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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30297 ***
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
+
+MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.
+March 2, 1964
+
+
+Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,
+From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+LAWRENCE
+1964
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.
+
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.
+Published March 2, 1964
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+PRINTED BY
+HARRY (BUD) TIMBERLAKE, STATE PRINTER
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+
+1964
+
+
+29-8587
+
+
+
+
+Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,
+From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+The family Apatemyidae has a long geochronological range in North
+America, beginning in the Torrejonian land-mammal age, but is
+represented by a relatively small number of fossils found at a few
+localities. Two fossils of Orellan age, found in northeastern Colorado
+and described here, demonstrate that the geochronological range of the
+Apatemyidae extends into the Middle Oligocene. Isolated teeth of
+_Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, part of a sample of a Chadronian
+local fauna collected by field parties from the Webb School of
+California, are also described.
+
+     I thank Mr. Raymond M. Alf, Webb School of California,
+     Claremont, California, and Dr. Peter Robinson, University of
+     Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado, for permitting me to
+     describe the fossils they discovered. Also Dr. Robinson made
+     available the draft of a short paper he had prepared on the
+     tooth found in Weld County, Colorado; his work was
+     facilitated by a grant from the University of Colorado
+     Council on Research and Creative Work. I also gratefully
+     acknowledge receipt of critical data and valuable comments
+     from Drs. Edwin C. Galbreath, Glenn L. Jepsen, and Malcolm
+     C. McKenna who is currently revising the Paleocene
+     apatemyids and studying the phylogenetic relationships of
+     the family. The prefixes of catalogue numbers used in the
+     text identify fossils in the collections of the following
+     institutions: KU, Museum of Natural History, The University
+     of Kansas, Lawrence; Princeton, Princeton Museum, Princeton,
+     New Jersey; RAM-UCR, Raymond Alf Museum, Webb School of
+     California, Claremont, California (the permanent repository
+     for these specimens will be the University of California,
+     Riverside); and UCM, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder,
+     Colorado. The system of notations for teeth prescribed for
+     use here is as follows: teeth in the upper half of the
+     dentition are designated by a capital letter and a number;
+     thus M2 is the notation for the upper second molar; teeth in
+     the lower half of the dentition are designated by a
+     lower-case letter and a number; thus p2 is the notation for
+     the lower second premolar.
+
+
+
+
+Family APATEMYIDAE Matthew, 1909
+
+Genus =Sinclairella= Jepsen, 1934
+
+=Sinclairella dakotensis= Jepsen, 1934
+
+
+The type of the species, Princeton no. 13585, was discovered in
+Chadronian strata of the upper part of the Chadron Formation cropping
+out in Big Corral Draw, approximately 13 miles south-southwest of
+Scenic, in southwestern South Dakota (Jepsen, 1934, p. 291). Detailed
+descriptions of the type specimen are given in papers by Jepsen (1934)
+and Scott and Jepsen (1936). Isolated teeth of Chadronian age referable
+to _Sinclairella dakotensis_ have been discovered subsequently at a
+locality in Nebraska and fossils of Orellan age, also referable to _S.
+dakotensis_, have been collected at two localities in Colorado. The
+sample from each locality is described separately.
+
+
+Sioux County, northwestern Nebraska
+
+     _Material._--RAM-UCR nos. 381, left M1; 598, left m2; 1000,
+     right m1; 1001, right m2; 1079, right m2; 1674, right M2;
+     and 3013, left m2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--These Chadronian fossils were
+     discovered by Raymond Alf and members of his field parties
+     in several harvester ant mounds built in exposures of the
+     Chadron Formation in Sec. 26, T 33 N, R 53 W, Sioux County,
+     Nebraska (Alf, 1962, and Hough and Alf, 1958). This is UCR
+     locality V5403. The collectors carefully considered the
+     possibility that some of the fossils found in the ant mounds
+     were collected from younger strata by the harvester ants and
+     concluded this was unlikely (Alf, personal communication).
+
+     _Description and comments._--The cusps of RAM-UCR no. 381, a
+     left M1, are sharp and the wear-facets resulting from
+     occlusion with the lower dentition are small. The paraconule
+     is a low, ill-defined cusp on the anterior margin of the
+     crown; a metaconule is not present. A smooth stylar shelf is
+     present labial to the metacone. The crown was supported by
+     three roots. There are no interradicular crests.
+
+     The crown of RAM-UCR no. 1674, a right M2, is heavily
+     abraded and many morphological details of the cusps have
+     been destroyed. Low interradicular crests linked the three
+     roots of the tooth with a low, central prominence. As was
+     the case with RAM-UCR no. 381, no significant differences
+     could be found in comparisons with illustrations of the
+     teeth preserved in Princeton no. 13585.
+
+     RAM-UCR nos. 598, 1001, 1079, and 3013 all appear to be
+     m2's. The talonids of these teeth are not elongated, their
+     trigonids have quadrilateral outlines, and the paraconids
+     are small but prominent, bladelike cusps. The trigonid of
+     RAM-UCR 1000 is elongated and the paraconid is a minute
+     cusp; the tooth closely resembles the m1 of the type of
+     _Sinclairella dakotensis_.
+
+
+Logan County, northeastern Colorado
+
+     _Material._--KU no. 11210 (fig. 1), a fragment of a left
+     maxillary containing P4 and M1-2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--The fossil was found in the
+     center of the W-1/2, Sec. 21, T 11 N, R 53 W, Logan County,
+     Colorado, "... in the bed below _Agnotocastor_ bed, Cedar
+     Creek Member...." (Ronald H. Pine, 1958, field notes on file
+     at the University of Kansas). The bed so defined is part of
+     unit 3 in the lower division of the Cedar Creek Member, as
+     subdivided by Galbreath (1953:25) in stratigraphic section
+     XII. The fauna obtained from unit 3 is of Orellan age.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, KU no. 11210,
+fragment of left maxillary with P4 and M1-2; Orellan, Logan County,
+Colorado; drawings by Mrs. Judith Hood: a, labial view; b, occlusal
+view; both approximately × 9.]
+
+     _Description and comments._--P4 of KU no. 11210 has a large
+     posterolingual cusp separated from the main cusp by a
+     distinct groove, which deepens posteriorly. The
+     posterolingual cusp is supported by the broad posterior
+     root. P4 of the type specimen of _Sinclairella dakotensis_
+     is described (Jepsen, 1934, p. 392) as having an oval
+     outline at the base of the crown, and a small,
+     posterolingual cusp. A chip of enamel is missing from the
+     posterior slope of the main cusp of the P4 of KU no. 11210.
+     The anterior slope of the main cusp is flattened, possibly
+     the result of wear, and there is no evidence of a groove
+     like that present on the P4 of the type specimen.
+
+     Only a few differences were found between the molars
+     preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts in the type
+     specimen. A stylar shelf is present labial to the metacone
+     of M1 of KU no. 11210, but, unlike the type, its surface is
+     smooth and there is no evidence of cusps. Of the three small
+     stylar cusps on the stylar shelf of M2 the smallest is in
+     the position of a mesostyle. The M2 lacks a chip of enamel
+     from the lingual surface of the hypocone. Unlike the M2 of
+     Princeton no. 13585, in occlusal view the posterior margin
+     of the M2 of KU no. 11210 is convex posterior to the
+     metacone. The anterior edge of the base of the zygomatic
+     arch of KU no. 11210 was dorsal to M2. The shallow oval
+     depression in the maxillary dorsal to M1 might be the result
+     of post-mortem distortion.
+
+     The molars preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts
+     in the type specimen do not appear to be significantly
+     different in size (table 1) or morphology of the cusps. The
+     only difference between the two specimens that might be of
+     classificatory significance is the difference in size of the
+     posterolingual cusp of P4. At present the range of
+     intraspecific variation in the morphology of P4 has not been
+     documented for any species of apatemyid. The evolutionary
+     trend or trends of the apatemyids (McKenna, 1960, p. 48) for
+     progressive reduction of function of p4 probably were
+     paralleled by similar trends in the evolution of the P4. If
+     so, the intraspecific variation in the morphology of P4
+     could be expected to be somewhat greater than that of the
+     upper molars, for example. The morphological difference
+     between the P4's of the type of _Sinclairella dakotensis_
+     and KU no. 11210 is not extreme and does not exceed the
+     range of intraspecific variation that could be expected for
+     this element of the dentition. The close resemblances in
+     size and morphology between the M1-2 of Princeton no. 13585
+     and KU no. 11210 also favor identification of the latter as
+     part of a member of an Orellan population of _Sinclairella
+     dakotensis_.
+
+
+Weld County, northeastern Colorado
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, UCM no. 21073,
+right M2; Orellan, Weld County, Colorado; drawing by Mrs. Judith Hood:
+occlusal view, approximately × 9.]
+
+     _Material._--UCM no. 20173 (fig. 2), is a right M2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--The tooth was discovered at
+     the Mellinger locality, Sec. 17, T 11 N, R 65 W, Weld
+     County, Colorado. The Mellinger locality is in the Cedar
+     Creek Member, White River Formation, and its fauna is
+     considered to be of Orellan age (Patterson and McGrew, 1937,
+     and Galbreath, 1953).
+
+     _Description and comments._--UCM no. 21073, which is more
+     heavily abraded than KU no. 11210, shows no evidence of a
+     stylar cusp either anterolabial to the metacone or in the
+     position of a mesostyle. A small stylar cusp is present
+     anterolabial to the paracone. A notch that appears to have
+     been cut through the enamel of the posterolabial corner of
+     the crown could have received the parastylar apex of M3. A
+     similar notch is not present on the M2 of KU no. 11210 nor
+     indicated in the illustrations of the M2 of Princeton no.
+     13585. The coronal dimensions of UCM no. 21073 (table 1) do
+     not appear to differ significantly from those of the M2's of
+     KU no. 11210 and the type specimen of _Sinclairella
+     dakotensis_.
+
+
+Comments
+
+With the discovery of Orellan apatemyids the geochronological range of
+the family in North America is shown to extend from the Torrejonian
+through the Orellan land-mammal ages. The discoveries reported here
+enlarge the Oligocene record of apatemyids to include not only the type
+specimen of _Sinclairella dakotensis_, a skull and associated mandible
+from South Dakota, but also seven isolated teeth, representing at least
+two individuals, from a Chadronian fossil locality in Nebraska and one
+specimen from each of two Orellan fossil localities in northeastern
+Colorado. Simpson (1944:73, and 1953:127) presented tabulations of the
+published records of American apatemyids and suggested the data
+indicated the populations of these mammals were of small size
+throughout the history of the family. The few pre-Oligocene occurrences
+of apatemyids described subsequently (note McKenna, 1960, figs. 3-10,
+and p. 48) and occurrences described here tend to reinforce Simpson's
+interpretation. This interpretation may have to be modified to some
+degree, however, when current studies of collections of pre-Oligocene
+apatemyids are completed (McKenna, personal communication).
+
+Although information concerning the evolutionary trends of American
+apatemyids has been published, no data on the morphological variation
+in a population are available in the literature. An adequate basis for
+evaluating the significance of the morphological differences between
+the P4's of Princeton no. 13585 and KU no. 12110 coupled with the
+similarities of their M1-2's is lacking. In the evolution of American
+apatemyids the P4 underwent reduction in size and, apparently,
+curtailment of function. This history suggests the range of
+morphological variation of P4 in populations of _Sinclairella
+dakotensis_ could be expected to be greater than that of the molars and
+encompass the morphological differences between the P4's of Princeton
+no. 13585 and KU no. 12110. The difference in age of the Chadronian and
+Orellan fossils does not constitute proof that they pertain to
+different species. Although the identification is admittedly
+provisional until more fossils including other parts of the skeleton
+are discovered, the Orellan fossils described here are referred to
+_Sinclairella dakotensis_.
+
+
+TABLE 1.--MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF TEETH OF SINCLAIRELLA
+DAKOTENSIS JEPSEN.
+
+==========================================================================
+                       |     P4     |        M1        |        M2
+-----------------------+------------+------------------+------------------
+                       |length|width|length[1]|width[1]|length[1]|width[1]
+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+--------+---------+--------
+Princeton no. 13585[2] | 2.1  | 1.1 |   4.0   |  3.7   |   3.4   |  4.7
+RAM no. 381            |      |     |   4.1   |  3.5   |         |
+RAM no. 1674           |      |     |         |        |   3.4   |  4.2
+KU no. 11210           | 2.4  | 1.6 |   3.9   |  3.5   |   3.8   |  4.1+
+UCM no. 21073          |      |     |         |        |   3.6   |  4.1
+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+--------+---------+--------
+                                    |       m1         |        m2
+                                    +---------+--------+---------+--------
+                                    |  length |  width |  length | width
+                                    +---------+--------+---------+--------
+Princeton no. 13585[3]              |    3.5  |   2.4  |    3.7  |  2.8
+RAM no. 1000                        |    3.5  |   2.2  |         |
+RAM no. 598                         |         |        |    3.8  |  2.6
+RAM no. 1001                        |         |        |    3.6+ |  2.6
+RAM no. 1079                        |         |        |    4.0  |  2.8
+RAM no. 3013                        |         |        |    3.6  |  2.8
+------------------------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------
+
+[Footnote 1: Length defined as maximum dimension of the labial half of
+the crown measured parallel to a line drawn through the apices of
+paracone and metacone. Width defined as maximum coronal dimension
+measured along line perpendicular to line defined by apices of paracone
+and metacone.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Dimensions provided by Dr. Glenn L. Jepsen.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Dimensions taken from Jepsen (1934:300).]
+
+
+
+
+Literature Cited
+
+ALF, R.
+    1962. A new species of the rodent _Pipestoneomys_ from the
+          Oligocene of Nebraska. Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., no. 172,
+          pp. 1-7, 3 figs.
+
+GALBREATH, E. C.
+    1953. A contribution to the Tertiary geology and paleontology
+          of northeastern Colorado. Univ. Kansas Paleont. Cont.,
+          Vertebrata, art. 4, pp. 1-120, 2 pls., 26 figs.
+
+HOUGH, J., and ALF, R.
+    1958. A Chadron mammalian fauna from Nebraska. Journ. Paleon.
+          30:132-140, 4 figs.
+
+JEPSEN, G. L.
+    1934. A revision of the American Apatemyidae and the description
+          of a new genus, _Sinclairella_, from the White River
+          Oligocene of South Dakota. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+          74:287-305, 3 pls., 4 figs.
+
+MCKENNA, M. C.
+    1960. Fossil Mammalia from the early Wasatchian Four Mile fauna,
+          Eocene of northwest Colorado. Univ. California Publ. in
+          Geol. Sci., 37:1-130, 64 figs.
+
+MATTHEW, W. D.
+    1909. The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle
+          Eocene. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:289-567, pls. 42-52,
+          118 figs.
+
+PATTERSON, B. and MCGREW, P. O.
+    1937. A soricid and two erinaceids from the White River Oligocene.
+          Geol. Ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:245-272, figs. 60-74.
+
+SCOTT, W. B. and JEPSEN, G. L.
+    1936. The mammalian fauna of the White River Oligocene--Part I.
+          Insectivora and Carnivora. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s.,
+          28:1-153, 22 pls., 7 figs.
+
+SIMPSON, G. G.
+    1944. Tempo and mode in evolution. New York: Columbia Univ. Press,
+          xviii + 237 pp., 36 figs.
+
+    1953. The major features of evolution. New York: Columbia Univ.
+          Press, xx + 434 pp., 52 figs.
+
+_Transmitted June 24, 1963._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan, by William A. Clemens
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30297 ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Records of the Fossil Mammal Sinclairella,
+Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan, by William A. Clemens
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Records of the Fossil Mammal Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+Author: William A. Clemens
+
+Release Date: October 20, 2009 [EBook #30297]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOSSIL MAMMAL SINCLAIRELLA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
+
+MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.
+March 2, 1964
+
+
+Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,
+From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+LAWRENCE
+1964
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.
+
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.
+Published March 2, 1964
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+PRINTED BY
+HARRY (BUD) TIMBERLAKE, STATE PRINTER
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+
+1964
+
+
+29-8587
+
+
+
+
+Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,
+From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+The family Apatemyidae has a long geochronological range in North
+America, beginning in the Torrejonian land-mammal age, but is
+represented by a relatively small number of fossils found at a few
+localities. Two fossils of Orellan age, found in northeastern Colorado
+and described here, demonstrate that the geochronological range of the
+Apatemyidae extends into the Middle Oligocene. Isolated teeth of
+_Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, part of a sample of a Chadronian
+local fauna collected by field parties from the Webb School of
+California, are also described.
+
+     I thank Mr. Raymond M. Alf, Webb School of California,
+     Claremont, California, and Dr. Peter Robinson, University of
+     Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado, for permitting me to
+     describe the fossils they discovered. Also Dr. Robinson made
+     available the draft of a short paper he had prepared on the
+     tooth found in Weld County, Colorado; his work was
+     facilitated by a grant from the University of Colorado
+     Council on Research and Creative Work. I also gratefully
+     acknowledge receipt of critical data and valuable comments
+     from Drs. Edwin C. Galbreath, Glenn L. Jepsen, and Malcolm
+     C. McKenna who is currently revising the Paleocene
+     apatemyids and studying the phylogenetic relationships of
+     the family. The prefixes of catalogue numbers used in the
+     text identify fossils in the collections of the following
+     institutions: KU, Museum of Natural History, The University
+     of Kansas, Lawrence; Princeton, Princeton Museum, Princeton,
+     New Jersey; RAM-UCR, Raymond Alf Museum, Webb School of
+     California, Claremont, California (the permanent repository
+     for these specimens will be the University of California,
+     Riverside); and UCM, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder,
+     Colorado. The system of notations for teeth prescribed for
+     use here is as follows: teeth in the upper half of the
+     dentition are designated by a capital letter and a number;
+     thus M2 is the notation for the upper second molar; teeth in
+     the lower half of the dentition are designated by a
+     lower-case letter and a number; thus p2 is the notation for
+     the lower second premolar.
+
+
+
+
+Family APATEMYIDAE Matthew, 1909
+
+Genus =Sinclairella= Jepsen, 1934
+
+=Sinclairella dakotensis= Jepsen, 1934
+
+
+The type of the species, Princeton no. 13585, was discovered in
+Chadronian strata of the upper part of the Chadron Formation cropping
+out in Big Corral Draw, approximately 13 miles south-southwest of
+Scenic, in southwestern South Dakota (Jepsen, 1934, p. 291). Detailed
+descriptions of the type specimen are given in papers by Jepsen (1934)
+and Scott and Jepsen (1936). Isolated teeth of Chadronian age referable
+to _Sinclairella dakotensis_ have been discovered subsequently at a
+locality in Nebraska and fossils of Orellan age, also referable to _S.
+dakotensis_, have been collected at two localities in Colorado. The
+sample from each locality is described separately.
+
+
+Sioux County, northwestern Nebraska
+
+     _Material._--RAM-UCR nos. 381, left M1; 598, left m2; 1000,
+     right m1; 1001, right m2; 1079, right m2; 1674, right M2;
+     and 3013, left m2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--These Chadronian fossils were
+     discovered by Raymond Alf and members of his field parties
+     in several harvester ant mounds built in exposures of the
+     Chadron Formation in Sec. 26, T 33 N, R 53 W, Sioux County,
+     Nebraska (Alf, 1962, and Hough and Alf, 1958). This is UCR
+     locality V5403. The collectors carefully considered the
+     possibility that some of the fossils found in the ant mounds
+     were collected from younger strata by the harvester ants and
+     concluded this was unlikely (Alf, personal communication).
+
+     _Description and comments._--The cusps of RAM-UCR no. 381, a
+     left M1, are sharp and the wear-facets resulting from
+     occlusion with the lower dentition are small. The paraconule
+     is a low, ill-defined cusp on the anterior margin of the
+     crown; a metaconule is not present. A smooth stylar shelf is
+     present labial to the metacone. The crown was supported by
+     three roots. There are no interradicular crests.
+
+     The crown of RAM-UCR no. 1674, a right M2, is heavily
+     abraded and many morphological details of the cusps have
+     been destroyed. Low interradicular crests linked the three
+     roots of the tooth with a low, central prominence. As was
+     the case with RAM-UCR no. 381, no significant differences
+     could be found in comparisons with illustrations of the
+     teeth preserved in Princeton no. 13585.
+
+     RAM-UCR nos. 598, 1001, 1079, and 3013 all appear to be
+     m2's. The talonids of these teeth are not elongated, their
+     trigonids have quadrilateral outlines, and the paraconids
+     are small but prominent, bladelike cusps. The trigonid of
+     RAM-UCR 1000 is elongated and the paraconid is a minute
+     cusp; the tooth closely resembles the m1 of the type of
+     _Sinclairella dakotensis_.
+
+
+Logan County, northeastern Colorado
+
+     _Material._--KU no. 11210 (fig. 1), a fragment of a left
+     maxillary containing P4 and M1-2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--The fossil was found in the
+     center of the W-1/2, Sec. 21, T 11 N, R 53 W, Logan County,
+     Colorado, "... in the bed below _Agnotocastor_ bed, Cedar
+     Creek Member...." (Ronald H. Pine, 1958, field notes on file
+     at the University of Kansas). The bed so defined is part of
+     unit 3 in the lower division of the Cedar Creek Member, as
+     subdivided by Galbreath (1953:25) in stratigraphic section
+     XII. The fauna obtained from unit 3 is of Orellan age.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, KU no. 11210,
+fragment of left maxillary with P4 and M1-2; Orellan, Logan County,
+Colorado; drawings by Mrs. Judith Hood: a, labial view; b, occlusal
+view; both approximately × 9.]
+
+     _Description and comments._--P4 of KU no. 11210 has a large
+     posterolingual cusp separated from the main cusp by a
+     distinct groove, which deepens posteriorly. The
+     posterolingual cusp is supported by the broad posterior
+     root. P4 of the type specimen of _Sinclairella dakotensis_
+     is described (Jepsen, 1934, p. 392) as having an oval
+     outline at the base of the crown, and a small,
+     posterolingual cusp. A chip of enamel is missing from the
+     posterior slope of the main cusp of the P4 of KU no. 11210.
+     The anterior slope of the main cusp is flattened, possibly
+     the result of wear, and there is no evidence of a groove
+     like that present on the P4 of the type specimen.
+
+     Only a few differences were found between the molars
+     preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts in the type
+     specimen. A stylar shelf is present labial to the metacone
+     of M1 of KU no. 11210, but, unlike the type, its surface is
+     smooth and there is no evidence of cusps. Of the three small
+     stylar cusps on the stylar shelf of M2 the smallest is in
+     the position of a mesostyle. The M2 lacks a chip of enamel
+     from the lingual surface of the hypocone. Unlike the M2 of
+     Princeton no. 13585, in occlusal view the posterior margin
+     of the M2 of KU no. 11210 is convex posterior to the
+     metacone. The anterior edge of the base of the zygomatic
+     arch of KU no. 11210 was dorsal to M2. The shallow oval
+     depression in the maxillary dorsal to M1 might be the result
+     of post-mortem distortion.
+
+     The molars preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts
+     in the type specimen do not appear to be significantly
+     different in size (table 1) or morphology of the cusps. The
+     only difference between the two specimens that might be of
+     classificatory significance is the difference in size of the
+     posterolingual cusp of P4. At present the range of
+     intraspecific variation in the morphology of P4 has not been
+     documented for any species of apatemyid. The evolutionary
+     trend or trends of the apatemyids (McKenna, 1960, p. 48) for
+     progressive reduction of function of p4 probably were
+     paralleled by similar trends in the evolution of the P4. If
+     so, the intraspecific variation in the morphology of P4
+     could be expected to be somewhat greater than that of the
+     upper molars, for example. The morphological difference
+     between the P4's of the type of _Sinclairella dakotensis_
+     and KU no. 11210 is not extreme and does not exceed the
+     range of intraspecific variation that could be expected for
+     this element of the dentition. The close resemblances in
+     size and morphology between the M1-2 of Princeton no. 13585
+     and KU no. 11210 also favor identification of the latter as
+     part of a member of an Orellan population of _Sinclairella
+     dakotensis_.
+
+
+Weld County, northeastern Colorado
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, UCM no. 21073,
+right M2; Orellan, Weld County, Colorado; drawing by Mrs. Judith Hood:
+occlusal view, approximately × 9.]
+
+     _Material._--UCM no. 20173 (fig. 2), is a right M2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--The tooth was discovered at
+     the Mellinger locality, Sec. 17, T 11 N, R 65 W, Weld
+     County, Colorado. The Mellinger locality is in the Cedar
+     Creek Member, White River Formation, and its fauna is
+     considered to be of Orellan age (Patterson and McGrew, 1937,
+     and Galbreath, 1953).
+
+     _Description and comments._--UCM no. 21073, which is more
+     heavily abraded than KU no. 11210, shows no evidence of a
+     stylar cusp either anterolabial to the metacone or in the
+     position of a mesostyle. A small stylar cusp is present
+     anterolabial to the paracone. A notch that appears to have
+     been cut through the enamel of the posterolabial corner of
+     the crown could have received the parastylar apex of M3. A
+     similar notch is not present on the M2 of KU no. 11210 nor
+     indicated in the illustrations of the M2 of Princeton no.
+     13585. The coronal dimensions of UCM no. 21073 (table 1) do
+     not appear to differ significantly from those of the M2's of
+     KU no. 11210 and the type specimen of _Sinclairella
+     dakotensis_.
+
+
+Comments
+
+With the discovery of Orellan apatemyids the geochronological range of
+the family in North America is shown to extend from the Torrejonian
+through the Orellan land-mammal ages. The discoveries reported here
+enlarge the Oligocene record of apatemyids to include not only the type
+specimen of _Sinclairella dakotensis_, a skull and associated mandible
+from South Dakota, but also seven isolated teeth, representing at least
+two individuals, from a Chadronian fossil locality in Nebraska and one
+specimen from each of two Orellan fossil localities in northeastern
+Colorado. Simpson (1944:73, and 1953:127) presented tabulations of the
+published records of American apatemyids and suggested the data
+indicated the populations of these mammals were of small size
+throughout the history of the family. The few pre-Oligocene occurrences
+of apatemyids described subsequently (note McKenna, 1960, figs. 3-10,
+and p. 48) and occurrences described here tend to reinforce Simpson's
+interpretation. This interpretation may have to be modified to some
+degree, however, when current studies of collections of pre-Oligocene
+apatemyids are completed (McKenna, personal communication).
+
+Although information concerning the evolutionary trends of American
+apatemyids has been published, no data on the morphological variation
+in a population are available in the literature. An adequate basis for
+evaluating the significance of the morphological differences between
+the P4's of Princeton no. 13585 and KU no. 12110 coupled with the
+similarities of their M1-2's is lacking. In the evolution of American
+apatemyids the P4 underwent reduction in size and, apparently,
+curtailment of function. This history suggests the range of
+morphological variation of P4 in populations of _Sinclairella
+dakotensis_ could be expected to be greater than that of the molars and
+encompass the morphological differences between the P4's of Princeton
+no. 13585 and KU no. 12110. The difference in age of the Chadronian and
+Orellan fossils does not constitute proof that they pertain to
+different species. Although the identification is admittedly
+provisional until more fossils including other parts of the skeleton
+are discovered, the Orellan fossils described here are referred to
+_Sinclairella dakotensis_.
+
+
+TABLE 1.--MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF TEETH OF SINCLAIRELLA
+DAKOTENSIS JEPSEN.
+
+==========================================================================
+                       |     P4     |        M1        |        M2
+-----------------------+------------+------------------+------------------
+                       |length|width|length[1]|width[1]|length[1]|width[1]
+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+--------+---------+--------
+Princeton no. 13585[2] | 2.1  | 1.1 |   4.0   |  3.7   |   3.4   |  4.7
+RAM no. 381            |      |     |   4.1   |  3.5   |         |
+RAM no. 1674           |      |     |         |        |   3.4   |  4.2
+KU no. 11210           | 2.4  | 1.6 |   3.9   |  3.5   |   3.8   |  4.1+
+UCM no. 21073          |      |     |         |        |   3.6   |  4.1
+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+--------+---------+--------
+                                    |       m1         |        m2
+                                    +---------+--------+---------+--------
+                                    |  length |  width |  length | width
+                                    +---------+--------+---------+--------
+Princeton no. 13585[3]              |    3.5  |   2.4  |    3.7  |  2.8
+RAM no. 1000                        |    3.5  |   2.2  |         |
+RAM no. 598                         |         |        |    3.8  |  2.6
+RAM no. 1001                        |         |        |    3.6+ |  2.6
+RAM no. 1079                        |         |        |    4.0  |  2.8
+RAM no. 3013                        |         |        |    3.6  |  2.8
+------------------------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------
+
+[Footnote 1: Length defined as maximum dimension of the labial half of
+the crown measured parallel to a line drawn through the apices of
+paracone and metacone. Width defined as maximum coronal dimension
+measured along line perpendicular to line defined by apices of paracone
+and metacone.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Dimensions provided by Dr. Glenn L. Jepsen.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Dimensions taken from Jepsen (1934:300).]
+
+
+
+
+Literature Cited
+
+ALF, R.
+    1962. A new species of the rodent _Pipestoneomys_ from the
+          Oligocene of Nebraska. Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., no. 172,
+          pp. 1-7, 3 figs.
+
+GALBREATH, E. C.
+    1953. A contribution to the Tertiary geology and paleontology
+          of northeastern Colorado. Univ. Kansas Paleont. Cont.,
+          Vertebrata, art. 4, pp. 1-120, 2 pls., 26 figs.
+
+HOUGH, J., and ALF, R.
+    1958. A Chadron mammalian fauna from Nebraska. Journ. Paleon.
+          30:132-140, 4 figs.
+
+JEPSEN, G. L.
+    1934. A revision of the American Apatemyidae and the description
+          of a new genus, _Sinclairella_, from the White River
+          Oligocene of South Dakota. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+          74:287-305, 3 pls., 4 figs.
+
+MCKENNA, M. C.
+    1960. Fossil Mammalia from the early Wasatchian Four Mile fauna,
+          Eocene of northwest Colorado. Univ. California Publ. in
+          Geol. Sci., 37:1-130, 64 figs.
+
+MATTHEW, W. D.
+    1909. The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle
+          Eocene. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:289-567, pls. 42-52,
+          118 figs.
+
+PATTERSON, B. and MCGREW, P. O.
+    1937. A soricid and two erinaceids from the White River Oligocene.
+          Geol. Ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:245-272, figs. 60-74.
+
+SCOTT, W. B. and JEPSEN, G. L.
+    1936. The mammalian fauna of the White River Oligocene--Part I.
+          Insectivora and Carnivora. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s.,
+          28:1-153, 22 pls., 7 figs.
+
+SIMPSON, G. G.
+    1944. Tempo and mode in evolution. New York: Columbia Univ. Press,
+          xviii + 237 pp., 36 figs.
+
+    1953. The major features of evolution. New York: Columbia Univ.
+          Press, xx + 434 pp., 52 figs.
+
+_Transmitted June 24, 1963._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan, by William A. Clemens
+
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+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan,
+by William A. Clemens, Jr.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
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+    body{margin-left: 10%;
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+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+            /*  visibility: hidden;  */
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+    .footnotes        {border: dashed 1px;}
+    .footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
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+<body>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30297 ***</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span><br />
+<br />
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.<br />
+March 2, 1964</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h1>Records of the Fossil Mammal<br />
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,<br />
+From the Chadronian and Orellan<br /></h1>
+
+<p class="title"><small>BY</small><br /><br />
+
+<big>WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.</big><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br />
+
+1964</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br />
+<br />
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br />
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.<br />
+Published March 2, 1964<br />
+<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br />
+Lawrence, Kansas<br />
+<br />
+<small>PRINTED BY</small><br />
+
+<small>HARRY (BUD) TIMBERLAKE, STATE PRINTER</small><br />
+
+<small>TOPEKA, KANSAS</small><br />
+
+<small>1964</small><br />
+<br />
+<small>29-8587</small><br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[Pg 485]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>Records of the Fossil Mammal<br />
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,<br />
+From the Chadronian and Orellan<br />
+</h2>
+
+<p class="title"><small>BY</small><br />
+
+WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>Introduction</h3>
+
+
+<p>The family Apatemyidae has a long geochronological range in
+North America, beginning in the Torrejonian land-mammal age, but
+is represented by a relatively small number of fossils found at a few
+localities. Two fossils of Orellan age, found in northeastern Colorado
+and described here, demonstrate that the geochronological
+range of the Apatemyidae extends into the Middle Oligocene. Isolated
+teeth of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i> Jepsen, part of a sample of a
+Chadronian local fauna collected by field parties from the Webb
+School of California, are also described.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I thank Mr. Raymond M. Alf, Webb School of California, Claremont,
+California, and Dr. Peter Robinson, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder,
+Colorado, for permitting me to describe the fossils they discovered. Also Dr.
+Robinson made available the draft of a short paper he had prepared on the
+tooth found in Weld County, Colorado; his work was facilitated by a grant
+from the University of Colorado Council on Research and Creative Work. I
+also gratefully acknowledge receipt of critical data and valuable comments
+from Drs. Edwin C. Galbreath, Glenn L. Jepsen, and Malcolm C. McKenna
+who is currently revising the Paleocene apatemyids and studying the phylogenetic
+relationships of the family. The prefixes of catalogue numbers used
+in the text identify fossils in the collections of the following institutions: KU,
+Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence; Princeton,
+Princeton Museum, Princeton, New Jersey; RAM-UCR, Raymond Alf Museum,
+Webb School of California, Claremont, California (the permanent repository
+for these specimens will be the University of California, Riverside); and UCM,
+University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado. The system of notations
+for teeth prescribed for use here is as follows: teeth in the upper half of the
+dentition are designated by a capital letter and a number; thus M2 is the notation
+for the upper second molar; teeth in the lower half of the dentition are
+designated by a lower-case letter and a number; thus p2 is the notation for the
+lower second premolar.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span></p>
+<h3>Family <span class="smcap">Apatemyidae</span> Matthew, 1909<br />
+
+Genus <b>Sinclairella</b> Jepsen, 1934<br />
+
+<b>Sinclairella dakotensis</b> Jepsen, 1934<br /></h3>
+
+
+<p>The type of the species, Princeton no. 13585, was discovered in
+Chadronian strata of the upper part of the Chadron Formation
+cropping out in Big Corral Draw, approximately 13 miles south-southwest
+of Scenic, in southwestern South Dakota (Jepsen, 1934,
+p. 291). Detailed descriptions of the type specimen are given in
+papers by Jepsen (1934) and Scott and Jepsen (1936). Isolated
+teeth of Chadronian age referable to <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i> have
+been discovered subsequently at a locality in Nebraska and fossils
+of Orellan age, also referable to <i>S. dakotensis</i>, have been collected
+at two localities in Colorado. The sample from each locality is
+described separately.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Sioux County, northwestern Nebraska</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Material.</i>&mdash;RAM-UCR nos. 381, left M1; 598, left m2; 1000, right m1; 1001,
+right m2; 1079, right m2; 1674, right M2; and 3013, left m2.</p>
+
+<p><i>Locality and stratigraphy.</i>&mdash;These Chadronian fossils were discovered by
+Raymond Alf and members of his field parties in several harvester ant mounds
+built in exposures of the Chadron Formation in Sec. 26, T 33 N, R 53 W, Sioux
+County, Nebraska (Alf, 1962, and Hough and Alf, 1958). This is UCR
+locality V5403. The collectors carefully considered the possibility that some
+of the fossils found in the ant mounds were collected from younger strata by
+the harvester ants and concluded this was unlikely (Alf, personal communication).</p>
+
+<p><i>Description and comments.</i>&mdash;The cusps of RAM-UCR no. 381, a left M1,
+are sharp and the wear-facets resulting from occlusion with the lower dentition
+are small. The paraconule is a low, ill-defined cusp on the anterior margin
+of the crown; a metaconule is not present. A smooth stylar shelf is present
+labial to the metacone. The crown was supported by three roots. There are
+no interradicular crests.</p>
+
+<p>The crown of RAM-UCR no. 1674, a right M2, is heavily abraded and
+many morphological details of the cusps have been destroyed. Low interradicular
+crests linked the three roots of the tooth with a low, central prominence.
+As was the case with RAM-UCR no. 381, no significant differences
+could be found in comparisons with illustrations of the teeth preserved in
+Princeton no. 13585.</p>
+
+<p>RAM-UCR nos. 598, 1001, 1079, and 3013 all appear to be m2's. The
+talonids of these teeth are not elongated, their trigonids have quadrilateral outlines,
+and the paraconids are small but prominent, bladelike cusps. The trigonid
+of RAM-UCR 1000 is elongated and the paraconid is a minute cusp; the
+tooth closely resembles the m1 of the type of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</a></span></p>
+<h3>Logan County, northeastern Colorado</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Material.</i>&mdash;KU no. 11210 (fig. 1), a fragment of a left maxillary containing
+P4 and M1-2.</p>
+
+<p><i>Locality and stratigraphy.</i>&mdash;The fossil was found in the center of the W-1/2,
+Sec. 21, T 11 N, R 53 W, Logan County, Colorado, " ... in the bed below
+<i>Agnotocastor</i> bed, Cedar Creek Member...." (Ronald H. Pine, 1958,
+field notes on file at the University of Kansas). The bed so defined is part of
+unit 3 in the lower division of the Cedar Creek Member, as subdivided by
+Galbreath (1953:25) in stratigraphic section XII. The fauna obtained from
+unit 3 is of Orellan age.</p></div>
+
+<p class="figcenter" style="width: 545px;">
+<img src="images/image005.png" width="545" height="600" alt="Fig. 1. Sinclairella dakotensis Jepsen, KU no. 11210, fragment of left maxillary
+with P4 and M1-2; Orellan, Logan County, Colorado; drawings by Mrs. Judith
+Hood: a, labial view; b, occlusal view; both approximately × 9." title="Fig. 1. Sinclairella dakotensis Jepsen, KU no. 11210, fragment of left maxillary" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Sinclairella dakotensis Jepsen, KU no. 11210, fragment of left maxillary
+with P4 and M1-2; Orellan, Logan County, Colorado; drawings by Mrs. Judith
+Hood: a, labial view; b, occlusal view; both approximately × 9.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Description and comments.</i>&mdash;P4 of KU no. 11210 has a large posterolingual
+cusp separated from the main cusp by a distinct groove, which deepens posteriorly.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</a></span>
+The posterolingual cusp is supported by the broad posterior root. P4
+of the type specimen of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i> is described (Jepsen, 1934, p.
+392) as having an oval outline at the base of the crown, and a small, posterolingual
+cusp. A chip of enamel is missing from the posterior slope of the main
+cusp of the P4 of KU no. 11210. The anterior slope of the main cusp is
+flattened, possibly the result of wear, and there is no evidence of a groove like
+that present on the P4 of the type specimen.</p>
+
+<p>Only a few differences were found between the molars preserved in KU no.
+11210 and their counterparts in the type specimen. A stylar shelf is present
+labial to the metacone of M1 of KU no. 11210, but, unlike the type, its surface
+is smooth and there is no evidence of cusps. Of the three small stylar
+cusps on the stylar shelf of M2 the smallest is in the position of a mesostyle.
+The M2 lacks a chip of enamel from the lingual surface of the hypocone. Unlike
+the M2 of Princeton no. 13585, in occlusal view the posterior margin of the
+M2 of KU no. 11210 is convex posterior to the metacone. The anterior edge
+of the base of the zygomatic arch of KU no. 11210 was dorsal to M2. The
+shallow oval depression in the maxillary dorsal to M1 might be the result of
+post-mortem distortion.</p>
+
+<p>The molars preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts in the type
+specimen do not appear to be significantly different in size (table 1) or morphology
+of the cusps. The only difference between the two specimens that
+might be of classificatory significance is the difference in size of the posterolingual
+cusp of P4. At present the range of intraspecific variation in the morphology
+of P4 has not been documented for any species of apatemyid. The
+evolutionary trend or trends of the apatemyids (McKenna, 1960, p. 48) for
+progressive reduction of function of p4 probably were paralleled by similar
+trends in the evolution of the P4. If so, the intraspecific variation in the morphology
+of P4 could be expected to be somewhat greater than that of the upper
+molars, for example. The morphological difference between the P4's of the
+type of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i> and KU no. 11210 is not extreme and does not
+exceed the range of intraspecific variation that could be expected for this element
+of the dentition. The close resemblances in
+size and morphology between the M1-2 of Princeton
+no. 13585 and KU no. 11210 also favor identification
+of the latter as part of a member of an
+Orellan population of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>Weld County, northeastern Colorado</h3>
+
+<p class="figleft" style="width: 342px;">
+<img src="images/image006.png" width="342" height="375" alt="Fig. 2. Sinclairella dakotensis
+Jepsen, UCM no. 21073, right M2; Orellan, Weld County, Colorado;
+drawing by Mrs. Judith Hood: occlusal view, approximately × 9." title="Fig. 2. Sinclairella dakotensis
+Jepsen, UCM no. 21073, right M2" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Sinclairella dakotensis
+Jepsen, UCM no. 21073, right M2; Orellan, Weld County, Colorado;
+drawing by Mrs. Judith Hood: occlusal view, approximately × 9.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Material.</i>&mdash;UCM no. 20173 (fig. 2), is a right M2.</p>
+
+<p><i>Locality and stratigraphy.</i>&mdash;The tooth was discovered
+at the Mellinger locality, Sec. 17, T 11
+N, R 65 W, Weld County, Colorado. The Mellinger
+locality is in the Cedar Creek Member,
+White River Formation, and its fauna is considered
+to be of Orellan age (Patterson and McGrew,
+1937, and Galbreath, 1953).</p>
+
+<p><i>Description and comments.</i>&mdash;UCM no. 21073,
+which is more heavily abraded than KU no. 11210,
+shows no evidence of a stylar cusp either anterolabial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</a></span>
+to the metacone or in the position of a mesostyle. A small stylar cusp
+is present anterolabial to the paracone. A notch that appears to have been cut
+through the enamel of the posterolabial corner of the crown could have received
+the parastylar apex of M3. A similar notch is not present on the M2 of KU no.
+11210 nor indicated in the illustrations of the M2 of Princeton no. 13585. The
+coronal dimensions of UCM no. 21073 (table 1) do not appear to differ significantly
+from those of the M2's of KU no. 11210 and the type specimen of
+<i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>Comments</h3>
+
+<p>With the discovery of Orellan apatemyids the geochronological
+range of the family in North America is shown to extend from the
+Torrejonian through the Orellan land-mammal ages. The discoveries
+reported here enlarge the Oligocene record of apatemyids
+to include not only the type specimen of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i>, a
+skull and associated mandible from South Dakota, but also seven
+isolated teeth, representing at least two individuals, from a Chadronian
+fossil locality in Nebraska and one specimen from each of
+two Orellan fossil localities in northeastern Colorado. Simpson
+(1944:73, and 1953:127) presented tabulations of the published records
+of American apatemyids and suggested the data indicated the
+populations of these mammals were of small size throughout the
+history of the family. The few pre-Oligocene occurrences of apatemyids
+described subsequently (note McKenna, 1960, figs. 3-10,
+and p. 48) and occurrences described here tend to reinforce Simpson's
+interpretation. This interpretation may have to be modified
+to some degree, however, when current studies of collections of pre-Oligocene
+apatemyids are completed (McKenna, personal communication).</p>
+
+<p>Although information concerning the evolutionary trends of American
+apatemyids has been published, no data on the morphological
+variation in a population are available in the literature. An adequate
+basis for evaluating the significance of the morphological differences
+between the P4's of Princeton no. 13585 and KU no. 12110 coupled
+with the similarities of their M1-2's is lacking. In the evolution of
+American apatemyids the P4 underwent reduction in size and, apparently,
+curtailment of function. This history suggests the range
+of morphological variation of P4 in populations of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i>
+could be expected to be greater than that of the molars
+and encompass the morphological differences between the P4's of
+Princeton no. 13585 and KU no. 12110. The difference in age of
+the Chadronian and Orellan fossils does not constitute proof that
+they pertain to different species. Although the identification is admittedly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[Pg 490]</a></span>
+provisional until more fossils including other parts of the
+skeleton are discovered, the Orellan fossils described here are referred
+to <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Table 1.&mdash;Measurements (in millimeters) of Teeth of Sinclairella<br />
+dakotensis Jepsen.</span><br /><br />
+
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="teeth">
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><th colspan="2">P4</th><th colspan="2">M1</th><th colspan="2">M2</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">length</td><td align="center">width</td><td align="center">length<a name="FNanchor_1_2" id="FNanchor_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></td><td align="center">width<a name="FNanchor_1_3" id="FNanchor_1_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></td><td align="center">length<a name="FNanchor_1_4" id="FNanchor_1_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></td><td align="center">width<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Princeton no. 13585<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></td><td align="center"> 2.1</td><td align="center"> 1.1</td><td align="center"> 4.0</td><td align="center"> 3.7</td><td align="center"> 3.4</td><td align="center"> 4.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">RAM no. 381</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 4.1</td><td align="center"> 3.5</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">RAM no. 1674</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 3.4</td><td align="center"> 4.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">KU no. 11210</td><td align="center"> 2.4</td><td align="center"> 1.6</td><td align="center"> 3.9</td><td align="center"> 3.5</td><td align="center"> 3.8</td><td align="center"> 4.1+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">UCM no. 21073</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 3.6</td><td align="center"> 4.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" rowspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td colspan="2">m1</td><td colspan="2">m2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>length</td><td>width</td><td>length</td><td>width</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="left">Princeton no. 13585<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></td><td align="center"> 3.5</td><td align="center"> 2.4</td><td align="center"> 3.7</td><td align="center"> 2.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="left">RAM no. 1000</td><td align="center"> 3.5</td><td align="center"> 2.2</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="left">RAM no. 598</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 3.8</td><td align="center"> 2.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="left">RAM no. 1001</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 3.6+</td><td align="center"> 2.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="left">RAM no. 1079</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 4.0</td><td align="center"> 2.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="left">RAM no. 3013</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 3.6</td><td align="center"> 2.8</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Length defined as maximum dimension of the labial half of the crown measured
+parallel to a line drawn through the apices of paracone and metacone. Width defined as
+maximum coronal dimension measured along line perpendicular to line defined by apices of
+paracone and metacone.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Dimensions provided by Dr. Glenn L. Jepsen.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Dimensions taken from Jepsen (1934:300).</p></div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[Pg 491]</a></span></p><hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Literature Cited</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Alf, R.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1962. A new species of the rodent <i>Pipestoneomys</i> from the Oligocene of
+Nebraska. Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., no. 172, pp. 1-7, 3 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Galbreath, E. C.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1953. A contribution to the Tertiary geology and paleontology of northeastern
+Colorado. Univ. Kansas Paleont. Cont., Vertebrata, art. 4,
+pp. 1-120, 2 pls., 26 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hough, J.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Alf, R.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1958. A Chadron mammalian fauna from Nebraska. Journ. Paleon. 30:
+132-140, 4 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jepsen, G. L.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1934. A revision of the American Apatemyidae and the description of a
+new genus, <i>Sinclairella</i>, from the White River Oligocene of South
+Dakota. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 74:287-305, 3 pls., 4 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">McKenna, M. C.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1960. Fossil Mammalia from the early Wasatchian Four Mile fauna,
+Eocene of northwest Colorado. Univ. California Publ. in Geol.
+Sci., 37:1-130, 64 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Matthew, W. D.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1909. The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle
+Eocene. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:289-567, pls. 42-52, 118
+figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Patterson, B.</span> and <span class="smcap">McGrew, P. O.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1937. A soricid and two erinaceids from the White River Oligocene. Geol.
+Ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:245-272, figs. 60-74.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Scott, W. B.</span> and <span class="smcap">Jepsen, G. L.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1936. The mammalian fauna of the White River Oligocene&mdash;Part I. Insectivora
+and Carnivora. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s., 28:1-153,
+22 pls., 7 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Simpson, G. G.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1944. Tempo and mode in evolution. New York: Columbia Univ. Press,
+xviii + 237 pp., 36 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1953. The major features of evolution. New York: Columbia Univ.
+Press, xx + 434 pp., 52 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Transmitted June 24, 1963.</i></p></div>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30297 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Records of the Fossil Mammal Sinclairella,
+Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan, by William A. Clemens
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Records of the Fossil Mammal Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+Author: William A. Clemens
+
+Release Date: October 20, 2009 [EBook #30297]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOSSIL MAMMAL SINCLAIRELLA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
+
+MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.
+March 2, 1964
+
+
+Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,
+From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+LAWRENCE
+1964
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.
+
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.
+Published March 2, 1964
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+PRINTED BY
+HARRY (BUD) TIMBERLAKE, STATE PRINTER
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+
+1964
+
+
+29-8587
+
+
+
+
+Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,
+From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+The family Apatemyidae has a long geochronological range in North
+America, beginning in the Torrejonian land-mammal age, but is
+represented by a relatively small number of fossils found at a few
+localities. Two fossils of Orellan age, found in northeastern Colorado
+and described here, demonstrate that the geochronological range of the
+Apatemyidae extends into the Middle Oligocene. Isolated teeth of
+_Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, part of a sample of a Chadronian
+local fauna collected by field parties from the Webb School of
+California, are also described.
+
+     I thank Mr. Raymond M. Alf, Webb School of California,
+     Claremont, California, and Dr. Peter Robinson, University of
+     Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado, for permitting me to
+     describe the fossils they discovered. Also Dr. Robinson made
+     available the draft of a short paper he had prepared on the
+     tooth found in Weld County, Colorado; his work was
+     facilitated by a grant from the University of Colorado
+     Council on Research and Creative Work. I also gratefully
+     acknowledge receipt of critical data and valuable comments
+     from Drs. Edwin C. Galbreath, Glenn L. Jepsen, and Malcolm
+     C. McKenna who is currently revising the Paleocene
+     apatemyids and studying the phylogenetic relationships of
+     the family. The prefixes of catalogue numbers used in the
+     text identify fossils in the collections of the following
+     institutions: KU, Museum of Natural History, The University
+     of Kansas, Lawrence; Princeton, Princeton Museum, Princeton,
+     New Jersey; RAM-UCR, Raymond Alf Museum, Webb School of
+     California, Claremont, California (the permanent repository
+     for these specimens will be the University of California,
+     Riverside); and UCM, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder,
+     Colorado. The system of notations for teeth prescribed for
+     use here is as follows: teeth in the upper half of the
+     dentition are designated by a capital letter and a number;
+     thus M2 is the notation for the upper second molar; teeth in
+     the lower half of the dentition are designated by a
+     lower-case letter and a number; thus p2 is the notation for
+     the lower second premolar.
+
+
+
+
+Family APATEMYIDAE Matthew, 1909
+
+Genus =Sinclairella= Jepsen, 1934
+
+=Sinclairella dakotensis= Jepsen, 1934
+
+
+The type of the species, Princeton no. 13585, was discovered in
+Chadronian strata of the upper part of the Chadron Formation cropping
+out in Big Corral Draw, approximately 13 miles south-southwest of
+Scenic, in southwestern South Dakota (Jepsen, 1934, p. 291). Detailed
+descriptions of the type specimen are given in papers by Jepsen (1934)
+and Scott and Jepsen (1936). Isolated teeth of Chadronian age referable
+to _Sinclairella dakotensis_ have been discovered subsequently at a
+locality in Nebraska and fossils of Orellan age, also referable to _S.
+dakotensis_, have been collected at two localities in Colorado. The
+sample from each locality is described separately.
+
+
+Sioux County, northwestern Nebraska
+
+     _Material._--RAM-UCR nos. 381, left M1; 598, left m2; 1000,
+     right m1; 1001, right m2; 1079, right m2; 1674, right M2;
+     and 3013, left m2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--These Chadronian fossils were
+     discovered by Raymond Alf and members of his field parties
+     in several harvester ant mounds built in exposures of the
+     Chadron Formation in Sec. 26, T 33 N, R 53 W, Sioux County,
+     Nebraska (Alf, 1962, and Hough and Alf, 1958). This is UCR
+     locality V5403. The collectors carefully considered the
+     possibility that some of the fossils found in the ant mounds
+     were collected from younger strata by the harvester ants and
+     concluded this was unlikely (Alf, personal communication).
+
+     _Description and comments._--The cusps of RAM-UCR no. 381, a
+     left M1, are sharp and the wear-facets resulting from
+     occlusion with the lower dentition are small. The paraconule
+     is a low, ill-defined cusp on the anterior margin of the
+     crown; a metaconule is not present. A smooth stylar shelf is
+     present labial to the metacone. The crown was supported by
+     three roots. There are no interradicular crests.
+
+     The crown of RAM-UCR no. 1674, a right M2, is heavily
+     abraded and many morphological details of the cusps have
+     been destroyed. Low interradicular crests linked the three
+     roots of the tooth with a low, central prominence. As was
+     the case with RAM-UCR no. 381, no significant differences
+     could be found in comparisons with illustrations of the
+     teeth preserved in Princeton no. 13585.
+
+     RAM-UCR nos. 598, 1001, 1079, and 3013 all appear to be
+     m2's. The talonids of these teeth are not elongated, their
+     trigonids have quadrilateral outlines, and the paraconids
+     are small but prominent, bladelike cusps. The trigonid of
+     RAM-UCR 1000 is elongated and the paraconid is a minute
+     cusp; the tooth closely resembles the m1 of the type of
+     _Sinclairella dakotensis_.
+
+
+Logan County, northeastern Colorado
+
+     _Material._--KU no. 11210 (fig. 1), a fragment of a left
+     maxillary containing P4 and M1-2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--The fossil was found in the
+     center of the W-1/2, Sec. 21, T 11 N, R 53 W, Logan County,
+     Colorado, "... in the bed below _Agnotocastor_ bed, Cedar
+     Creek Member...." (Ronald H. Pine, 1958, field notes on file
+     at the University of Kansas). The bed so defined is part of
+     unit 3 in the lower division of the Cedar Creek Member, as
+     subdivided by Galbreath (1953:25) in stratigraphic section
+     XII. The fauna obtained from unit 3 is of Orellan age.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, KU no. 11210,
+fragment of left maxillary with P4 and M1-2; Orellan, Logan County,
+Colorado; drawings by Mrs. Judith Hood: a, labial view; b, occlusal
+view; both approximately x 9.]
+
+     _Description and comments._--P4 of KU no. 11210 has a large
+     posterolingual cusp separated from the main cusp by a
+     distinct groove, which deepens posteriorly. The
+     posterolingual cusp is supported by the broad posterior
+     root. P4 of the type specimen of _Sinclairella dakotensis_
+     is described (Jepsen, 1934, p. 392) as having an oval
+     outline at the base of the crown, and a small,
+     posterolingual cusp. A chip of enamel is missing from the
+     posterior slope of the main cusp of the P4 of KU no. 11210.
+     The anterior slope of the main cusp is flattened, possibly
+     the result of wear, and there is no evidence of a groove
+     like that present on the P4 of the type specimen.
+
+     Only a few differences were found between the molars
+     preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts in the type
+     specimen. A stylar shelf is present labial to the metacone
+     of M1 of KU no. 11210, but, unlike the type, its surface is
+     smooth and there is no evidence of cusps. Of the three small
+     stylar cusps on the stylar shelf of M2 the smallest is in
+     the position of a mesostyle. The M2 lacks a chip of enamel
+     from the lingual surface of the hypocone. Unlike the M2 of
+     Princeton no. 13585, in occlusal view the posterior margin
+     of the M2 of KU no. 11210 is convex posterior to the
+     metacone. The anterior edge of the base of the zygomatic
+     arch of KU no. 11210 was dorsal to M2. The shallow oval
+     depression in the maxillary dorsal to M1 might be the result
+     of post-mortem distortion.
+
+     The molars preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts
+     in the type specimen do not appear to be significantly
+     different in size (table 1) or morphology of the cusps. The
+     only difference between the two specimens that might be of
+     classificatory significance is the difference in size of the
+     posterolingual cusp of P4. At present the range of
+     intraspecific variation in the morphology of P4 has not been
+     documented for any species of apatemyid. The evolutionary
+     trend or trends of the apatemyids (McKenna, 1960, p. 48) for
+     progressive reduction of function of p4 probably were
+     paralleled by similar trends in the evolution of the P4. If
+     so, the intraspecific variation in the morphology of P4
+     could be expected to be somewhat greater than that of the
+     upper molars, for example. The morphological difference
+     between the P4's of the type of _Sinclairella dakotensis_
+     and KU no. 11210 is not extreme and does not exceed the
+     range of intraspecific variation that could be expected for
+     this element of the dentition. The close resemblances in
+     size and morphology between the M1-2 of Princeton no. 13585
+     and KU no. 11210 also favor identification of the latter as
+     part of a member of an Orellan population of _Sinclairella
+     dakotensis_.
+
+
+Weld County, northeastern Colorado
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, UCM no. 21073,
+right M2; Orellan, Weld County, Colorado; drawing by Mrs. Judith Hood:
+occlusal view, approximately x 9.]
+
+     _Material._--UCM no. 20173 (fig. 2), is a right M2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--The tooth was discovered at
+     the Mellinger locality, Sec. 17, T 11 N, R 65 W, Weld
+     County, Colorado. The Mellinger locality is in the Cedar
+     Creek Member, White River Formation, and its fauna is
+     considered to be of Orellan age (Patterson and McGrew, 1937,
+     and Galbreath, 1953).
+
+     _Description and comments._--UCM no. 21073, which is more
+     heavily abraded than KU no. 11210, shows no evidence of a
+     stylar cusp either anterolabial to the metacone or in the
+     position of a mesostyle. A small stylar cusp is present
+     anterolabial to the paracone. A notch that appears to have
+     been cut through the enamel of the posterolabial corner of
+     the crown could have received the parastylar apex of M3. A
+     similar notch is not present on the M2 of KU no. 11210 nor
+     indicated in the illustrations of the M2 of Princeton no.
+     13585. The coronal dimensions of UCM no. 21073 (table 1) do
+     not appear to differ significantly from those of the M2's of
+     KU no. 11210 and the type specimen of _Sinclairella
+     dakotensis_.
+
+
+Comments
+
+With the discovery of Orellan apatemyids the geochronological range of
+the family in North America is shown to extend from the Torrejonian
+through the Orellan land-mammal ages. The discoveries reported here
+enlarge the Oligocene record of apatemyids to include not only the type
+specimen of _Sinclairella dakotensis_, a skull and associated mandible
+from South Dakota, but also seven isolated teeth, representing at least
+two individuals, from a Chadronian fossil locality in Nebraska and one
+specimen from each of two Orellan fossil localities in northeastern
+Colorado. Simpson (1944:73, and 1953:127) presented tabulations of the
+published records of American apatemyids and suggested the data
+indicated the populations of these mammals were of small size
+throughout the history of the family. The few pre-Oligocene occurrences
+of apatemyids described subsequently (note McKenna, 1960, figs. 3-10,
+and p. 48) and occurrences described here tend to reinforce Simpson's
+interpretation. This interpretation may have to be modified to some
+degree, however, when current studies of collections of pre-Oligocene
+apatemyids are completed (McKenna, personal communication).
+
+Although information concerning the evolutionary trends of American
+apatemyids has been published, no data on the morphological variation
+in a population are available in the literature. An adequate basis for
+evaluating the significance of the morphological differences between
+the P4's of Princeton no. 13585 and KU no. 12110 coupled with the
+similarities of their M1-2's is lacking. In the evolution of American
+apatemyids the P4 underwent reduction in size and, apparently,
+curtailment of function. This history suggests the range of
+morphological variation of P4 in populations of _Sinclairella
+dakotensis_ could be expected to be greater than that of the molars and
+encompass the morphological differences between the P4's of Princeton
+no. 13585 and KU no. 12110. The difference in age of the Chadronian and
+Orellan fossils does not constitute proof that they pertain to
+different species. Although the identification is admittedly
+provisional until more fossils including other parts of the skeleton
+are discovered, the Orellan fossils described here are referred to
+_Sinclairella dakotensis_.
+
+
+TABLE 1.--MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF TEETH OF SINCLAIRELLA
+DAKOTENSIS JEPSEN.
+
+==========================================================================
+                       |     P4     |        M1        |        M2
+-----------------------+------------+------------------+------------------
+                       |length|width|length[1]|width[1]|length[1]|width[1]
+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+--------+---------+--------
+Princeton no. 13585[2] | 2.1  | 1.1 |   4.0   |  3.7   |   3.4   |  4.7
+RAM no. 381            |      |     |   4.1   |  3.5   |         |
+RAM no. 1674           |      |     |         |        |   3.4   |  4.2
+KU no. 11210           | 2.4  | 1.6 |   3.9   |  3.5   |   3.8   |  4.1+
+UCM no. 21073          |      |     |         |        |   3.6   |  4.1
+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+--------+---------+--------
+                                    |       m1         |        m2
+                                    +---------+--------+---------+--------
+                                    |  length |  width |  length | width
+                                    +---------+--------+---------+--------
+Princeton no. 13585[3]              |    3.5  |   2.4  |    3.7  |  2.8
+RAM no. 1000                        |    3.5  |   2.2  |         |
+RAM no. 598                         |         |        |    3.8  |  2.6
+RAM no. 1001                        |         |        |    3.6+ |  2.6
+RAM no. 1079                        |         |        |    4.0  |  2.8
+RAM no. 3013                        |         |        |    3.6  |  2.8
+------------------------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------
+
+[Footnote 1: Length defined as maximum dimension of the labial half of
+the crown measured parallel to a line drawn through the apices of
+paracone and metacone. Width defined as maximum coronal dimension
+measured along line perpendicular to line defined by apices of paracone
+and metacone.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Dimensions provided by Dr. Glenn L. Jepsen.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Dimensions taken from Jepsen (1934:300).]
+
+
+
+
+Literature Cited
+
+ALF, R.
+    1962. A new species of the rodent _Pipestoneomys_ from the
+          Oligocene of Nebraska. Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., no. 172,
+          pp. 1-7, 3 figs.
+
+GALBREATH, E. C.
+    1953. A contribution to the Tertiary geology and paleontology
+          of northeastern Colorado. Univ. Kansas Paleont. Cont.,
+          Vertebrata, art. 4, pp. 1-120, 2 pls., 26 figs.
+
+HOUGH, J., and ALF, R.
+    1958. A Chadron mammalian fauna from Nebraska. Journ. Paleon.
+          30:132-140, 4 figs.
+
+JEPSEN, G. L.
+    1934. A revision of the American Apatemyidae and the description
+          of a new genus, _Sinclairella_, from the White River
+          Oligocene of South Dakota. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+          74:287-305, 3 pls., 4 figs.
+
+MCKENNA, M. C.
+    1960. Fossil Mammalia from the early Wasatchian Four Mile fauna,
+          Eocene of northwest Colorado. Univ. California Publ. in
+          Geol. Sci., 37:1-130, 64 figs.
+
+MATTHEW, W. D.
+    1909. The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle
+          Eocene. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:289-567, pls. 42-52,
+          118 figs.
+
+PATTERSON, B. and MCGREW, P. O.
+    1937. A soricid and two erinaceids from the White River Oligocene.
+          Geol. Ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:245-272, figs. 60-74.
+
+SCOTT, W. B. and JEPSEN, G. L.
+    1936. The mammalian fauna of the White River Oligocene--Part I.
+          Insectivora and Carnivora. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s.,
+          28:1-153, 22 pls., 7 figs.
+
+SIMPSON, G. G.
+    1944. Tempo and mode in evolution. New York: Columbia Univ. Press,
+          xviii + 237 pp., 36 figs.
+
+    1953. The major features of evolution. New York: Columbia Univ.
+          Press, xx + 434 pp., 52 figs.
+
+_Transmitted June 24, 1963._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan, by William A. Clemens
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOSSIL MAMMAL SINCLAIRELLA ***
+
+***** This file should be named 30297.txt or 30297.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/2/9/30297/
+
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diff --git a/30297.zip b/30297.zip
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Records of the Fossil Mammal Sinclairella,
+Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan, by William A. Clemens
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Records of the Fossil Mammal Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+Author: William A. Clemens
+
+Release Date: October 20, 2009 [EBook #30297]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOSSIL MAMMAL SINCLAIRELLA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
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+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
+
+MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.
+March 2, 1964
+
+
+Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,
+From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+LAWRENCE
+1964
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.
+
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.
+Published March 2, 1964
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+PRINTED BY
+HARRY (BUD) TIMBERLAKE, STATE PRINTER
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+
+1964
+
+
+29-8587
+
+
+
+
+Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,
+From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+The family Apatemyidae has a long geochronological range in North
+America, beginning in the Torrejonian land-mammal age, but is
+represented by a relatively small number of fossils found at a few
+localities. Two fossils of Orellan age, found in northeastern Colorado
+and described here, demonstrate that the geochronological range of the
+Apatemyidae extends into the Middle Oligocene. Isolated teeth of
+_Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, part of a sample of a Chadronian
+local fauna collected by field parties from the Webb School of
+California, are also described.
+
+     I thank Mr. Raymond M. Alf, Webb School of California,
+     Claremont, California, and Dr. Peter Robinson, University of
+     Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado, for permitting me to
+     describe the fossils they discovered. Also Dr. Robinson made
+     available the draft of a short paper he had prepared on the
+     tooth found in Weld County, Colorado; his work was
+     facilitated by a grant from the University of Colorado
+     Council on Research and Creative Work. I also gratefully
+     acknowledge receipt of critical data and valuable comments
+     from Drs. Edwin C. Galbreath, Glenn L. Jepsen, and Malcolm
+     C. McKenna who is currently revising the Paleocene
+     apatemyids and studying the phylogenetic relationships of
+     the family. The prefixes of catalogue numbers used in the
+     text identify fossils in the collections of the following
+     institutions: KU, Museum of Natural History, The University
+     of Kansas, Lawrence; Princeton, Princeton Museum, Princeton,
+     New Jersey; RAM-UCR, Raymond Alf Museum, Webb School of
+     California, Claremont, California (the permanent repository
+     for these specimens will be the University of California,
+     Riverside); and UCM, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder,
+     Colorado. The system of notations for teeth prescribed for
+     use here is as follows: teeth in the upper half of the
+     dentition are designated by a capital letter and a number;
+     thus M2 is the notation for the upper second molar; teeth in
+     the lower half of the dentition are designated by a
+     lower-case letter and a number; thus p2 is the notation for
+     the lower second premolar.
+
+
+
+
+Family APATEMYIDAE Matthew, 1909
+
+Genus =Sinclairella= Jepsen, 1934
+
+=Sinclairella dakotensis= Jepsen, 1934
+
+
+The type of the species, Princeton no. 13585, was discovered in
+Chadronian strata of the upper part of the Chadron Formation cropping
+out in Big Corral Draw, approximately 13 miles south-southwest of
+Scenic, in southwestern South Dakota (Jepsen, 1934, p. 291). Detailed
+descriptions of the type specimen are given in papers by Jepsen (1934)
+and Scott and Jepsen (1936). Isolated teeth of Chadronian age referable
+to _Sinclairella dakotensis_ have been discovered subsequently at a
+locality in Nebraska and fossils of Orellan age, also referable to _S.
+dakotensis_, have been collected at two localities in Colorado. The
+sample from each locality is described separately.
+
+
+Sioux County, northwestern Nebraska
+
+     _Material._--RAM-UCR nos. 381, left M1; 598, left m2; 1000,
+     right m1; 1001, right m2; 1079, right m2; 1674, right M2;
+     and 3013, left m2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--These Chadronian fossils were
+     discovered by Raymond Alf and members of his field parties
+     in several harvester ant mounds built in exposures of the
+     Chadron Formation in Sec. 26, T 33 N, R 53 W, Sioux County,
+     Nebraska (Alf, 1962, and Hough and Alf, 1958). This is UCR
+     locality V5403. The collectors carefully considered the
+     possibility that some of the fossils found in the ant mounds
+     were collected from younger strata by the harvester ants and
+     concluded this was unlikely (Alf, personal communication).
+
+     _Description and comments._--The cusps of RAM-UCR no. 381, a
+     left M1, are sharp and the wear-facets resulting from
+     occlusion with the lower dentition are small. The paraconule
+     is a low, ill-defined cusp on the anterior margin of the
+     crown; a metaconule is not present. A smooth stylar shelf is
+     present labial to the metacone. The crown was supported by
+     three roots. There are no interradicular crests.
+
+     The crown of RAM-UCR no. 1674, a right M2, is heavily
+     abraded and many morphological details of the cusps have
+     been destroyed. Low interradicular crests linked the three
+     roots of the tooth with a low, central prominence. As was
+     the case with RAM-UCR no. 381, no significant differences
+     could be found in comparisons with illustrations of the
+     teeth preserved in Princeton no. 13585.
+
+     RAM-UCR nos. 598, 1001, 1079, and 3013 all appear to be
+     m2's. The talonids of these teeth are not elongated, their
+     trigonids have quadrilateral outlines, and the paraconids
+     are small but prominent, bladelike cusps. The trigonid of
+     RAM-UCR 1000 is elongated and the paraconid is a minute
+     cusp; the tooth closely resembles the m1 of the type of
+     _Sinclairella dakotensis_.
+
+
+Logan County, northeastern Colorado
+
+     _Material._--KU no. 11210 (fig. 1), a fragment of a left
+     maxillary containing P4 and M1-2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--The fossil was found in the
+     center of the W-1/2, Sec. 21, T 11 N, R 53 W, Logan County,
+     Colorado, "... in the bed below _Agnotocastor_ bed, Cedar
+     Creek Member...." (Ronald H. Pine, 1958, field notes on file
+     at the University of Kansas). The bed so defined is part of
+     unit 3 in the lower division of the Cedar Creek Member, as
+     subdivided by Galbreath (1953:25) in stratigraphic section
+     XII. The fauna obtained from unit 3 is of Orellan age.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, KU no. 11210,
+fragment of left maxillary with P4 and M1-2; Orellan, Logan County,
+Colorado; drawings by Mrs. Judith Hood: a, labial view; b, occlusal
+view; both approximately × 9.]
+
+     _Description and comments._--P4 of KU no. 11210 has a large
+     posterolingual cusp separated from the main cusp by a
+     distinct groove, which deepens posteriorly. The
+     posterolingual cusp is supported by the broad posterior
+     root. P4 of the type specimen of _Sinclairella dakotensis_
+     is described (Jepsen, 1934, p. 392) as having an oval
+     outline at the base of the crown, and a small,
+     posterolingual cusp. A chip of enamel is missing from the
+     posterior slope of the main cusp of the P4 of KU no. 11210.
+     The anterior slope of the main cusp is flattened, possibly
+     the result of wear, and there is no evidence of a groove
+     like that present on the P4 of the type specimen.
+
+     Only a few differences were found between the molars
+     preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts in the type
+     specimen. A stylar shelf is present labial to the metacone
+     of M1 of KU no. 11210, but, unlike the type, its surface is
+     smooth and there is no evidence of cusps. Of the three small
+     stylar cusps on the stylar shelf of M2 the smallest is in
+     the position of a mesostyle. The M2 lacks a chip of enamel
+     from the lingual surface of the hypocone. Unlike the M2 of
+     Princeton no. 13585, in occlusal view the posterior margin
+     of the M2 of KU no. 11210 is convex posterior to the
+     metacone. The anterior edge of the base of the zygomatic
+     arch of KU no. 11210 was dorsal to M2. The shallow oval
+     depression in the maxillary dorsal to M1 might be the result
+     of post-mortem distortion.
+
+     The molars preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts
+     in the type specimen do not appear to be significantly
+     different in size (table 1) or morphology of the cusps. The
+     only difference between the two specimens that might be of
+     classificatory significance is the difference in size of the
+     posterolingual cusp of P4. At present the range of
+     intraspecific variation in the morphology of P4 has not been
+     documented for any species of apatemyid. The evolutionary
+     trend or trends of the apatemyids (McKenna, 1960, p. 48) for
+     progressive reduction of function of p4 probably were
+     paralleled by similar trends in the evolution of the P4. If
+     so, the intraspecific variation in the morphology of P4
+     could be expected to be somewhat greater than that of the
+     upper molars, for example. The morphological difference
+     between the P4's of the type of _Sinclairella dakotensis_
+     and KU no. 11210 is not extreme and does not exceed the
+     range of intraspecific variation that could be expected for
+     this element of the dentition. The close resemblances in
+     size and morphology between the M1-2 of Princeton no. 13585
+     and KU no. 11210 also favor identification of the latter as
+     part of a member of an Orellan population of _Sinclairella
+     dakotensis_.
+
+
+Weld County, northeastern Colorado
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, UCM no. 21073,
+right M2; Orellan, Weld County, Colorado; drawing by Mrs. Judith Hood:
+occlusal view, approximately × 9.]
+
+     _Material._--UCM no. 20173 (fig. 2), is a right M2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--The tooth was discovered at
+     the Mellinger locality, Sec. 17, T 11 N, R 65 W, Weld
+     County, Colorado. The Mellinger locality is in the Cedar
+     Creek Member, White River Formation, and its fauna is
+     considered to be of Orellan age (Patterson and McGrew, 1937,
+     and Galbreath, 1953).
+
+     _Description and comments._--UCM no. 21073, which is more
+     heavily abraded than KU no. 11210, shows no evidence of a
+     stylar cusp either anterolabial to the metacone or in the
+     position of a mesostyle. A small stylar cusp is present
+     anterolabial to the paracone. A notch that appears to have
+     been cut through the enamel of the posterolabial corner of
+     the crown could have received the parastylar apex of M3. A
+     similar notch is not present on the M2 of KU no. 11210 nor
+     indicated in the illustrations of the M2 of Princeton no.
+     13585. The coronal dimensions of UCM no. 21073 (table 1) do
+     not appear to differ significantly from those of the M2's of
+     KU no. 11210 and the type specimen of _Sinclairella
+     dakotensis_.
+
+
+Comments
+
+With the discovery of Orellan apatemyids the geochronological range of
+the family in North America is shown to extend from the Torrejonian
+through the Orellan land-mammal ages. The discoveries reported here
+enlarge the Oligocene record of apatemyids to include not only the type
+specimen of _Sinclairella dakotensis_, a skull and associated mandible
+from South Dakota, but also seven isolated teeth, representing at least
+two individuals, from a Chadronian fossil locality in Nebraska and one
+specimen from each of two Orellan fossil localities in northeastern
+Colorado. Simpson (1944:73, and 1953:127) presented tabulations of the
+published records of American apatemyids and suggested the data
+indicated the populations of these mammals were of small size
+throughout the history of the family. The few pre-Oligocene occurrences
+of apatemyids described subsequently (note McKenna, 1960, figs. 3-10,
+and p. 48) and occurrences described here tend to reinforce Simpson's
+interpretation. This interpretation may have to be modified to some
+degree, however, when current studies of collections of pre-Oligocene
+apatemyids are completed (McKenna, personal communication).
+
+Although information concerning the evolutionary trends of American
+apatemyids has been published, no data on the morphological variation
+in a population are available in the literature. An adequate basis for
+evaluating the significance of the morphological differences between
+the P4's of Princeton no. 13585 and KU no. 12110 coupled with the
+similarities of their M1-2's is lacking. In the evolution of American
+apatemyids the P4 underwent reduction in size and, apparently,
+curtailment of function. This history suggests the range of
+morphological variation of P4 in populations of _Sinclairella
+dakotensis_ could be expected to be greater than that of the molars and
+encompass the morphological differences between the P4's of Princeton
+no. 13585 and KU no. 12110. The difference in age of the Chadronian and
+Orellan fossils does not constitute proof that they pertain to
+different species. Although the identification is admittedly
+provisional until more fossils including other parts of the skeleton
+are discovered, the Orellan fossils described here are referred to
+_Sinclairella dakotensis_.
+
+
+TABLE 1.--MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF TEETH OF SINCLAIRELLA
+DAKOTENSIS JEPSEN.
+
+==========================================================================
+                       |     P4     |        M1        |        M2
+-----------------------+------------+------------------+------------------
+                       |length|width|length[1]|width[1]|length[1]|width[1]
+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+--------+---------+--------
+Princeton no. 13585[2] | 2.1  | 1.1 |   4.0   |  3.7   |   3.4   |  4.7
+RAM no. 381            |      |     |   4.1   |  3.5   |         |
+RAM no. 1674           |      |     |         |        |   3.4   |  4.2
+KU no. 11210           | 2.4  | 1.6 |   3.9   |  3.5   |   3.8   |  4.1+
+UCM no. 21073          |      |     |         |        |   3.6   |  4.1
+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+--------+---------+--------
+                                    |       m1         |        m2
+                                    +---------+--------+---------+--------
+                                    |  length |  width |  length | width
+                                    +---------+--------+---------+--------
+Princeton no. 13585[3]              |    3.5  |   2.4  |    3.7  |  2.8
+RAM no. 1000                        |    3.5  |   2.2  |         |
+RAM no. 598                         |         |        |    3.8  |  2.6
+RAM no. 1001                        |         |        |    3.6+ |  2.6
+RAM no. 1079                        |         |        |    4.0  |  2.8
+RAM no. 3013                        |         |        |    3.6  |  2.8
+------------------------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------
+
+[Footnote 1: Length defined as maximum dimension of the labial half of
+the crown measured parallel to a line drawn through the apices of
+paracone and metacone. Width defined as maximum coronal dimension
+measured along line perpendicular to line defined by apices of paracone
+and metacone.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Dimensions provided by Dr. Glenn L. Jepsen.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Dimensions taken from Jepsen (1934:300).]
+
+
+
+
+Literature Cited
+
+ALF, R.
+    1962. A new species of the rodent _Pipestoneomys_ from the
+          Oligocene of Nebraska. Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., no. 172,
+          pp. 1-7, 3 figs.
+
+GALBREATH, E. C.
+    1953. A contribution to the Tertiary geology and paleontology
+          of northeastern Colorado. Univ. Kansas Paleont. Cont.,
+          Vertebrata, art. 4, pp. 1-120, 2 pls., 26 figs.
+
+HOUGH, J., and ALF, R.
+    1958. A Chadron mammalian fauna from Nebraska. Journ. Paleon.
+          30:132-140, 4 figs.
+
+JEPSEN, G. L.
+    1934. A revision of the American Apatemyidae and the description
+          of a new genus, _Sinclairella_, from the White River
+          Oligocene of South Dakota. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+          74:287-305, 3 pls., 4 figs.
+
+MCKENNA, M. C.
+    1960. Fossil Mammalia from the early Wasatchian Four Mile fauna,
+          Eocene of northwest Colorado. Univ. California Publ. in
+          Geol. Sci., 37:1-130, 64 figs.
+
+MATTHEW, W. D.
+    1909. The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle
+          Eocene. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:289-567, pls. 42-52,
+          118 figs.
+
+PATTERSON, B. and MCGREW, P. O.
+    1937. A soricid and two erinaceids from the White River Oligocene.
+          Geol. Ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:245-272, figs. 60-74.
+
+SCOTT, W. B. and JEPSEN, G. L.
+    1936. The mammalian fauna of the White River Oligocene--Part I.
+          Insectivora and Carnivora. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s.,
+          28:1-153, 22 pls., 7 figs.
+
+SIMPSON, G. G.
+    1944. Tempo and mode in evolution. New York: Columbia Univ. Press,
+          xviii + 237 pp., 36 figs.
+
+    1953. The major features of evolution. New York: Columbia Univ.
+          Press, xx + 434 pp., 52 figs.
+
+_Transmitted June 24, 1963._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan, by William A. Clemens
+
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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan,
+by William A. Clemens, Jr.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
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+
+    .footnotes        {border: dashed 1px;}
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Records of the Fossil Mammal Sinclairella,
+Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan, by William A. Clemens
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
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+
+
+Title: Records of the Fossil Mammal Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+Author: William A. Clemens
+
+Release Date: October 20, 2009 [EBook #30297]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOSSIL MAMMAL SINCLAIRELLA ***
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+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
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+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span><br />
+<br />
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.<br />
+March 2, 1964</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<h1>Records of the Fossil Mammal<br />
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,<br />
+From the Chadronian and Orellan<br /></h1>
+
+<p class="title"><small>BY</small><br /><br />
+
+<big>WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.</big><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p class="title"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br />
+
+<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br />
+
+1964</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br />
+<br />
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br />
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.<br />
+Published March 2, 1964<br />
+<br />
+
+<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br />
+Lawrence, Kansas<br />
+<br />
+<small>PRINTED BY</small><br />
+
+<small>HARRY (BUD) TIMBERLAKE, STATE PRINTER</small><br />
+
+<small>TOPEKA, KANSAS</small><br />
+
+<small>1964</small><br />
+<br />
+<small>29-8587</small><br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[Pg 485]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>Records of the Fossil Mammal<br />
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,<br />
+From the Chadronian and Orellan<br />
+</h2>
+
+<p class="title"><small>BY</small><br />
+
+WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>Introduction</h3>
+
+
+<p>The family Apatemyidae has a long geochronological range in
+North America, beginning in the Torrejonian land-mammal age, but
+is represented by a relatively small number of fossils found at a few
+localities. Two fossils of Orellan age, found in northeastern Colorado
+and described here, demonstrate that the geochronological
+range of the Apatemyidae extends into the Middle Oligocene. Isolated
+teeth of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i> Jepsen, part of a sample of a
+Chadronian local fauna collected by field parties from the Webb
+School of California, are also described.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>I thank Mr. Raymond M. Alf, Webb School of California, Claremont,
+California, and Dr. Peter Robinson, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder,
+Colorado, for permitting me to describe the fossils they discovered. Also Dr.
+Robinson made available the draft of a short paper he had prepared on the
+tooth found in Weld County, Colorado; his work was facilitated by a grant
+from the University of Colorado Council on Research and Creative Work. I
+also gratefully acknowledge receipt of critical data and valuable comments
+from Drs. Edwin C. Galbreath, Glenn L. Jepsen, and Malcolm C. McKenna
+who is currently revising the Paleocene apatemyids and studying the phylogenetic
+relationships of the family. The prefixes of catalogue numbers used
+in the text identify fossils in the collections of the following institutions: KU,
+Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence; Princeton,
+Princeton Museum, Princeton, New Jersey; RAM-UCR, Raymond Alf Museum,
+Webb School of California, Claremont, California (the permanent repository
+for these specimens will be the University of California, Riverside); and UCM,
+University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado. The system of notations
+for teeth prescribed for use here is as follows: teeth in the upper half of the
+dentition are designated by a capital letter and a number; thus M2 is the notation
+for the upper second molar; teeth in the lower half of the dentition are
+designated by a lower-case letter and a number; thus p2 is the notation for the
+lower second premolar.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span></p>
+<h3>Family <span class="smcap">Apatemyidae</span> Matthew, 1909<br />
+
+Genus <b>Sinclairella</b> Jepsen, 1934<br />
+
+<b>Sinclairella dakotensis</b> Jepsen, 1934<br /></h3>
+
+
+<p>The type of the species, Princeton no. 13585, was discovered in
+Chadronian strata of the upper part of the Chadron Formation
+cropping out in Big Corral Draw, approximately 13 miles south-southwest
+of Scenic, in southwestern South Dakota (Jepsen, 1934,
+p. 291). Detailed descriptions of the type specimen are given in
+papers by Jepsen (1934) and Scott and Jepsen (1936). Isolated
+teeth of Chadronian age referable to <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i> have
+been discovered subsequently at a locality in Nebraska and fossils
+of Orellan age, also referable to <i>S. dakotensis</i>, have been collected
+at two localities in Colorado. The sample from each locality is
+described separately.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Sioux County, northwestern Nebraska</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Material.</i>&mdash;RAM-UCR nos. 381, left M1; 598, left m2; 1000, right m1; 1001,
+right m2; 1079, right m2; 1674, right M2; and 3013, left m2.</p>
+
+<p><i>Locality and stratigraphy.</i>&mdash;These Chadronian fossils were discovered by
+Raymond Alf and members of his field parties in several harvester ant mounds
+built in exposures of the Chadron Formation in Sec. 26, T 33 N, R 53 W, Sioux
+County, Nebraska (Alf, 1962, and Hough and Alf, 1958). This is UCR
+locality V5403. The collectors carefully considered the possibility that some
+of the fossils found in the ant mounds were collected from younger strata by
+the harvester ants and concluded this was unlikely (Alf, personal communication).</p>
+
+<p><i>Description and comments.</i>&mdash;The cusps of RAM-UCR no. 381, a left M1,
+are sharp and the wear-facets resulting from occlusion with the lower dentition
+are small. The paraconule is a low, ill-defined cusp on the anterior margin
+of the crown; a metaconule is not present. A smooth stylar shelf is present
+labial to the metacone. The crown was supported by three roots. There are
+no interradicular crests.</p>
+
+<p>The crown of RAM-UCR no. 1674, a right M2, is heavily abraded and
+many morphological details of the cusps have been destroyed. Low interradicular
+crests linked the three roots of the tooth with a low, central prominence.
+As was the case with RAM-UCR no. 381, no significant differences
+could be found in comparisons with illustrations of the teeth preserved in
+Princeton no. 13585.</p>
+
+<p>RAM-UCR nos. 598, 1001, 1079, and 3013 all appear to be m2's. The
+talonids of these teeth are not elongated, their trigonids have quadrilateral outlines,
+and the paraconids are small but prominent, bladelike cusps. The trigonid
+of RAM-UCR 1000 is elongated and the paraconid is a minute cusp; the
+tooth closely resembles the m1 of the type of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i>.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</a></span></p>
+<h3>Logan County, northeastern Colorado</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Material.</i>&mdash;KU no. 11210 (fig. 1), a fragment of a left maxillary containing
+P4 and M1-2.</p>
+
+<p><i>Locality and stratigraphy.</i>&mdash;The fossil was found in the center of the W-1/2,
+Sec. 21, T 11 N, R 53 W, Logan County, Colorado, " ... in the bed below
+<i>Agnotocastor</i> bed, Cedar Creek Member...." (Ronald H. Pine, 1958,
+field notes on file at the University of Kansas). The bed so defined is part of
+unit 3 in the lower division of the Cedar Creek Member, as subdivided by
+Galbreath (1953:25) in stratigraphic section XII. The fauna obtained from
+unit 3 is of Orellan age.</p></div>
+
+<p class="figcenter" style="width: 545px;">
+<img src="images/image005.png" width="545" height="600" alt="Fig. 1. Sinclairella dakotensis Jepsen, KU no. 11210, fragment of left maxillary
+with P4 and M1-2; Orellan, Logan County, Colorado; drawings by Mrs. Judith
+Hood: a, labial view; b, occlusal view; both approximately × 9." title="Fig. 1. Sinclairella dakotensis Jepsen, KU no. 11210, fragment of left maxillary" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Sinclairella dakotensis Jepsen, KU no. 11210, fragment of left maxillary
+with P4 and M1-2; Orellan, Logan County, Colorado; drawings by Mrs. Judith
+Hood: a, labial view; b, occlusal view; both approximately × 9.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Description and comments.</i>&mdash;P4 of KU no. 11210 has a large posterolingual
+cusp separated from the main cusp by a distinct groove, which deepens posteriorly.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</a></span>
+The posterolingual cusp is supported by the broad posterior root. P4
+of the type specimen of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i> is described (Jepsen, 1934, p.
+392) as having an oval outline at the base of the crown, and a small, posterolingual
+cusp. A chip of enamel is missing from the posterior slope of the main
+cusp of the P4 of KU no. 11210. The anterior slope of the main cusp is
+flattened, possibly the result of wear, and there is no evidence of a groove like
+that present on the P4 of the type specimen.</p>
+
+<p>Only a few differences were found between the molars preserved in KU no.
+11210 and their counterparts in the type specimen. A stylar shelf is present
+labial to the metacone of M1 of KU no. 11210, but, unlike the type, its surface
+is smooth and there is no evidence of cusps. Of the three small stylar
+cusps on the stylar shelf of M2 the smallest is in the position of a mesostyle.
+The M2 lacks a chip of enamel from the lingual surface of the hypocone. Unlike
+the M2 of Princeton no. 13585, in occlusal view the posterior margin of the
+M2 of KU no. 11210 is convex posterior to the metacone. The anterior edge
+of the base of the zygomatic arch of KU no. 11210 was dorsal to M2. The
+shallow oval depression in the maxillary dorsal to M1 might be the result of
+post-mortem distortion.</p>
+
+<p>The molars preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts in the type
+specimen do not appear to be significantly different in size (table 1) or morphology
+of the cusps. The only difference between the two specimens that
+might be of classificatory significance is the difference in size of the posterolingual
+cusp of P4. At present the range of intraspecific variation in the morphology
+of P4 has not been documented for any species of apatemyid. The
+evolutionary trend or trends of the apatemyids (McKenna, 1960, p. 48) for
+progressive reduction of function of p4 probably were paralleled by similar
+trends in the evolution of the P4. If so, the intraspecific variation in the morphology
+of P4 could be expected to be somewhat greater than that of the upper
+molars, for example. The morphological difference between the P4's of the
+type of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i> and KU no. 11210 is not extreme and does not
+exceed the range of intraspecific variation that could be expected for this element
+of the dentition. The close resemblances in
+size and morphology between the M1-2 of Princeton
+no. 13585 and KU no. 11210 also favor identification
+of the latter as part of a member of an
+Orellan population of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>Weld County, northeastern Colorado</h3>
+
+<p class="figleft" style="width: 342px;">
+<img src="images/image006.png" width="342" height="375" alt="Fig. 2. Sinclairella dakotensis
+Jepsen, UCM no. 21073, right M2; Orellan, Weld County, Colorado;
+drawing by Mrs. Judith Hood: occlusal view, approximately × 9." title="Fig. 2. Sinclairella dakotensis
+Jepsen, UCM no. 21073, right M2" />
+<span class="caption">Fig. 2. Sinclairella dakotensis
+Jepsen, UCM no. 21073, right M2; Orellan, Weld County, Colorado;
+drawing by Mrs. Judith Hood: occlusal view, approximately × 9.</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Material.</i>&mdash;UCM no. 20173 (fig. 2), is a right M2.</p>
+
+<p><i>Locality and stratigraphy.</i>&mdash;The tooth was discovered
+at the Mellinger locality, Sec. 17, T 11
+N, R 65 W, Weld County, Colorado. The Mellinger
+locality is in the Cedar Creek Member,
+White River Formation, and its fauna is considered
+to be of Orellan age (Patterson and McGrew,
+1937, and Galbreath, 1953).</p>
+
+<p><i>Description and comments.</i>&mdash;UCM no. 21073,
+which is more heavily abraded than KU no. 11210,
+shows no evidence of a stylar cusp either anterolabial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</a></span>
+to the metacone or in the position of a mesostyle. A small stylar cusp
+is present anterolabial to the paracone. A notch that appears to have been cut
+through the enamel of the posterolabial corner of the crown could have received
+the parastylar apex of M3. A similar notch is not present on the M2 of KU no.
+11210 nor indicated in the illustrations of the M2 of Princeton no. 13585. The
+coronal dimensions of UCM no. 21073 (table 1) do not appear to differ significantly
+from those of the M2's of KU no. 11210 and the type specimen of
+<i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i>.</p></div>
+
+
+<h3>Comments</h3>
+
+<p>With the discovery of Orellan apatemyids the geochronological
+range of the family in North America is shown to extend from the
+Torrejonian through the Orellan land-mammal ages. The discoveries
+reported here enlarge the Oligocene record of apatemyids
+to include not only the type specimen of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i>, a
+skull and associated mandible from South Dakota, but also seven
+isolated teeth, representing at least two individuals, from a Chadronian
+fossil locality in Nebraska and one specimen from each of
+two Orellan fossil localities in northeastern Colorado. Simpson
+(1944:73, and 1953:127) presented tabulations of the published records
+of American apatemyids and suggested the data indicated the
+populations of these mammals were of small size throughout the
+history of the family. The few pre-Oligocene occurrences of apatemyids
+described subsequently (note McKenna, 1960, figs. 3-10,
+and p. 48) and occurrences described here tend to reinforce Simpson's
+interpretation. This interpretation may have to be modified
+to some degree, however, when current studies of collections of pre-Oligocene
+apatemyids are completed (McKenna, personal communication).</p>
+
+<p>Although information concerning the evolutionary trends of American
+apatemyids has been published, no data on the morphological
+variation in a population are available in the literature. An adequate
+basis for evaluating the significance of the morphological differences
+between the P4's of Princeton no. 13585 and KU no. 12110 coupled
+with the similarities of their M1-2's is lacking. In the evolution of
+American apatemyids the P4 underwent reduction in size and, apparently,
+curtailment of function. This history suggests the range
+of morphological variation of P4 in populations of <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i>
+could be expected to be greater than that of the molars
+and encompass the morphological differences between the P4's of
+Princeton no. 13585 and KU no. 12110. The difference in age of
+the Chadronian and Orellan fossils does not constitute proof that
+they pertain to different species. Although the identification is admittedly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">[Pg 490]</a></span>
+provisional until more fossils including other parts of the
+skeleton are discovered, the Orellan fossils described here are referred
+to <i>Sinclairella dakotensis</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Table 1.&mdash;Measurements (in millimeters) of Teeth of Sinclairella<br />
+dakotensis Jepsen.</span><br /><br />
+
+<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="teeth">
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><th colspan="2">P4</th><th colspan="2">M1</th><th colspan="2">M2</th></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">length</td><td align="center">width</td><td align="center">length<a name="FNanchor_1_2" id="FNanchor_1_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></td><td align="center">width<a name="FNanchor_1_3" id="FNanchor_1_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></td><td align="center">length<a name="FNanchor_1_4" id="FNanchor_1_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></td><td align="center">width<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">Princeton no. 13585<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></td><td align="center"> 2.1</td><td align="center"> 1.1</td><td align="center"> 4.0</td><td align="center"> 3.7</td><td align="center"> 3.4</td><td align="center"> 4.7</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">RAM no. 381</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 4.1</td><td align="center"> 3.5</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">RAM no. 1674</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 3.4</td><td align="center"> 4.2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">KU no. 11210</td><td align="center"> 2.4</td><td align="center"> 1.6</td><td align="center"> 3.9</td><td align="center"> 3.5</td><td align="center"> 3.8</td><td align="center"> 4.1+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left">UCM no. 21073</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 3.6</td><td align="center"> 4.1</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" rowspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td colspan="2">m1</td><td colspan="2">m2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>length</td><td>width</td><td>length</td><td>width</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="left">Princeton no. 13585<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></td><td align="center"> 3.5</td><td align="center"> 2.4</td><td align="center"> 3.7</td><td align="center"> 2.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="left">RAM no. 1000</td><td align="center"> 3.5</td><td align="center"> 2.2</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="center">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="left">RAM no. 598</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 3.8</td><td align="center"> 2.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="left">RAM no. 1001</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 3.6+</td><td align="center"> 2.6</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="left">RAM no. 1079</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 4.0</td><td align="center"> 2.8</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3" align="left">RAM no. 3013</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"> 3.6</td><td align="center"> 2.8</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Length defined as maximum dimension of the labial half of the crown measured
+parallel to a line drawn through the apices of paracone and metacone. Width defined as
+maximum coronal dimension measured along line perpendicular to line defined by apices of
+paracone and metacone.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Dimensions provided by Dr. Glenn L. Jepsen.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Dimensions taken from Jepsen (1934:300).</p></div>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">[Pg 491]</a></span></p><hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>Literature Cited</h2>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Alf, R.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1962. A new species of the rodent <i>Pipestoneomys</i> from the Oligocene of
+Nebraska. Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., no. 172, pp. 1-7, 3 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Galbreath, E. C.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1953. A contribution to the Tertiary geology and paleontology of northeastern
+Colorado. Univ. Kansas Paleont. Cont., Vertebrata, art. 4,
+pp. 1-120, 2 pls., 26 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hough, J.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Alf, R.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1958. A Chadron mammalian fauna from Nebraska. Journ. Paleon. 30:
+132-140, 4 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jepsen, G. L.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1934. A revision of the American Apatemyidae and the description of a
+new genus, <i>Sinclairella</i>, from the White River Oligocene of South
+Dakota. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 74:287-305, 3 pls., 4 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">McKenna, M. C.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1960. Fossil Mammalia from the early Wasatchian Four Mile fauna,
+Eocene of northwest Colorado. Univ. California Publ. in Geol.
+Sci., 37:1-130, 64 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Matthew, W. D.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1909. The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle
+Eocene. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:289-567, pls. 42-52, 118
+figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Patterson, B.</span> and <span class="smcap">McGrew, P. O.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1937. A soricid and two erinaceids from the White River Oligocene. Geol.
+Ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:245-272, figs. 60-74.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Scott, W. B.</span> and <span class="smcap">Jepsen, G. L.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1936. The mammalian fauna of the White River Oligocene&mdash;Part I. Insectivora
+and Carnivora. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s., 28:1-153,
+22 pls., 7 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Simpson, G. G.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1944. Tempo and mode in evolution. New York: Columbia Univ. Press,
+xviii + 237 pp., 36 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="i4">1953. The major features of evolution. New York: Columbia Univ.
+Press, xx + 434 pp., 52 figs.</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Transmitted June 24, 1963.</i></p></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan, by William A. Clemens
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Records of the Fossil Mammal Sinclairella,
+Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan, by William A. Clemens
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Records of the Fossil Mammal Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+Author: William A. Clemens
+
+Release Date: October 20, 2009 [EBook #30297]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOSSIL MAMMAL SINCLAIRELLA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
+
+MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.
+March 2, 1964
+
+
+Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,
+From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+LAWRENCE
+1964
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
+Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.
+
+Volume 14, No. 17, pp. 483-491, 2 figs.
+Published March 2, 1964
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+PRINTED BY
+HARRY (BUD) TIMBERLAKE, STATE PRINTER
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+
+1964
+
+
+29-8587
+
+
+
+
+Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae,
+From the Chadronian and Orellan
+
+BY
+
+WILLIAM A. CLEMENS, JR.
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+The family Apatemyidae has a long geochronological range in North
+America, beginning in the Torrejonian land-mammal age, but is
+represented by a relatively small number of fossils found at a few
+localities. Two fossils of Orellan age, found in northeastern Colorado
+and described here, demonstrate that the geochronological range of the
+Apatemyidae extends into the Middle Oligocene. Isolated teeth of
+_Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, part of a sample of a Chadronian
+local fauna collected by field parties from the Webb School of
+California, are also described.
+
+     I thank Mr. Raymond M. Alf, Webb School of California,
+     Claremont, California, and Dr. Peter Robinson, University of
+     Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado, for permitting me to
+     describe the fossils they discovered. Also Dr. Robinson made
+     available the draft of a short paper he had prepared on the
+     tooth found in Weld County, Colorado; his work was
+     facilitated by a grant from the University of Colorado
+     Council on Research and Creative Work. I also gratefully
+     acknowledge receipt of critical data and valuable comments
+     from Drs. Edwin C. Galbreath, Glenn L. Jepsen, and Malcolm
+     C. McKenna who is currently revising the Paleocene
+     apatemyids and studying the phylogenetic relationships of
+     the family. The prefixes of catalogue numbers used in the
+     text identify fossils in the collections of the following
+     institutions: KU, Museum of Natural History, The University
+     of Kansas, Lawrence; Princeton, Princeton Museum, Princeton,
+     New Jersey; RAM-UCR, Raymond Alf Museum, Webb School of
+     California, Claremont, California (the permanent repository
+     for these specimens will be the University of California,
+     Riverside); and UCM, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder,
+     Colorado. The system of notations for teeth prescribed for
+     use here is as follows: teeth in the upper half of the
+     dentition are designated by a capital letter and a number;
+     thus M2 is the notation for the upper second molar; teeth in
+     the lower half of the dentition are designated by a
+     lower-case letter and a number; thus p2 is the notation for
+     the lower second premolar.
+
+
+
+
+Family APATEMYIDAE Matthew, 1909
+
+Genus =Sinclairella= Jepsen, 1934
+
+=Sinclairella dakotensis= Jepsen, 1934
+
+
+The type of the species, Princeton no. 13585, was discovered in
+Chadronian strata of the upper part of the Chadron Formation cropping
+out in Big Corral Draw, approximately 13 miles south-southwest of
+Scenic, in southwestern South Dakota (Jepsen, 1934, p. 291). Detailed
+descriptions of the type specimen are given in papers by Jepsen (1934)
+and Scott and Jepsen (1936). Isolated teeth of Chadronian age referable
+to _Sinclairella dakotensis_ have been discovered subsequently at a
+locality in Nebraska and fossils of Orellan age, also referable to _S.
+dakotensis_, have been collected at two localities in Colorado. The
+sample from each locality is described separately.
+
+
+Sioux County, northwestern Nebraska
+
+     _Material._--RAM-UCR nos. 381, left M1; 598, left m2; 1000,
+     right m1; 1001, right m2; 1079, right m2; 1674, right M2;
+     and 3013, left m2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--These Chadronian fossils were
+     discovered by Raymond Alf and members of his field parties
+     in several harvester ant mounds built in exposures of the
+     Chadron Formation in Sec. 26, T 33 N, R 53 W, Sioux County,
+     Nebraska (Alf, 1962, and Hough and Alf, 1958). This is UCR
+     locality V5403. The collectors carefully considered the
+     possibility that some of the fossils found in the ant mounds
+     were collected from younger strata by the harvester ants and
+     concluded this was unlikely (Alf, personal communication).
+
+     _Description and comments._--The cusps of RAM-UCR no. 381, a
+     left M1, are sharp and the wear-facets resulting from
+     occlusion with the lower dentition are small. The paraconule
+     is a low, ill-defined cusp on the anterior margin of the
+     crown; a metaconule is not present. A smooth stylar shelf is
+     present labial to the metacone. The crown was supported by
+     three roots. There are no interradicular crests.
+
+     The crown of RAM-UCR no. 1674, a right M2, is heavily
+     abraded and many morphological details of the cusps have
+     been destroyed. Low interradicular crests linked the three
+     roots of the tooth with a low, central prominence. As was
+     the case with RAM-UCR no. 381, no significant differences
+     could be found in comparisons with illustrations of the
+     teeth preserved in Princeton no. 13585.
+
+     RAM-UCR nos. 598, 1001, 1079, and 3013 all appear to be
+     m2's. The talonids of these teeth are not elongated, their
+     trigonids have quadrilateral outlines, and the paraconids
+     are small but prominent, bladelike cusps. The trigonid of
+     RAM-UCR 1000 is elongated and the paraconid is a minute
+     cusp; the tooth closely resembles the m1 of the type of
+     _Sinclairella dakotensis_.
+
+
+Logan County, northeastern Colorado
+
+     _Material._--KU no. 11210 (fig. 1), a fragment of a left
+     maxillary containing P4 and M1-2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--The fossil was found in the
+     center of the W-1/2, Sec. 21, T 11 N, R 53 W, Logan County,
+     Colorado, "... in the bed below _Agnotocastor_ bed, Cedar
+     Creek Member...." (Ronald H. Pine, 1958, field notes on file
+     at the University of Kansas). The bed so defined is part of
+     unit 3 in the lower division of the Cedar Creek Member, as
+     subdivided by Galbreath (1953:25) in stratigraphic section
+     XII. The fauna obtained from unit 3 is of Orellan age.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, KU no. 11210,
+fragment of left maxillary with P4 and M1-2; Orellan, Logan County,
+Colorado; drawings by Mrs. Judith Hood: a, labial view; b, occlusal
+view; both approximately x 9.]
+
+     _Description and comments._--P4 of KU no. 11210 has a large
+     posterolingual cusp separated from the main cusp by a
+     distinct groove, which deepens posteriorly. The
+     posterolingual cusp is supported by the broad posterior
+     root. P4 of the type specimen of _Sinclairella dakotensis_
+     is described (Jepsen, 1934, p. 392) as having an oval
+     outline at the base of the crown, and a small,
+     posterolingual cusp. A chip of enamel is missing from the
+     posterior slope of the main cusp of the P4 of KU no. 11210.
+     The anterior slope of the main cusp is flattened, possibly
+     the result of wear, and there is no evidence of a groove
+     like that present on the P4 of the type specimen.
+
+     Only a few differences were found between the molars
+     preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts in the type
+     specimen. A stylar shelf is present labial to the metacone
+     of M1 of KU no. 11210, but, unlike the type, its surface is
+     smooth and there is no evidence of cusps. Of the three small
+     stylar cusps on the stylar shelf of M2 the smallest is in
+     the position of a mesostyle. The M2 lacks a chip of enamel
+     from the lingual surface of the hypocone. Unlike the M2 of
+     Princeton no. 13585, in occlusal view the posterior margin
+     of the M2 of KU no. 11210 is convex posterior to the
+     metacone. The anterior edge of the base of the zygomatic
+     arch of KU no. 11210 was dorsal to M2. The shallow oval
+     depression in the maxillary dorsal to M1 might be the result
+     of post-mortem distortion.
+
+     The molars preserved in KU no. 11210 and their counterparts
+     in the type specimen do not appear to be significantly
+     different in size (table 1) or morphology of the cusps. The
+     only difference between the two specimens that might be of
+     classificatory significance is the difference in size of the
+     posterolingual cusp of P4. At present the range of
+     intraspecific variation in the morphology of P4 has not been
+     documented for any species of apatemyid. The evolutionary
+     trend or trends of the apatemyids (McKenna, 1960, p. 48) for
+     progressive reduction of function of p4 probably were
+     paralleled by similar trends in the evolution of the P4. If
+     so, the intraspecific variation in the morphology of P4
+     could be expected to be somewhat greater than that of the
+     upper molars, for example. The morphological difference
+     between the P4's of the type of _Sinclairella dakotensis_
+     and KU no. 11210 is not extreme and does not exceed the
+     range of intraspecific variation that could be expected for
+     this element of the dentition. The close resemblances in
+     size and morphology between the M1-2 of Princeton no. 13585
+     and KU no. 11210 also favor identification of the latter as
+     part of a member of an Orellan population of _Sinclairella
+     dakotensis_.
+
+
+Weld County, northeastern Colorado
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. _Sinclairella dakotensis_ Jepsen, UCM no. 21073,
+right M2; Orellan, Weld County, Colorado; drawing by Mrs. Judith Hood:
+occlusal view, approximately x 9.]
+
+     _Material._--UCM no. 20173 (fig. 2), is a right M2.
+
+     _Locality and stratigraphy._--The tooth was discovered at
+     the Mellinger locality, Sec. 17, T 11 N, R 65 W, Weld
+     County, Colorado. The Mellinger locality is in the Cedar
+     Creek Member, White River Formation, and its fauna is
+     considered to be of Orellan age (Patterson and McGrew, 1937,
+     and Galbreath, 1953).
+
+     _Description and comments._--UCM no. 21073, which is more
+     heavily abraded than KU no. 11210, shows no evidence of a
+     stylar cusp either anterolabial to the metacone or in the
+     position of a mesostyle. A small stylar cusp is present
+     anterolabial to the paracone. A notch that appears to have
+     been cut through the enamel of the posterolabial corner of
+     the crown could have received the parastylar apex of M3. A
+     similar notch is not present on the M2 of KU no. 11210 nor
+     indicated in the illustrations of the M2 of Princeton no.
+     13585. The coronal dimensions of UCM no. 21073 (table 1) do
+     not appear to differ significantly from those of the M2's of
+     KU no. 11210 and the type specimen of _Sinclairella
+     dakotensis_.
+
+
+Comments
+
+With the discovery of Orellan apatemyids the geochronological range of
+the family in North America is shown to extend from the Torrejonian
+through the Orellan land-mammal ages. The discoveries reported here
+enlarge the Oligocene record of apatemyids to include not only the type
+specimen of _Sinclairella dakotensis_, a skull and associated mandible
+from South Dakota, but also seven isolated teeth, representing at least
+two individuals, from a Chadronian fossil locality in Nebraska and one
+specimen from each of two Orellan fossil localities in northeastern
+Colorado. Simpson (1944:73, and 1953:127) presented tabulations of the
+published records of American apatemyids and suggested the data
+indicated the populations of these mammals were of small size
+throughout the history of the family. The few pre-Oligocene occurrences
+of apatemyids described subsequently (note McKenna, 1960, figs. 3-10,
+and p. 48) and occurrences described here tend to reinforce Simpson's
+interpretation. This interpretation may have to be modified to some
+degree, however, when current studies of collections of pre-Oligocene
+apatemyids are completed (McKenna, personal communication).
+
+Although information concerning the evolutionary trends of American
+apatemyids has been published, no data on the morphological variation
+in a population are available in the literature. An adequate basis for
+evaluating the significance of the morphological differences between
+the P4's of Princeton no. 13585 and KU no. 12110 coupled with the
+similarities of their M1-2's is lacking. In the evolution of American
+apatemyids the P4 underwent reduction in size and, apparently,
+curtailment of function. This history suggests the range of
+morphological variation of P4 in populations of _Sinclairella
+dakotensis_ could be expected to be greater than that of the molars and
+encompass the morphological differences between the P4's of Princeton
+no. 13585 and KU no. 12110. The difference in age of the Chadronian and
+Orellan fossils does not constitute proof that they pertain to
+different species. Although the identification is admittedly
+provisional until more fossils including other parts of the skeleton
+are discovered, the Orellan fossils described here are referred to
+_Sinclairella dakotensis_.
+
+
+TABLE 1.--MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF TEETH OF SINCLAIRELLA
+DAKOTENSIS JEPSEN.
+
+==========================================================================
+                       |     P4     |        M1        |        M2
+-----------------------+------------+------------------+------------------
+                       |length|width|length[1]|width[1]|length[1]|width[1]
+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+--------+---------+--------
+Princeton no. 13585[2] | 2.1  | 1.1 |   4.0   |  3.7   |   3.4   |  4.7
+RAM no. 381            |      |     |   4.1   |  3.5   |         |
+RAM no. 1674           |      |     |         |        |   3.4   |  4.2
+KU no. 11210           | 2.4  | 1.6 |   3.9   |  3.5   |   3.8   |  4.1+
+UCM no. 21073          |      |     |         |        |   3.6   |  4.1
+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+--------+---------+--------
+                                    |       m1         |        m2
+                                    +---------+--------+---------+--------
+                                    |  length |  width |  length | width
+                                    +---------+--------+---------+--------
+Princeton no. 13585[3]              |    3.5  |   2.4  |    3.7  |  2.8
+RAM no. 1000                        |    3.5  |   2.2  |         |
+RAM no. 598                         |         |        |    3.8  |  2.6
+RAM no. 1001                        |         |        |    3.6+ |  2.6
+RAM no. 1079                        |         |        |    4.0  |  2.8
+RAM no. 3013                        |         |        |    3.6  |  2.8
+------------------------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------
+
+[Footnote 1: Length defined as maximum dimension of the labial half of
+the crown measured parallel to a line drawn through the apices of
+paracone and metacone. Width defined as maximum coronal dimension
+measured along line perpendicular to line defined by apices of paracone
+and metacone.]
+
+[Footnote 2: Dimensions provided by Dr. Glenn L. Jepsen.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Dimensions taken from Jepsen (1934:300).]
+
+
+
+
+Literature Cited
+
+ALF, R.
+    1962. A new species of the rodent _Pipestoneomys_ from the
+          Oligocene of Nebraska. Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool., no. 172,
+          pp. 1-7, 3 figs.
+
+GALBREATH, E. C.
+    1953. A contribution to the Tertiary geology and paleontology
+          of northeastern Colorado. Univ. Kansas Paleont. Cont.,
+          Vertebrata, art. 4, pp. 1-120, 2 pls., 26 figs.
+
+HOUGH, J., and ALF, R.
+    1958. A Chadron mammalian fauna from Nebraska. Journ. Paleon.
+          30:132-140, 4 figs.
+
+JEPSEN, G. L.
+    1934. A revision of the American Apatemyidae and the description
+          of a new genus, _Sinclairella_, from the White River
+          Oligocene of South Dakota. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc.,
+          74:287-305, 3 pls., 4 figs.
+
+MCKENNA, M. C.
+    1960. Fossil Mammalia from the early Wasatchian Four Mile fauna,
+          Eocene of northwest Colorado. Univ. California Publ. in
+          Geol. Sci., 37:1-130, 64 figs.
+
+MATTHEW, W. D.
+    1909. The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle
+          Eocene. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9:289-567, pls. 42-52,
+          118 figs.
+
+PATTERSON, B. and MCGREW, P. O.
+    1937. A soricid and two erinaceids from the White River Oligocene.
+          Geol. Ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:245-272, figs. 60-74.
+
+SCOTT, W. B. and JEPSEN, G. L.
+    1936. The mammalian fauna of the White River Oligocene--Part I.
+          Insectivora and Carnivora. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s.,
+          28:1-153, 22 pls., 7 figs.
+
+SIMPSON, G. G.
+    1944. Tempo and mode in evolution. New York: Columbia Univ. Press,
+          xviii + 237 pp., 36 figs.
+
+    1953. The major features of evolution. New York: Columbia Univ.
+          Press, xx + 434 pp., 52 figs.
+
+_Transmitted June 24, 1963._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Records of the Fossil Mammal
+Sinclairella, Family Apatemyidae, From the Chadronian and Orellan, by William A. Clemens
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