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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Leper in England: with some account of
+English lazar-houses, by Robert Charles Hope
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Leper in England: with some account of English lazar-houses
+
+Author: Robert Charles Hope
+
+Release Date: August 19, 2009 [EBook #29737]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LEPER IN ENGLAND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Julie Barkley, Irma Spehar and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LEPER IN ENGLAND:
+
+WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF
+
+English Lazar Houses.
+
+WITH NOTES.
+
+BY
+
+ROBERT CHARLES HOPE, F.S.A., F.R.S.L.,
+
+_Peterhouse, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn.
+Member of the Royal Archĉological Institute of Great Britain._
+
+_Editor of Barnabe Googe's "Popish Kingdome."
+Author of "Glossary of Dialectal Place-Nomenclature."
+"An Inventory of the Church Plate in Rutland."
+"English Goldsmiths," &c., &c._
+
+
+SCARBOROUGH: JOHN HAGYARD, PRINTER, "GAZETTE" ST. NICHOLAS STREET.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                   PAGE
+
+TITLE                                1
+
+DEDICATION                           3
+
+CONTENTS                             5
+
+FORESPEECH                           7
+
+THE LEPROSY OF SCRIPTURE             9
+
+THE LEPROSY OF THE MIDDLE AGES      13
+
+LAZAR HOUSES                        16
+
+STATUS OF LEPERS                    26
+
+SUMMARY                             29
+
+APPENDIX A.--NOTES                  39
+
+   "     B.--ENGLISH LAZAR HOUSES   43
+
+
+
+
+                               Dedicated
+                                  TO
+          THE VEN. R. FREDERICK L. BLUNT, A.K.C., M.A., D.D.,
+      ARCHDEACON OF THE EAST RIDING; CANON RESIDENTIARY OF YORK;
+                         VICAR OF SCARBOROUGH;
+             CHAPLAIN-IN-ORDINARY TO THE QUEEN; SURROGATE;
+                   FELLOW OF KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON;
+  CHAPLAIN TO THE ROYAL NORTHERN SEA-BATHING INFIRMARY, SCARBOROUGH,
+     WHO OCCUPIED THE CHAIR ON THE OCCASION, AND AT WHOSE REQUEST,
+                      THE LECTURE WAS DELIVERED.
+
+
+
+
+FORESPEECH.
+
+
+The subject matter embraced within these covers, consists chiefly of
+notes, made for a lecture delivered in Christ Church Schoolroom,
+Scarborough, on Thursday, March 5th, 1891, and is published by special
+request.
+
+No claim for originality is made. The works of the late Sir James Y.
+Simpson, Professor of Medicine in the University of Edinburgh,
+(Archĉological Essays, Vol. II.); Sir Risdon Bennett, M.D., LL.D.,
+F.B.S., "Diseases of the Bible"; Dr. Greenhill, in "Bible Educator";
+Leland's "Itinerary"; Dugdale's "Monasticon," &c., &c., have been
+freely drawn upon, and to these writers, therefore, it is the desire
+here to acknowledge the indebtedness which is due.
+
+Various Notes will be found in the Appendix, which it is hoped will
+prove of interest.
+
+
+
+
+THE LEPER IN ENGLAND.
+
+
+There is perhaps no subject of greater interest, nor one which awakens
+more sympathy, than that of the Leper; it affords a most curious,
+though painful topic of enquiry, particularly in the present day, when
+so much has been said and written, as to the probability and
+possibility of the loathsome scourge again obtaining a hold in this,
+our own country.
+
+Much confusion and ignorance exists, as to what true Leprosy really
+is. I do not pretend, nor do I assume, to be in any way an authority
+on the disease, nor to be at all deeply versed in the matter; my
+remarks will consist chiefly in retailing to you, some of the many and
+curious circumstances connected with the malady, with which I have
+become acquainted in studying the various Lazar Houses and Leper
+Wells, once so liberally scattered all over the country, from an
+antiquary's point of view, and in examining the writings of those
+competent to express an opinion, from personal and other observations.
+Your kind indulgence is, therefore, asked for any shortcomings on my
+part.
+
+
+THE LEPROSY OF THE BIBLE.
+
+It is necessary at the outset, to state clearly, that the disease
+known as Leprosy in Holy Scripture, was an entirely and altogether
+different disorder, to that, which, in the Middle Ages, was so
+terribly prevalent, not in this country only, but over the whole
+Continent of Europe.
+
+Sir Risdon Bennett tells us the Leprosy of Scripture was a skin
+disease known to the medical faculty as _Psoriasis_. The use of the
+Greek and Latin word _Lepra_, to signify both kinds of Leprosy, has no
+doubt contributed largely to the confusion existing as to these two
+disorders. The Leprosy of the Bible was _Psoriasis_, that of the
+Middle Ages _Elephantiasis Grĉcorum_.
+
+There are six cases only, which include nine instances of Leprosy,
+recorded in the Old Testament:--
+
+  Moses--Exodus, iv., 6.           }
+  Miriam--Numbers, xii., 10.       } Miraculously
+  Gehazi--2 Kings, v., 27.         } afflicted.
+  Uzziah--2 Chronicles, xxvi., 19. }
+  Naaman--2 Kings, v., 1.
+  Four Lepers--2 Kings, vii., 3.
+
+In the New Testament we have but three cases, involving twelve
+persons, viz.:--
+
+  (1) Man, recorded by St. Matthew, viii, 2; St. Mark, i., 40;
+       St. Luke, v., 12.
+
+  (2) Ten Lepers, St. Luke, xvii., 12.
+
+  (3) Simon, St. Matthew, xxvi., 6; St. Mark, xiv., 3.
+
+The first account or mention of the disorder in the Bible, is to be
+found in Leviticus; nearly three chapters, xiii., xiv., xv., being
+devoted to the examination and cleansing of the afflicted, with the
+minutest detail.
+
+In chapter xiii., we are told that "if a man has a bright spot deeper
+than the skin of the flesh, the hair on which has turned white, or the
+white spot has a raw in it, and the scab be spread in the skin--then
+shall the priest pronounce him _unclean_." But, if he have all the
+above symptoms, and "the scabs do not spread, or, if he be covered
+from head to foot--as white as snow--with the disease, then shall the
+priest pronounce him _clean_." It should be observed, that whereas
+the "_unclean_" Leper "shall dwell alone," no such restriction was
+placed upon the "clean or White Leper," who was free to go about as he
+desired, and also to mingle with his fellow-men. This is clear from
+the accounts given us of Gehazi conversing with the King; of Naaman
+performing his ordinary duties as captain of the host of the King of
+Syria; we are told he was "a great man with his master, and
+honourable, because by him the Lord had given victory unto Syria; he
+was also a mighty man of valour," and also, from the instance of our
+Blessed Lord being entertained in the house of Simon the "Leper." On
+no other ground than this assumption, can these instances be
+reconciled with the Levitical Law.
+
+In the Levitical, and in every other account of the disease, it is
+significant that there is no mention, or hint, of any loss of
+sensation in connection with the disorder, of any affection of the
+nerves, nor of any deformity of the body; no provision is made for
+those who were unable to take care of themselves, nor is there a
+tittle of evidence, or the barest hint given, that the disease was
+either contagious or dangerous. Only two persons in the whole of the
+Bible are stated to have died from the disease, and in each of these
+cases, it was specially so ordained by the Almighty, as a specific
+punishment for a particular sin. Cures were not only possible, and
+common, but they were the rule. Josephus speaks of Leprosy in a man as
+but "a misfortune in the colour of his skin." S. Augustine said that
+when Lepers were restored to health, "they were _mundati_, not
+_sanati_, because Leprosy is an ailment affecting merely the colour,
+not the health, or the soundness of the senses, and the limbs."
+
+It is a most curious, and interesting problem which has yet to be
+solved, why a man should be "unclean" when he was but partially
+covered by the disease, and yet, when he was wholly covered with it,
+he should be "clean."
+
+That no argument in support of contagion can be drawn simply from the
+sentence of expulsion from the camp, is evident from Numbers v., 2-4;
+for Lepers, and non-Lepers, are equally excluded on the ground of
+"uncleanness." The laws of seclusion applied as rigorously to the
+uncleanness induced by _touching_ a leper, or even a dead body, as
+well as in other cases, where no question of contagion could exist. It
+appears more than probable that the "cleansing" was merely a
+ceremonial, ordained for those attacked by the disease at a certain
+stage, implying some deeper meaning, than I for one, am able to
+discern. I therefore leave it to the theologian to whom it appertains,
+rather than to a humble and enquiring layman as myself.
+
+That the descriptions of the various forms of skin disease were
+intended, not to denote differences in their nature or pathology, but
+to enable the priests to discriminate between the "clean" and
+"unclean" forms, is manifest. They were intended purely for practical
+use.
+
+The first allusion--the only one in the Bible--we have to a Lazar, or
+Leper house, occurs in 2 Kings, xv., 5, "And the Lord smote the King
+so that he was a Leper unto the day of his death, and dwelt in a
+_'several' house_."
+
+
+THE LEPROSY OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
+
+The Leprosy of the Middle Ages known as _Elephantiasis Grĉcorum_,
+_Lepra Arabum_, and _Lepra tuberculosis_, is not yet extinct. It is
+very curious that whilst _Lepra Arabum_ is the same as _Elephantiasis
+Grĉcorum_ or true Leprosy, the _Elephantiasis Arabum_ is a totally
+distinct disease. The former is the most loathsome and revolting of
+the many awful and terrible scourges, with which the Almighty, in his
+wisdom, has seen fit, from time to time, to visit mankind.
+
+It is, I believe, a singular fact, that the Jews, "the chosen people
+of God," have a special immunity from the disease, being less
+predisposed than other races. Dr. V. Carter says that during a period
+of seventeen years, out of a very large number of cases in Bombay, he
+had seen only four cases, and but one death among Jews, that is of
+_Elephantiasis Grĉcorum_.
+
+Belcher on "Our Lord's Miracles," says that in Tangiers at the present
+day, the two diseases are found, the _Lepra Hebrĉorum_ prevailing
+chiefly among the Jewish residents, and presenting exactly the
+symptoms as described in Leviticus. On the other hand, in Syria,
+_Elephantiasis Grĉcorum_ is unknown among the Jews.
+
+It appears to have been very prevalent in this country; but when, and
+how it was introduced, is not known. Some certify it was brought back
+by the Crusaders, being the only thing they ever did bring back. But
+it existed here long anterior to the days of the _first_ crusade. The
+City of Bath is said to have originated from an old British King
+afflicted with Leprosy, who being obliged, in consequence, to wander
+far from the habitation of men, and being finally reduced to the
+condition of a swineherd, discovered the medicinal virtues of the hot
+springs of Bath, while noticing that his pigs which bathed therein
+were cured of sundry diseases prevailing among them.
+
+The following epigram on King Bladud, who was killed 844,
+B.C.,--father of King Leir, or Leal, d. 799, B.C.,--was written by a
+clergyman of the name of Groves, of Claverton:--
+
+    "When Bladud once espied some hogs
+    Lie wallowing in the steaming bogs,
+    Where issue forth those sulphurous springs,
+    Since honour'd by more potent kings,
+    Vex'd at the brutes alone possessing
+    What ought t' have been a common blessing,
+    He drove them, thence in mighty wrath,
+    And built the mighty town of Bath.
+    The hogs thus banished by their prince,
+    Have lived in Bristol ever since."
+
+Many Lazar or Leper Houses were built in England during the early part
+of the reign of William the Norman, who founded several.
+
+The medical writers of the 13th and 14th centuries, which include the
+names of Theodoric, the monk, a distinguished surgeon of Bologna; the
+celebrated Lanfranc, of Milan and afterwards of Paris; Professor
+Arnold Bachuone, of Barcelona, reputed in his day the greatest
+physician in Spain; the famous French surgeon Guy de Chauliac;
+Bernhard Gordon; and our own countrymen Gilbert, _c._ 1270; John of
+Gaddesden, Professor of Medicine in Merton College, Oxford, and Court
+Physician to Edward II., minutely describe the disease.
+
+It was the custom in those affected days, when a medical man or anyone
+wrote a book on medicine or a medicinal subject, to call it either a
+"rose" or a "lily," as "_Rosa Angelica_," "_Lilium medecinĉ_."
+
+The following description of the malady is from the _Lilium medecinĉ_,
+by Bernhard Gordon, written about 1305 or 1309. He gives three stages
+or classes of the disease, viz., the (1) occult, (2) the infallible,
+and (3) the last, or terminating signs. None of these indications are
+laid down in Leviticus for the guidance of the Jewish Priests.
+
+(i.) "The occult premonitory signs of Leprosy are, a reddish colour of
+the face, verging to duskiness; the expiration begins to be changed,
+the voice grows hoarse, the hairs become thinned and weaker, and the
+perspiration and breath incline to foetidity; the mind is
+melancholic with frightful dreams and nightmare; in some cases scabs,
+pustules, and eruptions break out over the whole body; disposition of
+the body begins to become loathsome, but still, while the form and
+figure are not corrupted, the patient is not to be adjudged for
+separation; but is to be most strictly watched."
+
+(ii.) "The infallible signs, are, enlargement of the eyebrows, with
+loss of their hair; rotundity of the eyes; swelling of the nostrils
+externally, and contraction of them within; voice nasal; colour of the
+face glossy, verging to a darkish hue; aspect of the face terrible,
+and with a fixed look; with acumination or pointing and contraction of
+the pulps of the ear. And there are many other signs, as pustules and
+excrescences, atrophy of the muscles, and particularly of those
+between the thumb and forefinger; insensibility of the extremities;
+fissures, and infections of the skin; the blood, when drawn and
+washed, containing black, earthy, rough, sandy matter. The above are
+those evident and manifest signs, which, when they do appear, the
+patient ought to be separated from the people, or, in other words,
+secluded in a Lazar House."
+
+(iii.) "The signs of the last stage and breaking-up of the disease,
+are, corrosion and falling-in of the cartilage forming the septum of
+the nose; fissure and division of the feet and hands; enlargement of
+the lips, and a disposition to glandular swelling; dyspnoea and
+difficulty of breathing; the voice hoarse and barking; the aspect of
+the face frightful, and of a dark colour; the pulse small, almost
+imperceptible." Sometimes the limbs drop off, piecemeal or in their
+entirety.
+
+All the writers agree in urging most earnestly that no one ought to be
+adjudged a Leper, unless there manifestly appears a corruption of the
+figure, or, that state indicated as _signa infallibilia_.
+
+
+LAZAR HOUSES.
+
+The period from its introduction into this country, as far as we know,
+to its final or nearly final extinction, may be embraced within the
+10th and 16th centuries. It was at the zenith of its height during the
+11th, 12th, and 13th centuries. As early as A.D. 948 laws were enacted
+with regard to Lepers in Wales by Howel Dda, the Good--the great Welsh
+King, who died 948.
+
+The enormous extent to which it prevailed during that period may be
+gauged from the fact, that there were above 200 Lazar Houses in
+England alone, probably providing accommodation for 4,000 at least,
+and this, at a time when the whole population of England was only
+between 2,000,000 and 3,000,000 of persons; being something like two
+in every thousand.
+
+I have been enabled to compile the following English Lazar Houses,
+which is however far from being a complete one. These Lazar Houses
+were founded by the charitably disposed, and were usually under
+ecclesiastical rule:--
+
+   1 Berkshire.
+   2 Buckinghamshire.
+   2 Cambridgeshire.
+   3 Cornwall.
+   1 Cumberland.
+   4 Derbyshire.
+   6 Devonshire.
+   3 Dorsetshire.
+   2 Durham.
+   4 Essex.
+   6 Gloucestershire.
+   2 Hampshire.
+   1 Herefordshire
+   6 Hertfordshire.
+   1 Huntingdonshire.
+  15 Kent.
+   1 Lancashire.
+   2 Lincolnshire.
+   4 Leicestershire.
+   7 Middlesex.
+  22 Norfolk.
+   5 Northamptonshire.
+   3 Northumberland.
+   3 Nottinghamshire.
+   4 Oxfordshire.
+   2 Shropshire.
+   6 Somersetshire.
+   3 Staffordshire.
+  10 Suffolk.
+   1 Surrey.
+   6 Sussex.
+   3 Warwickshire.
+   4 Westmoreland.
+   7 Wiltshire.
+   1 Worcester.
+  20 Yorkshire.
+
+Total:  173
+
+They were presumably under the rule of S. Austin or Augustine.
+
+Chalmers' _Caledonia_ states 9 hospitals existed in the County of
+Berwick alone.
+
+It is said that, by a Bull of Alexander III., exemption from the
+payment of tithes was granted to all the possessions of the Lazar
+Houses; this, however, does not appear to have always been acted upon,
+at least in this country, as at Canterbury, etc.
+
+A Prior--usually a Leper--and a number of Priests were attached to
+each house.
+
+Where a chapel was not attached, the inmates appear to have attended
+the parish church for service.
+
+There was a special order of Knights founded very early, in Jerusalem,
+united to the general order of the Knights Hospitallers, whose
+especial province was to look after the sick, particularly Lepers.
+They seem to have separated from the Knights Hospitallers at the end
+of the 11th, or beginning of the 12th centuries. They were at first
+designated Knights of S. Lazarus, or, of SS. Lazarus and Mary of
+Jerusalem, from the locality of their original establishment, and from
+their central preceptory being near Jerusalem. The Master or Prior of
+the Superior Order was a Leper, that he might be more in sympathy with
+his afflicted brethren. They were afterwards united by different
+European princes, with the Military Orders of Notre Dame and Mount
+Carmel, and, in 1572 with that of S. Maurice. We first hear of them in
+England, in the reign of King Stephen, when they seem to have made
+their headquarters at Burton-Lazars, near Melton Mowbray in
+Leicestershire, where a rich and famous Lazar House was built by a
+general subscription throughout the country, and greatly aided by the
+munificence of Robert de Mowbray. The Lazar-houses of S. Leonard's,
+Sheffield; Tilton, in Leicestershire; Holy Innocents', Lincoln; S.
+Giles', London; SS. Mary and Erkemould, Ilford, Essex; and the
+preceptory of Chosely, in Norfolk, besides many others, were annexed
+to it, as cells containing _fratres leprosos de Sancto Lazaro de
+Jerusalem_. The house received at least 35 different charters,
+confirmed by various sovereigns. Camden in his _Britannia_, p. 447,
+says that "The masters of all the smaller Lazar-houses in England,
+were in some sort subject to the Master of Burton Lazars, as he
+himself was, to the Master of the Lazars in Jerusalem."
+
+The rules of these Lazar-houses were very strict. The inmates were
+allowed to walk within certain prescribed limits only, generally a
+mile from the house. They were forbidden to stay out all night, and
+were not on any account permitted to enter the bakehouse, brewhouse,
+and granary, excepting the brother in charge, and he was not to dare
+to touch the bread and beer, since it was "most unfitting that persons
+with such a malady, should handle things appointed for the common use
+of men." A gallows was sometimes erected in front of the houses, on
+which offenders were summarily despatched from this world, for breach
+of the rules.
+
+The comforts in these houses varied greatly as the house was richly,
+or poorly endowed. At some of the smaller ones, the inmates would seem
+to have depended almost, if not entirely, on the precarious
+contributions of the charitably disposed for their very sustenance. At
+Beccles, in Suffolk, one of the Lepers of S. Mary Magdalene's, was by
+a royal grant empowered to beg on behalf of himself and his brethren.
+Sometimes, these poor and wretched outcasts would sit by the roadside,
+with a dish placed on the opposite side, to receive the alms of the
+good Samaritans that passed by, who would give them as wide a berth as
+possible. The Lepers were not allowed to speak to a stranger, lest
+they should contaminate him with their breath. To attract attention,
+they would clash their wooden clappers together.
+
+In the larger and richer houses, the inmates were well provided for.
+The account of the food supplied to the inmates of the Lazar House of
+S. Julian, at S. Albans, c. 1335-1349, is very curious:--"Let every
+Leprous brother receive from the property of the Hospital for his
+living and all necessaries, whatever he has been accustomed to receive
+by the custom observed of old, in the said Hospital, namely--Every
+week seven loaves, five white, and two brown made from the grain as
+thrashed. Every seventh month, fourteen gallons of beer, or 8d. for
+the same. Let him have in addition, on the feasts of All Saints, Holy
+Trinity, S. Julian, S. John the Baptist, S. Albans, The Annunciation,
+Purification, Assumption, and Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, for
+each feast, one loaf, one jar of beer, or 1d. for the same, and one
+obolus[a] which is called the charity of the said Hospital; also, let
+every Leprous brother receive, at the feast of Christmas, forty
+gallons of good beer, or 40d. for the same; two qrs. of pure and clean
+corn--which is called the great charity; also at the Feast of S.
+Martin, each Leper shall receive one pig from the common stall, or the
+value in money, if he prefer it." The pigs were selected by each leper
+according to his seniority in having become an inmate; also, each
+Leper shall receive on the Feast of S. Valentine, for the whole of the
+ensuing year, one quarter of oats; also, about the feast of S. John
+the Baptist, two bushels of salt, or the current price; also, on the
+feast of S. Julian, and at the feast of S. Alban, one penny for the
+accustomed pittance; also, at Easter, one penny, which is called by
+them 'Flavvones-peni'; also, on Ascension Day, one obolus for buying
+pot herbs; also, on each Wednesday in Lent, bolted corn[b] of the
+weight of one of their loaves; also, on the feast of S. John the
+Baptist, 4s. for clothes; also, at Christmas, let there be distributed
+in equal portions, amongst the Leprous brethren, 14s. for their fuel
+through the year, as has been ordained of old, for the sake of peace
+and concord; also, by the bounty of Our Lord the King, 30s. 5d. have
+been assigned for ever for the use of the Lepers, which sum, the
+Viscount of Hertford has to pay them annually, at the feasts of Easter
+and Michaelmas.
+
+At the Lazar House, dedicated in honour of "The Blessed Virgin,
+Lazarus, and his two sisters Mary and Martha," at Sherburn, Durham,
+which accommodated no less than 65 Lepers, a more varied, and at the
+same time less complex dietary was in vogue. The daily allowance was a
+loaf of bread weighing 5 marks[c] and a gallon of ale to each; and
+betwixt every two, one mess[d] or commons of flesh, three days in the
+week, and of fish, cheese, and butter, on the remaining four. On high
+festivals, a double mess, and in particular on the Feast of S.
+Cuthbert. In Lent, fresh salmon, if it could be had, if not, other
+fresh fish; and on Michaelmas Day, four messed on one goose[e]. With
+fresh flesh, fish, or eggs, a measure of salt was delivered. When
+fresh fish could not be had, red herrings were served, three to a
+single mess; or cheese and butter by weight; or three eggs. During
+Lent, each had a razer of wheat to make furmenty[f], and two razers of
+beans to boil; sometimes greens or onions; and every day, except
+Sunday, the seventh part of a razer of bean meal; but on Sundays, a
+measure-and-a-half of pulse to make gruel. Red herrings were
+prohibited from Pentecost to Michaelmas, and at the latter, each
+received two razers of apples. They had a kitchen and cook in common,
+with utensils for cooking, etc.:--A lead, two brazen pots, a table, a
+large wooden vessel for washing, or making wine, a laver, two ale[g]
+and two bathing vats. The sick had fire and candles, and all
+necessaries, until they became convalescent or died.
+
+Each Leper received an annual allowance for his clothing, three yards
+of woollen cloth, white or russet, six yards of linen, and six of
+canvas. Four fires were allowed for the whole community. From
+Michaelmas to All Saints, they had two baskets of peat, on double mess
+days; and four baskets daily, from All Saints to Easter. On Christmas
+Day, they had four Yule logs each a cartload, with four trusses of
+straw; four trusses of straw on All Saints' Eve, and Easter Eve; and
+four bundles of rushes, on the Eves of Pentecost, S. John the Baptist,
+and S. Mary Magdalene; and on the anniversary of Martin de Sancta
+Cruce, every Leper received 5s. 5d. in money.
+
+This luxurious living was not without its leaven. The rules of the
+House were strict, and enforced religious duties on its inmates, of a
+most severe and austere nature. All the Leprous brethren, whose health
+permitted, were required daily to attend Matins, Nones, Vespers, and
+Compline[h].
+
+The bed-ridden sick were enjoined to raise themselves, and say Matins
+in their bed; and for those who were still weaker, "let them rest in
+peace." During Lent and Advent, all the brethren were required to
+receive corporal discipline three days in the week, and the sisters in
+like manner.
+
+From the rules of the Lazar House of SS. Mary and Erkemould, at Ilford
+in Essex, which accommodated 13 Lepers--we learn, in 1336, that the
+inmates were ordered "to preserve silence, and, if able, to hear Mass
+and Matins throughout, and whilst there, to be intent on prayer and
+devotion. In the hospital, every day, each shall say for morning duty
+a Pater-noster and Ave Maria[i] thirteen times; and for the other
+hours of the day--1st, 3rd, and 6th of Vespers; and again, at the hour
+of concluding service, a Pater-noster and Ave Maria seven times;
+besides the aforesaid prayers each Leper shall say a Pater-noster and
+Ave Maria thirty times every day, for the founder of the Hospital--the
+Abbess of Barking, 1190--the Bishop of the place, all his benefactors,
+and all other true believers, living or dead; and on the day on which
+any one of their number departs from life, let each Leprous brother
+say in addition, fifty Paters and Aves three times, for the soul of
+the departed, and the souls of all diseased believers." Punishment was
+meted out to any who neglected or shirked these duties.
+
+Some of the Leper Houses in France excited the jealousy and avarice of
+Phillip V., who caused many of the inmates to be burned alive, in
+order that the fire might purify at one and the same time, the
+infection of the body and that of the soul, giving as an ostensible
+reason for his fiendish barbarity, the absurd and baseless allegation,
+that the Lepers had been bribed to commit the detestable sin and
+horrible crime of poisoning the wells, waters, etc., used by the
+Christians. The real cause being a desire, through this flimsy excuse,
+to rob the richer hospitals of their funds and possessions, this is
+clearly manifest in the special wording of his own edict, "that all
+the goods of the Lepers be lodged and held for himself." A similar
+persecution was renewed about 60 years afterwards, in 1388, under
+Charles VI. of France.
+
+As soon as a man became a prey to the disease, his doom on earth was
+finally and irrevocably sealed. The laws, both civil and
+ecclesiastical, were awful in their severity to the poor Leper; not
+only was he cut off from the society of his fellow-men, and all family
+ties severed, but, he was dead to the law, he could not inherit
+property, or be a witness to any deed. According to English law Lepers
+were classed with idiots, madmen, outlaws, etc.
+
+The Church provided a service to be said over the Leper on his
+entering a Lazar House[j]. The Priest duly vested preceded by a cross,
+went to the abode of the victim. He there began to exhort him to
+suffer with a patient and penitent spirit the incurable plague with
+which God had stricken him. Having sprinkled the unfortunate Leper
+with Holy Water, he conducted him to the Church, the while reading
+aloud the beginning of the Burial Service. On his arrival there, he
+was stripped of his clothes and enveloped in a pall, and then placed
+between two trestles--like a corpse--before the Altar, when the
+_Libera_ was sung and the Mass for the Dead celebrated over him.
+
+After the service he was again sprinkled with Holy Water, and led from
+thence to the Lazar House, destined for his future, and final abode,
+here on earth.
+
+A pair of clappers, a stick, a barrel, and a distinctive dress were
+given to him. The costume comprised a russet tunic[k], and upper tunic
+with hood cut from it, so that the sleeves of the tunic were closed
+as far as the hand, but not laced with knots or thread after the
+secular fashion of the day. The upper tunic was to be closed down to
+the ankles, and a close cape of black cloth of the same length as the
+hood, for outside use.
+
+A particular form of boot or shoe, laced high, was also enjoined, and
+if these orders were disobeyed the culprit was condemned to walk
+bare-footed, until the Master, considering his humility said to him
+"enough." An oath of obedience and a promise to lead a moral and
+abstemious life was required of every Leper on admission. The Bishops
+of Rome from time to time issued Bulls, with regard to the
+ecclesiastical separation and rights of the afflicted.
+
+Lepers were excluded from the city of London by Act 20 Edward the
+III., 1346[l].
+
+The Magistrates of Glasgow, in 1573, appeared to have exercised some
+right of searching for Lepers.
+
+Piers, the ploughman, makes frequent allusions to "Lepers under the
+hedges."
+
+The Lazar Houses were often under the authority of some neighbouring
+Abbey, or Monastery. _Semler_ quotes a Bull, issued by one of the
+Bishops of Rome, appointing every Leper House to be provided with its
+own burial ground and chapel; as also ecclesiastics; these in the
+middle ages were probably the only physicians of the body, as well as
+of the soul--some appear to have devoted themselves as much to the
+study of medicine as to that of theology.
+
+It was customary in the mediĉval times to address the secular clergy
+as "Sir."
+
+
+STATUS OF LEPERS.
+
+The rank and status of any one, was no guarantee against attacks from
+this dire disorder, with its fearful ravages. Had the victims been
+confined, as it is generally thought, to those who dwelt amid squalor,
+dirt and vice, in close and confined dens, veritable hot beds for
+rearing and propagating disease of every kind; we should not be
+surprised, but should be entitled to assume, that to such
+circumstances, in a very great measure might the origin be expected to
+be found; but, when we find, that not only was the scourge a visitant
+here, but, that it numbered amongst the afflicted, members of some of
+the most illustrious households in this kingdom, aye, even the august
+monarchs themselves, the source from whence _Elephantiasis
+Grĉcorum_--the malady not being contagious--first originated must be
+sought for elsewhere.
+
+First amongst our ancient and illustrious families, we find--if he may
+be so classed--the case of S. Finian, who died 675 or 695[m].
+
+A nobleman of the South of England, whose name unfortunately is not
+recorded, is reputed to have been miraculously cured at the tomb of S.
+Cuthbert, at Durham, 1080[n].
+
+A daughter of Mannasseh Bysset, a rich Wiltshire gentleman, sewer[o]
+to Henry II., being a Leper, founded the Lazar House at Maiden
+Bradley, dedicated to the honour of the Blessed Virgin, "for poore
+leprous women" and gave to it her share of the town of Kidderminster,
+c. 1160. Mannasseh Bysset founded the Lazar House dedicated in honour
+of S. James, Doncaster, for women, c. 1160.
+
+The celebrated Constance, Duchess of Brittany, who was allied to the
+royal families of both England and Scotland, being a grand-daughter of
+Malcolm III. of Scotland, and the English Princess Margaret Atheling,
+and also a descendant of a natural daughter of Henry I. She died of
+Leprosy in the year 1201[p].
+
+In 1203 in the King's Court, a dispute was heard respecting a piece of
+land in Sudton, Kent, between two kinswomen--Mabel, daughter of
+William Fitz-Fulke, and Alicia, the widow of Warine Fitz-Fulke. Among
+the pleas, it was urged by Alicia, that Mabel had a brother, and that
+his right to the land must exclude her claim, whereupon Mabel answered
+that her brother was a Leper[q].
+
+It was certified to King Edward I. in 1280, that Adam of Gangy,
+deceased, of the county of Northumberland, holding land of the King in
+chief, was unable to repair to the King's presence to do homage, being
+struck with the Leprosy[r].
+
+In the reign of Richard II. c. 1380, William, son of Robert
+Blanchmains, being a Leper, founded the Lazar House, dedicated in
+honour of S. Leonard, outside the town of Leicester, to the north[s].
+
+Richard Orange, a gentleman of noble parentage, and Mayor of Exeter in
+1454, was a Leper. In spite of his great wealth he submitted himself
+to a residence in the Lazar House of S. Mary Magdalene in that city,
+where he died, and was buried in the chapel attached. A mutilated
+inscription still remains over the spot where he is interred[t].
+
+Some of the Lazar Houses were specially endowed for persons above the
+lower ranks who happened to become affected with the disease. In
+1491, Robert Pigot gave by will to the Leper House of Walsingham, in
+the Archdeaconry of Norwich, a house in, or near that town, for the
+use of two Leprous persons "of good families."
+
+Before considering the Royal Lepers, it will not be out of place to
+mention the death of S. Fiacre from Leprosy, in 665. He was the
+reputed son of Eugenius IV., King of Scotland, and is canonised in the
+Roman branch of the Church Catholic[u].
+
+Amongst Royal Lepers, the case of Adelicia or Adelais, daughter of
+Godfrey, Duke of Louraine, and niece of Calextus II., Bishop of Rome,
+1118; the second Queen of Henry I. of England, and afterwards wife of
+William de Albion, to whom she was tenderly attached; stands first in
+order of state. Being stricken with leprosy, she left him and entered
+a convent, where she died of the disease, 1151. This reputed instance,
+it is right to mention, requires confirmation. The above is mentioned
+by a contributor to _Notes and Queries_, 7, S. viii., 174, but no
+authority is given.
+
+Baldwin IV., King of Jerusalem, a direct descendant like the Royal
+Plantagenets of England, from Fulk, Count of Anjou and Touraine, died
+of Leprosy in 1186, leaving a child nephew to succeed him; the
+consequence being, the loss of the Holy Land, and the triumph of
+Saladin after eighty-eight years of the Christian kingdom[v].
+
+Henry III. is said to have been a Leper.
+
+Edward the Black Prince, used to bathe in the Holy Well at Harbledon,
+near Canterbury, for his Leprosy, and Robert Bruce, King of Scotland,
+had a licence at one time from the King of England to bathe in the
+waters of S. Lazarus' Well on Muswell Hill, near where now stands the
+Alexandra Palace. The well belonged to the Order of S. John,
+Clerkenwell, a hospital order for Lepers. Three years before his
+death, he was unable to undertake the command of the army in its
+descent upon the northern counties of England, by reason of his
+Leprosy, of which he died in 1329, at the age of 55[w].
+
+Henry IV. King of England, was a Leper without doubt[x].
+
+Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI. of England, is reputed, like her
+ancestor Baldwin IV., to have died a Leper[y].
+
+Louis the XIV., is said to have died of the disease in 1715. It is
+also recorded, that in order to effect a cure, recourse was had to a
+barbarous superstitious custom, once unhappily common in Brazil, that
+of killing several fine healthy children, eating their hearts, livers,
+&c.; then washing in their blood, and annointing the body with grease
+made from the remains. Let us at least hope this impious and inhuman
+act is but "legend[z]".
+
+
+SUMMARY.
+
+It is trusted that the fact has been established that the Leprosy of
+the Bible, and of the Middle Ages, were entirely different diseases.
+The only essential characteristics in common being that both were
+cutaneous and neither was contagious, excepting by innoculation by a
+wound or a cut. Both were possibly hereditary, though this is denied
+by some.
+
+The Biblical Leprosy never ended in death, whereas that of the Middle
+Ages always did. In one case there was little suffering, in the other
+usually a great deal.
+
+In one the isolation was temporary only, in the other permanent.
+
+The origin of the Mediĉval Scourge is enshrouded in impenetrable
+mystery. The cure is as enigmatical.
+
+The late Father Damian, who gave his life to ministration and
+alleviation of the sufferings of the 2,000 Lepers of Hawaii, in the
+island of Molakai, no doubt caught the disease of which he died, owing
+to the fact, that Lepers only handled and cooked the food, kneaded and
+baked the bread, washed the clothes, etc. The whole surroundings being
+Leprous, it is difficult to see how the good Father could well have
+avoided contamination. Still, the disease is not contagious if
+reasonable precautions are taken.
+
+Two remarkable meetings were held in London in 1889, under the
+presidency of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. At the first
+one, held in Marlborough House, June 17th, the Prince of Wales made
+the startling and unwelcome announcement of the case of Edward Yoxall,
+aged 64, who was carrying on his trade as butcher, in the Metropolitan
+Meat Market, from whence he was subsequently removed.
+
+At the second meeting held in the rooms of the Medical Society,
+Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, two Lepers were exhibited. The
+verdict of the medical men present was, "There is no curative
+treatment of Leprosy." Dr. Thornton, of the Leper Hospital of Madras,
+said:--That his experience showed him that Leprosy was contagious,
+and that it was likely to spread to this country; that the disease,
+however, could rarely, if ever, be communicated, except in the case of
+a healthy person by an abraded skin, coming in contact with a Leper.
+"The sufferings of the afflicted can be alleviated by (1) a liberal
+diet; (2) oleaginous anointings, by which the loss of sleep, one of
+the most distressing symptoms of the disease, can be prevented."
+
+The Rev. Father Ignatius Grant called my attention to the use of
+"simples" in England, as elsewhere, for the alleviation of the
+suffering. He says, "_Les Capitulaires, Legislatio domestica_, of
+Charlemagne, contains the enumeration of the sorts of fruit trees and
+plants to be grown in the Imperial gardens, as a guide to monastic
+establishments throughout his empire. The list is entirely of culinary
+and medicinal herbs, simples and vegetables. As to flowers, only the
+lily and the rose are permitted for _agrément_; whilst all the rest
+are for food or medicinal remedies. All the common simples are
+specified.
+
+"Herein is a mine of information, which I only allude to, but it was
+doubtless the plan followed by most religious houses. For one thing is
+clear, that as the monastic gardens were all arranged on a certain and
+utilitarian method, there is an antecedent probability of a consequent
+fact. That fact is, that we shall find out if we examine the purlieus
+of our own ruined abbeys, many a plant medicinal or culinary which has
+reset itself and persisted in its original _locale_ for four
+centuries, though its original native earth and climate was not that
+of England.
+
+"Such herbs proper for making salves and lotions are plentifully
+mentioned in part i. 301-455 of Ducange, v. _areola florarium_,
+_lilietum_, &c., and there is a catalogue of _des plus excellentes
+fruits qui se cultivent chez les Chartreux_ (Paris, 1752.) Also, as a
+specimen of this sort of "find," the Woolhope Natural Club found the
+valuable medicinal plant asarabica (_asarum Europeum_) in the forest
+of Deerfold, having wandered from the old abbey garden, and
+perpetuated itself for ages. This one instance shows how the old
+gardeners had introduced foreign plants into their wort-beds.
+
+"Many writers have told me, he goes on to observe, but especially a
+Franciscan Father of the Holy Land and two Franciscan Sisters from a
+hospital at Vialas (_Lazére_) par Génalhac, that--
+
+"1. They use elm bark for cutaneous eruptions, herpes, and lepra. Four
+ounces of the bark boiled in decoction in two quarts of water down to
+one quart. That half a pint given twice a day has made inveterate
+eruptions of lepra, both dry and humid, to disappear.
+
+"2. The rose burdock--_lappa rosea_--they give in cases of lepra
+_icthyosis_, and it has succeeded where other remedies had failed.
+
+"3. They have used also the root of the mulberry-tree. Half a dram of
+the powder to a dose.
+
+"4. _Lapathum bononicense_, or fiddle-dock, and also the dwarf
+trefoil--_trefolium pusillum_.
+
+"The following is the list of simples which I obtained from the
+Lazar-house still existing in Provence, les Alpes Maritimes, and from
+that in Cyprus, and especially Nicosia, as also from the well-known
+Leper hospital in Provence:
+
+"Food, baths, and oleaginous applications stand first. Then some
+preparation of the following ordinary simples, which were most known
+among our own common people, and which are still used in various parts
+of England by simple folk for skin diseases and sores. You will see
+how they entered into the monastic pharmacopoeia of the middle ages,
+how they were at their doors, and especially cultivated in monastery
+gardens.
+
+"1. Plantain--_plantago major_. Qualities: alterative, diuretic,
+antiseptic. For scrofulous and cutaneous affections. It has also the
+property of destroying living microscopical matter in or on the human
+body. The Negro Casta, who discovered this herb, afterwards, as a
+remedy against the deadly bite of the rattlesnake, received a
+considerable reward from the Assembly of South Carolina. It is a
+native of most parts of Europe and Asia, as also of Japan. Plantain
+stands in the forefront of all the _cartels des hospitalières_.
+
+"2. Yellow dock--_rumex_. Alterative, tonic, astringent, detergent,
+and anti-scorbutic. Employed in scrofula, Leprosy, cutaneous diseases,
+and purigo, and that with much effect.
+
+"3. Sorrel--_rumex ascetocella_. Employed locally to cancers, tumours,
+and the open wounds of the Leper.
+
+"4. Burdock--_arctenus lappa_. Aperient, sudorific, and diuretic.
+Employed in venereal and Leprous disorders, scrofula, and scurvy.
+Fluid extract of lappa is exhibited even now to lepers. Dose, 1/2 to 1
+dram.
+
+"5. Monk's rhubarb--_rumex alpinus_. Used for the same purposes as
+true rhubarb.
+
+"6. Lily roots. This ancient remedy is in all the books to which the
+Franciscan Fathers of the Holy Land have access, and comes down from
+Pliny and Dioscorides. "Effugant lepras lilium radices." (Plin.)
+
+"7. Common wormwood--_absinthium vulgare_, _artemisia_.
+
+"8. Daffodil--_narcissus purpurens et narcissus croceus_, called so
+from _torpor_. The _oleum narcissenum et unguentum_ is found in all
+hospital books, and comes down from Pliny, 2, 19: "Narcissi duogenera
+medici usu recipiunt." For Leprosy and cutaneous eruptions called
+_mala scabies_. This was what Canon Bethune calls _les calmantes_. Of
+this flower, I may say that eight out of ten monastic ruins in England
+abound with it, to such a degree that one cannot but conclude that it
+was set there of old, that it was cultivated for some purpose, and has
+reset and reproduced itself for centuries. Father Birch, S.J.,
+confirms this in regard to Roche Abbey--_de Rocca_--an old
+Premonstratensian house, in Derbyshire, to which people come from afar
+to see the daffodils, which make of the purlieus of the abbey one
+great _tapis jaune_ (_sic._), but a carpet varied by every sort of
+English spring flowers.
+
+"9. Scurvy grass--_cochlearia officinalis_--has long been considered,
+at Nicosia, Cyprus, and elsewhere, as the most effectual of all the
+anti-scorbutic plants. It grows in high latitudes, where scurvy is
+most obnoxious. Not only religious (_sic._) and physicians, but
+sailors speak highly of it.
+
+"10. The _sedum acre_--wall stone-crop. Used by nuns in Provence for
+ulcers and leprous eruptions. It is boiled in six pints of milk until
+reduced to three or four pints. For fungous flesh, it promotes
+discharge, and destroys both gangrenes and carbuncles. This is found
+in abundance on the cottage roofs about Melton Mowbray and
+Burton-Lazars.
+
+"11. Celandine--_chelidonium_. Tintern Abbey, about Whitsuntide, is
+one large white tapestry of celandine. When I visited Tintern, I was
+struck by the lush clustering growth of this flower in 1885. An old
+legend says that it is so called because the swallow cures the eyes of
+its young of blindness by application of this herb. "Certainly," says
+P. Xavier, Franciscan of the Holy Land, "it makes a good lotion for
+the eyes of the Leper, and is often used by us in France."
+
+"If I were to add here the history of the _quinquina_, or Jesuit's
+bark--is it not told us that the lions drank of a well into which
+chincona had fallen, and thus suggested the useful Jesuits' bark, or
+quinine?--it would take me into the seventeenth century, and be a
+little out of my track; but one word must be added on the girjan oil,
+the _dipterocarpus_ of quite modern days, which seems to have great
+vogue in Barbadoes. This I do because it is the product of a
+magnificent tropical tree, and the hospitals did not forget in the
+treatment of Leprosy the use of common trees."
+
+Isolation is the only known effectual way of stamping out the disease,
+by its means was the great diminution in the numbers of victims
+affected here, by the end of the 14th century, and the almost total
+and complete extinction of it in the middle of the 16th century, 1560.
+
+In 1350 at S. Julian's Lazar House, S. Alban's it is recorded that
+"the number of Lepers had so diminished, their maintenance was below
+the revenue of the institution; there are not now above three,
+sometimes only two, occasionally only one."
+
+In 1520 the Lazar House of S. Mary Magdalene, Ripon, founded in 1139,
+by Archbishop Thurstan, for the relief of the Lepers of the whole
+district, contained only two priests and five poor people to pray for
+all "Christen sowlez." Some parts of this Hospital, including the
+chapel and its altar _in situ_, remain.
+
+In 1553 at the Lazar House of SS. Mary and Erkemould, Ilford, Essex,
+founded by the Abbess of Barking, c. 1190, it is recorded that
+"instead of 13 pore men beying Lepers, two pryest, and one clerke
+thereof there is at this day but one pryest and two pore men."
+
+In Scotland the disease lingered till the middle of last century. A
+day for public thanksgiving for the supposed total deliverance of that
+country from the scourge of Leprosy, was enjoined, in 1742. The
+disease however was not quite extinct there; it may be now.
+
+We are told at the present day, there are 123,924 Lepers in Hawaii;
+and in India not less than 250,000, or a quarter of a million. There
+are also large numbers in Barbadoes, and in the Sandwich Islands.
+
+A striking and recent proof of the efficacy of isolation is seen in
+the fact, that in Norway there were 2,000 Lepers in 1867. That number
+has now been reduced to 700.
+
+There are probably not more than 20 Lepers in England at the present
+day.
+
+In the February number of the Monthly Record of the Association in
+aid of the Bishop of Capetown, is a short account of the Lepers on
+Robben Island, to whom Her gracious Majesty the Queen has graciously
+sent two photographs of herself, which we are informed will be much
+appreciated, probably a great deal more, than the superabundance of
+scientific literature which is sent for their delectation, not a word
+of which can they read, much less understand. They are also surfeited,
+we are told, by no small numbers of copies of that book, so dear and
+so well known, to all Cambridge undergraduates, _Paleys' Evidences of
+Christianity_. It would have been more considerate had the munificent
+benefactors sent the lighter edition of the writer's great work,
+familiarly known as _Paley's Ghost_.
+
+There is just one other subject to mention, namely the common error
+that the low narrow windows often seen in our older parish churches,
+were to enable the Leper to hear the service, and to receive the
+Eucharist, said to have been handed out to him. In support of this we
+have but guess-work; of proof, there is none.
+
+In concluding, it will not fail to be interesting, to quote a few
+words from so eminent an authority as Sir Risdon Bennett, M.D., LL.D.,
+F.R.C.S., ex-President of the Royal College of Physicians:--"If we
+adopt the view that Leprosy is another instance of disease induced by
+the presence of a particular microbe or bacillus, as in so many other
+diseases now the subject of absorbing interest to both the
+professional and the non-professional public, we may account for most
+of the facts adduced in support of the various theories; especially if
+we admit that there is reason to believe that such microbes, or
+self-propagating infecting agents, vary greatly in the rapidity with
+which they permeate the body. For all observers allow, that as a rule
+_true leprosy_ is a disease of very slow development. In the Middle
+Ages it is certain that the belief in the contagion of the _true
+leprosy_ was very general, both among physicians and the common
+people; but it is also true that as medical science advanced, and the
+diagnosis of disease became more definite and reliable, this opinion
+lost ground, and was at length abandoned."
+
+The efforts being made by the "Missions to Lepers in India" cannot be
+too strongly commended to the benevolently inclined. The Asylums or
+Lazar Houses at Almora, Dara, and elsewhere, in India, are entirely
+supported by this society, which has under its care above 100 Lepers,
+at the cost of only about £6 per annum for each adult.
+
+If I have awakened an interest in this remarkable and unique subject,
+and at the same time, above all, excited a stronger feeling of
+sympathy for our brothers and sisters suffering at the present time
+from the disease--a living death--in various portions of the globe, my
+humble efforts will not have been in vain.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+[a] An obolus = a halfpenny.
+
+
+[b] Bolted Corn was so-called from it being "boulted" or sifted in a
+bulter or bolter; this was a special cloth for the purpose of
+separating the fine flour from the bran, after the manner of a modern
+sieve. Bread made from un-bolted flour was known as "Tourte bread,"
+bakers of such were not permitted by law to have a bolter, nor were
+they allowed to make white bread; nor were bakers of white bread to
+make "Tourte." The best kind of white bread was called Simnel,
+manchet, Pain demaign or payman, so-called from having an impress of
+our Lord upon it, the next best was the Wastell or Puff, the third and
+inferior sort was called Cocket or Light bread.
+
+Black bread was known as "All Sorts."
+
+Bakers might only make certain kinds of bread. A table called the
+Assize of Bread was set up in every city and town, showing the weight
+of each kind of loaf according to the law, according as the price of
+wheat varied from one shilling to twenty shillings per quarter. The
+weight of the loaves was 'set' each year by the Mayors or Bailiffs.
+
+
+[c] The weight of bread is given as five marks, that is £3
+6s. 8d., at one time pounds, shillings, and pence, took the place of
+our weights--pounds, ounces, and pennyweights, hence these loaves
+would weigh 3 pounds 6 ounces and 8 pennyweights. The price of bread
+never varied, but the weight did; contrary to the modern custom.
+
+
+[d] Mess--a particular number or set who eat together. At the
+Inns of Court at the present day, a mess consists of four persons.
+
+
+[e] This rather upsets the theory as to the origin of eating
+a goose at Michaelmas, connected with Queen Elizabeth and the news of
+the English victory over the Spanish Armada.
+
+
+[f] Furmenty or Frumenty was made of new wheat boiled in milk
+and seasoned with sugar and spices.
+
+
+[g] Ale, anciently was made of wheat, barley, and honey, the
+term was then applied exclusively to malt liquor. Hops are supposed to
+have been introduced into this country in 1524 from Flanders, and the
+term "Beer" was used to describe liquors brewed with an infusion of
+hops. The two terms are now generally used synonymously.
+
+
+[h] The seven Canonical hours of the Church were:--
+
+    { Mattins or Nocturns, usually sung between midnight and daybreak.
+(1) { Lauds, a service at daybreak following closely on and sometimes
+    { joined to mattins.
+
+(2)  Prime, a later morning service, about six o'clock.
+
+(3)  Tierce, a service at nine o'clock.
+
+(4)  Sexts, a service at noon.
+
+(5)  Nones, a service at three in the afternoon.
+
+(6)  Vespers, a service at six in the evening.
+
+(7)  Compline, a service at eight or nine in the evening, being the last
+     of the seven hours.
+
+These seven offices were condensed in 1519 into two, our present
+Mattins and Evensong.
+
+
+[i] A Paternoster is a chaplet of beads.
+
+A Rosary comprises 15 Paternosters and Glorias, and 150 Ave Marias,
+divided into three parts, each of which contains five decades
+consisting of one paternoster, ten Ave Marias, and one Gloria, each
+preceded by the Creed.
+
+
+[j] Similar Services and Masses for the Dead were sung over Monks and
+Nuns on retiring from the world to a Monastery or Nunnery. See Manuale
+ad usum Sarum.
+
+
+[k] Russet was a coarse cloth of a reddish brown or grey colour, said
+by Henry de Knyghton c. 1380, to have been introduced into England by
+the Lollards.
+
+Hall in his "Satires" says, "Russet clothes in the 16th century are
+indicative of countryfolk."
+
+The tunic is a very ancient garment, it is found on the sculptures and
+paintings of Early Egypt; it was in constant use by the Greeks, and
+was ultimately adopted by the Romans. It was worn in this country, in
+a variety of forms and lengths until the end of the fifteenth century.
+(Costumes in England, by Fairholt, ed. by Hon. H. Dillon, Vol. II.)
+
+
+[l] _Royal Mandate, enjoining the exclusion of Leprous persons front
+the City._
+
+20 Edward III. A.D. 1346. Letter-Book F. fol. cxvi. (Latin.)
+
+"EDWARD, by the grace of God, etc. Forasmuch as we have been given to
+understand, that many persons, as well of the city aforesaid, as
+others coming to the said city, being smitten with the blemish of
+leprosy, do publicly dwell among the other citizens and sound persons,
+and there continually abide; and do not hesitate to communicate with
+them, as well in public places as in private; and that some of them,
+endeavouring to contaminate others with that abominable blemish, (that
+so, to their own wretched solace, they may have the more fellows in
+suffering,) as well in the way of mutual communications, and by the
+contagion of their polluted breath, do so taint persons who are sound,
+both male and female, to the great injury of the people dwelling in
+the city, aforesaid, and the manifest peril of other persons to the
+same city resorting;--We, wishing in every way to provide against the
+evils and perils which from the cause aforesaid may unto the said
+city, and the whole of our realm, arise, do command you, strictly
+enjoining, that immediately on seeing these presents, you will cause
+it to be publicly proclaimed on our behalf in every Ward of the city
+aforesaid, and in the suburbs thereof, where you shall deem it
+expedient, that all persons who have such blemish, shall, within
+fifteen days from the date of these presents, quit the city and the
+suburbs aforesaid, on the peril which is thereunto attached, and
+betake themselves to places in the country, solitary, and notably
+distant from the said city and suburbs, and take up their dwelling
+there; seeking their victuals, through such sound persons as may think
+proper to attend thereto, wheresoever they may deem it expedient. And
+that no persons shall permit such leprous people to dwell within their
+houses and buildings in the City, and in the suburbs aforesaid, on
+pain of forfeiture of their said houses and buildings, and more
+grievous punishment on them by us to be inflicted, if they shall
+contravene the same. And further, taking with you certain discreet
+and lawful men who have the best knowledge of this disease, all those
+persons, as well as citizens as others, of whatever sex or condition
+they may be, whom, upon diligent examination in this behalf to be
+made, within the city and suburbs aforesaid you shall find to be
+smitten with the aforesaid blemish of leprosy, you are to cause to be
+removed from the communion of sound citizens and persons without
+delay, and taken to solitary places in the country, there, as above
+stated, to abide. And this, as you shall wish to keep yourself
+scatheless, and to avoid our heavy indignation, you are not to delay
+doing; and as to that which you shall have done herein, you are
+distinctly and openly to certify us in our Chancery under your seals,
+within the fifteen days next ensuing herefrom. Witness myself, at
+Westminster, the 15th day of March, in the 20th year of our reign in
+England, and of our reign in France the 7th."
+
+Proclamation of this writ was made on the Wednesday next after the
+Feast of St. Gregory the Pope [12 March], in the 20th year aforesaid.
+
+
+_The Porters of the City Gates sworn that they will prevent Lepers
+from entering the City._
+
+49 Edward III. A.D. 1375. Letter-Book H. fol. xx. (Latin)
+
+WILLIAM DUERHIRST, _barbir_, porter of Algate, and the several porters
+of Bisshopesgate, Crepulgate, Aldrichesgate, Neugate, Ludgate, Bridge
+Gate, and the [1]Postern,--were sworn before the Mayor and Recorder,
+on the Monday next after the Feast of St. Bartholomew the Apostle [24
+August], in the 49th year etc., that they will well and trustily keep
+the Gates and Postern aforesaid, each in his own office and bailiwick;
+and will not allow lepers to enter the City, or to stay in the same,
+or in the suburbs thereof; and if anyone shall bring any leprous
+person to any such Gate, or to the Postern aforesaid, or if any lepers
+or leper shall come there, and wish to enter, such persons or person
+shall be prohibited by the porter from entering; and if, such
+prohibition notwithstanding, such persons or person shall attempt to
+enter, then they or he shall be distrained by their or his horses or
+horse, if they or he shall have any such, and by their outer garment;
+the which such persons or person are not to have back, without leave
+of the Mayor, for the time being. And if even then such persons or
+person shall attempt to enter, they or he shall be attached by their
+bodies or body, and in safe custody be kept, until as to such persons
+or person it shall by the Mayor, for the time being, have been
+otherwise ordained.
+
+  [1] Near the Tower.
+
+And further, the same porters were told, on pain of the pillory, that
+they must well and trustily observe and keep this Ordinance, as
+aforesaid.
+
+William Cook, [2]_forman_ at [3]Le Loke, and William Walssheman,
+_forman_ at Hakeney, were sworn that they will not bring lepers, or
+know of their being brought, into the City aforesaid; but that they
+will inform the said porters, and prevent the said lepers from
+entering, as far as they may.
+
+  [2] Foreman, or manager.
+
+  [3] The Lock, adjacent to Southwark; these were Lazar-houses
+      for Lepers.
+
+
+Memorials of London and London Life, XIII, XIV, and XV centuries,
+Riley.
+
+In the _Liber Albus_ p. 273, is a regulation that no Leper is to be
+found in the city, night or day, on pain of imprisonment; alms were,
+however, to be collected for them on Sundays. Again on p. 590, are
+further regulations that Jews, Lepers, and Swine are to be driven out
+of the city.
+
+
+[m] See Dr. Lanigan's Eccles. Hist. of Ireland vol. III. p. 83-88,
+Dublin 1822, quoted by Dr. Stewart in "Arch. Essays" 1872, ii.
+
+
+[n] See vol. I. Surtees soc: pp. 37,41.
+
+
+[o] A Sewer was an Usher. Vide Catholicon Anglicum.
+
+See Dugdale's Mon: Angl. vi. 643, 2nd ed.
+
+Lord Lyttleton's the Life of Henry II. etc. (London 1767) append of
+Documents iv. 220.
+
+Leland's Itinerary iv. 105. (Hearnes ed.)
+
+
+[p] See authorities quoted by Simpson in Arch. Essays, (ed. Stewart)
+ii. 115.
+
+
+[q] See p. 179, ii. Arch. Essays, Simpson ed: ed Stewart.
+
+
+[r] See Rot: Orig: in Curia Scacecrie Abbrev: i. 33, London 1805.
+
+
+[s] See Dugdale's Mon: Angl: vi. 687. Cheon Hencia Knyghton, _Bod:
+Lib:_ ii. cap. 2. quoted by the late Sir J. G. Simpson, Bt. in Arch.
+Essays, ii.
+
+
+[t] See Alex. Jenkin's, H. and Discrip: of the City of Exeter, etc.
+(1806) p. 384 quoted by Simpson.
+
+
+[u] Simpson quotes Bellenden's Transl. of Boece, Chronikles of
+Scotland, ii. 102, ed. of 1821. Dempter's Hist. Eccles Gentis Scotorum
+(1627) p. 278, etc.
+
+
+[v] See Fuller's Hist. of the Holy Warre (3rd ed. 1647) p. 94, quoted
+by Simpson. Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 218.
+
+
+[w] See Orygynale Cronikil of Scotland, (Macpherson's ed.) ii. 136.
+
+Simpson's Arch. Essays, ii. 113 et sq.
+
+Froisart's Chron. of England etc., by Lord Berners (London 1812) i.
+19.
+
+A large number of other authorities are quoted by Simpson. Notes and
+
+Queries, 7th S viii. 108, 217.
+
+
+[x] See Notes and Queries, 7th S. viii. 108. Lingard's H. of England
+(1st ed.) iii. 315.
+
+Rapin's H. of E. (ed. Tindal) ii. 185. Sharon Turner H. of E. ii. 272.
+
+Duchesne's Hist. d'Angleterre, (Paris 1614) p. 1010. Strickland's
+Lives of the Queens of England iii. 114, and others quoted by Simpson,
+late Professor Thorold Rogers in Notes and Queries 7th S. viii. 278.
+
+
+[y] Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 277.
+
+
+[z] Notes and Queries 7th S viii. 363.
+
+Leprosy was sometimes called Meselrie and Spiteluvel in the Middle
+Ages, see Catholicon Anglicum, a Leper, elefancia, missella, mesel.
+_ibid._ also Promptorium Parvulorum.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+ENGLISH LAZAR HOUSES.
+
+
+BERKSHIRE.
+
+  Reading S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Auchirius, 2nd Abbot,
+          1134, for 13 Lepers.
+
+
+BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.
+
+  Aylesbury SS. John & Leonard. Founded by Robert Ilhale and
+            others, _temp_ Henry I. & II. Fell into decay previous
+            to 1360.
+
+  High Wycombe SS. Giles & Margaret. Founded _ante_ 13 Henry III.
+
+
+CAMBRIDGESHIRE.
+
+  Cambridge SS. Anthony & Eligius. _Ante_ 1397.
+
+  Stourbridge S. Mary Magdalene. Suppressed 1497.
+
+
+CORNWALL.
+
+  Bodmin S. Laurence, for 19 Lepers.
+
+  Launceston S. Leonard.
+
+  Liskeard S. Mary Magdalene.
+
+
+CUMBERLAND.
+
+  Carlisle S. Nicholas. _Ante_ 1200, for 13 Lepers.
+
+
+DERBYSHIRE.
+
+  Chesterfield S. Leonard. _Ante_ 1195.
+
+  Derby Maison Dieu. _Temp_ Henry II.
+
+    "   S. Leonard.
+
+  Locko S. Mary Magdalene.
+
+
+DEVONSHIRE.
+
+  Exeter S. Mary Magdalene. In being 1163.
+
+  Honiton S. Martin. Founded by Robert Chard, _last_ Abbot of Ford.
+
+  Pilton S. Margaret. Exists, though not for Lepers.
+
+  Plymouth Holy Trinity & S. Mary Magdalene.
+
+  Plymton S. Mary Magdalene. Founded in Edward II.
+
+  Tavistock S. Mary Magdalene.
+
+
+DORSETSHIRE.
+
+  Allington S. Mary Magdalene.
+
+  Long Blandford
+
+  Lyme S. Mary & Holy Spirit. _Ante_ 1336.
+
+
+DURHAM.
+
+  Badele, near Darlington _Ante_ 1195.
+
+  Sherburn Blessed Virgin, Lazarus, and his Two Sisters. Still existing.
+           Founded by Hugh Pudsey, Bishop of Durham, 1181, for 65 Lepers.
+
+
+ESSEX.
+
+  Colchester S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Eudo, Seneschal of Henry I.
+
+  Ilford SS. Mary & Erkemould. By Abbess of Barking, _c._ 1190, for
+         13 Lepers.
+
+  Little Maldon S. Giles.
+
+  Southweald S. John the Baptist. Still going on as an almshouse.
+
+
+GLOUCESTERSHIRE.
+
+  Bristol S. Lawrence.
+
+    "     S. Mary Magdalene.
+
+    "     S. John the Baptist. Founded by John Earl of Morton.
+
+  Gloucester S. Margaret; or, the Lepers of S. Sepulchre. _Ante_
+             1320, for men and women.
+
+  S. George S. Leonard.
+
+  Tewkesbury _c._ John.
+
+
+HAMPSHIRE.
+
+  Southampton S. Mary Magdalene. Founded 1173-4.
+
+  Winchester
+
+
+HEREFORDSHIRE.
+
+  Hereford S. Giles.
+
+
+HERTFORDSHIRE.
+
+  Baldock _Temp_ Henry III.
+
+  Berkhampstead S. John the Evangelist. For men and women.
+
+  Hoddesdon SS. Landers & Anthony. Founded 1391.
+
+  S. Albans S. Mary.
+
+      "     S. John.
+
+      "     S. Julian. Founded by Geoffrey de Gorham, 16th Abbot of S.
+            Alban's. _Temp_ Henry I., between 1109 and 1146, for 6 Lepers.
+
+
+HUNTINGTONSHIRE.
+
+  Huntingdon S. Margaret. Founded by Malcolm IV., King of
+             Scotland, who died 1165.
+
+
+KENT.
+
+  Bobbing
+
+  Boughton-under-Blean S. Nicholas.
+
+  Buckland-in-Dover S. Bartholomew. Founded 1141.
+
+  Canterbury S. Laurence. Founded by Hugh, Abbot of S.
+             Augustine's in 1137, or _ante_ 1089.
+
+      "      S. Nicholas.
+
+  Chatham S. Bartholomew. Founded by Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester, or
+          by Henry I. Goes on as a hospital. The chapel remains and is
+          still used.
+
+  Dartford S. Mary Magdalene. Founded _c._ 1380.
+
+  Dartfort Holy Trinity.
+
+  Dover S. Bartholomew. Founded _c._ 1141.
+
+  Harbledon S. Nicholas. Founded by Lanfranc in 1084. For men and
+            women. Still used, though not for Lepers.
+
+  Hythe S. Andrew. _Ante_ 1336.
+
+  Olford _Temp_ Henry III.
+
+  Ramsay, Old SS. Stephen and Thomas of Canterbury. Founded by
+          Adam de Charing. _Temp_ Archbishop Baldwin.
+
+  Rochester S. Catherine. Founded by Simon Postyn 1316. Still
+            going on, though not for Lepers.
+
+  Tannington S. James. _Ante_ 1189.
+
+
+LANCASHIRE.
+
+  Lancaster S. Leonard Founded by John White, Earl of Moreton.
+
+
+LEICESTERSHIRE.
+
+  Burton Lazars Blessed Virgin and S. Lazarus. Founded chiefly by
+         Roger de Mowbray, _temp_ Stephen.
+
+  Leicester S. Leonard. Founded by William, son of Robert
+            Blanchmains, _temp_ Richard I.
+
+  Stamford _Ante_ 1493.
+
+  Tilton Founded by Sir Wm. Burdett. Annexed to Burton Lazars
+         _temp_ Henry II.
+
+
+LINCOLNSHIRE.
+
+  Bassingthorpe
+
+  Lincoln Holy Innocents. Founded by Remegius, 1st Bishop, or
+          Henry I. Annexed to Burton Lazars.
+
+
+MIDDLESEX.
+
+  Bloomsbury S. Giles-in-the-Fields. Founded by Queen Matilda,
+             1101, for 40 Lepers.
+
+  Kingsland (Hackney)
+
+  Knightsbridge Holy Trinity?
+
+  London S. James'. Westminster. Founded _pre_ Conquest, for 14 Leprous
+         maids; 8 men added at a later date (site of S. James' Palace.)
+
+  Savoy
+
+  Smithfield S. John of Jerusalem. Founded by Jordan Bristol and
+             his wife, 1100.
+
+  Southwark
+
+
+NORFOLK.
+
+  Choseley
+
+  Hardwick S. Lawrance.
+
+  Langwade
+
+  Little Snoring Founded 1380.
+
+  Lynn (6) S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Peter the Chaplain, 1145, for
+                              1 Prior and 12 brethren; 3 to be Lepers.
+
+           S. Nicholas. Men and women.
+
+           Cowgate
+
+           Gaywood
+
+           Setchhithe
+
+           West Lynn
+
+  Norwich (6) SS. Mary and Clement. S. Austin's Gate. (Still existing
+                                    as the Pest House.)
+
+              S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Herbert de Lozinga _ante_ 1119.
+
+              Without Fibriggate or S. Magdalene Gate.
+
+                 "    Nedham or S. Stephen's Gate.
+
+                 "    S. Giles' Gate.
+
+                 "    Westwyk or S. Benet's Gate.
+
+  Racheness-in-Southacre S. Bartholomew. _Ante_ 1216.
+
+  Thetford S. John. _Temp_ Edward I.
+
+      "    S. Margaret. _C._ 1390.
+
+  Walsingham
+
+  Yarmouth Outside North Gate. _Ante_ 1314.
+
+
+NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.
+
+  Cotes, near Rockingham.
+
+  Cotton Far S. Leonard. Founded by William I.
+
+  Northampton S. Leonard. Founded by William I. 11th century. Men
+              and women.
+
+  Peterborough S. Leonard. Founded in the reign of Stephen.
+              _Ante_ 1154. Towcester S. Leonard. _C._ 1200.
+
+
+NORTHUMBERLAND.
+
+  Bolton S. Thomas the Martyr or Holy Trinity. Founded by Robert
+         de Ross of Hamlake. _Ante_ 1225, for 13 Lepers.
+
+  Hexham S. Giles. _C._ 1210.
+
+  Newcastle-on-Tyne S. Mary Magdalene.
+
+
+NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.
+
+  Blythe S. John the Evangelist. Founded by William de Cressy.
+
+  Nottingham S. John.
+
+       "     S. Leonard.
+
+
+OXFORDSHIRE.
+
+  Banbury S. John. _Temp_ John.
+
+  Crowmarsh
+
+  Oxford S. Bartholomew. Founded by Henry I. _Temp_ Henry I.
+         _Ante_ 1200, for 12 Lepers.
+
+  S. Clement's S. Bartholomew.
+
+
+SHROPSHIRE.
+
+  Bridgenorth S. James.
+
+  Shrewsbury S. Giles. Founded by Henry II. Men and women.
+
+
+SOMERSETSHIRE.
+
+  Bath
+
+  Berrington
+
+  Bridgewater S. Giles.
+
+  Langport S. Mary Magdalene. _Ante_ 1310.
+
+  Selwood
+
+  Taunton
+
+
+STAFFORDSHIRE.
+
+  Penkridge
+
+  Stafford S. Leonard.
+
+      "    Henry II.
+
+
+SUFFOLK.
+
+  Beccles S. Mary Magdalene. _C._ 1327.
+
+  Bury S. Edmunds S. Peter. _C._ 1327.
+
+  Dunwich Maison Dieu. (Chancel of Church remains.)
+
+     "    S. James. _Ante_ 1199.
+
+  Eye S. Mary Magdalene. _C._ 1330.
+
+  Gorleston Existing 1372.
+
+  Ipswich S. James. _Temp_ John.
+
+     "    S. Mary Magdalene.
+
+  Sudbury S. Leonard. Founded by John Colnays.
+
+     "    S. Lazars. Founded by Amicia, Countess of Clare. _Temp_ John.
+
+
+SURREY.
+
+  Newington Blessed Mary and S. Catharine.
+
+
+SUSSEX.
+
+  Arundel Founded by Henry of Arundel. _Temp_ Edward II.
+
+  Beddington S. Mary Magdalene.
+
+  Bramber
+
+  Chichester SS. John & Mary Magdalene. _Temp_ Richard I.
+
+  Herting S. John the Baptist. _Ante_ 1199.
+
+  Shoreham S. James?
+
+
+WARWICKSHIRE.
+
+  Coventry S. James.
+
+     "     S. John.
+
+  Warwick S. Michael. Founded _c._ Henry I. or Stephen.
+
+
+WESTMORELAND.
+
+  Appleby S. Leonard.
+
+     "    S. Nicholas.
+
+  Kirby-in-Kendal S. Leonard.
+
+  Kirkby By Henry II.
+
+
+WILTSHIRE.
+
+  Devizes Founded _ante_ 1207.
+
+  Cricklade S. John the Baptist.
+
+  Fuggleston SS. Giles and Anthony. Founded by Adelicia, 2nd
+             Queen of Henry I., for men and women.
+
+  Maiden Bradley Blessed Virgin. Founded by Manasseh Biset. _Temp_ Stephen
+                 or Henry II., _c._ 1154, for "pore Lepers and women."
+
+  Marlborough S. John? For Lepers.
+
+  Wilton S. John. Founded 1217.
+
+    "    S. Giles. Founded by Alicia or Adelicia, 2nd Queen of Henry
+         I. 1217.
+
+
+WORCESTERSHIRE.
+
+  Droitwich Founded by William de Donére. Edward I.
+
+
+YORKSHIRE.
+
+  Bawtry S. Mary Magdalene. Founded by Robert Moreton, 1316.
+
+  Beverley S. Nicholas (without Keldgate Bar). _Ante_ 1286.
+
+     "         "       (without North Bar).
+
+  Brough S. Giles. Founded by Henry Fitz-Randolph of Ravenswood.
+         _Temp_ Henry III. ? For Lepers.
+
+  Doncaster S. James. Founded by Manasseh Biset, _c._ 1154. For women.
+
+  Doncaster S. Nicholas.
+
+  Hedon Holy Sepulchre. Founded by Alan Fitz-Oubern, for men and women.
+
+  Hull Maison Dieu?
+
+  Hutton Locras, or Lowcross S. Leonard. Founded by William de Bernaldby.
+
+  Pontefract S. Mary Magdalene. _Temp_ Henry III.
+
+  Otley _Temp_ Henry II., or Edward II.
+
+  Ripon S. John. Founded by William I. 1068.
+
+    "   S. Mary Magdalene. Archbishop Thurstan, 1139. Some parts,
+        including chapel with its altar _in situ_, are left.
+
+    "   S. Nicholas. Maude the Empress.
+
+  Sheffield S. Leonard.
+
+  Whitby S. John the Baptist. Founded by Abbot William de Percy,
+         1109. For one Leper[A].
+
+    [A] Who gave to it the wood and thorny ground adjacent to the
+    spot. The building being for the habitation of one Leper
+    only, one Orme being the first, was necessarily small. Orme
+    was supplied with his provisions daily from the Abbey. After
+    him Geoffrey Mansell, a Leprous monk of Whitby also lived
+    here in solitude. On his death the hospital ceased to be used
+    as a Lazar House, and was enlarged for the reception of
+    several poor people both healthy and sick, Robert de Alnett
+    being appointed master of it.
+
+  Yarm S. Nicholas. Founded by Robert de Brus, _c._ 1180.
+
+  York (4) S. Mary Magdalene.
+
+     "     S. Nicholas. Early _c._ 1110. For men and women.
+
+     "     S. Oswald. Founded by Bishop Oswald, 1268.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_This is not a complete list of all the Lazar Houses once existing in
+England, but has been hurriedly compiled from Dugdale's Mon. Ang. vol.
+vi.; Lewis' Top. Dic. of England; Promptorium Parvulorum; Historic
+Towns--Exeter, by Professor Freeman, and other sources._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JOHN HAGYARD, PRINTER, ST. NICHOLAS STREET, SCARBOROUGH.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Leper in England: with some
+account of English lazar-houses, by Robert Charles Hope
+
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