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diff --git a/31089.txt b/31089.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ee7b95 --- /dev/null +++ b/31089.txt @@ -0,0 +1,686 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied +Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster, by Keith R. Kelson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster + +Author: Keith R. Kelson + +Release Date: January 26, 2010 [EBook #31089] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RED-BELLIED SQUIRREL *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied + Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster + + BY + + KEITH R. KELSON + + + University of Kansas Publications + Museum of Natural History + + Volume 5, No. 17, pp. 243-250 + April 10, 1952 + + + University of Kansas + LAWRENCE + 1952 + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, + Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 5, No. 17, pp. 243-250 + April 10, 1952 + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1952 + + 24-2174 + + + + + The Subspecies of the Mexican Red-bellied + Squirrel, _Sciurus aureogaster_ + + BY + + KEITH R. KELSON + + +In his excellent taxonomic treatment of the tree squirrels of Mexico +and Central America, Nelson (Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 1:15-110, +2 pls., May 9, 1899) recognized three subspecies of red-bellied +squirrels, _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster_ F. Cuvier, _Sciurus +aureogaster hypopyrrhus_ Wagler, and _Sciurus aureogaster frumentor_ +Nelson. In his lists of specimens examined, Nelson (_op. cit._:42 and +44) assigned certain specimens from "mountains near Santo Domingo" +and Guichicovi in Chiapas, and Catemaco in Veracruz, to _S. a. +aureogaster_, and other specimens from the same localities to _S. a. +hypopyrrhus_. I originally attempted to study (identify to subspecies) +the series of animals from only three places, but it became evident +that a more extensive study was indicated. + +The locality whence the holotype of _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster_ +was obtained is unknown. Because certain specimens from Altamira, +Tamaulipas, closely resemble Cuvier's figure of the type, Nelson +(_op. cit._:41) subsequently designated Altamira as the type locality. +Miniatitlan, Veracruz, was designated by Nelson as the type locality +of _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ because Wagler's description of the type of +that subspecies fitted so well certain of Nelson's specimens from that +place. + +_Sciurus a. hypopyrrhus_ was said by Nelson (_op. cit._:43 and 44) to +differ from _S. a. aureogaster_ in darker color, thinner pelage, much +stiffer and more shining dorsal hairs, slenderer tail with black +predominating, larger and proportionately narrower skull with larger +auditory bullae, each bulla being "slightly constricted just in front +of middle." _Sciurus aureogaster_ varies greatly in intensity of color +and in color-pattern. Fully 30 per cent of the specimens examined are +in some degree melanistic and approximately 20 per cent of them are +completely so. Others are more or less brown; the brown dulls the +usually rufous parts. In many specimens this brown is well distributed +even in the otherwise grizzled areas; in some specimens it is evenly +distributed and in others it is in patches. Indeed, scarcely any two +"normally" colored specimens are alike. Typically, the intense rufous +color characteristic of the underparts in both _S. a. aureogaster_ +and _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ is also present on the costal region and +shoulders. Even this distribution of color is highly variable; some +specimens (for example No. 23948 KU, from 3 km. E San Andres Tuxtla, +Veracruz) show no rufous dorsally and others (for example No. 19307 +KU, from 20 km. W Piedras Negras, Veracruz) have the rufous extending +over the legs, sides, and almost all of the dorsum from the shoulders +to the rump except (in some) for an interrupted median strip of +grizzled gray. It is true that specimens from Miniatitlan are darker +than those from Altamira, but this seems not to be significant +taxonomically, because examination of series from other localities +provides no evidence of geographic variation in color except, +possibly, in the frequency of melanism. A series of 13 specimens +(Univ. Kansas) from 7 and 8 km. WNW Potrero, Veracruz, for example, is +quite as dark as topotypes of _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ from Miniatitlan, +although the localities of capture are approximately in the center of +the geographic range of _S. a. aureogaster_. In short, there seems to +be no way to distinguish _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ from _S. a. aureogaster_ +on the basis of color. An unusual amount of variation exists, but it +seems to occur at random. Fixing type localities of the two subspecies +at the places of origin of certain specimens which in color fit the +original descriptions is meaningless because selected specimens or +series from almost any place in the geographic range of the species +would qualify as approximate color-duplicates of the types. + +My findings agree with those of Nelson in that skulls from Miniatitlan +average longer and narrower than those from Altamira, but this seems +not to be significant taxonomically because the series from Altamira +is, to judge from the material I have seen, somewhat shorter and +broader cranially than is "average" for the alleged subspecies _S. a. +aureogaster_. For example, series from Metlaltoyuca in Puebla, 3 km. E +Axtla in San Luis Potosi, 8 km. NW Potrero and 20 km. NW Piedras +Negras in Veracruz, although obtained from localities well within the +geographic range of _S. a. aureogaster_ (as outlined by Nelson), all +more closely resemble the "topotypes" of _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ in +cranial measurements than they do "topotypes" of _S. a. aureogaster_. +Conversely, specimens from that part of the range of _S. a. +hypopyrrhus_ most remote from the range of _S. a. aureogaster_ +(Montecristo, La Venta, and Teapa, all in Tabasco) more closely +approximate the Altamiran series in cranial size and proportions than +they do the Miniatitlan material. Therefore, my data contradict the +statement of Nelson (_loc. cit._) that the skulls of _S. a. +hypopyrrhus_ are larger but proportionately narrower than those of +_S. a. aureogaster_. The constriction of the auditory bullae alluded +to by Nelson as being present in _S. a. hypopyrrhus_ is also present +in _S. a. aureogaster_, occurring in both subspecies in varying +degrees without correlation with geographic distribution. + +Actually, the only concrete evidence of geographic variation that I +can detect in these animals is a slight increase southwardly in the +frequency and degree of melanism, a kind of variation that is unworthy +of taxonomic recognition in this species. It seems best, then, to +regard the name _Sciurus aureogaster hypopyrrhus_ Wagler as a synonym +of _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster_ F. Cuvier. + +Nelson (_op. cit._:45) stated that _S. a. frumentor_ "Differs +strikingly from typical _aureogaster_ in having well-marked nuchal and +rump patches of yellowish brown or rufous brown; the underparts gray +or gray washed with rufous; tail heavier and more bushy; pelage +softer.... Skull indistinguishable from that of typical +_aureogaster_." I have examined 22 specimens from Jico, 7 from Las +Vigas (the type locality), and one from 3 km. E Las Vigas, all in +Veracruz. These include the type and paratypes of _S. a. frumentor_. +Part (probably 7 specimens) of the series from Jico was referred by +Nelson (_op. cit._:46) to _S. a. frumentor_ and he thought, or knew, +these specimens to have been taken _above_ Jico. The remaining +specimens labelled as from Jico were referred to _S. a. aureogaster_. +I am unable to find fault with the characterization of _S. a. +frumentor_ insofar as color or skull are concerned. I cannot verify to +my own satisfaction the presence of "heavier" and bushier tail and +softer pelage. The characters considered to be diagnostic of _S. a. +frumentor_ are distributed in an interesting geographic pattern the +genetic import of which is not wholly clear. One specimen (No. 23945 +KU) of the two available from 3 km. SW San Marcos, Veracruz, a +locality on the coast approximately 50 miles north of Las Vigas, is +indistinguishable from topotypes of _S. a. frumentor_ except for +slightly lighter-colored grizzled parts. The second specimen (No. +23946 KU) from the same locality, although a subadult in worn pelage, +shows the color and striking dorsal pattern of _S. a. frumentor_ and +the ventral color of _S. a. aureogaster_. The dorsal pattern of _S. a. +frumentor_ is found also in the three specimens from San Carlos and +Plan del Rio, Veracruz (Nos. 11082, 11083 and 8278), Chicago Nat. +Hist. Mus., respectively. (The two specimens from San Carlos were +referred to _S. a. frumentor_ by Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Zool. +Ser., vol. 8, Publ. no. 115:128, February 9, 1907.) Nevertheless, +although the essential morphological characters of _S. a. frumentor_ +occur sporadically in other populations, the animals from the higher +elevations above Jico and Las Vigas are notably homogeneous, differ +collectively from surrounding populations, and occupy a logical +geographic range. Therefore _S. a. frumentor_ is retained as a tenable +subspecies, and the animals from the vicinity of San Marcos, and from +San Carlos and Plan del Rio are referred to _S. a. aureogaster_. +Incidentally, Nelson (_op. cit._:45) remarks that he saw no melanistic +specimens of _S. a. frumentor_. This is not strange because melanistic +specimens could not be identified anyway. + + [Illustration: FIG. 1. Geographic distribution + of _Sciurus aureogaster_. + 1. _Sciurus aureogaster aureogaster._ + 2. _Sciurus aureogaster frumentor._] + +The names, absolute synonyms, and geographic ranges of the two +subspecies of _Sciurus aureogaster_ here recognized are as follows: + + +SCIURUS AUREOGASTER AUREOGASTER F. Cuvier + + 1829. _Sciurus aureogaster_ F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammiferes, + VI, livr. LIX, pl. with text. + + 1830. _Sciurus rafiventer_ Lichenstein, Abhandl. K. Akad. + Wiss., Berlin, p. 116 (1827). + + 1831. _Sciurus leucogaster_ F. Cuvier, Suppl. d'Hist. Nat. + Buffon, pp. 300, 301. + + 1831. _Sciurus hypopyrrhus_ Wagler, Oken's Isis, pp. 510, + 511. + + 1841. _Sciurus mustelinus_ Audubon and Bachman, Proc. Acad. + Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 100, 101. + + 1841. _Sciurus ferruginiventris_ Audubon and Bachman, Proc. + Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 101. + + 1845. _Sciurus ferrugineiventris_ Schinz, Synopsis Mamm., II, + p. 14. + + 1855. _Sciurus hypoxanthus_ (Lichenstein MS) Geoffroy, Voyage + de la Venus, Zool. (text), pp. 158, 159 (on labels of + squirrels from Berlin Museum, _fide_ Nelson, Proc. Washington + Acad. Sci., 1:38, May 9, 1899). + + 1855. _Sciurus chrysogaster_ Giebel, Saugethiere, p. 650. + + 1867. _Macroxus aureogaster_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., + ser. 3, 20:423. + + 1867. _Sciurus hypopyrrhous_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, + ser. 3, 20:424. + + 1867. _Macroxus morio_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. + 3, 20:424. + + 1867. _Macroxus maurus_ Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. + 3, 20:425. + + 1887. _Sciurus rufiventris?_ Rovirosa, La Naturaleza, 7:360 + (1885-1886). + + 1897. _Sciurus leucops_ Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 9:198. + + 1899. _Sciurus aureogaster hypopyrrhus_ Nelson, Proc. + Washington Acad. Sci., 1:42, May 9. + + _Range._--Eastern slope of Mexico from southern Tamaulipas + southward to Tabasco and Chiapas. Marginal localities + arranged clockwise beginning with the northernmost station of + record are: _Tamaulipas_: Victoria; Altamira; down the coast + to _Veracruz_: Coatzocoalcos; inland to _Tabasco_: + Montecristo. _Chiapas_: Tumbala. _Oaxaca_: Mountains near + Santo Domingo. _Veracruz_: Otatitlan; Orizaba; Jico; Jalapa. + _Puebla_: Metlaltoyuca. _Hidalgo_: Sierra Encarnacion. + _Queretaro_: Pinal de Amoles. _San Luis Potosi_: Valles. + _Tamaulipas_: Forlon. Specimen No. 51383 Chicago Mus. Nat. + Hist., labelled as from San Luis Potosi, in the State of the + same name, does not represent, I suspect, a natural + occurrence of the animal. Possibly the specimen was purchased + there in the market, but was actually captured elsewhere. + + +SCIURUS AUREOGASTER FRUMENTOR Nelson + + 1898. _Sciurus aureogaster frumentor_ Nelson, Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 12:154, June 3. + + _Range._--Higher elevations of the Cofre de Perote. Marginal + localities, both in Veracruz, are: Above Las Vigas; Jico. + +This report is based on the examination of 256 specimens representing +the entire known geographic range of the species. I am indebted to H. +E. Anthony, Remington Kellogg, C. C. Sanborn, and Stanley P. Young for +the privilege of examining specimens in their charge. The study here +reported upon was aided by a contract between the Office of Naval +Research, department of the Navy, and the University of Kansas (NR +161-791). The specimens in the University of Kansas Museum of Natural +History were obtained by field work supported by the Kansas University +Endowment Association. + + _Transmitted December 6, 1951._ + + + 24-2174 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Subspecies of the Mexican +Red-bellied Squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster, by Keith R. 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