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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/31084-8.txt b/31084-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff22124 --- /dev/null +++ b/31084-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,764 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Neotropical Bats from Northern Mexico, by Sydney Anderson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Neotropical Bats from Northern Mexico + +Author: Sydney Anderson + +Release Date: January 26, 2010 [EBook #31084] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEOTROPICAL BATS--NORTHERN MEXICO *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 14, No. 1, pp. 1-8 +October 24, 1960 + + +Neotropical Bats from Western México + +BY + +SYDNEY ANDERSON + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1960 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, +Robert W. Wilson + + +Volume 14, No. 1, pp. 1-8 +Published October 24, 1960 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + +PRINTED IN +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1960 + +28-4805 + + + + +Neotropical Bats from Western México + +BY + +SYDNEY ANDERSON + + +Tropical fruit-eating bats of the genus _Artibeus_ reach their northern +limits on the lowlands of the eastern and western coasts of México. +Recent students have placed the species of Mexican _Artibeus_ in two +groups; one includes bats of small size and one includes bats of large +size (Dalquest, 1953:61; Lukens and Davis, 1957:6; and Davis, +1958:163). Three of the small species (_A. cinereus phaeotis_, _A. +aztecus_, and _A. turpis nanus_) and three of the large species (_A. +hirsutus_, _A. jamaicensis jamaicensis_, and _A. lituratus palmarum_) +have been reported as far north as Jalisco along the west coast. _A. +cinereus phaeotis_ and _A. turpis nanus_ are known from as far north as +southern Sinaloa, and _A. hirsutus_ is known from as far north as +southern Sonora (Hall and Kelson, 1959:140, 141). Additional specimens +of _A. hirsutus_ from Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chihuahua, and specimens of +_A. lituratus_ and _A. jamaicensis_ from Sinaloa that extend the known +ranges of these two species northward are reported here; data on +variation, distribution, and reproduction concerning these three +species are included. Also, specimens of _Sturnira lilium_ and of the +genus _Chiroderma_ from Chihuahua that extend their known ranges +northwestward are reported. + + Support for field work that yielded the specimens reported + came from the National Science Foundation, the American + Heart Association, Inc., and the Kansas University Endowment + Association. Catalogue numbers of The University of Kansas + Museum of Natural History are cited. The latitude (N) and + longitude (W) are recorded to the nearest minute for each + locality mentioned. + + +~Artibeus lituratus palmarum~ J. A. Allen and Chapman.--Specimens from +Eldorado (24°19', 107°20'), Sinaloa, extend the known range of the +species approximately 265 miles northwestward from Huajimic (21°37', +104°21'), Nayarit. Skins and skulls of 11 specimens (75211-75221, 7 +males and 4 females) taken on November 13, 1957, 1 mi. S Eldorado, were +prepared by William L. Cutter. Skeletons of 12 specimens (75222-75233, +3 males and 9 females) from Eldorado were obtained by Cutter on the +same day. None of the 13 females was pregnant. One specimen (75211, +female) is immature; it has open phalangeal ephiphyseal sutures (as do +four other larger individuals); this specimen measured 83 mm. in total +length, weighed 45 grams, and has a skull 26.6 mm. in greatest length, +22.4 mm. in condylocanine length, 13.4 mm. in lambdoidal breadth, and +has unusually small second (last) upper molar teeth, each having about +one half the occlusal area of the M2 of the average adult in the +series. None of the 23 specimens has a third upper molar. All except +one have both third lower molars; one (75233) lacks the third lower +molar on both sides of the jaw. Facial stripes vary from conspicuous to +inconspicuous, but are evident in each of the 11 skins. The two skins +having the darkest pelage are both of males and are the only two skins +having open epiphyseal sutures. Five adult males and three adult +females are represented by skins. Three of the male skins are slightly +darker and less reddish than those of the three females, and the +contrast between paler neck and shoulders and other parts is slightly +less marked. The other two males are paler and more rufous than the +three females; the palest and most rufous of these two males is an old +individual having well-worn teeth. Dichromatism is not correlated with +age or with sex in this series, which, therefore, differs from +specimens reported by Lukens and Davis (1957:9) who observed that +dichromatism was correlated with sex. In size, as shown in measurements +below, in darkness of ventral pelage, and in cranial features the +specimens from Sinaloa agree with those from Guerrero, and differ from +specimens of _Artibeus jamaicensis_, in the ways described by Lukens +and Davis (_loc. cit._). + + Average measurements of males and females do not differ + significantly. The following are average and extreme + measurements in millimeters of 17 adults (lacking epiphyseal + sutures): total length, 93.4 (90-99); length of hind foot, + 19.8 (19-21); length of ear, 23.8 (23-26); length of + forearm, 65.2 (60.1-70.6); greatest length of skull, 29.24 + (28.0-30.2); condylocanine length, 25.25 (24.2-26.4); + lambdoidal breadth, 15.92 (15.3-16.6); postorbital + constriction, 6.29 (5.8-6.9); and weight (in grams), 63.2 + (51-69). + + +~Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis~ Leach.--A female (61088) obtained on +June 18, 1954, by Albert A. Alcorn, from 32 mi. SSE Culiacan (24°26', +107°07'), Sinaloa, extends the known range of the species approximately +415 miles northwestward from 2 mi. N. Ciudad Guzmán (19°43', 103°28'), +Jalisco. Two other females (61089-61090) from central Sinaloa, +collected on June 19, 1954, by A. A. Alcorn, are from 1/2 mi. E Piaxtla +(23°51', 106°38'). Each of the three specimens contained a single +embryo. The embryos (in the order the specimens are listed above) +measured 28, 26, and 25 millimeters. The Sinaloan specimens are both +paler and browner than specimens from Jalisco and from eastern México, +and the facial stripes are more distinct, being as distinct in one +specimen (61088) as in any of the _Artibeus lituratus_ reported here. +Four additional specimens from Jalisco are: 34232-34235, 3 males and 1 +nonpregnant female taken by J. R. Alcorn at Hacienda San Martín +(20°18', 103°30'), 18 mi. W Chapala, 5000 feet, on July 12, 1949. Each +specimen of _A. jamaicensis_ listed above lacks epiphyseal sutures and +both an upper and a lower third molar on each side. In size, coloration +of ventral pelage, and configuration of skull, the specimens agree with +the description of specimens from Guerrero and differ from other +species as reported by Lukens and Davis (1957:7, 9). + + Minimum and maximum measurements in millimeters for the + three _A. jamaicensis_ from Sinaloa, followed by + corresponding figures for the four from Jalisco, are: total + length, 80-82, 82-84; length of hind foot, 15-16, 16-17; + length of ear, all 20, 20-21; length of forearm, 54.7-55.9, + 54.7-58.5; greatest length of skull, 26.6-27.3, 26.5-28.2; + condylocanine length, 22.6-23.2, 22.5-23.9; lambdoidal + breadth, 13.9-14.5, 13.7-15.1; and postorbital constriction, + 6.2-6.6; 6.3-6.7. + + +~Artibeus hirsutus~ Andersen.--One specimen (25053, in preservative) of +a series from 1/4 mi. W Aduana (27°02', 109°03'), 1600 feet, Sonora, +was cited by Hall and Kelson (1959:136) and reproductive data from two +skins (24841-24842) were mentioned earlier by Cockrum (1955:490). In +addition to these three specimens the series includes 20 specimens in +preservative (25052, 25054-25072). All were collected on May 16, 1948, +by J. R. Alcorn. Number 25070, on deposit in the Institute of Biology +in Mexico City, and two others (25053-25054) are not on hand as I write +this, and have not been examined by me. _Artibeus hirsutus_ has +recently been found in northern Sinaloa and in southwestern Chihuahua. +Three males (75208-75210) from El Fuerte (26°24', 108°41'), Sinaloa, +were obtained on December 10, 1957, by William L. Cutter. Four +specimens (79441-79444, 2 males and 2 females) were captured in mist +nets on the north bank of the Río Septentrión, 1-1/2 mi. SW Tocuina +(27°07', 108°22'), 1500 feet, Chihuahua, on July 18, 20, and 21, 1958, +by Kenneth E. Shain and me. I captured another (79445, a male) in a +hand net in an abandoned, horizontal mine shaft on the north side of +the Río Batopilas, at about 3500 feet elevation, across the canyon from +the village of La Bufa (27°09', 107°33'), Chihuahua, on July 10, 1958. +Eight specimens (12406-12413) in the Museum of Natural History at the +University of Illinois were collected on July 22 and 23, 1956, in Santo +Domingo Mine (26°55', 109°05'), 7 mi. SW Alamos, Sonora, by W. Z. +Lidicker, W. H. Davis, and J. R. Winkelman. Eight specimens (9981-9988) +in the Los Angeles County Museum were collected on July 26, 1953, by +Kenneth E. Stager, 5 mi. W Alamos in an old mine tunnel at Aduana. One +(36581) of six specimens (36581-36586, 4 males and 2 pregnant females) +from 2 mi. ENE Tala (20°39', 103°40'), 4500 feet, Jalisco, was +reported by Hall and Kelson (1959:136); the locality being erroneously +cited as 8 mi. ENE Tala. These six specimens were collected by J. R. +Alcorn on February 28, 1950. + +The 59 specimens from Guerrero are distributed by localities as +follows: 8 mi. N, 1 mi. W Teloloapan (Teloloapan is at 18°18', 99°54'), +3600 feet, 15 specimens (66432-66446, all males, including one skeleton +and two in preservative) obtained by Robert W. Dickerman on February 7, +1955; Alpixafia, 4 kms. NW Teloloapan, 1540 M., 16 specimens +(35219-35234, 5 males and 11 females) obtained by Bernardo Villa R. on +May 22 and 23, 1949; 1 mi. N Teloloapan, 7 specimens (66447-66453, all +males, including one in preservative) obtained by Dickerman on February +8, 1955; 4 kms. SE Teloloapan (Cerro Piedras Largas), 1760 M., 15 +specimens (35310-35324, 12 males and 3 females) obtained by Villa R. on +October 20 and 21, 1948; Puente de Dios, 1700 M., Yerbabuena (= 8 mi. +N, 1 mi. W Teloloapan), six specimens (28408-28413, 4 males and 2 +females) obtained by Villa R. on July 25 and 29, 1948. Six of the 16 +Guerreran specimens taken in May are young as shown by the open +epiphyseal sutures; all other Guerreran specimens lacked these sutures. +Of 13 adult females from Guerrero, only two, taken in May, contained +embryos (one embryo in each). + + Average and extreme measurements in millimeters of 28 adult + Guerreran _A. hirsutus_ of both sexes (the sexes are not + significantly different) are as follows: total length, 79.5 + (69-90); length of hind foot, 15.1 (12-17); length of ear, + 21.1 (19-24); length of forearm, 55.8 (53.1-57.8); greatest + length of skull, 27.11 (26.3-28.0); condylocanine length, + 22.92 (22.1-23.5); lambdoidal breadth, 14.23 (13.7-14.6); + postorbital constriction, 6.51 (6.2-6.8); and weight (in + grams), 37.4 (34.0-42.6). + +The presence or absence of the third molar tooth was recorded for 88 +specimens (28 from Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chihuahua, and 60 from Guerrero +and Jalisco). The third molar tooth is present on both sides of the +lower jaw in all specimens except one (12413 Univ. Illinois) from +Sonora which lacks both upper and lower third molars. The upper third +molar is usually present on both sides. The exceptions are as follows: +the above mentioned Sonoran specimen and one other Sonoran specimen, +one specimen from La Bufa, Chihuahua, two from Jalisco, and five from +Guerrero lack the tooth on both sides; two specimens from Guerrero and +one from Sonora lack the tooth on only one side. Facial stripes are +absent or present but inconspicuous in all specimens recorded here. The +generally grayish hue, hairiness of interfemoral membrane, and +configuration of skull described by Lukens and Davis (1957:7) for _A. +hirsutus_ are evident in all the specimens reported here. Skins of +three adults from Sonora and Chihuahua are slightly browner and +somewhat paler than skins of adults from Jalisco and Guerrero. + +Reproductive data from Sonora and Chihuahua are as follows: of the five +Chihuahuan specimens, two are immature (open epiphyseal sutures); the +one adult female (79443) contained a single embryo 28 mm. in crown-rump +length. Eight of 20 Sonoran specimens taken in May are females, each of +which lacks epiphyseal sutures, and each contained one embryo. One +embryo measured 8 mm. in length of uterine enlargement; all others are +longer than 20 mm. from crown to rump, but vary in stage of +development, some having no pigmentation in the membranes and others +having pigmentation. The forearm is only 42 mm. long in one young male +from Sonora. Three of 8 Sonoran specimens taken in July had open +epiphyseal sutures but were of adult size. In summary of the +reproductive data by states, _Artibeus hirsutus_ is known to bear +embryos in the following months: May in Sonora, July in Chihuahua, +February in Jalisco, and May in Guerrero. These data, along with the +presence of embryos and young of various ages among specimens taken at +the same place and time, indicate that the species does not have a +restricted breeding season. + +A geographic overlap of the ranges of _A. hirsutus_ and _A. +jamaicensis_ from Guerrero to central Sinaloa is now known. But the two +species have not been taken at the same place within this region of +overlap. + + +~Other species.~--At the locality on the Río Septentrión, 1500 feet, +1-1/2 mi. SW Tocuina, Chihuahua, from which specimens of _A. hirsutus_ +were obtained as mentioned previously, several other species of +tropical bats were captured, including _Desmodus rotundus murinus_ +Wagner, _Glossophaga soricina leachii_ (Gray), _Chilonycteris parnellii +mexicana_ Miller, _Sturnira lilium parvidens_ Goldman, and _Chiroderma_ +(specimens not yet certainly identified to species). The canyon of the +Río Septentrión is steep and rocky, the tropical vegetation occurs only +in the bottom of the canyon, and unless construction of a railroad had +been in progress the area could have been reached only after several +days by means of a pack train. From a distributional standpoint the +occurrence of _Sturnira_ and _Chiroderma_ 1-1/2 mi. SW of Tocuina is of +unusual interest. + +The published record of _Sturnira lilium_ nearest to Tocuina is from 2 +mi. N Ciudad Guzmán (19°43', 103°28'), Jalisco, and the nearest +published record of the genus _Chiroderma_ is of _Chiroderma isthmicum_ +from Presidio (18°37', 96°47'), Veracruz (Hall and Kelson, 1959:126, +134). The Chihuahuan specimens extend the known range of _Sturnira +lilium_ approximately 585 miles northwestward and that of the genus +_Chiroderma_ approximately 920 miles northwestward from the localities +noted above. Five specimens (79434-79438) of _Sturnira lilium_, two +adults and three immature individuals, were taken from July 18 to July +22, 1958, by the author and Kenneth E. Shain, as also were the two +(79439-79440) _Chiroderma_. + +To the list given by Koopman and Martin (1959:9) of neotropical genera +known to range farther north on the west coast of North America than on +the east coast there can now be added _Artibeus_, _Sturnira_ and +_Chiroderma_ (as noted above), _Anoura_, _Choeronycteris_ and +_Leptonycteris_ (Hall and Kelson, 1959:119, 120, 122; Hoffmeister, +1959:18), and _Liomys_ (Hall and Kelson, 1959:536). + +In view of these additional genera, and others that almost certainly +remain to be discovered farther north on the west coast, the suggestion +by Koopman and Martin (1959:11) that species inhabiting humid tropical +habitats, in general extend farther north on the east coast of Mexico +than on the west coast may need to be reconsidered. On the west coast, +areas of more humid tropical vegetation and climate are more distant +from the coastline as one proceeds northwestward from Nayarit to +Sonora. The broad band of humid tropical vegetation along the coast is +progressively reduced in width, and crowded back against the mountains, +and still farther north consists of only small scattered remnants that +are difficult to visit, in the bottoms of deep canyons. + + +LITERATURE CITED + +COCKRUM, E. L. + +1955. Reproduction in North American Bats. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., + 58:487-511. + +DALQUEST, W. W. + +1953. Mexican bats of the genus _Artibeus_. Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 66:61-66. + +DAVIS, W. B. + +1958. Review of Mexican bats of the Artibeus "cinereus" complex. + Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 71:163-166, 1 fig. in text. + +HALL, E. R., and KELSON, K. R. + +1959. The mammals of North America. The Ronald Press, N. Y., Vol. + I, xxx + 1-546 + 1-79 pp., 312 figs. and 320 maps in text, + unnumbered figures in text. + +HOFFMEISTER, D. F. + +1959. Distributional records of certain mammals from southern Arizona. + Southwest. Nat., 4:14-19, 1 fig. in text. + +KOOPMAN, K. F., and MARTIN, P. S. + +1959. Subfossil mammals from the Gómez Farías region and the tropical + gradient of eastern Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 40:1-12, 1 fig. and 2 + tables in text. + +LUKENS, P. W., JR., and DAVIS, W. B. + +1957. Bats of the Mexican state of Guerrero. Jour. Mamm., 38:1-14. + +_Transmitted August 18, 1960._ + + + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes + +Both variations, Mexico (3 times) and México (4 times) are used. + +Italicized text is shown within _underscores_. + +Bold text is shows within ~tildes~. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Neotropical Bats from Northern Mexico, by +Sydney Anderson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEOTROPICAL BATS--NORTHERN MEXICO *** + +***** This file should be named 31084-8.txt or 31084-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/0/8/31084/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Neotropical Bats from Northern Mexico + +Author: Sydney Anderson + +Release Date: January 26, 2010 [EBook #31084] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEOTROPICAL BATS--NORTHERN MEXICO *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + +<p class="title"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History</span><br /><br /><br /> + + + +Volume 14, No. 1, pp. 1-8<br /> +October 24, 1960</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + + +<h1>Neotropical Bats from Western México</h1> + +<p class="title">BY<br /><br /> + +<big>SYDNEY ANDERSON</big><br /><br /></p> + + +<p class="title"> +<small><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br /> +1960</small><br /> +</p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + + + +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br /> +Robert W. Wilson<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Volume 14, No. 1, pp. 1-8<br /> +Published October 24, 1960<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<small>PRINTED IN<br /> +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1960<br /> +</small><br /> +<small>28-4805</small><br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> +<h2>Neotropical Bats from Western México</h2> + +<p class="center">BY<br /><br /> + +SYDNEY ANDERSON<br /><br /></p> + + +<p>Tropical fruit-eating bats of the genus <i>Artibeus</i> reach their northern +limits on the lowlands of the eastern and western coasts of +México. Recent students have placed the species of Mexican +<i>Artibeus</i> in two groups; one includes bats of small size and one +includes bats of large size (Dalquest, 1953:61; Lukens and Davis, +1957:6; and Davis, 1958:163). Three of the small species (<i>A. +cinereus phaeotis</i>, <i>A. aztecus</i>, and <i>A. turpis nanus</i>) and three of the +large species (<i>A. hirsutus</i>, <i>A. jamaicensis jamaicensis</i>, and <i>A. lituratus +palmarum</i>) have been reported as far north as Jalisco along the +west coast. <i>A. cinereus phaeotis</i> and <i>A. turpis nanus</i> are known +from as far north as southern Sinaloa, and <i>A. hirsutus</i> is known from +as far north as southern Sonora (Hall and Kelson, 1959:140, 141). +Additional specimens of <i>A. hirsutus</i> from Sonora, Sinaloa, and +Chihuahua, and specimens of <i>A. lituratus</i> and <i>A. jamaicensis</i> from +Sinaloa that extend the known ranges of these two species northward +are reported here; data on variation, distribution, and reproduction +concerning these three species are included. Also, +specimens of <i>Sturnira lilium</i> and of the genus <i>Chiroderma</i> from +Chihuahua that extend their known ranges northwestward are +reported.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Support for field work that yielded the specimens reported came from the +National Science Foundation, the American Heart Association, Inc., and the +Kansas University Endowment Association. Catalogue numbers of The University +of Kansas Museum of Natural History are cited. The latitude (N) +and longitude (W) are recorded to the nearest minute for each locality +mentioned.</p></div> + +<p><b>Artibeus lituratus palmarum</b> J. A. Allen and Chapman.—Specimens +from Eldorado (24°19', 107°20'), Sinaloa, extend the known +range of the species approximately 265 miles northwestward from +Huajimic (21°37', 104°21'), Nayarit. Skins and skulls of 11 specimens +(75211-75221, 7 males and 4 females) taken on November 13, +1957, 1 mi. S Eldorado, were prepared by William L. Cutter. +Skeletons of 12 specimens (75222-75233, 3 males and 9 females) +from Eldorado were obtained by Cutter on the same day. None +of the 13 females was pregnant. One specimen (75211, female) +is immature; it has open phalangeal ephiphyseal sutures (as do +four other larger individuals); this specimen measured 83 mm. in +total length, weighed 45 grams, and has a skull 26.6 mm. in greatest<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +length, 22.4 mm. in condylocanine length, 13.4 mm. in lambdoidal +breadth, and has unusually small second (last) upper molar teeth, +each having about one half the occlusal area of the M2 of the +average adult in the series. None of the 23 specimens has a third +upper molar. All except one have both third lower molars; one +(75233) lacks the third lower molar on both sides of the jaw. +Facial stripes vary from conspicuous to inconspicuous, but are evident +in each of the 11 skins. The two skins having the darkest +pelage are both of males and are the only two skins having open +epiphyseal sutures. Five adult males and three adult females are +represented by skins. Three of the male skins are slightly darker +and less reddish than those of the three females, and the contrast +between paler neck and shoulders and other parts is slightly less +marked. The other two males are paler and more rufous than the +three females; the palest and most rufous of these two males is an +old individual having well-worn teeth. Dichromatism is not correlated +with age or with sex in this series, which, therefore, differs +from specimens reported by Lukens and Davis (1957:9) who +observed that dichromatism was correlated with sex. In size, as +shown in measurements below, in darkness of ventral pelage, and +in cranial features the specimens from Sinaloa agree with those +from Guerrero, and differ from specimens of <i>Artibeus jamaicensis</i>, +in the ways described by Lukens and Davis (<i>loc. cit.</i>).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Average measurements of males and females do not differ significantly. The +following are average and extreme measurements in millimeters of 17 adults +(lacking epiphyseal sutures): total length, 93.4 (90-99); length of hind foot, +19.8 (19-21); length of ear, 23.8 (23-26); length of forearm, 65.2 (60.1-70.6); +greatest length of skull, 29.24 (28.0-30.2); condylocanine length, 25.25 (24.2-26.4); +lambdoidal breadth, 15.92 (15.3-16.6); postorbital constriction, 6.29 +(5.8-6.9); and weight (in grams), 63.2 (51-69).</p></div> + + +<p><b>Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis</b> Leach.—A female (61088) obtained +on June 18, 1954, by Albert A. Alcorn, from 32 mi. SSE +Culiacan (24°26', 107°07'), Sinaloa, extends the known range of the +species approximately 415 miles northwestward from 2 mi. N. Ciudad +Guzmán (19°43', 103°28'), Jalisco. Two other females (61089-61090) +from central Sinaloa, collected on June 19, 1954, by A. A. +Alcorn, are from 1/2 mi. E Piaxtla (23°51', 106°38'). Each of the +three specimens contained a single embryo. The embryos (in the +order the specimens are listed above) measured 28, 26, and 25 millimeters. +The Sinaloan specimens are both paler and browner than +specimens from Jalisco and from eastern México, and the facial +stripes are more distinct, being as distinct in one specimen (61088) +as in any of the <i>Artibeus lituratus</i> reported here. Four additional +specimens from Jalisco are: 34232-34235, 3 males and 1 nonpregnant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +female taken by J. R. Alcorn at Hacienda San Martín +(20°18', 103°30'), 18 mi. W Chapala, 5000 feet, on July 12, 1949. +Each specimen of <i>A. jamaicensis</i> listed above lacks epiphyseal sutures +and both an upper and a lower third molar on each side. In +size, coloration of ventral pelage, and configuration of skull, the +specimens agree with the description of specimens from Guerrero +and differ from other species as reported by Lukens and Davis +(1957:7, 9).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Minimum and maximum measurements in millimeters for the three <i>A. +jamaicensis</i> from Sinaloa, followed by corresponding figures for the four from +Jalisco, are: total length, 80-82, 82-84; length of hind foot, 15-16, 16-17; +length of ear, all 20, 20-21; length of forearm, 54.7-55.9, 54.7-58.5; greatest +length of skull, 26.6-27.3, 26.5-28.2; condylocanine length, 22.6-23.2, 22.5-23.9; +lambdoidal breadth, 13.9-14.5, 13.7-15.1; and postorbital constriction, +6.2-6.6; 6.3-6.7.</p></div> + +<p><b>Artibeus hirsutus</b> Andersen.—One specimen (25053, in preservative) +of a series from 1/4 mi. W Aduana (27°02', 109°03'), 1600 feet, +Sonora, was cited by Hall and Kelson (1959:136) and reproductive +data from two skins (24841-24842) were mentioned earlier by +Cockrum (1955:490). In addition to these three specimens the +series includes 20 specimens in preservative (25052, 25054-25072). +All were collected on May 16, 1948, by J. R. Alcorn. Number +25070, on deposit in the Institute of Biology in Mexico City, and two +others (25053-25054) are not on hand as I write this, and have not +been examined by me. <i>Artibeus hirsutus</i> has recently been found +in northern Sinaloa and in southwestern Chihuahua. Three males +(75208-75210) from El Fuerte (26°24', 108°41'), Sinaloa, were obtained +on December 10, 1957, by William L. Cutter. Four specimens +(79441-79444, 2 males and 2 females) were captured in mist +nets on the north bank of the Río Septentrión, 1-1/2 mi. SW Tocuina +(27°07', 108°22'), 1500 feet, Chihuahua, on July 18, 20, and 21, +1958, by Kenneth E. Shain and me. I captured another (79445, a +male) in a hand net in an abandoned, horizontal mine shaft on the +north side of the Río Batopilas, at about 3500 feet elevation, across +the canyon from the village of La Bufa (27°09', 107°33'), Chihuahua, +on July 10, 1958. Eight specimens (12406-12413) in the Museum +of Natural History at the University of Illinois were collected on +July 22 and 23, 1956, in Santo Domingo Mine (26°55', 109°05'), 7 +mi. SW Alamos, Sonora, by W. Z. Lidicker, W. H. Davis, and J. R. +Winkelman. Eight specimens (9981-9988) in the Los Angeles +County Museum were collected on July 26, 1953, by Kenneth E. +Stager, 5 mi. W Alamos in an old mine tunnel at Aduana. One +(36581) of six specimens (36581-36586, 4 males and 2 pregnant +females) from 2 mi. ENE Tala (20°39', 103°40'), 4500 feet, Jalisco,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +was reported by Hall and Kelson (1959:136); the locality being +erroneously cited as 8 mi. ENE Tala. These six specimens were +collected by J. R. Alcorn on February 28, 1950.</p> + +<p>The 59 specimens from Guerrero are distributed by localities as +follows: 8 mi. N, 1 mi. W Teloloapan (Teloloapan is at 18°18', +99°54'), 3600 feet, 15 specimens (66432-66446, all males, including +one skeleton and two in preservative) obtained by Robert W. +Dickerman on February 7, 1955; Alpixafia, 4 kms. NW Teloloapan, +1540 M., 16 specimens (35219-35234, 5 males and 11 females) obtained +by Bernardo Villa R. on May 22 and 23, 1949; 1 mi. N +Teloloapan, 7 specimens (66447-66453, all males, including one in +preservative) obtained by Dickerman on February 8, 1955; 4 kms. +SE Teloloapan (Cerro Piedras Largas), 1760 M., 15 specimens +(35310-35324, 12 males and 3 females) obtained by Villa R. on +October 20 and 21, 1948; Puente de Dios, 1700 M., Yerbabuena +(= 8 mi. N, 1 mi. W Teloloapan), six specimens (28408-28413, 4 +males and 2 females) obtained by Villa R. on July 25 and 29, 1948. +Six of the 16 Guerreran specimens taken in May are young as shown +by the open epiphyseal sutures; all other Guerreran specimens +lacked these sutures. Of 13 adult females from Guerrero, only two, +taken in May, contained embryos (one embryo in each).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Average and extreme measurements in millimeters of 28 adult Guerreran +<i>A. hirsutus</i> of both sexes (the sexes are not significantly different) are as +follows: total length, 79.5 (69-90); length of hind foot, 15.1 (12-17); length +of ear, 21.1 (19-24); length of forearm, 55.8 (53.1-57.8); greatest length of +skull, 27.11 (26.3-28.0); condylocanine length, 22.92 (22.1-23.5); lambdoidal +breadth, 14.23 (13.7-14.6); postorbital constriction, 6.51 (6.2-6.8); and weight +(in grams), 37.4 (34.0-42.6).</p></div> + +<p>The presence or absence of the third molar tooth was recorded +for 88 specimens (28 from Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chihuahua, and 60 +from Guerrero and Jalisco). The third molar tooth is present on +both sides of the lower jaw in all specimens except one (12413 +Univ. Illinois) from Sonora which lacks both upper and lower +third molars. The upper third molar is usually present on both +sides. The exceptions are as follows: the above mentioned Sonoran +specimen and one other Sonoran specimen, one specimen from +La Bufa, Chihuahua, two from Jalisco, and five from Guerrero +lack the tooth on both sides; two specimens from Guerrero and +one from Sonora lack the tooth on only one side. Facial stripes +are absent or present but inconspicuous in all specimens recorded +here. The generally grayish hue, hairiness of interfemoral membrane, +and configuration of skull described by Lukens and Davis +(1957:7) for <i>A. hirsutus</i> are evident in all the specimens reported +here. Skins of three adults from Sonora and Chihuahua are slightly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +browner and somewhat paler than skins of adults from Jalisco and +Guerrero.</p> + +<p>Reproductive data from Sonora and Chihuahua are as follows: +of the five Chihuahuan specimens, two are immature (open epiphyseal +sutures); the one adult female (79443) contained a single +embryo 28 mm. in crown-rump length. Eight of 20 Sonoran specimens +taken in May are females, each of which lacks epiphyseal +sutures, and each contained one embryo. One embryo measured +8 mm. in length of uterine enlargement; all others are longer than +20 mm. from crown to rump, but vary in stage of development, +some having no pigmentation in the membranes and others having +pigmentation. The forearm is only 42 mm. long in one young +male from Sonora. Three of 8 Sonoran specimens taken in July +had open epiphyseal sutures but were of adult size. In summary +of the reproductive data by states, <i>Artibeus hirsutus</i> is known to +bear embryos in the following months: May in Sonora, July in +Chihuahua, February in Jalisco, and May in Guerrero. These data, +along with the presence of embryos and young of various ages +among specimens taken at the same place and time, indicate that +the species does not have a restricted breeding season.</p> + +<p>A geographic overlap of the ranges of <i>A. hirsutus</i> and <i>A. jamaicensis</i> +from Guerrero to central Sinaloa is now known. But the two +species have not been taken at the same place within this region +of overlap.</p> + +<p><b>Other species.</b>—At the locality on the Río Septentrión, 1500 feet, +1-1/2 mi. SW Tocuina, Chihuahua, from which specimens of <i>A. hirsutus</i> +were obtained as mentioned previously, several other species of +tropical bats were captured, including <i>Desmodus rotundus murinus</i> +Wagner, <i>Glossophaga soricina leachii</i> (Gray), <i>Chilonycteris parnellii +mexicana</i> Miller, <i>Sturnira lilium parvidens</i> Goldman, and +<i>Chiroderma</i> (specimens not yet certainly identified to species). +The canyon of the Río Septentrión is steep and rocky, the tropical +vegetation occurs only in the bottom of the canyon, and unless construction +of a railroad had been in progress the area could have +been reached only after several days by means of a pack train. +From a distributional standpoint the occurrence of <i>Sturnira</i> and +<i>Chiroderma</i> 1-1/2 mi. SW of Tocuina is of unusual interest.</p> + +<p>The published record of <i>Sturnira lilium</i> nearest to Tocuina is +from 2 mi. N Ciudad Guzmán (19°43', 103°28'), Jalisco, and the +nearest published record of the genus <i>Chiroderma</i> is of <i>Chiroderma +isthmicum</i> from Presidio (18°37', 96°47'), Veracruz (Hall and Kelson, +1959:126, 134). The Chihuahuan specimens extend the known<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +range of <i>Sturnira lilium</i> approximately 585 miles northwestward +and that of the genus <i>Chiroderma</i> approximately 920 miles northwestward +from the localities noted above. Five specimens (79434-79438) +of <i>Sturnira lilium</i>, two adults and three immature individuals, +were taken from July 18 to July 22, 1958, by the author and +Kenneth E. Shain, as also were the two (79439-79440) <i>Chiroderma</i>.</p> + +<p>To the list given by Koopman and Martin (1959:9) of neotropical +genera known to range farther north on the west coast of North +America than on the east coast there can now be added <i>Artibeus</i>, +<i>Sturnira</i> and <i>Chiroderma</i> (as noted above), <i>Anoura</i>, <i>Choeronycteris</i> +and <i>Leptonycteris</i> (Hall and Kelson, 1959:119, 120, 122; Hoffmeister, +1959:18), and <i>Liomys</i> (Hall and Kelson, 1959:536).</p> + +<p>In view of these additional genera, and others that almost certainly +remain to be discovered farther north on the west coast, +the suggestion by Koopman and Martin (1959:11) that species +inhabiting humid tropical habitats, in general extend farther north +on the east coast of Mexico than on the west coast may need to be reconsidered. +On the west coast, areas of more humid tropical vegetation +and climate are more distant from the coastline as one proceeds +northwestward from Nayarit to Sonora. The broad band +of humid tropical vegetation along the coast is progressively reduced +in width, and crowded back against the mountains, and +still farther north consists of only small scattered remnants that are +difficult to visit, in the bottoms of deep canyons.</p> + + +<h3>LITERATURE CITED</h3> + +<p> +<span class="smcap">Cockrum, E. L.</span><br /></p> + +<p class="i4">1955. Reproduction in North American Bats. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., +58:487-511.<br /></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dalquest, W. W.</span><br /></p> + +<p class="i4">1953. Mexican bats of the genus <i>Artibeus</i>. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +66:61-66.<br /></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Davis, W. B.</span><br /></p> + +<p class="i4">1958. Review of Mexican bats of the Artibeus "cinereus" complex. +Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 71:163-166, 1 fig. in text.<br /></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hall, E. R.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Kelson, K. R.</span><br /></p> + +<p class="i4">1959. The mammals of North America. The Ronald Press, N. Y., Vol. +I, xxx + 1-546 + 1-79 pp., 312 figs. and 320 maps in text, unnumbered +figures in text.<br /></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hoffmeister, D. F.</span><br /></p> + +<p class="i4">1959. Distributional records of certain mammals from southern Arizona. +Southwest. Nat., 4:14-19, 1 fig. in text.<br /></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Koopman, K. F.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Martin, P. S.</span><br /></p> + +<p class="i4">1959. Subfossil mammals from the Gómez Farías region and the tropical +gradient of eastern Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 40:1-12, 1 fig. and 2 +tables in text.<br /></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lukens, P. W., Jr.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Davis, W. B.</span><br /></p> + +<p class="i4">1957. Bats of the Mexican state of Guerrero. Jour. Mamm., 38:1-14.<br /> +</p> + +<p><i>Transmitted August 18, 1960.</i></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p><b>Transcriber's Notes</b></p> + +<p>Both variations, Mexico (3 times) and México (4 times) are used.</p> + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Neotropical Bats from Northern Mexico, by +Sydney Anderson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEOTROPICAL BATS--NORTHERN MEXICO *** + +***** This file should be named 31084-h.htm or 31084-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/0/8/31084/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Neotropical Bats from Northern Mexico + +Author: Sydney Anderson + +Release Date: January 26, 2010 [EBook #31084] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEOTROPICAL BATS--NORTHERN MEXICO *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 14, No. 1, pp. 1-8 +October 24, 1960 + + +Neotropical Bats from Western Mexico + +BY + +SYDNEY ANDERSON + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1960 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, +Robert W. Wilson + + +Volume 14, No. 1, pp. 1-8 +Published October 24, 1960 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + +PRINTED IN +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1960 + +28-4805 + + + + +Neotropical Bats from Western Mexico + +BY + +SYDNEY ANDERSON + + +Tropical fruit-eating bats of the genus _Artibeus_ reach their northern +limits on the lowlands of the eastern and western coasts of Mexico. +Recent students have placed the species of Mexican _Artibeus_ in two +groups; one includes bats of small size and one includes bats of large +size (Dalquest, 1953:61; Lukens and Davis, 1957:6; and Davis, +1958:163). Three of the small species (_A. cinereus phaeotis_, _A. +aztecus_, and _A. turpis nanus_) and three of the large species (_A. +hirsutus_, _A. jamaicensis jamaicensis_, and _A. lituratus palmarum_) +have been reported as far north as Jalisco along the west coast. _A. +cinereus phaeotis_ and _A. turpis nanus_ are known from as far north as +southern Sinaloa, and _A. hirsutus_ is known from as far north as +southern Sonora (Hall and Kelson, 1959:140, 141). Additional specimens +of _A. hirsutus_ from Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chihuahua, and specimens of +_A. lituratus_ and _A. jamaicensis_ from Sinaloa that extend the known +ranges of these two species northward are reported here; data on +variation, distribution, and reproduction concerning these three +species are included. Also, specimens of _Sturnira lilium_ and of the +genus _Chiroderma_ from Chihuahua that extend their known ranges +northwestward are reported. + + Support for field work that yielded the specimens reported + came from the National Science Foundation, the American + Heart Association, Inc., and the Kansas University Endowment + Association. Catalogue numbers of The University of Kansas + Museum of Natural History are cited. The latitude (N) and + longitude (W) are recorded to the nearest minute for each + locality mentioned. + + +~Artibeus lituratus palmarum~ J. A. Allen and Chapman.--Specimens from +Eldorado (24 deg.19', 107 deg.20'), Sinaloa, extend the known range of the +species approximately 265 miles northwestward from Huajimic (21 deg.37', +104 deg.21'), Nayarit. Skins and skulls of 11 specimens (75211-75221, 7 +males and 4 females) taken on November 13, 1957, 1 mi. S Eldorado, were +prepared by William L. Cutter. Skeletons of 12 specimens (75222-75233, +3 males and 9 females) from Eldorado were obtained by Cutter on the +same day. None of the 13 females was pregnant. One specimen (75211, +female) is immature; it has open phalangeal ephiphyseal sutures (as do +four other larger individuals); this specimen measured 83 mm. in total +length, weighed 45 grams, and has a skull 26.6 mm. in greatest length, +22.4 mm. in condylocanine length, 13.4 mm. in lambdoidal breadth, and +has unusually small second (last) upper molar teeth, each having about +one half the occlusal area of the M2 of the average adult in the +series. None of the 23 specimens has a third upper molar. All except +one have both third lower molars; one (75233) lacks the third lower +molar on both sides of the jaw. Facial stripes vary from conspicuous to +inconspicuous, but are evident in each of the 11 skins. The two skins +having the darkest pelage are both of males and are the only two skins +having open epiphyseal sutures. Five adult males and three adult +females are represented by skins. Three of the male skins are slightly +darker and less reddish than those of the three females, and the +contrast between paler neck and shoulders and other parts is slightly +less marked. The other two males are paler and more rufous than the +three females; the palest and most rufous of these two males is an old +individual having well-worn teeth. Dichromatism is not correlated with +age or with sex in this series, which, therefore, differs from +specimens reported by Lukens and Davis (1957:9) who observed that +dichromatism was correlated with sex. In size, as shown in measurements +below, in darkness of ventral pelage, and in cranial features the +specimens from Sinaloa agree with those from Guerrero, and differ from +specimens of _Artibeus jamaicensis_, in the ways described by Lukens +and Davis (_loc. cit._). + + Average measurements of males and females do not differ + significantly. The following are average and extreme + measurements in millimeters of 17 adults (lacking epiphyseal + sutures): total length, 93.4 (90-99); length of hind foot, + 19.8 (19-21); length of ear, 23.8 (23-26); length of + forearm, 65.2 (60.1-70.6); greatest length of skull, 29.24 + (28.0-30.2); condylocanine length, 25.25 (24.2-26.4); + lambdoidal breadth, 15.92 (15.3-16.6); postorbital + constriction, 6.29 (5.8-6.9); and weight (in grams), 63.2 + (51-69). + + +~Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis~ Leach.--A female (61088) obtained on +June 18, 1954, by Albert A. Alcorn, from 32 mi. SSE Culiacan (24 deg.26', +107 deg.07'), Sinaloa, extends the known range of the species approximately +415 miles northwestward from 2 mi. N. Ciudad Guzman (19 deg.43', 103 deg.28'), +Jalisco. Two other females (61089-61090) from central Sinaloa, +collected on June 19, 1954, by A. A. Alcorn, are from 1/2 mi. E Piaxtla +(23 deg.51', 106 deg.38'). Each of the three specimens contained a single +embryo. The embryos (in the order the specimens are listed above) +measured 28, 26, and 25 millimeters. The Sinaloan specimens are both +paler and browner than specimens from Jalisco and from eastern Mexico, +and the facial stripes are more distinct, being as distinct in one +specimen (61088) as in any of the _Artibeus lituratus_ reported here. +Four additional specimens from Jalisco are: 34232-34235, 3 males and 1 +nonpregnant female taken by J. R. Alcorn at Hacienda San Martin +(20 deg.18', 103 deg.30'), 18 mi. W Chapala, 5000 feet, on July 12, 1949. Each +specimen of _A. jamaicensis_ listed above lacks epiphyseal sutures and +both an upper and a lower third molar on each side. In size, coloration +of ventral pelage, and configuration of skull, the specimens agree with +the description of specimens from Guerrero and differ from other +species as reported by Lukens and Davis (1957:7, 9). + + Minimum and maximum measurements in millimeters for the + three _A. jamaicensis_ from Sinaloa, followed by + corresponding figures for the four from Jalisco, are: total + length, 80-82, 82-84; length of hind foot, 15-16, 16-17; + length of ear, all 20, 20-21; length of forearm, 54.7-55.9, + 54.7-58.5; greatest length of skull, 26.6-27.3, 26.5-28.2; + condylocanine length, 22.6-23.2, 22.5-23.9; lambdoidal + breadth, 13.9-14.5, 13.7-15.1; and postorbital constriction, + 6.2-6.6; 6.3-6.7. + + +~Artibeus hirsutus~ Andersen.--One specimen (25053, in preservative) of +a series from 1/4 mi. W Aduana (27 deg.02', 109 deg.03'), 1600 feet, Sonora, +was cited by Hall and Kelson (1959:136) and reproductive data from two +skins (24841-24842) were mentioned earlier by Cockrum (1955:490). In +addition to these three specimens the series includes 20 specimens in +preservative (25052, 25054-25072). All were collected on May 16, 1948, +by J. R. Alcorn. Number 25070, on deposit in the Institute of Biology +in Mexico City, and two others (25053-25054) are not on hand as I write +this, and have not been examined by me. _Artibeus hirsutus_ has +recently been found in northern Sinaloa and in southwestern Chihuahua. +Three males (75208-75210) from El Fuerte (26 deg.24', 108 deg.41'), Sinaloa, +were obtained on December 10, 1957, by William L. Cutter. Four +specimens (79441-79444, 2 males and 2 females) were captured in mist +nets on the north bank of the Rio Septentrion, 1-1/2 mi. SW Tocuina +(27 deg.07', 108 deg.22'), 1500 feet, Chihuahua, on July 18, 20, and 21, 1958, +by Kenneth E. Shain and me. I captured another (79445, a male) in a +hand net in an abandoned, horizontal mine shaft on the north side of +the Rio Batopilas, at about 3500 feet elevation, across the canyon from +the village of La Bufa (27 deg.09', 107 deg.33'), Chihuahua, on July 10, 1958. +Eight specimens (12406-12413) in the Museum of Natural History at the +University of Illinois were collected on July 22 and 23, 1956, in Santo +Domingo Mine (26 deg.55', 109 deg.05'), 7 mi. SW Alamos, Sonora, by W. Z. +Lidicker, W. H. Davis, and J. R. Winkelman. Eight specimens (9981-9988) +in the Los Angeles County Museum were collected on July 26, 1953, by +Kenneth E. Stager, 5 mi. W Alamos in an old mine tunnel at Aduana. One +(36581) of six specimens (36581-36586, 4 males and 2 pregnant females) +from 2 mi. ENE Tala (20 deg.39', 103 deg.40'), 4500 feet, Jalisco, was +reported by Hall and Kelson (1959:136); the locality being erroneously +cited as 8 mi. ENE Tala. These six specimens were collected by J. R. +Alcorn on February 28, 1950. + +The 59 specimens from Guerrero are distributed by localities as +follows: 8 mi. N, 1 mi. W Teloloapan (Teloloapan is at 18 deg.18', 99 deg.54'), +3600 feet, 15 specimens (66432-66446, all males, including one skeleton +and two in preservative) obtained by Robert W. Dickerman on February 7, +1955; Alpixafia, 4 kms. NW Teloloapan, 1540 M., 16 specimens +(35219-35234, 5 males and 11 females) obtained by Bernardo Villa R. on +May 22 and 23, 1949; 1 mi. N Teloloapan, 7 specimens (66447-66453, all +males, including one in preservative) obtained by Dickerman on February +8, 1955; 4 kms. SE Teloloapan (Cerro Piedras Largas), 1760 M., 15 +specimens (35310-35324, 12 males and 3 females) obtained by Villa R. on +October 20 and 21, 1948; Puente de Dios, 1700 M., Yerbabuena (= 8 mi. +N, 1 mi. W Teloloapan), six specimens (28408-28413, 4 males and 2 +females) obtained by Villa R. on July 25 and 29, 1948. Six of the 16 +Guerreran specimens taken in May are young as shown by the open +epiphyseal sutures; all other Guerreran specimens lacked these sutures. +Of 13 adult females from Guerrero, only two, taken in May, contained +embryos (one embryo in each). + + Average and extreme measurements in millimeters of 28 adult + Guerreran _A. hirsutus_ of both sexes (the sexes are not + significantly different) are as follows: total length, 79.5 + (69-90); length of hind foot, 15.1 (12-17); length of ear, + 21.1 (19-24); length of forearm, 55.8 (53.1-57.8); greatest + length of skull, 27.11 (26.3-28.0); condylocanine length, + 22.92 (22.1-23.5); lambdoidal breadth, 14.23 (13.7-14.6); + postorbital constriction, 6.51 (6.2-6.8); and weight (in + grams), 37.4 (34.0-42.6). + +The presence or absence of the third molar tooth was recorded for 88 +specimens (28 from Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chihuahua, and 60 from Guerrero +and Jalisco). The third molar tooth is present on both sides of the +lower jaw in all specimens except one (12413 Univ. Illinois) from +Sonora which lacks both upper and lower third molars. The upper third +molar is usually present on both sides. The exceptions are as follows: +the above mentioned Sonoran specimen and one other Sonoran specimen, +one specimen from La Bufa, Chihuahua, two from Jalisco, and five from +Guerrero lack the tooth on both sides; two specimens from Guerrero and +one from Sonora lack the tooth on only one side. Facial stripes are +absent or present but inconspicuous in all specimens recorded here. The +generally grayish hue, hairiness of interfemoral membrane, and +configuration of skull described by Lukens and Davis (1957:7) for _A. +hirsutus_ are evident in all the specimens reported here. Skins of +three adults from Sonora and Chihuahua are slightly browner and +somewhat paler than skins of adults from Jalisco and Guerrero. + +Reproductive data from Sonora and Chihuahua are as follows: of the five +Chihuahuan specimens, two are immature (open epiphyseal sutures); the +one adult female (79443) contained a single embryo 28 mm. in crown-rump +length. Eight of 20 Sonoran specimens taken in May are females, each of +which lacks epiphyseal sutures, and each contained one embryo. One +embryo measured 8 mm. in length of uterine enlargement; all others are +longer than 20 mm. from crown to rump, but vary in stage of +development, some having no pigmentation in the membranes and others +having pigmentation. The forearm is only 42 mm. long in one young male +from Sonora. Three of 8 Sonoran specimens taken in July had open +epiphyseal sutures but were of adult size. In summary of the +reproductive data by states, _Artibeus hirsutus_ is known to bear +embryos in the following months: May in Sonora, July in Chihuahua, +February in Jalisco, and May in Guerrero. These data, along with the +presence of embryos and young of various ages among specimens taken at +the same place and time, indicate that the species does not have a +restricted breeding season. + +A geographic overlap of the ranges of _A. hirsutus_ and _A. +jamaicensis_ from Guerrero to central Sinaloa is now known. But the two +species have not been taken at the same place within this region of +overlap. + + +~Other species.~--At the locality on the Rio Septentrion, 1500 feet, +1-1/2 mi. SW Tocuina, Chihuahua, from which specimens of _A. hirsutus_ +were obtained as mentioned previously, several other species of +tropical bats were captured, including _Desmodus rotundus murinus_ +Wagner, _Glossophaga soricina leachii_ (Gray), _Chilonycteris parnellii +mexicana_ Miller, _Sturnira lilium parvidens_ Goldman, and _Chiroderma_ +(specimens not yet certainly identified to species). The canyon of the +Rio Septentrion is steep and rocky, the tropical vegetation occurs only +in the bottom of the canyon, and unless construction of a railroad had +been in progress the area could have been reached only after several +days by means of a pack train. From a distributional standpoint the +occurrence of _Sturnira_ and _Chiroderma_ 1-1/2 mi. SW of Tocuina is of +unusual interest. + +The published record of _Sturnira lilium_ nearest to Tocuina is from 2 +mi. N Ciudad Guzman (19 deg.43', 103 deg.28'), Jalisco, and the nearest +published record of the genus _Chiroderma_ is of _Chiroderma isthmicum_ +from Presidio (18 deg.37', 96 deg.47'), Veracruz (Hall and Kelson, 1959:126, +134). The Chihuahuan specimens extend the known range of _Sturnira +lilium_ approximately 585 miles northwestward and that of the genus +_Chiroderma_ approximately 920 miles northwestward from the localities +noted above. Five specimens (79434-79438) of _Sturnira lilium_, two +adults and three immature individuals, were taken from July 18 to July +22, 1958, by the author and Kenneth E. Shain, as also were the two +(79439-79440) _Chiroderma_. + +To the list given by Koopman and Martin (1959:9) of neotropical genera +known to range farther north on the west coast of North America than on +the east coast there can now be added _Artibeus_, _Sturnira_ and +_Chiroderma_ (as noted above), _Anoura_, _Choeronycteris_ and +_Leptonycteris_ (Hall and Kelson, 1959:119, 120, 122; Hoffmeister, +1959:18), and _Liomys_ (Hall and Kelson, 1959:536). + +In view of these additional genera, and others that almost certainly +remain to be discovered farther north on the west coast, the suggestion +by Koopman and Martin (1959:11) that species inhabiting humid tropical +habitats, in general extend farther north on the east coast of Mexico +than on the west coast may need to be reconsidered. On the west coast, +areas of more humid tropical vegetation and climate are more distant +from the coastline as one proceeds northwestward from Nayarit to +Sonora. The broad band of humid tropical vegetation along the coast is +progressively reduced in width, and crowded back against the mountains, +and still farther north consists of only small scattered remnants that +are difficult to visit, in the bottoms of deep canyons. + + +LITERATURE CITED + +COCKRUM, E. L. + +1955. Reproduction in North American Bats. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., + 58:487-511. + +DALQUEST, W. W. + +1953. Mexican bats of the genus _Artibeus_. Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 66:61-66. + +DAVIS, W. B. + +1958. Review of Mexican bats of the Artibeus "cinereus" complex. + Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 71:163-166, 1 fig. in text. + +HALL, E. R., and KELSON, K. R. + +1959. The mammals of North America. The Ronald Press, N. Y., Vol. + I, xxx + 1-546 + 1-79 pp., 312 figs. and 320 maps in text, + unnumbered figures in text. + +HOFFMEISTER, D. F. + +1959. Distributional records of certain mammals from southern Arizona. + Southwest. Nat., 4:14-19, 1 fig. in text. + +KOOPMAN, K. F., and MARTIN, P. S. + +1959. Subfossil mammals from the Gomez Farias region and the tropical + gradient of eastern Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 40:1-12, 1 fig. and 2 + tables in text. + +LUKENS, P. W., JR., and DAVIS, W. B. + +1957. Bats of the Mexican state of Guerrero. Jour. Mamm., 38:1-14. + +_Transmitted August 18, 1960._ + + + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes + +Both variations, Mexico (3 times) and Mexico (4 times) are used. + +Italicized text is shown within _underscores_. + +Bold text is shows within ~tildes~. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Neotropical Bats from Northern Mexico, by +Sydney Anderson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEOTROPICAL BATS--NORTHERN MEXICO *** + +***** This file should be named 31084.txt or 31084.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/0/8/31084/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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