium without other comment, save that he
+thought it a physarum. Sometime later Mr. Ellis received from Father
+Langlois, a correspondent in Louisiana, specimens he esteemed the same
+thing. He expressed the opinion that if this were what Phillips had
+found in California, it should perhaps be called a physarum. The
+Louisiana material by his courtesy came also to this table. The material
+was scanty, in poor condition, and all waited further light. To these
+specimens the writer paid less attention. They were in the hands of his
+correspondents and the courtesy of the case required their further
+consideration by Dr. Rex.
+
+In 1889 Mr. Holway found in Iowa, a physarum of which he sent part to
+Ellis and the remainder to the writer who, then engaged on the
+_Myxomycetes of East. Iowa_, referred his part of this Iowa gathering
+to the _Physarum auriscalpium_ Cke. as found in New York. Under this
+caption a specimen was later sent to Mr. Lister, who has, as we see,
+consistently regarded the thing as a variety of _P. virescens_ Ditmar,
+_P. nitens_ List.
+
+Meantime in 1898 Colorado material from Professor Bethel reached the
+University. This did not recall any of the materials sent from Ellis.
+_Diderma albescens_ had meanwhile come again from California, and been
+recognized as _Diderma niveum_ Rost.
+
+Accordingly, in _N. A. S._ the latest arrival from Colorado was
+described as a new species, and with some temerity perhaps, offered as a
+second species of the hitherto monotypic _Leocarpus_, all on account of
+the peculiar capillitium. Sometime after publication our most valued
+correspondent Mr. Bilgram called attention to the resemblance between
+the Colorado and Louisiana material already referred to. The University
+specimens as stated were small, broken, and in every way poor, but
+enough remained to indicate the evident justice of our correspondent's
+suspicion. Further investigation of the Holway material in Philadelphia
+showed that _it too was entitled to consideration_! Inasmuch as the
+Holway sending was all from one plasmodium, all difficulties vanished at
+once. The Iowa gathering showed two phases: one at the University
+represents _P. nitens_, physaroid, single-walled; while the Philadelphia
+part of the gathering corresponds, poorly it is true, but in fact, as
+_now_ appears, to the form coming in perfection from Colorado;
+leocarpine in structure, published as _Leocarpus fulvus_; _P. fulvum_
+Lister. Since the combination _P. fulvum_ is already in use, synonym of
+_P. rubiginosum_, it seems better to write the name suggested by Ellis;
+_Physarum albescens_ never having been published, because _Diderma
+albescens_, as noted took care of itself.
+
+Since Rostafinski we separate all these physaroid forms chiefly by
+capillitial characters: capillitial structure separates genera.
+_Physarum diderma_ is a physarum despite its double wall. And so here
+_Leocarpus_ was set out by its differentiating capillitium. In good
+specimens of the present species a large part of the capillitial net is
+entirely free from lime, so that when the peridium first opens at the
+summit, sometimes no trace of lime appears; the calcareous deposits are
+below, and tend to occupy not the nodal intersections as in _Physarum_,
+but in large masses involve portions of the net itself, nodes and all,
+as in _Leocarpus_. Miss Lister's beautiful figures, _op. cit._, Figs. 66
+and 82, show this very well.
+
+In The _Journal of Botany_, 52, p. 100, the distinguished author and
+artist records the discovery of this species in the mountains of
+Switzerland. She says: "This specimen shows a striking resemblance to
+_Leocarpus fragilis_ Rost., both in the shape of the sporangia and in
+the capillitium and spores; but although the color of the sporangia
+varies in both these species, the walls of _P. (L.) fulvum_ are
+membranous and rugose with included deposits of lime granules and show
+nothing of the polished cartilaginous layers characteristic of _L.
+fragilis_."
+
+The species is a boundary type at best, and shows again how artificial
+all our taxonomy is apt to prove, when the number of presentations of
+some particular type becomes larger.
+
+For these reasons, the present author writes _Physarum_, and believes
+the question of identity in a perplexing case fortunately settled.
+
+
+46. PHYSARUM VARIABILE Rex.
+
+  1893. _Physarum variabile_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 371.
+  1911. _Physarum variabile_ Rex, List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 47.
+
+Sporangia scattered, stipitate, sub-stipitate or sessile, about 1 mm.
+high; regularly or irregularly globose, ellipsoidal, obovate or
+cylindric-clavate in shape; sporangium wall sometimes apparently thick,
+of a dingy yellow or brownish-ochre color, slightly rugulose on the
+surface, crustaceous, brittle, rupturing irregularly, sometimes thin,
+translucent, covered externally with flat circular calcic-masses falling
+away in patches; stipes nearly equal, occasionally much expanded at the
+base, rough, longitudinally rugose, variable in size, sometimes
+one-third of a millimetre high, sometimes a mere plasmodic thickening of
+the base of the sporangium; color of stipes varying from a
+yellowish-white to a dull brownish-gray; capillitium a small-meshed
+network of delicate colorless tubules with large, many-angled, rounded
+masses of white, or rarely yellowish-white lime-granules at the nodes;
+no true columella, but often a central irregular mass of white
+lime-granules; spores dark violet-brown, verruculose, 9-10  mu.
+
+Pennsylvania. _Dr. Rex._
+
+Lister, _op. cit._, describes a variety, _sessile_, presenting
+plasmodiocarpous fructification, from Ceylon, also from Antigua, but
+there are some doubts as to the identity of these with American sessile
+and plasmodiocarpous forms. Vid. _Jour. Bot._ XXXVI., p. 113.
+
+
+47. PHYSARUM AURISCALPIUM _Cooke_.
+
+  1877. _Physarum auriscalpium_ Cooke, _Myx. U. S._, Am. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
+           N. Y., XI., p. 384.
+  1877. _Physarum auriscalpium_ Cke., _Myx. Gr. Brit._, Pl. 24,
+           f. 253-4.
+  1893. _Physarum sulphureum_ (Alb. & Schw.), Sturgis, _Bot. Gaz._,
+           XVIII., p. 197.
+  1898. _Physarum auriscalpium_ Cke., List., _Jour. Bot._, XXXVI.,
+           p. 115.
+  1911. _Physarum auriscalpium_ Cke., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           Syn. excl.
+
+Sporangia scattered, stipitate or occasionally sub-sessile spherical,
+.8-1 mm. high; peridium granulated, bright golden yellow; stipe, when
+present, one-half to two-thirds the height of the sporangium,
+blackish-brown; hypothallus, minute, thin, brown; columella absent;
+capillitium rather dense, composed of large angular nodes, completely
+filled with bright yellow granules of lime, and connected by very short,
+delicate, colorless internodes destitute of lime; spores globose
+minutely verruculose, or asperate, 10.7-11.8  mu in diameter,
+brownish-violet by transmitted light, black in the mass.
+
+This is the original description, 1893, of _P. sulphureum_ (Alb. &
+Schw.) Sturgis; the author last named having compared certain stalked
+New England forms with what he could find of _P. sulphureum_ in the
+herbarium of Schweinitz at Philadelphia, and having, as he thought,
+established identity.
+
+Meantime Mr. Lister had been inclined to refer _P. auriscalpium_ Cke. to
+_P. rubiginosum_ Fr., _Mycetozoa_, p. 61.
+
+In 1898 Professor Sturgis and Mr. Lister agreed that the New England
+specimens, owing to color and character of stipe and some other
+differences could not be the Schweinitzian species, but did indeed
+conform much better with those in London labelled _P. auriscalpium_ Cke.
+
+Accordingly _P. sulphureum_ is something else, very different, (v. A. &
+S., Cons. _Fung. Tab._, VI., f. 1), and by aid of recent[28] discoveries
+in Sweden goes its own way again. Meanwhile _P. sulphureum_ Sturgis
+stands, a new type for _P. auriscalpium_ Cke., the description modified
+to suit; the lamented pioneer-author receives honor due, and his
+handsome species, with its "golden graving," may now march, let us hope,
+under appropriate banner far down the fair highway to future fame!
+
+
+48. PHYSARUM OBLATUM _Macbr._
+
+PLATE III., Fig. 6; PLATE XIV., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_.
+
+  1879. _Physarum ornatum_ Peck, Rep. _N. Y. Museum_, XXXI., p. 40 (?).
+  1893. _Physarum oblatum_ Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa_, II.,
+           p. 384.
+  1896. _Craterium maydis_ Morg., _Myx. Miam. Vall._, p. 87.
+  1909. _Physarum maydis_ Torr., _Flor. des Myxo._, p. 193.
+  1911. _Physarum maydis_ Torr. List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 59.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, stipitate, small, bright yellow, globose or
+depressed-globose, rough; stipe reddish-brown or fuliginous, even,
+short, slender; hypothallus scant, black, or none; columella none;
+threads of the capillitium yellow, delicate, connecting the rather dense
+and abundant yellow lime-granules; spore-mass brownish-black, spores
+violaceous, minutely but distinctly spinulose, 9-11  mu.
+
+This species is easily recognizable by its brilliant yellow color,
+somewhat rugose, sometimes scaly peridium, its richly calcareous
+capillitium, also bright yellow where not weathered or faded, its dark
+brown, translucent, non-calcareous stem. In dehiscence, the base of the
+peridium in cup-form, sometimes persists. This circumstance, with the
+fact that decaying maize-stalks and leaves are a favorite habitat, led
+Professor Morgan to its description as _Craterium maydis_. But it is
+doubtless a physarum, occurring on habitats of all sorts, from Ohio to
+Iowa, Colorado and Washington. Ceylon(?).
+
+_Physarum ornatum_ Peck is doubtfully cited here, although Professor
+Morgan thought it the same as _P. oblatum_. As a matter of fact the
+original brief description, _op. cit._, does not suggest either _P.
+oblatum_ or _P. maydis_; rather a form of _Tilmadoche viridis_.
+Professor Sturgis, _Notes on Some Type Specimens of Myxo., in the N. Y.
+Museum, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci._, Vol. X., Pt. 2, p. 470, says
+that of the type almost nothing remains, that the name _P. ornatum_ Pk.
+"should be discarded."
+
+
+49. PHYSARUM GALBEUM _Wing._
+
+  1890. _Physarum galbeum_ Wing., Ell., _N. A. F._, 2491
+          (no description).
+  1892. _Physarum petersii_ Berk. & C., Mass., _Mon._, p. 296, in part.
+  1894. _Physarum berkeleyi_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 48, in part.
+  1899. _Physarum galbeum_ Wing., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 53.
+  1911. _Physarum galbeum_ Wing., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 59.
+
+Sporangia scattered, globose, stipitate, often nodding, golden yellow,
+the peridium exceedingly thin, breaking up into patches on which the
+yellow lime granules are conspicuous; stipe non-calcareous, pale brown
+or amber-colored, longitudinally wrinkled, about one and one-half times
+the diameter of the peridium; columella none; hypothallus none;
+capillitium dense, extremely delicate, the nodes only here and there
+calcareous, the lime knots when present small, angular, yellow;
+spore-mass pale brown; spores almost smooth, lilac- or violet-tinted,
+7.5-10  mu.
+
+Distinguished among the small delicate species with which it will be
+naturally associated, by the yellow, richly calcareous wall of the
+globose sporangium and the almost limeless capillitium. The stipe is
+hollow and contains irregular masses of refuse granular matter, but no
+lime so far as we have been able to discover. _P. flavicomum_, to which
+the species is related most closely, differs in having the wall
+non-calcareous, iridescent, as well as in the color throughout; the
+character of the capillitium, in which lime is abundant; the absence of
+refuse-matter in the stem.
+
+Pennsylvania, Iowa, Minnesota.
+
+
+50. PHYSARUM TENERUM _Rex._
+
+  1890. _Physarum tenerum_ Rex., _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 192.
+  1894. _Physarum polymorphum_ Rost. var. _obrusseum_, Lister,
+          _Mycet._, p. 48.
+  1899. _Physarum obrusseum_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 52.
+  1911. _Physarum tenerum_ Rex., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 52.
+
+The peridium thin, membranaceous, thickly studded with circular,
+flattened, yellow granules of lime; stipe long, slender, subulate,
+opaque, pale brown, striate and black below, pale yellow above;
+columella none; capillitium yellow or white, delicate, forming a loosely
+but regularly meshed network with numerous small round or rounded
+granules at the intersections; spores dark brown, delicately warted, 7-8
+ mu.
+
+This delicate physarum, very fragile and evanescent, seems to be
+distinct, by reason of its characteristic rounded lime granules, from
+any similar, stipitate species. It varies a little according to
+locality. Ohio specimens are a little larger and have thicker and more
+calcareous stipes than is usual in those from Philadelphia. The walls of
+the sporangia when fully matured generally break into several petal-like
+segments which finally become reflexed. The description given by
+Berkeley is entirely insufficient.
+
+In an earlier edition this species was entered as _P. obrusseum_
+following the Polish text. Miss Lister who has the type of _Didymium
+obrusseum_ at hand considers it as representing a phase of _Physarum
+polycephalum_ Schw. _D. tenerrimum_ Berk. & Curt. is judged the same.
+_P. tenerum_ Rex is, in any event, certain, and the combination is
+adopted.
+
+Rare:--Pennsylvania, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Iowa, Portugal, Japan.
+
+
+51. PHYSARUM FLAVICOMUM _Berk._
+
+PLATE XV., Figs. 3, 3 _a_.
+
+  1845. _Physarum flavicomum_ Berk., _Hook. Jour. Bot._, IV., p. 66.
+  1873. _Physarum cupripes_, Berk. & Rav., _Grev._, II., p. 65.
+  1875. _Physarum berkeleyi_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 105.
+  1894. _Physarum berkeleyi_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 57.
+  1899. _Physarum flavicomum_ Berk., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 53.
+  1911. _Physarum flavicomum_ Berk., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 58.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, small, spherical, at first fuliginous throughout,
+stipitate; the peridium thin, destitute of lime, iridescent, breaking up
+and deciduous in patches, except at the base; stipe twice the diameter
+of the peridium, brown, fluted, not hollow, tapering upward from a small
+but distinct, radiant hypothallus; columella none; capillitium dense,
+persistent, the nodes frequently calcareous, elongate and vertical,
+especially below, yellow; spore-mass brown; spores by transmitted light,
+bright violaceous-brown, slightly papillose, 9-10  mu.
+
+This species is instantly distinguishable from all cognate forms by its
+peculiar sooty color. Not less is the species structurally marked by its
+capillitium. The latter below is exactly as in the species of
+_Tilmadoche_. Indeed, the present species unites characters supposed to
+distinguish _Physarum_ from _Tilmadoche_, and would so far justify those
+authors who bring all the species of both genera together under one
+generic name. In any case the species is by its capillitium entirely
+distinct from _P. galbeum_, as well as by the structure of the stipe and
+the peridial surface. The plasmodium, at first watery, emerges from
+decayed elm logs and soon takes on a peculiar greenish tint preserved
+somewhat in the mature fruit.
+
+Rostafinski, _Monograph_, pp. 105, 106, rejects Berkeley's specific
+name, _flavicomum_, because it refers to the somewhat indefinite,
+characteristic color. As this is no valid reason for change, we have
+restored Berkeley's specific name, which by general consent has
+priority. _N. A. F._, 3299.
+
+Not common. New Jersey, Ohio, South Carolina, Iowa.
+
+
+52. PHYSARUM BETHELII (_Macbr._) _Lister_.
+
+  1899. _Tilmadoche bethelii_, Macbr., _Exempl. ad Herbaria._
+  1911. _Physarum gyrosum_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 75.
+
+Sporangia scattered, globose, umbilicate below, .5-1 mm. in diameter,
+iridescent blue, or sometimes tinged by the presence of delicate pale
+yellow calcareous scales, stipitate; stipe rather short, black or dark
+brown, equal; capillitium dense, radiating from the black, slightly
+intrusive summit of the stipe, and from the base of the peridium
+ascending; the nodules not numerous, elongate, branching betimes, pale
+yellow; spores minutely roughened, 10-12  mu.
+
+This beautiful delicately tinted little species is clearly tilmadochoid
+in the Friesian sense. The capillitium persists after the fall of the
+upper filmy peridium, adherent below to the persisting peridial base.
+Collected thus far twice only; by Professor Bethel and by Professor
+Sturgis, Colorado.
+
+
+SECTION 2
+
+_=Tilmadoche= Fries_
+
+
+53. PHYSARUM GYROSUM (_Rost._) _Jahn._
+
+  1875. _Physarum gyrosum_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 111.
+  1902. _Physarum gyrosum_ Rost., Jahn, _Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges._, XX.,
+           p. 272, t. XIII.
+  1911. _Physarum gyrosum_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 75.
+
+Sporangia gyrose, variable in form, or plasmodiocarpous and irregular,
+venulose, sessile upon a common, strongly developed hypothallus,
+sometimes isolated and irregularly globose, dehiscing irregularly or by
+longitudinal fissure, yellowish or greyish white; columella none;
+capillitium delicate, the nodules elongate, variable in size; spores
+pale violaceous, minutely spinulose, 7-10  mu.
+
+This is a European species recently resuscitated by Dr. Jahn. It perhaps
+might more correctly be recorded as _P. gyrosum_ Jahn, since Rostafinski
+certainly attempted in his description to cover two apparently distinct
+things. He seems to have had before him _Fuligo muscorum_ Schw. and "_P.
+gyrosum_," but he thought them the same, and his description touches now
+one, now the other. Since _F. muscorum_ Schw. has all along held its own
+and received due recognition, it is interesting to note the recovery of
+this gyrose form.
+
+Judging by description and figures, it resembles a very large, sessile
+phase of _P. polycephalum_. See further under that species.
+
+Europe, Japan, Eastern United States (?).
+
+
+54. PHYSARUM POLYCEPHALUM _Schw._
+
+PLATE VIII., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+  1822. _Physarum polycephalum_ Schw., _Syn. Fung. Car._, No. 382.
+  1829. _Didymium polycephalum_ (Schw.) Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III.,
+           p. 122.
+  1837. _Didymium polymorphum_ Mont., _Ann. Sci. Nat._, Ser. 2, 8,
+           p. 361.
+  1837. _Didymium gyrocephalum_ Mont., _op. cit._, p. 362.
+  1875. _Physarum polymorphum_ (Mont.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 107.
+  1875. _Tilmadoche gyrocephala_ (Mont.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 131.
+  1899. _Tilmadoche polycephala_ (Schw.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 57.
+  1911. _Physarum polycephalum_ Schw., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 58.
+
+Sporangia spherical or irregular, impressed, gyrose-confluent,
+helvelloid, umbilicate below; peridium thin, ashy, covered with
+evanescent yellow squamules, fragile; stipe from an expanded
+membranaceous base, long-subulate, yellow; spores smooth, violet, 9-11
+ mu.
+
+A most singular species and well defined is this, occurring in masses of
+decaying leaves or on rotten logs. The plasmodium at first colorless; as
+it emerges for fructification, white, then yellow, spreading far over
+all adjacent objects, not sparing the leaves and flowers of living
+plants; at evening slime, spreading, streaming, changing; by morning
+fruit, a thousand stalked sporangia with their strangely convoluted
+sculpture. The evening winds again bear off the sooty spores, and naught
+remains but twisted yellow stems crowned with a pencil of tufted silken
+hairs. August.
+
+Although Rostafinski's description of this species is accurate and marks
+exactly a _Tilmadoche_ and is very different from his description of
+_Physarum polymorphum_, nevertheless it is probable that both
+descriptions have reference to the same thing. All specimens on which
+both species were based were American; _P. polymorphum_, North American.
+But the only North American form to which reference can be made is that
+by Schweinitz called _P. polycephalum_ and, fortunately, sufficiently
+described. Furthermore, Rostafinski, under _T. gyrocephala_, himself
+affirms the probable identity of Montagne's _Didymium gyrocephalum_ with
+the Schweinitzian species, and uses Montagne's specific name
+provisionally. For these reasons it seems proper to write the species as
+above.
+
+Widely distributed and common, from Maine and Canada to Nebraska, and
+Washington and south to Nicaragua.
+
+This species is so common that its plasmodium and fructification may be
+easily observed. Professor Morton E. Peck, who has been for years a
+close observer of the vegetative phases of our Iowa species, says of _P.
+polycephalum_: "In one instance I observed a plasmodium for twelve
+successive days on the surface of a decaying stump. During this period
+it crept all around the stump and from top to bottom several times. At
+one time the color was bright yellow; at another, greenish yellow; and
+once, shortly before fruiting, it became clear bright green. A heavy
+rain fell upon the plasmodium but it appeared to sustain little injury
+and ultimately developed normal sporangia."
+
+
+55. PHYSARUM NUTANS _Pers._
+
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus albus_ Bull., _Champ._, p. 137, t. 407, III.,
+           and t. 470, I, A-L.
+  1791. _Stemonitis alba_ (Bull.), Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, p. 1469 (?).
+  1795. _Physarum nutans_ Pers., _Ust. Ann. Bot._, XV., p. 6.
+  1803. _Trichia cernua Schum., Enum. Pl, Saell._, II., p. 241.
+  1829. _Physarum cernuum_ (Schum.) in part, Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III.,
+           pp. 130, 147.
+  1848. _Tilmadoche cernua_ (Schum.) Fr., _Summ. Veg. Sc._, p. 454.
+  1873. _Tilmadoche nutans_ (Pers.) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 10.
+  1899. _Tilmadoche alba_ (Bull.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 58.
+  1911. _Physarum nutans_ Pers., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 67,
+           in part.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, depressed-spherical, stipitate, umbilicate, gray
+or white, thin-walled, nodding; stipe long, tapering upward, brown or
+black below, ashen white above, lightly striate, graceful; capillitium
+abundant, threads delicate, intricately combined in loose persistent
+network with occasional minute, rounded, or elongate calcareous nodules;
+spores minutely roughened, globose, about 10  mu.
+
+The nodding, lenticular, umbilicate sporangium, barely attached to the
+apiculate stipe, is sufficient to distinguish this elegant little
+species, recognized and quite aptly characterized by mycologists for
+more than one hundred years. As _Sphaerocarpus albus_ Bulliard first
+prescribed the limits by which the species is at present bounded. The
+description by Fries (_Syst. Myc.,_, III., 128) is especially graphic;
+"Peridium very thin, in form quite constantly lenticular, umbilicate at
+base, at first smooth then uneven, generally laciniate-dehiscent, the
+segments persistent at least at base."
+
+The stipe is usually white above, fuscous below, at the apex almost
+evanescent; hence the cernuous sporangia. The same character is less
+strikingly manifest in the species next following.
+
+The plasmodium is bright yellow, sometimes greenish. Brought in from the
+field and maturing under a bell-jar, the color changes to a watery white
+just before the sporangia rise in fruit. _P. album_ Fuckel, _Rhen. Fl._,
+No. 1469, 1865, is believed to be _P. cinereum_ (Batsch) Pers.
+
+Persoon changed Bulliard's specific name in this case to furnish one
+himself, more descriptive as he thought and distinctive. His success in
+this attempt must be esteemed but partial since all the related forms,
+immediately listed, _nod_ as well. Bulliard's name as applied by Persoon
+is therefore to be preferred. But the transfer from _Tilmadoche_ to
+_Physarum_ loses for us one step in the ladder of priority. _P. album_
+(Bull.) may not enter here, since Fries has given us one species under
+that title. So Persoon comes next on the list, all the world now nodding
+approbation, let us hope!
+
+Under the name _Physarum gracilentum_, Fries cites an extremely delicate
+form of this species. The sporangia are of the most minute, about .2-.3
+mm. in diameter, globose, slightly umbilicate below, the stipe usually
+white at top, but sometimes black throughout. This graceful form occurs
+rarely in undisturbed woods.
+
+Widely distributed in the eastern United States, apparently rare in the
+west. Reported from various parts of the world; Europe, Japan,
+Australia, etc.
+
+
+56. PHYSARUM VIRIDE (_Bull._) _Pers._
+
+PLATE VIII, Figs. 8, 8 _a_, 8 _b_.
+
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus viridis_ Bull., _Champ._, t. 407, Fig. I.
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus luteus_ Bull., _Champ._, t. 407, Fig. II.
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus aurantius_ Bull., _Champ._, t. 484, Fig. II.
+  1791. _Stemonitis viridis_ (Bull.) Gmel., _Sys. Nat._, p. 1469.
+  1794. _Physarum aureum_ Pers., Roemer, _Neu. Mag. f. die Bot._, I.,
+           p. 88.
+  1795. _Physarum viride_ Pers., Usteri, _Ann. Bot._, XV., p. 6.
+  1801. _Physarum aurantium_ Pers., _Syn. Meth._, p. 173.
+  1829. _Physarum nutans_ var. Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., pp. 128-129.
+  1875. _Tilmadoche mutabilis_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 129.
+  1880. _Tilmadoche viridis_ (Bull.) Sacc., _Michelia_, II., p. 263.
+  1894. _Physarum viride_ Pers., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 50.
+  1899. _Tilmadoche viridis_ (Bull.) Sacc., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 59.
+  1911. _Physarum viride_ Pers., List., _Mycetozoa_, 2nd ed.
+
+Sporangia globose, flattened or lenticular, beneath plane or concave,
+variously colored, yellow, greenish yellow, rusty orange, stipitate,
+nodding; the peridium splitting irregularly or reticulately; stipe
+variable in length and color, through various shades of red and yellow,
+subulate; capillitium strongly developed, concolorous with sporangium,
+the tubes with colorless or yellow calcareous thickenings; spores
+smooth, fuscous or violet-black, 8  mu.
+
+A very handsome and rather common little species; like the preceding,
+but generally greenish-yellow in color, and occasionally brilliantly
+orange without a suggestion of green. Indeed, the color is so variable
+that some authors have been disposed to discard the species entirely,
+inasmuch as the chief specific character is color. The plasmodium is
+pale yellow, in rotten logs, stumps, etc. In the paler yellow or
+greenish forms the stipe is more commonly black.
+
+This is _Physarum luteum_ (Bull.) Fries, and likewise also includes the
+three varieties, _viride_, _aureum_, _coccineum_, listed by the same
+author under _P. nutans_, while he at the same time remarks that they
+might with equal propriety be elsewhere referred. Rostafinski considers
+that all the colored forms agree in capillitium sufficiently to be
+associated under one name and are in the same way unlike _T.
+nutans_.[29] Rostafinski thinks to avoid confusion by suggesting a more
+fitting specific name, _T. mutabilis_, but there seems no good reason
+for not adopting the earliest identifiable specific appellation, which
+in this case appears to be _viride_. The yellow phase is common in Iowa,
+resembles in size, color, stipe, _P. galbeum_ Wingate, but is instantly
+distinguishable by the capillitium. _N. A. F._, 1213.
+
+Widely distributed specimens are before us;--from New England, New York,
+Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Nebraska, Iowa, California, Oregon,
+Canada, Nicaragua, Samoa, Alaska, India, etc.
+
+
+=EXTRA-LIMITAL=[30]
+
+
+PHYSARUM MUTABILE (_Rost._) _List._
+
+  1875. _Crateriachea mutabilis_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 125.
+  1892. _Crateriachea mutabilis_ Rost., Mass., _Mon._, p. 344.
+  1894. _Physarum cinereum_ List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 55, in part.
+  1895. _Physarum crateriachea_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XXXIII., p. 323.
+  1910. _Physarum crateriachea_ List., Petch, _Mycetozoa Ceylon_,
+           p. 336.
+  1911. _Physarum mutabile_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 53.
+
+Sporangia cylindrical ovoid or sub-globose white, plasmodiocarpous,
+sessile or stipitate, stipes when present yellow, with or without lime,
+often connected by a hypothallus; peridium thin, squamulose;
+capillitium persistent, intricate, the nodules white, more or less
+confluent at the center to form a real or a pseudo-columella; spores
+brownish-purple, spinulose, 7-8  mu.
+
+Reported from Europe, Africa, Ceylon.
+
+
+PHYSARUM ROSEUM _Berk. & Br._
+
+  1873. _Physarum roseum_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, XIV., p. 84.
+
+Plasmodium rose-red; sporangia gregarious, stipitate, globose, rose-red;
+the stipe erect, brown, rugulose, translucent; capillitium lax,
+delicate, lilac, the nodules few, large, purple-red, branching; spores
+reddish-lilac or brown, minutely spinulose, 7-10  mu.
+
+Reported from Ceylon, Java, Borneo, Japan.
+
+
+PHYSARUM DICTYOSPERMUM _List._
+
+  1905. _Physarum dictyospermum_ List., _Jour. Bot._, Vol. XLIII.,
+           p. 112.
+
+"It is distinguished from the other known species of _Physarum_ by the
+strongly reticulated spores. Its nearest ally is perhaps _P.
+psittacinum_ which it resembles in having orange-red lime-knots and in
+the sporangium-wall being studded with orange crystalline disks."
+_Lister._
+
+Reported collected once only; New Zealand.
+
+
+PHYSARUM STRAMINIPES _List._
+
+  1898. _Physarum straminipes_ List., _Jour. Bot._, Vol. XXXVI., p. 163.
+
+Plasmodium white; sporangia greyish-white, obovoid or wedge-shaped, .7
+mm. in diameter, clustered or scattered, stipitate or sessile, when
+stipitate stalks long, weak; peridium membranous, pale purple;
+capillitium a persistent rigid net, the nodules white, rounded,
+sometimes aggregate as a pseudo-columella; spores purple-brown, 10-11  mu,
+warted, the papillae in definite patches.
+
+Related to _P. compressum_.
+
+Reported from England; Germany.
+
+
+PHYSARUM CRATERIFORME _Petch._
+
+  _Physarum crateriforme_ Petch, _Ann. Perad._, IV., p. 304.
+  _Physarum crateriforme_ Petch, List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 69,
+     Pl. 76.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, clavate or crateriform, sessile or
+stipitate, white; stalk when present opaque conical, black below, white
+above, in crateriform sporangia entering and developed as a columella;
+capillitium various, strongly calcareous, the nodules either grouped in
+a pseudo-columella, or in globose sporangia, rod-like, ascending; spores
+closely spinulose, 11-15  mu.
+
+Reported from Ceylon, Japan, West Indies; Lisbon.
+
+
+PHYSARUM GULIELMAE _Penzig._
+
+  1898. _Physarum gulielmae_ Penzig., _Myx. Beut._, p. 34.
+  1909. _Physarum gulielmae_ Penzig., Torrend, _Fl. des Myx._, p. 208.
+  1911. _Physarum gulielmae_ Penzig., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 76.
+
+Plasmodium yellow; sporangia sub-globose, sessile, brownish-orange or
+chestnut brown, rugulose, clustered or heaped, often with a yellow
+membranous hypothallus; peridium membranous with clustered deposits of
+yellowish-brown lime granules; capillitium abundant, the nodes angular,
+branching, white; spores purplish brown, spinulose, 10-12  mu.
+
+Reported from Java, Sweden, Switzerland.
+
+
+PHYSARUM ECHINOSPORUM _List._
+
+  1899. _Physarum echinosporum_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XXXVII., p. 147.
+
+This species is distinguished from the preceding chiefly in episporic
+characters. "Spores purple, 8  mu, marked by strong ridges and spines," 8
+ mu.
+
+Reported from Antigua.
+
+
+PHYSARUM AENEUM (_List._) _R. E. Fries._
+
+  1898. _Physarum murinum_ var. _aeneum_ Lister, _Jour. Bot._, XXXVI.,
+           p. 117.
+  1903. _Physarum aeneum_ Lister, R. E. Fries, _Arkiv. Bot._, I., p. 62.
+
+Sporangia sessile, sub-globose or plasmodiocarpous, pinkish-brown or
+bronze, glossy; peridium double, the outer somewhat cartilaginous,
+brittle, falling back from the shining, membranous inner wall;
+capillitium dense, the nodules not large, brown, sometimes aggregated to
+form a pseudo-columella; spores pale brownish-violet, nearly smooth, 6-8
+ mu.
+
+Reported from West Indies, Bolivia.
+
+
+=Related Genus=
+
+
+TRICHAMPHORA _Junghuhn_, p. 12.
+
+  1838. _Trichamphora_, Junghuhn, _Fl. Crypt. Javanica_.
+
+Sporangia discoidal, above concave, saucer-shaped, stipitate; the
+capillitium variable, anon physaroid, badhamioid, or even as in
+_Didymium_.
+
+This genus is set up for the accommodation thus far of the single
+species following. It differs from _Physarella_ in the apparently
+constant discoidal shape, absence of trabecules, etc.
+
+
+TRICHAMPHORA PEZIZOIDEA _Jungh._, _op. cit._
+
+  1838. _Trichamphora pezizoidea_ Jungh., _op. cit._
+  1854. _Didymium zeylanicum_ Berk. & Br., _Hook. Jour. Bot._, VI.,
+           p. 230.
+  1869. _Physarum macrocarpum_ Fuckel, _Symb. Myc._, p. 343.
+  1875. _Chondrioderma pezizoidea_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 424, tab. VIII.,
+           Fig. 122.
+  1876. _Badhamia fuckeliana_ Rost., _Mon._, _App._, p. 2.
+  1894. _Trichamphora pezizoidea_ Jungh., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 89.
+  1911. _Trichamphora pezizoidea_ Jungh., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 90.
+
+Sporangia discoidal or saucer-shaped, gregarious, stipitate, erect or
+nodding, grayish-white, the peridium thin, breaking irregularly and
+persistent; stipe subulate, striate, reddish brown, transparent;
+capillitium variable as above stated; spores pale violet-brown,
+spinulose or nearly smooth, about 9  mu.
+
+In _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, the spores are described as "dark or pale
+purplish brown, spinose, spinulose or nearly smooth, 9-17  mu in
+diameter." This would seem too great a variation even in this protean
+species. The only specimens in our herbarium are from the Congo valley.
+The spores are pale and nearly smooth, as in _Tilmadoche alba_, and 9  mu.
+Spores 17  mu suggest immaturity; penultimate cell-division.
+
+The synonymy above cited shows how this species has impressed careful
+students. Doubtless in every case the reference is correct, judging from
+the specimen each author had before him, although it is hard to see how
+_Chondrioderma_ might have been suggested.
+
+The species is evidently tropical, though reported from Europe.
+
+
+=4. Craterium= _Trentepohl_
+
+  1797. _Craterium_ Trentepohl, Roth, _Catal._, I., p. 224.
+
+Sporangia more or less distinctly cyathiform, stipitate, the peridium
+generally plainly of two layers or even of three, opening at the top by
+circumscission more or less definite, or by a distinct lid, the upper
+part calcareous often to a marked degree, the lower, cartilaginous, long
+persistent as a vasiform cup containing the capillitium and spores, the
+calcareous nodes aggregating more or less to form a pseudo-columella.
+
+This genus is distinguished from _Physarum_ and _Badhamia_ chiefly by
+the form of the sporangia and the method of dehiscence. The capillitium
+is in some specimens particularly, of the _Physarum_ type; in others,
+like that of _Badhamia_. There are accordingly species that receive at
+the hands of different authors diverse generic reference as one feature
+or another in the structure is emphasized in the different cases. It is
+granted that it is hard to draw the line sometimes between forms in
+which the dehiscence is irregularly circumscissile and those in which
+the wall breaks without any regularity whatever, since, in all, the
+breaking up of the peridium usually begins at the top. Species here
+included will, however, offer little ambiguity.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Craterium=
+
+  A. Dehiscence circumscissile or by the breaking up of the upper wall
+       of the sporangium.
+
+     _a._ Sporangia violet or purple                1. _C. paraguayense_
+
+     _b._ Sporangia yellow                                2. _C. aureum_
+
+     _c._ Sporangia white-capped.
+
+        1. Sporangia obovoid or globoid            3. _C. leucocephalum_
+
+        2. Sporangia cylindric, elongate             4. _C. cylindricum_
+
+  B. Dehiscence by a distinct lid.
+
+     _a._ Capillitium pale brown                       5. _C. concinnum_
+
+     _b._ Capillitium white                              6. _C. minutum_
+
+
+1. CRATERIUM PARAGUAYENSE (_Speg._) _List._
+
+  1883. _Didymium paraguayense_ Speg., _Fung. Guar. Pug._, 1, p. 141.
+  1893. _Craterium rubescens_ Rex, _Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci._,
+           p. 370.
+  1894. _Craterium rubescens_ Rex, List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 71.
+  1899. _Craterium rubescens_ Rex, Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 75.
+  1904. _Iocraterium paraguayense_ (Speg.) Jahn, _Hedwigia_, XLII.,
+           p. 302.
+  1911. _Craterium paraguayense_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 95.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, cylindrical or elongate cyathiform, stipitate,
+dark violet-red, the apex slightly roughened by pale calcareous
+granules, the peridium longitudinally wrinkled below; dehiscence,
+irregularly circumscissile; stipe darker, one-half the height of the
+sporangium, longitudinally wrinkled; capillitium dense, abundantly
+calcareous; spores violet-brown, minutely roughened, 7-8  mu.
+
+In form resembling the following species, but instantly distinguished by
+the color, which is red throughout, tinged with purple or violet. The
+capillitium is badhamioid, as noted by Dr. Rex. Very distinct from _P.
+newtoni_ in color, form, habit, epispore, etc.
+
+
+2. CRATERIUM AUREUM (_Schum._) _Rost._
+
+  1803. _Trichia aurea_ Schum., _Enum. Pl. Saell._, II., p. 207.
+  1829. _Craterium mutabile_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 154.
+  1875. _Craterium aureum_ (Schum.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 125.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose or obovoid, stipitate, yellow, erect, the
+peridial wall thin, especially at the summit, where at maturity it
+breaks up somewhat reticulately, leaving the persistent lower portion
+with an uneven margin above which projects the pale yellow capillitium;
+stipe short, orange, or brownish-red, arising from a small hypothallus;
+capillitium dense, yellow, the nodules not large, irregular, tending to
+form a pseudo-columella in the centre of the cup; spores minutely
+warted, violaceous-brown, 8-10  mu.
+
+Fries regards this, which he names _C. mutabile_, the most distinctly
+marked species of the genus; chiefly, as it appears, on account of the
+bright yellow color. This, however, varies. Some specimens before us are
+gray, showing only a trace of yellow below. In some European specimens a
+reddish tinge prevails. The form of the sporangium also varies. In
+typical specimens, unopened, the shape is almost pyriform; opened, we
+have a cylindric, oftenest lemon-yellow vase, mounted on a short striate
+stalk. But again, from the same plasmodium, we may have globose
+sporangia, opening so as to leave only a shallow, salver-shaped base. In
+this case the stipe is also longer. The plasmodium is said to be "clear
+lemon yellow."--_Massee._
+
+There seems little doubt that Schumacher had in mind the present
+species in his _Trichia aurea_. Rostafinski shows that Fries's synonym,
+_C. mutabile_, is founded on a mistake. The earlier specific name is
+therefore on Rostafinski's authority adopted.
+
+Not common. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+3. CRATERIUM LEUCOCEPHALUM (_Pers._) _Ditmar_.
+
+PLATE VIII., Fig. 5.
+
+  1791. _Stemonitis leucocephala_ Gmelin, _Syst. Nat._, II., p. 1467.
+  1801. _Arcyria_ (?) _leucocephala_ Persoon, _Syn. Fung._, p. 183.
+  1801. _Craterium_ (?) _leucocephalum_, Persoon, _Syn. Fung._, p. 184.
+  1813. _Craterium leucocephalum_ (Pers.) Ditmar, Sturm, _Deutsch.
+           Flora, Pilze_, p. 21, Pl. 11.
+  1889. _Physarum scyphoides_ Cke. & Balf., _Jour. Myc._, V., p. 186.
+  1896. _Craterium convivale_ (Batsch) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 86.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, short-cylindric or ovate, pure white above, brown
+or reddish-brown below, stipitate, dehiscence irregularly
+circumscissile, the persistent portion of the peridium beaker-shaped;
+stipe short, stout, expanded above into the base of the peridium with
+which it is concolorous; hypothallus scant; capillitium white or
+sometimes, toward the centre, brownish, the calcareous nodules large,
+conspicuous, and persistent; spore-mass black, spores violaceous-brown,
+minutely spinulose, 8-9  mu.
+
+Distinguished by its white cap from all except the next, from which the
+markedly different form serves as the diagnostic feature. In some
+gatherings, curious patches of yellow mark the otherwise snow white cap
+and sides; these are mere stains, or sometimes definite, crystalline,
+flake-like bodies, standing out in plain relief on the sporangial wall,
+or lurking in the larger nodules which are massed along the axis of the
+cup to form the pseudo-columella here strongly developed. Mr. Lister
+calls attention to these yellow flakes, and regards them as diagnostic.
+European specimens show the capillitium yellow, sometimes throughout!
+
+The nomenclature question is here somewhat difficult. Fries heads his
+list of synonyms with _Peziza convivalis_ Batsch. Batsch simply
+described Micheli's figure! Now there is nothing in Micheli's figure
+(Pl. 86, Fig. 14) to enable one to say with certainty which craterium
+Micheli had in mind, if craterium at all. Nor does Batsch help the
+matter when he offers the description following: "Stipitata; acute
+conica, patens; stipite subdistincto, lineari, brevi, valido. _Albicans.
+In foliis hederae putridis._" (_Elenchus Fungorum_, Batsch, 1783, p.
+121.) There is nothing definitive here but the one word "albicans"
+quoted from Micheli. But this term is applicable the rather to _C.
+minutum_, the cups of which whiten with weathering. It may be, as
+insisted by Fries (_Syst. Myc._, III., p. 149), that Micheli drew
+crateriums; but if so, we cannot determine which species.
+
+The specific name here adopted was applied by Persoon probably to this
+form; but Persoon likewise failed to distinguish the present species
+from _C. minutum_ (see _Syn. Fung._, pp. 183, 184), and Fries, _op.
+cit._, p. 153. Ditmar, _l. c._, leaves no doubt as to what he figures
+and describes, and accordingly the name he first correctly uses is here
+adopted.
+
+Not common. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, Iowa,
+Colorado, Washington, California; reported from Europe.
+
+
+4. CRATERIUM CYLINDRICUM _Massee_.
+
+PLATE XVI., Fig. 2.
+
+  1873. _Craterium minimum_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 67.
+  1892. _Craterium cylindricum_ Massee, _Mon._, p. 268.
+  1894. _Craterium leucocephalum_ Ditm., List., _Myc._, p. 72, in part.
+  1899. _Craterium minimum_ Berk. & C., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 77.
+  1911. _Craterium leucocephalum_ var. _cylindricum_ List., _Mycetozoa,
+           2nd ed._, p. 97.
+
+Sporangia closely gregarious, very small, .5  mu or less, slender,
+cylindric, almost entirely white, stipitate, the peridium delicate,
+transparent although calcareous nearly to the base, opening by a
+dehiscence regularly circumscissile; stipe short, about one-third the
+total height, clear orange-brown, somewhat furrowed, rising from an
+indistinct hypothallus; capillitium very lax, physaroid, the calcareous
+nodules large, rounded, pure white, aggregated at the centre of the cup;
+spore-mass black, spores minutely roughened, violaceous-brown, 8-9  mu.
+
+This is the common form in the United States. Massee describes it as _C.
+cylindricum_ Mass., and it seems not to occur in Europe. Lister has put
+it in with _C. leucocephalum_, from which its more delicate structure
+and elegant cylindrical shape certainly distinguish it. The dehiscence
+is even more regular than in the preceding species and approaches that
+of _C. minutum_ Leers., with bleached forms of which it must not be
+confused. _N. A. F._, 1400.
+
+_C. minimum_ Berk. & C. has here priority. Massee regards this name as
+indicating a distinct species. We have been unable to determine what the
+authors really had before them, and adopt accordingly the first
+available combination.
+
+New England to Iowa and south; reported also from the orient.
+
+
+5. CRATERIUM CONCINNUM _Rex._
+
+  1893. _Craterium concinnum_ Rex, _Proc. Phila. Acad._, p. 370.
+
+Sporangia scattered, usually minute, broadly funnel-shaped, stipitate.
+The peridium simple, variously colored by innate lime granules, opening
+by a regular cap or operculum, brownish white, darkest in the centre,
+always more or less convex; stipe equalling the cup in height, dark
+brown, longitudinally ridged; the capillitium a close-meshed network,
+with small rounded or slightly angular masses of ochre-brown
+lime-granules, larger toward the centre; spores pale brown, minutely
+warted, 9-10  mu.
+
+This species differs from the following, to which it seems most nearly
+allied, in form, color, as in the capillitium, and color of the spores.
+In habitat, however, it seems no less distinct, being found always (?)
+on the spines of decaying chestnut-burs lying on the ground, and in
+company with that other peculiar species _Lachnobolus globosus_.
+
+The range is probably that of the chestnut, _Castanea dentata_
+Borkhausen, east of the Mississippi River.
+
+
+6. CRATERIUM MINUTUM (_Leers_) _Fr._
+
+PLATE XV., Fig. 5.
+
+  1775. _Peziza minuta_ Leers, _Fl. Herborn_, p. 277.
+  1797. _Craterium pedunculatum_ Trent., Roth., _Catal. Bot._, I.,
+           p. 224.
+  1813. _Craterium vulgare_ Ditmar, Sturm, _Deutsch. Fl. Pilze_, p. 17.
+  1829. _Craterium pedunculatum_ Trent., Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III.,
+           p. 150.
+  1829. _Craterium minutum_ Leers, Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 151.
+  1893. _Craterium pedunculatum_ Trent., Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist.
+           Iowa_, II, p. 385.
+  1894. _Craterium pedunculatum_ Trent., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 70.
+  1899. _Craterium minutum_ (Leers) Fr., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 78.
+  1911. _Craterium minutum_ Fr., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 94.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, cyathiform or turbinate, grayish brown,
+stipitate, the peridial wall rather thick, double, opening by a distinct
+lid which lies usually below the slightly thickened and everted margin
+of the cup; stipe paler, translucent, about equalling in height the
+peridial cup, longitudinally wrinkled, with hypothallus scant or none;
+capillitium physaroid, the calcareous nodules large, white, and
+generally aggregated at the centre of the cup; spore-mass black, spores
+by transmitted light violaceous, minutely warted, 8-10  mu.
+
+This is the most highly differentiated of the whole series. The cup is
+shapely and well defined, while the lid is not only distinct, but is a
+thin, delicate membrane of slightly different structure when compared
+with the peridial wall. It is in all the specimens before us much
+depressed below the mouth of the sporangium, and the whole structure in
+our specimens corresponds with Fries' description of _C. pedunculatum_
+Trent., while specimens received from Europe correspond to Fries'
+account of _C. minutum_ Leers. Nevertheless we are assured that the two
+forms are in Europe developed from the same plasmodium, and therefore
+adopt the earlier specific name as above. _N. A. F._, 2500. This is
+probably _Fungoides convivalis_ of Batsch and Micheli.
+
+In this species yellow sporangia are sometimes seen. Miss Currie reports
+from Toronto such variation and in Europe the case seems not unusual.
+
+In fact, there is a yellow tinge about the sporangia of every species
+listed here, except the first. With the same exception, the plasmodium
+in every case is yellow.
+
+Common throughout the eastern United States, west to Iowa, Colorado, and
+south to Louisiana; cosmopolitan.
+
+
+=5. Physarella= _Peck._
+
+  1882. _Physarella_ Peck, _Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, IX., p. 61.
+
+Sporangium pervious to the base, the interior walls forming a persistent
+spurious columella; capillitium composed of filaments with here and
+there minute knot-like thickenings, straight tubes containing
+lime-granules extending from the exterior to the interior walls of the
+sporangium, persistently attached to the former.[31]
+
+Such is Dr. Peck's original description of this most peculiar genus. The
+form of the sporangium in the only species is very variable, but in
+typical cases is vasiform, the peridial wall at the apex introverted.
+The capillitium is like that of _Tilmadoche_, except for the presence of
+the "straight tubes" emphasized in the original description. These are
+very remarkable and at once diagnostic. They take origin in the
+sporangial wall and pass across to the "columella"; but at the
+dehiscence of the sporangium, in typical cases, they remain attached at
+the points of origin, projecting as stout spine-like processes.
+
+
+PHYSARELLA OBLONGA (_Berk. & C._) _Morg._
+
+PLATE VIII., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_, 4 _c_; PLATE XVI., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1
+_b_, and 6.
+
+  1873. _Trichamphora oblonga_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 66.
+  1876. _Tilmadoche oblonga_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 13.
+  1876. _Tilmadoche hians_ Rost., _Mon. App._, p 14.
+  1882. _Physarella mirabilis_ Peck, _Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, IX.,
+           p. 61.
+  1893. _Physarella oblonga_ (Berk. & C.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._,
+           p. 79.
+  1894. _Physarella mirabilis_ Peck, List., _Mycet._, p. 68.
+  1899. _Physarella oblonga_ (Berk. & C.) Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 71.
+  1911. _Physarella oblonga_ Morg., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 91.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, typically cup-shaped or
+sub-infundibuliform, stipitate, erect or cernuous, but varying through
+low salver-shaped cups, to irregular applanate and sessile masses, the
+peridium thin but firm, tawny, roughened by numerous yellowish
+calcareous scales, at length ruptured above and often reflexed in the
+form of petal-like segments from which project upwards the spiniform
+trabecules of the capillitium; stipe when present long, terete, red,
+arising from a scant hypothallus and extended within the sporangium to
+meet the tubular "columella"; capillitium of delicate violaceous threads
+seldom branched or united, radiating from the columella with few
+calcareous nodular expansions, but supported by stout yellow calcareous
+trabecules, running parallel to the capillitial threads, long adherent
+to the sporangial wall; spores smooth, globose violet-brown, 7-8  mu.
+
+Not uncommon in wet places. New York, Ohio, Iowa, South Dakota,
+Louisiana, Nicaragua; reported also from Ceylon, Java, etc.
+
+Not the least remarkable feature of this remarkable species is the
+variation in the form of the fruit or sporangia. We have specimens from
+Louisiana (Rev. Langlois) which show no trace of columella, the whole
+structure involute and plicate, short stipitate, recalling the extremest
+complexity of such a species as _P. polycephalum_. _Vid._ Pl. XVI., Fig.
+6. Moreover, in these specimens the calcareous deposits are white and
+not yellow, giving the entire fructification a grayish aspect. Yet there
+is no doubt we have here simply an exaggerated abnormality of the
+species; the spores are identical in size, color, and surface.
+Plasmodium bright yellow. Dr. Peck gave to his forms the name
+_Physarella mirabilis_; but specimens sent by Michener of Pennsylvania,
+and by Berkeley and Curtis described as _Trichamphora oblonga_ (_Grev._,
+II., p. 66), are the same thing. _N. A. F._, 1212.
+
+_Physarella lusitanica_ Torrend is a globose form depressed above or
+betimes discoidal, occurring on Eucalyptus trees in Portugal. _P.
+oblonga_ is so variable in form that it sometimes suggests a different
+genus. Forms of it have been mistaken for _Fuligo gyrosa_ R., etc.
+Professor Torrend would include here _Physarum javanicum_ (Rac.), i. e.
+_Tilmadoche javanica_ as Raciborski saw it! We may not too often reflect
+that genera are purely artificial things set up for our convenience; but
+surely _Physarella_ as a natural genus is distinct enough to all.
+
+
+=6. Cienkowskia= _Rost._
+
+  1873. _Cienkowskia_ Rost., _Versuch_, p. 9.
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous, irregularly dehiscent, the wall a thin
+cartilaginous membrane destitute of lime, except the capillitial
+attachments within; capillitium scanty but rigid, and characterized
+everywhere by peculiar hook-like branchlets, free and sharp-pointed, the
+spores as in _Physarum_, etc.
+
+The genus contains, so far, but a single species:--
+
+
+CIENKOWSKIA RETICULATA (_Alb. & Schw._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XIV., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+  1805. _Physarum reticulatum_ Alb. & Schw., _Cons. Fung._, p. 90.
+  1829. _Diderma reticulatum_ Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 112.
+  1873. _Cienkowskia reticulata_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 9.
+
+Plasmodiocarp an elongated, irregularly limited, close-meshed net,
+closely applied to the substratum, the wall thin, transversely rugulose,
+and roughened, dull orange-yellow, splashed here and there with scarlet,
+anon entirely red, within marked by transverse calcareous ridges,
+supporting in part the calcareous system of the capillitium; capillitium
+of delicate, rigid, reticulating yellow tubules or threads with numerous
+free, uncinate or sickle-shaped branchlets, and large, irregular,
+calcareous plates, more or less transverse to the axis of the
+sporangium, attached to the peridial walls, as if to form septa,
+ordinary calcareous nodules few; spore-mass jet-black, spores, by
+transmitted light, violaceous, minutely roughened, 9-10  mu.
+
+A very rare species, as it appears, easily recognized by the Coddington
+even, much more by the microscopic characters quoted; probably often
+overlooked by the collector, as to the naked eye it presents the
+appearance of some imperfectly developed, dried-up plasmodium. Very
+unlike _Physarum serpula_ Morgan, not infrequently offered by collectors
+as _Cienkowskia_. It is _Diderma reticulatum_ of Fries, who, strangely
+enough, thought it might be a plasmodial phase of _Diderma_ (i. e.
+_Leocarpus_) _fragile_ (_Syst. Myc._, III., p. 102).
+
+Eastern United States, Europe, Java, Ceylon, California. See under _L.
+fragilis_, next following.
+
+
+=7. Leocarpus= (_Link_) _Rost._
+
+  1809. _Leocarpus_ Link, _Diss._, I., p. 25.
+
+Sporangia sessile, or short stipitate; peridial wall double, the outer
+thick, destitute of lime, polished, shining within and without, the
+inner very delicate, enclosing the capillitium and spores; capillitium
+of two, more or less, distinct systems, the one a delicate network of
+hyaline, limeless threads, the other calcareous throughout, or nearly
+so, the meshes large and the threads or tubules broad; columella none,
+although a pseudo-columella may sometimes be detected.
+
+This genus was by Link established on characters purely external.
+Rostafinski supplemented Link's definition by calling attention to the
+peculiar character of the capillitium and to microscopic characters in
+general. The outer peridium is thick and strong, unlike the ordinary
+structure in _Physarum_. Some physarums, however, have a very similar
+outer wall; _P. brunneolum_, for instance; compare the peridium of _P.
+citrinellum_. In dehiscence and structure there is also some resemblance
+to some species of _Diderma_, and by Persoon and Fries the common
+species was so referred, but the capillitium is again definitive.
+
+A critical study of all these things really begins with Rostafinski's
+microscope. Under his definition of the present genus _P. squamulosum_
+Wingate and _P. albescens_ Ell. might well be entered here. Such course
+at present would but increase confusion, and until by future research
+the ontogeny of all these, and so their relationship, shall be
+more exactly known, the genus may be left with its historic
+species,--montotypic.
+
+
+LEOCARPUS FRAGILIS (_Dickson_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE VIII., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_.
+
+  1785. _Lycoperdon fragile_ Dickson, _Fasc. Pl. Crypt. Brit._, I.,
+           p. 25.
+  1795. _Diderma vernicosum_ Persoon, _Ust. Ann. Bot._, XV., p. 34.
+  1809. _Leocarpus vernicosum_ Link, _Diss._, I., p. 25.
+  1875. _Leocarpus fragilis_ (Dicks.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 132.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or clustered, sessile or stipitate, obovoid, rusty
+or spadiceous-yellow, shining; peridium opening at maturity in somewhat
+stellate fashion; stipe filiform, white or yellow, weak and short;
+spores dull black, spinulose, 12-14  mu.
+
+A common species, distributed through all the world, Iowa to Tasmania.
+Recognizable at sight by the form and color of the sporangia. In shape
+and posture these resemble the eggs of certain insects, and, occurring
+upon dead leaves, generally where these have drifted against a rotten
+log, they might perchance be mistaken for such structures. With no other
+slime-moulds are they likely to be confused. The outer peridium opens
+irregularly, or more rarely stellately. At centre of the capillitium is
+a calcareous core. The plasmodium is yellowish white, spread in rich and
+beautiful reticulations. _N. A. F._, 1123.
+
+A plasmodiform gathering of this species which will be mistaken for an
+entirely different thing, is yellow, sessile, and has _adherent_ spores;
+looks like a badhamia, but is after all a leocarpus and probably belongs
+here. The spores are irregularly clustered and the badhamioid section of
+the capillitium seems now dominant.
+
+California.
+
+
+B. DIDYMIACEAE
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Didymiaceae=
+
+  1. Fructification aethalioid                              1. _Mucilago_
+
+  2. Fructification plasmodiocarpous, or forming more
+       often distinct sporangia.
+
+     _a._ Calcareous deposits crystalline, stellate        2. _Didymium_
+
+     _b._ Calcareous deposits amorphous, peridium double    3. _Diderma_
+
+     _c._ Calcareous deposits in form of scattered
+            scales                                      4. _Lepidoderma_
+
+     _d._ Peridium double, the outer gelatinous          5. _Colloderma_
+
+
+=1. Mucilago= (_Mich._) _Adans._
+
+  1729. _Mucilago_ Micheli, _Nov. Pl. Gen._, in part.
+  1763. _Mucilago_ (Mich.) Adanson, _Fam. des Pl._, II., p. 7.
+  1791. _Spumaria_ Pers. in Gmelin, _Syst. Nat._, II., p. 1466.
+
+Fructification aethalioid, consisting generally of large cushion-shaped
+masses covered without by a white foam-like crust; within, composed of
+numerous tubular sporangia, developed from a common hypothallus,
+irregularly branched, contorted and more or less confluent; the peridial
+wall thin, delicate, frosted with stellate lime-crystals, which mark in
+section the boundaries of the several sporangia; capillitium of delicate
+threads, generally only slightly branched, terminating in the sporangial
+wall, marked with occasional swellings or thickenings.
+
+By the descriptions offered by most authors, and especially by
+Rostafinski's figures (_Mon._, Pl. ix.), a pronounced columella is
+called for in the structure of _Spumaria_. The individual sporangia rise
+from a common hypothallus, and occasionally portions of this run up and
+give to a sporangium the appearance of being stipitate. Sometimes also
+this upper extension of the hypothalline protoplasm passes beyond or
+behind the base of the sporangium or between two or more, and is more or
+less embraced by these in their confluent flexures. This, it seems,
+suggested Rostafinski's elaborate diagram, Fig. 158; at least, none
+other form of columella is shown by American materials at hand.
+
+
+1. MUCILAGO SPONGIOSA (_Leyss._) _Morgan._
+
+PLATE VII, Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.
+
+  1783. _Mucor spongiosus_ Leysser, _Fl. Hal._, p. 305.
+  1791. _Reticularia alba_ Bull., _C. Fl. France_, p. 92.
+  1791. _Spumaria mucilago_ Pers., Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, II., 1466.
+  1805. _Spumaria alba_ (Bull.) DC., _Fl. Fr._, II., p. 261.
+  1897. _Mucilago spongiosa_ (Leyss.) Morg., _Bot. Gaz._, XXIV., p. 56.
+
+Aethalium white or cream-colored, of variable size and shape,
+half-an-inch to three inches in length and half as thick, the component
+sporangia resting upon a common hypothallus and protected by a more or
+less deciduous calcareous porous cortex; peridial walls thin, and where
+exposed iridescent, generally whitened by a thin coating of lime
+crystals; capillitium scanty, of simple, mostly dark-colored, slightly
+anastomosing threads; columella indefinite or none; hypothallus white,
+spongy; spore-mass black, spores violaceous, exceedingly rough, large,
+12-15  mu.
+
+Very common in all the eastern United States and the Mississippi valley,
+south to Texas. The plasmodium is dull white, of the consistence of
+cream, and is often met with in quantity on beds of decaying leaves in
+the woods. In fruiting the plasmodium ascends preferably living stems of
+small bushes, herbaceous plants, or grasses, and forms the aethalium
+around the stem some distance above the ground. The cortex varies in
+amount, is also deciduous, so that weathered or imperfectly developed
+forms probably represent the var. _S. cornuta_ Schum.
+
+Two varieties of this species are recognized; the one from Bolivia, var.
+_dictyospora_ described by Mr. R. E. Fries (_Arkiv. for Botanik_ Bd. 1,
+p. 66) differs from the type chiefly in its finer capillitial threads
+its darker spores with longer spines and fine reticulate sculpture; the
+other from Colorado, var. _solida_ described by Professor Sturgis
+differs, as the name implies, principally in its greater compactness and
+slightly smaller calcareous crystals; a desert phase.
+
+
+=2. Didymium= (_Schrad._) _Fr._
+
+  1797. _Didymium_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Plant._, p. 20, in part.
+  1829. _Didymium_ (Schrad.) Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 113.
+  1875. _Didymium_ (Schrad.) DeBy., Rost., _Versuch_, p. 13.
+
+Sporangia distinct, stipitate, sessile or even plasmodiocarpous, never
+aethalioid; the peridium thin, irregular in dehiscence, covered with a
+more or less dense coating of calcareous crystals; columella more
+frequently present; capillitium of delicate threads, simple or sparingly
+branched, extending from the columella to the peridial wall.
+
+The genus _Didymium_, as set up by Schrader _l. c._, included a number
+of species now assigned to _Diderma_, _Lepidoderma_ or _Lamproderma_.
+Fries set out the didermas; DeBary and Rostafinski completed the
+revision by setting out the remaining alien forms.
+
+The genus is among Myxomycetes instantly recognized by the peculiar form
+of its calcareous deposits, stellate crystals coating, or merely
+frosting, usually distinct sporangia.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Didymium=
+
+  1. Lime-crystals merely whitening the peridial wall.
+
+     A. Fructification plasmodiocarpous.
+
+      _a._ White.
+
+            O Capillitium with adherent vesicles     1. _D. complanatum_
+
+           OO Capillitium simple                         2. _D. anellus_
+
+          OOO Capillitium much combined; spores
+                10-13  mu                                3. _D. wilczekii_
+
+         OOOO Capillitium crystal-bearing           18_a_. _D. anomalum_
+
+      _b._ Yellow or tawny                                4. _D. fulvum_
+
+     B. Fructification normally of distinct sporangia.
+
+      _a._ Sporangia sessile or nearly so; outer
+             calcareous wall conspicuously developed  5. _D. crustaceum_
+
+      _b._ Sporangia plainly stipitate.
+
+           i. Peridium much depressed; umbilicate below.
+
+               O Stipe white                         6. _D. squamulosum_
+
+              OO Stipe black.
+
+                  + Larger, about 7.5-1 mm.        7. _D. melanospermum_
+
+                 ++ Small, about .5 mm.                    8. _D. minus_
+
+                +++ Sporangia discoid                     9. _D. clavus_
+
+          ii. Peridium small, globose.
+
+               O Stipe dark brown or black; columella
+                   dark, obsolete or none.             10. _D. nigripes_
+
+              OO Stipe generally paler, of various tints
+                   of brown, orange, etc.
+
+                  + Columella pale or white, nearly
+                      smooth                          11. _D. xanthopus_
+
+                 ++ Columella, yellow, discoid, rough   12. _D. eximium_
+
+         iii. Peridium turbinate, columella
+                hemispheric                             13. _D. trochus_
+
+          iv. Peridium annulate 14. _D. annulatum_
+
+  2. Calcareous crystals forming a distinct crust.
+
+     A. Fructification wholly plasmodiocarpous           15. _D. dubium_
+
+     B. Sporangia ill-defined, sessile, plasmodiocarpous.
+
+      _a._ Spores generally nearly smooth              16. _D. difforme_
+
+      _b._ Spores very rough, obscurely banded         17. _D. quitense_
+
+  EXTRA-LIMITAL
+
+      _a._ Sporangia discoid, spores reticulate     18. _D. intermedium_
+
+      _b._ Stipe, columella, peridium, orange-brown    19. _D. leoninum_
+
+
+1. DIDYMIUM COMPLANATUM (_Batsch_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XVI., Fig. 8.
+
+  1786. _Lycoperdon complanatum_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, I., p. 251.
+  1829. _Didymium serpula_ Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 126, Rost.,
+          _App._, p. 21.
+  1875. _Didymium complanatum_ (Batsch), Rost., _Mon._, p. 151.
+  1899. _Didymium complanatum_ (Batsch) R., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 85.
+  1911. _Didymium complanatum_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 127.
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous, creeping, flattened, vein-like,
+annulate or reticulate, the dark-colored peridium covered with white,
+but not numerous crystals; hypothallus none; columella none; capillitium
+much branched, violaceous threads combined to form a rather dense net
+which bears numerous, peculiar, rounded vesicles, yellowish in color,
+30-50  mu in diameter; spores minutely warted, 7-9  mu, violaceous-brown.
+
+The defining characteristics here are the curious supplementary
+vesicles. These are evidently plasmodic, embraced, shot-through, by all
+the neighboring capillitial threads, withal warted like a spore. They
+remind of the curious, belated, spore-like but giant cells found in
+stipes, as in arcyriaceous forms. With all the wealth of his prolix,
+poetic, metaphoric tongue, the Polish author gives them abundant
+consideration. In the _Mon._, Tab. IX., Figs. 166 and 180, he clearly
+shows the structure, although in the explanation of the plate he has
+strangely mixed this species with _D. crustaceum_ Fr. Under _D. serpula_
+Fries may refer to the present species, although there is nothing in his
+description to determine the fact. The same thing may be said of the
+description and figures of Batsch. Rostafinski, in the _Monograph_,
+seems to have been satisfied as to the identity of Batsch's materials:
+in the _Appendix_, he writes _D. serpula_, but gives no reason.
+
+Rare. New York. England, France, Germany.
+
+
+2. DIDYMIUM ANELLUS _Morgan._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 7.
+
+  1894. _Didymium anellus_ Morgan, _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 64.
+  1899. _Didymium anellus_ Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 85.
+  1911. _Didymium anellus_ Morg., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 134.
+
+Plasmodiocarp in small rings or links, then confluent and elongated,
+irregularly connected together, bent and flexuous, resting on a thin
+venulose hypothallus, or sometimes globose, the peridium dark colored,
+with a thin layer of stellate crystals, irregularly ruptured;
+capillitium of slender, dark-colored threads, which extend from base to
+wall, more or less branched, and combined into a loose net; columella a
+thin layer of brown scales; spores globose, very minutely warted,
+violaceous, 8-9  mu.
+
+This minute species resembles a poorly developed, or sessile, phase of
+_D. melanospermum_. Some of the sporangia (?) are spherical; such show a
+very short dark stalk. The columella is scant, and the spores are
+smaller than those of _D. melanospermum_.
+
+Ohio. Reported more recently from Europe and Ceylon.
+
+
+3. DIDYMIUM WILCZEKII _Meylan_.
+
+  1908. _Didymium wilczekii_ Meyl., _Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat._,
+           XLIV., p. 290.
+  1911. _Didymium wilczekii_ Meyl., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 134.
+
+Plasmodiocarpous, dehiscing irregularly, columella scant; capillitium
+abundant, the threads brown, anastomosing, forming an elastic net;
+spores purple-brown, minutely spinulose, 10-12  mu.
+
+Resembling plasmodiocarpous forms of _D. squamulosum_, a montane var.;
+small and delicate, our specimen about 16 x 6 mm. Evidently not common;
+collected but once by Professor Bethel at an altitude of 11,000 feet,
+Rocky Mountains of Colorado.
+
+Reported in Switzerland and Sweden.
+
+In certain Swiss gatherings made in 1913 Miss Lister finds capillitial
+threads with _spiral_ taeniae as in _Trichia_! (_Jour. of Bot._, Apr.
+1914.) The threads in our specimen are roughened, somewhat as in _D.
+squamulosum_, though less strongly; the spores are nearly smooth,
+fuliginous at first, paler and violaceous when saturate.
+
+
+4. DIDYMIUM FULVUM _Sturgis._
+
+  1917. _Didymium fulvum_ Sturgis, _Mycologia_, IX., p. 37.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sessile, elongate or forming curved
+plasmodiocarps, sometimes confluent, rarely sub-globose, concave
+beneath, pale-raw-umber in color, 0.5-0.8 mm. in diameter, occasionally
+seated on a concolorous, membranous, lime-encrusted hypothallus which
+may form pseudo-stalks; sporangium wall membranous, stained with yellow
+blotches, thickly sprinkled with clusters of large acicular crystals of
+pale-yellowish lime; columella very much flattened or obsolete;
+capillitium an abundant network of delicate, almost straight or
+flexuose, pale-purple or nearly hyaline threads, frequently with dark,
+calyciform thickenings as in _Mucilago_, and occasionally showing
+fusiform, crystalline blisters; spores dark-purplish-brown, coarsely
+tuberculate, the tubercles usually arranged in curved lines, paler and
+smoother on one side, 12.5 to 14.5  mu. Colorado.
+
+
+5. DIDYMIUM CRUSTACEUM _Fr._
+
+  1829. _Didymium crustaceum_ Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 124.
+
+Sporangia closely aggregated, globose, or by compression deformed,
+sessile, snow-white, by virtue of the remarkably developed covering of
+calcareous crystals by which each sporangium is surrounded as if to form
+a crust, the peridium membranous, colorless, usually shrunken above and
+depressed; columella pale, small, or obsolete; hypothallus scant or
+vanishing; capillitium of rather stout violaceous threads seldom
+branched except at the tips, where they are pale and often bifid, or
+more than once dichotomously divided; spores strongly warted, globose,
+violet-brown, 10-13  mu.
+
+This species has in some ways all the outward seeming of a diderma, but
+cannot be referred to that genus because of the crystalline character of
+its crust. This is a very marked structure; loosely built up of very
+large crystals, it is necessarily extremely frail, nevertheless
+persists, arching over at a considerable distance above the peridium
+proper. Sometimes, however, caducous, evanescent.
+
+The sporangia are said to be sometimes stipitate. This feature does not
+appear in any of the material before us. Lister in _Mycetozoa_ Pl. XL.,
+_c._ draws the capillitium much more delicate than it appears in our
+specimens. The hypothallus is sometimes noticeable under some of the
+sporangia where closely crowded, but is not a constant feature.
+
+Rostafinski (by typographical error?) confused in the _Monograph_, pp.
+164, 165, this species with Persoon's _Physarum confluens_. In the
+_Appendix_ he substitutes the Friesian nomenclature. Persoon's
+description of his species is insufficient, and throws no light on the
+problem whatever.
+
+Rare. Iowa; Black Hills, South Dakota. Reported common in Europe.
+Canada; Vancouver Island to the St. Lawrence.
+
+
+6. DIDYMIUM SQUAMULOSUM (_Alb. & Schw._) _Fries._
+
+  1805. _Diderma squamulosum_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p. 88.
+  1816. _Didymium effusum_ Link, _Diss._, II., p. 42.
+  1829. _Didymium squamulosum_ (Alb. & Schw.), Fries, _Syst. Myc._,
+           III., p. 118.
+  1875. _Didymium effusum_ (Link) Rost., _Mon._, p. 163.
+  1894. _Didymium effusum_ (Link) List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 99.
+
+Sporangia, in typical forms, gregarious, globose or depressed-globose,
+gray or snow-white, stipitate; the peridium a thin iridescent membrane
+covered more or less richly with minute crystals of lime; the stipe when
+present, snow-white, fluted or channelled, stout, even; columella white,
+conspicuous; hypothallus usually small or obsolete; capillitium of
+delicate branching threads, usually colorless or pallid, sometimes with
+conspicuous calyciform thickenings; spores violaceous, minutely warted
+or spinulose, 8-10  mu.
+
+This, one of the most beautiful species in the whole series, is
+remarkable for the variations which it presents in the fruiting phase.
+These range all the way from the simplest and plainest kind of a
+plasmodiocarp with only the most delicate frosting of calcareous
+crystals up through more or less confluent sessile sporangia to
+well-defined elegantly stipitate, globose fruits, where the lime is
+sometimes so abundant as to form deciduous flaky scales. The
+hypothallus, sometimes entirely wanting, is anon well developed, even
+continuous, venulose, from stipe to stipe. The capillitium varies much
+in abundance as in color; when scanty, it is colorless and in every way
+more delicate, when abundant, darker in color and sometimes with
+stronger thickenings.
+
+_D. fuckelianum Rost._, as shown in _N. A. F._, 2090, and in some
+private collections, seems to be a rather stout phase of the present
+species; the stipe is more abundantly and deeply plicate, is sometimes
+tinged with brown, and the capillitium is darker colored and coarser
+than in what is here regarded as the type of the species; but withal the
+specimens certainly fail to meet the requirements of Rostafinski's
+elaborate description and figure, _Mon._, p. 161 and Fig. 154.
+
+_D. effusum_ Link, probably stands for a sessile form of this species,
+but Link's brief description (1816) is antedated by the much better one
+of Albertini and Schweinitz, _l. c._
+
+Generally distributed throughout the wooded regions of North America,
+from New England to Nicaragua, and from Canada to California. Not
+uncommon about stable-manure heaps, in flower beds, and on richly
+manured lands. July, August.
+
+Nicaragua specimens not only show a continuous vein-like hypothallus,
+but have the peridia often confluent, the columellae in such cases
+confluent, the stipes distinct. Furthermore, the largest spores reach
+the limit of 12.5  mu, and perhaps the larger number range from 10-12.5  mu,
+and all are very rough. This corresponds with _D. macrospermum_ Rost.,
+which is distinguished, says the author (_Mon._, p. 162, _opis_),
+"chiefly by the large and strongly spinulose spores." However, the same
+sporangium in our Central American specimens yield spores 9.5-12.5  mu, a
+remarkable range. So that _D. macrospermum_ on this side the ocean, at
+least, cannot be distinguished from _D. squamulosum_, as far as spores
+are concerned. A similar remark may be made relative to the form of the
+columella which Rostafinski, in his figures especially, would make
+diagnostic. The columella in the sporangia with largest and roughest
+spores is that of a perfectly normal _D. squamulosum_.
+
+
+7. DIDYMIUM MELANOSPERMUM (_Pers._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE VII., Figs. 3, 3 _a._
+
+  1794. _Physarum melanospermum_ Pers., _Roem. N. Mag. Bot._, p. 89.
+  1797. _Didymium farinaceum_ Schrader, _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 26, t. 5,
+           Fig. 6.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, hemispheric, depressed, umbilicate below,
+stipitate or sessile; the peridium firm, dull brown in color, frosted
+with minute crystals of lime, breaking irregularly; stipe, when present,
+short, stout, dull black, opaque, arising from a broad base or
+hypothallus; columella large, prominent; dark-colored, rough above,
+concave below; capillitium of more or less sinuous, usually dark-colored
+threads, sparingly branched, and often with calyciform thickenings;
+spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light pale, purplish-gray,
+spinulose or rough, 10-12  mu.
+
+A well-marked and common species, distinguished by its depressed
+sporangium and dark-colored, opaque stipe. The latter is usually very
+short, almost completely concealed in the concavity of the umbilicate
+sporangium. The columella is dark-colored, forming the floor of the
+peridial cavity.
+
+Persoon first named this species as here. Later on, _Uster's Ann._, XV.,
+6, he substituted _villosum_ as a more appropriate specific name.
+Schrader rejects both names given by Persoon as unsuitable, and suggests
+_farinaceum_. Schrad., _op. cit._, p. 27.
+
+New England, Ohio, Missouri, Alabama, Iowa, Nebraska; Europe; probably
+cosmopolitan.
+
+
+8. DIDYMIUM MINUS _Lister._
+
+PLATE X., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_.
+
+  1892. _Didymium farinaceum_ Schr., var. _minus_, List., _Mycetozoa_,
+           p. 97.
+  1896. _Didymium minus_ List., Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 61.
+  1899. _Didymium minus_ List., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 89.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, depressed-globose, umbilicate below, whitish or
+gray, small, about 1/2 mm., stipitate; stipe erect, rather slender,
+black, faintly striate, about equal to the sporangium in the horizontal
+diameter; columella distinct, dark brown, globose or depressed-globose,
+attaining in some cases the centre, rough; capillitium delicate, almost
+colorless, radiating, sparsely branched; spores in mass dark brown, by
+transmitted light violet-tinted, minutely roughened, 8-10  mu.
+
+Probably more common than the preceding, and generally mistaken for it.
+Distinguished by its smaller size, longer and more slender stem, and
+general trim, well-differentiated appearance. Certainly very near the
+preceding, of which Mr. Lister regards it as merely a variety. Professor
+Morgan thought it in this country the more common form.
+
+New York, Ohio, Iowa; reported from Europe, Africa, South America.
+
+
+9. DIDYMIUM CLAVUS (_Alb. & Schw._) _Rabenhorst._
+
+  1805. _Physarum clavus_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p. 96.
+  1829. _Didymium melanopus_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 114.
+  1844. _Didymium clavus_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rabh., _Ger. Cr. Fl._,
+           No. 2282.
+  1875. _Didymium clavus_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 153.
+  1899. _Didymium clavus_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rabenh., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 90.
+  1911. _Didymium clavus_ Rost., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 128.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, pale gray, discoid or pileate, depressed,
+stipitate; the peridium dark-colored, frosted with calcareous crystals
+above, naked below; stipe short, slender, tapering upward, furrowed,
+arising from a hypothallus more or less distinct, black; columella
+obsolete; capillitium of delicate threads, pale or colorless, little
+branched; spores violaceous, pale, nearly smooth, 6-8  mu.
+
+This species is well differentiated, easy of recognition by reason of
+its peculiar discoid sporangium, calcareous above, naked and black
+beneath. _D. neglectum_ Massee, reported from Philadelphia, is said to
+be a slender form of the present species. The figures of _D. clavus_ by
+Albertini and Schweinitz are excellent, as also the description.
+
+Not common. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+10. DIDYMIUM NIGRIPES (_Link_) _Fries._
+
+PLATE VII., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+  1809. _Physarum nigripes_ Link, _Obs. Diss._, I., p. 27.
+  1818. _Physarum microcarpon_ Fr., _Sym. Gast._, p. 23.
+  1829. _Didymium nigripes_ (Link) Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 119.
+  1875. _Didymium microcarpon_ (Fr.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 157.
+  1896. _Didymium microcarpon_ Fr., Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 61.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose or hemispheric, umbilicate beneath, small,
+white, stipitate; the peridium smoky, covered with minute calcareous
+crystals; stipe slender, erect, black, opaque; hypothallus scutate,
+black; columella distinct, globose, black or dark brown; capillitium of
+delicate threads, pale brown or colorless, with occasional brown
+thickenings or nodes, sparingly branched; spores pale, violaceous by
+transmitted light, minutely warted, 6-8  mu.
+
+This is _D. microcarpon_ Rost. Fries, _l. c._, acknowledges the priority
+of Link's appellation, and discards _microcarpon_. Rostafinski adopted
+_microcarpon_ simply because he thought it more appropriate. Fries
+describes the columella "none or black." It is doubtful whether we have
+the typical Friesian form on this continent. The fructification is in
+our specimens small, about .4 mm., and the spores, as noted by Morgan,
+small; otherwise the species is hardly more than a variety of the next.
+Under the name _D. nigripes_ Lister groups our Nos. 10, 11, 12. _N. A.
+F._, 1393, represents Dr. Rex's conception of the present species.
+
+Not common. New York, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+11. DIDYMIUM XANTHOPUS (_Ditmar_) _Fr._
+
+PLATE XVI., Fig. 10.
+
+  1817. _Cionium xanthopus_ Ditmar, Sturm, _Deutsch. Fl._, III., p. 37,
+           t. 43.
+  1829. _Didymium xanthopus_ (Dit.) Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 120.
+  1873. _Didymium proximum_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 52.
+  1892. _Didymium microcarpon_ (Fr.) Rost., Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat.
+           Hist. Iowa_, II., p. 146, in part.
+  1894. _Didymium nigripes_ Fr., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 98, in part.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, white, globose, slightly umbilicate, stipitate;
+the peridium thin, and nearly or quite colorless, frosted with crystals
+of lime; the stipe yellowish or yellowish brown, corneous, erect,
+subulate, slender; hypothallus none; columella pale or white,
+turbinate, globose or depressed-globose; capillitium of dull brown, or
+colorless threads more or less branched, always white at the tips;
+spores violaceous, nearly smooth, 7.5-8.5  mu.
+
+This seems to be the most common form in the United States. It is
+distinguished from the preceding by the longer, more delicate, generally
+orange-yellow, stem with pale or white columella. The spores also
+average a shade larger. _N. A. F._, 412 and 2089, are illustrations of
+_D. xanthopus_. The columella in blown-out specimens is very striking,
+well confirming the diagnosis of Fries, "_valde prominens, globosa,
+stipitata, alba_." Berkeley makes the color of the capillitium
+diagnostic of _D. proximum_, but this feature is insufficient.
+
+Eastern United States; common.
+
+
+12. DIDYMIUM EXIMIUM _Peck._
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 11, 11 _a_, 11 _b_.
+
+  1879. _Didymium eximium_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXI., p. 41.
+
+Sporangia scattered, dull grayish-yellow or gray, depressed-globose,
+umbilicate, minute, stipitate; the peridium comparatively thick,
+tenacious, especially persistent below, tawny or yellow; the stipe pale
+brown or orange, erect, even or slightly enlarged at base; hypothallus
+scant or none; columella prominent, more or less discoidal, rough, or
+spinulose, especially on the upper surface, yellow; capillitium not
+abundant, pale fuliginous, often branching and anastomosing so as to
+form a loose net; spores nearly smooth, dark violaceous by transmitted
+light, 8.5-9.5  mu.
+
+The species differs from _D. xanthopus_ in several particulars,--in the
+much firmer, more persistent, and less calcareous peridium, in the more
+complex capillitium, in the darker and larger spores, and especially in
+the peculiar and prominent columella, which is not only rough, but even
+"sometimes spinulose even to the extent of long spicules penetrating to
+one-third the height of the sporangia." _N. A. F._, 2493.
+
+As stated under No. 8, these last two species are called varieties only
+of _D. nigripes_. They are so retained in _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._ Since,
+however, they are the usual presentation of the species in the United
+States, it seems wise to let them stand for the present, as here. They
+are quite distinguishable; _D. eximium_ especially well marked.
+
+Apparently rare, it yet ranges from New York to eastern Iowa, in
+colonies rather large. Okoboji Lake;--fine!
+
+
+13. DIDYMIUM TROCHUS _List._
+
+  1898. _Didymium trochus_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XXXVI., p. 164.
+
+Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, hemispherical or turbinate, white, sessile
+or very short-stalked, cream-colored or white; peridium double, the
+outer shell-like, the inner membranaceous, more or less adherent to the
+outer, both caducous together, leaving the thickened base surrounding an
+expanded columella; stipe, when present, very short, stout; capillitium
+colorless, nearly simple; spores brownish-purple, strongly warted, 9-10
+ mu.
+
+On decaying leaves, rotten cactus, yucca, etc., Monrovia, California;
+_Bethel_.
+
+Reported from England on beds of leaves or straw; in Portugal Dr.
+Torrend finds it on or _in_ dead leaves of _Agave americana_! Evidently
+an American species, and belonging to arid regions; its occurrence in
+England surprising!
+
+
+14. DIDYMIUM ANNULATUM _Macbr. n. s._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 4, 4 _a_.
+
+Sporangia small, scattered, annulate, not only without columella but
+perforate when the stipe is broken, umbilicate above and below, grey,
+coated with crystalline frustules, opening irregularly about the
+periphery; stipe white, or pallid, fluted, tapering upward from a
+distinct hypothallus; capillitium scanty consisting of delicate,
+sparsely branching threads, the branchlets anastomosing more or less at
+length, attached to the peridial wall, radiating from the rim of the
+slightly depressed top of stipe, without special thickenings save at the
+insertion of the ramules a triangular enlargement is usual and of dark
+or pallid shade; spores smooth; however they show three or four spots
+on the hemisphere and other minute but variable markings; 9-10  mu.
+Seattle, Washington.
+
+Differs from _D. nigripes_ in color of the stipes, capillitium,
+spore-diameter, etc.
+
+
+15. DIDYMIUM DUBIUM _Rost._
+
+  1875. _Didymium dubium_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 152.
+  1892. _Didymium listeri_ Mass., _Mon._, p. 244.
+  1894. _Didymium dubium_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 95.
+  1911. _Didymium dubium_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 126.
+
+Fructification wholly plasmodiocarpous, snow-white, small,
+2-6 mm., flat and thin; the outer wall double, membranous within,
+calcareous-crystalline without; columella none; capillitium simple of
+rather thick, vertical, brown threads, sparingly united laterally, and
+only occasionally furcate at the ends, especially above; spores minutely
+spinulescent, violaceous pale, 12-15  mu.
+
+Massee thought English specimens out of harmony with the original
+description and gave them a new name. To refuse this, Lister enlarges
+the range of spore-measurements and disregards some of Rostafinski's
+specifications as to capillitium. Our specimens are as described.
+
+Bohemia. England. Shores of Lake Okoboji, Iowa.
+
+This is indeed a doubtful form. It differs from _D. difforme_ chiefly in
+that the outer calcareous shell is not smooth, but is covered with
+abundant loose crystals, frosted. The spores are paler but about the
+same size. The frosting may be incident to local climatic conditions at
+the time and place of desiccation.
+
+
+16. DIDYMIUM DIFFORME _Duby._
+
+  1797. _Diderma difforme_ Pers. _Tentamen Disp. Meth._, p. 19.
+  1830. _Didymium difforme_ Duby., _Bot. Gall._, ii., p. 858.
+  1875. _Chondrioderma difforme_ Pers., Rost., _Mon._, p. 177.
+  1894. _Didymium difforme_ Duby., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 94.
+  1899. _Diderma personii_ Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 96.
+  1911. _Didymium difforme_ Duby., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 124.
+
+Plasmodiocarpous, the smooth, white outer peridium separable from the
+thin, colorless or purplish inner layer; capillitium of rather coarse,
+flat, dichotomously branching threads, broader below; spores minutely
+warted, or almost smooth, dark brown, 12-14  mu.
+
+The white crust-like outer wall has more than once carried this species
+into _Diderma_. It is still doubtful whether we are here dealing with
+_Chondrioderma calcareum_ Rost. Miss Lister cites a variety, _S.
+difforme comatum_, with more abundant capillitium which may represent
+Rostafinski's species.
+
+Evidently rare in the United States; reported more common in Europe and
+eastward. In our specimens the crust-like outer peridium shows crystals
+on the broken edge only; the body of the object, as its outer surface
+seems to be amorphous.
+
+
+17. DIDYMIUM QUITENSE (_Pat._) _Torr._
+
+  1895. _Chondrioderma quitense_ Pat., _Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr._, XI.,
+           p. 212.
+  1909. _Didymium quitense_ (Pat.) Torr., _Flor. Myxom._, p. 150.
+  1911. _Didymium quitense_ Torr., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 126.
+  1913. _Didymium quitense_ (Pat.) Torr., Sturg., _Myx._, Col. II.,
+           p. 446.
+
+Sporangia more or less plasmodiocarpous, scattered, depressed, white;
+the outer peridium distinct, crust-like, remote from the thin membranous
+inner wall; columella undefined; capillitium brown, much branched,
+forming a network especially outwardly; spores very dark
+violaceous-brown, rough with a tendency to obscure reticulation; 12-14
+ mu.
+
+This species is different from _D. difforme_ chiefly in the rougher and
+somewhat banded epispore. It is reported from Ecuador by Father Torrend,
+and from Colorado mountains by Dr. Sturgis to whose kindness I am
+indebted for the specimens here described. Evidently a high mountain
+species.
+
+Colorado.
+
+
+18_a_. DIDYMIUM ANOMALUM _Sturg._
+
+PLATE XIX., Figs. 13 and 13 _a_.
+
+  1913. _Didymium anomalum_ Sturg. _Myxomycetes of Col._, II., p. 444
+
+Sporangia in the form of very thin effused grey plasmodiocarps, 2-10 cm.
+long, 1 mm. or less in thickness. Wall single or membranous, hyaline or
+yellowish, with rather scanty deposits of small, stellately crystalline
+or amorphous lime. Columella none. Capillitium consisting entirely of
+straight membranous, tubular, columns, extending from the base to the
+upper wall of the plasmodiocarp, 7-22  mu thick and usually containing
+small crystalline masses of lime. Spores bright violet-brown, minutely
+and irregularly spinulose, 10-11.5  mu diam.
+
+Hab. on the inner bark of Populus. Colorado Springs, Colo., July 1911.
+
+Our specimens by the courtesy of Dr. Sturgis.
+
+
+=EXTRA-LIMITAL=
+
+
+18. DIDYMIUM INTERMEDIUM _Schroeter._
+
+  1896. _Didymium intermedium_ Schroet., _Hedwigia_, Vol. XXXV., p. 209.
+  1902. _Didymium excelsum_ Jahn, _Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges._, XX., p. 275.
+
+Sporangia clustered or gregarious, discoidal and umbilicate below, or
+lobed or convolute, greyish white, stipitate; stipe pale yellow,
+tapering upwards, stuffed with lime crystals, expanding into the
+yellowish, discoidal, recurving columella; capillitium colorless, more
+or less branching; spores dark purple-brown, irregularly reticulate,
+9-12  mu.
+
+Differs from _D. squamulosum_ in the reticulate epispore. Brazil.
+
+
+19. DIDYMIUM LEONINUM _Berk. & Br._
+
+  1873. _Didymium leoninum_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, XIV.,
+           p. 83.
+  1876. _Lepidoderma tigrinum_ Rost., _App. to Mon._, p. 23.
+  1909. _Lepidodermopsis leoninus_ v. Hoehnel, _Sitz. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
+           Math. Nat. Ks._, CXVIII., 439.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sub-globose, covered more or less completely with
+white or yellowish deposits of crystalline lime, stipitate; stipes
+short, orange or brown, containing lime, enlarged to form the globose
+orange columella and often connected at base by a venulose hypothallus;
+capillitium of slender threads, anastomosing, colorless at the tips;
+spores violet-grey, minutely warted, 7-9  mu.
+
+Like _Lepidoderma tigrinum_, but has different calcic crystals.
+
+Java and Ceylon.
+
+
+=3. Diderma= _Persoon_
+
+  1794. _Diderma Persoon_, _Roem. N. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 89.
+  1873. _Chondrioderma_ Rost. _Versuch_, p. 13, _Mon._, p. 167.
+  1894. _Chondrioderma_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 75.
+  1899. _Diderma Persoon_, Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 92.
+
+Sporangia plasmodiocarpous or distinct, sessile or stipitate; the
+peridium as a rule double, the outer wall generally calcareous with the
+lime granules globular, non-crystalline, the inner wall very delicate
+and often, in the mature fructification, remote from the outer;
+columella generally prominent.
+
+The genus _Diderma_ is usually easy of recognition, by reason of its
+double wall, the outer, crustaceous, usually calcareous, and its limits
+remain substantially as originally set by Persoon. His definition is as
+follows:--
+
+"Peridium ut plurimum duplex; exterius fragile; interius pellucens,
+subdistans. Columella magna, subrotunda. Fila parca latentia."--_Syn.
+Meth. Fung._, p. 168.
+
+Rostafinski changed the name of the genus to _Chondrioderma_ (_chondri_,
+cartilage), seemingly at De Bary's suggestion, and seems to have
+regarded Persoon's definition as applicable to those species only in
+which the wall is not only plainly double, but in which the two walls
+are as plainly remote from each other. More especially he esteemed a new
+generic name necessary, since he regarded several included species, as
+_D. spumarioides_, _D. michelii_, etc., monodermic.
+
+Since it is doubtful whether any diderma is really monodermic, and since
+Persoon's definition in any case seems sufficiently elastic, we have
+seen no reason to discard the older name. Persoon's _Diderma_ when
+established, _l. c._, included _D. floriforme_. He made some confusion
+in his later work by admitting some physarums. This induced Schrader to
+throw all the didermas into his new genus, _Didymium_.
+
+According to the nature of the sporangial wall, the species fall rather
+naturally into two sections:--
+
+  _A._ Outer sporangial wall distinctly calcareous, fragile;
+         species generally sessile                             _Diderma_
+
+  _B._ Outer sporangial wall cartilaginous, the inner less
+         distinct, or concrete with the outer; species
+         oftener stipitate                                    _Leangium_
+
+
+  _A._ Sub-Genus DIDERMA
+
+  1. Fructification wholly plasmodiocarpous              1. _D. effusum_
+
+  2. Fructification of distinct sporangia.
+
+    _a._ Sporangia on a common hypothallus.
+
+         O Outer wall fragile, not widely remote from
+             the inner                              2. _D. spumarioides_
+
+        OO Inner wall lacking                            3. _D. simplex_
+
+       OOO Outer wall crustaceous, porcelain-like.
+
+           i. Spores 8-10                               4. _D. globosum_
+
+          ii. Spores 12-15                            5. _D. crustaceum_
+
+      OOOO Outer wall firm, not crustaceous              6. _D. lyallii_
+
+    _b._ Sporangia isolated, or, at least, not on a common hypothallus,
+              sessile.
+
+         O Outer wall porcellanous, roseate            7. _D. testaceum_
+
+        OO Outer wall white                               8. _D. niveum_
+
+       OOO Outer wall ashen                             9. _D. cinereum_
+
+    _c._ Sporangia stipitate                      10. _D. hemisphericum_
+
+
+  _B._ Sub-Genus LEANGIUM
+
+  1. Sporangia generally sessile.
+
+    _a._ Inner peridium distinct.
+
+         O Membranous colorless, columella scant         11. _D. sauteri_
+
+        OO Colorless, columella prominent, red        12. _D. cor-rubrum_
+
+       OOO Outer ochraceous, inner yellow              13. _D. ochraceum_
+
+    _b._ Peridial layers inseparable.
+
+         O Peridium multifid; columella small
+            or none                                  16. _D. trevelyani_
+
+        OO Peridium breaking into but few irregular lobes; columella
+              prominent.
+
+           i. Peridium umber brown                     14. _D. roanense_
+
+          ii. Peridium ashen                           15. _D. radiatum_
+
+         iii. Peridium chocolate without,
+                inside white                         17. _D. asteroides_
+
+  2. Sporangia stipitate.
+
+    _a._ Peridium pallid, smooth                     18. _D. floriforme_
+
+    _b._ Peridium white, rugulose                       19. _D. rugosum_
+
+
+1. DIDERMA EFFUSUM (_Schw._) _Morgan._
+
+  1831. _Physarum effusum_ Schw., _N. A. F._, p. 257.
+  1896. _Diderma effusum_ (Schw.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 71.
+  1899. _Diderma effusum_ (Schw.) Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 94.
+  1899. _Diderma reticulatum_ Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 95.
+  1911. _Diderma effusum_ Morg., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 102.
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous, reticulate, creeping, applanate and
+generally widely effused, white; the peridium thin, cinereous, covered
+by a delicate, white, calcareous crust; the columella simply the base of
+the plasmodiocarp, thin alutaceous; the capillitium pale, consisting of
+short threads somewhat branched toward their distal extremities; spores
+smooth, pale violaceous, 8-10  mu.
+
+This is _Physarum effusum_ Schw., _vid. N. A. F._, No. 2297. It is
+reported by Morgan from Ohio, and we have one specimen from eastern
+Nebraska, so that it is probably of general distribution in the eastern
+United States.
+
+This species was in the previous edition distinguished from the
+Rostafinskian _P. reticulatum_ with spores a little smaller, 6-8  mu, and
+with a much stronger tendency to the formation of definite sporangia,
+elongate indeed and branching but often globose or depressed globose.
+This we may know as,
+
+
+VAR. RETICULATUM Rost.
+
+  1875. _Chondrioderma reticulatum_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 170.
+  1894. _Diderma reticulatum_ (Rost.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 71.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, generally rounded, not much depressed, flat,
+sometimes, especially toward the margin of a colony, elongate, venulose
+or somewhat plasmodiocarpous, dull white, the inner peridium ashen or
+bluish, remote from the calcareous crust, which is extremely fragile,
+easily shelling off; columella indistinguishable from the base of the
+sporangium, thin, alutaceous; capillitium of short, generally colorless,
+delicate, sparingly branching or anastomosing threads perpendicular to
+the columella; spores black in mass, by transmitted light violet-tinted,
+smooth, 6-8  mu.
+
+Perhaps our most common form. Found in fall on dead twigs, leaves, etc.
+Recognized by its rather large, white, depressed or flattened sporangia
+tending to form reticulations, and hence suggesting the name. The lines
+of fruiting tend to follow the venation of the supporting leaf; where
+the sporangium is round, the columella is a distinct rounded or
+cake-like body; where the fruit is venulose, the columella is less
+distinct.
+
+By these rounded forms we pass easily, as by a gate, to _D.
+hemisphericum_, which, when wholly sessile, differs still in greater
+diameter of the sporangia and in having somewhat larger spores. Usually
+in such case the compared colony will show somewhere a very short and
+stout but very real stipe supporting the discoid fruit.
+
+Rostafinski divided the genus _Chondrioderma_, i. e. _Diderma_, into
+three sections:--
+
+_Monoderma_ to include those species in which the calcareous crust is
+less distinct or connate with the true peridium.
+
+_Diderma_, in which the two structures were plainly separate.
+
+_Leangium_, used as in the present work. In his first section
+Rostafinski placed _C. reticulatum_ and _C. michelii_; in the second,
+_C. difforme_ and _C. calcareum_.
+
+Lister has examined Rostafinski's type of _C. reticulatum_ and declares
+that it has the usual didermic characters. Hence there is no doubt that
+our small-spored American specimens are covered by Rostafinski's
+description, No. 72. On the other hand, Lister makes _C. difforme_
+(Pers.) Rost. a _Didymium_, by its crystalline coat. That species
+therefore is removed from consideration in this connection. _C.
+calcareum_ remains as applicable to American forms having the spores
+10-12  mu, but according to the author of the species the capillitium is
+abundant and definitive. Unhappily the type of _C. calcareum_ is lost
+(Lister, _Mon._, p. 95), so that there is no other means of verification
+than the description and Rostafinski's figure. Under these circumstances
+we consider the name _calcareum_ inapplicable to any American forms we
+have so far seen. See next species. As to the American species which
+have been distributed as _C. calcareum_ (Lk.) Rost., they are, so far as
+seen, referable to _D. reticulatum_ (Rost.), Morg. Here also belongs No.
+1217, Ellis, _N. A. F._
+
+New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska. Probably to be found
+throughout the eastern United States.
+
+
+2. DIDERMA SPUMARIOIDES _Fries_.
+
+  1829. _Diderma spumarioides_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 104.
+  1833. _Physarum stromateum_ Link., _Handb._, III., p. 409.
+  1876. _Chondrioderma stromateum_ (Lk.) Rost., _App._, p. 18.
+
+Sporangia sessile, crowded, spherical, or by mutual pressure irregular,
+white; the peridium plainly double, but the layers adhering, the outer
+more strongly calcareous, but very frail, almost farinaceous;
+hypothallus more or less plainly in evidence, white or pale alutaceous;
+columella distinct, though often small, globose, yellowish; capillitium
+variable in quantity, sometimes abundant, brown, somewhat branching and
+anastomosing outwardly, the tips paler; spores minutely roughened, dark
+violaceous, about 10  mu.
+
+This species has the outward seeming of a didymium, but is plainly
+different as that genus is here defined, since the calcareous crust,
+although inclined to be pulverulent, is made up of minute granules, not
+crystals, of lime. The hypothallus is sometimes hardly discoverable,
+anon well developed, out-spread, rugulose, far beyond the limits of the
+fructification. In his _Monograph_, p. 175, Rostafinski includes here
+_Physarum stromateum_ Link. In the Appendix he is inclined to raise
+Link's form to the dignity of a distinct species, basing the diagnosis
+upon the superposition of the sporangia in certain cases, a feature
+entirely unknown to Link's description and of extremely uncertain value,
+since by their crowding the sporangia are liable always to be pushed
+above each other. We therefore regard _C. stromateum_ (Link) Rost. as a
+synonym of the present species, as the description, Link, Handb., III.,
+409, indicates, so far as it goes.
+
+
+3. DIDERMA SIMPLEX (_Schroet._) _Lister._
+
+  1885. _Chondrioderma simplex_ Schroet., _Krypt. Fl. Schles._, III.,
+           1, p. 123.
+  1911. _Diderma simplex_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 107.
+
+"Plasmodium bright yellowish brown." Sporangia gregarious, sessile,
+globose or depressed globose, .3-.5 mm., or anon plasmodiocarpous, brown
+or brick-red when fresh, becoming paler, ochraceous, etc.; hypothallus
+everywhere in evidence; columella ill-defined; capillitium scanty, the
+threads delicate, pale, branching as they join the peridial wall; spores
+dull violaceous, slightly roughened, 8-10  mu.
+
+A rather crude, primitive representative of this beautiful genus. The
+inner peridium seems to be lacking,--a comfort to Rostafinski! Rare. Our
+best specimens are from New Jersey, by courtesy of Dr. C. L. Shear.
+These went to fruit on leaves and branches of _Vaccinium_. It seems to
+affect the heather of Europe, moorland, etc. I have also specimens from
+the herbarium of the lamented Dr. Rex. These are more plasmodiocarpous,
+but open beautifully by a median fissure as in _Physarum sinuosum_
+Bull. In no American gathering that I have examined does the capillitium
+show calcareous thickenings as described by the British text.
+
+
+4. DIDERMA GLOBOSUM _Persoon._
+
+PLATE VII., Figs. 5, 5 _a_.
+
+  1794. _Diderma globosum_ Pers., _Roem. N. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 89.
+  1875. _Chondrioderma globosum_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 180.
+
+Sporangia more or less closely gregarious, sessile, globose or by mutual
+pressure prismatic or polyhedral, white, the outer wall smooth,
+polished, crustaceous, fragile, far remote from the inner, which is
+thin, smooth, or rugulose, iridescent blue; hypothallus usually
+pronounced and spreading beyond the sporangia, sometimes scanty or
+lacking, columella variable, sometimes very small, inconspicuous,
+sometimes large, globose, ellipsoidal, even pedicellate; capillitium
+abundant, brown or purplish brown, branching and occasionally
+anastomosing to form a loosely constructed superficial net; spores
+globose, delicately spinulose, 8  mu.
+
+This species seems rare in this country. We have specimens from Iowa. It
+is distinguished by small spores and generally snow-white color.
+Lister has thrown doubt upon Rostafinski's definition of this
+form--_Mycetozoa_, p. 78. Almost everything distributed in the United
+States under this name belongs in the next species. Reported also from
+Ohio,--_Morgan._ Washington. But:--it should be found in Europe, where
+first described!
+
+There are two ways to meet the difficulty. In the first place it seems
+probable that a small-spored form really hides somewhere in Europe. The
+difference between the _Monograph_ measurement and the size admitted for
+_D. crustaceum_ Pk., evidently considered by Mr. Lister as type and so
+used in his illustration, Pl. 85, is too great to be esteemed merely an
+error. That added .3 (Rost.) indicates caution, the average of several
+measurements. Our _D. globosum_ may represent what the _Monograph_
+describes.[32] In the second place we may as American students mistake
+larger and more globular forms of something else, of _D. spumarioides_
+Fr., whose spores are but little larger; or of _D. effusum_ (Schw.)
+Morg., where the flattened plasmodiocarps anon splatter out to globose
+drops of polished whiteness, and whose spores are 8  mu. But even here the
+chances of error are small. In the species last named the columella or
+sporangial base is alutaceous, not white; in Fries' species, while the
+columella if present may be white, the peridial walls are different,
+difficult to distinguish.
+
+For these reasons, _D. globosum_ Pers. may stand, waiting further light
+from Europe.
+
+
+5. DIDERMA CRUSTACEUM _Peck._
+
+PLATE VII., Fig. 7
+
+  1871. _Diderma crustaceum_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXVI., p. 74.
+  1889. _Chondrioderma crustaceum_ (Peck) Berl., _Sacc._, VII., p. 373.
+
+Plasmodium at first watery, colorless, becoming at length milky white;
+sporangia closely crowded or superimposed, in a cushion-like colony,
+creamy white, globose, imbedded in the substance of the hypothallus, the
+outer peridium smooth, delicate, crustaceous, fragile, remote from the
+blue iridescent inner membrane; hypothallus prominent; columella
+variable, generally present, globose; capillitium dark-colored, the
+threads branching and combining to form a loose net; spore-mass black,
+spores by transmitted light dark violaceous, delicately roughened, 12-15
+ mu.
+
+Common. Readily to be distinguished from the preceding by the larger
+spores and more crowded habit. New England west to Nebraska.
+
+The didermas are generally delicately beautiful. The outer wall in the
+present species is like finest unglazed china, softly smooth, and yet
+not polished, often absolutely white, with porcellanous fracture. An
+inter-parietal space separates the outer from the inner wall, so that
+the former may be broken, bit by bit, without in the least disturbing
+the underlying structure. The inner wall is ashen or gauzy iridescent
+green, sending back all colors in reflected light. The spores are
+violet, deeply so when fresh, the capillitium strong and likewise
+tinted; the columella passing down and blending with the common
+snow-white hypothalline base. The distinct habits of the two species are
+represented in Figs. 5 and 7. In the one the distinct sporangia are
+associated but not crowded; in the other all are massed together in
+quite aethalioid fashion, forming circumambient, chalky masses of
+considerable size, 2 or 3 cm., overcrowded, superimposed, where the
+sporangia are regular in shape and size by reason of mutual pressure.
+The plasmodium develops in forests and orchards, among decaying leaves,
+but is inclined to rise as maturity draws near, to ascend some twig
+erect, or the stem of a living plant to the height of several inches
+where the sporangia at length appear "heaped and pent", an encircling
+sheath, conspicuous after the fashion of a spumaria for which it is
+indeed sometimes mistaken.
+
+
+6. DIDERMA LYALLII (_Massee_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Figs. 5 and 5 _a_
+
+  1892. _Chondrioderma lyallii_ Massee, _Mon._, p. 201.
+  1894. _Chondrioderma lyallii_ Mass., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 81.
+  1899. _Diderma lyallii_ Mass., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 99.
+  1911. _Diderma lyallii_ List., sub-species, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 105.
+
+Sporangia obovate, more or less closely crowded, white, stipitate, about
+1 mm. in diameter, the outer peridium firm, stout, encrusted, especially
+above, with granular masses of lime, the inner well developed, more or
+less cartilaginous, opaque, yellow or buff-colored; hypothallus well
+developed, venulose, white, passing up unchanged to form the short,
+stout stipe and lower outer peridium; columella prominent, half the
+height of the sporangium, brown; capillitium of short, brown threads,
+rigid, much branched, forming a net, widened irregularly and especially
+at the net-nodes; spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light bright
+brown, rough, 15-17  mu.
+
+A very distinct species; large, fine, showy sporangia in more or less
+crowded clusters spring from a snow-white, common hypothallus. First
+reported from western Canada. Our first specimens were collected by the
+late Mr. Charles Irish, on the eastern slopes of the Sierras, in Nevada;
+now coming in abundantly from all the western mountains to the Pacific.
+
+
+7. DIDERMA TESTACEUM (_Schrad._) _Pers._
+
+PLATE VII., 4, 4 _a_, and 4 _b_.
+
+  1797. _Didymium testaceum_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Plant._, p. 25.
+  1801. _Diderma testaceum_ Persoon, _Syn._, p. 167.
+  1873. _Chondrioderma testaceum_ (Schrad.) Rost., _Vers._, p. 13.
+  1874. _Diderma mariae-wilsoni_ Clinton, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXVI.,
+           p. 74.
+  1899. _Diderma testaceum_ (Schrad.) Pers., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 99.
+  1911. _Diderma testaceum_ Pers., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 106.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sessile, depressed-spherical or sometimes
+elongate, small, 1 mm. or less, rose-white, smooth, the outer peridium
+crustaceous, rather thick and persistent, polished, slightly raised
+above the inner, which is dull ashen and more or less wrinkled;
+hypothallus none; columella prominent, hemispherical in the typical
+rounded forms, slightly rough, reddish or reddish alutaceous;
+capillitium usually abundant, of slender, delicate pale or colorless
+threads, little branched, and smooth; spores violaceous-brown, minutely
+roughened, 8-9  mu.
+
+A very beautiful species occurring at the same time as the preceding and
+in similar situations. All our specimens from the west are on dead
+leaves of oak; some eastern gatherings are on moss. Easily recognized
+when fresh by its delicate pink or roseate color; weathered specimens
+are white, and might be confused with forms of _D. reticulatum_, but the
+sporangia in the present species are less flattened and only rarely in
+special situations run off to linear or plasmodiocarpous shapes
+characteristic of _D. reticulatum_.
+
+Not common, although widely distributed from east to west. New England,
+New York, New Jersey, South Carolina, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska,
+California (_Harkness_), Washington, Oregon.
+
+
+8. DIDERMA NIVEUM (_Rostafinski_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 11 and 11 _a_
+
+  1875. _Chondrioderma niveum_ Rost, _Mon._, p. 170.
+  1877. _Diderma albescens_ Phillips, _Grev._, V., p. 114.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, or more often crowded, sessile,
+depressed-spherical, sometimes ellipsoidal or elongate, white, the outer
+peridium crustaceous, chalky, smooth and fragile, the inner distinct,
+delicate, ochraceous; hypothallus scant or none; columella well
+developed, globose or hemispherical, orange-tinted or ochraceous;
+capillitium abundant, made of threads of two sorts, some purplish or
+dusky, with pale extremities, uneven, others more delicate and
+colorless, and with wart-like thickenings, all sparingly branched;
+spores violet-brown, minutely roughened, 9-10  mu.
+
+This species is not common. From Colorado we have fine specimens typical
+in every way. Specimens from Washington are flat so far as at present at
+hand; probably represent _D. deplanatum_ (R.) List., which the last
+named author regards as varietal of the present species, entering it and
+_D. lyallii_ as sub-species 2 and 1 respectively. _D. deplanatum_ may
+perhaps be best so disposed of; but _D. lyallii_ is distinguished at
+sight, as well as by microscopic characters, spores nearly twice as
+great, rougher and different in color.
+
+
+9. DIDERMA CINEREUM _Morg._
+
+  1894. _Diderma cinereum_ Morg., _Myx. Mi. Val._, p. 70.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, more or less crowded or even confluent,
+sub-globose, only slightly depressed, ashen white; the peridium not
+obviously double, very smooth and thin, rupturing irregularly;
+hypothallus an indistinct membrane or wholly wanting; columella large,
+globose or hemispheric, white, the surface granulose; capillitium of
+very slender colored threads, the extremities pellucid, more or less
+branched; spores violaceous, minutely warted, 9-11  mu.
+
+Growing on old wood, leaves, etc. The sporangium .3-.5 mm., thin and
+smooth or rugulose. This elegant little species I know only from
+specimens received from Mr. Morgan. It seems to be closely related to
+_D. spumarioides_, from which it is distinguished by its color, darker,
+and its smoother, or less spinulose spores. The author compares the
+color and external appearance to that of _P. cinereum_,--_Jour. Cin.
+Soc._, XVI., p. 154.
+
+Ohio, Pennsylvania.
+
+
+10. DIDERMA HEMISPHERICUM (_Bull._) _Horne._
+
+  1791. _Reticularia hemispherica_ Bull., _Cham. de Fr._, I., p. 93.
+  1829. _Didymium hemisphericum_ (Bull.) Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III.,
+           p. 115.
+  1829. _Diderma hemisphericum_ (Bull.) Horne., _Fl. Dan._, XI., p. 18.
+  1832. _Didymium michelii_ Lib., _Pl. Ard._, No. 180.
+  1873. _Chondrioderma michelii_ (Lib.) Rost., Fuckel, _Sym. Myc._,
+           p. 74.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, orbicular, discoid, depressed above and often
+umbilicate below, stipitate or sometimes sessile, the outer peridium
+white, fragile, crustaceous, soon breaking about the margins, closely
+applied to the inner, which is delicate, cinereous, and ruptures
+irregularly; stipe about equal to the diameter of the sporangium, 1 mm.,
+rather stout, calcareous but colored, brownish or alutaceous, more or
+less wrinkled longitudinally, the wrinkles when present forming veins on
+the lower surface of the sporangium; hypothallus small; columella not
+distinct from the thickened brownish or reddish base of the sporangium;
+capillitium of delicate threads, mostly simple and colorless, often
+scanty; spores pale violaceous, nearly smooth, 8-9  mu.
+
+A very well marked species, easily recognized, at least when stipitate,
+by its remarkable discoid or lenticular sporangia. After the
+spore-dispersal, the stipes are long-persistent, surmounted by a
+peculiar disk representing the consolidated columella, lower sporangial
+wall, and expanded stem-top. Sessile specimens are like similar forms of
+_D. reticulatum_, but in all the gatherings before us the stipitate type
+is at hand to reveal the identity of the species.
+
+Rostafinski's figures, 131, 146, 149, and 150, adapted from Corda,
+exaggerate the hypothallus, but otherwise leave nothing to be desired.
+
+As to synonymy, Bulliard has plainly the priority. His figure, t. 446,
+Fig. 1, can refer to nothing else, especially reenforced as it is by
+Sowerby, _Eng. Fung._, t. 12.
+
+Rather rare on fallen stems of herbaceous plants, but widely
+distributed, New England to Oregon and Washington.
+
+
+11. DIDERMA SAUTERI (_Rost._) _Macbr._
+
+  1875. _Chondrioderma sauteri_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 181.
+  1891. _Chondrioderma aculeatum_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 390.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, sessile, lenticular or hemispherical,
+flattened above and sometimes concave or umbilicate below, dusky or
+yellowish white, the outer peridium papyraceous, thin, occasionally
+wrinkled, rupturing irregularly, remote from the inner, which is thin,
+delicate, semi-transparent, grayish, rarely iridescent; hypothallus
+none; columella irregular, sometimes small and hardly evident, rugose,
+with spine-like processes, the persisting bases of the capillitial
+threads, reddish brown; capillitium scanty, white, or colorless, simple
+or sparingly branched; spores dark violaceous, spinulose, 12-13  mu.
+
+This is _Chondrioderma aculeatum_ Rex, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil._,
+1891, p. 390. After careful comparison of specimens and various
+descriptions, especially that of Rostafinski with the type specimens of
+Dr. Rex, I am constrained to concur with Lister in adopting
+Rostafinski's name. The sporangia in the type specimens (Rex) are on
+moss, borne at the extreme tips of acuminate or aculeate leaves, so that
+at first sight they appear stipitate.
+
+Apparently rare. Maine, New York.
+
+
+12. DIDERMA COR-RUBRUM _Macbr. n. s._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 2
+
+Sporangia gregarious clustered, small .5-.7 mm., sessile
+corrugate-plicate, especially above, snow-white, the outer peridium
+cartilaginous polished without and within, the inner delicate,
+evanescent; columella well developed, globose or clavate, anchored by
+several stout transverse trabeculae to the peridial wall, papillate,
+deep-red as is the peridium especially below; capillitium very delicate,
+sparingly branching, colorless; spores verruculose, fuliginous tinged
+with red, about 12  mu.
+
+This curious but elegant little species is represented by a single
+colony collected by Professor Morton Peck in Iowa. It resembles _D.
+sauteri_ but is distinguished by the plicate white wall, the stout
+columella with its lateral extensions, as by the more delicate spores.
+On rotten wood.
+
+
+13. DIDERMA OCHRACEUM _Hoffm._
+
+  1795. _Diderma ochraceum_ Hoffm., _Deutsch. Fl. Tab._ 9, 2, b.
+  1911. _Diderma ochraceum_ Hoffm., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 109.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or clustered, .7-1 mm., sessile, globose or
+sometimes plasmodiocarpous, ochraceous yellow; outer wall cartilaginous
+with yellow deposits of lime, the inner also yellow, adherent or free;
+columella not distinct; capillitium simple or branching, purple-brown,
+hyaline at base; spores spinulose, purplish-grey, 9-11  mu.
+
+Mr. Lister reports this species from Massachusetts.
+
+
+14. DIDERMA ROANENSE (_Rex_) _Macbr._
+
+  1893. _Chondrioderma roanense_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 368.
+
+Sporangia scattered, discoidal, thin, flattened or slightly convex
+above, plane or plano-concave below, umber-brown, stipitate, the outer
+peridium smooth, brittle, rupturing irregularly, the basal fragments
+somewhat persistent, concrete with the inner peridium, which is pure
+white, except near the columella, and punctate; stipe short, variable,
+longitudinally ridged, jet-black; hypothallus none; columella flat,
+discoidal, pale ochraceous; capillitium sparse, white or colorless,
+composed of simple, rarely forked, sinuous threads occasionally joined
+by lateral branches; spores dark violaceous, distinctly warted, 12-14  mu.
+
+This species is readily distinguished by its color. The sporangia, found
+on rotten wood, are large, 1 mm., brown, and have thick, persistent
+walls. Dr. Rex considered that the species differs from other related
+forms not only in color, but in the well-marked discoidal columella and
+the jet-black irregular stipe. It is perhaps most nearly related to the
+following species.
+
+Tennessee.
+
+
+15. DIDERMA RADIATUM (_Linn._) _Morg._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 8
+
+  1753. _Lycoperdon radiatum_ Linn. (?) _Sp. Pl._, 1654.
+  1797. _Didymium stellare_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 21.
+  1801. _Diderma stellare_ (Schrad.) Persoon, _Syn._, p. 164.
+  1875. _Chondrioderma radiatum_ (Linn.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 182.
+  1894. _Diderma radiatum_ (Linn.) Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 66.
+  1899. _Diderma stellare_ Schrad., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p 104.
+  1911. _Diderma radiatum_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 112.
+
+Sporangia scattered, depressed-globose, sometimes also flattened below,
+stipitate, smooth or slightly corrugate, ashen or brownish, about 1 mm.
+in diameter, the peridium dehiscing irregularly or somewhat radiately
+from above downwards, the segments reflexed, the inner layer not
+distinguishable, or inseparable; stipe short, stout, brownish, sometimes
+almost lacking; hypothallus not conspicuous, but sometimes sufficient to
+connect the bases of adjacent stipes; columella large, hemispherical or
+globose, pallid or yellowish; capillitium abundant, of slender generally
+simple, colored threads, paler at the furcate tips; spores dark
+violaceous, minutely roughened, 8-11  mu.
+
+Rare on rotten logs in the forests; September. Easily recognized by the
+short-stiped, ashen sporangia which before dehiscence indicate by
+delicate tracings the lines which subsequent cleavage is to follow. In
+texture the peridium resembles that of _D. floriforme_.
+
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Virginia, Colorado, Washington, Oregon; Europe
+generally.
+
+The Linnaean description on which to base the specific name _D. radiatum_
+is wholly inadequate. It appears also by the testimony of Linne _fils_,
+that _L. radiatum_ Linne is a lichen! and the name is so applied by
+Persoon. But in the Linnaean herbarium preserved at London, _teste_
+Lister, the original type of _Lycoperdon radiatum_ L. may yet be seen!
+to the confusion of _fils_, Persoon, and other followers of Schrader
+all, and our stellar species becomes radiate now, let us hope for long!
+
+
+16. DIDERMA TREVELYANI (_Grev._) _Fr._
+
+  1825. _Leangium trevelyani_ Grev., _Scot., Cr. Fl._, Tab. 132.
+  1829. _Diderma trevelyani_ (Grev.) Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 105.
+  1875. _Chondrioderma trevelyani_ (Grev.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 182.
+  1877. _Diderma geasteroides_ Phill., _Grev._, V., p. 113.
+  1877. _Diderma laciniatum_ Phill., _Grev._, V., p. 113.
+
+Sporangia scattered, globose or nearly so, smooth or verruculose,
+reddish-brown or rufescent, sessile or short-stipitate, the outer
+peridium firm, splitting more or less regularly into unequal, revolute,
+petal-like lobes which are white within, the inner not distinguishable
+as such; stipe, when present, equal, furrowed, concolorous; columella
+small or none; capillitium abundant, the threads rather rigid, purple or
+purplish brown, branching and anastomosing, more or less beaded; spores
+dark, violaceous brown, spinulose, 10-13  mu.
+
+In 1876, Harkness and Moore collected in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of
+California, forms of _Diderma_ which are described by Phillips, _Grev._,
+V., p. 113, as _D. geasteroides_ and _D. laciniatum_. English
+authorities who have examined the material agree that the forms
+described constitute but a single species, and Lister makes them
+identical with _D. trevelyani_ (Grev.) Fr. Rostafinski's figures, 161,
+162, are a curious reproduction, evidently, of Fried. Nees von
+Esenbeck's, Plate IX., Fig. 4. Massee describes a columella; Lister
+says there is none. What may occasion such divergence of statement none
+may say; such forms as come in so far from our western mountains have no
+columella.
+
+
+17. DIDERMA ASTEROIDES _List._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Figs. 3, 3 _a_
+
+  1902. _Diderma asteroides_ List., _Jour. Bot._, XL, p. 209.
+  1911. _Diderma asteroides_ List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 113.
+
+Sporangia globose or ovoid-globose, the apex more or less acuminate,
+sessile, sometimes narrowed at the base to a short, thick stalk, brown
+or chocolate tinted, marked at the apex by radiant lines, and at length
+dehiscent by many reflexing lobes revealing the snow-white adherent
+inner peridium on the exposed or upper side; columella also white,
+globose or depressed-globose; capillitium generally colorless, somewhat
+branched, especially above; spores dark violaceous, verruculose, 10-12
+ mu.
+
+Oregon, the Three Sisters Mountains; Colorado; California.
+
+A very beautiful species, recognizable at sight; when unopened, by the
+peculiar chocolate brown, the sporangia smaller than in _D. radiatum_.
+When opened, the snow-white flower-like figure, flat against the
+substratum, is definitive. Very near number 16 preceding; the dehiscence
+more regular.
+
+
+18. DIDERMA FLORIFORME (_Bull._) _Pers._
+
+PLATE VIII., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_.
+
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus floriformis_ Bulliard, _Champ._, p. 142, t. 371.
+  1794. _Diderma floriforme_ (Bull.) Persoon, _Roem. N. Mag. Bot._,
+           p. 89.
+
+Sporangia crowded, generally in dense colonies, globose, smooth,
+ochraceous-white, stipitate, the peridium thick, cartilaginous,
+splitting from above into several petal-like lobes, which become
+speedily reflexed exposing the swarthy spore-mass, the inner peridium
+not discoverable, inseparable; stipe concolorous, about equal to the
+sporangium; hypothallus, generally well developed, but thin,
+membranaceous, common to all the sporangia; columella prominent, globose
+or cylindric, often constricted below, and prolonged upward almost to
+the top of the spore-case; capillitium of slender, delicate, sparingly
+branched threads; spores dark violaceous-brown, studded with scattered
+warts, 10-11  mu.
+
+Not uncommon, especially on rotten oak logs. Easily recognized by the
+peculiar form of the fruit, spherical before dehiscence, floriform
+after. Unlike most species, this form often fruits in dark places, in
+the interior of a log, even in the ground.
+
+New England, Ontario to Iowa and Nebraska, and south.
+
+
+19. DIDERMA RUGOSUM (_Rex_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Fig. 10.
+
+  1893. _Chondrioderma rugosum_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 369.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, white or ashen, rugulose over the whole
+surface, the ridges marking the lines of subsequent rupture or
+dehiscence, the peridium thin papyraceous, stipitate; stipe well
+developed about equal to the sporangium, subulate, almost black;
+hypothallus none; columella distinct, generally white, sometimes small,
+globose, sometimes penetrating the sporangium, to one-half the height;
+capillitium white or colorless, the filaments freely forked and combined
+by lateral branches into a loose network attached to the columella and
+basal wall below and the upper sporangial wall above; spores
+violaceous-brown, warted, 8-10  mu.
+
+This species is well designated _rugosum_, and is recognizable at sight
+by its wrinkled, areolate surface. Related to _D. radiatum_ in the
+prefigured dehiscence, but otherwise very distinct. Liable to be
+overlooked as a prematurely dried physarum. Rare. Plasmodium gray.
+
+North Carolina, Iowa.
+
+
+=4. Lepidoderma= _DeBary_
+
+  1858. _Lepidoderma_ DeBy., MS. Rost., _Versuch_, p. 13.
+
+Sporangia stalked or sessile; peridium cartilaginous, adorned without
+with large calcareous scales, superficial or shut in lenticular
+cavities; capillitium non-calcareous.[33]
+
+
+=Key to Species of Lepidoderma=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia stipitate, stipe brown                 1. _L. tigrinum_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia sessile, plasmodiocarpous,
+         spores 10-12  mu                              2. _L. carestianum_
+
+  _C._ Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, spores 8-10  mu      3. _L. chailletii_
+
+
+1. LEPIDODERMA TIGRINUM (_Schrad._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XIV., Fig. 7.
+
+  1797. _Didymium tigrinum_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Plantarum_, p. 22.
+  1873. _Lepidoderma tigrinum_ (Schrad.) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 13.
+
+Sporangia scattered, rather large, hemispherical-depressed, stipitate,
+umbilicate beneath, the peridium shining, olivaceous or purplish, tough,
+covered more or less abundantly with angular scales; the stipe stout,
+furrowed, dark brown, but containing calcareous deposits withal,
+tapering upward, and continued within the peridium as a pronounced more
+or less calcareous columella; hypothallus more or less prominent,
+yellowish or brownish; capillitium dark, purplish-brown, of sparingly
+branching threads radiating from the columella; spores dull
+purplish-brown, minutely roughened, 10-12  mu.
+
+A singular species, rare, but easily recognized by its peculiar, placoid
+scales, large and firmly embedded in the peridial wall. The internal
+structure is essentially that of _Diderma_ or _Didymium_. The species
+occurs in hilly or mountainous regions, on moss-covered logs. The
+plasmodium pale yellow, some part of it not infrequently remains as a
+venulose hypothallus connecting such sporangia as are near together.
+
+New England to Washington and Oregon; Vancouver Island.
+
+
+2. LEPIDODERMA CARESTIANUM (_Rabenh._) _Rost._
+
+  1862. _Reticularia carestiana_ Rabenh., _MS. Fung. Eur. exsic._,
+           No. 436.
+  1875. _Lepidoderma carestianum_ (Rabenh.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 188.
+  1891. _Amaurochaete minor_ Sacc. & Ell., _Mich._, II., p. 566.
+
+Fructification in the form of flat, pulvinate plasmodiocarps, or, anon,
+sporangiate, the sporangia sessile, sub-globose, ellipsoidal, elongate,
+irregular, confluent, yellowish-grey, the peridium covered more or less
+completely with dull white, crystals or crystal-like scales; columella,
+where visible, yellowish-brown, calcareous; capillitium, coarse, rigid,
+more or less branched and united, or colorless, delicate, forming a
+definite net; spores distinctly warted, purple 10-12  mu.
+
+This is a most remarkable species. The sporangiate forms little resemble
+those distinctly plasmodiocarpal. In the former the calcic scales and
+crystals are distinct and quite as in _L. tigrinum_; in the latter they
+are cuboid, irregular. The wall of the peridium in the plasmodiocarps at
+hand is black, and the covering accordingly shows white; in the
+sporangial forms the wall is brown, and the scales have a yellow tinge
+as if tinged with iron. In the sporangial presentation the capillitium
+is intricate delicate; in the plasmodiocarp, rigid, dark-colored, etc.
+This looks like a didymium and in so far justifies the opinion of
+earlier students. Fries, of course, includes all these things with the
+didymiums, and _D. squamulosum_ probably often sheltered them under
+extended wing.
+
+_Didymium granuliferum_ Phill., _Grev._, V., p. 114, from California is
+by European authors referred here. The capillitium carries calcareous
+crystalline deposits in special vesicles and the spores show remarkable
+variation in unusual size--15-30  mu.[1]
+
+Should probably be entered _Lepidoderma granuliferum_ (Phill.) Fr.,
+spores 15-18  mu.[34]
+
+Utah,--Harkness.
+
+
+3. LEPIDODERMA CHAILLETII _Rost._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.
+
+Sporangia distinct, coalescent or plasmodiocarpous, large, when isolated
+1-1.5 mm., dull drab in color, very sparsely sprinkled with white
+tetrahedral or irregular scales; the peridium thin, more or less
+translucent, rugulose, dull brown, persistent; columella none;
+capillitium abundant, under the lens purple-brown, sparingly branched,
+even, stout, rigid, no calcareous deposits nor vesicles; spores 8-10  mu,
+minutely warted, fuliginous.
+
+Yosemite Canyon, California, _Prof. B. Shimek._
+
+This is, no doubt, similar to _L. carestianum_ but differs in the size
+and habit of the sporangia, and in the fact that the capillitium is
+uniform throughout, whatever the style of fructification, and in the
+size, color, and surface characters of the spore.
+
+Evidently not _Didymium granuliferum_ Phill. Both will, no doubt, be
+again collected, and we shall then have much needed light.
+
+Nor is this quite Rostafinski's species as cited. The spores are much
+smaller; Rostafinski says 10-12 or more, and calls for a distinctly
+netted capillitium, the surface strongly marked by abundant calcareous
+crystals. Ours may be a different thing.
+
+
+=5. Colloderma= _G. Lister_
+
+  1910. _Colloderma, Jour. of Botany_, XLVIII., p. 312.
+
+Peridium double; the outer gelatinous, the inner membranaceous;
+capillitium intricate, limeless.
+
+
+COLLODERMA OCULATUM (_Lipp._) _G. Lister._
+
+  1894. _Didymium oculatum_ Lipp., _Verh. Zo-Bot. Ges. Wien_, XLIV.,
+           p. 74.
+  1910. _Colloderma oculatum_ (Lipp.) G. List., _Jour. Bot._, XLVIII.,
+           p. 312.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, or sub-globose, sessile or
+short-stipitate, olivaceous or purplish-brown, smooth and shining, the
+outer peridium gelatinous, thickened by moisture, hyaline; stipe dark
+brown; columella none; capillitium as in _Didymium_ purplish-brown,
+colorless at the tips; spores spinulose, fuscous, about 12  mu.
+
+New Hampshire, Europe.
+
+Our specimens from the late Dr. W. G. Farlow who collected it in New
+Hampshire. Swollen by immersion in water the sporangia take on an
+eye-like appearance, oculate, etc.
+
+
+=EXTRA-LIMITAL=
+
+PHYSARINA _von Hoehnel._
+
+  1909. _Physarina_ von Hoehnel, _Akad. Wiss. Wien; Math-nat. KL._,
+           CXVIII., p. 431.
+
+Sporangium wall rough with blunt spine-like processes, otherwise as
+_Diderma_.
+
+One species, _op. cit._, p. 432, _P. echinocephala_ v. Hoehn.
+
+Java. Might as well be called _Diderma echinocephalum_, one would think.
+Structure is that of _Leangium_. The striking character is a surface
+modification of the outer peridium, according to the description.
+
+
+ORDER II
+
+=STEMONITALES=
+
+Capillitium present, thread-like, arising in typical cases from a
+well-developed columella; spores in mass, black or violet-brown, more
+rarely ferruginous.
+
+
+=Key to the Families of Stemonitales=
+
+  _A._ Fructification aethalioid, capillitium poorly
+         defined; columella rudimentary or none         AMAUROCHAETACEAE
+
+  _B._ Fructification of distinct sporangia, capillitium
+         well defined; the columella generally prominent,
+         long and abundantly branched throughout           STEMONITACEAE
+
+  _C._ Sporangia distinct; capillitium developed chiefly
+         or only, from the summit of the columella       LAMPRODERMACEAE
+
+
+_A._ AMAUROCHAETACEAE
+
+Fructification aethalioid, an inch or two in diameter, in form varying
+with the habitat and place; capillitium dendroid, consisting of rather
+stout branches which rise irregularly more or less vertically from the
+hypothallus, branch repeatedly, often anastomose to form a network,
+especially toward the periphery; spores black.
+
+A single genus--
+
+
+=1. Amaurochaete= _Rostafinski_
+
+  1873. _Amaurochaete_ Rost., _Versuch._, p. 8.
+
+The genus _Amaurochaete_ as defined by Rostafinski and the genus
+_Reticularia_ as represented by _R. lycoperdon_ Bull. stand, the
+expression, perhaps, of not dissimilar histories. Whether in regressive
+or progressive series, each to-day presents a case of arrested
+development. Each in aethalioid fructification, reveals a mass of
+involved individual (?) sporangia, so imperfectly developed that their
+outlines can be inferred rather than anywhere, with absolute
+definiteness, certainly ascertained. Perhaps, because similar sporangia
+in the group to which either belongs, do come under other circumstances,
+to more perfect individual form and function--perhaps for this reason we
+may look upon these aethalia as exhibiting a suspended performance; the
+sporangia have failed to go forward to what was evidently a possible,
+though apparently not an essential destiny in form and figure. For the
+care and dispersal of the spores, achievement must surely be somewhat
+impaired. Whatever the measure of such inefficiency, among the
+_Stemonitales Amaurochaete_ shows the acme, as _Reticularia_ among the
+brown-spored forms.
+
+In _Amaurochaete_ the individuality of anything like separate sporangia
+is less clear. The view afforded, however, by a good vertical section of
+a well-developed colony or cushion is interestingly arborescent. Ragged,
+dendroid stems arise, dissipated above into a network most intricate, a
+"pleached arbor" if you please. The resemblance of the overhead net to
+that presented by a stemonitis or comatricha is very striking.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Amaurochaete=
+
+  _A._ Capillitium rigid, irregular spores rough      1. _A. fuliginosa_
+  _B._ Capillitium soft, woolly, cincinnate,
+         spores as in _A_                               2. _A. tubulina_
+
+1. AMAUROCHAETE FULIGINOSA (_Sowerby_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE V., Figs. 8, 8 _a_.
+
+  1803. _Lycoperdon fuliginosum_ Sow., _Eng. Fung._, t. 257.
+  1805. _Lycogala atrum_, Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p. 83.
+  1875. _Amaurochaete atra_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 211.
+
+Fructification aethalioid, varying in form and size, if on the upper
+side of the substratum, pulvinate, if below pendent and almost
+stipitate, covered with a delicate cortex, at first shining, soon dull,
+black, fragile, and early dissipated; hypothallus long-persisting,
+supporting the capillitium, which is extremely variable, irregular, and
+for its perfection dependent upon the form assumed by the aethalium, and
+the conditions of weather, etc., under which it matures, sometimes,
+especially when prostrate, in a very much depressed aethalium, spreading
+into long fibrous threads, again under better conditions rising in
+columella-like forms, supporting a peripheral net; spores dark brown or
+black, irregularly globose, spinulose, 12.5-15  mu.
+
+Common in Europe, and probably not uncommon in this country wherever
+pine forests occur. Specimens before us are from New England and New
+York, Ohio, Carolina, Colorado. Canada.
+
+Sowerby, in his comment on plate 257, _Eng. Fungi_, says: "It appears to
+consist of branching threads affixed to the deal and holding a dense
+mass of sooty powder. Over the whole is a thin, deciduous pellicle."
+This description seems to be applicable to nothing else. The figure
+amounts to little. Fries recognizes the English description, as does
+Rostafinski, but both authors adopt the later name given by Albertini
+and Schweinitz, simply because of the excellent detailed description
+found in the _Conspectus_.
+
+
+2. AMAUROCHAETE TUBULINA (_Alb. & Schw._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XX., 6 and 6 _a_.
+
+  1805. _Stemonitis tubulina_ (Alb. & Schw.), _Cons. Fung._, p. 102.
+  1825. _Lachnobolus cribrosus_ Fr., _Syst. Orb. Veg._, p. 14.
+  1912. _Amaurochaete cribrosa_ (Fr.) Macbr., _Com. in litt._
+           to Herbaria, Harvard, etc.[35]
+  1917. _Amaurochaete cribrosa_ (Fr.) Sturg., G. Lister, _Jour. Bot._,
+           LVIII, p. 109.
+
+Plasmodium at first transparent then white then rosy, ashen or grey
+finally deepening to jet-black; the aethalium even, thin, variable in
+extent from one to ten centimeters, covered by a distinct but thin
+transparent cortex, papillate, extended laterally but a short distance
+beyond the fructification, fragile, soon disappearing; hypothallus
+long-persistent, thin, silvery, supporting the capillitium as if by
+stipes, short slender columns, irregular plates, expansions, etc.; the
+capillitium an intricate network, very abundant, elastic, on fall of the
+peridium appearing like tiny tufts of wool, the meshes large, but formed
+as in _Stemonitis_, persistent, dull black; spores, under the lens, dull
+olivaceous black, minutely roughened, 12-14  mu.
+
+This species differs from the preceding, already well known, especially
+in the capillitial characters. In the older species the capillitial
+branches fray out, and are only sparingly united into a net extremely
+lax. In the present form the net is the thing, common to all sporangia.
+The total effect is to lend to the blown-out aethalium a woolly
+appearance, entirely unlike that of its congener under the same
+conditions. But until fructification is quite mature, the presence of
+the collaborating sporangia below is indicated, suggested, by the
+papillose upper surface.
+
+The amaurochetes are remarkable in that they appear upon coniferous
+wood, logs or lumber, to all appearance undecayed. The species just
+described developed abundantly in August on the recently decorticated
+logs of _Pinus ponderosa_, on the south-western slopes of Mt. Rainier,
+Washington. In logging operations in the locality referred to, the trees
+are felled often at considerable distance from the mill. They are not
+infrequently large, 75-120 cm. in diameter. The logs are dragged along
+the ground, the transportation facilitated by removal of the bark from
+the new fallen trunk. In a few weeks' time, affected by alternate rain
+and sun, the whole surface becomes marked with hundreds of minute,
+almost invisible cracks, and it is in the larger of these that the
+plasmodium of the present species has its habitat. Hardly any mycologic
+phenomenon is more surprising than to see plasmodia rising to
+fructification, scores at a time, upon a surface, new and white, showing
+otherwise no evidence of any decomposition. Doubtless the persisting
+cambium, the unused starches, sugars, the wood of the season yet
+unlignified, afford easily accessible nutrition.
+
+When this form was first examined in the laboratory its distinctness was
+immediately seen. It was without doubt Fries' cribrose reticularia;
+nobody questions that. Under this name, citing Fries' description,
+specimens were sent out to herbaria as Harvard. Further study of the
+records, however, soon convinces one familiar with the ontogeny of the
+case that we are here face to face with the species, described by Alb. &
+Schw. in their fine _Conspectus_. Their account of the form, evidently
+often taken and now described with great care, is entirely clear when
+read in presence of the facts. It is here submitted, as less easy of
+access but essential, if the reader would appreciate the present
+disposal of the species.
+
+
+"S. Tubulina NOBIS
+
+"_S. magna pulvinata subhemisphaerica, stylidiis gregariis
+circinantibus, capillitiis elongatis cylindraceis in massam pulveraceam
+fuscam connatis, apicibus obtusis, prominulis, lucidis nigris._
+
+"The size indeed, the circumscribed form, the capillitiums conjoined
+into a single body--indue this (form) with an appearance peculiar to a
+degree; however, should anyone prefer to call it a very remarkable
+variety of the preceding (_S. fasciculata_), we shall not strenuously
+refuse. At first glance it looks like a tubulina. After the fashion of
+its kind, the beginning is soft and milky. The diameter generally an
+inch and a half to two inches, the height four to six lines; the form
+perfectly round, or more rarely somewhat oblong. The hypothallus, stout,
+pellucid silvery, betimes iridescent, when turned to the light, easily
+separable from the substratum, bears the columellae, dusky, thin,
+hair-like, aggregate and yet entirely free, and everywhere circinately
+convergent, depressed by the superimposed burden, hence decumbent: ...
+the capillitium loosely interwoven, coalesces to a common mass whose
+smooth and shining surface shows above, regularly disposed minute
+papillae, the apices of individual sporangia.
+
+"Far from infrequent, on decorticate pine, of _Lycogala atrum_ a
+constant companion"!
+
+It goes of course without saying, that for the authors quoted, _Lycogala
+atrum_ is _Amaurochaete atra_ Rost. _A. fuliginosa_ (Sow.) of more
+recent students, described and perfectly figured in the volume cited.
+
+It is surprising that they did not enter the present species also as a
+lycogala. But the stemonitis relationship this time impressed them
+rather than the aethalial; besides they were misled by the _S.
+fasciculata_ of Gmelin and Persoon, a composite which the genius of
+Fries hardly availed to disentangle twenty-five years later.
+
+The last named author, as we see, wrote first _Lachnobolus_, then
+_Reticularia_. He calls the interwoven capillitium--_lachne_, wool, a
+"_pilam tactu eximie elasticam_," etc. He read the description in the
+_Conspectus_, but carried away the stemonitis suggestion dominant there,
+as we have seen, put _S. tubulina_ A. & S. as an undeveloped phase of
+_S. fusca_, which, of course, it is not. It needed not the authority of
+Rostafinski, _Mon._, p. 197, to assure us this. The earlier authors
+describe the species in course of development to complete maturity, and
+clinch the story by declaring the form a constant companion of the
+commonly recognized amaurochete, so fixing the relationship for us by
+habitat also.
+
+These men made a mistake, of course, in placing their species among the
+stemonites at all. They did much better however than Fries who called it
+a reticularia. It was also a mistake to cite _S. fasciculata_,--the
+small fasciculate tufts of _S. fusca_ and _S. axifera_ offering by the
+aggregate habit only faint resemblance,--a possible refuge for those who
+would prefer another disposition of their species distinct (_aliena_)
+though it is.
+
+Since Fries' day the species has been overlooked although the genus has
+received more than once attention. Zukal _Hedwigia_, XXXV., p. 335,
+describes _A. speciosa_ as a new species. This Saccardo writes down,
+Syll. Fung., VII., p. 399, _S. tubulina_ A. & S., admitting, however, at
+the same time, that as fine an authority as Raciborsky refuses to call
+Zukal's species either a stemonite or an amaurochete, thinks it
+deserving generic appellation of its own.
+
+However, _A. speciosa_ Zuk. need not here concern us. Neither in his
+description nor figures does Zukal at all approach the form we study.
+His species is not an amaurochete; the size of the spores suggest that,
+to say nothing of the capillitial structure.
+
+In the same volume VII., the distinguished author introduces another
+amaurochete, _A. minor_ Sacc. & Ellis, _Mich._ II., p. 566. This is
+American; sent from Utah by our famous pioneer collector Harkness. A
+specimen is before us: it is a lepidoderma! in shining, scaly armor
+dressed; vid. under _L. carestianum_.
+
+Since the distribution of Washington material, as mentioned, our species
+reappears at various points in western Europe, points in England, etc.,
+and will no doubt now share, hereafter as a century ago, the habitat so
+long conceded to the long familiar older type.
+
+
+_B._ STEMONITACEAE
+
+Capillitium abundant, springing usually as dissipating branches from all
+parts of the columella; the sporangia generally definite and distinct,
+though sometimes closely placed and generally rising from a common
+hypothallus.
+
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Stemonitaceae=
+
+  _A._ Fructification aethalioid; capillitium charged
+         with vesicles                                    1. _Brefeldia_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia distinct, or nearly so.
+
+     _a._ Stipe and columella jet-black.
+
+          1. Capillitium so united as to form a surface
+               net                                       2. _Stemonitis_
+
+          2. Capillitial branch-tips free                3. _Comatricha_
+
+     _b._ Stipe and columella whitish; calcareous          4. _Diachaea_
+
+=1. Brefeldia= _Rostafinski_
+
+  1873. _Brefeldia_ Rost., _Versuch_, p. 8.
+
+Sporangia occupying in the aethalium several layers, those of the median,
+and especially of the lowest layers, furnished with columellae which
+blend beneath; capillitium threads in the lowest layers arising from the
+columella, in the upper extending radiately between the individual
+sporangia, and united at the sporangial limits by means of rather large
+inflated sacs.
+
+The genus _Brefeldia_ is, like some others, difficult to dispose of in
+any scheme of classification where linear sequence must be followed.
+Rostafinski placed it in an order by itself. Its relationships are on
+the one hand with _Amaurochaete_ and _Reticularia_, and on the other
+with the _Stemonitales_, though easily distinguished from either. It is
+intermediate to _Amaurochaete_ and _Stemonitis_, and withal, as it
+appears to us, a little nearer the latter, as the limits of the
+individual sporangia are in _Brefeldia_ pretty well defined.
+
+
+1. BREFELDIA MAXIMA (_Fr._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE V., Figs. 7, 7 _a_, 7 _b_, and PLATES XXI., XXII.
+
+  1825. _Reticularia maxima_ Fries, _Syst. Orb. Veg._, I., p. 147.
+  1875. _Brefeldia maxima_ (Fr.) Rost., _Versuch._, p. 8.
+
+Aethalium large, four to twenty cm, papillate above, violet-black at
+first, then purple or purple-brown, developed upon a widespread,
+silver-shining hypothallus; sporangia in favorable cases distinct,
+indicated above by the papillae; columellae obscure, black; capillitium
+abundant, the threads uniting by multifid ends to surround as with a net
+the peculiar vesicles; spore-mass dark violet-black, the individual
+spores paler by transmitted light, distinctly papillose, 12-15  mu.
+
+A very remarkable species and one of the largest, rivalled by _Fuligo_
+only. To be compared with _Reticularia_, which it resembles somewhat
+externally, and with some of the larger specimens of _Enteridium_. The
+plasmodium at first white with a bluish tinge is developed abundantly in
+rotten wood, preferably a large oak stump, and changes color as maturity
+comes on, much in the fashion of _Stemonitis splendens_, leaving a
+widespread hypothallic film to extend far around the perfected
+fruit-mass. In well-matured aethalia, "_Jove favente_," the sporangia
+stand out perfectly distinct, particularly above and around the margins.
+Closely and compactly crowded, they become prismatic by mutual pressure,
+and attain sometimes the height of half an inch or more. In the centre
+of the fructification, next the hypothallus, the sporangia are very
+imperfectly differentiated. Many are here horizontally placed, and
+perhaps supplied with an imperfectly formed peridium,--if so are to be
+interpreted the lowest parts of the capillitial structure, the long,
+branching, ribbon-like strands which lie along the hypothallus. Some of
+these branch repeatedly with flat anastomosing branchlets, ultimately
+fray out into lengthened threads, and perish after all the
+superstructure has been blown away. From every part of the structure so
+described, but more especially from the margins, are given off in
+profusion the strange cystiferous threads, so characteristic of this
+genus. These are exceeding delicate filaments, attached at one end, it
+may be, to a principal branch, at the other free or united to a second
+which again joins a third, and so looping and branching, dividing, they
+form a more or less extended network, a capillitium in which are
+entangled the myriad spores. Each filament bears at its middle point (or
+is it the meeting point of two?) a peculiar plexus which embraces
+several large cysts or vesicles whose function or further homology does
+not readily appear.
+
+From the base of the fructification rise also ascending branches which
+are black, terete, and not infrequently branched as if to form the
+capillitium of a stemonitis. These ascending branches are in many cases,
+probably in all, real, though as yet imperfectly developed, columellae.
+They rise, at least in many cases, directly from the hypothallus, each
+is central to an individual sporangium, rises to about two-thirds its
+height, but never attains the summit. The sporangia are so crowded that
+many are choked off below, never reach the top of the aethalium. In such
+cases the columella may cease at the sporangium-top. The columella bears
+cystiferous threads sparingly, if at all; nevertheless these abound in
+the peripheral portions of the sporangium all the way up, and are
+especially noticeable beyond the level of the top of the columella. Many
+are so arranged that the plexus with its vesicles occupies a place in
+the plane separating adjacent sporangia, suggesting the possibility that
+we have here to do with an imperfectly developed surface-net and
+peridium. In this view the cysts would represent the meeting-point of
+two opposite radial capillitial threads rather than the middle of one.
+This accords with Rostafinski's observations and drawings. The cysts,
+then, belong morphologically to the peridium or sporangium wall. It is a
+stemonitis whose sporangia have never been perfectly differentiated, a
+case of arrested development. See further under _Stemonitis confluens_.
+
+Rostafinski really offers the first definitive description. Fries
+probably distinguished it, but his description would not indicate the
+fact except for the added note wherein appears the reason for discarding
+an apparently older name, viz., that given by Link. But neither Link nor
+Sowerby distinguished by description or figure _Brefeldia_ from
+_Amaurochaete_.
+
+Throughout the northern forest; Maine to Vancouver Island: not common.
+
+
+=2. Stemonitis= (_Gleditsch_) _Rost._
+
+  1753. _Stemonitis_ Gleditsch, in part, _Meth. Fung._, p. 140.
+  1873. _Stemonitis_ (Gleditsch) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 7.
+
+Sporangia distinct, though often closely aggregate, cylindric,
+stipitate; columella prominent; capillitium well developed by repeated
+lateral and apical branching of the columella, at length assuming at the
+surface the form of a distinct net which supports an evanescent
+peridium.
+
+The genus is marked by its surface-net supported at the tips of the
+dichotomously branched divisions of the columella. Over the net is
+spread, theoretically at least, the peridial film supported by very
+short points projecting from the net,--the peridial processes; the
+peridium, however, is seldom seen; in some cases, certainly, is never
+developed. Rostafinski first defined the genus as employed by recent
+writers. Gleditsch simply renamed Micheli's _Clathroidastrum_; all
+writers subsequent included species of other genera.
+
+The taxonomy of this genus is of the most difficult. Macroscopic,
+defining characters are few, and even these sometimes uncertain.
+Microscopic distinctions also tend to be illusive, variable in such
+fashion that often at the critical point the most exact description
+fails. All that may be done at present is to recognize two or three
+definite types and then cautiously differentiate among these with the
+light we have, until more general study of the group brings to service a
+wider range of observation with more comprehensive record on which
+judgment may better be sustained.
+
+We have before us many and beautiful forms of this genus yet unstudied.
+Some of these doubtless have already found place in our growing
+taxonomic literature; some apparently undescribed; all to wait wider
+leisure or perhaps a younger hand.
+
+The entire life-history of every form is none too much if we would set
+out with any hope of accuracy the genetic relationships for which
+taxonomy stands. Recently European students are making the color of the
+plasmodium a basis for species-discrimination, which is good so far. But
+plasmodic characters are at present unserviceable generally, for two
+reasons; they vary in the same species; and unfortunately, when most
+needed, they are unknown and inaccessible. The student is generally
+confronted by forms mature, the plasmodic stage already past.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Stemonitis=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia connately united.
+
+     _a._ Spores verruculose                           1. _S. confluens_
+
+     _b._ Spores reticulate                          2. _S. trechispora_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia at maturity distinct.
+
+     _a._ Spore-mass grayish black.
+
+          1. Larger, 8-12 mm. spores distinctly
+               reticulate or warted, but sometimes
+               nearly smooth        3. _S. fusca_
+
+          2. Spores reticulate and spinulose.
+
+             i. Spores adherent, clustered               4. _S. uvifera_
+
+            ii. Sporangia very tall, 15-20 mm.,
+                  rigid                              5. _S. dictyospora_
+
+           iii. Sporangia short, jet- or
+                  violet-black                        6. _S. nigrescens_
+
+     _b._ Spore-mass rich brown.
+
+          1. Columella central.
+
+             i. Sporangia shorter, 5-6 mm., spores
+                  banded                            7. _S. virginiensis_
+
+            ii. Sporangia 8-10 mm.; spores
+                  verruculose                            8. _S. webberi_
+
+           iii. Sporangia tall, 15-20 mm. or more      9. _S. splendens_
+
+          2. Columella eccentric, sporangium in
+               cross-section, angular                10. _S. fenestrata_
+
+     _c._ Spore-mass ferruginous; sporangia in
+            tufts.
+
+          1. Spores smooth or nearly so.
+
+             i. Sporangia pale, small, 3-5 mm.,
+                  crowded, stipe unpolished             11. _S. smithii_
+
+            ii. Sporangia ferruginous; columella
+                  regular                               12. _S. axifera_
+
+           iii. Sporangia ferruginous; columella
+                  proliferate just below the apex   13. _S. flavogenita_
+
+            iv. Sporangia, spore-mass,
+                  dusky-purplish or brown.
+
+                 O On dead wood.
+
+                    o Scattered, apex blunt             14. _S. pallida_
+
+                   oo Clustered, acuminate         15. _S. carolinensis_
+
+                OO On living leaves, preferably,
+                     spore-mass brown                 16. _S. herbatica_
+
+
+1. STEMONITIS CONFLUENS _Cooke & Ellis._
+
+PLATE XI., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 5.
+
+  1876. _Stemonitis confluens_ Cke. & Ell., _Grev._, V., p. 51.
+  1894. _Stemonitis splendens var. confluens_ Lister, _Mycet._, p. 112.
+  1899. _Stemonitis confluens_ Cke. & Ell., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 114.
+  1911. _Stemonitis confluens_ Cke. & Ellis, List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._,
+           p. 147.
+
+"Sporangia fasciculate, confluent on a persistent hypothallus, dark
+fuscous; peridia very fugacious; stipes united at the base, erect,
+furcate; spores large, brown, globose. On oak bark.
+
+"The stems are branched in a furcate manner and confluent at the base,
+forming a compact tuft. The capillitium is membranaceous at the angles;
+spores very large compared with allied species, being 12  mu. The
+specimens were too fully matured for more satisfactory description."
+
+Such is the original description of this unique and interesting species.
+The sporangia occur in close-set tufts or clusters, are distinct,
+separate at their tips and bases only; perhaps not always at base. The
+capillitium rises by branching from the columella, rather more prolific
+than usual, and combines to form a distinct superficial net of large
+even meshes. From the outer arcs of the bounding net spring rather long
+acute processes which should support the peridium. This, however, is
+altogether rudimentary. In most places there is no sign of peridium at
+all, but here and there between contiguous sporangia opposite processes
+unite and at their point of union a tiny circular disk of the peridial
+membrane appears. At intervals, therefore, over the entire sporangium
+are seen these small brown disks, each about equalling in diameter the
+size of the average mesh. At other points the sporangia do not seem at
+all coalescent, but where the opposing processes do meet the union is
+perfect and the little disk seen edgewise looks like some delicate
+counter strung upon a wire.
+
+The interest attaching to this in view of what has been said about
+_Amaurochaete_ and _Brefeldia_ is obvious.
+
+Under the lens the spores and capillitium are concolorous, dark fuscous,
+the spores distinctly verruculose, about 12.5  mu.
+
+The original gathering here described was from New Jersey; twenty years
+later Mr. Ellis was so fortunate as to find again fine specimens all on
+oak bark. The sporangia are quite small, only 3 mm. high, when blown out
+concolorous with the habitat.
+
+
+2. STEMONITIS TRECHISPORA (_Berk._) _Torr._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 11, 11 _a_, 11 _b_, 11 _c_.
+
+  1909. _Stemonitis fusca_ (Roth) Rost. var. _trechispora_ (Berk.),
+          _Fl. Myxom._, Torrend, p. 141.
+  1911. _Stemonitis fusca var. trechispora_ Torr., List., _Mycetozoa,
+           2nd ed._, p. 144.
+
+Fructification in form of aggregations of more or less coalescent,
+small, dark-brown or dull black, sessile sporangia; hypothallus
+continuous, well-developed; columella black, gently tapering to a point
+beneath the apex, the capillitial branches, irregular, few, but passing
+into an open rather evenly-meshed net, the mesh several times the
+spore-diameter, free-ending branch-tips not lacking; the spores by
+transmitted light distinctly brown, the epispore a beautiful
+reticulation, a dozen or more cells to the hemisphere, 10-12  mu.
+
+This is entered sometimes as a variety of _S. fusca_ to which species
+relationship would seem remote. The differences lie in form, color and
+structure. The spores alone are distinctive; there are none such, so
+far, none just like them, elsewhere in the genus. Torrend and Lister
+both enter the form as varietal; why not set it out, and save questions?
+The habitat approaches that of _Amaurochaete_, but the sporangia are
+distinct.
+
+For our specimens we are indebted to the kindness of Dr. Roland Thaxter.
+The specimens were taken in a half-dry marsh, near Cambridge.
+
+Material from Toronto sent by Professor Faull is also provisionally here
+referred. The form has netted spores, but they are not quite the same.
+The structure besides is more that of an amaurochaete; it has the
+peculiar basal webs and band-like stipes at base, stipes that never rise
+from horizontal to perpendicular and characterize _Reticularia_ and
+especially _Brefeldia_ as well as the usual amaurochaete. See Plate XX.,
+Figs. 9, 9_a_, 9_b_.
+
+
+3. STEMONITIS FUSCA (_Roth_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE VI., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_
+
+  1787. _Stemonitis fusca_ Roth, _Roem. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 26.
+  1875. _Stemonitis fusca_ (Roth) Rost., _Mon._, p. 193.
+  1892. _Stemonitis fusca_ Rost., Massee, _Mon._, p. 72.
+  1895. _Stemonitis fusca_ Roth, List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 110.
+  1899. _Stemonitis fusca_ (Roth) Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 115.
+  1899. _Stemonitis maxima_ Schw., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 116.
+
+Sporangia tufted, generally in small clusters 6-8 mm., the individual
+sporangia slender, cylindric, blue-black or fuscous, becoming pallid as
+the spores are lost, stipitate; stipe short, about one-fourth the total
+height, black, shining; hypothallus scanty, but common to all the
+sporangia; columella prominent, attaining almost the apex of the
+sporangium, freely branching to support the capillitial net; capillitium
+of slender dusky threads, which freely anastomose to form a dense
+interior network, and outwardly at length combine to form a
+close-meshed net; spores pale, dusky violet, usually beautifully
+spinulose-reticulate, but sometimes warted or spinulose only, or nearly
+smooth, 7-7.5  mu.
+
+As here set out the description is intended to include _S. maxima_ Schw.
+of the former edition. Rostafinski, Mon. _l. c._, describes _S. fusca_
+Roth. as having "spores smooth." Since most American gatherings have
+reticulated spores, and since Schweinitz described a black American
+species, his specific name seemed appropriate for all except
+smooth-spored forms.
+
+In the meantime two things have happened; Mr. Lister has examined the
+specimens remaining in the Strasburg herbarium and finds them with
+reticulate spores. The statement quoted from the _Monograph_ evidently
+does not apply to _all_ of Rostafinski's material; but under the
+circumstances the name _fusca_ may easily take the field, especially
+since another discovery makes for the same conclusion. The evidence is
+good that _S. maxima_ Schw. was indeed the largest, i. e. perhaps, the
+_tallest_ stemonitis he ever saw! probably, as his scanty
+herbarium-remnant shows, _S. fenestrata_ Rex!
+
+
+4. STEMONITIS UVIFERA _n. s._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 8, 8 _a_, 8 _b_, 8 _c_.
+
+Sporangia tufted, generally in medium-sized clusters much as in _S.
+fusca_. The individual sporangium 7-9 mm. high, dark, slender, brown,
+becoming dull black or pallid as the spores are lost, stipitate, the
+stipe about one-fourth to one-third the total height, black polished
+shining; hypothallus distinct, common to all sporangia, purple-brown,
+shining; columella distinct, attaining almost the summit of the
+sporangium but inclined to waver a little at last, in other words,
+flexuose toward the top, freely branching, the branches rather stout,
+anastomosing to support the capillitial net; the meshes larger, several
+times the spore-diameter, the spores sooty-brown, distinctly warted or
+spinulescent, about 7-8  mu, clustered in groups of four or more.
+
+Mt. Rainier, Washington,--1914.
+
+
+5. STEMONITIS DICTYOSPORA _Rost._
+
+  1873. _Stemonitis dictyospora_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 195; _Myc. Fen._,
+           pp. 114, 122.
+  1879. _Stemonitis dictyospora_ Rost., Mass., _Mon._, p. 83(?).
+  1888. _Stemonitis dictyospora_ Rost., _Sacc. Syl. Fung._, Vol. VII.,
+           p. 397.
+  1893. _Stemonitis castillensis_ Macbr., _Nat. Hist. Bull._, Vol. 11,
+           p. 381.
+
+PLATE X., Figs. 5, 5 _a_, 5 _b_.
+
+Sporangia crowded in colonies of unusual size, 4-8 cm., tall, rigid
+18-25 mm., slender, erect, stipitate, black throughout; the columella
+prominent, reaching nearly to the apex, abundantly branched, the
+branches forming an intricate dark brown capillitium; the net
+large-meshed several times the spore-diameter; the spores reticulate,
+spinulose, clear violet, 7-8  mu.
+
+We here recover as is believed one of Rostafinski's best-described
+species. Our material is from Nicaragua, by kindness of Professor
+Shimek. Its relationship is with _S. fusca_ where Rostafinski placed it.
+The phrase describing spore-color is his.
+
+
+6. STEMONITIS NIGRESCENS _Rex._
+
+  1891. _Stemonitis nigrescens_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 392.
+  1911. _Stemonitis fusca_ Roth, Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 143.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, upon a common hypothallus, erect, small,
+cylindric, stipitate; stipe black, extremely short, about half a
+millimetre; columella reaching the apex; capillitium violet-black,
+darker near the surface, forming a complete superficial net at the lower
+part of the sporangium only, elsewhere irregular or vanishing;
+spore-mass nearly black; single spores violet-black under the lens, the
+epispore spinulose and reticulate, about 8  mu.
+
+The author of this species remarks: "This species is noteworthy for its
+comparatively short stipes, its very spinulose spores, and its black or
+nearly black color, the slight violet tint being only apparent on close
+inspection, especially in fresh moist specimens."
+
+It is a small but very beautiful form, at first sight to be mistaken for
+a short _S. fusca_, though much more intensely black. The capillitium is
+concolorous, the inner network of rather few open meshes, the outer of
+large hexagonal openings, the arcuate threads of which are remarkable
+for the size, and especially the number, of the peridial processes, as
+many as five or six sometimes appearing along one side of a single mesh.
+The stipe is very short, and the columella runs as a straight, gradually
+diminishing axis to the very apex of the sporangium. Total height 3-5
+mm.
+
+The English _Monograph_ includes this with _S. fusca_; but it seems
+quite distinct in size, habit, color, etc., and has been found in the
+mountainous regions of Virginia and North Carolina, as well as about
+Philadelphia.
+
+
+7. STEMONITIS VIRGINIENSIS _Rex._
+
+  1891. _Stemonitis virginiensis_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 391.
+  1899. _Stemonitis virginiensis_ Rex, Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 130.
+  1911. _Comatricha typhoides_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 158.
+
+Sporangia erect, gregarious, from a common hypothallus, generally
+clustered, cylindric or elongate-ovate, stipitate; stipe black, shining;
+columella reaching the apex, where it blends with the capillitium;
+capillitium delicate, the meshes of the net small, scarcely greater than
+the diameter of the spores; spore-mass umber brown; epispores
+reticulated, with ten or twelve meshes to the hemisphere, 5-7  mu.
+
+This is a beautiful, and, as it seems to us, a very distinct, species.
+The markings on the epispore are sufficient to identify it. These are
+conspicuously banded somewhat as the spores of _Trichia favoginea_, for
+example. In habit, size of the sporangia, and capillitial branching,
+this species recalls _Comatricha typhoides_ (Bull.) Rost. All the
+sporangia examined are, however, plainly stemonitis in type, possessing
+the characteristic superficial net.
+
+Until further light this may stand as offered in the first edition. Miss
+Lister prefers to enter it, banded spores and all, with the comatrichas,
+on account of color, size and occasional default (?) of surface net.
+
+Virginia, _Dr. Rex._
+
+
+8. STEMONITIS WEBBERI _Rex._
+
+PLATE XI., Figs. 6, 7, 8.
+
+  1891. _Stemonitis webberi_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 390.
+
+Sporangia clustered, usually in small tufts 1 cm. wide, rusty brown in
+color, 8-10 mm., including the stipe, which is jet black, shining, and
+much expanded at the base; hypothallus continuous, well-developed, a
+thin, transparent pellicle; columella black, tapering upward, giving off
+at intervals the capillitial branches, and becoming dissipated just
+below the obtuse apex; inner capillitial network very open, the branches
+far apart, anastomosing but a few times before breaking into the surface
+net to form large, irregular meshes, 50-125  mu; spores minutely
+roughened, fuscous, 8-9  mu.
+
+These three forms, 8, 9, 10, are sometimes entered as varieties of a
+single species. Dr. Rex himself was inclined to take that view. There is
+no doubt of close similarity; it is a question of clearness in our
+dealing with the subject.
+
+All three forms occur abundantly in the Mississippi Valley, but are
+generally,--always, as it seems to the writer,--distinguishable by the
+hand-lens. If we take No. 9 as type, 10 has an eccentric columella; 8 is
+shorter, about 1 cm., of a different tint, Dr. Rex even says "spores
+ferruginous in mass". To the west and southwest, the capillitium becomes
+coarser, more decidedly brown. In short, however similar in presentation
+the phases may sometimes appear, it would seem that each at its best is
+distinct enough for immediate recognition.
+
+West of the Mississippi River chiefly: Iowa, South Dakota, Nebraska,
+Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, etc.
+
+
+9. STEMONITIS SPLENDENS _Rost._
+
+PLATE VI., Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _c_, 7, 7 _a_.
+
+  1875. _Stemonitis splendens_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 195.
+  1880. _Stemonitis morgani_ Peck, _Bot. Gaz._, V., p. 33.
+  1893. _Stemonitis splendens_ Rost., Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist._,
+           Vol. II, p. 381.
+  1894. _Stemonitis splendens_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 112, in
+           part.
+  1899. _Stemonitis morgani_ Peck, Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 118.
+  1911. _Stemonitis splendens_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 145.
+
+Sporangia clustered irregularly, sometimes forming patches 6-10
+centimetres or more in extent, rich purple-brown in mass, cylindric,
+long, 15-18 mm., stipitate; stipe black, polished, shining, rising from
+a common hypothallus, which extends as a thin silvery film beneath the
+entire colony, but does not usually transcend its limits; columella
+black, percurrent, sparingly branched; capillitium of fuscous threads,
+within forming a network very open, the branches scarcely anastomosing
+until they reach the surface where they form the usual net of small
+meshes, pretty uniform in size, and presenting very few small,
+inconspicuous peridial processes; spores brown, very minutely warted,
+about 8  mu.
+
+This elegant species occurs not rarely on rotten wood, usually in
+protected situations, although sometimes on the exposed surfaces of its
+habitat. The sporangia attain with us unusual height, sometimes 2 cm.;
+plasmodia, 6-8 cm., in diameter. The clear brown tufts appear in the
+autumn, marvels of graceful elegance and beauty; at sight easily
+recognizable by the large size and rich color. In Iowa it is almost
+universally present on fallen stems of _Acer saccharinum_ Linn., and it
+appears to be widely distributed, by far the most beautiful of all this
+beautiful series.
+
+New England to Iowa, South Dakota, Washington, and British Columbia.
+Professor Shimek brings a _dusky_ phase from Nicaragua!--the type?
+
+The plasmodium is white on maple stems, more creamy on stems of linden,
+on which wood it is more rarely found: occasionally on ash-stumps; even
+on the fallen bark of trees preferred.
+
+In 1875 in his famous _Monograph_, Rostafinski set out three species
+with "dusky violet spores". These are his Nos. 94, 95 and 96.
+
+The first one of these he calls _S. fusca_, "spore-mass, etc.,
+violet-black, individual spore clear violet, smooth, 7-9 u."
+
+The second species he writes down _S. dictyospora_, "hypothallus, stalk,
+columella, capillitium and spore-mass, violet-black, spore netted and
+fringed, clear-violet, 7-9  mu."
+
+The third species is _S. splendens_, "hypothallus stalk, columella and
+spore-mass violet-black, spore smooth, clear-violet, 7-8  mu."
+
+It will be observed that in color down to color of the spore by
+transmitted light, the three species are exactly the same; constitute a
+suite, so to say. It has since turned out, as noted under our No. 3,
+that the spores of _S. fusca_ are netted. Error in description here is
+not surprising; the reticulations are sometimes faint. In _S.
+dictyospora_ they are admittedly strong, and the inference was that the
+'_gladkie_' spores of the third species might be netted also. This is no
+criticism: lenses were fifty years since not nearly so good for such
+discoveries as the oil-immersion is now.
+
+However; Rostafinski made his specific diagnosis turn largely upon the
+mesh-width in the superficial net. This comes out in the '_opis_'
+following the description, and upon _this_ the European decision in
+Rostafinski's favor as against _S. morgani_ largely turns. Tropical
+gatherings are probably always darker, and evidently from such, from the
+north coast of South America, the original description was drawn.
+Specimens before us from the same latitude are dusky indeed; no clear
+brown at all, but purplish withal.
+
+For the sake of harmony we may therefore now substitute the earlier name
+"with reservations"! but our description remains as before, presenting
+the really splendid, shining things that adorn our northern fields. Dr.
+Rostafinski called the large open meshes of the net '_oka_', eyes;
+_lumina_ let us say! quite uniform they are in 9 and 10, much less so in
+8.
+
+
+10. STEMONITIS FENESTRATA _Rex._
+
+  1890. _Stemonitis splendens_ R. _f. fenestrata_ Rex, _Proc. Phil.
+           Acad._, p. 36.
+
+Sporangia aggregated, in tufts 2 cm. or more in diameter, rich purple
+brown, on a common hypothallus, more or less erect, stipitate, tall,
+about 2 cm., slender, triangular in section; stipe black, about
+one-third the total height, passing into a slender columella which is
+lateral in position, not central, but little branched, continued almost
+to the apex; the capillitium consisting almost entirely of the
+peripheral net, which presents meshes of unusual uniformity of size and
+shape; spores in mass brown, colorless by transmitted light, nearly
+smooth, 6-7.5  mu.
+
+The remarkable shape of the sporangium and the peculiar regularity of
+the surface net, the lateral columella, all combine here to warrant the
+erection of a distinct species. Dr. Rex referred this to _S. baeuerlinii_
+Mass. At that time he had not the author's description, and had seen
+only a very poor fragment received with notes in a letter. Mr. Massee's
+description makes it immediately evident that whatever other
+affiliations _S. baeuerlinii_ may have, by description it has at least
+none with _S. fenestrata_ nor with our northern form of _S. splendens_.
+Massee's species is described as having the "mass of spores black", the
+capillitium with "branches springing from the columella; the main
+branches more and more numerous, thicker and irregular towards the apex
+of the sporangium, and often form irregular flattened expansions":--etc.
+This suggests some form of _S. dictyospora_ Rost.: see under our No. 5.
+Possibly for such reasons Lister referred it to _S. splendens_ Rost.,
+which as we have just seen, was undoubtedly regarded by the author as a
+form of the _fuscous_ group.
+
+The long, slender, simple columella is not only lateral, but occupies
+indeed the sharp vertical angle of the triangular, prismatic sporangium.
+Furthermore, the sporangium is at maturity strangely twisted, so that
+the columella in its ascent accomplishes one or more spiral turns. In
+forms collected by Dr. Rex, which seemed to him most nearly to agree
+with Massee's species, the inner capillitium is somewhat abundant, but
+the character of the columella just the same.
+
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kansas, Colorado, Iowa; India!
+
+
+11. STEMONITIS SMITHII _Macbr._
+
+  1893. _Stemonitis smithii_ Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia._, II.,
+           p. 381.
+  1894. _Stemonitis microspora_ List., Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 54.
+  1911. _Stemonitis ferruginea_ var. _smithii_ Lister, _Mycetozoa,
+           2nd ed._, p. 150.
+
+Sporangia in small clusters, close-packed and erect, not spreading,
+bright ferruginous prior to spore dispersal, cylindric, stipitate, of
+varying height; stipe jet-black, shining, about one-third the total
+height; hypothallus generally well developed; columella black, gradually
+tapering, at length dissolving in capillitial threads and net some
+distance below the diminished plumose apex; capillitium of fuscous
+threads, the inner network of abundant, sparingly united branches
+uniformly thickened, the surface net very delicate, composed of small,
+regular, polygonal meshes, the peridial processes few; spore-mass bright
+ferruginous, spores by transmitted light pale, almost colorless, smooth,
+4-5  mu.
+
+The species as thus constituted includes forms varying in size from
+2.5-3 mm. only. The common form heretofore known everywhere in America
+as _S. ferruginea_ is from 10-15 mm. high. The _type_ to which the
+specific name _S. smithii_ was originally applied is 2.5 mm. high and
+rejoices in smooth, almost colorless spores, 4-5  mu.
+
+The plasmodium in the case of the species now considered is as concerns
+the _type_, of course, unknown. In one or two gatherings referred here
+the color of the plasmodium was noted greenish-yellow. This has the look
+of _S. flavogenita_; but small spores and delicate make-up take it the
+other way. Miss Lister makes it varietal to No. 12, next following.
+
+
+12. STEMONITIS AXIFERA (_Bull._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE VI., 5, 5 _a_, and 5 _b_.
+
+  1791. _Trichia axifera ferruginea_ Bull., _Champ. de la Fr._, p. 118,
+           tab. 477.
+  1818. _Stemonitis ferruginea_ Ehr., _Syl. Myc. Berol._, p. 20;
+           et auct. Europ. ex parte; Americ., non.
+  1894. _Stemonitis ferruginea_ Ehr., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 115,
+           in part.
+  1899. _Stemonitis axifera_ (Bull.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 120,
+           in part.
+  1911. _Stemonitis ferruginea_ Ehr., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._
+
+Sporangia terete, acuminate, fasciculate small in dense clusters,
+distinctly ferruginous in color, stipitate, from 10-15 mm. in height;
+the stipe black one-third to one-half the total height, not shining or
+polished; columella evenly branching, dissipated before reaching the
+acuminate apex; capillitium-branches clear brown anastomosing and
+dividing more or less to bear the superficial fine-meshed net; spores
+pallid, faintly ferruginous, smooth or nearly so, 5-6  mu.
+
+This would seem to be the common _ferruginous_ species of the world.
+Doubtless Micheli had the thing before him when he drew Tab. 94,
+_clathroidastrum_, Hoffman and Jacquin seem to have recognized the form.
+To be sure, under the present plasmodic limitations we cannot be quite
+certain about these references. Not until 1791 does anyone write down a
+particular species as marked by a white plasmodium, and distinguish it
+from other similar fructifications having similar origin. Bulliard, _l.
+c._, does this, discriminating between _T. axifera ferruginea_ and _C.
+typhoides_; see under the last-named species. Youthful Ehrenberg, in his
+doctor's thesis, nearly thirty years later, draws a similar parallel but
+ignores the great French author, writing _S. ferruginea_ Ehr. as though
+the thing had never been seen before! By this name it has been called
+until very lately; Fries accepting it, but noting that the plasmodium,
+for him at least, was _yellow_!
+
+In 1904 Dr. E. Jahn, following Fries' suggestion, established the fact
+that Ehrenberg's white-plasmodic species had small spores, that Fries
+had in mind a form with larger spores, having indeed yellow plasmodium;
+but see number 13 below.
+
+It is for the present assumed that the plasmodium of our American _S.
+axifera_ is white. So far, there are few or no observations which
+establish the fact. The color, the small smooth spores, the fine-meshed
+capillitial net and the general dimensions determine the reference.
+
+
+13. STEMONITIS FLAVOGENITA _Jahn._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 10, 10 _a_, 10 _b_.
+
+  1829. _Stemonitis ferruginea_ Ehr., Fries, _Myc._ III., p. 158,
+           Syn. excl.
+  1899. _Stemonitis axifera_ (Bull.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 120,
+           in part.
+  1904. _Stemonitis flavogenita_ Jahn, _Abh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb._,
+           XLV, p. 265.
+  1911. _Stemonitis flavogenita_ Jahn, List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 149.
+
+Sporangia cylindric, obtuse, closely fasciculate, "cinnamon brown,"
+stipitate, 5-7  mu; stipe short, black, columella ceasing abruptly below
+the apex; capillitium a loose net-work with many broad expansions; the
+peridial net very delicate, the meshes small but uneven, 6-15  mu, with
+many projecting points; spores pale ferruginous, verruculose, 7-9  mu.
+
+This is _S. ferruginea_ Ehr. of Fries with its plasmodium yellow. Fries
+says "flavicat," _becomes_ yellow, if one may follow the analogy of
+corresponding Latin verbs of color, so that the record of color-changes
+in the present species is yet to be recorded.
+
+Until further experience may advise to the contrary, we may assume that
+all stemonites cinnamon-brown in color, with widened columella-tip, and
+pale yellowish spores 7-9  mu in diameter, have at some time in their
+history a yellow plasmodium, and accordingly represent in America the
+new-found species.
+
+The larger spores, and, the strange proliferate development of the
+columella-tip, to which Miss Lister has happily called attention,
+constitute the essential diagnostic features here.
+
+Our only specimens so far are from Oregon.
+
+
+14. STEMONITIS PALLIDA _Wingate._
+
+PLATE XIII., Fig. 3
+
+  1897. _Stemonitis pallida_ Wing., _N. A. F._, Ell. and Ev., No. 3498.
+  1899. _Stemonitis pallida_ Wing., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 123.
+  1911. _Stemonitis pallida_ Wing., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 149.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, or somewhat clustered, erect, cylindric obtuse,
+short, blackish brown, rubescent, becoming pallid, stipitate; stipe
+short, black, polished, rising from a thin, brown, or iridescent
+hypothallus; columella percurrent, ceasing abruptly at the apex;
+capillitium filling the interior with abundant branches which form at
+the surface a close-meshed net, little developed above, making the apex
+very blunt; spores in mass, dark brown, by transmitted light dusky,
+nearly smooth, 7.5  mu.
+
+This species is well recognized at sight, among the fuscous forms, by
+its scattered, erect habit. In color it is not unlike _S. fusca_, but
+has an added reddish tinge. In form it is peculiar by virtue of the
+blunt rounded apex which seems to be a constant character. The spores
+under moderate lens are perfectly smooth, under the 1-12 they present
+very delicate low scattered papillae.
+
+Rare; eastern part of United States.
+
+
+15. STEMONITIS CAROLINENSIS _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XIII., Fig. 5.
+
+  1894. _Stemonitis tenerrima_ Berk. & C., Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._,
+           p. 53.
+  1899. _Stemonitis carolinensis_ Macbr., _nom. nov._, _N. A. S._,
+           p. 152.
+  1911. _Stemonitis pallida_ Wing., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 149.
+
+Sporangia tufted in scattered clusters, small, slender, cylindric but
+tapering from the apex, at first ferruginous then ashen or purplish,
+stipitate; the stipe short, black and shining, one-fourth the total
+height or less, even; hypothallus well developed, black or very dark
+brown; columella black, gradually diminishing, at length dissipated some
+distance below the clavate or acuminate apex of the sporangium;
+capillitium dense, the inner of many, scarcely expanded, pallid, freely
+anastomosing branches, the outer a net of very small meshes, often less
+than the spores, 3-15  mu, peridial processes imperceptible; spore-mass
+pale ferruginous, spores by transmitted light pale violaceous brown,
+smooth, 6-7  mu.
+
+Very closely related to the preceding, but recognizable by its
+proportionately much more slender, taller, acuminate sporangia, paler,
+and denser capillitium and the remarkably close-meshed net.
+
+Not uncommon south: Kentucky, Alabama.
+
+
+16. STEMONITIS HERBATICA Pk.
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 14, 14 _a_, 14 _b_.
+
+  1874. _Stemonitis herbatica_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXVI., p. 75.
+  1899. _Stemonitis axifera_ (Bull.) Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 120,
+           in part.
+  1911. _Stemonitis herbatica_ Pk., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 148.
+
+Sporangia clustered, in scattered tufts, cylindric, obtuse, pallid
+ferruginous, stipitate or sometimes nearly sessile; stipe fuscous or
+jet-black, only slightly expanded below, much shorter than the
+columella; hypothallus scanty or none; columella lessening upward,
+sometimes attaining the apex of the sporangium, sometimes dissolved in
+capillitial threads some distance below; capillitium of rich brown
+threads forming the usual inner network of medium density, with many
+wide expanded nodes, the surface net made up of delicate, almost
+colorless threads surrounding small polygonal meshes; spore-mass
+ferruginous, spores by transmitted light very pale, brownish, minutely
+warted, 7-9  mu.
+
+The plasmodium of this species is variously cited from white to yellow.
+Probably each report is true, dependent on the relative time of the
+observation.
+
+The low tufts of brown sporangia with short black stipes, borne often as
+Dr. Peck found them, assembled on living leaves, distinguish this little
+species. In the former edition this form was tentatively enrolled under
+_S. axifera_ (Bull.); but see further under that species.
+
+Probably widely distributed, but confused with short forms of other
+species; sometimes also on rotten wood or other substratum; so reported.
+
+New York to Iowa; Washington and Oregon. Reported also from Europe.
+
+
+=3. Comatricha= (_Preuss_) _Rost._
+
+  1851. _Comatricha Preuss_, _Linnaea_, XXIV., p. 140.
+  1873. _Comatricha_ Rostafinski, _Versuch_, p. 7.
+
+Sporangia cylindric or globose, stipitate; stipe prolonged upward to
+form a more or less extended and tapering columella bearing branches on
+every side, which by repeated divisions and reunions form the
+capillitium; ultimate branch-tips free, not supporting a surface net
+parallel to the peridial wall; peridium evanescent, perhaps sometimes
+not developed at all.
+
+The genus _Comatricha_ was set off from _Stemonitis_ by the joint effort
+of Preuss (1851) and Rostafinski (1873-5). Preuss included in his genus,
+_Comatricha_, alien forms, and besides failed to give an accurate
+definition; included, however, in his list some species which have since
+been known by his generic name.
+
+The distinction between the two genera is almost an artificial one, and
+species are sometimes arbitrarily assigned to one genus or the other.
+The diagnosis in any case turns upon the presence or absence of a
+surface net, formed, in _Stemonitis_, by the anastomosing of the
+ultimate divisions of the capillitial branches. In _Comatricha_ the
+anastomosing is general, from the columella out, and is not specialized
+at the surface.
+
+Recent attempts to reunite the genera here compared seem to result in no
+apparent advantage. The genera come very near together, but their
+separation along the line suggested by Rostafinski remains convenient.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Comatricha=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia closely clustered.
+
+     _a._ Obovate or short cylindric.
+
+          1. Spores verruculose                       1. _C. caespitosa_
+
+          2. Spores reticulate                        2. _C. cylindrica_
+
+     _b._ Elongate, reddish-brown, tufts extended       3. _C. flaccida_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia scattered more or less widely.
+
+     _a._ Capillitium lax, open.
+
+          i. Sporangia long, 10-12 mm.                     4. _C. longa_
+
+         ii. Sporangia shorter, capillitium
+               irregular                             5. _C. irregularis_
+
+     _b._ Capillitium dense.
+
+          i. Sporangia large, to 10 mm., spore-mass
+               black                                  7. _C. suksdorfii_
+
+         ii. Sporangia smaller--6 mm.
+
+              O Spore-mass brown, spherical,
+                  conoidal, etc., generally with
+                  more or less lengthened stipe            8. _C. nigra_
+
+             OO Spore-mass violaceous or purplish       9. _C. aequalis_
+
+        iii. Sporangia ovate or cylindric, minute,
+               to 3.5 mm.
+
+              O Cylindric, spore with few,
+                  scattered warts                     10. _C. typhoides_
+
+             OO Smaller, capillitium irregular,
+                  loose                                     6. _C. laxa_
+
+            OOO Total height to 2 mm. or much less.
+
+                 + Columella digitately divided         11. _C. elegans_
+
+                ++ Columella lamprodermoid, and on
+                     leaves                              12. _C. rubens_
+
+               +++ Columella stemonitoid              13. _C. pulchella_
+
+              ++++ Columella furcate at tip             14. _C. ellisii_
+
+             +++++ Columella almost percurrent.   15. _C. subcaespitosa_
+
+
+1. COMATRICHA CAESPITOSA _Sturgis._
+
+PLATE XI., Figs. 12, 13, 14.
+
+  1893. _Comatricha caespitosa_ Sturg., _Bot. Gaz._, XVIII., p. 186.
+  1894. _Diachaea thomasii_ Rex, var., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 92.
+  1899. _Comatricha caespitosa_ Sturg., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 124.
+  1911. _Diachaea caespitosa_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 121.
+
+Sporangia densely crowded or cespitose, sub-sessile or short stipitate,
+clavate, 1-1.5 mm. high, the peridium gray, iridescent with blue tints,
+comparatively permanent but finally disappearing; columella attaining
+two-thirds to three-fourths the height of the sporangium, giving rise
+throughout its length to the dense blackish capillitium; hypothallus
+delicate, inconspicuous; capillitium, the main branches thick at the
+point of origin, frequently anastomosing, and becoming gradually thinner
+toward the surface of the sporangium, the tips pointed, free, forming
+the network; spores blackish-violet in mass, by transmitted light pale
+brownish-violet, rough, 9.5-13  mu.
+
+A very distinct and curious species. The sporangia are densely crowded,
+though by the nature of habitat somewhat tufted. The shape of the
+individual sporangium is quite uniformly clavate or obovate, decidedly
+truncate above. The spores are uniformly verruculose and plainly
+unequal.
+
+This species, as indicated, was by its author described as a comatricha.
+To transfer it to another genus seems idle, especially when long
+established generic boundaries must be seriously disturbed expressly to
+admit the new arrival.
+
+New England, North Carolina, on moss and lichens.--_Dr. Sturgis._
+
+
+2. COMATRICHA CYLINDRICA (_Bilgram_) _Macbr._
+
+  1905. _Diachaea cylindrica_ Bilgram, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad._,
+           524.
+  1911. _Diachaea cylindrica_ Bilgram, List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 121.
+
+Sporangia cylindrical with obtuse apex, sessile, gregarious,
+iridescent, steel-gray or bronze, 1 to 1.7 mm. high, .5 to .65 mm.
+thick; hypothallus whitish, rugose; sporangium-wall membranous, hyaline,
+not adhering to the capillitium; columella arising from the hypothallus
+and extending nearly to the apex, brown, very light and semi-translucent
+near the base, irregular, flexuous, limeless throughout; capillitium
+brown, radiating from the columella to the periphery, repeatedly
+branching and anastomosing; spores warted, the warts connected by ridges
+forming a more or less perfect, coarse reticulation, violaceous, pale,
+10-12  mu.
+
+This is a very interesting species closely related to the preceding from
+which it differs chiefly in the reticulation and generally more uniform
+character of the spores. The author hesitated about the generic
+reference, finally referring it to _Diachaea_ despite the lack of
+calcium, because it was sessile and had a peridium rather more
+persistent than is usual in comatrichas. But the presence of lime in
+stipe and columella is an essential element in the diagnosis of
+_Diachaea_, while length of stem is everywhere variable in stipitate
+forms of every genus, and the persistence of the peridium is also an
+uncertain factor; hangs on long in _C. typhoides_, _e. g._
+
+On dead twigs, etc.--Philadelphia,--_Mr. Bilgram_; New Hampshire.
+
+
+3. COMATRICHA FLACCIDA _List._
+
+  1894. _Comatricha flaccida_ List., Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 51.
+  1894. _Stemonitis splendens_, var. _flaccida_ List., _Mycetozoa_,
+           p. 112.
+  1894. _Comatricha flaccida_ (List.) Morg., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 133.
+  1911. _Stemonitis splendens_, var. _flaccida_ List., _Mycetozoa,
+           2nd ed._, p. 146.
+
+Sporangia semi-erect, close crowded in tufts two inches in diameter,
+ferruginous, from a dark brown hypothallus, sessile or short stipitate;
+columella weak, crooked, percurrent, generally enlarged irregularly at
+the apex; capillitium of few, slender, brown branches which anastomose
+sparsely and irregularly as in _C. irregularis_, and present when freed
+from spores the same chenille-like appearance; spore-mass ferruginous
+brown; spores by transmitted light bright reddish brown, minutely
+warted, 8-10  mu.
+
+"Growing on old wood and bark of Oak, Willow, etc. The component
+sporangia 5-10 mm. in length. The early appearance is much like that of
+a species of _Stemonitis_, but the mature stage is a great mass of
+spores with scanty capillitium, as in _Reticularia_; the columellas,
+however, are genuine and not adjacent portions of wall grown
+together."--_Professor Morgan._
+
+Professor Morgan's herbarium material is at hand for study. It meets his
+description, needless to say, very generally. In what remains of the
+type the membranous connections are obscure; in fact the relation of
+such peridial (?) fragments to the capillitium in any way, is no longer
+evident. But in any event the colony does not impress one as something
+prematurely or improperly developed, a stemonitis gone begging;--nothing
+of that kind; it is clearly a comatricha, easily identifiable with no
+trace of a surface net but, with long free tips in plenty.
+
+Misled no doubt, by the peridial fragments referred to, Mr. Lister in
+_Mycetozoa, l. c._, associated this with _S. confluens_ Cke. & Ell., but
+entered it as a variety of _S. splendens_ Rost., just the same. In the
+second edition of the _Monograph_, Ellis' species is set out, but
+Morgan's retains the old position.
+
+In light of present knowledge, the relationship suggested would be
+difficult of proof. If _C. flaccida_ Morgan be related to the
+_splendens_ group at all, it must be with the form known as _S. webberi_
+Rex., but it differs from this in almost every particular. It has no
+net, with meshes uniform or diverse; it is clear brown in color, with a
+tinge of red, beneath the lens; the spores are smaller, distinctly
+warted and with the reddish tinge of the capillitium; and in short, it
+seems to be a comatricha and not a stemonitis.
+
+Specimens from western Washington differ in some particulars but are
+apparently the same thing.
+
+Ohio, Kentucky, Washington, California; not common.
+
+
+4. COMATRICHA LONGA _Peck._
+
+PLATE VI., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+  1890. _Comatricha longa_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XLIII., p. 24.
+
+Sporangia crowded in depressed masses or tufts, black, long, cylindric,
+even, stipitate; stipe black, shining, generally very short;
+hypothallus well developed, black; columella black, slender, weak,
+generally dissipated some distance below the apex; capillitium of
+slender brown or dusky threads anastomosing to form an open network next
+the columella, but extended outwardly in form of long free slender
+branchlets, now and then dichotomously forked; spore-mass blue-black,
+spores by transmitted light dark brown, globose, spinulose, some of them
+faintly reticulate, about 9  mu.
+
+A very remarkable species. Rare in the west, more common, as it appears,
+in the eastern states. The sporangia occur in tufts about 1 or 2 cm.
+wide, springing generally from crevices in the bark of decaying logs,
+especially willow and elm, in swampy places. The sporangia are
+remarkable for their great length. Generally about 20-25 mm., specimens
+occasionally reach 50 mm.! The capillitial branches are so remote that
+the spores are scarcely retained by the capillitium at all. Well
+described and figured by the author of the species, _Forty-third Rep. N.
+Y. State Museum_, p. 24, Pl. 3.
+
+New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+5. COMATRICHA IRREGULARIS _Rex._
+
+  1891. _Comatricha irregularis_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 393.
+
+Sporangia crowded in flocculent tufts, very dark brown or black,
+semi-erect or drooping, 4-5 mm. in height, irregularly cylindric,
+variable, stipitate; stipe black, distinct, often one-half the total
+height; hypothallus well developed, brown, shining; columella central,
+slender, flexuous, reaching the apex, where it blends, by branching,
+with the capillitium; capillitium loose, open, composed of arcuate
+threads which radiate from the columella, and are joined together,
+forming a central, irregular reticulation of large meshes, brown, paler
+toward the surface, where the free ends are sometimes colorless;
+spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light brown, minutely warted,
+7-8  mu.
+
+Related, no doubt, to _C. longa_, but differing in habit, stature, as in
+texture and structure of the capillitium. In _C. longa_ the inner net is
+extremely simple,--a row or two of meshes at most, and the radiating
+branches are long and straight; in the species before us the inner
+network is well developed, and the radiating branches proportionately
+shorter and abundantly branching, with pale or white free tips.
+
+Generally, though not always, found growing in the crevices of the bark
+on fallen logs of various deciduous trees. September. Not common.
+
+This is thought to be _C. crypta_ Schw., _N. A. F._, 2351; but the
+description under that number does not make clear what form Schweinitz
+had before him, the present species or _C. longa_, and the herbarium
+specimen of Schweinitz is "utterly lost"; the later specific name is
+accordingly adopted.
+
+New England west to the Cascade Mountains; south to Kansas and Texas.
+
+
+6. COMATRICHA LAXA _Rostafinski._
+
+PLATE V., Figs. 5, 5 _a_.
+
+  1875. _Comatricha laxa_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 201.
+  1877. _Lamproderma ellisiana_ Cooke, _Myx. U. S._, p. 397.
+  1891. _Comatricha ellisiana_ (Cooke) Ell. & Ev., _N. A. F._, 2696.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, sub-globose or short cylindric, and
+obtuse, dusky stipitate; stipe short, black, tapering rapidly upward
+from an expanded base; hypothallus scant or none; columella erect,
+rigid, sometimes reaching nearly to the apex of the sporangium,
+sometimes dichotomously branched a little below the summit, before
+blending into the common capillitium; capillitium lax, of slender,
+horizontal branches, anastomosing at infrequent intervals and ending in
+short, free tips; spores pallid, nearly smooth, 7-9.5  mu.
+
+A very minute, delicate little species, about 1-1/2 mm. high; the stipe
+half the total height. In general appearance the shorter forms of the
+species resemble slightly _C. nigra_, but are distinguished by a much
+shorter stipe and much more open capillitium. The sporangia of _C.
+nigra_ mounted on long capillary stipes always droops more or less; the
+sporangia of the present species stand rigidly erect. The sporangia vary
+in form and in the branching of the columella. In the more globose
+phases, the columella almost always shows a peculiar dichotomy near the
+apex; in the cylindric types, this peculiar division fails.[36] In fact,
+the shape is determined chiefly by the mode of branching as affects the
+columella. Rostafinski's figure, on Tab. XIII, does not present the
+type usually seen in this country, nor even in Europe if we may judge
+from later illustrations.
+
+The species with us has received various names, but so far as can be
+determined, all apply to the same thing, and comparison of specimens
+from Mr. Ellis with those from Europe show the correctness of the
+nomenclature here adopted.
+
+Rare, but widely distributed; across the continent.
+
+
+7. STEMONITIS SUKSDORFII _Ell. & Everh._
+
+PLATE XI., Figs. 9, 10, 11.
+
+  1882. _Stemonitis suksdorfii_ Ell. & Everh., _Bull. Washb. Coll._,
+           Vol. I., p. 5.
+  1892. _Stemonitis suksdorfii_ Ell. & Everh., Mass., _Mon._, p. 76.
+
+Sporangia scattered in small tufts or gregarious, cylindric, obtuse at
+both ends, sometimes widened above, black, 2-6 mm., stipitate; stipe
+jet-black, shining, even, about one-half the total height; hypothallus
+not continuous, dark brown; columella black, rather slender, terminating
+in two or more large branches just below the apex; capillitium
+exceedingly dense, dark fuscous or black, the flexuous threads
+anastomosing in a close network, with abundant free pallid extremities;
+spores in mass, blue-black, by transmitted light fuscous or dark
+violaceous-brown, minutely warted, 10-12  mu.
+
+Easily recognizable at sight by its sooty color. Entirely unlike any of
+the preceding. The type of the capillitium is that of _C. pulchella_,
+but it is very much more dense and entirely different in color. The
+sporangia are often widened above, and fairly truncate; the total height
+about 6 mm. Found on the bark of fallen twigs of _Abies, Larix_, etc.
+Distributed by Ell. & Everh. under this name as an _exsiccata_. The
+evanescent peridium is colorless; when free, white or silvery.
+
+
+8. COMATRICHA NIGRA (_Pers._) _Schroeter._
+
+PLATE XI., Figs. 1, 2, 3.
+
+  1791. _Stemonitis nigra_ Pers., Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, p. 1467.
+  1801. _Stemonitis ovata_, var. _nigra_ Pers., _Syn._, p. 189.
+  1863. _Stemonitis friesiana_ DeBy., _Rab. Eur. Fung._, No. 568.
+  1875. _Comatricha friesiana_ (DeBy.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 200.
+  1889. _Comatricha nigra_ (Pers.) Schroeter, _Pilz. Krypt. Fl.
+           v. Schles._, I., p. 118.
+  1894. _Comatricha obtusata_ Fr., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 117.
+  1899. _Comatricha nigra_ (Pers.) Schroeter, Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 128.
+
+Sporangia scattered, ferruginous or dark brown, globose or ovoid,
+stipitate; stipe long, hair-like, tapering upward, black; hypothallus
+none; columella rapidly diminished toward the top, at length dissipated;
+capillitium of slender flexuous threads, radiating horizontally,
+repeatedly branching and anastomosing to form an intricate dense
+network, from the surface of which project a few short hook-like
+peridial processes; spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light dark
+violaceous, smooth or nearly so, 7-10  mu.
+
+This species, when typical, is easily recognized by its almost globose
+sporangia mounted on long slender stocks. These are 2 or 3 mm. high and
+generally persist, as Persoon noticed, a long time after the sporangium
+has fallen. The sporangia are at first black; after spore disposal pale
+ferruginous. In shape they vary from ovate to spherical. Sometimes they
+are umbilicate below, so that a vertical section would be obcordate.
+Care must be taken to distinguish the present species from blown-out
+forms of _Lamproderma_.
+
+This most common species seems to be also the center of widest
+differentiation. In a valuable paper on the Myxomycetes of Dr. C. H.
+Peck's Herbarium Dr. Sturgis points out the varying relationships of a
+group of surrounding forms. According to account _C. nigra_ verges on
+one side to _C. laxa_, on the other to _aequalis_ which the Listers
+enter as varietal here. However, in the former the more rigid, direct
+and simple branching from the columella is usually determinative; in the
+latter the color, form, and generally more delicate structure, and a
+tendency to grow in tufts will serve to distinguish.
+
+In this discussion we have assumed as typical the globose sporangium,
+with the variations in the direction of ovate, obovate, ellipsoidal,
+etc., the capillitium flexuous and more richly anastomosing near the
+columella. On the drier slopes in the mountains of Colorado specimens
+are especially abundant, in proper season covering apparently the lower
+surface of every barkless twig or fallen stem or _tree entire_! In such
+a field one might imagine every possible variation open to observation.
+Probably such is the case; but as a matter of fact a single small
+plasmodium at lower levels will sometimes show greater range of
+variation than were noted on the mountain-side. The cylindric forms were
+for some reason few, and when noted were short, though often surmounting
+stems of double the usual length.
+
+Rostafinski calls this _C. friesiana_, a name suggested by De Bary. By
+this name the species was commonly known for many years. More recently
+some writers prefer _C. obtusata_ Preuss; but _C. obtusata_ Preuss, as
+figured by that author (Sturm's _Deutsch. Fl._, Pl. 70), is surely more
+likely _Enerthenema papillata_, and the author says in his description
+"capillitio vertice soli innato." Persoon certainly recognized the
+species, and his description, though brief, is yet applicable to no
+other European species. There seems no reason why the name he gave
+should not be permanently adopted. Rostafinski's figure, Tab. XIII.,
+shows an ellipsoidal sporangium, not cylindric.
+
+On the lower levels of the Mississippi valley, the species is not
+common. Possibly overlooked by reason of its minuteness.
+
+Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Colorado, North Carolina,
+Missouri.
+
+
+9. COMATRICHA AEQUALIS _Peck._
+
+PLATE VI., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_, 3 _c_, 3 _d_; and PLATE XVIII., Figs.
+13, 13 _a_, 13 _b_.
+
+  1890. _Comatricha equalis_ Peck., _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXI., p. 42.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, seldom erect, usually inclined, curved or nodding,
+dark brown, becoming violet, cylindric, acuminate-obtuse, stipitate;
+stipe about half the total height, 2-2-1/2 mm., black, polished, even;
+hypothallus well developed, brown, continuous; columella black, tapering
+gradually, and attaining almost the summit of the sporangium;
+capillitium dense, of flexuous tawny threads which, by repeated
+branching, form an intricate network, the free extremities numerous,
+short, and pale; spores dark violaceous, distinctly warted, 7.5-8  mu.
+
+A very graceful, elegant species, related to _C. pulchella_ and _C.
+persoonii_, but distinct by its much greater size and smaller spores.
+The specimens before show us the perfection of beauty in this genus;
+the polished stipe, the symmetrical capillitium, the soft purple-brown
+tints, are remarkable, and enable one to recognize the form at sight.
+
+Specimens from Oregon are unusually fine; larger than usual, reach 7 mm.
+total height, and when blown out present the tints of violet in unusual
+clearness; var. _C. pacifica_. Plate XVIII., Figs. 13, 13_a_, and 13_b_.
+
+New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois; Oregon, _Professor Peck._
+
+
+10. COMATRICHA TYPHOIDES (_Bull._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE VI., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_.
+
+  1772. _Mucor stemonitis_ Scopoli, _Fl. Carn._, II., pp. 493-494 (?).
+  1774. _Mucor stemonitis_ Schaeffer, _Icones. Tab._, CCXCVII (?).
+  1780. _Stemonitis typhina_ Wiggers, _Prim. Fl. Hols._, p. 116 (?).
+  1791. _Trichia typhoides_ Bulliard, _Champ. de la France_, p. 119,
+           t. 477, II.
+  1796. _Stemonitis typhina_ Persoon, _Myc. Obs._, I., p. 57, in part.
+  1805. _Stemonitis typhoides_ (Bull.) D. C., _Fl. Fr._, p. 257.
+  1829. _Stemonitis typhoides_ (Bull.) Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 158.
+  1873. _Comatricha typhoides_ (Bull.) Rost., _Vers._, p. 7.
+  1875. _Comatricha typhina_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 197.
+  1895. _Comatricha stemonitis_ (Scop.) Sheldon, _Minn. Bot. Stud._,
+           p. 473.
+  1899. _Comatricha stemonitis_ (Scop.) Sheld., Macbr., _N. A. S._,
+           p. 130.
+  1911. _Comatricha typhoides_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 157.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, cylindric, erect, sometimes arcuate,
+obtuse, 2-3 mm. high, at first silvery, then brown, as the peridium
+vanishes, stipitate; stipe black, about one-half the total height or
+less; hypothallus distinct, more or less continuous, reddish-brown;
+columella tapering upward, black, attaining more or less completely the
+apex of the sporangium; capillitium, arising as rather stout branches of
+the capillitium, soon taking the form of slender, flexuous, brownish
+threads, which by repeated anastomosing form at length a close network,
+almost as in _Stemonitis_, the free, ultimate branches very delicate and
+short; spore-mass dark brown; spores by transmitted light, pale, almost
+smooth, except for the presence of a few scattered but very prominent
+umbo-like warts, of which four or five may be seen at one time, 5-7.5  mu.
+
+This is our most common North American species. It occurs everywhere on
+decaying wood, sometimes in remarkable quantity, thousands of sporangia
+at a time. The plasmodium, watery white in color, infests preferably
+very rotten logs of _Quercus_, on which in June the sporangia rise as
+white or pallid columns. The peridium is exceedingly delicate, less
+seldom seen here than in some other species, but likely to be overlooked
+entirely. The spores when fresh have a distinct violet or bluish tinge;
+in old specimens they are almost colorless. In any case they are well
+marked by the large papillae already referred to.
+
+_C. typhina_, var. _heterospora_ Rex, differs from the type in several
+particulars: the sporangia manifest a closer habit; the capillitium is
+made up of more slender threads and forms a yet denser network; the
+spores between the large papillae are marked by a more or less perfectly
+formed reticulation.[37]
+
+As to nomenclature, this is our old friend _C. typhina_ (Pers.) Rost. It
+should be, more properly, called _C. typhina_ Rost., for it is not
+Persoon's species exactly. But Scopoli, _l. c._, by citing Hall,
+Gleditsch, and Micheli, so describes our form as to leave small doubt
+that he had before him our common species. Schaeffer's figures also come
+to the rescue, which, though by no means satisfactory, yet can probably
+refer to no other species. However, Bulliard gives the first good
+account and figure, and in concord with the decision of our English
+colleagues, the name afforded by the famous _Champignons_ is here
+adopted.
+
+Widely distributed. Maine to California, and from British America to
+Nicaragua.
+
+
+11. COMATRICHA ELEGANS (_Racib._) _List._
+
+PLATE XVI., Fig. 12.
+
+  1884. _Rostafinskia elegans_ Racib., _Rozpr. Akad. Krak._, XII., 77.
+  1888. _Raciborskia elegans_ Berl., _Sacc. Syl._, VII., p. 400.
+  1894. _Raciborskia elegans_ Berl., List., _Mycet._, p. 133.
+  1909. _Comatricha elegans_ List., _Br. Mus. Guide to Mycet._, p. 31.
+
+Sporangia loosely gregarious, globose, purplish-brown, small, 1-1.5 mm.
+in total height, stipitate; stipe black, subulate, to 1 mm,; columella
+at first divided into a few main branches, from which by repeated
+subdivision the delicate, anastomosing, flexuose capillitial threads
+take origin; spores pale brownish-violaceous, spinulescent, 8-10  mu.
+
+South Carolina. Colorado:--_Dr. Sturgis._
+
+
+12. COMATRICHA RUBENS _Lister._
+
+  1894. _Comatricha rubens_ List., _Mycet._, p. 123.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globoid or ellipsoidal, 1-1.5 mm., pink-brown,
+stipitate; peridium persistent below; stipe .5-1 mm., black, shining;
+columella to more than half the sporangium, giving off on all sides the
+brownish-violaceous, flexuose threads of the capillitium, somewhat
+thickened and broadly attached to the persisting peridial cup; spores
+lilac-brown, spinulescent, 7-8  mu.
+
+Another border species, looking to the lamprodermas. Philadelphia, by
+courtesy _Mr. Bilgram_.
+
+
+13. COMATRICHA PULCHELLA (_Bab._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XIII., Fig. 4, and PLATE XII., Figs. 16 and 16 _a_.
+
+  1837. _Stemonitis pulchella_ Bab., _Trans. Lin. Soc._, p. 32.
+  1841. _Comatricha pulchella_ Bab., Berk., _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._,
+           I. vi., p. 431, Pl. XII., 11. _a._ _b._
+  1848. _Stemonitis tenerrima_ Curtis, _Am. Jour._, VI., p. 352.
+  1873. _Stemonitis tenerrima_ Berk. & C., _Grev._, II., p. 69.
+  1876. _Comatricha pulchella_ (Bab.) Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 27.
+  1875. _Comatricha persoonii_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 201.
+  1894. _Comatricha persoonii_ Rost., List., _Mycet._, p. 122.
+  1899. _Comatricha pulchella_ (Bab.) Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 129.
+  1899. _Comatricha persoonii_ Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 132,
+          _excl. syn._
+  1911. _Comatricha pulchella_ Rost., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 156.
+  1911. _Comatricha pulchella_ var. _gracilis_ Wing., List., _Mycet.,
+           2nd ed._, p. 156.
+
+Sporangia very minute, 1 mm. high, scattered, ovate or ovate-cylindric
+acuminate, pale brown or ferruginous, stipitate; stipe short, black,
+nearly even; hypothallus none, or merely a circular base to the tiny
+stem; columella straight, gradually tapering, reaching almost if not
+quite to the apex of the sporangium; capillitium dense, a network of
+flexuous brown threads, rather broad within, ending in slender tips
+without; spore-mass brown, spores by transmitted light pale "lilac
+brown," or pale ferruginous, minutely but uniformly warted, 6-8  mu.
+
+Probably widely distributed but rarely collected. Pennsylvania, Iowa;
+_Okoboji_. Toronto,--_Miss Currie._
+
+
+14. COMATRICHA ELLISII _Morg._
+
+PLATE XII., Figs. 15 and 15 _a_.
+
+  1894. _Comatricha ellisii_ Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 49.
+  1899. _Comatricha laxa_ Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 127.
+  1911. _Comatricha nigra_ Schroet., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._, p. 152.
+
+Sporangia short, erect, oval or ovoid to oblong. Stipe and columella
+erect, brown and smooth, rising from a thin pallid hypothallus, tapering
+upward and vanishing into the capillitium toward the apex of the
+sporangium, the stipe usually longer than the columella. Capillitium of
+slender pale brown threads; these branch several times with lateral
+anastomosing branchlets, forming a rather open network of small meshes,
+ending with very short free extremities. Spores globose, even, pale
+ochraceous, 6-7 mic. in diameter.
+
+Growing on old pine wood. Sporangium .3-.6 mm. in height by .3-.5 mm. in
+width, the stipe usually a little longer than the sporangium.
+
+On the strength of the clear descriptions and beautiful drawings of
+Celakowsky, _Myxomyceten Boehmens_, p. 52; Taf. 2, Figs. 7 and 8, this
+elegant little species as described by my colleague Professor Morgan
+was, in the former edition, referred to _C. laxa_ Rost. It was then
+reported from New Jersey only. Since then we have specimens from Ohio
+and from southern Missouri, all true to form, almost identical. It seems
+wise accordingly, while recognizing the relationship of the form to both
+_C. laxa_, and to _C. nigra_ as well, to give it here an individual
+place again. It is very small; but once studied may thereafter be easily
+recognized by a hand-lens. The form is definite, clean-cut, and the
+spores are pronouncedly smaller than in either of the two related
+species.
+
+
+15. COMATRICHA SUBCAESPITOSA _Peck._
+
+PLATE XII., Figs. 17, 17 _a_.
+
+  1890. _Comatricha subcaespitosa_ Peck, _N. Y. Mus. Rep._ 43, p. 25.
+
+Sporangia scattered or sometimes in loose clusters, cylindric, obtuse,
+about 1.5-2 mm., dark brown, stipitate; stipe short, one-fifth total
+height; hypothallus minute; capillitium regular, the branching quite
+uniform parallel, flexuous, brown with a tinge of violet, not dense;
+columella well-defined, almost percurrent; spores brown in mass, under
+lens dusky, nearly smooth, 9-10  mu.
+
+The larger spores, regular, erect form, and clustered habit separate
+this form from others with which it will be naturally associated. See
+page 283 under _Addenda_.
+
+
+=4. Diachaea= _Fries_
+
+  1825. _Diachaea_ Fries, _Syst. Orb. Veg._, I., p. 143.[38]
+
+Sporangia distinct, globose or cylindric, the peridium thin, iridescent,
+stipitate; the stipe and columella surcharged with lime, white or
+yellowish, rigid, thick, tapering upward; capillitium of delicate
+threads free from lime, radiating from various points on the columella,
+branching and anastomosing as in _Comatricha_ to form a more or less
+intricate network, the ultimate branchlets supporting the peridial wall.
+
+Rostafinski placed this genus near the _Didymieae_ on account of the
+calcareous columella and the non-calcareous capillitium. On the other
+hand the structure of the capillitium and the iridescent simple peridium
+ally _Diachaea_ to _Lamproderma_ and the _Stemoniteae_; the only
+distinction being the calcareous stem. It is simply an intermediate
+genus to be placed here more conveniently than anywhere else in what is
+of necessity a linear arrangement.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Diachaea=
+
+  _A._ Stipe and columella white.
+
+     _a._ Sporangium cylindric                        1. _D. leucopodia_
+
+     _b._ Sporangium globose.
+
+          i. Evidently stalked                         2. _D. splendens_
+
+         ii. Stalk very short, 5 mm., conic.
+
+              O Spores warted                         3. _D. bulbillosa_
+
+             OO Spores faintly netted                4. _D. subsessilis_
+
+  _B._ Stipe yellowish or orange                        5. _D. thomasii_
+
+
+1. DIACHAEA LEUCOPODIA (_Bull._) _Rost._
+
+  1791. _Trichia leucopodia_ Bull., _Champ. de la France_, Pl. 502,
+           Fig. 2.
+  1825. _Diachaea elegans_ Fries, _Syst. Orb. Veg._, I., p. 143.
+  1875. _Diachaea leucopoda_ (Bull.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 190.
+
+Sporangia rather closely gregarious, metallic blue or purple iridescent,
+cylindric or ellipsoidal, obtuse, sub-umbilicate below, stipitate; stipe
+short, much less than one-half the total height, snow-white, tapering
+upward; hypothallus white, venulose, occurring from stipe to stipe to
+form an open network over the substratum; columella thick, cylindric,
+tapering, blunt, terminating below the apex, white; capillitium
+springing from every part of the columella, of slender threads, brown,
+flexuous, branching and anastomosing to form an intricate net; spores in
+mass nearly black, by transmitted light dull violaceous, minutely
+roughened, 7-9  mu.
+
+A very beautiful species; not uncommon in the eastern states; rare west
+of the Mississippi. Easily recognized, amid related forms, by its
+snow-white stem, a feature which did not escape the notice of Bulliard
+and suggested the accepted specific name. Fries adopted the specific
+name proposed by Trentepohl and wrote _D. elegans_, simply because to
+him the peridium was "admodum elegans."
+
+The peridium is exceedingly thin and early deciduous; the stipe long
+persistent. The plasmodium, dull white, was observed by Fries at the
+beginning of the century; "morphoseos clavem inter myxogastres hoc genus
+primum mihi subministravit."
+
+This species, as the diachaeas generally, affects fallen sticks and
+leaves in orchards and forests and even spreads boldly over the foliage
+and stems of living plants.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina,
+Ohio, Iowa, California, Canada.
+
+
+2. DIACHAEA SPLENDENS _Peck._
+
+PLATE VII., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_, 1 _c_.
+
+  1877. _Diachaea splendens_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXX., p. 50.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, metallic blue with brilliant iridescence, globose,
+stipitate; stipe white, short, tapering upward; hypothallus white,
+venulose, a network supporting the snowy stipes; columella white,
+cylindric, passing the centre, obtuse; capillitium lax, of slender,
+anastomosing, brown, translucent threads; spores in mass black, by
+transmitted light dark-violaceous, very coarsely warted, 7-10  mu.
+
+This is perhaps the most showy species of the list. The globose
+brilliantly iridescent sporangia are lifted above the substratum on
+snow-white columnar stalks; these are again joined one to another by the
+pure white vein-like cords of the reticulate hypothallus. The plasmodium
+may spread very widely over all sorts of objects that come in the way,
+dry forest leaves and sticks, or the fruit and foliage of living plants.
+Closely resembling the preceding, but differing in the globose
+sporangia, it may be instantly recognized under the lenses by its
+coarsely papillate spores.
+
+Not common. New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska.
+
+
+3. DIACHAEA SUBSESSILIS _Pk._
+
+  1879. _Diachaea subsessilis_ Pk., _Rep. N. Y. Mus. Nat. History_,
+           XXXI., p. 41.
+  1894. _Diachaea subsessilis_ Pk., Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 92.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or closely crowded, small, about .5 mm., dull
+iridescent-blue, greenish-gray, etc., globose or depressed-globose,
+short-stalked or nearly sessile; stipe generally very short, reduced
+sometimes to a mere persistent cone, white; columella obsolescent or
+reduced to white conical intrusion of the stipe; capillitium radiating
+from the stipe, brown, consisting of branching, anastomosing threads,
+paler at the tips; hypothallus very scanty or none; spores minutely
+warted, the papillae arranged in an irregular, loose net-work,
+violet-brown, paler under the lens, 10-12  mu.
+
+This species is easily recognizable by its diminutive size and generally
+defective structure; i. e. it has the appearance of a degenerate or
+depauperate representative of some finer form. Besides the type, yet to
+be seen in Albany, Dr. Sturgis reports the species from Connecticut and
+from the Isle of Wight! A small gathering is before me from Colorado.
+Every sporangium is borne upon a calcareous pedicel, very short indeed,
+but real. The _var. globosa_ referred to in the English text under _D.
+leucopodia_ has not appeared so far as reported, on this side the sea,
+but even such variety could scarcely in the hands of a collector take
+the place of the form now under consideration.
+
+Specimens of _D. subsessilis_ from Europe correspond remarkably with
+those described by Drs. Peck and Sturgis. Mr. Lister would have our
+species a synonym for _Lamproderma fuckelianum cracovense_ (Rost.) Cel.
+
+Rare; from Connecticut to Colorado.
+
+
+4. DIACHAEA BULBILLOSA (_Berk. & Br._) _List._
+
+  1873. _Didymium bulbillosum_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, XIV.,
+           p. 84.
+  1898. _Diachaea bulbillosa_ Lister, _Jour. Bot._, XXXVI., p. 165.
+  1911. _Diachaea bulbillosa_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 119.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, small, iridescent purple, stipitate;
+stipe conical, white, sometimes brown, half-a-mm., half the total
+height; columella clavate, white or brown; capillitium of purple-brown
+threads united to form a lax net; spores violet-grey, marked with
+scattered warts "6-8 in a row across the hemisphere", 7-9  mu.
+
+Java, _Berkeley & Broome, op. c._ Toronto, Canada; cited here by
+courtesy of Miss Currie who gives the spores 7.8  mu.
+
+
+5. DIACHAEA THOMASII _Rex._
+
+PLATE V., Fig. 6, 6 _a_.
+
+  1892. _Diachaea thomasii_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 329.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, more or less crowded, purple and bronze,
+iridescent, globose sessile or short stipitate; stipe, when present,
+very short, thick, tapering rapidly upward, orange; hypothallus orange,
+prominent venulose, continuous; columella ochre yellow, rough,
+cylindric, tapering upward to one-half the height of the sporangium,
+obtuse; capillitium lax, of slender brown rigid threads, radiating from
+the columella in every direction, anastomosing to form a loose,
+large-meshed network; spore-mass brown; spores by transmitted light
+violaceous, minutely, unevenly warted, 10-12  mu.
+
+The peculiar orange color of the calcareous deposits in stipe and
+columella easily distinguish this species. The capillitium is also
+distinctive, rigid, simple, and comparatively scant, lamprodermoid. Rex
+calls attention to the fact that under low magnification the spores
+appear spotted; but the spots are occasioned simply by the closer
+aggregation, at particular points, of the ordinary papillae.
+
+A southern species. All the specimens so far reported are from the
+mountains of North Carolina.
+
+The specimens referred to under this name by Lister, _Mon._, p. 92, as
+coming from "Kittery, U. S. A." (Kittery, Maine?), are, no doubt,
+according to Mr. Lister's figures, _Comatricha caespitosa_ Sturgis. See
+under that species.
+
+
+_C._ LAMPRODERMACEAE
+
+Sporangia distinct, generally gregarious, more or less spherical;
+capillitium developed chiefly or solely from the summit of the
+columella.
+
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Lamprodermaceae=
+
+  _A._ Columella percurrent; capillitium from a disk
+         at the apex                                      1. ENERTHENEMA
+
+  _B._ Columella scarce reaching the centre of the
+         sporangium.
+
+     _a._ Capillitium not forming a net                   2. CLASTODERMA
+
+     _b._ Capillitium forming an intricate net            3. LAMPRODERMA
+
+     _c._ Minute, capillitium rudimentary               4. ECHINOSTELIUM
+
+=1. Enerthenema= _Bowman_
+
+  1828. _Enerthenema_ Bowman, _Trans. Linn. Soc._, XVI., p. 152.
+
+Sporangia stipitate, the stipe extended as a columella, which entirely
+traverses the sporangium and forms at the apex an expanded disk; from
+this depends the capillitium.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Enerthenema=
+
+  _A._ Spores free                                    1. _E. papillatum_
+
+  _B._ Spores in clusters                           2. _E. berkeleyanum_
+
+
+1. ENERTHENEMA PAPILLATUM (_Pers._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE V., Fig. 3.
+
+  1801. _Stemonitis papillata_ Pers., _Syn._, p. 188.
+  1828. _Enerthenema elegans_ Bowm., _Trans. Linn. Soc._, XVI., p. 152.
+  1862. _Comatricha obtusata_ Preuss, Sturm, _Deutschl. Flora_, Pl. LXX.
+  1876. _Enerthenema papillatum_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 28.
+
+Sporangia scattered or crowded, stipitate, spheroidal, naked, black
+fuscous, above, shining, adorned with a minute, black papilla; stipe
+black, opaque, conical or attenuate upward, about equal to the peridium;
+columella at the apex expanded into a shining disk; capillitium
+springing from the lower side of the disk or from its edge, made up of
+scarcely forked threads which are free below; spores violaceous or
+fuscous black, minutely warted, 10-12  mu.
+
+Rare. Wisconsin, Ohio, South Carolina, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Iowa,
+Colorado.
+
+This is one of the few species so well marked that Persoon's
+description, _l. c._, is definitive: "Stylidio toto penetrante.
+Capillitium exacte globosum, sub-compactum, in eius apice stylidium
+papillae in modum prominet." For this reason Bowman's specific name
+_elegans_ is discarded.
+
+
+2. ENERTHENEMA BERKELEYANUM _Rost._
+
+  1876. _Enerthenema berkeleyanum_ Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 29.
+  1913. _Enerthenema syncarpon_ Sturgis, _Myxo. Col._, II., p. 448.
+
+This species corresponds to the preceding in all respects except in the
+fact that the spores are clustered in groups of four to twelve and are a
+little larger, 11-13  mu, strongly spinulose on the exposed surface.
+
+Dr. Sturgis reports this from Colorado, _l. c._, but discards
+Rostafinski's specific name on the ground that the type has disappeared;
+only the spores of some fungus hyphae remain in the place and these may
+have been mistaken by Berkeley. This seems hardly possible since such
+supposition would not account for the generic reference either by
+Berkeley (and Broome) or by Rostafinski. The description in the
+_Monograph_ is minute as that of one who had the form under his lenses.
+Rostafinski _saw_ Berkeley's specimens.
+
+For a similar case, see under _Prototrichia metallica, Mycetozoa 2nd
+ed._, p. 261.
+
+South Carolina, type; Colorado.
+
+
+=2. Clastoderma= _Blytt_
+
+  1880. _Clastoderma_ Blytt, _Bot. Zeit._, XXXVIII., p. 343.
+
+Sporangium globose, distinct, stipitate; the columella short or
+obsolete; the capillitium of few sparsely branched threads, which bear
+at their tops the persistent fragments of the peridium, but are not
+otherwise united.
+
+Distinguished from _Lamproderma_ by the peculiar manner in which the
+peridium is ruptured, and by the simplicity of the scanty capillitium.
+So far there appears to be but a single species.
+
+
+1. CLASTODERMA DEBARYANUM _Blytt._
+
+PLATE XIII., Fig. 6, and PLATE XVI., Fig. 13.
+
+  1880. _Clastoderma debaryanum_ Blytt, _Bot. Zeit._, XXXVIII., p. 343.
+  1886. _Orthotrichia microcephala_ Wing., _Jour. Myc._, II., p. 126.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, very minute, 1-12 to 1/4 mm. in
+diameter, the peridium fugacious, except the minute patches that adhere
+to the capillitial branchlets, and the slight annulus at the base of the
+columella; stipe long, unequal, dark below, above paler; columella
+almost none, giving early rise to the comparatively few slender threads
+which by their repeated forking make up the capillitium; spores globose,
+even, violaceous, 8-9  mu.
+
+Reported in the United States so far from Maine, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and
+Illinois.
+
+The sporangia are very small, but beautiful, delicate little structures,
+found on the bark of living red oak in this country; in Norway it seems
+to have been seen first on a dead polyporus. Its minuteness doubtless
+causes it to be generally overlooked, _N. A. F._, 2498.
+
+
+=3. Lamproderma= _Rostafinski_
+
+  1873. _Lamproderma_ Rostafinski, _Versuch_, p. 7.
+
+Sporangia stipitate, globose, or ellipsoid; columella cylindric or
+inflated or clavate at the apex, scarcely attaining half the height of
+the peridium; peridium shining with metallic tints, deciduous, except
+where, at the base of the columella, it forms a ring around the stipe;
+capillitium rising in tufts or by simple branches from the columella,
+the threads regularly forked, generally united into a net.
+
+The lamprodermas are distinguished from the comatrichas, to which they
+are most nearly allied, by the arrangement of the capillitium, its
+development from the apex only of the columella, the continuation of the
+stipe within the peridium. In other words, the peridium leaves the stipe
+some distance below the point where the lowest capillitial branches take
+origin. In mature specimens the peridium has often entirely disappeared,
+its only trace, a collar, more or less distinct, around the stipe,
+marking the beginning of the columella. Nevertheless the peridium is far
+more persistent than in any comatricha, and shows in yet greater
+brilliancy the wondrous metallic tints and iridescence of _Comatricha_
+and _Diachaea_. Older authors, so far as can be seen, distributed the
+species between _Physarum_ and _Stemonitis_.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Lamproderma=
+
+  _A._ Peridium metallic blue.
+
+    _a._ Stipe short, stout.
+
+      1. Capillitium tips colorless                    5. _L. violaceum_
+
+    _b._ Stipe long, slender.
+
+      1. Capillitium of dark, tapering, oft-united
+           threads                                    3. _L. columbinum_
+
+      2. Capillitial threads rigid, dark brown,
+           seldom united                             4. _L. scintillans_
+
+  _B._ Peridium not blue, silvery.
+
+    _a._ Stipe long, slender.
+
+      1. Capillitium very intricate, forming a
+           compact net                               6. _L. arcyrionema_
+
+      2. Capillitium of rigid dark brown threads     1. _L. physaroides_
+
+    _b._ Stipe short, heads large, 1 mm. or more        2. _L. robustum_
+
+
+1. LAMPRODERMA PHYSAROIDES (_Alb. & Schw._) _Rost._
+
+  1805. _Physarum physaroides_ Alb. & Schw., _Consp. Fung._, p, 103.
+  1875. _Lamproderma physaroides_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 202.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, wide-spreading, globose, the peridium persistent
+with a silver metallic, sometimes brassy, lustre; stipe long, brown or
+black, tapering upward; hypothallus well developed, brown or purple,
+usually not continuous; columella swollen, obtuse, short at best, hardly
+attaining the centre of the sporangium; capillitium very rigid, of
+simple or sparingly branched, dark-brown threads radiating from the
+clavate apex of the columella and only here and there anastomosing
+toward the surface, the ultimate divisions distinctly rough; spores
+lilac brown, rough, 10-12.5  mu.
+
+This species is well described and illustrated in Rostafinski's
+_Monograph_. It is well marked by its clavate columella and peculiarly
+simple, dark rigid capillitium, the branches of which rise in great
+numbers immediately from the columella, and maintain their primitive
+thickness during the greater part of their length. The transverse
+vincula are often at right angles to the principal branches, and the
+meshes, where formed, are often long and rectangular. Externally, it
+resembles _L. arcyrionema_, but is by its spores and capillitium
+instantly distinguished. Rostafinski gives the spores 12.5-14.2  mu. Large
+spores are less common in the specimens before us. Lister figures a
+sessile variety.
+
+In our first edition this species was entered from lists published for
+New England, New York, and Ohio. The intervening years, however, have
+brought no confirmation. Specimens from Maine and Ohio, with large
+spores, represent _L. columbinum_, and those cited for New York are
+forms of _L. violaceum_. It is accordingly doubtful that _L.
+physaroides_ (A. & S.) Rost. occurs in North America. That it is to be
+found in Europe there seems no doubt. The figure and description by
+Schweinitz, _l. c._, may indeed be inconclusive, but Rostafinski's
+citation and abundant description leave no doubt as to his opinion;
+while numerous localities named would indicate adequate material. What
+Rostafinski described will no doubt obtain wider recognition some day.
+
+
+2. LAMPRODERMA ROBUSTUM _Ell. & Evh._
+
+  1892. _Lamproderma robustum_ Ell. & Evh., Mass., _Mon._, p. 99.
+  1894. _Lamproderma violaceum_ var. _sauteri_ Rost., List.,
+          _Mycetozoa_, p. 129.
+  1899. _Lamproderma sauteri_ Rost., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 140.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, dull black, the peridium when present
+silvery, shining, or simply smooth, transparent and without
+iridescence, stipitate; stipe short, black, tapering rapidly upward,
+annulate with the persisting base of the peridium; columella short,
+thick, truncate, and widened at the top; hypothallus well developed,
+brown or purple; capillitium dense, made up of dark brown branches,
+numerous and rather slender, repeatedly branched and anastomosing toward
+the surface to form a slight delicate network with abundant free ends;
+spores dark purple brown, rough, 14-16  mu.
+
+This species in outward appearance resembles _L. physaroides_, from
+which it is easily distinguished by the much greater diameter of the
+globose sporangium, 1 mm. or more. The persistent base of the peridium
+is also characteristic, very prominent sometimes, and visible to the
+naked eye. The capillitium is also unlike that of _L. physaroides_;
+resembles more nearly that of _L. violaceum_. From the latter species
+_L. robustum_ is distinguished by the color of the peridium, and by the
+larger, darker spores and generally different capillitium. In our former
+edition this is called _L. sauteri_ Rost. That much-quoted author
+distinguished _L. violaceum_ and _L. sauteri_; the English authors make
+the last named a variety only of the former. This our American species
+is _not_.
+
+It is, as presented in our western mountains, clear-cut, well defined,
+not a variety of anything. The original name is therefore restored.
+
+_Lamproderma arcyrioides_ (Somm.) Morgan is probably a form of _L.
+columbinum_. The original _L. arcyrioides_ has not yet been certainly
+identified in North America; see following species.
+
+Colorado, Oregon, Washington, California.
+
+
+3. LAMPRODERMA COLUMBINUM (_Pers._) _Rost._
+
+  1796. _Physarum columbinum_ Pers., _Obs. Myc._, I., p. 5.
+  1875. _Lamproderma columbinum_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 203.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious; rich violet or purple with metallic
+iridescence, globose, stipitate; the stipe long, three-fourths the total
+height, slender, subulate, black; hypothallus scant, purplish or brown;
+columella small, one-third the height or less, tapering or acute, black;
+the capillitium brown throughout, not dense, arising from nearly all
+parts of the columella, freely branching and anastomosing to an open,
+large-meshed network; spore-mass black, spores by transmitted light dark
+brown, rough, 10-12  mu.
+
+Rostafinski distinguished this beautiful species by the color of the
+peridium and the conic columella. According to Mr. Lister, Rostafinski
+was not specially careful in labelling his material, different forms
+having been included under this specific name. Nevertheless, the
+description is well drawn, and excludes _L. physaroides_ completely. At
+all events our American specimens correspond so well with the
+description of _L. columbinum_ (Pers.) Rost. that there seems no doubt
+that we have here what the Polish author figured and described, whether
+or not he was always consistent in applying his labels. The color
+distinguishes at sight the present species from _L. physaroides_, and
+the capillitium and large rough brown spores distinguish it from _L.
+violaceum_. The capillitium of the minute _L. scintillans_ is much
+denser and more rigid, and the spores smaller. The stipe when dry is
+ciliate.
+
+This is the common species of our western mountains, especially on the
+Pacific slope. In the Cascades every dark ravine is certain to show it
+in later summer and autumn, far extended colonies covering the moist
+surfaces of every mouldering log; the myriad globoid sporangia giving
+back when brought to the sunlight the most extravagant blues and greens
+with all the splendor of metallic sheen, their brilliant beauty never
+fails to quicken the attention of even the most insensate tourist.
+
+Abundant in the western forests, in the east extremely rare; Maine,
+Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Washington, Oregon; Vancouver, Canada.
+
+
+4. LAMPRODERMA SCINTILLANS (_Berk. & Br._) _Morg._
+
+PLATE V., Figs. 2, 2 _a_.
+
+  1877. _Stemonitis scintillans_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, XV.,
+           p. 2.
+  1877. _Lamproderma arcyrioides_, var. _iridea_ Cke., _Myx. G. B._,
+           p. 50.
+  1892. _Lamproderma irideum_ (Cke.) Mass., _Mon._, p. 95.
+  1894. _Lamproderma scintillans_ (Berk. & Br.) Morg., _Jour. Cin.
+           Soc._, p. 47.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, globose or depressed-globose, rich
+metallic blue or purple, iridescent, stipitate; the stipe long, slender,
+even, inclined and nodding or sometimes erect; hypothallus small,
+circular; columella cylindric, small, not reaching the centre, black;
+capillitium dense, of rigid, straight, sparingly branched or
+anastomosing, brown threads, which are sometimes white or colorless just
+as they leave the columella; spores globose, rough, violaceous brown, 8
+ mu.
+
+This is _L. irideum_ of Cooke and of Massee's _Monograph_. Its
+capillitium is remarkable, and constitutes an easy diagnostic mark. The
+threads appear at first sight entirely simple, but are really several
+times furcate, and not infrequently anastomose. The spores are covered
+with sparsely sown large papillae, easily seen under moderate
+magnification.
+
+This is one of our earliest species. To be sought in May on beds of
+decaying oak leaves in the woods, especially in wet places, near
+streams, etc.
+
+Rare. New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+5. LAMPRODERMA VIOLACEUM (_Fries_) _Rost._
+
+  1829. _Stemonitis violacea_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 162.
+  1875. _Lamproderma violaceum_ (Fries) _Rost., Mon._, p. 204.
+
+Sporangia closely gregarious or scattered, depressed-globose, more or
+less umbilicate below, metallic blue or purple, sessile or short
+stipitate; stipe stout, dark brown or black, even; hypothallus, when the
+sporangia are crowded, a thin, continuous, purplish membrane; when the
+sporangia are scattered, the hypothallus discoidal; columella cylindric
+or tapering slightly upward, the apex obtuse, black, attaining the
+centre of the sporangium; capillitium lax and flaccid, made up of
+flexuous threads branching and anastomosing to form a network, open in
+the interior, more dense without, the threads at first pale brown as
+they leave the columella, becoming paler outward to the colorless tips;
+spores minutely warted, violaceous gray, 9-11  mu.
+
+This is our most common species; found on decaying sticks and logs late
+in the fall. Its pale capillitium will usually distinguish it,
+especially where the sporangia are empty; then the pallid free
+extremities of the capillitial branches give to the little spheres under
+the lens a white or hoary appearance not seen in any other species.
+
+The plasmodium is at first almost transparent, then amber tinted,
+sending up tiny semi-transparent spheres on shining brownish stalks. As
+the changes approach maturity, the sporangia become jet-black, and only
+at last when the spores are ready for dispersal does the peridium assume
+its rich metallic purple tints. Colonies a meter in length, two or three
+decimeters in width, are sometimes seen!
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa,
+South Dakota; Toronto. Common.
+
+
+6. LAMPRODERMA ARCYRIONEMA _Rost._
+
+PLATE V., Figs. 1, 1 _a_.
+
+  1875. _Lamproderma arcyrionema_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 208.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, globose, silvery gray or bronze,
+iridescent, erect, stipitate; stipe black, long, two-thirds to
+three-fourths the total height, slender, rigid; columella slender,
+cylindric, attaining about one-third the height of the sporangium when
+it breaks into the primary branches of the capillitium; capillitium
+exceedingly intricate, made up of slender, flexuous brown threads which
+frequently branch and anastomose to form an elegant round-meshed network
+resembling that of _Arcyria_, free ultimate branchlets not numerous;
+spores in mass jet-black, by transmitted light violaceous, smooth, or
+only faintly warted, 6-8  mu.
+
+In outward appearance this species resembles _L. physaroides_, but is
+easily recognizable by its very peculiar capillitium. This, in its
+primary branching, resembles a comatricha. In typical forms, the
+columella branches at the apex only, generally into two strong divisions
+which then break up irregularly and anastomose in every direction. This
+seems to have been the form present to Rostafinski when he wrote
+"columella truncate." In Central American and some North American
+specimens, the branching is very different; the twigs leave the
+columella at various points almost down to the annulus, and the entire
+effect is dendroid. The columella is lost almost at once. A small form
+of this species was formerly distributed in the United States as
+_Comatricha friesiana_ DeBy. This circumstance led the present author to
+describe Central American forms as _C. shimekiana_. Judging from a
+remark by Massee (_Mon._, p. 97), a similar confusion seems to have
+prevailed in Europe. As a matter of fact, the resemblance between _C.
+friesiana_, i. e. _C. nigra_, and the present species is sufficiently
+remote.
+
+_Lamproderma minutum_ Rostafinski seems to be a small form of this
+species. Rostafinski bases his diagnosis upon the branching of the
+columella, which is, as we have seen, inconstant, and upon the colorless
+capillitium. This feature in specimens examined is also inconstant.
+
+Occurring in large colonies on barkless decaying logs of various
+species; the plasmodium almost colorless.
+
+New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Mexico, Nicaragua;
+Vancouver's Island; Ontario, Toronto,--_Miss Currie._
+
+
+=4. Echinostelium= _DeBary_
+
+  1873. _Echinostelium_ DeBary, Rost., _Versuch_, p. 7.
+
+Sporangia distinct, globose, minute, the structure limited to a few
+imperfect rib-like, loosely joined branches developed from the short
+columella or stem-top, sustaining the spores.
+
+A single species:--
+
+
+1. ECHINOSTELIUM MINUTUM _DeBy_.
+
+  1873. _Echinostelium minutum_ DeBy., Rost., _Versuch_, p. 7.
+
+PLATE XIX., Figs. 11 and 11 _a_
+
+Sporangia distinct, scattered, globose, very minute, 40-50  mu, stipitate;
+the stipe, hair-like subulate, granular but hyaline; columella minute or
+none; capillitium consisting of a few arcuate spinose threads loosely
+united supporting the uncovered spores, spores globose, colorless,
+smooth, 7-8  mu.--_Rostafinski._
+
+This very singular and diminutive form, the least of all slime-moulds,
+is probably widely distributed but the accident of discovery is rare.
+DeBary found it once only, at Frankfurt am Main.
+
+Miss Lister reports its occurrence in England and Austria. In the United
+States it has been seen but once on certain laboratory material from
+Massachusetts, studied by Dr. Thaxter.
+
+Our drawing is after Rostafinski, IV., 68; Miss Lister follows No. 54,
+and so finds a bit of peridium below the two spores shown in the figure,
+one on each side of a microscopic _columella_.
+
+This is almost the only taxonomic suggestion;--a mere suggestion; this
+microscopic bit of anxious life is but a shadow,--a shade, a shadow of a
+lamproderma!
+
+
+ORDER III
+
+CRIBRARIALES
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous or aethalioid, or consisting of distinct
+sporangia; peridia membranaceous at maturity, more or less evanescent,
+opening irregularly or by means of a delicate network, which involves at
+least the upper part of the sporangium; capillitium usually none; spores
+of some shade of brown, umbrine, rarely purplish.
+
+This order is distinguished--except in a single case--by the entire
+absence of true capillitium, the pallid or brown spores, the gradual
+evolution of distinct sporangia in which provision for spore-dispersal
+is made by peridial modification especially at the sporangium-top.
+
+
+=Key to the Families of the Cribrariales=
+
+  _A._ Fructification plasmodiocarpous scattered as
+         if made up of the segments of the
+         plasmodial net                                         LICEACAE
+
+  _B._ Fructification of distinct and separate
+         sporangia, long stipitate, opening by a
+         delicate operculum at the top                     ORCADELLACEAE
+
+  _C._ Fructification aethalioid, the sporangia
+         generally more or less tubular, often
+         prismatic by mutual pressure; opening by
+         rupture of the apex, the lateral walls entire      TUBIFERACEAE
+
+  _D._ Fructification aethalioid, the sporangia ill
+         defined, their walls more or less
+         perforate, frayed, or dissipated, forming
+         a pseudo-capillitium,                           RETICULARIACEAE
+
+  _E._ Fructification of distinct and separate
+         sporangia, the walls more or less
+         reticulately perforate especially above           CRIBRARIACEAE
+
+
+_A._ LICEACEAE
+
+A single genus,--
+
+
+=1. Licea= (_Schrader_) _Rost._
+
+  1797. _Licea_ Schrader, _Nov. Gen. Plant._, p. 16, in part.
+  1875. _Licea_ (Schrader) Rost., _Mon._, p. 218.
+
+Sporangia plasmodiocarpous, looped, irregular, or distinct, sessile,
+and regularly rounded or elliptical; the peridium simple, rather firm,
+ruptured irregularly or by simple fissure; hypothallus none.
+
+This genus is distinguished from other similar plasmodiocarpous forms by
+the extreme simplicity of its structure. There is absolutely no
+capillitium nor anything like it, simply a mass of spores surrounded by
+thin membranous walls. The spores range from pale olive, colorless under
+the lens, through various shades of brown to dusky almost black in _L.
+pusilla_. Schrader included the _Tubifera_ species.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Licea=
+
+  _A._ Plainly plasmodiocarpous                       1. _L. variabilis_
+
+  _B._ Opening by regular segments.
+
+       1. Segments two only                              2. _L. biforis_
+
+       2. Segments several.
+
+          i. Spores brown                                 3. _L. minima_
+
+         ii. Spores dusky olive                          4. _L. pusilla_
+
+
+1. LICEA VARIABILIS _Schrader._
+
+PLATE XII., Figs. 7 and 8.
+
+  1797. _Licea variabilis_ Schrader, _Nov. Gen._, p. 18, Pl. VI.,
+           Figs. 5 and 6.
+  1801. _Licea variabilis_ Schr., Pers., _Syn. Meth._, p. 197.
+  1801. _Licea flexuosa_ Pers., _Syn. Meth._, p. 197.
+  1911. _Licea flexuosa_ Pers., List., _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 189.
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous, elongate, hamate, annulate or
+irregularly repent, very dark brown, rough, the peridium of two layers,
+the outer closely adhering, dark brown, thick, opaque, the inner
+delicate, membranous, very thin, transparent, iridescent, rugulose,
+rupturing irregularly; hypothallus none; spores in mass pale yellow with
+a greenish tinge, by transmitted light nearly colorless, large, globose,
+minutely spinulose, 12.5  mu.
+
+This is the largest species of the genus as represented in this country,
+the plasmodiocarps of various lengths and from .5-.7  mu wide. Somewhat
+resembling some species of _Ophiotheca_, but of much darker color. The
+outer peridium is deciduous, and the inner slowly ruptures, by irregular
+fissures discharging the spores. The plasmodium, according to Schrader,
+is white. Rare. Probably overlooked.
+
+Any good reason for changing the name given to this form so well
+illustrated and described by Schrader does not appear. Persoon quotes
+his predecessor's species and adds _L. flexuosa_ on his own account;
+strangely enough, since Schrader expressly describes _L. variabilis_,
+"in uno eodemque enim loco peridium hemisphericum, ovatum, oblongum
+_flexuosum_ vel aliter formatum diversi est diametri."
+
+New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+_Licea flexuosa_ Pers. is by Schweinitz reported from Pennsylvania. It
+is described as having brown spores, 10-15  mu, spinulose.
+
+
+2. LICEA BIFORIS _Morgan._
+
+PLATE XII., Fig. 10.
+
+  1893. _Licea biforis_ Morgan, _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 5.
+
+Sporangia regular, compressed, sessile on a narrow base, gregarious; the
+wall firm, thin, smooth, yellow brown in color and nearly opaque, with
+minute, scattered granules on the inner surface, at maturity opening
+into two equal parts, which remain persistent by the base; spores
+yellow-brown in mass, globose or oval, even, 9-12 u.
+
+Minute but perfectly regular, almost uniform, corneous-looking sporangia
+are thickly strewn over the inner surface of decaying bark. Each, at
+first elongate, pointed at each end, opens at length by fissure along
+the upper side setting free the minute yellowish spores. Unlike anything
+else; reminding one, at first sight, of some species of _Glonium_.
+
+Inside bark of _Liriodendron_. Ohio, Canada.
+
+
+3. LICEA MINIMA _Fries_.
+
+  1829. _Licea minima_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 199.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, umber-brown, spherical or hemispherical, sessile;
+the peridium opaque, brown, opening along prefigured lines, forming
+segments with dotted margins, ultimately widely reflexed; spores in mass
+dark brown, by transmitted light paler with olive tints, minutely
+roughened, 10-11  mu.
+
+The very minute sporangia, 3 mm., of this species cause it to be
+overlooked generally by collectors. Nevertheless, it may be found on
+decaying soft woods, in August, probably around the world. The number
+of sporangia produced by one plasmodium is in Iowa also small. The
+larger specimens might be mistaken for species of _Perichaena_, but are
+easily distinguished by the regular and lobate dehiscence. The
+plasmodium is yellow.
+
+Dr. George Rex, in almost the last paper from his hand, gives an
+interesting account of this diminutive species. Among various gatherings
+studied he found a black variety, a melanistic phase, so to say, and was
+able to follow the evolution of the sporangia from the yellow
+plasmodium. The sutures by which the peridium opens, first show signs of
+differentiation by change of color from yellow through garnet to black.
+Later the entire wall undergoes similar color changes, beginning next
+the completed sutural delimitations. Of the open peridia, the reflexed
+segments remind one of certain didermas, as _D. radiatum_. See _Bot.
+Gaz._, Vol. XIX., p. 399.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Iowa.
+
+
+4. LICEA PUSILLA _Schrader._
+
+  1797. _Licea pusilla_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 19, tab. VI.,
+           f. 4.
+  1829. _Physarum licea_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 143.
+  1875. _Protoderma pusilla_ (Schrader) Rost., _Mon._, p 90.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, depressed-globose, sessile on a
+flattened base, dark brown, shining, .5-1 mm.; peridium thin, dark
+colored, translucent, dehiscent above by regular segments; spore-mass
+almost black, spores by transmitted light olivaceous brown, smooth, or
+nearly so, 15-17  mu.
+
+Fries, _l. c._, makes this a physarum, and argues the case at length,
+evidently with such efficiency that he greatly impressed Rostafinski,
+who did not make it a physarum indeed, but actually gave it generic
+place and station of its own; a physarum may do without calcium in the
+capillitium perhaps, but not be entirely non-calcareous; so he writes
+_Protoderma_ (first cover) and places the species number 1 on the long
+list of endosporous forms. Even in his '_Dodatek_', or supplement, as we
+should say, he refers to the thing again, but only to correct the
+inflexional ending of the specific name; he writes _Protoderma pusillum_
+(Schrader) Rost!
+
+Schweinitz reports the species for America and Morgan cites Schweinitz
+and reports it for Ohio, but we find it in no American collections.
+
+
+_B._ ORCADELLACEAE;
+
+Sporangia distinct, minute, long stipitate, opening above by a distinct
+lid.
+
+A single genus,--
+
+
+=Orcadella= _Wingate_
+
+  1889. _Orcadella_ Wingate, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 280.
+
+Sporangia furnished with rigid, unpolished stipes, blending above with
+the substance of the thick unpolished walls; the operculum thin,
+delicate, membranaceous.
+
+A single species,--
+
+
+1. ORCADELLA OPERCULATA _Wingate._
+
+PLATE XII., Fig. 11.
+
+  1889. _Orcadella operculata_ Wingate, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 280.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, ellipsoidal, ovoid, obconical or nearly
+globose, dull brown or blackish, the wall simple, thick, coarse, at the
+top replaced by a delicate, thin, yellowish, iridescent, lustrous or
+vernicose membrane which forms a circular, smooth, or wrinkled lid, soon
+deciduous; stipe of varying height, rough from deposit of plasmodic
+refuse; spores, in mass yellowish, globose, smooth, 8-11  mu.
+
+This curious little species, well described by its discoverer, appears
+to be very rare. At least it is seldom collected; overlooked by reason
+of its minuteness. It is a stipitate licea, or a lid-covered cribraria;
+perhaps nearer the former. It affects the bark of species of _Quercus_,
+and seems to be associated there with _Clastoderma debaryanum. N. A.
+F._, 2497.
+
+Pennsylvania, Maine.
+
+
+_C._ TUBIFERACEAE
+
+Fructification aethalioid or of distinct sporangia; sporangia well
+defined, tubular, often prismatic by mutual pressure, seated on a
+common, well-marked hypothallus, at length dehiscent by the irregular
+rupture of the peridium, in typical cases at the apex, its walls
+remaining then otherwise entire; capillitial threads in No. 3, only.
+
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Tubiferaceae=
+
+  _A._ Spores olivaceous; sporangia in one or several
+         series,                                           1. LINDBLADIA
+
+  _B._ Spores umber; sporangia in a single series            2. TUBIFERA
+
+  _C._ Sporangia stipitate; capillitium of tubular threads    3. ALWISIA
+
+
+=1. Lindbladia= _Fries_
+
+  1849. _Lindbladia_ Fries, _Sum. Veg. Scand._, p. 449.
+
+Fructification aethalioid; the sporangia short, tubular, sometimes
+superimposed, sometimes forming a simple stratum, in the latter case
+generally sessile, but sometimes short-stipitate, the peridium at first
+entire, at length opening irregularly either at the sides or apex, beset
+with granules; spores olivaceous.
+
+This genus was established by Fries in 1849 to accommodate a single
+species of wide distribution and somewhat varying habit, which is
+neither a tubifera nor yet a cribraria and offers points of resemblance
+to each. It is distinct in that the sporangia, while often in single
+series, are yet often superimposed. It resembles _Tubifera_ in its
+simple sporangia, opening without the aid of a net; it is like
+_Cribraria_ in the smooth ochraceous-olivaceous spores and granuliferous
+peridium.
+
+
+1. LINDBLADIA EFFUSA (_Ehr._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, PLATE XII., Figs. 1, 2.
+
+  1818. _Licea effusa_ Ehr., _Sylv. Myc. Ber._, p. 26.
+  1875. _Lindbladia effusa_ (Ehr.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 223.
+  1879. _Perichaena caespitosa_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXI., p. 57.
+
+Sporangia minute, either closely combined and superimposed, so as to
+form a pulvinate aethalium, or crowded together in a single layer,
+sessile, or short-stipitate; the peridia thin, membranous, marked by
+scattered plasmodic granules, often lustrous, sometimes dull
+lead-colored or blackish, especially above; stipe, when present, very
+short but distinct, brown, rugulose; hypothallus well developed,
+membranous, or more or less spongiose in structure; spore-mass
+ochraceous, under the lens, nearly smooth, almost colorless, 6-7.5  mu.
+
+This very variable species has been well studied by Dr. Rex. See _Bot.
+Gaz._, XVII., p. 201. In its simpler phases it presents but a single
+layer of sporangia generally closely crowded together, sometimes free
+and even short stipitate! In the more complex phase the sporangia are
+heaped together in a pulvinate mass in which the peridia appear as
+boundaries of minute cells. In this case the outermost sporangia are
+often consolidated to form a cortex more or less dense and shining. In
+any case the hypothallus is a prominent feature; generally laminated and
+of two or three layers, it is in the more hemispheric aethalia very much
+more complex, sponge-like. When thin this structure is remarkable for
+its wide extent, 40-50 cm.! The simpler forms approach very near to
+_Cribraria_ through _C. argillacea_. The most complex remind us of
+_Enteridium_.
+
+This is _Perichaena caespitosa_ Peck. In this country it has, however,
+been generally distributed as _L. effusa_ Ehr. This author throws some
+doubt on the species he describes by suggesting that the plasmodium may
+be _red_. The description, however, and figures are otherwise good and
+are established by the usage of Rostafinski. The plasmodium has much the
+same color as the mature fruit.
+
+Widely distributed. New England to the Black Hills and Colorado, south
+to Arkansas. California, about Monterey.
+
+
+=2. Tubifera= _Gmelin_
+
+  1791. _Tubifera_ Gmelin, _Syst. Nat._, II., p. 1472.
+
+Sporangia tubular, by mutual pressure more or less prismatic, connate,
+pale ferruginous-brown, iridescent, the walls thin, slightly granular,
+long-persistent; dehiscence apical; hypothallus thick, spongiose, white
+or whitish; spore-mass ferruginous.
+
+This genus is easily recognized by the tubular sporangia, destitute of
+capillitial threads, seated upon a strongly developed hypothallus. The
+synonymy of the case is somewhat difficult. It is possible that
+Mueller's _Tubulifera ceratum, Fl. Dan._, Ellevte Haefte, 1775, p. 8,
+may belong here, but neither the text nor the figures make it certain.
+Neither he nor OEder, who gives us _T. cremor_ in the same work, had
+any accurate idea of the objects described. Gmelin's description of
+_Tubifera_, II., 2, 1472, is, however, ample, and his citations of
+Bulliard's plates leave no doubt as to the forms he included. Gmelin
+writes: "Thecae (membranae expansae superimpositae) inter se connatae
+seminibus nudiusculis repletae."
+
+Why, in face of so good a description, Persoon changed the name to that
+since current, _Tubulina_, is not clear.
+
+Fries thinks Mueller had an immature _Arcyria_ before him, _Syst. Myc._,
+III., p. 196. _Tubulifera arachnoidea_ Jacq., 1778, is also an uncertain
+quantity, insufficiently described.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Tubifera=
+
+  _A._ Hypothallus well developed, but not conspicuous.
+
+     _a._ Pseudo-columellae none                      1. _T. ferruginosa_
+
+     _b._ Pseudo-columellae present at least in many
+            of the tubules                              2. _T. casparyi_
+
+  _B._ Hypothallus prominent, columnar                 3. _T. stipitata_
+
+
+1. TUBIFERA FERRUGINOSA (_Batsch_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE I., Fig. 4; PLATE VII., Fig. 8; PLATE XII., Fig. 14.
+
+  1786. _Stemonitis ferruginosa_ Batsch, _Elench._, p. 261, Fig. 175.
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus cylindricus_ Bull., _Champ._, p. 140, t. 470,
+           III.
+  1791. _Tubifera ferruginosa_ Gmelin, _Syst. Nat._, 1472 (_ex parte_).
+  1805. _Tubulina cylindrica_ (Bull.) DC., _Fl. Fr._, 671.
+  1875. _Tubulina cylindrica_ (Bull.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 220.
+  1894. _Tubulina fragiformis_ (Pers.) Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 153.
+
+Sporangia crowded, cylindric or prismatic, elongate, connate, more or
+less distinct above, pale umber-brown, generally simple though
+occasionally branched above, the peridia thin, sometimes fragile, but
+generally persistent, transparent, iridescent; hypothallus strongly
+developed, spongiose, white, often projecting beyond the aethalioid mass
+of sporangia; spore-mass umber-brown or ferruginous; spores by
+transmitted light almost colorless, plainly reticulate over
+three-fourths of the surface, 6-7  mu.
+
+Not rare on old logs, mosses, etc., from Maine to Alaska. Apparently
+more common north than south. Easily known by its long, tubular
+sporangia packed with rusty spores and destitute of any trace of
+columella or capillitium, the hypothallus explanate, rather thick, but
+not columnar. A single plasmodium may give rise to one or several
+colonies, at first watery or white, then red, of somewhat varying
+shades, then finally umber-brown. These colors were noticed by all the
+older authors, but very inaccurately; thus a white plasmodium is the
+basis for _Tubifera cylindrica_ (Bull.) Gmel., a roseate plasmodium for
+_Tubifera fragiformis_ (Bull.) Gmel., and the mature fructification for
+_Tubifera ferruginosa_ (Batsch) Gmel. Rostafinski adopted a specific
+name given by Bulliard, but Batsch has clear priority.
+
+The peridia are sometimes accuminate, and widely separate above. This is
+Persoon's _T. fragiformis_. In most cases, however, the peridia are
+connate throughout, and sometimes present above a membranous common
+covering. This is _T. fallax_ of Persoon; _Licea cylindrica_ (Bull.)
+Fries. In forms with thicker peridia, the walls often show the granular
+markings characteristic of the entire _Anemeae_.
+
+
+2. TUBIFERA STIPITATA (_Berk. & Rav._) _Macbr._
+
+  1858. _Licea stipitata_ Berk. & Rav., _Am. Acad._, IV., p. 125.[39]
+  1868. _Licea stipitata_ Berk. & Rav., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, X., p. 350.
+  1875. _Tubulina stipitata_ (Berk. & Rav.) Rost., p. 223.
+
+Sporangia crowded in a globose or more or less hemispheric, expanded
+head, borne upon a spongy, stem-like, sulcate hypothallus 3-4 mm. high,
+their apices rounded, their walls very thin, evanescent; spores in mass
+umber-brown, small, about 5  mu, the epispore reticulate as in the
+preceding species.
+
+This differs from number 1 chiefly in the cushion-like receptacle on
+which the crowded sporangia are borne, and in the smaller spores. The
+species originates in a plasmodium at first colorless, then white,
+followed by salmon or buff tints, which pass gradually into the dark
+brown of maturity. This peculiar succession of colors is perhaps more
+diagnostic than the difference in habit. The spores are, however,
+constantly smaller in all the specimens we have examined, and the
+stipitate habit very marked.
+
+New England, New York, south to South Carolina, and west to South
+Dakota; our finest specimens are from Missouri.
+
+
+3. TUBIFERA CASPARYI (_Rost._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE XII., Fig. 9.
+
+  1876. _Siphoptychium casparyi_ Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 32.
+
+Sporangia closely crowded, tubular, cylindric or prismatic by mutual
+pressure, connate, the apices rounded, convex, covered by a continuous
+membrane, umber-brown; the peridia firm, persistent, minutely granular,
+iridescent; hypothallus well developed, thin, brown, explanate;
+pseudo-columellae erect, rigid, traversing many of the sporangia, and in
+some instances bound back to the peridial walls by slender, membranous
+bands or threads, a pseudo-capillitium; spore-mass dark brown or umber,
+spores by transmitted light pale, globose, reticulate, 7.5-9  mu.
+
+This is _Siphoptychium casparyi_ Rost. In _Bot. Gaz._, XV., p. 319, Dr.
+Rex shows that the relationships of the species are with _Tubifera_;
+that the so-called columella is probably an abortive sporangium, the
+so-called capillitial threads having no homology with the capillitial
+threads of the true columelliferous forms. It is a good species of
+_Tubifera_, nothing more. The tubules are shorter than in either of the
+preceding species; the spores are darker, larger, and more thoroughly
+reticulate.
+
+The plasmodium is given by Dr. Rex, _l. c._, as white, then "dull gray
+tinged with sienna color," then various tones of sienna-brown, to the
+dark umber of the mature aethalium.
+
+New York, Adirondack Mountains; Allamakee Co., Iowa.
+
+
+=3. Alwisia= _Berk. & Br._
+
+PLATE XIX., Figs. 5 and 5 _a_.
+
+  1873. _Alwisia_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, Vol. XIV., p. 86.
+
+Sporangia ellipsoidal, clustered, stipitate; dehiscence by the falling
+away of the upper part of the peridium disclosing a persisting pencil of
+capillitial threads. A single species:--
+
+
+1. ALWISIA BOMBARDA _Berk. & Br._
+
+  1873. _Alwisia bombarda_ Berk. & Br., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, XIV., p. 86.
+
+Sporangia gathered in clusters of four to eight, surmounting coalescent,
+or sometimes divergent stalks, rusty-brown, or pallid, the peridium
+evanescent above; the coalescing stalks forming, especially below, a
+clustered column, 2 mm. in height, equalling the sporangia, dull
+reddish-brown in color; capillitium of rigid, tubular, generally simple
+threads, attaching above by delicate tips, below by a broader sometimes
+branching base, sometimes conjoined near the peridial wall, now and then
+at irregular intervals inflated slightly or anon bulbose, roughened by
+projecting spinules, one-third the diameter, brownish or yellow; spores
+reddish-brown, faintly marked by reticulating bands over large part of
+the surface, 5-5.5  mu.
+
+This peculiar species looks at first very little like a myxomycete. The
+stiff projecting hairs of the capillitium are hyphal in appearance and
+under the lens recall the phycomycetes; but the spores and withal the
+general structure seem to claim recognition here. Rostafinski was
+inclined to make a trichia of it, because of the hair-like capillitium,
+and markings on the threads, Massee found indistinct spiral markings
+even, enough to suit at least the prototrichias. Mr. Lister would put it
+near the tubifers. Father Torrend thinks of the dianemas, margaritas,
+etc., because of simple capillitium attached above and below!
+Spore-characters are probably the index most reliable, and the partial
+reticulation suggests association with _Tubifera_ and for the present it
+may find station there, as in the English monograph.
+
+Rare. Collected three times: twice in Ceylon, once in Jamaica. By the
+courtesy of Dr. Farlow, late lamented, we record the western specimens.
+
+
+_D._ RETICULARIACEAE
+
+Fructification aethalioid; the sporangia sometimes poorly defined,
+intricately associated, borne on a common hypothallus and covered above
+by a common cortex; the lateral walls variously perforate and
+incomplete, form a pseudo-capillitium; spores umber or ochraceous.
+
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Reticulariaceae=
+
+  _A._ Spores umber.
+
+    _a._ Sporangia wholly indeterminate, their walls much
+           consolidated below, fraying out above into
+           long, slender threads,                         1. RETICULARIA
+
+    _b._ Sporangia bounded, more or less distinctly, by
+           broad perforate plates throughout               2. ENTERIDIUM
+
+  _B._ Spores ochraceous                             3. DICTYDIAETHALIUM
+
+=1. Reticularia= (_Bull._) _Rost._
+
+  1791. _Reticularia_ Bulliard, _Champ. de la France_, p. 95, in part.
+  1873. _Reticularia_ (Bulliard) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 6.
+
+Plasmodium at first white, then pink, 'ashes of roses,' etc. Sporangia
+wholly indeterminate or undefined, their walls represented (?) by a
+spongy mass of so-called capillitium, consisting of membranous plates,
+branching, anastomosing, vanishing without order or symmetry, generally
+giving rise at the sides, and especially above, to long slender flexuous
+threads; outer cortex silvery white; hypothallus distinct, white;
+spore-mass and threads umber or rusty brown.
+
+A single species,--
+
+
+1. RETICULARIA LYCOPERDON (_Bull._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE X., Figs. 7, 7 _a_; PLATE XII., Fig. 3.
+
+  1791. _Reticularia lycoperdon_ Bull., _Champ. de la France_, p. 95.
+
+Aethalium pulvinate, 2-8 cm. broad, at first silvery white, later less
+lustrous, the cortex irregularly and slowly deciduous; hypothallus at
+first conspicuous as a white margin extending round the entire
+aethalium, evanescent without, but persisting as a firm membrane beneath
+the spore-mass, pseudo-capillitium abundant, tending to form erect
+central masses which persist long after the greater part of the fruit
+has been scattered by the winds; spore-mass umber, spores by transmitted
+light pale, reticulate over about two-thirds of the surface, the
+remainder slightly warted, 8-9  mu.
+
+Not common. Often confused with the following, the spores of the two
+forms being very much alike; the internal structure, entirely different,
+and once compared, the two are thereafter easily distinguished at sight
+by external characters. The sporangial make-up is indifferent, confused.
+It represents a phase in development whence might issue columellae with
+capillitium-branches or distinct tubular sporangia with persisting
+walls; or are such structures here but reminiscent only? Compare
+_Amaurochaete atra_, where similar conditions prevail. There
+differentiation goes on to the formation of a structure of which
+_Stemonitis_ is type; here the sporangium-wall becomes dominant; suffers
+modification for spore-disposal, an idea reaching fair expression in
+_Cribraria_ and _Dictydium_.
+
+The plasmodium is white, noted Bulliard. Fries cites with approval the
+words of Schweinitz,--"color corticis ab initio argenteus sericeo
+nitore insignis; sed deinde sordescit e griseo in subfuscum vergens."
+Sometimes the surface does indeed shine as silver!
+
+The fructification appears to be isolated in each case; the entire
+plasmodium consumed in a single plasmodiocarp.
+
+Widely distributed. Maine to California, and south.
+
+
+=2. Enteridium= _Ehrenberg_
+
+  1818. _Enteridium_ Ehrenberg, Link and Spreng., _Jahrb., Bd._ II.,
+           p. 55.
+
+Fructification aethalioid; the confluent sporangia inextricably
+interwoven, the walls perforate by large openings, the resultant network
+of broad plates and bands widening at the points of intersection.
+
+The genus _Enteridium_ is distinguished from _Reticularia_ chiefly by
+the more perfectly developed sporangial walls. These are everywhere
+membranous and do not show the abundant filiform dissipation so
+characteristic of _Reticularia_. The resultant structure in
+_Reticularia_ is a mass of more or less lengthened and anastomosing
+threads; in _Enteridium_, an exceedingly delicate but sufficiently
+persistent sponge. The "net-like, three-winged skeleton" referred to by
+Rostafinski results from the union at one point of three adjoining
+sporangia. Compare the section of the adjoining cells of a honeycomb.
+
+Of this genus there are but two or three species, all so far occurring
+in our territory.
+
+=Key to the Species of Enteridium=
+
+  _A._ Fructification umber brown                      1. _E. splendens_
+
+  _B._ Fructification olivaceous                       2. _E. olivaceum_
+
+  _C._ Fructification minute, 1-2 mm.                    3. _E. minutum_
+
+
+1. ENTERIDIUM SPLENDENS _Morg._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_; PLATE XII., Figs. 4, 5.
+
+  1876. _Reticularia_ (?) _rozeanum_ Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 33.
+  1889. _Enteridium rozeanum_ (Rost.) Wing., _Proc. Phil. Acad._,
+           p. 156.
+  1892. _Enteridium rozeanum_ Wingate, Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist.
+           Iowa_, II., p. 117.
+  1893. _Reticularia splendens_ Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 11.
+  1899. _Enteridium splendens_ Morg., Morg. _in litt._
+
+Aethalium pulvinate, even, or somewhat irregular, unevenly swollen or
+inflated, lobate or compound, covered by an exceedingly thin, generally
+smooth, shining, but never white, pellicle or cortex, brown, from 1-6
+cm. in diameter; hypothallus white, often wide extending; capillitium
+none; the sporangial walls thin and brown forming a network as above
+described; spore-mass umber, spores by transmitted light pale, about
+two-thirds of the surface reticulate, the rest nearly smooth, 7-9  mu.
+
+Very common, especially west, on decaying logs and stumps of every
+description. Easily distinguished by its brown color and smooth,
+shining, though uneven surface. The plasmodium as it emerges to form
+fruit is pale pink or flesh color, slowly deepening to brown as maturity
+advances. The first emergence is a watery white.
+
+New England, Canada, to Minnesota and Nebraska, South Dakota.
+
+In 1876 Rostafinski provisionally referred to the genus _Reticularia_
+certain specimens received from M. Roze of Paris. Thirteen years later
+in correspondence with M. Roze, Mr. Wingate satisfied himself that the
+specimens discovered by Roze were the same as our common enteridium. He
+therefore, _l. c._, applied to our American forms the name they have
+widely borne, _E. rozeanum_. Mr. Lister, _Jour. of Botany_, Sept. '91,
+applied the Rostafinskian name to certain English specimens. Thereafter
+to be known as _Reticularia lobata_ Rost. and so fixed the status of
+that species. From all the literature before us it appears that Mr.
+Lister was right. _R. lobata_ List. (now _Liceopsis lobata_ List.)
+Torr., occurs in various parts of Europe, while our American species of
+_Enteridium_ is yet to be discovered on that side of the sea!
+
+Were the latter native to the old world at all, it had surely been seen
+long ago. It is large and fine, and could not have escaped the famous
+collectors of the last two hundred years. Although it has been sent by
+students from this side of the ocean to Europe for more than thirty
+years, it has not even adventitiously appeared.
+
+It therefore appears that our American species is known to Europe
+through Mr. Wingate's reference only.
+
+Twenty years ago in correspondence with Mr. Wingate it was learned that
+the material received by him from M. Roze was but a small fragment,
+crushed flat, and even this was at that time no longer in evidence. This
+specimen was itself _not part of the gathering submitted to
+Rostafinski_; but only the fragment of something _appearing in 1890 in
+the same locality_!
+
+    ... "something not the same,
+    But only like its forecast in men's dreams."
+
+When we further reflect that the spores of species of several of the
+forms now in review, _Tubifera_, _Reticularia_, _Enteridium_, are not
+without difficulty distinguished, it is easy to see that Mr. Wingate's
+specific reference has narrow foundations to say the least. It seems now
+likely that Father Torrend's _Liceopsis_, _Reticulara lobata_ R., M.
+Roze's aftermath, and all, are but the depauperate forms of some
+tubifera!
+
+_E. rozeanum Wing._, is therefore the synonym for an ill-defined
+something in Western Europe and need not further here concern us as far
+material reference goes.
+
+In any case, what induced Mr. Wingate to pull Rostafinski's uncertain
+description of a problematic form across the sea, to attach it to our
+clearly defined and well known American species, changing the Polish
+description the while to make it fit, is hard to understand; especially
+in view of the fact, by Wingate admitted, that Rex had in his letters to
+Morgan already named the American type _Enteridium umbrinum_. The two
+students differed as to generic reference, and later on Morgan published
+_Reticularia splendens_ Morg.; rather than _R. umbrina_ (Rex) Morg.
+because he was using _R. umbrina_ Fr. for what is generally known as _R.
+lycoperdon_ (_Bull._)
+
+It would then appear that when Wingate sought to impose the
+Rostafinskian specific name upon our American form by changing (fixing!)
+Rostafinski's generic reference, and by re-writing the specific
+description from the pages of the _Monograph_ in order to claim
+identity, he was entirely without justification, especially since he
+knew the species appropriately named by his colleague, Dr. Rex, and had
+the name as used in the Rex and Morgan correspondence.
+
+In brief; Mr. Wingate proceeded to re-describe Rostafinski's rozean
+specimen and referred a long-known American form (very different) to the
+European specimen as type. Wingate's description is right; he had the
+American material before him; but his cited type is worthless, an
+entirely different thing.
+
+Does the reader care to see what the European _type_ of our common form,
+Wingate _teste_, really looks like, let him consult the _Jour. of
+Botany_, Vol. XXIX., p. 263, 1891.
+
+
+2. ENTERIDIUM OLIVACEUM _Ehr._
+
+  1818. _Enteridium olivaceum_ Ehr.
+
+Aethalium depressed flat, oval or elongate, .3 cm. in extent, .6 mm.
+thick when fresh, glossy, smooth, greenish-olivaceous-brown; within a
+spongy net-work representing sporangial walls which are thin, pale
+olivaceous, perforate by circular openings, meshes surrounded by wide
+plates; spores in clusters, six or more together, ovoid, distinctly
+warted at the wider end, pale olivaceous, 9-11  mu.
+
+This, the type of the genus, is a very distinct species of this by its
+structure readily distinguished form. Fries thought the species might
+represent a less perfectly-developed reticularia, and therefore wrote
+_Reticularia olivacea_ noting, however, the clustered spores and the
+lack of hypothallus.
+
+Common, as would appear, in Europe and in S. America; rare with us.
+Reported from N. Hampshire and we have one specimen from Colorado.
+
+
+3. ENTERIDIUM MINUTUM _Sturg._
+
+  1917. _Enteridium minutum_ Sturg., _Mycologia_, IX, p. 328.
+
+Aethalia rounded or elongate, pulvinate, pale umber in color, seated on a
+broad membranous base, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter; wall wrinkled and usually
+marked with small scattered pits, pale-yellow, membranous; walls of
+component sporangia, membranous, minutely roughened, perforated with
+round openings, the margins of which show many free threads; or reduced
+to irregular, anastomosing strands arising from the base of the
+aethalium, with membranous or net-like expansions at the angles and with
+many delicate, free, pointed ends. Spores pale-yellow, usually united in
+twos or threes, and ovoid or flattened on one side; when free, globose,
+very minutely spinulose, 9.5-10.5.
+
+Colorado: _Dr. Sturgis._
+
+
+=3. Dictydiaethalium= _Rostafinski_
+
+  1873. _Dictydiaethalium_ Rost., _Versuch_, p. 5.
+  1875. _Clathroptychium_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 224.
+
+Aethalium depressed, flat; the sporangia erect, regular, prismatic by
+mutual pressure, the peridia convex above, wanting at the sides and
+within the aethalium represented by vertical threads marking the angles
+and passing from base to summit.
+
+This genus is readily recognized by the internal structure of the
+aethalium. The lateral wall-openings, which, as we have seen,
+characterize the sporangia of the preceding genus, here become extreme,
+occupying to such extent the lateral wall-space of each sporangium that
+only threads remain to mark the vertical angles.
+
+In 1873 Rostafinski applied the generic name here adopted, because he
+thought he discovered close relationships with _Dictydium_. In 1875,
+believing his first impressions erroneous, and desirous that the
+nomenclature might not at once mislead the student and perpetuate the
+memory of his own mistake, the same author proposed the name by which
+the genus has generally ever since been known--_Clathroptychium_.
+However sensible the latter conclusion reached by our Polish author, it
+is plainly contrary to all rules of priority.
+
+Our region shows but a single widely distributed species,--
+
+
+1. DICTYDIAETHALIUM PLUMBEUM (_Schum._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+  1803. _Fuligo plumbea_ Schum., _Enum. Saell._, No. 1410.
+  1833. _Licea rugulosa_ Wall., _Cr. Fl. Ger._, IV., p. 345.
+  1873. _Dictydiaethalium plumbeum_ (Schum.) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 5.
+  1875. _Clathroptychium rugulosum_ (Wallr.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 225.
+  1894. _Dictydiaethalium plumbeum_ Rost., List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 157.
+
+Aethalium thin, very flat, olivaceous or ochraceous, smooth, under the
+lens punctate, in section showing the columnar or prismatic sporangia,
+which are normally six-sided, having at the edges six simple threads,
+the remains of peridium, extending from base to apex, where the peridium
+remains intact, arcuate; hypothallus prominent, radiating far around the
+aethalium, silvery white; spores in mass, ochraceous, or dull brownish
+yellow, by transmitted light almost colorless, rough 9-10  mu.
+
+Not rare, on decaying logs, especially of _Tilla americana_, where in
+the same place successive fructifications follow each other sometimes
+for weeks together in the latter part of summer and early fall. The
+aethalium is generally elliptical or elongate, 2-3 cm. in extent,
+sometimes irregular or branched, varying in color according to degree of
+maturity, weathering, etc. Plasmodium at first watery, then pink, or
+flesh-colored.
+
+Eastern United States; common. Toronto;--_Miss Currie._
+
+
+_E._ CRIBRARIACEAE
+
+Sporangia distinct, more or less closely gregarious, stipitate, the
+peridium opening, especially above, by a well-defined network formed
+from thickenings in the original sporangial wall.
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Cribrariaceae=
+
+  _A._ Peridial thickenings in form of an apical net
+         with definite thickenings at the intersections
+         of the component threads                           1. CRIBRARIA
+
+  _B._ Peridial thickenings in form of parallel
+         meridional ribs connected by delicate
+         transverse threads                                 2. DICTYDIUM
+
+
+=Cribraria= (_Pers_) _Schrader._
+
+  1794. _Cribraria_ Persoon, Roemer, _N. Bot. Mag._, I., p. 91, in part.
+  1797. _Cribraria_ Schrader, _Nov. Gen. Plant._, p. 1, in part.
+  1875. _Cribraria_ Rostafinski, _Mon._, p. 229.
+
+Sporangia distinct, gregarious or closely crowded, globose or obovoid,
+stipitate; the stipe of very varying length; the peridium simple, marked
+within by distinct and peculiar, granular, thickenings, which below take
+the form of radiating ribs, supporting the persisting cup, _calyculus_,
+and above, by extremely delicate anastomosing branches, unite to weave a
+more or less regular net with open polygonal meshes; spores various,
+more often yellowish or ochraceous, sometimes brown, reddish, or
+purple.
+
+The genus _Cribraria_, as limited by Persoon, included all forms in
+which the peridium is thin, evanescent half-way down, or entirely, and
+in which capillitium, as Persoon regarded the case, is formed of a
+network of reticulate threads surrounding the spores. Schrader redefined
+the genus; opposed Persoon's view as to the capillitial nature of the
+net, and separated the genus _Dictydium_, but by imperfect
+limitations,--in fact, chiefly because of the more completely evanescent
+peridium. Fries follows Schrader. Rostafinski first clearly separated
+the two genera, and his classification is here adopted. Nevertheless,
+after reviewing the subject entire one is more and more inclined to
+appreciate the commendation of Fries; "Auctor Schrader, qui insuper
+plurimas species detexit, et hoc et sequens genus ita proposuit ut
+sequentes vix aliquid addere valuerint."
+
+As to the habitat of the cribrarias, the remark of Schrader is still
+pertinent--"in vetustissimis plenariae destructionis proximis arborum
+truncis"--for all the species. Rotten, coniferous wood seems to be
+preferred, but the decayed logs of trees of other orders are by no means
+refused. Rotten oak forms a very common habitat.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Cribraria=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia with spores ochraceous or brownish.
+
+     _a._ Sporangia larger, .5 mm. or more.
+
+          1. Net poorly developed, sometimes merely
+               indicated                              1. _C. argillacea_
+
+          2. Net conspicuous, nodes expanded, not swollen.
+
+             i. Calyculus reticulately thickened,
+                  ill-defined above                   2. _C. macrocarpa_
+
+            ii. Calyculus with radiant lines or ribs;
+                  net small-meshed; free ends none    6. _C. aurantiaca_
+
+           iii. Net wide-meshed, calyx rufous               4. _C. rufa_
+
+            iv. Calyx replaced by ribs                 5. _C. splendens_
+
+          3. Net conspicuous, nodules swollen.
+
+             i. Net-threads simple; free ends many  7. _C. dictydioides_
+
+            ii. Net-threads often parallel in twos
+                  or threes                            8. _C. intricata_
+
+     _b._ Sporangia small, less than .5 mm.
+
+          1. Nodes not expanded                      3. _C. minutissima_
+
+          2. Nodes well shown.
+
+             i. Calyculus distinctly marked by
+                  radiant lines, nodes round            10. _C. tenella_
+
+            ii. Calyculus minute or none;
+                  nodes prominent                    11. _C. microcarpa_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia more or less marked with purple or violet tints.
+
+     _a._ Purple or violet throughout.
+
+          1. Net poorly developed                      12. _C. violacea_
+
+          2. Net well developed.
+
+             i. Meshes regular and the nodes
+                  distinct                              14. _C. elegans_
+
+            ii. Meshes and nodules irregular           13. _C. purpurea_
+
+     _b._ Purple tints confined chiefly to plasmodic
+            granules on the calyculus and stipe.
+
+             Net with nodes well expanded.
+
+             i. Stipe short, not more than double the
+                  sporangium; net and calyculus both
+                  well developed                      9. _C. piriformis_
+
+            ii. Stipe many times the sporangium,
+                  weak                              15. _C. languescens_
+
+           iii. Stipe slender, sporangium
+                  copper-colored                         16. _C. cuprea_
+
+
+1. CRIBRARIA ARGILLACEA _Pers._
+
+PLATE XII., Figs. 12, 13; PLATE XVII., Fig. 1.
+
+  1791. _Stemonitis argillacea_ (Pers.) Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, II., 1469.
+  1796. _Cribraria argillacea_ Pers., _Obs. Myc._, I., p. 90.
+
+Sporangia dull ochraceous-olivaceous, globose, nearly 1 mm. in diameter,
+sessile or short stipitate, closely gregarious or crowded, the peridial
+walls at maturity smooth, shining, except above, long persistent,
+obscurely reticulate, with irregular thickenings which at the apex at
+length present the appearance of an irregular, coarsely meshed net
+without nodal thickenings; stipe very short, stout, erect, reddish
+brown, spore-mass ochraceous, spores by transmitted light pale,
+spinulose, 5-6  mu.
+
+This species stands just on the border-line between the tubiferas and
+the genus now before us. While on the one hand it possesses many
+characters such as the habit, form of sporangium, which are distinctly
+tubuline, on the other it shows in the upper peridial wall definite
+reticulations which suggest _Cribraria_. In freshly formed sporangia the
+reticulations are barely visible in the crown; later on they are more
+manifest, until, as spore-dispersal proceeds; the cribraria characters
+come out with sufficient distinctness, and in empty sporangia the
+reticulations may be seen to affect the entire peridial wall. The nodes
+are not expanded. The spores are pale by transmitted light, spinulose,
+about 6  mu. Plasmodium lead-colored. Found sometimes in large patches on
+rotten logs of various species. Not uncommon. Cf. _Lindbladia effusa_.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Ohio, Illinois,
+Iowa, Washington; Canada.
+
+
+2. CRIBRARIA MACROCARPA _Schrader._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 2.
+
+  1797. _Cribraria macrocarpa_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Plant._, p. 8.
+
+Sporangia more or less closely gregarious, yellowish brown, pear-shaped
+or obovate, large, .8-1 mm. in diameter, stipitate; stipe brown
+furrowed, erect or often nodding, about equal to the sporangium or
+longer; calyculus distinct, marked by numerous dark brown radiating
+ribs, iridescent, perforate above, deeply dentate, and merging gradually
+into the elegant network, of which the dark nodes are more distinctly
+expanded about half way up, less so at the apex and below, the filaments
+exceedingly delicate, simple, with occasional free ends projecting into
+the small meshes; spore-mass yellowish, spores by transmitted light
+almost colorless, minutely roughened, 5-6  mu.
+
+Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the present species, aside
+from its large size, is the peculiarly perforated cup or calyculus.
+Schrader's artist failed him here completely. The structure is
+exceedingly delicate, the peridium between the ribs and reticulations
+reduced to the last degree of tenuity, with the iridescence of the
+soap-bubble, here and there lapsed entirely. Withal the structure seems
+firm enough and persists until all the spores are dissipated by the
+wind.
+
+Easily distinguished from the preceding, its only rival in size, by the
+obovate or turbinate, netted sporangium, its much longer stem, and flat,
+perfectly formed nodes.
+
+Rare. New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Oregon; Toronto,
+Canada.
+
+
+3. CRIBRARIA MINUTISSIMA _Schweinitz._
+
+PLATE XVII., Figs. 6, 6 _a_.
+
+  1832. _Cribraria minutissima_ Schw., _N. A. F._, No. 2362.
+
+Sporangia scattered, orange or nut-brown, very minute, .1-.3 mm. or
+less, globose or ellipsoidal, stipitate, erect or nodding; hypothallus
+none; stipe short, 1-3 times the sporangium, filiform, tapering upward,
+brown; the calyculus variable, sometimes well marked and separated from
+the net when fully mature, by a shallow constriction, more commonly
+small or entirely wanting, especially in the spherical sporangia; net
+simple, large meshed, without nodal expansions, the threads flattened;
+spore-mass yellow, spores by transmitted light, pale, nearly smooth, 5-6
+ mu.
+
+A most beautiful tiny species. Generally in all the specimens before us,
+a perfect, spherical net, firm enough to retain its place and structure
+after all the spores have been scattered. When mature the spore-mass
+seems to roll about as a ball, freely within the net, the spores being
+thus gradually dispersed. The calyculus when present is without veins.
+_C. minima_ Berk. & C., and _C. microscopica_ Berk. & C. are doubtless
+the same thing. _Grev._, II., p. 67, 1823. See also _Bot. Gaz._, XIX.,
+397.
+
+Rare. Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Missouri, Iowa; Black Hills, South
+Dakota.
+
+
+4. CRIBRARIA RUFA (_Roth_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XIX., Fig. 8.
+
+  1788. _Stemonitis rufa_ Roth, _Fl. Germ._, I., p. 548.
+  1794. _Cribraria rufescens_ Pers., Roemer, _N. Mag. Bot._, I.,
+           p. 91.
+  1797. _Cribraria fulva_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 5.
+
+Sporangia scattered, sub-globose or turbinate, dark or reddish orange,
+.5-.7 mm. in diameter, erect, stipitate; stipe about equalling the
+height of the sporangium or longer, dark brown or black; calyculus
+one-third to one-half the sporangium, the margin toothed, the wall
+ribbed and continuous with the open wide-meshed net; the network deep
+yellow or orange, the threads flattened; the nodes not thickened, little
+differentiated; spores concolorous, by transmitted light, pale yellow,
+verruculose, 5-7  mu.
+
+Similar to the preceding, but generally much larger and not so much
+inclined to brown. The size, however, is extremely variable in sporangia
+from the same plasmodium (reported white), some no larger than those of
+the species reckoned most minute.
+
+Oregon. _Professor Morton Peck._
+
+
+5. CRIBRARIA SPLENDENS (_Schrader_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XIX., Fig. 10.
+
+  1797. _Dictydium splendens_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen._, p. 14.
+  1801. _Cribraria splendens_ (Schrad.) Pers., _Syn. Fung._, p. 191.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, dusky yellow when filled with spores,
+dull or dusky brown when these are discharged, stipitate; stipe long,
+3-4 times the sporangium, subulate, erect-nodding, brown; hypothallus
+none; network brown, with large meshes, imperfectly defined nodes and
+flattened threads; calyculus none, its place supplied by nine or ten
+distinct, firm ribs which radiate from the stipe and support the net,
+branching to blend with its reticulations; spore-mass yellow, spores by
+transmitted light, colorless, smooth or nearly so, 6-7.5  mu.
+
+Of this species two specimens only are before us, one from Muscatine
+County, Iowa, and one from Washington (state). The species seems thus to
+have wide range, but to be exceedingly rare. It differs from all other
+American forms, so far described, in the peculiar development of the
+calyculus. Rostafinski emphasizes the persistence of the peridial wall
+and the peculiar gleaming of the metallic tints, displayed by all the
+structures. These particulars we have not been able to verify. Such
+characters may be incident to age or conditions of development. At all
+events, in forms which in all other respects seem to agree exactly with
+Rostafinski's descriptions, the colors are dull and without any
+noticeable iridescence. The spores in our specimens are also a little
+larger than quoted. Rostafinski gives 5-6  mu; Massee, 5-7  mu.
+
+
+6. CRIBRARIA AURANTIACA _Schrader._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 3, and XIX., Fig. 7.
+
+  1797. _Cribraria aurantiaca_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 5.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, spherical, dusky or yellowish stipitate, nodding;
+the calyculus variable, generally prominent, more or less distinctly
+marked by fine, delicate radiating venules, the margin denticulate, the
+teeth numerous and slender, supporting the well-defined globose net;
+network made up of very tenuous threads, forming rather small irregular
+brownish nodules and showing only here and there a free extremity; stipe
+generally short, two or three times the diameter of the sporangium,
+sometimes longer, tapering upward, brown, slender, arcuate above;
+spore-mass yellow or ochraceous, spores by transmitted light, colorless,
+5-6  mu, almost smooth.
+
+This widely distributed and very variable species is generally
+recognized by the large sporangia, .5-.9 mm., comparatively short stipe,
+simple net, and more or less orange color. The color is an uncertain
+thing even in the sporangia, which rise from one plasmodium. Schrader,
+however, made this feature so far diagnostic that he placed the more
+pronouncedly yellow forms in the species _C. aurantiaca_ and set off as
+_C. vulgaris_ forms in which more dusky tints prevail. The dark-colored
+forms have also usually longer stipes, but so much is dependent upon the
+climatic conditions prevalent at the time of fruiting, that this feature
+also is indeterminate. Rostafinski's figures, 21 and 26, Tab. II., show
+the characteristic nodules and the typical net structure. It is to be
+observed that Fig. 21 represents higher magnification; otherwise the two
+figures are very much alike.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland and South, Ohio,
+Washington, California; Canada, Toronto.
+
+
+7. CRIBRARIA DICTYDIOIDES _Cke. & Balf._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 5, 5 _a_, 5 _b_, and XIX., 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.
+
+  1881. _Cribraria dictydioides_ Cke. & Balf., _Rav. Fung. Am._, 475.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, of medium size, globose, cernuous, stipitate; the
+stipe long, slender, tapering upwards, dull brown in color; hypothallus
+none; the calyculus variable, sometimes well developed, as in _C.
+aurantiaca_, sometimes rudimentary or represented only by irregular,
+node-like ribs; the network delicate, the meshes small, few-sided; the
+nodules large, prominent, brown, irregular, with several radiating,
+free, projecting threads, beside the single continuous filaments which
+pass from node to node; spore-mass pale, ochraceous; spores nearly
+smooth, colorless, 5-7  mu.
+
+This seems to be the most common _Cribraria_ in the Mississippi valley.
+It is generally distinguished by the scant calyculus and the beautiful
+richness of its clear delicate net. The stellate nodules especially
+above, emit filamental rays in all directions, but are, notwithstanding,
+united by single, unpaired threads only. The calyculus is often entirely
+absent, and this has been supposed the typical condition; but, on the
+contrary, there often may present itself a cup as distinct as in _C.
+aurantiaca_. See, for this variation, _Bot. Gaz._ XIX., p. 398. The
+rather large sporangia, .6-.7 mm., the nodes joined by single threads,
+the remaining radiant threads, many or few, but very short--these seem
+to be the most distinctly diagnostic characters, and these are
+sufficiently constant to separate this species easily from _C.
+intricata_ on the one hand and _C. tenella_ on the other. Mr. Lister
+considers this merely a form of the next species.
+
+Abundant on rotten logs of every sort, especially oak; common on the
+lower side of rotting pine planks in wooden walks along the streets
+everywhere. N. A. F., 2095, seems to belong here.
+
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska.
+
+
+8. CRIBRARIA INTRICATA (_Schrad._) _Rost._
+
+  1797. _Cribraria intricata_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 7.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose, large, .7-1 mm. in diameter, nut-brown or
+olivaceous, erect, stipitate; stipe long, slender, purplish brown,
+flexuous; calyculus variable, sometimes occupying one-third of the
+sphere, when it is delicately costate, concolorous with the stipe, and
+passes over to the net by a distinctly toothed or serrulate margin,
+sometimes represented by irregular ribs or costae only; net well
+differentiated, the threads delicate, transparent, yellow, connecting
+large black nodules, running from one to the other in pairs or sometimes
+three together, free ends not numerous, the meshes few-sided, often
+triangular; spores in mass, dull olivaceous, under the lens pallid,
+nearly smooth, 6-7  mu.
+
+A very rare species, if indeed it occur in this country. At least the
+form figured by Rostafinski, Tab. II., Fig. 27, and Massee, Pl. 1, Fig.
+11, has not come to our notice. The parallelism of the net threads is a
+touch added by Rostafinski; Schrader does not mention it. Lister makes
+this species include the preceding. The form described in _Bull. Lab.
+Nat. Hist. Ia._ II., p. 119, is _C. dictydioides_.
+
+Reported from New York, New England and Pennsylvania.
+
+In the English _Monograph_ we are repeatedly assured that this species
+is common in the United States. The statement is made possible only by
+the inclusion of the form originally described from America and truly
+abundant east of the Rocky Mountains, _C. dictydioides_ Cke. & Balf.;
+_C. intricata_, by all accounts, just as preeminently the species of
+Europe. It is true that Schrader did not emphasize the parallel
+connecting threads by which later authorities distinguish the form; he
+had little occasion so to do, even did his figures intend accuracy in
+each detail, which they did not, and Rostafinski's, though his drawing
+is a diagram, certainly knew what he was doing. Cooke, in his list for
+Great Britain, quotes the Polish text without dissent, and Massee
+follows and illustrates; so that there can be no doubt as to what the
+European species is.
+
+In any cribraria the presence or relative obsolesence, of the calyculus
+is of little taxonomic import since that structure is variable in every
+species. In the latest edition of Mr. Lister's work, the American form
+is entered as a variety in "hot-houses"; apparently adventitious; it is
+indeed related to the European form but is a geographic species.
+
+
+9. CRIBRARIA PIRIFORMIS _Schrader._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 9; PLATE XIX., Fig. 9.
+
+  1797. _Cribraria piriformis_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 4.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, small, .3-.5 mm., turbinate or globose, erect,
+purplish brown, stipitate; stipe comparatively short, tapering upward,
+longitudinally furrowed, purple or brown; calyculus very well defined,
+about one-third the sporangium, not ribbed, flattened or even umbilicate
+below, the margin plainly denticulate, dusky brown; the net simple, the
+meshes large, triangular, with few free ends; the nodules small,
+globose or undifferentiated, slightly convex or flat; spore mass dull,
+yellowish brown; spores by transmitted light pale ochraceous or
+salmon-tinted, nearly smooth, 5-6  mu.
+
+Schrader defined this beautiful form chiefly by its shape. This, though
+variable, is yet generally so far pyriform as to show distinct
+contraction toward the stipe. The well-defined calyculus is narrowed
+below and eroded or denticulate above. The cyanic tints due to the
+presence on the calyculus of radiating lines of purplish granules about
+one-half the size of the spores, the net open, uniform, the stipe rather
+stout, short, and distinctly furrowed, rising often from a small
+hypothallus--these are marks of this species. The net suggests _C.
+tenella_, but the latter species is much smaller, has a different stem,
+much longer and unfurrowed. The cup here is more nearly that of some
+form of _C. intricata_, but is better defined, passing into the net very
+abruptly by the simple intervention of projecting teeth.
+
+Apparently rare. Our specimens are from New York, through the courtesy
+of Dr. Rex, Virginia, North Carolina, Iowa, Oregon, Colorado, and
+represent, as usual a modification of the European type, _C. notabilis_
+Rex. Miss Lister, _Mon., 2nd ed._, writes var. _notabilis_.
+
+Colorado forms are remarkable for dense brown coloration.
+
+
+10. CRIBRARIA TENELLA _Schrader._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 5.
+
+  1797. _Cribraria tenella_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 6.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, small, .3-.5 mm. in diameter or smaller,
+olivaceous or ochraceous, long-stipitate, nodding; stipe slender, dark
+brown or blackish, very long, reaching 6 mm., weak and flexuous;
+calyculus variable, sometimes well defined, brown, costate, sometimes
+represented by the costae only connected by a thin, transparent membrane;
+net well differentiated, the meshes small, irregular, the nodes small,
+black, more or less globular, prominent, connected by transparent
+threads with occasional or a few free ends; spores in mass,
+olivaceous-ochraceous, under the lens pallid, globose, smooth, 5-7  mu.
+
+Very common eastward and south, on the weathered surface of rotten wood.
+Generally easily recognized by its very long stipe, small, globose
+sporangium dotted with numerous small roundish nodules projecting
+plainly above the general surface. The obconic calyculus is always
+represented in the outline if not in definite structure.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Tennessee, Illinois,
+Missouri, Iowa, Canada; Toronto,--_Miss Currie._
+
+
+11. CRIBRARIA MICROCARPA (_Schrad._) _Persoon._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 4.
+
+  1797. _Dictydium microcarpum_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 13.
+  1801. _Cribraria microcarpa_ Schrad., Pers., _Syn._, p. 190.
+  1875. _Cribraria microcarpa_ (Schrad.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 235.
+  1892. _Cribraria microcarpa_ Schrad., Massee, _Mon._, p. 63.
+  1893. _Cribraria microcarpa_ Schrad., Morg., _Myx. Mi. Vall._, p. 15.
+  1899. _Cribraria microcarpa_ Schrad., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 168.
+  1911. _Cribraria microcarpa_ Pers., Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 183 (?).
+
+Sporangia loosely gregarious, very small, .2-.3 mm. in diameter, yellow
+ochraceous, stipitate, nodding; stipe comparatively stout, dark brown or
+blackish, tapering upward, often twisted at the apex as in _D.
+cancellatum_; calyculus none, represented by simple ribs which give off
+at intervals free or floating branchlets before blending into the common
+net; net well developed, the meshes large, the nodes small, irregular,
+though often rounded and prominent, black, connected by delicate
+transparent threads, with free ends few or none; spore-mass yellow,
+fading to ochraceous; spores pale, smooth, globose, 6-7  mu.
+
+This species resembles at first sight the preceding, and has been often
+mistaken for it. As a matter of fact, the distinctions are generally
+very sharp. In the first place, the sporangia, when carefully measured,
+are seen to be not more than half as great in diameter; the meshes of
+the net, on the other hand, are much wider, the whole structure more
+compact. The nodules are like those of _tenella_, but are much fewer.
+The stipe is shorter, the cup wanting, and the costae are few and simple.
+The color suggests _C. aurantiaca_. The habitat and distribution as _C.
+tenella_.
+
+To anyone who will read the account of the species as given by the
+English _Mon., 2nd ed._, p. 183, it is immediately apparent that the
+author has in mind a different form from that seen and described in our
+territory and previously noted by the authors of Europe. These from
+Schrader down, agree in portraying a brunescent form with yellow spores;
+Mr. Lister enters it with the cyanic series and so describes and figures
+it throughout. Schrader figures a nut-brown species; Rostafinski uses
+that descriptive term in connection with the general appearance when
+fresh, but gives the spore-mass yellow; only in the stipe does he find
+another tint, nut-brown-purple. The figure, 145 in the _Monograph_ now
+before us portrays, except in color, our _C. tenella_ exactly. Dr. Rex,
+_Bot. Gaz._, XIX., 398, compares the present species with _C.
+minutissima_, and _C. tenella_ with _C. dictydioides_; which is correct
+for the American presentation of the species named. _C. dictydioides_ is
+certainly our presentation of _C. intricata_, a geographic species at
+the least; but if _C. microcarpa_ is purple we have of it no
+representation; our forms under that name are closely related to _C.
+tenella_, a yellow-spored species, and might perhaps be there referred;
+have, however, somewhat larger spores.
+
+
+12. CRIBRARIA VIOLACEA _Rex._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 8.
+
+  1891. _Cribraria violacea_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 393.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, very small, .2 mm. in diameter,
+violet tinted, erect, stipitate short, about one-half the total height,
+concolorous, slender, tapering upward; calyculus crateriform,
+persistent, or marked with minute plasmodic granules; the net
+rudimentary or poorly developed, the meshes large, irregular, the
+nodules also large triangular, violaceous; spores pale violet in mass,
+by transmitted light reddish, 7-8  mu, minutely warted.
+
+A very minute but well-marked species discovered by Dr. Rex in
+Wissahickon Park, near Philadelphia, otherwise very rare. Lister,
+however, reports it from England. In minuteness to be compared with _C.
+minutissima_, from which its color instantly distinguishes it. Dr. Rex
+reports the plasmodium as "violet black." All our specimens are on very
+rotten wood, basswood, _Tilia americana_.
+
+Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa.
+
+
+13. CRIBRARIA PURPUREA _Schrad._
+
+  1797. _Cribraria purpurea_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 8.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, large, 1 mm. in diameter, dark purple, erect,
+stipitate, depressed-globose; stipe concolorous, furrowed, about twice
+the diameter of the sporangium in length, with a distinct hypothallus;
+calyculus persistent, less than half the sporangium, obscurely ribbed,
+marked by concentric plications, the margin toothed; the net poorly
+differentiated, the meshes irregular in form and size, as are also the
+flat, unthickened nodes, the threads pale, free ends short and not
+numerous; spore-mass purple; spores by transmitted light, pale or
+colorless, 5-6  mu, smooth.
+
+Rare. Found on rotten coniferous wood in deep forests. Easily recognized
+by its large size and uniform purple color. To the next species it
+offers a general resemblance, but has larger sporangia and an entirely
+different net. The plasmodium just before the formation of the fruit is
+scarlet.
+
+Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Oregon, Colorado.
+
+
+14. CRIBRARIA ELEGANS _Berk. & C._
+
+  1873. _Cribraria elegans_ Berk. & Curt., _Grev._, II., p. 67.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, erect or nodding, small, .4-.5 mm., bright purple,
+stipitate; stipe long, slender, tapering upward, almost black, arising
+from a scanty hypothallus; calyculus about half the sporangium, finely
+ribbed, covered especially above with small purple granules, the margin
+toothed or perforate; net well developed, the meshes small, polygonal,
+the threads delicate, colorless, with many free ends, the nodules
+dark-colored, numerous and somewhat prominent; spore-mass pale purple;
+spores by transmitted light pale violaceous, smooth, 6-6.5  mu.
+
+To be compared with the preceding. The small-meshed net with
+well-defined, dark-colored nodules is distinctive, aside from the fact
+of the much smaller sporangia. The stipe is also different, more
+slender, smooth, and dark-colored. The habitat of the two species
+appears to be the same. The present species is much more common, ranges
+farther west, and is to be looked for on the Pacific coast.
+
+New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Missouri, Iowa; Black Hills,
+South Dakota.
+
+
+15. CRIBRARIA LANGUESCENS _Rex._
+
+  1891. _Cribraria languescens_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 394.
+
+Sporangia scattered, very minute, .25-.35 mm., spherical,
+long-stipitate, drooping; stipe 2.5-3 mm., slender, flexuous, subulate,
+rugulose; calyculus about one-third the sporangium, reddish brown,
+shining, minutely striate with granular lines, the margin more or less
+regularly serrate; net reddish brown, the meshes triangular and the
+threads simple, the nodes large, polygonal, flat, but well
+differentiated; the spores when fresh dull red in mass, paling with age;
+by transmitted light colorless, 6  mu, smooth.
+
+A very singular species, easily recognizable by its long, slender
+stipes, terminating in exceedingly small spherical sporangia. The colors
+are obscure, but the striations on the calyculus are violet-tinted, and
+the reds perhaps predominate elsewhere. "In its scattered and solitary
+growth, its tall, slender stipes, and relaxed habit it resembles _C.
+microcarpa_, in its network it approaches _C. tenella_, and its spores
+have the color of the paler form of _C. purpurea_." So Dr. Rex, _l. c._
+Western forms of the first-named species have much shorter stipes; the
+network in the specimens before us is unlike that of _C. tenella_, but
+resembles that of _C. purpurea_.
+
+Rare, on very rotten wood, in the forest. New York, Ohio, South
+Carolina, Ontario.
+
+
+16. CRIBRARIA CUPREA _Morgan._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 7.
+
+  1893. _Cribraria cuprea_ Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc_., p. 16.
+
+Sporangium very small, .33 mm., oval or somewhat obvoid, copper-colored,
+stipitate, nodding; stipe concolorous or darker below, subulate, curved
+at the apex, 2-4 times the sporangium; calyculus about one-half the
+sporangium, finely ribbed and granulose within, the margin nearly even;
+the net rather rudimentary, the meshes large, triangular or
+quadrilateral, the nodules also large, flat, concolorous, the threads
+slender, transparent, with free ends few; spores in mass copper-colored,
+by transmitted light colorless, smooth, 6-7  mu.
+
+Recognizable by its small size and peculiar color, that of bright
+copper, although this fades somewhat with age, and the metallic tints
+are then lacking. Related to the preceding and in specimens having
+globular sporangia closely resembling it; but the ground color in _C.
+languescens_ is always darker, and the stipe proportionally much longer.
+In habit the sporangia are widely scattered, much more than is common in
+the species of this genus. Miss Lister, _2nd ed._ regards this as a var.
+of No. 15.
+
+Comparatively rare. Before us is one very small colony of sporangia from
+Iowa, one from Ohio, and a large number from Missouri. If one may judge
+from the material at hand, the favorite habitat is very rotten basswood,
+_Tilia americana_.
+
+
+=2. Dictydium= (_Schrad._) _Rost._
+
+Sporangia distinct, gregarious, globose or depressed-globose, stipitate,
+cernuous; the peridium very delicate, evanescent, thickened on the
+inside by numerous meridional costae which are joined at frequent
+intervals by fine transverse threads more or less parallel to each
+other, forming a persistent network of rectangular meshes.
+
+The ribs or costae of the spore-case radiate from the top of the stipe
+and unite again at the top of the sporangium in a feeble, irregular net.
+Schrader, _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 11, 1797, applied the name _Dictydium_ to
+all _Cribraria_-like species in which the calyculus was wanting. Fries
+follows this, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 164. Rostafinski, _Versuch_, p. 5,
+_Mon._, p. 229, first correctly limits the genus and separates it from
+_Cribraria_. 1873-75.
+
+A single species is widely distributed throughout the world,--
+
+
+1. DICTYDIUM CANCELLATUM (_Batsch_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 6, 6 _a_ and PLATE XIX., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_, 1 _c_,
+2, 3.
+
+  1789. _Mucor cancellatus_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, II., p. 131.
+  1797. _Dictydium umbilicatum_ Schrad., _Nov. Gen. Pl._, p. 11.
+  1801. _Cribraria cernua_ Pers., _Syn._, p. 189.
+  1816. _Dictydium cernuum_ Nees, _Syst. d. Pilz._, p. 117.
+  1875. _Dictydium cernuum_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 229.
+  1893. _Dictydium longipes_ Morg., _Cin. Soc. Jour._, p. 17, in part.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, depressed globose, nodding, the apex at length
+umbilicate, stipitate, in color brown, or brownish purple; the stipe
+varying much in length from two to ten times the diameter of the
+sporangium, attaining 5-6 mm., generally erect, more or less twisted and
+pallid at the apex, below dark brown, with hypothallus small or none;
+calyculus often wanting, when present a mere film connecting the ribs of
+the net; the net made up chiefly of meridional ribs connected at
+intervals by transverse parallel threads, above an open _Cribraria_-like
+network closing the apex and more or less rudimentary; the spores
+varying in color through all shades of brown and purple when seen in
+mass, by transmitted light reddish, 5-7  mu, smooth or nearly so.
+
+This species in the United States is one of the most variable in the
+whole group. The extremes of such variation might easily constitute
+types for several distinct species were it not that in all directions
+the varieties shade into each other so completely as to defy definition.
+We have before us specimens purple throughout and short-stemmed; purple
+with stem long, pale and twisted at apex; brown, with the same
+variations; short-stemmed, with the apex of the stem pallid, and
+long-stemmed, with and without the same peculiarity. Morgan (_Cin. Soc.
+Nat. Hist. Jour._, 1893) would set off the purple, long-stemmed forms as
+_D. longipes_, "stipe three to five times the sporangium," but here are
+forms in which the stem is ten times the diameter of the sporangium,
+which yet possess in all other particulars the characters of the
+short-stemmed forms. European forms also vary. Massee figures one type;
+Lister, one or two others; Rostafinski's figure indicates a taller form;
+Fries says, "Stipes elongatus, peridio quinquies et ultra longior." It
+seems reasonable to suppose that the variation is largely due to
+atmospheric conditions at the time of fruiting. The purple forms may be
+cases of arrested development, since the plasmodium appears to be in all
+cases purple, or at least they seem to represent those plasmodia which
+have failed of normal ripening. We may recognize two or three general
+types, distinguished primarily by color:--
+
+a. _D. cancellatum cancellatum._--Sporangia clear brown or with only a
+purplish tinge, the stipe tapering upward, and in extreme cases
+perfectly white at the twisted apex. The stipe in length ranges from
+three to ten times the diameter of the sporangium. The reticulations of
+the net are generally small and the ribs numerous. This is the most
+highly differentiated, finished type of the species.
+
+b. _D. cancellatum purpureum._--Sporangium dark, the purple tints
+predominating, the stipe tapering upward, more or less twisted at the
+paler, sometimes almost colorless, apex. The stipe ranges a little
+shorter than in the preceding variety, three to seven times the
+sporangium. The reticulations of the net are often coarse, the ribs
+being fewer; the whole structure weak and showing signs of imperfect
+development.
+
+The figures, 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_, 1 _c, l. c._, illustrate the ideal
+accomplishment in form (a). The color is a clear definite brown with no
+suggestion of purple anywhere. The stipes are three or four times the
+diameter of the sporangium, brown below, white above, and twisted to
+allow the sporangium to hang inverted. This is complete in every part; a
+definite bell-shaped calyx, widening into the cancellate receptacle, the
+margin constricted, and closed at last by the apical net, _cribrum_,
+sign of the order.
+
+In form (b), the structure is similar but by no means so symmetrical and
+complete. The calyx often fails, or is present by obscure indications
+only. The cancellation is coarser, the number of ribs fewer, the whole
+sporangium more or less globose; ferruginous or purple, the prevailing
+tint. Figs. on Pl. 1. are from the ferruginous type.
+
+Figure 3 represents a beautiful thing; cup-less, ellipsoidal, delicate,
+of average size and in every way well-proportioned, clear rosy brown in
+color.
+
+This may stand for a third variety; (c) _D. cancellatum prolatum_.
+
+Common everywhere. The fruit appears in June on decaying logs and stumps
+of various species of deciduous trees, conifers, etc., the finest, and
+greatest variety, are from southern Missouri.
+
+
+ORDER IV
+
+=LYCOGALALES=
+
+Fructification aethalioid; peridium membranaceous, tough, simple, without
+vesiculose with protoplasmic masses, within gelatinous; the capillitium
+of cortical origin, consisting of irregular lobate or branching tubules,
+varying much in width, and marked by numerous corrugations, irregular
+warts or bands; spores minute, ashen or pallid.
+
+This order includes but a single genus,--
+
+
+=Lycogala= _Micheli._
+
+  1729. _Lycogala_ Micheli, _Nov. Plant. Gen._, pp. 216, 217.
+  1753. _Lycoperdon_ Linn. _Syst. Nat._, in part.
+  1794. _Lycogala_ Persoon, Roemer, _N. Bot. Mag._, p. 87.
+
+Micheli's description and figures, _Nov. Plant. Gen._, pp. 216, 217,
+Tab. 95, leave no doubt but that this illustrious man had species of
+_Lycogala_ before him when he described the genus. His figure 1. no
+doubt portrays the second species in our present list. More recent
+writers, from Persoon down, have used Micheli's designation, but
+differed in regard to the limits to which the name should be applied. It
+is here used substantially as in 1729. Fries and, after him, Rostafinski
+make a mistake in quoting Retzius as writing _Lycogala_ (1769). Retzius
+wrote _Lycoperdon sessile; Kongl. Vetenskaps Acad. Handling, foer Ar._
+1769, p. 254.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Lycogala=
+
+  _A._ Aethalia irregularly globose.
+
+     _a._ Cortex minutely roughened or warted; about
+            12 mm. in diameter                        1. _L. epidendrum_
+
+     _b._ Cortex smooth, size large                 2. _L. flavo-fuscum_
+
+     _c._ Cortex rough; diameter 6 mm. or less           3. _L. exiguum_
+
+  _B._ Aethalia conical                                   4. _L. conicum_
+
+
+
+1. LYCOGALA EPIDENDRUM (_Buxb._) _Fries._
+
+  1721. _Lycoperdon epidendron_, etc., Buxb., _En. Pl. Hal._, p. 203.
+  1753. _Lycoperdon epidendrum_ Linn., _Sp. Pl._, p. 1184.
+  1829. _Lycogala epidendrum_ (Buxb.) Fries, _Syst. Myc._ III., p. 80.
+
+Aethalia solitary or clustered, depressed spherical, or, when crowded,
+irregular, olivaceous or blackish, minutely warted, 3-10 mm. in
+diameter, dehiscing irregularly, but more often near the apex; peridium
+thin, but tough and persistent, made up of numerous agglutinated tubules
+enclosing in their mashes peculiar cell-like vesicles; capillitium
+parietal, consisting of long, branching, and anastomosing flattened
+tubules extended inwardly among the spores, everywhere marked by
+transverse wrinkles, ridges, and warts, the free ends of the ultimate
+branchlets rounded, concolorous with the spores; spore-mass, when fresh,
+rosy, or ashen with a rosaceous or purplish tinge, becoming with age
+sordid or ochraceous, spores by transmitted light colorless, minutely
+roughened or reticulate, 5-6  mu.
+
+This is not only a cosmopolitan species, but is no doubt, the most
+common slime-mould in the world. Found everywhere on decaying wood of
+all sorts, more particularly on that of deciduous trees. It has likewise
+been long the subject of observation. It is doubtless the "_Fungus
+coccineus_" of Ray, 1690, and the type of Micheli's genus as here, 1729.
+The different colors assumed, from the rich scarlet of the emerging
+plasmodium to the glistening bronze of the newly formed aethalium, have
+suggested various descriptive names,--as _L. miniata_ Pers., _L.
+chalybeum_ of Batsch, and _L. plumbea_ Schum. The peridium is by authors
+described as double. This is for description only. In structure the
+outer and inner peridium completely blend. The outer is predominately
+vesiculose, the inner more gelatinous. For discussion of the microscopic
+structure see under the next species.
+
+Common. New England, west to Nebraska, South Dakota, Colorado,
+Washington, Oregon, California; Alberta to Nicaragua.
+
+_Lycogala terrestre_ Fr., _Syst. Myc._, III., 83, appears to be a
+variety of the present species. In spores and capillitial thread the
+forms are indistinguishable; the difference is a matter of size, and to
+some extent, of the color of the wall. The specimens are a little
+larger, depressed and angular. The peridium is paler, smoother, though
+sometimes almost black, thin, ruptured irregularly. But the form and
+color of the peridium in the sporocarps of the older species vary much
+in response to external conditions; on a substratum affording scant
+nutrition the forms of fructification are minute; and in all cases, if
+maturity be hastened, the peridium responds in darker colors. Under more
+favorable conditions the wall is smoother and brighter.
+
+
+2. LYCOGALA FLAVO-FUSCUM (_Ehr._) _Rost._
+
+  1818. _Diphtherium flavo-fuscum_ Ehr., _Syl. Myc. Berol._, p. 27.
+  1829. _Reticularia flavo-fusca_ (Ehr.) Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III.,
+           p. 88.
+  1873. _Lycogala flavo-fuscum_ (Ehr.) Rost., _Versuch_, p. 3.
+
+Aethalia solitary or sometimes two or three together, large 2-4 cm. in
+diameter, spherical or spheroidal, purplish-gray or brown, smooth,
+shining; the peridium thick, simple but in microscopic section showing
+two or three successive layers; capillitium of abundantly branching,
+irregular, transparent tubules, marked by numberless warts and
+transverse rings or wrinkles, spores in mass yellowish gray, by
+transmitted light, colorless, smooth or only faintly reticulate or
+roughened, 5-6  mu.
+
+This, one of the largest and most striking of the slime-moulds, is by
+students generally mistaken for a puff-ball. It occurs on stumps and
+rotten logs of various sorts in the Mississippi valley, more often
+affecting stumps of _Acer saccharinum_ L. The fructification, when
+solitary, about the size of a walnut, though sometimes larger; when
+clustered, the individuals are smaller. The form depends largely upon
+the place in which the fruit is formed. The plasmodic mass is so large
+that its form is determined by gravity. Thus on the lower surface of a
+log raised a little distance from the earth the aethalium is often
+pyriform. This fact did not escape Micheli. See _Nov. Plant. Gen._, Tab.
+95. The plasmodium is pale pink, soon becomes buff when exposed in
+fruiting, finally pallid or somewhat livid, and is outwardly changed
+into the stout, tough peridium. This consists of an intricate network of
+irregular gelatinous tubules enclosing within the meshes protoplasmic
+masses of pretty uniform size, 60-100  mu. Outwardly the protoplasmic
+vesicles predominate; inwardly the gelatinous tubules, which are, in
+some instances at least, continued toward the centre of fructification
+to form the capillitium. The protoplasmic masses referred to respond to
+ordinary stains, are often broken into numberless small cells
+corresponding in size and appearance to ordinary spores.
+
+Not common. New England, Ohio, Iowa. Perhaps more abundant in the
+Mississippi valley; Canada.
+
+
+3. LYCOGALA EXIGUUM _Morg._
+
+  1893. _Lycogala exiguum_ Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 8.
+
+Aethalia small, 2-5 mm. in diameter, gregarious, globose, dark brown or
+black, sessile, minutely scaly, irregularly dehiscent; the peridium
+thin, the vesicles comparatively few, in irregular patches which are
+more or less confluent; capillitium as in preceding species, the tubules
+slender and branching; spore-mass pale, ochraceous, spores by
+transmitted light colorless, almost smooth, 5-6  mu.
+
+Found in the same situations as No. 1, and at the same season.
+Recognizable by its _gregarious_ habit, not crowded nor superimposed,
+small size, and dusky color. The little spheres occur a dozen or more in
+a place, dark lead-colored, shading to black, opening rather regularly
+at the top. It looks like a depauperate _L. epidendrum_, but seems to be
+constantly collected.
+
+Our specimens are from Ohio, Iowa, Missouri, Canada.
+
+
+4. LYCOGALA CONICUM _Pers._
+
+  1801. _Lycogala conica_ Pers., _Syn. Fung._, p. 159.
+  1875. _Dermodium conicum_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 284.
+
+Aethalia scattered, sometimes two or three together, small 2-4 mm. high,
+conical, sessile, pallid, grayish brown, marked by obscure black
+reticulations, opening regularly at the somewhat acuminate tip; peridium
+thin in structure, as in _L. epidendrum_, but more delicate; capillitium
+made up of abundant, slender, uniform threads almost smooth, simple, the
+free ends obtuse, taking origin in the cortex much as in the preceding
+species; spores in mass ochraceous, by transmitted light colorless,
+minutely warted or faintly reticulate, about 5  mu.
+
+A very distinct and rare little species. Well described by Persoon, who
+also appears to have observed the plasmodium "_primo rubra_." The color
+of the mature form varies with age; at first somewhat purplish. Dr. Rex
+collected it in Pennsylvania; Mr. Morgan has it from Ohio; our specimens
+are from southeastern Missouri.
+
+
+ORDER V
+
+=TRICHIALES=
+
+Fructification sporangial, rarely plasmodiocarpous, the sporangia
+stalked or sessile, gregarious or closely crowded, limeless throughout;
+the capillitium of definite threads, free or attached to the sporangial
+wall, isolated or combined into a net; spores generally some shade of
+yellow, never purple or black.
+
+The distinguishing feature in this order is found in the peculiar
+sculpture of the capillitial threads. This is suggested by the tubules
+of _Lycogala_, though probably the resemblance is superficial only. The
+individual threads, as in _Trichia_, are called elaters, from their
+probable efficiency in spore-dispersal.
+
+As here limited, the order is coextensive with the _Calonemeae_ of
+Rostafinski, except that that includes in addition the genera
+_Prototrichia_ and _Dianema_. The course of differentiation may be
+assumed to start with _Dianema_, through the _Perichaenaceae_ to the
+_Arcyriaceae_ and again from the same starting-point through
+_Prototrichia_ to the _Trichiaceae_.
+
+
+=Key to the Families of the Trichiales=
+
+  _A._ Capillitial threads transverse to the sporangial
+         cavity, attached usually at each end, plain or
+         only slightly roughened                           _Dianemaceae_
+
+  _B._ Capillitium plain, papillose, or spinulose, often
+         scanty, not netted, the threads sometimes
+         attached by one end to the sporangium wall     _Perichaenaceae_
+
+  _C._ Capillitium a distinct net, usually attached
+         below to the sporangial wall; sculpture
+         various, not continuous spiral bands              _Arcyriaceae_
+
+  _D._ Capillitial threads transverse, fascicled,
+         attached at both ends, but sculptured by well
+         defined spiral bands                         _Prototrichiaceae_
+
+  _E._ Capillitial threads typically free, sometimes
+         more or less branched, forming a loose net
+         attached below, characterized by definite
+         spiral bands, or sometimes by scattered rings     _Trichiaceae_
+
+
+_A._ DIANEMACEAE
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Dianemaceae=
+
+  _A._ Capillitial threads attached at one end, or free     1. MARGARITA
+
+  _B._ Capillitial threads attached at each end               2. DIANEMA
+
+
+=1. Margarita= _List._
+
+  1894. _Margarita_ Lister, _Mycet._, p. 203.
+
+Sporangia sessile, the capillitium simple, hair-like, coiled.
+
+
+1. MARGARITA METALLICA (_Berk. & Br._) _List._
+
+PLATE XVII., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_.
+
+  1838. _Physarum metallicum_ Berk. & Br., _Mag. Zool. & Bot._, I.,
+           p. 49.
+
+Sporangia scattered or clustered, globose, or somewhat plasmodiocarpous,
+.5-1 mm., sessile, coppery iridescent, the peridium thin, opening above
+irregularly; capillitium of long flexuous, coiling, simple or little
+dividing threads, nearly smooth, with infrequent attachments to the
+peridial wall; spores in mass yellowish, transparent under the lens,
+delicately verruculose, 10-12  mu.
+
+One of the handsomer species of the present group. So far a Pacific
+coast form. California, Oregon, Washington; reported from Chile.
+
+
+=Dianema= _Rex_
+
+  1891. _Dianema harveyi_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 397.
+
+Sporangia simple or plasmodiocarpous; capillitium composed of threads
+without characteristic thickenings running entirely across the
+sporangium attached both to the base and to the opposite wall, not
+joined to form a network.
+
+
+=Key to Species of Dianema=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia distinct, iridescent                    1. _D. harveyi_
+
+  _B._ Fructification more or less plasmodiocarpous,
+         dull brown                                   2. _D. corticatum_
+
+  _C._ Sporangia, some of them stipitate               3. _D. andersoni_
+
+
+1. DIANEMA HARVEYI _Rex._
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 5 and 5 _b_.
+
+  1891. _Dianema harveyi_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 397.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, generally rounded or cushion-shaped, depressed,
+sessile, iridescent bronze, 1 mm. in diameter; peridium thin,
+translucent, opening irregularly; capillitium of simple threads, not
+netted, but often forked two or three times, taut, running from base to
+top; spores yellow, by transmitted light pale yellowish, minutely
+roughened, 8-10  mu.
+
+This interesting species was collected in Orono, Maine, in 1889, by
+Professor F. L. Harvey, and so far as can be learned has not been taken
+since. Mr. Lister records two species from England which he refers to
+this genus. As to its systematic place, Dr. Rex says, _l. c._ "It stands
+as a single representative of a new and separate family adjoining the
+_Perichaenacae_ in the order _Calonemeae_ of Rostafinski."
+
+Rare. Maine.
+
+
+2. DIANEMA CORTICATUM _List._
+
+PLATE XVI., Figs. 5 _a_, 5 _c_.
+
+  1894. _Dianema corticatum_ List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 205.
+
+"Plasmodium pink"; sporangia sometimes flat-hemispheric, more often
+ill-defined, united in irregular, depressed, netted plasmodiocarps,
+generally dull brown; peridium opaque, didermatous, capillitium of
+simple or rarely branching filaments, variously beaded or marked with
+spiral bands, lightly attached at either end, occasionally twisted
+together; spore-mass dull brown, the spores in clusters of four or more,
+colorless by transmitted light, more or less verruculose, ellipsoidal,
+about 8-10  mu.
+
+Our specimens are from the mountains of Alberta.
+
+A curious, flat plasmodiocarp, an inch or more in length. It suggests
+_Hemitrichia serpula_ prematurely dry.
+
+
+3. DIANEMA ANDERSONI, _Morg._
+
+_Dianema andersoni_, _Morg._ MS., _non. pub._
+
+Sporangium globose, sessile or sub-stipitate, seated on a thin brownish
+hypothallus; the wall a thin smooth pinkish membrane, when dry rugulose
+and iridescent, the inner surface somewhat thickened below and brownish
+at the base. Capillitium arising out of the thickened base, the threads
+hyaline or pinkish, ascending, flexuous, simple, or branched a time or
+two, the extremities attached on all sides to the wall of the
+sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, pale, pinkish, 10-11
+ mu, in diameter, free.
+
+Growing on old wood and bark of _Alnus_; British Columbia, _W. B.
+Anderson_.
+
+Sporangium spherical, 6-8 mm. in diameter, sessile or on a very short
+stipe. This species differs from D. harveyi Rex in the _uniform pinkish_
+color of the wall and of the spores; the dividing threads are furnished
+remotely with minute roundish tubercles as in _Didymium_; the spores are
+somewhat larger than in _D. harveyi_.
+
+
+_B._ PERICHAENACEAE
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Perichaenaceae=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia more or less plasmodiocarpous in type,
+         terete; dehiscence irregular                      1. OPHIOTHECA
+
+  _B._ Sporangia more or less polygonal in outline, or
+         round, depressed; dehiscence circumscissile       2. PERICHAENA
+
+
+=1. Ophiotheca= _Currey_.
+
+  1869. _Ophiotheca pallida_ Berk. & C., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, X., p. 350.
+
+Fructification generally plasmodiocarpous, terete, bent or flexuous,
+often annular or cornuate, rarely globose, opening irregularly, peridium
+thin, not polished, covered more or less strongly with a distinct layer
+of scales or granules; capillitium of slender, loosely branching
+filaments, the surface rough to strongly spinulose; spores yellow.
+
+As a generic name _Ophiotheca_ plainly has priority. _Cornuvia_ as
+understood by Rostafinski has no representative so far in our region.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Ophiotheca=
+
+  _A._ Plasmodiocarp usually upon herbaceous stems,
+         slender                                    1. _O. vermicularis_
+
+  _B._ Plasmodiocarp on rotting bark, logs, etc,
+
+     _a._ Pale brownish or yellowish                2. _O. chrysosperma_
+
+     _b._ Chestnut brown or blackish                    3. _O. wrightii_
+
+
+1. OPHIOTHECA VERMICULARIS (_Schw._) _Macbr._
+
+  1834. _Physarum vermicularis_ Schw., _N. A. F._, No. 2296.
+  1869. _Ophiotheca pallida_ Berk. & C., _Jour. Lin. Soc._, X., p. 350.
+  1873. _Ophiotheca umbrina_ Berk. & C. Grev., II., p. 88.
+  1876. _Perichaena pallida_ (Schw.) Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 34.
+
+Plasmodiocarp very slender, terete, elongate, flexuous or reticulate,
+annular, etc., of dull gray or neutral tint; the peridium thin,
+translucent, but with a delicate granular outer coating; capillitium of
+slender threads, frequently branched, warted and usually minutely
+spinulose; spore-mass ochraceous yellow; spores by transmitted light
+pale yellow, minutely roughened, 10  mu.
+
+Perhaps common, but seldom collected, probably overlooked on account of
+protective coloration; the color is about that of the habitat, the
+weathered surface of dead herbaceous stems and roots. On dead corn
+stalks not infrequent. Differs from other species of the genus in having
+smoother capillitium, for which reason Rostafinski calls the present
+species _Perichaena vermicularis_. _O. pallida_ Berk. & C. seems to us
+to be the same thing, _N. A. F._, 726.
+
+New England, New Jersey, South Carolina, Ontario, Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+2. OPHIOTHECA CHRYSOSPERMA _Currey_.
+
+  1854. _Ophiotheca chrysosperma_ Currey, _Quart. Mic. Jour._, II.,
+           p. 240.
+  1875. _Cornuvia circumscissa_ (Wallr.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 290.
+  1911. _Perichaena chrysosperma_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, in
+           part, p. 248.
+
+Plasmodiocarp elongate, bent and curved in various ways, spherical, more
+rarely annular or even reticulate, yellowish or ochraceous brown,
+opening irregularly; peridium thin, with yellowish outer layer;
+capillitium rather abundant, of threads slender, sparingly branched and
+minutely but distinctly spinulose; spore-mass yellow, spores by
+transmitted light pale, almost smooth, about 8  mu.
+
+Occurs on the inner bark of deciduous trees, especially of oak. Not
+common.
+
+This is possibly _Cornuvia circumscissa_ (_Wallr._) of Rostafinski's
+monograph; but it is doubtful to what Wallroth referred. Rostafinski's
+other citations are equally uncertain. Currey's figures and description
+alone merit recognition.
+
+Ohio, Iowa, Tennessee; Canada.
+
+
+3. OPHIOTHECA WRIGHTII _Berk._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 7, 7 _a_, 7 _b_.
+
+  1868. _Ophiotheca wrightii_ Berk. & C., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, X.,
+           p. 349.
+  1876. _Cornuvia wrightii_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 36.
+  1892. _Cornuvia wrightii_ (Berk. & C.) Macbr., _Bull. Lab. Nat.
+           Hist. Ia._, II., p. 122.
+  1911. _Perichaena chrysosperma_ Lister, _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._,
+           p. 248.
+
+Plasmodiocarp bent or short-flexuous, often arcuate or completely
+annular, dark chestnut brown or black, opening irregularly; peridium
+thin, brittle, translucent, covered without by a rather dense layer of
+brownish or black brown scales; capillitium of long, sparingly branched
+threads furnished with projecting spinules remarkable for their length,
+about twice the diameter of the thread; spores yellow, minutely but
+distinctly warted, about 12  mu.
+
+This is the common species everywhere on the inner side of the bark of
+fallen trees, _Ulmus_, etc. It is readily distinguished at sight by the
+peculiar annular, looped, and U-shaped plasmodiocarps, with their dark
+umbrine or blackened surface. From the preceding it is especially
+distinguished by the spinulose capillitium and larger spores.
+
+Not rare. New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio.
+
+
+=2. Perichaena= _Fries_
+
+  1817. _Perichaena_ Fries, _Symb. Gast._, p. 11.
+
+Sporangia flattened, sometimes small and roundish, more often larger,
+polygonal by mutual interference, or irregular, the peridium thickened
+outwardly by a dense reddish or brownish layer of scales; dehiscing by
+circumscission or by a lid; capillitium often scant, of slender, warted,
+yellowish threads, attached betimes to the upper wall; spores yellow,
+oval or spherical.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Perichaena=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia plainly flattened.
+
+     _a._ Very flat, sporangia 1mm. or more in width    1. _P. depressa_
+
+     _b._ Depressed; sporangia smaller                  2. _P. quadrata_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia more or less spherical
+
+     _a._ Chestnut brown                              3. _P. corticalis_
+
+     _b._ Gray or canescent                            4. _P. marginata_
+
+
+1. PERICHAENA DEPRESSA _Libert._
+
+PLATE XVII., Fig. 10.
+
+  1837. _Perichaena depressa_ Lib., _Fl. Crypt. Ard._, IV., No., 378.
+
+Sporangia sessile, applanate, crowded, polygonal by mutual contact,
+fuscous or chestnut brown, shining, opening by a definite lid;
+spore-mass and capillitium yellow, the capillitium well developed, of
+slender yellow threads of various widths, almost smooth; spores minutely
+warted, 10-12  mu.
+
+Easily recognized by the peculiar, polygonal, depressed-flattened
+sporangia and consequent shallow spore-cases in which lie the yellow
+spores and scanty capillitium. Rostafinski refers here _P. vaporaria_
+Schw., No. 2311, but the meagre description seems rather to apply to the
+next species. The original material is no longer accessible.
+
+In the crevices and on the inside of bark of fallen logs of various
+sorts, walnut, maple, etc.
+
+Not commonly collected. Specimens are before us from New England,
+Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Florida, Mexico, Nicaragua. Probably over the
+whole wooded region of the continent.
+
+
+2. PERICHAENA QUADRATA _Macbr._
+
+  1893. _Perichaena irregularis_ Berk. & C., Morgan, _Jour. Cin. Soc._,
+           p. 20.
+
+Sporangia very small, less than 1/2 mm., crowded, polygonal or
+quadrangular, depressed, but not flattened, smooth, bright rufous or
+brown; the peridium rather thick, yellow within, the dehiscence
+circumscissile; capillitium scanty, of slender, sparingly branched
+filaments, the surface minutely roughened, warted or spinulose;
+spore-mass yellow; by transmitted light pale yellow, 9-11  mu.
+
+Differs from the preceding by the much smaller size of the sporangia,
+different color and habit. The sporangia, while depressed, still
+maintain considerable rotundity; they are occasionally quite spherical,
+and then of very uneven size, hardly in contact. In some cases the
+plasmodium before maturing seems to assume the form of a plasmodiocarp,
+which, by transverse fission at intervals, forms the curious four-sided
+conceptacles. At other times the plasmodium assumes the shape of a flat
+cushion or plate, which then subdivides into minute polygonal segments.
+This form has been known some years to collectors, and, if named at all,
+has been called _P. irregularis_. Lister, _l. c._, assures us that
+Berkeley's type "is typical _P. depressa_."
+
+Not common. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri.
+
+
+3. PERICHAENA CORTICALIS (_Batsch_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_.
+
+  1783. _Lycoperdon corticale_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, p. 155.
+  1875. _Perichaena corticalis_ (Batsch) Rost., _Mon._, p. 293.
+  1817. _Perichaena populina_ Fries, _Symb. Gast._, p. 12.
+
+Sporangia sessile, gregarious, flattened, hemispherical; peridia simple,
+opening by a lid; dehiscence circumscissile, the upper part chestnut
+brown, the lower almost black; capillitium feebly developed, smooth,
+attached to the lid and usually coming away with it, bringing the
+brilliantly yellow spore-mass, and leaving a delicate, shining cupule
+adherent to the substratum; spores yellow, nearly smooth, 10-12  mu. On
+and under the bark of dead elms of various species.
+
+A very handsome little species occuring rarely with us, or perhaps
+overlooked by virtue of its protective coloration. Found sometimes on
+the inner side of the bark where the latter has separated, but not yet
+wholly parted company with the wood. In such situations the tiny
+sporangia are so nearly quite the color of the moist substratum as to
+escape all but the closest scrutiny. The dehiscence is very remarkable,
+characteristic, beautiful. Black, brown, chestnut, and gold are
+harmoniously blended, in the opening coffers. Prior to maturity the
+future line of fission is plainly indicated by the difference in color.
+
+This is clearly the species found by Batsch "ligni demortui putridi in
+interiore corticis pagina." Bulliard has also described and figured the
+species, _Sphaerocarpus sessilis_ t. 417, Fig. V.
+
+The capillitium is nearly smooth; the spores are only slightly roughened
+by minute warts.
+
+Apparently not common. Iowa, Missouri; Black Hills, South Dakota;
+Canada;--_Miss Currie._
+
+
+4. PERICHAENA MARGINATA _Schweinitz._
+
+  1831. _Perichaena marginata_ Schw., _N. A. F._, No. 2319, p. 258.
+
+Sporangia depressed, globose, polygonal as they become approximate or
+crowded, hoary canescent, sessile; peridium rather thick, persistent,
+circumscissile in dehiscence, covered without by minute whitish
+calcareous (?) scales, within punctate by the imprint of the spores;
+hypothallus distinct, white; capillitium scant or none! Spores in mass
+dull yellow, by transmitted light pale, nearly smooth, 14-15  mu.
+
+Lister, following Rostafinski, includes this form with the preceding.
+The differences between the two forms are, it seems to us, sufficient to
+make convenient their separation as by Schweinitz. Apart from the
+peculiar incrustation in the present species, the larger spores, and
+especially the peculiar white hypothallus, are distinctive. The method
+of dehiscence is also different. In _P. corticalis_ the line of cleavage
+before spore dispersal is indicated by a definite band surrounding the
+sporangium. Nothing similar appears in the gray specimens of the present
+form, although the dehiscence is quite as certainly circumscissile. The
+habitat in American specimens is the _outer_ surface of the bark, which
+causes the species generally, by protective coloration, to be
+overlooked.
+
+Not common. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri.
+
+
+_C._ ARCYRIACEAE
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Arcyriaceae=
+
+  _A._ Peridium becoming fragmentary, but persisting;
+         capillitium non-elastic                          1. LACHNOBOLUS
+
+  _B._ Peridium evanescent above, persistent below;
+         capillitium elastic                                  2. ARCYRIA
+
+  _C._ Capillitium elastic, bearing hamate branches     3. HETEROTRICHIA
+
+
+=1. Lachnobolus= _Fries_.
+
+  1829. _Lachnobolus_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 177.
+
+Sporangia distinct, sessile or nearly so, globose or cylindric, often
+distorted, scattered or densely crowded, the peridium extremely thin,
+ruptured irregularly, and persistent in fragments; capillitium attached
+at numerous points to the sporangial wall, forming a dense net, the
+threads warted or spinulose, non-elastic.
+
+Species of this genus are easily distinguished from those of the next by
+the peculiar fragile peridium and the inelastic capillitium.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Lachnobolus=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia pale yellow, on fallen flowers and
+         fruit-burs of Castanea                         1. _L. globosus_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia rosy or copper-colored, at length
+         ochraceous                                 2. _L. occidentalis_
+
+
+1. LACHNOBOLUS GLOBOSUS (_Schw._) _Rost._
+
+  1822. _Arcyria globosa_ Schw., _Syn. Fung. Carol._, No. 400.
+  1875. Lachnobolus globosus (Schw.) _Rost., Mon._, p. 283.
+  1894. _Arcyria albida_ Pers. (in part) Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 186.
+
+Sporangia on the spines of fallen chestnut burs, scattered, pale yellow
+or whitish, small, globose, the peridium early evanescent above, more
+persistent below, stipitate; stipe small, tapering upward, from a small
+hypothallus; capillitium a dense but not expanding network attached
+chiefly to the lower portion of the sporangial wall, minutely waited or
+roughened, with few expansions or inflations; spores in mass pale
+yellow, under the lens colorless, almost smooth, 7-8  mu.
+
+This singular little species is remarkable chiefly in the habitat it
+affects,--fallen chestnut burs. On these almost universal, but on
+nothing else, except on the fallen catkins of the same species. Regarded
+by Mr. Lister as _A. cinerea_, from which it differs constantly in form,
+in capillitium more open and with larger threads, 4-5  mu in diameter as
+well as in its unique habitat, and yellowish color.
+
+Distribution coterminous with that of _Castanea dentata_
+Borkhausen,--eastern half of the United States.
+
+
+2. LACHNOBOLUS OCCIDENTALIS _Macbr._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_; 4 and 4 _a_.
+
+  1885. _Lachnobolus incarnatus_ (Alb. & Schw.) Macbr., _Bull. Lab.
+           Nat. Hist. Iowa_, II., p. 126.
+
+Sporangia scattered or crowded upon a hypothallus more or less distinct,
+globose or ellipsoidal, short-stipitate, varying somewhat in color, at
+first rosy or flesh-colored, later brownish or ochraceous; the peridium
+exceedingly thin, pellucid, mealy, evanescent above, persisting as a
+shallow cup below; capillitium inelastic, rather closely netted of
+threads variable in thickness, marked by frequent thickenings or
+expansions, everywhere warted, attached to the peridial walls, spores in
+mass flesh-colored, under the lens colorless, smooth, globose, 7.5-9  mu.
+
+This delicate and elegant little species appears to be not uncommon, but
+is probably generally passed over as an _Arcyria_, which it
+superficially resembles. When newly formed, the sporangia have a
+peculiar rosy or flesh-colored metallic tint, which is all their own.
+Within a short time this color passes, and most of the material comes
+from the field brownish or ochraceous in color. Typical sporangia are
+spherical on distinct short stipes; when crowded, the shape is of course
+less definite. The capillitium never expands as in _Arcyria_, but,
+exposed by the vanishing upper wall, remains a spherical mass resting
+upon the shallow cup-like base of the peridium.
+
+This species has been in the United States generally distributed as _L.
+incarnatus_ (Alb. & Schw.) Schroet. A careful study of all descriptions
+of European forms and comparison of many specimens leads us to believe
+that we have here to do with a type presenting constant peculiarities.
+We have in America nothing to correspond with the figures of Schweinitz,
+Berkeley, or Lister. In the American gatherings the sporangia are
+uniformly regular, globose, very generally short-stipitate, more or less
+closely gregarious, never superimposed, or heaped as shown in Berkeley's
+figure, for instance, _Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist._, IV., xvii., Pl. ix.,
+Fig. 2. The plasmodium of our species is white; as it approaches
+maturity a rosy metallic tinge supervenes, quickly changing to dull
+yellow or alutaceous. The graphic description given by Fries of
+_Perichaena incarnata_, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 193, presents scarcely a
+character attributable to the form before us. _L. congesta_ Berk. & Br.,
+evidently the form figured and described by Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 194,
+Pl. lxx., B., resembles our species in color and capillitium, but is
+entirely different in habit.
+
+Not uncommon. Maine, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska.
+
+
+=2. Arcyria= (_Hill_) _Pers._
+
+  1751. _Arcyria_ Sir John Hill, _Gen. Nat. Hist._, II., p. 47.
+  1801. _Arcyria_ Pers., _Syn. Fung._, p. 182.
+
+Sporangia ovoid or cylindric or even globose, stipitate; the peridium
+thin, evanescent to near the base, the lower part persisting as a
+calyculus; the stipe variable, packed with free cell-like vesicles,
+resembling spores, but larger; capillitium attached below, to the
+interior of the stipe or to the calyculus, in form an elastic network,
+the tubules adorned with warts, spinules, half-rings, etc., but without
+spiral bands or free extremities.
+
+Micheli, of course, discovered the arcyrias, put them in two genera and
+several species, which we may only dimly recognize. Persoon first saw
+distinctly the outlines of the genus as now understood and adopted the
+name given by Hill in his curiously prolix description of certain
+species, probably partly of the genus _Arcyria_, partly _Stemonitis_.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Arcyria=
+
+  _A._ Mature capillitium loosely adhering to the calyculus.
+
+     _a._ Mature capillitium far-expanded, drooping.
+
+          i. Dusky.
+
+              O Long, 12 mm. or more                       1. _A. magna_
+
+             OO Shorter, about 6 mm.                  2. _A. oerstedtii_
+
+         ii. Yellow                                       3. _A. nutans_
+
+     _b._ Mature capillitium short, not drooping, though
+            sometimes procumbent.
+
+          i. Capillitium greenish yellow              4. _A. versicolor_
+
+         ii. Capillitium reddish, flesh-colored, at
+               length sordid, etc.
+
+              O Capillitium marked by transverse
+                  half-rings, cogs, etc.               5. _A. incarnata_
+
+             OO Capillitium marked by sharp-edged
+                  transverse plates and by numerous
+                  nodes                                 6. _A. nodulosa_
+
+            OOO Capillitium marked by close
+                  reticulations                       7. _A. ferruginea_
+
+  _B._ Capillitium persistently attached to the calyculus.
+
+     _a._ Sporangia reddish brown, etc.                 8. _A. denudata_
+
+     _b._ Sporangia gray or ashen
+
+          i. Simple                                      9. _A. cinerea_
+
+         ii. Clustered                                 10. _A. digitata_
+
+     _c._ Sporangia yellow                           11. _A. pomiformis_
+
+     _d._ Sporangia rose-colored, .5-1.5 mm.           12. _A. insignis_
+
+
+1. ARCYRIA MAGNA _Rex._
+
+  1893. _Arcyria magna_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 364.
+
+Sporangia densely aggregated, forming clusters of greater or less
+extent, sometimes reaching several centimetres in either direction,
+tawny gray or ashen, cylindric, tapering a little above, when expanded
+reaching a length of half a centimetre or more, stipitate; peridium
+evanescent except the small shallow cup-like base, the calyculus; stipe
+long (1 mm.), weak, pale brown or reddish, tubular, the channel filled
+with plasmodic masses; capillitium gray or drab-colored, very slightly
+attached to the bottom of the calyculus, far expanded, forming a
+loose-meshed net, the threads regular, cylindric, coarsely sculptured
+with rings, half-rings, cogs, spines, etc.; spores in mass dull gray,
+drab, under the lens colorless, papillate, with few papillae, 7-8  mu.
+
+This magnificent form resembles in habit and general appearance, save
+color, _A. nutans_. The capillitium is, however, very different both in
+the sculpture and in the more delicate markings of the threads. Dr. Rex,
+_l. c._, has pointed out the lack of reticulation on the capillitium and
+calyculus. The color is also diagnostic. A roseate variety seems to
+occur with the present form. This is _A. magna rosea_ Rex, and appears
+to agree with the type in all respects save color. The relationship here
+must be determined by future inquiry. The capillitial threads are
+remarkable for their graceful slenderness, regularity, and symmetry.
+
+
+2. ARCYRIA OERSTEDTII _Rost._
+
+  1875. _Arcyria oerstedtii_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 278, Fig. 196.
+
+Sporangia cylindric, arcuate, 1.5 mm. high when unexpanded, closely
+clustered, dull crimson, stipitate; peridium evanescent except here and
+there a persistent patch, the calyculus shallow, plicate, papillose
+within; stipe short, weak, concolorous; hypothallus distinct,
+membranous, concolorous; capillitium a loose, far-expanding, elastic
+net, the meshes uneven, often small, the threads characterized by much
+irregularity and many bulbose thickenings, especially at the nodes,
+strongly spinulose throughout; spore-mass crimson or reddish brown,
+dull; spores by transmitted light colorless, nearly smooth, sub-globose,
+9-10  mu.
+
+This well-marked species is certainly rare within our limits. We have
+specimens from New England and from Pennsylvania. The Iowa material
+referred to this species, _Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Ia._, II., p. 125, is
+_A. magna_ Rex. Rostafinski's figure is excellent in the present case,
+and gives the idea of what we regard the typical marking of the
+capillitium in _A. oerstedtii_. Externally the species resembles
+somewhat _A. nodulosa_, and the network of the capillitium is also
+suggestive of that form; the spiny capillitium is unique.
+
+Rare. Adirondacks, New York--_Dr. Rex._
+
+
+3. ARCYRIA NUTANS (_Bull._) _Grev._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.
+
+  1791. _Trichia nutans_ Bulliard, _Champ._, p. 122, t. 502, III.
+  1794. _Arcyria flava_ Pers., _Roemer N. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 90.
+  1824. _Arcyria nutans_ Grev., _Fl. Edin._, p. 455.
+
+Sporangia crowded, cylindric, about 2 mm. high when unexpanded, pale
+yellow or buff, short-stipitate or sessile by an acute base; peridium
+wholly evanescent, except at the base, where persists the shallow,
+colorless, often inwardly spinulose, plicatulate calyculus; stipe very
+short or wanting; hypothallus thin but usually in evidence; capillitium
+expanding to great length, forming an extremely flexile, plumose,
+pendulose open network of pale ochraceous tint, the threads 3-4  mu in
+thickness, adorned with spinules, sharp edged transverse plates
+sometimes rings, the surface especially marked by an indistinct
+reticulation; spore-mass buff or ochraceous, spores by transmitted light
+colorless, smooth or nearly so, 7-8  mu.
+
+This elegant species is not rare in undisturbed woods, especially on
+fallen willows. The expanded capillitia are very soft and plume-like,
+waving and nodding, very lightly attached below to the centre of the
+peridial cup. The capillitium threads are rough, with irregular spines
+and sharp-edged transverse plates, occasionally extending to form rings.
+Resembles the first species somewhat in habit, size, and the spinescent
+capillitium, but the resemblance is superficial only. The color is at
+once diagnostic, and the capillitium is after all entirely different.
+Not uncommon; Canada to Mexico; Maine to California; probably
+cosmopolitan.
+
+Bulliard's figure determines the synonymy. Persoon called the form _A.
+flava_, because Bulliard had missed the genus.
+
+
+4. ARCYRIA VERSICOLOR _Phillips._
+
+  1877. _Arcyria versicolor_ Phillips, _Grev._, V., p. 115.
+  1877. _Arcyria vitellina_ Phillips, _Grev._, V., p. 115.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or more or less crowded, pyriform or clavate,
+dingy, olivaceous yellow, becoming reddish, stipitate; peridium
+membranous, largely persistent below, where it gives rise to the deep,
+goblet-shaped calyculus; stipe strand-like, weak, sometimes wanting,
+concolorous with the peridium; hypothallus prominent or venulose;
+capillitium only slowly expanded, bright golden yellow or orange, the
+threads rather broad, about 4  mu in diameter, regular, even, elegantly
+branching, adorned with abundant short spines or warts, very small and
+evenly distributed, the whole net anchored in the bottom of the vasiform
+calyculus; spore-mass yellow, by transmitted light pale or nearly
+colorless, smooth, about 10  mu.
+
+This beautiful species is easily known by its comparatively large size,
+peculiar, obovate shape, its brilliant color, and unusually persistent
+membranous calyculus. It is peculiar to the western part of North
+America, South Dakota west to the Pacific Ocean.
+
+South Dakota, Colorado, California, Washington.
+
+In the thin-covered mountains of Colorado, or hidden by the still drier
+thickets and woods of Southern California, the fruit of this species is
+small, somewhat as the clavate hemitrichia, pure, deep yellow, golden or
+vitelline as Phillips says; but at loftier altitudes in the ever cool
+forests on the high mountain flanks, beginning away up where the glacier
+first starts to crack and slide between the 'cleavers', and forests of
+stunted white-stemmed pine or wooly-fruited fir throw down their twigs
+and foliage undisturbed through centuries,--on down to where the plowing
+ice forgets its thrust, and melts to gentle floods amid spruce and
+hemlock-groves,--all the way the beautiful versicolor spreads and
+fruits, in August and September in all the richness of color which its
+name implies, which Phillips saw, tints of red, and yellow, and olive,
+and green, not brilliant, but in all the softer shades the artists love,
+weaving, in far-spread strands of tufted cylinders and cones upturned,
+fair as flowers, dusky garlands, by sunlight long forgot! Did not the
+old-time botanists liken these things once and again, to flowers!
+
+
+5. ARCYRIA INCARNATA _Persoon._
+
+  1786. _Clathrus adnatus_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, 141. (?)
+  1791. _Arcyria incarnata_ Pers., Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, II., 1467.
+
+Sporangia closely crowded, cylindric, 1-1.5 mm. high, rosy or
+flesh-colored, stipitate or almost sessile; stipe generally short,
+sometimes barely a conical point beneath the calyculus; hypothallus
+none; peridium wholly evanescent, except the shallow, saucer-like,
+inwardly roughened calyculus; capillitium loose, broad, pale reddish,
+attached to the cup at the centre only by strands which enter the hollow
+stem, the threads adorned with transverse plates, cogs, ridges, etc.,
+arranged in an open spiral; spore-mass rosy, spores by transmitted light
+colorless, nearly smooth, 7-8  mu.
+
+This common species is well marked both by its color and by the
+delicate attachment of the capillitium to the calyculus. This is so
+frail that the slightest breath ofttimes suffices to effect a
+separation, and the empty calyculi are not infrequently the only
+evidence of the fructification. This peculiarity did not escape the
+attention of Persoon, and is well shown in his figure (_Obs. Myc._, I.,
+p. 58, pl. V. Figs. 4 and 5) referred to by Gmelin, _l. c._ Batsch
+simply named and described Micheli's figure (Tab. XCIV., Fig. 2), and
+accordingly his claim to priority is no better than Micheli's figure,
+which may possibly concern the present species, but is in no sense
+determinative. It is impossible to say what Retzius meant by his
+_Clathrus ramosus_, cited by Fries as a synonym here.
+
+Common, especially in the Mississippi valley and south; more rare in the
+west; Black Hills, South Dakota; Toronto to New Mexico.
+
+
+6. ARCYRIA NODULOSA _Macbr._
+
+PLATE III., Fig. 8.
+
+Sporangia small, about 1 mm. high when unexpanded, crowded in clusters
+of varying size, dull red or brownish, stipitate; the peridium
+evanescent except the cup; stipe very short, concolorous, plicate as the
+cup, or both smooth and unmarked; capillitium centrally attached, slowly
+expanded, open-meshed, dense, the threads even, 5-6  mu wide, expanded in
+globose, spinulose, or papillate-reticulate nodules, especially at
+points of intersection, marked everywhere by close-set, transverse,
+sharp-edged ridges, which encircle the thread and show no trace of
+spiral arrangement; spore-mass brown or red brown; spores by transmitted
+light pale yellow or colorless, minutely but distinctly roughened,
+globose, 10-12  mu.
+
+This variety is not distantly related to the preceding, as shown by the
+centrally attached capillitial mass, but differs in several definite
+particulars; the sporangia are much smaller of an entirely different
+color with longer stipes, larger, rougher spores; the capillitium is
+also peculiar, the threads unusually wide and densely corrugated
+transversely, expanding at frequent intervals into globose nodules which
+are sometimes double the width of the thread. In color suggests _A.
+affinis_ Rost., but corresponds to no other particular.
+
+
+7. ARCYRIA FERRUGINEA _Sauter._
+
+PLATE XII., Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.
+
+  1841. _Arcyria ferruginea_ Saut., _Flora_, XXIV., p. 316.
+  1881. _Arcyria macrospora_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXXIV., p. 43.
+  1883. _Arcyria aurantiaca_ Raunier, _Myx. Dan._, p. (44).
+
+Sporangia ovoid or short cylindric, crowded or gregarious, dull red or
+brownish, stipitate; stipe about equal to the sporangium, dark brown or
+black; hypothallus well developed, membranous, yellowish brown
+continuous; calyculus large, wide and shallow, smooth; capillitium
+centrally attached, when fresh, brick-red in color, fading on exposure,
+the threads of uneven size, those above 6-7  mu, below 3  mu, abundantly
+branching, marked by conspicuous reticulations formed by the
+intersection of numerous vertical plates or ridges; spore-mass reddish,
+spores by transmitted light pale ochraceous, distinctly warted, 10-12  mu.
+
+This species is distinguishable at sight by the peculiar color and form
+of the sporangia. Mr. Durand in _Bot. Gaz._, XIX., pp 89, 90, gives a
+careful study of the form. The same author declares the dehiscence
+circumscissile. We cannot distinguish _A. aurantiaca_ Raun. from the
+present form.
+
+Rare. Maine, New York; Monterey, California.
+
+
+8. ARCYRIA DENUDATA (_Linn._) _Sheldon._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 5, 5 _a_.
+
+  1753. _Clathrus denudatus_ Linn., _Syst. Nat._, 1179.
+  1794. _Arcyria punicea_ Pers., _Roem. N. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 90.
+  1895. _Arcyria denudata_ (Linn.) Sheld., _Minn. Bot. Studies_,
+           No. 9, p. 470.
+
+Sporangia crowded or gregarious, ovoid or short cylindrical, tapering
+upward, red-brown, stipitate; peridium evanescent except the plicate
+calyculus; stipe about equal to the expanded capillitium, concolorous,
+plicate or striate, ascending from a small hypothallus; capillitium
+attached to the whole inner surface of the calyculus and connate with
+it; hence not deciduous, bright red or carmine when fresh, turning brown
+or paler with age, the threads even, about 3  mu adorned with a series of
+rather distant cogs or half rings, which form around the thread a
+lengthened spiral; spore-mass red or reddish brown, spores by
+transmitted light colorless, nearly smooth, 6-8  mu.
+
+This species is easily distinguished from all other of similar tints by
+the attachment of the capillitium. In this respect it corresponds with
+the following species. In the adornment of the threads it is like _A.
+incarnata_. It is by far the commonest species of the genus, and
+probably enjoys a world-wide distribution. To be found at all seasons on
+the lower side of fallen sticks, _Populus_, _Tilia_, etc.
+
+Micheli, Pl. XCIV., shows that he had the present species. The
+description given by Linne is worthless, but helped out by Micheli, and
+several other authors of the eighteenth century, who take the trouble to
+describe the species, but still give the Linnean binomial as a synonym;
+we may give Linne here the credit. As a matter of fact, Batsch under
+_Embolus crocatus_ first presents an unmistakable description and
+figure.
+
+Maine to the Black Hills and Colorado, and north and west; Alaska to
+Nicaragua.
+
+
+9. ARCYRIA CINEREA (_Bull._) _Pers._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 3, 3 _a_.
+
+  1791. _Trichia cinerea_ Bull., _Champ. de France_, p. 120, Tab. 477,
+           Fig. iii.
+  1801. _Arcyria cinerea_ (Bull.) Pers., _Syn. Fung._, p. 184.
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious, ovoid or cylindrical, generally
+tapering upward, about 2-3 mm. high, ashen gray, sometimes with a
+yellowish tinge, stipitate; calyculus very small, thin; stipe about half
+the total height, rising from a small hypothallus, thin, gray or
+blackish, densely crowded with spore-like cells; capillitium dense,
+freely branching, ashen, or yellowish, little wider below, minutely
+spinulose; spore-mass concolorous, spores by transmitted light
+colorless, smooth, 6-7  mu.
+
+A very common little species, easily recognized by its color and habit.
+The capillitium is more dense than in any other species and expands
+less. The stipe is about equal to the expanded capillitium, unusually
+long. The plasmodium occurs in rotten wood, especially species of
+_Tilia_, is gray and, judging from the number of sporangia found in one
+place, scanty.
+
+Bulliard, _l. c._, gives the first account of the species by which it
+can with any certainty be identified. By some authors _Clathrus
+recutitus_ Linn. is cited as a synonym. We fail to distinguish _A.
+cookei_ Mass. from the old type.
+
+Widely distributed; Maine to Alaska, and south to Mexico and Nicaragua.
+
+
+10. ARCYRIA DIGITATA (_Schw._) _Rost._
+
+  1831. _Stemonitis digitata_ Schw., _N. A. F._, p. 260, No. 2350.
+  1868. _Arcyria bicolor_ Berk. & C., _Jour. Linn. Soc._, X., p. 349.
+  1875. _Arcyria digitata_ (Schw.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 274.
+
+Sporangia compound, that is gathered in tufts, number 3-12 or more on a
+single stipe, the clusters themselves scattered; individual sporangia
+elongate cylindric, about 3-4 mm. long, ashen gray or nearly white,
+stipitate; stipe as long or longer than the sporangium, stout, sometimes
+showing traces of consolidation of several, sometimes none, dark brown
+or black; capillitium looser and more expanded than in the last, the
+threads more strongly spinulose; spore-mass concolorous, spores under
+the lens colorless, smooth, globose, 7.5-8  mu
+
+Closely related to the preceding, but different in habit and on the
+whole larger and more robust throughout. The stipes in some cases are
+completely merged in one; in others traces of coalescence remain. The
+number of united sporangia varies. There are some clusters before us
+containing 16 and 18 in a single fascicle!
+
+Not very common. On rotten wood of deciduous trees, especially south.
+
+New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio; Black Hills, South Dakota, and south to
+Nicaragua.
+
+_Arcyria bicolor_ Berk. & C. seems to refer to the fact that the
+sporangia have sometimes an ochraceous tint. Berkeley's specimens are
+from Cuba. Our latest specimens are from Nicaragua; the form seems not
+to be reported from the old world.
+
+
+11. ARCYRIA POMIFORMIS (_Leers_) _Rost._
+
+  1775. _Mucor pomiformis_ Leers, _Flor. Herb._, p. 218.
+  1875. _Arcyria pomiformis_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 271.
+
+Sporangia scattered, gregarious, globose, bright yellow, very minute,
+.5 mm. high, .3 mm. in diameter, stipitate; stipe short, one-third the
+total height, pale brown or yellow; hypothallus none; capillitium loose,
+freely expanding, not deciduous, honey-yellow, the threads generally
+wide, 4-5  mu, toward the periphery more narrow, 2.5  mu warted, marked with
+blunt spinules, which not infrequently pass into distinct transverse,
+narrow plates or half-rings, free ends clavate and numerous; spore-mass
+yellow, spores by transmitted light smooth, granular, globose, 7-9  mu.
+
+This species as represented by the material before us seems constant in
+size, color, and microscopic characters, in all which it differs from
+all species here listed. It resembles somewhat _Lachnobolus globosus_
+Schw., but differs in habit, habitat, color, the capillitium, its
+attachment and in the mode of dehiscence. In the present species the
+wall is evanescent almost _in toto_; in _L. globosus_ is it remarkably
+persistent, and the capillitium is adherent.
+
+Probably rare. Its smallness removes it from sight of all but the most
+exact collectors. Maine, New York, South Carolina, Alabama, Missouri,
+Iowa; Black Hills, South Dakota; Ontario;--_Miss Currie._
+
+While usually remotely gregarious a collection from southern California
+shows that on occasion the entire plasmodium may pass to fruit with
+narrowest limits, forming a stipitate, compact, globose mass of crowded,
+superimposed sporangia as in _Oligonema nitens_. Set Plate XX., Fig. 12.
+
+
+12. ARCYRIA INSIGNIS _Kalkbr. & Cke._
+
+  1882. _Arcyria insignis_ Kalkbr. & Cke., _Grev._, X., p. 143.
+  1911. _Arcyria insignis_ Kalkbr. & Cke., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._,
+           p. 240.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or clustered, pale or bright rose-colored, .5-1.5
+mm. in height, stipitate, ovate or cylindric; stipe short, .2-.4 mm.
+red, with spore-like cells; capillitium a close net-work of delicate
+threads with a few bulbous free ends, with faint transverse bands or
+short spinules, or nearly smooth, colorless beneath the lens; spores
+colorless, nearly smooth, 6-8  mu.
+
+Reported from Mass. by Miss Lister. Should follow No. 8: apparently a
+very delicate form of the common species, _A. denudata_.
+
+
+=3. Heterotrichia= _Mass._
+
+  1892. _Heterotrichia_ Mass., _Mon._, p. 139.
+
+Sporangia distinct, stipitate; the peridium simple evanescent above as
+in _Arcyria_; capillitium centrally attached, freely branched, the
+threads within very slender, without broad, anastomosing to form a dense
+peripheral network, and everywhere extended to form short, free, often
+hamate tips. A single species,--
+
+
+1. HETEROTRICHIA GABRIELLAE (_Rav._) _Mass._
+
+PLATE XIII., Figs. 1, 1 _a._
+
+  1850. _Arcyria gabriellae_ Rav. _in litt. ad Cooke_.
+  1892. _Heterotrichia gabriellae_ Mass., _Mon._, p. 140.
+  1911. _Arcyria ferruginea_ Saut., var. _heterotrichia_ List., _Mycet.,
+           2nd ed._, p. 234.
+
+Sporangia crowded or gregarious, oblong cylindric, ovoid, at first red,
+becoming yellowish brown, stipitate; the peridium evanscent except the
+calyculus, which is small and thin, polished; stipe shorter than the
+expanded capillitium, pale reddish brown; capillitium centrally
+attached, showing threads of two sorts, those within freely branching,
+slender, 1-1.5  mu, marked with half-rings or ridges, those on the
+periphery very different, yellow, broad, 5-6  mu, forming rather dense
+reticulations, with abundant free tips, acute and often curved, the
+whole surface here minutely and densely warted; spore-mass reddish
+yellow, spores by transmitted light colorless, globose, 7-8  mu.
+
+The peculiar double capillitium seems to separate this form from the
+true arcyrias. Some difference in the diameter of the capillitial
+threads in different regions is not infrequent in the several species of
+_Arcyria_, but that difference is here emphasized and rendered yet more
+striking by the peculiar free tips. The present forms bear only the most
+superficial resemblance to _A. ferruginea_ Saut., with which species it
+is in some quarters sought to unite it.
+
+Very rare. Collected, as noted, nearly fifty years ago in South Carolina
+by Ravenel, it was more recently (1896) again collected in Maine by the
+late Professor Harvey.
+
+
+_D._ PROTOTRICHIACAE
+
+A single genus,--
+
+
+=Prototrichia= _Rost._
+
+  1876. _Prototrichia_ Rost., _Mon. App._, p. 38.
+
+A single species,--
+
+
+1. PROTOTRICHIA METALLICA (_Berk._) _Mass._
+
+PLATE XVIII., Figs. 12, 12 _a_, 12 _b_.
+
+  1860. _Trichia metallica_ Berk. Hook., _Fl. Tasm._, 2, p. 168.
+  1866. _Trichia flagellifera_ Berk. & Br., _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._, 3,
+           XVII., p. 56.
+  1876. _Prototrichia flagellifera_ (Berk.) Rost. _Mon. App._, p. 38.
+  1894. _Prototrichia flagellifera_ Rost., List., _Mycet. 2nd ed._,
+           p. 206.
+  1899. _Prototrichia flagellifera_ (Berk. & Br.) Rost., Macbr.,
+          _N. A. S._, p. 199.
+  1892. _Prototrichia metallica_ Mass., _Mon._, p. 127.
+  1911. _Prototrichia metallica_ Mass., List., _Mycet., 2nd ed._,
+           p. 260.
+
+Sporangia sessile, scattered or sometimes crowded, brown, sometimes with
+a rosy tinge, about 1 mm. in diameter; peridium a thin, transparent,
+iridescent membrane, bearing in its inner surface the distal attachments
+of the capillitial threads; capillitium of numerous brown, spirally
+banded threads, which take origin in the base of the sporangium, become
+subdivided as they ascend, and are at length attached by their tips to
+the sporangium wall; spore-mass brown, spores by transmitted light pale,
+minutely roughened.
+
+This curious form, with its spirally sculptured capillitial threads
+attached at both ends, stands intermediate between _Dianema_ and
+_Hemitrichia_ and _Trichia_. Berkeley called it a trichia, ignoring the
+attachment of the threads. Cooke notes this as sufficient to exclude the
+form from the genus. But it remained for Rostafinski to make the
+transfer by setting up for its reception the genus now adopted. He
+preferred the later (1866) specific name as more descriptive. Miss
+Lister reverts to the earlier name with the remark; "Little now remains
+of the type _Prototrichia metallica_ Berk. from Tasmania; but the
+specimen is referred to _Prototrichia flagellifera_ by Rostafinski who
+saw it in good condition."
+
+Not uncommon in the abietine forests of the West. Alberta, Oregon,
+Washington, California, Nevada, Montana, Idaho, Colorado.
+
+
+_E._ TRICHIACEAE
+
+Capillitium marked by spiral bands, sometimes scattered rings, etc., the
+threads entirely free, or at least loosely branched, and with free tips
+more or less numerous.
+
+=Key to the Genera of the Trichiaceae=
+
+  _A._ Capillitium threads long, generally united to
+         form a loose net, centrally attached.
+
+     _a._ Sculpture spiral                            1. _Hemitrichia_
+
+     _b._ Sculpture reticulate                           2. _Calonema_
+
+  _B._ Capillitial threads shorter, entirely free,
+         though sometimes branched.
+
+     _a._ Threads, elaters, marked by spiral bands        3. _Trichia_
+
+     _b._ Sculpture irregular or wanting                4. _Oligonema_
+
+
+=1. Hemitrichia= _Rost._
+
+  1829. _Hemiarcyria_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 183 in part.
+  1873. _Hemitrichia_ Rost., _Versuch_, p. 14.
+
+Capillitium a tangled net of more or less branching and anastomosing
+fibres centrally attached; the sculpture regular, of conspicuous
+spirally winding bands or ridges; habit and color various.
+
+The species here associated are intermediate between _Arcyria_ and
+_Trichia_, resembling the former in the capillitial net and the latter
+in thread-sculpture. Fries applied the name _Hemiarcyrieae_ to a group
+of trichias so-called, citing _H. rubiformis_ as the first. In his
+_Versuch_ Rostafinski wrote _Hemitrichia_ and afterward _Hemiarcyria_ in
+the _Monograph_. Massee combines the genera _Arcyria_ and _Hemiarcyria_
+under the former name.
+
+=Key to the Species of Hemitrichia=
+
+  _A._ Plasmodiocarpous
+
+     _a._ Plasmodiocarp net-like, yellow                 1. _H. serpula_
+
+     _b._ Imperfectly plasmodiocarpous, brown          2. _H. karstenii_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia all distinct.
+
+     _a._ Sessile; very short stalked
+
+          i. Peridium hyaline, iridescent                  3. _H. ovata_
+
+         ii. Peridium opaque                            10. _H. montana_
+
+     _b._ Stipitate, generally distinctly so; sometimes
+            nearly sessile.
+
+          i. Yellow or ochraceous.
+
+              O Stalk hollow.
+
+                 + Small, 1/2 mm., iridescent          6. _H. leiocarpa_
+
+                ++ Larger, 1 mm., smooth but not iridescent
+
+                   1. Free ends more or less abundant    8. _H. clavata_
+
+                   2. Free ends none                   9. _H. stipitata_
+
+             OO Stalk solid                              7. _H. intorta_
+
+         ii. Not yellow.
+
+              O Ruby red                               4. _H. vesparium_
+
+             OO Copper-colored                           5. _H. stipata_
+
+
+1. HEMITRICHIA SERPULA (_Scop._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE III., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_.
+
+  1772. _Mucor serpula_ Scop., _Fl. Carn_, II., p. 493.
+  1794. _Trichia serpula_ (Scop.) Pers., _Roem. N. Bot. Mag._, I., p. 90
+  1875. _Hemiarcyria serpula_ (Scop.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 266.
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous, often covering several square
+centimetres, terete, branching freely and usually everywhere reticulate,
+rusty, tawny, or bright yellow; the peridium thin, transparent, with
+irregular dehiscence; hypothallus none; capillitium variable, a tangle
+of long yellow threads, sparingly branched, free everywhere, except
+below, spinulose, the free tips spinose, acuminate, spiral ridges three
+or four, with traces of longitudinal striae; spore-mass golden yellow,
+spores beneath the lens pale yellow, globose, delicately reticulate,
+about 10  mu.
+
+Very common, recognized by its bright yellow color and conspicuous
+reticulate habit. The plasmodium is yellow, at least upon emergence, and
+passes almost without change to fruit. Found on rotten logs of every
+description, on the _lower_ surface. In the Mississippi valley, the
+lower surface of planks used in the construction of sidewalks appears to
+be a favorite habitat.
+
+Common west to the Rocky Mountains, south to Mexico and Nicaragua.
+
+
+2. HEMITRICHIA KARSTENII (_Rost._) _List._
+
+  1876. _Hemiarcyria karstenii_ Rost., _Mon., App._, p. 41.
+  1891. _Hemiarcyria obscura_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 395.
+  1894. _Hemitrichia karstenii_ Lister, _Mycetozoa_, p. 178.
+
+Fructification plasmodiocarpous, with a tendency to form distinct
+sessile, globose sporangia, color brownish red; capillitium a sparingly
+branched network, with free ends few, the thread marked by seven or
+eight faint spirals, the interspaces narrow, dull red in color, and 2.5
+ mu in diameter; spores yellow, delicately warted, 10-10.5  mu.
+
+This is doubtless a very rare species. In the description we have
+followed Dr. Rex, _l. c._, as being more to the point for American
+forms. It is not improbable that the American material may after all be
+distinct, as discrepancies, if one may judge by descriptions, are not
+few. Lister, who had a slide from Dr. Rex, considers the European and
+American forms the same.
+
+In outward appearing, plasmodiocarpous phases of this species very
+closely resemble forms of _Licea_ or _Ophiotheca_, and are in
+consequence often wrongly labeled.
+
+Toronto; Montana--_Anderson_. To be looked for north and west.
+
+
+3. HEMITRICHIA OVATA (_Pers._) _Macbr._
+
+  1796. _Trichia ovata_ Pers., _Obs. Myc._, I., p. 61, and II., p. 35.
+  1863. _Trichia abietina_ Wigand, _Pringsh. Jahr._, III., p. 33,
+           Tab. ii., Fig. 11.
+  1875. _Hemiarcyria wigandii_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 167.
+
+Sporangia crowded or sometimes closely gregarious, sub-globose or
+turbinate, shining yellow, sessile, the peridium thin, iridescent;
+capillitium a tangle of sparingly branched yellow or ochraceous-yellow
+threads, rather slender, 3-5  mu, marked by one or two prominent spiral
+bands forming a loose somewhat irregular spiral, the free ends
+not infrequent, inflated and rounded; spore-mass yellow or
+yellow-ochraceous, spores by transmitted light pale yellow,
+distinctly and sharply spinulose, but not netted, 10-11  mu.
+
+A rare and beautiful species, distinguished well by the small size,
+about .5 mm., by the thin iridescent peridium, as by the microscopic
+characters of the capillitial threads.
+
+There is no doubt that this is Persoon's _Trichia ovata_. His
+description is accurate in all that pertains to external features, and
+Rostafinski, _App._, p. 41, explicitly says that he _saw_ in Persoon's
+herbarium specimens of the species bearing the name cited. Just why
+Rostafinski did not here adopt the older name is not clear, nor is there
+excuse for abandoning Wigand's name were Persoon's invalid. According to
+Lister, _Trichia nana_ Mass., from Maine, is the same thing. Persoon,
+_l. c._, gives a synonymy which, in the nature of case, is unverifiable,
+the specific characters being microscopic.
+
+Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 187, confirms Persoon and takes pains to
+say that the color separates it from _T. chrysosperma_ with which it is
+sometimes compared.
+
+Rare. Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Toronto.
+
+
+4. HEMITRICHIA VESPARIUM (_Batsch_) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE III., Figs. 2 and 2 _a_.
+
+  1786. _Lycoperdon vesparium_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, pp. 255, 256,
+           Fig. 172.
+  1794. _Trichia rubiformis_ Pers., _Roem. N. Bot. Mag._, I., p. 88.
+  1875. _Hemiarcyria rubiformis_ (Pers.) _Rost., Mon._, p. 262.
+
+Sporangia clustered or crowded, rarely single, clavate or subcylindric
+stipitate or sessile, dark wine-red or red-black in color, the peridium
+in perfect specimens glossy or shining metallic, opaque; stipes solid,
+usually blent together, concolorous; capillitium of intertwisted slender
+threads, sparingly branched, marked by three or four spiral ridges,
+abundantly spinulose, the free tips also acuminate, terminating in a
+spine, the whole mass dull red. Spore-mass brownish-red, spores by
+transmitted light reddish-orange, very distinctly warted, sub-globose,
+10-12  mu.
+
+A most common species, on rotten wood everywhere, especially in forests.
+Recognized generally at sight by its color and fasciculate habit. The
+peridium shows a tendency, often, to circumscissile dehiscence, and
+persists long after the contents have been dissipated, in this condition
+suggesting the name applied by Batsch, _vesparium_, wasp-nest. The
+capillitium is remarkably spinescent, the branching of the threads,
+rare. Rostafinski describes the spores as smooth; they seem to be
+uniformly distinctly warted. The plasmodium is deep red, and a
+plasmodiocarpous fructification occasionally appears.
+
+Throughout the whole range, New England to Washington and Oregon, south
+to Nicaragua; Toronto.
+
+
+5. HEMITRICHIA STIPATA (_Schw._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE I., Figs. 8, 8 _a_, 8 _b_.
+
+  1834. _Leangium stipatum_ Schw., _N. A. F._, p. 258, No. 2304.
+  1876. _Hemiarcyria stipata_ (Schw.) _Rost., Mon. App._, pp. 41, 42.
+  1894. _Arcyria stipata_ (Schw.) Lister, _Mon. Mycetozoa_, p. 189.
+
+Sporangia distinct, crowded, cylindric or irregular, overlying one
+another, rich copper-colored, metallic, shining, becoming brown,
+stipitate; peridium thin, the upper portion early evanescent, the base
+persistent as a cup, as in _Arcyria_; capillitium concolorous, the
+thread abundantly branched to form a loose net, with many free and
+bulbous ends, pale under the lens, marked by three or four somewhat
+obscure spiral bands and a few wart-like or plate-like thickenings;
+stipe very short; spore-mass reddish, spores by transmitted light pale,
+nearly or quite smooth, 6-8  mu.
+
+This species is known at sight by its peculiarly beautiful tint when
+fresh, as by the crowded prolix habit of the singular overlying
+sporangia. The netted capillitium and the evanescent peridium suggests
+_Arcyria_, but there are abundant free tips, and the threads are
+unmistakably spirally wound, especially in the large, handsome sporangia
+characteristic of the Mississippi valley. It is a boundary form
+unquestionably. The stipe is generally very short, about one-tenth the
+total height; sometimes, when the peridium is more globose, the stipe is
+proportionally longer. Specimens from Iowa show fructifications several
+centimetres long and wide.
+
+Not rare. New England to the Black Hills and south.
+
+
+6. HEMITRICHIA LEIOCARPA (_Cke._) _Macbr._
+
+  1877. _Hemiarcyria leiocarpa_ Cke., _Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y._,
+           XI., p. 405.
+  1891. _Hemiarcyria varneyi_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 396.
+
+Sporangia simple, obovate or pyriform, rarely almost globose, pallid,
+with a stem of the same color, as long as the diameter of the
+sporangium; spore-mass and capillitium concolorous, or with slight
+ochraceous tint; capillitium forming a loose net, the tubes branching in
+a reticulate manner; spirals three, thin, prominent, along the convex
+sides of the tubes mixed with a few obtuse spines; spores globose, with
+a thin membrane, 12-14  mu.
+
+Such is the original description of this distinctly American species.
+_H. varneyi_ Rex should differ in having spirals seven or eight, and
+spore only 6.25  mu. Mr. Lister, who has compared types of both species,
+declares them the same! The present writer has been unable to secure
+authentic specimens.
+
+Pennsylvania.
+
+
+7. HEMITRICHIA INTORTA _List._
+
+  1891. _Hemiarcyria intorta_ Lister, _Jour. Bot._, p. 268.
+  1891. _Hemiarcyria longifila_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 396.
+  1894. _Hemitrichia_ intorta List., _Mycetozoa_, p. 176.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, globose-turbinate or pyriform, golden-yellow,
+stipitate; peridium thin, translucent, shining, opening at the summit
+irregularly, leaving a funnel-shaped receptacle below; stipe dark red
+brown, solid, rugulose; capillitium of threads sparingly branched, but
+looped and doubled upon themselves and constantly intertwisted,
+orange-yellow, 3-4  mu in diameter, with spirals four, sparingly
+spinulose, even and regular, the longitudinal striae conspicuous; spores
+in mass concolorous, under the lens yellow, delicately warted, globose,
+9-10  mu.
+
+Concerning this species, Dr. Rex says: "Externally this species
+resembles _H. clavata_ Pers., and has probably often been mistaken for
+it. The capillitium, however, in its structural details and habit of
+growth, is widely different. The partial untwisting of the loops of the
+capillitium by drying, after the rupture of the sporangium, causes it to
+be projected and elongated sometimes two or three times the length of
+the sporangium." Outwardly the open sporangium, by the projecting free
+tips, reminds one of a trichia. The capillitium is like that of _H.
+vesparium_, but less rough, and, of course, different in color.
+
+Rare. Fairmount Park, Philadelphia; Ohio, Iowa.
+
+
+8. HEMITRICHIA CLAVATA (_Pers._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE III., Figs. 1, 1 _b_.
+
+  1794. _Trichia clavata_ Pers., _Roem. N. Bot. Mag._, I., p. 90.
+  1873. _Hemitrichia clavata_ Pers., Rost., _Versuch_, p. 14.
+  1875. _Hemiarcyria clavata_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 264.
+  1893. _Hemiarcyria ablata_ Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 30.
+  1893. _Hemiarcyria funalis_ Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 32.
+
+Sporangia clavate or turbinate, gregarious, scattered or crowded,
+yellow, olivaceous or brownish, stipitate; the peridium generally thin,
+evanescent above, breaking away so as to leave a more or less definite
+cup beneath; stipe about one-half the total height, reddish,
+reddish-brown, or blackish, hollow about half-way down; capillitium
+various, yellow or ochraceous, made up of slender threads more or less
+freely branched and netted, bearing four or five regular, even, spiral
+plates which project sharply and are generally smooth, the free
+extremities numerous or almost none, swollen, or simply obtuse;
+spore-mass concolorous, spores by transmitted light pale yellow,
+globose, minutely but distinctly warted, 8-9  mu.
+
+This cosmopolitan species is generally one of the first brought in by
+the collector, its color and comparatively large size, 2-3 mm. high,
+making it conspicuous. Nevertheless, we are not able to recognize it in
+the descriptions of the older authors. Rostafinski quotes Schmiedel,
+_Icones_, 1776, as affording the earliest account of the species, but
+neither his description nor figure is definitive. Even Bulliard fails us
+here, and is differently interpreted by different authors. Persoon's
+description is none too good, but is reenforced by Fries and
+Rostafinski. The capillitium is variable both in the degree of
+smoothness presented, and the number of free ends, and the amount of
+branching. The spores in all specimens we have examined are remarkably
+constant in size and surface. In typical specimens free ends are easily
+discoverable, the branching forms a definite net, and the perfectly
+formed capillitial thread is smooth. In some American forms--developed
+under less favorable circumstances?--the net is less determined, the
+free ends are many, and the spirals minutely rough. Here may be placed
+_H. funalis_ Morgan, _l. c._
+
+Widely distributed. New England to Colorado, south to Mexico.
+
+
+9. HEMITRICHIA STIPITATA (_Mass._) _Macbr._
+
+  1889. _Hemiarcyria stipitata_ Mass., _Jour. Mic. Soc._, p. 354.
+  1893. _Hemiarcyria plumosa_, Morg., _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 29.
+
+Sporangia scattered, seldom crowded, obovoid or turbinate, olivaceous
+yellow, stipitate; the peridium smooth without, granulose within,
+evanescent above, persisting as a funnel-shaped cup below; the stipe
+long, reddish or blackish, rising from a small hypothallus; capillitium
+of threads 5-6  mu thick, very much branched, forming a dense net, free
+ends none, or not evident; the sculpture as in _H. clavata_, smooth and
+regular; spore-mass yellow; spores by transmitted light yellow, minutely
+warted, 7-8  mu.
+
+This form corresponds in nearly every respect with _H. clavata_, except
+in the structure of the capillitium. The color is rather ochraceous,
+dirty yellow, and the stipe is proportionally longer and darker, but the
+form of the net is positive and gives to the species a decidedly
+striking and unique appearance, so that it may be recognized by the
+naked eye. It looks like an arcyria and for this reason Professor Morgan
+said _H. plumosa_. Lister regards it as the same as our number 8.
+
+Common. Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and west; south to Mexico.
+
+
+10. HEMITRICHIA MONTANA _Morgan._
+
+Sporangia scattered or gregarious more or less closely, globose,
+whitish, sessile or very short stipitate; the peridium opaque, dull
+white, persistent below; capillitium deep yellow, the threads abundantly
+branched, forming a compact network, 7  mu wide, bearing spirals five or
+six, uneven and irregular, or anon interrupted, conspicuously spinulose
+or warted, free tips not lacking, generally inflated; spore-mass yellow,
+spores by transmitted light pale, nearly colorless, distinctly warted,
+10  mu.
+
+Recognizable by its peculiar pallid, sessile sporangia, as by the
+internal structure. Perhaps related to _Hemiarcyria bucknalli_ Mass. Our
+specimens are from Mr. Morgan, of Ohio, with the statement that they
+were collected in the San Bernardino Mountains, California, by Mr. S. B.
+Parrish; collected later from Monterey south.
+
+Common throughout south-western states to lower California.
+
+=2. Calonema= _Morgan._
+
+  1893. _Calonema_ Morgan, _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 33.
+
+Sporangia sub-globose, crowded or superimposed, irregular sessile;
+hypothallus none; capillitium of slender tubules, arising from the
+sporangium base, branched, marked with branching veins in an irregular
+reticulation, and terminating in free extremities. Spores yellow.
+
+
+1. CALONEMA AUREUM _Morgan._
+
+PLATE XIII., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_, 2 _c_.
+
+  1893. _Calonema aureum_ Morgan, _l. c._
+
+Sporangia crowded or heaped in scattered clusters; peridium thin, golden
+yellow, adorned with intricate radiating veinlets capillitium of threads
+more or less branched, attached below, free above, the surface to the
+very tips venulose, interrupted with rings or fragmentary spirals, the
+apices bulbous and obtusely conical; spore-mass yellow, spores by
+transmitted light bright yellow, covered by a network of interlocking
+plates, as in _T. favoginea_, globose, 14-16  mu.
+
+A curious form, related to _Hemitrichia_, much as _Oligonema_ is to
+_Trichia_. Related to both the genera first named, but distinct, in the
+peculiar sculpture, from _Hemitrichia_, and from _Oligonema_ in that the
+threads are not entirely free. Professor Morgan's original
+determination, founded on Ohio materials is confirmed by material sent
+us by Professor Underwood from Alabama.
+
+
+=3. Trichia= (_Haller_) _Rost._
+
+  1768. _Trichia_ Haller, _Hist. Stirp. Helv._, III., p. 114, in part.
+  1875. _Trichia_ (Haller) Rost., _Mon._, p. 243.
+
+Sporangia distinct, sessile or stipitate; capillitium of distinct
+elastic threads, free acuminate at each end, yellow or more rarely
+reddish or brown; spores generally yellow.
+
+The trichias are easily recognized among their kind by their beautiful
+spirally wound, elastic capillitial threads, the _elaters_; these are
+entirely free, about 3-4 mm. in length, simple or only rarely branched,
+and generally acute at each extremity. The spiral bands, sometimes
+called _taeniae_, are generally very uniform in thickness, distance from
+each other, and pitch, and in many species are further reenforced by
+minute longitudinal plications running from one spiral to the next.
+Furthermore, the spirals may be smooth or spinulose the elater uniform
+throughout or enlarged betimes by nodes and swellings. Taken altogether,
+the trichias with the species of the genus next following exhibit the
+highest degree of differentiation attained by the Myxomycetes.
+
+Most of the earlier authors, including Haller, used the generic name
+_Trichia_ to cover a variety of forms. It is here used with the limits
+sketched by De Bary in 1859 and 1864 (_Die Myxomyceten_), and followed
+more exactly ten years later by his pupil, Rostafinski.
+
+
+=Key to the Species of Trichia=
+
+  _A._ Sporangia, in typical cases at least, wholly sessile.
+
+     _a._ Gregarious; hypothallus none.
+
+          i. Peridium brown or reddish brown.
+
+              O Elaters smooth.
+
+             OO Spirals even, regular                1. _T. inconspicua_
+
+                 + Spirals irregular                    2. _T. contorta_
+
+                ++ Elaters rough, spinescent            3. _T. iowensis_
+
+         ii. Peridium olivaceous or yellow.
+
+              O Elaters smooth                             4. _T. varia_
+
+     _b._ Hypothallus distinct; sporangia crowded;
+            spores reticulate, banded, or netted.
+
+          i. Spore-bands pitted                       6. _T. persimilis_
+
+         ii. Spore-bands, narrow, plain                7. _T. favoginea_
+
+        iii. Spores covered by a delicate net             5. _T. scabra_
+
+  _B._ Sporangia stipitate.
+
+     _a._ Hypothallus distinct                         8. _T. verrucosa_
+
+     _b._ Hypothallus none; peridium checkered with
+            pale reticulations.
+
+          i. Brownish red or black                     10. _T. botrytis_
+
+         ii. Olivaceous.
+
+              O Elaters smooth                         11. _T. subfusca_
+
+             OO Elaters rough                            12. _T. erecta_
+
+     _c._ Peridium plain, shining                     13. _T. decipiens_
+
+     _d._ Peridium plain, dull black                  14. _T. lateritia_
+
+
+1. TRICHIA INCONSPICUA _Rostafinski._
+
+PLATE III., Figs. 5, 5 _a_, 5 _b_.
+
+  1875. _Trichia inconspicua_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 259.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or crowded, small, spherical, ellipsoidal or
+arcuate, brown or reddish brown, sessile; hypothallus none; capillitium
+dull, dark, ochraceous, the elaters long, slender, even, about 3  mu wide,
+the spirals three or four rather closely wound, the apices attenuate,
+acute, sometimes turned to one side; spore-mass concolorous, spores pale
+ochraceous, minutely but distinctly warted, 10-12  mu.
+
+One of the smallest of the _Trichiae_, not uncommon in the Mississippi
+valley on decaying fallen stems of _Populus_--sp. Distinguished at sight
+from all except No. 3 following, by its small size and brown color.
+Under the lens the long, delicate, finely sculptured capillitial
+threads, with fine tapering threads are distinctive.
+
+New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska;
+Black Hills, South Dakota; Toronto.
+
+
+2. TRICHIA CONTORTA (_Ditmar_) _Rost._
+
+PLATE XIII., Figs. 7, 7 _a_.
+
+  1811. _Lycogala contortum_ Ditmar, Sturm, _Deutsch. Fl._, III.,
+           Tab. 5.
+  1872. _Trichia reniformis_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, XXVI., p. 74.
+  1875. _Trichia contorta_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 259.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, or crowded, small, ellipsoid or reniform, arcuate,
+dark red brown, sessile; hypothallus none; capillitial mass ochraceous
+or dull yellow, the elaters few, irregular, the spirals uneven,
+irregular, often projecting and thin, though generally flat or obscure,
+the apices more or less swollen, ending in a curved tip; spore-mass
+concolorous, spores beneath the lens bright yellow, papillose, 10-12  mu.
+
+This species resembles the preceding in color, but is of less aggregate
+habit, and the sporangia are more plasmodiocarpous, reniform, arcuate,
+etc. The capillitium is also distinctive, the sculpture irregular,
+uneven with general lack of symmetry. Our description is made up from
+specimens of _T. reniformis_ Peck, which appears to be the American form
+of Rostafinski's species.
+
+Rare. New York, Montana?
+
+
+3. TRICHIA IOWENSIS _Macbr._
+
+PLATE III., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_; PLATE X., Fig. 5.
+
+  1892. _Trichia iowensis_ Macbr., I_a., Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist._, II.,
+           p. 133.
+
+Sporangia sessile, gregarious, spherical or reniform, with no
+hypothallus, purple brown; spores and spore-mass yellow; elaters with
+three or four spiral bands unevenly distributed, and with occasional
+inflations, sparingly branched, spinulose, especially where inflated,
+spinules long, 3-6  mu, recurved, often bifid or trifid, especially at or
+near the acuminate tip; spores delicately warted, 9-11  mu.
+
+This species occurs not rarely and is found on the bark of _Populus_, so
+far, exclusively. The sporangia are inconspicuous until opening by
+fissure they display the yellow spores and capillitial threads. The
+species is immediately recognized by its elaters, whose numerous and
+lengthened spinules are unlike those of any cognate form, reminding one
+of the capillitium of _Ophiotheca_. Related to the two preceding, but
+distinct by its spinulose capillitium.
+
+Iowa, Missouri; Black Hills, South Dakota.
+
+_Trichia andersoni_ Rex carefully described by Morgan, _Myx. Mi. Val._,
+p. 38, belongs with this first group, four small species, the
+inconspicuous. To the present writer in each the structure seems
+distinct. In the herbarium a small bit of Anderson's material has rested
+long; but it must not be lost to sight. The species is sure to be taken
+again in the cool mountains, somewhere abundant; as these stretch from
+Alberta to far Alaska. The capillitium is very even the taeniae closely
+wound, the elater-ends often furcate.
+
+
+4. TRICHIA VARIA (_Pers._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE IV., Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_.
+
+  1791. _Stemonitis varia_ Pers., Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, II., 1470.
+  1794. _Trichia varia_ Pers., _Roem. Neu. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 90.
+  1829. _Trichia varia_ (Pers.) Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 188.
+  1875. _Trichia varia_ (Pers.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 251.
+
+Sporangia gregarious or sometimes closely crowded, globose, obovoid, or
+irregularly globoid, yellowish or ochraceous, shining, sessile, or with
+a short black stipe; hypothallus none; capillitium of rather long,
+simple, or more rarely branched elaters, 4-5  mu, wide, marked by
+irregular spirals generally only two, prominent and narrow and in places
+remote, the apices acute, about twice the elater diameter; spore-mass
+yellow, spores by transmitted light dull yellow, 12-14  mu, delicately
+verruculose, guttulate.
+
+A very common species, very variable in form, stipitate forms occuring
+anon beside those which are irregular and sessile. According to
+Rostafinski the stipitate phase constitutes the _T. nigripes_ of Persoon
+and other authors. The capillitium is, however, characteristic
+throughout. The two spiral bands wind loosely and irregularly and
+present an elater unlike anything else in the group except the same
+structure in _T. contorta_, but here the elater is narrow and the
+sculpture obscure. Since the specific distinctions are purely
+microscopic, the synonymy beyond Rostafinski is mainly conjectural. It
+is possible that Fries properly applied the name.
+
+Common. Maine to Oregon and California, and south to Arkansas and
+Alabama.
+
+
+5. TRICHIA SCABRA _Rost._
+
+PLATE IV., Figs. 4, 4 _a_, 4 _b_.
+
+  1875. _Trichia scabra_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 258.
+
+Sporangia closely crowded upon a well-developed hypothallus, regular,
+globose or turbinate-globose, orange or golden brown, smooth, shining;
+capillitial mass clear, golden yellow, or sometimes rusty orange, the
+elaters simple, long, 4-5  mu in width, the spirals three or four, closely
+wound, spinulose, even and regular, the apices short, acuminate;
+spore-mass concolorous, under the lens spores yellow, covered by a
+delicate fine-meshed network, or simply spinulose under low power, 10-12
+ mu.
+
+Generally a well-marked species, easily recognized by its regular but
+roughened capillitial threads. Under a 1-12 objective the spores are
+also diagnostic. To the unaided eye it resembles the next species in
+both color and habit. Fructifications two inches or more in length and
+half as wide are not infrequent on the lower side of fallen stems in
+forests of deciduous trees. The plasmodium is white.
+
+Not uncommon. Maine to Washington, Oregon, Alaska, and south to Missouri
+and Arkansas.
+
+
+6. TRICHIA PERSIMILIS _Karst._
+
+PLATE IV., Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_, 1 _c_; 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_, 6 _c_, 6 _d_.
+
+  1868. _Trichia persimilis_ Karst., _Not. Saellsk. Fenn. Foerh._ IX.,
+           p. 353.
+  1869. _Trichia affinis_ De Bary, _Fuckel, Sym. Myc._, p. 336.
+  1875. _Trichia jackii_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 258.
+  1877. _Trichia abrupta_ Cke., _Myxom. U. S._ p. 404.
+  1878. _Trichia proximella_ Karst., _Myc. Fenn._, IV., p. 139.
+
+Sporangia globose or obovoid or irregularly spherical, shining, golden
+yellow to tawny, anon iridescent with metallic lustre, sessile;
+hypothallus thin, but usually very distinct; capillitial mass ochraceous
+or tawny yellow, the elaters long, even, about 4  mu wide, the spirals
+four, more or less spinulose, generally joined by longitudinal ridges,
+the apices short, tapering regularly, anon bifurcate; spore-mass
+concolorous, spores by transmitted light bright yellow, marked by an
+irregular or fragmentary banded reticulation, the bands broad, flat, and
+pitted, 10-12  mu. Plasmodium said to be white.
+
+This species, common throughout the northern world, is distinguished
+from its congener, the following, not only by the episporic character,
+but generally by its different peridium and more sombre colors. It never
+shows at maturity the brilliant golden yellow fluff that hangs in masses
+about the open and empty vases of _T. favoginea_, a fact not unnoted by
+Batsch, and rendering his figure and description so far determinable.
+
+The episporic network shows all degrees of perfection or imperfection,
+and the elater also varies somewhat both in the apices and distinctness
+of longitudinal striae. The several synonyms listed seem to have taken
+origin in a recognition of some of the more pronounced variations. In
+any event the American form _T. abrupta_ Cke., with bifid apices,
+belongs here, and European specimens seem to show the identity of forms
+described by Karsten and De Bary.
+
+Not rare. New England, Canada, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Alabama,
+Missouri, and west.
+
+
+7. TRICHIA FAVOGINEA (_Batsch_) _Pers._
+
+PLATE IV., Figs. 5, 5 _a_, 5 _b_.
+
+  1786. _Lycoperdon favogineum_ Batsch, _Elench. Fung._, p. 257,
+           Fig 173, _a_, _b_.
+  1791. _Sphaerocarpus chrysospermus_ Bull., _Cham. de Fr._, Tab. 417,
+           Fig. 4.
+  1794. _Trichia favoginea_ (Batsch) Pers., _Roem. N. Mag. Bot._, I.,
+           p. 90.
+  1875. _Trichia chrysosperma_ (Bull.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 255.
+
+Sporangia closely crowded, cylindric or prismatic by mutual pressure,
+obovoid, sessile, olivaceous yellow, smooth and shining; the peridium
+thin, opening above somewhat stellately, persistent; capillitium golden
+yellow, escaping entirely from the peridia, and forming woolly masses
+above them, the threads long, even, beautifully sculptured, bearing
+spirals about four, usually smooth and connected by light longitudinal
+ridges, the apices short tapering, about equal to the width of the
+elater, 6-7  mu; spores concolorous, by transmitted light paler, but still
+bright yellow, the episporic net conspicuous, the bands narrow and high,
+not pitted nor fragmentary, in form irregularly globose, 12-14  mu.
+Plasmodium yellow.
+
+A common and beautiful species recognizable at sight, after the peridia
+break, by the aggregate capillitium constantly in evidence above the
+abandoned vasiform peridia. The figures of Bulliard are unsatisfactory,
+although the description he gives and the name he suggests, still
+current, may lead us to concede that he had our species before him. The
+spores are larger than in _T. persimilis_, and the episporic net
+different, the "border" wider. The plasmodium in the latitude of Iowa
+not uncommon in woods in June, after emerging passes into fruit in the
+laboratory in about forty-eight hours, and the rupture of the peridia
+follows presently. The hypothallus is quite distinct, extra-marginal,
+and in substance like to the peridial wall.
+
+Not rare. Throughout the northern forests, Maine to Washington and
+Oregon, south to Alabama, Louisiana, Mexico.
+
+
+8. TRICHIA VERRUCOSA _Berk._
+
+  1860. _Trichia verrucosa, Fl. Tasm._, II., p. 269.
+
+Sporangia pyriform, or obovoid, shining, ochraceous from the color of
+the contents, stipitate, more or less botryoid or connate; stipe twice
+the height of the spore-case, reddish brown, simple or consolidated with
+others, weak, inclined, or procumbent; hypothallus distinct; spore-mass
+ochraceous yellow, the elaters simple, with smooth tapering points, with
+spirals three or four, the spores beautifully and strongly reticulate,
+after the manner of the spores in the species preceding, with the meshes
+generally complete and always large, quite variable in size 12-16  mu.
+
+Rostafinski quotes the species (_teste_ Lister) from Chile. Specimens in
+the herbarium of the State University of Iowa are from Jalapa, Mexico,
+collected by Mr. C. L. Smith. The species may be therefore expected in
+the southern United States. Berkeley described it from Tasmania. _T.
+superba_ Mass, from description would seen to be the same thing.
+
+
+9. TRICHIA PULCHELLA _Rex._
+
+  1893. _Trichia pulchella_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 366.
+
+Sporangia solitary or in groups of four or five, bright vitelline
+yellow, sessile; the peridium thin, transparent, opening irregularly
+above; hypothallus none; capillitium bright yellow, not emergent, the
+threads narrow, 3-4  mu, wound with spirals three or four, more or less
+irregular, smooth, longitudinal ridges wanting, the apices rather long,
+acuminate, about twice the diameter of the elater, or anon clavate or
+even globose, bulbose at the tip and furnished with several stout
+spines; spore-mass concolorous; under the lens spores colorless, marked
+by a very feebly developed reticulation of _T. persimilis_ type, but the
+bands narrow and, as shown by the narrow "border," low, meshes few and
+often imperfect, globose or sub-globose, about 12  mu.
+
+The episporic characters of this species ally it to _T. persimilis_ most
+nearly. The reticulations are possibly not more divergent from the
+typical form of that species than are the same features in some other
+forms there included. But in the present case, added to the episporic
+sculpture, we must reckon the peculiar capillitial thread, unlike that
+seen in either of the chrysospermatous forms, and the gregarious habit
+without hypothallus. These peculiarities seemed to Dr. Rex distinctive,
+and as they appear constant they may be left to separate the species.
+
+
+10. TRICHIA BOTRYTIS _Persoon._
+
+PLATE XIII., Figs. 8, 8 _a_.
+
+  1791. _Stemonitis botrytis_ Pers., Gmel., _Syst. Nat._, II., 1468.
+  1794. _Trichia botrytis_ Pers., _Roem. N. Mag. Bot._, I., p. 89.
+  1803. _Sphaerocarpus fragilis_ Sowerby, _Eng. Fung._, I., p. 279.
+  1829. _Trichia pyriformis_ Fries, _Syst. Myc._, III., p. 184.
+  1875. _Trichia fragilis_ (Sow.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 246.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, sometimes combined in clusters,
+pyriform or turbinate, stipitate, red-purple or, ochraceous-brown the
+peridium breaking up irregularly, the dehiscence sometimes prefigured by
+pale reticulations on the surface; stipe solid, single, or united in
+clusters of five or more together, dark-colored, red or purple-brown,
+opaque; capillitium orange, ochraceous yellow, or even reddish brown,
+the threads simple or rarely branched, long-fusiform, about 4  mu thick at
+the centre, tapering gradually to the long accuminate, apiculate tips,
+spirals three or four, even, smooth, rather closely wound and traceable
+almost to the apex; spores concolorous in mass, under the lens pale,
+globose, more or less closely minutely warted but not reticulate, 10-12
+ mu.
+
+A species remarkable for its variations in color. More commonly the
+unopened sporangia are opaque brown, by reason of a dense outer wall,
+and more frequently simple, or if compound, show but two or three
+united. The reddish variety, vinous or scarlet-black in color, is
+remarkably fasciate. Some clusters show twenty or more stipitate,
+globose sporangia, conjoined by their distinct but coherent stems. In
+such fruitings the sporangia are small, .5 mm. In the brown sporangia
+the dehiscence, as stated, is often definitely prefigured; in the
+multiple, red, obscurely, if at all. As presented in collections from
+the eastern United States, the two forms might well be disjoined.
+Persoon, however, discussed both together and so they remain.
+
+Saccardo includes _Craterium floriforme_ Schw. here.
+
+By the descriptions of the earlier authors it is impossible to
+distinguish this from _H. vesparium_ on the one hand, and _T. decipiens_
+on the other. _T. botrytis_ Pers., _l. c._, gives us first secure
+foothold. Fries discards Persoon's appellation as unsuitable and
+improperly applied, and takes up what he deems an older specific
+designation, _T. pyriformis_ Leers. But Rostafinski is certain Leers had
+_A. punicea_ in mind, and that other early names are equally
+ill-applied. Rostafinski rejects Persoon's names simply as not pertinent
+in every case. Massee examined the specimens of Leveille, and finds them
+belonging here; but see our No. 14, _seq._
+
+Not common, but with wide range. Maine, Massachusetts, New York,
+Pennsylvania, Ohio, Colorado; Toronto.
+
+
+11. TRICHIA SUBFUSCA _Rex._
+
+  1890. _Trichia subfusca_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 192.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, scattered, dull tawny brown, shading to dark brown
+below, about 1/2 mm. in diameter, globose, stipitate; stipe short, about
+equal to the sporangium, stout, brown or brownish black, rugulose,
+solid; capillitial mass bright straw color; the elaters long
+cylindrical, 3-4  mu wide, adorned with spirals four, which wind unevenly,
+are perfectly smooth, and terminate in abrupt tips about twice the
+diameter of the elater; spores yellow, under the lens yellow, minutely
+and closely warted, globose, 12  mu.
+
+The spores of this species resemble closely those of the preceding, but
+the sporangium is at sight different in appearance and proportions and
+the capillitium not the same at all. The elaters are never fusiform, the
+apices always abrupt in their acumination, and the sculpture irregular
+and uneven. In form the elater resembles that of _T. scabra_. The
+description is drawn from specimens, _N. A. F._, 2495, with which,
+however, specimens received from Dr. Rex and later collected exactly
+correspond.
+
+The elaters of uniform diameter, the apices abruptly narrowed to a blunt
+point, turned to one side, will serve to distinguish this species from
+the whole _T. botrytis_ group, some forms of which it outwardly
+resembles.
+
+We have beautiful specimens from the shores of Puget Sound.
+
+New York.
+
+
+12. TRICHIA ERECTA _Rex._
+
+  1890. _Trichia erecta_ Rex, _Proc. Phil. Acad._, p. 193.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, often in clusters of two or three together, but
+generally single, nut-brown, checkered with broad, conspicuous yellow
+dehiscence bands, globose, 1/2 mm. wide, stipitate, stipe double the
+sporangium, dark brown, solid; capillitial mass bright yellow, the
+elaters cylindric, 3-4  mu wide, terminating in apices short and smooth,
+adorned with spirals, four, coarsely spinulose, winding unevenly or even
+branching and so united to one another! spore-mass yellow, spores by
+transmitted light pale, globose, minutely warted, 12  mu.
+
+Distinguished at sight by the peculiarly mottled peridium. _T. botrytis_
+in its ochraceous forms sometimes shows tendency to the same thing, but
+the checkered surface is here conspicuous. The elaters resemble those of
+the preceding form, but are remarkably rough.
+
+Rare. Adirondacks, New York.
+
+
+13. TRICHIA DECIPIENS (_Pers._) _Macbr._
+
+PLATE IV., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.
+
+  1793. _Lycoperdon pusillum_ Hedwig, _Abh._, I., p. 35, Tab. iii.,
+           Fig. 2.
+  1795. _Arcyria decipiens_ Pers., _Ust. Ann. Bot._, XV., p. 35.
+  1796. _Trichia fallax_ Pers., _Obs. Myc._, I., p. 59, etc.
+
+Sporangia gregarious, sometimes closely so, sometimes scattered,
+turbinate, shining olive or olivaceous brown, stipitate; stipe generally
+elongate, concolorous above, dark brown below, hollow, _i. e._ filled
+with spore-like cells; capillitial mass yellowish or olivaceous yellow,
+the elaters perfectly smooth, long fusiform, tapering gradually to the
+long, slender taeniate apices, simple or often branched, adorned with
+spirals three, which wind evenly but somewhat distantly; spore-mass
+olivaceous or ochraceous, spores under the lens, pale, minutely
+delicately reticulate, 10-12  mu.
+
+One of our largest and most common species, in form and size resembling
+_H. clavata_, but immediately distinguished by its color. The
+capillitium is like that of _T. botrytis_, but differs in the more open
+sculpture and the longer and smoother unwound tips. The episporic net is
+a constant character in all the specimens examined. This feature reminds
+of _T. scabra_.
+
+This is, of course, our familiar _T. fallax_ of all authors from Persoon
+down. The earliest unmistakable reference to this species is Hedwig, _l.
+c._ But Batsch, in 1789, had used the same combination to describe a
+real puff-ball, so that Hedwig's name was already a synonym. The
+specific name here adopted is next in point of priority, although
+Persoon discarded it the year following, substituting _fallax_, because
+he had mistaken the genus.
+
+Not rare. New England, Toronto; west to the Black Hills and Washington,
+Oregon, California, south to the Carolinas and Kansas; Jalapa, Mexico.
+
+
+14. TRICHIA LATERITIA _Lev._
+
+  1846. _Trichia lateritia_ Lev., _Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot._, 3 V., p. 167.
+  1875. _Trichia lateritia_ Lev., Rost., _Mon._, p. 250.
+  1892. _Trichia fragilis_ (Sow.) Rost., Mass., _Mon._, p. 176.
+  1894. _Trichia botrytis_ Pers. var. _lateritia_ (Lev.) List., _Mon._,
+           p. 171.
+  1899. _Trichia botrytis_ Pers., Macbr., _N. A. S._, p. 216.
+  1911. _Trichia botrytis_ Pers. var. _lateritia_ (Lev.) List.,
+          _Mycetozoa, 2nd ed._, p. 217.
+
+Sporangia more or less closely gregarious, (_a_) simple
+globose-turbinate, dull black when dry, when moist generally with a
+vinous tinge, 1 mm. in diameter, stipitate. The stipe concolorous,
+rigid, erect, simple even, 2-6 mm., or (_b_) multiple, several
+sporangia united by their pale brown or reddish-brown, striate, weak,
+closely adherent or united stems; hypothallus small or none;
+capillitial-mass bright brick-red cut-off from the stem-cavity, such as
+may be, and enclosed by a thick, firm opaque peridium, which opens above
+in fragmental or petaloid lobes, leaving a craterium-like cup below, to
+persist in flower-like fashion long after the contents have blown away;
+elaters fusiform, extremely long, to 50  mu; about 5  mu in width at the
+widest (middle) point, long acuminate, adorned with usually four
+clean-cut even, regular, taeniae, uniformly spaced and carried forward
+on the progressive acumination, almost to the smooth, straight
+spine-like point; spores in mass brick-red, by transmitted light,
+orange-brown almost smooth, 10-12  mu.
+
+This showy and remarkable species is set out from _T. botrytis_ Pers.
+with which it has been more or less closely associated, for several
+reasons. In the first place, it is easily recognized in the field, by
+its size, color, and structure. Often simple throughout a colony entire,
+nevertheless where the vegetative development has been stronger, simple
+and multiple fructifications may stand side by side, but the odd
+fasciation is generally limited to few sporangia, perhaps three or four,
+or at most, half a dozen. These fasciate forms generally shorter, or
+less erect. The elaters, so far as our observation goes, are the longest
+in the genus notable for their beautiful symmetry. The spores are larger
+than in the red forms of _T. botrytis_ as usually presented, smoother
+and of different color.
+
+We have also a geographic limitation. Taken to Paris first from southern
+Chile, it promises to be a Pacific coast species, found as it now has
+been in North America from San Diego, to Vancouver. In a deep forest
+near Monterey, California, a half-buried log showed one colony a meter
+in length and from six to twelve centimetres in width, hundreds of
+sporangia, each by gentlest explosion opening to display its tuft of
+bright-tinted wool, a patch of color visible from far.
+
+
+=4. Oligonema.=
+
+  1875. _Oligonema_ Rost., _Mon._, p. 291.
+
+Sporangia distinct, small, generally crowded together and superimposed;
+hypothallus none; capillitium scanty, the sculpture rudimentary and
+imperfect, scattered rings or mere roughenings, sometimes imperfect or
+faint spirals; spores yellow.
+
+The oligonemas are simply degenerate _Trichiae_, and show the vagaries
+usually to be noted in a passing type. They are difficult to define, and
+the species are indeed variable. Those here listed seem to offer
+constant features throughout our range.
+
+
+=Key to Species of Oligonema=
+
+  _A._ Spores reticulate.
+
+     _a._ Sporangia in broad effused patches          2. _O. brevifilum_
+
+     _b._ Sporangia in small heaped clusters.
+
+          i. Elaters roughened, no distinct rings
+               or spirals                               1. _O. flavidum_
+
+         ii. Elaters with scattered rings; sometimes
+               faint spirals                              3. _O. nitens_
+
+  B. Spores warted                                        4. _O. fulvum_
+
+
+1. OLIGONEMA FLAVIDUM (_Peck_) _Mass._
+
+  1874. _Perichaena flavida_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y. Mus._, p. 76.
+  1892. _Oligonema flavidum_ (Peck) Mass., _Mon._, p. 171.
+
+Sporangia crowded and superimposed, sessile in small masses or clusters
+1 cm. or less, bright yellow, shining, the peridium thin but opaque,
+yellow; capillitium of long, slender tubules usually simple, anon
+branched, even, or with an occasional inflation, the sculpture confined
+to warts or small, distinct spinules, roughening more or less
+conspicuously the entire surface, the apices generally obtuse, anon
+apiculate; spore-mass yellow, spores under the lens pale yellow,
+irregularly globose, beautifully reticulate, the meshes large and few,
+as in _Trichia favoginea_, 12-14  mu.
+
+This species is marked by its capillitium, which is abundant for the
+present genus. The threads are longer than in any other species, and not
+infrequently branched, smooth, or more commonly, very distinctly
+minutely spinulose throughout, no trace of rings or relief sculpture of
+any sort, the spirals, that are to be expected, very imperfect, if
+discernible at all. In habit the species resembles _O. nitens_, but the
+colonies are much larger, and the sporangia higher and larger, attaining
+1 mm.
+
+New England to Iowa and Nebraska; south to Alabama and Louisiana.
+Toronto; _Miss Currie._
+
+
+2. OLIGONEMA BREVIFILUM _Peck._
+
+PLATE XX., Figs. 5, 5 _a_.
+
+  1878. _Oligonema brevifila_ Peck, _Rep. N. Y, Mus._, p. 42.
+
+Sporangia small, cylindric, dull ochraceous-yellow, sessile closely
+crowded, sometimes superimposed, forming large, effused patches several
+centimetres in extent; capillitium exceedingly scant, consisting of
+nothing more than a few minute threads, very short, only three or four
+times the diameter of the spore, smooth, or without any definable
+sculpture, ochraceous; spore-mass dark ochraceous, under the lens the
+spores are brighter, marked with reticulations much as in other species
+of the genus, 10-12  mu.
+
+Probably a variety of our No. 1, but constantly collected.
+
+Separate, however, from the following also in color and habit. To the
+naked eye the fructification suggests _Trichia persimilis_; the color
+much the same, and the sporangia similarly congested. The peculiarly
+rudimentary condition of the capillitium is apparently also constant.
+Iowa specimens accord perfectly with those from New York.
+
+Rare. New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Iowa, Missouri,
+Oregon, Washington, California; Vancouver Island.
+
+
+3. OLIGONEMA NITENS (_Lib._) _Rost._
+
+PLATE II., Figs. 8, 8 _a_, 8 _b_.
+
+  1834. _Trichia nitens_ Lib. _Pl. Cr. Ard._, III., No. 227.
+  1875. _Oligonema nitens_ (Lib.) Rost., _Mon._, p. 291.
+  1883. _Trichia pusilla_ Schroet., _Kr. Fl. Schl._, III., p. 114.
+
+Sporangia gathered in small, heaped clusters, irregularly spherical,
+bright straw-color, or yellow, sessile, superimposed, the peridium thin,
+smooth, shining; capillitium of short elaters, simple or branched,
+smooth, adorned with an occasional projecting ring, often with faint
+spiral sculpture spreading especially toward the apices, which are blunt
+or anon acute, the point sometimes flexed or bent to one side, never
+very long; spore-mass bright yellow, spores globose, beautifully
+reticulate, 12-14  mu.
+
+Readily recognized at sight by its heaped, shining, or glistening
+sporangia. The capillitial threads are further definitive, and serve to
+distinguish it from everything else.
+
+The range is wide, probably coextensive with the forests of the country.
+Specimens are before us from New England, Canada, Montana, and all
+intervening regions, and south to the Gulf of Mexico; California,
+Nevada,--_Prof. Bethel._ Yosemite, shores of Mirror Lake!
+
+
+4. OLIGONEMA FULVUM _Morgan._
+
+  1893. _Oligonema fulvum_ Morgan, _Jour. Cin. Soc._, p. 42.
+
+Sporangia large, sub-globose, sessile, or crowded, more or less regular;
+the peridium tawny yellow, or olivaceous, very thin and fragile,
+iridescent; mass of capillitium and spores tawny-yellow, elaters simple
+or sometimes branched, very short, sometimes with thicker swollen
+portions, the surface marked with low smooth spirals, in places faint
+and obsolete, the extremities rounded and obtuse, usually with a minute
+apiculus; spores globose, minutely warted, 10-13  mu.
+
+This species may be recognized by its tawny, irregular, more or less
+crowded sporangia. Under the lens the warted, not reticulate, spores are
+diagnostic. The elaters are quite constantly marked by imperfect
+spirals.
+
+Our specimens are from the author of the species, and so far there are
+none reported from outside Ohio.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[15] For other crucifers, see _Bull. Torr. Bot. Club_, xxi, pp. 76-8.
+
+[16] See in reference to this whole matter, _Myxomycetenstudien_ by E.
+Jahn, No. 7, _Ceratiomyxa_, 1908. See also Olive, _Trans. Wis. Acad. of
+Sci. Arts and Letters_, Vol. xv, pl. II, p. 771.
+
+[17] See Jahn, _Myxomyceten Studien_ No. 8, Berlin 1911.
+
+[18] In discussing these species the reader may be referred to Professor
+Harper's study of cytology, _Bot. Gazette_, vol. XXX., p. 217. It is
+probable that in all these aethalioid forms the effect of disturbance,
+transfer to laboratory, is likely to be quite pronounced. Giant spores
+are often seen, doubtless due to arrested cleavage in the procedure
+described by Dr. Harper: a giant spore is penultimate or antepenultimate
+in series; should, on this theory, occasionally, at least, show more
+than one nucleus.
+
+[19] Prior to Persoon the physarums were variously referred:
+_Lycoperdon_, _Sphaerocarpus_, _Trichia_, etc. It seems unnecessary to
+quote the synonymy further here.
+
+[20] Persoon's first-named species is _P. aureum_; see _Roemer Neu. Mag.
+f. d. Bot._, I., p. 88. 1794.
+
+[21] Fries (_Sum. Veg. Scand._, p. 454) described the new genus in the
+following words: Tilmadoche. Fr. Physari spec. S. M. Peridium simplex,
+tenerrimum (_Angioridii_) irregulariter rumpens. Capillitium
+intertexto-compactum, a peridio solutum liberum, sporisque inspersis
+fuscis. Columella o.
+
+  1. T. leucophaea. Fr.
+
+  2. T. soluta. (Schum.)
+
+  3. T. cernua. (Schum.)
+
+[22] See also _Inaug. Diss._, H. Roenn, _Schr. d. Naturw. Ver. f. Schl.
+Holst._, XV., Hpt. I., p. 55, 1911.
+
+[23] Inasmuch as there has been decided difference of opinion in
+reference to this particular species,--all judges readers of the same
+original description,--it has seemed wise to submit an English
+translation from the celebrated _Monograph loc. cit._
+
+"24. Physarum diderma _Rfski._
+
+"Sporangia sessile, globose, adnate by a narrow base, white. Peridium
+double; the outer thick, strongly calcareous, very distinctly set off
+from the thin inner one by an air-filled space; the calcareous nodules
+many, angular, loosely developed within to form a pseudo-columella;
+spores dark violet, spinescent, 9.2-10 in diameter.
+
+"_Opis._ This physarum looks extremely like a diderma.
+
+"The sporangia stand either aggregated or bunched together in heaps of
+five to twelve, adnate to the hypothallus by a narrow base, etc."
+
+Massee, _Mon._, p. 304, translated this description, but misunderstood
+what is said of the columella and is inclined to think the author did
+not know a diderma when he saw one; which is pretentious, to say the
+least!
+
+[24] See also, after all our trouble, _Jour. Bot._, LVII., p. 106.
+
+[25] See Fries, _Syst. Myc._, Vol. III., pp. 130, 137, Rost., _Mon._, p.
+127, and _Rep. N. Y. State Mus._, XXXI., p. 55.
+
+[26] It would seem that M. Massee would have written _T. reniformis_,
+were this authentic.
+
+[27] For further synonymy, see under _P. auriscalpium_, No. 49.
+
+[28] Robt. E. Fries, _Ofvers. K. Vetens. Akad. Forh._, 1899, No. 3, p.
+225.
+
+[29] The Polish author wrote Tilmadoche instead of Physarum in each case
+cited.
+
+[30] Forms cited are chiefly those likely to be found in our neighboring
+tropics, West Indies, etc.
+
+[31] These little structures have a fairly architectural appearance and
+may be called trabecules,--trabeculae, little beams.
+
+[32] Dr. Cooke, who used the microscope, applied the _Monograph_
+description to British forms occurring on leaves; proceeded further and
+found the same situation in New York. Mr. Massee gives the species wide
+range with spores 8-10  mu; average 9  mu; only a fraction too large;
+evidently none 12-15  mu.
+
+[33] If a sporangium of _L. tigrinum_ be mounted in water and treated to
+weak solution of hydro-chloric acid we may easily discover that the
+crystals, which so wonderfully adorn the outer wall in this and other
+species, consist, in part at least, of calcium carbonate. We may also
+discover that in the case before us the crystal or scale lies indeed
+enclosed in a filmy sac of organic origin, and that could we have seen
+the outer peridium as it came to form, we might probably have found it
+made up largely of an ectosarcous foam in whose cavities the excreted
+calcium found place for tabulate crystallization. In other species
+listed, conditions are different, and the crystals assume a different
+shape. The phrase "bicarbonate of lime" quoted in this connection in the
+former edition of this work from Mr. Massee's _Monograph_, etc., is not
+clear.
+
+[34] Doubtless immature; _v. Mitteil. Naturwiss. Gesell. Wintert._, VI.,
+p. 64, Lister quoted by Schinz.
+
+[35] Vid. _Mycologia_, N. Y., Vol. IX., p. 328.
+
+[36] See _Addenda, d_, p. 282 following.
+
+[37] In the _Mycetozoa_, 2nd ed., p. 158, is cited _Stemonitis
+virginiensis_ Rex as a synonym of this variety. By reference to p. 163
+of the present volume the Virginian stemonitis is left as Rex assigned
+it, and if the present variety be synonymous, it should be quoted there.
+The treatment of the species _C. nigra_ in the second edition does not
+establish such fact, nor with three varieties make for any increasing
+clearness.
+
+[38] It had seemed less necessary to retain the classic orthography in
+this instance since De Bary and Rostafinski both use _Diachea_. But
+modern scholarship is nothing if not meticulous; it is the fashion in
+Latin still to keep the digraph, even to the vexation of all men. In the
+same way when Bulliard wrote _leucopodia_, 'white stockings', he
+doubtless meant to be exact.
+
+[39] For this citation we are indebted to _Mr. Hugo Bilgram_.
+
+
+
+
+ADDENDA
+
+
+a. This volume is as we see, a descriptive list of the various forms of
+the Myxomycetes in so far as these have come to the personal notice of
+the writer.
+
+Each form is designated, as is usual in discussing objects of the sort,
+by a particular binomial name, followed, in abbreviated form, by the
+name of the student or author who in describing the form in question
+used the combination. Thus _Stemonitis splendens_ was first described by
+Rostafinski, and the name he thus used is applicable to the form he
+described, wherever found, and to _nothing else_.
+
+The proper naming of any specimen would thus appear to be a very simple
+matter. Such, however, is often not the case, particularly where we are
+concerned with species long familiar to science. Such often have
+received, at different times, and at the hands of the same author, or
+certainly of different authors, different names, given for various
+reasons; so that one who would refer to, or discuss, a single specimen
+to-day finds himself often in great uncertainty, confronted by a
+multitude of binomial combinations all thought to refer to the same
+particular thing.
+
+By general consent, of course, we strive to ascertain the oldest name on
+the list; the first that is really and clearly applicable, and we write
+all other names down as synonyms. In this volume a list of synonyms
+often accompanies the description; precedes it, showing, year by year,
+the history of the case; an abstract in fact of the title, as at last
+approved. The preparation of such an abstract is very troublesome, but
+is believed to be worth the trouble; must be made, indeed, if we are
+ever in our discussions to be sure that when we speak or write in
+America, we are dealing with the same thing intended by the man who
+speaks or writes in England, or elsewhere.
+
+The space occupied in synonymy, is therefore by no means wasted. By and
+by, if we succeed in establishing a nomenclature on which competent
+judges can agree, a thing not at all improbable, almost now attained,
+the lists may gradually disappear as having historical value only.
+
+b. Taxonomy, in any field, is of necessity concerned with history. For
+his own sake, no student can ignore the thought and work of his
+predecessors. No man ever sees nature in completeness, nor even the
+small part of the world to which he devotes attention. He needs every
+possible assistance, especially the observations of intelligent men. The
+present author rejoices to acknowledge the assistance found in volumes
+written in Europe during the last two hundred years. Such men as
+Persoon, Bulliard, Schumacher, Schrader, Fries, are deservedly famous;
+they laid the foundations of mycologic taxonomy. No student can afford
+to miss _Elias Fries_; his genius, spirit and scholarship entitle him to
+the recognition and sympathy of every lover of the intellectual life.
+
+c. The considerations just mentioned may, indeed do, sometimes act as a
+handicap to the American student, for the simple reason that he comes
+later to the field of time. He must naturally defer to the decision of
+men in Europe who are supposedly familiar with original types. An
+American specimen is presumably the same as one occurring elsewhere in
+similar latitude and environment. It becomes evident after while that
+only in certain instances is this undoubtedly the fact. The flora of the
+American continent has been sufficiently disjoined in space and time
+from Europe to permit extensive differentiation even in these minor
+forms, so that we have indeed in the groups we study many species, some
+genera, definitely autochthonous, more it is believed than are now
+suspected. An attempt to bring a specimen under the terms of a species
+described in Western Europe is not seldom an error. It becomes evident,
+as we go forward, that in eastern North America there are forms not only
+not described in European literature, but really not, part of European
+flora, not even adventitiously.
+
+d. Many of the more minute species with which this volume has to do are
+very elusive, very difficult; for one reason,--perhaps in itself
+sufficient,--because of their minuteness, and consequent apparent
+paucity. They may be common, but none the less seldom seen. The
+comatrichas afford an illustration. There are several very small
+species. _C. pulchella_, _C. laxa_, _C. ellisii_ may be mentioned. _C.
+pulchella_ has been studied nearly a hundred years and has a synonymy
+accordingly. In 1875 Rostafinski in the material, and among the
+descriptions, thought he recognized two distinct forms, and went on to
+give them names; the first in honor of Persoon, _C. persoonii_, should
+show an ovate or ovate-cylindric outline with acuminate tip; the second
+should be truncate and represent a type first described by Berkeley
+under a name given by Babington, _C. pulchella_. Berkeley's drawing
+shows a sporangium with tip acuminate! Lilac or violaceous tints
+attracted attention in the spores of _C. persoonii_ only; in _C.
+pulchella_ all is ferruginous. Curtis is especially commended for
+noticing the fact in describing _S. tenerrima_, here included as we see.
+
+_Comatricha gracilis_ Wing. is slender, cylindric and has small spores
+hardly reaching 6  mu; should perhaps be now set out as a separate
+species; it is evidently purely an American phase.
+
+Our figures, Plate XII., 16 and 16 _a_, 18 and 18 _a_, show _C.
+pulchella_ and _C. gracilis_, respectively, extremes. Plate XIII., 4,
+shows an ovate form not very unusual. This and _C. gracilis_ occur on
+living leaves.
+
+_C. ellisii_ is another of this minor series, very constant in its
+delicate beauty, but approaches _C. nigra_ rather than the others here
+discussed.
+
+_C. laxa_, as the name implies, shows an open construction, suggested,
+perhaps, by Rostafinski's photographic print, but better brought out by
+Celakowsky, _Myx. Boehm._, Tab. 2, Figs. 7 and 8.
+
+e. It has been shown[40] that the process of cell-division in the
+spore-plasm of the myxomycete is not dissimilar to that obtaining under
+the same conditions in higher plants. On this supposition we have
+explanation of spore-division in _Ceratiomyxa_ and can understand the
+adherence of spores now and again notable. Once the latter phenomenon
+was thought peculiar to the genus _Badhamia_; but the unsculptured
+epispore of the spores of reticularias, tubiferas, etc., suggest the
+same thing and more recently we find it in _Dianema_ and in the
+_Stemoniteae_; even _Stemonitis_ arrives with clustered spores in groups
+of four, and we are in sight of a generalization wide.
+
+It is interesting to note that something of this sort was observed by at
+least one student long ago. Schumacher, _Enum. Pl. Sell._ 2, p. 215,
+describes _Arcyria atra_ with the characters of an enerthenema, and says
+"the capillitial threads are some of them diffuse and bear spermatic
+globules"! Did he anticipate _E. berkleyanum_? See the text under that
+species at p. 190, _supra_.
+
+f. In a paper read December, 1920, before the _Mycological_ Division of
+Section G., _A. A. A. S._, the present writer discussed briefly the
+physical principles involved in some of the more striking peculiarities
+of the slime-moulds.
+
+It is argued in that paper that the shaping of stipitate sporangia which
+is so surprising as relating to the ordinary behaviour of fluid masses,
+as usually observed, is, in part at least, referable to certain well
+known properties of fluids generally. For this discussion those
+interested are referred to the article itself in the November number of
+_Mycologia_ (N. Y.).
+
+Sufficient to say here that it is a fact, in many cases, that in
+stipitate fructification, so far as observed, the stipe is first to take
+form, and, as viewed by the writer, in many cases, as it rises, becomes
+more and more a most delicate but definite ectosarcate capillary tubule,
+by which ascends the spore-plasm of the point concerned, to such level
+as may meet the immediate conditions of pressure, of whatsoever source.
+
+It will be interesting in this view to note the resultant shapes as
+presented in the sporangia of various genera. One may examine for
+illustrations Figs. 1, 3, 4, 7, Pl. XX., with the thought in mind that
+the stipe in each case may have served as a capillary tubule to carry up
+the spore-plasm to the position in which the spores at length are found.
+In some species of _Hemitrichia_, for instance, there are spores or
+spore-like cells found at maturity in the hollow stipe. In other cases
+the stipe contains refuse matter.
+
+The capillary theory may not, probably does not, play part in every
+case. It would seem that a stemonitis, for example, must owe the rise of
+the spore-plasm to the play of different machinery. _Brefeldia_, p. 154
+above, may offer suggestion.
+
+g. On page two of the introductory section of this volume mention is
+made of the variety of colors shown in the vegetative phases of the
+organisms we study. This fact is patent to all observers; but the
+identity of the plasmodium making the display must be ascertained by
+painstaking or prolonged and repeated observations. This for the reason
+that, as I am convinced, only in comparatively few cases is the color
+unchanged during the life-history of a given fructification. It may
+sometimes change from hour to hour as development proceeds. The color
+designated in the descriptive pages of this work is presumably, unless
+as otherwise set out, that immediately preceding that of the maturing
+fruit.
+
+As suggestive, and as, it is hoped, contributory to better knowledge of
+this phase of our subject a list of species is here subjoined as
+presented by my colleague, Professor Morton E. Peck of Oregon, who has
+given unusual attention to this particular investigation.
+
+  SPECIES             PLASMODIUM COLORS
+
+  _Physarum sinuosum_           light grey, nearly white, ivory white
+
+  _Physarum serpula_            greenish-yellow; yellow
+
+  _Physarum virescens_          pale greenish-yellow; yellow
+
+  _Physarum cinereum_           watery grey, becoming white; pallid
+
+  _Physarum didermoides_        watery grey, becoming white; blue-white
+
+  _Physarum notabile_           pure white
+
+  _Physarum globuliferum_       greenish-yellow; yellow
+
+  _Physarum leucopus_           light grey
+
+  _Physarum pulcherrimum_       dark red
+
+  _Physarum flavicomum_         greenish or brownish yellow
+
+  _Physarum viride_             clear yellow
+
+  _Physarum wingatense_         at first grey, then pure white
+
+  _Badhamia orbiculata_         pale yellow, passing to white
+
+  _Physarella oblonga_          brilliant yellow
+
+  _Mucilago spongiosa_          watery grey, then white
+
+  _Didymium crustaceum_         white
+
+  _Didymium squamulosum_        pale grey, watery white
+
+  _Diderma floriforme_          grey tinged with yellow
+
+  _Stemonitis fusca_            white passing through blue to black
+
+  _Stemonitis smithii_          green to yellow to reddish purple
+
+  _Comatricha longa_            white, cream-yellow, reddish purple
+                                  to dusky
+
+  _Comatricha irregularis_      white
+
+  _Comatricha nigra_            white
+
+  _Comatricha typhoides_        bluish white
+
+  _Diachaea splendens_          pure white
+
+  _Enerthenema papillatum_      colorless or greenish
+
+  _Reticularia lycoperdon_      white
+
+  _Dictydiaethalium plumbeum_   colorless, pink, salmon, rose, orange,
+                                  chocolate brown
+
+  _Lindbladia effusa_           brown, lead-colored
+
+  _Tubifera ferruginosa_        watery white, scarlet, brown, almost
+                                  black
+
+  _Cribraria dictydioides_      clear dark green
+
+  _Cribraria tenella_           watery, dark plumbeous, bronze
+
+  _Cribraria cuprea_            red
+
+  _Arcyria nutans_              white
+
+  _Arcyria denudata_            watery white, then flesh-color
+
+  _Arcyria cinerea_             grey, then white
+
+  _Trichia varia_               colorless, then white
+
+h. In a few instances references to illustration do not find place in
+connection with the descriptive matter. One phase of _Physarum
+albescens_ is figured on Pl. III.; _Mucilago_ will be found portrayed on
+Pl. VII.; _Physarum viride_ on Pl. VIII.
+
+j. The group before us has research possibilities not a few. The
+question of their nutrition and its limits in respect of variety, is yet
+to be solved. From present indications all that can be said is to the
+effect that a pabulum similar in variety, no doubt meets the needs of
+many species. Whether in artificial culture a single base as gelatin or
+agar would suffice for all or several is yet to be discovered.
+
+Whether a species brought from spore to maturity on artificial diet
+would conform in any reasonable way to our dim concept of its identity
+is also, it would seem, a problem. The variation in the field would seem
+to make it doubtful.
+
+From the table immediately preceding it is plain that there is place for
+doubt. Color it is surmised is of itself everywhere incidental; the
+structure, which maintains identity or the reverse, lies deeper,
+although color may be none the less, in some way a resultant, and
+therefore in so far a reliable taxonomic guide.
+
+The treatment of our subject so far by no means exhausts the
+possibilities of even the simpler phases of microscopic study. We have
+endeavored to appreciate the work of those who hand us the literature of
+the group, and to recognize what such keen-eyed men have seen; but in
+our western and southern forests there are probably double as many
+species, as species go, as we have listed.
+
+The entire group is, as it would seem, in highest measure worthy of
+investigation and comprehension, and should it at any time prove that to
+such accomplishment the present volume may have been in any smallest way
+contributory, the author's satisfaction will be complete indeed.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[40] Farr. _Cell-division in Pol. Mother-cells, Cobaea scandens, Bull.
+Tor. Bot. Cl._, Vol. 47, pp. 325-38.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+NATURAL ORDERS, etc.
+
+  CRIBRARIALES, 199
+
+  EXOSPOREAE, 18
+
+  LYCOGALALES, 232
+
+  PHYSARALES, 22
+
+  PHYTOMYXINAE, 17
+
+  STEMONITALES, 148
+
+  TRICHIALES, 236
+
+
+GENERA
+
+  ALWISIA, 208
+    _Alwis_; personal.
+
+  AMAUROCHAETE, 148
+    [Greek: amauros], dusky, and [Greek: chaite], hair. Gr.
+
+  ARCYRIA, 247
+    [Greek: arkyon] a net. Gr.
+
+  BADHAMIA, 313
+    _C. D. Badham_; personal.
+
+  BREFELDIA, 154
+    _O. Brefeld_; personal.
+
+  CALONNEMA, 266
+    [Greek: kalos], beautiful, and [Greek: nema], a thread. Gr.
+
+  CERATIOMYXA, 18
+    [Greek: keration], a small horn, and [Greek: myxa], mucus. Gr.
+
+  CIENKOWSKIA, 110
+    _Leon Cienkowski_; personal
+
+  CLASTODERMA, 191
+    [Greek: klastos], broken, and [Greek: derma], dermis, skin or
+      covering. Gr.
+
+  COLLODERMA, 147
+    [Greek: kolla], glue, and [Greek: derma], dermis, covering.
+
+  COMATRICHA, 171
+    [Greek: kome], and [Greek: thrix], both words meaning hair. Gr.
+
+  CRATERIUM, 103
+    [Greek: krater], a vessel. Gr.
+
+  CRIBRARIA, 216
+    _cribrum_, a sieve. Lat.
+
+  DIACHAEA, 185
+    [Greek: diacheiu], to pour out; the application not patent. Gr.
+
+  DIANEMA, 238
+    [Greek: dia], through or across, and [Greek: nema], thread. Gr.
+
+  DICTYDIUM, 230
+    [Greek: diktyon], a net. Gr.
+
+  DICTYDIAETHALIUM, 215
+    Dictydium and aethalium; the latter from [Greek: aithalos], sooty.
+      Gr.
+
+  DIDERMA, 129
+    [Greek: dis], twice or twofold, and [Greek: derma], as above. Gr.
+
+  DIDYMIUM, 115
+    [Greek: didymos], double. Gr.
+
+  ECHINOSTELIUM, 198
+    [Greek: echinos], a sea-urchin, and [Greek: stelion], (?), a handle
+      or stem. Gr.
+
+  ENERTHENEMA, 189
+    [Greek: enerthe], below, and [Greek: nema], a thread.
+
+  ENTERIDIUM, 211
+    [Greek: enteron] the intestine. Gr.
+
+  FULIGO, 23
+    fuligo, soot. Lat.
+
+  _=Hemiarcyria=_, 259
+    [Greek: hemi], half, and Arcyria.
+
+  HEMITRICHIA, 259
+    [Greek: hemi], half, and Trichia.
+
+  HETEROTRICHIA, 256
+    [Greek: heteros], other, and Trichia.
+
+  LACHNOBOLUS, 245
+    [Greek: lachnos], woolly, and [Greek: bolos], a lump. Gr.
+
+  LAMPRODERMA, 191
+    [Greek: lampros], shining, and [Greek: derma], as above. Gr.
+
+  LEOCARPUS, 111
+    [Greek: leios], smooth, and [Greek: karpos], fruit. Gr.
+
+  LEPIDODERMA, 144
+    [Greek: lepis], a scale, and [Greek: derma], a covering. Gr.
+
+  LICEA, 199
+    said to be Latin; _licium_, a thrum, a girdle.
+
+  LINDBLADIA, 203
+    _A. Lindblad_; personal.
+
+  LYCOGALA, 233
+    [Greek: lykos], a wolf, and [Greek: gala], milk. Gr.
+
+  MARGARITA, 237
+    [Greek: margarites], a pearl. Gr.
+
+  MUCILAGO, 113
+    _mucilago_, musty juice. Lat.
+
+  OLIGONEMA, 278
+    [Greek: oligos], few, and [Greek: nema], a thread. Gr.
+
+  OPHIOTHECA, 240
+    [Greek: ophis], a serpent, and [Greek: theke], a case. Gr.
+
+  ORCADELLA, 203
+    [Greek: orka], a cask (?). Diminutive.
+
+  PERICHAENA, 242
+    [Greek: peri], around, and [Greek: chainein], to crack open. Gr.
+
+  PHYSARUM, 45
+    [Greek: physa], a bladder, something inflated.
+
+  PHYSARELLA, 71
+    Diminutive of _Physarum_.
+
+  PLASMODIOPHORA, 17
+    [Greek: plasma], something formed, and [Greek: phoros], that bears.
+      Gr.
+
+  PROTOTRICHIA, 257
+    [Greek: protos], first, and _Trichia_.
+
+  RETICULARIA, 209
+    _reticulum_, a small net. Lat.
+
+  STEMONITIS, 156
+    Like a stamen.
+
+  TILMADOCHE, 95
+    [Greek: tilma], lint, and [Greek: doche], containing. Gr.
+
+  TRICHIA, 267
+    [Greek: ophix], hair. Gr.
+
+  TUBIFERA, 205
+    _tubus_, a tube, and _fero_, I bear. Lat.
+
+
+GENERA AND SPECIES
+
+  =_Aethaliopsis,_=, 26.
+    _stercoriformis_ Zopf., 27.
+
+  =_Aethalium_=, 23.
+    _flavum_ Link., 27.
+    _septicum_ Fr., 27.
+
+  ALWISIA, 208.
+    bombarda _Berk. & Br._, 208.
+
+  AMAUROCHAETE, 148.
+    _atra_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., 6, 149.
+    _cribrosa_ (Fr.) Macbr., 150.
+    fuliginosa (_Sow._) _Macbr._, 149.
+    tubulina (_Alb. & Schw._) _Macbr._, 150.
+    _minor_ Sacc. & Ell., 145.
+
+  =_Angioridium_=, 52.
+    _sinuosum_ Grev., 52.
+
+  ARCYRIA, 247.
+    _albida_ Pers., 245.
+    _bicolor_ Berk. & C., 255.
+    cinerea (_Bull._) _Pers._, 254.
+    conglobosa _Macbr._, 255.
+    _decipiens_ Pers., 276.
+    denudata (_L._) _Sheld._, 253.
+    digitata (_Schw._) _Rost._, 255.
+    ferruginea _Sauter._, 253.
+    _flava_ Pers., 249.
+    _gabriellae_ Rav., 257.
+    _globosa_ Schw., 245.
+    incarnata _Pers._, 6, 251.
+    insignis _Kalchbr. & Cke._, 256.
+    _leucocephala_ Pers., 105.
+    magna _Rex_, 248.
+    nodulosa _Macbr._, 252.
+    nutans (_Bull._) _Grev._, 249.
+    oerstedtii _Rost._, 249.
+    pomiformis (_Leers_) _Rost._, 255.
+    _punicea_ Pers., 253.
+    _stipata_, List., 262.
+    versicolor _Phill._, 250.
+    _vitellina_ Phill., 250.
+
+  BADHAMIA, 31.
+    affinis _Rost._, 35.
+    capsulifera (_Bull._) _Berk._, 38, 40.
+    chrysotricha _Berk. & C._, 34.
+    decipiens (_Curt._) _Berk._, 34.
+    _decipiens_ Berk., 49, 63.
+    foliicola _G. List._, 39.
+    gracilis _var. Macbr._, 37.
+    _hyalina_ (Pers.) Berk., 40.
+    iowensis _Macbr._, 36.
+    inaurata _Currey_, 34.
+    lilacina (_Fr._) _Rost._, 65.
+    macrocarpa (_Ces._) _Rost._, 37.
+    _macrocarpa_ Rost., 37.
+    magna _Peck_, 38.
+    nitens _Berk._, 34.
+    _nodulosa_ Mass., 51.
+    orbiculata _Rex_, 37.
+    ovispora _Racib._, 33.
+    panicea (_Fr._) _Rost._, 35, 51.
+    papaveracea _Berk. & R._, 42.
+    _penetralis_ Cke. & Ell., 177.
+    populina _List._, 41.
+    rubiginosa (_Chev._) _Rost._, 43.
+    subaquila _Macbr._, 44.
+    utricularis (_Bull._) _Berk._, 39.
+    _varia_ Mass., 38.
+    _verna_ Fries, 51.
+    versicolor _List._, 33.
+
+  BREFELDIA, 154.
+    maxima (_Fr._) _Rost._, 154.
+
+  =_Byssus._=
+    _fruticulosa_ Fl. Dan., 19.
+
+
+  CALONEMA, 266.
+    aureum _Morg._, 266.
+
+  CERATIOMYXA, 18.
+    arbuscula _Berk. & Br._, 20.
+    filiforma _Berk. & Br._, 20.
+    fruticulosa (_Muell._) _Macbr._, 19.
+    _mucida_ Schroet., 19, 21.
+    porioides (_Alb. & Schw._) _Schroet._, 19, 20, 21.
+
+  =_Ceratium_=,
+    _hydnoides_ Alb. & Schw., 19.
+    _porioides_ Alb. & Schw., 19, 20.
+
+  =_Chondrioderma_=, see Diderma.
+    _aculeatum_ Rex, 139.
+    _calcareum_ Rost., 95.
+    _crustaceum_ (Peck) Berl., 135.
+    _globosum_ (Pers.) Rost., 134.
+    _michelii_ (Lib.) Rost., 138.
+    _niveum_ Rost., 137.
+    _radiatum_ (L.) Rost., 141.
+    _reticulatum_ Rost., 131.
+    _roanense_ Rex, 141.
+    _rugosum_ Rex, 144
+    _sauteri_ Rost., 139.
+    _stromateum_ (Link.) Rost., 132.
+    _testaceum_ (Schrad.) Rost., 137.
+    _trevelyani_ (Grev.) Rost., 142.
+
+  CIENKOWSKIA, 110.
+    reticulata (_Alb. & Schw._) _Rost._, 49, 111.
+
+  =_Cionium_=,
+    _xanthopus_ Ditm., 123.
+
+  CLASTODERMA, 191.
+    debaryanum _Blytt._, 191.
+
+  =_Clathroptychium_=, 215.
+    _rugulosum_ (Wallr.) Rost., 215.
+
+  =_Clathrus._=
+    _adnatus_ Batsch, 251.
+    _denudatus_ L., 253.
+    _ramosus_ Retz., 193.
+
+  =_Clavaria_=, 19.
+    _byssoides_ Bull., 19.
+    _puccinia_ Batsch, 19.
+
+  COLLODERMA, 147.
+    oculatum (_Lipp._) _G. List._, 147.
+
+  COMATRICHA, 171.
+    aequalis _Peck_, 180.
+    caespitosa _Sturg._, 173.
+    _crypta_ Schw., 127.
+    cylindrica (_Bilgr._) _Macbr._, 173.
+    elegans (_Racib._) _G. List._, 182.
+    _ellisiana_ (Cke.) Ell. & Ev., 177.
+    ellisii _Morg._, 184.
+    flaccida (_List._) _Morg._, 174.
+    _friesiana_ (DBy.) Rost., 128.
+    _gracilis_ Wing, 183.
+    irregularis _Rex_, 176.
+    laxa _Rost._, 177, 184.
+    longa _Peck_, 175.
+    nigra (_Pers._) _Schroet._, 178, 184.
+    _obtusata_ (Preuss.) List., 179, 190.
+    _persoonii_ Rost., 183.
+    pulchella (_Bab._) _Rost._, 183.
+    rubens _List_., 183.
+    _shimekiana_ Macbr., 144.
+    _stemonitis_ (Scop.) Shel., 181.
+    subcaespitosa _Peck_, 132.
+    suksdorfii _Ell. & Ev._, 178.
+    _typhina_ (Pers.) Rost., 181.
+    typhoides (_Bull._) _Rost._, 163, 181.
+
+  =_Cornuvia_=, 240, 241.
+    _circumscissa_ (Wallr.) Rost., 241.
+    _wrightii_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., 241.
+
+  =_Crateriachaea._=
+    _crateriachaea mutabilis_ Rost., 99.
+
+  CRATERIUM, 73.
+    aureum (_Schum._) _Rost._, 104.
+    _citrinellum_ List., 37.
+    concinnum _Rex_, 107.
+    _confusum_ Mass., 79.
+    _convivale_ (Batsch) Morg., 105.
+    _cylindricum_ Mass., 106.
+    leucocephalum (_Pers._) _Ditm._, 105, 106.
+    _lilacinum_ Mass., 65.
+    _maydis_ Morg., 91.
+    minimum _Berk. & C._, 106.
+    minutum (_Leers_) _Fr._, 107, 108.
+    _mutabile_ Fr., 104.
+    _nodulosum_ (C. & B.) Morg., 51.
+    _obovatum_ Peck, 70.
+    _paraguayense_ (Speg.) List, 103.
+    _pedunculatum_ Trent., 58, 107, 108.
+    _rubescens_ Rex, 103.
+    _rubiginosum_ Mass., 70.
+    _vulgare_ Ditm., 107.
+
+  CRIBRARIA, 216.
+    argillacea Pers., 218.
+    aurantiaca _Schrad._, 221.
+    _cernua_ Pers., 230.
+    cuprea _Morg._, 229.
+    dictydioides _Cke. & Balf._, 222.
+    elegans _Berk. & C._, 228.
+    intricata (_Schrad._) _Rost._, 223.
+    languescens _Rex_, 229.
+    macrocarpa _Schrad._, 219.
+    microcarpa (_Schrad._) _Pers._, 226.
+    _microscopica_ _Berk. & C._, 220.
+    _minima_ Berk. & C., 220.
+    minutissima _Schw._, 220.
+    piriformis _Schrad._, 228.
+    purpurea _Schrad._, 228.
+    rufa (_Roth_) _Rost._, 220.
+    splendens (Schrad.) Pers., 221.
+    tenella _Schrad._, 225.
+    violacea _Rex_, 227.
+    _vulgaris_ Schrad., 222.
+
+  =_Cytidium._=
+    _melleum_ (Berk. & Br.) Morg., 65.
+    _ravenelii_ (Berk. & C.) Morg., 48.
+    _rufipes_ (Alb. & Schw.) Morg., 50.
+
+
+  =_Dermodium_=, 236.
+    _conicum_ (Pers.) Rost., 236.
+
+  DIACHAEA, 185.
+    bulbillosa (_Berk. & Br._) _List._, 188.
+    _caespitosa_ List., 173.
+    _cylindrica_ (Bilgr.) List., 173.
+    _elegans_ Fr., 186.
+    leucopodia (_Bull._) _Rost._, 186.
+    splendens _Peck_, 187.
+    subsessilis _Pk._, 187.
+    thomasii _Rex_, 173, 188.
+
+  DIANEMA, 238.
+    andersoni _Morg._, 239.
+    corticatum _List._, 238.
+    harveyi _Rex_, 238.
+
+  DICTYDIAETHALIUM, 215.
+    plumbeum (_Schum._) _List._, 215.
+
+  DICTYDIUM, 230.
+    cancellatum (_Batsch_) _Macbr._, 6, 230.
+    cancellatum cancellatum _Macbr._, 231.
+    cancellatum purpureum _Macbr._, 232, 173.
+    cancellatum prolatum _Macbr._, 232.
+    _cernuum_ Nees, 230.
+    _longipes_ Morg., 231.
+    _microcarpon_ Schrad., 226.
+    _splendens_ Schrad., 221.
+    _umbilicatum_ Schrad., 230.
+
+  DIDERMA, 129.
+    _albescens_ Phill., 137.
+    asteroides _List._, 143.
+    _brunneolum_ Phill., 58.
+    cinereum _Morg._, 138.
+    _citrinum_ Peck, 37.
+    _conglomeratum_ Fr., 57.
+    _contextum_ Pers., 31.
+    cor-rubrum _Macbr._, 140.
+    crustaceum _Peck_, 135.
+    _difforme_ (Pers.) Morg., 126.
+    effusum (_Schw._) _Morg._, 130.
+    floriforme (_Bull._) _Pers._, 143.
+    _geasteroides_ Phill., 142.
+    globosum _Pers._, 134.
+    _globuliferum_ Fr., 46.
+    _granulatum_ (Schw.) Fr., 31.
+    hemisphericum (_Bull._) _Horne._, 138.
+    _laciniatum_ Phill., 142.
+    lyallii _Mass._, 136.
+    _mariae-wilsoni_ Clinton, 137.
+    _minutum_ (Schum.) Fr., 31.
+    niveum (_Rost._) _Macbr._, 137.
+    _oblongum_ Fr., 40.
+    ochraceum _Hoffm._, 140.
+    _ochroleucum_ Berk. & C., 31.
+    _persoonii_ Macbr., 126.
+    radiatum (_L._) _Morg._, 141.
+    _reticulatum_ Fr., 111, 130.
+    reticulatum (Rost.) Morg., 131.
+    roanense (_Rex_) _Macbr._, 141.
+    _rufipes_ (Alb. & Schw.) Fr., 50.
+    rugosum (_Rex_) _Macbr._, 144.
+    sauteri (_Rost._) _Macbr._, 139.
+    simplex List., 132.
+    spumarioides _Fr._, 132.
+    _squamulosum_ Alb. & Schw., 119.
+    _stellare_ (Schrad.) Pers., 141.
+    testaceum (_Schrad._) _Pers._, 137.
+    trevelyani (_Grev._) Fr., 142.
+    _vernicosum_ Pers., 112.
+
+  DIDYMIUM, 115.
+    anellus _Morg._, 117.
+    annulatum _Macbr._, 125.
+    anomalum _Sturg._, 127.
+    _chrysopeplum_ Berk. & C., 47.
+    _cinereum_ (Batsch) Fr., 35.
+    clavus (_Alb. & Schw._) _Rabh._, 122.
+    complanatum (_Batsch_) _Rost._, 116.
+    _connatum_ Peck, 41.
+    crustaceum _Fr._, 118.
+    difforme _Duby_, 126.
+    dubium _Rost._, 126.
+    _effusum_ Link., 119.
+    _erythrinum_ Berk., 50.
+    _excelsum_ Jahn, 128.
+    eximium _Peck_, 124.
+    _farinaceum_ Schrad., 121.
+    fulvum _Sturg._, 118.
+    _glaucum_ Phill., 41.
+    _gyrocephalum_ Mont., 95.
+    _hemisphericum_ (Bull.) Fr., 138.
+    intermedium _Schrad._, 128.
+    _lateritium_ Berk. & Rav., 33.
+    leoninum _Berk. & Br._, 128.
+    _melanopus_ Fr., 122.
+    melanospermum (_Pers._) _Macbr._, 121.
+    _melleum_ Berk. & Br., 47.
+    _michelii_ Lib., 138.
+    _microcarpon_ (Fr.) Rost., 123.
+    minus _List._, 121.
+    _nigripes_ Fr., 91.
+    nigripes (_Link_) _Fr._, 123.
+    _obrusseum_ Berk. & C., 52.
+    _oculatum_ Lipp., 147.
+    _paraguayense_ Speg., 103.
+    _polycephalum_ (Schw.) Fr., 95.
+    _polymorphum_ Mont., 95.
+    _proximum_ Berk. & C., 123.
+    quitense (_Pat._) _Torr._, 127.
+    _ravenelii_ Berk. & C., 48.
+    _serpula_ Fr., 116.
+    squamulosum (Alb. & Schw.) Fr., 119.
+    _stellare_ Schrad., 141.
+    _tenerrimum_ Berk. & C., 52.
+    _testaceum_ Schrad., 137.
+    _tigrinum_ Schrad., 145.
+    trochus _List._, 125.
+    wilczekii _Meylan_, 117.
+    xanthopus (_Ditm._) _Fr._, 123.
+    _zeylanicum_ Berk. & Br., 102.
+
+  =_Diphtherium._=
+    _flavofuscum_ Ehr., 176.
+
+
+  ECHINOSTELIUM, 198.
+    minutum DeBary, 198.
+
+  ENERTHENEMA, 189.
+    berkeleyanum _Rost._, 190.
+    _elegans_ Bowm., 190.
+    papillatum (_Pers._) _Rost._, 190.
+    _syncarpon_ Sturg., 190.
+
+  ENTERIDIUM, 211.
+    _cinereum_ Schw., 26.
+    minutum _Sturg._, 214.
+    olivaceum _Ehr._, 214.
+    _rozeanum_ (Rost.) Wing., 211.
+    splendens _Morg._, 211.
+
+  ERIONEMA, 31.
+    aureum _Penz._, 31.
+
+
+  FULIGO, 23.
+    cinerea (_Schw._) _Morg._, 26.
+    _ellipsospora_ List., 26.
+    flava _Pers._, 29.
+    intermedia _Macbr._, 30.
+    laevis _Pers._, 29.
+    megaspora _Sturg._, 30.
+    muscorum _Alb. & Schw._, 25.
+    _ochracea_ Peck, 25.
+    ovata (_Schaeff._) _Macbr._, 6, 27.
+    _plumbea_ Schum., 215.
+    rufa _Pers._, 28.
+    septica (_L._) _Gmel._, 27.
+    _varians_ Rost., 27.
+    _varians_ Sommf., 23.
+    violacea _Pers._, 29.
+
+
+  =_Hemiarcyria_=, see next, 259.
+
+  HEMITRICHIA, 259.
+    _ablata_ Morg., 264.
+    clavata (_Pers._) _Rost._, 264.
+    _funalis_ Morg., 264.
+    intorta _List._, 263.
+    karstenii _Rost._, 260.
+    leiocarpa _Cooke_, 263.
+    _longifila_ Rex, 263.
+    montana Morg., 266.
+    _obscura_ Rex, 260.
+    ovata (_Pers._) _Macbr._, 261.
+    _plumosa_ (Morg.), 265.
+    _rubiformis_ (Pers.) Rost., 262.
+    serpula (_Scop._) _Rost._, 260.
+    stipata (_Schw._) _Rost._, 262.
+    stipitata _Mass._, 265.
+    _varneyi_ Rex, 263.
+    vesparium (_Batsch_) _Macbr._, 262.
+    _wigandii_ Rost., 261.
+
+  HETEROTRICHIA, 256.
+    gabriellae (_Rav._) _Mass._, 257.
+
+
+  =_Isaria._=
+    _mucida_ Pers., 19.
+
+
+  LACHNOBOLUS, 245.
+    _congesta_ Berk. & Br., 247.
+    _cribrosus_ Fr., 150.
+    globosus (_Schw._) _Rost._, 245.
+    _incarnatus_ (Alb. & Schw.) Schroet., 246.
+    occidentalis _Macbr._, 246.
+
+  LAMPRODERMA, 191.
+    _arcyrioides_ (Sommf.) Morg., 194.
+    _arcyrioides iridea_ Cke., 195.
+    arcyrionema _Rost._, 197.
+    columbinum (_Pers._) _Rost._, 194.
+    _ellisiana_ Cke., 177.
+    _irideum_ (Cke.) Mass., 195.
+    _minutum_ Rost., 144.
+    physaroides (_Alb. & Schw._) _Rost._, 192.
+    robustum _Ell. & Ev._, 193.
+    _sauteri_ Rost., 193.
+    scintillans (Berk. & Br.) List., 195.
+    violaceum (_Fr._) Rost., 196.
+
+  =_Leangium._=
+    _stipatum_ Schw., 262.
+    _trevelyani_ Grev., 142.
+
+  LEOCARPUS, 111.
+    fragilis (_Dicks._) _Rost._, 112.
+    _fragilis_ Link., 81.
+    _fulvus_ Macbr., 86.
+    _vernicosum_ Link., 112.
+
+  LEPIDODERMA, 144.
+    carestianum Rost., 145.
+    chailletii Rost, 146.
+    _stellatum_ Mass., 61.
+    tigrinum (_Schrad._) Rost., 128, 145.
+
+  LICEA, 199.
+    biforis _Morg._, 201.
+    _effusa_ Ehr., 203.
+    minima _Fr._, 201.
+    _ochracea_ Peck, 25.
+    pusilla _Schrad._, 202.
+    _rugulosa_ Wallr., 215.
+    _stipitata_ Berk. & R., 207.
+    variabilis _Schrad._, 200.
+
+  LINDBLADIA, 203.
+    effusa (_Ehr._) _Rost._, 204.
+    _tubulina_ Fr., 154.
+
+  LYCOGALA, 233.
+    _atrum_ Alb. & Schw., 149.
+    conicum _Pers._, 236.
+    _contortum_ Ditm., 269.
+    epidendrum (_Buxb._) _Fr._, 6, 233.
+    exiguum _Morg._, 236.
+    flavofuscum (_Ehr._) _Rost._, 234.
+    _miniata_ Pers., 234.
+    _terrestre_ Fries, 234.
+
+  =_Lycoperdon_=, 175.
+    _cinereum_ Batsch, 34.
+    _complanatum_ Batsch, 116.
+    _corticale_ Batsch, 243.
+    _epidendron_ (Buxb.) L., 233.
+    _favogineum_ Batsch, 272.
+    _fragile_ Dicks., 81.
+    _fuliginosum_ Sow., 149.
+    _pusillum_ Hedw., 276.
+    _radiatum_ L., 141.
+    _vesparium_ Batsch, 262.
+
+
+  MARGARITA
+    metallica (_Berk. & Br._) _List._, 237.
+
+  MUCILAGO, 113.
+    spongiosa (_Leyss._) _Morg._, 114.
+
+  =_Mucor_=, 23.
+    _cancellatus_ Batsch, 230.
+    _ovatus_ Schaeff., 27.
+    _pomiformis_ Leers, 255.
+    _septicus_ L., 27.
+    _serpula_ Scop., 260.
+    _spongiosus_ Leyss., 83.
+    _stemonitis_ Scop., 181.
+
+  OLIGONEMA, 278.
+    brevifilum _Peck_, 280.
+    flavidum (_Peck_) _Mass._, 279.
+    fulvum _Morg._, 281.
+    nitens (_Lib._) _Rost._, 280.
+
+  OPHIOTHECA, 240.
+    chrysosperma _Currey_, 241.
+    _pallida_ Berk. & C., 240.
+    _umbrina_ Berk. & C., 240.
+    vermicularis (_Schw._) _Macbr._, 240.
+    wrightii _Berk. & C._, 241.
+
+  ORCADELLA, 203.
+    operculata _Wing._, 203.
+
+  =_Orthotrichia_=, 191.
+    _microcephala_ Wing., 191.
+
+
+  PERICHAENA,
+    _caespitosa_ Peck, 204.
+    corticalis (_Batsch_) _Rost._, 243.
+    depressa _Lib._, 6, 242.
+    _flavida_ Peck, 279.
+    _incarnata_ (Alb. & Schw.) Fr., 247.
+    _irregularis_ Berk. & C., 243.
+    marginata _Schw._, 244.
+    _pallida_ (Schw.) Rost., 240.
+    _populina_ Fr., 243.
+    quadrata _Macbr._, 243.
+    _vaporaria_ Schw., 242.
+
+  PHYSARELLA, 108.
+    _mirabilis_ Peck, 109.
+    oblonga (_Berk. & C._) _Morg._, 109.
+
+  PHYSARUM, 45.
+    aeneum (_List._) _R. G. Fries_, 101.
+    affine _Rost._, 80.
+    albescens _Ell._, 86.
+    _albicans_ Peck, 66.
+    _album_ Fr., 76.
+    alpinum _G. List._, 54.
+    _atrorubrum_ Peck, 68.
+    _atrum_ Schw., 78.
+    _aurantium_ Pers., 98.
+    _aureum_ Pers., 98.
+    auriscalpium _Cke._, 86, 90.
+    _berkeleyi_ (Rost.) List., 92, 93.
+    bethelii (_Macbr._) _List._, 94.
+    bitectum _List._, 53.
+    _bivalve_ Pers., 52.
+    bogoriense _Racib._, 54.
+    brunneolum _Phill._, 58.
+    _caespitosum_ Schw., 85.
+    _calidris_ List., 76.
+    carneum _List. & Sturg._, 85.
+    _cernuum_ (Schum.) Fr., 97.
+    _chrysopeplum_ Berk. & C., 65.
+    _chrysotrichum_ Berk. & C., 34, 50.
+    cinereum (_Batsch_) _Pers._, 51, 59, 99.
+    _cinereum_ Ell. & Ev., 36.
+    citrinellum _Peck_, 85.
+    citrinum _Schum._, 66, 85.
+    _clavus_ Alb. & Schw., 122.
+    _columbinum_ Macbr., 66.
+    _columbinum_ Pers., 73.
+    _compactum_ List., 72.
+    compressum _Alb. & Schw._, 80.
+    confertum _Macbr._, 64.
+    _confluens_ (Pers.) Morg., 80.
+    conglomeratum (_Fr._) _Rost._, 57.
+    _connatum_ Peck, 80.
+    _connexum_ (Link.) Morg., 80.
+    contextum _Pers._, 56.
+    crateriforme _Petch._, 100.
+    _cupripes_ Berk. & R., 93.
+    _decipiens_ Curt., 34.
+    dictyospermum _List._, 100.
+    diderma _Rost._, 53, 55.
+    didermoides (_Ach._) _Rost._, 6, 55, 78.
+    discoidale _Macbr._, 74.
+    _ditmari_ Rost., 61.
+    echinosporum _List._, 101.
+    _effusum_ Schw., 130.
+    _ellipsosporum_ Rost., 26.
+    _erythrinum_ Berk., 69.
+    _farlowii_ Rost., 66.
+    _flavidum_ Peck, 57.
+    flavicomum _Berk._, 93.
+    _flavum_ Fr., 84.
+    _fulvum_ _List._, 86.
+    _galbeum_ _Wing._, 92.
+    _glaucum_ (Phill.) Mass., 41.
+    globuliferum (_Bull._) _Pers._, 66.
+    _griseum_ Link., 59.
+    gulielmae _Penzig_, 101.
+    gyrosum _Rost._, 49, 94, 95.
+    _hyalinum_ Pers., 40.
+    _inaequale_ Peck, 50.
+    instratum _Macbr._, 62.
+    lateritium (_Berk. & Br._) _Rost._, 50.
+    leucophaeum _Fr._, 75.
+    _leucophaeum_ (Fr.) Macbr., 80.
+    leucopus _Link._, 79.
+    lilacinum _Sturg. & Bilg._, not Fr., 67.
+    _lividum_ Rost., 78.
+    _luteum_ Pers., 59.
+    luteo-album _List._, 71.
+    _macrocarpon_ Cesati, 37; Fuckel, 102.
+    maculatum _Macbr._, 77.
+    _maydis_ Torr., 91.
+    megalosporum _Sturg._, 63.
+    _melanospermum_ Pers., 88.
+    melleum (_Berk. & Br._) _Mass._, 65.
+    _microcarpon_ Fr., 123.
+    mortoni _Macbr._, 58.
+    murinum _List._, 68.
+    mutabile (_Rost._) _List._, 99.
+    _nefroideum_ Rost., 80.
+    newtoni _Macbr._, 73.
+    nicaraguense _Macbr._, 83.
+    _nigripes_ Link., 123.
+    nodulosum _Cke. & Balf._, 76.
+    notabile _Macbr._, 80.
+    nucleatum _Rex_, 72.
+    nutans _Pers._, 75, 97.
+    oblatum _Macbr._, 91.
+    _oblongum_ Fr., 78.
+    _obrusseum_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., 92.
+    _ochroleucum_ Berk. & C., 57.
+    _ornatum_ Peck, 91.
+    _paniceum_ Fr., 35.
+    penetrale _Rex_, 70.
+    _petersii_ Berk. & C, 66, 69, 92.
+    _phillipsii_ Balf., 41.
+    _physaroides_ Alb. & Schw., 139.
+    plumbeum _Fr._, 59.
+    polycephalum _Schw._, 95.
+    _polymorphum_ (Mont.) Rost., 80, 92.
+    _polymorphum_ Rost., 52.
+    _psittacinum_ Ditm., 74.
+    pulcherrimum _Berk. & Rav._, 68.
+    pulcherripes _Peck_, 69.
+    _pusillum_ List., 76.
+    _ravenelii_ (Berk. & C.) Mass., 68.
+    _reniforme_ List., 83.
+    _reticulatum_ Alb. & Schw., 49, 111.
+    roseum _Berk. & Br._, 100.
+    _rostafinskii_ Mass., 57.
+    _rubiginosum_ Chev., 62.
+    _rufipes_ Alb. & Schw., 69.
+    _schumacheri_ Spreng., 65.
+    _scyphoides_ Cke. & Balf., 105.
+    serpula _Morg._, 49.
+    sinuosum (_Bull._) _Weinm._, 52.
+    straminipes List., 100.
+    striatum _Fries_, 59.
+    _stromateum_ Link, 132.
+    _sulphureum_ (Alb. & Schw.) Sturg., 84.
+    _tenerum_ Rex., 77.
+    tenerum _Rex_, 92.
+    _testaceum_ Sturg., 55.
+    _thejoteum_ Fr., 62.
+    tropicale _Macbr._, 82.
+    _utriculare_ (Bull.) Chev., 39.
+    variabile _Rex_, 89.
+    vernum _Rost._, 51.
+    _vermicularis_ Schw., 240.
+    viride _Pers._, 98.
+    _virescens_ Ditm., 61, 62.
+    wingatense _Macbr._, 72.
+
+  PLASMODIOPHORA, 17.
+    brassicae _Wor._, 18.
+
+  =_Protoderma._=
+    _pusilla_ Rost., 202.
+
+  PROTOTRICHIA, 257.
+    _flagellifera_ (Berk. & Br.) Rost., 258.
+    metallica (_Berk._) _Mass._, 258.
+
+  =_Puccinia_=, 18.
+    _byssoides_ Gmel., 19.
+    _ramosa_, etc., Mich., 19.
+
+  =_Raciborskia._=
+    _elegans_ Berl., 182.
+
+  RETICULARIA, 209.
+    _alba_ Bull., 114.
+    _atra_ Fr., 152.
+    _cribrosa_ Fr., 150.
+    _flavofusca_ (Ehr.) Fr., 234.
+    _hemispherica_ Bull., 138.
+    lycoperdon _Bull._, 6, 210.
+    _maxima_ Fr., 154.
+    _rozeana_ Rost., 211.
+    _sinuosa_ Bull., 52.
+    _splendens_ Morg., 211.
+
+  =_Rostafinskia_=, 182.
+    _elegans_ Racib., 182.
+
+
+  =_Scyphium._=
+    _rubiginosum_ (Chev.) Rost., 70.
+
+  =_Siphotychium_=, 207.
+    _casparyi_ Rost., 207.
+
+  =_Sphaerocarpus._=
+    _albus_ Bull., 97.
+    _aurantius_ Bull., 98.
+    _capsulifer_ Bull., 40.
+    _chrysospermus_ Bull., 272.
+    _cylindricus_ Bull., 206.
+    _floriformis_ Bull., 143.
+    _fragilis_ Sowb., 274.
+    _globuliferus_ Bull., 66.
+    _luteus_ Bull., 98.
+    _utricularis_ Bull., 67.
+    _viridis_ Bull., 98.
+
+  =_Spumaria_=, 113.
+    _alba_ (Bull.) DC., 114.
+    _didermoides_ (Ach.) Pers., 40.
+    _granulata_ Schum., 57.
+    _licheniformis_ Schw., 78.
+    _minuta_ Schum., 57.
+    _mucilago_ Pers., 114.
+
+  STEMONITIS, 156.
+    _alba_ (Bull.) Gmel., 97.
+    _argillacea_ (Pers.) Gmel., 218.
+    axifera (_Bull._) _Macbr._, 168, 169, 171.
+    _baeuerlinii_ Mass. (?), 166.
+    _botrytis_ (Pers.) Gmel., 274.
+    carolinensis _Macbr._, 170.
+    _castillensis_ Macbr., 162.
+    confluens _Cke. & Ell._, 158.
+    dictyspora _Rost._, 161.
+    _digitata_ Schw., 255.
+    fenestrata _Rex_, 166.
+    _ferruginea_ Ehr., 167, 168, 169.
+    _ferruginosa_ Batsch., 206.
+    flavogenita _Jahn_, 169.
+    _friesiana_ DBy., 178.
+    fusca (_Roth._) _Rost._, 160, 162.
+    herbatica _Peck_, 171.
+    _leucocephala_ (Pers.) Gmel., 105.
+    _maxima_ Schw. (?), 160.
+    _microspora_ List., 167.
+    _morgani_ Peck, 164.
+    _nigra_ Pers., 178, 179.
+    nigrescens _Rex_, 162.
+    _ovata nigra_ Pers., 178.
+    pallida _Wing._, 169, 170.
+    _papillata_ Pers., 190.
+    pulchella _Bab._, 183.
+    _scintillans_ Berk. & Br., 142.
+    smithii _Macbr._, 167.
+    splendens _Rost._, 164, 174.
+    _splendens_ var. _confluens_ List., 6, 158.
+    _suksdorfii_ Ell. & Ev., 178.
+    _tenerrima_ Berk. & C., 170, 183.
+    _tenerrima_ Curt., 122, 129, 183.
+    trechispora (_Berk._) _Torr._, 159.
+    _tubulina_ Alb. & Schw., 150.
+    _typhina_ Pers., 181.
+    _typhina_ Wig., 130.
+    _typhoides_ (Bull.) DC., 181.
+    uvifera _Macbr._, 161.
+    varia (Pers.) Gmel., 270.
+    _violacea_ Fr., 196.
+    virginiensis _Rex_, 163.
+    _viridis_ (Bull.) Gmel., 98.
+    webberi _Rex_, 163.
+
+
+  TILMADOCHE, 57.
+    _alba_ (Bull.) Macbr., 97.
+    _bethelii_ Macbr., 94.
+    _cernua_ (Schum.) Fr., 97.
+    _columbina_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., 72.
+    _compacta_ Wing., 72.
+    _gyrocephala_ (Mont.) Rost., 95.
+    _hians_ Rost., 109.
+    _mutabilis_ Rost., 98.
+    _nutans_ (Pers.) Rost., 97.
+    _oblonga_ (Berk. & C.) Rost., 71.
+    _polycephala_ (Schw.) Macbr., 95.
+    _viridis_ (Bull.) Sacc., 98.
+
+  =_Tremella_=, 19.
+    _hydnoides_ Jacq., 19.
+
+  =_Trichamphora_=, 102.
+    _oblonga_ Berk. & C., 109.
+    pezizoidea _Jungh._, 102.
+
+  TRICHIA, 267.
+    _abietina_ Wig., 261.
+    _abrupta_ Cke., 271.
+    _affinis_ DBy., 271.
+    andersoni _Rex_, 211.
+    _aurea_ Schum., 104.
+    _axifera_ Bull., 168.
+    botrytis _Pers._, 274, 277.
+    _cernua_ Schum., 59, 75.
+    _chrysosperma_ (Bull.) Rost., 272.
+    _cinerea_ Bull., 254.
+    _circumscissa_ Wallr., 241.
+    _clavata_ Pers., 264.
+    contorta (_Ditm._) _Rost._, 269.
+    decipiens (_Pers._) _Macbr._, 276.
+    erecta _Rex_, 276.
+    _fallax_ Pers., 276.
+    favoginea (_Batsch_) Pers., 272.
+    _flagellifera_ Berk. & Br., 258.
+    _fragilis_ (Sowb.) Rost., 274, 277.
+    inconspicua _Rost._, 263.
+    iowensis _Macbr._, 269.
+    _jackii_ Rost., 271.
+    lateritia _Lev._, 277.
+    _leucopodia_ Bull., 186.
+    _nana_ Mass., 261.
+    _nigripes_ Pers., 270.
+    _nitens_ Lib., 280.
+    _nutans_ Bull., 249.
+    _ovata_ Pers., 261.
+    persimilis _Karst._, 271.
+    _proximella_ Karst., 271.
+    pulchella _Rex_, 273.
+    _pusilla_ Schroet., 280.
+    _pyriformis_ Fr., 274.
+    _reniformis_ Peck, 269.
+    _rubiformis_ Pers., 262.
+    scabra _Rost._, 271.
+    _serpula_ (Scop.) Pers., 260.
+    subfusca _Rex_, 275.
+    _typhoides_ Bull., 181.
+    varia (_Pers._) _Rost._, 270.
+    verrucosa _Berk._, 273.
+
+  TUBIFERA, 205.
+    casparyi (_Rost._) _Macbr._, 207.
+    ferruginosa (Batsch) _Macbr._, 206.
+    stipitata (_B. & R._) _Macbr._, 207.
+
+  =_Tubulina_=, 155.
+    _cylindrica_ (Bull.) DC., 206.
+    _fragiformis_ (Pers.) List., 206.
+    _stipitata_ (Berk. & Rav.) Rost., 207.
+
+
+
+
+PLATES
+
+TO ILLUSTRATE
+
+NORTH AMERICAN SLIME-MOULDS
+
+
+NOTE.--Plates I., II., IV., VI., VII., VIII., IX., X., were originally
+by MISS MARY P. MACBRIDE; Plates V., XI., XII., were by MRS. HATTIE J.
+DOUGLASS; Plates XIII., XIV., XV., XVI., XVII., were by the late MRS.
+BERTHA E. LINDER PUMPHREY; Plate III. was the joint work of MRS.
+PUMPHREY and MISS MACBRIDE. All these, except IV., have been re-drawn
+for new plates; XVI., with additions, by MISS MARGARET HAYES; the
+remainder by MR. W. J. CALVIN, C. E. Plate XVIII. is by MISS HAYES;
+Plate XIX. by Miss A. M. HELD; Plate XX. by MISS JANE COVENTRY.
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE I
+
+
+_Enteridium splendens_ Morg., p. 211.
+
+Fig. 1. Aethalium, natural size.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Spore of the same species, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Capillitium of the same species, x 420.
+
+
+_Dictydiaethalium plumbeum_ (Fr.) Rost., p. 215.
+
+Fig. 2. Aethalium, natural size.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. Sporangia and spores, x 50 (after Schroeter).
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. Persistent apices of the peridia.
+
+
+_Lindbladia effusa_ (Ehr.) Rost., p. 204.
+
+Fig. 3. A group of sporangia, x 30.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A single spore, x 1400.
+
+
+_Tubifera ferruginosa_ (Batsch) Macbr., p. 206.
+
+Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, x 5.
+
+See also Plate VII., Fig. 8; and Plate XII., Fig. 14.
+
+
+_Cribraria dictydioides_ Cke. & Balf., p. 222.
+
+Fig. 5. Three sporangia, x 15.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A single sporangium, to show reticulate thickening, x 60.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. A spore, x 1400.
+
+
+_Dictydium cancellatum_ (Batsch) Macbr., p. 230.
+
+Fig. 6. Sporangium, x 30.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A part of the peridial wall, seen from within, x 84.
+
+
+_Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa_ (Muell.) Macbr., p. 19.
+
+Fig. 7. Three sporiferous pillars, x about 40.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. Tip of a single pillar, x 84.
+
+
+_Hemitrichia stipata_ (Schw.) Macbr., p. 262.
+
+Fig. 8. Sporangia, x 6.
+
+Fig. 8 _a_. The capillitium of the same species, x 750.
+
+Fig. 8 _b_. A single spore, x 1000.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE II
+
+
+_Perichaena corticalis_ (Batsch) Rost., p. 243.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. A single spore, as if in section, x 900.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. The capillitial thread, x 750.
+
+
+_Lachnobolus occidentalis_ Macbr., p. 246.
+
+Fig. 2. The sporangia, x 8.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A portion of the capillitium, x 750.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. Spores, x 750.
+
+See also 4 and 4 a below.
+
+
+_Arcyria cinerea_ (Bull.) Pers., p. 254.
+
+Fig. 3. The expanded fructifications, x 5.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. Tip of a single capillitium mass, x 40.
+
+
+_Lachnobolus occidentalis_ Macbr., p. 246.
+
+Fig. 4. A cluster of sporangia, x 3; cylindric type.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. Capillitium, x 750; to show characteristic surface of the
+threads.
+
+
+_Arcyria denudata_ (Linn.) Pers., p. 253.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia, two expanded, one still closed, x 20.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A part of the capillitium of the same species, x 750.
+
+
+_Arcyria nutans_ (Bull.) Grev., p. 249.
+
+Fig. 6. Expanded capillitium, etc., x 10.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. Capillitium, x 750.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A piece of the capillitium thread, x 1400.
+
+
+_Ophiotheca wrightii_ Berk. & C., p. 241.
+
+Fig. 7. A single sporangium, x 8.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. A node of the capillitial thread, x 750.
+
+Fig. 7 _b_. A spore, x 750.
+
+
+_Oligonema nitens_ (Lib.) Rost., p. 280.
+
+Fig. 8. A single elater, x 750.
+
+Figs. 8 _a_ and 8 _b_. Spores, x 1000.
+
+
+_Badhamia macrocarpa_ Rost., p. 37.
+
+Var. _gracilis_.
+
+Fig. 9. Two sporangia, x 600.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE III
+
+
+_Hemitrichia clavata_ (Pers.) Rost., p. 264.
+
+Fig. 1. Three sporangia, one closed, x 8.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. A single spore, x 1400.
+
+
+_Hemitrichia vesparium_ (Batsch) Macbr., p. 262.
+
+Fig. 2. Tip of the elater of capillitial thread, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A single spore, x 1400.
+
+
+_Trichia iowensis_ Macbr., p. 269.
+
+Fig. 3. A cluster of sporangia, x 5.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. Tip of a branching elater, x 750.
+
+Fig. 3 _b_. A single spore, x 750.
+
+See also Plate X., Fig. 5.
+
+
+_Hemitrichia serpula_ Scop., p. 260.
+
+Fig. 4. A plasmodiocarp, x 3.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A single spore, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. An elater-tip, x 1400.
+
+
+_Trichia inconspicua_ Rost., p. 268.
+
+Fig. 5. A cluster of sporangia, x 12.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. Tip of an elater, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. A single spore, x 750.
+
+
+_Physarum oblatum_ Macbr., p. 91.
+
+Fig. 6. A single sporangium, x 20; stipe shown of unusual length.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A single spore, x 1000.
+
+See also Plate XIV., Fig. 3.
+
+
+_Physarum auriscalpium_ (Cke.) Lister, p. 90.
+
+Fig. 7. A single sporangium, x 20; a New York specimen.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. A single spore, x 1000.
+
+
+_Arcyria nodulosa_ Macbr., p. 252.
+
+Fig. 8. Capillitial thread, x 1200.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV
+
+
+_Trichia persimilis_ Karst., p. 271.
+
+Fig. 1. Var. intermedia, x about 6.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Spore of same species, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. A second spore to show varying episporic network.
+
+Fig. 1 _c_. Tip of elater, shows vertical connecting bands.
+
+
+_Trichia decipiens_ (Pers.) Macbr., p. 276.
+
+Fig. 2. Sporangia, x about 8.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A spore of the same species, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_ and 2 _c_. Elaters of the same species, x about 225.
+
+
+_Trichia varia_ (Pers.) Rost., p. 270.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangia, x about 8.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A spore of the same species, x 1000.
+
+Fig. 3 _b_. An elater of the same species, x 750.
+
+
+_Trichia scabra_ Rost., p. 271.
+
+Fig. 4. Sporangia, x about 8.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A single spore of the same species, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. An elater-tip of the same, x 1400.
+
+
+_Trichia favoginea_ (Batsch) Pers., p. 272.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia, x about 8.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A single spore of the same, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. A single elater-tip of the same, x 1400.
+
+
+_Trichia persimilis_ Karst., var _abrupta_ Cke., p. 271.
+
+Fig. 6. An elater-tip, x 1400. It will be noticed that the spirals are
+connected by vertical bars.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A single spore of the same variety, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A single spore, from the same sporangium as 6 _a_.
+
+Fig. 6 _c_. Trichia persimilis, a single spore, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 6 _d_. Tip of an elater from the same, x 1400.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE V
+
+
+_Lamproderma arcyrionema_ Rost., p. 197.
+
+Fig. 1. A single sporangium seen as if in section, x 40.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. A single spore, x 1400.
+
+
+_Lamproderma scintillans_ (Berk. & Br.) List., p. 195.
+
+Fig. 2. A single sporangium seen as in section, x 40.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A single spore, x 1400.
+
+
+_Enerthenema papillatum_ (Pers.) Rost., p. 190.
+
+Fig. 3. An expanded, blown-out sporangium, x 25.
+
+
+_Lamproderma robustum_ Ell. & Ev., p.
+
+Fig. 4. A sporangium seen as in section, x 20.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A single spore, x 1000.
+
+
+_Comatricha laxa_ Rost., p. 177.
+
+Fig. 5. A sporangium seen as if in section, x 40.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A single spore, x 2000.
+
+
+_Diachaea thomasii_ Rex, p. 188.
+
+Fig. 6. Three sporangia magnified about 15 times.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A single spore of the same species, x 800.
+
+
+_Brefeldia maxima_ (Fries) Rost., p. 154.
+
+Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, showing columellae; x 5.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. Capillitial threads of the same species, x 300.
+
+Fig. 7 _b_. Spore of the same species, x 1500.
+
+
+_Amaurochaete fuliginosa_ (Sowb.) Macbr., p. 149.
+
+Fig. 8. A bit of so-called capillitium, x 300.
+
+Fig. 8 _a_. A single spore magnified about 1000 times.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI
+
+
+_Comatricha typhoides_ (Bull.) Rost., p. 181.
+
+Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, x 5.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. A single spore, x 1600.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Tip of the columella with its branches, x 50.
+
+
+_Comatricha longa_ Peck, p. 175.
+
+Fig. 2. A single empty sporangium, x 6.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A part of the same taken near the apex, x 60.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. A spore, x 1400.
+
+
+_Comatricha aequalis_ Peck, p. 180.
+
+Fig. 3. A single sporangium, x 10.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. The columella and capillitium, x 60.
+
+Fig. 3 _b_. A single spore, x 1600.
+
+Figs. 3 _c_ and 3 _d_. Sporangia to which the peridium still adheres,
+although in 3 _c_ in shreds.
+
+
+_Stemonitis fusca_ Rost., p. 160.
+
+Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, x 3.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A part of the columella and capillitium, x 60.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. A single spore, x 1400.
+
+
+_Stemonitis axifera_ (Bull.) Macbr., p. 168.
+
+Fig. 5. A group of sporangia, x 3.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A single spore, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. A part of the capillitium with columella, x 60.
+
+
+_Stemonitis splendens_, p. 164.
+
+Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, x 3.
+
+Figs. 6 _a_ and 6 _c_. Single spores, the latter x 1400.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A part of the columella and branches, x 60.
+
+Fig. 7. A shorter variety of the same species with coarser meshes in
+capillitium, x 3.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. A part of the columella and net, x 60.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII
+
+
+_Diachaea splendens_ Peck, p. 187.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangia and hypothallus, x 25.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Capillitium, x 50.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Spores, x 900.
+
+Fig. 1 _c_. Portion of the capillitium, x 150.
+
+
+_Didymium nigripes_ Fr., p. 123.
+
+Fig. 2. Sporangia, x 30.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A spore, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. Calcareous crystals from the peridial wall, x 750.
+
+
+_Didymium melanospermum_ (Pers.) Macbr., p. 121.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A single spore, x about 1000.
+
+
+_Diderma testaceum_ (Schrad.) Pers., p. 137.
+
+Fig. 4. Sporangia; the first exhibiting the two peridial walls and the
+spore-mass, x 10.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. Spore, x 750.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. Capillitial threads, x 750.
+
+
+_Diderma globosum_ Pers., p. 134.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia; the first with the outer peridium broken away, x 10.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A single spore, x 750.
+
+
+_Mucilago spongiosa_ (Leyss.) Morg., p. 114.
+
+Fig. 6. An aethalium, borne on a grass-stem, natural size.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A spore, x 750.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. Capillitium, with surface calcareous crystals, x 750.
+
+
+_Diderma crustaceum_ Peck, p. 135.
+
+Fig. 7. A mass of clustered sporangia, to show habit of aggregation,
+natural size.
+
+
+_Tubifera ferruginosa_ (Batsch) Macbr., p. 206.
+
+Fig. 8. A single spore, x 1400.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII
+
+
+_Diderma floriforme_ (Bull.) Pers., p. 143.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangia of various ages, x 5.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Spore of the same species, x 1000.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. A capillitial thread, x 1000.
+
+
+_Physarum polycephalum_ Schw., p. 95.
+
+Fig. 2. The sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. Spores, x 750.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. Capillitium, x 750.
+
+
+_Leocarpus fragilis_ (Dicks.) Rost., p. 112.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangia, x 6.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A group of sporangia, natural size, to show habit.
+
+Fig. 3 _b_. A single spore, x 1800.
+
+
+_Physarella oblonga_ (Berk. & C.) Morg., p. 109.
+
+Fig. 4. A single sporangium, x 8.
+
+Figs. 4 _a_ and 4 _b_. Capillitium and spore respectively, x 900.
+
+
+_Craterium leucocephalum_ (Pers.) Ditmar, p. 105.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia, the first closed, x 10.
+
+
+_Physarum sinuosum_ (Bull.) Weinm., p. 52.
+
+Fig. 6. Plasmodiocarp, natural size; 6 _a_, x 4; see also Plate XIX.,
+Fig. 15.
+
+
+_Physarum virescens_ Ditmar, p. 61.
+
+Fig. 7. Groups of sporangia, x 3 and x 8.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. Spores, x 750.
+
+
+_Physarum viride_ Pers., p. 98.
+
+Fig. 8. A single sporangium, x 25; 8 _a_, reverse.
+
+Fig. 8 _b_. The same after spore-dispersal.
+
+Fig. 8 _c_. Capillitium, x 750.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX
+
+
+_Physarum didermoides_ (Ach.) Rost., p. 78.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangia, x 15.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. A single sporangium open; shows calcareous capillitium, x
+15.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Spores, x 900.
+
+
+_Physarum notabile_ Macbr., p. 80.
+
+Fig. 2. A cluster of sporangia, x 15.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A single sporangium open, x 15.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. Spores, x 900.
+
+See also Plate XV., Figs. 2, 2 _a_, and the frontispiece.
+
+
+_Physarum contextum_ Pers., p. 56.
+
+Fig. 3. A group of sporangia, x 15.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. Spores of the same, x 600.
+
+
+_Physarum cinereum_ (Batsch) Pers., p. 59.
+
+Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, x 4.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A single sporangium, x 20.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. Capillitium of the same, x 240.
+
+Fig. 4 _c_. Spores, x 450.
+
+
+_Physarum albescens_ Ellis, p. 86.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia, x 5.
+
+See also Plate XVI., Figs. 4 and 4 _a_.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. Spore of the same species, x 450.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. Capillitium of the same, x 240.
+
+
+_Physarum serpula_ Morg., p. 49.
+
+Fig. 6. Plasmodiocarps, about natural size.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A bit of the plasmodiocarp, showing structure, x 6.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A spore of the same species, x 1400.
+
+
+_Physarum leucopus_ Link., p. 79.
+
+Fig. 7. A single sporangium, x 15.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. A spore of the same species, x 900.
+
+Fig. 7 _b_. A fragment of the capillitium.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE X
+
+
+_Badhamia rubiginosa_ (Chev.) Rost., p. 43.
+
+Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, x 5.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Two sporangia, same species, x 18, to show persisting
+capillitium.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Capillitium fragment, x 240.
+
+Fig. 1 _c_. Spore of the same species, x 750.
+
+
+_Fuligo septica_ (L.) Gmel.; form _laevis_, p. 29.
+
+Fig. 2. An aethalium, natural size.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A section of the same, x 10.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. A spore of the same, x 750.
+
+
+_Fuligo cinerea_ Pers., p. 26.
+
+Fig. 3. A small aethalium borne upon a blade of grass, natural size.
+
+See also Plate XXIII.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. Capillitial fragment from the same specimen, x 450.
+
+Fig. 3 _b_. Spores of the same, x about 750.
+
+
+_Didymium minus_ List., p. 121.
+
+Fig. 4. A single sporangium, x 25.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. The capillitium and fragment of the peridium of the same
+species, x 380.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. A spore of the same species, x 1000.
+
+
+_Trichia iowensis_ Macbr., p. 269.
+
+Fig. 5. Tip of an elater, x 1400.
+
+See also Plate III, 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_.
+
+
+_Badhamia papaveracea_ Berk. & Rav., p. 42.
+
+Fig. 6. Sporangia, a cluster, x 8.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A cluster of spores, x 400.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A single spore of the same, x 1400.
+
+
+_Reticularia lycoperdon_ Bull., p. 210.
+
+Fig. 7. A fragment of the capillitium, x 240.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. A single spore of the same species, x 1400.
+
+See also Plate XII., Fig. 3.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI
+
+
+_Comatricha nigra_ Pers., p. 178.
+
+Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 2. A single sporangium as in section, x 60.
+
+Fig. 3. A single spore, x 1600.
+
+
+_Stemonitis confluens_ Ell. & Cke., p. 158.
+
+Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A thread of capillitium with adhering disk, x 30.
+
+Fig. 5. A spore of the same, x 2000.
+
+
+_Stemonitis webberi_ Rex, p. 163.
+
+Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, x 4.
+
+Fig. 7. A single sporangium as in section, x 40.
+
+Fig. 8. A single spore, same species, x 1250.
+
+
+_Comatricha suksdorfii_ Ell. & Ev., p. 178.
+
+Fig. 9. A group of sporangia, x 4.
+
+Fig. 10. A bit of the capillitium, x 60.
+
+Fig. 11. A single spore, x 1600.
+
+
+_Comatricha caespitosa_ Sturg., p. 172.
+
+Fig. 12. A cluster of sporangia, x 4.
+
+Fig. 13. The capillitium highly magnified.
+
+Fig. 14. A single spore, x 1600.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XI]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII
+
+
+_Lindbladia effusa_ (Ehr.) Rost., p. 204.
+
+Fig. 1. Fructification, natural size.
+
+Fig. 2. Portion of same in section, x 3.
+
+
+_Reticularia lycoperdon_ Bull., p. 210.
+
+Fig. 3. Residual capillitial structure, the spores blown away; about
+natural size.
+
+
+_Enteridium splendens_ Morg., p. 211.
+
+Fig. 4. Fructification, a large one, natural size.
+
+Fig. 5. Same in section, x 3.
+
+
+_Arcyria ferruginea_ Sauter, p. 253.
+
+Fig. 6. Three sporangia, magnified about 10 times.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A single spore, magnified.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. Capillitial thread.
+
+
+_Licea variabilis_ Schrad., p. 200.
+
+Fig. 7. Sporangia, magnified about 6 times.
+
+Fig. 8. Spore, magnified to show surface characters.
+
+
+_Tubifera casparyi_ (Rost.) Macbr., p. 207.
+
+Fig. 9. A group of sporangia; shows the pseudo-columellae; x about 5.
+
+
+_Licea biforis_ Morg., p. 201.
+
+Fig. 10. Sporangia dehiscent, magnified about 10 times.
+
+
+_Orcadella operculata_ Wing., p. 203.
+
+Fig. 11. Sporangia, magnified about 30 times.
+
+
+_Cribraria argillacea_ Pers., p. 218.
+
+Fig. 12. Sporangia, magnified about 10 times.
+
+Fig. 13. A single sporangium, x about 40.
+
+See also Plate XVII., Fig. 1.
+
+
+_Tubifera ferruginosa_ (Batsch) Macbr., p. 206.
+
+Fig. 14. Sporangia magnified to show apiculate tops. Cf.
+
+
+_Comatricha ellisii_ Morg., p. 184.
+
+Fig. 15. Sporangium, x 40.
+
+Fig. 15 _a_. A single spore, x 1000.
+
+
+_Comatricha pulchella_ (Bab.) Rost, p. 183; vid. p. 284.
+
+Fig. 16. Sporangium, x 20.
+
+Fig. 16 _a_. A single spore, x 1000.
+
+
+_Comatricha subcaespitosa_ Peck, p. 185.
+
+Fig. 17. Sporangium, x 20.
+
+Fig. 17 _a_. A single spore, x 1000.
+
+
+_Comatricha gracilis_ Wingate, p. 183.
+
+Fig. 18. Sporangium, x 20.
+
+Fig. 18 _a_. A single spore, x 1000.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII
+
+
+_Heterotrichia gabriellae_ Mass., p. 257.
+
+Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, one expanded, the others empty, x 15.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Capillitium of the species, x 600.
+
+
+_Calonema aureum_ Morg., p. 266.
+
+Fig. 2. A cluster of sporangia, magnified about 15 times.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. The tip of an elater of the same species, x 1000.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. A single spore, x 1000.
+
+Fig. 2 _c_. A bit of the sporangium wall, x 600.
+
+
+_Stemonitis pallida_ Wing., p. 169.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangia, magnified about 5 times.
+
+
+_Comatricha pulchella_ (Bab.) Rost., form _C. persoonii_ R., p. 183.
+
+Fig. 4. Sporangia, magnified about 15 times.
+
+See Addenda, d, p. 283.
+
+
+_Stemonitis carolinensis_ Macbr., p. 170.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia, magnified about 5 times.
+
+
+_Clastoderma debaryanum_ Blytt., p. 191.
+
+Fig. 6. Sporangium, magnified about 60 times.
+
+
+_Trichia contorta_ Rost., p. 269.
+
+Fig. 7. Tip of an elater, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. Spore of the same species, x 1400.
+
+
+_Trichia botrytis_ Pers., p. 274.
+
+Fig. 8. Tip of the elater, x 1400.
+
+Fig. 8 _a_. Spore of the same species, x 1400.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV
+
+
+_Badhamia magna_ Peck., p. 38.
+
+Fig. 1. A cluster, of sporangia, x 10.
+
+
+_Cienkowskia reticulata_ (Alb. & Schw.) Rost., p. 111.
+
+Fig. 2. Plasmodiocarp, x 15.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A bit of the capillitium of the same, x 800.
+
+Fig. 2 _b_. A single spore, x 1000.
+
+
+_Physarum oblatum_ Macbr., p. 91.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangia, x 15.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A piece of capillitium, x 800.
+
+Fig. 3 _b_. A single spore, x 1000. The roughness much exaggerated.
+
+
+_Badhamia orbiculata_ Rex., p. 37.
+
+Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+
+_Physarum newtoni_ Macbr., p. 73.
+
+Fig. 5. A group of sporangia, x 16.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. A single spore, x 1000.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. A bit of the capillitium, x 800.
+
+
+_Physarum maculatum_ Macbr., p. 77.
+
+Fig. 6. A cluster of sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A piece of the capillitial net, x 800.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A single spore, x 800.
+
+
+_Lepidoderma tigrinum_ (Schrad.) Rost., p. 145.
+
+Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, x 20.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIV]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV
+
+
+_Physarum confertum_ Macbr. _n. n._, p. 64.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangia on a bit of leaf, x 4.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Capillitium, x 800.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. A single spore, x 1200.
+
+
+_Physarum notabile_ Macbr., p. 80.
+
+Fig. 2. A group of sporangia, stipitate form, x 10.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. A single spore, x 1200.
+
+
+_Physarum flavicomum_ Berk., p. 93.
+
+Fig. 3. A cluster of sporangia, one closed, x 10.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A single spore, x 1200.
+
+
+_Physarum tropicale_ Macbr., p. 82.
+
+Fig. 4. Sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. Capillitium, x 800.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. A single spore, x 1200.
+
+
+_Craterium minutum_ (Leers) Fr., p. 107.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangia, the stalks unusually long, x 15.
+
+
+_Physarum penetrale_ Rex, p. 70.
+
+Fig. 6. A group of sporangia; the calcareous crust has fallen in all.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A single sporangia, enlarged to show columella, x 20.
+
+
+_Physarum nicaraguense_ Macbr., p. 83.
+
+Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, x 15.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. Capillitium, strongly calcareous, x 800.
+
+Fig. 7 _b_. A single spore, x 1200.
+
+See also Pl. XVII., Figs 11 and 11 _a_.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XV]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI
+
+
+_Physarella oblonga_ (Berk. & C.) Morgan, p. 109.
+
+Fig. 1. Fully opened sporangium, x 10.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Tubular sporangia closed, x 5.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Transverse section of sporangium; shows trabecular
+calcareous nodules of the capillitium, x 15.
+
+
+_Craterium cylindricum_ Mass., p. 106.
+
+Fig. 2. Group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+
+_Physarum wingatense_ Macbr., p. 72.
+
+Fig. 3. Group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+
+_Physarum albescens_ Ellis, p. 86.
+
+Fig. 4. Group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. Capillitium of the same species, x 200.
+
+
+_Dianema harveyi_ Rex, p. 238.
+
+Fig. 5. Group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. Clustered spores, D. corticatum, x 500.
+
+Fig. 5 _b_. Capillitial threads and spores, D. harveyi, x 200.
+
+Fig. 5 _c_. Twisted, spirally striate single threads, x 500; _D.
+corticatum_, List.
+
+
+_Physarella oblonga_ Berk. & C., p. 109.
+
+Fig. 6. Terrestial, plasmodiocarpous phase, x 10.
+
+
+_Physarum megalosporum_ Sturg., p. 63.
+
+Fig. 7. Group of sporangia, x 8.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. Capillitium and spores, x 150.
+
+
+_Didymium complanatum_ (Batsch) Rost., p. 116.
+
+Fig. 8. Capillitial structure, x 200.
+
+
+_Physarum wingatense_, p. 72.
+
+Fig. 9. Sporangium, x 20, enlarged to show dehiscence.
+
+
+_Didymium xanthopus_ (Ditm.) Fr., p. 123.
+
+Fig. 10. Sporangium--diagram to show columella, x 20.
+
+
+_Didymium eximium_ Pk., p. 124.
+
+Fig. 11. Group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 11 _a_. Section of sporangium, x 30; diagram.
+
+Fig. 11 _b_. Spore, x 750.
+
+Comatricha elegans (Racib.) List., p. 182.
+
+Fig. 12. A single sporangium, x 20.
+
+Clastoderma debaryanum, p. 191.
+
+Fig. 13. Sporangium, seen in section, x 20.
+
+Stemonitis herbatica Pk., p. 171.
+
+Fig. 14. Group of sporangia, x 2.
+
+Fig. 14 a. The same enlarged to show general outline.
+
+Fig. 14 b. The same; capillitial section, x 20.
+
+Fig. 14 c. A single spore, x 1000.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVI]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII
+
+
+_Cribraria argillacea_ (Pers.) Schrad., p. 218.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangium, highly magnified.
+
+
+_Cribraria macrocarpa_ Schrad., p. 219.
+
+Fig. 2. Sporangium, highly magnified.
+
+
+_Cribraria aurantiaca_ Schrad., p. 221.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangium containing spores, x 30.
+
+
+_Cribraria microcarpa_ Schrad., p. 226.
+
+Fig. 4. Sporangium containing spores, x 30.
+
+
+_Cribraria tenella_ Schrad., p. 225.
+
+Fig. 5. Sporangium containing spores, x 40.
+
+
+_Cribraria minutissima_ Schw., p. 220.
+
+Fig. 6. A single sporangium calyculate, x 50.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. A smaller sporangium without calyx, with spore-mass.
+
+_Cribraria cuprea_ Morg., p. 229.
+
+Fig. 7. A single sporangium, x 50.
+
+
+_Cribraria violacea_ Rex, p. 227.
+
+Fig. 8. A single sporangium, x 40.
+
+
+_Cribraria piriformis_ Schrad., p. 224.
+
+Fig. 9. A single sporangium, x 30.
+
+
+_Perichaena depressa_ (Libert) Rost., p. 242.
+
+Fig. 10. A cluster of sporangia, one open, x 8.
+
+
+_Physarum nicaraguense_ Macbr., p. 83.
+
+Fig. 11. Single sporangium, x 10.
+
+Fig. 11 _a_. A cluster of sporangia and hypothallus, x 5.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII
+
+
+_Margarita metallica_ (Berk. & Br.) List., p. 237.
+
+Fig. 1. A group of sporangia, x 15.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Capillitium and spores, x 300.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. A single spore, x 1200.
+
+
+_Diderma cor-rubrum_ n. s., p. 140.
+
+Fig. 2. A group of sporangia, x 15.
+
+
+_Diderma asteroides_ List., p. 143.
+
+Fig. 3. Sporangia-spread, x 6.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. Same sporangia still unopened, x 4.
+
+
+_Comatricha laxa_ Rost., Cf. Pl. V., 5 & 5 _a_, p. 184.
+
+Fig. 4. Sporangia, x 10.
+
+
+_Diderma lyallii_ (Mass.) Macbr., p. 136.
+
+Fig. 5. A group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. Capillitium and spores, x 200.
+
+
+_Lepidoderma chailletii_ Rost., p. 146.
+
+Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, x 15.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. Capillitium and spores, x 150.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. A single spore, x 800.
+
+
+_Didymium anellus_ Morg., p. 117.
+
+Fig. 7. A group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+
+_Diderma radiatum_ Linn., p. 141.
+
+Fig. 8. A group of sporangia, x 8.
+
+
+_Physarum diderma_ Rost., p. 55.
+
+Fig. 9. A group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+
+_Diderma rugosum_ (Rex) Macbr., p. 144.
+
+Fig. 10. A group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+
+_Diderma niveum_ (Rost.) Macbr., p. 137.
+
+Fig. 11. A group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 11 _a_. Spore and Capillitium, x 600.
+
+
+_Prototrichia metallica_ (Berk.) Mass., p. 258.
+
+Fig. 12. A group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 12 _a_. Same; capillitium and spores, x 300.
+
+Fig. 12 _b_. Tip of a capillitium thread to show spiral markings and
+end-fraying, x 800.
+
+
+_Comatricha aequalis_ Peck, p. 180.
+
+Fig. 13. A group of sporangia, x 5.
+
+Fig. 13 _a_. Sporangium tip, capillitium, x 200.
+
+Fig. 13 _b_. Spore, x 800.
+
+
+_Physarum compressum_ Alb. & Schw., p. 80.
+
+Fig. 14. A group of sporangia to show compressed form, x 10.
+
+See also Plate XIX., Fig. 12.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XVIII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX
+
+
+_Dictydium cancellatum_ Batsch, p. 230.
+
+Fig. 1. The finest phase, as the form appears in the Mississippi valley,
+x 15.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Sporangium of the same seen from below, x 35.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Sporangium--same--seen from above, x 35.
+
+Fig. 1 _c_. Cribraria-like net from the top, x 200.
+
+Fig. 2. Vertical section of what is believed the typical European form,
+x 20.
+
+Fig. 3. An ellipsoidal piriform phase--var. _prolatum_, x 15.
+
+
+_Physarum compressum_ Alb. & Schw. form _P. affine_ Rost., p. 80.
+
+Fig. 4. A group of sporangia, x 12.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. A single spore, x 600.
+
+Fig. 4 _b_. Capillitium, same species, x 300.
+
+
+_Alwisia bombarda_ Berk. & Br., p. 209.
+
+Fig. 5. Open sporangia, x 6.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. Sporangium of same enlarged to show capillitium, x 20.
+
+
+_Cribraria dictydiodes_ Cke. & Balf., p. 222.
+
+Fig. 6. A group of sporangia, x 6.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. Single sporangium of same--lateral view, x 25.
+
+Fig. 6 _b_. Same; base view, x 30.
+
+
+_Cribraria aurantiaca_ Schrad., p. 221.
+
+Fig. 7. Single sporangium, x 30.
+
+
+_Cribraria rufa_ (Roth) Rost., p. 220.
+
+Fig. 8. Sporangium, x 30.
+
+
+_Cribraria piriformis_ Schrad., p. 224.
+
+Fig. 9. Sporangium, x 30.
+
+
+_Cribraria splendens_ (Schrad.) Pers., p. 221.
+
+Fig. 10. Sporangium, x 30.
+
+
+_Echinostelium minutum_ DeBy., p. 198.
+
+Fig. 11. Several sporangia, x 15.
+
+Fig. 11 _a_. Vertical section, after Rost., x 500.
+
+_Physarum compressum_ Schw., p. 80.
+
+Fig. 12. Sporangium, x 20, to show dehiscence.
+
+
+_Didymium anomalum_ Sturg., p. 127.
+
+Fig. 13. Plasmodiocarps, about natural size.
+
+Fig. 13 _a_. Diagrammatic vertical section, etc., to show the
+calciferous pillars distinguishing the species, x 200.
+
+Fig. 14. Calcic crystal--enlarged.
+
+
+_Physarum sinuosum_ (Bull.) Weinm., p. 52.
+
+Fig. 15. Plasmodiocarps passing to sporangia, x 5.
+
+Cf. Plate VIII., 6 and 6 _a_.
+
+
+_Physarum bitectum_ List., p. 53.
+
+Fig. 16. Plasmodiocarps as in 15, showing transitional phases, x 10.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XIX]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX
+
+
+_Badhamia iowensis_ n. s., p. 36.
+
+Fig. 1. Sporangia several presentations, x 15.
+
+Fig. 1 _a_. Capillitium, x 200.
+
+Fig. 1 _b_. Single spore, x 500.
+
+
+_Physarum mortoni_ n. s., p. 58.
+
+Fig. 2. A group of sporangia, x 20.
+
+Fig. 2 _a_. Capillitium, x 200.
+
+
+_Physarum discoidale_ n. s., p. 74.
+
+Fig. 3. A group of sporangia, x 10.
+
+Fig. 3 _a_. A single spore, x 800.
+
+
+_Didymium annulatum_ n. s., p. 125.
+
+Fig. 4. Group of sporangia, x 15.
+
+Fig. 4 _a_. Capillitium and spores, x 200.
+
+
+_Oligonema brevifilum_ Peck, p. 280.
+
+Fig. 5. Capillitium, x 800.
+
+Fig. 5 _a_. The same.
+
+Fig. 12 _b_. A single spore, x 800.
+
+
+_Amaurochaete tubulina_ (Alb. & Schw.) Macbr., p. 150.
+
+Fig. 6. Capillitium and spores, x 200.
+
+Fig. 6 _a_. Spore, x 1200.
+
+
+_Physarum brunneolum_ (Phill.) Mass., p. 58.
+
+Fig. 7. Group of sporangia.
+
+Fig. 7 _a_. The same, mature, dehiscence beginning, x 10.
+
+Fig. 7 _b_. A single spore, x 800.
+
+
+_Stemonitis uvifera_ n. s., p. 161.
+
+Fig. 8. Colony, natural size.
+
+Fig. 8 _a_. Capillitium and spore-clusters, x 30.
+
+Fig. 8 _b_. Single spore-cluster, x 600.
+
+Fig. 8 _c_. Spore, x 1000.
+
+
+_Stemonitis trechispora_ Berk., p. 160.
+
+Fig. 9. Fructification--natural size.
+
+Fig. 9 _a_. Capillitium, branch and threads, x 20--the spores enlarged.
+
+Fig. 9 _b_. Netted spore, x 1000. Masking as an amaurochete; _A.
+trechispora_ perhaps; compare 11, etc., below.
+
+
+_Stemonitis flavogenita_ Jahn, p. 169.
+
+Fig. 10. A group of sporangia, x 3.
+
+Fig. 10 _a_. Capillitium showing columella-tip, x 50.
+
+Fig. 10 _b_. Spore, x 1200.
+
+
+_Stemonitis trechispora_ (Berk.) Torr., p. 159.
+
+Fig. 11. A group of sporangia, x 3.
+
+Fig. 11 _a_. Diagram of a single sporangium, a less rudimentary
+specimen, x 40.
+
+Fig. 11 _b_. Capillitium enlarged to show branching columella, x 40.
+
+Fig. 11 _c_. A single spore, x 1200.
+
+
+_Arcyria pomiformis_ (Leers) Rost., p. 255.
+
+Fig. 12. A globose colony of sporangia, x 10; var. _conglobosa_.
+
+Fig. 12 _b_. See under 5, above.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XX]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI
+
+Brefeldia maxima (Fr.) Rost., p. 154.
+
+A typical, beautiful aethalium, about natural size.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXI]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII
+
+
+_Brefeldia maxima_ Rost., p. 154.
+
+Fig. 1. Plasmodium active; climbing the stump.
+
+Fig. 2. Same plasmodium urgent; moving at the rate of 2 cm. per hour.
+
+From photo-prints by Mr. W. A. Seaman and Mr. John T. Reeder, Mich. The
+figures are about one-sixth the natural size of the object. See plate
+preceding for the mature phase of this species, natural size.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXII]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII
+
+
+_Fuligo rufa_ (Schw.) Pers., p. 28.
+
+1. The plasmodium; urgent!
+
+2. The perfected fruit; quiescent.
+
+The figures present their objects about natural size. See also Plate X.,
+Figs. 3, 3 _a_, 3 _b_, for further illustration.
+
+From photo-prints by John T. Reeder, Mich.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE XXIII]
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+
+Many apparent spelling errors are in fact published synonyms and
+remain as printed.
+
+The 'Corrigenda' or errata changes are entered.
+
+  Page 11.
+    'of enviroment.'
+    changed 'enviroment' to 'environment.'
+  Page 26
+    'anon winding,'
+    may be 'and winding,'; unchanged.
+  Page 29
+    'PLATE X, Figs. 2, 2 _a_, 2 _b_.'
+    added.
+  Page 38
+    '1892. _Bahamia varia_' as in original; no change.
+  Page 41
+    'In some case'
+    changed 'case' to 'cases'.
+  Page 46
+    'leaving his sucessors' as in original;
+    unusual spelling; no change.
+  Page 47
+    '24. _P. pulcherrinum_'
+    changed 'pulcherrinum' to 'pulcherrimum', to match the referenced
+    paragraph.
+  Page 63
+    'visible hyphothallus'
+    changed 'hyphothallus' to 'hypothallus'.
+  Page 65
+    '1873. Dydymium' as in original; no change.
+  Page 78
+    'sheet-like hyphothallus'
+    changed 'hyphothallus' to 'hypothallus'.
+  Page 79
+    37. Physarum leucopus _Link_.
+    '37.' missing in original; added.
+  Page 80
+    'P. affie Rost., Plate XIX., Fig. 4.'
+    changed 'affie' to 'affine'.
+  Page 84
+    'which has spores 10-12' changed to 'which has spores 10-12  mu'.
+    added ' mu'.
+  Page 98
+    'PLATE VIII, Figs. 8, 8 _a_, 8 _b_.'
+    added.
+  Page 108
+    'pendunculatum Trent.,'
+    changed 'pendunculatum' to 'pedunculatum'.
+  Page 110
+    '=Cienkowskia= _Rost._' changed to '=6. Cienkowskia= _Rost._'
+    '6.' added.
+  Page 114
+    'PLATE VII, Figs. 6, 6 _a_, 6 _b_.'
+    added.
+  Page 116
+        _a._ Sporangia discoid, spores reticulate     19. _D. intermedium_
+        _b._ Stipe, columella, peridium, orange-brown    20. _D. leoninum_
+  changed to
+        _a._ Sporangia discoid, spores reticulate     18. _D. intermedium_
+        _b._ Stipe, columella, peridium, orange-brown    19. _D. leoninum_
+  to match referenced text.
+  Page 130
+    '7. _D. niveum_'
+    changed '7.' to '8.'
+  Page 149
+    'cushion is interestingly aborescent'
+    changed 'aborescent' to 'arborescent'.
+  Page 150
+    AMAUROCHAETE TUBULINA (_Alb. & Schw._) _Macbr._
+    '2.' added.
+  Page 200
+    '3. _L. biforis_.
+    '4. _L. minima_'.
+    '5. _L. pusilla_'.
+    changed '3, 4, 5' to '2, 3, 4' respectively to match referenced text.
+  Page 212
+    'name to ertain English'
+    changed 'ertain' to 'certain'.
+  Page 218
+    'granules on the calcyulus'
+    changed 'calcyulus' to 'calyculus'.
+  Page 237
+    '_Prototrichia_ to the _Trichiacae_.'
+    changed 'Trichiacae' to '_Trichiaceae_'.
+  Page 237
+    Plate XVII., Figs.----
+    changed 'Figs.----' to 'Figs. 1, 1 _a_, 1 _b_'.
+  Page 238
+    'adjoining the _Perichaenacae_' as in original. This is
+    probably 'Perichaenaceae', as elsewhere in this book, however, it is
+    in a quotation so is unchanged.
+  Page 241
+    2. 'Ophiotheca chrysoperma _Currey_.'
+    changed 'chrysoperma' to 'chrysosperma'.
+  Page 262
+    'often, to circumscissle'
+    changed 'circumscissle' to 'circumscissile'.
+  Page 262
+    'to be uniformily distinctly warted'
+    changed 'uniformily' to 'uniformly'.
+  Page 263
+    'evanescent peridium suggests _Arycria_'
+    changed '_Arycria_' to '_Arcyria_'.
+  Page 265
+    'In typical spcimens'
+    changed 'spcimens' to 'specimens'.
+  Page 269
+    3. Trichia iowenis _Macbr._
+    Changed 'iowenis' to 'iowensis'.
+  Page 289
+    '[Greek: klaotos]' changed to '[Greek: klastos].
+  Page 289
+    '[Greek: echiuos]' changed to '[Greek: echinos]'.
+  Page 290
+    '[Greek: lanchos]' changed to '[Greek: lachnos]'.
+  Page 290
+    LEPIDODERMA, 144
+    [Greek: lepis], a scale, and [Greek: 'depma'], a covering. Gr.
+    changed 'depma' to 'derma'.
+  Page 290
+    '[Greek: gala], a, milk. Gr.' changed to '[Greek: gala], milk. Gr.'.
+    Removed 'a,'.
+  Page 290
+    '[Greek: ophix]' unchanged.
+    Maybe '[Greek: tricha]' would be more appropriate.
+  Page 292
+    'Diachafa 185' changed to 'Diachaea 185' to match the referenced page.
+  Page 297
+    'pulchripes _Peck_, 69.' changed to 'pulcherripes _Peck_, 69.' to
+    match the referenced page.
+  Page 304
+    _Badhamia macrocarpa_ Rost., p. 7.
+    'changed p. 7.' to 'p. 37.'
+  Page 324
+    _Comatricha subcaespitosa_ Peck, p. 282.
+    changed 'p. 282' to 'p. 185'.
+  Page 324
+    _Comatricha gracilis_ Wingate, p. 184.
+    changed 'p. 184.' to 'p. 183'.
+  Page 328
+    _Badhamia orbiculata_ Rex., p. 66.
+    changed 'p. 66.' to 'p. 37.'
+  Page 338
+    'showing transional phases'
+    changed 'transional to 'transitional'.
+  Various pages
+    Inconsistent hyphenation:
+    flavo-fusca          flavofusca
+    flavo-fuscum         flavofuscum
+    net-work             network
+    wide-spread          widespread
+
+
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #31098 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31098)