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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/31089-8.txt b/31089-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13a3467 --- /dev/null +++ b/31089-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,686 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied +Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster, by Keith R. Kelson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster + +Author: Keith R. Kelson + +Release Date: January 26, 2010 [EBook #31089] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RED-BELLIED SQUIRREL *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied + Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster + + BY + + KEITH R. KELSON + + + University of Kansas Publications + Museum of Natural History + + Volume 5, No. 17, pp. 243-250 + April 10, 1952 + + + University of Kansas + LAWRENCE + 1952 + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, + Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 5, No. 17, pp. 243-250 + April 10, 1952 + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1952 + + 24-2174 + + + + + The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied + Squirrel, _Sciurus aureogaster_ + + BY + + KEITH R. KELSON + + +In his excellent taxonomic treatment of the tree squirrels of Mexico +and Central America, Nelson (Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 1:15-110, +2 pls., May 9, 1899) recognized three subspecies of red-bellied +squirrels, _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster_ F. Cuvier, _Sciurus +aureogaster hypopyrrhus_ Wagler, and _Sciurus aureogaster frumentor_ +Nelson. In his lists of specimens examined, Nelson (_op. cit._:42 and +44) assigned certain specimens from "mountains near Santo Domingo" +and Guichicovi in Chiapas, and Catemaco in Veracruz, to _S. a. +aureogaster_, and other specimens from the same localities to _S. a. +hypopyrrhus_. I originally attempted to study (identify to subspecies) +the series of animals from only three places, but it became evident +that a more extensive study was indicated. + +The locality whence the holotype of _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster_ +was obtained is unknown. Because certain specimens from Altamira, +Tamaulipas, closely resemble Cuvier's figure of the type, Nelson +(_op. cit._:41) subsequently designated Altamira as the type locality. +Miniatitlan, Veracruz, was designated by Nelson as the type locality +of _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ because Wagler's description of the type of +that subspecies fitted so well certain of Nelson's specimens from that +place. + +_Sciurus a. hypopyrrhus_ was said by Nelson (_op. cit._:43 and 44) to +differ from _S. a. aureogaster_ in darker color, thinner pelage, much +stiffer and more shining dorsal hairs, slenderer tail with black +predominating, larger and proportionately narrower skull with larger +auditory bullae, each bulla being "slightly constricted just in front +of middle." _Sciurus aureogaster_ varies greatly in intensity of color +and in color-pattern. Fully 30 per cent of the specimens examined are +in some degree melanistic and approximately 20 per cent of them are +completely so. Others are more or less brown; the brown dulls the +usually rufous parts. In many specimens this brown is well distributed +even in the otherwise grizzled areas; in some specimens it is evenly +distributed and in others it is in patches. Indeed, scarcely any two +"normally" colored specimens are alike. Typically, the intense rufous +color characteristic of the underparts in both _S. a. aureogaster_ +and _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ is also present on the costal region and +shoulders. Even this distribution of color is highly variable; some +specimens (for example No. 23948 KU, from 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, +Veracruz) show no rufous dorsally and others (for example No. 19307 +KU, from 20 km. W Piedras Negras, Veracruz) have the rufous extending +over the legs, sides, and almost all of the dorsum from the shoulders +to the rump except (in some) for an interrupted median strip of +grizzled gray. It is true that specimens from Miniatitlan are darker +than those from Altamira, but this seems not to be significant +taxonomically, because examination of series from other localities +provides no evidence of geographic variation in color except, +possibly, in the frequency of melanism. A series of 13 specimens +(Univ. Kansas) from 7 and 8 km. WNW Potrero, Veracruz, for example, is +quite as dark as topotypes of _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ from Miniatitlan, +although the localities of capture are approximately in the center of +the geographic range of _S. a. aureogaster_. In short, there seems to +be no way to distinguish _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ from _S. a. aureogaster_ +on the basis of color. An unusual amount of variation exists, but it +seems to occur at random. Fixing type localities of the two subspecies +at the places of origin of certain specimens which in color fit the +original descriptions is meaningless because selected specimens or +series from almost any place in the geographic range of the species +would qualify as approximate color-duplicates of the types. + +My findings agree with those of Nelson in that skulls from Miniatitlan +average longer and narrower than those from Altamira, but this seems +not to be significant taxonomically because the series from Altamira +is, to judge from the material I have seen, somewhat shorter and +broader cranially than is "average" for the alleged subspecies _S. a. +aureogaster_. For example, series from Metlaltoyuca in Puebla, 3 km. E +Axtla in San Luis Potosí, 8 km. NW Potrero and 20 km. NW Piedras +Negras in Veracruz, although obtained from localities well within the +geographic range of _S. a. aureogaster_ (as outlined by Nelson), all +more closely resemble the "topotypes" of _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ in +cranial measurements than they do "topotypes" of _S. a. aureogaster_. +Conversely, specimens from that part of the range of _S. a. +hypopyrrhus_ most remote from the range of _S. a. aureogaster_ +(Montecristo, La Venta, and Teapa, all in Tabasco) more closely +approximate the Altamiran series in cranial size and proportions than +they do the Miniatitlan material. Therefore, my data contradict the +statement of Nelson (_loc. cit._) that the skulls of _S. a. +hypopyrrhus_ are larger but proportionately narrower than those of +_S. a. aureogaster_. The constriction of the auditory bullae alluded +to by Nelson as being present in _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ is also present +in _S. a. aureogaster_, occurring in both subspecies in varying +degrees without correlation with geographic distribution. + +Actually, the only concrete evidence of geographic variation that I +can detect in these animals is a slight increase southwardly in the +frequency and degree of melanism, a kind of variation that is unworthy +of taxonomic recognition in this species. It seems best, then, to +regard the name _Sciurus aureogaster hypopyrrhus_ Wagler as a synonym +of _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster_ F. Cuvier. + +Nelson (_op. cit._:45) stated that _S. a. frumentor_ "Differs +strikingly from typical _aureogaster_ in having well-marked nuchal and +rump patches of yellowish brown or rufous brown; the underparts gray +or gray washed with rufous; tail heavier and more bushy; pelage +softer.... Skull indistinguishable from that of typical +_aureogaster_." I have examined 22 specimens from Jico, 7 from Las +Vigas (the type locality), and one from 3 km. E Las Vigas, all in +Veracruz. These include the type and paratypes of _S. a. frumentor_. +Part (probably 7 specimens) of the series from Jico was referred by +Nelson (_op. cit._:46) to _S. a. frumentor_ and he thought, or knew, +these specimens to have been taken _above_ Jico. The remaining +specimens labelled as from Jico were referred to _S. a. aureogaster_. +I am unable to find fault with the characterization of _S. a. +frumentor_ insofar as color or skull are concerned. I cannot verify to +my own satisfaction the presence of "heavier" and bushier tail and +softer pelage. The characters considered to be diagnostic of _S. a. +frumentor_ are distributed in an interesting geographic pattern the +genetic import of which is not wholly clear. One specimen (No. 23945 +KU) of the two available from 3 km. SW San Marcos, Veracruz, a +locality on the coast approximately 50 miles north of Las Vigas, is +indistinguishable from topotypes of _S. a. frumentor_ except for +slightly lighter-colored grizzled parts. The second specimen (No. +23946 KU) from the same locality, although a subadult in worn pelage, +shows the color and striking dorsal pattern of _S. a. frumentor_ and +the ventral color of _S. a. aureogaster_. The dorsal pattern of _S. a. +frumentor_ is found also in the three specimens from San Carlos and +Plan del Río, Veracruz (Nos. 11082, 11083 and 8278), Chicago Nat. +Hist. Mus., respectively. (The two specimens from San Carlos were +referred to _S. a. frumentor_ by Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Zool. +Ser., vol. 8, Publ. no. 115:128, February 9, 1907.) Nevertheless, +although the essential morphological characters of _S. a. frumentor_ +occur sporadically in other populations, the animals from the higher +elevations above Jico and Las Vigas are notably homogeneous, differ +collectively from surrounding populations, and occupy a logical +geographic range. Therefore _S. a. frumentor_ is retained as a tenable +subspecies, and the animals from the vicinity of San Marcos, and from +San Carlos and Plan del Río are referred to _S. a. aureogaster_. +Incidentally, Nelson (_op. cit._:45) remarks that he saw no melanistic +specimens of _S. a. frumentor_. This is not strange because melanistic +specimens could not be identified anyway. + + [Illustration: FIG. 1. Geographic distribution + of _Sciurus aureogaster_. + 1. _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster._ + 2. _Sciurus aureogaster frumentor._] + +The names, absolute synonyms, and geographic ranges of the two +subspecies of _Sciurus aureogaster_ here recognized are as follows: + + +SCIURUS AUREOGASTER AUREOGASTER F. Cuvier + + 1829. _Sciurus aureogaster_ F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammiferes, + VI, livr. LIX, pl. with text. + + 1830. _Sciurus rafiventer_ Lichenstein, Abhandl. K. Akad. + Wiss., Berlin, p. 116 (1827). + + 1831. _Sciurus leucogaster_ F. Cuvier, Suppl. d'Hist. Nat. + Buffon, pp. 300, 301. + + 1831. _Sciurus hypopyrrhus_ Wagler, Oken's Isis, pp. 510, + 511. + + 1841. _Sciurus mustelinus_ Audubon and Bachman, Proc. Acad. + Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 100, 101. + + 1841. _Sciurus ferruginiventris_ Audubon and Bachman, Proc. + Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 101. + + 1845. _Sciurus ferrugineiventris_ Schinz, Synopsis Mamm., II, + p. 14. + + 1855. _Sciurus hypoxanthus_ (Lichenstein MS) Geoffroy, Voyage + de la Venus, Zool. (text), pp. 158, 159 (on labels of + squirrels from Berlin Museum, _fide_ Nelson, Proc. Washington + Acad. Sci., 1:38, May 9, 1899). + + 1855. _Sciurus chrysogaster_ Giebel, Saugethiere, p. 650. + + 1867. _Macroxus aureogaster_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., + ser. 3, 20:423. + + 1867. _Sciurus hypopyrrhous_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, + ser. 3, 20:424. + + 1867. _Macroxus morio_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. + 3, 20:424. + + 1867. _Macroxus maurus_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. + 3, 20:425. + + 1887. _Sciurus rufiventris?_ Rovirosa, La Naturaleza, 7:360 + (1885-1886). + + 1897. _Sciurus leucops_ Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 9:198. + + 1899. _Sciurus aureogaster hypopyrrhus_ Nelson, Proc. + Washington Acad. Sci., 1:42, May 9. + + _Range._--Eastern slope of Mexico from southern Tamaulipas + southward to Tabasco and Chiapas. Marginal localities + arranged clockwise beginning with the northernmost station of + record are: _Tamaulipas_: Victoria; Altamira; down the coast + to _Veracruz_: Coatzocoalcos; inland to _Tabasco_: + Montecristo. _Chiapas_: Tumbala. _Oaxaca_: Mountains near + Santo Domingo. _Veracruz_: Otatitlan; Orizaba; Jico; Jalapa. + _Puebla_: Metlaltoyuca. _Hidalgo_: Sierra Encarnacion. + _Querétaro_: Pinal de Amoles. _San Luis Potosí_: Valles. + _Tamaulipas_: Forlón. Specimen No. 51383 Chicago Mus. Nat. + Hist., labelled as from San Luis Potosí, in the State of the + same name, does not represent, I suspect, a natural + occurrence of the animal. Possibly the specimen was purchased + there in the market, but was actually captured elsewhere. + + +SCIURUS AUREOGASTER FRUMENTOR Nelson + + 1898. _Sciurus aureogaster frumentor_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 12:154, June 3. + + _Range._--Higher elevations of the Cofre de Perote. Marginal + localities, both in Veracruz, are: Above Las Vigas; Jico. + +This report is based on the examination of 256 specimens representing +the entire known geographic range of the species. I am indebted to H. +E. Anthony, Remington Kellogg, C. C. Sanborn, and Stanley P. Young for +the privilege of examining specimens in their charge. The study here +reported upon was aided by a contract between the Office of Naval +Research, department of the Navy, and the University of Kansas (NR +161-791). The specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural +History were obtained by field work supported by the Kansas University +Endowment Association. + + _Transmitted December 6, 1951._ + + + 24-2174 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Subspecies of the Mexican +Red-bellied Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster, by Keith R. 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Kelson. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied +Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster, by Keith R. Kelson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster + +Author: Keith R. Kelson + +Release Date: January 26, 2010 [EBook #31089] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RED-BELLIED SQUIRREL *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h1>The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied<br /> +Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster</h1> + +<h4>BY</h4> + +<h3>KEITH R. KELSON<br /><br /></h3> + +<h3>University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History<br /> + +<small>Volume 5, No. 17, pp. 243-250<br /> +April 10, 1952</small><br /><br /></h3> + +<h4>University of Kansas<br /> +LAWRENCE<br /> +1952</h4> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h4><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,<br /> +Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson<br /> +<br /> +Volume 5, No. 17, pp. 243-250<br /> +April 10, 1952<br /> +<br /><br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /><br /></h4> + +<h5><small>PRINTED BY<br /> +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1952</small><br /> +<br /> +24-2174</h5> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span></p> +<h2>The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied<br /> +Squirrel, <i>Sciurus aureogaster</i></h2> + +<h4>BY</h4> + +<h3>KEITH R. KELSON</h3> + + +<p>In his excellent taxonomic treatment of the tree squirrels of Mexico +and Central America, Nelson (Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 1:15-110, +2 pls., May 9, 1899) recognized three subspecies of red-bellied +squirrels, <i>Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster</i> F. Cuvier, <i>Sciurus aureogaster +hypopyrrhus</i> Wagler, and <i>Sciurus aureogaster frumentor</i> Nelson. +In his lists of specimens examined, Nelson (<i>op. cit.</i>:42 and 44) +assigned certain specimens from "mountains near Santo Domingo" +and Guichicovi in Chiapas, and Catemaco in Veracruz, to <i>S. a. +aureogaster</i>, and other specimens from the same localities to <i>S. a. +hypopyrrhus</i>. I originally attempted to study (identify to subspecies) +the series of animals from only three places, but it became +evident that a more extensive study was indicated.</p> + +<p>The locality whence the holotype of <i>Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster</i> +was obtained is unknown. Because certain specimens from +Altamira, Tamaulipas, closely resemble Cuvier's figure of the type, +Nelson (<i>op. cit.</i>:41) subsequently designated Altamira as the type +locality. Miniatitlan, Veracruz, was designated by Nelson as the +type locality of <i>S. a. hypopyrrhus</i> because Wagler's description of +the type of that subspecies fitted so well certain of Nelson's specimens +from that place.</p> + +<p><i>Sciurus a. hypopyrrhus</i> was said by Nelson (<i>op. cit.</i>:43 and 44) to +differ from <i>S. a. aureogaster</i> in darker color, thinner pelage, much +stiffer and more shining dorsal hairs, slenderer tail with black +predominating, larger and proportionately narrower skull with larger +auditory bullae, each bulla being "slightly constricted just in front +of middle." <i>Sciurus aureogaster</i> varies greatly in intensity of +color and in color-pattern. Fully 30 per cent of the specimens +examined are in some degree melanistic and approximately 20 per cent +of them are completely so. Others are more or less brown; the brown +dulls the usually rufous parts. In many specimens this brown is well +distributed even in the otherwise grizzled areas; in some specimens +it is evenly distributed and in others it is in patches. Indeed, +scarcely any two "normally" colored specimens are alike. Typically, +the intense rufous color characteristic of the underparts in both +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> +<i>S. a. aureogaster</i> and <i>S. a. hypopyrrhus</i> is also present on the +costal region and shoulders. Even this distribution of color is highly +variable; some specimens (for example No. 23948 KU, from 3 km. E San +Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz) show no rufous dorsally and others (for +example No. 19307 KU, from 20 km. W Piedras Negras, Veracruz) have the +rufous extending over the legs, sides, and almost all of the dorsum +from the shoulders to the rump except (in some) for an interrupted +median strip of grizzled gray. It is true that specimens from +Miniatitlan are darker than those from Altamira, but this seems not to +be significant taxonomically, because examination of series from other +localities provides no evidence of geographic variation in color +except, possibly, in the frequency of melanism. A series of 13 +specimens (Univ. Kansas) from 7 and 8 km. WNW Potrero, Veracruz, for +example, is quite as dark as topotypes of <i>S. a. hypopyrrhus</i> from +Miniatitlan, although the localities of capture are approximately in +the center of the geographic range of <i>S. a. aureogaster</i>. In short, +there seems to be no way to distinguish <i>S. a. hypopyrrhus</i> from <i>S. +a. aureogaster</i> on the basis of color. An unusual amount of variation +exists, but it seems to occur at random. Fixing type localities of the +two subspecies at the places of origin of certain specimens which in +color fit the original descriptions is meaningless because selected +specimens or series from almost any place in the geographic range of +the species would qualify as approximate color-duplicates of the +types.</p> + +<p>My findings agree with those of Nelson in that skulls from Miniatitlan +average longer and narrower than those from Altamira, but +this seems not to be significant taxonomically because the series +from Altamira is, to judge from the material I have seen, somewhat +shorter and broader cranially than is "average" for the alleged subspecies +<i>S. a. aureogaster</i>. For example, series from Metlaltoyuca in +Puebla, 3 km. E Axtla in San Luis Potosí, 8 km. NW Potrero and +20 km. NW Piedras Negras in Veracruz, although obtained from +localities well within the geographic range of <i>S. a. aureogaster</i> (as +outlined by Nelson), all more closely resemble the "topotypes" of +<i>S. a. hypopyrrhus</i> in cranial measurements than they do "topotypes" +of <i>S. a. aureogaster</i>. Conversely, specimens from that part of the +range of <i>S. a. hypopyrrhus</i> most remote from the range of <i>S. a. +aureogaster</i> (Montecristo, La Venta, and Teapa, all in Tabasco) +more closely approximate the Altamiran series in cranial size and +proportions than they do the Miniatitlan material. Therefore, my +data contradict the statement of Nelson (<i>loc. cit.</i>) that the skulls of +<i>S. a. hypopyrrhus</i> are larger but proportionately narrower than those +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> +of <i>S. a. aureogaster</i>. The constriction of the auditory bullae alluded +to by Nelson as being present in <i>S. a. hypopyrrhus</i> is also present in +<i>S. a. aureogaster</i>, occurring in both subspecies in varying degrees +without correlation with geographic distribution.</p> + +<p>Actually, the only concrete evidence of geographic variation that +I can detect in these animals is a slight increase southwardly in the +frequency and degree of melanism, a kind of variation that is unworthy +of taxonomic recognition in this species. It seems best, then, +to regard the name <i>Sciurus aureogaster hypopyrrhus</i> Wagler as a +synonym of <i>Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster</i> F. Cuvier.</p> + +<p>Nelson (<i>op. cit.</i>:45) stated that <i>S. a. frumentor</i> "Differs strikingly +from typical <i>aureogaster</i> in having well-marked nuchal and rump +patches of yellowish brown or rufous brown; the underparts gray +or gray washed with rufous; tail heavier and more bushy; pelage +softer.... Skull indistinguishable from that of typical <i>aureogaster</i>." +I have examined 22 specimens from Jico, 7 from Las Vigas +(the type locality), and one from 3 km. E Las Vigas, all in Veracruz. +These include the type and paratypes of <i>S. a. frumentor</i>. Part +(probably 7 specimens) of the series from Jico was referred by +Nelson (<i>op. cit.</i>:46) to <i>S. a. frumentor</i> and he thought, or knew, +these specimens to have been taken <i>above</i> Jico. The remaining +specimens labelled as from Jico were referred to <i>S. a. aureogaster</i>. +I am unable to find fault with the characterization of <i>S. a. frumentor</i> +insofar as color or skull are concerned. I cannot verify to my own +satisfaction the presence of "heavier" and bushier tail and softer +pelage. The characters considered to be diagnostic of <i>S. a. frumentor</i> +are distributed in an interesting geographic pattern the +genetic import of which is not wholly clear. One specimen (No. +23945 KU) of the two available from 3 km. SW San Marcos, Veracruz, +a locality on the coast approximately 50 miles north of Las +Vigas, is indistinguishable from topotypes of <i>S. a. frumentor</i> except +for slightly lighter-colored grizzled parts. The second specimen +(No. 23946 KU) from the same locality, although a subadult in +worn pelage, shows the color and striking dorsal pattern of <i>S. a. +frumentor</i> and the ventral color of <i>S. a. aureogaster</i>. The dorsal +pattern of <i>S. a. frumentor</i> is found also in the three specimens from +San Carlos and Plan del Río, Veracruz (Nos. 11082, 11083 and +8278), Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., respectively. (The two specimens +from San Carlos were referred to <i>S. a. frumentor</i> by Elliot, Field +Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., vol. 8, Publ. no. 115:128, February 9, +1907.) Nevertheless, although the essential morphological characters +of <i>S. a. frumentor</i> occur sporadically in other populations, the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> +animals from the higher elevations above Jico and Las Vigas are +notably homogeneous, differ collectively from surrounding populations, +and occupy a logical geographic range. Therefore <i>S. a. frumentor</i> +is retained as a tenable subspecies, and the animals from the +vicinity of San Marcos, and from San Carlos and Plan del Río are +referred to <i>S. a. aureogaster</i>. Incidentally, Nelson (<i>op. cit.</i>:45) remarks +that he saw no melanistic specimens of <i>S. a. frumentor</i>. This +is not strange because melanistic specimens could not be identified +anyway.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;"> +<img src="images/fig1.jpg" width="100%" alt="FIG 1." title="FIG. 1." /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> Geographic distribution of <i>Sciurus aureogaster</i>.<br /> +1. <i>Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster.</i> 2. <i>Sciurus aureogaster frumentor.</i></span> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> +The names, absolute synonyms, and geographic ranges of the two +subspecies of <i>Sciurus aureogaster</i> here recognized are as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><b><span class="smcap">Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster</span> F. Cuvier</b></p> + +<p>1829. <i>Sciurus aureogaster</i> F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammiferes, VI, livr. +LIX, pl. with text.</p> + +<p>1830. <i>Sciurus rafiventer</i> Lichenstein, Abhandl. K. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, +p. 116 (1827).</p> + +<p>1831. <i>Sciurus leucogaster</i> F. Cuvier, Suppl. d'Hist. Nat. Buffon, pp. 300, +301.</p> + +<p>1831. <i>Sciurus hypopyrrhus</i> Wagler, Oken's Isis, pp. 510, 511.</p> + +<p>1841. <i>Sciurus mustelinus</i> Audubon and Bachman, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, pp. 100, 101.</p> + +<p>1841. <i>Sciurus ferruginiventris</i> Audubon and Bachman, Proc. Acad. Nat. +Sci. Philadelphia, p. 101.</p> + +<p>1845. <i>Sciurus ferrugineiventris</i> Schinz, Synopsis Mamm., II, p. 14.</p> + +<p>1855. <i>Sciurus hypoxanthus</i> (Lichenstein MS) Geoffroy, Voyage de la +Venus, Zool. (text), pp. 158, 159 (on labels of squirrels from Berlin +Museum, <i>fide</i> Nelson, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 1:38, May 9, +1899).</p> + +<p>1855. <i>Sciurus chrysogaster</i> Giebel, Saugethiere, p. 650.</p> + +<p>1867. <i>Macroxus aureogaster</i> Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, +20:423.</p> + +<p>1867. <i>Sciurus hypopyrrhous</i> Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 3, +20:424.</p> + +<p>1867. <i>Macroxus morio</i> Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 20:424.</p> + +<p>1867. <i>Macroxus maurus</i> Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 20:425.</p> + +<p>1887. <i>Sciurus rufiventris?</i> Rovirosa, La Naturaleza, 7:360 (1885-1886).</p> + +<p>1897. <i>Sciurus leucops</i> Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:198.</p> + +<p>1899. <i>Sciurus aureogaster hypopyrrhus</i> Nelson, Proc. Washington Acad. +Sci., 1:42, May 9.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Eastern slope of Mexico from southern Tamaulipas southward +to Tabasco and Chiapas. Marginal localities arranged clockwise +beginning with the northernmost station of record are: <i>Tamaulipas</i>: +Victoria; Altamira; down the coast to <i>Veracruz</i>: Coatzocoalcos; +inland to <i>Tabasco</i>: Montecristo. <i>Chiapas</i>: Tumbala. <i>Oaxaca</i>: +Mountains near Santo Domingo. <i>Veracruz</i>: Otatitlan; Orizaba; Jico; +Jalapa. <i>Puebla</i>: Metlaltoyuca. <i>Hidalgo</i>: Sierra Encarnacion. +<i>Querétaro</i>: Pinal de Amoles. <i>San Luis Potosí</i>: Valles. <i>Tamaulipas</i>: +Forlón. Specimen No. 51383 Chicago Mus. Nat. Hist., labelled as from +San Luis Potosí, in the State of the same name, does not represent, I +suspect, a natural occurrence of the animal. Possibly the specimen was +purchased there in the market, but was actually captured elsewhere.</p> + +<p><b><span class="smcap">Sciurus aureogaster frumentor</span> Nelson</b></p> + +<p>1898. <i>Sciurus aureogaster frumentor</i> Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +12:154, June 3.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Higher elevations of the Cofre de Perote. Marginal localities, both +in Veracruz, are: Above Las Vigas; Jico.</p> +</div> + +<p>This report is based on the examination of 256 specimens representing +the entire known geographic range of the species. I am indebted to H. +E. Anthony, Remington Kellogg, C. C. Sanborn, and Stanley P. Young for +the privilege of examining specimens in their charge. The study here +reported upon was aided by a contract between the Office of Naval +Research, department of the Navy, and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> +the University of Kansas (NR 161-791). The specimens in the University +of Kansas Museum of Natural History were obtained by field work +supported by the Kansas University Endowment Association.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left:1em;"><i>Transmitted December 6, 1951.</i></span></p> + +<h5>24-2174</h5> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Subspecies of the Mexican +Red-bellied Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster, by Keith R. 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Kelson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster + +Author: Keith R. Kelson + +Release Date: January 26, 2010 [EBook #31089] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RED-BELLIED SQUIRREL *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied + Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster + + BY + + KEITH R. KELSON + + + University of Kansas Publications + Museum of Natural History + + Volume 5, No. 17, pp. 243-250 + April 10, 1952 + + + University of Kansas + LAWRENCE + 1952 + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, + Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 5, No. 17, pp. 243-250 + April 10, 1952 + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1952 + + 24-2174 + + + + + The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied + Squirrel, _Sciurus aureogaster_ + + BY + + KEITH R. KELSON + + +In his excellent taxonomic treatment of the tree squirrels of Mexico +and Central America, Nelson (Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 1:15-110, +2 pls., May 9, 1899) recognized three subspecies of red-bellied +squirrels, _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster_ F. Cuvier, _Sciurus +aureogaster hypopyrrhus_ Wagler, and _Sciurus aureogaster frumentor_ +Nelson. In his lists of specimens examined, Nelson (_op. cit._:42 and +44) assigned certain specimens from "mountains near Santo Domingo" +and Guichicovi in Chiapas, and Catemaco in Veracruz, to _S. a. +aureogaster_, and other specimens from the same localities to _S. a. +hypopyrrhus_. I originally attempted to study (identify to subspecies) +the series of animals from only three places, but it became evident +that a more extensive study was indicated. + +The locality whence the holotype of _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster_ +was obtained is unknown. Because certain specimens from Altamira, +Tamaulipas, closely resemble Cuvier's figure of the type, Nelson +(_op. cit._:41) subsequently designated Altamira as the type locality. +Miniatitlan, Veracruz, was designated by Nelson as the type locality +of _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ because Wagler's description of the type of +that subspecies fitted so well certain of Nelson's specimens from that +place. + +_Sciurus a. hypopyrrhus_ was said by Nelson (_op. cit._:43 and 44) to +differ from _S. a. aureogaster_ in darker color, thinner pelage, much +stiffer and more shining dorsal hairs, slenderer tail with black +predominating, larger and proportionately narrower skull with larger +auditory bullae, each bulla being "slightly constricted just in front +of middle." _Sciurus aureogaster_ varies greatly in intensity of color +and in color-pattern. Fully 30 per cent of the specimens examined are +in some degree melanistic and approximately 20 per cent of them are +completely so. Others are more or less brown; the brown dulls the +usually rufous parts. In many specimens this brown is well distributed +even in the otherwise grizzled areas; in some specimens it is evenly +distributed and in others it is in patches. Indeed, scarcely any two +"normally" colored specimens are alike. Typically, the intense rufous +color characteristic of the underparts in both _S. a. aureogaster_ +and _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ is also present on the costal region and +shoulders. Even this distribution of color is highly variable; some +specimens (for example No. 23948 KU, from 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, +Veracruz) show no rufous dorsally and others (for example No. 19307 +KU, from 20 km. W Piedras Negras, Veracruz) have the rufous extending +over the legs, sides, and almost all of the dorsum from the shoulders +to the rump except (in some) for an interrupted median strip of +grizzled gray. It is true that specimens from Miniatitlan are darker +than those from Altamira, but this seems not to be significant +taxonomically, because examination of series from other localities +provides no evidence of geographic variation in color except, +possibly, in the frequency of melanism. A series of 13 specimens +(Univ. Kansas) from 7 and 8 km. WNW Potrero, Veracruz, for example, is +quite as dark as topotypes of _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ from Miniatitlan, +although the localities of capture are approximately in the center of +the geographic range of _S. a. aureogaster_. In short, there seems to +be no way to distinguish _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ from _S. a. aureogaster_ +on the basis of color. An unusual amount of variation exists, but it +seems to occur at random. Fixing type localities of the two subspecies +at the places of origin of certain specimens which in color fit the +original descriptions is meaningless because selected specimens or +series from almost any place in the geographic range of the species +would qualify as approximate color-duplicates of the types. + +My findings agree with those of Nelson in that skulls from Miniatitlan +average longer and narrower than those from Altamira, but this seems +not to be significant taxonomically because the series from Altamira +is, to judge from the material I have seen, somewhat shorter and +broader cranially than is "average" for the alleged subspecies _S. a. +aureogaster_. For example, series from Metlaltoyuca in Puebla, 3 km. E +Axtla in San Luis Potosi, 8 km. NW Potrero and 20 km. NW Piedras +Negras in Veracruz, although obtained from localities well within the +geographic range of _S. a. aureogaster_ (as outlined by Nelson), all +more closely resemble the "topotypes" of _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ in +cranial measurements than they do "topotypes" of _S. a. aureogaster_. +Conversely, specimens from that part of the range of _S. a. +hypopyrrhus_ most remote from the range of _S. a. aureogaster_ +(Montecristo, La Venta, and Teapa, all in Tabasco) more closely +approximate the Altamiran series in cranial size and proportions than +they do the Miniatitlan material. Therefore, my data contradict the +statement of Nelson (_loc. cit._) that the skulls of _S. a. +hypopyrrhus_ are larger but proportionately narrower than those of +_S. a. aureogaster_. The constriction of the auditory bullae alluded +to by Nelson as being present in _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ is also present +in _S. a. aureogaster_, occurring in both subspecies in varying +degrees without correlation with geographic distribution. + +Actually, the only concrete evidence of geographic variation that I +can detect in these animals is a slight increase southwardly in the +frequency and degree of melanism, a kind of variation that is unworthy +of taxonomic recognition in this species. It seems best, then, to +regard the name _Sciurus aureogaster hypopyrrhus_ Wagler as a synonym +of _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster_ F. Cuvier. + +Nelson (_op. cit._:45) stated that _S. a. frumentor_ "Differs +strikingly from typical _aureogaster_ in having well-marked nuchal and +rump patches of yellowish brown or rufous brown; the underparts gray +or gray washed with rufous; tail heavier and more bushy; pelage +softer.... Skull indistinguishable from that of typical +_aureogaster_." I have examined 22 specimens from Jico, 7 from Las +Vigas (the type locality), and one from 3 km. E Las Vigas, all in +Veracruz. These include the type and paratypes of _S. a. frumentor_. +Part (probably 7 specimens) of the series from Jico was referred by +Nelson (_op. cit._:46) to _S. a. frumentor_ and he thought, or knew, +these specimens to have been taken _above_ Jico. The remaining +specimens labelled as from Jico were referred to _S. a. aureogaster_. +I am unable to find fault with the characterization of _S. a. +frumentor_ insofar as color or skull are concerned. I cannot verify to +my own satisfaction the presence of "heavier" and bushier tail and +softer pelage. The characters considered to be diagnostic of _S. a. +frumentor_ are distributed in an interesting geographic pattern the +genetic import of which is not wholly clear. One specimen (No. 23945 +KU) of the two available from 3 km. SW San Marcos, Veracruz, a +locality on the coast approximately 50 miles north of Las Vigas, is +indistinguishable from topotypes of _S. a. frumentor_ except for +slightly lighter-colored grizzled parts. The second specimen (No. +23946 KU) from the same locality, although a subadult in worn pelage, +shows the color and striking dorsal pattern of _S. a. frumentor_ and +the ventral color of _S. a. aureogaster_. The dorsal pattern of _S. a. +frumentor_ is found also in the three specimens from San Carlos and +Plan del Rio, Veracruz (Nos. 11082, 11083 and 8278), Chicago Nat. +Hist. Mus., respectively. (The two specimens from San Carlos were +referred to _S. a. frumentor_ by Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Zool. +Ser., vol. 8, Publ. no. 115:128, February 9, 1907.) Nevertheless, +although the essential morphological characters of _S. a. frumentor_ +occur sporadically in other populations, the animals from the higher +elevations above Jico and Las Vigas are notably homogeneous, differ +collectively from surrounding populations, and occupy a logical +geographic range. Therefore _S. a. frumentor_ is retained as a tenable +subspecies, and the animals from the vicinity of San Marcos, and from +San Carlos and Plan del Rio are referred to _S. a. aureogaster_. +Incidentally, Nelson (_op. cit._:45) remarks that he saw no melanistic +specimens of _S. a. frumentor_. This is not strange because melanistic +specimens could not be identified anyway. + + [Illustration: FIG. 1. Geographic distribution + of _Sciurus aureogaster_. + 1. _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster._ + 2. _Sciurus aureogaster frumentor._] + +The names, absolute synonyms, and geographic ranges of the two +subspecies of _Sciurus aureogaster_ here recognized are as follows: + + +SCIURUS AUREOGASTER AUREOGASTER F. Cuvier + + 1829. _Sciurus aureogaster_ F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammiferes, + VI, livr. LIX, pl. with text. + + 1830. _Sciurus rafiventer_ Lichenstein, Abhandl. K. Akad. + Wiss., Berlin, p. 116 (1827). + + 1831. _Sciurus leucogaster_ F. Cuvier, Suppl. d'Hist. Nat. + Buffon, pp. 300, 301. + + 1831. _Sciurus hypopyrrhus_ Wagler, Oken's Isis, pp. 510, + 511. + + 1841. _Sciurus mustelinus_ Audubon and Bachman, Proc. Acad. + Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 100, 101. + + 1841. _Sciurus ferruginiventris_ Audubon and Bachman, Proc. + Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 101. + + 1845. _Sciurus ferrugineiventris_ Schinz, Synopsis Mamm., II, + p. 14. + + 1855. _Sciurus hypoxanthus_ (Lichenstein MS) Geoffroy, Voyage + de la Venus, Zool. (text), pp. 158, 159 (on labels of + squirrels from Berlin Museum, _fide_ Nelson, Proc. Washington + Acad. Sci., 1:38, May 9, 1899). + + 1855. _Sciurus chrysogaster_ Giebel, Saugethiere, p. 650. + + 1867. _Macroxus aureogaster_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., + ser. 3, 20:423. + + 1867. _Sciurus hypopyrrhous_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, + ser. 3, 20:424. + + 1867. _Macroxus morio_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. + 3, 20:424. + + 1867. _Macroxus maurus_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. + 3, 20:425. + + 1887. _Sciurus rufiventris?_ Rovirosa, La Naturaleza, 7:360 + (1885-1886). + + 1897. _Sciurus leucops_ Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 9:198. + + 1899. _Sciurus aureogaster hypopyrrhus_ Nelson, Proc. + Washington Acad. Sci., 1:42, May 9. + + _Range._--Eastern slope of Mexico from southern Tamaulipas + southward to Tabasco and Chiapas. Marginal localities + arranged clockwise beginning with the northernmost station of + record are: _Tamaulipas_: Victoria; Altamira; down the coast + to _Veracruz_: Coatzocoalcos; inland to _Tabasco_: + Montecristo. _Chiapas_: Tumbala. _Oaxaca_: Mountains near + Santo Domingo. _Veracruz_: Otatitlan; Orizaba; Jico; Jalapa. + _Puebla_: Metlaltoyuca. _Hidalgo_: Sierra Encarnacion. + _Queretaro_: Pinal de Amoles. _San Luis Potosi_: Valles. + _Tamaulipas_: Forlon. Specimen No. 51383 Chicago Mus. Nat. + Hist., labelled as from San Luis Potosi, in the State of the + same name, does not represent, I suspect, a natural + occurrence of the animal. Possibly the specimen was purchased + there in the market, but was actually captured elsewhere. + + +SCIURUS AUREOGASTER FRUMENTOR Nelson + + 1898. _Sciurus aureogaster frumentor_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 12:154, June 3. + + _Range._--Higher elevations of the Cofre de Perote. Marginal + localities, both in Veracruz, are: Above Las Vigas; Jico. + +This report is based on the examination of 256 specimens representing +the entire known geographic range of the species. I am indebted to H. +E. Anthony, Remington Kellogg, C. C. Sanborn, and Stanley P. Young for +the privilege of examining specimens in their charge. The study here +reported upon was aided by a contract between the Office of Naval +Research, department of the Navy, and the University of Kansas (NR +161-791). The specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural +History were obtained by field work supported by the Kansas University +Endowment Association. + + _Transmitted December 6, 1951._ + + + 24-2174 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Subspecies of the Mexican +Red-bellied Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster, by Keith R. 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