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diff --git a/29737-8.txt b/29737-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b96c8ed --- /dev/null +++ b/29737-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2211 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Leper in England: with some account of +English lazar-houses, by Robert Charles Hope + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Leper in England: with some account of English lazar-houses + +Author: Robert Charles Hope + +Release Date: August 19, 2009 [EBook #29737] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LEPER IN ENGLAND *** + + + + +Produced by Julie Barkley, Irma Spehar and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +THE LEPER IN ENGLAND: + +WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF + +English Lazar Houses. + +WITH NOTES. + +BY + +ROBERT CHARLES HOPE, F.S.A., F.R.S.L., + +_Peterhouse, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn. +Member of the Royal Archĉological Institute of Great Britain._ + +_Editor of Barnabe Googe's "Popish Kingdome." +Author of "Glossary of Dialectal Place-Nomenclature." +"An Inventory of the Church Plate in Rutland." +"English Goldsmiths," &c., &c._ + + +SCARBOROUGH: JOHN HAGYARD, PRINTER, "GAZETTE" ST. NICHOLAS STREET. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + +TITLE 1 + +DEDICATION 3 + +CONTENTS 5 + +FORESPEECH 7 + +THE LEPROSY OF SCRIPTURE 9 + +THE LEPROSY OF THE MIDDLE AGES 13 + +LAZAR HOUSES 16 + +STATUS OF LEPERS 26 + +SUMMARY 29 + +APPENDIX A.--NOTES 39 + + " B.--ENGLISH LAZAR HOUSES 43 + + + + + Dedicated + TO + THE VEN. R. FREDERICK L. BLUNT, A.K.C., M.A., D.D., + ARCHDEACON OF THE EAST RIDING; CANON RESIDENTIARY OF YORK; + VICAR OF SCARBOROUGH; + CHAPLAIN-IN-ORDINARY TO THE QUEEN; SURROGATE; + FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON; + CHAPLAIN TO THE ROYAL NORTHERN SEA-BATHING INFIRMARY, SCARBOROUGH, + WHO OCCUPIED THE CHAIR ON THE OCCASION, AND AT WHOSE REQUEST, + THE LECTURE WAS DELIVERED. + + + + +FORESPEECH. + + +The subject matter embraced within these covers, consists chiefly of +notes, made for a lecture delivered in Christ Church Schoolroom, +Scarborough, on Thursday, March 5th, 1891, and is published by special +request. + +No claim for originality is made. The works of the late Sir James Y. +Simpson, Professor of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh, +(Archĉological Essays, Vol. II.); Sir Risdon Bennett, M.D., LL.D., +F.B.S., "Diseases of the Bible"; Dr. Greenhill, in "Bible Educator"; +Leland's "Itinerary"; Dugdale's "Monasticon," &c., &c., have been +freely drawn upon, and to these writers, therefore, it is the desire +here to acknowledge the indebtedness which is due. + +Various Notes will be found in the Appendix, which it is hoped will +prove of interest. + + + + +THE LEPER IN ENGLAND. + + +There is perhaps no subject of greater interest, nor one which awakens +more sympathy, than that of the Leper; it affords a most curious, +though painful topic of enquiry, particularly in the present day, when +so much has been said and written, as to the probability and +possibility of the loathsome scourge again obtaining a hold in this, +our own country. + +Much confusion and ignorance exists, as to what true Leprosy really +is. I do not pretend, nor do I assume, to be in any way an authority +on the disease, nor to be at all deeply versed in the matter; my +remarks will consist chiefly in retailing to you, some of the many and +curious circumstances connected with the malady, with which I have +become acquainted in studying the various Lazar Houses and Leper +Wells, once so liberally scattered all over the country, from an +antiquary's point of view, and in examining the writings of those +competent to express an opinion, from personal and other observations. +Your kind indulgence is, therefore, asked for any shortcomings on my +part. + + +THE LEPROSY OF THE BIBLE. + +It is necessary at the outset, to state clearly, that the disease +known as Leprosy in Holy Scripture, was an entirely and altogether +different disorder, to that, which, in the Middle Ages, was so +terribly prevalent, not in this country only, but over the whole +Continent of Europe. + +Sir Risdon Bennett tells us the Leprosy of Scripture was a skin +disease known to the medical faculty as _Psoriasis_. The use of the +Greek and Latin word _Lepra_, to signify both kinds of Leprosy, has no +doubt contributed largely to the confusion existing as to these two +disorders. The Leprosy of the Bible was _Psoriasis_, that of the +Middle Ages _Elephantiasis Grĉcorum_. + +There are six cases only, which include nine instances of Leprosy, +recorded in the Old Testament:-- + + Moses--Exodus, iv., 6. } + Miriam--Numbers, xii., 10. } Miraculously + Gehazi--2 Kings, v., 27. } afflicted. + Uzziah--2 Chronicles, xxvi., 19. } + Naaman--2 Kings, v., 1. + Four Lepers--2 Kings, vii., 3. + +In the New Testament we have but three cases, involving twelve +persons, viz.:-- + + (1) Man, recorded by St. Matthew, viii, 2; St. Mark, i., 40; + St. Luke, v., 12. + + (2) Ten Lepers, St. Luke, xvii., 12. + + (3) Simon, St. Matthew, xxvi., 6; St. Mark, xiv., 3. + +The first account or mention of the disorder in the Bible, is to be +found in Leviticus; nearly three chapters, xiii., xiv., xv., being +devoted to the examination and cleansing of the afflicted, with the +minutest detail. + +In chapter xiii., we are told that "if a man has a bright spot deeper +than the skin of the flesh, the hair on which has turned white, or the +white spot has a raw in it, and the scab be spread in the skin--then +shall the priest pronounce him _unclean_." But, if he have all the +above symptoms, and "the scabs do not spread, or, if he be covered +from head to foot--as white as snow--with the disease, then shall the +priest pronounce him _clean_." It should be observed, that whereas +the "_unclean_" Leper "shall dwell alone," no such restriction was +placed upon the "clean or White Leper," who was free to go about as he +desired, and also to mingle with his fellow-men. This is clear from +the accounts given us of Gehazi conversing with the King; of Naaman +performing his ordinary duties as captain of the host of the King of +Syria; we are told he was "a great man with his master, and +honourable, because by him the Lord had given victory unto Syria; he +was also a mighty man of valour," and also, from the instance of our +Blessed Lord being entertained in the house of Simon the "Leper." On +no other ground than this assumption, can these instances be +reconciled with the Levitical Law. + +In the Levitical, and in every other account of the disease, it is +significant that there is no mention, or hint, of any loss of +sensation in connection with the disorder, of any affection of the +nerves, nor of any deformity of the body; no provision is made for +those who were unable to take care of themselves, nor is there a +tittle of evidence, or the barest hint given, that the disease was +either contagious or dangerous. Only two persons in the whole of the +Bible are stated to have died from the disease, and in each of these +cases, it was specially so ordained by the Almighty, as a specific +punishment for a particular sin. Cures were not only possible, and +common, but they were the rule. Josephus speaks of Leprosy in a man as +but "a misfortune in the colour of his skin." S. Augustine said that +when Lepers were restored to health, "they were _mundati_, not +_sanati_, because Leprosy is an ailment affecting merely the colour, +not the health, or the soundness of the senses, and the limbs." + +It is a most curious, and interesting problem which has yet to be +solved, why a man should be "unclean" when he was but partially +covered by the disease, and yet, when he was wholly covered with it, +he should be "clean." + +That no argument in support of contagion can be drawn simply from the +sentence of expulsion from the camp, is evident from Numbers v., 2-4; +for Lepers, and non-Lepers, are equally excluded on the ground of +"uncleanness." The laws of seclusion applied as rigorously to the +uncleanness induced by _touching_ a leper, or even a dead body, as +well as in other cases, where no question of contagion could exist. It +appears more than probable that the "cleansing" was merely a +ceremonial, ordained for those attacked by the disease at a certain +stage, implying some deeper meaning, than I for one, am able to +discern. I therefore leave it to the theologian to whom it appertains, +rather than to a humble and enquiring layman as myself. + +That the descriptions of the various forms of skin disease were +intended, not to denote differences in their nature or pathology, but +to enable the priests to discriminate between the "clean" and +"unclean" forms, is manifest. They were intended purely for practical +use. + +The first allusion--the only one in the Bible--we have to a Lazar, or +Leper house, occurs in 2 Kings, xv., 5, "And the Lord smote the King +so that he was a Leper unto the day of his death, and dwelt in a +_'several' house_." + + +THE LEPROSY OF THE MIDDLE AGES. + +The Leprosy of the Middle Ages known as _Elephantiasis Grĉcorum_, +_Lepra Arabum_, and _Lepra tuberculosis_, is not yet extinct. It is +very curious that whilst _Lepra Arabum_ is the same as _Elephantiasis +Grĉcorum_ or true Leprosy, the _Elephantiasis Arabum_ is a totally +distinct disease. The former is the most loathsome and revolting of +the many awful and terrible scourges, with which the Almighty, in his +wisdom, has seen fit, from time to time, to visit mankind. + +It is, I believe, a singular fact, that the Jews, "the chosen people +of God," have a special immunity from the disease, being less +predisposed than other races. Dr. V. Carter says that during a period +of seventeen years, out of a very large number of cases in Bombay, he +had seen only four cases, and but one death among Jews, that is of +_Elephantiasis Grĉcorum_. + +Belcher on "Our Lord's Miracles," says that in Tangiers at the present +day, the two diseases are found, the _Lepra Hebrĉorum_ prevailing +chiefly among the Jewish residents, and presenting exactly the +symptoms as described in Leviticus. On the other hand, in Syria, +_Elephantiasis Grĉcorum_ is unknown among the Jews. + +It appears to have been very prevalent in this country; but when, and +how it was introduced, is not known. Some certify it was brought back +by the Crusaders, being the only thing they ever did bring back. But +it existed here long anterior to the days of the _first_ crusade. The +City of Bath is said to have originated from an old British King +afflicted with Leprosy, who being obliged, in consequence, to wander +far from the habitation of men, and being finally reduced to the +condition of a swineherd, discovered the medicinal virtues of the hot +springs of Bath, while noticing that his pigs which bathed therein +were cured of sundry diseases prevailing among them. + +The following epigram on King Bladud, who was killed 844, +B.C.,--father of King Leir, or Leal, d. 799, B.C.,--was written by a +clergyman of the name of Groves, of Claverton:-- + + "When Bladud once espied some hogs + Lie wallowing in the steaming bogs, + Where issue forth those sulphurous springs, + Since honour'd by more potent kings, + Vex'd at the brutes alone possessing + What ought t' have been a common blessing, + He drove them, thence in mighty wrath, + And built the mighty town of Bath. + The hogs thus banished by their prince, + Have lived in Bristol ever since." + +Many Lazar or Leper Houses were built in England during the early part +of the reign of William the Norman, who founded several. + +The medical writers of the 13th and 14th centuries, which include the +names of Theodoric, the monk, a distinguished surgeon of Bologna; the +celebrated Lanfranc, of Milan and afterwards of Paris; Professor +Arnold Bachuone, of Barcelona, reputed in his day the greatest +physician in Spain; the famous French surgeon Guy de Chauliac; +Bernhard Gordon; and our own countrymen Gilbert, _c._ 1270; John of +Gaddesden, Professor of Medicine in Merton College, Oxford, and Court +Physician to Edward II., minutely describe the disease. + +It was the custom in those affected days, when a medical man or anyone +wrote a book on medicine or a medicinal subject, to call it either a +"rose" or a "lily," as "_Rosa Angelica_," "_Lilium medecinĉ_." + +The following description of the malady is from the _Lilium medecinĉ_, +by Bernhard Gordon, written about 1305 or 1309. He gives three stages +or classes of the disease, viz., the (1) occult, (2) the infallible, +and (3) the last, or terminating signs. None of these indications are +laid down in Leviticus for the guidance of the Jewish Priests. + +(i.) "The occult premonitory signs of Leprosy are, a reddish colour of +the face, verging to duskiness; the expiration begins to be changed, +the voice grows hoarse, the hairs become thinned and weaker, and the +perspiration and breath incline to foetidity; the mind is +melancholic with frightful dreams and nightmare; in some cases scabs, +pustules, and eruptions break out over the whole body; disposition of +the body begins to become loathsome, but still, while the form and +figure are not corrupted, the patient is not to be adjudged for +separation; but is to be most strictly watched." + +(ii.) "The infallible signs, are, enlargement of the eyebrows, with +loss of their hair; rotundity of the eyes; swelling of the nostrils +externally, and contraction of them within; voice nasal; colour of the +face glossy, verging to a darkish hue; aspect of the face terrible, +and with a fixed look; with acumination or pointing and contraction of +the pulps of the ear. And there are many other signs, as pustules and +excrescences, atrophy of the muscles, and particularly of those +between the thumb and forefinger; insensibility of the extremities; +fissures, and infections of the skin; the blood, when drawn and +washed, containing black, earthy, rough, sandy matter. The above are +those evident and manifest signs, which, when they do appear, the +patient ought to be separated from the people, or, in other words, +secluded in a Lazar House." + +(iii.) "The signs of the last stage and breaking-up of the disease, +are, corrosion and falling-in of the cartilage forming the septum of +the nose; fissure and division of the feet and hands; enlargement of +the lips, and a disposition to glandular swelling; dyspnoea and +difficulty of breathing; the voice hoarse and barking; the aspect of +the face frightful, and of a dark colour; the pulse small, almost +imperceptible." Sometimes the limbs drop off, piecemeal or in their +entirety. + +All the writers agree in urging most earnestly that no one ought to be +adjudged a Leper, unless there manifestly appears a corruption of the +figure, or, that state indicated as _signa infallibilia_. + + +LAZAR HOUSES. + +The period from its introduction into this country, as far as we know, +to its final or nearly final extinction, may be embraced within the +10th and 16th centuries. It was at the zenith of its height during the +11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. As early as A.D. 948 laws were enacted +with regard to Lepers in Wales by Howel Dda, the Good--the great Welsh +King, who died 948. + +The enormous extent to which it prevailed during that period may be +gauged from the fact, that there were above 200 Lazar Houses in +England alone, probably providing accommodation for 4,000 at least, +and this, at a time when the whole population of England was only +between 2,000,000 and 3,000,000 of persons; being something like two +in every thousand. + +I have been enabled to compile the following English Lazar Houses, +which is however far from being a complete one. These Lazar Houses +were founded by the charitably disposed, and were usually under +ecclesiastical rule:-- + + 1 Berkshire. + 2 Buckinghamshire. + 2 Cambridgeshire. + 3 Cornwall. + 1 Cumberland. + 4 Derbyshire. + 6 Devonshire. + 3 Dorsetshire. + 2 Durham. + 4 Essex. + 6 Gloucestershire. + 2 Hampshire. + 1 Herefordshire + 6 Hertfordshire. + 1 Huntingdonshire. + 15 Kent. + 1 Lancashire. + 2 Lincolnshire. + 4 Leicestershire. + 7 Middlesex. + 22 Norfolk. + 5 Northamptonshire. + 3 Northumberland. + 3 Nottinghamshire. + 4 Oxfordshire. + 2 Shropshire. + 6 Somersetshire. + 3 Staffordshire. + 10 Suffolk. + 1 Surrey. + 6 Sussex. + 3 Warwickshire. + 4 Westmoreland. + 7 Wiltshire. + 1 Worcester. + 20 Yorkshire. + +Total: 173 + +They were presumably under the rule of S. Austin or Augustine. + +Chalmers' _Caledonia_ states 9 hospitals existed in the County of +Berwick alone. + +It is said that, by a Bull of Alexander III., exemption from the +payment of tithes was granted to all the possessions of the Lazar +Houses; this, however, does not appear to have always been acted upon, +at least in this country, as at Canterbury, etc. + +A Prior--usually a Leper--and a number of Priests were attached to +each house. + +Where a chapel was not attached, the inmates appear to have attended +the parish church for service. + +There was a special order of Knights founded very early, in Jerusalem, +united to the general order of the Knights Hospitallers, whose +especial province was to look after the sick, particularly Lepers. +They seem to have separated from the Knights Hospitallers at the end +of the 11th, or beginning of the 12th centuries. They were at first +designated Knights of S. Lazarus, or, of SS. Lazarus and Mary of +Jerusalem, from the locality of their original establishment, and from +their central preceptory being near Jerusalem. The Master or Prior of +the Superior Order was a Leper, that he might be more in sympathy with +his afflicted brethren. They were afterwards united by different +European princes, with the Military Orders of Notre Dame and Mount +Carmel, and, in 1572 with that of S. Maurice. We first hear of them in +England, in the reign of King Stephen, when they seem to have made +their headquarters at Burton-Lazars, near Melton Mowbray in +Leicestershire, where a rich and famous Lazar House was built by a +general subscription throughout the country, and greatly aided by the +munificence of Robert de Mowbray. The Lazar-houses of S. Leonard's, +Sheffield; Tilton, in Leicestershire; Holy Innocents', Lincoln; S. +Giles', London; SS. Mary and Erkemould, Ilford, Essex; and the +preceptory of Chosely, in Norfolk, besides many others, were annexed +to it, as cells containing _fratres leprosos de Sancto Lazaro de +Jerusalem_. The house received at least 35 different charters, +confirmed by various sovereigns. Camden in his _Britannia_, p. 447, +says that "The masters of all the smaller Lazar-houses in England, +were in some sort subject to the Master of Burton Lazars, as he +himself was, to the Master of the Lazars in Jerusalem." + +The rules of these Lazar-houses were very strict. The inmates were +allowed to walk within certain prescribed limits only, generally a +mile from the house. They were forbidden to stay out all night, and +were not on any account permitted to enter the bakehouse, brewhouse, +and granary, excepting the brother in charge, and he was not to dare +to touch the bread and beer, since it was "most unfitting that persons +with such a malady, should handle things appointed for the common use +of men." A gallows was sometimes erected in front of the houses, on +which offenders were summarily despatched from this world, for breach +of the rules. + +The comforts in these houses varied greatly as the house was richly, +or poorly endowed. At some of the smaller ones, the inmates would seem +to have depended almost, if not entirely, on the precarious +contributions of the charitably disposed for their very sustenance. At +Beccles, in Suffolk, one of the Lepers of S. Mary Magdalene's, was by +a royal grant empowered to beg on behalf of himself and his brethren. +Sometimes, these poor and wretched outcasts would sit by the roadside, +with a dish placed on the opposite side, to receive the alms of the +good Samaritans that passed by, who would give them as wide a berth as +possible. The Lepers were not allowed to speak to a stranger, lest +they should contaminate him with their breath. To attract attention, +they would clash their wooden clappers together. + +In the larger and richer houses, the inmates were well provided for. +The account of the food supplied to the inmates of the Lazar House of +S. Julian, at S. Albans, c. 1335-1349, is very curious:--"Let every +Leprous brother receive from the property of the Hospital for his +living and all necessaries, whatever he has been accustomed to receive +by the custom observed of old, in the said Hospital, namely--Every +week seven loaves, five white, and two brown made from the grain as +thrashed. Every seventh month, fourteen gallons of beer, or 8d. for +the same. Let him have in addition, on the feasts of All Saints, Holy +Trinity, S. Julian, S. John the Baptist, S. Albans, The Annunciation, +Purification, Assumption, and Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, for +each feast, one loaf, one jar of beer, or 1d. for the same, and one +obolus[a] which is called the charity of the said Hospital; also, let +every Leprous brother receive, at the feast of Christmas, forty +gallons of good beer, or 40d. for the same; two qrs. of pure and clean +corn--which is called the great charity; also at the Feast of S. +Martin, each Leper shall receive one pig from the common stall, or the +value in money, if he prefer it." The pigs were selected by each leper +according to his seniority in having become an inmate; also, each +Leper shall receive on the Feast of S. Valentine, for the whole of the +ensuing year, one quarter of oats; also, about the feast of S. John +the Baptist, two bushels of salt, or the current price; also, on the +feast of S. Julian, and at the feast of S. Alban, one penny for the +accustomed pittance; also, at Easter, one penny, which is called by +them 'Flavvones-peni'; also, on Ascension Day, one obolus for buying +pot herbs; also, on each Wednesday in Lent, bolted corn[b] of the +weight of one of their loaves; also, on the feast of S. John the +Baptist, 4s. for clothes; also, at Christmas, let there be distributed +in equal portions, amongst the Leprous brethren, 14s. for their fuel +through the year, as has been ordained of old, for the sake of peace +and concord; also, by the bounty of Our Lord the King, 30s. 5d. have +been assigned for ever for the use of the Lepers, which sum, the +Viscount of Hertford has to pay them annually, at the feasts of Easter +and Michaelmas. + +At the Lazar House, dedicated in honour of "The Blessed Virgin, +Lazarus, and his two sisters Mary and Martha," at Sherburn, Durham, +which accommodated no less than 65 Lepers, a more varied, and at the +same time less complex dietary was in vogue. The daily allowance was a +loaf of bread weighing 5 marks[c] and a gallon of ale to each; and +betwixt every two, one mess[d] or commons of flesh, three days in the +week, and of fish, cheese, and butter, on the remaining four. On high +festivals, a double mess, and in particular on the Feast of S. +Cuthbert. In Lent, fresh salmon, if it could be had, if not, other +fresh fish; and on Michaelmas Day, four messed on one goose[e]. With +fresh flesh, fish, or eggs, a measure of salt was delivered. When +fresh fish could not be had, red herrings were served, three to a +single mess; or cheese and butter by weight; or three eggs. During +Lent, each had a razer of wheat to make furmenty[f], and two razers of +beans to boil; sometimes greens or onions; and every day, except +Sunday, the seventh part of a razer of bean meal; but on Sundays, a +measure-and-a-half of pulse to make gruel. Red herrings were +prohibited from Pentecost to Michaelmas, and at the latter, each +received two razers of apples. They had a kitchen and cook in common, +with utensils for cooking, etc.:--A lead, two brazen pots, a table, a +large wooden vessel for washing, or making wine, a laver, two ale[g] +and two bathing vats. The sick had fire and candles, and all +necessaries, until they became convalescent or died. + +Each Leper received an annual allowance for his clothing, three yards +of woollen cloth, white or russet, six yards of linen, and six of +canvas. Four fires were allowed for the whole community. From +Michaelmas to All Saints, they had two baskets of peat, on double mess +days; and four baskets daily, from All Saints to Easter. On Christmas +Day, they had four Yule logs each a cartload, with four trusses of +straw; four trusses of straw on All Saints' Eve, and Easter Eve; and +four bundles of rushes, on the Eves of Pentecost, S. John the Baptist, +and S. Mary Magdalene; and on the anniversary of Martin de Sancta +Cruce, every Leper received 5s. 5d. in money. + +This luxurious living was not without its leaven. The rules of the +House were strict, and enforced religious duties on its inmates, of a +most severe and austere nature. All the Leprous brethren, whose health +permitted, were required daily to attend Matins, Nones, Vespers, and +Compline[h]. + +The bed-ridden sick were enjoined to raise themselves, and say Matins +in their bed; and for those who were still weaker, "let them rest in +peace." During Lent and Advent, all the brethren were required to +receive corporal discipline three days in the week, and the sisters in +like manner. + +From the rules of the Lazar House of SS. Mary and Erkemould, at Ilford +in Essex, which accommodated 13 Lepers--we learn, in 1336, that the +inmates were ordered "to preserve silence, and, if able, to hear Mass +and Matins throughout, and whilst there, to be intent on prayer and +devotion. In the hospital, every day, each shall say for morning duty +a Pater-noster and Ave Maria[i] thirteen times; and for the other +hours of the day--1st, 3rd, and 6th of Vespers; and again, at the hour +of concluding service, a Pater-noster and Ave Maria seven times; +besides the aforesaid prayers each Leper shall say a Pater-noster and +Ave Maria thirty times every day, for the founder of the Hospital--the +Abbess of Barking, 1190--the Bishop of the place, all his benefactors, +and all other true believers, living or dead; and on the day on which +any one of their number departs from life, let each Leprous brother +say in addition, fifty Paters and Aves three times, for the soul of +the departed, and the souls of all diseased believers." Punishment was +meted out to any who neglected or shirked these duties. + +Some of the Leper Houses in France excited the jealousy and avarice of +Phillip V., who caused many of the inmates to be burned alive, in +order that the fire might purify at one and the same time, the +infection of the body and that of the soul, giving as an ostensible +reason for his fiendish barbarity, the absurd and baseless allegation, +that the Lepers had been bribed to commit the detestable sin and +horrible crime of poisoning the wells, waters, etc., used by the +Christians. The real cause being a desire, through this flimsy excuse, +to rob the richer hospitals of their funds and possessions, this is +clearly manifest in the special wording of his own edict, "that all +the goods of the Lepers be lodged and held for himself." A similar +persecution was renewed about 60 years afterwards, in 1388, under +Charles VI. of France. + +As soon as a man became a prey to the disease, his doom on earth was +finally and irrevocably sealed. The laws, both civil and +ecclesiastical, were awful in their severity to the poor Leper; not +only was he cut off from the society of his fellow-men, and all family +ties severed, but, he was dead to the law, he could not inherit +property, or be a witness to any deed. According to English law Lepers +were classed with idiots, madmen, outlaws, etc. + +The Church provided a service to be said over the Leper on his +entering a Lazar House[j]. The Priest duly vested preceded by a cross, +went to the abode of the victim. He there began to exhort him to +suffer with a patient and penitent spirit the incurable plague with +which God had stricken him. Having sprinkled the unfortunate Leper +with Holy Water, he conducted him to the Church, the while reading +aloud the beginning of the Burial Service. On his arrival there, he +was stripped of his clothes and enveloped in a pall, and then placed +between two trestles--like a corpse--before the Altar, when the +_Libera_ was sung and the Mass for the Dead celebrated over him. + +After the service he was again sprinkled with Holy Water, and led from +thence to the Lazar House, destined for his future, and final abode, +here on earth. + +A pair of clappers, a stick, a barrel, and a distinctive dress were +given to him. The costume comprised a russet tunic[k], and upper tunic +with hood cut from it, so that the sleeves of the tunic were closed +as far as the hand, but not laced with knots or thread after the +secular fashion of the day. The upper tunic was to be closed down to +the ankles, and a close cape of black cloth of the same length as the +hood, for outside use. + +A particular form of boot or shoe, laced high, was also enjoined, and +if these orders were disobeyed the culprit was condemned to walk +bare-footed, until the Master, considering his humility said to him +"enough." An oath of obedience and a promise to lead a moral and +abstemious life was required of every Leper on admission. The Bishops +of Rome from time to time issued Bulls, with regard to the +ecclesiastical separation and rights of the afflicted. + +Lepers were excluded from the city of London by Act 20 Edward the +III., 1346[l]. + +The Magistrates of Glasgow, in 1573, appeared to have exercised some +right of searching for Lepers. + +Piers, the ploughman, makes frequent allusions to "Lepers under the +hedges." + +The Lazar Houses were often under the authority of some neighbouring +Abbey, or Monastery. _Semler_ quotes a Bull, issued by one of the +Bishops of Rome, appointing every Leper House to be provided with its +own burial ground and chapel; as also ecclesiastics; these in the +middle ages were probably the only physicians of the body, as well as +of the soul--some appear to have devoted themselves as much to the +study of medicine as to that of theology. + +It was customary in the mediĉval times to address the secular clergy +as "Sir." + + +STATUS OF LEPERS. + +The rank and status of any one, was no guarantee against attacks from +this dire disorder, with its fearful ravages. Had the victims been +confined, as it is generally thought, to those who dwelt amid squalor, +dirt and vice, in close and confined dens, veritable hot beds for +rearing and propagating disease of every kind; we should not be +surprised, but should be entitled to assume, that to such +circumstances, in a very great measure might the origin be expected to +be found; but, when we find, that not only was the scourge a visitant +here, but, that it numbered amongst the afflicted, members of some of +the most illustrious households in this kingdom, aye, even the august +monarchs themselves, the source from whence _Elephantiasis +Grĉcorum_--the malady not being contagious--first originated must be +sought for elsewhere. + +First amongst our ancient and illustrious families, we find--if he may +be so classed--the case of S. Finian, who died 675 or 695[m]. + +A nobleman of the South of England, whose name unfortunately is not +recorded, is reputed to have been miraculously cured at the tomb of S. +Cuthbert, at Durham, 1080[n]. + +A daughter of Mannasseh Bysset, a rich Wiltshire gentleman, sewer[o] +to Henry II., being a Leper, founded the Lazar House at Maiden +Bradley, dedicated to the honour of the Blessed Virgin, "for poore +leprous women" and gave to it her share of the town of Kidderminster, +c. 1160. Mannasseh Bysset founded the Lazar House dedicated in honour +of S. James, Doncaster, for women, c. 1160. + +The celebrated Constance, Duchess of Brittany, who was allied to the +royal families of both England and Scotland, being a grand-daughter of +Malcolm III. of Scotland, and the English Princess Margaret Atheling, +and also a descendant of a natural daughter of Henry I. She died of +Leprosy in the year 1201[p]. + +In 1203 in the King's Court, a dispute was heard respecting a piece of +land in Sudton, Kent, between two kinswomen--Mabel, daughter of +William Fitz-Fulke, and Alicia, the widow of Warine Fitz-Fulke. Among +the pleas, it was urged by Alicia, that Mabel had a brother, and that +his right to the land must exclude her claim, whereupon Mabel answered +that her brother was a Leper[q]. + +It was certified to King Edward I. in 1280, that Adam of Gangy, +deceased, of the county of Northumberland, holding land of the King in +chief, was unable to repair to the King's presence to do homage, being +struck with the Leprosy[r]. + +In the reign of Richard II. c. 1380, William, son of Robert +Blanchmains, being a Leper, founded the Lazar House, dedicated in +honour of S. Leonard, outside the town of Leicester, to the north[s]. + +Richard Orange, a gentleman of noble parentage, and Mayor of Exeter in +1454, was a Leper. In spite of his great wealth he submitted himself +to a residence in the Lazar House of S. Mary Magdalene in that city, +where he died, and was buried in the chapel attached. A mutilated +inscription still remains over the spot where he is interred[t]. + +Some of the Lazar Houses were specially endowed for persons above the +lower ranks who happened to become affected with the disease. In +1491, Robert Pigot gave by will to the Leper House of Walsingham, in +the Archdeaconry of Norwich, a house in, or near that town, for the +use of two Leprous persons "of good families." + +Before considering the Royal Lepers, it will not be out of place to +mention the death of S. Fiacre from Leprosy, in 665. He was the +reputed son of Eugenius IV., King of Scotland, and is canonised in the +Roman branch of the Church Catholic[u]. + +Amongst Royal Lepers, the case of Adelicia or Adelais, daughter of +Godfrey, Duke of Louraine, and niece of Calextus II., Bishop of Rome, +1118; the second Queen of Henry I. of England, and afterwards wife of +William de Albion, to whom she was tenderly attached; stands first in +order of state. Being stricken with leprosy, she left him and entered +a convent, where she died of the disease, 1151. This reputed instance, +it is right to mention, requires confirmation. The above is mentioned +by a contributor to _Notes and Queries_, 7, S. viii., 174, but no +authority is given. + +Baldwin IV., King of Jerusalem, a direct descendant like the Royal +Plantagenets of England, from Fulk, Count of Anjou and Touraine, died +of Leprosy in 1186, leaving a child nephew to succeed him; the +consequence being, the loss of the Holy Land, and the triumph of +Saladin after eighty-eight years of the Christian kingdom[v]. + +Henry III. is said to have been a Leper. + +Edward the Black Prince, used to bathe in the Holy Well at Harbledon, +near Canterbury, for his Leprosy, and Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, +had a licence at one time from the King of England to bathe in the +waters of S. Lazarus' Well on Muswell Hill, near where now stands the +Alexandra Palace. The well belonged to the Order of S. John, +Clerkenwell, a hospital order for Lepers. Three years before his +death, he was unable to undertake the command of the army in its +descent upon the northern counties of England, by reason of his +Leprosy, of which he died in 1329, at the age of 55[w]. + +Henry IV. King of England, was a Leper without doubt[x]. + +Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI. of England, is reputed, like her +ancestor Baldwin IV., to have died a Leper[y]. + +Louis the XIV., is said to have died of the disease in 1715. It is +also recorded, that in order to effect a cure, recourse was had to a +barbarous superstitious custom, once unhappily common in Brazil, that +of killing several fine healthy children, eating their hearts, livers, +&c.; then washing in their blood, and annointing the body with grease +made from the remains. Let us at least hope this impious and inhuman +act is but "legend[z]". + + +SUMMARY. + +It is trusted that the fact has been established that the Leprosy of +the Bible, and of the Middle Ages, were entirely different diseases. +The only essential characteristics in common being that both were +cutaneous and neither was contagious, excepting by innoculation by a +wound or a cut. Both were possibly hereditary, though this is denied +by some. + +The Biblical Leprosy never ended in death, whereas that of the Middle +Ages always did. In one case there was little suffering, in the other +usually a great deal. + +In one the isolation was temporary only, in the other permanent. + +The origin of the Mediĉval Scourge is enshrouded in impenetrable +mystery. The cure is as enigmatical. + +The late Father Damian, who gave his life to ministration and +alleviation of the sufferings of the 2,000 Lepers of Hawaii, in the +island of Molakai, no doubt caught the disease of which he died, owing +to the fact, that Lepers only handled and cooked the food, kneaded and +baked the bread, washed the clothes, etc. The whole surroundings being +Leprous, it is difficult to see how the good Father could well have +avoided contamination. Still, the disease is not contagious if +reasonable precautions are taken. + +Two remarkable meetings were held in London in 1889, under the +presidency of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. At the first +one, held in Marlborough House, June 17th, the Prince of Wales made +the startling and unwelcome announcement of the case of Edward Yoxall, +aged 64, who was carrying on his trade as butcher, in the Metropolitan +Meat Market, from whence he was subsequently removed. + +At the second meeting held in the rooms of the Medical Society, +Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, two Lepers were exhibited. The +verdict of the medical men present was, "There is no curative +treatment of Leprosy." Dr. Thornton, of the Leper Hospital of Madras, +said:--That his experience showed him that Leprosy was contagious, +and that it was likely to spread to this country; that the disease, +however, could rarely, if ever, be communicated, except in the case of +a healthy person by an abraded skin, coming in contact with a Leper. +"The sufferings of the afflicted can be alleviated by (1) a liberal +diet; (2) oleaginous anointings, by which the loss of sleep, one of +the most distressing symptoms of the disease, can be prevented." + +The Rev. Father Ignatius Grant called my attention to the use of +"simples" in England, as elsewhere, for the alleviation of the +suffering. He says, "_Les Capitulaires, Legislatio domestica_, of +Charlemagne, contains the enumeration of the sorts of fruit trees and +plants to be grown in the Imperial gardens, as a guide to monastic +establishments throughout his empire. The list is entirely of culinary +and medicinal herbs, simples and vegetables. As to flowers, only the +lily and the rose are permitted for _agrément_; whilst all the rest +are for food or medicinal remedies. All the common simples are +specified. + +"Herein is a mine of information, which I only allude to, but it was +doubtless the plan followed by most religious houses. For one thing is +clear, that as the monastic gardens were all arranged on a certain and +utilitarian method, there is an antecedent probability of a consequent +fact. That fact is, that we shall find out if we examine the purlieus +of our own ruined abbeys, many a plant medicinal or culinary which has +reset itself and persisted in its original _locale_ for four +centuries, though its original native earth and climate was not that +of England. + +"Such herbs proper for making salves and lotions are plentifully +mentioned in part i. 301-455 of Ducange, v. _areola florarium_, +_lilietum_, &c., and there is a catalogue of _des plus excellentes +fruits qui se cultivent chez les Chartreux_ (Paris, 1752.) Also, as a +specimen of this sort of "find," the Woolhope Natural Club found the +valuable medicinal plant asarabica (_asarum Europeum_) in the forest +of Deerfold, having wandered from the old abbey garden, and +perpetuated itself for ages. This one instance shows how the old +gardeners had introduced foreign plants into their wort-beds. + +"Many writers have told me, he goes on to observe, but especially a +Franciscan Father of the Holy Land and two Franciscan Sisters from a +hospital at Vialas (_Lazére_) par Génalhac, that-- + +"1. They use elm bark for cutaneous eruptions, herpes, and lepra. Four +ounces of the bark boiled in decoction in two quarts of water down to +one quart. That half a pint given twice a day has made inveterate +eruptions of lepra, both dry and humid, to disappear. + +"2. The rose burdock--_lappa rosea_--they give in cases of lepra +_icthyosis_, and it has succeeded where other remedies had failed. + +"3. They have used also the root of the mulberry-tree. Half a dram of +the powder to a dose. + +"4. _Lapathum bononicense_, or fiddle-dock, and also the dwarf +trefoil--_trefolium pusillum_. + +"The following is the list of simples which I obtained from the +Lazar-house still existing in Provence, les Alpes Maritimes, and from +that in Cyprus, and especially Nicosia, as also from the well-known +Leper hospital in Provence: + +"Food, baths, and oleaginous applications stand first. Then some +preparation of the following ordinary simples, which were most known +among our own common people, and which are still used in various parts +of England by simple folk for skin diseases and sores. You will see +how they entered into the monastic pharmacopoeia of the middle ages, +how they were at their doors, and especially cultivated in monastery +gardens. + +"1. Plantain--_plantago major_. Qualities: alterative, diuretic, +antiseptic. For scrofulous and cutaneous affections. It has also the +property of destroying living microscopical matter in or on the human +body. The Negro Casta, who discovered this herb, afterwards, as a +remedy against the deadly bite of the rattlesnake, received a +considerable reward from the Assembly of South Carolina. It is a +native of most parts of Europe and Asia, as also of Japan. Plantain +stands in the forefront of all the _cartels des hospitalières_. + +"2. Yellow dock--_rumex_. Alterative, tonic, astringent, detergent, +and anti-scorbutic. Employed in scrofula, Leprosy, cutaneous diseases, +and purigo, and that with much effect. + +"3. Sorrel--_rumex ascetocella_. Employed locally to cancers, tumours, +and the open wounds of the Leper. + +"4. Burdock--_arctenus lappa_. Aperient, sudorific, and diuretic. +Employed in venereal and Leprous disorders, scrofula, and scurvy. +Fluid extract of lappa is exhibited even now to lepers. Dose, 1/2 to 1 +dram. + +"5. Monk's rhubarb--_rumex alpinus_. Used for the same purposes as +true rhubarb. + +"6. Lily roots. This ancient remedy is in all the books to which the +Franciscan Fathers of the Holy Land have access, and comes down from +Pliny and Dioscorides. "Effugant lepras lilium radices." (Plin.) + +"7. Common wormwood--_absinthium vulgare_, _artemisia_. + +"8. Daffodil--_narcissus purpurens et narcissus croceus_, called so +from _torpor_. The _oleum narcissenum et unguentum_ is found in all +hospital books, and comes down from Pliny, 2, 19: "Narcissi duogenera +medici usu recipiunt." For Leprosy and cutaneous eruptions called +_mala scabies_. This was what Canon Bethune calls _les calmantes_. Of +this flower, I may say that eight out of ten monastic ruins in England +abound with it, to such a degree that one cannot but conclude that it +was set there of old, that it was cultivated for some purpose, and has +reset and reproduced itself for centuries. Father Birch, S.J., +confirms this in regard to Roche Abbey--_de Rocca_--an old +Premonstratensian house, in Derbyshire, to which people come from afar +to see the daffodils, which make of the purlieus of the abbey one +great _tapis jaune_ (_sic._), but a carpet varied by every sort of +English spring flowers. + +"9. Scurvy grass--_cochlearia officinalis_--has long been considered, +at Nicosia, Cyprus, and elsewhere, as the most effectual of all the +anti-scorbutic plants. It grows in high latitudes, where scurvy is +most obnoxious. Not only religious (_sic._) and physicians, but +sailors speak highly of it. + +"10. The _sedum acre_--wall stone-crop. Used by nuns in Provence for +ulcers and leprous eruptions. It is boiled in six pints of milk until +reduced to three or four pints. For fungous flesh, it promotes +discharge, and destroys both gangrenes and carbuncles. This is found +in abundance on the cottage roofs about Melton Mowbray and +Burton-Lazars. + +"11. Celandine--_chelidonium_. Tintern Abbey, about Whitsuntide, is +one large white tapestry of celandine. When I visited Tintern, I was +struck by the lush clustering growth of this flower in 1885. An old +legend says that it is so called because the swallow cures the eyes of +its young of blindness by application of this herb. "Certainly," says +P. Xavier, Franciscan of the Holy Land, "it makes a good lotion for +the eyes of the Leper, and is often used by us in France." + +"If I were to add here the history of the _quinquina_, or Jesuit's +bark--is it not told us that the lions drank of a well into which +chincona had fallen, and thus suggested the useful Jesuits' bark, or +quinine?--it would take me into the seventeenth century, and be a +little out of my track; but one word must be added on the girjan oil, +the _dipterocarpus_ of quite modern days, which seems to have great +vogue in Barbadoes. This I do because it is the product of a +magnificent tropical tree, and the hospitals did not forget in the +treatment of Leprosy the use of common trees." + +Isolation is the only known effectual way of stamping out the disease, +by its means was the great diminution in the numbers of victims +affected here, by the end of the 14th century, and the almost total +and complete extinction of it in the middle of the 16th century, 1560. + +In 1350 at S. Julian's Lazar House, S. Alban's it is recorded that +"the number of Lepers had so diminished, their maintenance was below +the revenue of the institution; there are not now above three, +sometimes only two, occasionally only one." + +In 1520 the Lazar House of S. Mary Magdalene, Ripon, founded in 1139, +by Archbishop Thurstan, for the relief of the Lepers of the whole +district, contained only two priests and five poor people to pray for +all "Christen sowlez." Some parts of this Hospital, including the +chapel and its altar _in situ_, remain. + +In 1553 at the Lazar House of SS. Mary and Erkemould, Ilford, Essex, +founded by the Abbess of Barking, c. 1190, it is recorded that +"instead of 13 pore men beying Lepers, two pryest, and one clerke +thereof there is at this day but one pryest and two pore men." + +In Scotland the disease lingered till the middle of last century. A +day for public thanksgiving for the supposed total deliverance of that +country from the scourge of Leprosy, was enjoined, in 1742. The +disease however was not quite extinct there; it may be now. + +We are told at the present day, there are 123,924 Lepers in Hawaii; +and in India not less than 250,000, or a quarter of a million. There +are also large numbers in Barbadoes, and in the Sandwich Islands. + +A striking and recent proof of the efficacy of isolation is seen in +the fact, that in Norway there were 2,000 Lepers in 1867. That number +has now been reduced to 700. + +There are probably not more than 20 Lepers in England at the present +day. + +In the February number of the Monthly Record of the Association in +aid of the Bishop of Capetown, is a short account of the Lepers on +Robben Island, to whom Her gracious Majesty the Queen has graciously +sent two photographs of herself, which we are informed will be much +appreciated, probably a great deal more, than the superabundance of +scientific literature which is sent for their delectation, not a word +of which can they read, much less understand. They are also surfeited, +we are told, by no small numbers of copies of that book, so dear and +so well known, to all Cambridge undergraduates, _Paleys' Evidences of +Christianity_. It would have been more considerate had the munificent +benefactors sent the lighter edition of the writer's great work, +familiarly known as _Paley's Ghost_. + +There is just one other subject to mention, namely the common error +that the low narrow windows often seen in our older parish churches, +were to enable the Leper to hear the service, and to receive the +Eucharist, said to have been handed out to him. In support of this we +have but guess-work; of proof, there is none. + +In concluding, it will not fail to be interesting, to quote a few +words from so eminent an authority as Sir Risdon Bennett, M.D., LL.D., +F.R.C.S., ex-President of the Royal College of Physicians:--"If we +adopt the view that Leprosy is another instance of disease induced by +the presence of a particular microbe or bacillus, as in so many other +diseases now the subject of absorbing interest to both the +professional and the non-professional public, we may account for most +of the facts adduced in support of the various theories; especially if +we admit that there is reason to believe that such microbes, or +self-propagating infecting agents, vary greatly in the rapidity with +which they permeate the body. For all observers allow, that as a rule +_true leprosy_ is a disease of very slow development. In the Middle +Ages it is certain that the belief in the contagion of the _true +leprosy_ was very general, both among physicians and the common +people; but it is also true that as medical science advanced, and the +diagnosis of disease became more definite and reliable, this opinion +lost ground, and was at length abandoned." + +The efforts being made by the "Missions to Lepers in India" cannot be +too strongly commended to the benevolently inclined. The Asylums or +Lazar Houses at Almora, Dara, and elsewhere, in India, are entirely +supported by this society, which has under its care above 100 Lepers, +at the cost of only about £6 per annum for each adult. + +If I have awakened an interest in this remarkable and unique subject, +and at the same time, above all, excited a stronger feeling of +sympathy for our brothers and sisters suffering at the present time +from the disease--a living death--in various portions of the globe, my +humble efforts will not have been in vain. + + + + +APPENDIX A. + + +NOTES. + +[a] An obolus = a halfpenny. + + +[b] Bolted Corn was so-called from it being "boulted" or sifted in a +bulter or bolter; this was a special cloth for the purpose of +separating the fine flour from the bran, after the manner of a modern +sieve. Bread made from un-bolted flour was known as "Tourte bread," +bakers of such were not permitted by law to have a bolter, nor were +they allowed to make white bread; nor were bakers of white bread to +make "Tourte." The best kind of white bread was called Simnel, +manchet, Pain demaign or payman, so-called from having an impress of +our Lord upon it, the next best was the Wastell or Puff, the third and +inferior sort was called Cocket or Light bread. + +Black bread was known as "All Sorts." + +Bakers might only make certain kinds of bread. A table called the +Assize of Bread was set up in every city and town, showing the weight +of each kind of loaf according to the law, according as the price of +wheat varied from one shilling to twenty shillings per quarter. The +weight of the loaves was 'set' each year by the Mayors or Bailiffs. + + +[c] The weight of bread is given as five marks, that is £3 +6s. 8d., at one time pounds, shillings, and pence, took the place of +our weights--pounds, ounces, and pennyweights, hence these loaves +would weigh 3 pounds 6 ounces and 8 pennyweights. The price of bread +never varied, but the weight did; contrary to the modern custom. + + +[d] Mess--a particular number or set who eat together. At the +Inns of Court at the present day, a mess consists of four persons. + + +[e] This rather upsets the theory as to the origin of eating +a goose at Michaelmas, connected with Queen Elizabeth and the news of +the English victory over the Spanish Armada. + + +[f] Furmenty or Frumenty was made of new wheat boiled in milk +and seasoned with sugar and spices. + + +[g] Ale, anciently was made of wheat, barley, and honey, the +term was then applied exclusively to malt liquor. Hops are supposed to +have been introduced into this country in 1524 from Flanders, and the +term "Beer" was used to describe liquors brewed with an infusion of +hops. The two terms are now generally used synonymously. + + +[h] The seven Canonical hours of the Church were:-- + + { Mattins or Nocturns, usually sung between midnight and daybreak. +(1) { Lauds, a service at daybreak following closely on and sometimes + { joined to mattins. + +(2) Prime, a later morning service, about six o'clock. + +(3) Tierce, a service at nine o'clock. + +(4) Sexts, a service at noon. + +(5) Nones, a service at three in the afternoon. + +(6) Vespers, a service at six in the evening. + +(7) Compline, a service at eight or nine in the evening, being the last + of the seven hours. + +These seven offices were condensed in 1519 into two, our present +Mattins and Evensong. + + +[i] A Paternoster is a chaplet of beads. + +A Rosary comprises 15 Paternosters and Glorias, and 150 Ave Marias, +divided into three parts, each of which contains five decades +consisting of one paternoster, ten Ave Marias, and one Gloria, each +preceded by the Creed. + + +[j] Similar Services and Masses for the Dead were sung over Monks and +Nuns on retiring from the world to a Monastery or Nunnery. See Manuale +ad usum Sarum. + + +[k] Russet was a coarse cloth of a reddish brown or grey colour, said +by Henry de Knyghton c. 1380, to have been introduced into England by +the Lollards. + +Hall in his "Satires" says, "Russet clothes in the 16th century are +indicative of countryfolk." + +The tunic is a very ancient garment, it is found on the sculptures and +paintings of Early Egypt; it was in constant use by the Greeks, and +was ultimately adopted by the Romans. It was worn in this country, in +a variety of forms and lengths until the end of the fifteenth century. +(Costumes in England, by Fairholt, ed. by Hon. H. Dillon, Vol. II.) + + +[l] _Royal Mandate, enjoining the exclusion of Leprous persons front +the City._ + +20 Edward III. A.D. 1346. Letter-Book F. fol. cxvi. (Latin.) + +"EDWARD, by the grace of God, etc. Forasmuch as we have been given to +understand, that many persons, as well of the city aforesaid, as +others coming to the said city, being smitten with the blemish of +leprosy, do publicly dwell among the other citizens and sound persons, +and there continually abide; and do not hesitate to communicate with +them, as well in public places as in private; and that some of them, +endeavouring to contaminate others with that abominable blemish, (that +so, to their own wretched solace, they may have the more fellows in +suffering,) as well in the way of mutual communications, and by the +contagion of their polluted breath, do so taint persons who are sound, +both male and female, to the great injury of the people dwelling in +the city, aforesaid, and the manifest peril of other persons to the +same city resorting;--We, wishing in every way to provide against the +evils and perils which from the cause aforesaid may unto the said +city, and the whole of our realm, arise, do command you, strictly +enjoining, that immediately on seeing these presents, you will cause +it to be publicly proclaimed on our behalf in every Ward of the city +aforesaid, and in the suburbs thereof, where you shall deem it +expedient, that all persons who have such blemish, shall, within +fifteen days from the date of these presents, quit the city and the +suburbs aforesaid, on the peril which is thereunto attached, and +betake themselves to places in the country, solitary, and notably +distant from the said city and suburbs, and take up their dwelling +there; seeking their victuals, through such sound persons as may think +proper to attend thereto, wheresoever they may deem it expedient. And +that no persons shall permit such leprous people to dwell within their +houses and buildings in the City, and in the suburbs aforesaid, on +pain of forfeiture of their said houses and buildings, and more +grievous punishment on them by us to be inflicted, if they shall +contravene the same. And further, taking with you certain discreet +and lawful men who have the best knowledge of this disease, all those +persons, as well as citizens as others, of whatever sex or condition +they may be, whom, upon diligent examination in this behalf to be +made, within the city and suburbs aforesaid you shall find to be +smitten with the aforesaid blemish of leprosy, you are to cause to be +removed from the communion of sound citizens and persons without +delay, and taken to solitary places in the country, there, as above +stated, to abide. And this, as you shall wish to keep yourself +scatheless, and to avoid our heavy indignation, you are not to delay +doing; and as to that which you shall have done herein, you are +distinctly and openly to certify us in our Chancery under your seals, +within the fifteen days next ensuing herefrom. Witness myself, at +Westminster, the 15th day of March, in the 20th year of our reign in +England, and of our reign in France the 7th." + +Proclamation of this writ was made on the Wednesday next after the +Feast of St. Gregory the Pope [12 March], in the 20th year aforesaid. + + +_The Porters of the City Gates sworn that they will prevent Lepers +from entering the City._ + +49 Edward III. A.D. 1375. Letter-Book H. fol. xx. (Latin) + +WILLIAM DUERHIRST, _barbir_, porter of Algate, and the several porters +of Bisshopesgate, Crepulgate, Aldrichesgate, Neugate, Ludgate, Bridge +Gate, and the [1]Postern,--were sworn before the Mayor and Recorder, +on the Monday next after the Feast of St. Bartholomew the Apostle [24 +August], in the 49th year etc., that they will well and trustily keep +the Gates and Postern aforesaid, each in his own office and bailiwick; +and will not allow lepers to enter the City, or to stay in the same, +or in the suburbs thereof; and if anyone shall bring any leprous +person to any such Gate, or to the Postern aforesaid, or if any lepers +or leper shall come there, and wish to enter, such persons or person +shall be prohibited by the porter from entering; and if, such +prohibition notwithstanding, such persons or person shall attempt to +enter, then they or he shall be distrained by their or his horses or +horse, if they or he shall have any such, and by their outer garment; +the which such persons or person are not to have back, without leave +of the Mayor, for the time being. And if even then such persons or +person shall attempt to enter, they or he shall be attached by their +bodies or body, and in safe custody be kept, until as to such persons +or person it shall by the Mayor, for the time being, have been +otherwise ordained. + + [1] Near the Tower. + +And further, the same porters were told, on pain of the pillory, that +they must well and trustily observe and keep this Ordinance, as +aforesaid. + +William Cook, [2]_forman_ at [3]Le Loke, and William Walssheman, +_forman_ at Hakeney, were sworn that they will not bring lepers, or +know of their being brought, into the City aforesaid; but that they +will inform the said porters, and prevent the said lepers from +entering, as far as they may. + + [2] Foreman, or manager. + + [3] The Lock, adjacent to Southwark; these were Lazar-houses + for Lepers. + + +Memorials of London and London Life, XIII, XIV, and XV centuries, +Riley. + +In the _Liber Albus_ p. 273, is a regulation that no Leper is to be +found in the city, night or day, on pain of imprisonment; alms were, +however, to be collected for them on Sundays. Again on p. 590, are +further regulations that Jews, Lepers, and Swine are to be driven out +of the city. + + +[m] See Dr. Lanigan's Eccles. Hist. of Ireland vol. III. p. 83-88, +Dublin 1822, quoted by Dr. Stewart in "Arch. Essays" 1872, ii. + + +[n] See vol. I. Surtees soc: pp. 37,41. + + +[o] A Sewer was an Usher. Vide Catholicon Anglicum. + +See Dugdale's Mon: Angl. vi. 643, 2nd ed. + +Lord Lyttleton's the Life of Henry II. etc. (London 1767) append of +Documents iv. 220. + +Leland's Itinerary iv. 105. (Hearnes ed.) + + +[p] See authorities quoted by Simpson in Arch. Essays, (ed. Stewart) +ii. 115. + + +[q] See p. 179, ii. Arch. Essays, Simpson ed: ed Stewart. + + +[r] See Rot: Orig: in Curia Scacecrie Abbrev: i. 33, London 1805. + + +[s] See Dugdale's Mon: Angl: vi. 687. Cheon Hencia Knyghton, _Bod: +Lib:_ ii. cap. 2. quoted by the late Sir J. G. Simpson, Bt. in Arch. +Essays, ii. + + +[t] See Alex. Jenkin's, H. and Discrip: of the City of Exeter, etc. +(1806) p. 384 quoted by Simpson. + + +[u] Simpson quotes Bellenden's Transl. of Boece, Chronikles of +Scotland, ii. 102, ed. of 1821. Dempter's Hist. Eccles Gentis Scotorum +(1627) p. 278, etc. + + +[v] See Fuller's Hist. of the Holy Warre (3rd ed. 1647) p. 94, quoted +by Simpson. Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 218. + + +[w] See Orygynale Cronikil of Scotland, (Macpherson's ed.) ii. 136. + +Simpson's Arch. Essays, ii. 113 et sq. + +Froisart's Chron. of England etc., by Lord Berners (London 1812) i. +19. + +A large number of other authorities are quoted by Simpson. Notes and + +Queries, 7th S viii. 108, 217. + + +[x] See Notes and Queries, 7th S. viii. 108. Lingard's H. of England +(1st ed.) iii. 315. + +Rapin's H. of E. (ed. Tindal) ii. 185. Sharon Turner H. of E. ii. 272. + +Duchesne's Hist. d'Angleterre, (Paris 1614) p. 1010. Strickland's +Lives of the Queens of England iii. 114, and others quoted by Simpson, +late Professor Thorold Rogers in Notes and Queries 7th S. viii. 278. + + +[y] Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 277. + + +[z] Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 363. + +Leprosy was sometimes called Meselrie and Spiteluvel in the Middle +Ages, see Catholicon Anglicum, a Leper, elefancia, missella, mesel. +_ibid._ also Promptorium Parvulorum. + + + + +APPENDIX B. + +ENGLISH LAZAR HOUSES. + + +BERKSHIRE. + + Reading S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Auchirius, 2nd Abbot, + 1134, for 13 Lepers. + + +BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. + + Aylesbury SS. John & Leonard. Founded by Robert Ilhale and + others, _temp_ Henry I. & II. Fell into decay previous + to 1360. + + High Wycombe SS. Giles & Margaret. Founded _ante_ 13 Henry III. + + +CAMBRIDGESHIRE. + + Cambridge SS. Anthony & Eligius. _Ante_ 1397. + + Stourbridge S. Mary Magdalene. Suppressed 1497. + + +CORNWALL. + + Bodmin S. Laurence, for 19 Lepers. + + Launceston S. Leonard. + + Liskeard S. Mary Magdalene. + + +CUMBERLAND. + + Carlisle S. Nicholas. _Ante_ 1200, for 13 Lepers. + + +DERBYSHIRE. + + Chesterfield S. Leonard. _Ante_ 1195. + + Derby Maison Dieu. _Temp_ Henry II. + + " S. Leonard. + + Locko S. Mary Magdalene. + + +DEVONSHIRE. + + Exeter S. Mary Magdalene. In being 1163. + + Honiton S. Martin. Founded by Robert Chard, _last_ Abbot of Ford. + + Pilton S. Margaret. Exists, though not for Lepers. + + Plymouth Holy Trinity & S. Mary Magdalene. + + Plymton S. Mary Magdalene. Founded in Edward II. + + Tavistock S. Mary Magdalene. + + +DORSETSHIRE. + + Allington S. Mary Magdalene. + + Long Blandford + + Lyme S. Mary & Holy Spirit. _Ante_ 1336. + + +DURHAM. + + Badele, near Darlington _Ante_ 1195. + + Sherburn Blessed Virgin, Lazarus, and his Two Sisters. Still existing. + Founded by Hugh Pudsey, Bishop of Durham, 1181, for 65 Lepers. + + +ESSEX. + + Colchester S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Eudo, Seneschal of Henry I. + + Ilford SS. Mary & Erkemould. By Abbess of Barking, _c._ 1190, for + 13 Lepers. + + Little Maldon S. Giles. + + Southweald S. John the Baptist. Still going on as an almshouse. + + +GLOUCESTERSHIRE. + + Bristol S. Lawrence. + + " S. Mary Magdalene. + + " S. John the Baptist. Founded by John Earl of Morton. + + Gloucester S. Margaret; or, the Lepers of S. Sepulchre. _Ante_ + 1320, for men and women. + + S. George S. Leonard. + + Tewkesbury _c._ John. + + +HAMPSHIRE. + + Southampton S. Mary Magdalene. Founded 1173-4. + + Winchester + + +HEREFORDSHIRE. + + Hereford S. Giles. + + +HERTFORDSHIRE. + + Baldock _Temp_ Henry III. + + Berkhampstead S. John the Evangelist. For men and women. + + Hoddesdon SS. Landers & Anthony. Founded 1391. + + S. Albans S. Mary. + + " S. John. + + " S. Julian. Founded by Geoffrey de Gorham, 16th Abbot of S. + Alban's. _Temp_ Henry I., between 1109 and 1146, for 6 Lepers. + + +HUNTINGTONSHIRE. + + Huntingdon S. Margaret. Founded by Malcolm IV., King of + Scotland, who died 1165. + + +KENT. + + Bobbing + + Boughton-under-Blean S. Nicholas. + + Buckland-in-Dover S. Bartholomew. Founded 1141. + + Canterbury S. Laurence. Founded by Hugh, Abbot of S. + Augustine's in 1137, or _ante_ 1089. + + " S. Nicholas. + + Chatham S. Bartholomew. Founded by Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester, or + by Henry I. Goes on as a hospital. The chapel remains and is + still used. + + Dartford S. Mary Magdalene. Founded _c._ 1380. + + Dartfort Holy Trinity. + + Dover S. Bartholomew. Founded _c._ 1141. + + Harbledon S. Nicholas. Founded by Lanfranc in 1084. For men and + women. Still used, though not for Lepers. + + Hythe S. Andrew. _Ante_ 1336. + + Olford _Temp_ Henry III. + + Ramsay, Old SS. Stephen and Thomas of Canterbury. Founded by + Adam de Charing. _Temp_ Archbishop Baldwin. + + Rochester S. Catherine. Founded by Simon Postyn 1316. Still + going on, though not for Lepers. + + Tannington S. James. _Ante_ 1189. + + +LANCASHIRE. + + Lancaster S. Leonard Founded by John White, Earl of Moreton. + + +LEICESTERSHIRE. + + Burton Lazars Blessed Virgin and S. Lazarus. Founded chiefly by + Roger de Mowbray, _temp_ Stephen. + + Leicester S. Leonard. Founded by William, son of Robert + Blanchmains, _temp_ Richard I. + + Stamford _Ante_ 1493. + + Tilton Founded by Sir Wm. Burdett. Annexed to Burton Lazars + _temp_ Henry II. + + +LINCOLNSHIRE. + + Bassingthorpe + + Lincoln Holy Innocents. Founded by Remegius, 1st Bishop, or + Henry I. Annexed to Burton Lazars. + + +MIDDLESEX. + + Bloomsbury S. Giles-in-the-Fields. Founded by Queen Matilda, + 1101, for 40 Lepers. + + Kingsland (Hackney) + + Knightsbridge Holy Trinity? + + London S. James'. Westminster. Founded _pre_ Conquest, for 14 Leprous + maids; 8 men added at a later date (site of S. James' Palace.) + + Savoy + + Smithfield S. John of Jerusalem. Founded by Jordan Bristol and + his wife, 1100. + + Southwark + + +NORFOLK. + + Choseley + + Hardwick S. Lawrance. + + Langwade + + Little Snoring Founded 1380. + + Lynn (6) S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Peter the Chaplain, 1145, for + 1 Prior and 12 brethren; 3 to be Lepers. + + S. Nicholas. Men and women. + + Cowgate + + Gaywood + + Setchhithe + + West Lynn + + Norwich (6) SS. Mary and Clement. S. Austin's Gate. (Still existing + as the Pest House.) + + S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Herbert de Lozinga _ante_ 1119. + + Without Fibriggate or S. Magdalene Gate. + + " Nedham or S. Stephen's Gate. + + " S. Giles' Gate. + + " Westwyk or S. Benet's Gate. + + Racheness-in-Southacre S. Bartholomew. _Ante_ 1216. + + Thetford S. John. _Temp_ Edward I. + + " S. Margaret. _C._ 1390. + + Walsingham + + Yarmouth Outside North Gate. _Ante_ 1314. + + +NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. + + Cotes, near Rockingham. + + Cotton Far S. Leonard. Founded by William I. + + Northampton S. Leonard. Founded by William I. 11th century. Men + and women. + + Peterborough S. Leonard. Founded in the reign of Stephen. + _Ante_ 1154. Towcester S. Leonard. _C._ 1200. + + +NORTHUMBERLAND. + + Bolton S. Thomas the Martyr or Holy Trinity. Founded by Robert + de Ross of Hamlake. _Ante_ 1225, for 13 Lepers. + + Hexham S. Giles. _C._ 1210. + + Newcastle-on-Tyne S. Mary Magdalene. + + +NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. + + Blythe S. John the Evangelist. Founded by William de Cressy. + + Nottingham S. John. + + " S. Leonard. + + +OXFORDSHIRE. + + Banbury S. John. _Temp_ John. + + Crowmarsh + + Oxford S. Bartholomew. Founded by Henry I. _Temp_ Henry I. + _Ante_ 1200, for 12 Lepers. + + S. Clement's S. Bartholomew. + + +SHROPSHIRE. + + Bridgenorth S. James. + + Shrewsbury S. Giles. Founded by Henry II. Men and women. + + +SOMERSETSHIRE. + + Bath + + Berrington + + Bridgewater S. Giles. + + Langport S. Mary Magdalene. _Ante_ 1310. + + Selwood + + Taunton + + +STAFFORDSHIRE. + + Penkridge + + Stafford S. Leonard. + + " Henry II. + + +SUFFOLK. + + Beccles S. Mary Magdalene. _C._ 1327. + + Bury S. Edmunds S. Peter. _C._ 1327. + + Dunwich Maison Dieu. (Chancel of Church remains.) + + " S. James. _Ante_ 1199. + + Eye S. Mary Magdalene. _C._ 1330. + + Gorleston Existing 1372. + + Ipswich S. James. _Temp_ John. + + " S. Mary Magdalene. + + Sudbury S. Leonard. Founded by John Colnays. + + " S. Lazars. Founded by Amicia, Countess of Clare. _Temp_ John. + + +SURREY. + + Newington Blessed Mary and S. Catharine. + + +SUSSEX. + + Arundel Founded by Henry of Arundel. _Temp_ Edward II. + + Beddington S. Mary Magdalene. + + Bramber + + Chichester SS. John & Mary Magdalene. _Temp_ Richard I. + + Herting S. John the Baptist. _Ante_ 1199. + + Shoreham S. James? + + +WARWICKSHIRE. + + Coventry S. James. + + " S. John. + + Warwick S. Michael. Founded _c._ Henry I. or Stephen. + + +WESTMORELAND. + + Appleby S. Leonard. + + " S. Nicholas. + + Kirby-in-Kendal S. Leonard. + + Kirkby By Henry II. + + +WILTSHIRE. + + Devizes Founded _ante_ 1207. + + Cricklade S. John the Baptist. + + Fuggleston SS. Giles and Anthony. Founded by Adelicia, 2nd + Queen of Henry I., for men and women. + + Maiden Bradley Blessed Virgin. Founded by Manasseh Biset. _Temp_ Stephen + or Henry II., _c._ 1154, for "pore Lepers and women." + + Marlborough S. John? For Lepers. + + Wilton S. John. Founded 1217. + + " S. Giles. Founded by Alicia or Adelicia, 2nd Queen of Henry + I. 1217. + + +WORCESTERSHIRE. + + Droitwich Founded by William de Donére. Edward I. + + +YORKSHIRE. + + Bawtry S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Robert Moreton, 1316. + + Beverley S. Nicholas (without Keldgate Bar). _Ante_ 1286. + + " " (without North Bar). + + Brough S. Giles. Founded by Henry Fitz-Randolph of Ravenswood. + _Temp_ Henry III. ? For Lepers. + + Doncaster S. James. Founded by Manasseh Biset, _c._ 1154. For women. + + Doncaster S. Nicholas. + + Hedon Holy Sepulchre. Founded by Alan Fitz-Oubern, for men and women. + + Hull Maison Dieu? + + Hutton Locras, or Lowcross S. Leonard. Founded by William de Bernaldby. + + Pontefract S. Mary Magdalene. _Temp_ Henry III. + + Otley _Temp_ Henry II., or Edward II. + + Ripon S. John. Founded by William I. 1068. + + " S. Mary Magdalene. Archbishop Thurstan, 1139. Some parts, + including chapel with its altar _in situ_, are left. + + " S. Nicholas. Maude the Empress. + + Sheffield S. Leonard. + + Whitby S. John the Baptist. Founded by Abbot William de Percy, + 1109. For one Leper[A]. + + [A] Who gave to it the wood and thorny ground adjacent to the + spot. The building being for the habitation of one Leper + only, one Orme being the first, was necessarily small. Orme + was supplied with his provisions daily from the Abbey. After + him Geoffrey Mansell, a Leprous monk of Whitby also lived + here in solitude. On his death the hospital ceased to be used + as a Lazar House, and was enlarged for the reception of + several poor people both healthy and sick, Robert de Alnett + being appointed master of it. + + Yarm S. Nicholas. Founded by Robert de Brus, _c._ 1180. + + York (4) S. Mary Magdalene. + + " S. Nicholas. Early _c._ 1110. For men and women. + + " S. Oswald. Founded by Bishop Oswald, 1268. + + * * * * * + +_This is not a complete list of all the Lazar Houses once existing in +England, but has been hurriedly compiled from Dugdale's Mon. Ang. vol. +vi.; Lewis' Top. Dic. of England; Promptorium Parvulorum; Historic +Towns--Exeter, by Professor Freeman, and other sources._ + + * * * * * + +JOHN HAGYARD, PRINTER, ST. NICHOLAS STREET, SCARBOROUGH. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Leper in England: with some +account of English lazar-houses, by Robert Charles Hope + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LEPER IN ENGLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 29737-8.txt or 29737-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/9/7/3/29737/ + +Produced by Julie Barkley, Irma Spehar and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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