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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/30260-0.txt b/30260-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6255d6d --- /dev/null +++ b/30260-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30260 *** + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 14, No. 10, pp. 135-138, 2 figs. + +April 30, 1962 + + +A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, +From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + +LAWRENCE + +1962 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, +Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. + + +Volume 14, No. 10, pp. 135-138, 2 figs. +Published April 30, 1962 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED BY + +JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER + +TOPEKA, KANSAS + +1962 + +29-2890 + + + + +A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, +From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST + + +A study of a right maxilla bearing P3-M1 and part of a right mandibular +ramus bearing m2 (see figures) reveals the existence of an unnamed +species of cynarctine carnivore. It may be known as: + +=Cynarctus fortidens= new species + + _Holotype._--Right maxilla bearing P3, P4, and M1, No. 11353 + KU; bluff on west side of Turkey Creek, approximately 75 + feet above stream, Raymond Farr Ranch, Center NE, NE, S. 48 + Blk. C-3, E. L. and R. R. Ry. Co., Donley County, Texas + [approximately 6.5 miles north and 1 mile east of + Clarendon], Clarendon fauna, Early Pliocene age. Obtained by + W. W. Dalquest, on June 25, 1960. + + _Referred material._--Fragment of right lower mandible + bearing m2, No. 11354 KU (see fig. 2), found about two feet + horizontally distant from the holotype in the same stratum + as the holotype and on the same date by the same collector + (a staff member of the Department of Biology of Midwestern + University, Wichita Falls, Texas). + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. _Cynarctus fortidens_, No. 11353 KU (Midwestern +Univ. No. 2044). Lateral view of holotype × 1, and occlusal view of +check-teeth × 2.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. _Cynarctus fortidens_, No. 11354 KU (Midwestern +Univ. No. 2045). Lateral view of right lower mandible and m2 × 1 and +oblique occlusal view of m2 × 2.] + + _Diagnosis._--Size large (see measurements); no accessory + cusp between protocone and paracone of fourth upper + premolar; first upper molar longer than broad and lacking + cingulum on part of tooth lingual to protocone. + + _Comparisons._--From _Cynarctus crucidens_ Barbour and Cook + (see page 225 of Two New Fossil Dogs of the Genus Cynarctus + from Nebraska. Nebraska Geol. Surv., 4(pt. 15):223-227, + 1914; also pages 330 and 338 of Dental Morphologie of the + Procyonidae with a Description of Cynarctoides, Gen. Nov. + Geol. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:323-339, 10 figs., + October 31, 1938) _C. fortidens_ differs in lacking, instead + of having, an accessory cusp between the protocone and + paracone of the fourth upper premolar and in lacking, + instead of having, a cingulum on the part of P4 that is + internal (lingual) to the protocone. + + _Remarks._--The lower jaw and its second molar seem to be + from an individual significantly larger than the holotype. + Possibly the lower jaw and upper jaw are from two species but + the lower jaw probably is from a male and the upper jaw from + a female of the same species. + + Reasons for regarding _Cynarctus_ as belonging to the family + Canidae instead of to the family Procyonidae have been stated + recently in detail by E. C. Galbreath (Remarks on + _Cynarctoides acridens_ from the Miocene of Colorado. Trans. + Kansas Acad. Sci., 59(3):373-378, 1 fig., October 31, 1956) + and need not be repeated here. Although some uncertainty + remains as to the familial position of _Cynarctus_, we favor + Galbreath's view that the genus belongs in the family + Canidae. + + The holotype of _Cynarctus crucidens_ is from Williams + Canyon, Brown County, Nebraska. According to C. B. Schultz + (_in litt._, December 6, 1961), Williams Canyon is a + tributary of Plumb Creek; the upper part of the Valentine + formation and the younger lower part of the Ash Hollow + formation are exposed in Williams Canyon; which one of these + formations yielded the holotype of _C. crucidens_ is unknown. + + On the basis of the correlation chart (Pl. 1 in Nomenclature + and Correlation of the North American Continental Tertiary. + Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 52(pt. 1):1-48, 1941) by H. E. Wood + 2nd _et al._, _C. fortidens_ and _C. crucidens_ are + equivalent in age or _C. fortidens_ is the younger. + + The rounded summits of the principal cusps of the teeth of + _C. fortidens_ suggests that it was mainly frugivorous + instead of carnivorous--more frugivorous by far than the + living gray fox, _Urocyon cinereoargenteus_, that is known to + eat substantial amounts of fruits and berries. Indeed, no + other canid that we know of has teeth so much adapted to a + frugivorous diet as are those of _C. fortidens_. Its degree + of adaptation to a frugivorous diet is more than in the + procyonid genus _Nasua_ but less than in the procyonid genus + _Bassaricyon_. + + _Measurements_ (of crowns) of _C. fortidens_.--P3-M1, length, + 25.8 (millimeters); P4-M1, 18.9; P3, length, 6.2; P3, + breadth, 2.8; P4, length of outer border, 9.3; P4, breadth, + 7.05; M1, length, 9.7; M1, breadth, 9.3; m2, length, 10.3; + m2, breadth, 6.6; depth of mandible at posterior end of m2, + 17; thickness of mandible, 7.1. + + +_Transmitted February 21, 1962._ + + +29-2890 + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus +Cynarctus, From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas, by E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30260 *** diff --git a/30260-h/30260-h.htm b/30260-h/30260-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..edfb0de --- /dev/null +++ b/30260-h/30260-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, +From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas, by E. Raymond Hall And Walter W. Dalquest. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1 { text-align: center; line-height: 1.5; clear: both; } + + h2,h3 { text-align: center; clear: both; } + + p.title { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 3em; } + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30260 ***</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="title"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span><br /> + +<span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Volume 14, No. 10, pp. 135-138, 2 figs.<br /> + +April 30, 1962</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h1>A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus,<br /> +From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas<br /></h1> + +<p class="title"><small>BY</small><br /><br /> + +<big>E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST</big><br /><br /></p> + + +<p class="title"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> + +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br /> + +1962</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br /> +Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Volume 14, No. 10, pp. 135-138, 2 figs.<br /> +Published April 30, 1962<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /> +<br /> +<small>PRINTED BY</small><br /> + +<small>JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER</small><br /> + +<small>TOPEKA, KANSAS</small><br /> + +<small>1962</small><br /> + +<small>29-2890</small><br /> +</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2> +A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus,<br /> +From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas<br /> +</h2> + +<p class="center"><small>BY</small><br /> + +<small>E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST</small></p> + + +<p>A study of a right maxilla bearing P3-M1 and part of a right +mandibular ramus bearing m2 (see figures) reveals the existence of +an unnamed species of cynarctine carnivore. It may be known as:</p> + +<h3><b>Cynarctus fortidens</b> new species</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Holotype.</i>—Right maxilla bearing P3, P4, and M1, No. 11353 KU; bluff +on west side of Turkey Creek, approximately 75 feet above stream, Raymond +Farr Ranch, Center NE, NE, S. 48 Blk. C-3, E. L. and R. R. Ry. Co., +Donley County, Texas [approximately 6.5 miles north and 1 mile east of +Clarendon], Clarendon fauna, Early Pliocene age. Obtained by W. W. Dalquest, +on June 25, 1960.</p> + +<p><i>Referred material.</i>—Fragment of right lower mandible bearing m2, No. +11354 KU (see fig. 2), found about two feet horizontally distant from the +holotype in the same stratum as the holotype and on the same date by the +same collector (a staff member of the Department of Biology of Midwestern +University, Wichita Falls, Texas).</p></div> + +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image001.png" width="600" height="387" alt="Fig. 1. Cynarctus fortidens, No. 11353 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2044). +Lateral view of holotype × 1, and occlusal view of check-teeth × 2. + +Fig. 2. Cynarctus fortidens, No. 11354 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2045). +Lateral view of right lower mandible and m2 × 1 and oblique occlusal view +of m2 × 2." title="Fig. 1. Cynarctus fortidens, No. 11353 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2044). +Lateral view of holotype × 1, and occlusal view of check-teeth × 2. + +Fig. 2. Cynarctus fortidens, No. 11354 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2045). +Lateral view of right lower mandible and m2 × 1 and oblique occlusal view of m2 × 2." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Cynarctus fortidens, No. 11353 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2044).<br /> +Lateral view of holotype × 1, and occlusal view of check-teeth × 2.<br /> +<br /> +Fig. 2. Cynarctus fortidens, No. 11354 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2045).<br /> +Lateral view of right lower mandible and m2 × 1 and oblique occlusal view +of m2 × 2.</span> +</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size large (see measurements); no accessory cusp between +protocone and paracone of fourth upper premolar; first upper molar longer than +broad and lacking cingulum on part of tooth lingual to protocone.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—From <i>Cynarctus crucidens</i> Barbour and Cook (see page 225 +of Two New Fossil Dogs of the Genus Cynarctus from Nebraska. Nebraska +Geol. Surv., 4(pt. 15):223-227, 1914; also pages 330 and 338 of Dental +Morphologie of the Procyonidae with a Description of Cynarctoides, Gen. +Nov. Geol. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:323-339, 10 figs., October 31, 1938) +<i>C. fortidens</i> differs in lacking, instead of having, an accessory cusp between +the protocone and paracone of the fourth upper premolar and in lacking, instead +of having, a cingulum on the part of P4 that is internal (lingual) to the +protocone.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Remarks.</i>—The lower jaw and its second molar seem to be from an individual +significantly larger than the holotype. Possibly the lower jaw and +upper jaw are from two species but the lower jaw probably is from a male +and the upper jaw from a female of the same species.</p> + +<p>Reasons for regarding <i>Cynarctus</i> as belonging to the family Canidae instead +of to the family Procyonidae have been stated recently in detail by E. C. +Galbreath (Remarks on <i>Cynarctoides acridens</i> from the Miocene of Colorado. +Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 59(3):373-378, 1 fig., October 31, 1956) and need +not be repeated here. Although some uncertainty remains as to the familial +position of <i>Cynarctus</i>, we favor Galbreath's view that the genus belongs in +the family Canidae.</p> + +<p>The holotype of <i>Cynarctus crucidens</i> is from Williams Canyon, Brown +County, Nebraska. According to C. B. Schultz (<i>in litt.</i>, December 6, 1961), +Williams Canyon is a tributary of Plumb Creek; the upper part of the Valentine +formation and the younger lower part of the Ash Hollow formation are +exposed in Williams Canyon; which one of these formations yielded the holotype +of <i>C. crucidens</i> is unknown.</p> + +<p>On the basis of the correlation chart (Pl. 1 in Nomenclature and Correlation +of the North American Continental Tertiary. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., +52(pt. 1):1-48, 1941) by H. E. Wood 2nd <i>et al.</i>, <i>C. fortidens</i> and <i>C. crucidens</i> +are equivalent in age or <i>C. fortidens</i> is the younger.</p> + +<p>The rounded summits of the principal cusps of the teeth of <i>C. fortidens</i> +suggests that it was mainly frugivorous instead of carnivorous—more frugivorous +by far than the living gray fox, <i>Urocyon cinereoargenteus</i>, that is +known to eat substantial amounts of fruits and berries. Indeed, no other +canid that we know of has teeth so much adapted to a frugivorous diet as +are those of <i>C. fortidens</i>. Its degree of adaptation to a frugivorous diet is +more than in the procyonid genus <i>Nasua</i> but less than in the procyonid genus +<i>Bassaricyon</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Measurements</i> (of crowns) of <i>C. fortidens</i>.—P3-M1, length, 25.8 (millimeters); +P4-M1, 18.9; P3, length, 6.2; P3, breadth, 2.8; P4, length of outer +border, 9.3; P4, breadth, 7.05; M1, length, 9.7; M1, breadth, 9.3; m2, length, +10.3; m2, breadth, 6.6; depth of mandible at posterior end of m2, 17; thickness +of mandible, 7.1.</p></div> + + +<p><i>Transmitted February 21, 1962.</i></p> + + +<p class="center"><small>29-2890</small></p> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 30260 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/30260-h/images/image001.png b/30260-h/images/image001.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..26d65f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/30260-h/images/image001.png diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01bc641 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #30260 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30260) diff --git a/old/30260-8.txt b/old/30260-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a36f09 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/30260-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,570 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, +From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas, by E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + Walter W. Dalquest + +Release Date: October 15, 2009 [EBook #30260] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW DOGLIKE CARNIVORE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 14, No. 10, pp. 135-138, 2 figs. + +April 30, 1962 + + +A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, +From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + +LAWRENCE + +1962 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, +Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. + + +Volume 14, No. 10, pp. 135-138, 2 figs. +Published April 30, 1962 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED BY + +JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER + +TOPEKA, KANSAS + +1962 + +29-2890 + + + + +A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, +From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST + + +A study of a right maxilla bearing P3-M1 and part of a right mandibular +ramus bearing m2 (see figures) reveals the existence of an unnamed +species of cynarctine carnivore. It may be known as: + +=Cynarctus fortidens= new species + + _Holotype._--Right maxilla bearing P3, P4, and M1, No. 11353 + KU; bluff on west side of Turkey Creek, approximately 75 + feet above stream, Raymond Farr Ranch, Center NE, NE, S. 48 + Blk. C-3, E. L. and R. R. Ry. Co., Donley County, Texas + [approximately 6.5 miles north and 1 mile east of + Clarendon], Clarendon fauna, Early Pliocene age. Obtained by + W. W. Dalquest, on June 25, 1960. + + _Referred material._--Fragment of right lower mandible + bearing m2, No. 11354 KU (see fig. 2), found about two feet + horizontally distant from the holotype in the same stratum + as the holotype and on the same date by the same collector + (a staff member of the Department of Biology of Midwestern + University, Wichita Falls, Texas). + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. _Cynarctus fortidens_, No. 11353 KU (Midwestern +Univ. No. 2044). Lateral view of holotype × 1, and occlusal view of +check-teeth × 2.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. _Cynarctus fortidens_, No. 11354 KU (Midwestern +Univ. No. 2045). Lateral view of right lower mandible and m2 × 1 and +oblique occlusal view of m2 × 2.] + + _Diagnosis._--Size large (see measurements); no accessory + cusp between protocone and paracone of fourth upper + premolar; first upper molar longer than broad and lacking + cingulum on part of tooth lingual to protocone. + + _Comparisons._--From _Cynarctus crucidens_ Barbour and Cook + (see page 225 of Two New Fossil Dogs of the Genus Cynarctus + from Nebraska. Nebraska Geol. Surv., 4(pt. 15):223-227, + 1914; also pages 330 and 338 of Dental Morphologie of the + Procyonidae with a Description of Cynarctoides, Gen. Nov. + Geol. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:323-339, 10 figs., + October 31, 1938) _C. fortidens_ differs in lacking, instead + of having, an accessory cusp between the protocone and + paracone of the fourth upper premolar and in lacking, + instead of having, a cingulum on the part of P4 that is + internal (lingual) to the protocone. + + _Remarks._--The lower jaw and its second molar seem to be + from an individual significantly larger than the holotype. + Possibly the lower jaw and upper jaw are from two species but + the lower jaw probably is from a male and the upper jaw from + a female of the same species. + + Reasons for regarding _Cynarctus_ as belonging to the family + Canidae instead of to the family Procyonidae have been stated + recently in detail by E. C. Galbreath (Remarks on + _Cynarctoides acridens_ from the Miocene of Colorado. Trans. + Kansas Acad. Sci., 59(3):373-378, 1 fig., October 31, 1956) + and need not be repeated here. Although some uncertainty + remains as to the familial position of _Cynarctus_, we favor + Galbreath's view that the genus belongs in the family + Canidae. + + The holotype of _Cynarctus crucidens_ is from Williams + Canyon, Brown County, Nebraska. According to C. B. Schultz + (_in litt._, December 6, 1961), Williams Canyon is a + tributary of Plumb Creek; the upper part of the Valentine + formation and the younger lower part of the Ash Hollow + formation are exposed in Williams Canyon; which one of these + formations yielded the holotype of _C. crucidens_ is unknown. + + On the basis of the correlation chart (Pl. 1 in Nomenclature + and Correlation of the North American Continental Tertiary. + Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 52(pt. 1):1-48, 1941) by H. E. Wood + 2nd _et al._, _C. fortidens_ and _C. crucidens_ are + equivalent in age or _C. fortidens_ is the younger. + + The rounded summits of the principal cusps of the teeth of + _C. fortidens_ suggests that it was mainly frugivorous + instead of carnivorous--more frugivorous by far than the + living gray fox, _Urocyon cinereoargenteus_, that is known to + eat substantial amounts of fruits and berries. Indeed, no + other canid that we know of has teeth so much adapted to a + frugivorous diet as are those of _C. fortidens_. Its degree + of adaptation to a frugivorous diet is more than in the + procyonid genus _Nasua_ but less than in the procyonid genus + _Bassaricyon_. + + _Measurements_ (of crowns) of _C. fortidens_.--P3-M1, length, + 25.8 (millimeters); P4-M1, 18.9; P3, length, 6.2; P3, + breadth, 2.8; P4, length of outer border, 9.3; P4, breadth, + 7.05; M1, length, 9.7; M1, breadth, 9.3; m2, length, 10.3; + m2, breadth, 6.6; depth of mandible at posterior end of m2, + 17; thickness of mandible, 7.1. + + +_Transmitted February 21, 1962._ + + +29-2890 + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus +Cynarctus, From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas, by E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. 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Raymond Hall And Walter W. Dalquest. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1 { text-align: center; line-height: 1.5; clear: both; } + + h2,h3 { text-align: center; clear: both; } + + p.title { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 3em; } + + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, +From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas, by E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + Walter W. Dalquest + +Release Date: October 15, 2009 [EBook #30260] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW DOGLIKE CARNIVORE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="title"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span><br /> + +<span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Volume 14, No. 10, pp. 135-138, 2 figs.<br /> + +April 30, 1962</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h1>A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus,<br /> +From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas<br /></h1> + +<p class="title"><small>BY</small><br /><br /> + +<big>E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST</big><br /><br /></p> + + +<p class="title"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> + +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br /> + +1962</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br /> +Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Volume 14, No. 10, pp. 135-138, 2 figs.<br /> +Published April 30, 1962<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /> +<br /> +<small>PRINTED BY</small><br /> + +<small>JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER</small><br /> + +<small>TOPEKA, KANSAS</small><br /> + +<small>1962</small><br /> + +<small>29-2890</small><br /> +</p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2> +A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus,<br /> +From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas<br /> +</h2> + +<p class="center"><small>BY</small><br /> + +<small>E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST</small></p> + + +<p>A study of a right maxilla bearing P3-M1 and part of a right +mandibular ramus bearing m2 (see figures) reveals the existence of +an unnamed species of cynarctine carnivore. It may be known as:</p> + +<h3><b>Cynarctus fortidens</b> new species</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Holotype.</i>—Right maxilla bearing P3, P4, and M1, No. 11353 KU; bluff +on west side of Turkey Creek, approximately 75 feet above stream, Raymond +Farr Ranch, Center NE, NE, S. 48 Blk. C-3, E. L. and R. R. Ry. Co., +Donley County, Texas [approximately 6.5 miles north and 1 mile east of +Clarendon], Clarendon fauna, Early Pliocene age. Obtained by W. W. Dalquest, +on June 25, 1960.</p> + +<p><i>Referred material.</i>—Fragment of right lower mandible bearing m2, No. +11354 KU (see fig. 2), found about two feet horizontally distant from the +holotype in the same stratum as the holotype and on the same date by the +same collector (a staff member of the Department of Biology of Midwestern +University, Wichita Falls, Texas).</p></div> + +<p class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image001.png" width="600" height="387" alt="Fig. 1. Cynarctus fortidens, No. 11353 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2044). +Lateral view of holotype × 1, and occlusal view of check-teeth × 2. + +Fig. 2. Cynarctus fortidens, No. 11354 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2045). +Lateral view of right lower mandible and m2 × 1 and oblique occlusal view +of m2 × 2." title="Fig. 1. Cynarctus fortidens, No. 11353 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2044). +Lateral view of holotype × 1, and occlusal view of check-teeth × 2. + +Fig. 2. Cynarctus fortidens, No. 11354 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2045). +Lateral view of right lower mandible and m2 × 1 and oblique occlusal view of m2 × 2." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Cynarctus fortidens, No. 11353 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2044).<br /> +Lateral view of holotype × 1, and occlusal view of check-teeth × 2.<br /> +<br /> +Fig. 2. Cynarctus fortidens, No. 11354 KU (Midwestern Univ. No. 2045).<br /> +Lateral view of right lower mandible and m2 × 1 and oblique occlusal view +of m2 × 2.</span> +</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size large (see measurements); no accessory cusp between +protocone and paracone of fourth upper premolar; first upper molar longer than +broad and lacking cingulum on part of tooth lingual to protocone.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—From <i>Cynarctus crucidens</i> Barbour and Cook (see page 225 +of Two New Fossil Dogs of the Genus Cynarctus from Nebraska. Nebraska +Geol. Surv., 4(pt. 15):223-227, 1914; also pages 330 and 338 of Dental +Morphologie of the Procyonidae with a Description of Cynarctoides, Gen. +Nov. Geol. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:323-339, 10 figs., October 31, 1938) +<i>C. fortidens</i> differs in lacking, instead of having, an accessory cusp between +the protocone and paracone of the fourth upper premolar and in lacking, instead +of having, a cingulum on the part of P4 that is internal (lingual) to the +protocone.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Remarks.</i>—The lower jaw and its second molar seem to be from an individual +significantly larger than the holotype. Possibly the lower jaw and +upper jaw are from two species but the lower jaw probably is from a male +and the upper jaw from a female of the same species.</p> + +<p>Reasons for regarding <i>Cynarctus</i> as belonging to the family Canidae instead +of to the family Procyonidae have been stated recently in detail by E. C. +Galbreath (Remarks on <i>Cynarctoides acridens</i> from the Miocene of Colorado. +Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 59(3):373-378, 1 fig., October 31, 1956) and need +not be repeated here. Although some uncertainty remains as to the familial +position of <i>Cynarctus</i>, we favor Galbreath's view that the genus belongs in +the family Canidae.</p> + +<p>The holotype of <i>Cynarctus crucidens</i> is from Williams Canyon, Brown +County, Nebraska. According to C. B. Schultz (<i>in litt.</i>, December 6, 1961), +Williams Canyon is a tributary of Plumb Creek; the upper part of the Valentine +formation and the younger lower part of the Ash Hollow formation are +exposed in Williams Canyon; which one of these formations yielded the holotype +of <i>C. crucidens</i> is unknown.</p> + +<p>On the basis of the correlation chart (Pl. 1 in Nomenclature and Correlation +of the North American Continental Tertiary. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., +52(pt. 1):1-48, 1941) by H. E. Wood 2nd <i>et al.</i>, <i>C. fortidens</i> and <i>C. crucidens</i> +are equivalent in age or <i>C. fortidens</i> is the younger.</p> + +<p>The rounded summits of the principal cusps of the teeth of <i>C. fortidens</i> +suggests that it was mainly frugivorous instead of carnivorous—more frugivorous +by far than the living gray fox, <i>Urocyon cinereoargenteus</i>, that is +known to eat substantial amounts of fruits and berries. Indeed, no other +canid that we know of has teeth so much adapted to a frugivorous diet as +are those of <i>C. fortidens</i>. Its degree of adaptation to a frugivorous diet is +more than in the procyonid genus <i>Nasua</i> but less than in the procyonid genus +<i>Bassaricyon</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Measurements</i> (of crowns) of <i>C. fortidens</i>.—P3-M1, length, 25.8 (millimeters); +P4-M1, 18.9; P3, length, 6.2; P3, breadth, 2.8; P4, length of outer +border, 9.3; P4, breadth, 7.05; M1, length, 9.7; M1, breadth, 9.3; m2, length, +10.3; m2, breadth, 6.6; depth of mandible at posterior end of m2, 17; thickness +of mandible, 7.1.</p></div> + + +<p><i>Transmitted February 21, 1962.</i></p> + + +<p class="center"><small>29-2890</small></p> + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus +Cynarctus, From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas, by E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. 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Dalquest + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + Walter W. Dalquest + +Release Date: October 15, 2009 [EBook #30260] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW DOGLIKE CARNIVORE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 14, No. 10, pp. 135-138, 2 figs. + +April 30, 1962 + + +A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, +From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + +LAWRENCE + +1962 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, +Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. + + +Volume 14, No. 10, pp. 135-138, 2 figs. +Published April 30, 1962 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED BY + +JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER + +TOPEKA, KANSAS + +1962 + +29-2890 + + + + +A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus Cynarctus, +From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST + + +A study of a right maxilla bearing P3-M1 and part of a right mandibular +ramus bearing m2 (see figures) reveals the existence of an unnamed +species of cynarctine carnivore. It may be known as: + +=Cynarctus fortidens= new species + + _Holotype._--Right maxilla bearing P3, P4, and M1, No. 11353 + KU; bluff on west side of Turkey Creek, approximately 75 + feet above stream, Raymond Farr Ranch, Center NE, NE, S. 48 + Blk. C-3, E. L. and R. R. Ry. Co., Donley County, Texas + [approximately 6.5 miles north and 1 mile east of + Clarendon], Clarendon fauna, Early Pliocene age. Obtained by + W. W. Dalquest, on June 25, 1960. + + _Referred material._--Fragment of right lower mandible + bearing m2, No. 11354 KU (see fig. 2), found about two feet + horizontally distant from the holotype in the same stratum + as the holotype and on the same date by the same collector + (a staff member of the Department of Biology of Midwestern + University, Wichita Falls, Texas). + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. _Cynarctus fortidens_, No. 11353 KU (Midwestern +Univ. No. 2044). Lateral view of holotype x 1, and occlusal view of +check-teeth x 2.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. _Cynarctus fortidens_, No. 11354 KU (Midwestern +Univ. No. 2045). Lateral view of right lower mandible and m2 x 1 and +oblique occlusal view of m2 x 2.] + + _Diagnosis._--Size large (see measurements); no accessory + cusp between protocone and paracone of fourth upper + premolar; first upper molar longer than broad and lacking + cingulum on part of tooth lingual to protocone. + + _Comparisons._--From _Cynarctus crucidens_ Barbour and Cook + (see page 225 of Two New Fossil Dogs of the Genus Cynarctus + from Nebraska. Nebraska Geol. Surv., 4(pt. 15):223-227, + 1914; also pages 330 and 338 of Dental Morphologie of the + Procyonidae with a Description of Cynarctoides, Gen. Nov. + Geol. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 6:323-339, 10 figs., + October 31, 1938) _C. fortidens_ differs in lacking, instead + of having, an accessory cusp between the protocone and + paracone of the fourth upper premolar and in lacking, + instead of having, a cingulum on the part of P4 that is + internal (lingual) to the protocone. + + _Remarks._--The lower jaw and its second molar seem to be + from an individual significantly larger than the holotype. + Possibly the lower jaw and upper jaw are from two species but + the lower jaw probably is from a male and the upper jaw from + a female of the same species. + + Reasons for regarding _Cynarctus_ as belonging to the family + Canidae instead of to the family Procyonidae have been stated + recently in detail by E. C. Galbreath (Remarks on + _Cynarctoides acridens_ from the Miocene of Colorado. Trans. + Kansas Acad. Sci., 59(3):373-378, 1 fig., October 31, 1956) + and need not be repeated here. Although some uncertainty + remains as to the familial position of _Cynarctus_, we favor + Galbreath's view that the genus belongs in the family + Canidae. + + The holotype of _Cynarctus crucidens_ is from Williams + Canyon, Brown County, Nebraska. According to C. B. Schultz + (_in litt._, December 6, 1961), Williams Canyon is a + tributary of Plumb Creek; the upper part of the Valentine + formation and the younger lower part of the Ash Hollow + formation are exposed in Williams Canyon; which one of these + formations yielded the holotype of _C. crucidens_ is unknown. + + On the basis of the correlation chart (Pl. 1 in Nomenclature + and Correlation of the North American Continental Tertiary. + Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 52(pt. 1):1-48, 1941) by H. E. Wood + 2nd _et al._, _C. fortidens_ and _C. crucidens_ are + equivalent in age or _C. fortidens_ is the younger. + + The rounded summits of the principal cusps of the teeth of + _C. fortidens_ suggests that it was mainly frugivorous + instead of carnivorous--more frugivorous by far than the + living gray fox, _Urocyon cinereoargenteus_, that is known to + eat substantial amounts of fruits and berries. Indeed, no + other canid that we know of has teeth so much adapted to a + frugivorous diet as are those of _C. fortidens_. Its degree + of adaptation to a frugivorous diet is more than in the + procyonid genus _Nasua_ but less than in the procyonid genus + _Bassaricyon_. + + _Measurements_ (of crowns) of _C. fortidens_.--P3-M1, length, + 25.8 (millimeters); P4-M1, 18.9; P3, length, 6.2; P3, + breadth, 2.8; P4, length of outer border, 9.3; P4, breadth, + 7.05; M1, length, 9.7; M1, breadth, 9.3; m2, length, 10.3; + m2, breadth, 6.6; depth of mandible at posterior end of m2, + 17; thickness of mandible, 7.1. + + +_Transmitted February 21, 1962._ + + +29-2890 + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Doglike Carnivore, Genus +Cynarctus, From the Clarendonian, Pliocene, of Texas, by E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW DOGLIKE CARNIVORE *** + +***** This file should be named 30260.txt or 30260.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/0/2/6/30260/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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