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+Project Gutenberg's Neotropical Bats from Northern Mexico, by Sydney Anderson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
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+Title: Neotropical Bats from Northern Mexico
+
+Author: Sydney Anderson
+
+Release Date: January 26, 2010 [EBook #31084]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEOTROPICAL BATS--NORTHERN MEXICO ***
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+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and
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+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
+MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Volume 14, No. 1, pp. 1-8
+October 24, 1960
+
+
+Neotropical Bats from Western Mexico
+
+BY
+
+SYDNEY ANDERSON
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+LAWRENCE
+1960
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
+Robert W. Wilson
+
+
+Volume 14, No. 1, pp. 1-8
+Published October 24, 1960
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+
+PRINTED IN
+THE STATE PRINTING PLANT
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+1960
+
+28-4805
+
+
+
+
+Neotropical Bats from Western Mexico
+
+BY
+
+SYDNEY ANDERSON
+
+
+Tropical fruit-eating bats of the genus _Artibeus_ reach their northern
+limits on the lowlands of the eastern and western coasts of Mexico.
+Recent students have placed the species of Mexican _Artibeus_ in two
+groups; one includes bats of small size and one includes bats of large
+size (Dalquest, 1953:61; Lukens and Davis, 1957:6; and Davis,
+1958:163). Three of the small species (_A. cinereus phaeotis_, _A.
+aztecus_, and _A. turpis nanus_) and three of the large species (_A.
+hirsutus_, _A. jamaicensis jamaicensis_, and _A. lituratus palmarum_)
+have been reported as far north as Jalisco along the west coast. _A.
+cinereus phaeotis_ and _A. turpis nanus_ are known from as far north as
+southern Sinaloa, and _A. hirsutus_ is known from as far north as
+southern Sonora (Hall and Kelson, 1959:140, 141). Additional specimens
+of _A. hirsutus_ from Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chihuahua, and specimens of
+_A. lituratus_ and _A. jamaicensis_ from Sinaloa that extend the known
+ranges of these two species northward are reported here; data on
+variation, distribution, and reproduction concerning these three
+species are included. Also, specimens of _Sturnira lilium_ and of the
+genus _Chiroderma_ from Chihuahua that extend their known ranges
+northwestward are reported.
+
+     Support for field work that yielded the specimens reported
+     came from the National Science Foundation, the American
+     Heart Association, Inc., and the Kansas University Endowment
+     Association. Catalogue numbers of The University of Kansas
+     Museum of Natural History are cited. The latitude (N) and
+     longitude (W) are recorded to the nearest minute for each
+     locality mentioned.
+
+
+~Artibeus lituratus palmarum~ J. A. Allen and Chapman.--Specimens from
+Eldorado (24 deg.19', 107 deg.20'), Sinaloa, extend the known range of the
+species approximately 265 miles northwestward from Huajimic (21 deg.37',
+104 deg.21'), Nayarit. Skins and skulls of 11 specimens (75211-75221, 7
+males and 4 females) taken on November 13, 1957, 1 mi. S Eldorado, were
+prepared by William L. Cutter. Skeletons of 12 specimens (75222-75233,
+3 males and 9 females) from Eldorado were obtained by Cutter on the
+same day. None of the 13 females was pregnant. One specimen (75211,
+female) is immature; it has open phalangeal ephiphyseal sutures (as do
+four other larger individuals); this specimen measured 83 mm. in total
+length, weighed 45 grams, and has a skull 26.6 mm. in greatest length,
+22.4 mm. in condylocanine length, 13.4 mm. in lambdoidal breadth, and
+has unusually small second (last) upper molar teeth, each having about
+one half the occlusal area of the M2 of the average adult in the
+series. None of the 23 specimens has a third upper molar. All except
+one have both third lower molars; one (75233) lacks the third lower
+molar on both sides of the jaw. Facial stripes vary from conspicuous to
+inconspicuous, but are evident in each of the 11 skins. The two skins
+having the darkest pelage are both of males and are the only two skins
+having open epiphyseal sutures. Five adult males and three adult
+females are represented by skins. Three of the male skins are slightly
+darker and less reddish than those of the three females, and the
+contrast between paler neck and shoulders and other parts is slightly
+less marked. The other two males are paler and more rufous than the
+three females; the palest and most rufous of these two males is an old
+individual having well-worn teeth. Dichromatism is not correlated with
+age or with sex in this series, which, therefore, differs from
+specimens reported by Lukens and Davis (1957:9) who observed that
+dichromatism was correlated with sex. In size, as shown in measurements
+below, in darkness of ventral pelage, and in cranial features the
+specimens from Sinaloa agree with those from Guerrero, and differ from
+specimens of _Artibeus jamaicensis_, in the ways described by Lukens
+and Davis (_loc. cit._).
+
+     Average measurements of males and females do not differ
+     significantly. The following are average and extreme
+     measurements in millimeters of 17 adults (lacking epiphyseal
+     sutures): total length, 93.4 (90-99); length of hind foot,
+     19.8 (19-21); length of ear, 23.8 (23-26); length of
+     forearm, 65.2 (60.1-70.6); greatest length of skull, 29.24
+     (28.0-30.2); condylocanine length, 25.25 (24.2-26.4);
+     lambdoidal breadth, 15.92 (15.3-16.6); postorbital
+     constriction, 6.29 (5.8-6.9); and weight (in grams), 63.2
+     (51-69).
+
+
+~Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis~ Leach.--A female (61088) obtained on
+June 18, 1954, by Albert A. Alcorn, from 32 mi. SSE Culiacan (24 deg.26',
+107 deg.07'), Sinaloa, extends the known range of the species approximately
+415 miles northwestward from 2 mi. N. Ciudad Guzman (19 deg.43', 103 deg.28'),
+Jalisco. Two other females (61089-61090) from central Sinaloa,
+collected on June 19, 1954, by A. A. Alcorn, are from 1/2 mi. E Piaxtla
+(23 deg.51', 106 deg.38'). Each of the three specimens contained a single
+embryo. The embryos (in the order the specimens are listed above)
+measured 28, 26, and 25 millimeters. The Sinaloan specimens are both
+paler and browner than specimens from Jalisco and from eastern Mexico,
+and the facial stripes are more distinct, being as distinct in one
+specimen (61088) as in any of the _Artibeus lituratus_ reported here.
+Four additional specimens from Jalisco are: 34232-34235, 3 males and 1
+nonpregnant female taken by J. R. Alcorn at Hacienda San Martin
+(20 deg.18', 103 deg.30'), 18 mi. W Chapala, 5000 feet, on July 12, 1949. Each
+specimen of _A. jamaicensis_ listed above lacks epiphyseal sutures and
+both an upper and a lower third molar on each side. In size, coloration
+of ventral pelage, and configuration of skull, the specimens agree with
+the description of specimens from Guerrero and differ from other
+species as reported by Lukens and Davis (1957:7, 9).
+
+     Minimum and maximum measurements in millimeters for the
+     three _A. jamaicensis_ from Sinaloa, followed by
+     corresponding figures for the four from Jalisco, are: total
+     length, 80-82, 82-84; length of hind foot, 15-16, 16-17;
+     length of ear, all 20, 20-21; length of forearm, 54.7-55.9,
+     54.7-58.5; greatest length of skull, 26.6-27.3, 26.5-28.2;
+     condylocanine length, 22.6-23.2, 22.5-23.9; lambdoidal
+     breadth, 13.9-14.5, 13.7-15.1; and postorbital constriction,
+     6.2-6.6; 6.3-6.7.
+
+
+~Artibeus hirsutus~ Andersen.--One specimen (25053, in preservative) of
+a series from 1/4 mi. W Aduana (27 deg.02', 109 deg.03'), 1600 feet, Sonora,
+was cited by Hall and Kelson (1959:136) and reproductive data from two
+skins (24841-24842) were mentioned earlier by Cockrum (1955:490). In
+addition to these three specimens the series includes 20 specimens in
+preservative (25052, 25054-25072). All were collected on May 16, 1948,
+by J. R. Alcorn. Number 25070, on deposit in the Institute of Biology
+in Mexico City, and two others (25053-25054) are not on hand as I write
+this, and have not been examined by me. _Artibeus hirsutus_ has
+recently been found in northern Sinaloa and in southwestern Chihuahua.
+Three males (75208-75210) from El Fuerte (26 deg.24', 108 deg.41'), Sinaloa,
+were obtained on December 10, 1957, by William L. Cutter. Four
+specimens (79441-79444, 2 males and 2 females) were captured in mist
+nets on the north bank of the Rio Septentrion, 1-1/2 mi. SW Tocuina
+(27 deg.07', 108 deg.22'), 1500 feet, Chihuahua, on July 18, 20, and 21, 1958,
+by Kenneth E. Shain and me. I captured another (79445, a male) in a
+hand net in an abandoned, horizontal mine shaft on the north side of
+the Rio Batopilas, at about 3500 feet elevation, across the canyon from
+the village of La Bufa (27 deg.09', 107 deg.33'), Chihuahua, on July 10, 1958.
+Eight specimens (12406-12413) in the Museum of Natural History at the
+University of Illinois were collected on July 22 and 23, 1956, in Santo
+Domingo Mine (26 deg.55', 109 deg.05'), 7 mi. SW Alamos, Sonora, by W. Z.
+Lidicker, W. H. Davis, and J. R. Winkelman. Eight specimens (9981-9988)
+in the Los Angeles County Museum were collected on July 26, 1953, by
+Kenneth E. Stager, 5 mi. W Alamos in an old mine tunnel at Aduana. One
+(36581) of six specimens (36581-36586, 4 males and 2 pregnant females)
+from 2 mi. ENE Tala (20 deg.39', 103 deg.40'), 4500 feet, Jalisco, was
+reported by Hall and Kelson (1959:136); the locality being erroneously
+cited as 8 mi. ENE Tala. These six specimens were collected by J. R.
+Alcorn on February 28, 1950.
+
+The 59 specimens from Guerrero are distributed by localities as
+follows: 8 mi. N, 1 mi. W Teloloapan (Teloloapan is at 18 deg.18', 99 deg.54'),
+3600 feet, 15 specimens (66432-66446, all males, including one skeleton
+and two in preservative) obtained by Robert W. Dickerman on February 7,
+1955; Alpixafia, 4 kms. NW Teloloapan, 1540 M., 16 specimens
+(35219-35234, 5 males and 11 females) obtained by Bernardo Villa R. on
+May 22 and 23, 1949; 1 mi. N Teloloapan, 7 specimens (66447-66453, all
+males, including one in preservative) obtained by Dickerman on February
+8, 1955; 4 kms. SE Teloloapan (Cerro Piedras Largas), 1760 M., 15
+specimens (35310-35324, 12 males and 3 females) obtained by Villa R. on
+October 20 and 21, 1948; Puente de Dios, 1700 M., Yerbabuena (= 8 mi.
+N, 1 mi. W Teloloapan), six specimens (28408-28413, 4 males and 2
+females) obtained by Villa R. on July 25 and 29, 1948. Six of the 16
+Guerreran specimens taken in May are young as shown by the open
+epiphyseal sutures; all other Guerreran specimens lacked these sutures.
+Of 13 adult females from Guerrero, only two, taken in May, contained
+embryos (one embryo in each).
+
+     Average and extreme measurements in millimeters of 28 adult
+     Guerreran _A. hirsutus_ of both sexes (the sexes are not
+     significantly different) are as follows: total length, 79.5
+     (69-90); length of hind foot, 15.1 (12-17); length of ear,
+     21.1 (19-24); length of forearm, 55.8 (53.1-57.8); greatest
+     length of skull, 27.11 (26.3-28.0); condylocanine length,
+     22.92 (22.1-23.5); lambdoidal breadth, 14.23 (13.7-14.6);
+     postorbital constriction, 6.51 (6.2-6.8); and weight (in
+     grams), 37.4 (34.0-42.6).
+
+The presence or absence of the third molar tooth was recorded for 88
+specimens (28 from Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chihuahua, and 60 from Guerrero
+and Jalisco). The third molar tooth is present on both sides of the
+lower jaw in all specimens except one (12413 Univ. Illinois) from
+Sonora which lacks both upper and lower third molars. The upper third
+molar is usually present on both sides. The exceptions are as follows:
+the above mentioned Sonoran specimen and one other Sonoran specimen,
+one specimen from La Bufa, Chihuahua, two from Jalisco, and five from
+Guerrero lack the tooth on both sides; two specimens from Guerrero and
+one from Sonora lack the tooth on only one side. Facial stripes are
+absent or present but inconspicuous in all specimens recorded here. The
+generally grayish hue, hairiness of interfemoral membrane, and
+configuration of skull described by Lukens and Davis (1957:7) for _A.
+hirsutus_ are evident in all the specimens reported here. Skins of
+three adults from Sonora and Chihuahua are slightly browner and
+somewhat paler than skins of adults from Jalisco and Guerrero.
+
+Reproductive data from Sonora and Chihuahua are as follows: of the five
+Chihuahuan specimens, two are immature (open epiphyseal sutures); the
+one adult female (79443) contained a single embryo 28 mm. in crown-rump
+length. Eight of 20 Sonoran specimens taken in May are females, each of
+which lacks epiphyseal sutures, and each contained one embryo. One
+embryo measured 8 mm. in length of uterine enlargement; all others are
+longer than 20 mm. from crown to rump, but vary in stage of
+development, some having no pigmentation in the membranes and others
+having pigmentation. The forearm is only 42 mm. long in one young male
+from Sonora. Three of 8 Sonoran specimens taken in July had open
+epiphyseal sutures but were of adult size. In summary of the
+reproductive data by states, _Artibeus hirsutus_ is known to bear
+embryos in the following months: May in Sonora, July in Chihuahua,
+February in Jalisco, and May in Guerrero. These data, along with the
+presence of embryos and young of various ages among specimens taken at
+the same place and time, indicate that the species does not have a
+restricted breeding season.
+
+A geographic overlap of the ranges of _A. hirsutus_ and _A.
+jamaicensis_ from Guerrero to central Sinaloa is now known. But the two
+species have not been taken at the same place within this region of
+overlap.
+
+
+~Other species.~--At the locality on the Rio Septentrion, 1500 feet,
+1-1/2 mi. SW Tocuina, Chihuahua, from which specimens of _A. hirsutus_
+were obtained as mentioned previously, several other species of
+tropical bats were captured, including _Desmodus rotundus murinus_
+Wagner, _Glossophaga soricina leachii_ (Gray), _Chilonycteris parnellii
+mexicana_ Miller, _Sturnira lilium parvidens_ Goldman, and _Chiroderma_
+(specimens not yet certainly identified to species). The canyon of the
+Rio Septentrion is steep and rocky, the tropical vegetation occurs only
+in the bottom of the canyon, and unless construction of a railroad had
+been in progress the area could have been reached only after several
+days by means of a pack train. From a distributional standpoint the
+occurrence of _Sturnira_ and _Chiroderma_ 1-1/2 mi. SW of Tocuina is of
+unusual interest.
+
+The published record of _Sturnira lilium_ nearest to Tocuina is from 2
+mi. N Ciudad Guzman (19 deg.43', 103 deg.28'), Jalisco, and the nearest
+published record of the genus _Chiroderma_ is of _Chiroderma isthmicum_
+from Presidio (18 deg.37', 96 deg.47'), Veracruz (Hall and Kelson, 1959:126,
+134). The Chihuahuan specimens extend the known range of _Sturnira
+lilium_ approximately 585 miles northwestward and that of the genus
+_Chiroderma_ approximately 920 miles northwestward from the localities
+noted above. Five specimens (79434-79438) of _Sturnira lilium_, two
+adults and three immature individuals, were taken from July 18 to July
+22, 1958, by the author and Kenneth E. Shain, as also were the two
+(79439-79440) _Chiroderma_.
+
+To the list given by Koopman and Martin (1959:9) of neotropical genera
+known to range farther north on the west coast of North America than on
+the east coast there can now be added _Artibeus_, _Sturnira_ and
+_Chiroderma_ (as noted above), _Anoura_, _Choeronycteris_ and
+_Leptonycteris_ (Hall and Kelson, 1959:119, 120, 122; Hoffmeister,
+1959:18), and _Liomys_ (Hall and Kelson, 1959:536).
+
+In view of these additional genera, and others that almost certainly
+remain to be discovered farther north on the west coast, the suggestion
+by Koopman and Martin (1959:11) that species inhabiting humid tropical
+habitats, in general extend farther north on the east coast of Mexico
+than on the west coast may need to be reconsidered. On the west coast,
+areas of more humid tropical vegetation and climate are more distant
+from the coastline as one proceeds northwestward from Nayarit to
+Sonora. The broad band of humid tropical vegetation along the coast is
+progressively reduced in width, and crowded back against the mountains,
+and still farther north consists of only small scattered remnants that
+are difficult to visit, in the bottoms of deep canyons.
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+COCKRUM, E. L.
+
+1955. Reproduction in North American Bats. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
+      58:487-511.
+
+DALQUEST, W. W.
+
+1953. Mexican bats of the genus _Artibeus_. Proc. Biol. Soc.
+      Washington, 66:61-66.
+
+DAVIS, W. B.
+
+1958. Review of Mexican bats of the Artibeus "cinereus" complex.
+      Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 71:163-166, 1 fig. in text.
+
+HALL, E. R., and KELSON, K. R.
+
+1959. The mammals of North America. The Ronald Press, N. Y., Vol.
+      I, xxx + 1-546 + 1-79 pp., 312 figs. and 320 maps in text,
+      unnumbered figures in text.
+
+HOFFMEISTER, D. F.
+
+1959. Distributional records of certain mammals from southern Arizona.
+      Southwest. Nat., 4:14-19, 1 fig. in text.
+
+KOOPMAN, K. F., and MARTIN, P. S.
+
+1959. Subfossil mammals from the Gomez Farias region and the tropical
+      gradient of eastern Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 40:1-12, 1 fig. and 2
+      tables in text.
+
+LUKENS, P. W., JR., and DAVIS, W. B.
+
+1957. Bats of the Mexican state of Guerrero. Jour. Mamm., 38:1-14.
+
+_Transmitted August 18, 1960._
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+Both variations, Mexico (3 times) and Mexico (4 times) are used.
+
+Italicized text is shown within _underscores_.
+
+Bold text is shows within ~tildes~.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Neotropical Bats from Northern Mexico, by
+Sydney Anderson
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEOTROPICAL BATS--NORTHERN MEXICO ***
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